The Liverpool View: The wagging of a dog's tail

Richard Barrett-Jolley is a Senior Lecturer covering Veterinary Neuroscience, in the University of Liverpool's Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease

"The media and social media have been alive with the latest revelations of complexity in canine caudal oscillations; or 'tail wags'.

"The bottom line of Professor Angelo Quaranta’s latest research is simply that dogs can read other dogs tail wags for emotional features, such as happiness and nervousness. The claim that dogs wag their tails more to the right than left when they are happy was reported years ago by the same group.

"To pick holes in the research would be too easy. For example, the authors imply that stress results in elevated heart rates (which it does), but that 'happiness' does not. That is pretty unlikely.

Non-humans' emotions

"We did a number of student projects years ago measuring heart rates from horses and dogs, and found, unsurprisingly, that stimuli you would expect to excite them increases heart rate considerably. A race horse pumps up its heart rate to near full race speed just at the thought of the race, well before it actually starts racing. So do I dispute the findings?

"No not at all, but I think the real interest is far deeper. It relates to whether non-humans experience emotions at all. That is the central issue and it is a regular battle ground for those debating animal welfare.

[callout title= ]"It relates to whether non-humans experience emotions at all. That is the central issue and it is a regular battle ground for those debating animal welfare"[/callout]"The common scientific opinion for centuries has been that only humans experience emotions. Occam's razor (that the simplest hypothesis should be assumed true) has been taken to mean that unless you can prove an animal experiences emotion, it should be assumed they do not. ...and of course, it is pretty much impossible to prove what emotions another human is really feeling, let alone another species.

"Professor Quaranta’s two famous doggie happiness papers actually never dare use the words 'happy' or 'happiness' at all. I presume this is because they would receive too much scientific pillory.

"To most non-scientists it seems obvious that animals experience emotion. Elk run away when faced with a wolf pack, dogs bark and squeak when their dinner is being prepared. However, the scientific view since Descartes, and probably well before, is that these are all simply emotion-free responses conditioned to promote animal survival.

"Take 'Pavlov’s dog' experiment. The scientific theory is that the dog does not 'think' about food when he hears the bell and thus salivate. The theory is that an automatic (thought-free) response is created, so that salivation directly results from bell ringing without any thought. So the concept of happiness, pain, love and hate are all widely excluded from scientific consciousness.

[callout title= ]"To me it has always seemed scientifically irrational to believe that animals’ emotions would be all that different to humans"[/callout]"One of the irksome things that Darwin did, apart from implying man was little more than a naked ape, was to suggest that emotions had also evolved. Even the title of his book "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals" was and still is divergent with the broad swath of scientific thinking.

"To me it has always seemed scientifically irrational to believe that animals’ emotions would be all that different to humans.

"There is a part of the brain traditionally associated with the expression of emotions (the "limbic system" ...sort of in the "lower-middle" of the brain) which is extremely well conserved between species. The most substantial differences are in the outer parts of the brain where, generally, the thinking is done. In terms of animal welfare, shouldn’t Occam's razor read "non-animals should be considered to have the same emotions to humans unless proven otherwise"?

Acceptance of animal emotion

"I don’t argue that we should not use animals for food or medical research, only that people should cease the mantra that emotions are unique to the human animal. So the study of dog tail wags and its implicit connection to a state of happiness is progress, bringing an acceptance of animal emotion to a wide audience.

"The trouble is, you know what traditionalists will say about dog tail wags now? ....it does not betray subconscious feelings of happiness, but is simply an emotion-free response evolved to convey danger to the rest of the pack and promote survival."

[callout title=The Liverpool View]Should there be a Dangerous Cows Act?[/callout]