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Chapter 4: Ecology of Parenting

Chapter 4: Ecology of Parenting

4-3 Macrosystem Influence on Parenting: Socioeconomic Status

Parents of low socioeconomic status: emphasis more on obedience, respect, neatness, cleanliness, and staying out of trouble. Likely to be more controlling, authoritarian, and arbitrary in their discipline and are apt to use physical punishment; likely to use more short directives and varying tones of voice to communicate with children

Parents of high socioeconomic status: emphasize more happiness, creativity, ambition, independence, curiosity, and self-control; more democratic, use reason, receptive the opinions of the chld. likely to talk more to their children, reason, use complex language.

Jerome Kagandevelopmental psychologist parenting means implementing a series of decisions about the socialization of your children.--what you do to enable them to become responsible, contributing members of society, as well as what you do when they cry, are aggressive, lie or do not do well in school.

4-1 About Parenting

Parenting: the implementation of a series of decisions about the socializtion of children.

Parenting can be confusing because it isbidirectional *and dynamic*--an adult's behavior toward a child is often a reaction to that child's temperament and behavior, changing with time as the child develops. By influencing adults children influence their own development.

parenthood is universal, parenting is highly variable among different cultures

4-2 Macrosystem Influences on Parenting: Political Ideology

Political Ideology Theories pertaining to the government. It has an influence because children must be raised to function as citizens in a society.

Autocracy: One person has unlimited power over others. Modern society: democratic ideology. Democracy those ruled have power equal to those who rule

Democratic family system considers the rights of all members. Not all families who live in a democratic society have a democratic family

Authoritarian:(Do it!) high Demandingness/Control low Acceptance/ResponsivenessAuthoritative:(Do it because) high Demandingness/Control high Acceptance/ResponsivenessPermissive: (Do you want to do it?) low Demandingness/Control high Acceptance/ResponsivenessUninvolved:(Do what you want) low Demandingness/Control low Acceptance/ResponsivenessOverinvolved: Momaholic, helecopter parent.

4-8 Microsystem Influences on Parenting Style: Interactions Between Parent and ChildProsocial behavior: behavior that benefits other people, such as altruism, sharing, and cooperation.Competence: refers to a pattern of effective adaptation to one's environment; it involves behavior that is socially responsible, independent, friendly, cooperative, dominant, and achievement-oriented

4-8c Socioemotional and Cognitive Competence Competent Children (preschool age)get attention in socially acceptable waysuse adults as resourcesget along well with othersplan and carry out complicated tasksuse and understand complex sentencesIncompetent Childrenremain unnoticed or are disruptiveneed a lot of direction to complete a taskhave difficulty getting along with otherslack ability to anticipate consequenceshave a simplistic vocabularly

4-10 Appropriate Parenting PracticesConsider the child's age capacityMaintain reasonable expectationsConsider and work with the child's strengths/limitations/needsUtilize a range of acceptable disciplinary approachesGive basic care, nurturing and supportModel self-controlOnline Booklet: Adventures in Parenting from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (2001)

Things Parents Should Never Do Call children derogatory names, threaten to leave your child, never say I wish you were never born!, never, sabotage the parenting efforts of your spouse, never punish when you've lost control of yourself, never expect a child to think,, feel or behave like an adult.

4-5 Chronosystem Influences on Parenting Historical Trends concerning the treatment of children 18th century. humanism: system of beliefs concerned with the interests and ideals of humans rather than of the natural or spiritual world. Tabula Rasa: The mind is a blank slate before impressions are recorded on it by experience.