The emerald ash borer (EAB) was first found in Connecticut during the week of July 16, 2012. Since that first find in Prospect, EAB has been found in many other parts of the state, particularly in towns in central and western Connecticut.

DEEP, the CT Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES), USDA APHIS PPQ and the US Forest Service are working together with local partners to slow the spread of the insect and to take steps to minimize its impact. This will be a long-term effort on the part of all involved.

Forestland owners should also give careful thought to the management of their woodlands in the face of EAB. The most important recommendation is to not act hastily. There are excellent resources available, including within the forestry program at DEEP. A range of options should be considered before committing to the removal of ash trees or other trees due to this new insect pest.

DEEP and CAES will continue to provide direction and updates regarding the emerald ash borer as more becomes known about the extent and intensity of the infestation.

Invasive, exotic insects are a constant threat to the trees and forests of the state. Over the past century, the state's woodlands and urban forests have been hard hit by the gypsy moth, the Japanese beetle and the hemlock woolly adelgid, among other pests. More recently, the state has been bracing for the possibility that the Asian longhorned beetle will be found within its borders. In the meantime, another invasive insect has arrived - the emerald ash borer.

The emerald ash borer is a small, green beetle that belongs to a large family of beetles known as the buprestids, or metallic wood boring beetles. The description is apt, as many of the adult buprestids are indeed glossy, appearing as if their wing covers are made of polished metal. The emerald ash borer, with its green, iridescent wing covers, fits right in. Adult EABs are relatively slender and between 0.3 to 0.55 inches in length - small by most standards but large compared to other buprestids.

During its life cycle, EAB undergoes a complete metamorphosis. It starts as an egg, becomes a larva (alternatively called a grub), changes to become a pupa and then is an adult. The life cycle of an EAB takes either 1 or 2 years to complete. Adults begin emerging from within ash trees around the middle of June. Emergence continues for about 5 weeks. The female starts laying her eggs on the bark of ash trees about 2 weeks after she emerges. After 7 to 10 days, the eggs hatch and the larvae move into the bark, to begin feeding on the phloem (inner bark) and cambium of the tree. Throughout each of its successive instars (larval growth stages), the larva continues to feed on the phloem and cambium of the tree. The larval stage may last for nearly two years. Before becoming an adult, the insect overwinters as a pre-pupal larva. It then pupates in the spring and emerges as an adult during the summer.

{EAB larva}

EAB feed on ash trees almost exclusively. While the larvae feed on the phloem and cambium, the adults feed on leaves. In Connecticut, there are three species of ash trees - the white ash (Fraxinus americana), the green or red ash (F. pennsylvanica) and the black ash (F. nigra ). Despite its common name, mountain ash (Sorbus spp.) is not a true ash and does not attract the EAB. (Learn how to identify an ash tree.)

To date, the only non-ash genus EAB is known to feed on is Chionanthus (fringe-tree).

{bronze birch borer}

Bronze Birch Borer, with exit hole

{two lined chestnut borer}

Two Lined Chestnut Borer

Two other buprestids are well-known to those in Connecticut who are concerned about trees. The bronze birch borer is a pest of ornamental birch trees. The two-lined chestnut borer often attacks stressed oak trees, including oaks in the forest.

EAB is an insect that is not native to North America. It was first found in 2002 in the vicinity of Detroit, MI and Windsor, ON. It had arrived sometime earlier, presumably on wood used in shipping other goods. It is now known to be found in 24 states and 2 provinces, and is considered as being established in North America. Movement of ash, in particular as firewood, nursery stock, logs and wood packaging materials, has been cited as the most likely means by which EAB has spread so rapidly.

{damage from the EAB}

Photo by Dr. Victoria Smith, CT Agricultural Experiment Station

The phloem and cambium layers that the larval EAB feeds on are critical parts of the tree, responsible for the transport of nutrients and for growth. EAB's numbers tend to build up rapidly with infestation by EAB usually leading to the death of the tree affected. Individual trees tend to die within 2-3 years after becoming infested, while stands of trees often succumb within 8 years of the insect has entered the stand.

Phloem tissue carries the sugars produced by the leaves throughout the rest of the tree, including down to the roots. As the EAB feeds on the phloem, these other parts of the tree become cut off from their food source. This effectively girdles the tree and so causes its death. The cambial tissue, found between the bark and wood of a tree, is that part of the tree that generates new xylem (wood) and phloem tissue. Because of that, EAB also curtails the ability of the tree to respond to the injury it is inflicting.

Most boring insects attack stressed or injured trees. Healthy trees are better able to resist these insects through such means as the production of inhibiting chemicals. Native North American ash species did not evolve in the presence of EAB and so have not developed the mechanisms to recognize or cope with EAB as a problem. Even healthy native ash trees do not have the ability to effectively resist the onslaught of this invasive, exotic beetle.

In terms of the number of stems, ash trees make up just slightly less than 3% of the trees in the Connecticut forest. Most ash trees in Connecticut are white ash. Prior to EAB, ash in Connecticut had already been seriously declining for several decades. This was due, in part, to a disease called ash yellows. Now that EAB is here, one concern is that the population of ash in the state will be so reduced that the it might not be able to recover.

{badly damaged ash tree in NY State}

Photo by Kevin Grady, CT DEEP Division of Forestry

The loss of ash trees from the forest, like the loss of any specific kind of tree, would lead to rippling effects on other organisms living in the woods. Butterflies and moths from nearly 30 different families live on ash trees. Seeds of ash are eaten by wood duck, bob white, purple finch, pine grosbeak and fox squirrels. According to the US Forest Service, the elm/ash/red maple forest type is the third most common forest type in the state. While not all stands of this forest type contain ash, most do. Foresters report that, as ash is being lost in a forest stand, undesirable invasive plants are often quick to fill the gap created.

The wood of the white ash is prized due to its combination of strength and flexibility. Uses such as shovel handles and baseball bats take advantage of these properties. It is also used in electric guitar bodies, due to its workability. According to stumpage price reports, ash has a consistent if not high value role to play in Connecticut's timber markets.

Ash is also a modest component of the urban forest. In the northeast, green ash is not the staple street tree that it is in other parts of the country. Ash, however, is not at all unusual along Connecticut's streets and in residential backyards.

The first symptom that an ash tree is infested with EAB is often thinning and dieback in the tree's upper canopy. This is because EAB infests the top of the tree first. However, there can be many causes for thinning and dieback in the crown of an ash tree, That symptom alone cannot be considered as diagnostic.

{d-shaped exit hole}

{emerging adult eab}

A definite sign of the EAB is the presence of a D-shaped exit hole in the bark of an ash tree. This hole is left by the emerging adult, as it chews its way out of the tree. There are several other borers that attack ash. None of them produces that same D-shaped hole. On other trees, other buprestids, such as the bronze birch borer and the two-lined chestnut borer, do produce D-shaped exit holes. These insects are not found in ash trees. The combination of a D-shaped exit hole and an ash tree is unique to EAB, and a sure indication that the insect is present.

{epicormic sprouts from EAB damage}

Photo by Dr. Victoria Smith, CT Agricultural Experiment Station

EAB exit holes can, however, be very difficult to see. There are other indicators that are more prominent. When ash trees are seriously infested, often the entire upper crown of the tree will be dead. In an effort to survive, these trees may be sending up numerous shoots from the lower part of the trunk or the root flare. In such heavily infested trees, one can scrape back the bark to reveal the S-shaped tunnels characteristic of the burrowing EAB larvae. With so many larvae active in the tree, woodpeckers will also likely be stripping the outer bark off in patches and pecking holes in the bark to find EAB grubs to feed on. These indicators of woodpecker activity on ash trees is often the giveaway that an ash tree is heavily infested.

Aside from direct observations, there are three main techniques being employed in the search for EAB. These are:

trap trees

purple traps

biosurveillance

Trap trees are created by the girdling of live ash trees so that the tree becomes highly stressed. The tree is girdled through the removal, down to the wood, of a strip of bark around the lower part of the tree's trunk. As a consequence of being stressed, these trees send out chemical signals that draw in boring insects seeking to feed on and breed in the weakened tree. After several months, these traps trees are cut down and thoroughly inspected for the presence of EAB.

The purple traps, often called 'Barney traps' because of their size and color, attract EAB due to their color. They also contain a chemical attractant. These traps are sticky. Any insects that land on the trap, including any EAB, become stuck. These traps are regularly monitored for any EAB that they might have caught.

"Biosurveillance" takes advantage of the fact that a native, solitary, non-stinging wasp, Cerceris fumipennis, hunts for buprestids of all types and brings them back to their nesting hole to provide food for their young. "Wasp watchers" catch the wasp as it returns to its nest and take its prey from it, to determine if the wasps are bringing any EAB back from its foraging.

It should be noted that none of these methods will draw EAB into an area where it is not already present. The use of traps does not contribute to an area becoming infested.

In 2012, Connecticut became the 16th state known to have EAB within its borders. Currently, EAB is known to be in 24 states and 2 Canadian provinces. Because EAB is already considered as established in North America, eradication is no longer a goal. Instead, focus is on slowing or preventing the spread of the insect into new areas while managing and reducing its numbers in places where it is already found.

Efforts to slow EAB's spread can have very real, positive benefits. This approach buys time until a more effective response to the insect can be found. Investigations continue into forestry techniques, biological control and methods of chemical control. At the same time, there is the potential that natural controls may emerge. Examples of potential natural controls include a genetic response on the part of ash trees or the emergence of already occurring diseases or predators that can provide a check on EAB.

This stands in sharp contrast to the approach being used for the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB). In that case, eradication of the insect in North America is the goal. Due to the behavior of ALB, the potential for complete removal of the insect is very good, and so the effort is aggressive.

Connecticut is seeking to help slow the spread by:

A quarantine to keep any infested ash materials from leaving Connecticut and going to an area that does not yet have EAB. Specifically, ash logs, hardwood firewood, yard waste and ash nursery stock are all focus of concerns.

A ban on the importation of firewood into Connecticut through New York or Massachusetts - unless it is properly certified that it has not come from an area already infested.

For people in the State of Connecticut, the three most important ways in which an individual can help in this effort is:

Know what an ash looks like and keep a close eye on ash trees those ash trees that you are responsible for, that are in your neighborhood or that you see on a regular basis;

Act quickly to report any ash trees that are declining and may pose a danger to people or structures; and

Be especially careful when moving any firewood or young trees.

The use of firewood that has been obtained locally is very important in the effort to prevent further spread of the EAB and other invasive insects. These insects "hitchhike" readily on firewood, which can then sit in a backyard for a year or more, giving ample time for the insect to emerge.

Public trees, such as those along streets and in parks, are usually under the care and control of the municipal tree warden. If you have concerns about these trees, contact your local tree warden.

Trees along state highways are under the control of the State Department of Transportation.

Private trees are the responsibility of the property owner. Owners of ash trees are encouraged to become informed by contacting an arborist and by using such resources as those of the CT Agricultural Experiment Station and DEEP.

The CT Agricultural Experiment Station is still interested in new finds of the EAB - finds in towns in which the insect has not previously been reported. To report a possible EAB find, call the Experiment Station at 203-974-8474 or the following email address: CAES.StateEntomologist@ct.gov .

When reporting any potential invasive insect find, please do not move either the insect or wood from the site where you think the insect might be. It is much better to take a digital photo and email it to the email address above. Also, give a precise description of the location of the tree so that an investigator from the Station will be able to visit the site.