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Scientists say they have solved a crucial puzzle about the AIDS virus after 20 years of research and that their findings could lead to better treatments for HIV.

British and US researchers say they have grown a crystal that enabled them to see the structure of an enzyme called integrase, which is found in retroviruses like HIV and is a target for some of the newest HIV medicines.

"Despite initially painstakingly slow progress and very many failed attempts, we did not give up and our effort was finally rewarded," says Dr Peter Cherepanov of Imperial College London, who conducted the research with scientists from Harvard University.

The scientists say that having the integrase structure means researchers can begin fully to understand how integrase inhibitor drugs work, how they might be improved, and how to stop HIV developing resistance to them.

When the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects someone, it uses the integrase enzyme to paste a copy of its genetic information into their DNA, Cherepanov explains in the study published in the journal Nature.

Some recent HIV drugs work by blocking integrase, but scientists are not clear exactly how they work or how to improve them.

The only way to find out was to obtain high-quality crystals - a project that had defeated scientists for many years.

"When we started out, we knew that the project was very difficult, and that many tricks had already been tried and given up by others long ago," says Cherepanov.

"Therefore, we went back to square one and started by looking for a better model of HIV integrase which could be more amenable for crystallisation."

3D structure

The researchers grew a crystal using a version of integrase borrowed from another retrovirus very similar to its HIV counterpart.

According to the researchers, it took more than 40,000 trials for them to come up with crystals of sufficiently high quality to allow them to see the three-dimensional structure.

When they tested one of the HIV drugs on the crystals, they were able to see for the first time how the medicines bind to, and block, integrase.

Almost 60 million people have been infected with HIV and 25 million people have died of HIV-related causes since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. There is no cure and no vaccine, although drug cocktails can keep patients healthy.

A United Nations report for 2008 shows that 33.4 million people had HIV and 2 million people died of AIDS. The worst-affected region is sub-Saharan Africa, accounting for 67% of all people living with HIV.