According to the instructions of World Elections Monitors Organization for the organization of monitoring mission to the European Parliament elections, republished and with subsequent amendments and supplements, the World Elections Monitors Organization has presented to EU media a series of administrative–organizational tasks in the context of the preparation and organization of the European parliament elections abroad.

Note that this section will be constantly updated, as new information will become available.

World Elections Monitors Organization-WEMO invites members of European Parliaments, from all over Europe to apply as Observers for our upcoming Election Observation Mission to the European Parliament elections.

The elections will take place on different days in different EU member states between 23 and 26 May 2019.

WEMO President, Professor Dr. Anton Caragea has officially launched the 2019 EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ELECTIONS mission explaining that the monitoring activities will take place in 28 countries (United Kingdom included) in order to assess the full compliance of the national members states of European Union to democratic acceptable values and practices in election process.

The WEMO Mission specifically assesses the conditions under which European members states electorate participate in the electoral process.

World Elections Monitors Organization experience in elections issues, our research, observation and assessment focus on the participation of parliamentarians in the process, analyzing the conditions for people to engage in the Elections as voters, candidates, party members, actors in civic advocacy and campaigning, journalists, election administration or support staff, and observers are unique.

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On Election Day(s), the WEMO Mission will deploy its observers in all 28 nation members of the EU to witness opening, voting and tabulating and collating procedures until the final results are announced and presented publicly.

The findings of the mission will be compiled into a report to be published after deployment and distributed amongst relevant authorities.

In 2018 World Elections Monitors Organization has supported the Kingdom of Cambodia in organizing what was described as the exemplary elections of Asia.

Moreover, the – World Elections Monitors OrganizationMission will provide policy advice to stakeholders by giving recommendations on the best possible way to promote and foster youth participation.

The observation of elections by independent observers contributes to the transparency of the process and is a valuable instrument of democratic oversight.

The overall duration of the – World Elections Monitors Organization teams deployment will be from 18 to 22 May (4 nights) in Brussels and from 23 to 27 May in the residential EU country of the observer (which must be a present day member of the Parliament in any EU country).

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The photo-journals of other Electoral Monitoring Mission for Parliamentary Elections are available here:

President Nicolas Maduro has just return to Caracas after a tour of Kazakhstan, Algeria, Middle East ( having meetings with leaders of Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan,Russia and Algeria) and from 16 to 17 September 2017 will host the WORLD CONFERENCE: WE ARE ALL VENEZUELA. DIALOG FOR PEACE, SOVEREIGNTY AND BOLIVARIAN DEMOCRACY.

Venezuelan capital-Caracas will host the leaders interested in world democratic dialogue and values in a two days long global dialogue.

In less than a week the Bolivarian revolution leader has succeeded in linking Venezuela with the main petrol exporting countries, managed to create a bridge of friendship between Latin America and Central Asia and will play host to world leaders and democratic movement heads garnering not only to express support for Venezuela but also to enact the Bolivarian diplomacy, the concept carved out and placed at the fore by the Venezuelan president.

The call to the WORLD CONFERENCE: WE ARE ALL VENEZUELA. DIALOG FOR PEACE, SOVEREIGNTY AND BOLIVARIAN DEMOCRACY! is the most complete and exhaustive description of the main aims of Bolivarian diplomacy and must be regarded as a crux in the development of a multipolar world, a world of democracy and peace.

In order to better understand this call for global peace, launched with the help and supervision of President Nicolas Maduro we are presenting in full the text of the message to the peoples of the world:

Under President Nicolas Maduro, Venezuela has become one of the leaders of the democratic world.

MESSAGE TO THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD

FOR PEACE, SOVEREIGNTY AND DEMOCRACY IN VENEZUELA

We, citizens of the world, workers, members of social movements, civil rights organizations and political parties, academics, intellectuals and creators, denounce before humanity the international conspiracy led by the Government of Donald Trump against the people of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, its Government and its legitimate authorities.

Under a speech of racial supremacy, intolerance and warmongering, which remind us of the darkest times of fascism, the Government of Donald Trump wages a political, diplomatic, economic and media aggression, including the military option, to undermine Venezuelan democracy, to overthrow President Nicolas Maduro and to establish a government that serves the interests of
Washington.

The neocolonial restoration process in Venezuela seeks to deprive the Venezuelan people from its sovereignty and return to the global powers control over the immense riches and resources of the country.

This conspiracy against a sovereign country, which openly violates international law, makes progress thanks to the full support of the great media transnational companies, and the shameful support of neoliberal and antigrassroots governments.

Last April, a US financed political violence campaign began – through the Venezuelan opposition – and was presented to the world as civil and pacific protests. In addition to this propaganda, a smear campaign was also launched against the Venezuelan democracy before the world public opinion, by projecting Venezuela’s government as a dictatorship that violates human rights and drives the country into an alleged deep humanitarian crisis.

Truth is that the only purpose of this campaign is to overthrow the legitimate Government of Venezuela by spreading death, chaos and violence, following the style of the “Color Revolutions”. Since then, more than a hundred people have died and more than two thousand people have been wounded.

The political violence promoted by Washington has caused significant material damage and suffering to the Venezuelan people.
The latest manifestation of this plot is the discredit of the elections held on July 30th, in which eight millions of Venezuelans elected a National Constituent Assembly.

Thanks to the National Constituent Assembly election, the Venezuelan people defeated violence in the streets and restored peace. From July 30th, a process of stabilization of civil and political life has begun through the participation of all the political parties in the next regional elections for governors to be held in October.
Due to the latest threat of military force by Donald Trump and the financial blockade imposed on Venezuela, the supremacist government of Washington
has intensified the conflict, and has publicly expressed its intention to “choke” the Venezuelan economy.

We reject the escalating aggressions against Venezuela by the US administration.

Venezuela is a nation that has been building people’s democracy in a peaceful manner for 18 years now.

The Bolivarian democracy has returned the control of natural resources to the country, has redistributed wealth in favor of the working class and the humble sectors of society, and has guaranteed the social rights of all its population.

President Nicolas Maduro is welcomed around the world as a messenger of peace, democracy and dialogue.

Venezuela social achievements in the field of education, health care, social protection, social security universalization and indigenous communities’ rights have proven that it is possible to make democracy more democratic.

Its ecosocialist approach challenges those who impose the plundering of common goods of humanity by transnational elites.
Venezuela does not represent a threat to any country in the world. Since its independence, more than 200 years ago, it has never engaged in a military conflict, nor has it ever participated in wars or aggressions against other nations.

For the peace-loving people and the peoples of the world, Venezuela is a beacon of hope. This hope is threatened today by the supremacist ideology of Washington. The US ruling elite has decided to block political dialog in Venezuela and bring this country into a fratricidal conflict in order to justify this elite’s intervention plan.

We alert the world to the serious threat to world peace created by the warmongering obsession of Donald Trump. A military aggression against Venezuela or the overthrow of the Bolivarian Revolution will cause in the hemisphere a crisis of historic proportions in all orders, and will break integrationist efforts, taking away the purposes of all the nations of our region that have declared Latin America and the Caribbean a zone of peace.

The world must stop Washington madness. In the name of humanity, we demand that Donald Trump withdraw the threat of military aggression and repeal the economic sanctions and financial blockade against the Venezuelan people.

For all the above reasons, we call on all respectable men and women, from all places, ideologies and beliefs, on those who dream of a world of justice and equality, to join the WORLD CONFERENCE: WE ARE ALL VENEZUELA. DIALOG FOR PEACE, SOVEREIGNTY AND BOLIVARIAN DEMOCRACY, to be held in Caracas, Venezuela, on September 16th and 17th, and from that date on, in various parts of the world.

This day of global mobilization will bring together the solidarity of the peoples with the homeland of Simon Bolivar.
Venezuela is not alone. Today, we honor the brave Venezuelan people in their struggle for peace and dialog and in their defense of national dignity and sovereignty.

Mahatma Gandhi said: “There is no way to peace, peace is the only way.”

And Che Guevara, with his example of humanity, affirmed: “Solidarity is the tenderness of the peoples”.

In view of the imperial threat and warmongering, let us say today in the words of the great poet Pablo Neruda, our flag and our victory will be peace.

“Peace for the twilights to come (…) peace for the city in the morning when bread
wakes up…”

The reception was attended by over 1000 people from including prominent guests such as government representatives, diplomatic corps in Bucharest, business leaders, academia, and the media.

The welcoming speech was delivered by European Council on Tourism and Trade President-Professor Dr. Anton Caragea.

Honourable Ministers,

Honourable Members of Parliament,

Excellencies, Members of the Diplomatic Corps,

Colleagues, fellow Europeans and friends of Europe,

Ladies and gentlemen,

Namaste, Salam Alaykum, Good evening, Bonsoir, and a very warm welcome to you all to the 2017 Europe Day celebrations.

First, I would like to express my gratitude to Academicians Mircea Constantinescu and Ionut Costea, Directors of EUROPEAN TOURISM ACADEMY, for kindly agreeing to make available this splendid hall for today’s gathering.

We thought that this year it would be great to bring Europe closer to academicians and professionals and leaders of all walks of life, and to hold our celebrations in this excellent establishment.

Thank you very much to everyone who has worked so hard to make this happen.

Today, 9 May, is Europe Day.

On this day in 1950 Robert Schuman, the French Foreign Minister, called on the nations of Europe to unite and make war on our continent unthinkable.

His message of peace and unity is as relevant as ever.

The dreams of our founding fathers have become a reality, and Europeans live together in peace and prosperity, bound together by principles of democracy and human rights.

Yet, as anyone who follows international news knows, the European Union faces considerable challenges, and I do not want to gloss over these.

But despite all our difficulties the Europe represents the most successful process of regional integration, and remains the richest continent in the world.

In no other place is there so much freedom – freedom to speak our mind, freedom to move, freedom to pray and not to pray, freedom to love, freedom to vote and freedom to choose our own destiny.

Everywhere in the world Europe is a major trading partner, a major investor and we are proudly launching here BEST OF EUROPE/BEST OF WORLD program.

Climate change is another example of Europe prowess and a dear subject to myself as Ambassador for World Protected Areas .

On 22 April 2016, 175 countries signed the Paris Agreement in New York. Fifteen countries deposited their instruments of ratification on the same day sending a signal to the international community on the paramount importance of the implementation of the Agreement.

Our Ambassador office is committed to continue to work closely with all the nations on climate change, not only alongside it in international negotiations, but also as a key partner – providing support for mitigation and adjusting, and on the implementation of the Paris Agreement – the next big challenge.

Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen,

I want to welcome you this evening not only to the Europe Day Reception, but also to our exhibition showcasing our engagement in tourism, trade and development across the world.

With WORLD BEST TOURIST DESTINATION and WORLD CAPITAL OF CULTURE AND TOURISM programs we succeeded in the last ten years to bring over 6 billion euro investments in tourism, development and growth sector in Africa and Asia and we created more than 100.000 jobs in tertiary sectors of all the countries that have being supported by EUROPEAN COUNCIL ON TOURISM AND TRADE and EUROPEAN TOURISM ACADEMY programs.

I would like to thank all our development implementing partners for their contributions to the exhibition and for their efforts.

I hope that everyone will take time to discover the breadth and depth of the EUROPEAN COUNCIL ON TOURISM AND TRADE co-operation with developing world.

I would like to express my gratitude in particular to key partners of ours in this day, as DALI HAUTE PARFUMERIE who offered you not only wonderful gifts but provided you with a symbol of what Europe stand`s for culture like Salvador Dali works and the joy of living embodied by wonderful perfumes and also a word of gratitude to our European Diplomatic Wine`s partners like HOUSE OF PANCIU who unveiled for you the best European sparkling wines and HOUSE OF WINES COTNARI who had offered you the gift of incredible European wines.

A word of gratitude to the 23 masters of pastry and cakes, who created the incredible cakes that we will taste tonight.

I will no longer stay between you and the incredible cake awaiting us!

The event was hosted in the city of Bucharest and included nine pictures by famous Kazakhstan film directors, representative for country high skilled cinema.

The movies brought to Bucharest are “The Way of the Leader a series of four movies about the life and coming to age and political prowess of President of Kazakhstan: Nursultan Nazarbayev. Other movies are the mega production: “Nomad”, “Zheruyik” (Land of Promise), “Zhauzhurek Myn Bala” (The Host of Myn Bala), “Kyz Zhibek” and “Birzhan Sal”.

The opening bell of the Kazakh Movie Festival in Europe has ranged on 27 November 2015.

IRICE President Professor Dr. Anton Caragea and Romanian Parliament Vice-President-Florin Iordache are giving an enthuse ovation to the full hearted speech of Kazakhstan Ambassador-Daulet Batrashev.

Ambassador Daulet Batrashev expressed confidence that the festival would greatly contribute to the development of cultural collaboration and will promote the rapprochement of the Kazakh and Romanian nations.

Professor Dr. Anton Caragea, President of Institute of International Relations and Economic Cooperation, said that the organization of the Festival it is befitting in the context of celebration of the 550th anniversary of the Kazakh Khanate and the Day of the First President of Kazakhstan.

It is by no way a chance that on 1st December, Romania is celebrating here unity day and Kazakhstan is celebrating the Day of the First President, Nursultan Nazarbayev the man who united all the people of Kazakhstan behind his furled banner.

The event was also attended by Zhanna Kuanysheva, a famous actress from Kazakhstan and the young main actor from the Host of Myn Bala-Asylkhan Tolepov.

According Mrs. Zhanna Kuanysheva, the Kazakh Film Studio is currently shooting a number of interesting projects.

Some of them will be showcased during well-known international cinematography contests.

Vice-President of the Romanian Parliament, Mr. Florin Iordache, mentioned that Kazakh Film Festival is a perfect gift from Kazakhstan, on the occasion of the National Day of Romania – December 1.

“The Kazakh Film Festival is an unique event in cultural life of Bucharest”

It is a perfect experience, concluded Parliament Vice-President Iordache.

A good event is marked by a good atmosphere: (in the right corner) Kazakhstan Ambassador speaking with members of Romanian community from Kazakhstan and in the left corner: Professor Dr. Anton Caragea in an amicable exchange with British Ambassador Paul Brummel and his party.

The Festival continues the good traditions of cultural exchange between Kazakhstan and Romania and on 8 December 2015 on the occasion of National Day of Kazakhstan celebrations in Romania, the Embassy of Kazakhstan will host a concert of Kazakhstani violinist Arman Murzagaliyev.

On 24 November 2015, in a special sitting, the members of Chambers of Deputies and Senate of Romania listen to a report delivered by Ambassador of Kazakhstan-Daulet Batrashev on the country ambitious programs of reforms.

H.E. Kazakhstan Ambassador-Daulet Batrashev, IRICE President-Professor Dr. Anton Caragea, Kazakhstan Embassy Counsellor-Yerzhan Bertayev and Professor Dr. Mircea Constantinescu are heading for opening special parliament sitting dedicated to the presentation of President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan program for FIVE REFORMS.

Kazakhstan President-Nursultan Nazarbayev launched in 2015 a set of FIVE REFORMS detailed on 100 STEPS, that will create a powerful Kazakhstan, prepared to confront the world economic crisis, able to overcome challenges of low oil prices and in the same time strong enough to create a modern and inclusive economy, a reformed administration and an abundant society.

In the preparatory séance, the Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies Mr. Florin Iordache welcomed H.E. Ambassador Daulet Batrashev expressing the committment of the Chamber of Deputies to foster the relations with Kazakhstan, to promote bilateral economic relations and to insure the knowledge of Kazakhstan reforms as a world model.

Mr. Florin Iordache-Chamber of Deputies Vice President receives the FIVE REFORMS plan of H.E.President of Kazakhstan-Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Welcoming the Kazakhstan Ambassador, on behalf of the Senate Permanent Committee, Mr. Ioan Chelaru-Vice President of the Romanian Senate underlined the strategic relations and bond uniting Kazakhstan and Romania, a bridge of cooperation and friendship that is exemplary for the exertions of Romania and Kazakhstan diplomacy.

The Romanian Parliament will always analyse and fully appreciate the bold vision of Kazakhstan President.

Mr. Ioan Chelaru-Senate Vice President states his appreciation for Kazakhstan role on international arena and the impressive cultural contribution that Kazakhstan has brought to the world.

H.E. Ambassador Daulet Batrashev declared himself moved by the expression of friendship and solidarity remarked in all the speeches of the senators and deputies attending the event and on the speeches of the Romanian Parliament leaders.

Senate Vice President-Ioan Chelaru congratulates Kazakhstan Ambassador-Daulet Batrashev on a successful and powerful presentation of the FIVE REFORMS implemented on Kazakhstan.

I am sure that: this is an expression of the high esteem for Kazakhstan and for the ambitious vision of H.E. President Nursultan Nazarbayev.

THE FIVE REFORMS AND 100 STEPS are a perfect response to the challenges of economic crisis an instrument to develop our country economy, to modernize our administrative and judicial system and to make Kazakhstan a member of the elite club of 30 most developed nations by 2030.

During an hour-long expose all the provision of H.E. President Nursultan Nazarbayev ambitious reform plans and responded to a session of questions from Romanian MP`s.

The questions concentrated on the different economic aspects, on the preparation stages for World Expo 2017 and regarding the main investment objectives outlined by in the FIVE REFORMS visionary plan.

Kazakhstan Ambassador Daulet Batrashev outlines for the benefit of Romanian MP`s the content of the FIVE REFORMS program: a program that will put Kazakhstan on the top 30 of the world most developed countries.

The open session of the Parliament dedicated to Kazakhstan FIVE REFORMS by President Nursultan Nazarbayev was concluded with the speech of Professor dr. Anton Caragea-President General Director of Institute of International Relations and Economic Cooperation.

IRICE President remarked the fact that: Kazakhstan diplomats and personalities become regular guests on the rostrum of the parliament.

What ever the government or the parliamentary majority, the friendship with Kazakhstan remains a permanence and a priority because the Romanian people itself are feeling a deep connection with the people of Kazakhstan.

Everybody wants a photo with Kazakhstan Ambassador !

This time in the center: Senator Eugen Tapu Nazare, President of the Parliament Committee on Economy, Industry and Services.

Today we have gathered here, in the temple of Romanian high politics and democracy: The Parliament, in order to acknowledge o a document of real world significance-the FIVE REFORMS by President Nursultan Nazarbayev concluded Professor Dr. Anton Caragea.

Your Excellencies,

Dear friends!

This is a highly symbolic year for all citizens of my country.

It was exactly 550 years ago, in the center of the Eurasian continent, that our ancestors founded the Kazakh Khanate, a great creation of the nomadic civilization.

It was the starting point in the centuries-long nationhood of our people, which has found its fullest expression in the modern country named Kazakhstan.

As our head of the state, Nursultan Nazarbayev has written: “Assessing Kazakh history, we must abandon the many stereotypes and instead understand properly what aspects of traditional Kazakh society have ‘imprinted’ themselves into our modern nation.”

It is this centuries-long period of the history of our country that laid the foundation not only of our modern state but also of our multi-vector foreign policy.

The Kazakh Khanate was not, of course, the first chapter in the history of the Kazakh people.

It was heir to the Great Steppe empires – the Turkic Kaganate (of the 6th to 8th centuries) and Eke Mongol Ulus (the Great Empire of Genghis Khan).

However, their origins and development can be traced much further back in time.

The ancient history of the Great Eurasian steppe zone is primarily a history of militant nomadic tribes.

The current territory of Kazakhstan were lands inhabited by Iranian-speaking and Turkic-speaking tribes: the Saka, Kangly, Usuns and Huns.

These ethnic groups had to permanently overcome the twists and turns of war, established diplomatic relations, concluded trade agreements, struck political and military alliances, to extend permanently the territorial framework for the future Kazakh state of today.

Even in the second half of the 5th century BC the man known as the Father of History, the Greek author Herodotus described the vast eastern country of Scythia, which would be also known as “the country of Saka people”.

Ancient Persian sources placed Saka, the population of Great Steppe, to the north of the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers.

The Saka civilization to the west was in contact with the Ancient Greeks and to the east with the Chinese.

The Silk Road was crossing the heartland of Kazakh Khanate

To the south, the Saka’s nomadic country of Turan bordered Iran, the land of Indo-Aryan people.

It was this era when the Silk Road, the trade artery linking the early civilizations of East and West first began to emerge.

We also saw the rise of the first political entities within the present territory of Kazakhstan.

Some historians cite Zoroastrianism’s sacred book of Avesta to point to a state named Kangkha in the midstream of the Syrdarya River around the 7th and 6th centuries BC.

According to ancient Chinese document, the Book of Han, roughly the same areas were occupied in the 2nd century BC by the State ofKangyui.

A successor to the political traditions of the Saka tribes, covering roughly the lands of modern-day southeastern Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan, was the State ofUsun.

The arrival of the Great Empire of Huns signaled a milestone in the ethnic, cultural and political development of the people of this land.

In the middle of the 6th century, a decisive role in the development of language, culture and the worldview of the tribes inhabiting Kazakhstan was played by the Turk Empire or Turkic Kaganate (referred to in written sources as “Turkic El”), a major power of the Early Middle Age.

The first kagans’ policies were so in tune with the interests of all Turkic tribes that the limits of their authority quickly expanded as far as the Black Sea in the west and the Great Wall of China in the east.

Based on authoritative historical sources, President Nazarbayev has written, “The first Turkic Empire (552-603) was part of the system of political and economic relations between Byzantium, Iran and China.

President Nursultan Nazarbayev has succeeded in putting in the center of the modern Kazakhstan the values of history and tradition

In its heyday, the Turkic Empire stretched from Manchuria to the Gulf of Kerch and from the Yenisei River to the Amu Darya. Therefore Turkic Kagans became the creators of the first Eurasian empire”.

According to both medieval and modern historians, the Turkic states were the direct successors of the Hun Empire.

The Turks, drawing on the achievements of western and eastern nations, created a distinctive culture with its own writing system, the so-called Orkhon-Yenisei runic script.

Being at the crossroads of different religions, such as Tengrism, Christianity, and Buddhism, the Turkic Kaganate also played a huge role in their subsequent development.

Following the collapse of the Turkic Kaganate, a series of new ethno-political unions of Turkic tribes emerged one after another.

In the area of the Irtysh River, the State of Kimaks appeared in the late 8th century.

Its fall was caused by a powerful wave of migration from the east and in the middle of the 9th century began the rise of Kypchaks.

Eventually they occupied much of Eurasia’s Great Steppe, with its borders stretching from the Irtysh to the west as far as the Danube’s mouth, with the entire area labeled in Arabic and Persian sources of the period as Desht-i Kypchak (or the Kypchak Steppe).

In Russian sources, the Kypchaks were called Polovtsy and European ones named them Kumans or Kuns.

During the 12th and 13th centuries in Desht-i Kypchak there was a migration of large masses of the population.

The Kypchak confederation was a set of clans and tribes, brought together by both military and economic factors and from which the cultural and linguistic unity of the people gradually emerged.

The fundamental transformation of political and cultural values, economic and ethnic components of Eurasian political entities came in the 13th century after the unification of the entire nomadic Central Asian peoples under the Mongol Empire or Horde led by Genghis Khan.

This emerged following the Supreme congress of nomadic tribes or QURULTAY – in 1206.

Kazakhstan Ambassador-Daulet Batrashev presents a detailed outline of the importance and significance of 550 years of Kazakhstan history

Renowned early 20th century Russian historian of Central Asia Vasily Bartold highlighted the deep connections between the Turkic Kaganate and Genghis Khan’s Empire.

According to him, the numerically dominant Turkic-speaking tribes gradually assimilated the core group of Mongolian-speaking warriors in central parts of the Eurasian plains to shape new state entities in the Great Steppe.

Another milestone event for the future of the Kazakh Khanate was the partition of the empire of Genghis Khan into several smaller informal states.

Among them, perhaps the largest was the Golden Horde (Altyn Orda) managed by the descendants of his eldest son Juchi.

The Golden Horde was the first centralized state in post-Mongol period that included most of the modern Kazakhstan’s territories.

Initially part of the Mongol Empire, it was under the control of Genghis Khan’s grandson, Batu (1242-1256), who behaved essentially as an independent ruler.

The key principles of nomadic statehood, which were laid in the foundation of the Golden Horde, were relevant for several other political entities, which developed from Genghis Khan’s descendants in the Great Steppe including the White Horde, the Abulkhair Khanate, Moghulistan, and eventually, the Kazakh Khanate.

Unlike in the previous era, each of these had a number of important features as they emerged largely or exclusively on the territory of modern Kazakhstan.

They had similar political structures and far-reaching similarities in their economic and cultural development.

In addition, they had common dynastic origin, sharing the tradition derived from Gengis Khan and his descendants of the exclusive right of authority.

In the broader historical context, the remarkable civilization of the Great Eurasian Steppe in the medieval period left its imprint on the development of many of its neighbors too including Iran, China, India, Byzantium, Russia and the countries of Eastern Europe.

It was on the basis of the nomadic civilization that the Kazakh people’s first formalized state emerged and on which the best traditions and accomplishments of political, economic, social and cultural development of the peoples inhabiting the lands of modern-day Kazakhstan are now based.

The new state’s very name – theKazakh Khanate – confirmed the emergence of a new and hitherto unknown political entity in the 15th century’s historical arena.

The 16th century Central Asian historian Mirza Mohammed Haydar Dulati reported that the Kazakh Khanate was formed in autumn 1465 in the valleys of rivers Chu and Talas in the modern Zhambyl Region in South and South-Eastern Kazakhstan.

This followed the migration of numerous tribes led by the sultans Kerei and Zhanibek that rebelled against the despotic rule of Abulkhair Khan from the rival dynastic branch of Shaibanids.

With the consolidation of the new state, a centralized system of political authority was established in the Great Steppe.

The fall of the Shaybanid dynasty cleared the path for the establishment of Kazakh Khanate and for three centuries of stability in Central Asia under the kazakh control.

Legislative and executive powers were concentrated in the hands of a supreme ruler – Khan, who also performed the duties of a military commander.

The executive and legislative powers of Khan were regulated by such legislative acts of the Kazakhs as the QASYM KHANNYN QASQA ZHOLY (Kassym Khan’s Trodden Path), ESIM KHANNYN ESKI ZHOLY (Esim Khan’s Old Path), and ZHETI ZHARGY (Seven Laws).

These were official documents that regulated public policy and society’s functioning in general.

In turn, these laws were based on the centuries-old customs and traditions of the people.

These codes shaped the public administration of the Kazakh State and defined the concept of “Steppe Democracy.”

The Kazakh society had the right to openly regulate the complicated issues of domestic and foreign policy by electing judges – BIYS, who represented the people’s interests.

A special role in strengthening the Kazakh Khanate, promoting the idea of unity and spreading its message to the people as a whole was played by spiritual leaders – storytellers – ZHYRAUS and AKYNS, as well as musicians – KUISHI.

Through their works, they raised issues such as the power and responsibility of the KHANS, BIYS, and BATYRS (knights) in securing the independence of the people.

They also drew attention to the importance of foreign policy and international relations, as well as educating the younger generation.

Founded in 1465, the Kazakh Khanate over two and a half centuries evolved. Its economic, political and cultural policies developed and strengthened.

Timely changes helped strengthen the national spirit of the Kazakh people.

In the 16th century, the Kazakh Khanate was already known throughout much of Eurasia.

According to the renowned Russian scholars Vladimir Dahl and Nikolay Baskakov, the ethnic name of “Kazakh” has Turkic origins.

In old Turkic sources the concept of “qazaqlyq” was used as a symbol of freedom and the free way of life.

As Baskakov noted, all interpretations of the word “Kazakh” are related to each other and have common roots, which mean an “independent person”.

He wrote, “the same meaning is associated with the name of Turkic nationality – Kazakhs – and it means a free and independent nomad”.

The early 16th century source known as Zayn ad-Din Vasifi’s “Badai Al-wakai” labelled the lands ruled by Kazakh khans as “Kazakhstan”.

The map drawn in 1562 based on information collected by the English traveller and diplomat Anthony Jenkinson – the envoy in Moscow for the English Queens Mary and later Elizabeth the First named the vast land between “Tashkent” in the south and “Siberia” in the north as “Cassackia”.

The greatest political prominence and territorial expansion of the Kazakh Khanate was under the reigns of Khan Qasym who ruled between 1511 and 1523 and later Khan Khak-Nazar who ruled between 1538 and 1580.

During these periods, the Kazakh khans pursued active, independent domestic and foreign policies.

They ruled the lands between the Caspian Sea to the Altay Mountains, an area quite similar in its shape to the outline of modern Kazakhstan.

Already during this period, foreign policy was determined by a number of important directions, or vectors, which would find their continuation later.

It was during this time, for instance, that early diplomatic relations were established with Russia.

By the 17th century, the process of forming a single nation was generally complete.

As a result, all Turkic and non-Turkic tribes of Central Asia, ruled by the Kazakh Khanate, consolidated into an entity known as Kazakhs.

Ethnic traditions, customs, a common religion, language and culture were established.

The Kazakh Khanate’s rulers and their people fought hard to preserve the integrity of their national territory.

It was only through the unity of the Kazakh people that external aggression, civil strife and separatist tendencies of individual rulers could be overcome.

We must not also forget the Steppe diplomacy that successfully operated across the vast lands of Eurasia.

The Kazakh Khanate gradually but confidently emerged as an independent force in international relations.

The Kazakh State rulers carried out their foreign policy by diplomatic activity based on rules drawn up from their practical experiences of negotiations with representative of other states.

Only a nation with genes of peacefulness, good-neighbourliness and tolerance in its blood could have safeguarded such a vast territory through the art of diplomacy.

These have become the principles of a multi-vector policy, balance and pragmatism of contemporary Kazakh diplomacy.

The Kazakh Khanate’s history was, however, cut short by a number of negative factors.

In particular, military forces were depleted as a result of the bloody defensive wars of 17th and 18th centuries against a powerful nomadic Empire of the Jungars and the parallel expansion of a new dominant power in Eurasia – the Russian Empire.

It was the Russian Empire, which eventually incorporated lands of the Kazakh khanate – partly voluntarily, partly conquered by force of European weaponry, in the 130 years between 1731 and 1865.

Then followed a controversial, although not a totally negative, period of development under the rule of Russian Tsars.

In the early 20th century, when Russia faced a wave of revolutionary democratic activism, a fresh impetus for Kazakh statehood came from the activities of a new generation of Kazakh intellectuals.

This resulted in formation of the short-lived government of ALASH ORDA, with Alash being a synonym of the name Kazakh.

The All-Kazakh Congress, held in Orenburg city in 1917, created a territorial and national autonomy “Alash” embracing a number of regions with Kazakh population.

All executive powers were passed to the Temporary National Council of Alash Orda, which consisted of 25 members and was led by the eminent statesman, liberal politician, and true patriot Alikhan Bukeykhanov.

Assessing the significance of those events, President Nursultan Nazarbayev in his book “In the Stream of History” wrote that through the Government of Alash Orda: “The Kazakh nation obtained a real chance to reach its primary objective of recreating a national statehood.

However, the peaceful development of events was interrupted by a new crisis in the Russian society, which led to the establishment of a dictatorship of the Bolshevik party”.

Nevertheless, these new socio-political realities led to Kazakhstan having a chance to recapture some form of nationhood.

Milestone events in this process were the creation of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Republic in 1920 and of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936.

However, the truth is that autonomous Kazakh statehood existed only formally.

In reality, there was limited sovereignty and a significant dependence of its authorities first on the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later on the Soviet Union’s leadership.

This all changed with the independence that Kazakhstan gained in 1991, which saw a new stage of Kazakh statehood.

This heralded dynamic political, economic, social and cultural development.

People throughout the world are now aware of our nation’s achievements during this period.

They include the move of our nation’s capital, hosting the OSCE Summit in Astana and the Congresses of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions, the triumph of our Olympic team in London 2012, and winning the right to host the EXPO 2017 in Astana.

The events are part of a two months awareness campaign, carved out by Romanian authorities, in the honor of the partnership between Romania and Kazakhstan.

The campaign includes a series of conference, documentary film presentation and cultural activities and will be crowned out with a special journal publication, dedicated to the celebration of Kazakhstan remarkable history started 550 years ago.

The paraphernalia, marking the birth of Kazakhstan Khanate in 1465, kicked off in the formal royal capital of Romania: the medieval architectural and historical cluster city of Targoviste.

In the attendance of the CONFERENCE ON 550 YEARS OF KAZAKHSTAN HISTORY AND STATEHOOD where: the political leadership of the county, the prefect apparatus and the academic and scholar community of Targoviste.

Kazakhstan Ambassador-Daulet Batrashev receieve`s a warm welcome from the Valahia University leaders.

The representatives of Romanian government and political and academic community were headed by Professor Dr. Anton Caragea –President Director General of Institute of International Relations and Economic Cooperation.

H.E.Daulet Batrashev-Kazakhstan Ambassador was welcomed on the premises by Mr. Calin Oros, Rector of Targoviste University and by Mrs. Gabriela Teodorescu-Vice-Chancellor of the University and the leaders of research institute and cultural and political science institutions of Romania.

Rector Calin Oros opened the Conference on 550 Years of Kazakhstan History by expressing his gratitude for the Embassy of Kazakhstan and for Romanian officials for choosing Targoviste, medieval capital of Romania in 1465, as the celebration stage for Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan is today an exemplary country on economic achievements and cultural promotion.

Kazakhstan 550 years of celebration are a proof that the Central Asian country has reached not only economic power house status, but also the historical and political self-awareness status, reconnecting herself with history and tradition, concluded Targoviste university Rector Calin Oros.

H.E.Ambassador Daulet Batrashev presented afterwards a long and detailed presentation of Kazakhstan history from the first proto-states of medieval time to Genghis Khan Empire and to the crowning moment of 1465-the establishment of Kazakhs Khanate.

It was the starting point in the centuries-long national historical journey of our people, which has found its fullest expression in the modern country named Kazakhstan.

Describing the significance of the 1465 moment for Kazakhstan, Ambassador Daulet Batrashev noted: As our head of the state, Nursultan Nazarbayev has written: “Assessing Kazakh history, we must abandon the many stereotypes and instead understand properly what aspects of traditional Kazakh society have ‘imprinted’ themselves into our modern nation.”

In replay to the Kazakhstan Ambassador allocution, Professor Dr. Anton Caragea- IRICE President noted that: Kazakhstan is today a beckon of cultural prowess in central Asia region, is an example for the world in building an inclusive democratic system and a perfect economic mechanism, sharing benefit and prosperity across the nation.

In his historical presentation, Professor Dr. Anton Caragea highlighted the constructive role of Kazakh Khanate in preserving Silk Road economic importance, in insuring political stability in the Central Asian region for three centuries.

The Romanian political and diplomatic elite had watched selections from the historical documentary: Leader of the Turkic World, produced by the Kazakhstan Presidency Film Office.

Concluding the day-long conference dedicated to Kazakhstan, Mrs. Gabriela Teodorescu-Vice Chancellor, marked the moment as the most impressive historical and cultural conference, ever held in Romanian medieval capital of Targoviste.

The delegates of Romanian parliament, government and academic community led by Professor Dr. Anton Caragea and the Kazakhstan Embassy delegation, lead by Ambassador Daulet Batrashev where invited for a tour of the medieval city.

The opening of the Kazakhstan 550 years celebration, in Romanian medieval capital of Targoviste, was considered by all present as the perfect coronation of the Romanian-Kazakhstan friendship and a perfect bridge over time binding together Europe and Central Asia.

Kazakhstan is the main partner of Romania in Central Asian region and a privileged partner of strategic importance.

In September and October 2015, Kazakhstan will celebrate 550 year of national history, started from 1465, with the start of the national state construction, with the sultans Kerey and Zhanibek.

From this starting moment, Kazakh state become for 200 years, the unchallenged leader of Silk Road, a position that put under Kazakh state control, the fabulous financial reserves of this legendary trade road.

The decision to celebrate this fundamental historic moment for Central Asia, belonged to the President of Kazakhstan-Nursultan Nazarbayev and was adverted from 2014, together with the launch of the national construction program -Nurly Zhol.

Subsequently, 2015 become the year when Kazakhstan started to anchor himself to his long history, and 1465 become a water-shade moment, used to educate the Kazakh nation in the spirit of national pride and statehood spirit.

Hitherto, with a history started from 1465, Kazakhstan has become one of the longest surviving states of the area, a beacon of stability in Central Asia.

Romanian political, academic and diplomatic elite, decided to celebrate this important event in the history of our strategic partner-Kazakhstan, with an all-encompassing conference, that will be held in Romanian medieval capital-Targoviste.

The city of Targoviste is one of the main university centers of Romania, the second historical capital and in 1465 was the capital of then Romanian Principality, as the state was named then.

Based on this rationale`s, The President Director General of Institute of International Relations and Economic Cooperation-Professor Dr. Anton Caragea has decided that this will be the perfect place to mark down the historical moment of 550 years historical celebrations of Kazakhstan and Romania.

We must also mention that: Targoviste City is inscribed in the diplomatic program Discover Romania! program destined to diplomatically outline the historical and cultural potential of Romania.

The 6 October conference, held under the banner of KAZAKHSTAN: 550 YEARS OF HISTORY AND STATEHOOD, will benefit from the presence of academic and political leaders of Romania, will be broadcasted at the television and is the first such conference in Romanian diplomatic life.

Breaking News

On 15 July 2016 H.E. Professor Dr. Anton Caragea has received his official nomination as GLOBAL AMBASSADOR OF TOURISM in addition to the 2014 appointment as GOODWILL AMBASSADOR FOR WORLD PROTECTED AREAS AND NATURAL PARKS
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The Kingdom of Cambodia had received the official visit of Professor Dr. Anton Caragea high-ranking delegation in a joint effort to boost the friendship and dialogue on international stage.

The visit was inscribed in the bilateral decision to uphold the rapid development of the cultural, trade, economic and political ties.
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Between 22 May and 29 May 2015, H.E.Professor Dr. Anton Caragea has lead an official Monitoring Mission for Kazakhstan Early Presidential Elections
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Between 28 May and 7 June 2014 H.E.Professor Dr. Anton Caragea has lead an official European delegation to Republic of Zimbabwe and had assisted to World Best Tourist Destination Ward Ceremony for 2014.
H.E. Professor Dr. Anton Caragea was congratulated for his instrumental role in promoting Zimbabwe candidature for hosting World Best Tourist Destination for 2014.

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Between 25 November to 2 December 2013 H.E. Professor Dr. Anton Caragea was invited for an official working visit to United Arab Emirates on the occasion of the 42 anniversary of UAE National Day.
H.E. Professor Dr. Anton Caragea was congratulated for his instrumental role in promoting Dubai candidature for World Expo 2020.
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Between 30 October to 4 November 2013 His Excellency Professor Dr. Anton Caragea has being invited by Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan to attend Baku International Humanitarian Forum 2013

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