5.
• That one gene encodes one protein, which catalyzes one
reaction and determines one phenotype is no longer the
case.
 How to capture all molecules and their interactions,
dynamics, regulations and turnover … ?
 How to determine the rate-limiting molecule and step ?
How to predict ?
 Manipulating one gene can cause pleiotropic effects ?
Large-scale biology – “OMICS” – Revolution in
screening traits and develop novel improved organisms
Concepts to be investigated and
understood

27.
Completion of the drought regime RAC 875 (tolerant) had the most number of
protein changes (206) with Excalibur (tolerant) intermediate (177) and Kukri
(intolerant; 168) the least.
RAC875 has the highest capacity of the three cultivars for a cellular protein
response to drought.
Down regulation of proteins involved in photosynthesis and the Calvin cycle,
consistent with avoidance of ROS generation in all three cultivars was observed.
Known drought responsive proteins, including dehydrins, were also signiﬁcantly
up-regulated.
The ﬁndings from this proteomic study support the physiological and yield data
(Izanloo et al., 2008) previously reported between the three wheat cultivars (Kukri,
Excalibur, RAC875) in response to cyclic drought stress.
This highlights the importance of proteomics as a complementary tool for
identifying candidate genes in abiotic stress tolerance in cereals.
Protein changes during drought stress

31.
•Evaluation of metabolite concentrations of fruit pericarp alongside whole-plant parameters in an IL population in which
marker-deﬁned regions of the wild species S. pennellii are replaced with homologous regions of the cultivated variety M82
(S. lycopersicum).
•Harvest index, the measure of efﬁciency in partitioning of assimilated photosynthate to harvestable product, as the chief
pleiotropic hub in the combined network of metabolic and whole-plant phenotypic traits.
•The combination of marker-assisted selection and metabolite profiling therefore represents a viable alternative to genetic
modification strategies for metabolic engineering.

33.
PhenomicsPhenomics
 Phenomics, the study of the phenome, where phenotypes are
characterized in a rigorous and formal way, and link these
traits to the associated genes and gene variants (alleles).

39.
Chlorophyll fluorescence, a measure of photosynthesis, in Arabidopsis seedlings
and a wheat ear ( inset ) using a car engine dynamometer
The emerging discipline of phenomics will help foment the next green
revolution. We now have the tools “to make quantum leaps in crop breeding,”
says plant physiologist Robert Furbank, director of HRPPC.

40.
IonomicsIonomics
 Ionomics is the study of the ionome, involving quantitative and
simultaneous measurement of the elemental composition of living
organisms and changes in this composition in response to physiological
stimuli, developmental state, and genetic modiﬁcations.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

41.
ApplicationsApplications
Identiﬁcation of genes and gene networks
that regulate the ionome.
Precise large-scale mutant screens for
study of genetic variation.
Ionomic biomarkers in assessment of
particular physiological or biochemical
state of plants.

44.
The power of ‘omics’ approachesThe power of ‘omics’ approaches
Ionomics
Phenomics
Metabolomics
Proteomics Transcriptomics
Genomics
Conclusion
OMICS
“These are the tools we need to feed and
fuel the world.” – E.Finkel

45.
Future concernsFuture concerns
Reduction in cost of technology usage.
Development of bioinformatic tools for
data analysis and storage of databases.
Human resource development for an
overall purview of technology to apply in
crop breeding.