G. S Bhalla recently retired as professor at the
Centre for the Study of Regional Development at Jawarhalal Nehru University in
Delhi. Peter Hazell is director of the Environment and Production Technology
Division at IFPRI. John Kerr is assistant professor in the College of
Agriculture and Natural Resources at Michigan State University.

This brief is based on 2020 vision Discussion Paper 29 of the
same title.

Although many Indians still do not have an adequate diet, the
national food situation is dramatically better today than 30 years ago. In 1970,
India's population was only two-thirds its current size, but cereal production
was only half the current level and the country was critically dependent on food
aid to prevent widespread famine, particularly in drought years. Today, India is
self-sufficient in cereals. The nation produces and consumes about 170 million
metric tons of cereals each year (including seed and waste).

But will India continue to be self-sufficient in cereals in the
years ahead? Over the next 20 years, will total cereal demand double again to
over 340 million tons? Or will there be significant departures from past trends
that may slow or increase growth in demand? And will national production of
cereals continue to keep pace with demand, or will increasing resource scarcity
and degradation - and already high use of high-yielding varieties (HYVs),
fertilizers, and irrigation - limit future growth opportunities?

The answer depends on several factors: growth trends in
population, per capita income, and urbanization; changes in taste as more people
have better access to, and more information about, alternative foods; increased
reliance on cereals for feed in response to rising consumption of meat products;
and the impact of future economic growth on the poor.

Using 1993 as the base year, this study presents projections of
cereal demand and supply balances to 2020 under alternative scenarios for income
growth, consumption behavior, and agricultural production strategies.

THE CHALLENGES AHEAD: CEREAL DEMAND

India's agriculture sector is facing many pressures over the
next two decades. Today's population of nearly 1 billion is projected to rise to
1.3 billion by 2020, with the share of the population living in urban areas
rising from 26 percent to 35 percent of the total population. The possibilities
for per capita income growth vary widely, from a best-case scenario of 6 percent
average annual growth to a worst-case scenario of 2 percent per year. As a
baseline case, this study assumed 3.7 percent growth, which is a little lower
than the actual rate of growth achieved in recent years.

India's currently low per capita consumption of livestock
products could change rapidly as the economy grows. Many more households are now
consuming livestock products than a decade ago. There is also evidence that the
average budget shares for milk and meat are increasing, apparently as a result
of structural shifts in consumer preferences. Projected demand for meat and eggs
in 2020 is 20 million tons, a fourfold increase over 1993 consumption of 5
million tons. Milk and milk products are projected to increase more than five
times, from 52 million tons in 1993 to 289 million tons in 2020. These
projections also imply significant increases in daily per capita consumption,
from 0.016 to 0.041 kilogram for meat and eggs and 0.162 to 0.597 kilogram for
milk and milk products.

As demand for livestock products grows, livestock producers are
likely to greatly increase their use of cereal feeds. Today, less than 5 million
tons of cereals (3-4 percent of total cereal production) are fed to livestock
each year - most livestock still feed primarily on crop by-products, household
waste, and open grazing areas. The baseline projection for cereal feed - 50
million tons by 2020 - is a more than twelvefold increase over 1993 and several
times larger than other recent projections. The baseline projection for total
cereal demand in 2020 is 296 million tons - 50 million tons for feed and 246
million tons for direct human consumption. This would mean a doubling of cereal
demand over 1993, which is comparable to the kind of increase that India
experienced over the past 30 years.

PROSPECTS FOR CEREAL PRODUCTION

Projections of future cereal production cannot rely heavily on
past trends. Further expansion of irrigated area will be costly, and agriculture
must increasingly compete with industry and urban households for limited water
supplies. There appears to be limited scope for further production gains from
the greater use of improved varieties and fertilizers. Resource degradation also
could become a significant constraint on future cereal production. Other sources
of growth, such as improved crop management or advances in biotechnology, will
be required if reasonable rates of increase of cereal production are to be
sustained into the future.

With attainable increases on several fronts - a 50 percent
increase in fertilizer use, some expansion in irrigated area, plus genetic and
technical efficiency improvements - cereal production is projected to increase
to about 260 million tons by 2020 (excluding seed and waste). Under the same
scenario with worsening land degradation, production would be about 242 million
tons; with reduced degradation, production could reach 279 million tons.

THE CEREAL GAP

Given these estimates of future demand and supply, cereal
shortages are likely under the more plausible production scenarios. In the
mid-range case, with per capita income growth averaging 3.7 percent, the cereal
gap is likely to fall in the 36 to 64 million ton range (Table 1). With growth
at 6 percent annually, it could increase to 115 to 142 million tons. Even if
growth were to slow to a more historic rate of 2 percent per year, the cereal
gap could still increase to as much as 25 million tons by 2020.

While some of the scenarios are based on speculative
assumptions, the results show that there are plausible conditions under which
India could have cereal deficits of 36 to 64 million tons per year by 2020. If
deficits of this magnitude were to materialize, India's cereal needs would have
significant impacts on world cereal markets, as well as on the country's trade
balance. But such deficits can be avoided through appropriate agricultural
policies.

The likelihood of a supply-demand imbalance over the next two
decades is an important opportunity for India's decision-makers, both in terms
of national food security and rural development. It emphasizes the need for
policies that increase domestic livestock and cereal production, and in the
process increase incomes and employment and reduce poverty in rural areas. This
would require additional policy reforms and market liberalization to bring price
ratios more in line with world prices, and additional public investment in
agriculture and rural areas.

The policy reforms begun in the early 1990s have yet to be fully
completed for many domestic agricultural markets. Many farmers have been
squeezed between the rising costs of key inputs (as subsidies have been removed)
and declining farm-gate prices. The latter have been aggravated by restrictions
on exports, cheap imports, and excessive regulation of agro-industry. Completion
of the reform process with full liberalization of domestic markets, foreign
trade, and agro-industry would improve the terms of trade for many farmers and
encourage greater cereal and livestock production. Such growth could include
many of the poorer rainfed areas.

As in the past, public investment in rural infrastructure,
agricultural research and extension, and the education and health of rural
people will continue to play a key role in determining the rate of agricultural
growth. Maintaining an adequate growth rate will also require that rainfed areas
receive a larger share of any additions to public investment. Recent evidence
suggests that while infrastructure investments have yielded the highest returns
in irrigated areas in the past, this has been less true in the post-Green
Revolution era. In fact, the marginal returns to several infrastructure
investments are now higher in many rainfed areas, and they also have a
potentially greater impact on reducing rural poverty. Investment in
infrastructure in rainfed areas can thus offer India a "win-win" strategy for
addressing productivity and poverty problems.

The Indian government already spends more on agriculture than
almost any other Asian country. But the lion's share of this expenditure goes to
subsidies for farm inputs, particularly fertilizers, credit, water, and
electricity. These subsidies contribute very little to agricultural growth
today. As such, there is considerable scope for achieving greater growth in
agriculture simply by redirecting public funds that are already expended on the
sector. There is also scope for reducing the cost of providing public goods in
rural areas by a) forming new partnerships between the public, private, and NGO
sectors to take better advantage of alternative and lower cost sources of supply
of public goods; and b) improving the efficiency of public supply institutions
through improved management, more transparent procurement and operational
procedures, and greater accountability to end users.

A combination of greater productive investments plus more
favorable terms of trade for agriculture could bring about an additional 20-30
million tons of cereals by 2020. With parallel increases in livestock
productivity, the projected food gaps should be manageable.

For further reading see Kumar, P. 1998. Food Demand and
Supply Projections for India. Agricultural Economics Policy Paper 98-01. New
Delhi: Indian Agricultural Research
Institute.