Who was the sociologist who expanded upon the concept of the power elite to note that no major decision of the United States government was made without its approval?

physician

The occupation with the highest prestige in the United States is a ________.

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reserve labor force

Intentionally keeping groups of people unemployed during periods of economic recession until they are needed for the next economic boom is a strategy by the government to establish a(n) ________.

exchange

If 100 working-class people move upward on the class ladder and, at the same time, 100 middle-class people move downward, sociologists would consider this an example of ________ mobility.

structural

Changes in society that cause large numbers of people to move up or down the class ladder, which causes one class to increase while others decrease, is called ________ mobility.

lower-middle class

Of the following classes, in which one are the members most adversely affected by the export of American manufacturing jobs to Mexico and the Pacific Rim nations?

lower

Ken belongs to a church in which the worship services are highly expressive with spontaneous "Amens" and "Praise Jesus" outbursts accompanied by loud, inspirational organ music. Ken is most likely a member of the ________ class

the democratic facade

The belief by many Americans that they actually contribute to major governmental decisions through the power of their vote is referred to by Hellinger and Judd as ________.

One's occupational title is the greatest influence in determining social prestige.

Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to determining social prestige in modern society?

She will be more politically radical.

As a full professor of sociology, Jackie ranks high in prestige, but relatively low in income. What can one expect of her political views?

the power elite

What was the term C. Wright Mills used to refer to those who make the big decisions in American society?

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two

Based on the Marxist orientation of conflict sociologists, how many distinct social classes exist?

the Gates family, who founded Microsoft

Which of the following family names is a member of the "nouveau riche"?

Changes in the social structure are the most likely cause.

John worked at a steel mill for 25 years. A recessionary economy and competition with foreign steelmakers forced the closing of the mill. At the age of 45, John is unable to find work in his town, lives in poverty, and must go on welfare. What is the most likely cause of John's poverty?

Horatio Alger

There were much-publicized myths of the late 1800s that centered around the rags-to-riches exploits of fictional boy heroes. These myths were perpetuated by their author, ________.

the characteristics of individuals

Jacob is single, 40 years old and living in government-subsidized housing. He does not want to pursue regular employment because he feels there are other members of society who need the work more than he does. Jacob's situation is an example of which of the following explanations of why people are poor?

petty bourgeoisie

Ruth owns the Head 2 Toe Boutique where she employs 15 workers. According to Erik Wright's model of social class, Ruth would be classified as a(n) ________.

social structure explanations

Which general explanation of poverty focuses on the discrimination and changes in the job market?

the property owned and the income acquired minus debts made by the person

When used by sociologists, the term "wealth" refers to ________.

They will experience anomie.

Jim and Jan are working-class Americans making a combined income of $47,000. Today they won a $125 million lottery. How will this immediately impact their lives?

working class

Politically, the class of people who are more likely to feel that the government should intervene in the economy to make citizens financially secure are the ________

They will claim the higher status.

When individuals experience status inconsistency, what is their likely choice of behavior?

the feminization of poverty

The trend in the United States in which most poor families are headed by women is called ________.

millionaire white men from families with old money

What is the background profile of most United States presidents?

the South

What region of the United States has the highest clustering of people in poverty?

$39,000

What is the average per capita annual income in the United States, which includes all Americans, and even children?

wealth, power, prestige

What are the three variables Max Weber identified as defining social class?

race/ethnicity

What is the strongest variable in developing correlations to which social groups are in poverty?

White

Numerically, what is the race of the majority of the poor in the United States?

contradictory class locations

Erik Wright revised Marx's concept of social classes by regarding some people as simultaneously occupying more than one class. He termed their positions in the class structure ________.

Individuals are ranked high on one dimension of social class and low on other dimensions.

What does status inconsistency refer to in relation to social stratification?

The higher one's social class, the more likely they will embrace deferred gratification.

What is the relationship between social class and the likelihood of embracing deferred gratification?

for a year or less

Jeanann and her two children recently went on welfare. Research indicates that it is likely that Jeanann and her children will be in poverty ________.

social structure explanations

Which general explanation of poverty focuses on the discrimination and changes in the job market?

Children

________ are the most likely segment of the population in the United States to experience poverty today.

C. Wright Mills

Which sociologist coined the term "the power elite"?

status inconsistency

Phil, a janitor for an expensive apartment-house complex in Chicago, is a union janitor who makes quite a bit more money than many of the tenants in the building he maintains. Lenski would note that Phil's high income but low occupational prestige demonstrates a condition of ________.

The top 20 percent of Americans earn nearly half the income.

Which statement regarding the nation's income is most accurate?

the homeless

What group of Americans does the author characterize as being the "fallout" of the postindustrial economy?

the parents' occupations

What did the research by Kohn suggest as being the primary influence upon parents that emphasized how they reared their children?

It multiplies the food budget by three.

To determine the poverty line, the U.S. government calculates a low-cost food budget for a family of a specific size, then subjects that number to which modification?

Republican

What political party are members of the upper class more likely to belong?

15%

The class recognized by Kahl and Gilbert as being the upper middle-class in America comprises approximately ________ percent of the U.S. population

intergenerational mobility

What is the upward or downward movement in social class by family members from one generation to the next?

education, power, property, prestige

What are the four variables Gilbert and Kahl used to develop a six-class model to reflect the class structure of the United States and other capitalist countries?

$58,000

What is the typical annual family income in the United States?

inverse

What is the relationship between one's social class and one's chances of being a victim of crime?

The number of people on welfare has significantly decreased.

In 1996, the U.S. welfare system was restructured. Supporters of this reform maintain that the new system rescues people from poverty and reduces welfare costs. What is the primary evidence they point out to support this?

college president, Supreme Court judge, astronaut

Based on the average of 60 nations, what three occupations enjoy the highest prestige ratings?

They were encouraged by their parents to get an education

What did Higginbotham and Weber discover about women from working-class backgrounds who now occupied professional, managerial, and administrative positions in Memphis?

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