This artist’s impression shows how Mars may have looked about four billion years ago. The young planet Mars would have had enough water to cover its entire surface in a liquid layer about 140 metres deep, but it is more likely that the liquid would have pooled to form an ocean occupying almost half of Mars’s northern hemisphere, and in some regions reaching depths greater than 1.6 kilometres. – ESO/M. Kornmesser/N. Risinger (skysurvey.org)

Researchers using ground-based observatories have detected increased concentrations of both methane and water vapor in the Martian atmosphere during the northern hemisphere summer. Credit: NASA

HiClip: Icy Layers in Craters

One upside of recognizing and noting this ice is that future astronauts will have plenty of drinking water.
(Audio: www.tregibbs.com. Black and white images are 5 km across; enhanced color images are 1 km.)
https://uahirise.org/ESP_053642_2225

Tadpole Craters on Mars Reveal Evidence of Water

This impact crater looks amusingly like a tadpole because of the valley that was carved by water that used to fill it. When the water level inside the crater increased, it breached the crater wall, flowed outward and formed a valley. Sometimes, the water may flow in the opposite direction, like from a channel into a crater.
It is often difficult to differentiate between inlet and outlet channels, but water always flows downhill. In this particular case, we can infer that water is flowing outward because we have the necessary terrain-height information.
When studying these images in detail, scientists can gain a better understanding of the strength of the flooding water that carved the channels, and better understand the history of water activity in this region of Mars.
Written by: M. Ramy El-Maarry (audio: Tre Gibbs) (5 February 2018)
Credit: NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory/University of Arizona

The Wild Waters of Saturn's Rings

Saturn's rings are a celestial river flowing above the clouds of their planet. Here is the story of how we learned that.
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NASA Finds Easily Accessible Water On Wars

NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter recently discovered an easily accessible water source on the Red Planet, suggesting that future missions would be able to attain drinking water and make rocket fuel. NASA issued a statement saying that the MRO had discovered “eight sites where thick deposits of ice beneath Mars’ surface are exposed in faces of eroding slopes." These ice deposits could help scientists gather more information about underground ice sheets which were previously undetected.
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Martian Glaciers Discovered Paving The Way for Future Human Exploration

The quest to find water on Mars continues as researchers report the likely presence of ice sheets on the Red Planet. Data from two orbiting spacecraft revealed ice cliffs at least 100 meters (328 feet) thick, which may provide information about Mars’ past climate. “They might even be a useful source of water for future human exploration of the Red Planet,” Colin Dundas, research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, said. ;/It was Dundas who spotted a pale band of blue peeking out from the globe’s rusty complexion in high-resolution photos, taken a few years ago by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The spacecraft takes detailed pictures of the Martian surface suing the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) shooter.
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Life Beneath the Ice. Why We Should Focus on Ocean Worlds to Find Life in the Universe

Forget rocky worlds like Earth and Mars. New discoveries about icy worlds like Europa and Enceladus make them the ideal candidates for the search for life in the Universe. In fact there could be hundreds, or even thousands of times more worlds out there with ability to support life.
Of course, there’s a problem, how do we search for life when it’s hidden beneath kilometers of ice?
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Decades ago, Mars seemed like the most viable place to search for life in the Solar System. The Red Planet is cold, dry and airless today, but it certainly seemed to have liquid water there in the ancient past.
Of course, wherever we find liquid water here on Earth, we find life. At the bottom of the ocean, where the crushing pressures would kill us in a moment. In steaming volcanic vents. Beneath glaciers, deep underground, even huddled in nuclear reactor cooling tanks.
NASA’s Mars exploration program has been following the story of water. Opportunity and Spirit discovered evidence that Mars had liquid water in the ancient past. And the Curiosity Rover doubled down on that, finding minerals that indicate there was water on the surface of Mars for a long time.
But then, long ago, the conditions changed, Mars lost its atmosphere, became cold, dry and inhospitable to life.
It’s possible that life could still be there on Mars, huddled underground in salty reserves that prevent the water from freezing or evaporating. But so far, scientists haven’t found it yet.
This shows that life on rocky worlds is tenuous at best. Too close to the star, or too far. Not a thick enough atmosphere, or too thick, creates a world that’s inhospitable to life. And even if a world was, briefly a place worth calling home, main sequence stars are constantly putting out more radiation, shifting the habitable zone farther out.
Think about how long Earth will be habitable. Life crawled out from the oceans 430 million years ago, and planetary scientists estimate we’ve only got another 500 million to a billion years before the Sun gets too hot and boils the oceans dry.
But now we’re discovering there are other places in the Solar System to look for life - water worlds. In fact, the number of these places, and the amount of liquid water on them is difficult to wrap your brain around. The Earth is a desert compared to the amount of liquid water that’s out there in the Solar System. Europa alone has 2-3 times as much water on Earth.
And this life could be safe and sound, protected from radiation, meteor impacts and nearby supernovae for billions of years. Long after the Sun has burned out and faded away.

Water on Mars? - COSI Science Now

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A new study published Nov. 20 in the journal Nature suggests dark streaks on Mars thought to indicated subsurface water may represent dry flows of sand.

Mars might not have liquid water on its surface

The red planet might not actually have liquid water on its surface as scientists previously reported.
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Life on Enceladus? Saturn's ocean moon maybe to more than just water - TomoNews

ENCELADUS, SATURN — Scientists looking at data pulled from NASA's Cassini spacecraft may have found out how Saturn's ocean moon Enceladus remains geologically active.
The research, published in Nature Astronomy, suggests that tidal currents flow through the moon's porous core, where the friction between rocks generate heat that warms the ocean. According to the European Space Agency, this tidal heating is primarily caused by the gravitational pull of Saturn.
Writing in 2008, the space agency speculated that the deep sea vent theory could apply to life on Enceladus. When applied to Earth, this suggests life originated from chemical, heat and tidal interactions beneath the seabed.
NASA previously said Enceladus has all the ingredients for life, reported CNET, citing the space agency.
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New Study Furthers Hope For Habitability Of Saturn’s Moon Enceladus

A new study based on information gathered by the Cassini spacecraft furthers hope for the habitability of Saturn’s moon Enceladus.

Europa

Jupiter's moon Europa may be a habitable world. Galileo spacecraft data suggest that an ocean exists at a relatively shallow depth beneath Europa’s icy surface, and geological activity may permit the 'ingredients' necessary for life to be present within this ocean today. Because of the potential for revolutionizing our understanding of life in the solar system, future exploration of Europa has been deemed an extremely high priority for planetary science. NASA funded the California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory to perform studies of the design and implementation of several mission concepts to explore Europa. Over the past two years, two concepts were studied in detail: an orbital mission, and a mission in Jupiter orbit that makes multiple Europa flybys that we term the 'Europa Clipper'. The orbiter concept is well suited to perform scientific observations that are best made from orbit, such as geophysical measurements. In comparison, the Clipper concept is best suited to measurements that can be made of local to regional areas distributed across the satellite, such as remote sensing of specific surface features. The Clipper was judged to have the greater scientific breadth and to be the more cost effective for the expected science return. The Clipper would make at least 32 orbits of Jupiter, each time swooping 100 km or closer to Europa. This strategy minimizes the radiation exposure and decouples science acquisition from data downlink, which correspondingly decreases the power needed for the flight system operation. The resulting flight system is a compact design that minimizes radiation shielding and overall system mass while maintaining robust technical margins. Moreover, the flight system would use a modular architecture, simplifying hardware procurements, implementation, and system integration and test. The model payload would consist of a radio subsystem for gravity science, a magnetometer, Langmuir probes, an ice penetrating radar, a shortwave infrared spectrometer, a neutral mass spectrometer, and a stereo camera. In addition, programmatic elements of the payload (a high-resolution camera capable of performing stereo imaging and a thermal imager) would determine surface characteristics of Europa at lander scales, to aid design of a future lander mission to Europa and to inform the potential for safe and scientifically compelling landing sites. It is envisioned that the Clipper mission would be launched in the 2022 timeframe.

Water or Mars: Scientists may have discovered water at Mars' equator - TomoNews

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND — After reexamining old satellite data, scientists may have discovered ice around Mars' equator.
A team from the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory analyzed data from 2002 to 2009 by Mars Odyssey's Neutron Spectrometer (MONS), Science News reported.
The neutron spectrometer can't directly detect water, but by measuring neutrons, it can detect hydrogen signature, which could mark the presence of water or other hydrogen-bearing substances, according to Space.com.
Researchers discovered an unexpected amount of hydrogen around the equator by reducing the blurring or "noise" in data using image-reconstruction techniques used for other spacecraft and for medicine, Space.com reported.
This improved the spatial resolution of the images to 180 miles (290 km), from the previous resolution of 320 miles (520 km).
More research needs to be done to determine if the signature is actual that from water ice.
Having water on Mars could mean that future human missions wouldn't need to bring water with them for drinking, cooling equipment or watering plants, thus reducing the number of resources needed for transport.
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Could interstellar ice provide the answer to the birth of DNA? - SpaceTime with Stuart Gary S20E74

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*Could interstellar ice provide the answer to the birth of DNA?
Molecules brought to Earth in meteorite strikes could potentially be converted into the building blocks of DNA. A report in the Chemical Communications claims researchers found that organic compounds, called amino nitriles, the molecular precursors to amino acids, were able to use molecules present in interstellar ice to trigger the formation of 2-deoxy-D-ribose -- the backbone molecule, , of DNA.
*The mysterious night side of Venus
The winds and upper cloud patterns on the night side of Venus have been characterised for the first time- giving scientists some surprising results. A report in the journal Nature Astronomy claims the atmosphere on Venus’ night side behaves very differently to that on the side of the planet facing the Sun -- exhibiting unexpected and previously-unseen cloud types, morphologies, and dynamics -- some of which appear to be connected to features on the planet’s surface.
*WASP 19B an inferno world with titanium skies
Astronomers have detected titanium oxide in an exoplanet atmosphere for the first time. The findings reported in the journal Nature show the planet’s atmosphere contains small amounts of titanium oxide, as well as water and traces of sodium, alongside a strongly scattering global haze.
*Charmonium surprise at the Large Hadron Collider
The LHCb experiment at the world largest atom smasher – the Large Hadron Collider has surprised physicists by providing unprecedented precision measurements of the masses of two charmonium particles – something never previously achieved at a hadron collider – and until recently thought impossible. Until now, precise research into charmonium particles required the construction of dedicated experiments to examine this invaluable source of insights into the subatomic world.
*Dragon splash down
A SpaceX Dragon cargo ship has splashed down in the Eastern Pacific Ocean southwest of Long Beach California carrying just under two tonnes of equipment and completed science experiments from the International Space Station. The capsule contained a numerous technological and biological experiments including a team of astronaut mice taking part in micro gravity experiments.
*The Science Report
A new study estimates there are over two billion species of life on planet Earth at the moment.
Warming oceans causing faster Antarctic glacial melt.
Women with coronary heart disease are less likely to achieve treatment targets than men.
Livestock reserve land providing a haven for native plant species.
The rare state of matter in which electrons in a superconducting crystal organize collectively.
Absolutely Fabulous closer to the truth than most want to admit with new studies showing today’s teens aren’t nearly as wild as their parents were.
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Swimming in the Ancient Oceans of Venus

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Venus is currently a hell world, but was it always such a place? Turns out trough studying the past of Venus it is clear that it had oceans. So what would swimming in them be like? Watch to find out.
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Exotic Ice Formations Found on Pluto

NASA’s New Horizons mission revolutionized our knowledge of Pluto when it flew past that distant world in July 2015. Among its many discoveries were images of strange formations resembling giant blades of ice, whose origin had remained a mystery.
Now, scientists have turned up a fascinating explanation for this “bladed terrain”: the structures are made almost entirely of methane ice, and likely formed as a specific kind of erosion wore away their surfaces, leaving dramatic crests and sharp divides.
More info: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/solving-the-mystery-of-pluto-s-giant-blades-of-ice
Video credit: NASA's Ames Research Center
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Where did water come from in the universe? Research points to Jupiter or Saturn - TomoNews

BORDEAUX, FRANCE — A study published in the journal Icarus, suggest that Earth's water is a "simple byproduct" of giant planet growth.
During the formation of gas giants such as Saturn or Jupiter, they enter a period of rapid growth. This destabilized nearby water-rich space rocks known as planetesimals[e], bringing them into the planetary orbit.
Next, the gravity there would have propelled these to the inner or outer solar system.
The researchers speculate some were sent in an inward direction, toward some early form of Earth and seeded it with water.
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Researchers Find Another Sign That Water Once Flowed On Mars

A recent study supports the belief that water once flowed freely on Mars.

The International Space Station is a one-of-a-kind spot for scientists who want to do experiments where there’s no gravity, to find out how other natural forces function without gravity’s influence. In this “SpeedyTime” segment, Expedition 52 flight engineer Jack Fischer uses a few simple tools to demonstrate what happens to water in space when there’s no pull of gravity.
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Enceladus, one of saturn's moons, impresses with mystery geysers that spit out into space. This documentary about the findings of the Cassini-Hyugens spacecraft shows the beautiful geysers and answers the question: Does life exist on Saturn or one of his moons?
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There May Be More Water in the Moon Than We Thought

Scientists at Brown University think glass beads found in volcanic deposits on the moon suggest the moon's interior is much wetter than previously thought, according to a study published July 24 in "Nature Geoscience."

Standing on Martian Poles

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Poles of Mars are quite a place, cold and rough, and interestingly the only polar caps besides Earth in the solar system.
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Gearing up to search for life on Enceladus

Professor Jay Nadeau describes her lab's work and proposal to use new microscopes on spacecraft that could visit the icy moons of Enceladus (Saturn) and Europa (Jupiter) to collect and search water samples for life.
Read more: https://www.caltech.edu/news/holographic-imaging-could-be-used-detect-signs-life-space-78931

How we might terraform Mars

If we ever want to live on Mars, it's going to need to be a lot more human-friendly.
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Original air date: July 13, 2017:
Nearly five years after its celebrated arrival at Mars, the Curiosity rover continues to reveal Mars as a once-habitable planet. Early in the planet’s history, generations of streams and lakes created the landforms that Curiosity explores today. The rover currently is climbing through the foothills of Mount Sharp, a 3-mile-high mountain formed from sediment brought in by water and wind. This talk will cover the latest findings from the mission, the challenges of exploration with an aging robot, and what lies ahead.
Speakers:
James K. Erickson, Mars Science Laboratory Project Manager, JPL
Ashwin R. Vasavada, Mars Science Laboratory Project Scientist, JPL

If Europa Became a Moon of Earth

NOTE: Meant to say underground ocean not "underwater", obviously.
Europa oceanic moon of Jupiter. So then what would happened if it were to become our moon? Watch the video to find out.
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In National Geographic Channel’s “Mars: Making the New Earth”, award winning writer/producer Mark Davis and legendary Mars animator Dan Maas collaborate with McKay on the first in depth visualization of what it would take to turn a cold, dead planet into a living world.
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During a NASA science briefing on April 13, representatives from the agency discussed new results about ocean worlds in our solar system based on data gathered by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft and the Hubble Space Telescope.
The two veteran missions are providing tantalizing new details about icy, ocean-bearing moons of Jupiter and Saturn, further enhancing the scientific interest of these and other "ocean worlds" in our solar system and beyond.
New research from Cassini indicates that hydrogen gas, which could potentially provide a chemical energy source for life, is pouring into the ocean of Saturn's icy moon Enceladus from hydrothermal vents in the seafloor. The Cassini spacecraft detected the hydrogen in the plume of gas and icy material spraying from Enceladus during its deepest dive through the plume on Oct. 28, 2015.This means that ocean microbes -- if any exist there -- could use the hydrogen to produce energy
NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope saw a probable plume of material erupting from the moon’s surface on 2016, at the same location where Hubble saw evidence of a plume in 2014. These images bolster evidence that the Europa plumes could be a real phenomenon, flaring up intermittently in the same region on the moon's surface.
Both Cassini and Hubble investigations are laying the groundwork for NASA's Europa Clipper mission, which is being planned for launch in the 2020s.

NASA Reveals New Discoveries On Ocean Worlds In Our Solar System | TIME

NASA will discuss new results about ocean worlds in our solar system from the agency’s Cassini spacecraft and the Hubble Space Telescope from the James Webb Auditorium at NASA Headquarters in Washington.
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The news briefing participants will be:
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• Jim Green, director, Planetary Science Division at NASA Headquarters
• Mary Voytek, astrobiology senior scientist at NASA Headquarters
• Linda Spilker, Cassini project scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California
• Hunter Waite, Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer team lead at the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in San Antonio
• Chris Glein, Cassini INMS team associate at SwRI
• William Sparks, astronomer with the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore
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NASA Reveals New Discoveries On Ocean Worlds In Our Solar System | TIME
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Europa Water Vapor Plumes - More Hubble Evidence

The Hubble Space Telescope has captured even more evidence of water vapor plumes on Jupiter's icy moon Europa. The probable plumes appear to be repeating in the same location and correspond with a relatively warm region on Europa's surface observed by the Galileo spacecraft.
Read more: https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-missions-provide-new-insights-into-ocean-worlds-in-our-solar-system
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Katrina Jackson
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What do the stars hold for the Trump administration? Here’s how NASA’s mission could change

Some big changes could be in store for American space exploration under President Trump and the Republican Congress. Sending more humans to the moon, as well as a mission to Jupiter’s moon Europa seem to be part of a plan that extends years beyond the Trump administration. Science correspondent Miles O'Brien explores how NASA’s mission could be reshaped.

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What has New Horizons taught us about Pluto so far? What’s going on under the ice? Why does the “heart” of Pluto still beat? I discuss these questions and more in today’s Ask a Spaceman!
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Interview: NASA planetary scientist Bonnie Buratti

We speak to NASA JPL planetary scientist Bonnie Buratti on the study of the Solar System, the search for signs of life, Planet 9, Pluto's status and what the future may hold for exoplanet exploration.

Ocean Volcanoes May Hold Clues To Alien Life

Scientists think studying 'extremophiles' in toxic hydrothermal vents could teach us about potential extraterrestrial life.
Why Does Deep Sea Life Look So Strange? - https://youtu.be/A23wI4lvCgY
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Read More:
What is a hydrothermal vent?
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html
"Scientists first discovered hydrothermal vents in 1977 while exploring an oceanic spreading ridge near the Galapagos Islands. To their amazement, the scientists also found that the hydrothermal vents were surrounded by large numbers of organisms that had never been seen before."
Deepest Hydrothermal Vents Teem With Strange Shrimp
http://www.livescience.com/17823-deepest-hydrothermal-vents.html
"Researchers exploring the seafloor south of the Cayman Islands have discovered the world's deepest-known hydrothermal vents, an underwater hotspot teeming with bizarre shrimp with light receptors on their backs."
Just How Little Do We Know about the Ocean Floor?
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/just-how-little-do-we-know-about-the-ocean-floor/
"The entire ocean floor has now been mapped to a maximum resolution of around 5km, which means we can see most features larger than 5km across in those maps. That's the resolution of a new global map of the seafloor published recently by David Sandwell of Scripps Institute of Oceanography in San Diego and colleagues, who used some nifty tricks with satellites to estimate the landscape of the sea floor and even reveal some features of the Earth's crust lurking beneath sea-floor sediments."
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Written By: Lauren Ellis

NASA Names Next Jupiter Mission Europa Clipper

The Europa Clipper spacecraft is the formal name of NASA's scheduled mission to orbit and observe Jupiter's moon Europa.
The mission will tour the moon from orbit.
Scheduled to launch in 2020, the spacecraft is named after a type of sailing ship developed in the 19th century.
Clippers were fast for their times, with a narrow hull for their long frames.
However, the space fairing vessel will not be taking tea out into the solar system, like the trading ships of old.
Instead, the Europa Clipper will conduct at least 40 flybys of Jupiter's moon as it gathers data and images.
https://www.cnet.com/news/nasa-jupiter-europa-moon-clipper/#ftag=CAD590a51e
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Astronomers Find Evidence Of Ancient Mega-Flood On Mars

Mars is a rather barren and dusty place now, but back in the day it may have had enough water to fuel some truly massive flooding.

Here is a link to the press release we're talking about today: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6721
NASA's Curiosity rover certainly has uncovered unusual features of Mars. Recently the rover was used by scientists to take a closer look at grid-like patterns of shallow ridges on slabs of rock. It seems that these ridges may have originated as cracks in drying mud, similar to features seen in drying lake beds on Earth. If it turns out that these are indeed mud cracks, they show that the generally wet conditions long ago at Curiosity’s site occasionally dried out.
Join Tony Darnell and Carol Christian on February 23, 2017 at 3PM Eastern time, as they discuss with Ashwin Vasavada (JPL), Nathan Stein (Caltech) and Rachel Kronyak (U. Tennesee) as they discuss how they found these unusual Martian features and proposed how they originated.
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NASA Finds Seven Earth-Sized Planets Around A Single Star

On Wednesday, NASA announced the discovery of potentially habitable planets around a tiny, nearby, ultra-cool dwarf star called TRAPPIST-1.

TRAPPIST-1: Weirdest habitable worlds

A new discovery by NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope has revealed seven Earth-sized planets around the M dwarf star known as TRAPPIST-1. Three of them lie in what is known as the habitable zone -- where there is the potential for liquid water. It is the largest batch of Earth-sized worlds ever discovered in the habitable zone of a single star. While we don’t know if there is life on the TRAPPIST-1 planets, we do know that any life discovered there would likely be very different from life on Earth. It would have to survive the stormy solar flares of an M dwarf, adapt to a planet that might have extreme temperature swings, and thrive in red and infrared light. All seven worlds are early ambassadors of a new generation of planet-hunting targets that promise a new vision of the word “habitable.”
For more information about life around an M dwarf, visit: https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1416
For more information about TRAPPIST-1, visit: https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/trappist1
Image credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESO/E.Jehin/J. Major

Watch the talented Reggie Watts perform at the Exploratorium August 9th, 2012. Reggie was at the Exploratorium for an Osher Fellowship, and he graciously joined us at the end of a live webcast on Mars to share a little of his own feelings about the red planet!

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