The overall pattern of our results suggests increases in risk of autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability without autism with prenatal exposure to higher levels of a number of organochlorine compounds, particularly polychlorinated biphenyl ethers.

This study suggests that the association between low-level exposure to PCB153 and birth weight exists and follows an inverse linear exposure-response relationship with effects even at low levels, and that maternal smoking and ethnicity modify this association.

We evaluated the association of currently used pesticides with allergic and non-allergic wheeze among male farmers, and our results implicate several pesticides that are commonly used in agricultural and residential settings with adverse respiratory effects.

Urinary N-desmethylacetamiprid can be used as a biomarker for environmental exposure to acetamiprid, and detection of N-desmethylacetamiprid was associated with increased prevalence of neurological symptoms.

Low-level sulfur dioxide exposure prenatally and up to 12 months postnatal could cause adverse neurobehavioral effects at 18 months of age; furthermore, adverse gross motor below average scores at 6 months of age were associated with increased non-methane hydrocarbon exposure during the second and third trimesters.

We examined the association between long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) and diabetes incidence; non-smokers, obese subjects, and cardiovascular disease patients may be most susceptible to development of diabetes related to air pollution.

Traffic-related pollutants may increase heart-rate-corrected QT interval among persons with diabetes, persons who are obese, and nonsmoking elderly individuals; and the number of genetic variants related to oxidative stress increases this effect.

We estimated long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollutants: significant associations were found between particulate matter PM2.5 and sneezing, runny/stuffed nose during the first and second years of life, and between nitrogen dioxide and dry cough at night (or bronchitis) during the first year of life.

Residents and local workers as well as those with work-associated exposure to WTC dust have new and persistent respiratory symptoms with lung function abnormalities 5 or more years after the World Trade Center destruction.

Association was observed between socio-economic deprivation and particulate matter on birth weight, with increasing effects of particulate matter in reducing birth weight seen with increasing socio-economic disadvantage.

Particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure was associated with percent DNA methylation of several CpG loci in NOS2 gene, suggesting an epigenetic mechanism through which these pollutants may alter production of nitric oxide.

We derived a marker of diesel combustion (elemental carbon attributable to traffic sources, ECAT) from ambient monitoring results of particulate matter, and levels of ECAT from 0.30 to 0.90 micrograms per cubic meter were significantly associated with infant wheezing.

This study supports the hypothesis that all preschool children are not equal regarding traffic-related air pollution health effects: parental history of allergy, stressful family events, and male gender may increase their susceptibility to adverse respiratory effects.

We report early health effects and biological monitoring in persons occupationally exposed to tetraethyl lead in China for the years 1990-1992, including for gasoline depot workers and traffic police officers.

In a cohort of 849 infants with an asthmatic sibling, the authors examined the relations of exposure to allergens (dust mite, cockroach, cat, and dog), nitrogen dioxide, and mold with symptoms of wheeze and persistent cough in the first year of life (1998-2000).

Lifestyle-Related factors on the Immune System and the Development of Allergies in Childhood plus the influence of traffic emissions and genetics (LISAplus)

We observed a significant reduced risk for developing specific allergic sensitization to aeroallergens in early childhood after exposure to higher fungal diversity around birth, but with attenuated effects until later childhood.

The present study demonstrated that barium might increase the occurrence of obesity, but cadmium, cobalt, and lead caused weight loss among children. The results imply that trace heavy metals may represent critical risk factors for the development of obesity, especially in the area that the state of metal contamination is serious.

Our results show that the mothers' education, socioeconomic status, and body mass index were associated with urinary arsenic concentrations, and that arsenic exposure in pregnancy increases the risk of lower respiratory tract infection and diarrhea during infancy in Bangladesh.

In utero arsenic exposure was associated with a higher risk of infection during the first year of life in our study population, particularly infections requiring medical treatment, and with diarrhea and respiratory symptoms.

We identified the expression of AQP9 as a potential fetal biomarker for arsenic exposure; as well, we identified a positive association between the placental expression of phospholipase ENPP2 and infant birth weight; these findings suggest a path by which arsenic may affect birth outcomes.

We found that serum boron concentrations were inversely associated with birth size (length and weight), and the impact of boron appeared stronger when restricted to the third trimester, when the serum boron concentrations were the highest.

We find that cadmium exposure in early life appears to alter DNA methylation differently in girls and boys, and this is consistent with previous findings of sex-specific cadmium toxicity; additionally, cadmium-related changes in methylation were also related to lower birth weight.

This study utilized the NHANES 1999-2002 data to explore the association between waist circumference and body mass index with the body burdens of selected toxic metals (barium, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, molybdenum, lead, antimony, thallium, and tungsten). Some of the associations were significant direct relationships (barium and thallium), and some of the associations were significant inverse relationships (cadmium, cobalt, cesium, and lead).

Findings suggested associations between in utero exposures to trichloroethylene and small for gestational age, term low birth weight (TLBW) and reduced mean birth weight; benzene and TLBW; and tetrachloroethylene and preterm birth.

In a contemporary general population sample of US adults, we found that higher urinary bisphenol A positively associated with obesity in the whole population as well as in subgroup analysis by gender and race/ethnicity.

This study provides some evidence for an association between prenatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and obesity-related outcomes in childhood, although not in infancy. The large uncertainties in BPA exposure assessment require that findings be interpreted with caution.