2 CLARK, Greg. Local Development Benefits from Staging Major Events. Paris : OCDE Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED), p. ISBN The competition to stage major global events - such as OIympic Games, EXPOs, cultural festivals, and political summits - is more intense than ever before. Despite advances in virtual communication, large-scale gatherings of this kind have again become extraordinarily popular. In part, this can be explained by the worldwide media attention and sponsorship that such events now generate. But it is also substantially accounted for by the longer-term local benefits that can be achieved for the host location, including: improved infrastructure, increased revenues from tourism and trade, employment creation and heightened civic pride. However, such positive effects do not occur by accident, or without effective local action. Effective legacy planning and management is essential to ensure that the financial risk of investing in the event pays off, and that local development is boosted in a meaningful way. Put simply, when international events are hosted well, they become a catalyst for local development and global reach. This book identifies how international events work as a trigger for local development and what hosting cities and nations can do to ensure that positive local development is realised. It reviews experience from more than 30 cities and nations and it looks forward to future events yet to be hosted. Sumari: Preface ; Executive summary ; Chapter 1. Introduction: making global events work locally ; Chapter 2. A framework for the local benefits of global events ; Chapter 3. Learning from experience: case studies on hosting events ; Chapter 4. Comparative analysis: do different type of global events yield distinctive benefits? ; Chapter 5. Making a habit of it: hosting more than one event? ; Chapter 6. Bidding to host a global event but not winning? ; Chapter 7. Leveraging local benefits for global events: conclusions and principles for success CRESPI-VALLBONA, Montserrat; RICHARDS, Greg. The Meaning of cultural festivals. Stakeholder perspectives in Catalunya. International Journal of Cultural Policy. ISSN Vol. 13, Núm p Cultural festivals and events are increasingly becoming arenas of discourse enabling people to express their views on wider cultural, social and political issues. Often the debates polarise into those advocating change and those wishing to preserve "traditional" or "local" culture in the face of modernisation and globalisation. This article analyses the discourse on cultural festivals from the perspective of stakeholders involved in traditional and popular culture events in Catalunya. There is generally a high level of agreement about the aims of cultural events and the cultural content that is appropriate for them. In particular, the importance of cultural events in underpinning Catalan identity is seen as being important. However, stakeholders tend to differ more in the meanings attached to concepts such as identity, with policy makers exhibiting a greater emphasis on economic and political issues, whereas cultural producers are more concerned with social aspects of identity. However, the general consensus on the social role of cultural events between the different stakeholders may be one explanation for the relatively vibrant festival culture in Catalunya. DE GREEF, Hugo ; DEVENTER, Kathrin. Cahier de l Atelier. Arts festivals for the sake of art? : challenges of running a festival. Gent (Belgium) : European Festivals Association, p. ISBN Dans ce tome, les auteurs reflètent sur la question comment il faut créer les circonstances favorables afin que les festivals puissent relever les défis d'aujourd'hui. La European Festivals Association a donné la parole aux directeurs renommés suivants : Bernard Faivre d'arcier, Frans de Ruiter, Gerard Mortier, Nele Hertling, Sir Brian McMaster, Gavin Henderson, Rose Fenton, Darko Brlek, Tom Stromberg et Ritsaert ten Cate; avec une introduction de Hugo De Greef et une préface du commissaire européen Ján Figel'. Ils ont tous des expériences inestimables à partager ; et ils partagent tous la conviction que, n'importent les différences, tous les festivals d'arts n'existent que pour le besoin de l'art. Centre d Informació i Documentació. CERC - 2

4 Festivalising! : theatrical events, politics and culture. Amsterdam : Rodopi, p. (Themes in theatre 3) ISBN Throughout the world festivals are growing - in numbers, in size, in significance - and serve as spaces where aesthetic encounters, religious and political celebrations, economic investments and public entertainment can take place. In this sense, festivals are theatrical events. Exploration of the theoretical frames of reference for the discussion about the present festival culture. Survey of 14 festival events throughout the world. Sumari: Preface - festival cultures / Jacqueline Martin ; Introduction - the festivalising process / Vicki Ann Cremona ; Part one. Theatrical event festivalised: Festivals as theatrical events: building theories / Willmar Sauter ; Festivals, theatrical events and communicative interactions / Henri Shoenmakers ; Festivals as eventifying systems / Temple Hauptfleisch ; Part Two. Eventifying theatre festivals : The theatricality of the Verona Opera Festival / Linda Streit ; The Out-of-the-Box Festival of Early Chidhood: fashioning the boutique festival for children / Georgia Seffrin ; In search of the rainbow: The Little Karoo National Arts Festival and the search for cultural identity in South Africa / Temple Hauptfleish ; Playing politics at the Adelaide Festival / Jacqueline Martin & Willmar Sauter ; Hybrid festivals. The Mickery Theatre: in search of a dramaturgy of fragmentation / Henri Schoenmakers ; Part three. Theatre festivals as national events: Ideology in movement and a movement in ideology : the Deustsche Tanzfestpiele 1934 / David J. Buch & Hana Worthen ; Iranian theatre festivalised / Farah Yeganeh ; The Israeli Nacional Community Theatre Festival, the real and the imagined / Shulamith Lev-Aladgem ; The values of a festival - the Swedish Theatre Biennale / Willmar Sauter ; Part Four. Festival culture as theatrical events : Burning Man: festival culture in the United States- festival culture in a global perspective / Wendy Clupper ; Community building within a festival frame- working-class celebrations in Germany / Matthias Warstat ; Festivals in religious or spiritual contexts: examples from Japan, China, India and Bangladesh / Christina Nygren : The Feast of Saint Nicholas in the Low Countries / Peter Eversmann ; Searching for Tennessee: performative identity and the theatrical event. Tennessee Williams / New Orleáns Literary Festival / Carolyn Bain Festival jungle, policy desert? : festival policies of public authorities in Europe : comparative report. CIRCLE's 2007 round table. [en línia]. Barcelona : Interarts ; CIRCLE ; European Festival Research Project (EFRP) p. <http://www.circlenetwork.jaaz.pl/doc/file/festival_policies_draft_ pdf >[Consulta: desembre 2008] Festival Jungle, Policy Desert? Festival Policies of Public Authorities in Europe is the full title of the report resulting from the research project which cultural policy research network CIRCLE (Cultural Information and Research Centres Liaison in Europe) and the European Festival Research Project consortium (EFRP) carried out in The report includes outlines and case studies of festival policies in 20 European countries as well as a comparative analysis, and has been edited by Dorota Ilczuk and Magdalena Kulikowska. The report has taken account of the Round Table on Festival Policies organised by Interarts, which was held in Barcelona in October GIBSON, Chris. Music festivals: Transformations in non-metropolitan places, and in creative work. Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy, ISSN X. Núm p This paper addresses the theme of this special issue of MIA in the context of music festivals. It discusses the continuing growth of music festivals as avenues for musical performance, and for regional economic development, and considers what festivals mean for musicians in terms of changing audience demographics and the conditions of work. Festivals are increasingly important for musicians in building audiences and incomes. They have proliferated particularly in rural, coastal and ex-urban parts of Australia, linked to day-tripper and short-stay tourism and the wider socioeconomic transition of those places. Festivals both reflect and contribute to social and cultural changes, such as the diffusion of musical genres with specialist audiences, inward migration of particular demographic groups and shifting place identities. They also offer new opportunities for places seeking to develop tourism, and local music and performance-based Centre d Informació i Documentació. CERC - 4

6 INKEI, Péter. Assistance to arts and culture festivals. [en línia]. Austràlia : International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA), p. (D'Art topics in arts policy ; 21). ISSN <http://www.ifacca.org/media/files/artsfestivals.pdf > [Consulta: desembre 2008] The report discusses responses to the question of whether agencies had a working definition of festival and notes that most respondents said there was no precise definition. It examines whether respondents had a special programme for, or special assessment criteria to, festival funding applications, and whether funding agencies provided targeted application materials or information sheets. The report also examines trends in demand from festivals for funding over the past ten years, noting that five respondents said there had been an increase in demand, and other respondents estimating the likely percentage of its grants budget going to festivals. It states that most respondents said they did not provide any non-financial assistance to festivals and that control, accountability and evaluation are critical issues for funders everywhere. The report concludes with appendices providing information about the respondents to the survey and a list of reference and resources International perspectives of festivals and events : paradigms of analysis. Oxford : Elsevier, p. ISBN The book addresses contemporary issues concerning the potential of festivals and events to produce economic, social, cultural and community benefits. Incorporating a range of international perspectives, the book provides the reader with a global look at current trends and topics, which have until now, been underrepresented by current literature. Sumari: Part one: Destination, image and development : 1. Using major events to promote peripheral urban areas: Deptford and the 2007 Tour de France ; 2. Weymouth s once in a lifetime opportunity ; 3. Tourism and the Hans Christian Andersen bicentenary event in Denmark ; 4. Establishing Singapore as the events and entertainment capital of Asia: Strategic brand diversification ; 5. The South Korean Hotel Sector s perspectives on the pre and post-event impacts of the co-hosted 2002 Football World Cup ; Part two: Community and Identity : 6. Indigenous Australia and the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games: Mediated messages of respect and reconciliation ; 7. How festivals nurture resilience in regional communities ; 8. The Buon Ma Thuot coffee festival, Vietnam: Opportunity for Tourism? ; 9. Tasting Australia: A celebration of cultural identity or an international event? ; 10. Festivals and tourism in rural economies ; Part three: Audience and Participant Experience : 11. Commemorative events: sacrifice, identity and dissonance ; 12. Running commentary: Participant experiences at international distance running events ; 13. Elite sports tours: special events with special challenges ; 14. The British pop music festival phenomenon ; Part four: Managing the Event : 15. A model for analyzing the development of public events ; 16. Human resources in the business events industry ; 17. Measuring the impact of micro-events on local communities: A role for web-based approaches ; 18. Post-modern heritage, chivalry, park and ride: Le Tour comes to Canterbury ; 19. Towards safer special events: A structured approach to counter the terrorism threat KLAIC, Dragan. Festivals : seeking artistic distinction in a crowded field. A: The Cultural economy. Los Angeles : SAGE, (The Cultures and globalization series ; 2) p ISBN: This chapter argue that expectations of economic returns from international artistic festivals are highly exaggerated: only a handful amog them actually generate such returns, thanks to factors such as location, size, tourism appeal and reputation. The author reviews the economic conditions of festival production in different regions of the world and pleads for public support, rather than tenuous sponsorship arrangements, as the key guarantor of stability and quality. Festivals generate cultural capital but fail to grow it by using digital technology and building client loyalty among audiences. Public authorities rarely develop clear funding policies that set cultural, social and economic objectives for the festivals they support and provide criteria for monitoring, evaluation and funding decisions. Centre d Informació i Documentació. CERC - 6

10 QUINN, Bernadette. Arts Festivals and the City. Urban Studies, ISSN Vol. 42. Núm p There has been a remarkable rise in the number of urban arts festivals in recent decades. The outcomes of cities' engagement with arts festivals, however, remain little understood, particularly in social and cultural terms. This article reviews existing literature on urban festivals and argues that city authorities tend to disregard the social value of festivals and to construe them simply as vehicles of economic generation or as 'quick fix' solutions to city image problems. While such an approach renders certain benefits, it is ultimately quite limiting. If arts festivals are to achieve their undoubted potential in animating communities, celebrating diversity and improving quality of life, then they must be conceived of in a more holistic way by urban managers. Currently, the tasks of conceptualising the problems at issue and devising appropriate policies are hampered by the scarcity of empirical research conducted in the area. RICHARDS, Greg Culture and Authenticity in a Traditional Event: The Views of Producers, Residents, and Visitors in Barcelona. Event Management. ISSN Vol. 11, Núm p Tourism is often seen as having a negative impact on the cultural content and "authenticity" of cultural events. However, there is a dearth of empirical studies on this issue and most research tends to focus on the attitudes of either the "residents" or "visitors" to festivals. This article examines the views of cultural producers, local residents, and visitors to a traditional cultural event in Barcelona, Spain. Although "locals" and "visitors" both tend to view the event as "authentic" and its cultural content as "local," significant differences were found. Residents tend to have a constructive view of authenticity linked to cultural and social references, whereas visitors employ a more existential view of authenticity related to their enjoyment of the event and experience of difference. Significant differences were also found between different visitor groups and between different groups of residents, suggesting the need for more sophisticated analysis of the consumption of cultural festivals and its effects. SAGASETA, Fernando. Festivales de verano, promoción municipal a ritmo de rock. Editur: El semanario profesional del turismo. ISSN Núm p Los festivales de rock ya forman una parte indisoluble del paisaje de verano. Están proliferando de manera contínua y, es más, su incremento es tan rápido que ya empieza a registrarse inflación. Municipios de todos los tipos acogen festivales musicales y compiten entre sí para hallar un espacio en el mapa del sector turístico. Unos lo hacen con mayor entusiasmo, otros con menos. Dichos eventos producen, por una parte, un valor promocional y de rentabilidad hostelera y, por otra, representan una molestia para los vecinos y el impacto medioambiental. Aunque, es cierto que atraen a un público joven con baja capacidad de gasto SUNDBO, Jon. The management of rock festivals as a basis for business dynamics: an example of the growing experience economy. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management. ISSN X. Vol. 4, Núm December p This paper investigates whether rock festival organisations can be drivers of local and/or regional business development. Rock festivals are one representation of the seemingly growing experience economy. The paper discusses the following research questions on the basis of an explorative case study: can rock festivals be the basis for the development of other industries, education, research and other activities in the local community or region and, if so, how? Is there a particular management and organisational style related to rock festivals and, if so, is it imitated by other firms so that they can become more creative? The rock festivals' role as innovators and business incubators has been investigated. One rock festival functions as a business incubator, the other one as the basis for an attempt to create a regional innovation system. It is concluded that they can be a basis for local or regional business development. Even though there is a general interest for the management and organisational style of the rock festivals, it seems that it is not directly imitated by other firms. Centre d Informació i Documentació. CERC - 10

11 Theatre festivals - why?. [en línia]. Brussels : Informal European Theatre Meeting (IETM), p. <http://www.ietm.org/upload/files/2_ pdf > [Consulta: desembre 2008] Eight theatre festivals in eight European countries launched the Theatre/Festivals in transition (FIT) initiative in Discussions were held aiming to foster the role of international theatre festivals in European cultural processes. Publication collects arts programmes and points of view of all participants (festival programmers, policymakers, artists, reviewers, journalists) from meetings held between September 2005 and July 2006 Sumari: The inflated term "festival" ; Festivals: Strategy instead of fireworks ; The cultural functions of festivals ; The program policies of the festivals ; Festivals and artists ; Festivals and audiences ; The festivals' strategies of cooperations ; Festivals and private businesses ; Festivals and cultural politics ; Festivals and Europe WAITT, Gordon. Urban Festivals: geographies of hype, helplessness and hope. Geography compass. ISSN Vol. 2. Núm p Let's hold a festival! This article explores why hosting festivals has been widely prescribed as a panacea for the contemporary social and economic ills of cities. In this article, this is contextualised in relationship to the urban politics of neoliberalism, and the demise of many urban centres through global shifts in economic production. Boosting of city images through the hype of public private partnerships re-imagines urban centres as world showcases places that are vibrant, dynamic, affluent, healthy, tolerant, cosmopolitan and sexy. Focusing on two thematic areas geographies of helplessness and geographies of hope this article then investigates how both strands qualify the geographies of hype by revealing how contemporary urban festival spaces, while liberating certain social groups, also constrain, disadvantage and oppress. WILLIAMS, Michael ; BOWDIN, Glenn. Festival evaluation: an exploration of seven UK arts festivals. Managing Leisure, ISSN Vol. 12. Núm p With the increasing demands of stakeholders and professional development in festival organisation, evaluation is becoming recognised as a valuable management tool in demonstrating success and achievement of objectives. However, to date, literature in this area has tended to focus on impacts, satisfaction and on how and why to conduct evaluation, with limited research or published examples covering the approaches taken by individual organisations. This paper explores festival evaluation practice by reviewing current literature and presenting the findings of an exploratory study into the approach taken for evaluation of the seven arts festivals in the United Kingdom. The results suggest that there is a relatively clear understanding of the principles of event evaluation and it forms an essential part of the event planning process. Evaluation is carried out at varying levels of advancement with a variety of methods used, though it is difficult to determine the effectiveness of the evaluations. WOOD, Emma H. Measuring the economic and social impacts of local authority events. International Journal of Public Sector Management, ISSN Vol. 18. Núm p Purpose - Local authorities use events and festivals within their region to help achieve a diverse range of economic and social objectives. However, the success of these events, which can take up a substantial amount of the tourism, leisure or arts and cultural budget is rarely assessed in a systematic and objective manner. This article describes the importance of measuring the impacts of such events Design/methodology/approach - The methods for assessing the success of local authority events are trialled through the use of a case study involving two events organised by Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council. Findings - An evaluation of the methods, after conducting the case study, indicates that the techniques produced robust data that was valuable in planning future events and in securing funding. The relative simplicity of the methods used will help to ensure that similar evaluations can be carried out in-house for little cost for future public events. Originality/value - This article sets out practical guidelines for undertaking the measurement and evaluation of some of the major impacts of local authority events. Similar methods can be used by other public sector organisations involved in hosting public events. Centre d Informació i Documentació. CERC - 11

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