the movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration along the concentration gradient

what is facilitated diffusion?

the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of a membrane transporter

what is osmosis and what are 3 examples of it?

the movement of water molecules, hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions

what happens in a hypertonic solution?

water moves out of cell and causes shrinkage(crenation)

what happens in a hypotonic solution?

water moves into cell and causes it to burst (lysis)

what are some active methods of movement across the P.M.?

endocytosis, exocytosis

what is active transport?

movement of substances AGAINST the concentration gradient

what happens in interphase?

90% of the life cycle is in this phase, cell carries out metabolic activities necessary for life(protein production etc)

what subphase in interphase has dna replication?

the S phase

what is mitosis and what happens in it?

a type of cell division that occurs in all somatic(body) cells and divides one somatic cell into 2 new cells that have the same number of chromosomes & the same function as the parent cell

what are the steps of dna replication (the s phase)?

1)hydrogen bonds between bases break and the molecule unzips exposing breaks 2)nucleotides in the nucleus pair to the complimentary bases on the unzipped dna strands 3)after the nucleotides have lined up, covalent bonds form on the backbones and hydrogen bonds form between the complimentary base pairs which results in 2 new dna molecules that are identical

what is the process of transcription and where does it occur?

the transfer of genetic information from DNA into RNA; the nucleus

what is translation and where does it occur?

the mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, the mRNA code is translated into tRNA which is later transfered into a protein sequence;occurs in the cytoplasm

what is the sense strand?

the active strand that is used as the template during transcription

what is a codon?

a set of 3 consecutive nucleotides that code for 1 amino acid

what is an anticodon?

a tRNA with 3 bases that complimentary base pair with the codon on the mRNA

why is genetic engineering advantageous?

humulin, genetically engineered in E. coli eliminating the need for insulin from pigs and cows for people with diabetes