New Mexico has tens of thousands of oil and gas wells in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the state. And while the practice has received more public attention in recent years, companies have used the technology here for decades.

During the process, operators inject wells with chemicals, including hydrochloric acid, petroleum distillates, ethanol, sodium chloride and trimethylbenzene. Those chemicals, when mixed with sand and water, create and hold open fissures, which allows oil and gas to reach the wellhead.

Wastewater can include not only fossil fuels and chemicals, but also salts like sulfate and magnesium; metals like barium and strontium; benzene and xylenes; and radioactive materials.

The report’s authors note that between 2000 and 2013, about 3,900 public water systems nationwide—serving more than 8.6 million people—had at least one hydraulically fractured well within one mile of their water source.

More than 40 percent of Americans’ drinking water comes from underground water sources—and in New Mexico, that number is even higher. Much of the state’s drinking water, for cities and rural communities, comes from groundwater. This includes Albuquerque, the state’s largest city.

The EPA’s final report includes information about the entire cycle, from when the water is pumped, through the chemical mixing and injecting processes, to the disposal or reuse of wastewater.

Compared to total water use, hydraulic fracturing uses relatively small amounts of water. But pumping for industry can affect the quality and quantity of drinking water by changing the balance between supplies and demands. This is most serious in places where groundwater resources are limited or declining.

Fluids spilled during the mixing stage have been found to reach surface water sources— and have the potential to reach groundwater.

In some places, fluids have contaminated underground drinking water during the drilling and injection phases of operations. This usually happens because of mechanical failures. Drillers can reduce the frequency and severity of these problems by making sure wells are encased in multiple layers of cement and that underground drinking water and fractured rock formations are separated by thousands of feet of rock.

In some cases, wastewater spills have reached surface water and groundwater supplies.

Storing or disposing of wastewater in aboveground pits has affected surface waters and groundwater in some places. Lined and unlined pits can both leak, and unlined pits in particular allow contamination to directly reach groundwater.

Of the more than 1,600 chemicals EPA identified, 173 of those are toxic when ingested over periods of time. The long-term effects of more than 1,400 of the chemicals companies sometimes use have yet to be studied.

What the frack?

The EPA’s final study has been a long time coming.

More than two decades ago, residents sued the agency to mandate regulation of fracking after drinking water in Alabama was contaminated by a nearby well. The 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in the citizens’ favor and ordered the EPA to study whether the practice was a public health threat and should be regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act.

Initial studies showed the practice could contaminate water. But in 2001, then-Vice President Cheney, the former CEO of Halliburton Corp., encouraged Congress to exempt the practice from regulation and pressured the EPA to alter its studies.

In 2004, the agency released its first study, which stated the practice did not pose a threat to drinking water—because citizens were unable to prove contamination didn’t come from a different source—and so did not require regulation or more studies.

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After that study was released, one of the EPA’s employees involved in the study sent a letter and 18 pages of technical analysis to his congressional representatives. In his letter, environmental engineer Weston Wilson wrote that the study caused him and several of his peers “great concern.” In that 2004 letter, he wrote:

While EPA’s report concludes this practice poses little or no threat to underground sources of drinking water, based on the available science and literature, EPA’s conclusions are unsupportable. EPA has conducted limited research reaching the unsupported conclusion that this industry practice needs no further study at this time. EPA decisions were supported by a Peer Review Panel; however five of the seven members of the panel appear to have conflicts-of-interest and may benefit from EPA’s decision not to conduct further investigations or impose regulatory conditions.

With help from the nonprofit Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, Wilson at the time sought whistleblower protection to avoid retaliation from the agency.

Over the next decade, the EPA continued studying the issues around hydraulic fracturing and drinking water, looking at cases in places like Colorado, North Dakota, Pennsylvania and Texas.

The draft report was released in 2015. In that report, the agency noted practices had the potential to affect above- and belowground water resources, but said the practice had not led to “widespread, systemic” impacts to drinking water.

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Laura Paskus has been writing about New Mexico’s natural resources and communities since 2002, as an assistant editor of High Country News, a radio producer at KUNM-FM, managing editor of Tribal College Journal and a freelancer for a variety of publications including the Santa Fe Reporter, New Mexico In Depth and Indian Country Today. Her work has also appeared in Al Jazeera America, Ms. Magazine, National Geographic Online, The Nature Conservancy Magazine, The Progressive, Columbia Journalism Review, The Mountain Gazette, Audubon and Orion. She's a correspondent for New Mexico In Focus and a graduate student in the University of New Mexico’s Geography and Environmental Studies Department.