Natural resource

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Resources that exist without actions of humankind

"Primary resource" redirects here. For original sources used in research, see Primary source.

The rainforest in Fatu-Hiva, in the Marquesas Islands, is an example of an undisturbed natural resource. Forest provides timber for humans, food, water and shelter for the flora and fauna tribes and animals. The nutrient cycle between organisms form food chains and biodiversity of species.

The Carson Fall in Mount Kinabalu, Malaysia is an example of undisturbed natural resource. Waterfalls provide spring water for humans, animals and plants for survival and also habitat for marine organisms. The water current can be used to turn turbines for hydroelectric generation.

The ocean is an example of a natural resource. Ocean waves can be used to generate wave power, a renewable energy. Ocean water is important for salt production, desalination, and providing habitat for deep water fishes. There are biodiversity of marine species in the sea where nutrient cycles are common.

Natural resources are resources that exist without actions of humankind. This includes all valued characteristics such as magnetic, gravitational, electrical properties and forces, etc. On Earth it includes sunlight, atmosphere, water, land (includes all minerals) along with all vegetation, crops and animal life that naturally subsists upon or within the previously identified characteristics and substances.[1][2][3][4]

Particular areas such as the rainforest in Fatu-Hiva are often characterized by the biodiversity and geodiversity existent in their ecosystems. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, air, and as well as any living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, rare-earth elements, petroleum, and most forms of energy.

Transcription

Hi, Jeff Launton here,
and this is early morning Zaytuna Farm,
in the rainy season, we've
definitely got cloud cover.
I'm going to show you what we can do
with just a small herd of cows,
sell grazing through a complex
permaculture designed system.
So let's go and have a look.
We are setting up a temporary fence.
We're in summer, we got good rains,
extreme growth, and we've got a complex,
curved patterned landscape,
and it's difficult to fence,
but if we go round with electric fence,
and we got temporary
treading post like this
it's a lot, lot, easier.
And here we've got some
recycled inner tube,
we've just cut rings off
a scrap car inner tube,
we get 'em for free, and
we've tensioned the fence
in the corner against
a clump of bamboo here.
So we've got kind of
spring loaded fencing.
Now we've got a lane way here,
and we've hooked up to the lane way,
and we've got what we call bag up cells
for the nursery, which we use for
the milking cows after
they've been milked,
we give 'em half an hour to
three quarters of an hour
to bag up with extra milk
before we release their calves
which have been penned up over night,
'cause it just means they
can put on some extra milk
before the hungry calves
come and hit 'em up.
But at this time of year
we've got so much growth
we can graze it off
with a herd of beef cows,
plus our dairy cows.
Here's the end of our fence.
And we're just hooked up here
to our electric lane way.
It's actually hard steel
wire at the bottom,
and it's just a placebo
white tape at the top.
Not electrified.
And from here the end of
out temporary fence goes off
keeping to cows off the food for us
we're just working on,
but that'll open up this drain,
which will need to be operating well soon
because the big rains are coming.
So they'll clean that drain,
they'll clean around that polytunnel,
and then they'll also clean
the inside of the swale.
So it's all linked up,
this is linked up between
the small paddocks, which
we call the bag up cells,
to the lane way, coming round to a gate
right by the dairy, and they're
in one of the bag up cells,
they've been in the
yesterday and last night,
and they're complaining,
they've run out of feed,
they really want to get in
amongst some better growth.
And right here, what a
lot of permaculture people
need to realize is, you
can design a system,
and graze the inside of the swales.
Now, in this climate swales
can get pretty overgrown
at this time of year, when
we've got a warm temperatures
and our good rains, this is subtropics,
so we have wet summers, warm wet summers.
Now, we need to clear out
any choking of these swales
at this time of year,
because big rains are coming
and we can graze it
off and fill it full of
cattle manure nutrients.
And we can still pull 'em
into the lane way at night
and gather all their night manure
in a convenient way.
So we're using our cows to graze, clear,
they're benefiting from the event,
but we're also moving 'em at night
to a small area that
they get used to that,
and they'll actually drop all
their manure in one place.
So, here we can easily
go around and pick it up.
Now, we've got a blue bin a bit further up
near our dairy, and we're capturing about
400 liters of manure every week.
That's very, very good
for growing systems.
Now, just a quick look along here,
because it's all going to change,
and I'll document it over the next day,
maybe two days maximum.
Our guys are just finishing fencing.
All done guys?
-All done.
-Yep.
[Jeff] Ready to let 'em out?
So we're actually coming up against
another grazing system next door,
there's Muscovy ducks and an electric net.
So we got duck maintained
swale on this side,
and our electric net nearly comes right up
against our temporary electric fence.
And the Muscovy ducks, which
are actually genetically
really geese, 'cause they do graze,
like geese graze.
They've just started work on this section.
But at this end, they've just moved.
This looked exactly the same
about 10 days, two weeks ago.
We've cleaned it up a bit,
and we've inter planted it
with a buffering of trees.
What we've really done,
is we've used the ducks to
favor the plants we want
and disfavor the plants we don't want,
so it's literally gone from that,
which looks nice and in control,
from that.
That weedy looking food forest there,
is exactly what this looked like
less than two weeks ago lets say.
Here's our reels, these
are our electric reels,
they're hooked up on the fence there,
nothing's on at the moment.
Everybody's being well behaved.
We've got a lot of Singapore daisy here,
I grow it as a ground cover,
perennial ground cover.
Daisy's being high in calcium,
are very good for the animals.
Also, we have a lot of
hangover mulberry here,
so I'm sure they're going
to get the mulberry,
and they'll prune it off.
But they'll manure the mulberry.
Here we have ice cream bean.
They're definitely going to eat that.
Only the bits they can reach.
We'll show you the event as it happens,
and right now, we're ready to release
the animals into action.
Here you go girls, well girls and one guy.
There they go, they're gone
straight down to swale.
They're very happy.
They love this section,
and we've got arrowroot
all along the fence,
they're going to chew all that off.
And their nutrient rich manure'll
be dropping in that swale,
and then when we get good rain,
that'll dilute and flood all
the way through the swale.
So there you go, I'll keep
you posted with the cows,
I'll keep you posted with the ducks.
I just want to show you different ways
you can work to set up and work with,
and put animals to work,
and put systems to work,
and put plants to work,
in a way that the
elements that you assemble
create a permanent system
that goes on indefinitely.

Classification

There are various methods of categorizing natural resources, these include source of origin, stage of development, and by their renewability.

On the basis of origin, natural resources may be divided into two types:

Biotic — Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere (living and organic material), such as forests and animals, and the materials that can be obtained from them. Fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they are formed from decayed organic matter.

Considering their stage of development, natural resources may be referred to in the following ways:

Potential resources — Potential resources are those that may be used in the future—for example, petroleum in sedimentary rocks that, until drilled out and put to use remains a potential resource

Actual resources — Those resources that have been surveyed, quantified and qualified and, are currently used—development, such as wood processing, depends on technology and cost

Reserve resources — The part of an actual resource that can be developed profitably in the future

Stock resources — Those that have been surveyed, but cannot be used due to lack of technology—for example, hydrogen

On the basis of recovery rate, natural resources can be categorized as follows:

Renewable resources — Renewable resources can be replenished naturally.There are some of these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, water, etc. are continuously available and their quantities are not noticeably affected by human consumption. Though many renewable resources do not have such rapid recovery rate, these resources are susceptible to depletion by over-use. Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption. They replenish easily compared to Non-renewable resources.

Non-renewable resources – Non-renewable resources either form slowly or do not naturally form in the environment. Minerals are the most common resource included in this category. From the human perspective, resources are non-renewable when their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment/recovery; a good example of this are fossil fuels, which are in this category because their rate of formation is extremely slow (potentially millions of years), meaning they are considered non-renewable. Some resources actually naturally deplete in amount without human interference, the most notable of these being radio-active elements such as uranium, which naturally decay into heavy metals. Of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them,[5] but coal and petroleum cannot be recycled.[6] Once they are completely used they take millions of years to replenish.

Extraction

Resource extraction involves any activity that withdraws resources from nature. This can range in scale from the traditional use of preindustrial societies, to global industry. Extractive industries are, along with agriculture, the basis of the primary sector of the economy. Extraction produces raw material, which is then processed to add value. Examples of extractive industries are hunting, trapping, mining, oil and gas drilling, and forestry. Natural resources can add substantial amounts to a country's wealth,[7] however, a sudden inflow of money caused by a resource boom can create social problems including inflation harming other industries ("Dutch disease") and corruption, leading to inequality and underdevelopment, this is known as the "resource curse".

Extractive industries represent a large growing activity in many less-developed countries but the wealth generated does not always lead to sustainable and inclusive growth. People often accuse extractive industry businesses as acting only to maximize short-term value, implying that less-developed countries are vulnerable to powerful corporations. Alternatively, host governments are often assumed to be only maximizing immediate revenue. Researchers argue there are areas of common interest where development goals and business cross. These present opportunities for international governmental agencies to engage with the private sector and host governments through revenue management and expenditure accountability, infrastructure development, employment creation, skills and enterprise development and impacts on children, especially girls and women.[8] A strong civil society can play an important role in ensuring effective management of natural resources. Norway can serve as a role model in this regard as it has good institutions and open and dynamic public debate with strong civil society actors that provide an effective checks and balances system for government's management of extractive industries.[9]

Depletion of resources

Wind is a natural resource that can be used to generate electricity, as with these 5 MW wind turbines in Thorntonbank Wind Farm 28 km (17 mi) off the coast of Belgium.

In recent years, the depletion of natural resources has become a major focus of governments and organizations such as the United Nations (UN). This is evident in the UN's Agenda 21 Section Two, which outlines the necessary steps for countries to take to sustain their natural resources.[10] The depletion of natural resources is considered a sustainable development issue.[11] The term sustainable development has many interpretations, most notably the Brundtland Commission's 'to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs',[12] however in broad terms it is balancing the needs of the planet's people and species now and in the future.[10] In regards to natural resources, depletion is of concern for sustainable development as it has the ability to degrade current environments[13] and potential to impact the needs of future generations.[11]

"The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem, it will avail us little to solve all others."

Depletion of natural resources is associated with social inequity. Considering most biodiversity are located in developing countries,[15] depletion of this resource could result in losses of ecosystem services for these countries.[16] Some view this depletion as a major source of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations.[17]

At present, there is particular concern for rainforest regions that hold most of the Earth's biodiversity.[18] According to Nelson[19] deforestation and degradation affect 8.5% of the world's forests with 30% of the Earth's surface already cropped. If we consider that 80% of people rely on medicines obtained from plants and ​3⁄4 of the world's prescription medicines have ingredients taken from plants,[16] loss of the world's rainforests could result in a loss of finding more potential life saving medicines.[20]

The depletion of natural resources is caused by 'direct drivers of change'[19] such as Mining, petroleum extraction, fishing and forestry as well as 'indirect drivers of change' such as demography (e.g. population growth), economy, society, politics and technology.[19] The current practice of Agriculture is another factor causing depletion of natural resources. For example, the depletion of nutrients in the soil due to excessive use of nitrogen[19] and desertification.[10]
The depletion of natural resources is a continuing concern for society. This is seen in the cited quote given by Theodore Roosevelt, a well-known conservationist and former United States president, who was opposed to unregulated natural resource extraction.

Protection

In 1982, the United Nations developed the World Charter for Nature, which recognized the need to protect nature from further depletion due to human activity. It states that measures must be taken at all societal levels, from international to individual, to protect nature. It outlines the need for sustainable use of natural resources and suggests that the protection of resources should be incorporated into national and international systems of law.[21] To look at the importance of protecting natural resources further, the World Ethic of Sustainability, developed by the IUCN, WWF and the UNEP in 1990,[22] set out eight values for sustainability, including the need to protect natural resources from depletion. Since the development of these documents, many measures have been taken to protect natural resources including establishment of the scientific field and practice of conservation biology and habitat conservation, respectively.

Management

Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants, and animals—with a particular focus on how management affects quality of life for present and future generations. Hence, sustainable development is followed according to judicial use of resources to supply both the present generation and future generations.

Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right to use the resources, and who does not, for defining the boundaries of the resource.[30] The resources may be managed by the users according to the rules governing of when and how the resource is used depending on local condition[31] or the resources may be managed by a governmental organization or other central authority.[32]

A "...successful management of natural resources depends on freedom of speech, a dynamic and wide-ranging public debate through multiple independent media channels and an active civil society engaged in natural resource issues...",[33] because of the nature of the shared resources the individuals who are affected by the rules can participate in setting or changing them.[30] The users have rights to devise their own management institutions and plans under the recognition by the government. The right to resources includes land, water, fisheries and pastoral rights.[31] The users or parties accountable to the users have to actively monitor and ensure the utilisation of the resource compliance with the rules and to impose penalty on those peoples who violates the rules.[30] These conflicts are resolved in a quick and low cost manner by the local institution according to the seriousness and context of the offence.[31] The global science-based platform to discuss natural resources management is the World Resources Forum, based in Switzerland.

^Salvati L and Marco Z 2008 Natural resource depletion and economic performance of local districts: suggestions from a within-country analysis Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology. 15(6): 518–523