In November 2010, researchers at the University of Arizona made headlines with an experimental holographic-video transmission system that used 16 cameras to capture data and whose display refreshed every two seconds. The new MIT system uses only one data-capture device — the new Kinect camera designed for Microsoft's Xbox gaming system — and averages about 15 frames per second. Moreover, the MIT researchers didn't get their hands on a Kinect until the end of December, and only in the week before the conference did they double the system's frame rate from seven to 15 frames per second. They're confident that with a little more time, they can boost the rate even higher, to the 24 frames per second of feature films or the 30 frames per second of TV — rates that create the illusion of continuous motion.

The difference between holograms and the type of 3D images becoming common in movie theaters is frequently overlooked, Bove says. During a screening of, say, the 3D version of Avatar, viewers on the far-left aisle of the theater see the same image that viewers on the far-right aisle do. That image may have depth, but it's filmed from a single perspective. As a viewer moves around a hologram, however, his or her perspective on the depicted object changes continuously, just as it would if the object were real.

A standard 3D movie camera captures light bouncing off of an object at two different angles, one for each eye. But in the real world, light bounces off of objects at an infinite number of angles. Holographic video systems use devices that produce so-called diffraction fringes, fine patterns of light and dark that can bend the light passing through them in predictable ways. A dense enough array of fringe patterns, each bending light in a different direction, can simulate the effect of light bouncing off of a three-dimensional object.

The challenge with real-time holographic video is taking video data — in the case of the Kinect, the light intensity of image pixels and, for each of them, a measure of distance from the camera — and, on the fly, converting that data into a set of fringe patterns. Bove and his grad students — James Barabas, David Cranor, Sundeep Jolly, and Dan Smalley — have made that challenge even tougher by limiting themselves to off-the-shelf hardware.

"Really, the focus of our work in digital holography — and I think this makes us pretty much unique among the very small community of people in the world even doing holovideo — is that we're trying to make a consumer product," Bove says. "So we've been saying, ‘How do you make it as cheap as possible — take advantage of hardware and standards and software and everything else that already exists?' Because that's the quickest way to bring it to market."

In the group's lab setup, the Kinect feeds data to an ordinary laptop, which relays it over the Internet. At the receiving end, a PC with three commercial graphics processing units — GPUs — computes the diffraction patterns.

GPUs differ from ordinary computer chips — CPUs — in that their circuitry has been tailored to a cluster of computationally intensive tasks that arise frequently during the processing of large graphics files. Much of the work that went into the new system involved re-describing the problem of computing diffraction patterns in a way that takes advantage of GPUs' strengths.

The one component of the researchers' experimental system that can't be bought at an electronics store for a couple hundred dollars is the holographic display itself. It's the result of decades of research that began with MIT's Stephen Benton, who built the first holographic video display in the late 1980s. (When Benton died in 2003, Bove's group inherited the holographic-video project.) The current project uses a display known as the Mark-II, a successor to Benton's original display that both Benton's and Bove's groups helped design. But Bove says that his group is developing a new display that is much more compact, produces larger images, and should also be cheaper to manufacture. (Bove and his students reported on an early version of the display at the same SPIE conference four years ago.)

Mark Lucente, director of display products for Zebra Imaging in Austin, Texas, which is commercializing holographic displays for videoconferencing applications, says that his company's prospective customers are often uncomfortable with the sheer computational intensity of holographic video. "It's very daunting," he says. "1.5 gigabytes per second are being generated on the fly." By demonstrating that off-the-shelf components can keep up with the computational load, Lucente says, Bove's group is "helping show that it's within the realm of possibility." Indeed, he says, "by taking a video game and using it as an input device, [Bove] shows that it's a hop, skip, and a jump away from reality."

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