Back in my day, ashtrays were the most popular form. Press your hand in
the middle of the modeling clay circle, lift the edges upward to form a bowl, let it dry, and voilà a memory. Maybe yours was for a coaster or Christmas tree ornament.

Couldn't stop there — had to know more about the whys and wherefores of this artist expression. The first thing that came to mind was death masks of centuries past, such as those in the Egyptian mummification process. The early Romans used wax and plaster, and later stone.It was common in 10th century European countries to create death masks of famous people for display at funerals. Often the masks served as a model for after-death portraits. In the 18th & 19th centuries, they were used to permanently record facial features of unknown corpses. Hands were cast in case the face wasn't recognizable.Phrenologists used life and death masks in their studies. The study of Phrenology, which focuses on personality and character, is a pseudomedicine and pseudoscientific method focused on human skull measurements. Phrenology was developed by Franz Joseph Gall in 1796 and gained popularity between 1810 and 1840. The Edinburgh Phrenological Society was formed in 1820 and became the principal British center for this study.

1883 Phrenology Chart

Gall, a German physician, believed that character, thoughts, and emotions, three of the 27 determiners of personality, are found in specific areas of the brain, and that the skull accommodated and formed different sizes around these areas. This supposedly offered an understanding of the person's capacity for a specific personality trait. It didn't explain why a notably generous person, known and observed by friends and family, had a small area of skull covering that trait.Rather than interred with the deceased, as was done prior to the Middle Ages, they were used in the funeral services and ceremonies then given to family or bequeathed to museums, libraries, and universities.Collecting life and death masks of famous people became a prestigious undertaking. I started to type "hobby," but that sounds frivolous and these folks were serious collectors.In Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Vol. LXXXV, July to October 1892, Laurence Hutton wrote three lengthy articles on his collection of death-masks. He collected notables like Dante, William Shakespeare, Mendelssohn, Sir Isaac Newton, and many others.I was fascinated by what Hutton said about Ludwig van Beethoven. "His head is described by those who knew him in life as having been uncommonly large. His forehead was high and expanded. His eyes, when he laughed, seemed to sink into his head, although they were distended to an unusual degree when one of his musical ideas took possession of his mind." (Vol. LXXXV, No. DVIII, page 629)Although I started this research with death masks, I was glad to find life masks. Below is Beethoven's life mask made in 1812 by Franz Klein and now resides at Princeton University. Noel Morris in his article Beethoven's smile—yes, he had one (http://blogs.wfmt.com/offmic/2013/12/16/beethovens-smile/) shares, "In this process, the artist covers the subject's face in oil, and inserts straws in the nostrils. Then the artist coats the subject's face in plaster and lets it dry. The story goes that Beethoven panicked and ripped the cast off of his face; though he later calmed down and permitted the second application."

Ludwig van Beethoven Life Mask—Courtesy Princeton University

Beethoven scholar, David Dennis says, "The life mask captured many things, including pock marks that must have resulted from an early illness, and the stern, growling face that has been the basis for almost every portrait ever done of him-posthumously."

Ludwig van Beethoven — bust by Hugo Hagen

During Abraham Lincoln's visit to Chicago to argue a court case, early spring 1860, sculptor Leonard Wells Volk (1828-1895) ask him to sit for a bust. Lincoln agreed and like Beethoven, found the process of letting wet plaster dry on his face and the skin-stretching removal of the plaster, "anything but agreeable." He was pleased with the final bust and said it was "the animal himself." Volk's life mask and bust were used as the basis for a full-length statue of Lincoln for the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield. Read the expanded account of Volk's and Lincoln's multiple meetings before and after he became president at Abraham Lincoln Online —http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/resource/masks.htm

Abraham Lincoln Life Mask by Volk 1860—Courtesy of Smithsonian Institute

On February 11, 1965, two months before Lincoln's death, sculptor Clark Mills (1815-1883) made a second life mask. Mills followed the same basic procedure that Volk had used. It was evident from the life masks that the Civil War had taken a toll on Lincoln's heath. He confided to friends, "I am very unwell."I had the opportunity at the University of Texas-Arlington to interpret for a talented artist who was deaf. One of her classes was sculpting. Life masks was the first project. After seeing the process, which hadn't changed any since before 1812, I declined the invitation. Now, I kinda — almost nearly — but not quite, wish I had taken the plunge. I think it was the straws up the nostrils that sealed the deal.Have you had any life mask, hand casts, or body casting experiences?Would you go under the straws?Blessings,

Lin
and her husband, Jerry, live on a ranch in Chimney Rock, Colorado. She writes
historical fiction for adults and children. Her novella The Lye Water Bride
is included in the California Gold Rush Romance Collection (Barbour Publishing,
August 2016).

It's really amazing how much Lincoln changed in just five years. I thought at first the masks were probably a 20-year difference. I don't think I could stand having a mask made of my face, especially if you have to breathe through straws. No thank you! Interesting topic!

Fascinating post. I've seen the Lincoln masks in D.C. I'm with Vickie, I couldn't stand to have that stuff on my face and have to breathe through straws in my nose. I dis have a handcast of our oldest son, but I don't know what happened to it. He made it in kindergarten. He's now 54 years old.

Hi Martha, after finishing this post, I dug around in the basement and found Amanda's fourth grade casts. She'll be 47 this year. It's amazing how something so simple can bring back such sweet memories.

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