Anthropology 100 Final

Which of the following economic principles is generally dominant in industrial society?

Market Principle

Horticulture is defined as

cultivation strategy with non-intensive use of both land and labor. Definition

One of the ways that human beings have established societies that flourish is through the cultural adaptation to the environment, known as:

the economy

Agriculture is defined as

cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land.

Agriculture is generally associated with

Stratified societies

Pastoralism is generally defined as

food production involving the domestication of animals

Egalitarian societies depend on sharing which of the following in order to ensure group success?

resources

sexual partners

dreams

weapon

resources

When you lived at home growing up as a child, you may have received a small allowance—a bit of money on a somewhat regular occasion that you could use as you wished. This typically comes from a parent who is also working at a regular job to support the family. This is, in anthropological terms, a form of

general reciprocity

The practice of gift giving during major religious holidays is a practice anthropologists understand as

reciprocity

What is not true about Potlatch

It is a form of exchange based on the market principle

The unequal distribution of a society’s resources typically:

involves moving wealth and surpluses steadily upward into the hands of the elite

Political system with no government in which social relations are based on kinship, descent, marriage, age, & gender

band

Social patterns entrenched in hierarchy and stratification have emerged:

only more recently in human history when compared to egalitarian social patterns.

Political system with permanent government in which social relations are based on shared allegiance to said government

State

For a chief in a ranked society, his or her rank and status are reinforced through reciprocity and...

generosity

Political system with a permanent government in which social relations are based on kinship, descent, marriage, age, & gender

chiefdom

Conflict resolution mechanisms are

Ways of settling dispute based on cultural rules and norms of appropriate behavior that exist in all societies

Egalitarian societies depend on sharing which of the following in order to ensure group success?

resources

Which of the following types of political organization is less likely to lead to a stratified society?

bands

In some cultures, pan-tribal solidarities that extend across the whole tribe and span several villages

are important for defense, warfare and general political organization

The movement of one’s class position—whether upward or downward—in stratified societies is called

social mobility

Systems of class and inequality in stratified societies that do NOT allow social mobility are called :

closed stratification systems

Systems of class stratify individuals’ life chances and affect their possibilities for upward social

mobility

The unequal distribution of a society’s resources within a class system typically

involves moving wealth steadily upward into the hands of the elite.

Which of the following is a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society’s resources?

class

Systems of class and inequality

create an unequal distribution of a society’s resources.

Since the mid-1970s, class inequality in the United States has

increased due to decreasing tax rates for the wealthy and stagnating salaries for the middle class.

Systems of class and inequality in stratified societies that allow social mobility are called

Open stratification systems

Born in a lowly English family, J.K. Rowling battled depression, suicidal tendencies and poverty to become one of the most loved British authors in the world for her hugely popular Harry Potter series. From her humble beginnings, she has gone on to become one of the most powerful women in the United Kingdom. This is an example of

upward social mobility

According to world-systems theory, the global economic system must be approached as a single _______________ unit, not as a collection of independent, individual countries.

capitalist

Which countries are the most advanced industrial societies, collecting the greatest share of the economic pie, according to world-systems theory?

core

Global inequality is:

growing

The system of production that started in late 18th c. in England and involved the intensive use of machinery and the mass manufacture/mass consumption of commodities is called?

industrialism

In western post-industrialized societies

Well-paying factory jobs have been replaced by low-paying jobs in the service industry

Colonialism is the process by which:

powerful countries exploited others for their raw materials

Natural resources flow from the ______________ to the ______________ according to world-systems theory.

periphery,core

The social contract between industrialists, workers, and government invented in the early 20th century in the US & applied throughout the country in the 1950s is called?