The Three Forms vs. the Westminster Standards

The following is a summary of the differences between the “Three Forms of Unity” (typically embraced by Reformed churches), and the Westminster Standards (typically embraced by Presbyterian churches).

What are the standards of concern?

The following topics are only addressed in the Westminster Standards:

The Covenant of Works

Invisible/visible church distinction

Christian Liberty

Marriage & divorce

Listing of elements of worship including Psalm singing

The pope is the Antichrist

Threatenings and promises in the ten commandments

Rules for a right understanding of the ten commandments

The termination of holy days under the Christian era.

Burial of the dead

The only detail that is exclusively addressed in the Three Forms is:

… a direct reference to historical heresies.

The following differences in theology are noted:

Children Dying in Infancy

The Canons of Dort 1.17 alludes to absolute assurance that children, dying in infancy, are saved, whereas the Westminster Confession 10.3 simply acknowledges that elect infants are surely saved:

Assurance & faith

Heidelberg 21 appears to assert that full knowledge and firm confidenceare of the essence of a true faith, whereas Westminster Confession 18.3 asserts that full assurance is not an essential aspect of salvation:

Sabbath observance

The requirements of the fourth commandment, in keeping the Sabbath differs in emphasis and comprehensiveness:

Understanding of the tenth commandment

The Heidelberg views the tenth commandment as a summary of the other nine commandments, whereas the Westminster documents see this commandment as pertaining to coveting:

Scope and emphasis of petitions in prayer

The Heidelberg summarizes prayer requests relating to “body and soul” matters whereas the Westminster catechisms have God’s glory and the advancement of the Gospel (beyond one’s own salvation) in primary view: