They've got little money, and lots of talent (or not). Being an artist isn't a career with steady pay, and art supplies are expensive. Artists that haven't quite reached commercial success (or haven't gotten picked up by a wealthy patron) often live poorly.

If they've got all of the starving but none of the talent, they're Giftedly Bad. If they are still in art school they are also a Starving Student. If they wear shabby clothes and eat mac & cheese because they're actively trying to project the image of being a struggling artist, they're probably a hipster.

If the Starving Artist has relatives, expect them to be pushing for the character to "grow up" and "get a real job". Generally, if success is elusive, expect them to eventually take up a steady but unfulfilling job with a boring, bourgeois lifestyle, or to die tragically.

Examples:

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Anime & Manga

In Doraemon, the title character and Nobita go back in time to help a starving artist at least once, and on another occasion tried to use time travel to buy the works of a now famous (and obscenely rich) painter. They ended up buying a painting made by Nobita's father, who apprenticed under the artist as a college student.

Kia Freeborn from Heat Guy J. He works several odd jobs, while trying to become a famous guitarist. Incidentally, Kia once did lead a very comfortable and pampered life (also, Kia is not his birth name), until his father (a famous musician) fell victim to the Sex, Drugs and Rock & Roll trope, and eventually left his wife when he got The Mistress pregnant, and started a new life with her, leaving Kia and his mother in the lurch.

Another character is a (supposedly talented) poet who borrowed money from The Mafia, ostensibly to work on his poems and make a better life for himself and his girlfriend, but ended up gambling it all away and having a huge debt to pay back. He tries pleading with Clair to allow him to either get an extension on the repayment or get the debt forgiven. Clair agrees, on the condition that the poet write him a poem that's to his liking. (None of the poems are, needless to say. To be fair, they were pretty painful to listen to, but it's unlikely that Clair, being the Smug Snake that he is, would have forgiven the debt even if the poet had written genuinely wonderful poems.) The poet gets a "The Reason You Suck" Speech from Clair and is (literally) thrown out the door where his girlfriend is waiting.

One Victim of the Week in Sailor Moon Super S was this trope. He was starving because his drawings were too realistic for people to believe them accurate (think self-delusion or inflated ego). When he collapses in front of Usagi, she takes him home and (for only the second time) cooks curry. In spite of its horrid appearance, he joyously scarfs it down. Few later he's "hired" by Vesves, who has targeted him under the disguise of a Rich Bitch; when he refuses to make a portrait of her on the grounds that there's something fake in her beauty and he won't paint it, she attacks him.

In Gate, Risa is a doujinshi artist, but she can barely afford to pay her electric and heating bills and often has nothing to eat but soy milk and cereal.

Satoru Fujinuma is one in ERASED. He's had one hit manga, but has mostly been in a slump, with his editor telling him that his stories don't seem to connect for some reason. He works part time as a pizza delivery driver to help make ends meet in the meantime.

Arts

The Poor Poet (pictured above) is a painting by Carl Spitzweg that depicts this.

Wallace from Sin City is an artist who has a great deal of talent but his perverted boss demands that he make pornographic artwork. He refuses and barely has enough cash to scrape together. Dwight, an aspiring photographer had the same problem with the same boss.

The Swedish edition of MAD Magazine ran a comic in the early '80s set in Konstfack, the University Of Arts, Crafts and Design in Stockholm. One of the classes shown was teaching the students this trope, such as surviving an entire week on a glass of ketchup, and painting your semester final project, a mouth-watering oil painting of a three course dinner made out of food-scented wax after a month of starvation. Needless to say, the students taking that class are somewhat worse for wear.

Fan Works

Dame Lyra Heartstrings of RainbowDoubleDash's Lunaverse is not this trope, but seems unable to convince her friend Dame Trixie that she actually does make plenty of money. Though even Lyra will admit that while her work pays well, the hours can be pretty random, and she does sometimes run into cash-flow problems.

Films — Live-Action

Tony Hancock's character in The Rebel has a hard time getting by in Paris until a fellow artist's work is mistaken for his, at which point he becomes the toast of the town.

The protagonists of Design for Living, played by Gary Cooper and Fredric March, are a starving painter and playwright respectively. March proudly declares "I write unproduced plays," and Cooper freely admits his annual salary is zero and that he survives "on miracles."

The Bohemians in Moulin Rouge! — all of whom are so absinthe-addled and otherwise quirky that it's not hard to see how they can't keep steady employment even in world Montmarte.

The eponymous protagonist of Inside Llewyn Davis lives a hand-to-mouth, semi-vagrant existence crashing on the couches of acquaintances and relatives, at least those that he has not completely antagonized yet.

Reno, the Villain Protagonist of The Driller Killer, barely makes a living out of selling his paintings, which actually don't sell. This is just the start of his descent into a madman on a power-tool-fueled killing spree.

Émile Zola and Paul Cézanne are doing this in 1937's The Life of Émile Zola, to the point that the opening scene looks like a Shout-Out to La Bohème.

Jerry and Joe from Some Like It Hot are poor musicians in Chicago who have to sell their coats to make ends meet.

Jokes

Two old actors are sitting on a bench. One says: "How long has it been since you had a job?" The other actor says "Thirty two years — how about you?" The first actor says, "That's nothing. I haven't had a job in forty years!" The other says, "One of these days we've got to get out of this business!"

Literature

Jack in the book Two O'Clock Eastern Wartime. All three of the protagonists are— one is a novelist, one is a man looking to have a radio show, and the other is a singer, and they are barely scraping together money to survive.

Scenes de la Vie de Boheme is a novel by Henri Murger about 4 different starving artists that was inspiration for La Bohème.

The title character of Franz Kafka's The Hunger Artist not only doesn't make much for his completely under-appreciated art form, he represents this trope in the most literal way imaginable by using self-starvation as his medium. Kafka himself was an example.

Though Kafka's art wasn't his livelihood, and he never even attempted to publish his works, and ordered them destroyed in his will - a clause which thankfully wasn't fulfilled.

Also note that Kafka actually had pretty well-paying and thoroughly bourgeous job as an insurance agent, which he, however, felt to be empty and unfulfilling, thus turning his passion to writing.

Of Human Bondage has the protagonist and all of the supporting characters in this situation at some point; the view of the artist ranges from one committing suicide because they have completely starved, and the others romanticizing it and foolishly comparing it all to La Bohème.

The protagonists of the Jason Keltner mysteries start out as a starving musician, a starving artist and a starving actor, and get drawn into mysteries when Jason is set up to take the fall or otherwise fail. Years later they become comfortable on steady commercial work; far from starving, but also far from what they envisioned as success.

In Veniss Underground, Nicholas starts the novel as an unsuccessful holo artist, dependent on loans from his sister.

Knut Hamsun wrote the novel Hunger in 1890, telling the story of a writer who...

Went around in Christiania, starving.

Live-Action TV

In Seinfeld, Elaine's ex-boyfriend was an artist. She remarks that he's pretty fat for an artist. Most of the time when the Girl of the Week was an artist on Seinfeld, there were remarks that it was probably why their work was expensive.

One Patient of the Week on House was an artist who couldn't sell any of his work and participated in clinical trials to get money so he could hide this from his girlfriend.

The blonde dad from My Two Dads was this and was called this by the brunette dad.

In an episode of The Golden Girls Blanche gives money to an artist she meets in the waiting room at the mental health clinic who had burned all his brushes to stay warm. He turns out to be a compulsive liar.

Richard in Caroline in the City, scraping by on being Caroline's colorist while waiting for his break. One episode addressed it directly, when a doodle he made and accidentally sent in with Caroline's comic generated some interest, Richard flat-out refused. Richard said he didn't want to sell out; Caroline wondered if he wasn't just in love with the whole romantic idea of the Starving Artist.

Brian Topp in Spaced. His work is inspired by "anger... pain... fear... aggression..." and is "a bit more complicated" than watercolours. His Perpetual Poverty once left him unable to pay the rent and required him to make an, ahem, arrangement with his landlady. He's never been able to live it down.

The episode "Vincent and the Doctor" focused on the starving artist Vincent van Gogh. As mentioned in the Real Life section, Van Gogh's paintings never sold well when he was alive, and the episode focuses heavily on the man's mental health on account of this, his depression, and his psychic visions which makes him seem crazy.

The Fourth Doctor, "the bohemian", borrows heavily from the romanticised image of this character type in terms of his scruffy physical appearance, fashion sense, interests (art, poetry, music, acting - he is one of only a few Doctors who show any interest in creating art himself) and other superficial personality traits. The original concept for his costume design was the famous poster of Aristide Bruant by Henri De Toulouse-Lautrec. His actual personality is much weirder than this, though.

Wendy Watson in The Middleman, which is the plot driver for her to take the job at the Jolly Fats Wehawkin Temp Agency. To a lesser extent, her young, photogenic, animal activist room-mate Lacy Thornfield.

In Fawlty Towers, Polly does sketches, but doesn't sell enough to let her quit her hectic waitressing job.

The HBO series of the same name portrays the Flight of the Conchords as broke artists and plays it for laughs. In the episode, "New Cup", they can't pay rent this month because Bret bought a cup, not an unusual expensive cup, a regular cup. In the finale, they get evicted not because they didn't pay rent, but because they were paying in New Zealand dollars. Though they're bad and not Giftedly Bad so much as comically bad.

in the Inside No. 9 episode "Tom and Gerri", Gerri is an actress who's been unemployed for several months and owes her boyfriend a lot of money (which causes tension between them.) She's reduced to auditioning for the part of "D-Day Doris" in a play touring retirement homes, because she can't find any other work.

My Sister Eileen and The MusicalWonderful Town have Ruth Sherwood, an aspiring young writer whose stories don't come back only when she can't pay the return postage, and her sister Eileen, a would-be actress. They don't get much choice in what food they eat, and have difficulty coming up with money for subway and bus fares.

In Cyrano de Bergerac, Cyrano is a talented artist/writer. He's still dirt poor because he spends most of his time writing satiric letters that insult everyone he sees as false — which is everyone. His willingness to spend an entire month's allowance on a single grand gesture doesn't help either. The poets who frequent Raguenau's company are less sympathetic examples: they claim to love his poetry but only want to eat his food for free.

Harynx: The way you capture the moonlight on those bushes...I don't know anyone who can draw like that. You've got talent. You could be an artist. Meridian: No. I tried being an artist, and I failed. Talent doesn't mean anything if no one buys your work. You can't eat talent. [...] Harynx: I didn't need anyone's permission [to do what I wanted in life]. And you don't either. We're not slaves; we're free! We can choose to do whatever we want with our lives. Meridian: Yeah, okay. Great. Are we free from hunger? From the elements? Are we free from the necessity of selling off our days to other, wealthier people for the money to keep ourselves alive? No slaver's going to kill me if I decide to return to drawing. They don't have to. Starvation's waiting just around the corner with a cudgel, and it's happy to do the job.

Laurel (Laurent in the NES translation) from Torneko/Taloon's chapter in Dragon Quest IV is a traveling poet who decides to take up work as a mercenary because poetry doesn't pay the bills.

Passpartout: The Starving Artist Simulator is a game about, well, a starving artist in France with an unhealthy addiction to fine wine and baguettes. The player has to draw the paintings themselves in order to pay their bills. No quick time events, no puzzles, not even a template! You have to draw from scratch, and a machine-learning AI judges your work accordingly based on pictures from the internet and your previous work.

Web Comics

There's a homeless artist ("Will paint for food") in Least I Could Do. The character is based on Lar deSouza, a friend of the author who really was a homeless artist for a time. Years after the creation of the character, deSouza took over as artist for the comic strip.

Clerk: Are you trying to bribe me... with a sandwich? Dan: Come on, aren't you a starving artist? It's a really good sandwich.

Real Life

One example in particular is Vincent van Gogh, who used the very little money he made to buy art supplies and lived on coffee and absinthe. As if his mental health wasn't bad enough, poor nutrition made his physical health that much worse.

Nick Drake spent much of the latter part of his life living with his parents off of a £20-a-week retainer from Island Records. Eventually that stopped too.

Many webcomic artists and indie game developers tend to be this (or support their job with a steady job like retail). The few artists one hears about spending several years of pure work on something generally aren't as starving as one thinks. For instance, the creator of Braid was able to spend the two years working on just Braid because he was able to spend 200K of his own money on the project.

Alfons Mucha, rather than keeping his cushy job with Gandegg, first studied in Austria and then at Paris where his subsidy was cut off. He lived on one meal every other day, making this exactly what it says on the tin. He did it all For The Art, and wished he didn't have to do so many advertisements.

It may only reference the trope, but there is a chain of cafes called the Starving Artist Café.

Kurt Cobain was actually homeless during some points of his life. He would sneak into apartment buildings in the middle of the night and sleep in the hallways.

Neil Young had an early period of this and after the Mynah Birds fell apart note Their manager used the advance money to buy drugs; then Rick James (yes that Rick James) got busted for being AWOL from the Navy, had to sell his equipment just to buy food.

In his younger years Jules Verne was this, after he dropped from studying law, devoting himself to literature and Parisian boheme, and his father, a wealthy provincial lawyer who hoped that he would inherit a family practice, cut the financial support. To feed himself and his new family, Verne had to turn to stock exchange, where he had to make a living as a stock broker until he had a big break with the Five Weeks in a Balloon. Just as with Kafka above, while he was quite successful at this job, he hated it immensely.

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