Say the 24th is a Monday and you say that you’ll be doing something the weekend of the 24th, meaning the 22nd and 23rd. Isn’t that incorrect? I would say the weekend of the 24th means the 29th and 30th.

For me - this is entirely idiolectal - the weekend is not the end of the week. There would be no 'weekend of the 24th' (the 'end of the week of the 24th' is something entirely different, viz the 27th-28th). There's a 'weekend of the 22nd' and a week later a 'weekend of the 29th'.
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StoneyBAug 7 '12 at 0:48

3 Answers
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I'd argue that in the given month, the 'weekend of the 24th' is a misnomer; Monday is not normally a weekend day at all. Friday evening (the 21st of the given month) might just be counted as part of the weekend. And if it is a holiday weekend, then Monday might scrape as part of the long weekend, but normally, you would only reference a date that is part of the weekend.

Specificity is best practice. As a speaker and writer of English, I'd say and write "weekend of Saturday (or Sunday) the __" to be as specific as possible.

However, I'm also a person who hears and reads a good deal of English. I'd assume that "the weekend of Monday the __" means the one in 5-6 days, and so on with other days of the week, unless it's obvious otherwise. I consider it likely that you'll run into the ambiguous usages, so take care to be on the same page.

It's a contextual (and therefore ambiguous) expression if you give a date outside the weekend. Barring even different calendar schemes (Chinese, Arabic, and Jewish Lunar calendars, for example), it's poor, but common, practice.