The newly released data looks at the non-tariff barrier costs that leaving the European Union could cause for UK businesses – everything from diverging regulation to customs checks, though not additional tariffs.

Retail and wholesale is hardest hit, the government predicts – with costs potentially jumping from 7% to 20%. Defence, education, and health could see 6-16% rises, while financial services could go up between 5 and 10%.

Motor vehicles, meanwhile, may see 5-13% cost increases, with 8-16% for food and drink, and 6-12% for chemical, rubber, and plastic.