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Methods

Methods provide a way to collect programming statements and expressions into one place so that you can use them conveniently and, if necessary, repeatedly. Most of the operators in Ruby are actually methods. Here is a simple definition of a method named hello, created with the keywords def and end:

def hello
puts "Hello, world!"
end
hello # => Hello, world!

You can undefine a method with undef:

undef hello # undefines the method named hello
hello # try calling this method now
NameError: undefined local variable or method 'hello' for
main:Object
from (irb):11
from :0

Methods can take arguments. The repeat method shown here takes two arguments, word and times:

Parentheses

Parentheses are optional in most Ruby method definitions and calls. If you don’t use parentheses when calling a method that takes arguments, you may get warnings, depending on the argument types.

Return Values

Methods have return values. In other languages, you explicitly return a value with a return statement. In Ruby, the value of the last expression evaluated is returned, with or without an explicit return statement. This is a Ruby idiom. You can also define a return value explicitly with the return keyword:

def hello
return "Hello, world!"
end

Method Name Conventions

Ruby has conventions about the last character in method names—conventions that are very common ...

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