Lessons for Policy Studies 5. 1 Learning from the Research: A New Framework of Analysis 5. 1. 1 Learning from the Case: How to Overcome the Four Obstacles 5. 2 Lessons for the Classical Policy Implementation Literature 5. 3 Integrating Economic Development and Environmental Protection in the Public Sector 5. 4 Horizontal Decentralization for Policy Implementation: Incentives with Checks and Balances 5. 4. 1 Decentralization without Much Coordination But with Checks and Balances 5. 4. 2 The Forgotten Type of Decentralization: HorizontalDecentralization 5. 5 The Role of Local Actors and Central Governments in Decentralized Policy Implementation 5. 6 Learning the Tough Reality of the Development Process 5. 7 A New Role for Environmental Agencies?

The previous chapter has looked at several examples of policies and their implementation over the past 25 years that, for one reason or another, have not achieved their stated objectives.

Each example quoted, appears to have failed for different reasons, and sometimes for several reasons.

Each country is in some ways unique, but there may be some basic principles that can be applied, regardless of local conditions.

The general principle of sustainable forest management has become universally accepted, for tropical and temperate forests and in developed and developing countries. This chapter looks in turn at the more important factors that have contributed to policy failures, in order to see what lessons can be learned, that point to some general principles that can be applied, to improve the performance of forest policies in the future.