Articles Posted inConsumer Protection

New Jersey has been trying to legalize sports betting for years. One of the primary hurdles for that legalization has been the federal Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA). That law, enacted by Congress in 1992, make it unlawful for a government entity to authorize, operate, etc., gambling on competitive games in which athletes participate. PASPA – also known as the Bradley Act – excluded Oregon, Delaware, Montana, and Nevada from its sports betting prohibitions. New Jersey (and any other state which had licensed casino gambling) had a 1-year window to pass laws permitting sports betting. However, New Jersey did not pass such a law within that window of time.

Later, in 2011, New Jersey voters approved an amendment to the state constitution to permit the legislature to create laws to permit sports gambling. (Sports gambling would still not be permitted for college sporting events taking place in the State of New Jersey or involving a New Jersey team.)

In 2012 the first Sports Wagering Act was introduced to permit betting on sports at racetracks and casinos. That Act was challenged by virtually all major sports associations (NFL, MLB, NHL, etc.) and ultimately struck down by the District Court as violating PASPA.

Virtually every business in New Jersey is regulated in some way, shape, or form. Accounting firms are regulated by the Department of Law & Public Safety and regulations require accounting firms to have certified public accountants. Home improvement contractors are often required to be registered with the Department of Labor and Department of Treasury. Health clubs are required to register and issue a security bond with the Department of Law and Public Safety. Restaurants are regulated by local health departments. However, businesses which involve the transportation, storage, or disposal of solid waste are some of the most regulated and highly scrutinized businesses in the State of New Jersey.

However, first, for tax and liability purposes, a business will generally form a company or business entity (such as a corporation or limited liability company). In doing this, the company will likely file for a Certificate of Formation and a request a FEIN (or Federal Employer Identification Number).

McLaughlin & Nardi’s New Jersey construction attorneys recently completed a construction arbitration in the American Arbitration Association. After hearing the evidence, the arbitrator awarded our clients $289,918. Maurice McLaughlin was the lead trial attorney. He was assisted throughout by Pauline Young and Robert Chewning, who second chaired the hearings.

Background

The case involved Essex County homeowners who had contracted for extensive renovations to their kitchen. The total cost of the kitchen renovations was $152,725. The homeowners paid $126,362.50. However, the contractor never completed the job.

Purchasing a new car is a major financial investment. Consumers incur high costs to purchase a vehicle and even higher costs to repair defects. Understanding the economic impact, New Jersey’s Legislature passed the New Jersey Lemon Law Act. The law is one of the strongest, most comprehensive, and effective in the country. It protects consumers who purchase or lease vehicles that are defective.

The New Jersey Lemon Law covers all new vehicles that develop a defect during the first two years of ownership or 24,000 miles, whichever comes first. The law covers new passenger cars, trucks, motorcycles, and certain authorized emergency vehicles purchased, leased, or registered in the State of New Jersey. Commercial vehicles are not covered.

The law requires manufacturers to repair reported defects within a reasonable time. The law also provides for remedies to consumers whose vehicles are not repaired and the defect impairs the use, value, or safety of the new vehicle. The law, however, does not vehicle defects which are the results of an accident, abuse, vandalism, or wear and tear. Also, the law does not cover defects caused by repair or modification to a vehicle by a person other than the manufacturer or car dealer.

Defects should be immediately reported to the dealer. Consumers should keep copies of all receipts for repairs and record mileage as well as the repair work completed. Dealers are permitted a reasonable amount of time to make repairs to correct a defect.Continue reading

The Magnusson-Moss Warranty Act was enacted in 1975 to govern written warranties on consumer products. Oral warranties are not covered by the Act. Commercial warranties are not covered by this Act. Warranties on services are not covered by the Act. Instead, the Act was enacted to require the manufactures and sellers of consumer products to give consumers detailed information regarding warranty coverage, and to require sellers to live up to their warranties.

The Act does not require that a warranty be provided. However, if a warranty is provided it must be clearly written and easy to understand. The warranty must be designated as either “full” or “limited” and readily available for inspection.

Further, if a warranty is provided, the Act serves many useful purposes. First, it allows consumers to get complete information about warranty terms and conditions. The Act also enables consumers to compare warranty coverage before buying a consumer good. Additionally, the Act ensures warranty competition by allowing consumers to be able to pick a product, based on a combination of the price, features, and warranty. Finally, the Acts provides incentives for companies to perform on their warranty obligations in a timely and through manner and to resolve disputes without delay and expense to the consumer.

The Act protects consumers in many ways. First, the Act prohibits the disclaimer of implied warranties when a written warranty is offered. This means that consumers will always receive an implied warranty of merchantability regardless of how broad or narrow the written warranty is. An implied warranty can only be limited to the duration of the written warranty. For example, if a written warranty is limited to one year, then the implied warranty can be also limited to a year.Continue reading

Antitrust laws in the United States – commonly known as competition laws outside of the U.S. – have evolved over the years with an ongoing effort to maintain and support fair competition. The major statute which concerns antitrust law is the Sherman Antitrust Act, originally enacted in 1890. One of the primary goals of the Sherman Act is to investigate, restrict, and reduce monopolies.

A monopoly exists when one person, group, or company is the exclusive supplier of a particular type of product. This means that one entity controls the supply of a good or service, giving that entity an enormous amount of power in negotiating the provision of that good or service. Ultimately that leads to unnecessarily high prices.

For example, American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) was a monopoly during much of the twentieth century in the United States in which the company held a monopoly on phone service. Indeed for seventy years, AT&T maintained the slogan: “One Policy, One System, Universal Service.” The company continued to grow in strength as it began buying smaller telephone companies such as Western Union Telegraph. While the government allowed the monopoly for many years, it finally broke up the company in 1984, with the division of AT&T into seven companies, of which only three remain today: AT&T, Verizon and Qwest.Continue reading

New Jersey’s Consumer Fraud Act (the “CFA”) is one of the broadest, strongest, and most far-reaching consumer protection laws in the country. The CFA states that it is unlawful for any person to use any unconscionable commercial practice in the sale of any goods, services, or even real estate in some cases.

The New Jersey Legislature enacted the CFA in 1960. Amendments in 1971 expanded the Act’s reach and purpose and included provisions to allow for individuals to bring private lawsuits rather than only allowing public actions by the Attorney General. However, the State still plays a significant part in enforcing the Act, led by the New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs, Office of Consumer Protection.

In the attempt to encourage private actions and reduce the burden to the State in enforcing the CFA, the Act included the ability for claimants to recover treble (triple) damages, reasonable attorneys fees, and litigation expenses. This was done so that even those with little means to bring an action could recover their losses no matter how small, and, in the process, the punitive nature of the damages would further discourage those who would otherwise be tempted to use deceitful or fraudulent practices against others.

Since the CFA is a remedial piece of legislation courts tend to interpret the Act’s language very broadly with the aim of providing the most consumer protection. However, the CFA does have some limits and generally will not apply to claims such as denial of benefits by insurance companies, claims regarding employee benefit plans covered by the Employee Retirement Income Act (“ERISA”), claims regarding hospital services, employment claims, or claims against the government, public utilities, or licensed professionals. “Licensed professionals” typically include accountants, insurance agents, architects, doctors or other professionals where the claimant could have alternative options for recourse such as through malpractice claims.Continue reading

In 1978 Congress passed the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) in an effort to eliminate the abusive tactics used by unscrupulous consumer debt collectors. The Act also provides consumer debtors with a procedure for which they may dispute and obtain verification of the debt. New Jersey business owners need to be aware of its requirements.

The FDCPA applies only to consumer debt, which means that the debt was incurred primarily for personal, household, or family purposes, rather than commercial purposes. Therefore, collections against a corporation are not governed by the provisions of the FDCPA. Further, the FDCPA only restricts the conduct of “debt collectors” which includes only third-party collectors who regularly collect the debts of another, and does not include original creditors. Sheriffs are also not considered debt collectors. This means a New Jersey business owner trying to collect its own debt need not comply.

One question that is often raised is what constitutes “regularly” collecting the debts of another. There is no black and white answer and the courts have refused to set forth a hard and fast rule on the matter. For instance, in one case, the court found that a firm was a debt collector when four percent of its business was dedicated to debt collection, while in another case the court found that the firm was not a debt collector when six percent of its business was comprised of debt collection, partly because that six percent was met by a single case. It is ultimately determined on a case-by-case inquiry.Continue reading

Under New Jersey law, anyone authorized to write a check can issue a stop payment order. A stop payment order tells the bank that it should not honor a check already written and given to someone, but not yet cashed.

In New Jersey, a stop payment order is effective for six months. However, if the stop payment order was verbally conveyed to the bank, it will lapse after fourteen days unless the customer confirms the order in writing within the fourteen day period. Then the customer may extend it for another six months by submitting a written request within the first six months.

However, New Jersey law does not require check cashing companies to investigate every check for possible stop payment orders. For instance, the Superior Court of New Jersey ruled that any claim that a check cashing company failed to conduct due diligence is unlikely to succeed because it is commercially unreasonable for companies to inquire about possible stop payment orders on every single check. It is enough for the company to see that the amount is small, the person has cashed similar checks from the same source, the person shows identification, and there are sufficient funds in the account.

If there is something suspicious about the check, the law may require the check cashing company to call the bank or check-writer to ensure it is legitimate. However, without some clear sign of fraud or other suspicious circumstances (for instance if a person attempted to cash a check for a large sum of money or the names or amounts had been erased or altered) the company has no obligation to confirm the check’s validity and may proceed to cash the check.

If there is not clear fraud, a check may be cashed even after a stop payment order is properly issued. After the check cashing company cashed the check, however, the bank would refuse to pay it because of the stop payment order. However, this does not leave the check cashing company without recourse. The company may actually sue the writer of the check for payment – regardless of the stop payment order.Continue reading