Background: ethical conduct in human research includes approval by informed consent. Thus, obtaining informed consent is one of the most important considerations when conducting research on human subjects. Evidence of this is often lacking in journal publications. Methods: the authors reviewed all publications reporting research human subjects in a leading Iranian public health journal (payesh – Health Monitoe) over a period of three years (2001–2004) . Rates of reporting informed consent were examined. Results: In eighty – two papers (n=82) were reviewed. Of three , 31 atricles were identified for inclusion in the study. There were 18 cross – sectional surveys, 8 case – control studies, and 3 clinical trials. Two papers on screening programs were also examined. The authors found that the obtaining informed consent was documented in 26% of these publications. Conclusions: the results indicate that the rate of reporting informed consent is low in this journal and perhaps it is the same in other similar major medical journals. This suggests that there is need for clearer guidelines and a better compliance by researchers for all types of publications both to protect participant’s interests and to maintain public trust in the research process.

A diet rich in fruit and vegetables as an optimal eating behavior is recommended for adolescent health. Therefore, the aim of this cross–sectional study was to identify factors related to daily fruit and vegetables consumption among 402 adolescents in Tabriz, Iran. A general self–administrated questionnaire was used to assess demographic characteristics, subscale perceived family support and self efficacy. A valid food frequency questionnaire was also used to measure daily consumption of fruit and vegetables. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression tests were performed to examine the association of fruit and vegetables daily intake with psychosocial predictors and gender. The mean age of adolescents was 12.93±0.49 year and 51.5 % were girl. Overall, the average serving size was 2.58 ±0.96 for fruit and 2.67±0.99 for vegetables. Only one third (30.3% and 34.6%) of adolescents had the optimal consumption of fruit and vegetables, respectively. Compared to boys, girls recorded high level of fruits (35.7 % versus. 24.6%) and vegetables (36.2 % versus. 32.8%) intake. Male gender (OR =2.03, 95% CI= 1.04–2.52, P=0.030), employed mothers (OR= 2.11, 95% CI=0.92–3.88, p=0.083), high–fat foods (OR= 2.11, 95% CI=1.01–4.21, p=0.045), perceived emotional family support (OR=1.10, 95%CI= 1.01–1.15, p=0.014) and practical family support (OR=1.04, 95% CI =1. 10–1.11, p=0.029) showed significant relationship with low consumption of fruits and vegetables. It was found that the boys were at risk of low levels of daily fruit and vegetable consumption. The lack of family support represents an increased risk for lacking in daily fruit and vegetable consumption. It seems that family support should be an integrated part of any health education\promotion programs to improve daily fruits and vegetables consumption among adolescents.

Background and aims: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition which affects on a large proportion of women. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors of POP in Iranian women. Methods: This cross–sectional study was carried out to examine the role of demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics in POP disease in a sample of 365 females in Ilam, Iran. Examinations were performed according to Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POPQ) technique in dorsal lithotomic position. Then, the sample divided into two groups as with and without prolapse. Then, unilabiate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: Totally, 365 women participated in this study. The prevalence of POP was 80.8%. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed a significant differences between groups with and without POP based on age, maximum birth weight, BMI, pregnancy, delivery mode, delivery operative and delivery position. But after multivariate analysis, the most significant factors identified as risk factors for POP were age (OR= 1.12, 95% CI= 1.02–1.23, P= 0.02), normal vaginal delivery (NVD; OR= 6.18, 95% CI= 1.43–26.75, P= 0.01) and episiotomy (OR= 30, 95% CI= 5.69–158.11, P= 0.000). Conclusion: Findings of the study showed that several risk factors could collaborate in creating of POP. However; body mass index and number of pregnancies are modifiable factors. So, maternal care providers should educate women for maintaining the ideal weight and decreasing the number of pregnancy in order to prevent POP.

Due to the limitations of water resources in terms quality and quantity, the inappropriate use of water resources, groundwater, treated water, thelack of management and proper systematic planning for the use of water and the drought of last few...

Background and aims: Internet addiction is one of the problems emerged with the development of technology. Considering the potential negative effects of internet addiction on health, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of internet...

Purpose: To review on outcomes of Phosphorus–32 (32P) intracavitary irradiation for Craniopharyngiomas.Methods: A literature review of all full publications in English biomedical journals (1981–2014) was performed. The search strategy included a combination of key words “phosphorus–32”, “craniopharyngioma”, “intracystic treatment”, “brain”, “cyst”, “tumor”, “brachytherapy”, “intracavitary irradiation”, “isotope” in the title and abstract of the manuscripts using the PubMed. The major findings were summarized, with a focus on outcome as visual acuity, complications, cyst volume, and irradiation dose delivered to the cyst wall in Gy. Finally, the future of 32P intracavitary irradiation for Craniopharyngiomas was explored.Results: A total of 25 citations were identified and screened. In all, 19 citations were eligible for inclusion. The synthesis of the data showed several benefits and adverse events for 32P intracavitary. Overall benefits included improvements in visual, endocrinological, and neurological outcomes, while adverse effects included complications such as III palsy and diabetes insipidus.Conclusion: In general 32P intracavitary irradiation was found to be a reasonable option in treatment of highly selected patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent cystic craniopharyngioma. This approach can be expected to overcome some limitations introduced by other approaches with a relatively low complication rates.

Nowadays industry and knowledge are associated together, therefore theory and practice has to be joined in order to do possessions efficiently. Material Flow of Cost Accounting (MFCA) is a decisive matter since it is so practical topic in...

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), is a fast–growing, aquatic or semi–aquatic, perennial plant native to Europe and Asia, and one of the oldest known leaf vegetables consumed by humans. The agricultural and industrial effluent discharges are...

Many corporations in the manufacturing sector, such as Toyota, have enjoyed enormous economic and marketable achievement by employing lean principles towards identifying value for the customer, eradicating waste in the production manner, and...

The article contains the results of study how effluents from Saint Petersburg main treatment facility and some other natural factors influence the trophic status of Nevskaja Guba. It is shown that deep retreatment of effluents to remove phosphorus is...

Background: Pregnant women empowerment is viewed by policy makers and health care practitioners as a mechanism to help pregnant women adapt to physical and psychological changes after pregnancy, and gain a satisfactory experience of childbirth. The aim of this study was to determine the pregnancy–related empowerment of urban women in Tonekabon, IranMethods: The design of the study was cross–sectional. A valid empowerment scale for pregnant women was used to determine pregnancy–related empowerment. The questionnaire containing 27 questions comprised five factors: self–efficacy, future image, self–esteem, support and assurance from others, and joy of an addition to family. Higher scores in all factors mean better empowerment score. In addition, a demographic and reproductive questionnaire was also used to obtain demographics and reproductive information. A total of 200 individuals, from two active urban primary healthcare centers in Tonekabon, were selected using cluster random sampling method. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 17. Independent t–test was used to determine the relationship between demographic and reproductive variables with empowerment.Results: The mean for the empowerment score of pregnant women was 78.7±6.7 (27 items scored from 1 to 4). The women who worked outside home had higher self esteem score than those who worked just at home (19.3 vs. 17.7) (p= 0.024). Also the mean score of self efficacy in women with support of spouse was higher than those without their spouse support (18.1 vs. 16.1) (p= 0.001). In women with wanted pregnancy, the joy of an addition to the score was higher compared with those with unwanted pregnancy (P= 0.048). There was no statistically significant result found in the mean scores of the five factors (self–efficacy, future image, self–esteem, support and assurance from others, and joy of an addition to family) with age, own education, husband education, and number of pregnancy.Conclusion: The results of this survey could be used not only to make efficient interventions for pregnant women, but also to promote empowerment of pregnant women.

This paper intends to investigate the status of project management education in Iran. All project management programs are been teaching in different universities in Iran but it seems there is not any integrated defined relationship between these...