Contents

Freud defines religion as an illusion, consisting of "certain dogmas, assertions about facts and conditions of external and internal reality which tells one something that one has not oneself discovered, and which claim that one should give them credence." Religious concepts are transmitted in three ways and thereby claim our belief. "Firstly because our primal ancestors already believed them; secondly, because we possess proofs which have been handed down to us from antiquity, and thirdly because it is forbidden to raise the question of their authenticity at all." Psychologically speaking, these beliefs present the phenomena of wish fulfillment, "fulfillments of the oldest, strongest, and most urgent wishes of mankind." (Ch. 6 pg.38).

Among these are the necessity to cling to the existence of the father, the prolongation of earthly existence by a future life, and the immortality of the human soul. To differentiate between an illusion and an error, Freud lists scientific beliefs such as "Aristotle's belief that vermin are developed out of dung" (pg.39) as errors, but "the assertion made by certain nationalists that the Indo-Germanic race is the only one capable of civilization" is an illusion, simply because of the wishing involved. Put forth more explicitly, "what is characteristic of illusions is that they are derived from human wishes." (pg. 39)

Freud adds, however, that, "Illusions need not necessarily be false." (pg.39) He gives the example of a middle-class girl having the illusion that a prince will marry her. While this is unlikely, it is not impossible, the fact that it is grounded in her wishes is what makes it an illusion.

Freud explains religion in a similar term to that of totemism, the individual is essentially an enemy of society[1] and has instinctual urges that must be restrained to help society function. "Among these instinctual wishes are those of incest, cannibalism, and lust for killing." (pg. 10)

Freud's view of human nature is that it is anti-social, rebellious, and has high sexual and destructive tendencies, the destructive nature of humans sets a pre-inclination for disaster when humans must interact with others in society. "For masses are lazy and unintelligent; they have no love for instinctual renunciation, and they are not to be convinced by argument of its inevitability; and the individuals composing them support one another in giving free rein to their indiscipline." (pg. 7)

So destructive is human nature, he claims, that "it is only through the influence of individuals who can set an example and whom masses recognize as their leaders that they can be induced to perform the work and undergo the renunciations on which the existence of civilization depends." (pg. 8) All this sets a terribly hostile society that could implode if it were not for civilizing forces and developing government.

He elaborates further on the development of religion, as the emphasis on acquisition of wealth and the satisfaction of instinctual drives (sex, wealth, glory, happiness, immortality) moves from "the material to the mental." As compensation for good behaviors, religion promises a reward.

In Freud's view, religion is an outshoot of the Oedipus complex, and represents man's helplessness in the world, having to face the ultimate fate of death, the struggle of civilization, and the forces of nature, he views God as a manifestation of a childlike "longing for [a] father." (pg. 18)

Freud's description of religious belief as a form of illusion is based on the idea that it is derived from human wishes with no basis in reality, he says, "Thus we call a belief an illusion when a wish-fulfillment is a prominent factor in its motivation, and in doing so we disregard its relations to reality, just as the illusion itself sets no store by verification."[2]

In Freud's words "The gods retain the threefold task: they must exorcise the terrors of nature, they must reconcile men to the cruelty of Fate, particularly as it is shown in death, and they must compensate them for the sufferings and privations which a civilized life in common has imposed on them." (pg. 19)

Freud sent a copy of The Future of an Illusion to his friend Romain Rolland. While Rolland generally agreed with Freud's assessment of religion, he questioned whether Freud had discovered the true source of religious sentiment, which he ascribed to an "oceanic" feeling,[3] the psychiatrist Carl Jung, the founder of analytical psychology, wrote in Symbols of Transformation that The Future of an Illusion "gives the best possible account" of Freud's earlier views, "which move within the confines of the outmoded rationalism and scientific materialism of the late nineteenth century."[4] The critic Harold Bloom, writing in The American Religion (1992), calls The Future of an Illusion "one of the great failures of religious criticism." Bloom believes that Freud underestimated religion and was therefore unable to criticize it effectively.[5] Today, some scholars see Freud's arguments as a manifestation of the genetic fallacy, in which a belief is considered false or inverifiable based on its origin.[6]

^Freud uses the German word Kultur. It has been translated sometimes as "culture" and sometimes as "civilization", denoting as it does a concept intermediate between these and at times inclusive of both.

Sigmund Freud
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Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing h

James Strachey
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James Beaumont Strachey was a British psychoanalyst, and, with his wife Alix, a translator of Sigmund Freud into English. He is perhaps best known as the editor of the Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. He was a son of Lt-Gen Sir Richard Strachey and Lady Strachey, called the enfant miracle as his father was 70,

International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning

1.
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

OCLC
–
The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online p

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Fred Kilgour (1st director of OCLC)

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Online Computer Library Center (OCLC)

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OCLC headquarters (Ohio)

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OCLC offices in Leiden (the Netherlands)

German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other member

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Old Frisian (Alt-Friesisch)

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The widespread popularity of the Bible translated into German by Martin Luther helped establish modern German

Religion
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Religions have sacred histories and narratives, which may be preserved in sacred scriptures, and symbols and holy places, that aim mostly to give a meaning to life. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life. Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason,

Belief system
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Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case, with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty. Another way of defining belief sees it as a representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true. In the context of Anci

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We are influenced by many factors that ripple through our minds as our beliefs form, evolve, and may eventually change

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Philosopher Jonathan Glover warns that belief systems are like whole boats in the water; it is extremely difficult to alter them all at once (e.g., it may be too stressful, or people may maintain their biases without realizing it).

Aristotle
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Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, at seventeen or eighteen years of age, he joined Platos Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven. Shortly after Plato died

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Roman copy in marble of a Greek bronze bust of Aristotle by Lysippus, c. 330 BC. The alabaster mantle is modern.

Proto-Indo-Europeans
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The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the prehistoric people of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European, the ancestor of the Indo-European languages according to linguistic reconstruction. Knowledge of them comes chiefly from that reconstruction, along with evidence from archaeology. The Proto-Indo-Europeans likely lived during the late Neolithic, or roughly

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Scheme of Indo-European migrations from ca. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to the Kurgan hypothesis. The magenta area corresponds to the assumed Urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog culture). The red area corresponds to the area which may have been settled by Indo-European-speaking peoples up to ca. 2500 BCE; the orange area to 1000 BCE.

Illusion
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An illusion is a distortion of the senses, revealing how the brain normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation. Though illusions distort reality, they are shared by most people. Illusions may occur with any of the senses, but visual illusions are the best-known. The emphasis on visual illusions occurs because vision often dominates the ot

Totemism
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A totem is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe. However, the people of those cultures have words for their guardian spirits in their own languages. Totem poles of the Pacific Northwest of North America are monumental poles of heraldry and they feature many

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Painting by Emily Carr of totem poles that once stood at Blunden Harbour Kwatiutl village in British Columbia, representing the mana, or spiritual power (rather than spirit) of the village or the clans within it, in this case ancestral spirits rather than animals.

Civilization
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Historically, a civilization was a so-called advanced culture in contrast to more supposedly primitive cultures. As an uncountable noun, civilization also refers to the process of a society developing into a centralized, urbanized, stratified structure, Civilization concentrates power, extending human control over the rest of nature, including over

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Ancient Egypt is a canonical example of an early culture considered a civilization.

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"No one in the history of civilization has shaped our understanding of science and natural philosophy more than the great Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), who exerted a profound and pervasive influence for more than two thousand years" —Gary B. Ferngren

Oedipus complex
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In psychoanalysis, the Oedipus complex is a childs desire, that the mind keeps in the unconscious via dynamic repression, to have sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex. The Oedipal complex originally refers to the desire of a son for his mother. A childs identification with the parent is the successful resolution of the complex. Men

Romain Rolland
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Rolland was born in Clamecy, Nièvre into a family that had both wealthy townspeople and farmers in its lineage. Writing introspectively in his Voyage intérieur, he himself as a representative of an antique species. He would cast these ancestors in Colas Breugnon, accepted to the École normale supérieure in 1886, he first studied philosophy, but his

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Romain Rolland

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Programme sheet for Piscator's 1922 production of Rolland's drama The Time Will Come (1903), at the Central-Theater in Berlin.

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Stamp from the USSR which commemorates the 100th anniversary of Romain Rolland's birth in 1966.

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Romain Rolland in 1914, on the balcony of his home

Carl Jung
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Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. His work has been not only in psychiatry but also in anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy. As a notable research scientist based at the famous Burghölzli hospital, under Eugen Bleuler, he came to the attention of the Viennese founder of psych

The American Religion
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Bloom lays out his conception of a practice of religious criticism, by which he does not mean criticism of religion. He distinguishes the practice from other aspects of studies by analogy with his practice of literary criticism. Bloom says, literary criticism involves aspects of history et cetera, Blooms religious criticism thus will involve histor

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Cover of the first edition

Psychology of religion
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Psychology of religion consists of the application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to religious traditions, as well as to both religious and irreligious individuals. It attempts to describe the details, origins, and uses of religious beliefs. Although the psychology of religion first arose as a discipline as recently as the lat

Civilization and Its Discontents
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Civilization and Its Discontents is a book by Sigmund Freud. Written in 1929, and first published in German in 1930 as Das Unbehagen in der Kultur and it is considered one of Freuds most important and widely read works, and one of the most influential and studied books in the field of modern psychology. In this seminal book, Sigmund Freud enumerate

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1930s front cover German edition

The Ego and the Id
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The Ego and the Id is a prominent paper by the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. It is a study of the human psyche outlining his theories of the psychodynamics of the id, ego and super-ego. The study was conducted over years of research and was first published in 1923. The Ego and the Id develops a line of reasoning as a groundwork for explaining variou

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The Ego and the Id

Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
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Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego is a work of Sigmund Freud from the year 1921. In this monograph, Freud describes psychological mechanisms at work within mass movements, a mass, according to Freud, is a temporary entity, consisting of heterogeneous elements that have joined together for a moment. He refers heavily to the writings of so

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Cover of the first edition of Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse

The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement

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The 1924 German edition

The Interpretation of Dreams
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Freud revised the book at least eight times and, in the third edition, added an extensive section which treated dream symbolism very literally, following the influence of Wilhelm Stekel. Freud said of this work, Insight such as this falls to ones lot, the book was first published in an edition of 600 copies, which did not sell out for eight years.

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Title page of the original German edition

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Memorial plate in commemoration of the place where Freud began The Interpretation of Dreams, near Grinzing, Austria

Introduction to Psychoanalysis
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Introduction to Psychoanalysis or Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis is a set of lectures given by Sigmund Freud 1915-17, which became the most popular and widely translated of his works. In the New Introductory Lectures, those on dreams and anxiety/instinctual life offered clear accounts of Freuds latest thinking, more popular treatments of

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Introduction to Psychoanalysis

Moses and Monotheism
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Moses and Monotheism is a 1939 book about monotheism by Sigmund Freud, published in English translation in 1939. The book consists of three essays and is an extension of Freud’s work on theory as a means of generating hypotheses about historical events. Freud hypothesizes that Moses was not Hebrew, but actually born into Ancient Egyptian nobility a

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
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Psychopathology of Everyday Life is a 1901 work by Sigmund Freud, based on Freuds researches into slips and parapraxes from 1897 onwards. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life became perhaps the best-known of all Freuds writings, the Psychopathology was originally published in the Monograph for Psychiatry and Neurology in 1901, before appearing in b

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The German edition

The Question of Lay Analysis

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The German edition

Studies on Hysteria
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Studies on Hysteria is an 1895 book by Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer. Breuers work with Bertha Pappenheim provided the impetus for psychoanalysis. In their preliminary paper, both men agreed that “the hysteric suffers mainly from reminiscences”, Freud however would come to lay more stress on the causative role of sexuality in producing hysteria, a

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The German edition

Totem and Taboo
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Cultural anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber was an early critic of Totem and Taboo, publishing a critique of the work in 1920. Some authors have seen redeeming value in the work, the work was translated twice into English, first by Abraham Brill and later by James Strachey. The Horror of Incest concerns incest taboos adopted by societies believing in

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German First Edition 1913

Beyond the Pleasure Principle
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Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a 1920 essay by Sigmund Freud that marks a major turning point in his theoretical approach. Previously, Freud attributed most human behavior to the sexual instinct, with this essay, Freud went beyond the simple pleasure principle, developing his theory of drives with the addition of the death drive. In sections IV a

Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
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Leonardo da Vinci and A Memory of His Childhood is a 1910 essay by Sigmund Freud about Leonardo da Vincis childhood. It consists of a study of Leonardos life based on his paintings. Freud provides an interpretation of Leonardos The Virgin and Child with St. Anne. According to Oskar Pfister, the Virgins garment reveals a vulture when viewed sideways

On Narcissism
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On Narcissism is a 1914 essay by Sigmund Freud, widely considered an introduction to Freuds theories of narcissism. In this paper, Freud sums up his earlier discussions on the subject of narcissism, furthermore, he looks at the deeper problems of the relation between the ego and external objects, drawing a new distinction between the ego-libido and

1.
The German edition

Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
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Thoughts for the Time of War and Death is a set of twin essays written by Sigmund Freud in 1915, six months after the outbreak of World War I. The essays express discontent and disillusionment with human nature and human society in the aftermath of the hostilities, the first essay addressed the widespread disillusionment brought on by the collapse

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The German edition

Dora (case study)
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Dora is the pseudonym given by Sigmund Freud to a patient whom he diagnosed with hysteria, and treated for about eleven weeks in 1900. Her most manifest hysterical symptom was aphonia, or loss of voice, the patients real name was Ida Bauer, her brother Otto Bauer was a leading member of the Austromarxism movement. Freud published a study about Dora

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Ida Bauer (Dora) and her brother Otto.

Emma Eckstein
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Emma Eckstein was an Austrian author. As analyst, while working mainly in the area of sexual and social hygiene, she also explored how daydreams, ernest Jones placed her with such figures as Lou Andreas-Salomé and Joan Riviere as a type of woman, of a more intellectual and perhaps masculine cast. Played a part in his life, accessory to his male fri

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Emma Eckstein (1895)

Anna O.
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This article is concerned with Bertha Pappenheim as the patient Anna O. For her life before and after her treatment, see Bertha Pappenheim, Anna O. was the pseudonym of a patient of Josef Breuer, who published her case study in his book Studies on Hysteria, written in collaboration with Sigmund Freud. Her real name was Bertha Pappenheim, an Austria

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German postage stamp (1954) in the series Benefactors of Mankind

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Bertha Pappenheim during her stay at Bellevue Sanatorium in 1882

Bertha Pappenheim
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This article is about the public life of Bertha Pappenheim. Under the pseudonym Anna O. she was one of Josef Breuers best documented patients because of Freuds writing on Breuers case. Bertha Pappenheim was born on 27 February 1859 in Vienna as the daughter of Siegmund Pappenheim. Her mother Recha, née Goldschmidt, was from Frankfurt am Main and he

Sergei Pankejeff
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The Pankejeff family was a wealthy family in St. Petersburg. Sergei attended a school in Russia but after the 1905 Russian Revolution he spent considerable time abroad studying. During his review of Freuds letters and other files, Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson uncovered notes for a paper by Freuds associate Ruth Mack Brunswick. Freud had asked her to r

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Sergei Pankejeff

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Pankejeff with his wife c. 1910

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Prescription written by Sigmund Freud for the wife of Pankejeff, November 1919

Freud family
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The family of Sigmund Freud, the pioneer of psychoanalysis, lived in Austria and Germany until the 1930s before emigrating to England, Canada and the United States. Several of Freuds descendants have become known in different fields. Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he was the eldest child of Ja

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Freud family portrait, 1876. Standing left to right: Paula, Anna, Sigmund, Emmanuel, Rosa and Marie Freud and their cousin Simon Nathanson. Seated: Adolfine, Amalia, Alexander and Jacob Freud. The other boy and girl are unidentified.

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Freud's last home, 20 Maresfield Gardens, London NW3, now the Freud Museum

Amalia Freud
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Amalia Nathansohn Freud was the third wife of Jacob Freud and mother of Sigmund Freud. She was born Amalia Nathansohn in Brody, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and grew up in Odessa, Amalia Freud died in Vienna, First Austrian Republic at the age of 95 from tuberculosis. Amalia was 20 years of age when she gave birth to Sigmund, ernest Jones saw h

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Amalia Freud in 1903

Martha Bernays
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Martha Bernays was the wife of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Bernays was the daughter of Emmeline and Berman Bernays. Her paternal grandfather Isaac Bernays was a Chief Rabbi of Hamburg, Martha Bernays was raised in an observant Orthodox Jewish family. Her grandfather, Isaac Bernays, was the rabbi of Hamburg and a distant relative of the Ge

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Martha Bernays (1882)

Anna Freud
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Anna Freud was an Austrian-British psychoanalyst. She was the 6th and last child of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays and she followed the path of her father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis. Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego, a Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Freud as

Clement Freud
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Sir Clement Raphael Freud was a British broadcaster, writer, politician and chef. He was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament in 1973, retaining his seat until 1987, in 2016, seven years after he died, three women made public allegations of child sexual abuse and rape by Freud, which led to police investigations. He was born Clemens Rafael Fre

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Sir Clement Freud

Lucian Freud
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Lucian Michael Freud was a British painter and draftsman, specialising in figurative art, and is known as one of the foremost 20th-century portraitists. He was born in Berlin, the son of a Jewish architect and his family moved to Britain in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. From 1942-43 he attended Goldsmiths College, London and he enlisted in the

Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)
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The Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna is a museum founded in 1971 covering Sigmund Freuds life story. It is located in the Alsergrund district, at Berggasse 19, in 2003 the museum was put in the hands of the newly established Sigmund Freud Foundation, which has since received the entire building as an endowment. It also covers the history of psychoana

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The Sigmund Freud Museum on Berggasse.

Freud Museum
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The Freud Museum in London is a museum dedicated to Sigmund Freud, who lived there with his family during the last year of his life. In 1938, after escaping Nazi annexation of Austria he came to London via Paris and stayed for a short while at 39 Elsworthy Road before moving to 20 Maresfield Gardens, where the museum is situated. Although he died a

Statue of Sigmund Freud, Hampstead
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Freud lived at nearby 20 Maresfield Gardens, for the last months of his life. His house is now the Freud Museum, the sculptor Oscar Nemon was born and educated in Osijek before moving to work in Vienna in the 1920s. He had read Freud in his teens, initially approached Freud as a sculptor and was rejected by him. After Nemon had gained his reputatio

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Sigmund Freud

LIST OF IMAGES

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Sigmund Freud
–
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology, Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. In 1938 Freud left Austria to escape the Nazis and he died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939. In creating psychoanalysis, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, Freuds redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the analysis of symptom formation. On this basis Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id, in his later work Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture. Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, nonetheless, Freuds work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture. In the words of W. H. Audens 1940 poetic tribute, by the time of Freuds death, Freud was born to Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the first of eight children. Both of his parents were from Galicia, in modern-day Ukraine and his father, Jakob Freud, a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel and Philipp, by his first marriage. Jakobs family were Hasidic Jews, and although Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition and he and Freuds mother, Amalia Nathansohn, who was 20 years younger and his third wife, were married by Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855. They were struggling financially and living in a room, in a locksmiths house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born. He was born with a caul, which his mother saw as an omen for the boys future. In 1859, the Freud family left Freiberg, Freuds half brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the inseparable playmate of his early childhood, Emanuels son, John. Jakob Freud took his wife and two children firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters and a brother were born, Rosa, Marie, Adolfine, Paula, in 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. He proved an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors and he loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Latin and Greek. Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17, in 1876, Freud spent four weeks at Clauss zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs. He graduated with an MD in 1881, in 1882, Freud began his medical career at the Vienna General Hospital

2.
James Strachey
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James Beaumont Strachey was a British psychoanalyst, and, with his wife Alix, a translator of Sigmund Freud into English. He is perhaps best known as the editor of the Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. He was a son of Lt-Gen Sir Richard Strachey and Lady Strachey, called the enfant miracle as his father was 70, Some of his nieces and nephews, who were considerably older than James, called him Jembeau or Uncle Baby. His parents had thirteen children, of ten lived to adulthood. At Cambridge, Strachey fell deeply in love with the poet Rupert Brooke and he was himself pursued by mountaineer George Mallory—conceding to his sexual advances—by Harry Norton, and by economist John Maynard Keynes, with whom he also had an affair. His love of Brooke was a constant, however, until the death in 1915. On the imposition of conscription in 1916, during World War I. James was assistant editor of The Spectator, and a member of the Bloomsbury Group or Bloomsberries when he became familiar with Alix Sargant Florence and they moved in together in 1919 and married in 1920. Soon afterwards they moved to Vienna, where James began a psychoanalysis with Freud and he would claim to Lytton that his analysis provided a complete undercurrent for life. Freud asked the couple to translate some of his works into English, a. degrees, no medical qualifications. no experience of anything except third-rate journalism. The only thing in my favour was that at the age of thirty I wrote a letter out of the blue to Freud, a year later, I was made a full member. So there I was, launched on the treatment of patients, with no experience, with no supervision and he concluded wryly that the modern curriculum vitae is essential. Whether it is possible for it to become over-institutionalized is an open question, is it worthwhile to leave a loophole for an occasional maverick. If the curriculum vitae had existed forty years ago, you wouldnt have had to listen to these remarks tonight, nevertheless, Freud had decided that the Stracheys should become members of the Society. To be sure their conflicts have not been decided, but we need not wait so long, James Strachey characterised the battle between the two women in his own wryly sensible way, My own view is that Mrs K. has made some highly important contributions. But that it’s absurd to make out that they cover the subject or that their validity is axiomatic. On the other hand, I think it is equally ludicrous for Miss F. to maintain that is a Game Preserve belonging to the F. family, Strachey published three articles in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis between 1930 and 1935. In the first, on Some Unconscious Factors in Reading, he explored the oral ambitions, taking in words, by hearing or reading, both unconsciously meaning eating – something of central significance for reading addictions as well as for neurotic disturbances of reading

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International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

4.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding

5.
German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form

6.
Religion
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Religions have sacred histories and narratives, which may be preserved in sacred scriptures, and symbols and holy places, that aim mostly to give a meaning to life. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life. Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has considered a source of religious beliefs. There are an estimated 10,000 distinct religions worldwide, about 84% of the worlds population is affiliated with one of the five largest religions, namely Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism or forms of folk religion. With the onset of the modernisation of and the revolution in the western world. The religiously unaffiliated demographic include those who do not identify with any religion, atheists. While the religiously unaffiliated have grown globally, many of the religiously unaffiliated still have various religious beliefs, about 16% of the worlds population is religiously unaffiliated. The study of religion encompasses a variety of academic disciplines, including theology, comparative religion. Theories of religion offer various explanations for the origins and workings of religion, Religion is derived from the Latin religiō, the ultimate origins of which are obscure. One possible interpretation traced to Cicero, connects lego read, i. e. re with lego in the sense of choose, go over again or consider carefully. The medieval usage alternates with order in designating bonded communities like those of monastic orders, we hear of the religion of the Golden Fleece, of a knight of the religion of Avys. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin root religio was understood as a virtue of worship, never as doctrine, practice. In the Quran, the Arabic word din is often translated as religion in modern translations and it was in the 19th century that the terms Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and Confucianism first emerged. Max Müller characterized many other cultures around the world, including Egypt, Persia, what is called ancient religion today, they would have only called law. Some languages have words that can be translated as religion, but they may use them in a different way. For example, the Sanskrit word dharma, sometimes translated as religion, throughout classical South Asia, the study of law consisted of concepts such as penance through piety and ceremonial as well as practical traditions. Medieval Japan at first had a union between imperial law and universal or Buddha law, but these later became independent sources of power. There is no equivalent of religion in Hebrew, and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities

7.
Belief system
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Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case, with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty. Another way of defining belief sees it as a representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true. In the context of Ancient Greek thought, two related concepts were identified with regards to the concept of belief, pistis and doxa, simplified, we may say that pistis refers to trust and confidence, while doxa refers to opinion and acceptance. The English word orthodoxy derives from doxa, Jonathan Leicester suggests that belief has the purpose of guiding action rather than indicating truth. In epistemology, philosophers use the belief to refer to personal attitudes associated with true or false ideas. However, belief does not require active introspection and circumspection, for example, we never ponder whether or not the sun will rise. We simply assume the sun will rise, since belief is an important aspect of mundane life, according to Eric Schwitzgebel in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, a related question asks, how a physical organism can have beliefs. Epistemology is concerned with delineating the boundary between justified belief and opinion, and involved generally with a philosophical study of knowledge. The primary problem in epistemology is to exactly what is needed in order for us to have knowledge. Plato dismisses this possibility of a relation between belief and knowledge even when the one who opines grounds his belief on the rule. Among American epistemologists, Gettier and Goldman, have questioned the true belief definition. Mainstream psychology and related disciplines have traditionally treated belief as if it were the simplest form of mental representation, philosophers have tended to be more abstract in their analysis, and much of the work examining the viability of the belief concept stems from philosophical analysis. The concept of belief presumes a subject and an object of belief, Beliefs are sometimes divided into core beliefs and dispositional beliefs. For example, if asked do you believe tigers wear pink pajamas, a person might answer that they do not, despite the fact they may never have thought about this situation before. This has important implications for understanding the neuropsychology and neuroscience of belief, if the concept of belief is incoherent, then any attempt to find the underlying neural processes that support it will fail. Jerry Fodor is one of the defenders of this point of view. Most notably, philosopher Stephen Stich has argued for this understanding of belief. In these cases science hasnt provided us with a detailed account of these theories

Belief system
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We are influenced by many factors that ripple through our minds as our beliefs form, evolve, and may eventually change
Belief system
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A Venn / Euler diagram which grants that truth and belief may be distinguished and that their intersection is knowledge. Unsurprisingly, this is a controversial analysis.
Belief system
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This article is about the general concept. For other uses, see Belief (disambiguation).
Belief system
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Philosopher Jonathan Glover warns that belief systems are like whole boats in the water; it is extremely difficult to alter them all at once (e.g., it may be too stressful, or people may maintain their biases without realizing it).

8.
Aristotle
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Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, at seventeen or eighteen years of age, he joined Platos Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, teaching Alexander the Great gave Aristotle many opportunities and an abundance of supplies. He established a library in the Lyceum which aided in the production of many of his hundreds of books and he believed all peoples concepts and all of their knowledge was ultimately based on perception. Aristotles views on natural sciences represent the groundwork underlying many of his works, Aristotles views on physical science profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. Their influence extended from Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages into the Renaissance, some of Aristotles zoological observations, such as on the hectocotyl arm of the octopus, were not confirmed or refuted until the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic. Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals and revered as The First Teacher and his ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. All aspects of Aristotles philosophy continue to be the object of academic study today. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues – Cicero described his style as a river of gold – it is thought that only around a third of his original output has survived. Aristotle, whose means the best purpose, was born in 384 BC in Stagira, Chalcidice. His father Nicomachus was the physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. Aristotle was orphaned at a young age, although there is little information on Aristotles childhood, he probably spent some time within the Macedonian palace, making his first connections with the Macedonian monarchy. At the age of seventeen or eighteen, Aristotle moved to Athens to continue his education at Platos Academy and he remained there for nearly twenty years before leaving Athens in 348/47 BC. Aristotle then accompanied Xenocrates to the court of his friend Hermias of Atarneus in Asia Minor, there, he traveled with Theophrastus to the island of Lesbos, where together they researched the botany and zoology of the island. Aristotle married Pythias, either Hermiass adoptive daughter or niece and she bore him a daughter, whom they also named Pythias. Soon after Hermias death, Aristotle was invited by Philip II of Macedon to become the tutor to his son Alexander in 343 BC, Aristotle was appointed as the head of the royal academy of Macedon. During that time he gave not only to Alexander

9.
Proto-Indo-Europeans
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The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the prehistoric people of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European, the ancestor of the Indo-European languages according to linguistic reconstruction. Knowledge of them comes chiefly from that reconstruction, along with evidence from archaeology. The Proto-Indo-Europeans likely lived during the late Neolithic, or roughly the 4th millennium BCE, mainstream scholarship places them in the forest-steppe zone immediately to the north of the western end of the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Eastern Europe. Some archaeologists would extend the depth of PIE to the middle Neolithic or even the early Neolithic. They had domesticated horses – *eḱwos, the cow played a central role, in religion and mythology as well as in daily life. A mans wealth would have been measured by the number of his animals, as for technology, reconstruction indicates a culture of the late Neolithic bordering on the early Bronze Age, with tools and weapons very likely composed of natural bronze. Silver and gold were known, but not silver smelting, thus suggesting that silver was imported, sheep were kept for wool, and textiles were woven. The wheel was known, certainly for ox-drawn wagons and they practiced a polytheistic religion centered on sacrificial rites, probably administered by a priestly caste. Important leaders would have been buried with their belongings in kurgans, many Indo-European societies know a threefold division of priests, a warrior class, and a class of peasants or husbandmen. Georges Dumézil has suggested such a division for Proto-Indo-European society, if there was a separate class of warriors, it probably consisted of single young men. They would have followed a separate warrior code unacceptable in the society outside their peer-group, traces of initiation rites in several Indo-European societies suggest that this group identified itself with wolves or dogs. Researchers have made attempts to identify particular prehistoric cultures with the Proto-Indo-European-speaking peoples. The scholars of the 19th century who first tackled the question of the Indo-Europeans original homeland, had essentially only linguistic evidence and they attempted a rough localization by reconstructing the names of plants and animals as well as the culture and technology. In the early 20th century, the question became associated with the expansion of a supposed Aryan race, a fallacy promoted during the expansion of European empires, the question remains contentious within some flavours of ethnic nationalism. A series of major advances occurred in the 1970s due to the convergence of several factors, first, the radiocarbon dating method had become sufficiently inexpensive to be applied on a mass scale. Through dendrochronology, pre-historians could calibrate radiocarbon dates to a higher degree of accuracy. The Kurgan hypothesis, as of 2017 the most widely held theory, depends on linguistic and archaeological evidence and it suggests PIE origin in the Pontic-Caspian steppe during the Chalcolithic. A minority of scholars prefer the Anatolian hypothesis, suggesting an origin in Anatolia during the Neolithic, other theories have only marginal scholarly support

Proto-Indo-Europeans
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Scheme of Indo-European migrations from ca. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to the Kurgan hypothesis. The magenta area corresponds to the assumed Urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog culture). The red area corresponds to the area which may have been settled by Indo-European-speaking peoples up to ca. 2500 BCE; the orange area to 1000 BCE.

10.
Illusion
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An illusion is a distortion of the senses, revealing how the brain normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation. Though illusions distort reality, they are shared by most people. Illusions may occur with any of the senses, but visual illusions are the best-known. The emphasis on visual illusions occurs because vision often dominates the other senses, for example, individuals watching a ventriloquist will perceive the voice is coming from the dummy since they are able to see the dummy mouth the words. Some illusions are based on general assumptions the brain makes during perception and these assumptions are made using organizational principles, an individuals capacity for depth perception and motion perception, and perceptual constancy. Other illusions occur because of biological sensory structures within the body or conditions outside of the body within one’s physical environment. The term illusion refers to a form of sensory distortion. Unlike a hallucination, which is a distortion in the absence of a stimulus, for example, hearing voices regardless of the environment would be a hallucination, whereas hearing voices in the sound of running water would be an illusion. Mimes are known for a repertoire of illusions that are created by physical means, the mime artist creates an illusion of acting upon or being acted upon by an unseen object. These illusions exploit the audiences assumptions about the physical world, well-known examples include walls, climbing stairs, leaning, descending ladders, and pulling and pushing. An optical illusion is characterized by visually perceived images that are deceptive or misleading, therefore, the information gathered by the eye is processed by the brain to give, on the face of it, a percept that does not tally with a physical measurement of the stimulus source. The human brain constructs a world inside our head based on what it samples from the surrounding environment, however, sometimes it tries to organise this information it thinks best while other times it fills in the gaps. This way in which our brain works is the basis of an illusion, an auditory illusion is an illusion of hearing, the sound equivalent of an optical illusion, the listener hears either sounds which are not present in the stimulus, or impossible sounds. In short, audio illusions highlight areas where the ear and brain, as organic, makeshift tools. One example of an illusion is a Shepard tone. Interestingly, the areas activated during illusory tactile perception are similar to those activated during actual tactile stimulation. Tactile illusions can also be elicited through haptic technology and these illusory tactile objects can be used to create virtual objects. A temporal illusion is a distortion in the perception of time, in such cases, a person may momentarily perceive time as slowing down, stopping, speeding up, or running backwards

11.
Totemism
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A totem is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe. However, the people of those cultures have words for their guardian spirits in their own languages. Totem poles of the Pacific Northwest of North America are monumental poles of heraldry and they feature many different designs that function as crests of families or chiefs. They recount stories owned by families or chiefs, or commemorate special occasions. Totemism is a associated with animistic religions. The totem is usually an animal or other natural figure that represents a group of related people such as a clan. Scottish ethnologist John Ferguson McLennan, following the vogue of 19th-century research, addressed totemism in a perspective in his study The Worship of Animals. McLennan did not seek to explain the origin of the totemistic phenomenon. If the origin of the name was forgotten, Lang argued, through nature myths animals and natural objects were considered as the relatives, patrons, or ancestors of the respective social units. In 1910, Russian American ethnologist Alexander Goldenweiser, subjected totemistic phenomena to sharp criticism, the leading representative of British social anthropology, A. R. As a chief representative of modern structuralism, French ethnologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, poets, and to a lesser extent fiction writers, often use anthropological concepts, including the anthropological understanding of totemism. For this reason literary criticism often resorts to psychoanalytic, anthropological analyses

Totemism
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Painting by Emily Carr of totem poles that once stood at Blunden Harbour Kwatiutl village in British Columbia, representing the mana, or spiritual power (rather than spirit) of the village or the clans within it, in this case ancestral spirits rather than animals.

12.
Civilization
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Historically, a civilization was a so-called advanced culture in contrast to more supposedly primitive cultures. As an uncountable noun, civilization also refers to the process of a society developing into a centralized, urbanized, stratified structure, Civilization concentrates power, extending human control over the rest of nature, including over other human beings. The earlier neolithic technology and lifestyle was established first in the Middle East, and later in the Yangtze and Yellow River basins in China, similar pre-civilized neolithic revolutions also began independently from 7,000 BCE in such places as northwestern South America and Mesoamerica. These were among the six civilizations worldwide that arose independently, Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BCE, with civilizations developing from 6,500 years ago. Towards the end of the Neolithic period, various elitist Chalcolithic civilizations began to rise in various cradles from around 3300 BCE. Chalcolithic civilizations, as defined above, also developed in Pre-Columbian Americas and, despite an early start in Egypt, Axum and Kush, the English word civilization comes from the 16th-century French civilisé, from Latin civilis, related to civis and civitas. The fundamental treatise is Norbert Eliass The Civilizing Process, which traces social mores from medieval courtly society to the Early Modern period, in The Philosophy of Civilization, Albert Schweitzer outlines two opinions, one purely material and the other material and ethical. Adjectives like civility developed in the mid-16th century, the abstract noun civilization, meaning civilized condition, came in the 1760s, again from French. The word was therefore opposed to barbarism or rudeness, in the pursuit of progress characteristic of the Age of Enlightenment. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, during the French revolution, civilization was used in the singular, never in the plural and this is still the case in French. The use of civilizations as a noun was in occasional use in the 19th century. Only in this sense does it become possible to speak of a medieval civilization. Already in the 18th century, civilization was not always seen as an improvement, one historically important distinction between culture and civilization is from the writings of Rousseau, particularly his work about education, Emile. From this, a new approach was developed, especially in Germany, first by Johann Gottfried Herder and this sees cultures as natural organisms, not defined by conscious, rational, deliberative acts, but a kind of pre-rational folk spirit. Civilization, in contrast, though more rational and more successful in material progress, is unnatural and leads to vices of social life such as guile, hypocrisy, envy and avarice. In World War II, Leo Strauss, having fled Germany, argued in New York that this opinion of civilization was behind Nazism, Social scientists such as V. Gordon Childe have named a number of traits that distinguish a civilization from other kinds of society. Andrew Nikiforuk argues that civilizations relied on shackled human muscle and it took the energy of slaves to plant crops, clothe emperors, and build cities and considers slavery to be a common feature of pre-modern civilizations. All civilizations have depended on agriculture for subsistence, grain farms can result in accumulated storage and a surplus of food, particularly when people use intensive agricultural techniques such as artificial fertilization, irrigation and crop rotation

Civilization
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Ancient Egypt is a canonical example of an early culture considered a civilization.
Civilization
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"No one in the history of civilization has shaped our understanding of science and natural philosophy more than the great Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), who exerted a profound and pervasive influence for more than two thousand years" —Gary B. Ferngren
Civilization
Civilization

13.
Oedipus complex
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In psychoanalysis, the Oedipus complex is a childs desire, that the mind keeps in the unconscious via dynamic repression, to have sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex. The Oedipal complex originally refers to the desire of a son for his mother. A childs identification with the parent is the successful resolution of the complex. Men and women who are fixated in the Oedipal and Electra stages of their psychosexual development might be considered mother-fixated and father-fixated, in adult life, this can lead to a choice of a sexual partner who resembles ones parent. Oedipus refers to a 5th-century BC Greek mythological character Oedipus, who kills his father, Laius. A play based on the myth, Oedipus Rex, was written by Sophocles, modern productions of Sophocles play were staged in Paris and Vienna in the 19th century and were phenomenally successful in the 1880s and 1890s. The Austrian psychiatrist, Sigmund Freud, attended. ”Freud described the character Oedipus, A six-stage chronology of Sigmund Freuds theoretic evolution of the Oedipus complex is, Stage 1. After his fathers death in 1896, and having seen the play Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles, as Freud wrote in a 1897 letter, I found in myself a constant love for my mother, and jealousy of my father. I now consider this to be an event in early childhood. Proposes that Oedipal desire is the complex of all neuroses. Complete Oedipus complex, identification and bisexuality are conceptually evident in later works, applies the Oedipal theory to religion and custom. Investigates the feminine Oedipus attitude and negative Oedipus complex, later the Electra complex, in the phallic stage, a boys decisive psychosexual experience is the Oedipus complex—his son–father competition for possession of mother. The boy directs his libido upon his mother, and directs jealousy, psycho-logic defense—In both sexes, defense mechanisms provide transitory resolutions of the conflict between the drives of the id and the drives of the ego. The first defense mechanism is repression, the blocking of memories, emotional impulses, the second defense mechanism is identification, in which the boy or girl child adapts by incorporating, to his or her ego, the personality characteristics of the same-sex parent. As a result of this, the boy diminishes his castration anxiety, in the case of the girl, this facilitates identifying with mother, who understands that, in being females, neither of them possesses a penis, and thus are not antagonists. Therefore, the satisfactory parental handling and resolution of the Oedipus complex are most important in developing the male infantile super-ego. This is because, by identifying with a parent, the boy internalizes Morality, thereby, he chooses to comply with societal rules, rather than reflexively complying in fear of punishment. Moreover, his admitting to wanting to procreate with mother was considered proof of the sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent

14.
Romain Rolland
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Rolland was born in Clamecy, Nièvre into a family that had both wealthy townspeople and farmers in its lineage. Writing introspectively in his Voyage intérieur, he himself as a representative of an antique species. He would cast these ancestors in Colas Breugnon, accepted to the École normale supérieure in 1886, he first studied philosophy, but his independence of spirit led him to abandon that so as not to submit to the dominant ideology. When he returned to France in 1895, he received his degree with his thesis Les origines du théâtre lyrique moderne. Histoire de l’opéra en Europe avant Lulli et Scarlatti, for the next two decades, he taught at various lycées in Paris before directing the newly established music school École des Hautes Études Sociales from 1902–11. In 1903 he was appointed to the first chair of history at the Sorbonne. His first book was published in 1902, when he was 36 years old, through his advocacy for a peoples theatre, he made a significant contribution towards the democratization of the theatre. As a humanist, he embraced the work of the philosophers of India, Rolland was strongly influenced by the Vedanta philosophy of India, primarily through the works of Swami Vivekananda. A demanding, yet timid, young man, he did not like teaching and he was not indifferent to youth, Jean-Christophe, Olivier and their friends, the heroes of his novels, are young people. But with real-life persons, youths as well as adults, Rolland maintained only a distant relationship and he was first and foremost a writer. Assured that literature would provide him with a modest income, he resigned from the university in 1912, Romain Rolland was a lifelong pacifist. He was one of the few major French writers to retain his pacifist internationalist values and he protested against the first World War in Au-dessus de la mêlée, Above the Battle. In 1924, his book on Gandhi contributed to the Indian nonviolent leaders reputation, in 1932 Rolland was among the first members of the World Committee Against War and Fascism, organized by Willi Münzenberg. Rolland criticized the control Münzenberg assumed over the committee and was against it being based in Berlin, Rolland moved to Villeneuve, on the shores of Lac Léman to devote himself to writing. His life was interrupted by health problems, and by travels to art exhibitions and his voyage to Moscow, on the invitation of Maxim Gorky, was an opportunity to meet Joseph Stalin, whom he considered the greatest man of his time. Rolland served unofficially as ambassador of French artists to the Soviet Union, however, as a pacifist, he was uncomfortable with Stalins brutal repression of the opposition. During Serges imprisonment, Rolland had agreed to handle the publications of Serges writings in France, in 1937, he came back to live in Vézelay, which, in 1940, was occupied by the Germans. During the occupation, he isolated himself in complete solitude, never stopping his work, in 1940, he finished his memoirs

Romain Rolland
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Romain Rolland
Romain Rolland
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Programme sheet for Piscator's 1922 production of Rolland's drama The Time Will Come (1903), at the Central-Theater in Berlin.
Romain Rolland
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Stamp from the USSR which commemorates the 100th anniversary of Romain Rolland's birth in 1966.
Romain Rolland
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Romain Rolland in 1914, on the balcony of his home

15.
Carl Jung
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Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. His work has been not only in psychiatry but also in anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy. As a notable research scientist based at the famous Burghölzli hospital, under Eugen Bleuler, he came to the attention of the Viennese founder of psychoanalysis, the two men conducted a lengthy correspondence and collaborated on an initially joint vision of human psychology. Freud saw in the man the potential heir he had been seeking to carry on his new science of psychoanalysis. Jungs researches and personal vision, however, made it impossible for him to bend to his older colleagues dogma and this break was to have historic as well as painful personal repercussions that have lasted to this day. Jung was also an artist, craftsman and builder as well as a prolific writer, many of his works were not published until after his death and some are still awaiting publication. Among the central concepts of analytical psychology is individuation—the lifelong psychological process of differentiation of the out of each individuals conscious and unconscious elements. Jung considered it to be the task of human development. He created some of the best known psychological concepts, including synchronicity, archetypal phenomena, the unconscious, the psychological complex. Carl Gustav Jung was born in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau, on 26 July 1875 as the second and first surviving son of Paul Achilles Jung and their first child, born in 1873 was a boy named Paul who survived only a few days. Emilie was the youngest child of a distinguished Basel churchman and academic, Samuel Preiswerk, and his second wife. Preiswerk was antistes, the given to the head of the Reformed clergy in the city, as well as a Hebraist, author and editor. When Jung was six months old, his father was appointed to a prosperous parish in Laufen. Emilie Jung was an eccentric and depressed woman, she spent considerable time in her bedroom where she said that spirits visited her at night, although she was normal during the day, Jung recalled that at night his mother became strange and mysterious. He reported that one night he saw a luminous and indefinite figure coming from her room with a head detached from the neck. Jung had a relationship with his father. Jungs mother left Laufen for several months of hospitalization near Basel for a physical ailment. His father took the boy to be cared for by Emilie Jungs unmarried sister in Basel, Emilie Jungs continuing bouts of absence and often depressed mood influenced her sons attitude towards women — one of innate unreliability

16.
The American Religion
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Bloom lays out his conception of a practice of religious criticism, by which he does not mean criticism of religion. He distinguishes the practice from other aspects of studies by analogy with his practice of literary criticism. Bloom says, literary criticism involves aspects of history et cetera, Blooms religious criticism thus will involve history et cetera, but also pay attention particularly to the spiritual values of religions. In this book, Bloom begins this practice by looking at groups in the United States of America. Bloom identifies Ralph Waldo Emerson and William James as previous scholars who practiced religious criticism of American religion and he concludes that in America there is a single, dominant religion of which many nominally distinct denominations are a part. Among these he identifies Mormonism, the Southern Baptist Convention, Pentecostalism, to a lesser extent however, he also includes nearly all Christian denominations in America, including mainline Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Bloom says that the American religion is more like a form of Gnosticism. Bloom says that the events of the Second Great Awakening at Cane Ridge were formative for the American religion, Bloom regards the American Religion as successful by his standards for religious imagination, however he distinguishes this success from the social and political consequences of the religion. At times he criticizes elements in the American religion for their political activities, since the Reagan-Bush national Republicans have become one with the American Religion, my fear is that we will never again see a Democrat in the Presidency during my lifetime. In Reviews in American History, Henry F, may writes that the work is brilliant and original and that Historians interested in American religion. will do well to read it and think about what it says. He also however criticizes Bloom for being unabashedly subjective and sometimes wrong-headed, writing in Commentary, Richard John Neuhaus dismissed the book as a 288-page imaginative flirtation with nonsense. Neuhaus says that Blooms interpretations of various denominations unduly ignores the explicit statements from these religious groups, writing in America, James P. Hanigan suggests though that Blooms argument is motivated by his own Gnostic spirituality, and concludes that it is, in the end, unpersuasive. The first edition was published by Simon & Schuster in 1992 with the title, The American Religion. The second edition was published by Chu Hartley Publishers in 2006 without the subtitle, book review from New York Times

The American Religion
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Cover of the first edition

17.
Psychology of religion
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Psychology of religion consists of the application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to religious traditions, as well as to both religious and irreligious individuals. It attempts to describe the details, origins, and uses of religious beliefs. Although the psychology of religion first arose as a discipline as recently as the late 19th century. In contrast to neurotheology, the psychology of religion studies only psychological rather than neural states, many areas of religion remain unexplored by psychology. While religion and spirituality play a role in many lives, it is uncertain how they lead to outcomes that are at times positive. The first, descriptive task naturally requires a clarification of ones terms, above all, the early psychologists of religion were fully aware of these difficulties, typically acknowledging that the definitions they were choosing to use were to some degree arbitrary. Factor analysis was brought into play by both psychologists and sociologists of religion, in an effort to establish a fixed core of dimensions. The justification and adequacy of these efforts, especially in the light of constructivist and other postmodern viewpoints, in fact, spirituality has likewise undergone an evolution in the West, from a time when it was essentially a synonym for religion in its original, subjective meaning. He proposes that religion can be considered the process of searching for meaning in relationship with the sacred, schnitker and Emmons theorized that the understanding of religion as a search for meaning makes implications in the three psychological areas of motivation, cognition and social relationships. The cognitive aspects relate to God and a sense of purpose, the ones to the need to control. American psychologist and philosopher William James is regarded by most psychologists of religion as the founder of the field and he served as president of the American Psychological Association, and wrote one of the first psychology textbooks. In the psychology of religion, James influence endures and his Varieties of Religious Experience is considered to be the classic work in the field, and references to James ideas are common at professional conferences. James distinguished between institutional religion and personal religion, institutional religion refers to the religious group or organization, and plays an important part in a societys culture. Personal religion, in which the individual has mystical experience, can be experienced regardless of the culture, James was most interested in understanding personal religious experience. In studying personal religious experiences, James made a distinction between healthy-minded and sick-souled religiousness, individuals predisposed to healthy-mindedness tend to ignore the evil in the world and focus on the positive and the good. James used examples of Walt Whitman and the religious movement to illustrate healthy-mindedness in The Varieties of Religious Experience. In contrast, individuals predisposed to having a religion are unable to ignore evil and suffering. James included quotations from Leo Tolstoy and John Bunyan to illustrate the sick soul, William James hypothesis of pragmatism stems from the efficacy of religion

18.
Civilization and Its Discontents
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Civilization and Its Discontents is a book by Sigmund Freud. Written in 1929, and first published in German in 1930 as Das Unbehagen in der Kultur and it is considered one of Freuds most important and widely read works, and one of the most influential and studied books in the field of modern psychology. In this seminal book, Sigmund Freud enumerates what he sees as the tensions between civilization and the individual. The primary friction, he asserts, stems from the individuals quest for freedom and civilizations contrary demand for conformity. Freud states that when any situation that is desired by the principle is prolonged. Many of humankinds primitive instincts are clearly harmful to the well-being of a human community, as a result, civilization creates laws that prohibit killing, rape, and adultery, and it implements severe punishments if these rules are broken. Thus our possibilities for happiness are restricted by the law and this process, argues Freud, is an inherent quality of civilization that gives rise to perpetual feelings of discontent among its citizens. Freuds theory is based on the notion that humans have certain characteristic instincts that are immutable, most notably, the desires for sex, and the predisposition to violent aggression towards authority figures and sexual competitors, who obstruct individuals path to gratification. Freud himself cannot experience this feeling of dissolution, but notes there exist different pathological, Freud categorizes the oceanic feeling as being a regression into an earlier state of consciousness — before the ego had differentiated itself from the world of objects. The need for this feeling, he writes, arises out of the infants helplessness. Freud imagine that the feeling became connected with religion later on in cultural practices. The second chapter delves into how religion is one coping strategy that arises out of a need for the individual to distance himself from all of the suffering in the world. The ego of the child forms over the feeling when it grasps that there are negative aspects of reality from which it would prefer to distance itself. The third section of the book addresses a paradox of civilization, it is a tool we have created to protect ourselves from unhappiness. People become neurotic because they tolerate the frustration which society imposes in the service of its cultural ideals. Freud points out that advances in science and technology have been, at best, Civilization is built out of wish-fulfillments of the human ideals of control, beauty, hygiene, order, and especially for the exercise of humanitys highest intellectual functions. This final point Freud sees as the most important character of civilization, the structure of civilization serves to circumvent the natural processes and feelings of human development and eroticism. It is no wonder then, that this repression could lead to discontent among civilians, in the fourth chapter, Freud attempts a conjecture on the developmental history of civilization, which he supposes coincided with man learning to stand upright

Civilization and Its Discontents
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1930s front cover German edition

19.
The Ego and the Id
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The Ego and the Id is a prominent paper by the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. It is a study of the human psyche outlining his theories of the psychodynamics of the id, ego and super-ego. The study was conducted over years of research and was first published in 1923. The Ego and the Id develops a line of reasoning as a groundwork for explaining various psychological conditions, pathological and non-pathological alike. These conditions result from powerful internal tensions—for example, 1) between the ego and the id, 2) between the ego and the ego, and 3) between the love-instinct and the death-instinct. The book deals primarily with the ego and the effects these tensions have on it, the ego—caught between the id and the super-ego—finds itself simultaneously engaged in conflict by repressed thoughts in the id and relegated to an inferior position by the super-ego. And at the time, the interplay between the love instinct and the death instinct can manifest itself at any level of the psyche. The outline below is an exegesis of Freuds arguments, explaining the formation of the aforementioned tensions, all concepts in The Ego and the Id are built upon the presupposed existence of conscious and unconscious thoughts. On the first line, Freud states, there is nothing new to be said, the division of mental life into what is conscious and what is unconscious is the fundamental premise on which psycho-analysis is based. It would be simple to assume that the unconscious and the conscious map directly onto the id. Freud argues that the supposedly conscious ego can be shown to possess unconscious thoughts when it unknowingly resists parts of itself. Thus, a kind of unconscious thought seems to be necessary, a process that is neither repressed nor latent, but which is nonetheless an integral part of the ego. A new framework is required, one that further examines the status of the ego, before defining the ego explicitly, Freud argues for a manner in which unconscious thoughts can be made conscious. The difference, then, is a connection to words The goal of psychoanalysis and he goes on to note that the ego is essentially a system of perception, so it must be closely related to the preconscious. Thus, two components of ego are a system of perception and a set of unconscious ideas. Its relationship to the id, therefore, is a close one. The ego merges into the id and he compares the dynamic to that of a rider and a horse. The ego must control the id, like the rider, but at times, likewise, the ego must, at times, conform to the desires of the id

The Ego and the Id
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The Ego and the Id

20.
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
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Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego is a work of Sigmund Freud from the year 1921. In this monograph, Freud describes psychological mechanisms at work within mass movements, a mass, according to Freud, is a temporary entity, consisting of heterogeneous elements that have joined together for a moment. He refers heavily to the writings of sociologist and psychologist Gustave Le Bon, summarizing his work at the beginning of the book in the chapter Le Bons Schilderung der Massenseele. Like Le Bon, Freud says that as part of the mass and these feelings of power and security allow the individual not only to act as part of the mass, but also to feel safety in numbers. Overall, the mass is impulsive, changeable, and irritable and it is controlled almost exclusively by the unconscious. Freud distinguishes between two types of masses, one is the short-lived kind, characterized by a rapidly transient interest, such as trends. The other kind consists of permanent and enduring masses, which are highly organized. The masses of the type, so to speak, ride on the latter, like the short. However, the basic mental processes operate in both kinds of masses. Freud refers back to his theory of instincts and believes that masses are held together by libidinal bonds, each individual in the mass acts on impulses of love that are diverted from their original objectives. They pursue no direct sexual goal, but do not therefore work less vigorously, Freud initially called the identification with the other individuals of the mass, all of whom are drawn in the same way to the leader, a binding element. The ego perceives a significant similarity with others in the group, in addition, admiration and idealization of the leader of the group takes place through the process of idealization. The narcissistic libido is displaced to the object which is loved because of its perfection which the individual has sought for his own ego, also, a process of identification with the aggressor can take place, for example, as happens in regression. Thus, Freud came to the conclusion, A primary mass is a number of individuals who have put one, digitized version of the first edition of the book at archive. org

Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
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Cover of the first edition of Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse

21.
The Interpretation of Dreams
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Freud revised the book at least eight times and, in the third edition, added an extensive section which treated dream symbolism very literally, following the influence of Wilhelm Stekel. Freud said of this work, Insight such as this falls to ones lot, the book was first published in an edition of 600 copies, which did not sell out for eight years. The Interpretation of Dreams later gained in popularity, and seven editions were published in Freuds lifetime. Because of the length and complexity, Freud also wrote an abridged version called On Dreams. The original text is regarded as one of Freuds most significant works. Freud spent the summer of 1895 at Schloss BelleVue near Grinzing in Austria, at the moment I see little prospect of it. — Freud in a letter to Wilhelm Fliess, June 12,1900 While staying at Schloss Bellevue and his reading and analysis of the dream allowed him to be exonerated from his mishandling of the treatment of a patient in 1895. In 1963, Belle Vue manor was demolished, but today a plaque with just that inscription has been erected at the site by the Austrian Sigmund Freud Society. Dreams, in Freuds view, are all forms of wish fulfillment — attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the past. Because the information in the unconscious is in an unruly and often disturbing form, Freud introduced the term manifest content to describe what the dream recalled. As such, images in dreams are not what they appear to be, according to Freud. Freud used to mention the dreams as The Royal Road to the Unconscious and he proposed the phenomenon of condensation, the idea that one simple symbol or image presented in a persons dream may have multiple meanings. For this very reason, Freud tried to focus on details during psychoanalysis, an abridged version called On Dreams was published in 1901 as part of Lowenfeld and Kurellas Grenzfragen des Nerven und Seelenlebens. It was re-published in 1911 in slightly larger form as a book, on Dreams is also included in the 1953 edition and the second part of Freuds work on dreams, Volume Five, The Interpretation of Dreams II and On Dreams. It follows chapter seven in The Interpretation of Dreams and in this edition, is fifty three pages in length, there are thirteen chapters in total and Freud directs the reader to The Interpretation of Dreams for further reading throughout On Dreams, in particular, in the final chapter. Immediately after its publication, Freud considered On Dreams as a version of The Interpretation of Dreams. The English translation of On Dreams was first published in 1914, Freud investigates the subject of displacement and our inability to recognize our dreams. This accomplished by investigation will terminate as it will reach the point where the problem of the dream meets broader problems and he then makes his argument by describing a number of dreams which he claims illustrate his theory

The Interpretation of Dreams
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Title page of the original German edition
The Interpretation of Dreams
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Memorial plate in commemoration of the place where Freud began The Interpretation of Dreams, near Grinzing, Austria

22.
Introduction to Psychoanalysis
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Introduction to Psychoanalysis or Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis is a set of lectures given by Sigmund Freud 1915-17, which became the most popular and widely translated of his works. In the New Introductory Lectures, those on dreams and anxiety/instinctual life offered clear accounts of Freuds latest thinking, more popular treatments of occultism, psychoanalytic applications and its status as a science helped complete the volume. Karl Abraham considered the lectures elementary in the best sense, for presenting the elements of psychoanalysis in an accessible way. G. Stanley Hall in his preface to the 1920 American translation wrote, These twenty-eight lectures to laymen are elementary and these discourses are at the same time simple and almost confidential, and they trace and sum up the results of thirty years of devoted and painstaking research. While they are not at all controversial, we see in a clearer light the distinctions between the master and some of his distinguished pupils. Freud himself was typically self-deprecating about the work, describing it privately as coarse work. Max Schur, who became Freuds personal physician, was present at the original 1915 lectures, and drew a lifelong interest in psychoanalysis from them

Introduction to Psychoanalysis
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Introduction to Psychoanalysis

23.
Moses and Monotheism
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Moses and Monotheism is a 1939 book about monotheism by Sigmund Freud, published in English translation in 1939. The book consists of three essays and is an extension of Freud’s work on theory as a means of generating hypotheses about historical events. Freud hypothesizes that Moses was not Hebrew, but actually born into Ancient Egyptian nobility and was probably a follower of Akhenaten, an ancient Egyptian monotheist. Freud explains that years after the murder of Moses, the rebels regretted their action, Freud said that the guilt from the murder of Moses is inherited through the generations, this guilt then drives the Jews to religion to make them feel better. Atenism Joseph and His Brothers Judaism and ancient Egyptian religion Osarseph Assmann, Moses the Egyptian, The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism Harvard University Press. The Fiction of History, The Writing of Moses and Monotheism, the Writing of History, pp. 308–354. Egypt in England and America, The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion, Sites of Exchange, European Crossroads and Faultlines, chaney, E, Freudian Egypt, The London Magazine, pp. 62–69. Chaney, E, Moses and Monotheism, by Sigmund Freud’, The Canon, THE, 3–9 June 2010, the Death of Sigmund Freud, The Legacy of His Last Days Bloomsbury United States ISBN 978-1-59691-430-8 Ginsburg, Ruth, Pardes, Ilona. New Perspectives on Freuds Moses and Monotheism, paul, Robert A. Moses and civilization, The meaning behind Freud’s myth. Freud and Moses, The Long Journey Home, albany, New York, State University of New York. Freud, Moses, and the Religions of Egyptian Antiquity, A Journey Through History Psychoanalytic Review,1999 Apr,86, PMID10461667 Yerushalmi, Y. H. Freuds Moses. Moses and Monotheism text at archive. org

24.
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
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Psychopathology of Everyday Life is a 1901 work by Sigmund Freud, based on Freuds researches into slips and parapraxes from 1897 onwards. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life became perhaps the best-known of all Freuds writings, the Psychopathology was originally published in the Monograph for Psychiatry and Neurology in 1901, before appearing in book form in 1904. It would receive twelve foreign translations during Freuds lifetime, as well as numerous new German editions, however, in such a popular and theory-light text, the sheer wealth of examples helped make Freuds point for him in an accessible way. A new English-language translation by Anthea Bell was published in 2003, among the most overtly autobiographical of Freuds works, the Psychopathology was strongly linked by Freud to his relationship with Wilhelm Fliess. Freud writes in his introduction, During the year 1898 I published an essay on the Psychic Mechanism of Forgetfulness. I shall now repeat its contents and take it as a starting-point for further discussion and he might give plausible reasons for this forgetting preference for proper names, but he would not assume any deep determinant for the process. Explaining wrong actions with the help of psychoanalysis, just as the interpretation of dreams, can be used for diagnosis. Considering the numerous cases of such deviations, he concludes that the boundary between the normal and abnormal human psyche is unstable and that we are all a bit neurotic, such symptoms are able to disrupt eating, sexual relations, regular work, and communication with others. Freuds conclusion is that, The unconscious, at all events and this state of affairs cannot be elucidated by any comparison from any other sphere. By virtue of this theory every former state of the content may thus be restored. Sometimes called the Mistake Book, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life became one of the classics of the 20th century. Freud realised he was becoming a celebrity when he found his cabin-steward reading the Mistake Book on his 1909 visit to the States, the Rat Man came to Freud for analysis as a result of reading the Psychopathology of Everyday Life. Through its stress on what Freud called switch words and verbal bridges, french author Michel Onfray argues that The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is not scientific. Jacques Bénesteau writes that Freud added lies in each edition, Sigmund Freud, Richard Wollheim, Publisher, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-28385-4 Sebastiano Timpanaro, The Freudian Slip Full text in archive. org

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
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The German edition

25.
Studies on Hysteria
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Studies on Hysteria is an 1895 book by Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer. Breuers work with Bertha Pappenheim provided the impetus for psychoanalysis. In their preliminary paper, both men agreed that “the hysteric suffers mainly from reminiscences”, Freud however would come to lay more stress on the causative role of sexuality in producing hysteria, as well as gradually repudiating Breuers use of hypnosis as a means of treatment. Some of the scaffolding of the Studies – strangulated affect. However, many of Freud’s clinical observations – on mnenmic symbols or deferred action for example – would continue to be confirmed in his later work, at the time of its release, Studies on Hysteria tended to polarise opinion, both within and outside by the medical community. While many were critical, Havelock Ellis offered an appreciative account, philosopher Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and psychologist Sonu Shamdasani comment that Studies on Hysteria gave Freud, a certain local and international notoriety. Borch-Jacobsen and Shamdasani write that, contrary to what Freud and Breuer claimed, Breuer, Joseph – Freud, Sigmund, Studies in Hysteria. Authorized Translation with an Introduction by A. A. Brill, nervous and Mental Disease Publishing, New York 1937. Breuer, Josef – Freud, Sigmund, Studies on Hysteria, translated from the German and edited by James Strachey. Freud, Sigmund – Breuer, Joseph, Studies in Hysteria, ISBN 978-0-141-18482-1 Studies on Hysteria on-line

Studies on Hysteria
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The German edition

26.
Totem and Taboo
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Cultural anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber was an early critic of Totem and Taboo, publishing a critique of the work in 1920. Some authors have seen redeeming value in the work, the work was translated twice into English, first by Abraham Brill and later by James Strachey. The Horror of Incest concerns incest taboos adopted by societies believing in totemism, Freud examines the system of Totemism among the Australian Aborigines. Every clan has a totem and people are not allowed to marry those with the totem as themselves. Freud examines this practice as preventing against incest, the totem is passed down hereditarily, either through the father or the mother. The relationship of father is not just his father, but every man in the clan that, hypothetically. He relates this to the idea of young children calling all of their parents friends as aunts, there are also further marriage classes, sometimes as many as eight, that group the totems together, and therefore limit a mans choice of partners. He also talks about the widespread practices amongst the cultures of the Pacific Islands, many cultures do not allow brothers and sisters to interact in any way, generally after puberty. Men are not allowed to be alone with their mothers-in-law or say each others names and he explains this by saying that after a certain age parents often live through their children to endure their marriage and that mothers-in-law may become overly attached to their son-in-law. Similar restrictions exist between a father and daughter, but they only exist from puberty until engagement, in Taboo and emotional ambivalence, Freud considers the relationship of taboos to totemism. Freud uses his concepts projection and ambivalence he developed during his work with patients in Vienna to discuss the relationship between taboo and totemism. Like neurotics, primitive people feel ambivalent about most people in their lives and they will not admit that as much as they love their mother, there are things about her they hate. The suppressed part of this ambivalence are projected onto others, in the case of natives, the hateful parts are projected onto the totem. As in, I did not want my mother to die, Freud expands this idea of ambivalence to include the relationship of citizens to their ruler. He uses examples to illustrate the taboos on rulers and he says the kings of Ireland were subject to restrictions such as not being able to go to certain towns or on certain days of the week. In Animism, Magic and the Omnipotence of Thought, Freud examines the animism and narcissistic phase associated with an understanding of the universe. The animistic mode of thinking is governed by an omnipotence of thoughts and this imaginary construction of reality is also discernible in obsessive thinking, delusional disorders and phobias. Freud comments that the omnipotence of thoughts has been retained in the realm of art

Totem and Taboo
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German First Edition 1913

27.
Beyond the Pleasure Principle
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Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a 1920 essay by Sigmund Freud that marks a major turning point in his theoretical approach. Previously, Freud attributed most human behavior to the sexual instinct, with this essay, Freud went beyond the simple pleasure principle, developing his theory of drives with the addition of the death drive. In sections IV and V, Freud posits that the process of creating living cells binds energy and it is the pressure of matter to return to its original state which gives cells their quality of living. The process is analogous to the creation and exhaustion of a battery and this pressure for molecular diffusion can be called a death-wish. The compulsion of the matter in cells to return to a diffuse, thus, the psychological death-wish is a manifestation of an underlying physical compulsion present in every cell. Freud also stated the differences, as he saw them. Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a difficult text, as Ernest Jones, one of Freuds closest associates and a member of his Inner Ring, put it, the train of thought by no means easy to follow. And Freuds views on the subject have often been considerably misinterpreted, what have been called the two distinct frescoes or canti of Beyond the Pleasure Principle break between sections III and IV. If, as Otto Fenichel remarked, Freuds new classification has two bases, one speculative, and one clinical, thus far the clinical, Freud begins with a commonplace then unchallenged in psychoanalytic theory, The course of mental events is automatically regulated by the pleasure principle. A strong tendency toward the pleasure principle, does not seem to necessitate any far-reaching limitation of the pleasure principle. Freud proceeds to look for evidence, for the existence of hitherto unsuspected forces beyond the pleasure principle and he found exceptions to the universal power of the pleasure principle—situations. With which the pleasure principle cannot cope adequately—in four main areas, childrens games, as exemplified in his grandsons famous fort-da game, from these cases, Freud inferred the existence of motivations beyond the pleasure principle. Remembering it as something belonging to the past, a compulsion to repeat, Freud still wanted to examine the relationship between repetition compulsion and the pleasure principle. Although compulsive behaviors evidently satisfied some sort of drive, they were a source of direct unpleasure, somehow, no lesson has been learnt from the old experience of these activities having led only to unpleasure. In spite of that, they are repeated, under pressure of a compulsion, asserting that the first task of the mind is to bind excitations to prevent trauma, he reiterates the clinical fact that for a person in analysis. The compulsion to repeat the events of his childhood in the transference evidently disregards the pleasure principle in every way, Freud begins to look for analogies repetition compulsion in the essentially conservative. The lower we go in the scale the more stereotyped does instinctual behavior appear. He thus found his way to his concept of the death instinct

Beyond the Pleasure Principle
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Beyond the Pleasure Principle

28.
Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
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Leonardo da Vinci and A Memory of His Childhood is a 1910 essay by Sigmund Freud about Leonardo da Vincis childhood. It consists of a study of Leonardos life based on his paintings. Freud provides an interpretation of Leonardos The Virgin and Child with St. Anne. According to Oskar Pfister, the Virgins garment reveals a vulture when viewed sideways, Freud accepted this interpretation as a supportive interpretation of his view of a passive homosexual childhood fantasy Leonardo wrote about in the Codex Atlanticus. Here, Leonardo recounts being attacked as an infant in his crib by the tail of a vulture. ”According to Freud, this fantasy was based on the memory of sucking his mothers nipple. This disappointed Freud because, as he confessed to Lou Andreas-Salomé in a letter of 9 February 1919, some Freudian scholars have, however, made attempts to repair the theory by incorporating the kite. Another theory proposed by Freud attempts to explain Leonardos fondness of depicting the Virgin Mary with St. Anne, Leonardo, who was illegitimate, was raised by his blood mother initially before being adopted by the wife of his father Ser Piero. The idea of depicting the Mother of God with her own mother was particularly close to Leonardos heart, because he. It is worth noting that in versions of the composition it is hard to discern whether St. Anne is a full generation older than Mary. Psychobiography Sigmund Freud, translated by Alan Tyson, edited by James Strachey, Leonardo da Vinci and a memory of his childhood. Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci, Vol.10, Bildende Kunst und Literatur. Leonardo da Vinci and the Slip of Fools, history of European Ideas Vol.18 No. Freud, Leonardo da Vinci, and the Vultures Tail, A Refreshing Look at Leonardos Sexuality

Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
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The German edition
Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
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The "vulture" discussed by Freud in "Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood," later identified by Oskar Pfister in The Virgin and Child with St. Anne

29.
On Narcissism
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On Narcissism is a 1914 essay by Sigmund Freud, widely considered an introduction to Freuds theories of narcissism. In this paper, Freud sums up his earlier discussions on the subject of narcissism, furthermore, he looks at the deeper problems of the relation between the ego and external objects, drawing a new distinction between the ego-libido and object-libido. Most importantly he introduces the idea of the ego ideal, and the self- observing agency related to it

On Narcissism
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The German edition

30.
Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
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Thoughts for the Time of War and Death is a set of twin essays written by Sigmund Freud in 1915, six months after the outbreak of World War I. The essays express discontent and disillusionment with human nature and human society in the aftermath of the hostilities, the first essay addressed the widespread disillusionment brought on by the collapse of the Pax Britannica of the preceding century — what Freud called the common civilization of peacetime. The second essay addressed what Freud called the peacetime protection racket whereby the inevitability of death was expunged from civilized mentality. Building on the essay of Totem and Taboo, Freud argued that such an attitude left civilians in particular unprepared for the stark horror of industrial-scale death in the Great War. Freuds account of the centrality of loss in culture has seen as seminal for his later work, Civilization. Goodbye to All That Razinsky, Liran, how to Look Death in the Eyes, Freud and Bataille. Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914 Works related to Reflections on War and Death at Wikisource A copy of the text Library of Congress exhibit of the original Manuscript

Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
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The German edition

31.
Dora (case study)
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Dora is the pseudonym given by Sigmund Freud to a patient whom he diagnosed with hysteria, and treated for about eleven weeks in 1900. Her most manifest hysterical symptom was aphonia, or loss of voice, the patients real name was Ida Bauer, her brother Otto Bauer was a leading member of the Austromarxism movement. Freud published a study about Dora, Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, the first. Dora lived with her parents, who had a loveless marriage, in the first, house was on fire. My father was standing beside my bed and woke me up, Mother wanted to stop and save her jewel-case, but Father said, I refuse to let myself and my two children be burnt for the sake of your jewel-case. We hurried downstairs, and as soon as I was outside I woke up, the second dream is substantially longer, I was walking about in a town which I did not know. I saw streets and squares which were strange to me, then I came into a house where I lived, went to my room, and found a letter from Mother lying there. She wrote saying that as I had left home without my parents knowledge she had not wished to write to me to say Father was ill, now he is dead, and if you like you can come. I then went to the station and asked about a hundred times, I always got the answer, Five minutes. I then saw a thick wood before me which I went into and he said to me, Two and a half hours more. But I refused and went alone, I saw the station in front of me and could not reach it. At the same time, I had the feeling of anxiety that one has in dreams when one cannot move forward. I must have been travelling in the meantime, but I knew nothing about that, I walked into the porters lodge, and enquired for our flat. The maidservant opened the door to me and replied that Mother, Freud reads both dreams as referring to Ida Bauers sexual life — the jewel case that was in danger being a symbol of the virginity which her father was failing to protect from Herr K. He interpreted the railway station in the dream as a comparable symbol. Ultimately, Freud sees Ida as repressing a desire for her father, a desire for Herr K, when she abruptly broke off her therapy, much to Freuds disappointment, Freud saw this as his failure as an analyst, predicated on his having ignored the transference. Freud gave her the name Dora, and he describes in detail in The Psychopathology of Everyday Life what his unconscious motivations for choosing such a name might have been. His sisters nursemaid had to give up her name, Rosa

Dora (case study)
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Ida Bauer (Dora) and her brother Otto.

32.
Emma Eckstein
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Emma Eckstein was an Austrian author. As analyst, while working mainly in the area of sexual and social hygiene, she also explored how daydreams, ernest Jones placed her with such figures as Lou Andreas-Salomé and Joan Riviere as a type of woman, of a more intellectual and perhaps masculine cast. Played a part in his life, accessory to his male friends though of a finer calibre. He sees in them a basis, as it were. Emma herself was active in the Viennese womens movement, collaborating with Dokumente der Frauen, after an operation in 1910, however, Emma took to her couch, and remained a partial invalid until she died on 30 July 1924 of a cerebral haemmorrhage. When she was 27, she went to Freud, seeking treatment for symptoms including stomach ailments. Freud diagnosed Eckstein as suffering from hysteria and believed that she masturbated to excess and her treatment lasted something in the region of three years – one of the most protracted and detailed of Freuds early cases. In particular, Freuds theory of deferred action owed much to Emma Ecksteins twinned scenes in shops. Now this case is typical of repression in hysteria and we invariably find that a memory has been repressed which has only become a trauma through deferred action. Freud was at the time under the influence of his friend and collaborator Wilhelm Fliess, an ear, nose, Fliess had been treating nasal reflex neurosis by cauterizing the inside of the nose under local anesthesia. Fliess conjectured that if temporary cauterization was useful, surgery would yield more permanent results and he began operating on the noses of patients he diagnosed with the disorder, including Eckstein and Freud. in his paper on the specimen dream. Eckstein is also associated with Freuds seduction theory, yet while few would dissent that in regard to the failed surgery Freuds evasiveness is blatant. no more relevant than Freuds other patients. The fact that Masson lavishes so much attention on her, Emma Eckstein is for him a woman whom Freud and Fliess abused. She is thus the prototypical psychoanalytic victim. this symbolic function, in 1904, Eckstein had published a small book on the sexual education of children, although in it she does not mention Freud. Eckstein appears as a character in Joseph Skibells 2010 novel, A Curable Romantic, the song Emma Ecksteins Nose Job was released as a single in 2010 by Danish musician Anders Thode. Die Sexualfrage in der Erziehung des Kindes Chapter 3, Freud, Fliess, and Appendix A. Freud and Emma Eckstein pp. 233–250. In Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff The Assault on Truth, Freuds Suppression of the Seduction Theory Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, ISBN 0-374-10642-8 K. R

Emma Eckstein
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Emma Eckstein (1895)

33.
Anna O.
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This article is concerned with Bertha Pappenheim as the patient Anna O. For her life before and after her treatment, see Bertha Pappenheim, Anna O. was the pseudonym of a patient of Josef Breuer, who published her case study in his book Studies on Hysteria, written in collaboration with Sigmund Freud. Her real name was Bertha Pappenheim, an Austrian-Jewish feminist and the founder of the Jüdischer Frauenbund, Freud implies that her illness was a result of the resentment felt over her fathers real and physical illness that later led to his death. Her treatment is regarded as marking the beginning of psychoanalysis, Breuer observed that whilst she experienced absences, she would mutter words or phrases to herself. In inducing her to a state of hypnosis, Breuer found that words were profoundly melancholy fantasies. sometimes characterized by poetic beauty. Free association came into being after Anna/Bertha decided to end her hypnosis sessions and merely talk to Breuer and she called this method of communication chimney sweeping, and this served as the beginning of free association. Historical records since showed that when Breuer stopped treating Anna O. she was not becoming better and she was ultimately institutionalized, Breuer told Freud that she was deranged, he hoped she would die to end her suffering. She later recovered over time and led a productive life, the West German government issued a postage stamp in honour of her contributions to the field of social work. According to one perspective, examination of the neurological details suggests that Anna suffered from complex partial seizures exacerbated by drug dependence, in this view, her illness was not, as Freud suggested, psychological, but neurological. Professor of psychology Hans Eysenck and medical historian Elizabeth M. Thornton argued that it was caused by tuberculous meningitis, bertha’s father fell seriously ill in mid-1880 during a family holiday in Ischl. This event was a point in her life. While sitting up at night at his sickbed she was tormented by hallucinations. Her illness later developed a spectrum of symptoms, Language disorders, on some occasions she could not speak at all, sometimes she spoke only English, or only French. She could however always understand German, the periods of aphasia could last for days, and sometimes varied with the time of day. Neuralgia, she suffered from facial pain which was treated with morphine and chloral, the pain was so severe that surgical severance of the trigeminus nerve was considered. Paralysis, signs of paralysis and numbness occurred in her limbs, Although she was right-handed, she had to learn to write with her left hand because of this condition. Visual impairments, she had temporary motor disturbances in her eyes and she perceived objects as being greatly enlarged and she squinted. Mood swings, Over long periods she had daily swings between conditions of anxiety and depression, followed by relaxed states

Anna O.
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German postage stamp (1954) in the series Benefactors of Mankind
Anna O.
Anna O.
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Bertha Pappenheim during her stay at Bellevue Sanatorium in 1882

34.
Bertha Pappenheim
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This article is about the public life of Bertha Pappenheim. Under the pseudonym Anna O. she was one of Josef Breuers best documented patients because of Freuds writing on Breuers case. Bertha Pappenheim was born on 27 February 1859 in Vienna as the daughter of Siegmund Pappenheim. Her mother Recha, née Goldschmidt, was from Frankfurt am Main and her mother came from an old and wealthy Frankfurt family. As just another daughter in a strictly traditional Jewish household, Bertha was a conscious that her parents would have preferred a male child, both families came from traditional Jewish marriage views and had roots in Orthodox Judaism. Bertha was raised in the style of well-bred young ladies of good class and she attended a Roman Catholic girls school and led a life structured by the Jewish holiday calendar and summer vacations in Ischl. When she was 8 years old her oldest sister Henriette died of galloping consumption, when she was 11 the family moved from Viennas Leopoldstadt, which was primarily inhabited by poverty-ridden Jews, to Liechtensteinstraße in the 9th District Alsergrund. She left school when she was sixteen, devoted herself to needlework and her 18-month-younger brother Wilhelm was meanwhile attending high school, which made Bertha intensely jealous. Between 1880 and 1882 Bertha Pappenheim was treated by Austrian physician Josef Breuer for a variety of symptoms that appeared when her father suddenly became ill. Breuer kept his then-friend Sigmund Freud abreast of her case, informing his earliest analysis of the origins of hysteria, in November 1888 when she was twenty-nine and after her convalescence, she and her mother moved to Frankfurt am Main. Their family environment was partially Orthodox and partly liberal, in contrast to their life in Vienna they became involved in art and science, and not only in charitable work. In this environment Bertha Pappenheim intensified her literary efforts and became involved in social and political activities and she first worked in a soup kitchen and read aloud in an orphanage for Jewish girls run by the Israelitischer Frauenverein. In 1895 she was temporarily in charge of the orphanage, during the following 12 years she was able to orient the educational program away from the one and only goal of subsequent marriage to training with a view to vocational independence. In 1895 a plenary meeting of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein took place in Frankfurt, Pappenheim was a participant and later contributed to the establishment of a local ADF group. In the following years she began—first of all in the journal Ethische Kultur —to publish articles on the subject of womens rights and she also translated Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. At a meeting of the International Council of Women held in 1904 in Berlin, similar to the Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine co-founded by Helene Lange in 1894, the intent was to unite the social and emancipatory efforts of Jewish womens associations. Bertha Pappenheim was elected the first president of the Jüdischer Frauenbund, JFB and was its head for 20 years, the JFB joined the BDF in 1907. Between 1914 and 1924 Pappenheim was on the board of the BDF, integrating these different objectives was not always easy for Pappenheim

35.
Sergei Pankejeff
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The Pankejeff family was a wealthy family in St. Petersburg. Sergei attended a school in Russia but after the 1905 Russian Revolution he spent considerable time abroad studying. During his review of Freuds letters and other files, Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson uncovered notes for a paper by Freuds associate Ruth Mack Brunswick. Freud had asked her to review the Pankejeff case, and she discovered evidence that Pankejeff had been abused by a family member during his childhood. In 1906, his older sister Anna committed suicide while visiting the site of Mikhail Lermontovs fatal duel, while in Munich, Pankejeff saw many doctors and stayed voluntarily at a number of elite psychiatric hospitals. In the summers he always visited Russia, in January 1910, Pankejeffs physician brought him to Vienna to have treatment with Freud. Pankejeff and Freud met with other many times between February 1910 and July 1914, and a few times thereafter, including a brief psychoanalysis in 1919. Pankejeffs nervous problems included his inability to have bowel movements without the assistance of an enema and he also felt like there was a veil cutting him off from the world. Initially, according to Freud, Pankejeff resisted opening up to analysis, until Freud gave him a year deadline for analysis. Freuds first publication on the Wolf Man was From the History of an Infantile Neurosis, written at the end of 1914 but not published until 1918. Freuds treatment of Pankejeff centered on a dream the latter had as a young child, and described to Freud as such, I dreamt that it was night. Suddenly the window opened of its own accord, and I was terrified to see that some white wolves were sitting on the big tree in front of the window. There were six or seven of them, the wolves were quite white, and looked more like foxes or sheep-dogs, for they had big tails like foxes and they had their ears pricked like dogs when they pay attention to something. In great terror, evidently of being eaten up by the wolves, I screamed and my nurse hurried to my bed, to see what had happened to me. It took quite a long while before I was convinced that it had only been a dream, I had had such a clear and life-like picture of the window opening and the wolves sitting on the tree. At last I grew quieter, felt as though I had escaped from some danger, Freuds eventual analysis of the dream was that it was the result of Pankejeff having witnessed a primal scene — his parents having sex a tergo — at a very young age. Later in the paper Freud posited the possibility that Pankejeff had instead witnessed copulation between animals, which was displaced to his parents. Pankejeffs dream would play a role in Freuds theory of psychosexual development

36.
Freud family
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The family of Sigmund Freud, the pioneer of psychoanalysis, lived in Austria and Germany until the 1930s before emigrating to England, Canada and the United States. Several of Freuds descendants have become known in different fields. Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he was the eldest child of Jacob Freud, a wool merchant, and his third wife Amalia Nathansohn. Jacob Freud was born in Tysmenitz, Galicia, the eldest child of Schlomo and he had two children from his first marriage to Sally Kanner, Emanuel Philipp Jacobs second marriage to Rebecca was childless. Jacob and Amalia Freud had eight children, Sigmund Julius Anna Regina Debora Marie Esther Adolfine Pauline Regine Alexander Gotthold Ephraim Julius Freud died in infancy, Anna married Ely Bernays, the elder brother of Sigmunds wife Martha. There were four daughters, Judith, Lucy, Hella, Martha and one son, in 1892 the family moved to the United States where Edward Bernays became a major influence in modern public relations. He married Doris E. Fleischman who became known as a prominent feminist activist and their daughter Anne Bernays is a writer and editor as was her husband Justin Kaplan. Rosa married a doctor, Heinrich Graf and their son, Hermann was killed in the First World War, their daughter, Cacilie, committed suicide after an unhappy love affair. Rosa died in Auschwitz in 1942, Mitzi married her cousin Moritz Freud. There were three daughters, Margarethe, Lily, Martha and one son, Theodor who died in an accident aged 23. Martha, who was known as Tom and dressed as a man, after the suicide of her husband, Jakob Seidman, a journalist, she took her own life. Their daughter, Angela, was sent to live with relatives in Haifa, Lily became an actress and in 1917 married the actor Arnold Marlé. Mitzi died in Treblinka in 1942, Dolfi did not marry and remained in the family home to care for her parents. She died in Theresienstadt concentration camp in 1942, Pauli married Valentine Winternitz and emigrated to the United States where their daughter Rose Beatrice was born in 1896. After the death of her husband she and her returned to Europe. Rose married Ernst Waldinger, a poet, in 1923 and they moved to New York City after the war where a daughter, Ruth, was born. Pauli died in Treblinka in 1942, Alexander Freud married Sophie Sabine Schreiber. Their son, Harry, born in 1909, emigrated to the United States, both Freud’s half-brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, shortly before the rest of the Freud family moved to Vienna in 1860

37.
Amalia Freud
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Amalia Nathansohn Freud was the third wife of Jacob Freud and mother of Sigmund Freud. She was born Amalia Nathansohn in Brody, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and grew up in Odessa, Amalia Freud died in Vienna, First Austrian Republic at the age of 95 from tuberculosis. Amalia was 20 years of age when she gave birth to Sigmund, ernest Jones saw her as lively and humorous, with a strong attachment to her eldest son whom she called mein goldener Sigi. Just as Amalia idolised her eldest son, so there is evidence that the latter in turn idealised his mother, late in life he would term the mother-son relationship the most perfect, the most free from ambivalence of all human relationships. A mother can transfer to her son the ambition she has been obliged to suppress in herself and his tendency to split off and repudiate hostile elements in the relationship would be repeated with significant figures in his life such as his fiancee and Wilhelm Fliess. Freud family Freud and his mother Freud and his mother Amalia, in her apartment in Vienna, May 5,1926

Amalia Freud
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Amalia Freud in 1903

38.
Martha Bernays
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Martha Bernays was the wife of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Bernays was the daughter of Emmeline and Berman Bernays. Her paternal grandfather Isaac Bernays was a Chief Rabbi of Hamburg, Martha Bernays was raised in an observant Orthodox Jewish family. Her grandfather, Isaac Bernays, was the rabbi of Hamburg and a distant relative of the German Romantic poet Heinrich Heine. Isaacs son, Michael Bernays, Marthas uncle, converted to Christianity at an age and was professor of German at the University of Munich. She was also the aunt of Austrian-born American publicist and father of public relations, Sigmund and Martha met in April 1882 and after a four-year engagement they were married on 14 September 1886 in Hamburg. The couple had six children, Mathilde, Jean-Martin, Oliver, Ernst, Sophie, the young Martha Bernays was a slim and attractive woman who was also a charmer, intelligent, well-educated and fond of reading. As a married woman, she ran her household efficiently, and was indeed almost obsessive about punctuality, firm but loving with her children, she spread an atmosphere of peaceful joie de vivre through the household. However, Martha was not able to establish a connection with her youngest daughter. Bernayss younger sister, Minna Bernays, was close to the young couple. Sigmund and Minna would sometimes holiday together, and the suggestion has periodically been made that she in fact became Freuds mistress, jung for example reported that from Minna he learned that Freud was in love with her and that their relationship was indeed very intimate. Pending publication of the Freud/Minna correspondence for the period 1893–1910, the truth behind such speculations may not be known for sure, what does seem certain is that Martha herself in no way knew of, or colluded in, any such affair

Martha Bernays
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Martha Bernays (1882)

39.
Anna Freud
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Anna Freud was an Austrian-British psychoanalyst. She was the 6th and last child of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays and she followed the path of her father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis. Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego, a Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Freud as the 99th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Anna Freud was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary on 3 December 1895 and she was the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays. She grew up in comfortable bourgeois circumstances and she had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud. It seems that in general, she was competitive with her siblings. The close relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family and she was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899, Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness, Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family. Later on Anna Freud would say that she didn’t learn much in school, instead she learned from her father and this was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her father’s work, commentators have noted how in the dream of little Anna. little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912, suffering from a depression and anorexia, she was very insecure about what to do in the future. In 1914 she passed the test to work as an apprentice at her old school. From 1915 to 1917, she worked as an apprentice for third, fourth. She finally quit her career in 1920, due to multiple episodes of illness. Her first analysis was conducted by her father Sigmund Freud from 1918 to 1922, jacques Van Rillaer describes this incestuous analysis. She presented the paper Beating Fantasies and Daydreams to the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, in 1923, Anna Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued child analysis and seminars and it became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freud’s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany

40.
Clement Freud
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Sir Clement Raphael Freud was a British broadcaster, writer, politician and chef. He was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament in 1973, retaining his seat until 1987, in 2016, seven years after he died, three women made public allegations of child sexual abuse and rape by Freud, which led to police investigations. He was born Clemens Rafael Freud in Berlin, the son of Jewish parents Ernst L. Freud and he was the grandson of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and the brother of artist Lucian Freud. His family fled to Britain from Nazi Germany and his forenames were anglicised to Clement Raphael and he spent his later childhood in Hampstead where he attended the Hall School, Hampstead, a preparatory school. He also attended two independent schools, he boarded at Dartington Hall, and also went to St Pauls School and he naturalised as a British subject on 4 September 1939, three days after the outbreak of World War II. During the war Freud joined the Royal Ulster Rifles and served in the ranks and he acted as an aide to Field Marshal Montgomery. He worked at the Nuremberg Trials and in 1947 was commissioned as an officer and he married June Flewett in 1950, and the couple had five children. Flewett had taken the stage name Jill Raymond in 1944, Freud became an Anglican at the time of his marriage. Freud was one of Britains first celebrity chefs, he worked at the Dorchester Hotel and he appeared in a series of dog food advertisements in which he co-starred with a bloodhound called Henry which shared his trademark hangdog expression. In 1968, he wrote the childrens book Grimble, followed by a sequel, Grimble at Christmas, whilst running a nightclub, he met a newspaper editor who gave him a job as a sports journalist. From there he became a food and drink writer, writing columns for many publications. His departure from Parliament was marked by the award of a knighthood, Ladbrokes quoted me at 33-1 in this three-horse contest, so Ladbrokes paid for me to have rather more secretarial and research staff than other MPs, which helped to keep me in for five parliaments. His autobiography, Freud Ego, recalls his election win, and shortly after and he wrote It suddenly occurred to me that after nine years of fame I now had something solid about which to be famous. During his time as a Member of Parliament, he visited China with a delegation of MPs, including Winston Churchill, the grandson of the wartime prime minister. When Churchill was given the best room in the hotel, on account of his lineage, towards the end of the five-year term was a March 1979 Vote of No Confidence against Callaghans government and Freud was expected to follow his party and vote with the Opposition. He declined the offer and voted as stated by his party, after the lapse of the Lib-Lab pact, otherwise the government could have continued until October 1979. For many, Freud was best known as a panellist on the long-running Radio 4 show Just a Minute, Freud performed a small monologue for the Wings 1973 album Band on the Run and appeared on the albums cover. In 1974, he was elected Rector of the University of Dundee, a generation later, in 2002, he was elected Rector of the University of St Andrews, beating feminist and academic Germaine Greer and local challenger Barry Joss, holding the position for one term

Clement Freud
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Sir Clement Freud

41.
Lucian Freud
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Lucian Michael Freud was a British painter and draftsman, specialising in figurative art, and is known as one of the foremost 20th-century portraitists. He was born in Berlin, the son of a Jewish architect and his family moved to Britain in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. From 1942-43 he attended Goldsmiths College, London and he enlisted in the Merchant Navy during the Second World War. His early career as a painter was influenced by surrealism, but by the early 1950s his often stark, Freud was an intensely private and guarded man, and his paintings, completed over a 60-year career, are mostly of friends and family. They are generally sombre and thickly impastoed, often set in unsettling interiors, the works are noted for their psychological penetration and often discomforting examination of the relationship between artist and model. Freud worked from life studies, and was known for asking for extended, born in Berlin, Freud was the son of a German Jewish mother, Lucie, and an Austrian Jewish father, Ernst L. Freud, an architect. He was a grandson of Sigmund Freud, and elder brother of the broadcaster, writer and politician Clement Freud, the family emigrated to St Johns Wood, London, in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. Lucian became a British subject in 1939, having attended Dartington Hall School in Totnes, Devon and he also attended Goldsmiths College, part of the University of London, in 1942–43. He served as a merchant seaman in an Atlantic convoy in 1941 before being invalided out of service in 1942, in 1943, the poet and editor Meary James Thurairajah Tambimuttu commissioned the young artist to illustrate a book of poems by Nicholas Moore entitled The Glass Tower. It was published the year by Editions Poetry London and comprised, among other drawings, a stuffed zebra. Both subjects reappeared in The Painters Room on display at Freuds first solo exhibition in 1944 at the Lefevre Gallery, in the summer of 1946, he travelled to Paris before continuing to Greece for several months to visit John Craxton. In the early fifties he was a frequent visitor to Dublin where he would share Patrick Swifts studio, in late 1952, Freud and Lady Caroline Blackwood eloped to Paris where they married in 1953. He remained a Londoner for the rest of his life, Freud was part of a group of figurative artists later named The School of London. This was more a collection of individual artists who knew each other, some intimately. The group was led by such as Francis Bacon and Freud. He was a tutor at the Slade School of Fine Art of University College London from 1949 to 1954. Freuds early paintings, which are very small, are often associated with German Expressionism and Surrealism in depicting people, plants. These were painted with tiny sable brushes and evoke Early Netherlandish painting and he would often clean his brush after each stroke when painting flesh, so that the colour remained constantly variable

42.
Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)
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The Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna is a museum founded in 1971 covering Sigmund Freuds life story. It is located in the Alsergrund district, at Berggasse 19, in 2003 the museum was put in the hands of the newly established Sigmund Freud Foundation, which has since received the entire building as an endowment. It also covers the history of psychoanalysis, the building was newly built in 1891 when Freud moved there. The previous building on the site, once the home of Victor Adler, had torn down. His old rooms, where he lived for 47 years and produced the majority of his writings, now house a centre to his life. The influence of psychoanalysis on art and society is displayed through a program of special exhibitions, the museum consists of Freuds former practice and a part of his old private quarters. Attached to the museum are Europes largest psychoanalytic research library, with 35,000 volumes, the display includes original items owned by Freud, the practices waiting room, and parts of Freuds extensive antique collection. However his famous couch is now in the Freud Museum in London, along with most of the original furnishings, as Freud was able to take his furniture with him when he emigrated. A third Freud Museum, after London and Vienna, was started in the Czech town of Příbor in 2006 when the house of his birth was opened to the public. The museum contains an archive of images containing around two thousand documents, mostly photographs, but also paintings, drawings, and sculptures. The collection consists of almost all of the photos of Sigmund Freud and his family. In 1938 Freud was forced to leave German-annexed Austria due to his Jewish ancestry, the museum was opened in 1971 by the Sigmund Freud Society in the presence of Anna Freud. In 1996 the building was expanded with new rooms for special exhibitions, the Foundation has ongoing plans to expand the museum. Since 1970 the annual Sigmund Freud Lecture has taken place in Vienna on Freuds birthday,6 May and this event, at which psychoanalysts speak on a contemporary theme, was established by the Sigmund Freud Society and is now organised by the Foundation. Freud Museum Home page in English

43.
Freud Museum
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The Freud Museum in London is a museum dedicated to Sigmund Freud, who lived there with his family during the last year of his life. In 1938, after escaping Nazi annexation of Austria he came to London via Paris and stayed for a short while at 39 Elsworthy Road before moving to 20 Maresfield Gardens, where the museum is situated. Although he died a year later in the house, his daughter Anna Freud continued to stay there until her death in 1982. It was her wish that after her death it be converted into a museum and it was opened to the public in July 1986. Freud continued to work in London and it was here that he completed his book Moses and he also maintained his practice in this home and saw a number of his patients for analysis. There are two other Freud Museums, one in Vienna, and another in Příbor, the Czech Republic, the latter was opened by president Václav Klaus and four of Freuds great-grandsons. The museum is located at 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead, one of Londons suburbs, the ground floor of the museum houses Freuds study, library, hall and the dining room. The museum shop is on ground floor as well, the first floor has a video room, Anna Freuds room and there is a temporary exhibitions room which hosts alternate contemporary art and Freud-themed exhibitions. Art installations often use several rooms within the museum, such as the 2001/02 exhibition A Visit to Freud’s by an Austrian female photographer Uli Aigner, many areas such as the kitchen and Anna Freuds consulting room are out of public view and have been converted into offices. The house had only finished being built in 1920 in the Queen Anne Style, a small sun room in a modern style was added at the rear by Ernst Ludwig Freud that same year. Freud was over eighty at this time, and he died the year, but the house remained in his family until his youngest daughter Anna Freud. The house has a maintained garden which is still much as Freud would have known it. The Freuds moved all their furniture and household effects to London, there are Biedermeier chests, tables and cupboards, and a collection of 18th century and 19th century Austrian painted country furniture. The museum owns Freuds collection of Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Oriental antiquities, the star exhibit in the museum is Freuds psychoanalytic couch, which had been given to him by one of his patients, Madame Benvenisti, in 1890. This was restored at a cost of £5000 in 2013, the study and library were preserved by Anna Freud after her fathers death. The bookshelf behind Freuds desk contains some of his authors, not only Goethe and Shakespeare but also Heine, Multatuli. Freud acknowledged that poets and philosophers had gained insights into the unconscious which psychoanalysis sought to explain systematically, the collection includes a portrait of Freud by Salvador Dalí. The museum organizes research and publication programmes and it has a service which organises seminars, conferences

Freud Museum
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The Freud Museum, as seen from the garden.
Freud Museum
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Statue of Sigmund Freud by Oscar Nemon, a two-minute walk from the museum at the corner of Fitzjohns Avenue and Belsize Lane

44.
Statue of Sigmund Freud, Hampstead
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Freud lived at nearby 20 Maresfield Gardens, for the last months of his life. His house is now the Freud Museum, the sculptor Oscar Nemon was born and educated in Osijek before moving to work in Vienna in the 1920s. He had read Freud in his teens, initially approached Freud as a sculptor and was rejected by him. After Nemon had gained his reputation in Brussels, he was approached by Freuds assistant Paul Federn in 1931 to sculpt Freud for his 75th birthday, Nemon finished busts of Freud in wood, bronze and plaster, and Freud chose to keep the wooden portrait for himself. The wooden bust is on display at the Freud Museum in Hampstead, Nemon visited Freud for a final time in London in 1938. His last sittings with Freud would create a. harsher more abstracted portrait which would become the head for the bronze in Hampstead. On seeing the head of Freud, his housekeeper Paula Fichtl said that Nemon had made Freud look too angry, the bronze, slightly larger than life size, was commissioned in the 1960s, with funds raised by a committee chaired by Donald Winnicott. The sculpture depicts Freud with his turn to one side as if in thought. Freuds daughter, Anna Freud, attended the unveiling of the statue in October 1970, the statue was originally located in an alcove behind Swiss Cottage Library, where it was virtually hidden away from the public. The Freud Museum arranged for the statue to be moved to its present location in 1998 and it became a Grade II listed building in January 2016. Media related to Statue of Sigmund Freud, London at Wikimedia Commons