Drone Laying Queen or Laying Workers?

So
you have a problem - What problem is it?

Laying
workers will sometimes lay the eggs on the side of the cell rather than at the
bottom – for the simple reason that their abdomen is not long enough to get all
the way down. Also it is common that multiple eggs are laid when laying workers
are present. Laying workers also tend to lay in a random pattern rather than
the usual brood pattern that a queen will lay in.

A
drone laying queen will lay drones because either she didn’t mate properly, has
been damaged in some way or she has run out of sperm. An old queen is likely to
start laying more and more drones as the sperm runs out and often the bees will
construct queencells as they know something is wrong.

Drone
laying workers will usually not start for some time after the absence of a
queen. The reason for this is that brood itself produces a pheromone that
inhibits the development of worker bee ovaries so if the colony is able to generate a queen it is unlikely that laying workers will be there. The presence of a virgin queen, even if she has not mated for several
weeks, shouldn't result in laying workers. A test frame of brood with eggs and young larvae from a disease free colony will confirm the presence of a queen and will also reduce the likelihood of laying workers if there is no queen.

Colony
history, (how old is that queen?) behaviour and the examination of the colony will in many cases
identify if there is a queen present.

An area of polished cells where the brood would usually be indicates that a queen is present and not yet laying. A ratty queenless colony can become calm once laying workers are present - in a similar way that a queenless colony will become calm once a queen has been introduced.

What to do?

1)
If a drone laying queen is present then she can be found and removed. The colony can be united
with another which has a good queen or a queen or queencell can be introduced. If there is just some drone brood; i.e. there are worker eggs present, the colony has the ability to raise a queen itself from a worker egg and they often try to do this anyway. Another option if you want to breed from a different strain is to remove the queen, cut out all queencells after one week and then put in a frame of brood (with eggs) so the bees can rear a queen from the donor.

2)
If you suspect laying workers then introduction of a queen will probably not work as she almost certainly be rejected i.e. killed. A comb of brood (including eggs) per week has been
recommended however it can take 3 weeks before a queencell will be started; you then have 2 weeks before virgin is present and 2 - 3 weeks typically before she starts laying - a long time to wait and may well not be worth it. The pheromone from the brood
will stop the laying workers and the eggs will encourage one or severalqueencells to be produced. Uniting a drone
laying colony to a queenright one by, say, the newspaper methodis not often recommended unless it is small.

Many
recommendations are to shake the bees out in front of a good queenright hive
one evening and this has worked for me on several occasions - for example if a nuc loses a queen. It will always
have a better chance of working if the queenright hive is bigger and stronger than the ‘bad’
hive. I have also shaken out bees in front of several hives so I strengthen all
of them. The worry is that the good queen could be killed if overwhelmed by a
large party of drone layers so splitting helps here.

Usually
by the time we discover and confirm that we have a drone laying problem the
comb is pretty bad so there is no need to retain the comb which has been ruined
by a large amount of drone cells. We don’t want to rear a massive number of
drones necessarily so the drone brood can be discarded once the bees have
been shaken off. (Remember that sealed drone brood is a good varroa trap).

Note
that the hive that had the drone problem should be removed after the bees are
shaken out as otherwise some of the flying bees will return to it the next day.
The younger bees, that have not yet ventured out of the hive, will in any event
stay in the hive they are dumped in front of.

One method that is generally suggested in books is to shake the bees out of their hive 50 or 100 metres away. So the theory goes, the flying bees (which won't be drone
layers) will return to the apiary and find their way to another nearby hive.
The younger bees which might contain the drone layers, will
perish. However laying workers CAN fly. In any event a colony with laying workers is a pain in the neck and is often hardly worth rescuing.