People v. Towns

Docket No. 81435 Agenda 3 January 1998.
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. TERRANCE
TOWNS, Appellant.
Opinion filed June 18, 1998.

JUSTICE BILANDIC delivered the opinion of the court:
Defendant, Terrance Towns, appeals from an order of the circuit court of
St. Clair County dismissing his amended petition for post-conviction relief without
an evidentiary hearing. Defendant's appeal lies directly to this court pursuant to
Supreme Court Rule 651(a) (134 Ill. 2d R. 651(a)).
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of murder. The jury also
found defendant eligible for the death penalty and that there were no mitigating
factors sufficient to preclude a sentence of death. Accordingly, the trial court
sentenced defendant to death. On direct appeal, this court affirmed defendant's
conviction and death sentence. People v. Towns, 157 Ill. 2d 90 (1993). The United
States Supreme Court denied defendant's petition for a writ of certiorari. Towns
v. Illinois, 511 U.S. 1115, 128 L. Ed. 2d 678, 114 S. Ct. 2122 (1994).
On November 22, 1994, defendant instituted the present action under the
Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122 1 et seq. (West 1992)), by filing
a petition for post-conviction relief. On September 19, 1995, defendant filed an
amended post-conviction petition. The State filed a motion to dismiss the amended
post-conviction petition. After hearing arguments on the State's motion, the post-
conviction judge dismissed the amended petition without conducting an
evidentiary hearing.
Defendant now appeals from the dismissal of his amended post-conviction
petition without an evidentiary hearing. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm
in part and reverse in part the judgment of the circuit court, and remand the cause
to that court for an evidentiary hearing.

BACKGROUND
The facts relating to defendant's trial are adequately set forth in this court's
opinion on direct appeal. People v. Towns, 157 Ill. 2d 90 (1993). We repeat only
those facts pertinent to the issues in the amended post-conviction petition. We,
however, set forth in some detail the facts relating to defendant's sentencing
hearing.
On February 22, 1990, the body of Charles Woodcock, Jr., was found lying
on the floor of a convenience store in Fairview Heights, Illinois. At the time
Woodcock's body was discovered, it was determined that $2,000 was missing
from the store. The victim's car was also found on fire that same morning. The
car stereo had been removed from the victim's car. It was later determined that
Woodcock sustained two gunshot wounds to the head, one of which was fatal.
The evidence revealed that defendant had been acquainted with Woodcock
prior to his death, and that defendant had been seen on several occasions in the
convenience store talking to Woodcock. Defendant made oral and written
statements to the police in which he admitted that he shot the victim twice in the
head and took the money from the store, drove away in the victim's car, removed
the stereo equipment, and set the car on fire. Defendant also admitted that the
robbery of the convenience store had been planned for approximately two weeks.
After searching the home in which defendant, his mother, and his brother lived,
the police discovered in defendant's brother's bedroom a handwritten note, which
detailed the plan for the robbery of the convenience store. In addition, the police
found a gun which belonged to defendant's mother and which was kept in her
bedroom. That gun was later determined to have fired the bullets that killed
Woodcock. The stereo equipment that had been removed from Woodcock's car
was found in defendant's sister's home.
Defendant testified on his own behalf at trial. He denied any intention of
shooting Woodcock because he considered him to be a friend. Rather, defendant
insisted that on February 21, 1990, he carried his mother's gun to East St. Louis
while visiting his sister's home. Defendant stated that he carried the gun for the
purpose of protecting himself from gang members who had previously beaten and
harassed him. He still had possession of the gun when he left his sister's home
and returned to his own home in Fairview Heights. That evening he went to the
store where Woodcock worked to buy some chips and candy. Woodcock told him
to return later that evening to discuss a stereo convention. Defendant returned to
the store around 10:30 p.m. While in the store, Woodcock accused defendant of
taking some money that Woodcock had left on the counter. Defendant denied
taking the money and offered to allow Woodcock to search him. Defendant then
realized that he was still carrying his mother's gun, which he had taken with him
to East St. Louis. Woodcock picked up the phone and stated that he was going to
call the police. Defendant responded by pulling out his gun. As defendant cocked
the hammer, his hand slipped and the gun accidentally fired. Defendant then
"shook" and "jerked the gun back," and it again fired accidentally a second time.
Defendant claimed that he was afraid to call the police. Instead, he took some
money from the store and drove away in Woodcock's car. Defendant further
denied planning the robbery and denied any connection to the note found in his
brother's bedroom.
The jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder. Shortly after
defendant's conviction, the trial court began defendant's capital sentencing
hearing. At the eligibility phase of the sentencing hearing, the State argued
defendant's eligibility on two grounds: (1) the murder was committed during the
course of an armed robbery (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38, par. 9 1(b)(6)); and (2)
the murder was committed in a cold, calculated and premeditated manner pursuant
to a preconceived plan, scheme or design to take a human life by unlawful means,
and the conduct of defendant created a reasonable expectation that the death of a
human being would result therefrom (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38, par. 9 1(b)(10)).
The State offered and the court accepted into evidence defendant's birth
certificate, which listed his date of birth as April 24, 1970. Defendant was 19
years of age at the time of the murder. The State also called two witnesses.
Lucille Woodcock, the victim's mother, testified that defendant was at her house
for dinner on February 18, 1990. Scott Woodcock, the victim's brother, stated that
on February 18, 1990, defendant was at the victim's home and looking at the
victim's car stereo equipment. The State rested. Defense counsel called defendant
to testify as its only witness. Defendant denied any preconceived plan to rob or
shoot the victim. After considering the evidence, the jury found defendant eligible
for the death penalty based on the fact that defendant was 18 years old or older
at the time of the murder, and that the murder occurred during the course of an
armed robbery. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38, par. 9 1(b)(6).
The following day, the sentencing jury heard evidence relevant to
aggravation and mitigation. The State admitted into evidence a certified copy of
a criminal information, plea to charge and sentencing in a prior case against
defendant. According to the information, on October 30, 1989, defendant
committed the offense of burglary in that he entered a motor vehicle with the
intent to commit a theft. On February 16, 1990, defendant pleaded guilty to this
charge and was sentenced to one year of probation. In connection with this charge,
Jonathon Muelchi testified and identified defendant as the person who stole the
stereo from his car. The only other witness called by the State was David
Jacknewitz, defendant's probation officer. Jacknewitz testified that a person who
is placed on probation is not allowed to carry a gun and that defendant was
advised of that fact.
Defendant's case in mitigation consisted of the testimony of four witnesses.
Defendant's mother, Delores Taylor, testified that defendant had experienced
problems with gang members in East St. Louis, who had beaten him. She
indicated that the gang members told defendant that if he stayed around they
would kill him. For that reason she moved the family to Fairview Heights. Due
to this prior problem with gang members, she claimed that defendant was afraid
to go to East St. Louis. According to Taylor, she believed defendant when he said
that Woodcock's death was an accident because he would not lie to her.
Moreover, she indicated that defendant had always been a good child, and that she
did not have any problems with defendant being aggressive because defendant is
very loving. Before this incident, she had never seen him with a gun. Taylor also
stated that defendant entered the Job Corps in Maryland because he wanted to get
away from East St. Louis and the gang members. Defendant stayed with the Job
Corps for five or six months but then returned and remained home when she
became ill. She indicated that she believed defendant could be rehabilitated
because she has had no problems with him. As a final point, Taylor testified that
she is a single mother and attends to defendant and her other three children daily.
The defendant's girlfriend's mother, Mary Ann Morgan, testified that she
knew defendant for 10 years and had not seen him commit any act of violence.
Morgan was aware of defendant's problems with avoiding gang members, who
had "jumped" him in the past. She believed that defendant could be rehabilitated.
Morgan stated that defendant assisted her in caring for her bedridden husband. She
loved defendant for his assistance with her husband.
Perlene Jackson, defendant's grandmother, testified that she was not aware
of any other problems that defendant may have had prior to this incident.
Defendant has been a good grandson. Jackson believed that if defendant was given
an opportunity he could be rehabilitated. Jackson further testified that defendant's
mother works most of the time so as to provide for her four children. She
indicated that defendant's mother tried to do the best for her children. For that
reason, she hated to see defendant's mother go through this trauma.
Lastly, Earnestine Jackson, defendant's aunt, testified on behalf of
defendant. Jackson stated that she did not know of any violence on the part of
defendant. She did notice, however, that defendant had fights with gang members,
who picked on him. She indicated that the reason the family moved from East St.
Louis was because gang members had "jumped" defendant in the past. Jackson
believed that if given the opportunity, defendant could be rehabilitated and become
a good citizen.
With the foregoing evidence before it, the jury on November 16, 1990,
found no mitigating factors sufficient to preclude the death penalty. The trial judge
therefore sentenced defendant to death.
On direct appeal this court affirmed defendant's conviction and his death
sentence. People v. Towns, 157 Ill. 2d 90 (1993). Defendant subsequently filed an
amended post-conviction petition, which alleged that constitutional errors occurred
during defendant's trial, sentencing hearing, and post-trial proceedings. Attached
to the petition were numerous affidavits from defendant's relatives and friends and
a mitigation report, which was prepared by a mitigation specialist. We set forth
only those claims that are raised by defendant in this appeal. First, the petition
alleged that defendant was deprived of an impartial jury because the prosecutor
and a juror did not reveal that they had attended law school together. Second, the
petition alleged that defendant was denied effective assistance of counsel during
the sentencing hearing because counsel failed to investigate and present certain
mitigating evidence. Third, the petition claimed that defendant was deprived of the
effective assistance of counsel during post-trial proceedings by his court-appointed
attorney, who failed to raise issues relating to trial counsel's ineffectiveness at the
sentencing hearing.
After hearing arguments on the State's motion to dismiss the petition, the
trial court dismissed the petition without an evidentiary hearing. The trial judge
found that the rule of res judicata barred defendant's claim that he had been
denied an impartial jury; that defendant had not sufficiently shown ineffectiveness
of trial counsel at sentencing; and that waiver barred defendant's claim of
ineffectiveness of appointed counsel during post-trial proceedings.
Defendant now appeals the dismissal of his amended post-conviction
petition and seeks an evidentiary hearing.

ANALYSIS
The Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122 1 et seq. (West 1992))
provides a remedy to criminal defendants who claim that substantial violations of
their federal or state constitutional rights occurred in their original trial or
sentencing hearing. See People v. Guest, 166 Ill. 2d 381, 389 (1995); People v.
Thompkins, 161 Ill. 2d 148, 157 (1994). A post-conviction action, however, is not
an appeal from an underlying judgment. Rather, it is a collateral attack on a prior
conviction and sentence. See People v. Pecoraro, 175 Ill. 2d 294, 304 (1997);
People v. Maxwell, 173 Ill. 2d 102, 106-07 (1996); People v. Mahaffey, 165 Ill. 2d 445, 452 (1995). The purpose of the post-conviction proceeding is to allow
inquiry into constitutional issues involved in the original conviction and sentence
that have not been, and could not have been, adjudicated previously on direct
appeal. See People v. Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d 65, 72-73 (1997); People v. Whitehead,
169 Ill. 2d 355, 370 (1996); Mahaffey, 165 Ill. 2d at 452. Issues that were raised
and decided on direct appeal are barred by the doctrine of res judicata. See
Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d at 73; Mahaffey, 165 Ill. 2d at 452. Issues that could have been
presented on direct appeal, but were not, are waived. See Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d at 73;
Mahaffey, 165 Ill. 2d at 452. Provided that the issue is not precluded by the
doctrines of res judicata or waiver, an evidentiary hearing is warranted only where
the allegations of the post-conviction petition, supported where appropriate by the
trial record or accompanying affidavits, make a substantial showing that the
defendant's constitutional rights have been violated. See Pecoraro, 175 Ill. 2d at
304; Whitehead, 169 Ill. 2d at 371; People v. Coleman, 168 Ill. 2d 509, 537
(1995). In determining whether to grant an evidentiary hearing, all well-pleaded
facts in the petition and in any accompanying affidavits are taken as true. See
Maxwell, 173 Ill. 2d at 107; People v. Caballero, 126 Ill. 2d 248, 259 (1989). It
is well settled that the trial court's determinations in a post-conviction proceeding
will not be disturbed unless manifestly erroneous. See Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d at 73;
People v. Steidl, 177 Ill. 2d 239, 249 (1997); Guest, 166 Ill. 2d at 389. With the
aforementioned principles in mind, we review the dismissal of defendant's
amended post-conviction petition without an evidentiary hearing.

I. Denial of Impartial Jury Claim
Defendant first claims that his amended post-conviction petition makes a
substantial showing of a violation of his constitutional right to an impartial jury
(U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, secs. 8, 13). In support of
this claim, defendant contends that he was unfairly deprived of material
information regarding one of the jurors, which in turn hindered his ability to prove
juror bias and intelligently exercise his peremptory challenges. The material
information at issue concerns the fact that juror Kathleen Moore did not reveal
that, 10 years prior to trial, she had attended law school with the prosecutor at
defendant's trial. Defendant concludes that this information showed bias on the
part of that juror and the juror's failure to reveal this information impaired his
ability to intelligently exercise his peremptory challenges. Defendant contends that
an evidentiary hearing on this issue is warranted.
We agree with the trial court that defendant's claim is barred by the
doctrine of res judicata because the claim was raised and rejected on direct
appeal. It is well established that where a petitioner has previously taken a direct
appeal from a judgment of conviction, the determinations of the reviewing court
are res judicata as to all issues actually decided by the court. See People v. Neal,142 Ill. 2d 140, 146 (1990). On direct appeal, defendant argued that he was denied
a fair and impartial jury because it was not revealed until after trial that juror
Moore had attended law school with the prosecuting attorney. In addressing this
issue, this court considered juror Moore's responses during voir dire in which she
stated that she knew the prosecutor. This court rejected defendant's claim and
refused to remand for an evidentiary hearing. We explained that defendant had
offered no proof of juror bias other than the fact that, 10 years prior to trial, the
prosecuting attorney and one of the jurors attended law school together. This court
noted that the juror's responses during voir dire established that she was an
attorney and that she knew the prosecutor. This court determined that defendant
had not established juror bias by juror Moore's failure to also reveal that she and
the prosecutor attended the same law school 10 years prior to trial. This court
stated that there had been no evidence to suggest that this new evidence was
intentionally concealed or was even known to the juror or prosecutor at the time
of the trial.
Defendant now argues that the issue is not barred by res judicata because
his amended post-conviction petition provides new evidence of juror bias that was
not considered on direct appeal. In support of this argument, defendant refers to
a newspaper article attached to his petition. This article is dated November 22,
1990, which is six days after the jury rendered its sentencing verdict. It is based
on an interview with juror Moore. In the article, juror Moore indicated that she
was surprised at being selected for the jury. Juror Moore explained that she and
the prosecutor had been law school classmates and that both had graduated from
the same law school in 1982. Based on the contents of this article, defendant
claims that he makes a substantial showing that there was intentional concealment
and contemporaneous knowledge on the part of the juror or prosecuting attorney
at the time of jury selection, a fact that this court found lacking in the record on
direct appeal. Defendant also claims that res judicata does not apply because this
court did not fully address the claim raised on direct appeal, namely that defendant
was deprived of his right to an impartial jury where his exercise of peremptory
challenges was unfairly impaired due to the concealment from defense counsel of
the fact that the prosecutor and the juror had been law school classmates. To
support this claim, defendant refers to defense counsel's affidavit, which is
attached to the petition. In that affidavit, defense counsel states that, if he had
known prior to trial of the law school connection, he would have exercised a
peremptory challenge. For these reasons, defendant contends that this court should
consider his claim and ultimately remand for an evidentiary hearing.
We find that defendant's post-conviction allegations and supporting
documents do not warrant our revisiting this issue. Although the actual newspaper
article was not contained in the record on direct appeal, the article and the law
school connection were referred to in defendant's post-trial motions, which were
a part of the record. Similarly, defense counsel's statements in his post-conviction
affidavit reiterate his comments at the post-trial proceedings concerning the use
of a peremptory challenge to remove the juror at issue. Moreover, defendant raised
essentially the same issue on direct appeal as he now raises in his petition. That
issue was adequately addressed by this court on direct appeal. Our holding on this
issue on direct appeal is not affected by defendant's argument or additional
information. See People v. Thomas, 164 Ill. 2d 410, 433-34 (1995) (issue decided
on direct appeal was res judicata in post-conviction proceedings, despite the
defendant's submission of new facts in support of the issue). Consequently,
defendant's claim is barred by res judicata. See People v. Stewart, 123 Ill. 2d 368,
372 (1988). We therefore affirm the circuit court's dismissal of defendant's post-
conviction claim regarding denial of an impartial jury.

II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims
Defendant raises claims of ineffective assistance of counsel at his capital
sentencing hearing and at post-trial proceedings in violation of his federal and
state constitutional rights (U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I,
sec. 8). To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant
must show that (1) counsel's performance was deficient in that it fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness, as measured by prevailing professional
norms, and (2) counsel's deficient performance so prejudiced defendant that there
is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's deficient performance, the result
of the proceeding would have been different. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984); People v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504 (1984).

A
Defendant first contends that his amended post-conviction petition makes
a substantial showing that he was deprived of his constitutional right to effective
assistance of counsel at his capital sentencing hearing. As set forth above, defense
counsel presented four mitigation witnesses at the capital sentencing hearing:
defendant's mother, grandmother, aunt, and his girlfriend's mother. Their
testimony accounted for only 10 pages of trial transcript. In essence, each witness
gave similar testimony about defendant's problems with gangs, and testified that
defendant is a good person who could be rehabilitated. Defendant now argues that
defense counsel was ineffective because he failed to adequately investigate prior
to the sentencing hearing and, as a result, failed to present additional mitigating
evidence. Defendant asserts that this additional mitigating evidence was
compelling and readily available to defense counsel. Defendant therefore requests
that we remand for an evidentiary hearing on his claim.
In addressing whether defendant's petition warrants an evidentiary hearing,
we must determine whether that petition makes a substantial showing that
defendant was deprived of effective assistance of counsel at his sentencing
hearing. Our inquiry therefore focuses on whether defendant's petition makes a
substantial showing of both the deficient performance and prejudice prongs of the
Strickland standard.
In support of his claim of deficient performance at the sentencing hearing,
defendant relies on a mitigation report and numerous affidavits attached to his
amended post-conviction petition. The mitigation report was prepared by a
mitigation specialist, Caryn Platt Tatelli, who had conducted an investigation into
defendant's background. The report is based on interviews and documents,
including employment, educational, psychiatric and medical records of defendant
and close family members. The mitigation report provides a family history of
defendant, which Tatelli states is characterized by "a pervasive history of child
abuse and maltreatment, coupled with substance abuse and mental illness."
According to Tatelli, the prevalence of substance use, violence and abuse within
defendant's family history laid the groundwork for defendant's developmental
experiences, which were further influenced by the "poverty-stricken, gang infested,
and highly violent area of East St. Louis" in which defendant was raised. Tatelli
opines that defendant did not have the guidance and nurturing normally associated
with childhood. Tatelli concludes that the terrible circumstances within defendant's
family are important issues that should have been raised at the sentencing hearing.
Defendant's petition also attached affidavits from a number of relatives and
friends, who stated that they had not been contacted by defense counsel before the
sentencing hearing, and that they would have been willing to testify on
defendant's behalf. These affidavits recount defendant's abusive and violent
childhood, including specific incidents of abuse against defendant. The affiants
attest that defendant had been physically and psychologically abused by his step-
father, who frequently beat defendant merely because defendant was not his son.
Defendant's step-father repeatedly referred to defendant as a "bastard." The
affidavits also point out that defendant witnessed his step-father's acts of abuse
and infidelity against his mother. The affidavits further portray defendant's home
life by noting his step-father's open and notorious abuse of alcohol and drugs,
which he often sold from the family home in the presence of defendant. According
to several affiants, defendant's mother was chronically absent from the home due
to excessively long work hours. The affiants stated that defendant's mother also
suffered from recurring mental health problems.
Defendant contends that defense counsel's failure to investigate and present
the aforementioned mitigating evidence concerning his background constitutes
deficient performance by defense counsel. In his post-conviction affidavit,
defendant states that defense counsel did not ask him for any information that
would lead to mitigation witnesses who could have given quality testimony
pertaining to various aspects of his life. Defendant's affidavit also states that
defense counsel did little or no investigation prior to trial regarding mitigating
witnesses. Rather, defense counsel waited until the last moment to obtain
mitigating witnesses for sentencing and then failed to question those witnesses
about what might be considered mitigating. Moreover, defendant notes that his
mother, Delores Taylor, and his girlfriend's mother, Mary Ann Morgan, submitted
affidavits stating that defense counsel did not prepare them for the sentencing
hearing. Taylor stated that, after defendant's conviction, she called defense
counsel, who then informed her that he would ask her to testify at sentencing.
This constituted the extent of their conversation. Morgan stated that defense
counsel merely informed her that she would be a character witness. In each of
their affidavits, Taylor and Morgan indicate that, had defense counsel prepared
them, they would have provided information about defendant's family history at
the sentencing hearing.
Defendant also claims that defense counsel's actions preceding the
sentencing hearing reveal the extent of counsel's lack of investigation and
preparation of mitigating evidence. Following the jury's eligibility verdict, the trial
court sought to immediately proceed to the aggravation/mitigation phase of the
sentencing hearing. Defense counsel, however, requested a continuance to obtain
some mitigating witnesses that he intended to call that evening. Defense counsel
informed the judge that "there might be others that we might be able to raise over
night by questioning the mother and the family, people and [defendant] as well to
jog the memory as to people who might be able to testify." The trial court
questioned whether defense counsel would be able to accomplish this task in one
night. The trial court also expressed surprise that defense counsel was not prepared
to proceed to the second phase of the sentencing hearing given the parties'
understanding that the court sought to continue to the aggravation/mitigation phase
immediately following the jury's eligibility determination. Defendant contends that
defense counsel's statements reveal that he did not begin to search for mitigation
until the last possible moment.
It is well settled that counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations
for potential sources of mitigating evidence to present at the capital sentencing
hearing, or must have a legitimate reason for failing to make a particular
investigation. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 695, 104 S. Ct. at 2066; Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d at 86; People v. Howery, 178 Ill. 2d 1, 55 (1997);
People v. Orange, 168 Ill. 2d 138, 170 (1995); People v. Ruiz, 132 Ill. 2d 1, 27
(1989). If mitigating evidence exists, counsel then has a duty to introduce it in
support of defendant. See Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d at 86; Kubat v. Thieret, 867 F.2d 351, 369 (7th Cir. 1989). However, where counsel has conducted an adequate
investigation, the failure to present mitigating evidence does not by itself
demonstrate deficient performance. See Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d at 86; Howery, 178 Ill. 2d at 55; People v. Ruiz, 177 Ill. 2d 368, 385 (1997); Steidl, 177 Ill. 2d at 257;
Orange, 168 Ill. 2d at 167-68; Coleman, 168 Ill. 2d at 535; People v. Perez, 148 Ill. 2d 168, 186 (1992).
The State responds to defendant's claims by arguing that defense counsel
conducted a thorough investigation because he obtained a sanity evaluation of
defendant prior to trial. The State refers to the sanity evaluation report prepared
by Dr. Daniel Cuneo, who found that defendant was legally sane at the time of
the offense. The State contends that defendant failed to disclose mitigating
evidence at the time of Dr. Cuneo's report. The State therefore argues that any
unfamiliarity on defense counsel's part as to mitigating evidence was attributable
to defendant's failure to timely advise counsel of potential mitigation. The State
suggests that defendant hindered defense counsel's discovery of additional
mitigating evidence by withholding such evidence from defense counsel. For these
reasons, the State insists that defense counsel's performance should not be
considered deficient.
The State's argument is without merit. A pretrial sanity evaluation is not
a substitute for conducting a mitigation investigation. Moreover, defense counsel's
duty to investigate is not limited to matters about which defendant has told
defense counsel. The duty to make a reasonable investigation is imposed on
counsel and not the defendant. See Perez, 148 Ill. 2d at 193 (where the defendant
is not cooperating in the mitigation investigation, counsel's duty is not to decline
to investigate mitigation, but to search for as much information about the
defendant as he can and confront the defendant with that information); Emerson
v. Gramley, 91 F.3d 898, 906 (7th Cir. 1996) (counsel has a duty to investigate
mitigation even where the defendant indicates that he does not want mitigating
evidence introduced). Here, there is no factual basis in the record to support an
inference that defendant was opposed to the introduction of mitigation. Moreover,
there is no evidence in the record that defendant withheld mitigating information
from defense counsel. See Orange, 168 Ill. 2d at 170 (factual dispute between
counsel's deposition and the defendant's affidavit regarding counsel's reasons for
failing to investigate and present mitigation warrants an evidentiary hearing).
Consequently, the evidence before us does not support the State's argument.
Rather, defendant's petition and supporting affidavits along with defense
counsel's own statements at the sentencing proceedings appear to show that
defense counsel waited until after defendant's conviction to investigate possible
evidence in mitigation and apparently confined his inquiry to minimal
conversations with the four witnesses who testified in mitigation. It has been held
that, in a capital case, where the defendant's life is at stake, it may be objectively
unreasonable for an attorney to wait until after a guilty verdict to begin to prepare
for the imminent capital sentencing hearing. See Caballero, 126 Ill. 2d at 278
(counsel's performance was deficient where counsel waited until after the
defendant's conviction to investigate possible evidence in mitigation and
apparently confined his inquiry to a one-hour group interview with the witnesses
suggested by the defendant's family); see also Hall v. Washington, 106 F.3d 742,
746-51 (7th Cir. 1997) (counsel's performance held to be deficient where counsel
failed to interview the defendant about the hearing or potential mitigating
witnesses and undertook no independent investigation to gather mitigating
evidence); Glenn v. Tate, 71 F.3d 1204, 1207-08 (6th Cir. 1995) (counsel's
representation found to be objectively unreasonable where counsel made no
attempt to prepare for the sentencing phase until after the jury returned its guilty
verdict and as such the jury received virtually no information about the
defendant's history, character or background); Blanco v. Singletary, 943 F.2d 1477, 1500-03 (11th Cir. 1991) (counsel's performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness where counsel's investigation consisted of leaving
phone messages for potential witnesses following the guilty verdict and then
failing to conduct interviews); Cunningham v. Zant, 928 F.2d 1006, 1017-18 (11th
Cir. 1991) (counsel's performance was deficient where counsel interviewed
mitigation witnesses on the eve or day of trial and spoke to one witness for only
a few moments). We note that we are not suggesting that defense counsel here
was required to "scorch-the-earth" in his investigation of mitigating evidence. See
Stewart v. Gramley, 74 F.3d 132, 135 (7th Cir. 1996). Rather, counsel was
obligated to conduct a reasonable investigation.
The State also argues that defense counsel's performance should not be
considered deficient because counsel developed and presented a sound strategy for
the sentencing hearing. The State posits that defense counsel failed to present any
additional mitigating evidence because such evidence would have detracted from
counsel's strategy by opening the door to additional avenues of aggravation. The
State contends that the affidavits now offered by defendant include aggravating
evidence the jury never heard concerning defendant's advantaged upbringing and
intelligence. The State argues that such evidence would have shown that, despite
his advantages and intelligence, defendant chose to be a "predator." Instead of
presenting such aggravating evidence, the State contends, defense counsel made
a legitimate strategic decision to focus on defendant's youth, lack of significant
criminal history and rehabilitation potential to convince the sentencing jury that
the death penalty was not warranted. The State claims that defense counsel's
choice of mitigating witnesses supported that strategy. The State therefore
concludes that counsel's performance cannot be condemned for failing to pursue
a different strategy or because counsel's strategy did not succeed.
In considering the State's claim, we note that courts are highly deferential
in reviewing counsel's strategic decisions regarding the presentation of mitigating
evidence. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 694-95, 104 S. Ct. at
2065; Steidl, 177 Ill. 2d at 257; Orange, 168 Ill. 2d at 170. In fact, strategic
choices made after a thorough investigation of the law and facts relevant to
plausible options are virtually unchallengeable. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690,
80 L. Ed. 2d at 695, 104 S. Ct. at 2066; Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d at 86. Moreover, an
informed decision by counsel not to present certain mitigating evidence can
represent a valid strategic choice, entitled to judicial deference, where the evidence
is potentially damaging to the defendant. See Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776, 793-
95, 97 L. Ed. 2d 638, 656-57, 107 S. Ct. 3114, 3125-26 (1987); Ruiz, 177 Ill. 2d
at 385; Coleman, 168 Ill. 2d at 535; Perez, 148 Ill. 2d at 186. Such deference is
not warranted, however, where the lack of mitigating evidence presented is not
attributable to strategy but rather to counsel's failure to properly investigate
mitigation and prepare a defense. See Howery, 178 Ill. 2d at 56; Steidl, 177 Ill. 2d at 257; Orange, 168 Ill. 2d at 170. Consequently, counsel's presentation of
mitigation is not deemed to be a legitimate strategy without a reasonable
investigation into mitigating circumstances. See Ruiz, 177 Ill. 2d at 385; Coleman,
168 Ill. 2d at 535-36; see also Hall, 106 F.3d at 749-50; Jackson v. Herring, 42 F.3d 1350, 1367 (11th Cir. 1995); Baxter v. Thomas, 45 F.3d 1501, 1514 (11th
Cir. 1995); Pickens v. Lockhart, 714 F.2d 1455, 1467 (8th Cir. 1983).
In the instant case, defendant's petition and supporting affidavits make a
substantial showing that defense counsel's limited presentation of mitigating
evidence at the sentencing hearing was not the result of a strategic decision
preceded by a reasonable investigation. The record before this court contains no
evidence that counsel's decision not to present additional mitigating evidence was
a strategic decision. We acknowledge that when the drawbacks of potential
mitigating evidence appear obvious from the record, it can be assumed that
counsel decided not to present evidence for such reasons. See Ruiz, 132 Ill. 2d at
26. Here, however, there appears to be no obvious disadvantage in the additional
mitigating evidence. On this record, we reject the State's claim that defense
counsel's failure to present the additional mitigating evidence was a strategic
decision. The mitigating evidence offered by defense counsel at the sentencing
hearing portrayed defendant as an advantaged youth. The affidavits attached to
defendant's petition may have provided the jury with an entirely different portrait
of defendant that could have influenced the choice of sentence. See Perez, 148 Ill. 2d at 188-89 (the State's theory that counsel reasonably declined to introduce
school reports at the sentencing hearing because they contained aggravating
evidence that the defendant was a "troublemaker" was not reasonable strategy
where counsel did introduce a psychological report at sentencing which portrayed
the defendant as much worse than a "troublemaker"). Given the record before us,
we decline to assume that defense counsel's alleged failure to present the
additional mitigating evidence at issue represented a legitimate strategic decision.
The State further argues that defense counsel was not deficient in omitting
evidence regarding defendant's troubled childhood because such evidence was not
inherently mitigating. As support for this argument, the State relies on this court's
decision in People v. Sanchez, 169 Ill. 2d 472 (1996), which was also relied on
by the trial court in this case as its rationale for dismissing defendant's amended
post-conviction petition without an evidentiary hearing. The State insists that
Sanchez stands for the proposition that evidence of a troubled childhood is not
mitigating because it can be viewed as indicative of a defendant's future
dangerousness.
In Sanchez, trial counsel presented significant evidence in mitigation at the
sentencing hearing describing defendant's harsh upbringing, development and
family environment. More specifically, the evidence showed that the defendant
had been abused as a child, had a good work record, had no prior criminal history,
and had treated his family well. In fact, the jury was presented with detailed
evidence of the defendant's father's cruelty toward the defendant, as well as
animals. The jury also learned that despite the defendant's illiteracy, he had been
employed at the same job for 15 years. After considering the mitigation evidence
that had been presented to the jury, this court noted that it was so compelling as
to persuade one justice to dissent from the affirmance of the sentencing on direct
appeal. Sanchez, 169 Ill. 2d at 490. Accordingly, this court held that the additional
evidence obtained by post-conviction counsel relating to the defendant's difficult
childhood was merely cumulative of the substantial mitigation presented to the
jury and would not have made a difference in the sentence. Sanchez, 169 Ill. 2d
at 490-91. It was under these circumstances that the court noted that evidence of
a troubled childhood is not "inherently mitigating." Sanchez, 169 Ill. 2d at 491.
Therefore, the court concluded that counsel's substantial presentation in mitigation
represented a strategic choice rather than deficient performance. Sanchez, 169 Ill. 2d at 492.
The Sanchez court's characterization of evidence of a troubled childhood
as not "inherently mitigating" must be considered in context. In Sanchez, counsel
clearly had conducted a thorough investigation and was aware of the defendant's
background, given that counsel presented testimony describing the defendant's
harsh background. As such, counsel's decision not to present additional mitigation
evidence of the defendant's troubled childhood can be viewed as strategic and
therefore not deficient performance. Here, unlike Sanchez, defendant makes a
substantial showing that defense counsel made no attempt to investigate or present
evidence of defendant's background from sources readily available to defense
counsel. As such, we cannot find at this stage that defense counsel made a
strategic choice among the available options. See Perez, 148 Ill. 2d at 192-94
(defendant satisfied performance prong by showing counsel's failure to investigate
and present mitigating evidence of defendant's background was not the product
of a thorough investigation and thus not a strategic decision). Moreover, we find
that the Sanchez court's characterization of a troubled childhood as not "inherently
mitigating" should not be construed to mean that such evidence is never
mitigating. In some circumstances, it can be mitigating. Nevertheless, counsel
cannot make the strategic decision that such evidence is not mitigating in a
particular case unless counsel investigates and considers that evidence. Here,
defendant has made a substantial showing that defense counsel did not consider
defendant's troubled childhood. Given the differences in counsel's presentation of
mitigation in Sanchez and in this case, we determine that Sanchez does not
preclude a finding of deficient performance by defense counsel in this case.
After considering defendant's petition and supporting affidavits along with
the record before us, we find that defendant has made a substantial showing that
defense counsel's performance at the sentencing hearing was deficient.
Accordingly, the amended post-conviction petition makes a substantial showing
of the performance prong of the Strickland test.
Having considered the performance prong of the Strickland standard, we
must further examine whether defendant has made a substantial showing that he
was prejudiced by counsel's alleged deficient performance. In establishing
prejudice, defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, absent
counsel's deficient performance, the sentencer would have concluded that the
balance of aggravating and mitigating factors did not warrant death. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 698, 104 S. Ct. at 2068-69;
Caballero, 126 Ill. 2d at 279. In essence, we must determine whether counsel's
alleged deficient performance so prejudiced defendant as to deny him a fair
sentencing hearing, which in turn affected the reliability of his sentence. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695-96, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 698-99, 104 S. Ct. at 2069;
Howery, 178 Ill. 2d at 62; Ruiz, 177 Ill. 2d at 388.
Defendant claims that his amended petition makes a substantial showing
that defense counsel's deficient representation deprived defendant of an
individualized assessment of his character and that but for counsel's deficient
performance, there is a reasonable probability that the jury would have concluded
that the balance of aggravating and mitigating factors did not warrant the death
penalty. In support of his contention, defendant claims that the mitigation evidence
which defense counsel unreasonably failed to present was substantial, as evident
in the numerous post-conviction affidavits from close relatives and friends. As
more fully explained above, these affidavits reveal detailed aspects of defendant's
troubled childhood, which among other things consisted of physical and
psychological abuse by his step-father. Defendant argues that such mitigating
evidence would have provided the jury with a portrait of defendant that may have
influenced the choice of sentence.
The question before us is whether evidence of defendant's troubled
childhood would have substantially added to the amount of mitigation before the
jury. See Caballero, 126 Ill. 2d at 280. In answering this question, a reviewing
court must balance the aggravating and mitigating circumstances. See Howery, 178
Ill. 2d at 61-62; Coleman, 168 Ill. 2d at 538. Initially, we note that a capital
sentencing hearing constitutionally requires an individualized assessment of the
circumstances of the offense and the character of the offender. See Eddings v.
Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 110-12, 71 L. Ed. 2d 1, 8-9, 102 S. Ct. 869, 874-75
(1982); Thompkins, 161 Ill. 2d at 166; Ruiz, 132 Ill. 2d at 25. Consequently, the
sentencer may not be prevented from considering relevant mitigating evidence
concerning the offender or circumstance offered by the defense. See Thompkins,
161 Ill. 2d at 167; Ruiz, 132 Ill. 2d at 25. The additional mitigating evidence
relied on by defendant in the instant case is relevant because it concerns
defendant's background. Evidence of a defendant's background, including family
history, parental abuse and neglect, is important to the sentencing decision and can
be an influential mitigating factor. See Ruiz, 177 Ill. 2d at 388; Coleman, 168 Ill. 2d at 537; Perez, 148 Ill. 2d at 194-95; see also Middleton v. Dugger, 849 F.2d 491, 495 (11th Cir. 1988); Pickens, 714 F.2d at 1466. This evidence, however,
must be balanced against the aggravation evidence presented by the State during
the sentencing hearing.
The evidence presented in aggravation by the State was far from
overwhelming. The State focused on defendant's crime in this case, arguing that
the murder in the course of an armed robbery arose from a preconceived plan and
involved the murder of a friend. The State also noted defendant's prior conviction
for burglary. That conviction arose out of defendant's stealing of a car stereo.
Defendant was sentenced to one year of probation for that offense. The State
argued that given the close proximity between the murder and the sentence of
probation, defendant could not be rehabilitated. Measured against this aggravation,
it is reasonable to conclude that the additional mitigation evidence had the
potential to influence the sentence. The additional evidence of defendant's
background contrasts with the portrayal given of defendant at the sentencing
hearing. The mitigation witnesses presented at the sentencing hearing portrayed
defendant as being raised by a hard-working single mother who provided
defendant with an advantaged childhood. The sentencing jury was therefore given
the impression by the mitigating witnesses that defendant came from a good,
caring family living in a bad neighborhood, and that the family had tried its best
with defendant. As such, it was implied that defendant was led to become a
murderer for no apparent reason. The proposed mitigating evidence appears to
provide a more complete representation of defendant's background and character.
We note that this court has addressed post-conviction claims alleging
ineffectiveness of counsel at the capital sentencing hearing. See People v. Steidl,
177 Ill. 2d 239 (1997); People v. Orange, 168 Ill. 2d 138 (1995); People v.
Thompkins, 161 Ill. 2d 148 (1994); People v. Caballero, 126 Ill. 2d 248 (1989).
In these cited cases, we held that the defendant's post-conviction petition and
accompanying affidavits made a substantial showing that counsel's performance
was deficient because of counsel's failure to investigate and present mitigating
evidence. See Steidl, 177 Ill. 2d at 259; Orange, 168 Ill. 2d at 171; Thompkins,
161 Ill. 2d at 167; Caballero, 126 Ill. 2d at 279. We further held that, despite the
violent nature of the offenses and the fact that the defendant had been convicted
of multiple murders, counsel's failure to investigate and present mitigating
evidence so prejudiced the defendant as to warrant an evidentiary hearing. See
Steidl, 177 Ill. 2d at 260; Orange, 168 Ill. 2d at 173; Thompkins, 161 Ill. 2d at
167-68; Caballero, 126 Ill. 2d at 282. We find those cases to be instructive in
considering defense counsel's performance in this case and its effect on
defendant's sentence, particularly where defendant here lacked a significant prior
criminal history.
The State argues that the proposed mitigation was cumulative of the
mitigation testimony presented at the sentencing hearing. The record belies this
contention. The testimony provided by the mitigation witnesses at the sentencing
hearing was devoid of detail regarding defendant's life. The jury received no
evidence of the years of physical and psychological abuse endured by defendant
at the hands of his step-father. Nor did the jury receive any other information
about defendant's family background which might have led them to understand
who he was or what might have led him to commit a murder. The proposed
mitigation evidence provides a more complete picture of defendant's background
including specific details. Such additional evidence in mitigation therefore cannot
be considered cumulative to the evidence presented by defense counsel at the
sentencing hearing. See Thompkins, 161 Ill. 2d at 167 (mitigation submitted in
support of post-conviction claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at sentencing
was not cumulative of mitigation evidence introduced at the sentencing hearing
which consisted of testimony of one witness and 56 letters in support of the
defendant); Ruiz, 132 Ill. 2d at 26 (the testimony which counsel failed to introduce
would not have been cumulative of evidence already presented at trial or
sentencing, and the testimony of those witnesses not called would have provided
a portrayal of the defendant that was not apparent from the evidence already
admitted)
For the above stated reasons, we hold that defendant's petition and
accompanying affidavits, when properly taken as true, make a substantial showing
that defense counsel's performance was deficient at the sentencing hearing, and
that defendant was prejudiced by such representation. The trial court's dismissal
without an evidentiary hearing of the petition's claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel at sentencing was manifestly erroneous. We therefore remand for an
evidentiary hearing on the amended post-conviction claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel at sentencing.

B
Although we find that defendant's petition makes a substantial showing of
ineffectiveness regarding defense counsel's failure to investigate and present
additional mitigating evidence, we determine that defendant's ineffectiveness
claims regarding closing argument are waived. Defendant criticizes defense
counsel's performance by contending that his closing argument exhibited no
coherent theory of mitigation. Instead of focusing on the mitigation presented at
sentencing, defendant claims, counsel's closing argument consisted of rambling,
speculative remarks that focused on abstract and irrelevant religious appeal and
residual doubt about defendant's guilt. Defendant therefore maintains that defense
counsel subverted any chance for a nondeath verdict by making such irrelevant
appeals during closing argument. This argument relies on mitigating evidence that
was contained in the record on direct appeal. Consequently, claims regarding
defense counsel's ineffectiveness in closing argument could have been raised and
considered on direct appeal. We therefore find that defendant's allegations with
respect to counsel's closing argument are waived. See Stewart, 123 Ill. 2d at 372.

C
In a related but separate argument, defendant contends that he was
deprived of the right to effective assistance of counsel at post-trial proceedings.
Defendant claims that his appointed, post-trial counsel was ineffective for failing
to investigate and present defendant's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel
at the sentencing hearing in the post-trial motions. Defendant premises this
allegation on post-trial counsel's failure to investigate and present the additional
mitigating evidence, referred to previously in this opinion, as support for a post-
trial claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Defendant concludes that he
was prejudiced by post-trial counsel's performance because, had the trial judge
been apprised of trial counsel's deficient performance at sentencing, there is a
reasonable probability that the trial judge would have granted defendant a new
sentencing hearing.
We note that defendant's claim regarding post-trial counsel is premised on
whether trial counsel was ineffective at sentencing. In dismissing defendant's
amended post-conviction petition without an evidentiary hearing, the trial court
stated that defendant's claim regarding post-trial counsel was waived because it
could have been raised on direct appeal. We disagree with the trial court's finding
because the claim is based on evidence that was not part of the record on direct
appeal, namely the additional mitigating evidence set forth in defendant's amended
post-conviction petition. Nevertheless, we are unable to address this issue at this
time. As pointed out above, we remand to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing
regarding defendant's claim of trial counsel's alleged ineffectiveness at the capital
sentencing hearing. It is clear that, unless trial counsel's performance at the
sentencing hearing is found to be ineffective, defendant has suffered no prejudice
from post-trial counsel's failure to challenge the competency of trial counsel at
sentencing during post-trial proceedings. See People v. Foster, 168 Ill. 2d 465,
474 (1995) (defendant has suffered no prejudice from appellate counsel's failure
to raise issues on direct appeal where the underlying issues are not meritorious).
Because we remand for an evidentiary hearing on defendant's underlying issue,
we are not able to determine whether post-trial counsel was ineffective for failing
to raise ineffectiveness of trial counsel. We therefore express no opinion on the
merits of this issue.

CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of St. Clair County
dismissing defendant's post-conviction petition without an evidentiary hearing is
affirmed in part and reversed in part. We remand this cause to the circuit court for
an evidentiary hearing on the portion of defendant's post-conviction petition that
alleges that defendant was denied the effective assistance of counsel at his capital
sentencing hearing because counsel failed to adequately investigate and present
additional sources of mitigating evidence.