Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionAsian Pacific Journal of Cancer Preventionhttp://journal.waocp.org/
Tue, 20 Mar 2018 07:49:24 +0100FeedCreatorAsian Pacific Journal of Cancer Preventionhttp://journal.waocp.org/
Feed provided by Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. Click to visit.Errors in Mammography Cannot be Solved Through Technology Alonehttp://journal.waocp.org/article_55154_6966.html
&nbsp; Mammography has been the frontline screening tool for breast cancer for decades. However, high error rates in the form of false negatives (FNs) and false positives (FPs) have persisted despite technological improvements. Radiologists still miss between 10% and 30% of cancers while 80% of woman recalled for additional views have normal outcomes, with 40% of biopsied lesions being benign. Research show that the majority of cancers missed is actually visible and looked at, but either go unnoticed or are deemed to be benign. Causal agents for these errors include human related characteristics resulting in contributory search, perception and decision-making behaviours. Technical, patient and lesion factors are also important relating to positioning, compression, patient size, breast density and presence of breast implants as well as the nature and subtype of the cancer itself, where features such as architectural distortion and triple-negative cancers remain challenging to detect on screening. A better understanding of these causal agents as well as the adoption of technological and educational interventions, which audits reader performance and provide immediate perceptual feedback, should help. This paper reviews the current status of our knowledge around error rates in mammography and explores the factors impacting it. It also presents potential solutions for maximizing diagnostic efficacy thus benefiting the millions of women who undergo this procedure each year. Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Hybrid SPECT/CT Imaging in the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinomahttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57470_6966.html
Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has a good prognosis overall; however, lifelong follow-up is required formany cases. Radioiodine planar imaging with iodine-123 (123I) or radioiodine-131 (131I) remains the standard inthe follow-up after initial surgery and ablation of residual thyroid tissue using 131I therapy. Radioiodine imaging isalso used in risk-stratifying and for staging of thyroid cancer, and in long-term follow-up. Unfortunately, the lackof anatomical detail on planar gamma camera imaging and superimposition of areas presenting with increased radioiodineuptake can make accurate diagnosis and localization of radioiodine-avid metastatic disease challenging, leading to falsepositive results and potentially to over-treatment of patients. Hybrid SPECT/CT allows precise anatomical localizationand superior characterization of foci of increased tracer uptake when compared to planar imaging. This, in turn, allowsthe differentiation pathological and physiological uptake, increasing the accuracy of image interpretation and ultimatelyimproving the accuracy of DTC staging and subsequent patient management. In this review, we look at the unique andemerging role that SPECT/CT plays in the management of DTC, illustrated by examples from our own clinical practice.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100The Complementary Role of Imaging and Tumor Biomarkers in Gynecological Cancers: An Update of ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_56040_6966.html
Gynecological tumors, including endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancer, have increased in incidence overtime. The widespread introduction of screening programs and advances in diagnostic imaging methods has lead to aprogressive increase in gynecological cancer detection. Accurate diagnosis and proper monitoring of disease remainthe primary target for a successful treatment. In the last years, knowledge about cancer biomarkers has considerablyincreased providing great opportunities for improving cancer detection and treatment. In addition, in the last few yearsthere has been an important development of imaging techniques. Nowadays, a multimodal approach including theevaluation of serum tumor biomarkers combined with imaging techniques, seems to be the best strategy for assessingtumor presence, spread, recurrence, and/or the response to treatment in female cancer patients In this review we providean overview of the application of biomarkers combined with novel imaging methods and highlight their roles in femalecancer diagnosis and follow-up.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Cervical Cancer Prevalence, Incidence and Mortality in Low and Middle Income Countries: A ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_56041_6966.html
Introduction: Cervical cancer rates vary across the world, being highest in Eastern Africa (including Zimbabwe) andlowest in Western Asia. It is the second most common type of cancer in women in the South East Asia region and amajor cause of cancer deaths among women of low and middle income countries (LMICs) like Nepal. This reviewis an attempt to make a comprehensive report of prevalence, incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in LMICs.Methods: The review was conducted applying a computerized search with the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) majortopics &ldquo;Cervical Cancer&rdquo;, &ldquo;Cervical neoplasm&rdquo; &ldquo;Epidemiology&rdquo;, (&ldquo;prevalence&rdquo; OR &ldquo;incidence&rdquo; OR &ldquo;mortality&rdquo;) and&ldquo;HPV&rdquo; OR &ldquo;Human papillomavirus&rdquo; as MeSH subheading. The search limits were: language (&ldquo;English&rdquo;), LMICs,dates (articles published from &ldquo;1st January 2000 to 31st December 2015&rdquo;), and species (&ldquo;Humans&rdquo;). The search wassupplemented by cross-referencing. Publications that met the inclusion criteria were included in the synthesis. Results:Among the 20 studies reviewed; seven were from Africa, seven from Asia, three from South America, and one eachfrom North America, Europe and Oceania. The review found the highest reported age standardized incidence rate as17.9/100,000/year in Zimbabwe in 2000 and the lowest as 0.11/100,000/year in China in 2006. One study of Nigeriarevealed a cervical cancer prevalence of 5.0 per 1,000 in 2012 in the 25-64 year age group. Further, the highest reportedage standardized mortality rate was 16/100,000/year in India in 2015 and the lowest 1.8/100,000/year in Colombia in2013. In addition, coitarche, tobacco smoking, number of sexual partners and family history of cervical cancer werereported as significant risk factors. Conclusion: The study provides a review of reported prevalence, incidence andmortality of cervical cancer in LMICs from 1st January 2000 to 31st December 2015. The scarcity of informationreveals a substantial need for further studies on cervical cancer prevalence, incidence and mortality with associatedrisk factors in LMICs.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Prognostic Value of RUNX1 Mutations in AML: A Meta-Analysishttp://journal.waocp.org/article_55157_6966.html
&nbsp; The RUNX1 (AML1) gene is a relatively infrequent mutational target in cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Previous work indicated that RUNX1 mutations can have pathological and prognostic implications. To evaluate prognostic value, we conducted a meta-analysis of 4 previous published works with data for survival according to RUNX1 mutation status. Pooled hazard ratios for overall survival and disease-free survival were 1.55 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11&ndash;2.15; p-value = 0.01) and 1.76 (95% CI = 1.24&ndash;2.52; p-value = 0.002), respectively, for cases positive for RUNX1 mutations. This evidence supports clinical implications of RUNX1 mutations in the development and progression of AML cases and points to the possibility of a distinct category within the newer WHO classification. Though it must be kept in mind that the present work was based on data extracted from observational studies, the findings suggest that the RUNX1 status can contribute to risk-stratification and decision-making in management of AML. Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Cd20 Expression and Effects on Outcome of Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57477_6966.html
Introduction: Down regulation of CD20 expression has been reported in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)).Therefore, it is important to determine whether chemotherapy with rituximab induces CD20 down regulation and effectssurvival. Objectives: To determine the incidence of down regulation of CD20 expression in relapsed DLBCL aftertreatment with rituximab and to compare outcomes and assess pattern of relapse between CD20 negative and CD20positive cases. Methodology: We retrospectively reviewed patients with relapsed DLBCL who received rituximab inthe first line setting at Aga Khan University Hospital between January 2007 and December 2014. Data were recordedon predesigned questionnaires, with variables including demographics, details regarding date of diagnosis and relapse,histology, staging, international prognostic index, treatment and outcomes at initial diagnosis and at relapse. The Chisquare test was applied to determine statistical significance between categorical variables. Survival curves were generatedby the Kaplan&ndash;Meier method. Results: A total of 54 patients with relapsed DLBCL were included in our study, 38 (70%) males and 16(30%) females. Some 23 (43%) patients were at stage IV at the time of diagnosis and 34 (63%) had Bsymptoms. The most frequent R-IPI at diagnosis was II in 24 (44%) patients. Only 6 (11%) did not show CD20 expressionon re-biopsy for relapsed/refractory disease, 2 with CD20 negative DLBCL responding to second line chemotherapy.A complete response after salvage chemotherapy was noted in 16 (29.6%) cases with relapsed/refractory DLBCL.Seven (13%) patients underwent an autologous bone marrow transplant as consolidation after second line treatment.Median overall survival was 18 months in CD20 positive vs. 13 months in CD20 negative patients. Conclusion: Thisstudy demonstrated that a small percentage of patients treated with rituximab lose their CD20 expression at the timeof relapse. However, it is unclear whether this is associated with an inferior outcome.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Molecular Study of Parvovirus B19 Infection in Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemiahttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57450_6966.html
Background: Parvovirus B19 is a common viral infection in children. Nearby evidences are present about itsassociation with acute leukemia, especially acute lymphoblast leukemia. Nevertheless, scanty reports have discussedany role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Purpose: To evaluate the frequency of virological markers of B19 infectionincluding its DNA along with specific immunoglobulins G (IgG) and M (IgM) among children with newly diagnosedAML. Besides, describing the clinical importance of Parvovirus B19 infection in those patients. Patients and methods:A case-control retrospective study was conducted on 48 children recently diagnosed with AML before and duringchemotherapy induction and 60 healthy control. Specific serum IgM and IgG levels were determined by enzyme linkedimmunosorbant assay (ELISA) and DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Parvovirus DNA wasdetected in 20 patients with AML. IgM was found in sera of four patients and one case had positive DNA and IgG (5%).Patients with recent parvovirus B19 infection had a significantly reduced hemoglobin levels, RBCs counts, plateletcounts, neutrophil counts and absolute lymphocytosis (p=0.01, p=0.0001, p=0.01, p=0.02, p=0.0003, respectively).There were no clinical findings with statistically significant association to recent infection. Half of the patients withAML had positive PCR and/or IgM for parvovirus B19. Among children with AML under chemotherapy, there werereduced hemoglobin levels (P=0.03), reduced platelet counts (P=0.0001) and absolute neutropenia (mean&plusmn;SD, 1.200&plusmn;1.00) in those with parvovirus B19 infection. More than half of patients with parvovirus B19 (72.2%) had positive PCRand/or IgM and 36.4% of them had positive IgG. Conclusion: This study highlights that parvovirus B19 is commonin children with AML either at diagnosis or under chemotherapy. There are no clinical manifestations that can be usedas markers for its presence, but hematological laboratory findings can provide evidence for infection in the presenceof anemia and neutropenia. Detection of parvovirus B19 by combined molecular and serological markers is requiredin such patients for accurate diagnosis.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Detection of Cytochrome P450 Polymorphisms in Breast Cancer Patients May Impact on Tamoxifen Therapyhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_56039_6966.html
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Tamoxifen (TAM), a selectiveestrogen receptor modulator, is widely used in its treatment. TAM is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes,including CYP2D6, CYP3A5 and CYP2C19, whose genetic variations may have clinicopathological importance.However, reports on the association of various P450 polymorphisms with certain cancers are contradictory. Methods:We here investigated whether the prevalence of the four most common polymorphism in the CYP2D6*4 (G1934A),CYP2D6*10 (C188T), CYP3A5*3 and CYP2C19*2 alleles has any link with breast cancer using genomic DNA andpolymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Results: Prevalences ofCYP2D6*4, CYP2D6*10 and CYP2C19*2 genotypes were differed significantly (P = 0.01 and P = 0.004) betweenbreast cancer patients and controls. The CYP3A5*3 genotype did not demonstrate statistically significant variation.Conclusion: Polymorphisms in CYP2 appear to be associated with breast cancer risk. Our data taken together withother reports indicates that drug resistance gene polymorphisms might be indicators of response to tamoxifen therapyin breast cancer cases.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Mean Platelet Volume and Platelet Distribution Width Are Associated with Gallbladder Cancerhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57463_6966.html
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) represents the most common biliary tract malignancy. Activated platelets play an essentialrole in cancer development and progression. Mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) arecommonly used indexes of activated platelets in clinical practice. The aim of the current study was to investigate theassociation of MPV and PDW with GBC. 104 GBC patients and 109 normal control subjects were entered in thisstudy between January 2015 and December 2015. We collected all participants&rsquo; clinical and laboratory characteristicsat initial diagnosis. The odds ratios (ORs) for GBC were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis afteradjusting for confounding variables across MPV and PDW quartiles. MPV levels were markedly lower and PDW levelswere remarkably higher in GBC patients than control subjects. A significant correlation between PDW and lymph nodemetastasis was detected. In addition, after adjusting for other risk factors, the ORs (95% CIs) for GBC in each MPVquartile were 5.117 (1.939-13.506), 2.444 (0.917-6.516), 3.718 (1.381-10.007), and 1.000, respectively. The ORs (95%CIs) for GBC in each PDW quartile were 1.000, 2.063 (0.825-5.162), 3.070 (1.108-8.507), and 12.108 (4.243-34.553),respectively. In conclusion, decreased MPV and elevated PDW were independently associated with GBC. Our findingssuggest that MPV and PDW are available parameters for early detection of GBC.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Characteristics of Women Diagnosed with Invasive Cervical Cancer in Ghanahttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57469_6966.html
Objective: To describe the characteristics of women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer from 2010 to 2013in two large hospitals in Ghana. Method: Medical records and other hospital data on women diagnosed with invasivecervical cancer were collected from the Komfo Anokye and Korle-Bu Teaching Hospitals. Data were recorded ontoa standardized data collection sheet and analyzed using summary statistics. Results: For of the 1,725 women withinvasive cervical cancer who were included in the study, parity was high (5 and more births). The most commondiagnostic investigation undertaken was a cervical biopsy, performed for 95.5% of cases. Few women had an imagingtest performed as part of the diagnostic process (3.3%). Some had comorbid conditions at diagnosis (29.3%). Only 61%of women attended at least one follow-up appointment after diagnosis of their cancer. Conclusion: Our study suggeststhat more work is needed to improve patient education and access to diagnostic and treatment facilities to reduce theincidence and mortality of cervical cancer in Ghana. Additionally, improvement in data quality is needed to providemore complete data for cancer control in Ghana.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Symptom Severity, Anxiety, Depression, Self- Efficacy and Quality of Life in Patients with Cancerhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_55153_6966.html
&nbsp; Background: Despite advances in cancer disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment patients with cancer suffer from a variety of sometimes severe physical and psychological symptoms regardless of the stage of the disease. The aim is to determine the relationship of antecedent factors and mediating variables to the quality of life (QOL) of patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: The study included 341 patients with cancer and symptoms. Data collection used the Cancer Symptom Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Centers for Epidemiologic Study-Depression, Cancer Behavior Inventory, Multidimensional Quality of Life Index, and a Demographic Form. Results: A multiple regression equation containing all the variables explained 68% of the variance in QOL. Overall four variables accounted for the majority of the total variance: anxiety, depression, self-efficacy, and symptom severity. Three of these variables were mediating variables. Of the antecedent factors symptom severity had a significant indirect effect on QOL through the mediating variables. Symptom severity also had direct effect on QOL. Conclusion: Data indicate that anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy play major roles in determining the perception of QOL of cancer patients. These mediating variables either buffered or enhanced the impact of the antecedent factors of symptom severity on QOL. Nursing interventions should focus on enhancing self-efficacy. Nurses can use health promoting programs to assist patients who are physically impaired. Further research should be aimed at identifying other influential variables, with the ultimate goal of developing interventions to aid patients in their efforts to maintain their QOL while living with cancer. Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100CHEK2 Germ Line Mutations are Lacking among Familial and Sporadic Breast Cancer Patients in Rwandahttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57160_6966.html
Worldwide, breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasm and the second leading cause of cancer death amongfemales. It dominates in both developed and developing countries and represents a major public health problem. Theetiology is multifactorial and involves exogenous agents as well as endogenous factors. Although they account for onlya small fraction of the breast cancer burden, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are known to confer a highrisk predisposition. Mutations in moderate/low-penetrance genes may also contribute to breast cancer risk. Previousstudies have shown that mutations in the CHEK2 gene are involved in breast cancer susceptibility due to its impacton DNA repair processes and replication checkpoints. This study was conducted to evaluate the frequencies of threegermline mutations in CHEK2 gene (c.1100delC, R145W and I157T) in breast cancers in Rwanda. Using direct DNAsequencing, we analyzed 41 breast cancer patients and 42 normal breast controls but could not detect any positives.CHEK2 mutations may be a rare event in Rwandan population and may only play a minor if an role in breast cancerpredisposition among familial and sporadic cases.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Genetic Polymorphism of the Glutathione S-transferase Pi 1 (GSTP1) and Susceptibility to ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57460_6966.html
Objective: We aimed to investigate any association between a genetic polymorphism of the detoxification GSTP1gene and risk of cervical cancer in northeastern Thailand. Materials and Methods: Genotyping of GSTP1 was performedfor 198 squamous cell cervical cancer (SCCA) patients and 198 age-matched healthy controls with the PCR-RFLPmethod. Results: The respective frequencies of the G allele were 0.33 and 0.26 in the controls and cases, the differencebeing significant (OR = 0.69 [95% CI: 0.50-0.95, p=0.0192]). Among women infected with high-risk types of HPV, beinga heterozygous carrier was associated with a reduced risk of cervical cancer (adjusted OR = 0.32 [95% CI: 0.12-0.91,p=0.031]). Similarly, a decreased risk was observed in heterozygous women with a non-smoking partner (adjusted OR= 0.27 [95% CI: 0.09-0.83, p=0.023]). Conclusions: GSTP1 polymorphism could influence susceptibility to cervicalcancer among northeast Thai women; either as a independent factor or in combination with high-risk HPV infection.Dual-testing of HPV and the GSTP1 might prove an effective screening tool for cervical cancer.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Ellagic Acid Holds Promise Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma in an Experimental Model: ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57578_6966.html
This research work was initiated to explore the efficacy of ellagic acid in mitigation of hepatocarcinogenesis inrats. Rats were distributed into 4 groups; negative control, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), doxorubicin and ellagicacid. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), glypican-3 (GPC-3), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)and suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) levels were assayed by ELISA. Immunohistochemical examinationof hepatic VEGF expression was also conducted, along with histological procedures for examination of liver tissuesections. Significant elevation in serum AFP, GPC-3 and STAT3 levels with a significant drop in SOCS3 were observedin the HCC group. In contrast, the treated groups showed significant decline in serum AFP, GPC-3 and STAT3 levelsand significant increase in SOCS3. Additionally, the HCC group declared mild positive immunoreaction for VEGF inhepatocytes while treatment with doxorubicin or ellagic acid was associated with a negative immunoreaction for VEGF.These results were supported by histological examination of liver tissue. The obtained findings suggested that ellagicacid may have beneficial chemopreventive role against hepatocarcinogenesis through its apoptotic, antiangiogenic andantiproliferative activities.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Perceived Risk of Developing Cancer in a Suburban Community in Malaysiahttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57165_6966.html
Objective: To determine the perceived risk of developing cancer in a suburban community in Malaysia. Methods:A cross sectional study using a simple random sampling was conducted among residents aged 18 years old and above(n=520) who had never been diagnosed with cancer, in selected households in a suburban area of Pahang state inMalaysia. The study instruments were a validated questionnaire on risk perception, an automatic blood pressure monitor,a weighing scale and a measuring tape. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 andthe p value was taken at p they were at risk cancer, whilst the perceived severity was 41.3 percent. Multivariable analysis showed a significantassociation only for a family history of cancer (adjusted OR of 4.80; 95% CI = 1.45-15.82) (p=0.010) among thispopulation. Conclusion: The perceived risk of developing cancer in the selected suburban community of Pahang state inMalaysia is low as compared to that for other non-communicable diseases in this country, whilst the perceived severitywas higher than for other diseases. Thus, considering the importance of correct perceptions for behavioral changes,more health education and promotion is needed to make the community better aware of the actual threat of cancer.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Clinical Significance of Gli-1 And Caveolin-1 Expression in the Human Small Cell Lung Cancerhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57584_6966.html
Background: Lung cancer is the leading causes of cancer-related deaths around the world. Abnormal activation of thehedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been found to be involved in the occurrence, invasion, and metastasis of cancers.Autophagy also plays a significant role in the growth and metastasis of cancers. However, the correlation between theHh signaling pathway and autophagy in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is still poorly understood. This study aimed toinvestigate the significance of Hh signaling pathway and autophagy in SCLC. Materials and Methods: The expressionof the Hh-induced transcriptional factor, glioma associated oncogene-1 (Gli-1) and the autophagy-related moleculecaveolin-1 (Cav-1) and their clinical significance was performed to detect and assay by immunohistochemistry in tissuemicroarray including 70 patients with SCLC. Results: In our study, 47 (67.1%) patients had positive Gli-1 expression,49 (70.0%) patients had positive Cav-1 expression, and 44 (62.9%) patients had negative fibroblastic Cav-1 expression.In SCLC, Gli-1 expression increased markedly, and was closely associated with decreased fibroblastic Cav-1 expression.Furthermore, we also found that Gli-1 expression was closely associated with increased Cav-1 expression. Conclusions:Our findings suggested that abnormal activation of the Hh signaling pathway is closely related to autophagy in SCLC.We envision that novel targets may come with the further investigation of Gli-1 and Cav-1 in carcinogenesis of SCLC.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Expression of Laminin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomashttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57579_6966.html
Background and objectives: Laminin is a significant basement membrane (BM) glycoprotein, the expression ofwhich reflects BM integrity more precisely than do other ECM proteins. The present study aimed to evaluate lamininexpression in oral squamous cell carcinomas OSCC and to determine any associations with clinico-pathologicalparameters (surgical margin status, lymph node involvement, survival and recurrence). Methods: Laminin expression wasevaluated in 31 cases of biopsy-proven OSCC by immunohistochemical staining and its association with prognosticatorsand the Brynes grading system was determined by appropriate statistical analysis. Results: We observed a significantincrease in linear staining pattern (p&lt;0.001) at the tumour-host interface in well-differentiated OSCC cases, in contrastto poorly differentiated lesions which exhibited intense cytoplasmic expression within tumour cells. Higher cytoplasmiclaminin expression was seen in 33.3% of cases with involved surgical margins and 69.2% of cases with lymph nodemetastasis (along with weak/absent staining of laminin around the tumour-host interface &ndash; Basement membrane aroundtumour islands). Similarly, in 60% of the cases who died and in 81.8% of cases with tumour recurrence, moderatelyintense cytoplasmic laminin expression was seen within tumour cells. On comparing variables of the Brynes gradingsystem, significant cytoplasmic expression of laminin was linked with mild inflammation (p&lt;0.0016) and increasedmitotic activity (p&lt;0.008). Conclusion: Based on these observations, immunohistochemical expression of lamininmight be useful to evaluate histological differentiation and aggressiveness of OSCCs.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Prostate Cancer in Shiraz Province of Iranhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_55155_6966.html
&nbsp; Background: Dietary components like food items and nutrients have been implicated to play a role in modulating inflammation and the development of prostate cancer. Studies examining this association have not been extensively explored in Middle Eastern Countries. Material and Methods: We examined the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DIITM) and prostate cancer in the Shiraz province of Iran. A total of 60 incident cases and 60 controls attending the same hospital as the cases were recruited. The energy adjusted DII (E-DIITM) was computed based on dietary intake assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios. Results: Men with higher E-DII (&gt;0.96) were at higher risk of prostate cancer (OR = 2.55; 95% CI =1.04&ndash;6.23) compared to men with E-DII &le;0.96. Conclusion: These data suggest a pro-inflammatory diet, as indicated by increasing DII score, may be a risk factor for prostate cancer in Iranian men. Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Impact of Day 14 Bone Marrow Biopsy on Re-Induction Decisions and Prediction of a Complete ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_55300_6966.html
&nbsp; Background: With acute myeloid leukemia (AML), there are limited data about the accuracy of day 14 bone marrow (BM) biopsies for predicting complete remission as compared to day 28 BM biopsy results. We here aimed to estimate the correlation between, and the diagnostic accuracy of, both approaches. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 84 patients with AML treated with standard induction chemotherapy to evaluate the remission rate and treatment decisions based on day 14 BM biopsy from 2000-2012. Results: Sixty five patients (77%) demonstrated remission (CR) with less than 5% blasts on their day 14 BM. Thirteen patients (16%) had residual disease (RD), and 6 (7%) were classified as indeterminate response (IR) i.e., blasts 5-20%. Two patients with RD on day 14 underwent re-induction. Out of the 17 remaining cases with RD+IR, 14 (all 6 with IR and 8 out of 11 with residual disease with no re-induction) demonstrated a morphologic complete remission (CR) on day 28 BM. The percentages for complete remissions on days 28 and 14 were significantly different [94% versus 79.3%, respectively; p=0.004, (OR= 0.143, 95% CI: 0.032-0.63)]. Day 14 BM had 82% sensitivity in predicting CR on Day 28; however, it had insufficient specificity (60%) in predicting failure of CR. Conclusions: Induction treatment response assessment based on day 14 BM does not accurately predict the response rate on day 28 and the use of day 14 BM as a sole marker of response to therapy might expose patients to unnecessary interventions. Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Beliefs Underlying Messages of Anti-Cancer-Screening Websites in Japan: A Qualitative Analysishttp://journal.waocp.org/article_55318_6966.html
&nbsp; Background: Cancer screening rates are lower in Japan than in Western countries. Meanwhile, anti-cancer-screening activists take to the internet to spread their messages that cancer screening has little or no efficacy, poses substantial health risks such as side effects from radiation exposure, and that people should forgo cancer screening. We applied a qualitative approach to explore the beliefs underlying the messages of anti-cancer-screening websites, by focusing on perceived value the beliefs provided to those who held them. Methods: We conducted online searches using Google Japan and Yahoo! Japan, targeting websites we classified as "pro," "anti," or "neutral" depending on their claims. We applied a dual analytic approach- inductive thematic analysis and deductive interpretative analysis- to the textual data of the anti websites. Results: Of the 88 websites analyzed, five themes that correspond to beliefs were identified: destruction of common knowledge, denial of standard cancer control, education about right cancer control, education about hidden truths, and sense of superiority that only I know the truth. Authors of anti websites ascribed two values ("safety of people" and "self-esteem") to their beliefs. Conclusion: The beliefs of authors of anti-cancer-screening websites were supposed to be strong. It would be better to target in cancer screening promotion not outright screening refusers but screening hesitant people who are more amenable to changing their attitudes toward screening. The possible means to persuade them were discussed. Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Correlation of Expression Levels of Copper Transporter 1 and Thymidylate Synthase with ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57600_6966.html
Background: Copper transporter 1 (CTR1) is a critical determinant of the uptake and cytotoxic effect of the platinumdrugs carboplatin and cisplatin. Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an enzyme involved in DNA synthesis and is associatedwith resistance of tumor cells to 5-fluorouracil. We investigated the correlation between CTR1 and TS expression levelsand treatment outcomes in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with S-1/carboplatindoublet chemotherapy. Methods: Twenty-nine patients were enrolled in this study. Tumor expression of CTR1 andTS was measured immunohistochemically and analyzed for correlation with tumor response, progression-free survival(PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: Tumor response was significantly better in patients with CTR1High tumorsthan in patients with CTR1Low tumors (64% vs. 18%, P = 0.02). Patients with TSLow tumors had a significantly longer OS(median 21.2 vs. 8.5 months, P = 0.02), but not PFS, than patients with TSHigh tumors. When CTR1 and TS co-expressionwas analyzed, patients with either CTR1High or TSLow tumors showed a significantly better tumor response (50% vs. 0%,P = 0.01), longer PFS (median 4.2 vs. 2.1 months, P = 0.03), and longer OS (median 21.2 vs. 8.5 months, P = 0.01) thanpatients with both CTR1Low and TSHigh tumors. Conclusions: Our study suggests that combined CTR1/TS expressionstatus has the potential to be an important predictor of good treatment outcomes in patients with advanced NSCLCtreated with S-1/carboplatin doublet chemotherapy.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Promoter Methylation of BRCA1, DAPK1 and RASSF1A is Associated with Increased Mortality among ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_55256_6966.html
&nbsp; Background: Promoter methylation has been observed for several genes in association with cancer development and progression. Hypermethylation mediated-silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) may contribute to breast cancer pathogenesis. The present study was conducted to investigate the promoter methylation status of BRCA1, DAPK1 and RASSF1A genes in Indian women with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Promoter methylation was evaluated in DNA extracted from mononuclear cells (MNCs) in peripheral blood samples of 60 histopathologically confirmed newly diagnosed, untreated cases of breast cancer as well as 60 age and sex matched healthy controls using MS-PCR. Association of promoter methylation with breast cancer-specific mortality was analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for overall survival of the breast cancer patients. Results: We observed a significant increase of BRCA1, DAPK1 and RASSF1A promoter methylation levels by 51.7% (P &lt;0.001), 55.0% (P &lt;0.001) and 46.6% (P &lt;0.001), respectively, when compared to healthy controls. A strong correlation was noted between hypermethylation of the tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 (P= 0.009), DAPK1 (P= 0.008) and RASSF1A (P= 0.02)) with early and advanced stages of breast cancer patients. We also found that breast cancer-specific mortality was significantly associated with promoter methylation of BRCA1 [HR and 95% CI: 3.25 (1.448-7.317)] and DAPK1 [HR and 95% CI: 2.32 (1.05-5.11)], whereas limited significant link was evident with RASSF1A [HR and 95% CI: 1.54 (0.697-3.413]. Conclusion: Our results suggest that promoter methylation of BRCA1, DAPK1 and RASSF1A genes may be associated with disease progression and poor overall survival of Indian women with breast cancer. Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Dietary Factors Associated with Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Minia, Egypt: Principal Component Analysishttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57473_6966.html
Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a serious and rapidly progressing malignancy. Identifying risk factorsincluding dietary elements is important to develop preventive strategies. This study focused on possible links betweendiet and PC. Methods: We conducted a case-control study including all PC patients diagnosed at Minia Cancer Centerand controls from general population from June 2014 to December 2015. Dietary data were collected directly throughpersonal interviews. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify dietary groups. The data wereanalyzed using crude odds ratios (ORs) and multivariable logistic regression with adjusted ORs and 95% confidenceintervals (CIs). Results: A total of 75 cases and 149 controls were included in the study. PCA identified six dietarygroups, labeled as cereals and grains, vegetables, proteins, dairy products, fruits, and sugars. Bivariate analysis showedthat consumption of vegetables, fruits, sugars, and total energy intake were associated with change in PC risk. Inmultivariable-adjusted models comparing highest versus lowest levels of intake, we observed significant lower oddsof PC in association with vegetable intake (OR 0.24; 95% CI, 0.07-0.85, P=0.012) and a higher likelihood with thetotal energy intake (OR 9.88; 95% CI, 2.56-38.09, P&lt;0.0001). There was also a suggested link between high fruitconsumption and reduced odds of PC. Conclusions: The study supports the association between dietary factors and theodds of PC development in Egypt. It was found that higher energy intake is associated with an increase in likelihoodof PC, while increased vegetable consumption is associated with a lower odds ratio.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Vaping Topography and Reasons of Use among Adults in Klang Valley, Malaysiahttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57179_6966.html
Background: Consistency and accuracy of results in assessing health risks due to vaping or e-cigarette use are difficultto achieve without established consumption data. The present report covers baseline data on vaping topography andreasons for use among local users in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Methods: An 80-item survey regarding socio-demographiccharacteristics, smoking topography and reasons for e-cigarette use was employed to assess e-cigarette users recruitedfrom several public universities and private organisations. The survey questionnaire was self-administered. Data wereanalysed using statistical software. Results: Eighty-six current e-cigarette users participated with more than half (51.2%)of them aged &ge; 25 years old. Significant proportions of the sample were single (51.2%), had a tertiary education level(63.5%) and a household income of less than USD1000 per month (65.2%). Median duration of e-cigarette use wasless than a year; users drew approximately 50 puffs per day and refilled twice a day. The majority (74%) used e-liquidscontaining nicotine with a concentration of 6 &mu;g/mL. Daily users spent USD18-23 per month. Reasons for using thee-cigarette included enjoyment of the products (85.9%), perception of lower toxicity than tobacco (87%), and the factthat it was a cheaper smoking alternative (61%). Conclusion: The data on e-cigarette smoking topography obtainedin this study are novel. The reasons of usage were mainly users&rsquo; enjoyment of e-cigarettes, preparation for quittingsmoking, perception of low toxicity and a healthier smoking substitute and cheapness in the long run. The resultsestablish basic knowledge for the local vaping topography and reference material for future e-cigarette-related research.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100AKAP4, SPAG9 and NY-ESO-1 in Iranian Colorectal Cancer Patients as Probable Diagnostic and ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57454_6966.html
Background and objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal cancer and the secondleading cause of cancer death in women in the world. Cancer-Testis Antigens (CTAs) are a group of tumor-associatedproteins which typically are expressed in normal reproductive cells of men, but their expression in normal somatic cellsis silenced. CTAs, due to their limited expression pattern, are considered as promising targets for cancer diagnosis andimmuno-therapy. Methods: Expression of AKAP4, SPAG9 and CTAG1B genes from the CTAs family was studiedin both tumor and normal tissues of 62 Iranian CRC patients by RT-PCR with the aim of finding biomarkers for earlydetection and anticipated progression. Statistical analysis was performed SPSS software V22.0 to assess the significanceof any associations. Results: Elevated expression of SPAG9 and AKAP4 genes was observed in approximately 66%and 44% of tumours, respectively, as compared to adjacent non-cancerous tissues. While a significant association wasfound between AKAP4 gene expression and metastasis (P-value: 0.045), expression of the CTAG1B (NY-ESO-1) genewas not observed in our cases. Conclusion: AKAP4 and SPAG9 genes may find use as diagnostic biomarkers for CRCand AKAP4 may play an important role in progression to metastasis.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100An Altered Ratio of CD4+ And CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Cervical Cancer Tissues and Peripheral Blood ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_55296_6966.html
&nbsp; Background : Several studies have provided evidence of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration in various malignancies with probable implications for prognosis. Cervical cancer accounts for a major part of the cancer burden in the developing world. Study of genetically and ethnically diverse Indian cervical cancer patients is necessary to assess effects on lymphocytic infiltration of tumour tissue. Methods : This observational study was conducted over a period of 12 months with selected cervical cancer patients meeting inclusion criteria. Samples of cervical cancer tissue and peripheral blood were obtained and tumour infiltration with CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes was noted. Cell numbers were quantified by flow-cytometry and proportions compared between tumour and peripheral blood samples. Results: Tumour infiltration was noted with both CD4+ (13.93&plusmn;10.95) and CD8+ (19.5&plusmn;12.05) lymphocyte subtypes. However, compared to peripheral blood, CD4+ cells were significantly less predominant in tumour tissue (p, 0.0013). There was a statistically significant (p, 0.0004) reversal of the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ in the tumour tissue (0.68&plusmn;0.39) compared to peripheral blood (1.5&plusmn;0.66) with maximal alteration in higher stage disease. Conclusion : The study revealed that T lymphocyte infiltration of cervical cancer tissue occurs but the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ subtypes is sifnificantly lower than in peripheral blood, especially with in advanced stages of disease. The clinical implications of such a reversal of CD4+ and CD8+ ratios is unknown, but might have prognostic significance. Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Maturity Level of the Stigma Concept Associated with Cancer Diagnosis in the Nursing Literaturehttp://journal.waocp.org/article_56060_6966.html
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the maturity level of stigma as a concept in nursing and its relationshipto care provided for patients with cancer. Methods: The four principles of Morse and his colleagues were used toevaluate the maturity level of the stigma concept: epistemological, logical, pragmaticl, and linguistic. Analysis wasconducted with the literature published between 2006 and 2016. Results: The findings of this study suggest that theconcept of stigma in nursing is immature, deﬁned inconsistently, and measured with different instruments. How stigmais deﬁned can influence nurses in their assessment of patients with cancer and identification of their needs. Conclusion:Although extensive studies have been conducted in the field of mental illness, it is only recently that the effect of stigmaon treatment of cancer patients has attracted attention. Thus, substantial work yet needs to be done to understand thebreadth and scope of stigma impacting on individuals with cancer.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Predicting the Survival of Gastric Cancer Patients Using Artificial and Bayesian Neural Networkshttp://journal.waocp.org/article_55156_6966.html
&nbsp; Introduction and purpose: In recent years the use of neural networks without any premises for investigation of prognosis in analyzing survival data has increased. Artificial neural networks (ANN) use small processors with a continuous network to solve problems inspired by the human brain. Bayesian neural networks (BNN) constitute a neural-based approach to modeling and non-linearization of complex issues using special algorithms and statistical methods. Gastric cancer incidence is the first and third ranking for men and women in Iran, respectively. The aim of the present study was to assess the value of an artificial neural network and a Bayesian neural network for modeling and predicting of probability of gastric cancer patient death. Materials and Methods: In this study, we used information on 339 patients aged from 20 to 90 years old with positive gastric cancer, referred to Afzalipoor and Shahid Bahonar Hospitals in Kerman City from 2001 to 2015. The three layers perceptron neural network (ANN) and the Bayesian neural network (BNN) were used for predicting the probability of mortality using the available data. To investigate differences between the models, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and the area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) were generated. Results: In this study, the sensitivity and specificity of the artificial neural network and Bayesian neural network models were 0.882, 0.903 and 0.954, 0.909, respectively. Prediction accuracy and the area under curve ROC for the two models were 0.891, 0.944 and 0.935, 0.961. The age at diagnosis of gastric cancer was most important for predicting survival, followed by tumor grade, morphology, gender, smoking history, opium consumption, receiving chemotherapy, presence of metastasis, tumor stage, receiving radiotherapy, and being resident in a village. Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that the Bayesian neural network is preferable to an artificial neural network for predicting survival of gastric cancer patients in Iran. Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Comparative Study of Serum Lipid Profiles in Nepalese Cancer Patients Attending a Tertiary Care ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57180_6966.html
Significant efforts have been made to study cancer at the biochemical and cellular level and identify factorsassociated with progression. The aim of this hospital based randomized comparative study at the Nepalese ArmyInstitute of Health science hospital was to assess factors in 52 people diagnosed with different types of cancer and 56normal control persons. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein(HDL), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). We found that biochemical parameter TC, TG, VLDL(very low density lipoprotein), LDL and HDL were significantly different in the cancer patients and healthy controls.Levels of TC, TG, LDL, HDL and VLDL were higher in the age group below 50 and that of TG was found to be higherin women than men. Our results indicate that TC, TG and HDL are increased, while LDL and VLDL are lowered incancer patients. Our study provides clues to risk factors associated with life style, eating habits, and exercise regimens.Monitoring of these parameters with aging is recommended.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Survival Time and Prognostic Factors for Breast Cancer among Women in North-East Peninsular Malaysiahttp://journal.waocp.org/article_55258_6966.html
Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease and the leading cause of cancer death amongwomen globally. This study aimed to determine the median survival time and prognostic factors for breast cancerpatients in a North-East State of Malaysia. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted from January tillApril 2017 using secondary data obtained from the state&rsquo;s cancer registry. All 549 cases of breast cancer diagnosedfrom 1st January 2007 until 31st December 2011 were selected and retrospectively followed-up until 31st December2016. Sociodemographic and clinical information was collected to determine prognostic factors. Results: The average(SD) age at diagnosis was 50.4 (11.2) years, the majority of patients having Malay ethnicity (85.8%) and a histology ofductal carcinoma (81.5%). Median survival times for those presenting at stages III and IV were 50.8 (95% CI: 25.34,76.19) and 6.9 (95% CI: 3.21, 10.61) months, respectively. Ethnicity (Adj. HR for Malay vs non-Malay ethnicity=2.52;95% CI: 1.54, 4.13; p&lt;0.001), stage at presentation (Adj. HR for Stage III vs Stage I=2.31; 95% CI: 1.57, 3.39; p&lt;0.001and Adj. HR for Stage IV vs Stage I=6.20; 95% CI: 4.45, 8.65; p&lt;0.001), and history of surgical treatment (Adj. HRfor patients with no surgical intervention=1.95; 95% CI: 1.52, 2.52; p&lt;0.001) were observed to be the statisticallysignificant prognostic factors associated with death caused by breast cancer. Conclusion: The median survival timeamong breast cancer patients in North-East State of Malaysia was short as compared to other studies. Primary andsecondary prevention aimed at early diagnosis and surgical management of breast cancer, particularly among the Malayethnic group, could improve treatment outcome.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Melanoma Screening Day in Krasnoyarsk Krai of the Russian Federation: Results from 2015-2016http://journal.waocp.org/article_57588_6966.html
Objective: The Melanoma Screening Day Campaign started in the Russian Federation in 2006. In the present study,we analyzed the 2015-2016 survey questionnaire data acquired from screened individuals in the city of Krasnoyarsk ineastern Siberia, which has a population of one million, in order to understand the level of awareness regarding melanoma/skin cancer prevention and early diagnosis. Methods: Individuals were enrolled in the screening campaign by massmedia advertising. Free whole-body examinations were provided by the doctors, and the standardized questionnaireforms (n=444) were completed to obtain relevant demographic, epidemiological, and clinical data. Descriptive andunivariate analyses were conducted to elucidate the main characteristics of the screened population. Percentage frequencywas used to characterize the population. Result: A substantial proportion of the screened individuals were female(80%). The most common reasons for participating in the screening were a high number of moles, or a change in theappearance of the moles. Internet recourses were the main channel for obtaining the information about the MelanomaDay Screening Campaign. 5% of screened individuals had a family history of melanoma/skin cancer. The mean age ofthe participants was 36.63&plusmn;16.31 years. The percentage of screened individuals who took part in this program increasedin 2016 (18%) versus 2015 (8%). In total, 5 individuals with suspected melanoma/skin cancer were identified duringthe two-year Campaign, all of whom were referred to the regional oncology center. Conclusion: The analysis of datafrom the Melanoma Screening Day Campaign in Krasnoyarsk Krai revealed the necessity to use the media to attractolder subjects with potential melanoma/skin cancer risk to undergo screening. Individuals with suspected malignanciesshould be monitored up until the time when a final diagnosis is determined. Moreover, such events are an appropriateway to inform and educate the public about cutaneous cancer prevention.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Does Endometriosis Hinder Successful Ovarian Debulking Surgery?http://journal.waocp.org/article_57474_6966.html
Background: Endometriosis has a significant effect on many aspects of women&rsquo;s lives, also increasing the risk ofovarian cancer. Although endometriosis is considered as a benign condition, it sometimes behaves like cancer. Methods:All medical records of epithelial ovarian cancer patients during January 2011 to December 2016 were reviewed.Recurrent cases were excluded. Data collected included age at diagnosis, parity, marital status, familial history of cancer,menopausal status, weight, height, smoking histroy, contraception, CA 125 level, result of surgery and pathologicalreport. Results: One hundred and seventy-two medical records of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) wereincluded. Average age at diagnosis was 52.3 years. Epithelial ovarian cancer coexisting with endometriosis (EAOC)was found in nearly one-fifth of cases. Nullipara and smoking were associated with 2.3 and 8.3 fold higher risk ofEAOC development (aOR 2.349, 95%CI 1.012-5.451; aOR 8.26, 95%CI 1.234-55.278; respectively). Age, familialhistory of cancer and coexistence with endometriosis were factors related to surgical outcome. More of EAOC grouphad optimal surgery compared to the non-EAOC group (61.3% and 41.8%) with statistical significance. Conclusion:Younger age, familial history of cancer and coexistence of endometriosis were factors related to optimal surgery.Success of optimal surgery is greater in EAOC than in non-EAOC patients. Coexistence of endometriosis does nothinder successful ovarian cancer debulking surgery.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Impact of Cyclin D1 and Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein-K (HnRNP-K) on Urinary Bladder ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57182_6966.html
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the expression of cyclin D1 and hnRNP-K in relation to the pathologicalfindings in bladder cancer including the type, grade, muscle invasion and bilharzial association. Methods: We studiedthe immunoexpression; as regard the percentage, intensity and score of both cyclin D1 and hnRNP-K in different bladderlesions including 10 cases of cystitis; 10 cases of carcinoma insitu (CIS), 20 cases of Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)and 66 cases of urothelial carcinoma (UC). Results: High expression of cyclin D1 was found in UC compared to othergroups (p&lt;0.001) and in UC with low grade, non-muscle invasive and papillary tumors compared to their counterparts(p&lt;0.05, hnRNP-K expression was found in SCC compared to other groups (p &lt;0.001) and in UC with high grade, muscle invasiveand non-papillary tumors compared to their counterparts (p&lt;0.001each). Bilharzial-associated UC showed higherexpression of hnRNP-K percent (p&lt;0.05) compared to non-bilharzial cases. Conclusion: This study elucidated a possiblecontribution of cyclin D1 and hnRNP-K expression in the initiation and progression of urinary bladder carcinoma,so, both of them can be used in predicting progression of urinary bladder carcinoma and to differentiate between UCand SCC in high grade tumors. The possible role of both markers in immunotherapy deserves supplementary studies.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Physical and Emotional Experiences of Chemotherapy: a Qualitative Study among Women with Breast ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_56051_6966.html
Background: Chemotherapy treatment can increase survival rates among women with breast cancer elsewhere.However, it also has negative impact on women&rsquo;s general appearance, body image and psychological functioning.This study aimed to describe the experiences of chemotherapy treatment among Thai women with breast cancerin rural communities, sounthern Thailand. Methods: Qualitative approach was employed to gain insights aboutthe experiences of the women. In-depth interviewing and drawing methods were conducted with 20 Thai womenwho had been diagnosed with breast cancer. Thematic method was used to analyse the data. Results: Three themesemerged from the findings: I feel so weak: Lack of physical energy; experiencing physical and emotional burdens andmanaging health and life. Women were traumatized by effects of chemotherapy and suffered severe physical side effects.Most received inadequate professional support from health care providers and had to rely on their own judgment anduse local resources to deal with the effects of their treatment and to improve their health and well-being. Conclusions:Chemotherapy brought about traumatic experiences to Thai women with breast cancer. Continual support is needed forthe women to reduce the difficulties they might encounter. Support groups should be established for these women whenreceiving and completing chemotherapy treatment. Our finding suggested that social support programs that meet theirneed are salient means that could reduce the sufferings of these women. Nurses and other health care professionals inthe local community should play their important role to establish such group and make it accessible for all.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Expression of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Gene Family Members in Bladder Cancer Tissues and the 5637 ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_55159_6966.html
&nbsp; Background: Apoptosis is suppressed in cancer tissues and tumor cell lines because anti-apoptosis genes are over-expressed. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) gene family contributes to control of apoptosis. The expression profile of eight genes of the IAP family in biopsies from patients with a history of bladder cancer and normal bladder tissues, as well as a bladder tumor cell line (5637), was assessed in the present study. Methods: Cancer tissue samples were obtained at surgery and the 5637 tumor cell line was cultured in RPMI1640 medium. Beyond tumor margins were selected as normal tissue. Expressional profile of interested genes was obtained by using specific primers and the real-time PCR method. Results: The results showed that expression of seven of the studied genes was up-regulated in cancer tissues and the cell line whereas BIRC4 (XIAP) was down-regulated in both. Conclusions: The results showed that these genes were expressed to a greater extent in cancer tissue and cancer cells than in normal tissues. The data suggested that over-expression of anti-apoptotic genes such as IAP family members, can trigger cells to escape from apoptosis. Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Exploring Effective Contextual Factors for Regular Cervical Cancer Screening in Iranian Women: ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57476_6966.html
Background: Adherence to regular screening programs for cervical cancer in Iranian women is not common.The aim of this study was to explore contextual factors influencing behavior and compliance with guidelines.Methods: This qualitative content analysis study was conducted in 2016-2017 in Hamadan city, Iran. Semi-structuredin-depth interviews were conducted with 31 participants who were selected purposefully on referring to health centers.Twenty-three were women with various experiences of cervical cancer screening and 8 were health care providers(4 midwives, 1 gynecologist, 1 general practitioner and 1 family health expert). Guba and Lincoln criteria were usedfor tustworthiness. MAXQDA10 software was employed for data analysis. Results: Four themes were extracted fromthe data: an opportunity maker system, opportunities to become acquainted, concerns for healthy living, and perceptionof cancer. Conclusion: The results showed sensitivity of health care providers and their appropriate performancein relation to regular screening behavior of women is very important. Women&rsquo;s perception of cancer and its curabilityis another factor with a major effect on screening behavior. Opportunities for people to become acquainted with thePap smear in a variety of ways and concern for healthy living and the need to have a healthy life to ensure qualityof life were also found to be important.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Chromosome Abnormalities and Absolute Telomere Lengths of Leukocytes from Silk Weavers with ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57582_6966.html
Objectives: This study is aimed to assess the possible genotoxicity and mutagenicity of silk dyes on silk weavers.Methods: Peripheral blood leukocytes were obtained from 24 silk weavers and 24 age- and sex-matched controls innortheastern Thailand. After mitogen stimulation in culture, chromosome abnormalities were examined using Giemsabanding and the absolute telomere length (aTL) was measured with SYBR green qRT-PCR. To confirm genotoxic andmutagenic effects of silk dyes, leukocytes from one each of healthy male and female volunteers were cultured withvarious concentrations of 3 dark red silk dyes under the presence of mitogen. Chromosome abnormalities and thetelomere length were determined as above. Results: The proportion of normal metaphase in the silk weaving workerswas significantly lower than that in controls. The frequency of chromosome aberrations was higher in the silk weaversthan in control group. Polyploidy was detected only in the silk weavers. The aTL was significantly shorter in the silkweavers than in control group (p &lt; 0.05). When leukocytes from normal volunteers were stimulated with mitogen underthe presence of various concentrations of 3 silk dyes, suppressed the mitotic index (MI) and normal metaphase, whereasthe proportion of prophase and the incomplete chromosome forming increased significantly. All dyes induced polyploidy.Dye #CA5 induced structural changes in male leukocytes, whereas #30 induced the changes in female leukocytes.The #CA5 increased aTL of normal leukocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: All dyes, especially #CA5,have high genotoxicity and mutagenicity to induce chromosome aberrations and telomeric instability. Taken all thoseresults together, regular health checking of silk weavers who have been exposed to those dyes is critically necessaryto prevent various chemical-induced carcinogenesis.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Joint Families and Cancer Diagnosis in Rural Indiahttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57583_6966.html
Background: Each year, there are over a million new cases of cancer in India, which causes many untimely deathsand increases the economic burden to households. By focusing on preventative measures and finding socioeconomicand behavioral contributors to cancer, steps can be taken to help alleviate this burden. This study aims to find the effectliving in a joint family can have on being diagnosed with cancer in rural India. Methods: The study estimates theeffect living in a joint family, along with other demographic information, has on being diagnosed with cancer usinga logit estimation model. The data for the study was collected from a survey was conducted on the households of theHandiganur village (N=251) comprising of several demographic, social, and medical questions. Results: The studyfound that living in a joint family lowers the odds of having cancer. The results indicate that living in a joint familyreduces the probability of being diagnosed by 7.23 percentage points and is significant at a 5% level. Furthermore,among the other tested variables, eating habit is negatively significant at 5% level, suggesting that if a person eats 3 to4 times a day his or her likelihood of suffering from cancer will be lowered by 6.55 percentage points. Access to publicwells and drinking alcohol both increase the likelihood of being diagnosed with cancer by 7.90 (p&lt;0.1) percentagepoints and 11.90 (p&lt;0.05) percentage points respectively. Conclusions: The negative effect of joint family could bedue to two possible reasons. The first is that there is in fact a biological reason. The second reason for this result couldbe a false negative, as it could be because people in joint families are not getting the necessary check-ups required todiagnose cancer.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Matrine Induction of ROS Mediated Apoptosis in Human ALL B-lymphocytes Via Mitochondrial Targetinghttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57155_6966.html
Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the most common malignancies among children,characterized by mass production of leukemic blasts. Chemotherapy is the first step in routine treatment, althoughit may evoke considerable side effects. Matrine, an alkaloid extracted from a Chinese herb, Sophora alopecuroidesflavescens Ait, may be protective. Several investigations have indicated pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects ina diverse range of cancer cells. Methods: Matrine&rsquo;s anti-cancer effects and associated mechanisms were assessed inhuman ALL B-lymphocytes, focusing on parameters of inflammatory change and apoptosis. Results: Treatment ofALL B-lymphocytes with matrine augmented ROS generation, and caused mitochondrial swelling and a decline inmitochondrial membrane potential. Significant up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and down-regulation ofthe anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 were also noted. Conclusion: Our results suggest that matrine may be a potential anticanceragent. However, additional studies are needed to clarify involved mechanisms.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Informative Gene Selection for Cancer Classification with Microarray Data Using a Metaheuristic ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_56056_6966.html
Objective: Cancer diagnosis is one of the most vital emerging clinical applications of microarray data. Due tothe high dimensionality, gene selection is an important step for improving expression data classification performance.There is therefore a need for effective methods to select informative genes for prediction and diagnosis of cancer.The main objective of this research was to derive a heuristic approach to select highly informative genes. Methods:A metaheuristic approach with a Genetic Algorithm with Levy Flight (GA-LV) was applied for classification of cancergenes in microarrays. The experimental results were analyzed with five major cancer gene expression benchmark datasets.Result: GA-LV proved superior to GA and statistical approaches, with 100% accuracy for the dataset for Leukemia,Lung and Lymphoma. For Prostate and Colon datasets the GA-LV was 99.5% and 99.2% accurate, respectively.Conclusion: The experimental results show that the proposed approach is suitable for effective gene selection with allbenchmark datasets, removing irrelevant and redundant genes to improve classification accuracy.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Antimigration Activity of an Ethylacetate Fraction of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57586_6966.html
Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the antimigration activity of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.in the 4T1 breast cancer cell line. Methods: Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. fruit powder was extracted by macerationmethod with n-hexane and ethylacetate solvents. Cytotoxicity and proliferation were assessed using the MTT methodand the cell cycle by flow cytometry. In addition, wound healing assays were conducted by a microscopic method,and expression of COX-2 and VEGFR-2 were determined using qRT-PCR. Results: The IC50 of the ethylacetatefraction (EAF) was 48.1 &plusmn; 1.06 &mu;g/mL. The EAE at a concentration 10 &mu;g/mL with viable cells was 62.3 &plusmn; 0.28%after 72 h incubation, with accumulation in the G2-M phase, inhibition of cell migration in the wound healing assay,and decrease in expression of COX-2 (0.62 &plusmn; 0.01) and VEGFR-2 (0.39 &plusmn; 0.003). Conclusion: The results reveal thatan ethylacetate fraction of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. fruits provides effective antimigration effects. Furtherstudies are now planned to assess the potential of the ethylacetate fraction to inhibit angiogenesis in breast cancer anddetermine underlying mechanisms.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Prognostic Significance of Serum Vitamin D Levels in Egyptian Females with Breast Cancerhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_56065_6966.html
Objective: To determine the frequency and prognostic significance of vitamin D deficiency in Egyptian womenwith breast cancer (BC). Methods: This prospective study included 50 women with primary invasive, non-metastaticBC. The serum level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D was measured by ELISA at diagnosis, before any cancertreatment. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH) Dmonths (range: 18-48). Results: The median level of 25(OH)D was 29.0 ng/mL (range: 10.0-55.0 ng/mL). Fifteenpatients (30%) had vitamin D deficiency, which was positively associated with larger tumor size (p &lt; 0.001), highergrade (p = 0.014), advanced stage (p = 0.001), lymph node positivity (p = 0.012), and HER2/neureceptor expression(p = 0.002). It was also linked with worse overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) (p = 0.026, andp = 0.004, respectively). On multivariate analysis, DFS was independently affected by vitamin D deficiency withan HR of 2.8 (95% CI: 1.6-7.0, p = 0.022) and advanced stage, i.e. stage II had worse survival compared to stage I withan HR of 4.8 (95%CI: 1.1-21.7, p = 0.042). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency had a negative effect on overall anddisease-free survival in our breast cancer cases, being related to tumor size, stage, grade, nodal status and HER2/neureceptor expression.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Among Jordanians: a Case- Control Studyhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57449_6966.html
Objective: In recent years, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Jordan has been on the rise. We aimed todetermine associations with lifestyle factors, demographic and clinical variables. Methods: This case-control studyincluded 102 patients diagnosed with CRC and 198 age and gender matched healthy subjects as controls. Cases werepurposefully sampled; however, the control group were selected by simple random sampling of a cross-section of thepopulation in Northern Jordan. Participating cases and controls completed an anonymous questionnaire inquiring abouttheir demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and clinical variables. Data about the medical history and diagnosisof participating cases were obtained from the cases themselves and confirmed by reviewing their medical records.Results: In the cross tabulation analysis, the Chi square test showed that diabetes and hypertension were significantlyassociated with CRC (P &lt;0.05). Additionally, regression modeling revealed that age &ge; 45 years (OR=10.93), positivefamily history for CRC (OR=5.53), physical inactivity (OR=7.4), cigarette smoking (OR=3.71), and having other typesof cancer (OR=13.61) were all associated with increased risk of CRC. Conclusions: Physical inactivity and cigarettesmoking are among the top modifiable risk factors for CRC among Jordanians. Moreover, diabetes and hypertensionwere found to be statistically significant risk factors in univariate, but not multivariate analysis. More effective strategiesfor elevating awareness and prevention are required at both national and international levels. Improving screeningstrategies is needed for early detection of CRC in Jordan.Wed, 31 Jan 2018 20:30:00 +0100Exploring Spatial Patterns of Colorectal Cancer in Tehran City, Iranhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57328_0.html
Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) may now be the second most common cancer in the world. The aim of thisstudy was to determine whether clusters of high and low risk of CRC might exist at the neighborhood level in Tehrancity. Methods: In this study, new cases of CRC provided from Cancer Registry Data of the Management Center ofMinistry of Health and Medical Education of Iran in the period from March 2008 to March 2011 were analyzed. Rawstandardized incidence rates (SIRs) were calculated for CRC in each neighborhood, along with ratios of observed toexpected cases. The York and Mollie (BYM) spatial model was used for smoothing of the estimated raw SIRs. Todiscover clusters of high and low CRC incidence a purely spatial scan statistic was applied. Results: A total of 2,815new cases of CRC were identified and after removal of duplicate cases, 2,491 were geocoded to neighborhoods. Thelocations with higher than expected incidence of CRC were northern and central districts of Tehran city. An observedto expected ratio of 2.57 (p&lt;0.001) was found for districts of 2, 6 and 11, whereas, the lowest ratio of 0.23 (p&lt;0.001)was apparent for northeast and south areas of the city, including district 4. Conclusions: This study showed that thereis a significant spatial variation in patterns of incidence of CRC at the neighborhood level in Tehran city. Identificationof such spatial patterns and assessment of underlying risk factors can provide valuable information for policymakersresponsible for equitable distribution of healthcare resources.Fri, 02 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Prostate Specific Antigen, Mean Platelet Volume, and Platelet Distribution Width in Combination ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57580_0.html
Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) represents the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the sixthleading cause for cancer related death among men worldwide. Although use of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) asa diagnostic marker has improved the detection and management of PCa, low specificity and sensitivity has limited itsclinical efficacy. Moreover, elevated PSA is frequently observed in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Mean plateletvolume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) are commonly used indicators of platelet activation. The purposeof current study was to investigate the ability of PSA, MPV, and PDW individually or in combination, to differentiatePCa from BPH. Materials and Methods: This study included 100 patients with PCa and 108 patients with BPH. Wecollected all participants&rsquo; clinical and laboratory characteristics. The benefit of adding MPV and PDW to a modelwith only PSA was evaluated as an increased in the area under the curve (AUC) obtained by receiver operating curve(ROC). Results: PCa patients had reduced MPV and elevated PSA and PDW levels compared to BPH patients. Singlebiomarkers had AUC values ranging from 0.683 for PDW to 0.865 for PSA. Moreover, the combination of PSA, MPV,and PDW increased the AUC to 0.935 (0.892-0.964) (p&lt;0.0001), significantly higher than those of any single marker.Conclusions: The combined use of PSA, MPV, and PDW may be clinically useful in distinguishing between PCa andBPH.Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Effects of an Educational Program for Prostate Cancer Prevention on knowledge and PSA Testing ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57581_0.html
Background and Objectives: Prostate cancer was reported to be the second cause of cancer death in men in 2013.Studies have shown that those with higher knowledge levels are much more likely to undergo prostate cancer screening.The present study was aimed to determinate the effect of an educational program for prostate cancer prevention onknowledge and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in men over 50 years old in community areas of Shiraz. Methods:This clinical trial was conducted among 93 men over 50 years old who were randomly divided into an intervention(n=48) and a control (n=45) group. The intervention group took part in an educational program focusing on theimportance of prostate cancer prevention with emphasis on cultural and economic issues. Data were collected usinga demographic information form, the Weinrich questionnaire for measuring the knowledge level about prostate cancerand screening, and also a researcher-made questionnaire covering reasons for not doing the test, before and 3 monthsafter the intervention. Additionally, participation in PSA testing was evaluated 3 months after the intervention. All datawere entered into the SPSS statistical software (version 14) and pFindings: The results showed that the intervention group&rsquo;s participation in PSA testing increased from 6.12% to 36.4%three months after the intervention. However, no significant change was observed in the control group. In addition,the intervention group&rsquo;s mean score of knowledge increased by about 2.69 points after the intervention, and a significantdifference was observed between the two groups in this regard (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The results of the current studyrevealed effectiveness of the educational program in increasing the knowledge about prostate cancer and participationin PSA testing in men over 50 years of age. Hence, managers and authorities should execute plans to educate menregarding prostate cancer screening and promote their health status.Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Thirty Years Cancer Incidence Data for Lahore, Pakistan: Trends and Patterns 1984-2014http://journal.waocp.org/article_57587_0.html
This research was conducted to generate trends and patterns of most common male and female cancers from1984-2014 for the city population of Lahore Pakistan. Cancer incidence data gathered for different organs wereprocessed through cleaning, integration, transformation, reduction and mining for ultimate representation. Risk ofcancer appeared to be continuously increasing among both males and females. Overall, lymphomas and breast cancerare the most common neoplasm in males and females, respectively, in Lahore with almost the highest rates in the AsianPacific region. The incidence of head and neck, brain, and lung cancers, as well as leukemia have rapidly increasedamong males, whereas, ovarian, cervix, head and neck and lymphomas have become more common among females.The present communication should be helpful for adequate strategic planning, identification of risk factors and takingappropriate prevention and control measures at the national level.Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100ADH1B, ALDH2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 Gene Polymorphic Frequencies among Alcoholics and Controls in the ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57589_0.html
Background: Epidemiological research has highlighted the global burden of primary liver cancer cases due toalcohol consumption, even in a low consumption country like India. Alcohol detoxification is governed by ADH1B,ALDH2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes that encode functional enzymes which are coordinated with each other to removehighly toxic metabolites i.e. acetaldehyde as well as reactive oxygen species generated through detoxification processes.Some communities in the population appears to be at greater risk for development of the liver cancer due to geneticpredispositions. Methods: The aim of this study was to screen the arcadian population of central India in order toinvestigate and compare the genotype distribution and allele frequencies of alcohol metabolizing genes (ADH1B,ALDH2, GSTM1 and GSTT1) in both alcoholic (N=121) and control (N=145) healthy subjects. The gene polymorphismanalysis was conducted using PCR and RFLP methods. Results: The allele frequency of ALDH2 *1 was 0.79 and ofALDH2*2 was 0.21 (OR:1.12; CI (95%): 0.74-1.71). The null allele frequency for GSTM1 was 0.28 (OR:0.85; CI(95%): 0.50-1.46) and for GSTT1 was 0.20 (OR:1.93; CI (95%): 1.05-3.55). No gene polymorphism for ADH1B wasnot observed. The total prevalence of polymorphisms was 3.38% for ALDH2, GSTM1 and GSTT1. Conclusion: Theresults of this study suggested that individuals of the Central India population under study are at risk for liver disordersdue to ALDH2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms. This results may have significance for prevention of alcoholdependence, alcoholic liver disorders and the likelihood of liver cancer.Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Accuracy of Specimen Radiography in Assessing Complete Local Excision with Breast-Conservation ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57591_0.html
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of &ldquo;X- ray examination of surgicallyresected specimen&lsquo;&lsquo; in assessing complete local excision (CLE). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective crosssectional study, data were collected for all female breast cancer cases who underwent breast-conserving surgery afterneedle localization of mammographically visible disease. Males, patients with mammographically invisible diseaseand cases with benign or inconclusive histopathology, those undergoing modified radical mastectomy and individualswith dense breast parenchyma were excluded. We evaluated radiography of resected specimens to assess marginspiculation, distance of mass/microcalcification from the excised margin, presence of a mass, and presence of anyadjacent microcalcification, Other features including mass size, nuclear grade and patient&rsquo;s age were also recorded andall were analyzed for any association with CLE. Results: Absence of adjacent microcalcification and the presence of amass on radiographs showed significant associations with CLE, but no links were evident with other features. Specimenradiography was found to be a sufficient tool to predict CLE with a positive predictive value of 83.3%, a sensitivity of80.7% and a specificity of 81%. Conclusion: Specimen radiography is an important and sensitive tool to predict CLE.Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Possible Synergistic Interactions Among Multiple HPV Genotypes in Women Suffering from Genital ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57592_0.html
Objective: Persistence of HPV infections is the true cause of cervical disorders. It is reported that competitionmay exist among HPV genotypes for colonization. This survey was designed to establish the multiple HPV genotypestatus in our community and the probability of multiple HPV infections involvement. Methods: All multiple HPVinfections were selected for investigation in women suffering from genital infections referred to private laboratoriesin Tehran, Iran. A total of 160 multi HPV positive specimens from cervical scraping were identified by the HPVgenotyping methods, &ldquo;INNO-LiPA and Geno Array&rdquo;. Result: In present study, HPV 6 (LR), 16 (HR), 53 (pHR), 31(HR) and 11 (LR) were included in 48.8% of detected infections as the most five dominant genotypes. HPV 16 wasdetected at the highest rate with genotypes 53, 31 and 52, while HPV 53 appeared linked with HPV 16, 51 and 56in concurrent infections. It appears that HPV 16 and 53 may have significant tendencies to associate with each otherrather than with other genotypes. Analysis of the data revealed there may be some synergistic interactions with a fewparticular genotypes such as &ldquo;HPV 53&rdquo;. Conclusion: Multiple HPV genotypes appear more likely to be linked withdevelopment of cervical abnormalities especially in patients with genital infections. Since, there are various patternsof dominant HPV genotypes in different regions of world, more investigations of this type should be performed forcareHPV programs in individual countries.Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Analysis of the Expression of Surface Receptors on NK Cells and NKG2D on Immunocytes in ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57593_0.html
Background: The aberrant expression of surface receptors on immunocytes may represent potential markers of tumorescape for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of representativereceptors on natural killer (NK) cells and NK group 2, member D (NKG2D) on immunocytes in the peripheral bloodof patients with NPC. Methods: Patients (n = 64) with NPC prior to initiation of treatment were defined as the studygroup. Healthy volunteers (n = 31) served as the control group. The expression of NK cells and NKT cells; the triggeringreceptors NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46 on NK cells; the activating receptor NKG2D on NK cells, CD4+ T cells, andCD8+ T cells; and the inhibitory receptors CD158b and CD159a on NK cells were analyzed by flow cytometry in thetwo groups. Results: Here, our study showed that no differences were observed in terms of the numbers of NK cells orNKT cells, or the expression of CD158b and CD159a on the surface of NK cells between the two groups. Nevertheless,the expression levels of NKp30 and NKp46 on NK cells in the NPC patients were significantly lower than in the healthyindividuals (P &lt; 0.05). No differences existed in the expression of NKG2D on NK cells, but NKG2D on CD8+ T cellsshowed a markedly lower expression in the study group (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings may reflect a possiblemechanism of immune evasion for NPC. The enhancement of immunotherapy concerning NKp30, NKp46, and NKG2Dmay be an innovative treatment strategy for patients with NPC.Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) for Differential Diagnosis of Soft Tissue Sarcomashttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57597_0.html
Introduction:Soft tissue sarcomas are rare tumors comprising 1 percent of solid malignancies. The latest editionof WHO soft tissue pathology lists 94 benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. Many of these show a large degreeof morphological overlap. Immunohistochemistry has been shown to be reliable in many cases for differential diagnosisof lesions, although cytogenetic tests are considered the gold standard for many entities.Fluorescence in-situ hybridization(FISH) is a cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome whichhave a high degree of sequence complementarity. Many soft tissue tumors show recurrent genetic mutations that arenow being used as diagnostic markers. Knowledge of the molecular identity allows prediction of behavior, prognosisand treatment response. Objective:The aim of this study was to identify genetic mutations in soft tissue sarcomas usingFISH testing and to assess correlations with histological diagnosis. Material and methods:A total of 25 cases of differentsoft tissue sarcomas diagnosed on histology with the help of immunohistochemical staining and for which FISH studieswere requested were included in this study. Three pathologists with a special interest in soft tissue sarcomas reviewedthe cases. FISH tests for EWS, the X:18 translocation, FOXO1 and MDM2 were respectively applied for 8 cases ofEwing sarcoma, 8 cases of synovial sarcoma, 2 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma and 7 cases of dedifferentiated liposarcomaand atypical lipomatous tumors/well differentiated liposarcomas. Results:EWS gene fusion was detected in 7 out of8 cases of Ewing sarcoma and the X:18 translocation was positive in 3 of the 8 cases of synovial sarcoma. FOXO1was not detected in either of the two rhabdomyosarcomas. MDM2 by FISH was detected in only one out of 5 cases ofatypical lipomatous tumors and 1 out of 2 dedifferentiated liposarcomas. Conclusion: FISH is a useful adjunct in thediagnostic assessment of different types of soft tissue sarcomas. It is easy to set up, is relatively inexpensive and hasthe ability to diagnose sarcomas with great accuracy, especially in cases which can not be accurately classified evenafter thorough histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. It may play a very important role in the accuratediagnosis and correct management of patients.Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Galectin-3 Serum Levels Could Help Clinicians Screen for Salivary Gland Tumor Patientshttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57599_0.html
analysis was performed on serum specimens from 105 patients with salivary gland cancer and 56 healthy persons.Methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure levels of galectin-3 (GAL-3). Serumlevels were compared between patients with salivary gland tumors and healthy control. A total of 105 patients wereenrolled in the study (55 men, 50 women). Result: Mean age was45.5 years. Thirty-nine patients with malignant and66 cases with benign tumors were compared with 56 healthy participants with a mean age of 51.7. No statisticallysignificant differences were observed when comparing GAL-3 serum levels between malignant and benign salivary glandtumor patients, but a statistically significant difference was found between case and control patients with p-values of0.02. Serum levels of galectin-3 protein were elevated in patients with salivary gland cancer compared with the healthypopulation. Conclusion: The difference between benign and malignant tumor patients was significant, but revealedno clinic pathological characteristics in malignant tumors. To the best of the authors&rsquo; knowledge, this is the first timea study suggests that GAL-3 serum levels could help clinicians screen for salivary gland cancer.Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100A Germline Mutation in the BRCA1 3’UTR Variant Predicts Susceptibility to Breast Cancer in a ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57601_0.html
Purpose: The impact of the BRCA1-3&rsquo;UTR-variant on BRCA1 gene expression and altered responses to externalstimuli was previously tested in vitro using a luciferase reporter assay. Its ability to predict breast cancer risk in womenwas also assessed but the conclusions were inconsistent. The present study concerns the relationship between theBRCA1-3&rsquo;UTR germline variant rs8176318G&gt;T and susceptibility to Breast cancer in an ethnic population of SaudiArabia. Methodology: The study included 100 breast cancer patients and 100 sex matched healthy controls fromthe northwestern region (Tabuk) and Dammam of Saudi Arabia were investigated for the BRCA1-3&rsquo;UTR germlinevariant rs8176318G&gt;T using an allele specific PCR technique. Genotype distributions were then compared. Results:The frequencies of the three genotypes GG, TT and GT in our Saudi Arabian patients were 26%, 8% and 66% andin healthy controls were 45%, 5% and 50%, respectively (p=0.03). Risk of developing breast cancer was found to besignificantly associated with the GT variant (OR 2.28, 1.24-4.191; RR 1.47, 1.11-1.93; P=0.007), GT+TT (OR, 2.32,1.28-4.22; RR 1.48, 1.13-1.94; P=0.005) and the T allele (OR 1.62 , 1.072- 2.45; RR 1.28, 1.02-1.60: P=0.020). Therewere 2.76 and 2.28 fold increase risks of developing breast cancer associated with the TT and GT genotypes in ourcases. A significant correlation was also found between the BRCA1 3&rsquo;UTR variants with the stage of the disease anddistant metastasis but not with age, grade, and ER, PR and her2/neu status. Conclusion : The rs8176318G/T in the3&rsquo;untranslated region (UTR) of the BRCA1 gene was found to be associatedwith increased susceptibility to breastcancer in our study population, increased risk being noted with the GT and TT genotypes. Further association studiesare needed to confirm this finding in other regions of Saudi Arabia.Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Expression of CDK6 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomashttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57602_0.html
Background: CDK6 is the key factor in regulation of the cell cycle and essential for passage into the G1 phase. Italso plays an important role in the development of various tumors. In this cross-sectional study expression of the CDK6protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and healthy oral mucosa of controls was assessed to determine relationswith malignant transformation and clinicopathologic factors. Method: A total of 60 samples, 45 from OSCCs and 15from healthy tissue, underwent immunohistochemistry for CDK6. Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of keratinocyteswas considered as positive and the percentages of positive cells were calculated. Results: Expression of CDK6 wasdetected in 55.6% of OSCC samples (25 cases) and 13.3% of controls (2 cases), the difference being significant. Meanpercentage of CDK6 stained cells was 24.2&plusmn;29.3 in the OSCC cases and 4.33&plusmn;2.1 in the control group, again statisticallysignificant. No relationship was detected between CDK6 expression and clinicopathologic factors. Conclusion:Overexpression of CDK6 observed in OSCC points to a role for this protein in oral carcinogenesis.Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Breast Cancer amongst Lebanese Females in Beiruthttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57603_0.html
Objectives: Regular screening for breast cancer is associated with better survival, but compliance with guidelinesdepends on good knowledge and attitudes. This study aimed to assess the level of breast cancer knowledge, attitudesand screening practices in Lebanese females, and identify their socio-demographic determinants as well as barriers tomammography use. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 371 Lebanese females residing in Beirutaged 18-65 with no history of breast cancer. The questionnaire applied was adapted from Stager and Champion.The overall knowledge score was determined with sections on general knowledge, curability, symptoms, and screening;the overall attitude score concerned attitudes towards breast cancer, screening, and barriers; and the overall practicesscore was for breast self examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography. Bivariate andmultivariate analyses of socioeconomic determinants were performed for each score. Results: The mean knowledgescore was 55.5&plusmn;17.1% and that for attitudes was 71.9&plusmn;8.3%. For self-examination, mammography and clinicalexamination practices, individual means were 45.7&plusmn;42.3%, 77.9&plusmn;36.5% and 29.1&plusmn;45.5%, respectively. Knowledge,attitudes and practices correlated positively with each other (p&lt;0.0001). The highest average was the knowledgeof symptoms (72.8&plusmn;24.7%), and the lowest that of curability (49.6&plusmn;25.7%). Most frequent barriers to mammographywere fear of learning bad news, pain, costs, and staff unpleasantness. Higher education was associated with betterknowledge (p=0.002) and smoking with lower levels (p=0.003). Older age (p=0.002), higher education (p=0.02),and taking exercise (p=0.02) were associated with better attitudes. Higher education (p=0.02) and having children(p=0.003) were associated with better practices. Conclusion: More emphasis should be placed on educating femaleson the curability of breast cancer and specific targeting of the barriers identified.Sat, 10 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Impact of Parents and Peers Smoking on Tobacco Consumption Behavior of University Studentshttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57623_0.html
Introduction: In the United Arab Emirates, smoking prevalence has increased in both sexes, especially amongyoung adults. Various factors have led to this catastrophe; examples include coverage on TV and social media, as wellas market availability. One major influence is smoking by parents and peers. A lot of students may start smoking becauseof the behavior of their family and friends, and therefore it is necessary to quantify adverse contributions. The aim ofthis project was to study to what degree parents and peers smoking habits may impact on smoking behavior of studentsat the University of Sharjah. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study with a non-probability convenient typeof sampling, was conducted with university students aged 18 to 23. Information was collected using a self-administeredquestionnaire, comprising 23 questions, developed by ourselves. Results: A total of 400 University of Sharjah students(50% males and 50% females) were included.Some 15.8% of the smoking students had smoking parents, and 17.1%of them had smoking peers. The respective figures were 22.2% and 21.7% for males and 10% and 7.8% for females.Conclusions: Peers had a stronger impact than parents and both parents and peers had greater influence on males thanon females. Interestingly, almost 80% of the smoking students did not have smoking parents or peers, which leavesthe question unanswered of why they started smoking in the first place. Actions at a societal level should be taken intoconsideration to prevent smoking and thus help create a non-smoking generation.Sun, 11 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Effectiveness of a Mass Media Campaign on Oral Carcinogens and Their Effects on the Oral Cavityhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57624_0.html
Objective: To develop a mass media campaign on oral carcinogens and their effects on the oral cavity in orderto increase awareness among the general population. Methods: Documentary and public service announcementshighlighting the effects of tobacco and its products were designed and developed based on principles of behavior change. Aquestionnaire, designed to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of people regarding oral carcinogens, was usedto conduct a baseline survey at various sites in eastern Nepal. Local television channels and radio stations broadcastedthe documentary and public service announcements. An evaluation survey was then performed to assess the effectivenessof the campaign. Results: Baseline and evaluation surveys covered 1,972 and 2,140 individuals, respectively. A thirdof the baseline population consumed quid, 22% chewing tobacco, 16% gutka (commercial preparation of arecanut,tobacco, lime and chemicals) and 25% cigarettes. Tobacco consumption differed significantly between 3 ecologic regionswith greater use in the Terai region. The knowledge prevalence regarding the oral carcinogens quid (70%), chewingtobacco (82%), gutka (58%) and cigarettes (93%) significantly increased in the evaluation population. Females weremore aware about the various tobacco products and their effects on health. More people knew about the harmful effectsof tobacco on their health and oral cavity, and had their mouth examined and the frequency of consumption of theseproducts reduced significantly after the campaign. Attitudes towards production, sale and advertisements of tobaccoalso improved significantly. Conclusions: The mass media campaign was an effective tool for increasing awarenessamong the population.Sun, 11 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Comparison of Survival Models for Analyzing Prognostic Factors in Gastric Cancer Patientshttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57627_0.html
Objective: There are a number of models for determining risk factors for survival of patients with gastric cancer.This study was conducted to select the model showing the best fit with available data. Methods: Cox regression andparametric models (Exponential, Weibull, Gompertz, Log normal, Log logistic and Generalized Gamma) were utilized inunadjusted and adjusted forms to detect factors influencing mortality of patients. Comparisons were made with AkaikeInformation Criterion (AIC) by using STATA 13 and R 3.1.3 softwares. Results: The results of this study indicated thatall parametric models outperform the Cox regression model. The Log normal, Log logistic and Generalized Gammaprovided the best performance in terms of AIC values (179.2, 179.4 and 181.1, respectively). On unadjusted analysis,the results of the Cox regression and parametric models indicated stage, grade, largest diameter of metastatic nest,largest diameter of LM, number of involved lymph nodes and the largest ratio of metastatic nests to lymph nodes,to be variables influencing the survival of patients with gastric cancer. On adjusted analysis, according to the best model(log normal), grade was found as the significant variable. Conclusion: The results suggested that all parametric modelsoutperform the Cox model. The log normal model provides the best fit and is a good substitute for Cox regression.Sun, 11 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Extraction and Characterization of Chick PEA (Cicer arietinum) Extract with Immunostimulant ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57634_0.html
Traditional plant medicines are used for a range of cancer conditions. The chickpea is highly proteinaceous andconsumed as a staple in many parts of the world. An evaluation of chemoprotective and immunomodulatory activitiesof Cicer arietinum (CE) in cisplatin-induced immunosuppressed mice was here performed. Cisplatin was givenat 100mg/kg, intraperitoneally, and after induction of immunosuppression mice were treated with Cicer arietinum(0.5 mg/dose/animal/IP) for a period of 10-day. The influence of the extract on lymphoid organ weight, bone marrowcellularity, alpha esterase activity and on enzyme levels such as (SGOT,SGPT, Urea, Creatinine was assessed toidentify any chemoprotective influence. Administration of CE to cisplatin-treated mice alleviated the drastic reductionin bone marrow cellularity and &alpha;- esterase positive cells seen with cisplatin. Thus myelosuppression was reversed orinhibited. Cisplatin bids to DNA and causes damage resulting in chromosome breaks, micronucleus formation and celldeath. CE is comprised of numerous middle-chain aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, in addition to compoundslike 7-hydroxy-1-methoxy-6-methylanthraquinone, cyclohexadecane (CAS) and 6-(amino methyl)-2-naphthol. Theselatter are thought to contribute to the characteristic aroma of C. arietimnum. In conclusion, administration of CEin cisplatin-treated mice, boosted bone marrow cellularity and increased &alpha;- esterase positive cells, thus reversingmyelosupproession.Sun, 11 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Epigenetic Downregulation and Growth Inhibition of IGFBP7 in Gastric Cancerhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57645_0.html
Background: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) has been found to be a tumor suppressorin several human cancers, but the role of IGFBP7 in gastric cancer has not yet been fully investigated. Herein, weexamined the epigenetic downregulation of IGFBP7 expression in gastric cancer. Methods: Expression and methylationof IGFBP7 in gastric cancer cells and primary gastric cancer patients were determined using qRT-PCR, western blot,immunohistochemistry, and methylation specific-PCR, respectively. The effects of IGFBP7 on gastric cancer cellswere investigated by various experimental conditions, such as proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis, invasion,and migration assay. Results: IGFBP7 methylation was inversely correlated with IGFBP7 expression in gastriccancer. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that IGFBP7 expression and tumor stage were independentprognostic factors. IGFBP7 knockdown increased gastric cancer cell growth, invasion, and migration, whereas IGFBP7overexpression in gastric cancer cells induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. Conclusion: Our data suggest thatIGFBP7 functions as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer via an epigenetic pathway.Sun, 11 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Reviewhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57659_0.html
Objective: Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with many influences contributing to thedisease. The aim of this study was to identify the most important risk factors. Methods: This study was conducted in2017 with a structured overview in the Science Directe, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science (ISI) databases.In the first step, articles were extracted based on their titles and abstracts; the quality of 43 articles was evaluatedusing the STORBE tool. Inclusion criteria were studies carried out on human, English language (first step), year ofthe study and the study type (second step). Results: Finally, 1,381 articles were found, of which 1,269 were excludedin primary and secondary screening. In reviewing the references of the remaining 44 papers, 4 studies were added.Finally, 43 articles were selected for the quality assessment process. A total of 52 risk factors for gastric cancer wereidentified and classified into nine important categories: diet, lifestyle, genetic predisposition, family history, treatmentand medical conditions, infections, demographic characteristics, occupational exposures and ionizing radiation&rsquo;.Conclusion: Several environmental and genetic factors are involved in the development of gastric cancer. Regardingthe role of changes in &lsquo;diet and lifestyle&rsquo;, considering appropriate nutrition and improving the level of education andawareness of people is vital for early diagnosis and timely treatment of this disease, especially in people with a familyhistory and genetic predisposition.Sun, 11 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on Protection Motivation Theory on Preventing ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57660_0.html
Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of an educational intervention to prevent cervical canceramong marginalized Iranianwomen based on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) as a theoretical framework.Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 143 women of Kermanshah City in western Iran during2017. Participants were recruited through cluster and simple random sampling and randomly divided into experimental(n=72) and control groups (n=71). All completed a self-administered questionnaire including PMT constructs anddemographic variables. An intervention over six sessions was then applied to the experimental group. Reassessmentwas conducted three months after the intervention, with data was analyzed with SPSS-16 using chi-square, McNemar,paired T- and independent T-tests. Results: The mean scores for the constructs of PMT, and cervical cancer screeningbehavior showed no significant differences between the two groups before the intervention (P&gt;0.05). The educationalmanipulation had significant effects on the experimental groups&rsquo; average response for perceived vulnerability, perceivedseverity, perceived reward, self-efficacy, response efficacy, response cost and protection motivation (all p &lt; 0.001).Also, the prevalence of regular Pap smear testing and referral to health centers were significantly increased after 3months in the experimental (P=0.048), but notthe control group (P&gt;0.05). Conclusions: The results show that applyingan educational intervention based on PMT might help prevent cervical cancer and improve regular Pap smear testing.Sun, 11 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Ecballium Elaterium for Gastrointestinal Cancerhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57661_0.html
Dear EditorI read with great interest the article by Jafargholizadeh&nbsp;et al., (2016) for the possible cytotoxic effects of&nbsp;Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Richard fruit on gastric&nbsp;cancer cells due to its cucurbitacins. Although this toxicherb has been known since antiquity and was mentioned&nbsp;by ancient writers (as Hippocrates, Theophrastus Pliny,Dioscorides, Avicenna and others), Hippocrates was&nbsp;the first who suggested the administration of Ecballiumelaterium for the management of gastrointestinal cancer.&nbsp;Particularly, in the Book of &Epsilon;pidemics II, Hippocratesof Kos (c. 460 - c. 370 BC) wrote the following: &ldquo;Ἀ&pi;ό&nbsp;&gamma;&alpha;&sigma;&tau;&rho;ό&sigmaf; &tau;&alpha;&rho;&alpha;&chi;ῆ&sigmaf; ἤ ἀ&pi;ό &beta;&eta;&chi;ό&sigmaf; &kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;ί&nu;&omicron;&upsilon; &gamma;&iota;&nu;&omicron;&mu;έ&nu;&omicron;&upsilon;, &tau;ό&sigma;&tau;ό&mu;&alpha; &pi;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&alpha;ί&nu;&epsilon;&tau;&alpha;&iota;∙ &delta;&iota;&delta;ό&nu;&alpha;&iota; &delta;έ &pi;ί&nu;&epsilon;&iota;&nu; ἐ&lambda;&alpha;&tau;ή&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu; &delta;ί&sigmaf; ἤ &tau;&rho;ί&sigmaf;,&nbsp;ἤ&nu; &mu;ή &psi;&iota;&lambda;ό&sigmaf; ᾖ&rdquo; (If you develop cancer after a digestivedisorder or a cough, your mouth becomes bitter. The&nbsp;patient is given elaterium two or three times, unless thepatient is thin) (6,22). The administration of elaterium in&nbsp;this text was probably related to its laxative properties. Itis worth mentioning that the name Ecballium elaterium&nbsp;originates from the Greek words &ldquo;ἐ&kappa;&beta;ά&lambda;&lambda;&omega;&rdquo; (ekv&aacute;llo)which means discharge and &ldquo;ἐ&lambda;&alpha;&tau;ή&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;&rdquo; (elat&iacute;rion) which&nbsp;means spring, because of a specific characteristic of theseeds of the plant, which are ejected like springs, even by&nbsp;the lightest touch of the surface of the fruit, when it is ripe.Sun, 11 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Diagnostic Value of Glypican-3 for Hepatocellular Carcinomashttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57678_0.html
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and dangerous malignancy in many parts of the world,and especially in Egypt. Early diagnosis is the most important step in successful HCC management. However mostcases are detected at late stage making effective intervention impossible. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluatethe potential of Glypican-3 (GPC-3) to aid in diagnosis of HCC, especially in patients with low serum alpha-fetoprotein(AFP). Subjects and methods: Serum GPC-3 was assessed by flow-cytometry and serum AFP by enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 40 HCC patients with AFP&lt; 400ugl. (GI), 40 HCC patients with AFP&gt; 400ugl.(GII) and 20 healthy controls (GIII). Results: GPC-3 was found to be significantly elevated in HCC as compared tohealthy subjects (GI 38.2&plusmn;22. 5, GII 50.2&plusmn;22.6, and GIII 2.24&plusmn;1.19), with sensitivities of 85% for GI and 84% for GIIand specificities of 95% for GI and 92% for GII. AFP showed respective sensitivities of 50% and 79%, and specificitiesof 80% and 90%, for HCC diagnosis. The combination of GPC-3 with AFP achieved the highest sensitivity (98.5%) andspecificity (97.8%). Conclusion: Serum GPC-3 has a better sensitivity than AFP for the diagnosis of HCC. Combinationof two markers appears warranted for greatest accuracyMon, 12 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Significant SNPs Related to Telomere Length and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk in Chronic ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57699_0.html
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection increases the risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) with suspected interactions between virus replication and host immune responses. A number of reports havesuggested that telomerase function may be involved in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) pathogenesis, but positive or negativeassociations with HCC risk remain for discussion. Mean telomere length is an indicator of biological aging and it hasbeen reported that reduction in NBV carriers compared to normal individuals. In somatic cells, telomeres containsimple, tandemly repeated G-rich sequences that frequently are reduced by 50 to 200 base pairs at each cell division.Several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in diverse ethnic populations have revealed eleven single nucleotidepolymorphisms (SNPs) linked to telomere length. Two of these, rs398652 and rs621559, have prognostic value and couldbe used as genetic markers. This review describes current knowledge concerning telomerase activity and telomere lengthas well as significant polymorphisms in HBV-related HCC patients. In particular, to cast light on genotype-phenotypeinteractions, we used SNPnexus to evaluate effects of the two SNPs on risk of disease and complex disorders.Tue, 13 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Factors Affecting Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening Among African Women in Klang Valley, Malaysiahttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57702_0.html
Introduction: Cervical cancer is a health concern among women worldwide, presently ranking as the second to fourthcommon cancer type among women in different parts of the world. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) 16 and 18 are themain causative agents of cervical cancer. However, prevention is possible with early and regular cervical cancer screening.Objective: This study aimed to identify the cervical cancer screening practices and factors affecting the screeningstatus of African immigrant women attending selected church services in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Methodology:A cross-sectional study among 320 randomly selected respondents between ages 18-69 was conducted in three differentchurches with high numbers of African participants. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among therespondents. To ensure a good understanding, the questionnaire was written and self-explained in English language,because English is the general spoken language among the study population. Three levels of analysis were conductedusing SPSS 21, involving descriptive analysis, chi square and multiple logistic regression. Results: The response ratewas 98.2%, the majority (68.1%) of the respondents being aged 31-50 years and married. The prevalence of screeningamong the respondents over the past 3 years was 27.2%. Using a p-value of 0.05 as the significance level, the finalmodel showed that marital status (p=0.004), knowledge (p=0.035), perceived barriers (p=0.003), and having a regularhealth care provider (p&lt;0.001) were the only significant predicting factors of uptake of cervical screening among Africanimmigrant women in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Conclusion: The findings revealed that the uptake of cervical cancerscreening among the African women was very low. Marital status, knowledge, perceived barriers and having a regularhealth care provider were the predictive factors. Specific awareness programs to increase uptake should be designed andimplemented by the relevant authorities.Tue, 13 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Comparative Evaluation of a 6MV Flattened Beam and a Flattening Filter Free Beam for Carcinoma ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57703_0.html
Purpose: Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plan quality, beam on time and integral dose were compared using6MV FB (Flattened Beam) and FFFB (Flattening filter free beam) for carcinoma of cervix. Materials and Methods:Ten patients with stage II&ndash;IIIB cervix cancer (Ca.Cx) were retrospectively identified from the department database.Target volume (TV) and organ at risk (OAR) were delineated as per Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) cancerguidelines. Dose prescribed to planning target volume (PTV) was 50.4Gy in 28 fractions. Two plans (6MV FB IMRTand 6MV FFFB IMRT) were generated to achieve 95% of prescription dose to PTV and sparing OAR as per normaltissue guidelines. Numbers of beams and their orientations were the same for all plans. The homogeneity index (HI),conformity index (CI), treatment monitor unit (MU), beam on time (BOT) and non-tumor integral dose (NTID) werechosen for comparison. Results: FFFB generated plans were clinically acceptable. There was a statistically significantdifference among the FB IMRT and FFFB IMRT plans with respect to CI, HI, D50%, D2% in PTV coverage, bladderV50Gy, MU, mean NTID and non-tumor low dose volume. Conclusions: 6MV flattened and flattening filter free photonbeams produce comparable plans by IMRT . FFF beams allow time efficient treatment delivery and may help reducethe risk of secondary malignances in carcinoma cervix cases.Tue, 13 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Adverse Effects of Vincristine Chemotherapy on Cell Changes in Seminiferous Tubules and ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57722_0.html
The present study was designed to determine changes in spermatogenesis in adult mice after an intraperitoneal injectionof vincristine. The effect of a GnRH antagonist synchronous to chemotherapy, which might protect spermatogenesisby halting cell division in spermatogenic cells, was also investigated. Method and Materials: A total of 30 adult malemice were studied in three equal groups of ten. In the V group, a single dose of the chemotherapy drug vincristine wasinjected intraperitonally at 1.5 mg/kg. In the V+C, group, the injection of Cetrorelix was started, and one week beforeto one week after vincristine injection continued ( for 3 weeks). Controls received no treatment. Samples were takenfrom the testicles, and fixed in Boueins fixative for light microscopy. Results: Comparing the mean number of Sertoliand spermatogony cells and the rate of spermatogenesis index (SI) in the V group with controls showed significantdifferences,which were not evident in the V+C group. Conclusion: According to the results, the cetrorelix antagonist(GnRH) could largely prevent side effects of vincristine administration regarding seminiferous tubules.Thu, 15 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Self-Confidence and Quality of Life in Women Undergoing Treatment for Breast Cancerhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57723_0.html
Introduction: Quality of life is an important topic in the study of chronic diseases, especially cancer which can havea major effect on patient self-confidence. This study was conducted to determine quality of life and its relationship withself-confidence in women undergoing treatment for breast cancer. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive, analyticalstudy was conducted in 2016 on 166 women with breast cancer undergoing treatment at Ghazi, Al-Zahra, Internationaland/or Shams hospitals in Tabriz. The subjects were selected through convenience sampling. A personal-demographicquestionnaire, the Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) werecompleted for each patient. The data obtained were analyzed using independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, multivariatelinear regression and Pearson&rsquo;s correlation coefficients. Findings: The mean total score of quality of life was 59.1&plusmn;17.4,ranging from 0 to 100. The highest mean score was obtained in the cognitive subscale (74.9&plusmn;23.8) and the lowest in theemotional subscale (51.4&plusmn;21.1). The mean score for self-confidence was 0.3 with a standard deviation of 0.1, rangingfrom -1 to +1. There was a significant positive relationship between self-confidence and quality of life, except in threesymptom subscales for diarrhea, constipation and loss of appetite (P&lt;0.05). Self-confidence, disease duration, lifestyle,marital satisfaction and caregiver status were among the predictors of quality of life. Discussion: Given the significantrelationship between quality of life and self-confidence, health care providers may need to pay special attention towomen undergoing treatment for breast cancer and perform timely measures to maintain their belief in themselves.Thu, 15 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Evaluation the Anti-Cancer Effect of PEGylated Nano-Niosomal Gingerol, on Breast Cancer Cell ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57724_0.html
Background: Cancer is a significant problem in modern medicine, also is the most common cause of death aftercardiovascular diseases, and in need of targeted drug release. Although, chemotherapy is an important candidate incancer treatment, but it has many side effects on healthy tissues of the body. Therefore, Nano technology is usedfor specific function, by the least side effects and damage to normal cells. Materials and method: In this study, thepharmacological properties of PEGylated Nano-niosomal Gingerol was examined. Noisome were prepared using reversephase evaporation method, which contains specific proportion of cholesterol, span60 and polyethylene glycol. Then,PEGylated the prepared formulation by PEG6600. The amount of release and encapsulation of the drug was investigated.The percentage of remains of cancer cell line T47D treated with PEGylated niosomal Gingerol. Results: The averagediameter of the nanoparticles, size distribution and zeta potential were reported for PEGylated niosomal sample 35.65nm, 0.17 and 21 mv, and for PEGylated niosomal drug sample 256.9 nm, 0.23 and 28 mv, respectively. The amountof OD for encapsulated drug was 0.198, also the amount of concentration of the drug which is not encapsulated, was0.77947 &mu;l of the drug per ml. This value of encapsulated drug was 76.38 percent. Conclusion: The results showed thatIC50 of the formulation of PEGylated nanoniosomal Gingerol is less than the standard drug. It seems, the cause of thisphenomenon is due to the effect of Polyethylene glycol, in more stability and slower drug release, in the formulationof PEGylated niosome. Also, Polyethylene glycol makes increase in the drug dealing and its greater influence with thetarget cell. In this study, more than 76% of the Gingerol drug in PEGylated nanoniosomal formulation were enclose.Also, we could reduce the amount of drug release, as much as possible.Thu, 15 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Protein Interaction Mapping Analysis via Proteomic Approacheshttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57726_0.html
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), although not very common in many parts of the world, is a major concern insome countries, including Iran. Molecular studies are very helpful to provide essential information regarding underlyingcarcinogenetic mechanisms. Here, considering NPC proteomic approaches, established biomarkers were designated forprotein-protein interaction network construction and analysis with corresponding plug-ins. A network of reported proteinmarkers was constructed and topological and biological process features were investigated. Centrality analysis showedthat JUN, CALM1, HSB1, and SOD1 are more important than other differentially expressed proteins in an interactingpattern. What is more, by extending the network, Tp53, PRDM10, AKT1, ALB, HSP90AA1, and EGFR achieved thehighest values for NPC network strength. It can be concluded that these proteins as well as their contributing processes,particularly in a second network, may be important for NPC onset and development. Targeting these candidate proteinsmay allow novel treatment approaches following appropriate validation.Thu, 15 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Chemopreventive Effects of Edible Canna (Canna edulis Kerr. ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57727_0.html
Objective: Dietary high fibre and calcium intake has been suggested to reduce colorectal cancer risk. However, thereis limited information available regarding the potential of edible canna (Ganyong), with high dietary fibre and calciumcontent, to act as a preventive agent for colorectal cancer. This experimental study was conducted to investigate thepreventive effect of Ganyong in reducing colorectal carcinogenesis with attention to effects on adenomatous polyposiscoli (APC) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were dividedinto 5 equal groups; a normal control group without azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulphate (AOM/DSS) inductionand Ganyong, a &lsquo;cancer&rsquo; control group with AOM/DSS induction only, and three treatment groups with AOM/DSSinduction and different percentages (5%, 10% and 20%) of Ganyong. Paraffin-embedded sections of rat colon tissuewere analysed by haematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining against antibodies against APC and iNOS.Variation in rates of APC and iNOS expression were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Dunn&rsquo;stest (SPSS statistic version 24). P&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: AOM/DSS induction increasedthe expression of APC (p=0.013) and iNOS (p=0.013) compared to the normal control group. APC expression in thetreated groups was lower than in the &lsquo;cancer&rsquo; control group (p=0.049), especially in the 10% Ganyong group (p=0.02).In contrast, there was no significant variation among the treated groups regarding iNOS expression. Histopathologicalfeatures of the colon supported the data for APC and iNOS expression. Conclusion: This study indicated potentialchemopreventive effects of Ganyong reducing expression of factors contributing to colorectal carcinogenesis.Thu, 15 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Gender Differences in the Recurrence Timing of Patients Undergoing Resection for Non-Small Cell ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57728_0.html
Objective: This study was designed to visually represent postoperative recurrence patterns using event dynamicsand to assess sex-based differences in the timing of recurrence for non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: We studied829 patients (538 men, 291 women) with NSCLC who underwent complete pulmonary resection in 9 hospitals. Eventdynamics with the use of life-table methods were evaluated, and only first events (distant metastases or local recurrence)were considered. The effects of sex, histological type, pathological stage, and smoking history were studied. Result:The resulting smoothed hazard rate curves indicated that the recurrence risk pattern definitely correlated with sex, witha sharp peak in the first year in men and a broad peak during the first 2 to 3 years in women. These findings were alsoconfirmed by analyses according to pathological stage, histological type, and smoking history. Conclusion: The peaktimes of recurrence differed considerably between men and women. The delayed time of peak recurrence in women,associated with a longer disease-free interval within subsets of patients with similar disease stage, histological type,and smoking status, might account for the better survival in women.Thu, 15 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Urinary Metabolomic Profiling in Chronic Hepatitis B Viral Infection Using Gas ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57729_0.html
Background: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The metabolomicprofiling has been shown to be associated with pathogenic mechanisms in many medical conditions includingCHB. The purpose of this study was to investigate the urine metabolomic profiles in CHB patients by gaschromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Methods: Urine samples were collected from CHB patients (n = 20)and normal control subjects (n = 20). Metabolite profiles were assessed using GC/MS in conjunction with multivariatestatistical analysis, in order to identify biomarker metabolites. Pathway analysis was performed by MetaboAnalyst3.0 and KEGG database.Results: Twelve out of 377 metabolites were shown to be significantly different between theCHB and normal control groups (p &lt; 0.05). These include palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid, butanoicacid, cholesterol, glycine, 3-heptanone, 4-heptanone, hexanal, 1-tetradecanol and naphthalene. Multivariate statisticalanalysis constructed using these expressed metabolites showed CHB patients can be discriminated from healthy controlswith high sensitivity (95%) and specificity (85%). All the metabolic perturbations in this disease are associated withpathways of fatty acid, amino acid, bile acid and gut microbial metabolism. Conclusion: CHB patients have a specificurinary metabolomic profile. The abnormalities of fatty acid, amino acid, bile acid, and gut microbial metabolism leadto the development of disease progression. GC/MS-based assay is a promising tool for the metabolomic study in CHB.Thu, 15 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Cancer-Related Pain: Prevalence, Severity and Management in a Tertiary Care Center in the ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57730_0.html
Background: Despite pain awareness and the development of treatment guidelines, cancer-related pain assessmentand management remain suboptimal. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence and severity of pain and itsinterference with daily activities, and evaluate adequacy of treatment in cancer patients in Lebanon. Methods: Atotal of 400 cancer patients aged 18 and above were interviewed at the American University of Beirut Medical Centersurgical and medical oncology floors, outpatient clinics and chemotherapy units from March 2016-February 2017. Thesubjects covered were socio-demographics, clinical data, and presence of pain in the past month with use of the BriefPain Inventory questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were conducted using t-test, chi-square and Fischer&rsquo;s exact tests.Pearson&rsquo;s correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between pain severity and pain interference.Logistic regression was employed to determine risk factors for pain. Results: The majority of participants were Lebanese(76.0%), females (62.7%), married (80.2%), of Muslim faith (64.2%), of urban residence (85.8%), and with insuranceplans (81.3%). Most had breast cancer (38.8%), were stage 4 (52.7%) and underwent a combination of surgery andsystemic therapy (55.1%). The prevalence of pain in the past month was 29.8%. Among patients with pain, the highestproportion had moderate pain (37.8%) and around 46% received inadequate treatment. Conclusion: More awarenessabout cancer-related pain is needed to improve pain management and encourage referral to palliative care and painspecialists early-on in diagnosis of disease.Thu, 15 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Characterization of Apoptosis in a Breast Cancer Cell Line after IL-10 Silencinghttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57731_0.html
Background: Breast cancer is affected by the immune system in that different cytokines play roles in its initiationand progression. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, is an immunosuppressive factor involved intumorigenesis. The present study was conducted to investigate the gene silencing effect of a small interference RNA(siRNA) targeting IL-10 on the apoptotic pathway in breast cancer cell line. Methods: The siRNA targeting IL-10 anda glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) clone were introduced into MDA-MB-231 cells. Real-timePCR assays were used to determine IL-10 and GAPDH gene expression levels, in addition to those for protein kinaseB (AKT), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), caspase-3 and caspase-9 genes related toapoptosis. Results: Inhibition of IL-10 by the siRNA accelerated apoptosis and was accompanied by significantincrease in caspase-3 and caspase-9 and a significant decrease in PI3K, AKT and Bcl2 expression levels compared tothe non-transfected case. Conclusions: In conclusion, the production of IL-10 may represent a new escape mechanismby breast cancer cells to evade destruction by the immune system. IL-10 gene silencing causes down regulation of bothPI3K/AKT and Bcl2 gene expression and also increases the Bbc3, BAX caspase3, and caspase 3 cleavage expressionlevels. IL&ndash;10 might represent a promising new target for therapeutic strategies.Thu, 15 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Swallowing Exercises: Will They Really Help Head and Neck Cancer Patients?http://journal.waocp.org/article_57732_0.html
Purpose: The work was a comparative study, the aim of which is to evaluate the impact of swallowing exercises onswallowing problems among head and neck cancer patients (HNCPs) after CRT. Methods: The sample of 60 HNCPswas equally divided into control and study groups. The investigators met all patients 3 times (before, during and afterCRT); swallowing ability was assessed using the Sydney Swallowing Questionnaire (SSQ). The University of Texas,MD Anderson Cancer Center Swallowing Exercise Protocol was explained and demonstrated by the investigators tothe study group. All tools used were translated into Arabic. Data analyses were carried out using the statistical packagefor social sciences (SPSS), program version 20. Results: Most of the patients from both groups experienced milddysphagia during the 1st visit. By the 3rd visit, severe dysphagia (to thin and thick liquids, and soft and hard food)was higher in the control group (73.3%) compared to the study group (26.7%). By the third visit there was statisticallysignificant difference between both groups in swallowing thin liquids (p = 0.01), as well as thick liquids (p = 0.01).At the 1st visit, there was no significant difference regarding swallowing soft food (p = 0.24), hard food (p = 0.17),dry food (p = 0.89) and swallowing Saliva (p = 0.28). While by the 3rd visit, there was significant difference betweencontrol and study groups in all parameters. Conclusions: Adequate prevention and treatment of dysphagia, with useof swallowing programs, is essential to plan a complete therapeutic programme.Thu, 15 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Etiology, Outcome and Prognosis of Ischemic Stroke in Cancer Patientshttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57733_0.html
Introduction: Cerebrovascular disease is the second most common complication in individuals with tumours.The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors, biomarkers, etiology and prognosis of ischemic stroke in cancerpatients (ISCPs). Methods: The medical records of 619 consecutive patients who were admitted with acute ischemicstroke from January 2012 to November 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups(group 1, patients with an active cancer prior to the onset of ischemic stroke; group 2, patients without an active cancerhistory). The demographic data, risk factors, NIHSS scores, thrombocyte count, D-dimer, fibrinogen and C reactiveprotein (CRP) level at admission, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores in the follow-up period and location of lesionson DWI were recorded. The Mann-Whitney U test, chi-squared test and logistic regression was used for analyzing data,p&lt;0.05 being considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 46 (7.4%) ISCPs were included. Hyperlipidemiawas significantly lower in the ISCP group (p=0.001). Elevated thrombocyte counts, D-dimer, fibrinogen and CRP levelsat admission, acute multiple ischemic lesions, other causes, mortality in hospital and worse outcome were significantlyrelated to ISCP (p&lt;0.05). On logistic regression analysis, follow up mRS&gt;3, acute multiple ischemic lesions locatedin more than one vascular territory (AMIMCT) and other causes were significantly associated with ISCP (p&lt;0.001).Conclusion: In our study, other causes, AMIMCT and mRS&gt;3 were more common in the ISCP group. We consider thatCCS could be more suitable for detecting other causes than TOAST. Biomarkers could be important in the ISCP group.Thu, 15 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Differential Expression of c-fos Proto-Oncogene in Normal Oral Mucosa versus Squamous Cell Carcinomahttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57739_0.html
Background: The c-Fos nuclear protein dimerizes with Jun family proteins to form the transcription factor AP-1complex which participates in signal transduction and regulation of normal cellular processes. In tumorigenesis, c-Fospromotes invasive growth through down-regulation of tumor suppressor genes but its role in oral carcinogenesis is notclear. Objectives: This study concerned c-fos gene expression in normal and malignant tissues of the oral cavity, withattention to associations between expression status and clinico-pathological profiles of OSCC patients. Method: A totalof 65 histopathologically confirmed OSCC tissue samples were included in case group along with an equal number ofage and sex-matched normal tissue samples of oral cavity for the control group. c-Fos protein and m-RNA expressionswere analyzed using immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR, respectively. Results: A significant low expression of c-Fosprotein was observed in OSCC cases than normal control subjects (p= &lt;0.001). The mean percent positivity of c-Fosprotein in cases vs. controls was 24.91&plusmn; 2.7 vs. 49.68&plusmn; 2.2 (p= &lt;0.001). Most OSCC tissue samples showed weak ormoderate c-Fos expression whereas 53.8% of normal tissue sections presented with strong immunostaining. Moreover,the relative m-RNA expression for the c-fos gene was significantly decreased in case group (0.93&plusmn; 0.48) as compared tothe control group (1.22&plusmn; 0.87). Majority of c-Fos positive cases were diagnosed with well developed tumor. The meanpercent positivity of c-Fos protein was significantly lower in higher grade tumor as compared with normal oral mucosa(p= &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The present study suggested that the c-fos gene is downregulated in oral carcinomas. Thedisparity of c-Fos protein levels in different pathological grades of tumor and normal oral tissue samples may indicatethat loss of c-Fos expression is related with the progression of OSCC.Fri, 16 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists Inhibit Mitogenic Activity in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cellshttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57741_0.html
Despite a discovery of hormonal pathways regulating breast cancer, a definitive cure for the disease requires furtheridentification of alternative targets that provide a hormone-independent support. Apart from their role in inflammatorydiseases, cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) receptor antagonists (LTRAs) decrease the risk of lung cancer in asthma patientsand inhibit tumor progression in several malignancies. In the present study, we evaluate the effects of two chemicallydifferent, clinically relevant LTRAs (montelukast and zafirlukast) in a triple negative breast cancer cell line, MDAMB-231. We found that these two LTRAs reduced breast cancer cell viability in a dose-dependent manner with the50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) between 5-10 &mu;M. Although both LTRAs have several pharmacological propertiesin common, we noticed that montelukast mainly induced apoptosis, while zafirlukast mainly exerted its action on cellcycle. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for such different effects remain unclear. In summary, our resultssuggest that CysLT plays a role in proliferation and survivability of breast cancer cells in the absence of hormonal stimuli.Fri, 16 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Osteopontin b and c Splice isoforms in Leukemias and Solid Tumors: Angiogenesis Alongside ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57745_0.html
Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycoprotein involved in regulation of various influences on tumor progression, such ascellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a secretedmolecule supporting angiogenesis in various cancers through activation of the PI3K/AKT/ERK1/2 pathway. OPN andVEGF have a number of isoforms with various activities. In spite of the well-defined association between OPN andVEGF isoform expression and cure rate for solid tumors, there is a scarcity of information as to any association inleukemia. Based on the critical role of OPN in cell survival, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that OPN and VEGFisoform expression levels may impact on chemoresistance and relapse in leukemia the same as in solid tumors. Hence,the aim of our review was to explain relationships between OPN and VEGF isoforms and angiogenesis and relatedpathways in chemoresistance of leukemia and solid tumors. Our findings demonstrated that OPNb and OPNc alongsidewith VEGF isoforms and other gene pathways are involved in angiogenesis and also might promote chemoresistanceand even recurrence in leukemia and solid tumors. To sum up, targeting OPN isoforms, particularly b and c, might bea novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of leukemia as well as solid tumors.Fri, 16 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Associations of ICOS and PD.1 Gene Variants with Colon Cancer Risk in The Iranian Populationhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57761_0.html
Background: Positive and negative co-stimulatory molecules are important factors determining the outcomeof immune responses to the presence of tumors. Since co-stimulatory molecule expression may be affected by genepolymorphisms, we aimed to investigate associations between variants of PD.1 and ICOS and susceptibility to coloncancer. Material and methods: ICOS (-693A/G), ICOS (+1720C/T) and PD.1 (-538G/A) gene polymorphisms wereevaluated by the PCR-RFLP method in 76 colon cancer patients and 73 healthy controls. Results: The frequenciesof the GG genotype and the G allele at position -693 of the ICOS gene were significantly higher in the patient group(P=0.014 and p=0.0002), while the AA genotype was significantly more common in controls (P=0.0016). At position-538 of PD.1, GG genotype and G allele frequencies were higher in the patient group (P&lt;0.0001and P&lt;0.0001). Again,AA and also AG genotypes significantly predominated in controls (P&lt;0.0001 and P=0.012). Regarding genotypesand alleles of ICOS at position +1720. Frequencies of GCG and GTG haplotypes were higher in patients comparedto those of controls (P=0.016 and P&lt;0.0001), while, frequencies of GTA, ATA and ATG haplotypes were higher incontrols (P=0.0017, P&lt;0.0001 and P=0.015). GTG/GTG and GTG/GCG double haplotypes were more frequent inpatients compared to controls (P=0.0147 and P=0.0071). Conclusion: Our study clarified that PD.1 (-538G/A) andICOS (-693A/G) gene polymorphisms can be considered as genetic risk factors for the development of colon canceramong Iranian patients.Fri, 16 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Psychological Limbo as a Barrier to Spiritual Care for Parents of Children with Cancer: A ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57790_0.html
Background: Pediatric cancer causes reduced life quality and psychological problems for parents. It is necessaryto pay attention to spirituality, which plays a significant role in increasing the life quality of these parents and theirpatient children and managing the conditions associated with the disease. This study was performed to determinefactors predisposing to spiritual care in parents of children suffering from cancer. Methods: This qualitative study wasconducted by conventional content analysis. Fifteen parents of children with cancer hospitalized in the oncology andhematology wards of governmental hospitals in Iran were selected using a purposive sampling method and underwentsemi-structured deep interviews from 2015.1.10 until 2017.3.10. Results: On data analysis, 12 subcategories emergedleading to extraction of three : &ldquo;projection&rdquo;, &ldquo;mental concern&rdquo;, and &ldquo;psychological pains&rdquo;. The final result was a focuson the theme &ldquo;psychological limbo&rdquo;. Conclusion: Our findings showed that cancer induces psychological problemsin parents, which may serve as factors that drive them towards spiritual affairs. Hence, attention should be paid topredisposing factors of spiritual care to facilitate tranquility and an ability to adapt to their circumstances in affectedparents.Sat, 17 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Assessing Breast Cancer Risk with an Artificial Neural Networkhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57859_0.html
Objectives: Radiologists face uncertainty in making decisions based on their judgment of breast cancer risk.Artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques have been widely applied in detection/recognition of cancer.This study aimed to establish a model to aid radiologists in breast cancer risk estimation. This incorporated imagingmethods and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for cyto-pathological diagnosis. Methods: An artificial neuralnetwork (ANN) technique was used on a retrospectively collected dataset including mammographic results, riskfactors, and clinical findings to accurately predict the probability of breast cancer in individual patients. Area underthe receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictivevalues were used to evaluate discriminative performance. Result: The network incorporating the selected featuresperformed best (AUC = 0.955). Sensitivity and specificity of the ANN were respectively calculated as 0.82 and 0.90.In addition, negative and positive predictive values were respectively computed as 0.90 and 0.80. Conclusion: ANNhas potential applications as a decision-support tool to help underperforming practitioners to improve the positivepredictive value of biopsy recommendations.Sun, 18 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Individual and Integrated Effects of Potential Risk Factors for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_57860_0.html
Background: Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world, with a high prevalence reported in Jazanprovince of Saudi Arabia. The objectives of this study were to check individual and integrated effects of potential riskfactors for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and methods: A case control study was designed with a sampleof 210 subjects, in which histopathologically confirmed incident cases (n=70) and controls (n=140) matched for age,gender and referral route, were recruited. Differences in exposure to potential risk factors between cases and controlswere assessed using chi-square and McNemar analyses. A logistic regression model with interactions was applied to checkindividual and integrated effects. Results: Mean age of the sample was 55 years (+ 20 years). Shammah (O.R = 33.01;C.I = 3.22 &ndash; 39.88), shisha (O.R = 3.96; C.I = 0.24 &ndash; 63.38), and cigarette (O.R = 1.58; C.I = 0.13, 2.50) consumptionwas significantly associated (P&lt;0.05) with oral squamous cell carcinoma development. In contrast, Khat chewing (O.R= 0.67; C.I = 0.19-2.36) was without significant effect. An increase in odds ratios was observed when combinationsof shammah and shisha (O.R = 35.03; C.I = 11.50-65.66), shisha and cigarettes (O.R = 10.52; C.I = 1.03 &ndash; 33.90) orshamma and cigarettes (O.R = 10.10; C.I = 0.50 - 20.40) were used. Conclusion: Combined exposure to risk-factorshas serious implications and policies on oral cancer prevention should be designed with attention to this aspect.Sun, 18 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Risk Factors for Cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysishttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57861_0.html
Background and objective: Cholangiocarcinoma remains a serious public health concern in Thailand. While manyof the risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in western countries are well-recognized, it remains unclear whether theyare the same in Thailand. We set out to investigate the risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand. Methods:Starting March 4, 2016, we reviewed studies found using pre-specified keywords on SCOPUS, Pro Quest ScienceDirect, PubMed, and online public access catalog of Khon Kaen University. Two review authors independently screenedstudies for inclusion criteria, extracted data, and assessed the studied Risk of Bias. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and theJoanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess the quality of included studies. The risk effects offactors were estimated as a pooled adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval. The heterogeneity of results wasconsidered using the I-square, Tau-square and Chi-square statistics. Results: A strong association was found betweencholangiocarcinoma and age, Opisthorchis viverrini infection, eating raw cyprinoid fish, family history of cancer, liquorconsumption, and taking praziquantel. There was only a mild association found between eating nitrite-containing foods,fresh vegetables, education, smoking behavior, and sex. No association was found between cholangiocarcinoma andeating fermented fish (Pla-ra), northeastern Thai or Chinese sausage, sticky rice, meat, chewing betel nut, or eatingfruit. There were two protective factors including fresh vegetables consumption and education attainment. Conclusion:There are unique risk factors of cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand, including age, OpisthorchisSun, 18 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Quality of Breast Cancer Surgical Pathology Reportshttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57862_0.html
Background: Surgical pathology reporting of breast cancer is needed for appropriate staging and treatment decisions.We here checked the quality of surgical pathology reports of breast cancer from different laboratories of Karachi,Pakistan. Methods: One hundred surgical pathology reports from ten different laboratories of Karachi were assessedfor documentation of elements against a checklist adopted from the CAP guideline over a period of six months fromJanuary, 2017 to June, 2017 in the Oncology Department, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Results: Outof 100 reports, clinical information was documented in 68%, type of procedure and lymph node sampling in 84%and 34% respectively. Specimen laterality was mentioned in 90%, tumor site in 44%, tumor size in 92%, focality in40%, histological type in 96%, grade in 87%, LCIS in 19%, DCIS in 83%, size of DCIS in 19%, architectural patternin 26% , nuclear grade in 17%, necrosis in 14%, excision margin status in 91%, invasive component in 83%, DCIS in16%, lymph node status in 91% with positive nodes in 56%, size of macro met in 54%, extranodal involvement in 48%,lymph vascular invasion in 86%, treatment effects in 31%, and pathology reporting with TNM in 57%. Conclusion:This study shows that the quality of surgical pathology reports for breast cancer in Karachi is not satisfactory. Therefore,there is great need to create awareness among histopathologists regarding the importance of accurate breast cancersurgical pathology reporting and to introduce a standardized checklist according to international guidelines for bettertreatment planning.Sun, 18 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Association of BRCA1 Promoter Methylation with Breast Cancer in Asia: A Meta- Analysishttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57863_0.html
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the degree of association of BRCA1 promoter methylation withbreast cancer in Asia. Methods: The study sample for the present meta-analysis was provided by published researcharticles on associations of BRCA1 promoter methylation with breast cancer in Asia accessed through databases onPubMed, ProQuest and EBSCO published between 1997 and November 2017. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were calculatedwith fixed and random-effect models. Data were processed using Review Manager 5.3 (RevMan 5.3). Results: Ofa total of 475 articles, 11 studies were included in our systematic review with meta-analysis of relevant data. Theresults showed a highly significant association between BRCA1 promoter methylation with breast cancer in Asia(OR = 8.78 [95% CI 4.15-18.56, p &lt; 0.00001]). Conclusion: This analysis confirmed association between BRCA1promoter methylation and breast cancer in Asia. BRCA1 promoter assessment might be a predictive or diagnostic aidfor breast cancer prediction.Sun, 18 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Alcohol Consumption as a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer Development: A Case-Control Study in Brazilhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_57881_0.html
Background: Alcohol consumption is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer, but the evidence is mostlyfrom developed countries. Brazil is going through a rapid demographic expansion, and studies of this relationship arealso needed in such unexplored settings. Methods: We assessed the relationship between alcohol consumption andbreast cancer risk among 1,506 Brazilian women (406 cases and 1,100 controls). Regression models were used tocalculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). All statistical tests were two-tailed. Results: The meanage of the 1,506 women was 42.0 (standard deviation, &plusmn;15.0) years. There was a significant association between breastcancer and age, body mass index, age at menarche, menstrual flow and menstrual cycle. Multivariate analysis showedan increased risk of invasive breast cancer in regular alcohol consumers (&lt;50 years old: OR 4.7; 95% CI 1.4&ndash;16.2; &ge;50years old: OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.2&ndash;13.4) compared with abstainers or occasional drinkers. Women with a regular alcoholintake for 10 years or more who were less than 50 years old had a threefold higher risk of developing breast cancer(OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.2&ndash;7.6). Conclusion: Regular alcohol consumption increases the risk of breast cancer mainly amongwomen less than 50 years old.Mon, 19 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Evaluation of Collagen in Leukoplakia, Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Squamous Cell ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_58014_0.html
Objectives: Picrosirius red and MMP are capable of degrading extracellular matrix proteins, expressed in lesions suchas squamous cell carcinomas. The present study was undertaken with an aim to analyze and compare changes in collagenusing Picrosirius red staining under polarizing microscopy and immunohistochemical staining using anti MMP-13 insamples of oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods:A total of 70 slides were prepared and divided into 3 groups. Group I comprised 10 slides of normal gingival tissue,Group II 40 slides of potentially malignant disorders and Group III 20 slides of well differentiated oral squamous cellcarcinoma. Half the slides for each group were stained with Picrosirius red stain and the remainder with antibodies toMMP-13. Rerults: In Group II, MMP-13 connective tissue expression was greater in OSMF as compared to leukoplakia.Group III showed elevated expression among 70% of cases. Picrosirius red staining in Group II cases, showed higherstaining Yellow-Orange andGreen-Yellow mature fibers in OSMF than leukoplakia cases while in Group III, 50%OSCC cases showed Green-yellow stained immature thin fibers. Conclusion: In future, therapeutic measures targetedagainst MMP-13 may inhibit collagenolysis to some extent and delay spread of tumors. An easy and reliable methodto determine the state of the stroma in such cases may be Picrosirius red staining with polarizing microscopy.Sat, 24 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Synergistic Growth Inhibitory Effects of Chrysin and Metformin Combination on Breast Cancer ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_58018_0.html
Objective: To explore the possibility of a novel chemopreventive strategy for improving breast cancer treatment,the anticancer effects of a combination two natural compounds, Chrysin and Metformin, against T47D breast cancercells were investigated. Materials and Methods: After treatment of T47D cells with Metformin, Chrysin and the twodrugs in combination, toxicity to cancer cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Real time PCR was then used to determinethe expression levels of hTERT and cyclin D1 genes. Results: The MTT test findings showed that the combination ofmetformin and chrysin had high synergistic effects in killing cancer cells. In addition PCR demonstrated a significantdecrease in cyclin D1 and hTERT gene expression in the T47D breast cancer cell line. Conclusion: The conmbinationof metformin and chrysin suppressing hTERT and cyclin D1 gene expression might offer an appropriate approach forbreast cancer therapy.Sat, 24 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Knowledge, Perception, and Acceptance of HPV Vaccination and Screening for Cervical Cancer ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_58028_0.html
Objective: To determine knowledge, perception, and acceptance related to cervical cancer, HPV vaccination andscreening for cervical cancer among Indonesian women, particularly in Yogyakarta province. Methods: A conveniencesample of 392 women consists of 192 young women, 100 mothers of girls aged 12 &ndash; 15 years, and 100 adult womenin Yogyakarta province, Indonesia was participated in this study. A self-administered paper-based questionnaire wasused to determine demographics characteristics of respondents, as well as their knowledge &ndash; perception &ndash; acceptancerelated to cervical cancer, HPV vaccination, and screening for cervical cancer. Data collection were conducted duringDecember 2013 to March 2014. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze description of demographics characteristics,knowledge, perception, and acceptance; while crosstab analysis using Chi-Square was used to analyze the relationshipbetween demographics characteristics versus knowledge, perception, and acceptance. Results: This study found thatknowledge and perception regarding cervical cancer, HPV vaccination, and screening for cervical cancer among womenin Indonesia, particularly in Yogyakarta Province were still insufficient, however the acceptance was good. Among femaleyoung women, 64% had good knowledge, 62% had positive perception of cervical cancer and HPV vaccination, and92% tended to accept HPV vaccination. Among mothers of girls aged 12 &ndash; 15 years, 44% had good knowledge, 46%had positive perception of cervical cancer and HPV vaccination, and 91% tended to accept HPV vaccination for theirdaughters. Among adult women, 68% had good knowledge, 57% had positive perception of cervical cancer and screeningfor cervical cancer, and 90% tended to accept cervical cancer screening. In general, demographics characteristics ofhaving experience and exposure to information had significant relationship with knowledge, perception, and acceptanceof HPV vaccination and screening for cervical cancer. Conclusions: Either knowledge or perception of cervical cancerand strategies toward it among Indonesian women particularly in Yogyakarta province were still unsatisfied. Effortsshould be improved for supporting cervical cancer prevention and control in Indonesia through such as education oncervical cancer disease and strategies toward it.Sat, 24 Feb 2018 20:30:00 +0100Comparative Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Two Different Two-Dose Human Papillomavirus Vaccines ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_58370_0.html
Purpose: To comparatively evaluate the results of a 2-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programmewith the AS04-adjuvanted HPV16/18 vaccine (AS04-HPV-16/18v) or HPV-6/11/16/18 vaccine (4vHPVv), in additionto cervical cancer (CC) screening, in Malaysia. Methods: A lifetime Markov model replicating the natural history ofHPV in 13-year-old girls was adapted to Malaysia to assess the impact of vaccination on pre-cancerous lesions, genitalwarts and CC cases, CC deaths, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and costs from the perspective of the MalaysianMinistry of Health. Vaccine effectiveness was based on efficacy and HPV type distribution. Both vaccines were assumedto have equal efficacy against vaccine-type HPV but differed for protection against non-vaccine types. Vaccine priceparity was used and health and cost outcomes were discounted at 3%/annum. Sensitivity analyses tested the robustnessof the results. Results: The model predicted that AS04-HPV-16/18v would result in 361 fewer CC cases and 115 fewerCC deaths than 4vHPVv, whereas 4vHPVv averted 4,241 cases of genital warts over the cohort&rsquo;s lifetime. Discountedtotal costs showed savings of 18.50 million Malaysian Ringgits and 246 QALYs in favour of AS04-HPV-16/18v. Inone-way sensitivity analyses, the discount rate was the most influential variable for costs and QALYs, but AS04-HPV-16/18v remained dominant throughout. A two-way sensitivity analysis to assess the longevity of cross-protection for bothvaccines confirmed the base-case. Conclusions: In Malaysia, the use of AS04-HPV-16/18v, in addition to screening,was modelled to be dominant over 4vHPVv, with greater estimated CC benefits and lower costs.Mon, 05 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Preoperative Monocyte Count as a Mirror of Tumor Characteristics and Likelihood of Recurrence ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_58428_0.html
Background: Recently preoperative hematologic parameters have attracted attention for their capacity to predicttumor characteristics and recurrence. Considering the established role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in thetumor microenvironment, we evaluated the role of the preoperative monocyte count as a surrogate for TAM. Methods:We retrospectively reviewed 166 patients with histopathologically proven endometrial cancers from January 2011 toMarch 2015 and assessed any association of preoperative monocyte count with tumor characteristics and recurrence.Results: The majority of patients had tumors with the following characteristics: endometrioid histology (83.1%), lowgrade (grade I-II, 71.7%) and stage I disease (68.1%). The mean &plusmn; SD monocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts were 8.23x 109/L &plusmn; 3.56 x 109/L, 64.0 x 109/L &plusmn; 11.3 x 109/L and 261.6 x 109/L &plusmn; 74.6 x 109. Statistically significant associationswere noted with between preoperative monocyte count and tumor stage (p value=0.044), recurrence (p value&lt;0.001) andomentum involvement (p value&lt; 0.001) but not with tumor grade (p value=0.897), depth of myometrium involvement(p value=0.479), lymphovascular space invasion (p value=0.269) and lymph node involvement (p value=0.377).Conclusion: An elevated preoperative monocyte count is related to more aggressive tumors and a higher recurrencerate in patients with endometrial cancer.Fri, 09 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Screening and Identification of Peptides Specifically Targeted to Gastric Cancer Cells from a ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_58429_0.html
Background: Gastric cancer is the second most common cancer among the malign cancer types. Inefficiency oftraditional techniques both in diagnosis and therapy of the disease makes the development of alternative and noveltechniques indispensable. As an alternative to traditional methods, tumor specific targeting small peptides can be usedto increase the efficiency of the treatment and reduce the side effects related to traditional techniques. The aim of thisstudy is screening and identification of individual peptides specifically targeted to human gastric cancer cells usinga phage-displayed peptide library and designing specific peptide sequences by using experimentally-eluted peptidesequences. Methods: Here, MKN-45 human gastric cancer cells and HFE-145 human normal gastric epithelial cellswere used as the target and control cells, respectively. 5 rounds of biopannning with a phage display 12-peptide librarywere applied following subtraction biopanning with HFE-145 control cells. The selected phage clones were establishedby enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence detection. We first obtain random phage clonesafter five biopanning rounds, determine the binding levels of each individual clone. Then, we analyze the frequenciesof each amino acid in best binding clones to determine positively overexpressed amino acids for designing novelpeptide sequences. Results: DE532 (VETSQYFRGTLS) phage clone was screened positive, showing specific bindingon MKN-45 gastric cancer cells. DE-Obs (HNDLFPSWYHNY) peptide, which was designed by using amino acidfrequencies of experimentally selected peptides in the 5th round of biopanning, showed specific binding in MKN-45cells. Conclusion: Selection and characterization of individual clones may give us specifically binding peptides, butmore importantly, data extracted from eluted phage clones may be used to design theoretical peptides with betterbinding properties than even experimentally selected ones. Both peptides, experimental and designed, may be potentialcandidates to be developed as useful diagnostic or therapeutic ligand molecules in gastric cancer research.Fri, 09 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Contrast-Enhanced Perfusion MR Imaging to Differentiate Between Recurrent/Residual Brain ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_58431_0.html
Purpose: To determine the value of dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced (DSC) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)perfusion in the characterization of newly developed/enlarging lesions within irradiated regions after treatment of braintumors. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study covered 23 patients, 12 females and 11 males. All casesinitially presented with histologically proven malignant brain tumors and underwent surgical intervention followed byradiotherapy (+/- chemotherapy). On follow up imaging, they presented with newly developed/progressively enhancingmass lesions at the sites of the primary tumors. All patients then underwent conventional MRI, DSC MRI perfusionand MR spectroscopy. Results: In our study, we found DSC MR perfusion to be a useful non-invasive method fordifferentiating recurrent brain tumors from radiation necrosis. This approach allows hemodynamic measurements tobe obtained within the brain as the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) to complement the anatomic informationobtained with conventional contrast enhanced MR imaging. The sensitivity and specificity of DSC MR perfusionfor differentiation were found to be 77.8% and 80.0%, respectively. Conclusion: DSC MR perfusion is a promisingtechnique in differentiating recurrent brain tumors from radiation necrosis as it has acceptable spatial resolution andcan be routinely performed in the same settings after conventional MRI.Fri, 09 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Association of Calorie and Carbohydrate Intake with Tumor Grade in Early Diagnosis of Breast ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_58650_0.html
Background: Evidence has not been able to prove the role of carbohydrates in the control and treatment of breast cancer. This study aimed to investigate the association of calorie and carbohydrate intake with tumor grade in early detection of breast cancer in Iranian women. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 62 women with high grade breast cancer were included in the study as the case group and control group included 93 women with low breast cancer grade. Information about confounding variables was collected through a questionnaire. Dietary intake of calorie and macronutrient was assessed by a valid 122-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The subjects were categorized according to quartiles of calorie and carbohydrate intake. Results: Individuals with high grade breast cancer had significantly more calorie (0.16, 0.04-0.61) and carbohydrate intake (4.02; 1.28-12.63) compared with those with low grade breast cancer after controlling for age. This correlation remained significant after adjusting for confounding factors including body mass index, age at menarche, Physical activity, smoking, family history, and taking contraceptives and estrogen. Conclusion: Our results showed that high intakes of dietary calorie and carbohydrate are directly related to the high grade of tumor in people with breast cancer after modifying a wide range of confounding factors. Further studies in this area may help to provide appropriate nutritional advice to cancer patients.Mon, 12 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Dietary Carbohydrate Promotes Cell Survival in Cancer via the up-Regulation of Fat Mass and ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_58651_0.html
Objective: Cancer cells are mainly dependent on glycolysis for their growth and survival. Dietary carbohydrates play a critical role in the growth and proliferation of cancer and a low-carbohydrate diet can help slow down the growth of breast tumors. However, the exact mechanisms behind this effect are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of gene polymorphisms in the association between dietary carbohydrates in cancer via the up-regulation of FTO gene expression level.
Method: This review study was carried out using keywords such as&nbsp;polymorphism and/or Cancer and/or dietary carbohydrate and/or FTO gene. PubMed and Science Direct Databases were used to collect all related articles published from 1990 to 2017.
Results: Recent studies showed that the FTO gene expression level in cancer cells is dramatically increased and may play a role in the growth of these cells through the regulation of the cellular metabolic pathways, including the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Dietary carbohydrate may influence the FTO gene expression by eliminating the inhibitory effect of AMPK on the FTO gene expression.
Conclusion: This review summarizes what has been recently discovered about the effects of dietary carbohydrate on cancer cells and tries to determine the mediating role of the FTO gene in these effects.Mon, 12 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Determinants of Breast Cancer Screening by Mammography in Women Referred to Health Centers of ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_59556_0.html
Background: In women, breast cancer accounts for 30 percent of all cancers and it is the second leading cause ofmortality. Mammography is considered an effective procedure to detect early breast cancer recommended by WorldHealth Organization. This study was aimed to evaluate breast cancer screening determinants in women referred tohealth centers of Urmia for mammography in 2017. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic cross-sectionalstudy, 348 women referred to health centers of Urmia were selected using multistage sampling. Data were collectedusing a standard questionnaire for mammography screening determinants, with a checklist including demographiccharacteristics, family, social and economic factors and midwifery background. Analysis was with SPSS softwareversion 20for descriptive and inferential statistic tests, P&lt;0.05 being considered significant. Results: The proportionperforming mammography was 12%. Significant relationships were noted with income, menopause status, a history ofbreast cancer in close relatives, beliefs, inaccessibility, knowledge, cues to action, emotions, self-care, and life priorities(P&lt;0.05). There were no significant links with age at marriage, first age of delivery, number of children, duration ofbreastfeeding, status of residency, education, marital status, occupation, history of breastfeeding, and previous breastproblems (P&gt;0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that the status of breast cancer screening inparticipating women was not satisfactory. Therefore, promotion of screening methods by health policy makers in Iranis necessary and given that reliance solely on education is not sufficient, it is essential to pay attention to barriers andeliminate them.Wed, 14 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Proliferative Index (Ki67) for Prediction in Breast Duct Carcinomashttp://journal.waocp.org/article_59558_0.html
Background and objectives: To date, many tumor markers have been used to predict prognosis and therapeuticresponse in patients with breast cancer. The well established and routinely applied tumor markers are the estrogen-receptor,progesterone-receptor and Her2/neu-receptor. In the current study, we aimed to highlight any association of theproliferation index (Ki67) in breast infiltrative duct carcinoma with the tumor grade, tumor size and nodal status inaddition to hormone receptor status. Tissue sections were stained immunohistochemically for Ki67 nuclear antigen,estrogen, progesterone and Her2/neu receptors using an automated Dako machine (Dako Denmark. There was asignificant inverse relationship of Ki67 levels with ER and PR, while values were directly proportional to the tumorgrade and Her2/neu status. No significant association was found between Ki67 and size of tumor or nodal status. Ki67immunoexpression may offer an independent predictive tumor marker and for routine application in cases of breast cancer.Wed, 14 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Educational Interventions for Cervical Cancer Screening Behavior of Women: A Systematic Reviewhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_59573_0.html
Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide; early detection can playa key role in reducing the associated morbidity. The objective of this study was to systematically assess the effects ofeducational interventions on cervical cancer screening (CCS) behavior of women. Methods: In this review the Cochranelibrary, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus and search engine of Google scholar were searched for allinterventional studies (trails, pre- and post-test or quasi-experimental) published in 2000-2017 for a systematic review,The search was based on the following keywords: cervix cancer, uterine cervical neoplasms, screening, prevention andcontrol, Papanicolaou Test, pap test, pap smear, education, intervention, systematic review. Due to the heterogeneityof the data, a qualitative analysis was performed. Results: Thirty seven articles with 15,658 female participants indifferent parts of world were included in the review. About three quarters of the articles covered behavior changeinterventions. About one fourth of the articles were based on health education methods. The heath belief model isthe most popular used framework for cervical cancer screening interventions. The results of our study showed thatdifferent health education methods (such as calls, mailed postcards, mother/daughter education. consultation sessions,picture books, videos, PowerPoint slides, small group discussions, educational brochures, radio broadcast education,lecture presentations, tailored counseling and a fact sheet, Self-learning package, face-to- face interviews and etc) areeffective in modifying cervical cancer screening behavior of women. Conclusions: Our results showed that the differentinterventions and health behavior change frameworks provide an effective base for cervical cancer prevention. Heathproviders can chose educational methods based on the particular client situations.Wed, 14 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Identification of Key Candidate Genes and Pathways in Endometrial Cancer by Integrated ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_59575_0.html
Endometrial Cancer is the most common female genital tract malignancy, its pathogenesis is complex, not yetfully described. To identify key genes of Endometrial Cancer we downloaded the gene chip GSE17025 from the GeneExpression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through the GEO2R analysistool. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis were performed for DEGs using DAVID database. The network ofprotein&ndash;protein-interaction (PPI) was established by STRING website and visualized by Cytoscape. Then, functionaland pathway enrichment analysis of DEGS were performed by DAVID database. A total of 1000 significant differencesgenes were obtained, contain 362 up-regulated genes and 638 down-regulated genes. PCDH10, SLC6A2, OGN,SFRP4, SLC6A2, TRH, ANGPTL, SLC6A2, FOSB are down-regulated genes. The gene of IGH, CCL20, ELF5, LTF,ASPM expression level in tumor patients are up-regulated. Biological function of enrichment include metabolism ofxenobiotics by cytochrome P450, MAPK signaling pathway, Serotonergic synapse, Protein digestion and absorption,IL-17 signaling pathway, Chemokine signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway. All in all, thecurrent study to determine endometrial differentially expressed genes and biological function, comprehensive analysisof intrauterine membrane carcinoma pathogenesis mechanism, and might be used as molecular targets and diagnosticbiomarkers for the treatment of endometrial cancer.Wed, 14 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Association between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Cardiovascular Risk Factors among ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_59576_0.html
Background: The association between Helicobacter pylori infection and cardiovascular risk factors remainscontroversial. The high prevalence of H. pylori infection among Afghan patients warranted the investigation of thisassociation. The aim of the present study was to determine the association between H. pylori infection and cardiovascularrisk factors among patients visiting an outpatient clinic in Andkhoy, Afghanistan. Methods: We performed across-sectional study of 271 consecutive patients in an outpatient clinic in Andkhoy, Afghanistan from April 2017 toJune 2017. The diagnosis of H. pylori infection was achieved using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. Thepatients were divided into H. pylori positive (n=189) and H. pylori negative (n=82) groups. The association between H.pylori infection and cardiovascular risk factors was analyzed. Results: Of the total 271 study participants, 102 (37.6%)were male and 169 (62.4%) female. The mean age &plusmn; standard deviation of the patients who were H. pylori-positiveand H. pylori-negative was 51.0 &plusmn; 17.6 years and 51.6 &plusmn; 17.6 years, respectively. In multivariate logistic regressionanalyses, H. pylori infection was significantly associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) (odds ratio [OR] 3.16, 95%confidence interval [CI] 1.31-7.62, P = 0.011), and body mass index (BMI) levels (OR 1.17, 95% CI 108-1.26, P &lt;0.001). Conclusions: Our study indicated that H. pylori infection was significantly associated with DM and elevatedBMI levels in patients from an outpatient clinic in Andkhoy, Afghanistan. More aggressive measures, including DM,obesity control, and H. pylori eradication are needed.Wed, 14 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Tobacco Cessation Scenarios Among Healthcare Profession Students: A Multidisciplinary Studyhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_59581_0.html
Background: It is acknowledged that the most effective means to contain the tobacco epidemic is to involvehealthcare providers across various disciplines. The present study was undertaken to gain a comprehensive insightinto various factors that determine the efficacy of multidisciplinary approaches in tobacco control. Methods: A crosssectional study design using a structured, pretested and self-administered questionnaire was employed in the present study,conducted among medical and dental interns and final year nursing students. Respondent demographics, knowledge,attitude, behaviour, perceived effectiveness and barriers, and willingness to participate in tobacco cessation were assessed.Results: A total of 268 subjects participated, with mean knowledge, attitude, behaviour, perceived effectiveness andbarrier scores of 69. 7%, 89.0%, 72.0%, 80.6% and 88.6% respectively. There were significant differences among themean scores of the study domains across the 3 disciplines. The majority (92.91%) of the respondents were willing toparticipate in tobacco cessation activities, but only 14.2% had previously received relevant training. Regression analysisrevealed that the significant predictors of behaviour scores were gender, course, attitude and perceived effectiveness;those for willingness to undertake tobacco cessation activities were course, attitude, behaviour and perceived barriers.Conclusions: The study highlighted the willingness but low previous training among the participants and also identifiedfactors that determine t behaviour and willingness to undertake tobacco cessation activities. The study emphasizes theneed for modification in the policies pertaining to curricula of medical, dental and nursing training programs.Wed, 14 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Effecst of Patho- Biological Factors on the Survival of Recurrent Breast Cancer Caseshttp://journal.waocp.org/article_59589_0.html
Background: Recurrence of breast cancer after treatment is generally due to loco-regional invasion or distantmetastasis. Although patients with metastasis are considered incurable, existing treatments might prolong a patient&rsquo;s lifewhile also improving its quality. Choice of approach for individual patients requires identification of relevant survivalfactors. This study concerns factors influencing survival after recurrence in Iranian breast cancer patients. Methods: Thisstudy was performed on 442 recurrent breast cancer patients referred to the Cancer Research Center of Shahid BeheshtiUniversity between 1985 and 2015. After confirming recurrence as a distant metastasis or loco-regional invasion, theeffects of demographic, clinic-pathologic, biological, type of surgery and type of adjuvant treatment on survival wereevaluated using univariate and multivariate stratified Cox models. Results: The mean survival after recurrence was18 months (5 days to 13 years), 219 patients (70.42%) survived two years, 75 patients (24.12%) survived from 2 to 5years, and 17 patients (5.47%) survived more than 5 years. In this study, it was found through univariate analysis that thefactors of age, lymph node status, DFI, place of recurrence and nodal ratio demonstrated greatest influence on survivalafter recurrence. On multivariate analysis, the most important factors influencing survival were the place of recurrenceand the lymph node status. Conclusion: The results of this study enhance our knowledge of effects of different factorson survival of patients after breast cancer recurrence. Thus, they may be used to inform treatment choice.Wed, 14 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Metagenomics of Microbial Communities in Gallbladder Bile from Patients with Gallbladder Cancer ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_59593_0.html
Salmonella typhi and Helicobacter infections have been shown to increase risk of gallbladder cancer (GBC), butfindings have been inconsistent. Other bacterial infections may also be associated with GBC. However, information onmicrobial pathogens in gallbladder bile of GBC patients is scarce. We aimed to investigate the microbial communities ingallbladder bile of patients with GBC and cholelithiasis (CL). Seven GBC patients and 30 CL patients were enrolled inthis study. Genomic DNA was extracted from bile and the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA was amplified. The sequencingresults were compared with the 16S database, and the bacteria were identified by homology searches and phylogeneticanalysis. DNA was detected in the bile of three GBC (42.9%; Bolivia, 1; Chile, 2) and four CL patients (13.3%; Bolivia,1; Chile, 3). Of the 37 patients, 30 (81.1%) were negative and unable to analyze. Salmonella typhi and Helicobacter sp.were not detected in bile from any GBC patients. As the predominant species, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichiacoli, and Enetrobacter sp. were detected in bile from GBC patients. Those in bile from CL patients were Escherichiacoli, Salmonella sp., and Enerococcus gallinarum. Escherichia coli was detected in bile samples from both GBC andCL patients. Whether the bacteria detected in bile from GBC patients would associated with the development of GBCwarrant further investigation.Wed, 14 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Significant Association of the MDM2 T309G Polymorphism with Breast Cancer Risk in a Turkish ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_59594_0.html
Background: Breast cancer is a leading cause of death in women worldwide. Genetic polymorphisms have beenreported to be important etiological factors. Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) T309G interacts with p53 and mutationsin p53 are present in approximately 50% of all cancers. However, it has been reported that effect of the polymorphismon breast cancer risk may vary in different populations. Here, we therefore investigated whether there is an associationbetween MDM2 T309G (rs2279744) polymorphism and breast cancer in a Turkish population. Materials and Methods:We analysed 110 patients with breast cancer and 138 matched? controls. For genotyping, polymerase chain reactionand restriction length fragment polymorphism methods were used. Results: A significant difference was observedbetween case and control groups with regard to the distribution of the MDM2 T309G polymorphism (p&lt;0.05). Therewas a significantly higher frequency of the TT genotype in the control group (p=0.028; OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.09-5.37).However, we did not find any relationships among tumor grade and metastasis status and this polymorphism. Conclusion:This study indicates that the MDM2 T309G polymorphism GG genotype and the TG+GG combination may be riskfactors for breast cancer in our Turkish population.Wed, 14 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Prevalence, Cognitive and Socio-Demographic Determinants of Prostate Cancer Screeninghttp://journal.waocp.org/article_59595_0.html
Screening may be effective for reducing deaths due to prostate cancer. The aim of this study was determine the prevalenceand determinants influencing prostate cancer early detection behaviors based on the theory planned behavior (TPB).In this cross-sectional study, conducted in the west of Iran, a total of 250 men aged 50 to 70 years old were randomlyselected to participate. Of these, 200 (80%) signed the consent form and voluntarily agreed to take part. A structuredquestionnaire based on TPB constructs was applied for collecting data by interview. Analyses were conducted withSPSS version 16 using bivariate correlations, and logistic and linear regression. Some 26.5% of the participantsdemonstrated prostate cancer early detection behavior. Age higher than 60 (OR: 5.969), academic education (OR: 2.904),number of family members more than four (OR: 3.144), and knowledge about prostate cancer (OR: 3.693) were themost influential predictive factors for early detection behavior. Furthermore, among the TPB constructs, attitude(OR=1.090) and subjective norms (OR=1.280) were the most influential predictors. Attitude, subjective norms, andperceived behavioral control accounted for 43% of the variation in the outcome measure of the intention to screenfor prostate cancer (adjusted R squared= 0.43, F= 49.270 and P &lt; 0.001). Designing and implementation programs toincrease positive attitudes and encourage subjective norms towards prostate cancer screening behavior may be usefulfor promotion of early detection.Wed, 14 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Socio-Cognitive Determinants of the Mammography Screening Uptake among Iranian Womenhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_59597_0.html
Background: Mammography screening uptake is the most effective method in breast cancer screening. The aimof this study was to determine the determinants related to mammography screening uptake among Iranian womenbased on the theory of planned behavior. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among408 women who referred to health centers in Kermanshah city, the western of Iran, during 2016. Participants filledout a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21 using Pearson correlation, linear andlogistic regression statistical tests at 95% significant level. Results: The mean age of participants was 39.61 years[SD: 8.28], ranged from 30 to 60 years. Almost 13% of the participants had already mammography screening uptakeat least once. Perceived behavioral control (OR=1.229) and behavioral intention (OR=1.283) were the more influentialpredictors on mammography screening uptake. Conclusions: Based on result, it seems increase perceived behaviorcontrol toward mammography screening uptake may be usefulness in promotion of mammography screening uptakeamong Iranian women.Wed, 14 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100The Impact of Perceived Barriers on Self-Efficacy for HPV Preventive Behaviorhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_59599_0.html
Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers found among women. Many studies have focusedon factors associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) preventive behavior and early detection using models such asthe health belief model (HBM). Despite a growing body of knowledge regarding HPV preventive behavior, few studieshave examined how self-efficacy affects this behavior in foreign women living in South Korea. This study identifiedfactors affecting the self-efficacy of foreign women living in South Korea and the impact on HPV preventive behavior.Methods: A total of 171 participants consisting of international school parents who voluntarily participated in HPVpreventive behavior were selected. A multivariate regression analysis included key variables such as demographics,cervical cancer knowledge, perceived susceptibility, and perceived barriers. Results: Self-efficacy for HPV preventivebehavior was significantly associated with perceived barriers. That is, women with lower perceived barriers were likelyto have higher self-efficacy scores. However, demographics, cervical cancer knowledge, and perceived susceptibilitydid not show any association with self-efficacy. The final model was significant and accounted for 14.4% of thevariance in self-efficacy. Conclusion: This study showed the importance of considering perceived barriers of HPVpreventive behavior related to self-efficacy. However, different from HBM, modifying factors, such as knowledge,perceived susceptibility, and individual demographics were not related to self-efficacy. Based on these findings, futureresearch should investigate self-efficacy and HPV preventive behavior among individuals who do not participate inHPV preventive behavior.Wed, 14 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Digital Cervicography by Simply Portable Device as an Alternative Test for Cervical Cancer ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_59600_0.html
Objective: Various screening methods for cervical cancer are proved to be effective in reducing such type of cancer.We aims to introduce a new portable device as an alternative method for cervical cancer screening. The performanceof device was tested on the assessment of cervical lesions using cervicograph score with the cervical cytology.Methods: 325 non-pregnant women were tested from March 2013 to August 2015. The cervical and vaginal cellsfrom the sample were collected for cytology, then all of them received the digital cervicography conducted with ournew device and scored using cervicograph score. Small pieces of cervical tissues were also collected for histologicexamination. SPSS software version 18.0 was used for the statistical analysis. Results: We grouped cytology resultsand cervicograph scores to 2 subgroups, &le; ASC-US and &ge; LSIL, and 0-3 points and 4-6 points, respectively. The datathen correlated with histology results which sub-grouped to &le; CIN 1 and &ge; CIN 2. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity,and positive predictive value (PPV) of cervicograph scores 4-6 points to detect CIN 2+ were 92%, 72.41%, 97%, and84%, respectively which were not inferior to Pap smear did. Conclusion: The digital cervicography device providessimilar accuracy to Pap cytology screening and is suitable to use in the area that lacks cytoscreeners. Large scale useand generalization are required for this new device.Wed, 14 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Psychometric Properties of the Farsi Version of “Spiritual Needs Questionnaire” for Cancer ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_59615_0.html
Background and objectives: Spiritual needs are very important requirements to cancer patients. A valid andreliable instrument is needed for evaluation. This study was conducted to psychometrically evaluate a Spiritual NeedsQuestionnaire (SpNQ) for cancer patients in Iran. Methods: In this study, the methodology and psychometric propertiesof the Farsi version of the SpNQ (B&uuml;ssing et al., (2010)) were evaluated, based on the model proposed by Wilde et al.,(2005). The study population included cancer patients referred to the largest referral center in Iran. Some 400 subjectswere selected. Then, the content, face and construct validity, as well as the internal consistency and reliability of theFarsi version were assessed. Findings: In the confirmatory factor analysis, the original four-factor version with 19phrases was not confirmed. Subsequently, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was carried out in which phrases wereincluded in three dimensions (peace and active giving, religion, and existence) that explained 48.1% of the variance.Later, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted, which showed a good fit of the model (CFI=0.94, GFI=0.94,RMSEA=0.071, and AGFI=0.96). Cronbach&rsquo;s alpha was &alpha;=0.91 for the whole SpNQ. Cronbach&rsquo;s alpha values rangedfrom 0.76 to 0.86 for the three factors. The intra-class correlation coefficient was ICC=0.82 between two tests performedwith a two-week interval. Conclusion: The modified Farsi version of the SpNQ shows good psychometric propertiesfor patients and can be used to investigate the spiritual needs of Iranian cancer patients.Thu, 15 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Clausenidin Induces Caspase 8-Dependent Apoptosis and Suppresses Production of VEGF in Liver ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_59717_0.html
Clausena excavata Burm f. is used by traditional healers to treat cancer patients in South East Asia. The use of theplant and its compounds is based on Asian folklore with little or no scientific evidence supporting the therapeutic efficacyThe current study aimed to determine the effect of pure clausenidin isolated from C. excavata on caspase-8-induced celldeath as well as angiogenesis in the HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Caspase-8 and extrinsic death receptorprotein expression was determined using spectrophotometry and protein profile arrays, respectively. Ultrastructuralanalysis of clausenidin-treated cells was conducted using transmission electron microscopy. In addition, anti-angiogeniceffects of clausenidin were investigated by Western blot analysis. Clausenidin significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased theactivity of caspase-8 and expression of protein components of the death inducing signaling complex (DISC) in HepG2cells. Ultrastructural analysis of the clausenidin-treated HepG2 cells revealed morphological abnormalities typical ofapoptosis. Furthermore, clausenidin significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased the expression of vascular endothelial growthfactor (VEGF). Therefore, clausenidin is a potential anti-angiogenic agent which may induce apoptosis of hepatocellularcarcinoma cells.Sat, 17 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Inverse Association between Glucose‒6‒Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Hepatocellular ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_59739_0.html
Background: Studies in experimental models and humans suggest that glucose‒6‒phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD) deficiency, an inherited condition, may be inversely related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We testedthis hypothesis in a large cohort of Sardinian patients. Methods: A case-control study was performed using datafrom 11,143 records of patients who underwent upper endoscopy between 2002 and 2017. Gender, age, G6PD statusand information regarding the presence of HCC, were recorded. Cases (HCC positive) and controls (HCC negative)were compared for the presence of G6PD deficiency adjusting for major HCC risk factors using logistic regression.Results: Overall, 114 HCC cases and 11,029 controls were identified. G6PD deficiency was detected in 11.5% ofstudy participants, and was associated with a reduced risk of HCC [odds ratio (OR); 0.451; 95% confidence interval(CI), 0.207&minus;0.982] after adjusting for all covariates. Factors significantly associated with HCC were cirrhosis (OR,23.30; 95% CI, 11.48&minus;47.25), diabetes (OR, 2.396; 95% CI, 1.449&minus;3.963), among infection hepatitis HBV with anOR of 2.326, age &ge;65 years (OR, 1.941; 95% CI, 1.234&minus;2.581) and male gender (OR, 1.611; 95% CI, 1.006&minus;3.081).Conclusions: Our study revealed a significant inverse association between G6PD deficiency and risk of HCC. Thesefindings need to be confirmed in further studies.Sat, 17 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Early Detection of Breast Cancer and Barrier to Screening Programmes amongst Thai Migrant Women ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_59744_0.html
Background: Breast cancer screening programme is seen as the best practice to detect breast cancer early. However,there are circumstances that can prevent immigrant women from attending screening programmes. Little is knownabout Thai migrants and the barriers to their seeking breast cancer screening when living in a new homeland. This paperaimed to discuss the barriers to attending screening services among Thai migrant women living in Australia. Methods:This study adopted qualitative approach. Semi-structured in-depth interviewing and drawing methods were employedas data collection technique with 25 Thai migrant women who had not experienced breast cancer and were living inMetropolitan Melbourne, Australia. Thematic analysis method was employed to analyse the data. Results: Basing onthe Health Belief Model, most Thai migrant women did not perceive that they were at risk of breast cancer. Despiteseeing a breast cancer screening programme as important, the women rarely paid attention to breast cancer screeningand used the mammography services provided by the Australian health care system. The barriers included the locationof the services, unfamiliar patterns of health care provision, and language difficulties. Conclusions: There are manybarriers that that they encountered in Australia that prevent Thai migrant women living in Melbourne Australia to payattention to mammographic screening service provided by Australia health system. Our findings suggest that healthservices and interventions need to be designed more sensitive to the needs and socio-cultural context of migrant womenin general and Thai migrant women in particular.Sat, 17 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Quality of Life of Nepalese Women Post Mastectomyhttp://journal.waocp.org/article_59745_0.html
Introduction: Worldwide breast cancer is the common invasive cancer among the females. The quality of life ofwomen after treatment, which is often a mastectomy, is frequently decreased. Objective: To determine the life qualityof Nepalese women post mastectomy. Materials and Methods: One hundred seven women after a mastectomy wereselected and interviewed by using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of LifeQuestionnaire and its Breast Specific Module to assess women&rsquo;s quality of life. Result: The study findings revealed agood score on global health status/quality of life. The respondents performed well on functional and symptom scales.In the Breast Specific Module, all respondents performed poor regarding sexual function and sexual enjoyment. GlobalHealth Status was found useful among the women involved in service/business/agriculture and the survivors usingbreast prosthesis. In Breast Specific Module, systemic therapy side effects showed strong statistical associations withage, marital status, occupation, education, use of breast prosthesis and co-morbidity. Body image was highly significantwith age, occupation, education, use of breast prosthesis and co-morbidity. Conclusion: Based on the study findings,counseling, and a structured educational programme is recommended to improve the QOL of women after a mastectomy.Sat, 17 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100Evaluation of Osteopontin as a Biomarker in Hepatocellular Carcinomas in Egyptian Patients with ...http://journal.waocp.org/article_59746_0.html
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a high incidence disease in Egypt with a poor prognosis andsurvival. Biomarkers are important for diagnosis of HCC at an early stage. Osteopontin (OPN), a glycoprotein secreted bymacrophages, osteoblasts, and T cells, is also highly expressed in a variety of tumors, such as examples in the breast, colon,and stomach. The present study aimed to correlate the serum level of OPN in HCV-positive hepatocellular carcinomapatients, with OPN expression in tumor and non-tumor liver tissues in order to identify its efficacy as a biomarkerfor diagnosis. Material and Methods: Out of total of 146 patients, 80 were selected for inclusion in the study. Bloodsamples as well as specimens of tumor and non-tumor liver tissue were collected. In addition, blood samples from 20healthy volunteers were obtained as controls. Serum OPN and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were evaluated by ELISA forHCC and control groups. OPN and AFP gene expression were examined by real-time PCR, after homogenization andDNA extraction from serum samples and liver tissues. Results: It was found that serum OPN levels were significantlyhigher in the HCC group compared to normal group (P=0.009), with a strong positive correlation with AFP expression.However, there was no significant difference between OPN expression in tumor and non-tumor liver tissue. Conclusion:Serum OPN is highly suggested to be a professional candidate for HCC early diagnosis, with a diagnostic ability andaccuracy equal or higher than for AFP.Sat, 17 Mar 2018 20:30:00 +0100