Replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell that is not normal for that tissue

Define dysplasia

A change in cell size, shape, or appearance caused by an external stressor.

Define hypoxia

Oxygen deficiency

Define ischemia

A blockage in the delivery of oxygenated blood to the cells

Define pathogen

A microorganism capable of producing infection or disease

Define anabolism

The constructive phase of metabolism in which cells convert nonliving substances into living cytoplasm

Define catabolism

The destructive phase of metabolism in which cells break down complex substances into simpler substances with release of energy

Define cellular swelling

Swelling of a cell caused by injury to or change in permeability of the cell membrane with resulting inability to maintain stable intra- and extracellular fluid and electrolyte levels.

Define fatty change

A result of cellular injury and swellig in which lipids (fat vesicles) invade the area of injury; occurs most commonly in the liver.

Define apoptosis

Response in which an injured cell releases enzymes that engulf and destroy itself; one way the body rids itself of damaged and dead cells; "cellular suicide"

Define decrosis

Cell death; a pathological change. There are four types, coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, and fatty.

Define edema

Excess fluid in the interstitial space

Define colloids

Substances that consist of large molecules or molecule aggregates that disperse evenly within a liquid withoutforming a true solution

Define albumin

A protein commonly found in plant and animal tissue. In the blood it works to maintain blood pressure and provide colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic force), which prevents plasma loss from the capillaries

Define crystalloids

Substances capable of crystallization. In solution, unlike colloids, they can diffuse through a membrane. Also known as salt solutions.

acidity caused by an increase in acid, often because of increased production of acids during metabolism or from causes such as vomiting, diarrhea, diabetes, or medication.

Define metabolic alkalosis

Alkalinity caused by an increase in plasme bicarbonate resulting from causes including diuresis, vomiting, or ingestion of too much sodium bicarbonate.

A person experiencing metabolic acidosis will have and increase or decrease in pH?

Decrease

When the brain recognizes a decrease in pH, what will happen to respirations to compensate?

Respirations will increase

If a hypertonic solution is administered, what is likely to happen to RBC's?

They will crenate because water will move from the cell to the extracellular fluid.

What will happen to a RBC if an isotonic solution is administered?

Nothing. Because the solution is isotonic (iso meaning same) there is no movement of water and the cell will neither crenate of swell.

Water will move in which direction in response to administration to hypotonic solutions?

Water will move into the cell causing it to swell.

What is the treatment for a person experiencing respiratory acidosis?

Improve ventilation.

What is appropriate treatment of a person in respiratory alkalosis?

Emotional support. Alkalosis occurs because the person is excessively eliminating CO2 because of the increase in respirations. With emotional support and coaching, the person is often able to reduce RR.

How many chromosomes do somatic cells (all cells with the exception of sex cells) contain?

46. Sex cells contain 23.

What is the difference between Type I diabetes and Type II?

Type I is more affected by genetics ans is more severe. In Type I the pancreas produces no, or almost no insulin and people must take insulin daily. Type II can be controlled by diet and is a problem with the insulin response receptors response, and not production itself.

Define hemophelia

A bleeding disorder that is caused by a genetic clotting factor deficiency.

True or false: Obesity has been linked, or defined as a cause for, diseases such as HTN, heart disease, and vascular disease.

True.

Define perfusion

The constatnt and necessary passage of blood through the body's tissues.

What are the two characteristics of impared cellular metabolism in shock?

Impared use of oxygen and glucose

What is the primary energy source for cells?

Glucose

Define glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose

During the first stage of glycolysis, which is ______________, pyruvic acid is produced.

anerobic

What is prodced by the anerobic, or first, stage of glycolysis?

Pyruvic acid

The second stage of glycolysis, which is aerobic, causes pyruvic acid to break down into _______________, ___________, and ______________. This is a process known as the Krebs or citric acid cycle.

carbon dioxide, water, energy

True or false: By itself the process of glycolysis is an ineffective utilization of glucose because very little energy is produced.

True. There is very little energy produced during glycolysis, or the first phase of glucose metabolism. During shock, or other conditions where cells are not adequately oxygenated, only the first stage is completed and the pyruvic acid degrades into lactic acid.

Define aerobic metabolism

The second stage of metabolism requiring oxygen to break down glucose. Yields a high amount of energy.

Define anaerobic metabolism

The first stage of metabolism of glucose where oxygen is not needed. Produces pyruvic acid and yields very little energy.

During the process of compensation, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete what two catecholamines?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause
a(n) ________________ in hear rate, cardiac contractile strength and arteriolar _____________, all of which serve to elevate the blood pressure.

increase, constriction

The renin-angiotensin system, a compensatory mechanism in maintaning adequate blood pressure, is activated by what?

A fall in blood pressure.

Renin is released from ______________ into the systemic circulation.

the kidneys

Together renin and angiotensin produce what?

Angiotensin I

Briefly describe the renin-angiotensin system for compensation.

Activated by a drop in BP. Renin is released by the kidneys which acts on angiotensin to make angiotensin I. AI is converted to angiotensin II by an enzyme from the lungs called angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). AII causes vasoconstriction and the release of aldesteron, a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland, that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium, and, subsequently water.

__________ ___________ ___________ is secreated by the pituitary gland which causes the kidneys to reabsorb water, creating an additive effect to aldesterone.

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

The spleen is capable of storing over ______ mL of blood, and can expel up to _______ mL in the venous circulation, increasing blood volume, preload, cardiac output, and BP in response to a sudden drop in BP.

300, 200

What are the compensatory mechanisms for shock?

Compensation - the release of epi and norepi
Renin-angiotensin system
The spleen - ability to give up blood reserve to increase circulating blood volume

Define compensated shock

The early stage of shock during which the body's compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain normal perfusion.

Define decompensated shock (progressive shock)

Advanced stages of shock when the body's compensatory mechanisms are no longer able to maintain normal perfusion.

What are the types of shock?

Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic, Neurogenic, Anaphalactic, and Septic
Also can be classified as Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic, Obstructive (anything that causes a block in perfusion, and Distributive (neurogenic, anaphalactic and septic together)

Define irreversible shock

Shock that has pregressed so far that no medical intervention can reverse the condition and death is inevitable.

Define cardiogenic shock

Shock caused by insufficient cardiac output; the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to perfuse all parts of the body.

Most patients with cardiogenic shock will have a ___________ blood pressure.

normal; some patients may be hypovolemic due to excessive use of prescribed diuretics, severe diaphoresis, or the effects of vasodilatory drugs.

What is the major difference between cardiogenic and any other type of shock?

The presence of pulomary edema in cardiogenic shock.

What are s/s you can expect to see in a person who is in cardiogenic shock?