Transcription

1

2 SUGARCANE The launch of this report on the impacts of 2008 s sugarcane harvest marks the conclusion of the first cycle of activities of the Biofuel Watch Center (BWC) of NGO Repórter Brasil. This research on sugarcane, an expanding crop facing the ethanol global boom, brings an alert on the contrast between the wealth and poverty that characterizes the sector: on the one hand, high investments from national and international groups guarantee cuttingedge technology development; on the other, the advance of monoculture generates environmental problems and thousands of workers are still suffering laboural superexploitation. During 2008, we have also produced a report on the impacts of soy and castor bean, and another on palm oil, babassu, cotton, corn and jatropha, always with the goal of subsiding, with qualified info and analysis, social movements, non-governmental organisations, authorities, entrepreneurs and specialists in general. In 2009, new reports will be published, aiming at verifying the evolution of the problems caused by the agroenergy crops. All of this work can be viewed in our web site in the internet:

5 Presentation The 2008 sugarcane harvest was marked by the erosion in labour relations in agriculture and the advancement of that monoculture over the Cerrado, the Amazon, the Pantanal surroundings and part of Atlantic Forest within Brazil s North-eastern region. That is how the Repórter Brasil s Biofuel Watch Center (BWC) expresses its concern with the ethanol boom in the country, in this third report on impacts caused by crops used to produce agrofuels. It is the first comprehensive research study to be publicised in Brazil about the social and environmental impacts of the current harvest. Investments of billions of reais received by the sugar-alcohol industry from Brazilian and foreign businesses and institutions have encouraged the advancement of sugarcane plantations in areas already consolidated, such as São Paulo, and over new borders in Brazil s Midwest region. The international financial crisis that emerged in the second half of 2008 should delay a series of new projects, but not to the point of reversing the expansion cycle. That is shown by the facts that the national sugarcane production increased 13.9% in 2008 over the last harvest and it should increase 7.6% 1 more in the next year. Despite that, the crisis was used by businesses to justify lowering wages paid in rural areas. Since the late 1990s, wages had been accumulating small increases when compared to the growth in food prices, but that trend was reversed in Wage readjustments obtained in negotiations rarely reach two figures while the price of a package of basic food items increased 16% 2. In the state of São Paulo, which concentrates 59.5% of the country s sugarcane production, workers decreasing purchase power encouraged strikes, often repressed violently by the police, as well as layoffs by the companies. The climate in plantations became so explosive that union leaders remembered the historical demonstrations that happened in the area of Guariba, SP, in the 1980s. As can be seen, dissatisfaction is not recent. It has its roots in a model based on overexploitation of labour, where part of the frequent increases in productivity is appropriated by farm or processing mill owners. Since 2000, workers productivity has grown 11.9% in the state of São Paulo, but cutters pay increased only 9.8% 3. The 2008 harvest worsens labour conditions in several aspects. For instance, the amount of violations registered made by inspectors to employers in the state for not meeting requirements of weekly time off and lack of individual protection equipments has relatively increased. And 2,553 people were liberated from sugar-alcohol enterprises that used contemporary slavery - virtually half the slaves found along the year. From the environmental viewpoint, sugarcane expansion reached areas such as the Cerrado, the Amazon, the North-eastern Atlantic Forest and even Caatinga. In 2008, 24 companies in Pernambuco were fined for several environmental crimes. Pantanal, one of the world s main environmental assets, is under pressure from projects to install processing plants in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, near tributary rivers that are important for the biome. The promise of agro-ecological zoning, which could organise the expansion of the crop, remains unfulfilled by the government. Brazil of Biofuels 5

6 SUGARCANE Without preserving the environment, there is a virtual consensus that agrofuels loose their comparative advantage regarding fossil fuels, when we considered burning and release of greenhouse effects gases. In that aspect, the state of São Paulo witnesses the advancement of mechanised harvest, which, on the one hand, brings considerable environmental advantages, but, one the other hand, is seen by workers as a risk to their jobs, since compensatory policies such as agrarian reform and professional training are shy. Until 2014, about 180 thousand people are estimated to have lost their jobs only in sugarcane plantations in the state. More details, analyses and stories of impacts caused by the advancement of sugarcane in the country can be seen in the pages of this report, divided into three major parts according to their production and historic peculiarities: Mid-South, Northeast and The Amazon. In order to do this work, researchers from the Biofuel Watch Center travelled eight Brazilian states - Acre, Alagoas, Bahia, Pernambuco, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and São Paulo - and interviewed hundreds of workers, union leaders, researchers, authorities and businessmen from the sugarcane industry. Furthermore, this work would not have been possible without support by Cordaid, the Doen Foudation, and Solidaridad, as well as Centro de Vida Institute (ICV), which produced the maps especially for it. To all of you, our sincere gratitude. 6

7 Mid-South Brazilian Mid-South has concentrated 87.8% of the sugarcane production destined to the sugar-alcohol industry in The region includes São Paulo, the main producing state in the country, with 59.5% of the total production, and states where the crop advances more quickly such as Goiás and Minas Gerais. In the 2008 harvest, Brazil s sugarcane production increased 13.9%, from million tons to million. São Paulo accounted by 58.9% of this increase, Goiás, by 12,3%, and Minas Gerais by 10,9%. Data were released by Brazil s National Supply Company (CONAB) in December The Mid-South is also a priority region for expanding ethanol s industrial park. According to the Sugarcane Industry Association (União da Indústria da Canade-Açúcar, UNICA) - which includes the industry s largest companies, 29 processing mills started operations in 2008, including 13 in São Paulo, 9 in Goiás, 4 in Minas Gerais, and 3 in Mato Grosso do Sul. Since 2005, 81 ethanol companies opened in the region, which still has 372 of the 447 plants registered at the National Agency for Petroleum, Natural Gás, and Biofuels (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis, ANP), and over half of them - 230, to be precise - are located in São Paulo. Brazil of Biofuels 7 The major driving force behind today s expansion is the increasing demand for ethanol. As it is known, most companies can produce at least three products from sugarcane: sugar, ethanol, and electricity, which, for many of them, is no longer a by-product. During the last harvest, 56.9% of the production was directed to make that fuel and the rest went to sugar, according to CONAB. Domestic consumption of ethanol is mostly encouraged by drivers that buy the so-called flex cars. Launched in 2003, they are sold by the auto industry as polluting less and allowing drivers to choose gasoline or alcohol as their fuel. Between January and October 2008, 93.7% of the two million cars sold in Brazil 4 were flex. That amount has a direct impact on decision makers in the sugar-alcohol industry, favouring investments in new industrial units by reducing the possibility of crises such as that of the 1980s. At the time, before the emergence of the flex technology, many buyers favoured gasoline cars, since they feared oscillations in ethanol prices or even its shortage at gas stations. Today, the increase in ethanol production in Brazil has guaranteed lower and stable consumer prices. According to data from São Paulo University s Center for Advanced Studies in Applied Economy (Centro em Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada, CEPEA), the ten-

8 SUGARCANE 8 dency curve for prices of liquid hydrated alcohol shows a decrease, from values near 1.00 real per litre at the processing plant in 2002 to 0.80 real in November The values were deflated after the General Price Index - Market (Índice Geral de Preço - Mercado, IGPM), calculated by Getúlio Vargas Foundation ,5 0 NET REAL PRICE OF HYDRATED ALCOHOL (R$) Despite hydrated alcohol, companies also produce anhydrous alcohol, which is mixed in gasoline in Brazil. The total hydrated and anhydrous production has been increasing. The Mid-South alone produced about 24.3 billion litres in the 2008 harvest, 17% over 2007 and virtually twice as much as three years ago 5. Most of that production stays in the country to serve the flex vehicles. However, exports are increasingly becoming an attractive alternative for producers. In 2000, the country sent 227 million litres abroad; in 2003, 757 million; in 2005, 2.6 billion; and in 2007, 3.5 billion litres. But, surprisingly, increasing sales do not translate as financial health for many companies. In order to increase production, to build or buy more processing plants, many companies have increased their debts. That scenario, added to strong growth in the offer of ethanol in the domestic market, made the price of fuels stop at levels that are not considered remunerative by businesses and have restricted their profits. That is what can be seen by data from the few Brazilian sugar-alcohol companies listed at the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BOVESPA) - whose financial results have to be publicised. Other sugar-alcohol companies listed at BOVES- PA also reported losses in their balances in the last months of It is the case of Açúcar Guarani, which recorded million reais in losses between April and September 2008, increasing the 27.8 million loss it had had in the same period in 2007; Nova América, whose losses increased to 18.9 million between May and September 2008, over 13.2 million in the same period of 2007; Costa Pinto, which went from profits of 5.9 million to 16.0 million losses in the same period; and São Martinho, the largest sugarcane processing company in Brazil in the current harvest, whose losses reached 66.6 million reais between April and September 2008, over its previous loss of 43.7 in the same months of Real price of liguid hydrated alcohol Price of liguid hydrated alcohol (Linear) To make things worse, the international financial crisis that emerged in the last months of 2008 Source: Cepea/USP helped to deteriorate the situation, since it reduced the amount of credit available at the market. Companhia Albertina, in Sertãozinho, 330 km north of São Paulo, filed for judicial recuperation in order to restructure its debt of about 100 million reais. The same was done after that by the Naoum Group, which has processing mills in Goiás and Mato Grosso, Alagoas s João Lyra Group, and the Othon Group from Rio de Janeiro, according to news published on the press 6. However, despite all those red figures, sugar-alcohol companies remain optimistic in the medium run. According to UNICA s president, agronomy engineer Marcos Sayaya Jank, the economic fundaments of Brazil s sugaralcohol industry remain absolutely solid and indicate remunerative prices for the coming years, thanks to increasing demand for flex vehicles, the new uses of ethanol in alcohol chemistry (bioplastics), growth in sugar and ethanol exports, and the increasing offer of electricity from sugarcane biomass 7. COSAN, present in the stock exchange since 2005 and having produced 1.5 billion litres of ethanol in the 2008 harvest, had losses in its two last fiscal years, from May to April of the following year. In the fiscal year of 2005, the damage was 17.1 million reais and in 2008, 47.8 million. Profits of 64.6 million happened in the fiscal year of 2006 and million in It should be noted that most of that value - 89% - is not the result of operational profit, but rather of a lawsuit the company won against the federal government. That view is shared by the Brazilian government, which organised an international conference on agrofuels in November 2008, which President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva closed with a speech advocating such energy alternative 8, and the Brazilian Social and Economic Development Bank (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social, BNDES) - the country s largest financial institution for industrial funding. Depending on the effort - and the money - of this bank, which ultimately reports to the Presidency, Brazil s ethanol industrial park will continue

9 to grow in coming years, although at a slower pace because of the world 2008 economic crisis. That can be seen in its loan portfolio. In 2008, BNDES released 6 billion reais for investments in the sugar-alcohol industry, 61% more than the previous year. Since 2004, it executives have signed contracts to support the construction of 43 new processing plants in the country. BNDES explains its investment in ethanol as follows: The importance given to the sugar-alcohol sector is a result of BNDES s trust in the fundaments that guide the medium- and long-term expansion of the industry, such as: sales of flex-fuel will continue to be over 90% of the total cars sold; ethanol produced from sugarcane is recognised as more competitive than that produced from other raw materials; and specially the need to reduce CO2 emission will make it crucial for other countries to increasingly adopt the mandatory mix of ethanol to gasoline, as already occurs in Brazil 9. Chapter_1 Labour-related impacts There is not doubt about who has more to lose when companies financial balance is not positive. The difficulties faced by the industry along 2008 affect directly workers wages, especially those involved with the arduous task of cutting sugarcane. That is why 2008 was marked as the year with more demonstrations at companies doors, to the point that union leaders thought that it was almost possible to promote a general strike of all cutters in the state of São Paulo - the last one took place in According to the Ministry of Labour and Employment, in 2007 there were 572, workers directly involved with Brazil s sugar-alcohol industry - from plantations to services at the companies - who were paid an average of 1, reais. Most of those jobs - 215,735 - is offered in São Paulo, where the average pay reaches 1,398.68, or 32.7% above the national average 11. However, even in São Paulo there is a difference between wages according to the position in the production chain. While employees involved with industrial processes in ethanol production received an average 1, in 2007, those related to planting sugarcane were paid 1,142.00, that is, 20.3% less. It must be underscored that those data from the Ministry of Labour and Employment refer only to workers who have some sort of formal work contract, leaving out of the statistics a huge number of employees, especially those with less education who do low-paid jobs such as cutting. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, IBGE) sustains that 27.1% of sugarcane industry employees in 2005 had not formal working papers 12. Both trade unions and business associations estimate that a million jobs are directly created by sugarcane processing plants 13. Many of them have been affected by the deterioration of companies financial situation in 2008, when the slow process of real increase in workers salaries was reversed for the first time in ten years. To demonstrate that, a comparison will be made between statistics for employees in sugarcane plantations in the state of São Paulo, provided by the Ministry of Employment, and prices of the package of basic items 14 in the city of São Paulo, computed by the Inter-Union Department of Statistics and Socio-Economic Studies (Departamento Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Sócio-Econômicos, DIEESE). That relationship reveals that, since 1999, workers had been improving the purchase power of their salaries year by year since At that time, with a real monthly wage it was possible to buy 4.54 basic item packages worth reais each. In 2007, monthly income jumped to 1,142.00, corresponding to 5.55 packages worth reais 15. It all changed in The basic package reached ,00 - a 16.1% increase over 2007, but wages were not readjusted that much. According to the São Paulo State Federation of Rural Waged Workers (Federação dos Empregados Rurais Assalariados do Estado de São Paulo, FERAESP), most of the companies raised wages at 7% in With that increase, the income predicted for sugarcane workers would be 1, reais - or 5.11 basic food packages - less than the 5.55 of That projects real losses in workers income. The situation is even worse for cutters, the ones with lowest wages in the sugar-alcohol industry. In the state of São Paulo, FERAESP says that companies pay cutters a minimum wage between 500 and 600 reais plus an amount that varies according to the amount of sugarcane cut per day. That is the so-called payment per production. FERAESP estimates that by the end of each month, most cutters receive a total between and , while those who get to cut more might earn up to 1, For the FERAESP representative in the sugarcane-producing region of Ribeirão Preto, Zaqueu Ribeiro de Aguiar, the loss in wages purchasing power in 2008 partly explains the increase in the number of strikes in the region during the current harvest. He estimates that in October 2008, the peak of demonstrations, about Brazil of Biofuels 9

10 SUGARCANE thousand workers from several companies had crossed their arms in the struggle for better salaries. The perspective of reduction in real wages paid to sugarcane workers in 2008, especially cutters, reinforces the contradiction between the sugar-alcohol industry, pointed out by industries as a source of fuel that might definitely replace petroleum in the future and a mass of workers whose payment cannot guarantee their livelihood. Many scholars, unions leaders, and activists in general see sugarcane cutting as a classic example of overexploitation of labour - a term spread by Brazilian intellectual Ruy Mauro Marini after he launched a series of writings between the 1960s and 1970s, including Dialética da Dependência (1973). One of the theoretical pillars of the concept of overexploitation of labour is the appropriation, by capitalists, of productivity gains obtained by workers, who increase their fatigue during the activity but did not receive an equivalent payment. An analysis made by Repórter Brasil after data collected by São Paulo s Institute of Agricultural Economy (Instituto de Economia Agrícola, IEA) points out that it is precisely what has been taking place in the relationship between businessmen and sugarcane cutters. Since 2000, the price paid to cutters per sugarcane ton has increased 9.8% in real value 16, reaching 3.45 reais in Workers productivity, in turn, has grown more during the same period, by 11.9%, from 7.6 tons cut per day in 2000 to 8.6 tons in 2008 in the state of São Paulo. Case Strike and worker repression It was almost a Guariba. The sentence was said by union leader Zaqueu Ribeiro de Aguiar, from the São Paulo State Federation of Rural Waged Workers (FERAESP), to describe the unrest that marked this harvest in the Ribeirão Preto, SP, region - one of the main sugarcane areas in Brazil. He is referring to the historical strike of sugarcane cutters in Guariba, a nearby town, in 1984, which brought together about 5 thousand workers in the struggle for better salaries. According to Aguiar, 24 years later, in October 2008, at least 10 thousand cutters crossed their arms in distinct cities of São Paulo, such as Colômbia, Viradouro, Terra Roxa, Morro Agudo, Pontal, and Sertãozinho. But the movement was not unified and remained isolated in each processing plant. Just like at the time of Guariba, strikes did not result from a centralised union organisation, but rather from common dissatisfaction with wages offered by companies. After the strikes, many companies raised the minimum wage and the value paid per ton of sugarcane, but a lingering habit reminds of the past: persecution to the so-called strike heads - workers seen as having more awareness and influencing others. Rural worker Victor Ronaldo de Alencar, for instance, was one of those fired after a 9-day strike in September at Albertina Mill in Sertãozinho. Workers achieved some of their demands, such as food vouchers and readjustment in the price paid per ton of sugarcane cut, but the leaders lost their jobs, because they allegedly did not work efficiently. Albertina was the 111st at UNICA S ranking for sugarcane grinding at the 2007/08 harvest, with 1.5 million tons processed, and produced 33.7 million litres of alcohol in the period. The same happened to 30-year-old Raimundo Nonato de Souza, who came from the state of Piauí to work in sugarcane cutting

11 Brazil of Biofuels Workers bank statement shows debt to the company In the foreground, union leader Zaqueu Ribeiro de Aguiar, in Pontal, São Paulo 11 at the Bela Vista Mill in Pontal. After a 14-day strike in September and having taken part in the strike commission that negotiated with the company, he was fired based on just cause, because he allegedly was not an efficient cutter. And I had never received even a warning, said Souza. Eight other cutters that worked at the Bela Vista and Bazan Mills, both belonging to the same group, and who had also taken part in the strike, also lost their jobs unfairly. The companies were included in one single group after Bazan bought Bela Vista in 2002, in a deal estimated at the time at 57 million reais. In the 2007/08 harvest, Bazan was 37th place in the state Sugarcane cutter Victor Ronaldo de Alencar, fired after a strike in Sertãozinho, São Paulo for sugarcane grinding, with 3.2 million tons processed, and Bela Vista was 58th, with 2.4 million, according to data provided by UNICA. The former produced million litres of alcohol and thousand tons of sugar, and the latter 75.8 million litres of alcohol and thousand tons of sugar. Persecution to workers is already dealt with by FERAESP. According to union leader Aguiar, the federation adopted the strategy of suing all the cases, even demanding compensation for moral damage to workers. And we are winning, he said. Both companies say their clients include some of the country s large distributors such as BR. Contacted by the Biofuel Watch Center, the company confirmed that she buys product of Bazan and Bela Vista plants trough spot contracts, arguing that there is no legal barrier to do so - what is true. The distributors show a important good will by excluding enterprisers who use slave or child labour. However, social responsibility policies should consider more and more the labour conditions practiced by their clients - and, in this case, Bazan and Bela Vista have serious problems. Problems are not limited to São Paulo. By the end of the harvest, Alcoopan, located in Poconé, Mato Grosso, at Pantanal s socalled north door, and which is included in the Ministry of Labour and Employment s dirty list of employers that used slave labour, fired workers involved in sugarcane cutting and did not pay the money due to them at the end of the contract. About 200 were migrants from the Northeast and, since they were not paid, they were not even able to return to their states. Then cutters occupied the companies facilities and even set part of the plantation on fire. The solution, mediated by the State Labour Attorney s office in Mato Grosso, will demand the sale of one of the group s properties to pay what cutters and other employees are entitled to. Claiming financial problems, the company threatens to shut its doors.

12 SUGARCANE 12 Human rights violations According to researcher Francisco Alves, from São Carlos Federal University (UFSCar) Department of Engineering, payment per production 17 is behind a series of violations of workers living conditions seen in recent years, including several deaths. To earn a little more at the end of the month, many of them work beyond their physical limit. According to data from the Catholic Church s Migrant Pastoral Commission based in Guariba, São Paulo, at least 3 cutters died in 2005 for excess of work in the state, 8 in 2005, 4 in 2006, 5 in 2007, and 2 in Alves estimates productivity figures above those provided by IEA and says that it jumped from 3 tons a day per worker in the 1950s to 6 tons in the 1980s, and 12 tons by the end of the 1990s and early this decade. A worker who cuts 12 tons - estimates the UFSCar professor - walks 8,800 meters, makes sickle hits, carries 12 tons of sugarcane in 15-kg bundles, on average - so that worker walks 800 times and makes 800 flexions, carrying 15 kg in his arms for 1.5 to 3 metres. He makes approximately 36,630 flexions and thorax twists; and he loses an average of 8 litres of water. Such detailing on sugarcane cutting makes it easy to understand why rural workers who do that job die in São Paulo: it is because of too much work, he wrote 18. The situation might worsen in a context of wage stagnation, when workers tend to cut more to increase their income. According to FERAESP, in several São Paulo areas the daily average is already 16 tons and some workers have cut 30 tons a day. Excess of activity is also linked to several sorts of accidents at work. According to the latest data released by the Ministry of Welfare and Social Assistance, accidents in the sugarcane industry increased again in 2006 (more 5.1%), to 8,789 cases in the whole country. In 2005 that figure had reached 8,359 cases and in 2004 it was 8,979. The state of São Paulo concentrates 61.2% of accidents recorded in the country and the regions where the crop is expanding see an increase in the figures - Mato Grosso do Sul, for instance, leaped from 99 cases in 2004 to 232 in Since not all accidents are reported, authorities estimate that accident rates in the sugarcane industry are at least 50% higher than official statistics say. Statistics by the the National Institute of Social Security (Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social, INSS) also indicate the seriousness of accidents at work recorded in the industry. Summing up Work Accident Reports (Comunicados de Acidentes de Trabalho, CAT) made to INSS between 2005 and May 2008, the result is 82,948 accidents recorded in sugarcane plantations and sugar and alcohol processing mills - almost 70 per day in the whole country. São Paulo concentrated most of the CATs in the period, a total of 43.2%, but in relative terms, the North-eastern states take the lead. See more details on that issue in the section about sugarcane in North-eastern Brazil. In São Paulo, there are 5.15 accidents per 100 thousand tons of sugarcane produced, but that figure reaches in Pernambuco and in Alagoas. With so many problems, labour control authorities have paid special attention to the sugar-alcohol industry in The Department of Labour Inspection of the Ministry of Labour and Employment, through the Special Mobile Inspection Group and the teams of State Labour Departments 19, has acted against violations of workers rights, which include irregularities in contracts, lack of hygiene and safety conditions and even slave labour. Between January 2007 and July 2008, labour inspectors in Brazil carried out 3,088 actions, which reached 1.9 million workers. In the same period, 2,236 notifications took place in the sugar-alcohol industry, most of them for problems classified as hygiene and comfort-related (44%), such as lack of proper bathroom facilities and drinking water for workers, followed by irregularities in management of their health and safety (17%) and lack of Individual Protection Equipments (IPE). Besides, there were 65 interdictions - stopping machines and services - and 21 embargoes - stopping construction works. In São Paulo - Brazil s largest sugarcane-producing state, 544 inspections in the sugar-alcohol industry took place in 2007, and 546 in The state is among those covered by the action of the so-called state rural groups, specialised in rural inspections. According to its coordinator Roberto Martins de Figueiredo, the aim is to fight illegalities committed against workers and to pressure employers to follow the full legislation. In 2006, the state rural group carried out 160 inspection actions in the industry in the whole state, being 109 in 2007 and 50 in In each of those years, 95,596, 74,777 and 52,065 workers were covered respectively. Figueiredo explains that the number of actions decreased because irregularities increased in other crops, such as oranges, but the sugarcane industry still has serious labour problems. Some things have improved, others have not, he says. That is what statistics say about notifications written by inspectors, presented on the table below. Data indicate that, in relative terms and between 2007 and 2008, the number of notifications about irregularities in payment (0,37 notification per action to 0,68), lack of weekly time off (0,23 to 0,52), improper restroom facilities (0,44 to 0,48), the absence of effective individual protection equipments (0,45 to 0,62) and excessive working hours (0,17 to 0,28) has increased in the last three months. Conversely,

13 there was a relative decrease in the number of notifications related to irregularities in working papers (0,29 notification per action to 0,26), lack of breaks (0,17 to 0,14) during work, as well as improper transport (0,36 to 0,26) and lodging (0,24 to 0,06). Slave labour The most serious cases of human rights violations involve contemporary slavery. Despite efforts by the Brazilian government and private companies, slave labour is still being denounced in the sugar-alcohol industry in several states. Accordingly to CPT data, in 2008, the industry was leading the ranking for the number of workers freed: 2,553 (49%) of a total of 5,244, above the 1,026 (20%) freed in the cattle industry and 720 (14%) in other agricultural industries. In 2007, the number of released slaves in the sugarcane sector was bigger - 3,060 (51%) of 5,968 released slaves -, but that number doesn t show, necessarily, better working conditions in the rural areas, because it depends on the number of denouncements effectively checked by the mobile group. CPT points out that in number of employers caught using slave labour in 2008, the sugarcane industry is only the fourth, with 19 (9%) of 214 cases, behind cattle (85 cases or 40% of the total), coal (38 or 18%) and other crops (30 or 14%). That means that the use of slave labour is less disseminated in sugarcane than in cattle, but when it happens, it usually involves a higher number of workers since sugarcane is labour intensive. In other words: a sugarcane farm can be the scenery of the rescue of more than a thousand workers at the same timer, which does not occur in cattle ranching properties. In cattle ranching cases, when there is slave labour, the reports of the Ministry of Labour and Employment have been pointing out that the groups of workers are smaller, but the level SLAVE LABOUR CASES 2008 IN BRAZIL Per industry 2008 Cases Cases Workers Workers % % % recorded inspected involved freed % DEFORESTING CATTLE , , REFORESTING EXTRATIVISM SUGARCANE , , OTHER CROPS CHARCOAL , OTHERS AND NON-INFORMED TOTAL , , Source: CPT of exploitation is higher. That relationship is confirmed when data accumulated between 2005 and September 2008 are examined. In that period, 785 operations against slave labour took place all over the country, of which 42 were in the sugar-alcohol industry. Despite representing only 5.3% of actions, the industry was responsible for 6,030 people freed - 35% of the total of 17,419 workers. The table below presents slave labour statistics in 2008 per industry. As for workers rescued in the sugar-alcohol industry between 2005 and May 2008, most were in the Mid-South of Brazil, which is logical, since 87.8% of the country s sugarcane production comes from that region. It should be noted, however, that the cases of slave labour are not concentrated in São Paulo - the state with 59.5% of the production - but rather in states where plantations have expanded more recently over new agricultural borders. They are often in areas distant from urban Centers where inspection is more difficult. Between 2005 and September 2008, the Mid-South leader in number of rescued workers was Mato Grosso do Sul (1,635), followed by Mato Grosso (1,070), Goiás (873), Minas Gerais (415), and São Paulo (161). In the same period, Pará, in the Amazon, had 1,064 CASES OF SLAVE LABOUR IN SUGARCANE MINISTRY OF LABOUR UF City Name of company Workers freed Compensation (in R$) MG Guaranésia Alvorada do Bebedouro S/A - Açúcar e Álcool (Destilaria Alvorada do Bebedouro - DAB) MG São Sebastião do Paraíso Central Energética Paraíso S/A (CEPAR) CE Paracuru AGROVALE Cia Industrial Vale do Curu MS Iguatemi Nelson Donatel and others ,441,02 MT Nova Olímpia Usinas Itamarati S/A ,872,87 GO Porteirão Usina Fortaleza Açúcar e Álcool Ltda ,913,55 SP Icem Agrisul Agrícola Ltda ,655,60 GO Jataí Elcana Goiás Agroenergética ,065,66 GO Quirinópolis Agro Pecuária Campo Alto S/A (Usina São Francisco) ,766,79 GO Campo Alegre BRENCO Companhia Brasileira de Energia Renovável S.A 17 17,044,54 AL União dos Palmares Laginha Agro Industrial S.A ,642,47 AL Penedo Penedo Agroindustrial S.A (Usina Paisa/Grupo Toledo) ,666,58 AL Rio Largo Usina Santa Clotilde Total 2 2,177,069,08 Brazil of Biofuels 13

14 SUGARCANE 14 workers rescued, while Alagoas and Ceará, at the Northeast, had 656 and 156, respectively. As can be seen in the table, the case with the most workers freed took place in Quirinópolis, Goiás. In March 2008, inspectors rescued 421 people from the São Francisco Mill. According to inspectors, lodging facilities were improper and overcrowded. São Francisco is related to Usina São João (USJ), based on Araras, São Paulo, a member of the Sugarcane Industry Association. USJ director Hermínio Ometto Neto was a member of UNICA S deliberative board. According to inspectors, 18 people lived in one of the dormitories, with two rooms and a bathroom. A cistern was open and located less than ten metres from the cesspool. Another dormitory was an adapted bar with no window. The only ventilation was the door. When it was closed, there was no air circulation, said an auditor. An official of the company challenged the inspectors, saying that the problem was isolated in the lodging issue. It was an isolated act, in 65 years of São João s history we had never been through such a situation. That is too much punishment for such a large company that creates so many jobs, said lawyer Rogério Castro. Another embarrassing moment for the sugaralcohol industry, in 2008, was the exclusion of companies belonging to the José Pessoa Group - Agriholding, Agrisul Agrícola Ltda, Companhia Brasileira de Açúcar e Álcool (CBAA), Debrasa, and Jotapar - from the list of signatories of the National Covenant for the Eradication of Slave Labour. The business conglomerate has five units to produce sugar and sugarcane alcohol in the country: in Japoatã (SE), in Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), in Icém (SP) and two in Mato Grosso do Sul - in Brasilândia and Sidrolândia. Their exclusion, determined in July by the Covenant s Watch Committee, of which Repórter Brasil is a member, was caused by its recurrence in cases of degrading labour. The José Pessoa group had already been suspended from the National Covenant since the Ministry of Labour and Employment s mobile inspection group rescued 1,011 workers under extremely precarious conditions from the Farm and Processing Mill Debrasa, in Brasilândia, MS, in November In June 2008, another operation by the mobile group found 55 workers who worked for the Agrisul Mill, in Icem, SP, near the border of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, subjected to serfdom by debt. In the explanations sent to the national Covenant s Watch Committee, CBAA sustained that it vehemently repudiates the practice of labour in conditions analogous to slavery, whether by alluring workers or by offering degrading conditions in the work environment and mainly as a result of serfdom by debt. The company reaffirmed that it was not aware that some of its workers were ties to debts in local stores, with which it has no connection. CBAA still informed that it was effecting the dismissal of workers as a measure imposed by the inspection. But the explanations were not considered enough to guarantee the permanence of the José Pessoa Group in the Covenant. The justification provided by CBAA was once again considered unsatisfactory in face of the evidence gathered by the mobile inspection group, stated the note released at the time by the National Covenant Watch Committee, which includes the Ethos Institute - Business and Social Responsibility, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and Repórter Brasil. In order to enforce the agreement, the Committee decides for the definite exclusion of companies that are members of the José Pessoa Group (read more about the issue on page 27). The national Covenant for the Eradication of Slave Labour is one of the main tools in Brazil to fight contemporary slavery. Launched in 2005, it is signed by over 160 companies committed to cut from their list of suppliers the companies caught in the act of using slave labour. Large fuel distributors such as Petrobras, Ipiranga, Esso, and Texaco are members and use the so-called dirty list of employers ( org.br/listasuja/) as their main reference. The list is periodically updated by the Ministry of Labour and Employment. In the last update, on December 29, 2008, 205 employers were registered as having benefited from slave labour. They suffer restrictions not only from the covenant s signatories, but also from several institutions and public funding agencies. At least seven out of those 205, are sugarcane farms or sugar-alcohol companies: in Mato Grosso, those mentioned are Alcoopan Álcool do Pantanal and Silvio Zulli, both from Poconé; in Mato Grosso do Sul, Nelson Donadel from Distillery Centro Oeste Iguatemi (Dcoil), from Iguatemi; in Goiás, Agrocana JFS, in Ceres, Ipê Agro-Milho Industrial, in Inhumas, and Energética do Cerrado, owner of Itarumã, in Itarumã; and in Ceará, Raimundo Vasconcelos from the Soever farm. Not all fuel distributors get involved in the struggle against slave labour. On the contrary, by buying products from processing plants that commit such crime, some companies allow employers remain in the market using slave labour. That is the case of Petromarte (Brazil s eight largest alcohol distributor in volume, according to ANP), Exxel and Energy, all based in the state of São Paulo and that purchased ethanol from Alcoopan, in Poconé (MS), after it entered the dirty list in December 2006 for having been caught with 318 slave workers. It should be noted that Petromarte, Exxel, and Energy have not signed the National Covenant for the Eradication of Slave labour.

15 Also in order to reinforce the struggle against contemporary slavery, the 2nd National Plan for the Eradication of Slave Labour was launched in The new document, made by the National Commission for the Eradication of Slave Labour (Comissão Nacional de Erradicação do Trabalho Escravo, CONATRAE), includes 66 actions to prevent and punish the crime. Its aims include a specific one for sugarcane and have several authorities responsible at the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary, as well as civil society organisations and the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Its main actions are prevention, repositioning workers, and economic repression. The plan will work for the approval of the proposal for Constitutional Amendment 438, which is known as The Slave Labour Amendment and establishes the confiscation and use for agrarian reform of all land where such disrespect for human beings is found. The proposal has already passed in the Senate and depends on a second confirmation vote at the Chamber of Representatives, but it faces strong resistance from the ruralist parliamentary group. Brazil of Biofuels 15

16 SUGARCANE 16 Case Migration and vulnerability One of the factors helping the exploitation of the mass of workers involved in sugarcane cutting is their vulnerable situation. By and large, they have migrated from poorer regions of the country such as the North-eastern states, and travelled to São Paulo or to new sugarcane areas in search of work. According to the industry, there are at least 330 thousand cutters in the country, of which 135 thousand are in the state of São Paulo. Researchers like Francisco Alves 20 estimate that the figure is between 180 thousand and 250 thousand (2006) in the state. The Migrant Pastoral Commission, an organisation linked to the Catholic Church that supports that community, estimates that 70 thousand of them work in the area of Ribeirão Preto. Marcos Antonio Rodrigues, 31 years of age, is one of them. Originally from Fortaleza, Ceará, in Brazil s Northeast, he has lived in Pontal for three years and works for Bela Vista. He lives in a simple house with his wife and two children - one is four years old and the other is ten years old. At least five days a week he faces a tough routine: getting up at 4:30 am, catching the bus at 5:50 to go to the rural area, where he works cutting sugarcane; work starts at 7 am and goes until a 15-minute break at 8:45; it restarts at 9 and goes until 11; then he eats what he brought for lunch and restarts cutting at 12 am, until 1:45 pm; then another 15-minute break and back to work at 2 pm, until 3:20 pm or sometimes until 4 pm. For all that, he earns little more than a thousand reais a month. Life here is very difficult. I intend to stay on sugarcane a little longer, but when I can I want to leave it. This is no profession, he says. Some 20 km from Pontal, in Sertãozinho, there is a community of migrants from Pimenteiras, Piauí. One of them is 31-year-old Francisco Vital da Costa. He has come to São Paulo for ten harvests now, to work on sugarcane cutting, at the beginning of each year, and returns to his hometown after 10 or 11 months. He has worked in Morro Agudo and since three years ago he has been in Sertãozinho. In 2008, he brought his wife and his two children to live in a small rented house with two rooms and a bathroom. In 2009, Costa says he will return to Sertãozinho, but he does not know whether or not he will bring his family. The reasons for migration In November, when the sugarcane harvest ends in Southeast Brazil, the town of Dom Pedro, Maranhão, is busy with the arrival of its sugarcane migrants and with the news that many of them will remain away, trying their luck in the new harvest. Fagno Melo is one of those who has just returned to the community of Centro dos Pretinhos, in the town s rural area. At 20, this was his first attempt, but the destination is long known among many of his neighbours: São Paulo s sugarcane region. To make the trip, Fagno had to accept help from his father, who borrowed 1,000 reais - at a 10%-a-month interest rate. The amount was enough for his trip and that of other two relatives, organised by local travel agencies. Those businesses - the vast majority of which are clandestine - only mediate between companies or the so-called cats (illegal middlemen) and workers, and provide precarious transport to their destinations. But Fagno s odyssey in sugarcane cutting still took weeks until he started to work. He waited 37 days to be hired. In the meanwhile, he had to pay the 70 reais a month for the rent in the house he shared with other eight cutters. Fagno is one more of the thousands of Brazilians that cross the country each year in an attempt to get rich in sugarcane plantations. In the case of the state of Maranhão, and especially in its central region - where Dom Pedro is located - that dynamic is even stronger. In a recent work 21 aimed at defining the profile of immigrants, researchers Márcia Azanha Ferraz Dias de Moraes and Margarida Garcia de Figueiredo, members of the Extension Group on Job Market at the Luiz de Queiroz Higher Education School, at São Paulo University (ESALQ/ USP), investigated a group of immigrants coming from Pedra Branca, Ceará, who chose the city of Leme, São Paulo, as their arrival point. According to the researchers, the so-called spontaneous migration was justified by workers by the lack of jobs or other opportunities in their original region: In order to change the culture of coming to São Paulo, there would have to be activities that absorbed that labour at migrants original place. Migrants from Brazil s Northeast take a rest after work, in Sertãozinho, São Paulo

17 Fagno (left) with his family: It s hard to save money [in São Paulo s Sugarcane Plantations] In the nearby town of São José dos Basílios, the Land Pastoral Commission went to search for a reason for such constant migratory flow. The study drew the profile of the region s migrant: a young man, illiterate or with incomplete basic education, who migrates much more because of poverty and lack of jobs than for his own will. But the most intriguing factor is that, although migration is still routine in those areas, 27.65% of interviewees sustain it has not brought any changes to their lives. And many others report negative impacts such as a worse family situation and missing distant relatives. Julia, in Leila s arms, knows her father only from pictures her mothers shows her. Fagno is one of those who saw little change after his trip. His was paid 1,100 reais, a high value when compared to the minimum wage paid by an occupation in Dom Pedro, if so. But it is difficult to save money, he says. That is because the cost of living becomes very high. At the end of the trip, what is left is the so-called deal - a value due to the end of the contract - which is always around 600 and 700 reais. Fagno s neighbour Francisca Leila dos Santos is at the other extreme in the sugarcane migration chain. She is the so-called widow of a living husband. During her three-year marriage, she has spent only 9 months - not in a row - together with her 26-year-old husband Jeanclei. That is the same time that the couple s only daughter Júlia has spent with her father. In November 2008, Leila received the news: her husband will not be coming back until late All that is to pay for the land plot where they will build their house - a condition for Jeanclei remain in the town for good. In the meanwhile, Leila lives out of what he sends her. This has been the worst year of all. He says that positions for manual labour are scarce. That is why the monthly amount has been reduced. It used to be 250, 300 reais, but now it won t be 200, he estimates. But, apart from missing him, she understands his reasons for migrating. There is no factory here, no jobs. I agree with him, she rationalises. While people from the state of Maranhão are still migrating towards sugarcane plantations in the Mid-South of Brazil, the crop gets closer and closer to them, and that expansion goes into the state. One large company - a Agroserra - was established in Balsas, southern Maranhão. But while proximity mitigates some of the pain caused by migrating, the reality of work can be even worse in one s own homeland. Aldemir Paulino da Silva listened on the radio that the company was hiring in Dom Pedro. He faced work from 5 am to 6 pm, from Sunday to Sunday. During that time, he used to cut 100 metres of sugarcane. The amount cannot be considered high - there are those who cut up to 250 metres - but it was enough to give him cramps and back pain. He used to get 0.07 real for each metre. Brazil of Biofuels 17 However, one day, while he was cutting, his supervisor established the price at Paulino and other colleagues did not like it and went to reduction - they were fired. We thought we would get what we were entitled to, but so far we got nothing, he says. That happened in Cases like that multiply and have made strikes frequent, so much that in the last harvest the company did not hire people from Dom Pedro, because it considered them rebellious and troublemakers. But Paulino s only rebellion is against sugarcane. I don t want to go back to that.

18 SUGARCANE 18 Chapter_2 Environmental Impacts Ethanol production in the Mid-South of Brazil has had important direct and indirect impacts. Presented as a model to replace petroleum and as an important alternative to fight global warming, Brazil s ethanol has also threaten highly rich biodiversity areas, water resources, and air quality in that region - as well as workers and residents health in areas near plantations. To illustrate it, in 2008 the sugar-alcohol industry got the highest fines in the state of São Paulo, motivated by emission of polluting agents over legal limits. And even the Pantanal region is threatened by the industry s expansion in recent years. Advancement of monoculture Sugarcane monoculture, considered damaging in itself by several specialists, is visibly advancing in almost all of the states of the Mid-South, specially in Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and Minas Gerais (see the table). After Ribeirão Preto and other areas in the state of São Paulo were turned into sugarcane oceans, large areas in the Mid-Southern states can also become large sugarcane plantations. of developing the Deforesting Alert Integrated System (Sistema Integrado de Alerta de Desmatamentos, SIAD). The project - innovative and crucial to monitor and reduce negative impacts of human activity over the Cerrado, estimates that between 2003 and 2007, such activities led to the loss of some 1.9 million Cerrado hectares (or about 1.9 million soccer fields like Maracanã). According to the Ministry of the Environment s (MMA) study Priority Preservation Areas, Sustainable Use, and Benefit Sharing for Brazil s Biodiversity, there are over 400 areas considered priority in the Cerrado. Ferreira said that we can say that all areas identified by the MMA as priorities for biodiversity preservation are somehow under threat. At least 16 of them have sugarcane as their direct threats. The number could be even higher if indirect impacts were taken into account: according to Ferreira, the expansion of sugarcane eventually has a high environmental cost, since, somehow, it forces new deforesting - whether because of direct deforesting to plant sugarcane or because of the occupation in areas of other activities, which, in turn, need to deforest in order to develop. In Goiás, the scenario shown by LAPIG S studies points out the need to be more careful with the sugaralcohol industry. We see that a large part of sugarcane expansion in the state happened over areas considered priorities, he says. ADVANCEMENT OF SUGARCANE IN BRAZIL State Planted area in 2007 (in thousand ha) Planted area in 2008 (in thousand ha) Increase (%) Mato Grosso 203, ,2 9.9 Mato Grosso do Sul 186, , Goiás 285, , Minas Gerais 496, , Espírito Santo 59, , Rio de Janeiro 54, São Paulo 3,361, ,824, Paraná 477, , Rio Grande do Sul 2, , BRASIL 6,137, ,010, In this expansion of the sugarcane monoculture, deforesting in the Cerrado gains a new important cause, aside from those already existing (expansion of agricultural borders for grain crops, new pastures for cattle, and production of vegetable charcoal). According to Professor Laerte Ferreira from Goiás Federal University (UFG), the expansion of sugarcane has happened especially over areas already dedicated to other crops, but we can also see that expansion, at a smaller scale, over native Cerrado areas. Ferreira is the head of LAPIG (Image Processing and Geoprocessing Labouratory), which is in charge Editor of A Encruzilhada Socioambiental: Biodiversidade, Economia e Sustentabilidade do Cerrado, Ferreira thinks it is possible to have development with preservation in the Source: Conab, December, 2008 region. Besides the increase in information on the Cerrado, the head of LAPIG advocates new governance for the region, which has to include all interests involved - as well as the environmental and social costs of development. The professor also believes that it is necessary to establish new models to develop the Cerrado, which include its tourist potential and the development of products based on biotechnology advancements. He sees all that depending on political will to preserve the biome. The coordinator of the Goiás Forum to Defend the Cerrado, Altamiro Fernandes underscores that such role can be played by the Constitutional Amendment

19 PRIORITY AREAS FOR BIODIVERSITY UNDER THREAT BY SUGARCANE IN BRAZIL S MID-SOUTH Name Importance* Priority Area (km 2 ) Rancharia, SP Insufficiently know High 271 Santa Maria Brilhante, GO Extremely high Very high 4849 Corredor Serra do Maracaju, MS Extremely high Very high 6191 Planalto da Bodoquena, MS Extremely high Very high Sidrolândia Terenos, MS Very high Extremely high 209 Nascentes do Varadouro, MS Very high Extremely high 764 Campo Florido Veríssimo, MG Very high Extremely high 449 Serra de São Vicente, MT Extremely high Extremely high 1303 Goianésia to Barro Alto, GO Very high Very high 2542 Bacia do Rio Corrente, GO and BA Extremely high Very high 9069 Bacia do rio Grande, BA Extremely high Extremely high Rio Caracol, TO High Very high 2558 Lizarda, TO High Extremely high 2725 Itaguatins, TO Very high High 1352 Baixo Parnaíba, TO and MA Extremely high Very high 1689 Jalapão APA, TO Extremely high Extremely high 3426 *Regarding preservation and use of biodiversity / Source: Ministry of the Environment. Source: Brazil of Biofuels 19 Proposal (PEC) 115/95 recognising the biomes of Cerrado and Caatinga as National Heritage Sites. The Proposal has been stuck at the Chamber of Deputies since The biome s degradation during this time has been high, its configuration has change at a fast pace, the climate, the seasons, the quantity and quality of water has been decreasing a lot, regrets Fernandes. He thinks the core problems in the Cerrado include deforesting native vegetation, soil nudity, and the resulting erosions as well as sedimentation and silting up of waterbeds, as well as their contamination: society realised it had to react and guarantee the approval of the Constitutional Amendment. Jalapão is threatened by sugarcane plantations

20 SUGARCANE 20 Case Population stops deforesting in Colômbia, SP Mobilisation by residents in Laranjeiras, a district of Colômbia, Northern São Paulo, has prevented the cutting of 216 hectares of forest to plant sugarcane. The Santelisa Vale Group, one of the largest sugar-alcohols companies in Brazil, was allowed by local justice to deforest the area, despite veto by the State Department for Protection of Natural Resources (Departamento Estadual de Proteção dos Recursos Naturais, DEPRN). According to the judge at the 3rd Civil Circuit Court in Barretos, Mônica Senise Ferreira de Camargo, in charge of Colômbia, the license was granted because the DEPRN, when she demanded a proper justification to prevent the cutting, did not do so. But Colômbia residents did not accept the decision. That forest area had been almost totally cut down 25 years ago, to make charcoal. Now it had recovered, but the company wants to cut it again. It has agoutis, deer, jaguar, several kinds of birds, water sources. It s ridiculous to cut such a treasure, says 35-year-old mason Luércio Pereira da Silva. He and other colleagues prevented, right after the judges decision, that tractors put chains to cut down the trees. we came quickly and we stopped their work. But they came back during the night and cut down three hectares in only one hour. We came quickly and got to stop the tractors again. We even called the environmental police, says Silva, who then camped in the area. The demonstrators say they are not members of any environmental group and have no political or economic ties - they are only concerned with the advancement of monoculture in the area. The case had a happy ending, at least for now. In early November, the São Paulo State Justice Court suspended the decision of 3a. Civil Circuit Court in Barretos and cancelled the license to deforest. The decision, however, is not final. Residents of the town of Colômbia demonstrate against deforesting Sugarcane and water resources The use of water resources is yet another subject in which the advancement of sugarcane monoculture raises concerns - and points out the need for special care in order for the multiple use of the country s water resources - determined in the national policy for the sector - does not fall in deaf ears. Concerns are visible: the large amount of water used by processing plants and sugarcane plantations, the risk of effluents being launched (or leaking) into rivers or, even the closing of water sources and the death - day by day, because the environmental legislation is broken - of streams and tributaries of some of the country s main rivers. In the so-called Triângulo Mineiro, which includes the cities of Uberaba, Uberlândia, and Araguari - another region with strong expansion of sugarcane in the Mid-South - the increase in monoculture is one of the factors that threatens the future of the waters of the Grande, one of the main rivers of the Paraná basin. Adriana Melo, a geography and environment professor and a member of NGO Geração Verde, represents organised civil society in the River Basin Management Committee for the Low Grande river. Melo sees sugarcane expansion in the area known as Triângulo Mineiro, especially in Uberaba, totally out of control. According to her, the advancement of that monoculture in the region has happened under high environmental costs. She says that sugarcane producers deforested where they should have not, buried the trees in order

Positioning Brazil for biofuels success Positioning Brazil for biofuels success The country now produces ethanol more cheaply than anywhere else on Earth, but that may not be true for long. Vicente Assis,

Agrofuels and the Rainforest The agrofuels boom A number of Latin and Central American countries (namely Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Guatemala) are currently experiencing

A Global Perspective on the EU Biofuel Subsidies Reform Biofuels policy: Some insights from Brazil Géraldine Kutas Senior Advisor to the President for International Affairs Head of International Affairs

ABIOVE and the production chain promote good socio-environmental practices in Brazilian soybean production, reveals a TNC study In a recent publication, TNC, one of the world s largest environmental conservation

February 27, 2014 Informa Economics South American Crop Reporting Service Brazil February Production Update and Weekly Crop Condition Report The Informa Economics staff in Brazil conducted its survey between

Sugarcane and Ethanol in Brazil A literature review Case study for the Sugar Ethanol Campaign (SEC) of Solidaridad Aidenvironment Matthijs C. Schuring August 2008 Sugarcane and Ethanol in Brazil A literature

BRAZIL S LOW-CARBON AGRICULTURE PROGRAM: BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION June 2012 B razil occupies a unique position: it is not only a leader in commodity production, but also in the mitigation of carbon emissions

GET THE S RIGHT AND KILL THE MYTHS Given the ongoing debate on ethanol benefits, it is important to distinguish fallacious myths from honest facts MYTH #1 Brazilian sugarcane ethanol leads to the deforestation

Erika Tambke José Medeiros This chapter looks at the reasons why many people move from rural farming areas to the towns and cities. You will investigate these questions: 1 Is there a rural-to-urban population

Operator: Good morning ladies and gentlemen. At this time we would like to welcome everyone to América Latina Logística () s 2Q06 results conference call. Today with us we have Bernardo Hees the CEO; and

Monitoring alterations in vegetation cover and land use in the Upper Paraguay River Basin Brazilian Portion Period of Analysis: 2002 to 2008 Introduction The Upper Paraguay River Basin encompasses international

1 2 More and more, the main drivers towards a global energy transition; concerns on oil dependence and energy costs, global and local environmental problems, opportunity for economic activation of agro-industrial

What Native Amazonians Want A Native Amazonian Hunter Native peoples have lived in the rainforest for about 12,000 years. This man is using a traditional bow and arrow to hunt for game. In recent years,

You re One in Seven Billion! We ve all heard the expression, You re one in a million!. With the ever-growing number of people on the planet, it might be more accurate to say, You re one in seven billion!

BRAZIL 2013 was a slow year in Brazil with just over 2% GDP growth. Compared to 2012, however, Brazilian businesses were better able to anticipate market conditions and respond accordingly. As a result,

Getting the Facts Right on U.S. Sugar Lobby s Erroneous Claims About Brazilian Sugarcane Industry May 15, 2013 The Brazilian sugarcane industry is one of the best, most efficient and competitive examples

Enterprise Surveys Country Note Series Brazil World Bank Group Country note no. 12 11 Running a Business in Brazil Brazilian firms are more integrated into their country's financial system than other firms

Biofuels: how much, how fast and how difficult. Prof. José Goldemberg University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil Land Use for Ethanol (2006) BRAZIL Ethanol production from sugarcane Agricultural area (million

Governance deficiencies of environmental and forest funds in Pará and Alice Thuault *, Brenda Brito ** and Priscilla Santos Many international and domestic government and civil society actors see the use

HW 2 Macroeconomics 102 Due on 06/12 1.What are the three important macroeconomic goals about which most economists, and society at large, agree? a. economic growth, full employment, and low interest rates

BIOFUELS IN BRAZIL: A CASE STUDY Brazil is the current global leader in the use of ethanol as a fuel source. An examination of the history of Brazil s sugarcane ethanol industry can provide valuable insight

Christopher Taylor October 21, 2006 Ethanol & Flex-Fuel Vehicles 1. Introduction The 21 st Century has been referred to as the Century of the Environment by some scholars and thinkers. This term certainly

2000 2050 MODELLING LAND USE CHANGES IN BRAZIL 2000-2050 A Report by the REDD-PAC project 3 Brazil wants to reduce emissions from deforestation and land use as a contribution to climate change mitigation

Progressive Town In our little imaginary town we have one business owner who hires an accountant, an engineer and 10 assembly workers. They all have a wife and two kids, so altogether there are 52 people

Club Accounts. 2011 Question 6. Anyone familiar with Farm Accounts or Service Firms (notes for both topics are back on the webpage you found this on), will have no trouble with Club Accounts. Essentially

1 The Evolving Role of Large and Middle Size Farms in Brazilian Agriculture Joaquim Bento de Souza Ferreira Filho and Carlos Eduardo de Freitas Vian Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - University

BRAZIL MEANS BUSINESS In spite of the world financial crisis, Brazil remains an appealing business destination. GDP compared Latin America (in trillions of US$) REGIONAL DISPARITIES % of total GDP (2008)

Preface to the Third Edition Brazil Tax Guide for Foreigners has become the leading reference work in the English language for those interested in foreign investment in Brazil. No other two editions have

ISCC 201 System Basics System Basics for the certification of sustainable biomass and bioenergy ISCC 11-03-15 V 2.3-EU Copyright notice ISCC 2011 This ISCC document is protected by copyright. It is freely

Fairtrade certified cotton How do I get the Fairtrade Certification Mark on a cotton product and what difference will it make? Photography: Kennet Havgaard, Morten Holtum, Simon Rawles and Stefan Lechner.

May 2006 ETHANOL: LESSONS FROM BRAZIL by David Sandalow Ethanol is hot. In the United States, production increased by more than 20% in 2005. The nation s 97 ethanol plants are operating at close to full

Brazilian Roundtable on Sustainable Livestock DRAFT WHO WE ARE set up in late 2007, formally constituted in June 2009; made up of representatives from different segments from the value chain; debates and

WHAT SHOULD I DO IF I HAVE AN AUTO ACCIDENT? 1. If I have an auto accident, do I have to stop? 2. What should I do if someone is injured? 3. How can I get help? 4. What information should I gather at the

June 1996 Peter Helby Wind power in Denmark 1 A sketch of history. Wind power always fascinated the Danes. The geography of the country made Denmark a sea going nation with a large merchant fleet and lots

The Need for International Weather Data and Related Products at the U.S. Department of Agriculture Presented to CoCoRaHS Weather Talk Webinar Series February 26, 2015 WASDE Report USDA Situation and Outlook

The National Parks of Brazil. by Ariane Janér Instituto EcoBrasil Agulhas Negras Itatiaia National Park Bengt Janér Of Brazil s more than 300 conservation units, 64 are National Parks. The national parks

Belo Horizonte and Rio de Janeiro, October 15th 2015 Minas Gerais: a large and important state 226,000 square miles (Larger than France or Spain) 20 million people (Comparable to Australia) 2 nd largest