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Khamis, 23 Februari 2012

Ayam Serama

The Serama
(Malay Ayam Serama), also called the Malaysian Serama is a
bantam breed of chicken originating in Malaysia within the last 50 years.

History

The
Malaysian Serama is a relatively new breed. It's exact origins and history are
unclear. There are legends of it being descent from a chance cross between a
pigeon and chicken. Other stories of the birds derived from a gift of some
small chickens by the King of Thailand to a local sultan in ancient times. It
was almost certainly developed in Kelantan Province in Malaysia (near Thai
border). Small chickens have always been popular pets in this area and are
often referred to as "ayam katik" (pygmy chickens) and "ayam
cantik" (pretty chickens).

The modern
breed is attributed to the efforts of Wee Yean Een from Kelantan, who named the
breed "Serama" after Raja Sri Rama, a character in the Wayang Kulit
(or shadow puppet plays). The breed was first exhibited in 1990 and became an
instant hit. The year 2000 was the peak in popularity in Malaysia. The breed
was hit hard by the Asian bird flu epidemic in 2004 when over 50,000 birds were
culled amid government concerns. However, the breed has bounced back and is
regaining popularity again in Malaysia.

There are no
written standards for the breed in Malaysia, nor is there any tradition of
poultry clubs. Much information is understood by breeders and disseminated by
word of mouth. Many breeders have a style or type that they breed to, but often
breeders keep several styles. These styles are often names given by breeders to
describe a blood line of a champion (e.g. Husin, Mat Awang), but may also be
more general shape, characteristics or behaviour (e.g. slim shape, ball shape,
dragon shape, head shaking behaviour, robot style). Hence there is quite a lot
of diversity in Malaysia. All the different styles compete against each other
in open table top competitions (often described as "beauty contests")
and scored by several judges.

The
Malaysian Serama is not constrained by a single set standard in it's homeland,
this is why the Malaysian Serama has evolved so much in such a short timespan
and still continues to evolve there today. There have been calls for an
official body to step in and set standards for the various styles. However,
some Malaysians have argued that a standard should not be set because it would
limit the breed. One influential Serama breeder making the analogy with the
automobile: "The designs for the perfect automobile is not set out by
government, so why should they specify one for Serama chickens. Technology
moves forward and we learn and design new things. So why should it be any
different with chickens."

In America

In 2001, the
Serama was first imported to the United States by KJ Theodore of Illinois.
Jerry Schexnayder of Louisiana imported the second group. The Theodore import
was of better quality, containing a gene for extreme smallness. The Schexnayder
import was larger, but lacked such a gene. All Seramas in the United States are
direct descendants of these original imports. The Serama was then promoted by
an organization founded by Jerry Schexnayder, the main profiteer in serama,
known as The Serama Council of North America (SCNA). This council first
introduced the Serama to North America in various National Poultry shows. In
the spring of 2004 the Serama had reached a milestone in which it had its own
Serama only-show known as the Cajun Classic in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. At this
point the Serama is still in a critical point of establishment. Now with the
Serama population slowly rising, it is just starting to make a reputation for
itself.

Seramas are
in the process of acceptation by the American Poultry Association and the
American Bantam Association, with the first qualifying meets being held this
year. Seramas in the U.S. have been the subject of controversy with regard to
what ideal type or standard should be pursued. Two schools of thought have been
pursued in breeding of the Serama in whether it should remain completely
Malaysian in style or whether it should be adapted to American taste. The
second ideology has become the leader in Serama breeding in America, eclipsing
the "race for acceptation" in the year 2010 with the first qualifying
meets.

In Europe

Seramas were
initially imported into the UK around 2003-2004. Birds were imported from both
America and directly from Malaysia. The foundation Serama flock in the UK
consisted of only a few dozen birds. In 2005, a small group of Serama owners
and enthusiast decided to form the Serama Club of Great Britain, the first Serama
club in the UK. They established the standard for the Serama breed for the UK.
Eventually in 2008, the club was officially recognised as the affiliated breed
club of the Poultry Club of Great Britain.

Seramas are
still relatively rare and expensive in much of mainland Europe. The Netherlands
probably has the largest number of Seramas outside the UK. Most of the stock in
the Netherlands are descendent from birds/eggs imported from America and from
the UK.

General characteristics

They are the
lightest weight chicken in the world. Typically under 500g, but with even
smaller birds that are under 250g being bred in it's native Malaysia. The
Serama are characterized by their upright posture, full breast, vertical tail
feathers held upright and tight up to the body and vertical wings held down
nearly touching the ground. In Malaysia they are described as brave warriors
and archangel chickens, because of their very human like appearance.

Breeding

Overall
Seramas are a fairly easy bird to breed. After laying an egg it takes
approximately 19–21 days for the chicks to develop and hatch. Chicks are more
susceptible to cold temperatures compared to other breeds because of their
relative small size. After hatching it takes about 16–18 weeks for the chicks
to mature and reach the point at which they themselves can begin laying eggs.
Serama eggs are not an easy breed to hatch from eggs and there are several
hypothesis for this; inbreeding is one possible reason, another being that the
eggs can be quite small (perhaps approaching the lower limit for viable chicken
eggs). Good hygiene, incubation parameters and husbandry of parent stock are
critical for success. The general size of the eggs is not very large, size can
be typically somewhere between 2 to 3 common quail eggs or about 4 to 6 Serama
eggs to equal the size and density of one standard-size chicken egg. Smaller
hens are quite likely to lay very small eggs that may be fertile, but too small
to be viable.