Lucien Bouchard, (born Dec. 22, 1938, Saint-Coeur-de-Marie, Que., Canada), Canadian politician who was a founder and leader of the Bloc Québécois (1990–96) in the federal House of Commons, and who later served as premier of Quebec (1996–2001).

Bouchard received a degree in social sciences (1960) and a degree in law (1963) from Laval University in Quebec. After being called to the bar in 1964, he practiced law in Chicoutimi, Que., until 1985. During those years he was called upon several times to work for the provincial government. From 1970 to 1976 he was chairman of the Quebec Educational Arbitration Board, which had been set up to ensure uniform working conditions in the provincial education sector. He served as chief counsel for the Cliche Commission of Inquiry into the Construction Industry (1974–75), which examined the problems of the James Bay hydroelectric project. Bouchard was coauthor of the Martin-Bouchard Report (1977–78) on reforming negotiation procedures for public sector employees. From 1978 to 1981 he coordinated Quebec’s negotiations with its employees.

In 1985 Bouchard became Canadian ambassador to France. In that role he promoted the interests of Canada and of Quebec. He helped organize the first Francophone summit in Paris (1986) and was chairman of the preparation committee for the second Francophone summit in Quebec City (1987).

Bouchard began his career in politics as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party. In 1988 Prime Minister Brian Mulroney invited Bouchard to join his cabinet. After being appointed secretary of state, Bouchard won a seat in the House of Commons from the Quebec riding (district) of Lac-Saint-Jean. He was made minister of the environment in 1989. Bouchard’s aim in entering politics was to help salvage the Meech Lake Accord, a constitutional agreement that would have recognized Quebec as a distinct society. When the failure of the accord seemed inevitable in 1990, Bouchard resigned from the cabinet and the Progressive Conservative caucus to become an independent member, remaining in politics to work for the sovereignty of Quebec. In 1990 he was a founding member of the Bloc Québécois—a party formed to promote sovereignty for the province of Quebec on the federal level. In the federal election of 1993, the Bloc Québécois surprised many Canadians by winning 54 ridings in Quebec to become the official opposition in the House of Commons.

Late in 1994 Bouchard was stricken with necrotizing myositis, a virulent bacterial infection. After several operations, including the amputation of a leg, he slowly recovered and continued to lead the Bloc Québécois. In 1995 his was the most visible face in the referendum campaign for Quebec independence. That measure was narrowly defeated on Oct. 30, 1995, when a slim majority (50.6 percent to 49.4 percent) voted to preserve the status quo. Nonetheless, Bouchard emerged from the referendum process with undiminished political power.

In January 1996 he left federal politics and focused on the provincial level. That month Bouchard resigned his seat in parliament, successfully campaigned to become premier of Quebec, and took over leadership of the Parti Québécois, the provincial separatist party. He led the Parti Québécois to a convincing victory in the 1998 provincial elections, but, discouraged by the failure of the separation movement to advance beyond the 1995 referendum, he resigned as party leader and premier in January 2001.

Bouchard retired from public service and returned to the private sector, working as a corporate attorney in Montreal. He was awarded the Legion of Honour in 2002 and was named a Grand Officer of the Ordre national du Québec in 2008.

Learn More in these related articles:

...and this time the separatists were only narrowly defeated, by a margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent. The independence movement benefited from the charismatic personality of federal representative Lucien Bouchard, who took over the leadership of the Parti Québécois and became premier of Quebec in 1996. As prosperity returned to the country, enthusiasm for independence in Quebec...

...the Supreme Court’s controversial decision, thereby preventing the Parti Québécois government from employing it as a catalyst for a third referendum on secession. Quebecers reelected Bouchard’s Parti Québécois to a second term in 1998. At a convention in May 2000, Bouchard pledged to promote with renewed vigour the cause of Quebec’s independence but refused to set a...

...1995 the party held another referendum seeking popular approval to negotiate Quebec’s secession from Canada; again the proposal was rejected, though this time it lost by only 1 percent of the vote. Lucien Bouchard, the leader of the federal Bloc Québécois and Canada’s former ambassador to France, became head of the party in 1996 and led it to victory in the 1998 provincial...