@ARTICLE{36601898_2011,
author = {Андреенкова, Анна Владимировна},
keywords = {Всемирное исследование ценностей, Европейское Социальное Исследование, история сравнительных социальных исследований в России, Международная программы социальных исследований, межстрановые исследования, методология сравнительных социальных исследований, построение выборки},
title = {Межстрановые сравнительные исследования в социальных науках:
методология, этапы развития, современное состояние },
journal = {Мир России},
year = {2011},
month = {1},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {125-154},
url = {http://ecsocman.hse.ru/text/36601898/},
publisher = {},
language = {ru},
abstract = {Сравнительные социальные межстрановые исследования позволяют решать
важнейшиенаучные и практические задачи от проверки социологический
теорий на универсальность, эмпирической основы для создания новых
объяснительных моделей и теорий до измерения эффективности
макросоциальных государственных и международных программ, изучения
общественного мнения в разных странах по актуальным вопросам мировой
политики и глобальных проблем. Подобные исследования имеют и большое
общественное значение, так как позволяют каждому обществу взглянуть
на себя со стороны, понять свою схожесть и отличия с другими странами
и культурами, более глубоко проанализировать и спрогнозировать вектор
и скорость своего развития в разных направлениях общественной
жизни.За семьдесят лет развития сравнительных межстрановых
исследований в социальных науках, методология подобных опросов
выделилась в отдельную научную дисциплину. Тематическое и
методологическое разнообразие сравнительных исследований позволяет
предложить их классификацию, исходя из трех критериев - количества
объектов наблюдения (двусторонние, региональные и всемирные);
количества временных точек измерения (одноразовые исследования,
повторные или трендовые сравнительные исследования и лонгитюдные);
содержание и целей исследования (академические, по вопросам
международной и социальной политики, изучение общественного мнения по
другим вопросам, измерение эффективности социальной политики,
сравнительное изучение потребительского поведения - маркетинговые
исследования). Крупнейшие сравнительные социальные проекты последнего
десятилетия - Европейское социальное исследование (ESS),
Международной программы социальных исследований (ISSP) и Всемирного
исследований ценностей (WVS) стали стимулом и привели к созданию
организационной и информационной инфраструктуры для разработки и
решения методологи че ских проблем в сравнительных межстрановых
опросах - эквивалентности измерения (концептуальной,
лингвистической), построения выборок, анализа сравнительных данных.
Вместе с тем количество нерешенных методологических задач в
межстрановых сравнительных опросах еще очень велико, что создает
большой простор для дальнейшего научного поиска и экспериментов.
Cross-national comparative social surveys help to address key
academic and practical purposes - test the universality of social
theories, the empirical basis for new explanatory models and
theories, measure the effectiveness of macro-social government and
international social programs, and study public opinion on global
politics and global issues. Comparative surveys are also of high
public importance because they allow each society to look at itself
from the outside, understand the similarity and difference of certain
nations compared to other countries and cultures, analyze and
forecast the direction and speed of development of particular society
in different aspects of its social life. We suggest a definition of
cross-national comparative social survey as an empirical project
based on mass survey data (general population or large sub-group of
population) and designed with primary explicit purpose of comparing
two or more social units (countries, nations, cultures) by particular
criteria at some given moment in time. Cross-national comparative
surveys have sprouted in the post-war years of the last century, when
organizational infrastructure and necessary level of methodological
knowledge became available and when public need for such surveys grew
rapidly in order to solve the tasks of constructing new relations
between nations in peace time, recovering and broadening of
international cooperation, formation of international organizations.
First comparative social surveys were initiated by American scholars
(Cantril, Almond, S. Verba, N. Nai, etc.), however, the centre later
shifted to European countries. Since the mid 1960s the Soviet Union
took part in several cross-national comparative surveys, among them
‘International comparative survey of time budgets’,
‘Automatization and industrial workers’ and later, in the
1970s, initiated some comparative projects in Eastern Europe (among
them such surveys as ‘Impact of high education on supporting
and developing social structures of socialists societies’,
‘Convergence of working class and engineering-technical
intelligentsia of socialist countries’, ‘Life course of
youth in socialists societies’). Since the end of the 1980s the
Department of Methodological research (headed by V. Andreenkov) at
the Institute of Sociology (USSR Academy of Sciences) became the
centre of methodological development and gradual introduction of this
new research method in Russia - mass surveys with face-to-face or
personal interviews on randomly selected samples. It has also
initiated and participated in different comparative surveys including
the surveys of public opinion on foreign policy issues, relations
between countries and global issues, but also large cross-national
trend comparative academic surveys (World Value Survey in
particular). Currently Russia is a member of all large-scale trend
comparative social surveys such as European Social Survey (ESS), ISSP
and World Value Survey and many other regional and global comparative
projects. One of the basic features of cross-national comparative
surveys and their main function is the multicontextual content and
design. In addition to three main methodological challenges for mass
surveys - sample design and construction, measurement issues and the
coverage issue - comparative surveys hold one more methodological
challenge - the need for the equivalency of the data, i.e. a
comparability problem. High level of comparability could be obtained
only if surveys are equivalent at least to some degree on few basic
parameters - conceptual, linguistic (translation), sampling, data
collection mode and performance, data processing and documentation.
In the recent two decades comparative surveys tend to grow in number
of included units (countries), employ more complicated survey design
- not only cross-national, but also cross-sectional or even
longitudinal. Another trend is the increase of understanding and the
implementation of equivalency principles on different stages of the
survey - not only on conceptual and instrument design, but also in
sampling, data processing and data presentation, the inclusion of
international and interdisciplinary efforts and expertise on all
stages of the project. Comparative surveys are moving toward the
introduction of more democratic methods in the organization of the
project (from financing to conceptual design), higher standards of
data quality; new approaches to the questionnaire design for
different national and cultural contexts, inclusion of translation in
questionnaire design stage; broader usages and more requirements for
probability random samples; more complicated approach to data collect
mode (from single mode to mix-modes); more attention and the
improvement of the quality of documentation; more attention to
transparency of survey on all stages - from generation of ideas and
theoretical background to all details of data collection and more
democratic data access; establishing cross-national survey
infrastructure. },
annote = {Сравнительные социальные межстрановые исследования позволяют решать
важнейшиенаучные и практические задачи от проверки социологический
теорий на универсальность, эмпирической основы для создания новых
объяснительных моделей и теорий до измерения эффективности
макросоциальных государственных и международных программ, изучения
общественного мнения в разных странах по актуальным вопросам мировой
политики и глобальных проблем. Подобные исследования имеют и большое
общественное значение, так как позволяют каждому обществу взглянуть
на себя со стороны, понять свою схожесть и отличия с другими странами
и культурами, более глубоко проанализировать и спрогнозировать вектор
и скорость своего развития в разных направлениях общественной
жизни.За семьдесят лет развития сравнительных межстрановых
исследований в социальных науках, методология подобных опросов
выделилась в отдельную научную дисциплину. Тематическое и
методологическое разнообразие сравнительных исследований позволяет
предложить их классификацию, исходя из трех критериев - количества
объектов наблюдения (двусторонние, региональные и всемирные);
количества временных точек измерения (одноразовые исследования,
повторные или трендовые сравнительные исследования и лонгитюдные);
содержание и целей исследования (академические, по вопросам
международной и социальной политики, изучение общественного мнения по
другим вопросам, измерение эффективности социальной политики,
сравнительное изучение потребительского поведения - маркетинговые
исследования). Крупнейшие сравнительные социальные проекты последнего
десятилетия - Европейское социальное исследование (ESS),
Международной программы социальных исследований (ISSP) и Всемирного
исследований ценностей (WVS) стали стимулом и привели к созданию
организационной и информационной инфраструктуры для разработки и
решения методологи че ских проблем в сравнительных межстрановых
опросах - эквивалентности измерения (концептуальной,
лингвистической), построения выборок, анализа сравнительных данных.
Вместе с тем количество нерешенных методологических задач в
межстрановых сравнительных опросах еще очень велико, что создает
большой простор для дальнейшего научного поиска и экспериментов.
Cross-national comparative social surveys help to address key
academic and practical purposes - test the universality of social
theories, the empirical basis for new explanatory models and
theories, measure the effectiveness of macro-social government and
international social programs, and study public opinion on global
politics and global issues. Comparative surveys are also of high
public importance because they allow each society to look at itself
from the outside, understand the similarity and difference of certain
nations compared to other countries and cultures, analyze and
forecast the direction and speed of development of particular society
in different aspects of its social life. We suggest a definition of
cross-national comparative social survey as an empirical project
based on mass survey data (general population or large sub-group of
population) and designed with primary explicit purpose of comparing
two or more social units (countries, nations, cultures) by particular
criteria at some given moment in time. Cross-national comparative
surveys have sprouted in the post-war years of the last century, when
organizational infrastructure and necessary level of methodological
knowledge became available and when public need for such surveys grew
rapidly in order to solve the tasks of constructing new relations
between nations in peace time, recovering and broadening of
international cooperation, formation of international organizations.
First comparative social surveys were initiated by American scholars
(Cantril, Almond, S. Verba, N. Nai, etc.), however, the centre later
shifted to European countries. Since the mid 1960s the Soviet Union
took part in several cross-national comparative surveys, among them
‘International comparative survey of time budgets’,
‘Automatization and industrial workers’ and later, in the
1970s, initiated some comparative projects in Eastern Europe (among
them such surveys as ‘Impact of high education on supporting
and developing social structures of socialists societies’,
‘Convergence of working class and engineering-technical
intelligentsia of socialist countries’, ‘Life course of
youth in socialists societies’). Since the end of the 1980s the
Department of Methodological research (headed by V. Andreenkov) at
the Institute of Sociology (USSR Academy of Sciences) became the
centre of methodological development and gradual introduction of this
new research method in Russia - mass surveys with face-to-face or
personal interviews on randomly selected samples. It has also
initiated and participated in different comparative surveys including
the surveys of public opinion on foreign policy issues, relations
between countries and global issues, but also large cross-national
trend comparative academic surveys (World Value Survey in
particular). Currently Russia is a member of all large-scale trend
comparative social surveys such as European Social Survey (ESS), ISSP
and World Value Survey and many other regional and global comparative
projects. One of the basic features of cross-national comparative
surveys and their main function is the multicontextual content and
design. In addition to three main methodological challenges for mass
surveys - sample design and construction, measurement issues and the
coverage issue - comparative surveys hold one more methodological
challenge - the need for the equivalency of the data, i.e. a
comparability problem. High level of comparability could be obtained
only if surveys are equivalent at least to some degree on few basic
parameters - conceptual, linguistic (translation), sampling, data
collection mode and performance, data processing and documentation.
In the recent two decades comparative surveys tend to grow in number
of included units (countries), employ more complicated survey design
- not only cross-national, but also cross-sectional or even
longitudinal. Another trend is the increase of understanding and the
implementation of equivalency principles on different stages of the
survey - not only on conceptual and instrument design, but also in
sampling, data processing and data presentation, the inclusion of
international and interdisciplinary efforts and expertise on all
stages of the project. Comparative surveys are moving toward the
introduction of more democratic methods in the organization of the
project (from financing to conceptual design), higher standards of
data quality; new approaches to the questionnaire design for
different national and cultural contexts, inclusion of translation in
questionnaire design stage; broader usages and more requirements for
probability random samples; more complicated approach to data collect
mode (from single mode to mix-modes); more attention and the
improvement of the quality of documentation; more attention to
transparency of survey on all stages - from generation of ideas and
theoretical background to all details of data collection and more
democratic data access; establishing cross-national survey
infrastructure. }
}