This dissertation consists of an introduction followed by four papers on issues related to the choice of entry timing and entry mode in transition economies. Below is a list of the papers that is included in the dissertation with information about their current publication status and coauthorships.
* Jakobsen, K. 2007. First mover advantages in Central and Eastern Europe: A comparative analysis of performance measures, Journal of East-West Business, 13(1), 35-61.
* Jakobsen, K. 2008. Competition for Markets in the Brewing Industry in Central and Eastern Europe. In J. Larimo (Ed.) Perspectives on Internationalization and International Management, Vassan Yliopiston Julkaisuja, p. 299-316. ISBN 978-952-476-228-1
* Jakobsen, K., & Meyer, K. E. 2008. Partial Acquisition: The overlooked entry mode. In J. H. Dunning and P. Gugler (eds.) Progress in International Business Research 2, Elsevier Science, p. 203-226. ISBN 978-0-7623-1475-1.
* Jakobsen, K., & Meyer, K. E. 2007. Negotiating entry modes: Partial acquisitions in transition economies. Revise and resubmit at International Business Review

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Does foreign ownership enhance or decrease a firm’s chances of survival? Over the 100 year period 1895-2001 this paper compares the survival of foreign subsidiaries in Denmark to a control sample matched by industry and firm size. We find that foreign-owned companies have higher survival probability. On average exit risk for domestic companies is 2.3 times higher than for foreign companies. First movers like Siemens, Philips, Kodak, Ford, GM or Goodyear have been active in the country for almost a century. Relative foreign survival increases with company age. However, the foreign survival advantage appears to be eroded by globalization, it decreases over time and disappears at the end of the century.

The aim of this dissertation is to identify how ideas of organisational development
are incorporated into and employed in hospital departments. The dissertation focuses
on the conceptions of professional identity among doctors and nurses, their
conceptions of clinical practice and the ideas of development they are introduced
to.
The health professionals’ conceptions of development and practice are connected
to their perception of ‘professional relevance’ in the dissertation. This conception
of ‘professional relevance’ thereby forms a recurring expression of conceptions
among the actors.

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The paper defines a base model of the airborne passenger traffic to and in Greenland showing the number of passengers on every non-stop connection. The type of airplane is defined for each route, and that determines the flying time. The number of connections and capacity utilization are fixed with due regard to the timetable of Air Greenland and the density of traffic on each route. Assumptions as to the cost per hour as a function of the duration of the flight are made for each aircraft. Applying this to different investment scenarios for airports and landing strips an index for the costs of supply of air traffic is found. Using this index the supplier’s cost savings in the scenarios are found as a percentage of the relevant sale. A number of reports from recent years have information about the necessary investments in the scenarios, and matching these with the changes in costs permits the calculation of present values for the different projects. Apart from direct savings there are derived benefits in some of the scenarios the most prominent being the possibility to abandon Kangerlussuaq. The calculations include these indirect effects. Two scenarios have high present values: the use of Keflavik as hub, and the construction of a new airport with a 3000 meter runway south of Nuuk: two rather different scenarios, the first dominated by current savings, and the second dependent on a large fixed investment.

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The thesis argues that security sector reform (SSR) has failed according to its own
ambition of establishing a ‘centrally governed state’. A primary reason for this failure is
found in the concept of authority that state-building projects and much of the academic
work that underpins it.
Since the late 1990s, internationally supported efforts to make and consolidate peace in
Sierra Leone have been synonymous with SSR. Support was given by the United Kingdom
(UK) in particular to contain and ultimately overhaul the armed forces, which staged two
coups in 1992 and 1997. Support was also provided to the central government to institute
national security coordination and intelligence organizations, and to reestablish the Sierra
Leone Police (SLP). The collapsed, but internationally recognized state was to be rebuilt,
and security was seen as not only a prerequisite for this process to begin, but its very
foundation.
The first question of the thesis revolves around why the western universalist state concept
came to guide SSR in Sierra Leone, and why it was considered of such fundamental
importance to stability internationally. The second question revolves around how to
conceptualize authority when actors such as paramount and lesser chiefs that may neither
be categorized as state nor non-state are the primary makers of order in rural areas of the
country.
Speaking of the weakness or failure of a state is a way of describing what it is not, namely
a centrally governed set of institutions that is able to make order within the territorial space
that defines it. A focus on the state as an analytical concept does not, however, tell us much
about how order is then made, and by whom it is made in Sierra Leone.
The thesis rethinks what authority is in a way that does not privilege ‘the state’ as an
analytical category, a tendency that has dominated much policy and academic thinking.
The thesis’ empirical basis of doing so is data relating to international policy-making
processes, interviews among the key actors of Sierra Leone’s SSR process, and ethnographic fieldwork in Peyima, a small diamond mining town in Kamara Chiefdom,
Kono District.
In a view of authority tied to ‘the state’ lies the conceptualization of a political entity, a
bordered power container, which stands above, is detached from, and at the same time
encompasses, controls and regulates society. In UK support of Sierra Leone’s statebuilding
efforts, the practices of traditional leaders and their productive effects in the
justice and security field, and enforcing order, were acknowledged. However, failure to
respond adequately to their central role in governing Sierra Leone’s countryside came in
two ways, both of which are related to concepts of the western universalist state that
continue to guide SSR.
The first failure was embedded in misrecognizing the resilience and productivity of local
actors and institutions, and their authority to appropriate, interpret, translate and above all
shape the elements of what was offered through SSR. The second failure came in not
recognizing the hybrid nature of all actors in the justice and security field, based on the fact
that they draw authority to act within the field from numerous sources across physical and
symbolic space, in local and national domains. Hybridity is integral to state formation in
Sierra Leone. It is foundational, and is historically grounded in the colonial era, articulating
an infinite mixture of various forms of authority (from state legislation to status of
autochthony and secret society membership). Inevitably, this order was reproduced by
SSR, even if the aim of the international actors who supported this process of change had
been to eradicate it.

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Introducing Seven New Product Project Types for the Study of Innovation Management

Rosenø, Axel(København, 2005)

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[Færre oplysninger]

Resume:

Product innovativeness is a key moderating variable for the study of innovation
management (Song & Montoya-Weiss 1998, p. 124). For this reason, some empirical
studies of innovation management examine new product processes, critical success
factors, and market learning practices for incremental versus discontinuous new
product projects (Song & Montoya-Weiss 1998; Atuahene-Gima 1995; Veryzer 1998a;
Lynn et al. 1996; O’Connor 1998; Rice et al. 1998). By looking at both these types of
new product development projects, empirical observations are likely to be more
realistic than those of studies that do not discriminate between more or less
innovative projects.
Even so, a dualistic view of the matter does not capture the nuances (Green et al.
1995)1 of the relationship between product innovativeness and innovation
management practices. Hence, there is a need for richer innovativeness typologies
that go beyond the dichotomous view and, thereby, lend themselves to a more finegrained
study of innovation management practices for different types of new
product projects.
In fact, various innovativeness typologies exist that include more than two product
types. Notably, the typology by Booz, Allen & Hamilton (1982)2 introduces two
dimensions: newness to the market and newness to the company, resulting in six products
types (with various combinations of high, medium and low newness). An alternative
set of typologies differentiates between the product’s technological newness and its
market newness, for example Abernathy & Clark’s (1985) typology with four new
product types; Leonard-Barton’s (1995) five product types; and Veryzer’s (1998a)
four types in a two-by-two matrix.
Interestingly, these two meta-perspectives on product innovativeness (i.e. 1. new to
the market and/or new to the company and 2. technological and/or market
newness) are generally not included within the same typology in extant literature.
For example, discussions of the technological and/or market newness of a product,
often leave out the question of whether that newness is in the eyes of the industry
and market (exogenous newness) or only for the focal firm itself (endogenous
newness). More broadly, it can be stated that "... little continuity exists in the new
product literature regarding from whose perspective this degree of newness is viewed
and what is new" (Garcia & Calantone 2002, p. 112).

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Licensing contracts represent one of the most widely used mechanisms to exchange
technologies and transfer know-how between firms. Due to the opportunities that licensing
creates for firms operating on both sides of the markets for technology, it has increasingly
become an integral part of firms’ R&D strategies. On the supply side, the existing literature has
been focused on understanding how technology licensing can be used by firms as a mechanism
to recover investments in innovative activities and to foster learning opportunities. On the
demand side, it has been shown that licensing is an important source that firms can tap into to
feed their internal needs for innovative knowledge. While several studies have examined
technology licensing through the lens of the licensor, research on how firms rely on licensing
contracts to acquire knowledge and improve their innovation performance still leaves much to
be investigated. Furthermore, with few exceptions, neither organizational nor contractual
characteristics related to the licensing deals have received enough attention as determinants of
the capacity of the acquiring firm to benefit from licensing in a new technology.
The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the relationship between
technology licensing and firm innovation, also examining how the characteristics of the
acquiring firm and the use of specific contractual clauses affect this main relationship. The
papers in this dissertation build on a different set of theoretical perspectives connected to the
licensing literature. The dissertation consists of a general introduction, four papers, and a
conclusion. Although all the papers build on the same main dataset related to licensing contracts
in the global pharmaceutical industry, supplementary information from different data sources
was connected to the licensing contracts to answer the specific research questions. Indeed, each
paper, from a different perspective, contemplates and contributes to the existing literature by examining the relationship between technology licensing and specific dimensions of firm
innovation. Understanding how licensing deals affect the performance of licensees and licensors
is critical to understanding how markets for technology function.