Conditioned Reinforcer

Description

A conditioned reinforcer usually is a signal of approval that lets the subject know
that their actions are correct. It may also signal that they should keep going
and not stop for a reward. In its broadest sense, it can be anything that is
learned to reliably gives the subject any feeling, including via an accidental
stimuli.

The signal can be anything that is sensed, including a word, phrase, sound.
Initially, the signal means nothing and may be lost in the background of
environmental noise. In animal training this can be words like 'good boy' and
the animal's name. It can also be a whistle, a clicker or toys.

Setting up a conditioned reinforcer is a very useful initial activity when
training an animal. Do this by pairing it with a positive reinforcer. For
example you can connect 'good' and food by repeatedly saying 'good' while giving
them a morsel. Setting up this reinforcer may take significant effort, but with
persistence it can be reliably instilled. The strength of the reinforcer can be
increased by pairing it with highly desirable rewards such as tasty food.

Example

A school teacher regularly says 'well done' when they see their pupils
working well. The students know that this means they should continue and not
stop.

A horse rider makes clicking sounds to let the horse know that
it is cantering at a good speed.

A dog owner says 'hello' when they come home. The word leads
to wagging of the dog's tail whenever they hear the word.

Discussion

It is not always possible to give a positive reinforcer to a subject while
they are doing what you want them to do, even though this is the ideal of
positive reinforcement. Typically this is because they would have to stop what
they are doing to receive the reinforcement. This is particularly true when
training a sequence of actions or where an action takes a while to complete. The
conditioned reinforcer allows you to send a signal of approval without stopping
to give a reward.

The conditioned reinforcer is also called a 'secondary reinforcer'. A
'primary reinforcer' (also an 'unconditioned reinforcer') is something that is
already liked, such as food. The secondary nature of the conditioned reinforcer
is because it is new, but has a similar effect to the primary reinforcer as
something that the subject comes to like just for its own sake.

In its broadest sense, a conditioned reinforcer is any learned stimulus. It
is a reinforcement that has been conditioned. In his original work with dogs,
Pavlov noticed that they salivated when they saw researchers wearing white lab
coats. The coats had become conditioned reinforcers as they triggered desire in
the same way as food. An important factor about this is that anything can
become a conditioned reinforcer, often through being paired with a primary
reinforcer.

Conditioned reinforcers can also be negative (sometimes called 'negative
conditioned punishers'), for example when a dog associates its owner preparing
to go out with fear of being left alone.