3Note: some of these slides have dates and amounts applicable to past years. The slides will nevertheless be helpful in illustrating important points.

4International TaxationThe U.S. imposes taxes on “worldwide” income of U.S. taxpayers (citizens, resident aliens and corporations organized in the U.S.).The U.S. imposes taxes on non-resident aliens (not U.S. citizens) and non-resident entities on income earned in the U.S.A foreign person, who becomes a U.S. resident, is taxed like a U.S. citizen (on worldwide income).A foreign owned corp. that is organized in this country is subject to U.S. income taxes. Etc.

7Notes for case for BudPlease note that the case for Bud involves a U.S. tax person. Same principles apply for a U.S. corporation with a branch in the foreign country, or a U.S. proprietorship with a branch operation in the foreign country.These concepts do not apply to a foreign person with income earned in the U.S. (Alien working in U.S., etc.)

9Please note the variety of ways the tax systems of various countries may interact with each other. In a territorial system, each country imposes taxes on income earned in its territory. In a world-wide or global system, a county taxes income earned worldwide by its citizens. This may cause income to be taxed in more than one country. Double taxation. Credits allowed, etc.

10The following slides involve the taxation of income earned in the U. SThe following slides involve the taxation of income earned in the U.S. and income earned in the U.K. The tax rates are hypothetical and various assumptions are made regarding the nature of the tax systems: territorial, world-wide, etc. The examples are designed to illustrate important concepts and may not accurately reflect the tax systems actually in effect in the countries.

20Note: you can repeat the slides above for a U.S. Corporation. The U.S. corporation has net income from U.S. operations of $100,000 and net income from a branch office in a foreign country.The same principles apply.Other rules apply for foreign Sub.

21Note: The first slide (results) for Bud involves him simply excluding the income earned in a foreign country.That is the essence of Sec. 911, which allows a U.S. worker in a foreign country to exclude approx. $95,000 (inflation adjusted) per year, as well as certain housing costs.

22How Foreign Tax Credit WorksA U.S. Corp. opens a branch in Australia.U.S. Corp.-net income in Australia: $100,000.U.S. Corp.-net income in U.S. $200,000.Australia has a 40% income tax rate.U.S. Corp.- pays Australian income tax of $40,000.Assume the U.S. has a 50% income tax rate.Is the global tax burden equal to $140,000 or $150,000?Vertical Equity.Look at the basic computations page for Susan and Sam.Susan had twice as much taxable income as Sam.Did Susan pay twice as much tax as Sam?How would a flat tax (everybody pays same tax rate) change the tax liabilities of Susan and Sam?Does the Susan-Sam example illustrate a progressive tax system?

28Foreign Tax Credit [FTC]Jackson Corp.’s taxable income for 2012 from its global operations was $500,000, resulting in U.S. federal income tax of $200,000 before credits. Jackson’s taxable income from foreign sources was $125,000 during Jackson paid income taxes of $60,000 to foreign governments. What is Jackson’s FTC limit for 2012?a. $200, b. $60,000c. $50, d. $12,500

30Foreign Earned Income ExclusionChoose Deduction, Credit Or ExclusionA taxpayer (individual) should carefully choose between:(1) a deduction for foreign income taxes,(2) a credit on for foreign income taxes, or(3) an exclusion up to approx. $95,000 of foreign earnings from U.S. gross income.

31Case 1.A U.S. citizen has the opportunity to earn an extra $100,000, and that income is earned in a foreign country. (Assume 100% exclusion is available on U.S. Return.)The taxpayer’s U.S. income tax is $30,000 (marginal rate of 30%) on the foreign income and the foreign government imposes an income tax of $20,000 on that income.

33Case 1. The Code provides a deduction for foreign income taxes paid.A deduction of $20,000 for these taxes will generate a tax savings of $6,000 (30% of $20,000).However, a tax credit for these foreign taxes will yield a savings on U.S. income tax of $20,000.The greatest saving is realized by excluding $100,000 from U.S. income, thereby saving U.S. income tax of $30,000.

34Case 1Best to earn tax-free income in foreign country and exclude it from the U.S. income tax computations.

35Transfer PricingUnder section 482, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to re-determine the income of an entity subject to U.S. taxation, when it appears that an improper shifting of income between that entity and a commonly controlled entity in another country has occurred.See excellent figure on text page 9-1.

39US Corp and SubsidiaryThe following slide summarizes the transactions of a U.S. parent corp. (USC) and its wholly owned subsidiary corporation organized and operating in the Cayman Islands (CSub).Parent (USC) makes widgets in the U.S. & sells them to its Cayman Subsidiary (CSub).The Cayman Subsidiary sells the widgets in other parts of the world.Initially, we ignore transfer pricing limits and subpart F.

45Subpart FSuppose in the preceding slide, USC is actually selling its product to various customers throughout the world.The Cayman Islands sub is a sales agent (paper corporation) that technically buys from USC for $600,000 and sells to USC’s customers for $1,000,000.The products are shipped directly to USC’s customers and USC actually handles the billing, etc. If CSub does not produce in the Cayman Islands and does not sell in the Cayman Islands, Subpart F comes into play. Subpart F. USC is treated as receiving a distribution of CSub earnings on the last day of the year. See bottom of page 9-22+

46Subpart F. Suppose in the preceding slide, USC is actually selling its product to a wholly owned German Subsidiary.USC uses the Cayman Islands sub as a sales agent to buy from USC for $600,000 and sell to the German Subsidiary for $1,000,000.German subsidiary will sell the products in Germany for $1,000,000.Without transfer pricing limits or Subpart F, there would be no profit to be taxed in the U.S. or in Germany.