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One of the most salient and relevant dimensions of team heterogeneity is cultural back-
ground. We measure the impact of cultural diversity on the performance of business
teams using a eld experiment. Companies are set up by teams of undergraduate
students in business studies in realistic though similar circumstances. We vary the
cultural composition of otherwise randomly composed teams in a multi-cultural stu-
dent population. Our data indicate that a moderate level of cultural diversity has no
e ect on team performance in terms of business outcomes (sales, pro ts and pro ts
per share). However, if at least the majority of team members is culturally diverse
then more cultural diversity seems to a ect the performance of teams positively. Our
data suggest that this might be related to the more diverse pool of relevant knowledge
facilitating (mutual) learning within culturally diverse teams.

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This article derives key variables in the analysis of standards of proof in criminal law from basic conditional probabilities. The variables derived are the probability of correct and wrongful conviction, the expected sanction and society's incarceration costs, while the basic conditional probabilities are the probability of observing (any given) evidence against individual i given that individual j committed the crime (for any j including j equal to i). The variables are derived from the conditional probabilities as a function of the standard of the proof using simple Bayesian updating.

Both organizational and sociological approaches in entrepreneurship research highlight the
importance of social context in shaping i
ndividual preferences for entrepreneurship. An
influential contextual factor that has not been studied in entrepreneurship research is one’s
boss at work. Do entrepreneurial bosses contribute to their employees’ decisions to become
entrepreneurs themselves? Using Danish register data of newly founded firms and their
entrepreneurs and employees between 2003 and 2012, and employing methods that allow
causal inferences, we show that entrepreneurial bosses indeed affect their employees’ future
entrepreneurship choices, especially if both
boss and employee are female. We investigate
two alternative underlying mechanisms that may shape the (female) boss’ influence on
(female) workers’ entrepreneurship decisions. Our results consistently suggest that
entrepreneurial bosses may act as role models for the entrepreneurship activities of their
employees, especially between pairs of female bosses and female employees. We do not
find any evidence on female bosses acting as “queen bees” at the workplace. Female
entrepreneurial bosses may, thus, act as a lever to reducing the gender gaps in
entrepreneurship rates.

This paper takes an economic approach to investigate the role of geographical proximity for organizing new product development (NPD) activities within inter-firm linkages. Product development theory and the resource-based view is discussed from an inter-firm perspective and contrasted to arguments in the literature on geographical economics. The approach in this paper assumes that geographical proximity is crucial for inter-firm learning, knowledge transfer and creation of capabilities to a higher extent in inter-firm linkages with a high level of interaction, in industries where knowledge is relatively more important as a resource and where collaboration partners are important. Hypotheses are tested by means of a quantitative analysis of a data set containing information about 4842 domestic and international inter-firm linkages of Danish firms in manufacturing industries. The findings in this analysis exhibit low support for the general role of geographical proximity for organizing NPD activities within inter-firm linkages. The result suggests that geographical proximity seems to play a role in inter-firm linkages in few cases. For instance, it is shown that knowledge intensive firms exhibit a propensity for international linkages. It is further suggested closer geographical distance for inter-firm linkages with medium and high level of interaction, suppliers or customers accounting for more than one third of total purchases or sales, and for linkages lasting for at least 10 years.
Key words: capabilities, economics of localization, innovation, inter-firm linkages, knowledge, product development, proximity, resources
JEL-codes: L23, L60, O32