Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Oversight

The Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Oversight, or ATSD(IO), is responsible to the U.S. Secretary of Defense for the independent oversight of all intelligence, counterintelligence, and intelligence-related activities in the Department of Defense. The organization's charter is articulated in DoD Directive 5148.11.[1] The ATSD (IO) ensures that all activities performed by intelligence, counterintelligence, and intelligence related units are conducted in accordance with Federal law, Executive Orders, DoD directives, regulations and policies; in July 2014, this position was retitled as the Department of Defense Intelligence Senior Intelligence Oversight Official (DoD SIOO), after the position was aligned within the Office of the Deputy Chief Management Officer (DCMO).

Contents

The ATSD(IO) came into existence in December 1982, assuming the responsibilities of the Inspector General for Intelligence[2] (although there now exists a Deputy Inspector General for Intelligence in addition to the ATSD(IO)).

The ATSD(IO) is charged with the management and direction of the DoD Intelligence Oversight program, the aim of the DoD program is to institutionalize:

The orientation and training of all intelligence personnel in intelligence oversight concepts,

An internal inspection program, and

A channel for the reporting of questionable or improper intelligence activities to the ATSD(IO) and the DoD General Counsel, who are responsible for informing the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense.

1.
United States Secretary of Defense
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The Secretary of Defense is the leader and chief executive officer of the Department of Defense, an Executive Department of the Government of the United States of America. The Secretary of Defenses power over the United States military is only to that of the President. This position corresponds to what is known as a Defense Minister in many other countries. The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, Secretary of Defense is a statutory office, and the general provision in 10 U. S. C. This is also extended to the United States Coast Guard during any period of time in which its command, only the Secretary of Defense can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three Military Departments and the nine Combatant Commands. The current Secretary of Defense is retired United States Marine Corps general James Mattis, the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were established in 1775, in concurrence with the American Revolution. Based on the experiences of World War II, proposals were made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment. The Army generally favored centralization while the Navy had institutional preferences for decentralization, the resulting National Security Act of 1947 was largely a compromise between these divergent viewpoints. The Act merged the Department of War with the Department of the Navy to form the National Military Establishment, the Act also separated the Army Air Forces from the Department of the Army to become its own branch of service, the Department of the Air Force. At first, each of the service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status, the position of the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the number two position in the department, was also created at this time. The last major revision of the framework concerning the position was done in the Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. In particular, it elevated the status of joint service for commissioned officers, making it in practice a requirement before appointments to general officer and flag officer grades could be made. Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, as the head of DoD, all officials, employees and service members are under the Secretary of Defense. All of these positions, civil and military, require Senate confirmation. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the name of the principally military staff organization, organized under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is the Joint Staff. In addition, there is the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, which is the ribbon and unit award issued to joint DoD activities. While the approval authority for DSSM, DMSM, JSCM, JSAM and JMUA is delegated to inferior DoD officials, Permanent Representative to NATO in recognition of U. S

2.
Intelligence assessment
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Assessments are developed in response to requirements declared by the leadership in order to inform decision making. Assessment may be carried out on behalf of a state, military or commercial organisation with a range of sources of information available to each. An intelligence assessment reviews both available information and previous assessments for relevance and currency, where additional information is required, some collection may be directed by the analyst. Intelligence studies is the field concerned with intelligence assessment, especially relating to international relations. Intelligence assessment is based on a requirement or need, which may be a standing requirement or tailored to a specific circumstance or a Request for Information. The requirement is passed to the agency and worked through the intelligence cycle. The RFI may indicate in what format the requester prefers to consume the product, the RFI is reviewed by a Requirements Manager, who will then direct appropriate tasks to respond to the request. This will involve a review of existing material, the tasking of new product or the collection of new information to inform an analysis. New information may be collected through one or more of the various disciplines, human source, electronic and communications intercept. The nature of the RFI and the placed on it may indicate that some collection types are unsuitable due to the time taken to collect or validate the information gathered. Intelligence gathering disciplines and the sources and methods used are highly classified and compartmentalised. The analyst uses multiple sources to mutually corroborate, or exclude, where sufficient current information already exists, the analysis may be tasked directly without reference to further collection. The analysis will be written to a classification level with alternative versions potentially available at a number of classification levels for further dissemination. The subject for action, or target, is identified and efforts are made to find the target for further development. This activity will identify where intervention against the target will have the most beneficial effects, during the finish stage, the intervention is executed, potentially an arrest or detention or the placement of other collection methods. Following the intervention, exploitation of the target is carried out, the output from the exploit stage will also be passed into other intelligence assessment activities. Intelligence cycle List of intelligence gathering disciplines Military intelligence Surveillance Futures studies Surveys Andrew, Secret Intelligence in the Twentieth Century essays by scholars Dulles, Allen W. Lee and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, eds. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security,1100 pages,850 articles, strongest on technology Odom, Gen. William E. Fixing Intelligence, For a More Secure America, Second Edition OToole, George

3.
Counterintelligence
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Modern tactics of espionage and dedicated government intelligence agencies were developed over the course of the late 19th century. A key background to this development was the Great Game, a period denoting the strategic rivalry, as espionage became more widely used, it became imperative to expand the role of existing police and internal security forces into a role of detecting and countering foreign spies. The Austro-Hungarian Evidenzbureau was entrusted with the role from the late 19th century to counter the actions of the Pan-Slavist movement operating out of Serbia. The Okhrana was initially formed in 1880 to combat terrorism and left-wing revolutionary activity throughout the Russian Empire. Its main concern was the activities of revolutionaries, who worked and plotted subversive actions from abroad. It created an antenna in Paris run by Pyotr Rachkovsky to monitor their activities, the agency used many methods to achieve its goals, including covert operations, undercover agents, and perlustration—the interception and reading of private correspondence. The Okhrana became notorious for its use of provocateurs who often succeeded in penetrating the activities of revolutionary groups including the Bolsheviks. Integrated counterintelligence agencies run directly by governments were also established, the British Secret Service Bureau was founded in 1909 as the first independent and interdepartmental agency fully in control over all government counterintelligence activities. Its first director was Captain Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming alias C, the Secret Service Bureau was split into a foreign and counter intelligence domestic service in 1910. The latter was headed by Sir Vernon Kell and was aimed at calming public fears of large scale German espionage. Many governments organize counterintelligence agencies separate and distinct from their intelligence services for specialized purposes. In most countries the counterintelligence mission is spread over multiple organizations, there is usually a domestic counterintelligence service, usually part of a larger law enforcement organization such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the United States. The Russian Federations major domestic security organization is the FSB, which came from the Second Chief Directorate. Canada separates the functions of general defensive counterintelligence, security intelligence, law enforcement intelligence, military organizations have their own counterintelligence forces, capable of conducting protective operations both at home and when deployed abroad. Depending on the country, there can be various mixtures of civilian, for example, while offensive counterintelligence is a mission of the US CIAs National Clandestine Service, defensive counterintelligence is a mission of the U. S. Diplomatic Security Service, Department of State, who work on security for personnel. In the United States, there is a careful line drawn between intelligence and law enforcement. In the United Kingdom, there is a distinction between the Security Service and the Special Branch of the Metropolitan Police, other countries also deal with the proper organization of defenses against FIS, often with separate services with no common authority below the head of government

4.
United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
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The Deputy Secretary of Defense is a statutory office and the second-highest-ranking official in the Department of Defense of the United States of America. The Deputy Secretary is the civilian deputy to the Secretary of Defense. The Deputy Secretary of Defense position is held by Robert O. Work. Former Assistant to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Stephen Early, public Law 92-596, October 27,1972, established a Second Deputy Secretary of Defense position, with both deputies performing duties as prescribed by the Secretary of Defense. The second deputy position was not filled until December 1975, Robert F. Ellsworth, serving from December 23,1975 until 10 January 1977, was the only one to ever hold that office. Public Law 95-140,21 October 1977, the law establishing two Under Secretaries of Defense, abolished the second deputy position, the Deputy Secretary is first in the line of succession to the office of Secretary of Defense. Traditionally, the Deputy Secretary has been the civilian official guiding the process of the Quadrennial Defense Review.1, Functions of the Department of Defense, Department of Defense Key Officials 1947–2015. Washington DC, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Historical Office, Deputy Secretary of Defense position profile at Prunes Online defense. gov

5.
Defense Intelligence Agency
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The Defense Intelligence Agency is an external intelligence service of the United States federal government specializing in defense and military intelligence. It also provides assistance, integration and coordination across uniformed military service intelligence components. The agencys role encompasses the collection and analysis of military-related foreign political, economic, industrial, geographic, DIA produces approximately one-fourth of all intelligence content that goes into the Presidents Daily Brief. DIAs intelligence operations extend beyond the zones of combat, and approximately half of its employees serve overseas at hundreds of locations, the agency specializes in collection and analysis of human-source intelligence, both overt and clandestine, while also handling American military-diplomatic relations abroad. DIA concurrently serves as the manager for the highly technical measurement and signature intelligence. The agency has no law enforcement authority, but it is portrayed so in American popular culture. DIA has a tradition of marking unclassified deaths of its employees on the organizations Memorial Wall and he is the primary intelligence adviser to the Secretary of Defense and also answers to the Director of National Intelligence. Additionally, he chairs the Military Intelligence Board, which coordinates activities of the defense intelligence community. DIA is headquartered in Washington, D. C. on Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling, with operational activities at the Pentagon, at each Unified Combatant Command. Embassies around the world, where it alongside other government partners. Additionally, the agency has staff deployed at the Col. James N, DIA and the Central Intelligence Agency are distinct organizations with different functions. DIA focuses on national level defense-military topics, while CIA is concentrated on broader, more general needs of the President. DIA is not a collective of all U. S. military intelligence units, DIA does, however, lead coordination efforts with the military intelligence units and with the national DOD intelligence services in its role as chair of the Military Intelligence Board. It globally deploys teams of officers, interrogation experts, field analysts, linguists, technical specialists. Defense Attache System, DAS represents the United States in defense and it also manages and conducts overt human intelligence collection activities. Defense Attaches serve from Defense Attache Offices co-located at more than a hundred United States Embassies in foreign nations, Defense Attaches also represent the Secretary of Defense in diplomatic relations with foreign governments and militaries and coordinate military activities with partner nations. Defense Cover Office – DCO is a DIA component responsible for executing cover programs for agencys intelligence operatives, Directorate for Analysis, The Directorate of Analysis manages the all-source analysis elements of DIA. Analysts contribute to the Presidents Daily Brief and the National Intelligence Estimates, analysts serve DIA in all of the agencys facilities as well as globally in the field

6.
National Security Agency
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NSA is concurrently charged with protection of U. S. government communications and information systems against penetration and network warfare. Moreover, NSA maintains physical presence in a number of countries across the globe. SCS collection tactics allegedly encompass close surveillance, burglary, wiretapping, breaking and entering, additionally, the NSA Director simultaneously serves as the Commander of the United States Cyber Command and as Chief of the Central Security Service. Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in World War II, NSA surveillance has been a matter of political controversy on several occasions, such as its spying on anti-Vietnam-war leaders or economic espionage. In 2013, the extent of some of the NSAs secret surveillance programs was revealed to the public by Edward Snowden, internationally, research has pointed to the NSAs ability to surveil the domestic Internet traffic of foreign countries through boomerang routing. The origins of the National Security Agency can be traced back to April 28,1917, a code and cipher decryption unit was established as the Cable and Telegraph Section which was also known as the Cipher Bureau. It was headquartered in Washington, D. C. and was part of the war effort under the executive branch without direct Congressional authorization, during the course of the war it was relocated in the armys organizational chart several times. On July 5,1917, Herbert O. Yardley was assigned to head the unit, at that point, the unit consisted of Yardley and two civilian clerks. It absorbed the navys cryptoanalysis functions in July 1918, World War I ended on November 11,1918, and MI-8 moved to New York City on May 20,1919, where it continued intelligence activities as the Code Compilation Company under the direction of Yardley. MI-8 also operated the so-called Black Chamber, the Black Chamber was located on East 37th Street in Manhattan. Its purpose was to crack the codes of foreign governments. Other Black Chambers were also found in Europe, during World War II, the Signal Security Agency was created to intercept and decipher the communications of the Axis powers. When the war ended, the SSA was reorganized as the Army Security Agency, on May 20,1949, all cryptologic activities were centralized under a national organization called the Armed Forces Security Agency. This organization was established within the U. S. Department of Defense under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The AFSA was tasked to direct Department of Defense communications and electronic intelligence activities, in December 1951, President Harry S. Truman ordered a panel to investigate how AFSA had failed to achieve its goals. The results of the led to improvements and its redesignation as the National Security Agency. The agency was established by Truman in a memorandum of October 24,1952. Since President Trumans memo was a document, the existence of the NSA was not known to the public at that time

7.
National Reconnaissance Office
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The National Reconnaissance Office is a member of the United States Intelligence Community and an agency of the United States Department of Defense. The NRO is headquartered in unincorporated Fairfax County, Virginia,2 miles south of Washington Dulles International Airport, the Director of the NRO reports to both the Director of National Intelligence and the Secretary of Defense and serves as Assistant Secretary of the Air Force. The NROs federal workforce consists primarily of Air Force, CIA, NGA, NSA, the National Reconnaissance Office develops and operates space reconnaissance systems and conducts intelligence-related activities for U. S. national security. It also coordinates collection and analysis of information from airplane and satellite reconnaissance by the military services and it is funded through the National Reconnaissance Program, which is part of the National Intelligence Program. The agency is part of the Department of Defense and it has been proposed that the NRO share imagery of the United States itself with the National Applications Office for domestic law enforcement. The NRO operates ground stations around the world that collect and distribute intelligence gathered from reconnaissance satellites, according to Asia Times Online, one important mission of NRO satellites is the tracking of non-US submarines on patrol or on training missions in the worlds oceans and seas. The NRO was established on August 25,1960, after management problems, the NROs first photo reconnaissance satellite program was the Corona program, the existence of which was declassified February 24,1995, and which existed from August 1960 to May 1972. The Corona system used film capsules dropped by satellites, which were recovered mid-air by military craft, the first successful recovery from space occurred on August 12,1960, and the first image from space was seen six days later. The first imaging resolution was 8 meters, which was improved to 2 meters, individual images covered, on average, an area of about 10 by 120 miles. The last Corona mission, was launched May 25,1972, from May 1962 to August 1964, the NRO conducted 12 mapping missions as part of the Argon system. In 1963, the NRO conducted a mission using higher resolution imagery. The Lanyard program flew one successful mission, NRO missions since 1972 are classified, and portions of many earlier programs remain unavailable to the public. The first press reports on NRO started in 1971, the first official acknowledgement of NRO was a Senate committee report in October 1973, which inadvertently exposed the existence of the NRO. In 1985, a New York Times article revealed details on the operations of the NRO, the existence of the NRO was declassified on September 18,1992, by the Deputy Secretary of Defense, as recommended by the Director of Central Intelligence. In total, NRO had accumulated US$3.8 billion in forward funding, as a consequence, NROs three distinct accounting systems were merged. The presence of the new headquarters was revealed by the Federation of American Scientists who obtained unclassified copies of the blueprints filed with the building permit application. After 9/11 those blueprints were apparently classified, the reports of an NRO slush fund were true. According to former CIA general counsel Jeffrey Smith, who led the investigation, in 1999 the NRO embarked on a $25 billion project with Boeing entitled Future Imagery Architecture to create a new generation of imaging satellites

8.
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
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NGA was known as the National Imagery and Mapping Agency until 2003. NGA headquarters is located at Fort Belvoir in Springfield, Virginia, the NGA campus, at 2.3 million square feet, is the third-largest government building in the Washington metropolitan area after The Pentagon and the Ronald Reagan Building. U. S. mapping and charting efforts remained relatively unchanged until World War I, using stereo viewers, photo-interpreters reviewed thousands of images. Many of these were of the target at different angles and times, giving rise to what became modern imagery analysis. The Engineer Reproduction Plant was the Army Corps of Engineerss first attempt to centralize mapping production, printing and it was located on the grounds of the Army War College in Washington, D. C. Previously, topographic mapping had largely been a function of individual field engineer units using field surveying techniques or copying existing or captured products, in addition, ERP assumed the supervision and maintenance of the War Department Map Collection, effective April 1,1939. With the advent of the Second World War aviation, field surveys began giving way to photogrammetry, photo interpretation, during wartime, it became increasingly possible to compile maps with minimal field work. Out of this emerged AMS, which absorbed the existing ERP in May 1942 and it was located at the Dalecarlia Site on MacArthur Blvd. just outside Washington, D. C. in Montgomery County, Maryland, and adjacent to the Dalecarlia Reservoir. AMS was designated as an Engineer field activity, effective July 1,1942, by General Order 22, OCE, the Army Map Service also combined many of the Armys remaining geographic intelligence organizations and the Engineer Technical Intelligence Division. The agencys credit union, Constellation Federal Credit Union, was chartered during the Army Map Service era and it has continued to serve all successive legacy agencies employees and their families. After the war, as capacity and range improved, the need for charts grew. The Army Air Corps established its map unit, which was renamed ACP in 1943 and was located in St. Louis, ACP was known as the U. S. Air Force Aeronautical Chart and Information Center from 1952 to 1972. A credit union was chartered for the ACP in 1948, called Aero Chart Credit Union and it was renamed Arsenal Credit Union in 1952, a nod to the St. Louis sites Civil War-era use as an arsenal. Shortly before leaving office in January 1961, President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the creation of the National Photographic Interpretation Center, lundahl, combining Central Intelligence Agency, Army, Navy, and Air Force assets to solve national intelligence problems. NPIC was a component of the CIAs Directorate of Science and Technology, NPIC first identified the Soviet Unions basing of missiles in Cuba in 1962. The Defense Mapping Agency was created on January 1,1972, dMAs birth certificate, DoD Directive 5105.40, resulted from a formerly classified Presidential directive, Organization and Management of the U. S. Foreign Intelligence Community, which directed the consolidation of mapping functions previously dispersed among the military services, DMA became operational on July 1,1972, pursuant to General Order 3, DMA. On Oct.1,1996, DMA was folded into the National Imagery, DMA was first headquartered at the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D. C, then at Falls Church, Virginia

9.
Dick Cheney
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Richard Bruce Dick Cheney is an American politician and businessman who was the 46th Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009, under President George W. Bush. Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, Cheney was primarily raised in Sumner, Nebraska and he attended Yale and then the University of Wyoming, at the latter of which he earned a BA and an MA in Political Science. Cheney was selected to be the Secretary of Defense during the Presidency of George H. W. Bush, during his time in the Department of Defense, Cheney oversaw the 1991 Operation Desert Storm, among other actions. Out of office during the Clinton administration, Cheney was the Chairman, in July 2000, Cheney was chosen by presumptive Republican Presidential nominee George W. Bush as his running mate in the 2000 Presidential election. They defeated their Democratic opponents, incumbent Vice President Al Gore, in 2004 Cheney was reelected to his second term as Vice President, defeating Senator John Kerrys running mate, Senator John Edwards. He was a proponent of Operation Iraqi Freedom and defender of the Administrations anti-terrorism record. He became at odds with President Bushs position against same-sex marriage in 2004 and he has been cited as the most powerful Vice President in American history. At the same time he has been among the least favored politicians in the history of the United States, Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, the son of Marjorie Lorraine and Richard Herbert Cheney. He is of predominantly English, as well as Welsh, Irish, although not a direct descendant, he is collaterally related to Benjamin Pierce Cheney, the early American expressman. His father was a soil conservation agent for the U. S. Department of Agriculture and his mother was a star in the 1930s. He attended Calvert Elementary School before his family moved to Casper, Wyoming and he attended Yale University, but by his own account had problems adjusting to the college, and failed out twice. Among the influential teachers from his days in New Haven was Professor H. Bradford Westerfield and he later attended the University of Wyoming, where he earned both a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts in political science. He subsequently started, but did not finish, doctoral studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, in November 1962, at the age of 21, Cheney was convicted of driving while intoxicated. He was arrested for DWI again the following year, Cheney said that the arrests made him think about where I was and where I was headed. I was headed down a bad road if I continued on that course, in 1964, he married Lynne Vincent, his high school sweetheart, whom he had met at age 14. When Cheney became eligible for the draft, during the Vietnam War, he applied for, initially, Cheney was not drafted due to his marriage to Lynne Cheney. When the draft was expanded to include married men without children and he applied for his fifth exemption on January 19,1966, when his wife was about 10 weeks pregnant. He was granted 3-A status, the exemption, which excluded men with children or dependent parents

10.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima

11.
William Perry
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William James Perry is an American mathematician, engineer, and businessman who was the United States Secretary of Defense from February 3,1994, to January 23,1997, under President Bill Clinton. He also served as Deputy Secretary of Defense and Under Secretary of Defense for Research and he is also a senior fellow at Stanford Universitys Hoover Institution. He serves as director of the Preventive Defense Project and he is an expert in U. S. foreign policy, national security and arms control. In 2013 he founded the William J Perry Project, an effort to educate the public on the current dangers of nuclear weapons. Former Secretary Perry also has business experience and currently serves on the boards of several high-tech companies. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts, Perry later received a commission in the United States Army Reserve through ROTC, serving from 1950 to 1955. Perry received his B. S. and M. A. degrees from Stanford University, in 1967 he was hired as a technical consultant to the Department of Defense. Among other achievements, he was instrumental in the development of aircraft technology. Not all of the programs he developed were as well-received, however, on leaving The Pentagon in 1981, Perry became managing director until 1985 of Hambrecht & Quist, a San Francisco investment banking firm specializing in high-tech and defense companies. He was appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1983 to serve on the Presidents Commission on Strategic Forces and he was also a member of the Packard Commission. Perry entered office with national security experience, both in industry and government, and with an understanding of the challenges that he faced. A hands-on manager, he paid attention both to internal operations in the Pentagon and to security issues. He worked closely with his deputy secretaries, and he met regularly with the secretaries, keeping them informed. He described his style as management by walking around, Perry adopted preventive defense as his guide to national security policy in the post-Cold War world. During the Cold War the United States had relied on deterrence rather than prevention as the principle of its security strategy. To carry out this strategy, Perry thought it necessary to maintain a modern, ready military force, as always with Secretaries of Defense, the formulation of the Defense budget and shepherding it through Congress was one of Perrys most important duties. The proposal, he said, maintained a force, redirected a modernization program, initiated a program to do business differently. Perry asked for $252.2 billion for FY1995, including funds for numerous systems, such as a new aircraft carrier

12.
William S. Cohen
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William Sebastian Cohen is an American politician and author from the U. S. state of Maine. A Republican, Cohen served as both a member of the United States House of Representatives and Senate, and as Secretary of Defense under Democratic President Bill Clinton, Cohen was born in Bangor, Maine. His mother, Clara, was of Protestant Irish ancestry, and his father, Reuben Cohen, was a Russian Jewish immigrant, after graduating from Bangor High School in 1958, Cohen attended Bowdoin College, graduating cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Latin in 1962. While a student at Bowdoin, Cohen was initiated as a brother of the Kappa chapter of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity, Cohen attended law school at the Boston University School of Law, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree cum laude in 1965. After graduating from law school, Cohen earned partnership in a Bangor law firm and he became an assistant county attorney for Penobscot County. In 1968 he became an instructor at Husson College in Bangor, Cohen served as the vice president of the Maine Trial Lawyers Association and as a member of the Bangor School Board. He became a fellow at the John F. Kennedy Institute of Politics at Harvard University in 1972, Cohen was elected to the Bangor City Council and served as Bangor Mayor in 1971-72. In the 1972 election, Cohen won a seat in the U. S. House of Representatives, representing Maines 2nd congressional district, succeeding Democrat William Hathaway, Cohen defeated Democratic State Senator Elmer H. Violette of Van Buren. During his first term in Congress, Cohen became deeply involved in the Watergate investigation, as a member of the House Judiciary Committee, he was one of the first Republicans to break with his party, and voted for the impeachment of President Richard Nixon. During this time, Time magazine named him one of Americas 200 Future Leaders, after three terms in the House, Cohen was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1978, defeating incumbent William Hathaway in his first bid for reelection. Cohen was reelected in 1984 and 1990, serving a total of 18 years in the Senate, in 1990 he defeated Democrat Neil Rolde. He chose not to run for another Senate term in 1996, Susan Collins, on December 5,1996, President Clinton announced his selection of Cohen as secretary of defense. During his confirmation hearings, Cohen said he thought on occasion he might differ with Clinton on specific national security issues. He implicitly criticized the Clinton administration for lacking a clear strategy for leaving Bosnia and he supported the expansion of NATO and looked on the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction as the most serious problem the United States faced. After confirmation by a unanimous Senate vote, Cohen was sworn in as the 20th Secretary of Defense on January 24,1997 and he then settled into a schedule much fuller than he had followed in the Senate. Routinely he arrived at the Pentagon before 7 a. m. received a briefing, and then met with the Deputy Secretary of Defense. He also traveled abroad several times during his first months in office, One of Cohens first major duties was to present to Congress the Fiscal Year 1998 Defense budget, which had been prepared under Secretary Perry. Cohen requested a budget of $250.7 billion, which represented 3 percent of the estimated gross domestic product for FY1998

13.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader

14.
Donald Rumsfeld
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Donald Henry Don Rumsfeld is an American politician and businessman. Rumsfeld served as the 13th Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford and he is both the youngest and the second oldest person to have served as Secretary of Defense. Additionally, Rumsfeld was a three-term U. S, Congressman from Illinois, Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity, Counsellor to the President, the United States Permanent Representative to NATO, and White House Chief of Staff. Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University, graduating in 1954 with a degree in political science, after serving in the Navy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at the age of 30. He was a leading co-sponsor of the Freedom of Information Act, called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed Chief of Staff by President Ford. Rumsfeld recruited a young one-time staffer of his, Dick Cheney, when Ford lost the 1976 election, Rumsfeld returned to private business life, and was named president and CEO of the pharmaceutical corporation G. D. Searle & Company. He was later named CEO of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993, Rumsfeld was appointed Secretary of Defense for a second time in January 2001 by President George W. Bush. During his tenure he was one of the key responsible for the restructuring of the military in the new 21st century. Rumsfeld was crucial in planning the United States response to the September 11 attacks, Known in media circles for his outspokenness and candor, he gradually lost political support as the wars continued, and he resigned in late 2006. In his retirement years, he published an autobiography Known and Unknown, A Memoir as well as Rumsfelds Rules, Leadership Lessons in Business, Politics, War, and Life. He is involved with the Rumsfeld Foundations Fellowship program, which has advisors at dozens of universities across the United States, Donald Henry Rumsfeld was born on July 9,1932, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Jeannette Kearsley and George Donald Rumsfeld. His father came from a German-American family that had emigrated in the 1870s, Living in Winnetka, his family attended a Congregational Church. From 1943–1945, Rumsfeld lived in Coronado, California while his father was stationed on a carrier in the Pacific in World War II. He was a ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1949, Rumsfeld attended Baker Demonstration School, and later graduated from New Trier High School. He attended Princeton University on academic and NROTC partial scholarships and he graduated in 1954 with an A. B. in Political Science. During his time at Princeton, he was an amateur wrestler, becoming captain of the varsity wrestling team. His Princeton University senior thesis was titled The Steel Seizure Case of 1952, while at Princeton he was friends with another future Secretary of Defense, Frank Carlucci. Rumsfeld married Joyce P. Pierson on December 27,1954 and they have three children, six grandchildren, and one great grandchild

15.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts

16.
Michael H. Decker
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Michael H. Decker was the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Oversight. From September 2009 to February 2014, before that he was Assistant Director of Intelligence, Marine Corps Intelligence, United States Marine Corps. He also holds a Master of Science degree in sStrategic intelligence from the National Defense Intelligence College, Decker was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps and served as an infantry platoon commander during operations to the Mediterranean Sea. In 1982, he was deployed as an assistant battalion operations officer to Beirut, Lebanon, after returning to the United States, Decker served as an infantry company commander and later as assistant operations officer for an expeditionary unit in Honduras. Reassigned to Headquarters, United States Marine Corps, Decker served as the Marine Corps Security Force/Marine Security Guard policy, Decker was medically retired in 1991. Decker is the director, Marine Forces Programs, at the RAND Corporation, Decker is an adjunct associate professor in the Center for Security Studies at Georgetown University. Decker, Michael H, USMC Intel, 1994-2008, MCIA Inc INTSUM, autumn 2014, XXVI, issue 1 Decker, Michael H, Assessing the Intelligence Effort, Marine Corps Gazette, vol. 9, p.22 Decker, Michael H, The MAGTF and Low-Intensity Conflict, Marine Corps Gazette,3, p.45 Decker, Michael H, Batts, Christopher B. Marine Corps Counterintelligence Support to the Warfighter, Past, Present and Future, American Intelligence Journal,4, p.40 Decker, Michael H, On Women, Combat, and Leadership, Marine Corps Gazette, vol. 10, p.89 Decker, Mike, The Long Run, Scholastic, Notre Dame, Indiana,121, no.7 p 26 Biography of Michael Decker

17.
Robert Gates
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Robert Michael Bob Gates is an American statesman, scholar, and university president who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense from 2006 to 2011. Gates initially began his career serving as an officer in the United States Air Force but was recruited by the CIA. Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council, after leaving the CIA, Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates served as a member of the Iraq Study Group, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton, Gates was nominated by Republican President George W. Bush as Secretary of Defense after the 2006 election, replacing Donald Rumsfeld. He was confirmed with bipartisan support, in a 2007 profile written by former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, Time named Gates one of the years most influential people. In 2008, Gates was named one of Americas Best Leaders by U. S. News & World Report and he continued to serve as Secretary of Defense in President Barack Obamas administration. Hell be remembered for making us aware of the danger of over-reliance on military intervention as an instrument of American foreign policy, Gates was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian award, by President Obama during his retirement ceremony. According to a Washington Post book review, he is considered the best defense secretary of the post-World War II era. Gates was born in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Isabel V. Gates attained the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America and received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the BSA as an adult. He graduated from Wichita High School East in 1961, Gates is also a Vigil Honor member within the Order of the Arrow, BSAs National Honor Society. Gates then received a scholarship to attend the College of William and Mary, at his William & Mary graduation ceremony, Gates received the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award naming him the graduate who has made the greatest contribution to his fellow man. Gates then received an M. A. in history from Indiana University in 1966 and he completed his Ph. D. in Russian and Soviet history at Georgetown University in 1974. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from William & Mary and he married his wife Becky on January 7,1967. While at Indiana University, Gates was recruited by the Central Intelligence Agency, on January 4,1967, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force after attending Officer Training School under CIA sponsorship. After fulfilling his obligation, he rejoined the CIA as an intelligence analyst. Gates left the CIA in 1974 to serve on the staff of the National Security Council and he returned to the CIA in late 1979, serving briefly as the director of the Strategic Evaluation Center, Office of Strategic Research. He was named the Director of the DCI/DDCI Executive Staff in 1981, Deputy Director for Intelligence in 1982, Gates was nominated to become the Director of Central Intelligence in early 1987. He withdrew his name after it became clear the Senate would reject the nomination due to controversy about his role in the Iran-Contra affair, according to Goodman, Gates was part of an agency leadership that proliferated false information and ignored reality

18.
Leon Panetta
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In January 2009, newly elected President Barack Obama nominated Panetta for the post of CIA Director. Panetta was confirmed by the full Senate in February 2009, as director of the CIA, Panetta oversaw the operation that brought down international terrorist Osama bin Laden. On April 28,2011, Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as Defense Secretary, in June the Senate confirmed Panetta unanimously and he assumed the office on July 1,2011. David Petraeus took over as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on September 6,2011, the Institute is dedicated to motivating and preparing people for lives of public service and helping them to become more knowledgeably engaged in the democratic process. He also serves on a number of boards and commissions and frequently writes and lectures on public policy issues, Panetta was born in Monterey, California, the son of Carmelina Maria and Carmelo Frank Panetta, Italian immigrants from Siderno in Calabria, Italy. In the 1940s, the Panetta family owned a restaurant in Monterey and he was raised in the Monterey area, and attended two Catholic grammar schools, San Carlos School and Junipero Serra School. He attended Monterey High School, a school where he became involved in student politics. As a Junior, he was Vice President of the Student Body, in 1956, he entered Santa Clara University, California, and graduated magna cum laude in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science. In 1963, he received a Juris Doctor from the Santa Clara University School of Law, in 1964, he joined the United States Army as a Second Lieutenant, where he served as an officer in Army Military Intelligence, and received the Army Commendation Medal. In 1966, he was discharged as a First Lieutenant, in 1969 he became the assistant to Robert H. Finch, Secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare under the Nixon administration. Soon thereafter he was appointed Director of the Office for Civil Rights, Robert Finch and Assistant Secretary John Veneman supported Panetta and refused to fire him, threatening to resign if forced to do so. He moved back to Monterey to practice law at Panetta, Thompson & Panetta from 1971 to 1976, like Lindsay, Panetta switched to the Democratic Party in 1971, because he thought that the Republican Party was moving away from the political center. In 1976, Panetta was elected to the U. S. Congress to represent Californias 16th congressional district, unseating incumbent Republican Burt Talcott with 53% of the vote and he wrote the Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 and the Fair Employment Practices Resolution. He was the author of legislation establishing the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, working with Chancellor Barry Munoz of CSU, he helped establish CSU Monterey Bay at the former Fort Ord military base. A member of the House Committee on the Budget from 1979 to 1989 and his positions included, Chairman of the U. S. S. House Select Committee on Hunger Vice Chairman of the Caucus of Vietnam-Era Veterans in Congress Member of the Presidents Commission on Foreign Language, in that role he developed the budget package that would eventually result in the balanced budget of 1998. In 1994, President Clinton became increasingly concerned about a lack of order and focus in the White House and asked Panetta to become his new Chief of Staff, according to author Nigel Hamilton, Panetta replaced McLarty for the rest of Clintons first term—and the rest is history. To be a leader, a modern president must have a great chief of staff—and in Leon Panetta

19.
Chuck Hagel
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A recipient of two Purple Hearts while an infantry squad leader in the Vietnam War, Hagel returned home to start careers in business and politics. A member of the Republican Party, Hagel was first elected to the United States Senate in 1996 and he was reelected in 2002, but did not run in 2008. On January 7,2013, President Barack Obama nominated Hagel to serve as Secretary of Defense, on February 12,2013, the Senate Armed Services Committee approved Hagels nomination by a vote of 14–11. On February 14,2013, Senate Republicans denied Democrats the 60 votes needed to end the debate on Hagels nomination and proceed to a final vote, citing the need for further review. It was the first time in U. S. history that a nominee for Secretary of Defense was filibustered, on February 26,2013, the Senate voted for cloture on Hagels nomination and confirmed his nomination by a vote of 58–41. He took office on February 27,2013, as his predecessor Leon Panetta stepped down, before his appointment as Secretary of Defense, Hagel served on a number of boards of directors, including that of Chevron Corporation. Hagel was born in North Platte, Nebraska, a son of Charles Dean Hagel and his father was of German heritage, while his mother was of Irish and Polish ancestry. Growing up, Hagel lived across Nebraska, in Ainsworth, Rushville, Scottsbluff, Terrytown, York and Columbus, Hagel was the oldest of four brothers. His father, a veteran of World War II, died suddenly on Christmas morning,1962, at the age of 39, Hagel volunteered to be drafted into the United States Army during the Vietnam War, rejecting a draft board recommendation that he go to college instead. He served in the United States Army infantry in Vietnam from 1967 to 1968, as a Sergeant, he served as an infantry squad leader in the 9th Infantry Division. Hagel served in the infantry squad as his younger brother Tom. They also saved each others lives on separate occasions, Hagel received the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry, two Purple Hearts, the Army Commendation Medal, and the Combat Infantryman Badge. After his discharge, he worked as a newscaster and talk show host in Omaha from 1969 to 1971 while finishing college on Veterans Administration assistance under the GI Bill. In 1971, Hagel was hired as a staffer for Congressman John Y, after Reagans inauguration as President, Hagel was named deputy administrator of the Veterans Administration. In 1982, however, he resigned his post over a disagreement with VA Administrator Robert P. Nimmo, Nimmo had referred to veterans groups as greedy, and to Agent Orange as not much worse than a little teenage acne. After leaving government employment, Hagel co-founded Vanguard Cellular, a phone service carrier that made him a multi-millionaire. He also served as Chairman of the Agent Orange Settlement Fund and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, on March 15,1995, Hagel resigned from the board of AIS as he intended to run for office. Michael McCarthy, the parent companys founder, was Hagels campaign treasurer, until at least 2003, he retained between $1 million and $5 million in stock in Election Systems & Softwares parent company, the McCarthy Group

20.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year

21.
Ash Carter
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He was nominated by President Barack Obama, and confirmed in February 2015 by the Senate by a vote of 93–5, to replace Chuck Hagel as Secretary of Defense. Carter received a B. A. in his double-major of Physics and Medieval History from Yale University, summa cum laude and he then became a Rhodes Scholar and studied at the University of Oxford, from which he received his D. Phil. in theoretical physics in 1979. He worked on quantum chromodynamics, the field theory that was then postulated to explain the behavior of nuclear reactions. He was a fellow research associate in theoretical physics at Rockefeller University from 1979 to 1980. Carter taught at Harvard University, beginning in 1986, Carter is author or co-author of 11 books and more than 100 articles on physics, technology, national security, and management. For his service to national security, Carter has on five occasions been awarded the DOD Distinguished Public Service Medal and he has also received the CJCS Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award, and the Defense Intelligence Medal for his contributions to Intelligence. Ashton Baldwin Carter was born on September 24,1954, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and his father is William Stanley Carter, Jr. a World War II veteran, Navy neurologist and psychiatrist, and department chairman at Abington Memorial Hospital for 30 years. His mother is Anne Baldwin Carter, an English teacher and he has three siblings, including childrens book author Cynthia DeFelice. As a child he was nicknamed Ash and Stoobie and he was raised in Abington, Pennsylvania, on Wheatsheaf Lane. At age 11, working at his first job at a Philadelphia car wash, Carter was educated at Highland Elementary School and at Abington Senior High School in Abington. In high school he was a wrestler, lacrosse player, cross-country runner and he was inducted into Abington Senior High Schools Hall of Fame in 1989. He attended Edinburgh University in Scotland in the spring of 1975, in 1976 Carter received a B. A. in his double-major of Physics and Medieval History from Yale College, summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa. His senior thesis, “Quarks, Charm and the Psi Particle”, was published in Yale Scientific in 1975 and he was also an experimental research associate at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in 1975 and at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1976. Carter then became a Rhodes Scholar, studying at the University of Oxford and he was subsequently a postdoctoral fellow research associate in theoretical physics at Rockefeller University from 1979 to 1980, studying time-reversal invariance and dynamical symmetry breaking. Kennedy School of Government from 1988 to 1990, and director of the Center from 1990 to 1993, at the Kennedy School, he became chair of the International and Global Affairs faculty and Ford Foundation Professor of Science and International Affairs. He concurrently was co-director of the Preventive Defense Project of Harvard and Stanford Universities, from 1993 to 1996, Carter served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy during President Clintons first term. Carter directed military planning during the 1994 crisis over North Koreas nuclear weapons program and he also led the development and production of thousands of mine-resistant ambush protected vehicles, and other acquisitions. He instituted Better Buying Power, seeking smarter and leaner purchasing and he was confirmed by Senate voice vote for both positions