Abstract

Ballast water regulations in place in many partsof the world to minimise the risks associatedwith the introduction and establishment ofnonindigenous organisms into ports around theworld currently require ship’s Masters toundertake a range of approved managementprocedures, primarily based on exchanging thewater at sea during the voyage. Limitationsassociated with ocean exchange have promptedsignificant research and development intoalternative treatment techniques that will offerenhanced biological effectiveness and makepractical implementation, ship’s safety and costmore attractive.