Infertility is defined as a couple's inability to
become pregnant after one year of regular, unprotected
sex. Male infertility means the male is unable to
impregnate the female because of male factors.

Approximately 15% of couples attempting their first
pregnancy meet with failure. Most authorities define
these patients as primarily infertile if they have been
unable to achieve a pregnancy after one year of
unprotected intercourse. Conception normally is achieved
within twelve months in 80-85% of couples who use no
contraceptive measures, and persons presenting after
this time should therefore be regarded as possibly
infertile and should be evaluated. Data available over
the past twenty years reveal that in approximately 30%
of cases pathology is found in the man alone, and in
another 20% both the man and woman are abnormal.
Therefore, the male factor is at least partly
responsible in about 50% of infertile couples.

The most common causes of male infertility include

Varicocele
is a dilation (enlargement) of the veins along the
spermatic cord (vas deferens) in the scrotum. It is
caused by incompetent or inadequate valves within the
veins along the spermatic cord. The abnormal valves
obstruct normal blood flow causing a backup of blood,
resulting in dilation of the veins. This condition is
the most common reversible cause of male factor
infertility.

Abnormalities in the seminal fluid
If the seminal fluid is very thick it may be
difficult for the sperm to move through it and into
the woman's reproductive tract. Often the semen can be
processed to separate the moving sperm from the
surrounding debris, dead sperm and seminal fluid. The
processed sperm is usually placed directly inside the
uterus with a small tube (catheter). This is called
intrauterine insemination (IUI).

Oligospermia (Low sperm count) Most
cases of male infertility are due to low sperm count.
The normal range of sperm count is between 20
million/ml and 200 million/ml. That sperm count is
below 20 million/ml indicates oligospermia. There are
many biologic and environmental factors that can lead
to low sperm count. For instance, abnormalities in
production or obstruction of the tubes that carry
sperm can reduce sperm levels.

Necrospermia (Dead sperm)
is a condition in which sperm are produced and found
in the semen but are not alive and are unable to
fertilize eggs. That over 40% sperms are dead in the
semen analysis indicates necrospermia.

Azoospermia
(Lack of sperm)
is the complete absence of sperm in the semen. The
diagnosis of azoospermia is sometimes still made even
though as many as 500,000 sperm per ml of semen may
have been seen because it is extremely unlikely that
the man will be able to father a child
naturally.

Positive anti-sperm antibody
There is much scientific evidence that sperm
antibodies in males and females cause infertility.
Sperm antibodies are chemical substances in the semen,
cervical mucus, blood and other body fluids that
neutralize the purpose of sperm. which is to fertilize
an egg.

Symptoms of Male Infertility

Male infertility occurs when the man's partner does not
conceive after one year of attempting to become
pregnant. Other signs and symptoms depend on the
underlying cause of the man's infertility.irritability.
Patient may also feel drowsiness. A rapid, deep
breathing, known as “kussmaul breathing” may also be
noted. There may be smell of acetone in the patient’s
breath (a sign of ketoacidosis), a severely dangerous
condition.

Fluctuations in blood glucose levels can
lead to altered vision. In them prolonged high blood
glucose causes changes in the shape of the lens in the
eye, leading to blurred vision. So regular visit to
ophalmologist is necessary. All unexplained quick
changes in eyesight should force as fasting blood
glucose test. There are nowadays quick inexpensive and
can be safely performed.

Some
untreated diabetes patients also complain of Nausea and
vomiting.

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