Mr Gove's proposals to shake-up GCSEs and replace them with tougher exams called an English Baccalaureate Certificae (Ebacc) also attracted criticism.

Eight out of 10 secondary school teachers, 81%, believe the plans are being rushed through without enough consultation.

A majority, 73%, said that pupils hit by last year's GCSE fiasco over marking should have their papers regraded. Only 22% back the new phonics screening check.

NUT General Secretary Christine Blower said: "Teaching is one the best professions in the world but it is also one of the hardest. Teachers do not need to be subjected to the continual criticism and undermining of pay and conditions.

"This survey paints a very sorry picture and is a damning indictment of coalition Government policies. Michael Gove has been allowed to rush through educational reforms and his academies and free schools projects based on little or no evidence.

"We need to see education policy being implemented that works for all children and young people and provides them with an education that is exciting and fulfilling. It is time the Prime Minister reined in his Education Secretary, who has lost the respect of the profession."

A Department for Education spokesman said: "We are reforming our education system to raise standards by giving more power to headteachers, attracting the best graduates and professionals, and helping those teaching now to do their jobs even better.

"Teaching is an attractive profession - more top graduates than ever before are coming into teaching and vacancy rates are at their lowest since 2005. We have also invested £4m to help existing teachers develop their skills and are cutting bureaucracy to allow them to spend more time in the classroom and less on unnecessary paperwork.

"Our academy and free schools programme gives schools greater freedom so that more schools are run by great heads and teachers. And results show they are already having a positive impact, with performance in sponsored academies improving at almost twice the rate of maintained schools in 2011.”