COLECCIN MNAVMarzo / Junio 2013Museo Nacional de Artes VisualesCOLECCIN MNAVndiceBarradas, el pintor de la vida duraRicardo EhrlichBarradas desde la ciudadAna Olivera Barradas, una celebracin de la modernidad y de la vitalidadHugo AchugarLa emocin ms all de la plsticaMariano AranaBarradas. Coleccin MNAVEnrique AguerreRafael Barradas, ultrastaJuan Manuel BonetObraMontevideoMilnLa FamiliaLos magnficosRetratosMsticosPaisajesEstamponesVibracionismoClownismoIlustracionesTeatroInfanciaBarradas en el MNAVSobre cronologas ampliadasMara Eugenia GrauAnexo DocumentalMara Eugenia GrauTraduccin al ingls / TranslationsCrditosp 06 p 08 p 10 p 12 p 14 p 18 p 27 p 28 p 36 p 40 p 68 p 88 p 104 p 116 p 136 p 152 p 204 p 212 p 226 p 238 p 282 p 299 p 323 p 342 Barradas, el pintor de la vida duraRicardo Ehrlich6Rafael Barradas pintaba con el alma. Esto se percibe, se siente, contemplando su vasta y proteica obra, creada a impulsos, urgencias y necesidades de una vida poco complaciente con l y su familia. Sin lugar a dudas que es, entre nuestros artistas, el pintor de la vida dura.Hijo de inmigrantes espaoles, Barradas decide, asume, elige ser l, a su vez, inmigrante. Fue un inmigrante tan pobre como sus padres cuando llegaron a nuestro pas. Lo que vio y plasm en el leo Los emigrantes, en 1912, lo vivi en carne propia. Al principio en Miln y Pars y luego en la Espaa de sus peregrinajes por calles, caminos y carreteras. Cmo no iba a pintar con el alma, un hombre que andaba con el alma a flor de piel.Tal vez los cuentos que oy de boca de sus padres. Don Antonio hablando de los terrones duros de los campos de Valencia de las Torres, all en Badajoz, y su madre amortiguando la nostalgia con palabras que recordaban nombres gitanos, rostros moros, pedazos de la vida que qued atrs: una esquina de Triana, una pared alicada en Los Remedios, vistazos de una Sevilla anhelada que volva como en sueos. Tal vez fueron aquellos cuentos, y quizs tambin el deseo de aventura, la necesidad de salir al mundo, de probarse, de medirse con otros parmetros, de tantear, descubrir y descubrirse.Sea como fuere, abandona una Montevideo de principios del siglo xx. Uruguay por entonces alcanzaba, despus de muchos aos y tantos desencuentros, la estabilidad poltica y se afianzaba proyectando las realizaciones que, en todos los terrenos, solo la paz y la comunin entre los ciudadanos permiten alcanzar. Fue el tiempo en el cual el pas de las lenguas diversas habl el mismo verbo, que se conjugaba preferentemente en presente y en futuro.Se va en el 13, y a los pocos meses la Gran Guerra incendia el viejo continente. Haba llegado a Miln, y de all se haba trasladado a Pars. La guerra lo obliga a optar por Espaa, ms segura y alejada de los campos de batalla.Mientras que el Uruguay se abra a los nuevos tiempos, en Europa el fuego cruzado sepultaba bajo escombros el respeto y la dignidad entre los hombres. Ya nada sera igual. El presente que agonizaba en las trincheras auspiciaba las necesarias, imprescindibles, exploraciones y nuevas lecturas, otras posibilidades de conocer y quizs de entender. En el mbito de la cultura, las vanguardias plantean una renovacin del arte, los ismos se plantan rebeldes y dan la pelea reivindicando la libertad de expresin ms absoluta, libre de las ataduras relacionadas con la academia.Recuerda Samblancat, en el artculo citado, una conversacin con el pintor en la que este le dice: Fui por los pueblos pintando retratos, predicando rebelin, vomitando blasfemias contra las epidemias de las academias.Proteica, brillante, fuere cual fuese el camino elegido, variada y abordable desde diferentes ngulos, la obra de Barradas est aqu, en una exposicin memorable y sorprendente.Los bocetos para teatro, las ilustraciones para peridicos, las caricaturas, los dibujos infantiles, los retratos expresionistas, los collages, los experimentos vanguardistas, sus textos breves nos dicen del autntico creador que fue Rafael Barradas. El hombre que fue y volvi. El que vio e hizo. Un constructor genuino. Un autntico hombre de su tiempo. El pintor que pintaba con el alma.Ricardo EhrlichMinistro de Educacin y Cultura7Vea este conjunto: es mi familia, pintada ms con mi alma que con mis manosBarradas citado por ngel Samblancat, El Diluvio, Barcelona, 22/11/19228Barradas desdela ciudadAna Olivera9Para Montevideo es un orgullo poder colaborar con la produccin de esta excepcional exposicin. Porque con ella celebramos la distincin que la ciudad ha recibido al ser designada Capital Iberoamericana de la Cultura 2013, pero, fundamentalmente, porque es una manera de promover la construccin de la ciudad. En general. Aun ms all de la capitalidad iberoamericana de la cultura.Y es que las ciudades somos construcciones culturales. Una construccin colectiva, producto de infinitas interacciones entre las personas, para las cuales los smbolos, las ideas, las imgenes, los sueos, los deseos y tambin por supuesto el arte la actividad artstica, las obras de arte son parte de la materia prima fundamental de las conversaciones significativas que nos dan forma y nos constituyen como sociedad. Y eso es porque al tiempo que en las obras fsicas, las ciudades nos construimos en la mente y en el corazn: nos construimos con el pensamiento y con el sentimiento, y nos alimentamos de los estmulos que entre otras fuentes nos provee la educacin de los sentidos por el arte.Por lo tanto, es indispensable que las ciudades nos preocupemos por promover y estimular la cultura, el pensamiento y la educacin de la sensibilidad. Porque al promoverlas y democratizarlas nos construimos mejor. Ms humanas y ms vivibles.Y Barradas, tan montevideano en tantos sentidos, es un potente estmulo en muchas dimensiones. Porque nos habla a travs de su obra de cmo somos, de cmo fuimos, nos pregunta cmo queremos seguir siendo, y nos desafa a pensar en qu y en cmo queremos cambiar.Ah estamos en su obra, como ciudad abierta, vinculada al mundo, retratados contundentemente en Los emigrantes, que l tambin lo fue hijo de emigrantes, emigrante l mismo. Ah estamos como ciudad igualitaria, retratados en Los magnficos, gente comn en el centro de la escena, nadie ms que nadie, todos igualmente importantes y diversamente iguales. Ah estamos como ciudad cultural, en sus afiches, en sus escenografas, en sus retratos, y como ciudad ensoada, en sus Estampones. Y ah estamos tambin en el ejemplo de su propia vida, reflejados como ciudad innovadora aunque de bajo perfil, reconocida en tanto tal y querida por otros, conflictiva consigo misma pero inspiradora, a la que siempre queremos volver. Ah estamos. Aunque no sea o parezca ser directamente Montevideo o Uruguay, ah estamos, en sus obras y en su vida, franca o solapadamente, de muchas maneras.Estoy convencido de que la emocin es un ngulo, dice Barradas, y yo creo que tiene razn.Espero que tambin para ustedes todos los ngulos de su obra constituyan una intensa emocin, que se traduzca en un mejor hacer y un mejor estar en esta ciudad, este pas y este mundo que, en definitiva, es la casa de todos.Ana OliveraIntendenta de MontevideoBarradas, una celebracin de la modernidad y de la vitalidadHugo Achugar10No es fcil escribir sobre Rafael Prez Barradas ms familiarmente, Barradas. Un artista de excelencia que nace y muere en Montevideo, pero que realiza gran parte de su obra en Europa. No es fcil por su riqueza y por su diversidad. De ah que la presente muestra, cuya amplitud solo tiene como antecedente la realizada hace ms de cuarenta aos en el mismo Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales de Uruguay, que presenta unos doscientos cincuenta trabajos de todas sus pocas y etapas sea sin lugar a discusin un hito en la historia cultural de nuestro pas y de la propia difusin de la obra de Barradas.No se trata de cantidad sino de calidad acumulada, de diversidad esttica, de reflexin y de humor, de dilogos con la cultura espaola y con la uruguaya, de incursiones en lo que se llama cmics, bandes dessines y tiras cmicas pero tambin del bucear en la intimidad de la familia, en el alboroto de la modernidad urbana que le toc vivir as como en la espiritualidad religiosa de los ltimos aos. La presente muestra de Barradas, curada por un equipo profesional del propio Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales, recoge ese variopinto discurrir, dibujar, pintar, soar de un hombre que integra lo mejor de la plstica uruguaya y cuyo prestigio no cesa de crecer.Es ms, si hasta no hace mucho Barradas era una referencia imprescindible en la historia de pintura nacional y de la vanguardia europea de comienzos del siglo xx, con esta muestra queda instalado como se ha dicho no solo en la santa trinidad junto con Pedro Figari y Joaqun Torres Garca sino, en lo ms destacado de la modernidad plstica de esta parte de Occidente.En este ao en que Montevideo es Capital Cultural, el Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales y la Direccin Nacional de Cultura del Ministerio de Educacin y Cultura ofrecen esta celebracin de Barradas que no es otra cosa que un celebrar lo mejor de nuestra sociedad: su creatividad, su diversidad y su densa apuesta a un humanismo frtil cuya vitalidad se afirma de modo constante y seguro.Hugo AchugarDirector Nacional de CulturaMinisterio de Educacin y Cultura1112La emocin ms all de la plsticaMariano Arana132013 Montevideo es Capital Iberoamericana de la Cultura;2013 Celebracin del bicentenario de las Instrucciones del Ao XIII;2013 Se cumplen 100 aos de la partida de Rafael Barradas rumbo al continente europeo;2013 Se organiza una muestra excepcional de un excepcional creador.Feliz confluencia que jerarquiza al pas y que llev a quienes integramos la comisin de capitalidad cultural, presidida por el Dr. Hctor Lescano, a financiar la publicacin del presente catlogo.Feliz confluencia, adems, que indujo a multiplicidad de apreciaciones y consideraciones testimoniales.En forma acotada y el privilegio de contar en los aos previos al ingreso universitario.En efecto, los arquitectos Fernando Garca Esteban y Florio Parpagnoli nos impulsaron a frecuentar algunas galeras locales y nos acompaaron en visitas guiadas a nuestros museos, abrindonos un panorama pluridimensional que nos permiti conjugar el directo deleite circunstancias en que surgieron.La aproximacin a De Simone y sobre todo a Torres Garca y a Barradas, aun antes que a Figari, fueron para m descubrimientos de singular significacin.Me emocion entonces como me emociono hoy con el deslumbramiento cromtico de las telas vibracionistas de Barradas, incluyendo figuras apenas esbozadas mediante pinceladas y planos de fuerte dinamismo.Reconozco, sin embargo, que son sus propuestas ms austeras las que concitaron en m variadas evocaciones y un muy particular apego.No solo aludo a sus magnficos sino, en particular, al retrato de 1922 de su mujer (Simona Linez y Saz, nominada siempre como Pilar). Confieso que me sorprendi saber que el propio Barradas caracteriz a Pilar como la columna del hogar; es que al enfrentarme a esa obra de severidad casi drica, vino de inmediato a mi memoria la impactante imagen que nos hizo conocer Garca Esteban de la Hera de Samos, escultura griega del siglo VI a .C. conservada en el Louvre. De similar contencin pero de resonancia emocional quiz ms intensa, me result La Familia, obra realizada en aquella misma fecha y que parece sublimarse con las consideraciones que Barradas hace llegar a su amigo ngel Samblancat:Vea este conjunto: es mi familia, pintada ms con mi alma que con mis manos []La tristeza infinita de la casa pobre, el destartalamiento de nuestras moradas grises, el abandono y la orfandad en que vivimos estn presentes con toda crudeza, con plena verdad, con absoluta desnudezLa referida tela y las consideraciones que sobre ella consign Barradas aparecen como emblemticas, en tanto permiten comprobar el hiriente contraste entre la desbordante riqueza cultural del maestro y las privaciones a las que l y su familia se vieron sistemticamente sometidos.No fueron pocas, empero, las compensaciones espirituales que Barradas recibi de muchos artistas espaoles que lo valoraron y estimularon.Me resulta especialmente conmovedora la estrecha relacin que desde 1917 mantuvo Torres Garca con el joven Barradas, a quien consideraba su amigo a pesar de la diferencia de edad que los distanciaba.Pero ms sorprendente es el hecho de que Torres, de temperamento fuerte y aparentemente inflexible, aceptara pacficamente la influencia del Barradas vibracionista y, ms aun, que llegase a adoptarlo como confidente y sincerarse con l acerca de sus incertidumbres y sus oscilaciones creativas.La carta del 2 de abril de 1926 es al respecto elocuente:Hace 20 aos, mi amigo Barradas, que busco concretar mi pintura en una sola manera, y no puedo.Sobre todo veo en m dos grandes direcciones bien deslindadas, ya que una excluye a la otra. Para decirlo en trminos corrientes, son clasicismo y romanticismo. Lo ordenado, sereno, esttico, perfecto, bien proporcionado y bello; y lo libre, vibrante, el yo, lo nuevo, lo de ahora, lo dinmico. Tengo cosas buenas en las dos maneras y esto es lo peor. Cul es mi camino, cul? Esto me desespera.No siempre los grandes exponen con tanta franqueza sus debilidades; y no siempre los grandes son generosos y solidarios. Por lo mismo, resulta gratificante el apoyo que ambos se prodigaron.Y resulta gratificante tambin que ambos, luego de una fecunda trayectoria en el extranjero, decidiesen retornar a su ciudad natal, la ms austral y la ms joven de las capitales americanas.Contrastante, sin embargo, resulta la suerte de ambos.Torres llega al pas en 1934 y culmina su fermental legado artstico y docente durante los quince aos finales de su extensa vida.Es sobrecogedor en cambio el destino de Barradas quien, minado por la enfermedad y la indigencia, fallece con 39 aos a poco de arribar a su aorado Montevideo.Celebremos que el Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales le rinda al formidable artista un merecido tributo.Mariano AranaComisin Montevideo Capital Iberoamericana de la Cultura 2013Abril de 2013BarradasColeccin MNAVEnrique Aguerre1415Haca cuarenta aos que los uruguayos no tenamos la posibilidad de ver una muestra antolgica de Rafael Barradas en el Uruguay. La ltima vez haba sido en 1972 y el lugar el mismo en que se desarrolla la actual exposicin, el Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales (MNAV). Era una deuda pendiente, no solamente con la destacada trayectoria del maestro Rafael Barradas y la vigencia de su obra, sino con la sociedad toda, ya que al menos un par de generaciones de uruguayos conocamos mal, insuficientemente, la obra de un artista mayor del arte nacional.A poco de asumir como director del mnav, en setiembre de 2010, y en mis primeras conversaciones con Hugo Achugar, director Nacional de Cultura, sobre las diferentes lneas de trabajo a implementar en el museo y caractersticas de la programacin, se me pidi que considerara en forma especial la posibilidad de realizar una gran exposicin de Rafael Barradas. El desafo era estimulante ya que la exposicin Barradas realizada en el mes de setiembre de 1972 y organizada por ngel Kalenberg, director del entonces Museo Nacional de Artes Plsticas, es un hito en las exposiciones de nuestro pas y estaba an muy presente en la memoria de muchsima gente que la haba visitado en ese entonces, por lo que marco estas primeras conversaciones con Hugo Achugar como punto de partida de la exposicin Barradas - Coleccin MNAV que inaugurara dos aos y medio ms tarde.En primer lugar, y por haber esperado cuarenta aos para volver a ver su obra, haba que actualizar toda la informacin que tenamos sobre la vida de Rafael Barradas (18901929) que, pese a fallecer muy joven, con 39 aos, fue realmente intensa por lo que aun hoy en da surgen nuevos datos que suman a la hora de entender una personalidad tan compleja como singular; y en segundo lugar, integrar al proyecto curatorial los diferentes estudios sobre su obra que crecen da a da, ya que la figura de Barradas con el correr de los aos se presenta como insoslayable para comprender mejor los movimientos de vanguardia de los aos 20 en Europa especialmente en Espaa y su influencia en el Ro de la Plata. De all la participacin en este catlogo de Juan Manuel Bonet y su texto esclarecedor sobre Barradas y el ultrasmo.El equipo curatorial fue conformado por M.a Eugenia Grau, coordinadora del rea educativa del mnav, quien tuvo a su cargo la investigacin que sirvi de base para el guion curatorial, y Eduardo Muiz, conservador del museo, quien elabor la propuesta museogrfica de la muestra.Ambos realizaron un gran trabajo con el compromiso y capacidad que los caracteriza.La tarea que tenamos por delante como institucin era la de presentar por primera vez en mucho tiempo a Rafael Barradas en todas sus facetas como creador: pintor, ilustrador y diseador, a travs de su obra ms representativa, con los fondos propios del MNAV.El Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales posee en la actualidad unas quinientas tres obras de Rafael Barradas que ingresaron al museo mediante donaciones, legados y adquisiciones. En 1950 se suman a la coleccin cuarenta obras por concepto de compensacin a las pensiones graciables otorgadas a Pilar y Carmen Barradas, que junto a otras que la institucin ya posea permiten, aunque tardamente, acrecentar significativamente el acervo con obra de Barradas. Entre estas primeras obras en la coleccin del MNAV, se destacan: La catalana (1918), Zngaras (1919), Todo 65 (1919), La familia (1922) y Hombre en la taberna (1922).Habr que esperar a 1969 para completar la totalidad de las obras de que dispone el MNAV actualmente, con la compra por parte del Estado de cuatrocientas cuarenta y ocho obras, entre las cuales se encuentran: Los emigrantes (1912), Viejo cataln (1914), Jugadores de cartas (1917), Naturaleza muerta con carta de Torres Garca (1919), y Garca Maroto y Garca Lorca (1920).Quiero irme a Montevideo; ahora s que quiero irme. No s cundo podr hacer este viaje, pero quiero hacerlo. Luego tendr que ir Ud., gran Torres. Luego o antes; pero tenemos que ir, hacemos falta all. Ellos an no lo saben; pero crame, Torres, lo sabrn pronto.Carta de Barradas a Torres Garca, 192516A partir de este excepcional conjunto de obras de Rafael Barradas es que se dise el guion curatorial que permite un recorrido significativo y no lineal por la trayectoria del artista.Barradas - Coleccin MNAV es una exposicin que desde un principio fue pensada para ser apreciada y disfrutada por todos aquellos que la visitan. Desde el comienzo del recorrido en la planta baja, el pblico es recibido por una lnea de tiempo que a travs de fotografas y textos nos relata los hechos ms destacados de la vida del artista y subraya sus obras ms representativas. Una animacin en video nos acerca a su faceta de ilustrador, as como, tambin, una estacin de audio posibilita descubrir las composiciones musicales de su hermana Carmen con quien interactuaba permanentemente en sus diferentes proyectos. Las obras estn distribuidas por ncleos temticos: su obra temprana en Montevideo antes de viajar a Europa, retratos de su amigo Mdici con quien comparti beca y viaje al viejo continente, la familia su madre, sus hermanos, Carmen y Antonio, su esposa Pilar y su cuada Antoita, autorretratos varios, las series Los magnficos, Castellanos, Paisajes, Msticos y Estampones, diferentes retratos surgidos en infinitas tertulias barcelonesas y madrileas de personajes tales como Federico Garca Lorca, Ramn Gmez de la Serna, Catalina Brcena y Margarita Xirg, entre otros; ya en la planta alta del museo compartimos su aporte a travs de ismos propios en tiempos de vanguardias vibracionismo y clownismo, ilustraciones para libros y revistas, afiches, poemas ilustrados, vestuario y escenografas en pocas del productor teatral Martnez Sierra y la Compaa del Teatro Eslava de Madrid, adems de historietas y libros de cuentos para nios. Fotografas, cartas personales y diferentes revistas en las que particip Barradas como ilustrador son exhibidas con la finalidad de documentar cada uno de los aspectos ms destacados del artista y su entorno.Con el mismo espritu inicial de acercar la obra de Barradas a todos los pblicos posibles, se implementaron visitas guiadas para adultos y talleres para los nios y su familia, que al entrar en contacto con la obra del artista realizaron sus propios dibujos y pinturas. Hay que recordar que en carta a Joaqun Torres Garca de 1919 siendo admirador de los dibujos de un Augusto Torres an nio, de seis aos Barradas escriba: En mi exposicin figurarn incluso en el catlogoinvitacin los tres maravillosos dibujos de Augusto, que expondr como tales maravillas con mis obras que quedarn muy pobres, pero qu le vamos a hacer!Barradas-Coleccin MNAV tambin sali a la calle, fuera del museo, para que algunas de sus pinturas estuvieran en diferentes barrios montevideanos a travs de reproducciones exhibidas en puntos fijos y tambin en el transporte pblico, reforzando de esta forma el vnculo entre el artista y la ciudad. Su presencia en las redes sociales, en la radio y en forma especial, en la programacin de TNU (Televisin Nacional Uruguay), a travs de la televisin abierta, contribuy a la difusin de un evento que traspasa las fronteras de lo estrictamente referido a las artes visuales.La obra de Rafael Barradas se exhibe en todo su esplendor y la respuesta masiva de pblico de todas las edades confirma que era absolutamente necesario revisitarla en detalle. Satisfacer la necesidad profunda de volver a entablar dilogos fecundos con las nuevas generaciones que se asombran, disfrutan y emocionan frente a la obra de este artista esencial. Luego de cuarenta aos de espera, y a la luz de esta muestra, a todos nos queda claro que Barradas ha vuelto para quedarse. Que as sea.Enrique AguerreDirector del Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales18Rafael Barradas, ultrastaJuan Manuel Bonet19A estas alturas existen pocas dudas sobre la importancia que tuvo el efmero movimiento ultrasta en la renovacin de la poesa en lengua castellana, tanto en Espaa, donde surgi, como en Latinoamrica, a donde fue trasplantado, tanto directamente (caso del ultrasmo argentino, capitaneado por Jorge Luis Borges), como indirectamente (caso del estridentismo mexicano, cuyo lder, Manuel Maples Arce, cita abundantemente, sobre todo en un primer momento, materiales ultrastas, y al cual acabara integrndose el hispanomexicano Humberto Rivas). Esa renovacin se inici alrededor de 1918, y dur aproximadamente hasta 1925. El profeta del movimiento fue Rafael Cansinos Assens, narrador y crtico de una generacin anterior, y autor de una obra lrica bajo la mscara Juan Las, aunque su verdadero lder sera Guillermo de Torre, a la postre ms importante como crtico. Ya en 1921, Cansinos se deslig del ultrasmo, publicando sobre este una novela en clave, El movimiento V. P., donde Guillermo de Torre era el poeta ms joven; la crtica del aludido, aparecida en el n.o 32 de Cosmpolis, revista de la cual era entonces secretario de redaccin, fue sangrienta. Junto a Cansinos y a Guillermo de Torre, al Ultra y a sus alrededores pertenecieron, entre otros, Csar M. Arconada, Xavier Bveda, Rogelio Buenda, Jos de Ciria y Escalante, Miguel ngel Colomar, Csar A. Comet, Evaristo Correa Caldern, Gerardo Diego, Joaqun de la Escosura, Pedro Garfias, Csar GonzlezRuano, Augusto Guallart, Juan Gutirrez Gili, Jaime Ibarra, Juan Larrea, Rafael Lasso de la Vega, Ernesto Lpez Parra, Toms Luque, Eugenio Montes, Luis Mosquera, Eduardo de Ontan, Manuel de la Pea, Juan Jos Prez Domnech, Miguel Prez Ferrero, Ramn Prieto y Romero, Eliodoro Puche, Pedro Raida, los hermanos Guillermo y Francisco Rello, Vicente Risco, los hermanos Humberto Rivas (al cual he citado hace unas lneas por su pertenencia luego al estridentismo) y Jos Rivas Panedas, Luca Snchez Saornil (que por aquel entonces firmaba con una mscara masculina: Luciano de SanSaor), Jacobo Sureda, Guillermo de Torre, Adriano del Valle, Isaac del VandoVillar. Personajes muchos de ellos de autntica novela. Publicaron pocos libros, pero lanzaron muchas revistas: Alfar, Cervantes, la mencionada Cosmpolis, Grecia, Horizonte, Perseo, Plural, Los Quijotes, Reflector, Ronsel, Tableros, Tobogn, Ultra (hubo una en Madrid, precedida por otra ms efmera en Oviedo), Vrtices. Varias de estas revistas fueron fundadas, y sus nombres mismos lo indican, como revistas ultrastas. Otras, de ttulos menos modernos, y pienso sobre todo en Cervantes, Grecia y Los Quijotes, terminaron siendo ultrastas, pero haban empezando siendo como la mayora de sus colaboradores modernistas, y estoy hablando de modernismo en el viejo sentido simbolista, juanramoniano, latinoamericano, del trmino, no en el sentido anglosajn. Lista corta a la cual cabra aadir a poetas posmodernistas que en algn momento se aproximaron al movimiento, como Mauricio Bacarisse, Juan Chabs, Antonio Espina, Francisco Vighi. Sin olvidar a latinoamericanos entonces afincados en Espaa, como los argentinos Francisco Luis Bernrdez y Jorge Luis Borges, el chileno Joaqun Edwards Bello, o el mexicano Ral Carranc y Trujillo. Los ingredientes del coctel ultrasta, fundamentado en el culto a la imagen imgenes a menudo en enumeracin catica, muy til sobre todo para los cantos urbanos, fueron el cubismo literario, el futurismo, el expresionismo alemn, el dadasmo, el creacionismo huidobriano, el ramonismo (por Ramn Gmez de la Serna). En las revistas ultrastas aparecieron traducciones de poemas de, entre otros, Pierre AlbertBirot, Guillaume Apollinaire, Louis Aragon, Blaise Cendrars, Max Jacob, F. T. Marinetti, Paul Morand, Francis Picabia, Pierre Reverdy, Philippe Soupault, Tristan Tzara. Por lo que se refiere a los expresionistas alemanes, el encargado de verterlos a nuestro idioma fue en casi todos los casos Borges, que los haba descubierto en la Ginebra de los aos de la primera guerra mundial.El gran poeta creacionista chileno Vicente Huidobro fue, por decirlo con la definitiva frmula empleada por Csar GonzlezRuano en la entrevista que le hizo en 1931 para el diario Heraldo de Madrid, el que trajo las gallinas. Primer poeta hispnico en haberse familiarizado, en el Pars de los aos 19161917, donde perteneci al ncleo de Nord-Sud, con el idioma de lo que pronto se conocera como poesa cubista, su libro Horizon carr (1917), publicado en esa ciudad, est escrito, como lo indica su ttulo, en francs, idioma que entonces era la lingua franca de la vanguardia. Con l en su equipaje, al ao siguiente se instal en Madrid, donde public dos libros en ese mismo idioma, y otros dos en castellano. La influencia de su ejemplo, pioneramente divulgado y analizado por Cansinos, fue enorme. Pese a que con la mayora de los ultrastas se llev mal especialmente con Guillermo de Torre, que en un principio haba sido formado parte de la cohorte de sus admiradores, termin contando con algunos fieles, como Gerardo Diego y Larrea, que aunque en un principio participaron del ultrasmo, terminaron reclamndose del creacionismo.Respecto de la existencia o no de un ultrasmo pictrico, durante mucho tiempo los historiadores del arte espaoles ni se plantearon la cuestin. Pioneros de un planteamiento serio de la cuestin fueron Jaime Brihuega y Eugenio Carmona. La primera exposicin al respecto la hicimos Carlos Prez y yo mismo, en 1996, en el ivam de Valencia, y con el ttulo El ultrasmo y las artes plsticas.El matrimonio de pintores formado por Robert y Sonia Delaunay, arribado a Espaa a causa del estallido de la primera guerra mundial, constituy una referencia muy importante a la hora de la articulacin del ultrasmo, tanto del potico como del plstico. Varios de los futuros miembros del grupo los trataron en el Madrid de 1918, como lo subrayara en varias ocasiones uno de ellos, Guillermo de Torre. Aquel ao, Robert dibuj la cubierta de Tour Eiffel, espectacular poema de Huidobro, publicado en francs, pero en Madrid. Uno de los 20talismanes que enseaba el matrimonio a sus jvenes visitantes, que, obviamente, se quedaban deslumbrados, era La prose du Transibrien (1913), de Blaise Cendrars, con decoracin en colores simultneos de Sonia.Otra referencia importante en la configuracin de la escena moderna madrilea en general, y del ultrasmo en particular, fue la presencia en Madrid de un grupo de pintores polacos transplantados ellos tambin de la escena francesa como consecuencia del estallido de la primera guerra mundial. Jzef Pankiewicz, el de trayectoria ms dilatada, haba sido un nombre clave de la pintura polaca de finales del siglo xix; en Francia, donde transcurrira buena parte de su carrera, se haba codeado con Auguste Renoir y Pierre Bonnard, entre otros. Junto a l, Wladyslaw Jahl activo tambin, con su esposa Lucia Auerbach, en el campo de las artes aplicadas, y prximo a Juan Ramn Jimnez, Marjan Paszkiewicz y Waclaw Zawadowski. Al grupo debe sumarse un escritor que no public en las revistas ultrastas, y que, sin embargo, retornado a su pas, se convertira en una especie de Guillermo de Torre polaco. Me refiero naturalmente a Tadeusz Peiper, que hasta hace poco haba pasado desapercibido a los ojos de los estudiosos espaoles pese a que tradujo tempranamente en revistas de su tierra a Borges, a Huidobro y a algunos de nuestros ultrastas, pero que fue una figura fundamental de las letras de su pas y perteneci a la difusa internacional constructivista.Paralelamente, los ultrastas conectaron con el uruguayo Rafael Barradas, a cuyo caso estn dedicadas las presentes lneas. Zaragoza y Barcelona fueron sus ciudades de residencia sucesivas, entre los aos 1915 y 1918, es decir, en el inicio de su aventura espaola, y cuando todava no haba surgido el ultrasmo. En la capital catalana forj, en parte al cubismo y al futurismo conocidos en Pars y en Italia, su concepto de vibracionismo, en estrecho contacto con un antiguo noucentista que senta tambin anhelos vanguardistas, su compatriota y colega Joaqun TorresGarca, as como con el poeta futurista y anarquista Joan SalvatPapasseit, que escribi la mayor parte de su obra en cataln, y que estaba en contacto con F. T. Marinetti, Theo van Doesburg y otras figuras de la vanguardia internacional. Con TorresGarca, Barradas comparti galerista: Josep Dalmau, que en 1912 haba presentado una pionera muestra de poesa cubista y en 1917 haba sido el depositario de la revista 391 del entonces barcelons Francis Picabia, y que sera el organizador de las primeras individuales de Joan Mir y Salvador Dal.Al trasladar su residencia a Madrid, precisamente en agosto de aquel ao 1918, Barradas lleg aureolado del prestigio que le proporcionaba esa militancia suya en la vanguardia catalana, con la cual los ultrastas, y especialmente Guillermo de Torre, e Isaac del VandoVillar, ambos corresponsales de SalvatPapasseit (que sera colaborador, con poemas especialmente escritos en castellano, de Grecia, Tableros y Ultra), tendrn relaciones relativamente continuadas. De 1919, ao del nacimiento del movimiento como tal, en adelante, los ultrastas cuentan con Barradas para sus revistas, para sus libros, para sus veladas. Mil novecientos veinticinco es el ao en que todos coincidimos en sealar como el del final de la aventura ultrasta; sera precisamente el ao en que el uruguayo pondra nuevamente rumbo a Catalua.El primero en recibir con entusiasmo al nuevo recluta fue el precocsimo Guillermo de Torre, que en 1916, cuando tena diecisis aos!, lo haba conocido en Zaragoza, en la redaccin de la revista universitaria Paraninfo. En aquel ao 1919 en que Barradas celebraba, en el Saln Mateu, su primera individual madrilea, quien se estaba convirtiendo en el principal abanderado del ultrasmo public un artculo sobre El vibracionismo de Barradas en el nico nmero, aparecido en mayo, de Perseo. Al ao siguiente, prologara el catlogo de la individual barcelonesa del pintor, celebrada en Dalmau.Junto a los Delaunay, a los polacos y a Barradas, entre los pintores prximos al ultrasmo, hay que mencionar a la argentina Norah Borges hermana de Jorge Luis Borges, como l muy influenciada por el expresionismo alemn, y futura esposa de Guillermo de Torre, a Daniel Vzquez Daz que haba vivido en el Pars cubista y que en Madrid tuvo a Juan Ramn Jimnez entre sus admiradores, a Francisco Mateos, a Pancho Cosso especialmente cercano a Gerardo Diego, y al terceto madrileo integrado por Francisco Bores, Carlos Senz de Tejada y Francisco Santa Cruz, tres mosqueteros que en realidad eran cuatro, pues los tres eran inseparables de Prez Ferrero, al cual ya he citado entre los poetas, aunque terminara siendo conocido sobre todo como periodista y crtico de cine. Tambin se observan rasgos ultraizantes en Gabriel Garca Maroto, que como veremos fue especialmente cercano a Barradas, o en el Manuel ngeles Ortiz del cartel del Concurso de Cante Jondo de Granada (1923).Repasando la obra de Barradas, encontramos varios retratos, por lo general a lnea, de los ultrastas y asimilados: Manuel Abril, Francisco Luis Bernrdez, un Luis Buuel que todava no soaba con ser cineasta, Cansinos, Julio J. Casal, Jos de Ciria y Escalante, Evaristo Correa Caldern, Pedro Garfias, Csar GonzlezRuano pero esta efigie, a la cual se refiere el retratado en sus memorias, Mi medio siglo se confiesa a medias (1951), se encuentra en paradero desconocido, Juan Gutirrez Gili, Benjamn Jarns, Eugenio Montes, Guillermo de Torre, Isaac del VandoVillar.La revista Grecia (19181920), creacin sevillana de Isaac del VandoVillar, que terminara trasladando su redaccin a Madrid, fue una de las primeras plataformas del ultrasmo. En ella colabor la plana mayor del movimiento. Por el lado de la plstica, en ella encontramos ilustraciones de, entre otros, Barradas, 21Norah Borges, Delaunay, Jos Gutirrez Solana, Mateos. En 1920, como suplemento al quincuagsimo y ltimo nmero de la revista, apareci el Manifiesto ultrasta vertical de Guillermo de Torre, en el cual, adems de dos maderas de Norah Borges, aparece un retrato lineal del autor, por Barradas, retrato donde el poeta lleva un gorro de bolchevique, y hoy es propiedad de la Residencia de Estudiantes de Madrid.Un libro por el cual siempre he sentido especial predileccin es Rompecabezas (1921), comedia moderna de Luis Mosquera e Isaac del Vando Villar. Uno de los personajes es Lucy, en la cual siempre he visto una caricatura de Sonia Delaunay, aunque no tan cida como la que aparece en El movimiento V. P., donde Cansinos la convierte nada menos que en Sofinka Modernuska. De Barradas son la cubierta verdinegra y las ilustraciones de Rompecabezas. Tambin es sevillano el nico poemario de Del VandoVillar, La sombrilla japonesa (1924), prologado por su paisano, colega y amigo Adriano del Valle, y en el cual figura un retrato lineal del autor, por Barradas.Tableros (19211922), bajo cuyo pie editorial madrileo aparecieron tanto Rompecabezas como La sombrilla japonesa (esta, cuando la revista no era ya sino un mero recuerdo), fue la continuacin vandovillariana de Grecia. Hermosa la cubierta de Barradas y clownista de su tercer nmero. Los otros colaboradores grficos de la revista fueron Norah Borges, y Jahl.Justo antes de Tableros, hay que citar Reflector (1920), que viene a ser otra versin mejorada de Grecia, esta a cargo de Jos de Ciria y Escalante, poeta de vida efmera recordado sobre todo por una bella elega lorquiana, y del infatigable Guillermo de Torre, que en la contraportada alinea algunos de los nombres internacionales de su bien nutrida agenda. La portada, que ilustra literalmente el ttulo, epocal donde los haya, en mi opinin es una de las ms modernas y eficaces realizaciones grficas de Barradas, que tambin ilustra, en el interior, unos haikus de Adolfo Salazar; le hacen compaa, en la grfica, Norah Borges, y Jacques Lipchitz y Picasso, aunque en el caso de los dos ltimos no estamos hablando de obras creadas para la revista, sino de reproducciones. Entre las colaboraciones destaca la resea por Borges del Manifiesto ultrasta vertical de Guillermo de Torre.De todas las revistas ultrastas, Ultra de Madrid (19211922), que los ms puristas citan como Vltra, porque efectivamente as reza su cabecera, fue la ms hermosa, tipogrfica y grficamente. La nmina de colaboradores literarios viene a ser la nmina del movimiento, en su fase de mayor auge. En su portada se alternaron tres pintores tan solo: Barradas, Norah Borges, y Jahl. Tambin colabor en ella, ms ocasionalmente, Paszkiewicz, que durante un tiempo fue su corresponsal en Pars. Existe una clebre glosa de Eugenio dOrs escritor que tambin figura entre los retratados por Barradas titulada Ultra tiene razn, recogida en el volumen Poussin y El Greco (1923) de Nuevo glosario, en la cual habla del impacto visual de esta revista, en los quioscos madrileos. Durante sus aos barceloneses, Barradas haba colaborado en Arte y Letras, eclctica revista dirigida en la capital catalana por Humberto Rivas, que, segn todos los indicios y pese a que no conste en sus pginas, fue el principal impulsor de Ultra.El 30 de abril de 1921, Barradas particip en la velada ultrasta del Ateneo de Madrid, lanzando el clownismo: El antiyo, estudio terico sobre el clownismo y dibujos en la pizarra. La influencia de Barradas es detectable en no pocas ocasiones en el mbito de la propia poesa ultrasta. Ello es especialmente cierto en el caso de Guillermo de Torre. En su nico poemario, Hlices (1923), que es como un compendio de todos los estilos que confluyen en el ultrasmo, le dedica a Barradas la composicin titulada Color, y adems alude, en Autorretrato, a su efigie por el pintor; no olvidemos tampoco, en Bricbrac, esa apoteosis vibracionista. El propio Barradas unos aos antes, en el nmero 18 de Grecia, el poeta haba cantado el Ultravibracionismo es autor de la cubierta del volumen: otra realizacin espectacular y un gran ejemplo de la extraordinaria capacidad del pintor para traducir a formas el ritmo de la ciudad moderna. Los otros dos artistas que colaboran en que Hlices sea uno de los libros ms hermosos de aquel tiempo espaol son dos de los ms cercanos a los ultrastas, como tales ya citados en las lneas precedentes: Norah Borges que pronto se casara con el poeta y Vzquez Daz. Barradas tambin est presente en Literaturas europeas de vanguardia (1925), fundamental volumen en el cual Guillermo de Torre recoge lo principal de su obra crtica hasta aquella fecha. Para el poeta mudado en crtico, los tres pintores ultrastas fueron, como lo dice ah, los tres de las portadas de Ultra: Barradas, Norah Borges y Jahl, posible autor pero estamos en el terreno de las meras hiptesis de la cubierta del libro. Pocos escritores espaoles de su tiempo tuvieron tanto inters por las artes plsticas como Guillermo de Torre, y hay que recordar en ese sentido su nonata monografa de los aos ultrastas sobre Delaunay, o sus textos ms tardos sobre Apollinaire y la pintura, sobre el fotgrafo francs Henri Cartier Bresson, sobre Dal, sobre ngel Ferrant, sobre Pablo Picasso ya presente, como lo he indicado, en Reflector o sobre TorresGarca.Tambin en 1925, Barradas aparece citado, al igual que el caricaturista Luis Bagara, que Gerardo Diego, que Picasso y que Ramn Gmez de la Serna, en la seccin La voz nueva de un estimable libro entre posmodernista y ultraizante, Suma potica, del vallisoletano Fernando de Lapi.Siempre a propsito del mbito de la poesa, tienen asimismo algo de barradianos, por ese mismo lado vibracionista que he mencionado a propsito de Guillermo de Torre, las descoyuntadas Poemticas esquematizaciones 22fantasistas de Eugenio Montes, o ciertas composiciones de un Rafael Lasso de la Vega que ocasionalmente tambin cedi a la moda de escribir en francs.Horizonte (1922), dirigida precisamente por Pedro Garfias en compaa de Jos Rivas Panedas, es otra de las revistas ultrastas en las cuales colaboran con ilustraciones Barradas y otros de los pintores afines a los ultrastas, en este caso Bores, Norah Borges, Jahl que formaba parte de su redaccin y Ucelay, a los que hay que sumar a Paszkiewicz, en su faceta de terico.La longeva Alfar (19201955), fundada en La Corua tuvo una precursora en Vida, y en su primera etapa se titul Revista de Casa Amrica-Galicia y transplantada luego a Montevideo, no fue slo una revista ultrasta, pero fue especialmente receptiva a los poetas adscritos a esa tendencia. Escribiendo como escribo para un catlogo uruguayo, no hace falta que insista sobre la importancia de esta publicacin, ni sobre la de su fundador, el poeta uruguayo Julio J. Casal, que era cnsul de su pas en el gran puerto gallego, y que era amigo del pintor desde los aos de su comn adolescencia montevideana. En ella escribieron, entre otros creadores ultrastas o afines, Manuel Abril, Arconada, Francisco Luis Bernrdez, Borges, Buenda, Buuel, Cansinos, Chabs, Comet, Gerardo Diego, Espina, Garfias, Gutirrez Gili, Jarns (que en 1924, en el n.o 36, escribe sobre la conexin aragonesa de Barradas), Huidobro, Jaime Ibarra, Lpez Parra, Toms Luque, Mosquera, Eduardo de Ontan, Prez Ferrero, Guillermo de Torre, Adriano del Valle, Vighi. Ms voces pertenecientes a otros mbitos tan significativas como las del francs mile Malespine el impulsor, en Lyon, de Manomtre o el polaco Peiper. Barradas hizo un retrato a lnea a Casal, de cuya revista el pintor fue director artstico. En ella adems de las suyas encontramos colaboraciones grficas de, entre otros, Alberto, Bores, Norah Borges, Alfonso R. Castelao, Pancho Cosso, Dal, Sonia Delaunay, Juan Esplandi, Cndido Fernndez Mazas, Gabriel Garca Maroto, Enrique Garrn existen unas fotografas, probablemente de 1922, en las cuales aparece en compaa de Barradas y de Alberto, y existe tambin un retrato lineal, del ao siguiente, de Garrn por el uruguayo, el costarricense Max Jimnez, el francs Frdric Mac, Mateos, Manuel Mndez, Jos Moreno Villa, Josep Obiols, Benjamn Palencia, Senz de Tejada, Ucelay y Vzquez Daz, as como de un interesante ncleo de artistas locales: lvaro Cebreiro, ngel Ferrant durante un tiempo profesor en la Escuela de Artes y Oficios coruesa, y que frecuentara a Barradas durante sus comunes aos barceloneses, dedicndole una de sus ms hermosas esculturas, su bajorrelieve La escolar (1925), Francisco Miguel, Luis Huici y Ramn Nez Carnicer. En 1936, al comienzo de la guerra civil, Francisco Miguel parte de cuya carrera haba transcurrido en el Mxico posrevolucionario y Huici seran asesinados por los sublevados.La tertulia de Barradas en el Gran Caf Social y de Oriente, en la calle de Atocha, donde l resida, era popularmente conocida como tertulia de los alfareros, pues la frecuentaban los colaboradores, tanto literarios como grficos, de la revista, de ah que hace unas lneas haya incluido la lista de aquellos que tuvieron que ver con el Ultra. En la fachada del establecimiento est tomada una fotografa de comienzos de los aos veinte, muy reproducida, en la cual Barradas aparece en compaa de Buuel, de Federico Garca Lorca, de Jarns que en 1923, en un artculo en el n.o 32 de Alfar le bautizara como el antipapa de Oriente, y de Huberto Prez de la Ossa. Otra fotografa, presumiblemente del mismo da, muestra a Barradas en el mismo lugar, en compaa de Alberto, Garrn, Jarns y un personaje no identificado. Con algunos de estos contertulios, y tambin con Dal recordemos su retrato lineal de Garca Lorca, realizado en 1924, en ese caf, y reproducido en The Secret Life of Salvador Dal (1942) o con el muy ramoniano Bon al cual retrat a lnea en el caf, Barradas haba coincidido con anterioridad en Pombo caf del cual enseguida hablar, y tambin en la tertulia de los redactores de Ultra, que tena por escenario el Caf del Prado, en la calle de mismo nombre. Esa calle es perpendicular a la del Len, y en ella estuvo el primer domicilio madrileo del pintor.Si Garca Maroto nos dej una magnfica visin del Viaducto, tan querido por los ultrastas, y junto al cual estaba el domicilio de Cansinos, Barradas por su parte fue el cantor de la glorieta de Atocha, un lugar entonces de mucho trfico y hoy obviamente de muchsimo ms. Lugar desde el cual a comienzos de la dcada de los treinta iniciaran sus peregrinaciones hacia el vecino campo castellano, y concretamente hacia los cerros de Vallecas, el escultor Alberto, el pintor Benjamn Palencia y el tambin escultor canario Pancho Lasso, a los cuales se uniran otros pintores y escultores (entre estos, Eduardo Daz Yepes, que como es bien sabido terminara incorporndose a la escena uruguaya), as como algunos poetas entre ellos Gil Bel, un amigo aragons y anarquista de Barradas, que en 1924 le haba hecho un sombro y contundente retrato al leo y arquitectos, dando origen a una de las poticas importantes de la dcada siguiente. Alberto, Daz Yepes, Mateos, Benjamn Palencia y otros de los vallecanos formaran parte, en 1933, del efmero Grupo de Arte Constructivo impulsado por el entonces madrileo TorresGarca, que supo con emocin, sobre todo a travs de sus conversaciones con Alberto, de la honda huella que su amigo haba dejado en la capital espaola.Aos despus, concretamente en 1949, Casal, del cual Barradas haba ilustrado los poemarios Humildad (1921) y rbol (1925), publicara, en la editorial Losada de Buenos Aires, cuyo asesor literario era el siempre presente en la historia que estoy contado aqu, y en la historia de las vanguardias hispnicas en general Guillermo de Torre, una pequea pero sentida monografa barradiana, llena de detalles exactos, as como de fragmentos de cartas del amigo, al cual Alfar, tambin durante su etapa montevideana, sigui rindiendo constante tributo.23La revista Ronsel de Lugo, que dirigi Evaristo Correa Caldern, y que tradicionalmente se ha venido considerando como una hermana menor de la anterior, tambin tuvo a Barradas entre sus colaboradores grficos. Durante los seis primeros meses del ao 1924, el lector lucense tuvo a su disposicin una asombrosa plataforma moderna en la cual adems de las de su director y del uruguayo, encontramos, entre otras, las firmas de Manuel Abril, Francisco Luis Bernrdez, Cansinos, Casal, Jos Francs figura importante, por cierto, en la vida de Barradas porque lo hizo participar en sus Salones de Humoristas y en alguna editorial infantil, adems de ser quien le present a Gregorio Martnez Sierra, Gmez de la Serna, Benjamn Jarns (que tambin en ella escribi sobre el pintor, concretamente, en el tercer nmero, sobre Los nios de Barradas), Malespine, Manuel Antonio con un caligrama, Guillermo de Torre, Francisco Vighi con otra elega a Ciria. Lista que se completa con artistas plsticos como Alberto, Norah Borges, el tambin poeta Anxel Johan, Castelao, Cebreiro su director artstico, Francisco Miguel, Frdric Mac, Benjamn Palencia.Unos aos antes, el propio Correa Caldern haba sido retratado a lnea por Barradas, en un dibujo a lpiz en negro, rojo y azul, sobre papel cuadriculado, que permanecera indito hasta 2006, en que se expuso en la muestra que la Residencia de Estudiantes de Madrid dedic a Jess Bal y Gay, compositor y musiclogo, y colaborador de Ronsel. Correa Caldern posey adems un hermoso cuadro de Barradas, que representa a un jugador de domin en un caf, y que recientemente ha sido dado a conocer por su sobrino Antonio Bonet Correa, que lo puso en cubierta de su imprescindible libro Los cafs histricos (2012).Entre los retratos lineales de Barradas existe uno de un poeta al cual acabo de citar entre los colaboradores de Alfar y Ronsel, el ultrasta argentino entonces residente en Galicia, la tierra natal de sus padres, Francisco Luis Bernrdez. Ese retrato aparece reproducido bastante mal, por cierto en el frontispicio de Orto (1922), su primer poemario, cuya cubierta, entre todava simbolista y ultraizante, es obra del pintor orensano Manuel Mndez. El uruguayo ilustr adems, unos meses despus, Bazar (1922), el libro ms de vanguardia del futuro martinfierrista, prologado por Ramn Gmez de la Serna; la cubierta es otra de las obras maestras de Barradas en este campo; no hace falta insistir en lo presente que est en la obra barradiana coetnea ese mundo del bazar espaol, del Todo a 65, de las muecas, del caballito de cartn.Especialmente estrecha fue la relacin de Barradas con el poeta Juan Gutirrez Gili, al cual retrat a lnea, del cual ilustr una antologa infantil de Canciones de Navidad (1926), y que lo hizo colaborar en Revista de Oro. Se haban conocido en la Barcelona de SalvatPapasseit, se trataron ms en el Madrid ultrasta donde el poeta colabor en la propia Ultra y fue secretario de redaccin de Tableros, y se hicieron amigos fraternos en Barcelona, en la poca en que Barradas haba fijado su residencia en Hospitalet de Llobregat, localidad de su periferia. Les unan, entre otras cosas, el recuerdo de SalvatPapasseit, y la vivencia del puerto barcelons, que inspira algunos de los mejores poemas de Gutirrez Gili, nacido en Irn pero la mayor parte de cuya vida transcurri en la capital catalana, aunque su lengua como escritor fuera el castellano. De 1926 es su artculo Maese Dalmau y Barradas el uruguayo, aparecido en el n.o 57 de Alfar. En 1927 conferenci en una de las individuales de su amigo en Dalmau. En 1996 la Residencia de Estudiantes de Madrid dedic una exposicin a Rafael Barradas y Juan Gutirrez Gili: 1916-1929.Aunque no fue propiamente ultrasta, entre otras cosas porque por las fechas en que surgi el movimiento casi haba abandonado la poesa, Manuel Abril, de formacin modernista, y que fue una interesante figura de transicin, colabor en algunas de las revistas del movimiento, con cuyos ideales simpatizaba. Barradas y l se conocieron en 1919. En 1920, escribi sobre su amigo en la revista de arte barcelonesa Vell i Nou. Por aquellos aos comenzaba a consolidarse como uno de los crticos espaoles ms atentos a las realizaciones de la incipiente vanguardia local. De 1925 en adelante sera uno de los impulsores de la renovadora Sociedad de Artistas Ibricos (SAI), en cuyo Saln, celebrado aquel mismo ao en el Palacio de Velzquez del Retiro, y al cual Alfar dedic un nmero monogrfico, participaron muchos de los protagonistas de esta historia, empezando por el propio Barradas, muy elogiado por el crtico en su resea de aquella muestra para el diario Heraldo de Madrid. Tambin aquel ao, Manuel Abril escribi sobre Barradas en el lujoso volumen Un teatro de arte en Espaa: 1917-1925, recapitulatorio de la actividad de Gregorio Martnez Sierra en ese campo.Pombiano de pro, Manuel Abril, del cual Barradas ilustr un cuento infantil esa era una de las especialidades del crtico en su faceta de narrador titulado El gorro de Andrs (1924), e hizo adems los decorados para su obra de teatro infantil Viaje al Portal de Beln (Teatro Eslava, Madrid, 1921), nos conduce a la tertulia ms importante de aquel Madrid, la que se celebraba los sbados por la noche en el Caf y Botillera de Pombo, junto a la Puerta del Sol. Y naturalmente a su fundador (en 1915, ao en que Diego Rivera lo retrat en clave cubista) y epicentro, Ramn Gmez de la Serna, que la presidi siempre, como preside por siempre el clebre cuadro de su muy admirado Jos Gutirrez Solana sobre la misma, en el cual figura asimismo Abril, y que pertenece al Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa. Vanguardista en solitario desde casi comienzos del siglo xx, Ramn, como gustaba de firmar, incluye varios dibujos barradianos en sus libros cafeteros. Uno de esos dibujos, aquel, fechado en 1921, donde el uruguayo compone unos versos sobre la tertulia, tambin pertenece hoy a la coleccin del Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa; Ramn Gmez de la Serna apreciaba mucho ese dibujo y esos versos, y deseaba que algn da fuera colocado debajo del cuadro de Solana, un deseo que hoy podra cumplirse ya que ambas obras coexisten bajo el mismo techo. Barradas, por lo dems, ilustr, en 1924, tres cuentos infantiles ramonianos, En el bazar ms suntuoso del mundo de nuevo el mundo del bazar, El marquesito en el circo recordemos el clownismo barradiano, sobre el cual Manuel Abril haba escrito en 1923, en el n.o 27 de Revista de Casa Amrica-Galicia y Por los tejados no nos olvidemos de las chimeneas que Diego Rivera incluy en su recin citado retrato ramoniano aparecidos en la misma coleccin de Calpe donde se haba publicado El gorro de Andrs. Llama sin embargo la atencin que Ramn no incluyera ni el ultrasmo, ni el vibracionismo, entre sus Ismos (1931). Presente en casi todas las revistas ultrastas, el escritor, que acogi en Pombo entre cuyos fundadores haba figurado Cansinos a muchos de los ultrastas y a algunos de los artistas relacionados con ellos adems de al propio Barradas, hay que destacar entre ellos a los Delaunay, no simpatizaba especialmente con el movimiento como tal y termin tenindole autntica aversin a su profeta. Recordemos por lo dems que en Ismos, salvo el Picassismo, todos los representados son forneos.La influencia de Barradas y su vibracionismo es detectable en el tambin pintor y poeta, impresor y editor Gabriel Garca Maroto, que aparece en un cuadro de 1922 del uruguayo, junto a Federico Garca Lorca. Cuadro aludido, en 1926, en una carta de Dal al poeta, donde leemos: La otra tarde en Hospitalet, Barradas me ense un retrato clownista de ti, y Maroto. Tambin en 1922, en la sala de exposiciones del Ateneo de Madrid pudo contemplarse una conjunta de Barradas, Garca Maroto y dos pintores con una trayectoria ms dilatada a sus espaldas, el fino Cristbal Ruiz y Javier de Winthuysen, que sera ms conocido como arquitecto de jardines y estudioso de su historia, y que ocasionalmente fue adems poeta ultraizante. Barradas apreciaba mucho el arte marotiano.Asimismo hallamos huellas barradianas en Salvador Dal, especialmente en sus dos autorretratos de 1922, de estirpe claramente vibracionista, y en Gitano de Figueras (1923). Deuda siempre reconocida por el futuro surrealista, que en aquella poca reciba noticias del ultrasmo sobre todo a travs de Buuel compaero suyo en la Residencia de Estudiantes, de Garfias, y de Montes, poeta y ensayista este ltimo por el cual siempre tendra una gran admiracin, renovada en la posguerra civil.Otro creador que recibi por aquel entonces la influencia barradiana, Alberto, haba conocido al uruguayo en el caf. Encontramos un simptico retrato literario suyo sobre ese fondo, en las imprescindibles memorias de Cansinos, La novela de un literato (1982, edicin definitiva 2005), en las cuales tambin sale por cierto el inasible Garrn. En el tercer nmero de Ronsel aparece un logradsimo dibujo a lnea de Alberto titulado Caf de Atocha, hoy en la coleccin del Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa, y de estirpe obviamente barradiana, al igual que otras de las obras bidimensionales realizadas durante aquel tiempo por el escultor, y al igual que sus esculturas multifacetadas, con algo de vibracionista. Ao despus, en un sentido texto memorialstico escrito en su exilio moscovita y recogido en su libro pstumo Palabras de un escultor (1975), el toledano evocara la atmsfera del caf y la influencia que entonces ejerci sobre l el uruguayo; influencia que todava se percibe en su impresionante teln de 1933 para La romera de los cornudos, de Gustavo Pittaluga, una de las cumbres de la potica vallecana, hoy en el Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa; recuerdo, en 2001, la emocin que nos embarg a Jaime Brihuega y a m, cuando se despleg el teln por vez primera, sobre el suelo de la sala donde sera restaurado, y luego exhibido en el marco de la retrospectiva de Alberto de la cual el citado historiador del arte fue comisario, y con motivo de la cual encargu en paralelo el facsmil de la escultura El pueblo espaol tiene un camino que conduce a una estrella (1937), que ah sigue, como un ttem protector del Guernica picassiano, al cual ya acompaaba en el Pars de aquel ao, en el exterior del pabelln de la Repblica EspaolaVa Guillermo de Torre, Barradas conect, en la poca en que el autor de Hlices se haba convertido en secretario de redaccin de la gran revista formato tabloide La Gaceta Literaria (19271932), con el fundador de esta, Ernesto Gimnez Caballero, que lo visitar en Hospitalet, y al cual retratar a lnea. El 9 de setiembre de 1927 public Gimnez Caballero en el diario madrileo El Sol, y dentro de su seccin Vitrinas literarias, un esplndido artculo titulado Barradas, el evangelista del Hospitalet. A l pertenecen estas lneas: Barradas amante de ciudades locas de alta tensin: cables y verbenas: multitudes y Whitman; msicas brbaras y cine: anuncios luminosos y trepidar de neumticos: escenografa telrica y poemas ultrastas. (Vosotros: Ramn, Jarns, Alberto, De Torre, Abril, Panedas, Garfias, Maroto, Daniel Vzquez Daz; t: glorieta de Atocha, rieles, pitos de locomotoras y reloj de dos caras amarillas. Artculo que al interesado le hizo llorar de emocin. Parte de ese bagaje, de esa genealoga ultrasta cuyo recuento hace en las lneas citadas, con precisin de entomlogo, fue asimilado por Gimnez Caballero, y siempre va Guillermo de Torre pero no olvidemos tampoco al sucesor de este en la secretara de redaccin, el futuro comunista Arconada, en los inicios de aquella etapa suya de fervor vanguardista, que culminara en 1928, ao de sus Carteles literarios expuestos por Dalmau, de su libro Yo, inspector de alcantarillas, de su encuentro con Marinetti en Madrid, de su visita a Kurt Schwitters y otros de los abstrakten de Hannover (1928). No olvidemos su pelcula sinfnica (a lo Walter Ruttmann) y ramonianamente 24castiza Esencia de verbena (1930), ni que la decoracin de su casa fue una de las ltimas realizaciones madrileas de un Jahl que pronto regresara a Pars. En La Gaceta Literaria, cuya cabecera dibuj Garca Maroto, colaboraron otros barradianos militantes, entre ellos, Buuel, Dal y el crtico de arte Sebasti Gasch. Luego vendran la evolucin fascista y falangista del director de la publicacin tambin en esto fue marinettiano, su activsimo papel en el bando franquista durante la guerra civil, su embajada en Asuncin, Paraguay.Tanto Gimnez Caballero como Barradas, y muchos otros personajes de esta historia, incluidos Norah Borges y Gmez de la Serna, coincidiran en una revista que se public sucesivamente en Huelva y Sevilla, es decir, en la otra punta de la pennsula: Papel de Aleluyas (19271928). De ttulo bien significativo, por neopopularista, la codirigieron dos exultrastas del ncleo de Grecia, Rogelio Buenda y Adriano del Valle, ms el gran Fernando Villaln, figura de transicin entre el modernismo, y la generacin del 27, y que incluso sentira, tarde, la tentacin del surrealismo.El sentido Adis a Barradas de Guillermo de Torre aparecera en el nmero 19 de La Gaceta Literaria, de 15 de mayo de 1929, siendo reproducido aquel mismo mes en el n.o 23 de la montevideana La Cruz del Sur. Tambin escribieron necrolgicas, entre otros vanguardistas espaoles, Manuel Abril en Alfar, Guillermo DazPlaja en el diario barcelons La Noche, GonzlezRuano en el Heraldo de Madrid, Jarns en la orteguiana Revista de Occidente (de la cual Barradas haba sido colaborador grfico), Sebasti SnchezJuan en La Nova Revista del exvanguardista Josep Maria Junoy y Mario Verdaguer en el diario, tambin barcelons, La Vanguardia.En Latinoamrica, a la cual solo haba vuelto a morir, Barradas dej una estela considerablemente ms reducida que en Espaa, algo que lo diferencia de la otra voz latinoamericana de la pintura y el grabado ultrasta, me refiero naturalmente a Norah Borges, omnipresente por aquel entonces en revistas y libros de allende el mar. Anotemos, no obstante, rasgos barradianos en la obra temprana de Hctor Ragni, otro uruguayo afincado en los aos veinte en Barcelona, y que tras su regreso a Montevideo sera uno de los primeros discpulos de TorresGarca.Un ltimo aspecto a mencionar a la hora de concluir este recuento de la conexin Barradasultrasmo es la importante presencia, junto al Barradas de los aos madrileos, de sus hermanos Antonio y Carmen, ambos muy presentes en su galera de retratos, adems de presentes en alguno colectivo de toda la familia. Sobre Antonio (18931963), que en su actividad como poeta firmaba Antonio de Ignacios, y que tardamente, casi veinticinco aos despus del fallecimiento de su hermano, publicara un til Memorial Barradas (1953) en gran medida integrado por material hemerogrfico, aunque tambin hay textos inditos, entre ellos prosas poticas del pintor, entre las cuales una titulada UltraInterior, doy algunas pistas en mi reciente antologa, cuyo ttulo tom de un verso de Garfias, Las cosas se han roto: Antologa de la poesa ultrasta (2012), en la cual lo he incluido con varias de las emociones espaciales, algunas de ellas de sabor castizo, de su libro La visin de un andariego (1931), publicado en Buenos Aires. Emociones espaciales anticipadas algunas de ellas en Tableros. Como lo digo en el prlogo, Antonio de Ignacios, asimismo colaborador de Alfar, es por aquel entonces un singular poeta visual, no entendido por sus coetneos, que deban pensar que sus composiciones eran meras ilustraciones, cuando la cosa no iba por ah, sino que eran eso, poemas, y lo ms parecido que entonces se public en Espaa a las parole libere futuristas.En cuanto a Carmen Barradas (Montevideo, 18881963), interesantsima pianista y compositora, tambin presente en Alfar y Tableros, colaboradora musical de su hermano en el Teatro de los Nios, y autora de muecas de tela con las cuales contribua a la precaria economa familiar, sobre sus recitales espaoles existen testimonios de poca de Eugenio dOrs, de los anarquistas Felipe Aliz y ngel Samblancat, del ensayista corus Juan Gonzlez del Valle (otro del ncleo de Alfar), de SnchezJuan y de Adolfo Salazar, el crtico musical ms avanzado de aquel Madrid. Lo ms notable de la obra de esta compositora recordada sobre todo por sus simpticas obras de inspiracin infantil un rasgo comn con su hermano Rafael, es Fabricacin, que puede ponerse en paralelo con diversas composiciones de inspiracin mecnica y fabril de la vanguardia internacional de aquel tiempo, y cuya partitura utilic para las guardas del catlogo de El ultrasmo y las artes plsticas. Uno de los varios retratos que de Carmen Barradas pint su hermano fue reproducido por David Alfaro Siqueiros en el nico nmero de su revista barcelonesa Vida Americana (1920), en la cual tan presente est el tro BarradasSalvatTorres.Juan Manuel BonetDirector Instituto Cervantes en ParsMayo de 20132527ObraMontevideo2829Playa Ramrez, 1911. leo sobre tela, 26 x 31,5 cm. 30Apunte, 1911. leo sobre tela, 20 x 15 cm. 31Apunte, 1911. leo sobre tela, 20 x 15 cm. 32Apunte, 1912. Lpiz y acuarela sobre papel, 22 x 28 cm. Escena callejera, 1912. Lpiz y acuarela sobre papel, 20 x 28 cm. 34Los Emigrantes, perfila a Barradas como un artista atpico en el entorno de la pintura modernista local. Los contornos son definidos con nitidez y genera amplias superficies de color que curiosamente anuncian la modalidad de la pintura uruguaya en los aos veinte. La obra da cuenta del incesante flujo humano en los puertos del Ro de la Plata. Puede admitir tambin una lectura autobiogrfica: Barradas fue hijo de emigrantes y l mismo emigrar unos meses despus de esta realizacin.Mara Eugenia Grau35Los emigrantes, 1912. leo sobre tela, 122 x 140 cm.36MilnEstudio, 1913. leo sobre cartn, 60 x 50 cm.37Estudio, 1914. leo sobre cartn, 46 x 55 cm.3840La Familia41La familia, 1922. leo sobre tela, 108 x 140 cm. Vea este conjunto: es mi familia, pintada ms con mi alma que con mis manos La tristeza infinita de la casa pobre, el destartalamiento de nuestras moradas grises, el abandono y la orfandad en que vivimos, estn presentes con toda crudeza, con plena verdad, con absoluta desnudez[]De Barradas a su amigo ngel Samblancat, s/f43La nia de la mueca, 1922. leo sobre tela, 98 x 75 cm. < Retrato Carmen Barradas, 1923. leo sobre tela, 118 x 74 cm. 44Retrato de la madre del pintor, 1922. leo sobre tela, 79 x 59 cm.45Retrato Simona Linez de P. Barradas, 1920. leo sobre tela, 118 x 74 cm.Antonio de Ignacios, c. 191823. leo sobre tela, 67 x 56 cm. 48Carmen, 1920. leo sobre tela, 119 x 75 cm. 49Pilar (retrato de su esposa), 1920. leo sobre tela, 120 x 77 cm. 51< Retrato de Pilar, 1920. leo sobre tela, 83 x 72,5 cm. Carmen, 1919. leo sobre tela, 57 x 50,5 cm. 52Madre, 1919. leo sobre cartn, 51 x 48 cm. >Antonio, 1918. Acuarela sobre papel, 50 x 38 cm. 55Autorretrato, c. 1920. Acuarela sobre papel, 40 x 32 cm. 57Autorretrato, c. 1921. Lpiz sobre papel, 15,5 x 12 cm. 58Pilar y Rafael, c. 192426. Lpiz sobre papel, 23 x 19 cm. 59Familia, c.1921. Lpiz sobre papel, 27 x 22 cm. 60Pilar y Carmen, c.1921. Lpiz sobre papel, 26,5 x 21,5 cm. 61Pilar, c.1921. Lpiz sobre papel, 33 x 23 cm. 63Pilar, 1921. Acuarela sobre cartn, 62 x 47 cm. Bodegn, 1918. Acuarela sobre papel, 45 x 41 cm. 167Jugadores de cartas, 1917. Acuarela sobre cartn, 50 x 65 cm. 168Hombre en la taberna, 1917. Acuarela sobre cartn, 49 x 47 cm. 16910.000, 1917. Acuarela sobre cartn, 50 x 45 cm. 170Estudio, c.192426. Acuarela sobre papel, 9 x 5 cm. >Dibujo, 1918. Acuarela sobre papel, 28 x 24 cm. 172Afiche, c.1917. Acuarela sobre papel, 31 x 24 cm. 173Acuarela, 1918. Acuarela sobre papel, 33 x 25 cm. pg. siguiente > Acuarela, c.191823. Tmpera sobre papel, 28 x 45 cm. 176Dibujo, 1917. Lpiz y tinta, 17 x 12 cm. 177Dibujo, 1918. Acuarela sobre papel, 16 x 11 cm. 178Dibujo, c.191823. Tinta sobre papel, 32 x 22 cm. Composicin, 1920. Tinta sobre papel, 23 x 14,5 cm. 179Composicin, 1920. Acuarela sobre papel, 23 x 14,5 cm. Composicin, 1920. Tinta sobre papel, 23,5 x 14,5 cm. 180Torres [] hace cosa de cuatro o cinco meses, un da, estando VIENDO en un caf, pas un batalln, es decir, unos sonidos de trompas y tambores y unas campanas de tranvas. Simultneamente sonaba un piano en el caf, pero que quedaba fuera del caf.VIBRABAN todas las cosas, que en realidad no lo son. YO VIBRABA de tal manera que CREABA las COSAS [...]Carta de Barradas a Joaqun Torres Garca,1919181Acuarela, 1919. Acuarela sobre papel, 15 x 21 cm.183Estudio, 1919. Acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 23 x 26 cm.184Estudio, c.1919. Lpiz sobre papel, 16 x 12,5 cm. 185Estudio, c.1919. Lpiz sobre papel, 16,5 x 12 cm. 186Marinero y mecnico, c.1921. Acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 25 x 35 cm. 187Cabeza, c.191823. Acuarela sobre cartn, 39 x 33 cm. 188Estudio para afiche, 1918. Acuarela sobre papel, 54 x 31 cm. 189Afiche, 1918. Acuarela sobre papel, 42 x 27 cm.Poema ilustrado, 1921. Acuarela sobre papel, 66 x 47,5 cm. 191192Poema ilustrado, 1921. Acuarela sobre papel, 66 x 47,5 cm. 193Poema ilustrado, 1921. Acuarela sobre papel, 66 x 47,5 cm. Casa de apartamentos, 1919. leo sobre tela, 79 x 59 cm. 195196Gitanas, 1917. Acuarela sobre papel, 49 x 49 cm. 197Zngaras, 1919. leo sobre tela, 100 x 118 cm.198Todo 65, 1919. leo sobre tela, 73 x 84 cm. 199Todo a 0.65, 1919. Acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 20 x 28 cm. Afiche, 1919. Acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 25,5 x 32 cm. 201Violinista, 1917. Acuarela sobre cartn, 52 x 48 cm. 202Cadete, 1918. Acuarela sobre cartn, 50 x 48 cm. 203Composicin, 1917. Acuarela sobre papel, 51 x 54 cm. Clownismo204205Clowns, 1920. Acuarela sobre papel, 64 x 48 cm. 206Garca Maroto y Garca Lorcac.1920. leo sobre madera, 47 x 64 cm. 208Dibujo, c.191823. Lpiz sobre papel, 25 x 21 cm. 209Estudio, 1921. Acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 27 x 21 cm. 210Afiche, c.191823. Lpiz sobre papel, 25 x 21 cm. Ilustraciones212213Figura, c.191823. Acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 22 x 14 cm. 214Dibujo, c.191823. Tinta sobre papel, 15 x 20 cm. Dibujo, c.192426. Tinta sobre papel, 15 x 20 cm. 215Ilustracin, c.191823. Lpiz y tinta sobre papel, 21 x 16 cm. 217Lectura, c.191823. Tinta sobre papel, 10 x 13 cm. 218Ilustracin, c.191823. Lpiz y tinta sobre papel, 21 x 16 cm. 219Figura, c.191823. Lpiz y tinta sobre papel, 20,5 x 15,5 cm. 220>Su sombra, c.1921. Acuarela sobre papel, 29,5 x 21,5 cm.Su sombra, c.1921. Acuarela sobre papel, 25 x 18 cm. Su sombra, c.1921. Acuarela sobre papel, 22 x 14 cm. 222Ilustracin (Lorenzaccio), c.1921. Tinta sobre papel, 18 x 14 cm. 223Ilustracin (Lorenzaccio), c.1921. Tinta sobre papel, 18 x 14 cm. 224Estudio, c.191823. Acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 23 x 32 cm.225Marinero, c.191823. Acuarela sobre papel, 31 x 24 cm. Teatro226227Catalina Brcena, c.1924. Acuarela sobre papel, 65 x 30 cm. 228Catalina Brcena, 1920. Acuarela sobre papel, 62 x 46,5 cm.>Catalina Brcena, 1920. Acuarela sobre papel, 65 x 50 cm.229230Figura, c.1924. Acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 24,5 x 16,5 cm. 231Figura, c.1924. Acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 26,5 x 19 cm. 232Escena, c.191923. Acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 15 x 20 cm. 233Escena, c.191923. Acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 15 x 20 cm. 234Estudio, c.191923. Acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 26 x 18 cm. Interior, c.191923. Acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 22 x 30 cm. 235Estudio, c.191923. Acuarela sobre papel, 25 x 32,5 cm. Estudio, c.191923. Acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 24 x 30 cm. 236Escenografa, c.191923. Acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 16 x 22 cm. Infancia238239Mueca, 1921. Acuarela sobre papel, 66 x 50 cm. 240Mueca, 1921. leo sobre tela, 51 x 59 cm. 241Collage , c.192426. Acuarela sobre cartn, 19,5 x 8 cm.242Mueco, 1917. Acuarela sobre cartn, 24 x 10 cm.243Mueco japons, 1917. Acuarela sobre papel, 50 x 46,5 cm.244Juguete, 1919. leo sobre cartn, 25 x 33 cm. 245Mueca, c.191823. leo sobre cartn, 63 x 47 cm. 246Pilar, Carmen y madre del artista, c.1920. Lpiz sobre papel, 25,5 x 21 cm. 247Carmen, 1921. Acuarela sobre papel, 65 x 48,5 cm. 248Ilustracin, c.191823. Acuarela sobre papel, 27 x 21 cm. Nunca he sido un pintor puro. Tengo raz potica. Pero aspiro a ser otra cosa. Llevo un lastre sentimental. Al margen de mi pintura, soy escritor de historietas para nios. Aspiro a ser su Rey Mago. Al nio hay que darle todos los zumos con sabor tierno, y hay que interesarlo en el dolor, para despertarle el espritu de caridad hacia lo que no est sano.Reportaje a Barradas, de A. Buceta, La Razn, Montevideo, 1928250251Ilustracin, c.192426. Acuarela sobre papel, 23 x 20 cm. 252Ilustracin, 1921.Tinta, acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 20 x 17,5 cm. Ilustracin, 1921.Tinta, acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 22,5 x 20,5 cm. 253Ilustracin, c.191823. Tinta, acuarela y lpiz sobre papel, 23 x 23 cm. 254Ilustracin, 1922. Acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 10 x 23 cm. 255Ilustracin, 1922. Acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 21 x 21 cm. 256Ilustracin, c.192628. Acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 33 x 23 cm. 257Ilustracin, c.192628. Acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 22 x 33 cm. 258Ilustracin, c.192628. Acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 33 x 23 cm. 259Ilustracin, c.192628. Acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 26 x 20 cm. pg. siguiente >Collage, 1919. Acuarela sobre cartn, 37 x 50 cm. 260261262Ilustracin, c.191823. Lpiz, acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 25 x 24 cm. 263Ilustracin, c.191823. Lpiz, acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 25 x 25 cm. 264Ilustracin, c.191823. Lpiz, acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 25 x 24,5 cm. 265Ilustracin, c.191823. Lpiz, acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 25 x 25 cm. 266Ilustracin, c.191823. Lpiz, acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 25 x 24 cm. 267Ilustracin, c.191823. Lpiz, acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 25 x 25 cm. 268Ilustracin, c.191823. Lpiz, acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 25 x 24 cm. 269Ilustracin, c.191823. Lpiz, acuarela y tinta sobre papel, 25 x 24 cm. 270Barradas va por la vida mirando hacia el frente con los ojos muy abiertos y unas gafas gordas. Juega a perderse [...] pero siempre se salva. [siempre lleva] juguetes secretos en sus bolsillos: una bolita, una cajita de msica, un dado, una cuchara de palo...Manuel Abril, Retrato de Barradas, revista Alfar, Montevideo, 1929271Ilustracin La hermanita, c.192628. Acuarela sobre papel, 23 x 32,5 cm. 272273Ilustracin, c.192628. Acuarela sobre papel, 23,5 x 29 cm. Ilustracin, c.192628. Acuarela sobre papel, 23,5 x 29 cm. Ilustracin, c.192628. Acuarela sobre papel, 23,5 x 29,5 cm. 274Escenas c.192628. Acuarela sobre papel, 13 x 24 cm. c.192628. Acuarela sobre papel, 9 x 24 cm. c.192628. Acuarela sobre papel, 11 x 24 cm. 275276277Ilustraciones, c.192628. Tinta sobre papel, 11 x 22 cm. 278>Afiche, c.1920. Lpiz y acuarela sobre papel, 31 x 21 cm. Afiche, c.1920. Lpiz y acuarela sobre papel, 27 x 21 cm. 279280Ilustracin, c.191923. Acuarela sobre papel, 20 x 19 cm. 282Barradas en el MNAVSobre cronologas ampliadasMara Eugenia Grau283Las diversas investigaciones que sobre Barradas vienen incrementndose en las ltimas dcadas otorgan datos crecientes que echan ms luz sobre su especial significacin en los aos transcurridos aproximadamente entre 1910 y su muerte, en febrero de 1929. Todas ellas coadyuvan en ubicar al artista en un especial punto histrico: entre el desarrollo cultural del Uruguay del novecientos observado de manera concomitante al proceso de modernizacin del pas en su conjunto con el descollante perodo de carcter vanguardista que emergi en Espaa, y en el cual Barradas jug un papel protagnico. En dichas investigaciones que revisten en su mayora valores imprescindibles an existen espacios nebulosos. La presente cronologa ha considerado varios de esos antecedentes realizados hasta la fecha, a partir de los cuales se ha confrontado y comparado diversas investigaciones sucesivas. Observamos de especial inters incluir, adems de habituales recorridos cronolgicogeogrficos, las principales colaboraciones del artista en publicaciones peridicas y en diferentes medios editoriales, por constituir en su conjunto un espacio tan abundante como fermental dentro de su produccin y difusin en el conjunto del espritu de renovacin artstica. La diversificacin dispar solo en apariencia de Barradas: sus tareas de ilustrador de libros y revistas, escenografas, juguetes, historietas; conjuntamente a su obra como artista plstico de aparicin ms o menos tradicional en galeras y exposiciones, colaboran en su compleja ubicacin y dimensin de un enorme rol en el imbricado panorama visual y literario del perodo que le toc transcurrir. Por ese motivo se ha considerado conveniente intercalar, junto a su recorrido pictrico, miradas de enfoques estticos con apreciaciones anecdticas de sus amigos poetas y pensadores, todas ellas envueltas en una atmsfera nutrida de renovacin vital. Los cafs y sus tertulias configuraron uno de esos espacios privilegiados de encuentros, de comuniones y debates, formas de intercambio y nacimiento de proyectos culturales, tanto en Montevideo como en la diversa Espaa en que Barradas vivi.Por otra partey sin pretender agotar en esta hora el abundante material de prensa hemos optado por incorporar un apndice que incluye documentos del Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales (MNAV) y otros considerados tambin significativos, que generosamente han acercado el Crculo de Bellas Artes y la coleccin particular del Sr. Pedro Valenzuela, conjunto conformador de una posterior y necesaria tarea de rastreo e investigacin.Seguiremos preguntndonos sobre muchos aspectos, entre ellos, la razn ltima de su peregrinaje permanente. Entre esas idas y vueltas, Barradas, el uruguayo, el que sali y volvi, contina promoviendo un extrao afecto a quien lo aborda, cierta emanacin pretrita y, sobre todo, interrogantes saludables hacia adelante.1890. Nace el 4 de enero Rafael Manuel Prez Gimnez Barradas Rojas. Hijo de Antonio Prez y Santos Gimnez, emigrantes espaoles de Valencia de las Torres (Badajoz) y Sevilla, respectivamente. Rafael es el segundo de tres hermanos: Carmen, la mayor, reconocida luego como pianista y compositora de avanzada en Madrid y Barcelona; Rafael, que hereda de su padre una aproximacin a la pintura (Antonio Prez trabajaba como pintor decorativo y de bodegones), y Antonio, poeta y dibujante cuya produccin firmaba con el seudnimo de Antonio de Ignacios, autor del libro Historial de Rafael Barradas, publicado en Montevideo, en 1953.1895 (ca.). La familia vive en la calle Yaguarn entre Isla de Flores y Durazno. El barrio costero y sus tipos humanos sern registrados en su inicial produccin montevideana y reconvertidos aos despus en la memoria del artista a travs de cartas, poemas y particularmente en su serie Estampones nativos o montevideanos. No se le conoce formacin acadmica; sin embargo, segn informacin de su hermano Antonio, Rafael en los aos de niez asisti a clases con el pintor Vicente Casanovas, vinculado a la familia.1899. Tras padecer tuberculosis, muere su padre. La familia intensifica una situacin econmica precaria.1909. Dotado de una gran disposicin para el dibujo, participa de la exposicin organizada por el Crculo de Bellas Artes sobre ilustracin y retrato humorstico; junto a Orestes Acquarone, Guillermo Laborde y Hermenegildo Sabat , entre otros. Barradas va siendo identificado, cada vez ms, con la bohemia montevideana y las tertulias de caf, modalidad de intercambio cultural que continuar toda su vida en diversas ciudades y que sabr transmitir en muchas obras.Antonio y Santos, padres de Barradas, emigrantes espaoles, (Pereda Raquel; Barradas; Galera Latina, Montevideo, 1989, pgs. 4 5)Vietas revista Alfar, N82 - 1943(Col. MNAV)Barradas y Pilars/f, (Col. MNAV)Ilustracin: La hermanita, c.192628, (Col. MNAV)Vieta revista Alfar, N 81 - 1942(Col. MNAV)1917. El pintor Celso Lagar lo presenta al artista uruguayo radicado en Catalua, Joaqun Torres Garca. Comienza una larga y prolfica amistad atestiguada por encuentros en Barcelona y un epistolario (de un total registrado de 57 cartas) que atravesar la peripecia geogrfica y reflexiones de ambos artistas. Torres escribe un artculo sobre Barradas donde lo define como un artista uruguayo a la europea: busca por su cuenta lo que emociona de la realidad. [] lo que modernamente buscan los que no duermen, dirn que es un cubista o futurista; los del tiempo de Fortuny, de la escuela de Roma, dirn que es un loco. Yo dir, sencillamente, que es un pintor del tiempo presente. (Los artistas uruguayos en Europa, El Siglo, Montevideo, 24/11/1917.)Barradas expone en el Saln de Humoristas de Madrid. Las mutuas reflexiones sostenidas con Torres Garca sobre la ciudad equiparada al dinamismo contemporneo, dan como resultado en diciembre la exposicin a do en Galeras Dalmau de Barcelona. La serie se definir como vibracionista. Torres Garca y Barradas fueron asociados por la prensa con el futurismo y el cubismo.En carta a Torres Garca, fechada el 28 de setiembre de 1919, Barradas explica su nuevo ismo:Torres, [] hace cosa de cuatro o cinco meses, un da, estando VIENDO en un caf, pas un batalln, es decir, unos sonidos de trompas y tambores y unas campanas de tranvas. Simultneamente sonaba un piano en el caf, pero que quedaba fuera del caf. VIBRABAN todas las cosas, que en realidad no lo son. YO VIBRABA de tal manera que CREABA las COSAS (GarcaSedas, Pilar, J. Torres Garca y Rafael Barradas. Un dilogo escrito: 1918-1928, Barcelona: Parsifal Ediciones Montevideo: Libertad Libros, 2001, p. 175.)En tanto, Torres Garca aos despus define esta postulacin esttica:El vibracionismo es, pues, cierto MOVIMIENTO que se determina fatalmente por el paso de una sensacin de color a otra correspondiente, siendo cada uno de estos acordes, diversas notas de armona, distintas, fundidas entre s por acordes ms sordos, en gradacin ms opaca. (Joaqun Torres Garca, Universalismo constructivo, Buenos Aires: Poseidn, 1944.Joaqun Torres Garca destaca la obra artstica que sea capaz de despertar la sensacin de cosa viviente. En ese sentido ambos artistas se unen e identifican en un mutuo descubrimiento de la modernidad centrado en el espacio de incesante fluir urbano a travs de formas vibrtiles en colores vibrantes mediante planos ms o menos geomtricos. Barradas recibe y adapta la influencia de las vanguardias, especialmente del futurismo y cubismo, aunque sin ceirse a dogmatismos formales. Su vitalismo extremo lo lleva a afirmar: Estoy convencido que la emocin es un ngulo.(Abril, Manuel, en Alfar N.o 49, La Corua, 1925, p. 20.)1918. Expone en las Galeras Layetanas de Barcelona (donde trabaja su amigo y poeta Joan Salvat Papasseit). Participa en la Exposicin Municipal de Primavera en Barcelona. Ilustra para las revistas vanguardistas dirigidas por Salvat Papasseit: Un Enemic del Poble (donde colabora en tres nmeros) y Arc Voltaic (del que sali un solo nmero con imgenes de Mir, poemas de Salvat Papasseit, imagen urbana de Barradas e imagen y textos de J. Torres Garca). Expone en Galeras Baitanes y en el Palau de Bellas Artes. Colabora con la editorial Muntaola. Forma parte, con Joaqun Torres Garca, de la Agrupacin Courbet con quienes expone ese mismo ao en el Crculo Artstico de Sant Lluc de Catalua. Ilustra: Travesuras de Tiln y sus amigos (infantil), Madrid: Editorial Pags. En agosto del mismo ao, decide abandonar Barcelona y radicarse en Madrid.1919. En Madrid se incorpora al movimiento ultrasta y es uno de los ilustradores ms comprometidos con el movimiento. Colaborar en sus aos madrileos en mltiples revistas: Grecia (y su derivacin Reflector), Tableros, Ultra, as como tambin ilustrar folletos y libros de sus poetas. El escritor Jos Francs lo conecta con el empresario cultural Gregorio Martnez Sierra. Trabaja como figurinista, escengrafo y cartelista para el Teatro 288Juguete, 1919, (Col. MNAV)Condal, 1918, (Col. MNAV)Autoretrato, c.191823, (Col. MNAV)289Cartula revista Ultra, N6, 30 de marzo 1921. (Gentileza Sr. Pedro Valenzuela)Cartula revista Ultra, N7, 10 de abril 1921. (Gentileza Sr. Pedro Valenzuela)Cartula revista Tableros, N3, 15 de enero 1922. (Col. MNAV)Cartula revista Tableros, N1, 15 de noviembre 1921. (Col. MNAV)Barradas y amigos: Jarns, De la Ossa, Buel, Garca Lorca, c.1920, (Col. MNAV)de Arte con sede en el pequeo Teatro Eslava de Madrid. Martnez Sierra ser autor y director del proyecto editorial Biblioteca Estrella. Barradas diversifica su produccin en tareas de ilustrador de libros para la editorial, como la obra de B. Saint Pierre: Pablo y Virginia. Realiza tambin carteles de difusin de obras de teatro donde se destacan los que le dedica a la primera actriz, Catalina Brcena. Proyecta decorados y vestuarios. Participa en el V Saln de Humoristas. Expone en Librera Mateu. Desde su llegada a Madrid se incorpora a las tertulias de caf. Los aos madrileos lo vern en el Caf del Prado, Glorieta de Atocha, Caf de Oriente; La Cripta de Pombo, sede de la famosa tertulia de Ramn Gmez de la Serna. Trabaja para la casa orientada a la infancia: Editorial Pags.1920. Realiza la escenografa y el vestuario para la primera obra de Federico Garca Lorca: El maleficio de la mariposa, en el teatro Eslava (finalmente solo se le aceptar el vestuario). Expone en el Teatro Eslava, Ateneo de Madrid, VI Saln de Humoristas, Teatro Goya. Ilustra junto con Norah Borges el Manifiesto ultrasta vertical, de Guillermo de Torre. Para la Biblioteca Estrella de Martnez Sierra ilustra numerosas obras: T. Borrs: Tam-Tam; Charles Dickens: Tiempos difciles; Alejandro Dumas: La dama de las camelias; Mximo Gorki: En el fondo; Lope de Vega: La estrella de Sevilla; J. Rodenbach: Museo de Beguinas; I. Turguenev: Nido de nobles; J. Sand: Ella y l; del propio Gregorio Martnez Sierra: La feria de Neuilly. Ilustra adems para la Editorial Muntaola de Barcelona obras de J. Lagua Lliteras: Perico de los palotes, y de J. Ogam: El ratn salvador y La herencia de Bernardo.1921. Contina como ilustrador de las publicaciones ultrastas: Ultra, Tableros. Organiza su propia tertulia en el Caf de Oriente. Intensifica su amistad con los editores y artistas: Federico Garca Lorca, Salvador Dal, Gabriel Garca Maroto, Luis Buuel, entre muchos otros. Expone y participa en la velada ultrasta del 30 de abril en el Ateneo de Madrid con: El antiyo, estudio terico sobre el clownismo, y dibujos en la pizarra (cuyo texto no se ha encontrado). En carta a Torres Garca, Barradas le declara: Este espectculo de clowns [] en el fondo eso: lo que yo les hago tragar; [] aun cuando lleva el antifaz de humorismo, es custico. (Carta de Barradas a Torres Garca, Madrid, 24 de febrero de 1920, en Pilar GarcaSedas, ob. cit., p. 202.)Contina en Madrid una intensa labor de ilustrador de libros: Alfred de Musset: Lorenzaccio; Biblioteca Estrella; Del VandoVillar y L. Mosquera: Rompecabezas; Julio J. Casal: Humildad, Impresora Pueyro; J. Lagua Lliteras: El hermanito Tin, Editorial Muntaola, Barcelona.Barradas se encuentra en el nuevo epicentro cultural del Madrid renovador, aunque siempre contina sus vnculos con Barcelona. Se multiplica en reuniones con amigos poetas, msicos, editores, artistas. Como ejemplo de ello, en carta de Lorca a su familia (fechada en 1921) el poeta granadino describe un encuentro social en la Residencia de Estudiantes de Madrid: di una fiesta en mi cuarto con dulces, t, caf y vino malo de dos pesetas la botella. Asistieron: Maroto, Barradas, Siz de la Maza, Toms Borrs, Adolfo Salazar y dos o tres ultrastas, adems de mis amigos de la Residencia. Fue una cosa estupenda. [] el inconmensurable Barradas hizo dibujos de la escuela simultanesta que acaba de nacer [] Fue, en suma, una reunin con los amigos ms cercanos a mi arte y a mi orientacin (Pablo Rocca y Eduardo Roland, Lorca y Uruguay, ob. cit., p. 15.)1922. Ilustra, entre varias, las publicaciones ultrastas Bazar y Orto, de Francisco Luis Bernrdez. Sus intereses plsticos van denotando una bsqueda mayor hacia el realismo y cierta serenidad. Expone en dos oportunidades en el Ateneo de Madrid. Participa en la revista Horizonte y en la publicacin Alfar, dirigida por su amigo uruguayo Julio J. Casal desde La Corua. Ambos sostienen una permanente correspondencia. Barradas, ilustrar y comentar los libros del amigo con su propio lenguaje potico. En sus aos madrileos acerc muchos escritores y artistas plsticos al proyecto Alfar: se reunan en el Caf de Oriente y el grupo era conocido como el de los alfareros.Finalizada su tarea de cnsul uruguayo en La Corua, Casal retorna a Uruguay en 1927, sin embargo, Alfar seguir publicndose en el medio local bajo su direccin hasta 1954 (ao de su fallecimiento). Aun despus de la muerte de Barradas (1929), Casal mantendr su nombre en tapa e insistir en editar sus dibujos y vietas.291Garca Lorcac.191823, (Col. MNAV)Autorretratoc.192426, (Col. MNAV)Cartula Revista Alfar(Col. MNAV)2921923. Barradas haba contrado tuberculosis. En un empuje de su enfermedad se instala en el pequeo pueblo de Luco de Jiloca, en el Teruel, donde resida la familia de su esposa. Intensifica en esta etapa una pintura centrada en el mundo rural espaol con cnones estticos que comenzara un tiempo antes. Su paleta se oscurece a tal punto que el artista habla de luz negra, concreta una serie que lo vinculan a la Espaa trgica, denominada por l mismo como Los Magnficos. A propsito de esta serie el crtico espaol Eugenio dOrs declarar:Bienvenidos los grandes planos de apagada y terrosa policroma [] Los duros y esquematizados contornos como huellas de hacha en tronco duro. (Eugenio dOrs, Juicios sobre la obra de Barradas, en Revista del Museo Municipal Juan Manuel Blanes, Montevideo, 1956.)Ilustra la publicacin de Guillermo de Torre: Hlices, Editorial Mundo Latino. Presenta tres obras para el Segundo Saln de Primavera de Montevideo, organizado por el Crculo de Bellas Artes de Montevideo, con exhibicin en el Ateneo de Montevideo en octubre. El crtico uruguayo Alberto Lasplaces comenta: Podr discutirse lo que se quiera en los cuadros que envi Barradas a nuestro saln, pero no se les podr negar dos virtudes sustanciales: originalidad e inquietud. (Carta de Alberto Lasplaces a Julio J. Casal, 1924, en Pereda, Raquel, Barradas, Montevideo: Editorial Galera Latina, 1989, p. 166.)El mismo Lasplaces agrega despus decepcionado: Ah estn los tres cuadros que envi Rafael Barradas el ao pasado al Saln de Primavera, amontonados y apolillndose, sin que nadie, fuera de m que escrib unos artculos, haya hecho nada por ellos. (Ibd., ob. cit., p. 166.)1924. Participa de la exposicin colectiva organizada por el Crculo de Bellas Artes de Montevideo en Buenos Aires. Trabaja como ilustrador para la editorial Calpe de Madrid sobre las obras del escritor Ramn Gmez de la Serna: El Bazar ms suntuoso del mundo; El marquesito en el circo; Por los tejados; para la obra infantil de Manuel Abril: El gorro de Andrs, I. del VandoVillar: La sombrilla japonesa. Realiza vietas para la Revista de Occidente de Ortega y Gasset.1925. Contina en Madrid como ilustrador de revistas y publicaciones literarias. Participa con especial nmero de obras y espacio en la gran Exposicin de Artistas Ibricos, celebrada en el Palacio de Cristal de Madrid, donde comparte dos salas de exposicin con el escultor Alberto Snchez (Alberto) y una treintena de sus pinturas.Presenta escenografas y figurines del Teatro Eslava en la Exposicin de Artes Decorativas y de Industrias Modernas, Pars, mayo de 1925. Obtiene Diploma de Honor y gana Medalla de Oro; categora teatro. Participa en el IV Saln de Primavera organizado por el Crculo de Bellas Artes de Montevideo. Se produce la ruptura con el empresario Gregorio Martnez Sierra. Pasa unos meses en San Juan de Luz y en Burdeos. Realiza una serie de obras en la que se destacan tipos humanos recios, trabajadores del mar. Ilustra el libro de Julio J. Casal: El rbol, La Corua, Biblioteca Alfar.1926. Varios autores mencionan en este ao un posible viaje a Pars; sin embargo, no se ha registrado de ello una documentacin contundente. Retorna a Barcelona. Se radica en la pequea poblacin de LHospitalet de Llobregat, hoy englobada en la ciudad condal, entonces una localidad semirrural como lo supo registrar en sus paisajes humanos. Ilustra el libro de L. Capdevila: El amante de Yanka; Imprenta Laietana. Instala en su domicilio su propia tertulia de domingos que tomar el nombre de El Atenello de LHospitalet. La correspondencia del perodo y un muro de su propia casa tienen como emblema visual un pegaso de alas desplegadas sobre ruedas de madera, a manera de juguete. La tertulia es frecuentada por multiplicidad de intelectuales: Cuyas Ann, Martn Bravo, Luis Capdevilla, Salvador Dal, Guillermo Daz Plaja, Federico Garca Lorca, Sebastin Gasch, Juan Gutirrez Gili, Benjamn Jarns, Mario Verdaguer, Regino Sainz de la Maza, Jules Superville, Filippo Marinetti (segn listado de asistentes publicado por Dossier de LHospitalet); entre otros poetas, msicos, pintores, escultores. Expone en dos oportunidades en Galeras Dalmau y en el Homenaje a Ramn Gmez de la Serna, en Barcelona. Comienza una serie de dibujos y pinturas con paisajes del pueblo de LHospitalet y sus vecinos. Ilustra en la Revista Popular, trabaja para la publicacin Familia, 1923, (Col. MNAV)Autoretrato, 1923, (Col. MNAV)Ilustracin revista Alfar, N81, 1942 (Col. MNAV)293Foto de la casa de la familia Barradas en LHospitalet de Llobregat, s/f, (Col. MNAV)Carta con distintivo de Pegaso, c.1926, (Col. MNAV)Dibujo, c.192628, (Col. MNAV)Carta con dibujo de Barradas,1926, (Col. MNAV)Alegra. La revista de los nios (el nombre Alegra se debe a la hija de su amigo Luis G. Manegat, nia a quien Barradas transformar a travs de sus dibujos en la protagonista de sus cuentos).En 1926 su amigo Gutirrez Gili describa a Barradas y su actitud artstica:Rafael Barradas oficia con la risa y oficia con la plegaria. Rezo y carcajada son para l formas de exaltacin esttica [] As tambin el viajero que ha descubierto en el parador castellano las noblezas ms puras y revestidas de incgnito [] por eso sus cuadros ms profundos se parecen ms al sedimento de su meditacin que a la fisonoma externa de lo que le sirve de tema [] Siendo sincero hasta la paradoja [] se mantiene siempre en un consciente estado de desprendimiento y no hay en l mscara alguna que nuble su transparencia temperamental. Barradas est lleno de tradicin y de porvenir []Es un pintor de sensibilidad potica, de mentalidad filosfica. (Gutirrez Gili, Juan; Maese Dalmau y Barradas el uruguayo, Alfar, Ao VI, abril de 1926, N.o 57, pp. 2126.)Ilustra para Juan Gutirrez Gili: Canciones de Navidad, Barcelona: Editorial Juventud, y El hada Manzana, Barcelona: Revista de Oro.1927. Expone en dos oportunidades en Galeras Dalmau. Participa en la exposicin colectiva Mostra Internazionale delle Arti Decorative, Villa Reale di Monza, Italia. Promueve la exposicin de dibujos y recitado de poemas del Romancero gitano, de Federico Garca Lorca, en Barcelona. Ilustra Nerransula, de P. Istrati, Barcelona; Publicaciones Mundial.1928. Expone en Galeras Dalmau en Barcelona y en Sitges. Comienza trabajos de temtica religiosa y la serie de dibujos acuarelados, recordatorio de un Montevideo finisecular que denominar Estampones nativos. Ilustra los cuentos de C. Espina, Monarca sin nombre, en la Revista Estampa, Barcelona. Realiza tambin la serie de dibujos y leos de temtica cristiana y popular, especialmente enfocada al nacimiento de Jess, la Sagrada Familia, la Virgen y el Nio, conocida con el nombre genrico de pinturas msticas. Con signos ya agravados de tuberculosis, y gracias a la generosidad de sus amigos, Barradas emprende, con su familia, su aspirado viaje de retorno a Uruguay (en los casi quince aos de su residencia en Espaa haba expresado el deseo de retornar en numerosas ocasiones). Finalmente, arriba a Montevideo el 28 de noviembre. Expresa a su llegada declaraciones a la prensa acerca de varios proyectos en el futuro. El 15 de diciembre se le dedica un homenaje en el Teatro Sols, donde un viejo contertulio de caf, el uruguayo Emilio Frugoni, realiza una emotiva oratoria. El evento inclua piezas musicales interpretadas por Felisberto Hernndez, entre otros. El artista no pudo asistir por el estado avanzado de su enfermedad.Rafael Barradas muere el 12 de febrero. Mientras la prensa local registra el hecho, en Barcelona ser su amigo, el poeta y periodista Juan Gutirrez Gili, quien reciba la noticia en el teletipo de La Vanguardia. Es tambin en Barcelona donde un numeroso grupo de amigos le rinde sentido homenaje en la escollera del puerto, cercana a uno de sus cafs preferidos. Simultneamente, en Galeras Dalmau se realiza una exposicin pstuma.BARRADAS DESPUS A poco tiempo de la muerte del artista, se sucedieron instancias de mltiples recordatorios, en especial desde sus amigos y allegados: la exposicin pstuma en Galeras Dalmau en Barcelona, muestras parciales en Montevideo, Barcelona y Buenos Aires, y particularmente, numerosas notas publicadas desde Espaa y Uruguay. Al respecto, un caso particular lo configura la revista Alfar, la que a travs de su propia doble naturaleza espaolauruguaya poda coaligar un sentimiento comn ante la prdida del artista. Se suceden tambin en el medio local varios artculos de escritores vinculados a Barradas desde las antiguas tertulias de caf en Montevideo. Despus de su muerte el panorama poltico y cultural de Espaa colaps en consonancia con el universo europeo. La guerra civil desatada entre 19361939 gener una dispersin importante de intelectuales que haban conocido estrechamente a Barradas y que, desde 295El bailongo, 1928, (Col. MNAV)Homenaje a Barradas en la escollera del puerto de Barcelona, febrero de 1929, (Col. MNAV)Carta - poema de Juan Gutirrez Gili a Rafael Barradas, LHospitalet de Llobregat, 1928, (gentileza Sr. Pedro Valenzuela)Ilustracin de Rafael Barradas con pegaso, LHospitalet de Llobregat, sf, (Col. MNAV)320321Traduccinal inglsTranslations323Look at this group: it is my family, painted more with my soul than with my handsBarradas cited by ngel Samblancat, El Diluvio, Barcelona, 22/11/1922Rafael Barradas painted with his soul. This is what we perceive and feel when we contemplate his vast protean body of work. It was created out of the impulses, urgent demands and needs of a life that was not very kind to him or his family. There is no doubt that of all our artists he is the painter of the hard life.Barradas was the son of immigrants from Spain, and he in turn decided to be an immigrant himself. In that role he was as poor as his parents had been when they came to Uruguay. What he saw and expressed in his oil painting Los emigrantes (1912) was what he actually lived through. First in Milan and Paris and then in Spain, he moved like a pilgrim along the streets, roads and highways. How could he help painting with his soul when he was a man who was all soul?Perhaps it was the stories he heard from his parents. Don Antonio talking about the hard clods of earth in the fields of Valencia de las Torres there in Badajoz, and his mother paying off her nostalgia with words that recalled gipsy names, Moorish faces, fragments of the life they left behind like a street corner in Triana, a battered wall in Los Remedios, glimpses of muchmissed Seville coming back in dreams. It might have been these tales, but it was also the lure of adventure, the urge to get out into the world, to test himself, to measure himself against other parameters, to gauge himself, to discover things and discover himself.Whatever the motive, he left Montevideo when the 20th century was still young. At that time Uruguay was politically stable after many years of upheavals, and it was developing in spheres of human endeavor that only peace and unity among the populace can make possible. It was a time when the country of many languages was speaking with the same tongue, and it was geared to the present and to the future.He went to the Old World in 1913, a few months before the Great War broke out in Europe. He went to Milan and from there moved on to Paris, but the war forced him to opt for Spain, which was safer and farther away from the battlefields.Uruguay was opening up to the new age but Europe was caught in a crossfire that buried dignity and respect under piles of rubble. Nothing would ever be the same again. The present, which was suffering in the trenches, cried out for what was needed, for what had to come: new exploration, new readings, new possibilities for knowing and perhaps for understanding. In the realm of culture the avant garde set about renewing art, the various -isms took a rebellious stance and went into the fight in pursuit of the most absolute freedom of expression, free from the bonds of academia.Samblancat, in the article cited above, remembers a conversation in which the painter said to him, I went through towns painting portraits, preaching rebellion, spewing out blasphemy against the epidemics from the academies.Protean, brilliant on whatever path he close, varied and adorable from different angles, the work of Barradas is here now, in an exhibition that is as memorable as it is surprising.There are sketches for the theatre, illustrations for newspapers, caricatures, childlike drawings, expressionist portraits, collages, avant garde experiments; all these texts that tell us just what an authentic creative force Rafael Barradas was. The man who went away and then came back. The man who saw and did. A genuine builder. An authentic man of his time. The painter who painted with his soul.Ricardo EhrlichMinister of Education and CultureBarradas, the painter of the hard lifeRicardo Ehrlich324325Barradas from the cityAna OliveraMontevideo takes great pride in being able to cooperate in the production of this exceptional exhibition.Because with this we are also celebrating the honor of being named Cultural Capital of Latin America for 2013. But more importantly, this exhibition is a way of promoting the construction of the city in general, even beyond being the Cultural Capital of Latin America.The fact is that a city is a cultural construct. It is a collective construction, the product of an infinite number of interactions between people, for whom the symbols, ideas, images, desires and of course the art artistic activity, works of art are part of the basic prime material of the meaningful conversations that give us form and constitute us as a society.And this is because alongside the physical works involved, we build cities in our minds and in our hearts. We build them with thoughts and with feelings, and we feed on the stimuli that educating the senses through art gives us. This is why it is essential for cities to take the trouble to promote and stimulate culture thought educating sensibility. Because as we promote these things and democratize them, we are building better, in a more human and more living way.And Barradas, who was so Montevidean in so many ways, is a powerful symbol in many dimensions. Because in his work he tells about how we are, or how we were, and he asks us how we want to go on feeling, and he challenges us to think about what we want to become and how we want to change. There we are in his compositions as an open city, linked to the world, there we are exactly portrayed in Los Emigrantes, which is something he was, the son of emigrants, and he himself was an emigrant. There we are as an egalitarian city like in Los Magnficos, common people at the centre of the scene, nobody worth more than anyone else, all equally important and diversely equal. There we are as a cultural city, in his posters, in his scenographies, in his portraits, and as a longed for city in his Estampones. And there we are too in the example of his life, reflected as an innovative city albeit with a low profile recognized as such and loved by others, conflictive with itself but inspiring, a place we always want to go back to. There we are. Although in fact they may not be, or may not seem to be, Montevideo or Uruguay, there we are in his compositions, in his life, frankly or slyly slipped in, in so many ways. Barradas once said, I am convinced that emotion is an angle. And I think he was right.I hope that you too will be intensely moved by all the angles in his work, that it will translate into a better way of doing and a better way of being in this city, in this country and in the world which, at the end of the day, is home to all of us. Ana OliveraMayor of Montevideo 326It is not easy to write about Rafael Prez Barradas or just Barradas, as he is commonly called. He was an excellent artist who was born and died in Montevideo but who did the bulk of his work in Europe. It is not easy because his output was so rich and diverse. This is why this exhibition of some two hundred and fifty compositions from all his periods and stages is beyond doubt a major event in our countrys cultural history and in the diffusion of the painters work. For sheer breadth it can only be compared to another exhibition more than forty years ago, also at the National Museum of Visual Arts (MNAV) in Uruguay,The present exhibition is not about the accumulated quantity of his work but the quality, the aesthetic diversity, the reflection and the humor, the dialogue with Spanish as well as Uruguayan culture, the incursions into the world of comics, the bandes descies. But it also delves into the intimacy of the family, the uproar of the modern urban life it was his lot to lead, and the religious spirituality of his last years. This Barradas exhibition, organized by the professional team from the National Museum of Visual Arts, gathers up the multifaceted thinking, drawing, painting and dreaming of a man who stands among the greats of the plastic arts in Uruguay. A man whose prestige is still growing.What is more, until quite recently Barradas was seen as an indispensable figure in the history of Uruguayan painting and in the European avant garde at the beginning of the 20th century, but now, with this exhibition, he takes his place not only in the Holy Trinity along with Pedro Figari and Joaqun Torres Garca, but among the most outstanding exponents of plastic modernity in this part of the West.In this year in which Montevideo is the Cultural Capital of Latin America, the National Museum of Visual Arts and the National Culture Board of the Ministry of Education and Culture are presenting this celebration of Barradas. It is nothing less than a celebration of the best our society has to offer: its creativity, its diversity and its firm commitment to a brand of fertile humanism whose vitality is constantly and securely affirmed.Hugo AchugarNational Director of CultureMinistry of Education and CultureBarradas, a celebration of modernity and vitalityHugo Achugar3272013 Montevideo is the Culture Capital of Latin America.2013 The bicentennial of the Instructions of the year XIII.2013 The 100th anniversary of Rafael Barradas leaving Uruguay to go to Europe.2013 An exceptional exhibition of the work of an exceptional artist.This happy confluence of events that has elevated the country this year has led us, the members of the Cultural Capital Committee with Dr. Hctor Lescano presiding, to finance and publish this catalogue.This happy confluence has also evoked numerous positive appreciations and personal tributes.I had the privilege of a first contact with this artist before I even went to university. Two architects, Fernando Garca Esteban and Florio Parpagnoli, urged us to visit some local art galleries and came with us on guided tours of our museums, and this opened up a multidimensional panorama that enabled us to enjoy how the compositions actually came into being.When I got to know the work of De Simone and above all Torres Garca and Barradas, even before Figari, I made discoveries that meant a lot to me.I was excited then as I still am today by the dazzling colors of Barradas vibrationist canvases with figures that are barely sketched in brushstrokes and with strong, dynamic planes.But I recognize that it is his more austere compositions that caused the greatest impact on me and that I like best.I am not alluding just to his magnificent works, but in particular to a portrait of his wife (Simona Linez y Saz, whom everyone called Pilar) painted in 1922. I have to admit I was surprised to hear that Barradas himself called Pilar the backbone of the home, because when I look at this painting with its almost Doric severity, I immediately remember the startling image that Garca Esteban showed us of the Hera of Samos, a Greek sculpture from the 6th century A.D. that is now in the Louvre.Another Barradas painting from the same time, the Family, evokes a similar reaction in me but perhaps with more intense emotional resonance. It seems even more significant in the light of this letter from Barradas to his friend Julio J Casal:Look at this group: it is my family, painted more with my soul than with my hands The infinite sadness of a poor house, the shakiness of our grey dwellings, the abandonment and orphaned state we lived in are there with all the rawness, with the full truth, with absolute nakednessThis composition, and Barradas reflections on it, are emblematic insofar as they throw into sharp contrast the outpouring of cultural richness in the masters work and the privation that he and his family were systematically subjected to.But Barradas had some measure of spiritual compensation from the many Spanish artists who appreciated and stimulated him.I find it particularly moving that, starting in 1917, Torres Garca had a close relationship with the young Barradas. He considered him a friend, despite the difference in age that separated them. But what is more surprising is the fact that Torres, a man of strong temperament who seemed to be inflexible, should calmly accept the influence of Barradas with his vibrationism. And more surprising still, he adopted the younger man as his confidant and opened his heart to him about his uncertainties and creative fluctuations. This letter, written by Torres Garca on 2 April 1926, speaks volumes:For twenty years, my friend Barradas, I have been trying to do my work just one way, and I cant do it.I see in myself two major directions that are totally separate because each one excludes the other. To put it is todays terminology, they are classicism and romanticism. On one side there is order, serenity, ecstasy, perfection, good proportions and beauty, but on the other side there is freedom, vibrancy, the ego, the new, the now, the dynamic. The worst of it is that I have good things in both ways to go. Which is my path? Which is it? This is driving me crazy.Not all the greats can reveal their weaknesses so frankly, and not all the greats can be so generous and helpful. So it is gratifying to discover that the two men helped each other so much.And it is pleasing that both of them, after fruitful sojourns in foreign lands, returned to their native city, the most southern and the youngest of all the capitals in the Americas. But their destinies turned out to be very different indeed. Torres came back to Uruguay in 1934 and completed his fecund legacy here as an artist and teacher over the last fifteen years of his long life. But Barradas fate was tragic: he was weakened by illness and poverty and he died at the age of 39 shortly after returning to the Montevideo he missed so much.We are delighted that the National Museum of Visual Arts (MNAV) is paying a welldeserved tribute to this formidable artist.Mariano AranaComission of Montevideo Capital Iberoamericana de la Cultura 2013April 2013Emotion that goes beyondthe plasticMariano Arana328I want to go to Montevideo; now I really want to go. I dont know when I will be able to make this journey, but I want to do it. Then you will have to go, great Torres, then or before. But we have to go; there is a need for us. They dont know it yet, but believe me, Torres, they will know it soon enough.Letter from Barradas to Torres Garca, 1925There has been no full exhibition in Uruguay of Rafael Barradas work for forty years. The last time was in 1972, and it was held in the same place as the present one: the National Museum of Visual Arts (MNAV). So todays exhibition is long overdue, not only because of Barradas outstanding career as a master of his craft and the relevance of his work in the modern world, but also because we owe this to society since there are at least two generations of Uruguayans who know far too little about the work of a major artist in the countrys pantheon.Shortly after I became director of the MNAV in September 2010, I met with Hugo Achugar, the National Director of Culture, to discuss the different lines of work we would implement in the museum and the characteristics of our programming, and he asked me to pay particular attention to the possibilities of mounting a big Rafael Barradas exhibition. The previous exhibition, which was entitled Barradas, was organized in September 1972 by ngel Kalenberg, the director of the then National Museum of Plastic Arts, and was a great success. It drew many Uruguayans and they were tremendously impressed and have fond memories of it, so this was a stimulating challenge. The seed that was planted in those first conversations with Hugo Achugar has now borne fruit two and half years later in the present exhibition Barradas the MNAV Collection.As the artists work had not been shown for forty years, the first step was to update everything we knew about him. Rafael Barradas (18901929) died young he was only 39 but he lived his life with great intensity and still today new information is emerging that sheds light on this complex and unusual man. The second step was to integrate the information from the various studies of his work into the structure of the exhibition. This was no easy task because more data is emerging every day, and over the years Barradas has come to be recognized as an indispensable figure for understanding the avant garde art movements in the 1920s in Europe especially in Spain and their influence in the River Plate region. To meet this need, Juan Manuel Bonet has written a survey of Barradas and the ultraist movement especially for this catalogue.The curatorial team was made up of Mara Eugenia Grau, the MNAV education coordinator, who was in charge of the research the guide is based on, and the curator, Eduardo Muiz, who organized the exhibition in the museum space. Both of them tackled the challenge with their usual commitment and ability and they have done an excellent job.Our task as an institution was to present for the first time in many years Rafael Barradas in all his creative facets as a painter, illustrator and designer through his most representative compositions, using just the MNAVs own funds.At the present time the National Museum of Visual Arts (MNAV) has five hundred and three of Rafael Barradas works, which have come to us as donations, legacies and purchases. In 1950 the collection was increased by forty compositions in connection with pensions awarded to Pilar and Carmen Barradas, which added considerably to the stock of Barradas work. The outstanding pictures among those first works in the MNAV collection are La catalana (1918), Zngaras (1919), Todo 65 (1919), La familia (1922) and Hombre en la taberna (1922).It was not until 1969 that the MNAV finally acquired the rest of the works it now has. The State bought four hundred and fortyeight pictures, including Los emigrantes (1912), Viejo cataln (1914), Jugadores de cartas (1917), Naturaleza muerta con carta de Torres Garca (1919), and Garca Maroto y Garca Lorca (1920).This exceptional collection of Rafael Barradas material is the basis for the curatorial guide, which takes us on a thematic rather than lineal tour of the artists career.From the very start, Barradas the MNAV Collection was conceived as an exhibition that all visitors to the museum could appreciate and enjoy. The tour starts on the first floor where there is a time line with photographs and texts that identify the most significant events in the artists life, and a selection of his most representative pictures. There is also a video, which shows us his work as an illustrator, and an audio installation where we can hear music composed by his sister Carmen they were always involved in each others creative projects. His work is arranged around thematic nuclei starting with his early compositions in Montevideo before he went to Europe. Then there are portraits of his friend Mdici, with whom he shared a scholarship when they traveled to the Old World together. There is Barradas family his mother, his sister Carmen and younger brother Antonio, his wife Pilar and his sisterinlaw Antoita plus several selfportraits. Then we come to several series Los magnficos, Castellanos, Paisajes, Msticos y Estampones and a range of portraits from his countless tertulias (literary and artistic gatherings) in Barcelona and Madrid. Here we find pictures of figures like Federico Garca Lorca, Ramn Gmez BarradasThe MNAV CollectionEnrique Aguerrede la Serna, Catalina Brcena and Margarita Xirg. Now, going upstairs in the museum, we can appreciate how his own -isms vibrationism and clownism contributed to the avant garde. This is shown in his illustrations for books and magazines, posters, poems, collections of verse and stories for children, as well as theatre costumes and scenery from the time of the producer Martnez Sierra and the Eslava Theatre Company in Madrid. In addition, to document the most outstanding aspects of this artist and his world, there are photographs, personal letters and examples of the magazines Barradas did illustrations for.In line with the spirit of our initial impulse to bring this artists work to the widest possible public, we have organized guided tours for adults and workshops for families and children, who can do their own drawings and paintings after they have seen Barradas pctures. We should remember that in a letter to Joaqun Torres Garca in 1919, Barradas who admired some drawings by Augusto Torres who was six years old wrote, In my exhibition even in the catalogueinvitation there will be the three marvelous drawings by Augusto, and I will show them for the marvels they are beside my compositions, that are very poor by comparison, but what can we do!The Barradas the MNAV Collection is also out on the street: some reproductions of the artists paintings are on show at specific locations in various neighborhoods in Montevideo and on public transport as well, which serves to underline the link between the artist and the city. The exhibition has been promoted on the social networks, on the radio, and in special TNU (Televisin Nacional Uruguay) programming on open television, all of which has contributed to an event that goes beyond the frontiers of what is usually thought of as the visual arts.The work of Rafael Barradas is exhibited in all its splendor and there has been a massive response from the public of all ages, which goes to show how tremendously important it was to mount this exhibition. It satisfies the inner need to reenter into fruitful dialogues with new generations so they can be astonished, enthused and excited by the work of this indispensable artist. This exhibition has demonstrated that, after waiting for forty years, Barradas has come home to stay. And that is how it should be.Enrique AguerreDirector of the National Museum of Visual Arts329330There is little doubt today about how important the ephemeral ultraist movement was in the revival of Spanish language poetry not only in Spain where it emerged but in Latin America. It was transplanted to the New World both directly (by Argentine ultraism led by Jorge Luis Borges) and indirectly through Mexican Stridentism, whose leader Manuel Maples Arce cited a lot of ultraist material, above all in the early days, and when the HispanoMexican Humberto Rivas had just joined the group. The ultraist movement, which was mainly literary, came into being around 1918 and lasted until approximately 1925. Their prophet was Rafael Cansinos Assens, a commentator and critic from a previous generation who also authored lyrical work behind the mask of Juan Las. But the real leader was Guillermo de Torre, a poet who subsequently became more important as a critic. By 1921 Cansinos had moved away from ultraism and he published a novel with disguised references to it called El movimiento V. P., in which Guillermo de Torre is called the youngest poet. A scathing review of this book appeared in issue number 32 of Cosmpolis, a magazine where Guillermo de Torre was editorial secretary at the time. Along with Cansinos and Guillermo de Torre, there were many other Ultras including Csar M. Arconada, Xavier Bveda, Rogelio Buenda, Jos de Ciria y Escalante, Miguel ngel Colomar, Csar A. Comet, Evaristo Correa Caldern, Gerardo Diego, Joaqun de la Escosura, Pedro Garfias, Csar GonzlezRuano, Augusto Guallart, Juan Gutirrez Gili, Jaime Ibarra, Juan Larrea, Rafael Lasso de la Vega, Ernesto Lpez Parra, Toms Luque, Eugenio Montes, Luis Mosquera, Eduardo de Ontan, Manuel de la Pea, Juan Jos Prez Domnech, Miguel Prez Ferrero, Ramn Prieto y Romero, Eliodoro Puche, Pedro Raida, the brothers Guillermo and Francisco Rello, Vicente Risco, Humberto Rivas (mentioned above in connection with Stridentism) and his brother, Jos Rivas Panedas, Luca Snchez Saornil (who at that time signed her work with a male pseudonym, Luciano de SanSaor), Jacobo Sureda, Guillermo de Torre, Adriano del Valle and Isaac del VandoVillar. Many of these were characters straight out of a melodramatic novel. They did not publish many books but they launched numerous magazines including Alfar, Cervantes, the abovementioned Cosmpolis, Grecia, Horizonte, Perseo, Plural, Los Quijotes, Reflector, Ronsel, Tableros, Tobogn, Vrtices and Ultra (there was one Ultra in Madrid and another more ephemeral one in Oviedo that preceded it). It can be seen from the names that some of these were actually founded as ultraist magazines, but there were others with less uptodate names like Cervantes, Grecia and Los Quijotes, which started out as Modernist (as did their contributing artists) and gradually became ultraist over time. In this context I am referring to Modernism in the old symbolist, Juan Ramonian, Latin American sense of the term and not in the Anglo Saxon sense. We should add to this short list some postmodernist poets who at some time drifted towards ultraism like Mauricio Bacarisse, Juan Chabs, Antonio Espina and Francisco Vighi. And we should not forget some Latin Americans who were based in Spain at the time like Francisco Luis Bernrdez and Jorge Luis Borges from Argentina, Joaqun Edwards Bello from Chile and Ral Carranc y Trujillo from Mexico. The ultraist cocktail was based on the cult of the evocative image. The images were sometimes assembled in chaotic ways and this was very useful, above all for urban subjects. The ingredients were literary cubism, futurism, German expressionism, Dadaism, Huidobrian creationism, and Ramonism (from Ramn Gmez de la Serna). The ultraist magazines carried translations of verses by many poets on the international scene including Pierre AlbertBirot, Guillaume Apollinaire, Louis Aragon, Blaise Cendrars, Max Jacob, F. T. Marinetti, Paul Morand, Francis Picabia, Pierre Reverdy, Philippe Soupault and Tristan Tzara. As to the German expressionists, in almost all cases the person in charge of rendering them in Spanish was Borges, who had discovered them in Geneva during World War One.The great Chilean creationist poet Vicente Huidobro was, in the apt words Csar GonzlezRuano used in a 1931 interview with the newspaper Heraldo de Madrid, the key man. He was the first Latin American poet to become familiar with the language of what would soon come to be known as cubist poetry. He came across it in Paris in 19161917, where he belonged to the nucleus of Nord-Sud. His book Horizon carr (1917) was published in that city and, as the title indicates, it written in French, which at that time was the lingua franca of the avant garde. The following year Huidobro moved to Madrid and published two more books in French and two in Spanish. He set an example and his influence was enormous, and Cansinos was the first to analyze and disseminate it. Vicente Huidobro got on very badly with most of the ultraists, especially Guillermo de Torre who admired him at the start, and while he had some faithful followers for a while like Gerardo Diego and Larrea, even these two returned to creationism in the end.As to whether or not there was such a thing as pictorial ultraism, for a long time historians of Spanish art did not even ask this question and it was not until Jaime Brihuega and Eugenio Carmona that it was tackled seriously. The first exhibition of ultraist compositions was mounted in 1996 by Carlos Prez and myself at the IVAM in Valencia and entitled Ultraism and the plastic arts.Robert and Sonia Delaunay, a married couple who were both painters, came to Spain when World War One broke out and became major figures in articulating ultraism in its poetic and Rafael Barradas,ultraistJuan Manuel Bonet331also its plastic dimensions. In Madrid in 1918 they got to know a number of people who subsequently joined the movement, a circumstance that Guillermo de Torre emphasized on several occasions. That year Robert Delaunay drew the cover for Tour Eiffel, a tremendous poem by Huidobro that was written in French but published in Madrid. One of the talismans the married couple showed their young visitors was La prose du Transibrien (1913) by Blaise Cendrars with decoration in simultaneous colors by Sonia, and they were obviously dazzled by it.Another important influence in the Madrid Modernist scene in general and in ultraism in particular was a group of Polish painters who had also moved there because of the outbreak of World War One. The one with the longest career was Jzef Pankiewicz, who had been a key figure in Polish art at the end of the 19th century. He had worked for a good part of his life in France, where he rubbed shoulders with the likes of Auguste Renoir and Pierre Bonnard. The other members of this group included Wladyslaw Jahl (who along with his wife Lucia Auerbach was active in the field of applied arts and had been close to Juan Ramn Jimnez), Marjan Paszkiewicz and Waclaw Zawadowski. There was also a writer who, although he did not publish material in the ultraist magazines, became a kind of Polish Guillermo de Torre when he returned to his native land. I am of course referring to Tadeusz Peiper, who until quite recently passed unnoticed by Spanish scholars even though he did early translations for magazines in Poland of works by Borges, Huidobro and some other ultraists. He was a central figure in letters in his country and was a member of the diffuse international constructivist scene.The ultraists also connected with the man this article is about, Rafael Barradas from Uruguay. He lived in Saragossa and Barcelona from 1915 to 1918, before ultraism emerged. It was in Barcelona that he forged his concept of vibrationism, which stemmed partly from cubism and futurism, which were known in Paris and in Italy. When this came about he was in close contact with an old member of the novecentist (1900s) generation who, like him, was passionately committed to the avant garde, namely his countryman and colleague Joaqun TorresGarca. Among his other contacts were the futurist anarchist poet Joan SalvatPapasseit, who did most of his writing in Catalan and was in contact with F. T. Marinetti, Theo van Doesburg and other figures in the international avant garde. Barradas and TorresGarca worked with the same gallery owner, Josep Dalmau, who in 1912 had mounted a pioneer exhibition of cubist poetry, in 1917 had contributed to a magazine called 391 which was run by Francis Picabia from Barcelona, and who subsequently went on to organize the first individual showings of the work of Joan Mir and Salvador Dal.Barradas moved to Madrid in August 1918 and he brought with him an aura of prestige from his role in the avant garde in Catalonia. For this reason he was in more or less continual contact with the ultraists, especially Guillermo de Torre and Isaac del VandoVillar, who were both correspondents for SalvatPapasseit (who later had poems specially written in Spanish published in the magazines Grecia, Tableros and Ultra). Starting in 1919, the year in which the ultraist movement as such came into being, Barradas contributed drawings and other work to their magazines and books and he regularly took part in their tertulias (literary gatherings). Everyone, myself included, agrees that 1925 was the year the ultraist adventure came to an end, and it was also the year that the Uruguayan left Madrid and set his course for Catalonia again.When Barradas first moved to Madrid the first person to enthusiastically welcome him was none other than the extremely precocious Guillermo de Torre. In 1916 (when he was only sixteen tears old!) he had met Barradas in Saragossa at the preparation of a university magazine called Paraninfo. In 1919 Barradas had his first individual exhibition in Madrid, at the Saln Mateu, and was on his way to becoming the main standard bearer of ultraism, and Guillermo de Torre published an article entitled The vibrationism of Barradas in the only edition of Perseo, which came out in May. The following year, he wrote the prologue in the catalogue for the painters individual exhibition in Barcelona, which was organized by Dalmau.Among the painters moving into ultraism along with the Delaunays, the Poles and Barradas, we must mention the Argentine Norah Borges. She was Jorge Luis Borges sister and like him was much influenced by German expressionism. She subsequently married Guillermo de Torre. Another was Daniel Vzquez Daz, who lived in Paris at the time of the cubists and whose admirers, when he moved to Madrid, included Juan Ramn Jimnez. There were also Francisco Mateos, Pancho Cosso (who was especially close to Gerardo Diego), and the Madrid trio of Francisco Bores, Carlos Senz de Tejada and Francisco Santa Cruz: three Musketeers who were really four because they were inseparable from Prez Ferrero, whom I have already mentioned among the poets, although in the end he was better known as a journalist and film critic. We can also find traces of ultraism in Gabriel Garca Maroto who, as we shall see, was particularly close to Barradas, and in Manuel ngeles Ortiz who did the poster for the 1923 Cante Jondo Competition in Granada (1923).Looking through Barradas work we come across a number of portraits, mostly line drawings of ultraists and people in their circle including Manuel Abril, Francisco Luis Bernrdez, a certain Luis Buuel who had not yet begun to dream of being 332a filmmaker, Cansinos, Julio J. Casal, Jos de Ciria y Escalante, Evaristo Correa Caldern, Pedro Garfias, Juan Gutirrez Gili, Benjamn Jarns, Eugenio Montes, Guillermo de Torre, Isaac del VandoVillar and Csar GonzlezRuano but the present location of this portrait the subject refers to in his memoirs, Mi medio siglo se confiesa a medias (1951), is unknown.One of the first platforms to promote ultraism was the magazine Grecia (19181920), which was launched in Seville by Isaac del VandoVillar and later moved its headquarters to Madrid. It published writing by the main figures in the movement, and carried graphics and illustrations by numerous artists including Barradas, Norah Borges, Delaunay, Jos Gutirrez Solana and Mateos. In 1920, as a supplement to the fiftieth and last issue of the magazine, it published the Manifiesto ultrasta vertical (Ultraist Vertical Manifesto) by Guillermo de Torre, in which there were two woodcuts by Norah Borges and a line drawing by Barradas showing the author in a Bolshevik hat. This picture now belongs to the Students Residence of Madrid.A book that I have always had special affection for is Rompecabezas (1921), a modern comedy by Luis Mosquera and Isaac del Vando Villar. I have always seen one of the characters, Lucy, as a caricature of Sonia Delaunay, although it is not as biting a portrait as the caricature that featured in El movimiento V. P., in which Cansinos makes her into a character with the torturous name of Sofinka Modernuska. Barradas did the illustrations and the green and black cover for Rompecabezas. He also did a line drawing of the author for another book, La sombrilla japonesa (1924), the only collection of poems by del VandoVillar from Seville, which has a prologue by his colleague and friend Adriano del Valle.Tableros (19211922) was Vando Villars attempt to continue Grecia, and the same Madrid publishing house produced both Rompecabezas and La sombrilla japonesa (this was when the magazine was no more than a memory). Barradass cover for the third issue of Tableros is beautiful and it is also clownish. The other artists who contributed artwork to the magazine were Norah Borges and Jahl.Just before Tableros came out there was a magazine called Reflector (1920) that went on to become a new and improved version of Grecia. It was run by Jos de Ciria y Escalante (a poet with an ephemeral life who is mostly remembered for a lovely Lorcastyle elegy) and by the indefatigable Guillermo de Torre, and on the back page there was a list of some of the internationally famous people he used to know. The graphics on the cover are a perfect literal illustration of the title, and I believe it is one of Barradas most modern and effective pictures. In addition he provided illustrations for some haikais by Adolfo Salazar in the magazine. Other artists who featured in this issue include Norah Borges, Jacques Lipchitz and Picasso, although in the case of these last two we talking about reproductions rather than work created specially for the magazine. The outstanding written piece is Borges review of Guillermo de Torres Manifiesto ultrasta vertical.Of all the ultraist magazines the most beautiful from a typographic and pictorial point of view was Ultra in Madrid (19211922). Extreme purists cite it as Vltra, because this is how the magazines name is written on the cover. The roll call of its literary contributors amounts to a list of the movements membership during its best phase. The cover art was done in rotation by only three painters: Barradas, Norah Borges, and Jahl. From time to time the magazine featured work by Paszkiewicz, who was its Paris correspondent for a while. Barradas did many portraits and one of the writers he drew was Eugenio dOrs, who wrote a celebrated gloss entitled You are right about the visual impact of the magazine at news kiosks in Madrid. This gloss can be found in the book Poussin y El Greco (1923) by Nuevo Glosario. When Barradas was living in Barcelona some of his work appeared in Arte y Letras, an eclectic magazine run by Humberto Rivas, who seems to have been the main driving force behind Ultra although he is not named as such.On 30 April 1921, Barradas took part in an ultraist tertulia (literary gathering) at the Ateneo of Madrid, and he launched one his clownisms, The antiI, a theoretical study of clownism and drawings on the blackboard. We find traces of his influence in quite a number of ultraist poems. This applies particularly to the works of Guillermo de Torre, whose only collection of verse, Hlices (1923), is like a compendium of all the styles that flowed into ultraism. He dedicated his composition Color to Barradas; in Autorretrato he alludes to his image done by the painter, and we must not forget that vibrationist apotheosis in Bric--brac. Some years before, in issue number 18 of Grecia, the poet sang the praises of ultravibrationism. In fact, Barradas himself did the cover of that issue yet another spectacular composition and a great example of his extraordinary capacity to capture the rhythm of a modern city in painted shapes. The other artists who helped make Hlices one of the most beautiful books in that era in Spain were also close to the ultraists: Norah Borges (who married the poet soon afterwards) and Vzquez Daz. In addition, Barradas features in Literaturas europeas de vanguardia (1925), which is a key book because it is a compilation of Guillermo de Torres main critical writings up to that time. At one point in it the poet (who had mutated into a critic) says that the three genuine ultraists painters were precisely the three that did the covers for Ultra, namely Barradas, Norah Borges and Jahl. We cannot be sure this is no more than guesswork but Jahl may have been the artist who designed the cover layout of the magazine. At that time Guillermo de Torre was more interested in the plastic arts than almost any other writer in Spain. This can be seen from his planned monograph about Delaunay in the ultraist years and from his later commentaries on Apollinaire and painting, on the French photographer Henri Cartier Bresson, on Dal, on ngel Ferrant, on TorresGarca and on Pablo Picasso who, as noted above, had already featured in Reflector. Also in 1925, Barradas is mentioned along with the caricaturist Luis Bagara, Gerardo Diego, Picasso and Ramn Gmez de la Serna in the new voice section of an admirable book that is somewhere between postmodernist and ultraist, Suma potica, by the Fernando de Lapi from Valladolid.There was other poetry in which we can detect something of Barradas by that vibrationist feel I mentioned as pertaining to Guillermo de Torre, like the dislocated Poemticas esquematizaciones fantasistas by Eugenio Montes, or certain compositions by one Rafael Lasso de la Vega, a Spaniard who occasionally gave in to the fashion for writing in French.Another ultraist magazine Barradas did illustrations for was Horizonte (1922), which was managed by Pedro Garfias and Jos Rivas Panedas. This carried work by other painters in the ultraist circle like Bores, Norah Borges, Jahl who was on the editorial team and Ucelay. And we should add Paszkiewicz to the list as well, because of his contributions on a theoretical level.Yet another magazine was the longlived Alfar (19201955), which was founded in Corunna and later transplanted to Montevideo. It had a precursor in Vida, and in its early stages it was called Revista de Casa Amrica-Galicia. It was not exclusively an ultraist magazine but it was particularly receptive to poets from the movement. As I am writing for a Uruguayan catalogue I do not have to emphasize how important this publication was, and the same applies to its founder in Montevideo, the poet Julio J. Casal. He was Uruguayan consul in the great port of Corunna but he knew Barradas from before: they had been great friends growing up together in Montevideo. Many of the contributors to this magazine were ultraists, or at rate of that ilk, including Manuel Abril, Arconada, Francisco Luis Bernrdez, Borges, Buenda, Buuel, Cansinos, Chabs, Comet, Gerardo Diego, Espina, Garfias, Gutirrez Gili, Jarns (who in 1924, in the 36th issue, wrote about Barradas connection with Aragon), Huidobro, Jaime Ibarra, Lpez Parra, Toms Luque, Mosquera, Eduardo de Ontan, Prez Ferrero, Guillermo de Torre, Adriano del Valle and Vighi. There were other voices too, from other important realms like the Frenchman mile Malespine (who was the driving force behind Manomtre in Lyons) and Peiper from Poland. Barradas was the artistic director of Casals magazine and he drew his portrait. Among the graphic artists who contributed work to Alfar we find Alberto, Bores, Norah Borges, Alfonso R. Castelao, Pancho Cosso, Dal, Sonia Delaunay, Juan Esplandi, Cndido Fernndez Mazas, Gabriel Garca Maroto and Enrique Garrn. There are some photographs that probably date from 1922 showing Garrn in the company of Barradas and Alberto, and there is also a Barradas line drawing of Garrn from the following year. The list of artists whose work appeared in the magazine goes on: Max Jimnez from Costa Rica, Frdric Mac from France, Mateos, Manuel Mndez, Jos Moreno Villa, Josep Obiols, Benjamn Palencia, Senz de Tejada, Ucelay and Vzquez Daz. And there was an interesting nucleus of local artists too, like lvaro Cebreiro, Francisco Miguel, Luis Huici, Ramn Nez Carnicer and ngel Ferrant, who was for a time a teacher at the Corunna School of Arts and Trades and who was in Barradas social circle when they were both in Barcelona. He later dedicated one of his most beautiful sculptures to the Uruguayan painter, a basrelief called La escolar (1925). When the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, Francisco Miguel (who lived for a time in postrevolutionary Mexico) and Huici were murdered by the rebels.When Barradas lived in Madrid he used to get together with his friends at a caf called the Gran Caf Social y de Oriente, which was in Atocha street where he lived. This was popularly known as the tertulia of the Alfareros because the group included so many writers and illustrators whose work appeared in Alfar, and this is why I gave a list of people who had some connection with the Ultra (see above). There is a muchreproduced photo that was taken in front of this caf at the beginning of the 1920s. It shows Barradas with Buuel, Federico Garca Lorca, Huberto Prez de la Ossa and Jarns (who in 1923, in an article in issue 32 of Alfar, christened the painter the Antipope of the West). Another photo, presumably taken on the same day, shows Barradas in the same place in the company of Alberto, Garrn, Jarns and an unidentified person. This image of Barradas with some of his cronies and with Dal as well calls to mind a line portrait of Garca Lorca that he did in 1924 in this same caf and which was reproduced in The Secret Life of Salvador Dal (1942). It also reminds us of the very Ramonian Bon whom Barradas also sketched in the caf. Barradas had met Bon previously at Pombo (another caf, which I will get to in a moment) and also at the tertulia of the Ultra artists at the Caf del Prado, in the street of the same name. This street, which is perpendicular to Len Street, is where Barradas lived when he first came to Madrid.Garca Maroto has left us a magnificent vision of the Viaducto, a location the ultraists loved that was right beside Cansinos house, and Barradas gave us a rendering of the great plaza at Atocha, a place where there was an awful lot of traffic in those days and obviously far more today. It was from here that at the start of the 1930s the painter used to set out on his pilgrimages to the hills of Vallecas in the Castilian countryside. The sculptor Alberto was there, the painter Benjamn Palencia and another sculptor, Pancho Lasso from the Canary Islands. Other painters and sculptors went there too, including Eduardo Daz Yepes, who ended up joining the Uruguayan scene. There were also some poets including Gil Bel, an anarchist friend from Aragon whom Barradas painted in 1924 in a dark, penetrating portrait in oils. And there were architects as well, which gave rise to one of the important poetics of the following decade. In 1933 Alberto, Daz Yepes, Mateos, Benjamn Palencia and others from Vallecano were involved in the ephemeral Constructivist Art Group. The driving force of the undertaking was TorresGarca, who was moved to learn in his conversations with Alberto of the deep impression his friend Barradas had left in the capital of Spain.Barradas did illustrations for two collections of Casals verses, Humildad (1921) and rbol (1925), and many years later, in 1949, Casal published a short but heartfelt monograph about Barradas full of exact details and also extracts from the painters letters, and Alfar too kept on praising the painter even when he had gone back to Montevideo. Casals monograph was later published by the firm Losada in Buenos Aires, where the literary consultant was none other than Guillermo de Torre, who crops up continually in the tale I am telling and in the general history of the avant garde in Spain.In Lugo there was a magazine called Ronsel that was run by Evaristo Correa Caldern. It has always been considered as something like Alfars little sister, and Barradas did some illustrations for it. In the first six months of 1924, readers in Lugo were treated to a stunning array of modern talent that included not only the magazine director and the Uruguayan painter but also Manuel Abril, Francisco Luis Bernrdez, Cansinos, Casal, Gmez de la Serna and Jos Francs. The last named was an important figure in Barradas life because he got him to take part in his Humorists Salon and in some publications for children, and on top of that introduced him to Gregorio Martnez Sierra. Other contributors to Ronsel were Benjamn Jarns (who wrote an article about the painter called The children of Barradas that appeared in the third issue of the magazine), Malespine, Manuel Antonio with a calligram, Guillermo de Torre and Francisco Vighi with another eulogy to Ciria. And we should not forget the plastic artists like Alberto, Norah Borges, the poet Anxel Johan, Castelao, Cebreiro (Ronsels artistic director), Francisco Miguel, Frdric Mac and Benjamn Palencia.Some years later Barradas did a portrait of Correa Caldern in black, red and blue crayons on squared paper, and it remained unknown until 2006 when it was included in an exhibition at the Students Residence in Madrid dedicated to Jess Bal y Gay, a composer and musicologist who worked on Ronsel. Correa Caldern was also in possession of a beautiful picture by Barradas of a man playing dominoes in a caf. This became known only recently when Correa Calderns nephew, Antonio Bonet Correa, put it on the cover of his indispensable book Los cafs histricos (2012).Among Barradas line portraits there is one of a poet I mentioned above as a contributor to Alfar and Ronsel, Francisco Luis Bernrdez, an Argentine ultraist who at that time was living in Galicia, his parents native land. This portrait is reproduced not at all well on the frontispiece of his first book of poems entitled Orto (1922), whose cover is a symbolist and ultralike mix by the painter Manuel Mndez from Orense. 333334Some months later Barradas did the illustrations for Bazar (1922), the most avant garde book by the future author of Martin Fierro, which carried a prologue by Ramn Gmez de la Serna. This cover is another of Barradas masterpieces in this field. Needless to say, the world of the Spanish bazaar features throughout Barradas work; in Todo a 65, in the dolls, in the little cardboard horse.Barradas had a particularly close friendship with the poet Juan Gutirrez Pili: he did a line portrait of him, illustrated his childrens anthology Canciones de Navidad (1926), and brought him in to work on Revista de Oro. They met in the Barcelona of SalvatPapasseit, they got to know each other better in ultraist Madrid where some of the poets work was published in Ultra and he was editorial secretary at Tableros, and they became close friends in Barcelona at the time when Barradas was living on the outskirts in Hospitalet de Llobregat. One of the things that brought the two men together was the memory of SalvatPapasseit and of sharing their lives in the port of Barcelona. This experience was the inspiration behind some of Gutirrez Gilis best poems. He was born in Irn and spent most of his life in Catalan capital, but he wrote in Spanish rather than Catalan. In 1926 he penned an article called Maese Dalmau and Barradas the Uruguayan that appeared in issue 57 of Alfar. In 1927 he made a speech at one of his friends individual exhibitions at Dalmau. In 1996 the Students Residence of Madrid dedicated an exhibition to Rafael Barradas and Juan Gutirrez Gili: 19161929.Another character on the scene was Manuel Abril, although he was not really an ultraist partly because he had almost stopped writing poetry by the time the movement flowered. His background was in Modernism and he was an interesting figure in the transition as he sympathized with ultraist ideals and was involved in some of their magazines. He became friendly with Barradas in 1919, and in 1920 he wrote about him in the Barcelona art magazine Vell i Nou. At that time he was establishing himself as one of the Spanish critics most focused on what the burgeoning local avant garde was doing. As of 1925 he became one of the main forces in the renovating Society of Iberian Artists (SAI). They had a public meeting that year in the Velzquez Palace in the Retiro, and Alfar devoted an issue to it. Many of the characters in our story took part including Barradas himself, and it was much praised in a critical review in the newspaper Heraldo de Madrid. In the same year Manuel Abril wrote about Barradas in a lush book called Un teatro de arte en Espaa: 1917-1925, which was a recapitulation of Gregorio Martnez Sierras activities in that field.Barradas illustrated a childrens story El gorro de Andrs (1924) for Manuel Abril, who specialized in that genre, and he also did some decorative work for a childrens play Viaje al Portal de Beln (Eslava Theatre, Madrid, 1921). This leads us to the most important tertulia in Madrid at that time, which took place on Saturday nights at the Caf y Botillera de Pombo, right beside Puerta del Sol. It came into being in 1915 and Diego Rivera did a cubist painting of it. Its founder and epicenter was Ramn Gmez de la Serna who always presided over the proceedings, just like the celebrated picture by the much admired Jos Gutirrez Solana presided. Abril is also in this picture, which now belongs to the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa (Queen Sophia National Museum Art Centre). Ramn, as he used to sign himself, was a solitary avant garde figure nearly as far back as the start of the 20th century. He included various Barradas drawings in his caf books. One of these, from 1921, has some verses the Uruguayan composed about the gathering, and today it belongs to the collection at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa. Ramn Gmez de la Serna liked this picture with the verses and wished that one day it could be hung under the picture by Solana, and now his wish has come true since the two are together under the same roof. In 1924, Barradas, did illustrations for three of Ramns childrens stories, En el bazar ms suntuoso del mundo (the world of the bazaar again), El marquesito en el circo (we remember Barradas clownism that Manuel Abril wrote about in 1923 in number 27 of Revista de Casa Amrica-Galicia) and Por los tejados (we shouldnt forget the chimneys that Diego Rivera included in the abovementioned Ramn portrait). These appeared in the same Calpe collection in which he published El gorro de Andrs, but we notice that Ramn included neither ultraism nor vibrationism among his Ismos (1931). As a writer, he featured in nearly all the ultraist magazines and he gathered many ultraists together at the Pombo (whose founders included Cansinos) including Barradas and the Delaunays, and some of the artists on the fringes of the movement. But Ramn had no particular sympathy for the movement as such and in the end developed a real aversion to its prophet. Remember that all the isms that featured in Ismos except for Picassismo were foreign.Barradas influence and his vibrationism can be detected in the work of the painter Gabriel Garca Maroto, who was also a poet, printer and editor, and who appears along with Federico Garca Lorca in a picture the Uruguayan did in 1922. This picture is mentioned in a letter Dal wrote to Lorca in 1926: The other evening in Hospitalet, Barradas showed me a clownist picture of you and Maroto. In 1922, in the exhibition hall of the Ateneo de Madrid, there was a collective exhibition of work by Barradas, Garca Maroto and two painters with longer careers behind them, the fine Cristbal Ruiz and Javier de Winthuysen, who was later to become better known as a landscape gardener and student of history but who was an occasional ultraist poet. Barradas liked Marotos art very much.We can also find traces of Barradas influence on Salvador Dal, especially in his selfportraits from 1922, which have a clear vibrationist tinge, and in Gitano de Figueras (1923). The man who went on to become a surrealist always acknowledged this debt. At that time the main way he heard about ultraism was from Buuel (as they were both lodging at the Students Residence), from Garfias and from Montes, a poet and essayist that Dali always admired greatly and reconnected with after the civil war.Another artist that Barradas influenced was Alberto, who had met the Uruguayan at the caf. There is a nice literary sketch of this background in Cansinos indispensable memoirs, La novela de un literato (1982, definitive edition 2005), in of course the uncommitted Garrn also appears. In the third issue of Ronsel there is a wonderfully executed line drawing of Alberto entitled Caf de Atocha, which can be seen today in the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa. Alberto was a sculptor and there are tinges of vibrationism that clearly show Barradas influence in the twodimensional work he did at that time and also in his multifaceted sculptures. A year later, in a heartfelt memorial text written when he was in exile in Moscow and published in his posthumous book Palabras de un escultor (1975), the sculptor from Toledo evokes the atmosphere of the caf life and the influence the Uruguayan had on him. This influence can still be perceived in 1933 in the impressive drop curtain he did for La romera de los cornudos by Gustavo Pittaluga (one of the high spots of the poetry from Vallecano), which can be seen today in the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa. I remember very well the tremendous emotion the art historian Jaime Brihuega and I felt in 2001 when the curtain was laid out for the first time on the floor in the hall where it was going to be restored and subsequently exhibited as part of a retrospective of Albertos work. Brihuega had been commissioned to organize this, and he also ordered a copy of the sculpture El pueblo espaol tiene un camino que conduce a una estrella (1937). The copy is still there as a totem protecting Picassos Guernica, which in fact it accompanied to Paris that year and stood outside the pavilion of the Republic of SpainGuillermo de Torre, who wrote Hlices, was at one time the editing secretary at the big tabloidformat La Gaceta Literaria (19271932), and through him Barradas got to know the founder of the magazine Ernesto Gimnez Caballero. He later visited him in Hospitalet and Barradas did a drawing of him. On 9 September 1927, in the Madrid newspaper El Sol, Gimnez Caballero published a splendid article in his Literary shop windows section entitled Barradas, the evangelist from Hospitalet. He described the painter as Barradas, lover of crazy hightension cities, cables and festivals, crowds and Whitman, great music and films, neon advertising and the growl of tires: telluric scenery and ultraist poems. (You: Ramn, Jarns, Alberto, De Torre, Abril, Panedas, Garfias, Maroto, Daniel Vzquez Daz; and also you: the traffic circle at Atocha, railway lines, train whistles and the clock with two yellow faces. This article brings tears to the eyes of those who were involved and who remember. Part of this baggage, of this ultraist genealogy that is retold with entomological precision in the abovequoted lines, was assimilated by Gimnez Caballero and passed on by the inevitable Guillermo de Torre (although we should not forget the communisttobe Arconada, who was the latters successor as editing secretary). At the start of that era Gimnez Caballero was infused with avant garde fervor that culminated in 1928, the year his Carteles literarios were shown by Dalmau, of his book Yo, inspector de alcantarillas, of his meeting with Marinetti in Madrid and of his visit to Kurt Schwitters and others of the abstrakten in Hanover (1928). There was also his symphonic film (a la Walter Ruttmann) and the truly Ramonesque Esencia de verbena (1930), and the fact that his house was decorated by Jahl one of the last things he did in Madrid before returning to Paris. La Gaceta Literaria (whose frontispiece was drawn by Garca Maroto) carried work by many of the Barradas circle including Buuel, Dal and the art critic Sebasti Gasch. Subsequently the magazine director moved more and more towards fascism and the Falangists (in this too he was like Marinetti), was very active on Francos side in the civil war and later moved to Asuncin as the Spanish ambassador to Paraguay.Barradas, Gimnez Caballero and many other characters in this story including Norah Borges and Gmez de la Serna were involved in a magazine called Papel de Aleluyas (19271928) that was published in Huelva and then Seville, at the far end of the Iberian Peninsula from Barcelona. The title was very significant as it was neopopularist. The codirectors were two exultraists from the Grecia nucleus, Rogelio Buenda and Adriano del Valle, plus the great Fernando Villaln, a transitional figure between Modernism and the generation of 27, who later felt the lure of surrealism.On 15 May 1929, a heartfelt piece by Guillermo de Torre called Farewell to Barradas appeared in issue 19 of La Gaceta Literaria, and in that same month it was reprinted in Madrid in issue 23 of La Cruz del Sur. There were also obituaries by other figures in the Spanish avant garde like Manuel Abril in Alfar, Guillermo DazPlaja in the Barcelona newspaper La Noche, GonzlezRuano in the Heraldo de Madrid, Jarns in Ortegas magazine Revista de Occidente (for which Barradas had done artwork), Sebasti SnchezJuan in the exavant garde Josep Maria Junoys La Nova Revista, and Mario Verdaguer in another Barcelona newspaper La Vanguardia.Barradas only went back to Latin America at the end of his life, and he made much less of a mark in that continent than in Spain. It was a different story for another Latin American ultraist painter and engraver Norah Borges, who at that time was all over the magazines and books from the other continent. But although Barradas had less exposure in his homeland we can find traces of his influence in the early work of Hctor Ragni, another Uruguayan who was in Barcelona in the 1920s and who later returned to Montevideo and became one of TorresGarcas first disciples.One more point to note in concluding this account of Barradas connections with ultraism is that when he was living in Madrid his brother Antonio and his sister Carmen were there too. They both feature a lot in his gallery of portraits and appear in pictures of the whole family. Antonio (18931963) used to sign his poems Antonio de Ignacios, and much later, nearly twentyfive years after his brother died, he published the useful Memorial Barradas (1953). This consists largely of hemerographic material although there are some previously unseen texts including some poetic prose by the painter. One of these is called UltraInterior. I give some hints about this in my recent anthology (whose title I took from a poem by Garfias, Las cosas se han roto: Antologa de la poesa ultrasta (2012)) and I have included him with many of his spatial emotions, some of which ring true, from his book La visin de un andariego (1931) that was published in Buenos Aires. Some of these spatial emotions are anticipated in Tableros. As I mentioned in the prologue, there was a contributor to Alfar called Antonio de Ignacios who at that time was a curious visual poet not understood by his contemporaries. They must have thought his compositions were mere illustrations but thats not the way it was, they were poems, and the nearest thing to them being published in Spain at that time was the futurist parole libere.The painters sister, Carmen Barradas (Montevideo, 18881963), was a most interesting pianist and composer. She featured in Alfar and Tableros, she collaborated with her brother on musical productions at the Theatre of Children, and she made cloth dolls to contribute something to the precarious family economy. There are reviews of her performances in Spain by Eugenio dOrs, by the anarchists Felipe Aliz and ngel Samblancat, by the essayist from Corunna Juan Gonzlez del Valle (another of the Alfar nucleus), by SnchezJuan and by Adolfo Salazar, the most advanced music critic in Madrid at that time. She is remembered above all for lovely works that drew their inspiration from childhood, something her brother Rafaels work also shared. The most notable of her work as a composer was Fabricacin, which could be seen as parallel to various compositions in the international avant garde at that time that were inspired in mechanics and manufacturing. I used the sheet music from this for the borders of the catalogue for El ultrasmo y las artes plsticas. One of the portraits Barradas did of his sister Carmen was reproduced by David Alfaro Siqueiros in the only issue of the Barcelona magazine Vida Americana (1920), which features a considerable amount of work by the BarradasSalvatTorres trio.Juan Manuel BonetDirector of Cervantes Institute in ParsMayo de 2013335There has been an increasing amount of research into Barradas in the last few decades and it has shed considerable light on his special significance in the years between approximately 1910 and his death in February 1929. This new information helps us to locate the artist in a particular period in history: between the cultural development in Uruguay called the novecientos (the 1900s), which flourished when the country as a whole was modernizing, and the outstanding period in Spain when the avant garde a movement in which the artist played an important role emerged. But in the panorama this research has uncovered most of which embodies indispensable values there are still nebulous spaces. The chronology presented here considers several of the abovementioned studies, and the various findings of the research have been weighed and compared. Besides the usual chronological and geographical data, we wanted to include the artists main contributions to publications of various kinds so that this work as a whole can reflect his abundant and fertile production and diffusion in the spirit of artistic renewal. Barradas diverse activities which only appear to be contradictory that consisted of his work as an illustrator of books and magazines, his scenery and toys and tales, along with his work as a plastic artist and his more or less traditional exhibitions in galleries, combine to locate him in a complex context and give an impression of the enormous role he played in the overlapping visual and literary panorama of the period he lived through. For this reason it seems appropriate that along with his career in art we should also include an aesthetic focus with anecdotes about how his friends (poets and thinkers) appreciated his work, and how they were all immersed in an atmosphere so rich in vitality and renewal. A key element in that ferment was the tertulias: gatherings in cafes where artists and writers got together to debate, share ideas and plan new projects. Barradas was involved in many varied and diverse tertulias in Spain, and also to a lesser extent in Montevideo.In addition and not wishing to exhaust the abundant press material at this time we decided to incorporate an appendix that contains documents from the National Museum of Visual Arts (MNAV) and from other sources also considered significant. This includes material generously provided by the Crculo de Bellas Artes and by a private collector, Mr. Pedro Valenzuela, a group that later engaged in the important task of research.There are still many unanswered questions about Barradas life, such as the real reason behind his constant wanderings from one place to another. And with all these comings and goings Barradas the Uruguayan who left his homeland and later came back he still arouses a strange affection in everyone, a certain air of the past, and above all healthy questions about the future.1890. Rafael Barradas Rafael Manuel Prez Gimnez Barradas Rojas was born in Montevideo on 4 January. His parents were Antonio Prez and Santos Gimnez, Spanish immigrants from Valencia de las Torres (Badajoz) and Seville, respectively. Rafael was the second of three children. The oldest was Carmen, who became a recognized pianist and progressive composer in Madrid and Barcelona. Rafael inherited something of painting from his father, who worked as a decorative and still life painter. The youngest child was Antonio, a poet who also did drawings; he signed his compositions with the pseudonym Antonio de Ignacios. Much later he wrote a book about his brother, Historial de Rafael Barradas, which was published in Montevideo in 1953.1895 The family lived in a neighborhood on the coast, in Yaguarn Street between Isla de Flores and Durazno. Barradas drew and painted the typical human types in the area during his Montevideo phase and they stayed with him all his life, as can be seen from his letters and poems of later years, and particularly in his series of compositions Estampones nativos o montevideanos. There is no record that he had formal artistic training, but according to his brother he had classes with a painter called Vicente Casanovas, who was connected to the family.1899. His father died after a bout of tuberculosis and the familys precarious economic situation got even worse.1909. Rafael Barradas was very attracted to drawing and his work appeared in an exhibition of humorous illustrations and portraits organized by the Crculo de Bellas Artes. Among the other young artists who featured were Orestes Acquarone, Guillermo Laborde and Hermenegildo Sabat. Barradas moved more and more into Bohemian circles in Montevideo and frequented the tertulias. He continued going to this kind of social meeting for cultural exchange all his life in various cities, and tertulias feature in a lot of his compositions.1910-1911. He applied for a scholarship to study in Europe that had fallen vacant when a young Uruguayan artist called Mximo Sturla died, but in the end he was unsuccessful and Carmelo de Arzadun was chosen instead. Barradas paintings appeared in various exhibitions at the Galera Moretti y Catelli in Montevideo. He began to attract attention from the media thanks to his illustrations and caricatures in publications like La semana and El Tiempo, and he illustrated a book called El estanque, by the poet Ernesto Herrera (Herrerita), which was published by Editorial Osiris. 1912. His work was featured in a joint exhibition along with the artist Guillermo Laborde again at the Galera Moretti y Catelli. His contribution included a large oil painting called Barradas at the MNAVAbout expandedchronologiesMara Eugenia Grau336Los emigrantes, and the subject and technique show he was developing an original approach in a local art scene that was dominated by Modernism. This painting has welldefined outlines that make it possible to generate large color surfaces, a style that in some way prefigures aesthetic trends in Uruguay in the 1920s. In addition, the subject matter of Los emigrantes reflects the incessant flow of humanity coming in through the ports in the River Plate, so it can in a sense be read as autobiographical. Barradas was the son of immigrants and he himself was to emigrate just a few months later. He also did artwork for two publications, La Razn and ltima Hora in Buenos Aires. In December he had a showing of a series of caricatures at the Maveroff Sala, but the reviews were not favorable:Art can incorporate all manifestations so long as they are aesthetically pleasing. But here there is nothing like that. Just four strokes with a thick brush: a monstrosity (Gernimo Colombo, La democracia, Montevideo, 4/12/191.)1913. Barradas, along with Miguel Escuder and Jos Noya, founded the publication El Monigote, which took a satirical look at the local scene and cultural events of the time. His drawings were put up in the shop windows of a business called La Tabacalera on the prestigious and crowded Sarand Street in Montevideo. His work appeared in a collective exhibition at the Ateneo, along with that of renowned painters like Pedro Blanes Viale and Milo Beretta, and young artists including Jos Cuneo and Bernab Michelena. In August he set sail for Europe, thanks to generous financial help from a friend, the tenor Alfredo Medici, who shared his study scholarship with him. They traveled together in third class on the Proveza, landed in Genoa and moved on to Milan where they stayed for a short time. Barradas came into contact with the avant garde and in particular with the Italian futurist tradition. His portraits and caricatures of musicians like Boito, Toscanini and Puccini were exhibited at the Oden gallery in Milan. He did the two portraits of Alfredo Medici that are now in the MNAV collection. Towards the end of 1913 he visited Paris, where he came into contact with other Uruguayan artists who were on scholarships.1914. The Great War broke out in Europe, and Spain remained neutral. The situation in France was very unstable and this was probably the main reason why Barradas moved to Barcelona (after stopping off in Milan again). In the Catalan capital he began doing illustrations for books and he worked for the magazine LEsquella de la Torratxa. Times were hard, and at one point he set out on foot to walk all the way to Madrid, but he only got as far as Saragossa. He was exhausted and sick and he was in hospital for while, where he was attended by a shepherdess, Simona Linez, from a town in Teruel. In a letter to Julio J. Casal about a poem his friend wrote, Barradas talks in a confessional and lyrical way about his experience on that walk:Julio, I would like to illustrate one of your works. This poem El Afilador (the knife grinder) in your book. I made friends with a knife grinder when hunger drove me to take to the road back in 1913. I met the knife grinder on the dusty road on my long journey from Barcelona to Madrid (but I only got as far as Saragossa).Together the knife grinder and I planned to come to Madrid on foot, along those roads of God. With him I ate in hostels and rooming houses and with him very often I didnt eat anything. With him I slept in cowsheds and stables with him I burned in the sun and froze on the grey days. With him I shared my tobacco and my impressions of progressive painters (as they call us in Paris. Here they call us Bolsheviks)My knife grinder went on, Grumpy face, grim look, and I heard no more about him until yesterday (what a surprise!) when I found him in your book He recognized me as well, and from the page he asked me for tobacco. I gave him tobacco and I gave him coffee and we hugged each other and wept together, and we wept and we laughed for agesLetter from Rafael Barradas to Julio J. Casal. In Seis maestros de la pintura uruguaya, catalogue of the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires, 1987, p. 118.1915. On 14 April at the Baslica del Pilar he married Simona Linez, who from then on called herself Pilar. She was to be his model for countless compositions in a wide range of plastic techniques. He became involved in the artistic and literary scene in Saragossa. He worked for Paraninfo and some of his compositions featured in an exhibition promoted by that magazine. His artistic work centered on human types in nearby towns full of travelers and gypsies (subjects that recur throughout his lifes work), and there is an example, Viejo cataln, in the collection at the MNAV. He illustrated Juan Buj Garcas books Las aventuras del diablo and Cuentos del Pilar. He became friends with the young writer and critic Guillermo de Torre. Some chronologies (Barradas, MNAV catalogue, Montevideo, 1972. Pereda, Raquel, Barradas, published by Galera Latina, Montevideo, p. 42) mention him meeting the recognized Spanish artist Ignacio Zuloaga. He had an exhibition at the Lawn Tennis Club in Saragossa.337Years later, his ultraist friend Guillermo de Torre described how people in the caf scene were strangely attracted to Barradas: Barradas had the gift of talking seductively. He wrapped you up in the brilliant waves of his verbal pirouettes, his structures in the clouds. This is why in the tertulias he often attracted a circle of spellbound listeners that even included people who disagreed with him. (Rodrigo, Antonina, Garca Lorca en Catalua, Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1975, p. 133. Cited by Rocca, Pablo and Roland, Eduardo, Lorca y Uruguay. Paisajes, homenajes, polmicas. Grupo Editorial Alcal, Jan, 2010, p. 12.)1916. Barradas settled in Barcelona. His mother and his sister came over from Uruguay to be with him, and in the following years they produced handmade toys to bring in some money for the family. Barradas frequented tertulias where artists gathered. He did illustrations for various publications including the Librera Catlica Pontificia, and some works by Serafn Puertas: El pastor ciego, Adelma, Pierdechivos, Los pequeuelos and La primera nevada. He worked on the Revista Popular. He became friends with a poet called Juan Gutirrez Gili.All his life he was connected with toys, paper dolls and the world of childhood, and this emerged in childrens plays, in illustrations for books and in his contacts with people around him. A few months before his death he said: I have never been a pure painter. My roots are in poetry. But I aspire to be something else. I have a kind of sentimental ballast. As well as my painting I also write tales for children. I aspire to be one of their Three Kings. You have to give children all the fruit juice that has a tender taste, and you have to interest them in suffering so as to arouse in them a spirit of charity towards people who are ill. (Article on Barradas by A. Buceta; La Razn, Montevideo, 1928.)His closeness to the world of children was probably a projection of his own view of the universe he found himself in, and it is mentioned in some of his friends accounts of him, like the critic Manuel Abril in Portrait of Barradas in the magazine Alfar in 1929:Barradas goes through life looking ahead with his eyes wide open behind very thick glasses. He tries to lose himself but always finds himself. [He carries] secret toys in his pockets: a little ball, a music box, a dice, a wooden spoon1917. The painter Celso Lagar introduced Barradas to a Uruguayan artist called Joaqun Torres Garca, who was living in Catalonia. This was the start of a long and fertile friendship, as is evident from their meetings in Barcelona and how they kept in touch in a long period of correspondence (some 57 letters have come to light) when they were geographically separated. In an article about Barradas, Torres describes him as a Uruguayan artist in the European mould: he searches in his own way to find things that excite him in reality... what people who do not sleep look for nowadays, they will say he is a cubist or a futurist; those from the time of Fortuny, from the school of Rome, will say he is crazy. I would say he is simply a painter of the present time. (Los artistas uruguayos en Europa, El Siglo, Montevideo, 24/11/1917.)Barradas had an exhibition at the Saln de Humoristas in Madrid. His exchanges of ideas with Torres Garca about the city echoing modern dynamism, led in December to a joint exhibition at Galeras Dalmau in Barcelona. The compositions he showed were later to be called vibrationist, but at the time the press associated Torres Garca and Barradas with futurism and cubism.In a letter to Torres Garca that is dated 28 September 1919, Barradas explained his new ism:Torres one day, four or five months ago, I was in a caf and a battalion went past, that is to say the sound of horns and drums and some tram bells. At the same time a piano sounded in the caf, but it was outside the caf. All the things VIBRATED, but they are not really things. I VIBRATED in such a way that I CREATED the THINGS (GarcaSedas, Pilar, J. Torres Garca y Rafael Barradas. Un dilogo escrito: 1918-1928, Barcelona: Parsifal Ediciones Montevideo: Libertad Libros, 2001, p. 175.)Years later Torres Garca defined this aesthetic idea:Vibrationism is, then, a certain MOVEMENT that is fatally determined by the transition from a color sensation to another that corresponds, each of these chords being harmonic notes fused together by softer chords in more opaque gradations. (Joaqun Torres Garca, Universalismo constructivo, Buenos Aires: Poseidn, 1944.Joaqun Torres Garca stressed a work of art with the capacity to awaken the sensation of a living thing. In this sense the two artists came together and discovered modernity centered on the incessant flow of city life and expressed in vibratile shapes and vibrant colors on planes that are more or less geometric. Barradas absorbed and adapted influences from the avant garde in general and futurism and cubism in particular, but he did not restrict himself with any formal dogmatism. His extreme vitality led him to declare, I am convinced that emotion is an angle. (Abril, Manuel, in issue 49 of Alfar, Corunna, 1925, p. 20.)1918. He had an exhibition in Barcelona at Galeras Layetanas (where his friend, the poet Joan Salvat Papasseit, worked). He took part in the Exposicin Municipal de Primavera in Barcelona. He drew illustrations for Salvat Papasseits avant garde magazines including Un Enemic del Poble (his work featured in three issues) and Arc Voltaic (there was only ever one issue; it had illustrations by Mir, poems by Salvat Papasseit, a city picture by Barradas and a picture and texts by J. Torres Garca). He had exhibitions at Galeras Baitanes and at the Palau de Bellas Artes. He worked with a publishers called Muntaola. Along with Joaqun Torres Garca, he joined the Agrupacin Courbet and contributed work to exhibitions with them at the Crculo Artstico of Sant Lluc de Catalua. He did illustrations for a childrens book Travesuras de Tiln y sus amigos; which was published in Madrid by Pags. In August of that year he left Barcelona and moved to Madrid.1919. In Madrid he joined the ultraist movement and became one of their most committed illustrators. During his years in that city his work featured in many magazines including Grecia (and its offshoot Reflector), Tableros and Ultra, and as well as that he illustrated pamphlets and books for poets. Through the writer Jos Francs he got to know the culture entrepreneur Gregorio Martnez Sierra. He worked as a costume designer, scenery designer and poster artist for the Teatro de Arte, which was based at the small Eslava Theatre in Madrid. Martnez Sierra went on to become the writer and director of a publishing house 338called Biblioteca Estrella, and Barradas did artwork for books it published including the illustrations for Pablo y Virginia by B. Saint Pierre. He also did posters to advertise theatre plays, and those promoting the leading actress Catalina Brcena were particularly outstanding. He did scenery and costumes. He took part in the fifth Saln de Humoristas. He exhibited work at the Librera Mateu. From when he first arrived in Madrid he was involved in tertulias and he frequented these informal meetings in various places including the Caf del Prado, the Glorieta de Atocha, the Caf de Oriente and La Cripta de Pombo, where Ramn Gmez de la Sernas famous tertulia was based. Barradas also did work for a publishing house that specialized in childrens books, the Editorial Pags.1920. He designed scenery and costumes for Federico Garca Lorcas first play, El maleficio de la mariposa, at the Eslava Theatre (in the end only the costumes were accepted). His work went on exhibition at the Eslava Theatre, the Ateneo of Madrid, the sixth Saln de Humoristas and the Goya Theatre. Jointly with Norah Borges he did the illustrations for the Manifiesto ultrasta vertical, by Guillermo de Torre. He illustrated many books for Martnez Sierras Biblioteca Estrella publishing house including Tam-Tam by T. Borrs, Hard Times by Charles Dickens, The Lady of the Camellias by Alexandre Dumas fils, The Lower Depths by Maxim Gorki, La estrella de Sevilla by Lope de Vega, Museo de Beguinas by J. Rodenbach, A Nest of Nobles by I. Turgenev, Elle et Lui by G. Sand; and La feria de Neuilly by Gregorio Martnez Sierra himself. In addition he did illustrations for the Editorial Muntaola in Barcelona including the books Perico de los palotes by J. Lagua Lliteras, and El ratn salvador and La herencia de Bernardo by J. Ogam.1921. He continued doing pictures for ultraist publications like Ultra and Tableros. He organized his own tertulia at the Caf de Oriente. His friendships with publishers and many artists like Federico Garca Lorca, Salvador Dal, Gabriel Garca Maroto and Luis Buuel became closer. On 30 April, he took part in an ultraist evening at the Ateneo de Madrid with a piece entitled The antiI, a theoretical study of clownism, and drawings on the blackboard (whose text has not been found). In a letter to Torres Garca, Barradas says, This show of clowns in the end it is that: that is what I make them swallow even when it wears the mask of humor it is caustic (Letter by Barradas to Torres Garca, Madrid, 24 February 1920, in Pilar GarcaSedas, ob. cit., p. 202.)He continued working hard illustrating books like Alfred de Mussets Lorenzaccio, publications for the Biblioteca Estrella, Rompecabezas by del VandoVillar and L. Mosquera, Julio J. Casals Humildad for Impresora Puerro and J. Lagua Lliteras El hermanito Tin for the Editorial Muntaola in Barcelona.Barradas now found himself at the new cultural epicenter of a revitalized Madrid, but he never severed his links with Barcelona. He spent more and more time at get togethers with poets, musicians, publishers, artists and other friends. And example of this can be found in a letter (dated 1921) by Lorca to his family. The poet from Granada is describing a social meeting at the Students Residence in Madrid: I gave a party in my room with cakes, tea, coffee and bad wine that cost two pesetas a bottle. The people who came were Maroto, Barradas, Siz de la Maza, Toms Borrs, Adolfo Salazar and two or three ultraists, as well as my friends from the Residence. It was stupendous the marvelous Barradas did drawings in the style of the simultaneist school which had just been born All in all it was a gathering of friends who are closest to my art and my direction (Pablo Rocca and Eduardo Roland, Lorca and Uruguay, ob. cit., p. 15.)1922. Barradas did illustrations for various ultraist publications including Bazar and Orto, by Francisco Luis Bernrdez. His pictures gradually evolved more and more into a quest towards realism and a certain degree of serenity. He had two exhibitions at the Ateneo de Madrid. He did work for the magazines Horizonte and Alfar, the latter of which was run from Corunna by his Uruguayan friend Julio J. Casal. The two South Americans were in constant touch and Barradas did illustrations for his friends books and wrote commentaries in his own poetic language. In his Madrid years Barradas became close to many writers and plastic artists involved in Alfar. They used to meet at the Caf de Oriente and the group came to be called the Alfareros.When Casals term as Uruguayan consul in Corunna came to an end he went back to his native land, but Alfar continued to be published under his direction until 1954, the year he died. And even after Barradas died in 1929, Casal kept his name on the front cover and insisted on using his drawings and vignettes.1923. Barradas fell ill with tuberculosis, and this prompted him to move to a small village in Teruel called Luco de Jiloca, where his wifes family lived. In this phase of his life he did more and more pictures of Spanish rural life with aesthetic canons that he had had for some time. His palette grew increasingly dark to the point that he himself talked about black light, and he did a series that connected him to Tragic Spain that he called Los Magnficos. The Spanish critic Eugenio dOrshad this to say about the paintings:Welcome to the wide plains of deadened and earthy polychrome The hard schematized outlines are like axe marks in the hard trunk of tree. (Eugenio dOrs, Juicios sobre la obra de Barradas, in Revista del Museo Municipal Juan Manuel Blanes, Montevideo, 1956.)Barradas did illustrations for Guillermo de Torres Hlices, which was published by Editorial Mundo Latino.He submitted three compositions for the second Saln de Primavera de Montevideo, which was organized by the Montevideo Crculo de Bellas Artes and consisted of an exhibition at the Ateneo of Montevideo in October. The Uruguayan critic Alberto Lasplaces commented, You can argue all you like about the pictures Barradas sent to our exhibition, but they have two substantial virtues you cannot deny: originality and unease. (Letter from Alberto Lasplaces to Julio J. Casal in 1924, in Pereda, Raquel, Barradas. Editorial Galera Latina, Montevideo, 1989, p. 166). Some time later, a disappointed Lasplaces added There they are, the three pictures Rafael Barradas sent to the Saln de Primavera last year, piled up and motheaten. I wrote some articles about them but nobody else did anything at all. (Ibid., ob. cit., p. 166.)1924. Work by Barradas featured in a collective exhibition organized in Buenos Aires by the Montevideo Crculo de Bellas Artes. He worked as an illustrator for the publishing house of Calpe in Madrid and did pictures for El Bazar ms suntuoso del mundo, El marquesito en el circo and Por los tejados by the writer Ramn Gmez de la Serna, for Manuel Abrils childrens book El gorro de Andrs, and for del VandoVillars La sombrilla japonesa. He did vignettes for Ortega y Gassets magazine Revista de Occidente.1925. Barradas continued in Madrid as an illustrator for magazines and literary publications. He was granted a lot of space and the chance to hang many compositions at the great Exposicin de Artistas Ibricos, which was held at the Palacio de Cristal in Madrid. Around thirty of his paintings were on show in two exhibition rooms he shared with the sculptor Alberto 339Snchez (Alberto). In May 1925 his scenography and costumes for the Eslava Theatre were shown at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts and Modern Industries in Paris. He was awarded the Diploma of Honor and he won the Gold Medal in the Theatre category. His work also appeared at the sixth Saln de Primavera organized by the Montevideo Crculo de Bellas Artes. His relation with the entrepreneur Gregorio Martnez Sierra came to an end. He spent a few months in San Juan de Luz and in Bordeaux. He did a series of compositions centered around robust human figures like seafarers. He illustrated Julio J. Casals book El rbol, which was published in Corunna by Biblioteca Alfar.1926. Various authors say that in this year he may have made a trip to Paris but there is no conclusive documentary evidence about this. He went back to Barcelona and lived for a while in a small town called LHospitalet de Llobregat. This has since been absorbed into the city but at that time it was a semirural place, as can be seen from the artists landscapes with figures. He did the illustrations for L. Capdevilas El amante de Yanka, which was published by Imprenta Laietana. On Sundays he had tertulias in his own house, which came to be called The little Ateneo of LHospitalet. On his letters at that time and on the wall of his house too he did a small emblem: a Pegasus with outstretched wings, but it had wooden wheels like a toy. Many intellectuals came to Barradas tertulias including Cuyas Ann, Martn Bravo, Luis Capdevilla, Salvador Dal, Guillermo Daz Plaja, Federico Garca Lorca, Sebastin Gasch, Juan Gutirrez Gili, Benjamn Jarns, Mario Verdaguer, Regino Sainz de la Maza, Jules Superville, Filippo Marinetti (according to the list of guests published by the Dossier de LHospitalet), and there were poets, musicians, painters and sculptors too. Barradas work was shown on two occasions in Barcelona: at Galeras Dalmau and in a tribute to Ramn Gmez de la Serna. He began a series of drawings and paintings of landscapes of the town of LHospitalet and his neighbors. He did illustrations for the Revista Popular and work for the publication Alegra, La revista de los nios (the name Alegra (happiness) came about because of the daughter of his friend Luis G. Manegat: in his drawings Barradas turned her into the heroine of some stories.In 1926 his friend Gutirrez Gili described Barradas and his attitude to art:Rafael Barradas works with a smile and works with a prayer. For him, praying and laughing his head off are forms of aesthetic exultation Like the traveler who discovers the purest nobility that is never seen, dressed anonymously in an inn in Castile and this is why his most profound pictures seem more like the sediment of his meditation than the external physiognomy that serves as his subject He is sincere to the point of paradox he is always in a constant state of unselfishness and there is no mask at all that clouds his transparent temperament. Barradas is full of tradition and full of the futureHe is a painter with poetic sensibilities and a philosophical mentality. (Gutirrez Gili, Juan; Maese Dalmau y Barradas el uruguayo, Alfar, Year VI, April 1926, No. 57, pp. 2126.)He did illustrations for Juan Gutirrez Gilis Canciones de Navidad (Barcelona: Editorial Juventud) and El hada Manzana in the Revista de Oro in Barcelona.1927. Barradas had two shows at Galeras Dalmau and sent work to the collective exhibition Mostra Internazionale delle Arti Decorative in Villa Reale di Monza in Italy. He promoted the exhibition of drawings and poetry recitals from Romancero gitano by Federico Garca Lorca, in Barcelona. He did the illustrations for Nerransula by P. Istrati (Barcelona, Publicaciones Mundial).1928. Barradas work was shown at Galeras Dalmau in Barcelona and in Sitges. He began tackling religious subjects and did a series of aquarelles that recalled Montevideo at the end of the century called Estampones nativos. He illustrated stories by C. Espina, Monarca sin nombre, in the magazine Estampa in Barcelona. He also did a series of drawings and oils paintings on popular Christian themes with a special focus on the birth of Christ, the Holy family and the Virgin and Child, and they have been given the generic title of mystical paintings. Now he was showing signs of aggravated tuberculosis. Throughout his almost fifteen years living in Spain he had often expressed his desire to return to his homeland, and now, with generous help from his friends, he was able to go back to Uruguay with his family. They finally arrived in Montevideo on 28 November, and he made some declarations to the press about various projects he was planning. On 15 December, there was a tribute to him at the Sols Theatre, where a Uruguayan called Emilio Frugoni, one of his old friends from the tertulias, made an emotional speech. The event included musical pieces played by Felisberto Hernndez, among others. The artist himself was unable to appear because his illness was getting more critical.1929. Rafael Barradas died on 12 February. The local press reported his demise and in Barcelona his friend the poet and journalist Juan Gutirrez Pili received the news on the teletype of La Vanguardia. A large group of friends gathered to pay heartfelt homage to Barradas on the breakwater of the port, near one of his favorite cafs. At the same time, Galeras Dalmau put on a posthumous exhibition of his work.BARRADAS AFTERWARDS In the period after Barradas death there were numerous remembrance events mostly organized by his friends. Besides the posthumous exhibition at Galeras Dalmau in Barcelona, there were limited shows in Montevideo, Barcelona and Buenos Aires, and many articles about him appeared in the press in Spain and Uruguay. The magazine Alfar had a special connection with him because it was a SpanishUruguayan undertaking, and it expressed the feeling of loss that many people shared. There were also articles by writers who had known Barradas in the early days at the tertulias in cafs in Montevideo. In the years after he died all of Europe was heading for a crisis, and the political and cultural panorama in Spain collapsed. Civil war broke out and raged from 1936 to 1939 and this caused many of the intellectuals who had known Barradas to disperse, some to the Promised Land of the Americas. Some of them, like his old friend Guillermo de Torre in Buenos Aires, still wrote about him. Another artist who crossed the Atlantic was Federico Garca Lorca. His work had been quite a success in the Americas and he visited this continent just a few short years before he fell victim to the war in Spain.When the transAtlantic ship stopped off in Montevideo, in a report by the Argentine journalist Pablo Suero on 13 October 1933, Lorca recalled Barradas: Do you know what I was thinking about in Montevideo when the photographers were taking their photos and the journalists were asking me questions? I was thinking about Barradas, the great Uruguayan painter that the Uruguayans and the Spanish left to die of hunger. This contrast made me very sad. I had to say it in a speech in Montevideo. It just came out. Everything they have given to me they refused to give to him.Interview published in Noticias Grficas, Buenos Aires, 13 and 14 October, 1933. Cited in Rocca, Pablo Roland, Eduardo, Ob. Cit., p. 67.340In February 1934, Federico Garca Lorca rendered homage to Barradas at the cemetery of Buceo. A short time after this silent tribute, he was with some friends in a bar and he wrote this poemsong and gave it to the poet Alfredo Mario Ferreiro. And among the many evocations of the artist, this one stands out:On the softnessof gold,alone.Without a madbirdOn the softnessof gold.The river at my feetruns grave and deepbelow the softness of gold.And me with the eveningon my shoulderslike a little lambkilled by the wolfunder the softnessof gold(unknown) foreverMontevideo, 1934. Day of homage to BarradasAs Enrique Aguerre, the director of the National Museum of Visual Arts (MNAV), so rightly points out, there has been no complete exhibition of Barradas works since 1972 from the MNAV collection, which has most of Barradas work. And now there is an exhibition that embraces this very extensive, multifaceted and prolific creative output. In the intervening years Barradas reputation had grown, especially in Spain, as a disseminator and promoter of the revitalizing avant garde movement. In step with this revaluation, the National Museum of Visual Arts (MNAV) has cooperated by lending out works to foster analysis of the artists career. But up to now his work has always been shown in joint exhibitions alongside compositions by other Uruguayan masters.It has been a big challenge to go through the Barradas collection, to make a selection of compositions, to examine the artist in the light of documents from various archives and to reimagine Barradas with todays concerns and questions. There are enigmas and surprises: a young man from a humble social background, the son of Spanish immigrants, who left abruptly and later returned to the place of his birth How did he achieve so much in such a short time just fifteen years friends, recognition, aesthetic leaps, failures, pushing at the limits in his artistic and human development? He still surprises us. We have the feeling of being permanently in the presence of an artist who declared (in a letter to Joaqun Torres Garca from Madrid) I work like an animal, no doubt in reference to the uncontrolled frenzy of his creative process. All this can be seen in this collection of more than 500 compositions from the rich vaults of the MNAV. With such a wealth of material to choose from, we have opted for a distribution based on different subjects and work areas the artist tackled. First we have oil paintings and drawings he did in Montevideo, a phase that culminated in a kind of synthesis in his picture Los emigrantes. After that there is a tour, a continual pilgrimage that takes us through Milan, his family, portraits, los Magnficos, landscapes, mystical images and indigenous handicrafts, scenography, posters and illustrations, until his final phase in Montevideo when his compositions express nostalgia for the city of his birth. Some of the artists writings have been transcribed and are on exhibition in spaces not normally used for this purpose, because the aim is to show his profile as a poet and not just as a painter. Barradas in his habitual cafs gives us images of many people, experiences and places. His poetry serves as a link to the upper floor of the museum, where we come into the universe of his experiments in the plastic arts and his immersion in the avant garde. He bubbled with fervor as he discovered the city and he worked it as a synonym for human vibration in the modern world. He captured the sensations in many artistic ways his vibrationism, his clownism, and so many other successive modernities done in oils, aquarelles, drawings, posters, scenographies, book illustrations, sketches and artwork for avant garde magazines. And there is a special space reserved for illustrations for childrens stories and also his toys and paper dolls.Our aim has been to set out Barradas compositions so they are in dialogue with his dearly beloved traveling companions and friends who accompanied him through his many changes, and there are a few selected documents, magazines, letters and texts on the walls to help serve as a guide. The time line of photographs is designed to orient the visitor at the start of the tour. So it is Barradas himself austere, nostalgic, mystical, anarchic, a poet and a buffoon, who was not only vitally connected with tradition but also synthesized modernity in his own unique way and was himself the creator of newness it is Barradas himself who takes us on this tour of the MNAV.Mara Eugenia GrauApril 2013341MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIN Y CULTURARICARDO EHRLICHMinistroOSCAR GMEZSubsecretarioPABLO LVAREZDirector General HUGO ACHUGARDirector Nacional de CulturaENRIQUE AGUERREDirector del Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales342INTENDENCIA DE MONTEVIDEOANA OLIVERAIntendentaRICARDO PRATOSecretario GeneralHCTOR GUIDODepartamento de CulturaHCTOR LESCANOComisin Montevideo CapitalIberoamericana de la Cultura 2013...................AGRADECIMIENTOSBIBLIOTECA NACIONALDirectorCarlos LiscanoIMPODirectorGonzalo ReboledoSODREPresidenteFernando ButazzoniTNUDirectoraVirginia MartnezTev CiudadDirectorMartn PapichCrculo de Bellas ArtesCIDDAE Teatro SolsComunicacin Direccin Nacional de CulturaMariano AranaJuan Manuel BonetAdriana Santos MelgarejoPedro ValenzuelaAna Gonalves KrgerCecilia Gonalves KrgerVernica Gonalves KrgerJulio Csar HuertasBARRADAS - COLECCIN MNAVEXPOSICIN:Coordinacin GeneralEnrique AguerreEquipo curatorial:InvestigacinMara Eugenia GrauDiseo MuseogrficoEduardo MuizCoordinador EducativoFabricio GuaragnaProduccin Grficalvaro Cabrera y Nelson PinoMontajeNicols InfanznVideoRal Lpez...................CATLOGO:TextosRicardo EhrlichAna OliveraHugo AchugarMariano AranaEnrique AguerreJuan Manuel BonetMara Eugenia Grau CorreccinGraciela lvezTraduccinRichard ManningFotografaEduardo Baldizan y Nstor PereiraDiseo CatlogoLand/ Santiago Velazco y Gabriel PicaMUSEO NACIONAL DE ARTES VISUALESENRIQUE AGUERREDirectorADRIANA GALLO Y JUAN BALTAYANSecretara de DireccinSILVIA LISTURCoordinacin rea GestinDANIEL GIORGIAsesora y Recursos HumanosROSARIO CASTELLANOS Y CECILIA VIGNOLOComunicacinMARA EUGENIA GRAU, FABRICIO GUARAGNA Y LUIS LERETrea EducativaVERNICA SIENRABibliotecaEDUARDO MUIZ, OSVALDO GANDOY Y ZULLY GARIAZZOrea de Conservacin y RegistroEDUARDO RICOBALDIInformticaLVARO CABRERA Y NELSON PINOrea GrficaFERNANDO LVAREZ COZZIMedios AudiovisualesJULIO MAURENTE Y SERGIO PORROIntendenciaHCTOR CAROL, CARLOS BENTANCUR,HUGO PEREIRA Y CARLOS BUGLIOLIVigilancia y Mantenimiento...................Museo Nacional de Artes VisualesToms Giribaldi 2283 esq. Julio Herrera y Reissig, Parque Rod Montevideo Uruguay Tels.: +598 27116054 27116124 27116127www.mnav.gub.uy