Entry in bibliography

Citations of websites are usually omitted from the bibliography, however they should be included if they form a critical part of your research, or if they are frequently cited. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.

Style notes

Titles of individual specific pages should be in quotation marks. Titles of websites as whole should appear in roman type (not italics) (Manual 14.206).

Include a publication date (or date of modification/revision). If no such date can be found, include an access date.

Precede date of modification or access with 'last modified' and 'accessed' respectively.

If a website refers to themselves by their domain name (which is case sensitive), shorten and capitalise it in a logical way (e.g., www.google.com becomes Google).

Citations of website content are usually only included in the text and the notes, however if they form a critical part of your research or are frequently cited, they may be included in your bibliography. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.

Entry in bibliography

Citations of websites are usually omitted from the bibliography, however they should be included if they form a critical part of your research, or if they are frequently cited. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.

Style notes

Titles of individual specific pages should be in quotation marks. Titles of websites as whole should appear in roman type (not italics) (Manual 14.206).

In the bibliography, where there is no author, list the item by the owner or sponsor of the website.

Include a publication date (or date of modification/revision). If no such date can be found, include an access date.

Precede date of modification or access with 'last modified' and 'accessed' respectively.

If a website refers to themselves by their domain name (which is case sensitive), shorten and capitalise it in a logical way (e.g., www.google.com becomes Google). Citations of website content are usually only included in the text and the notes, not in the bibliography.

Citations of website content are usually only included in the text and the notes, however if they form a critical part of your research or are frequently cited, they may be included in your bibliography. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.

Entry in bibliography

Citations of blog posts can be omitted from the bibliography, however they should be included if they form a critical part of your research, or if they are frequently cited. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.

Author. "Title of Blog Post." Title of Blog (blog). Date of post. URL.

For example - bibliography

Style notes

A blog is a category of website that includes dated entries and dated comments.

The title of a blog should be italicised; titles of blog entries (similar to articles in a periodical) should be in quotation marks.

A blog that is part of a larger publication (i.e Times) should also include the name of that publication in italics after the blog title (Manual 14.208).

Citations of website content are usually only included in the text and the notes, however if they form a critical part of your research or are frequently cited, they may be included in your bibliography. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.

Social media post

Entry in footnotes

For example - footnotes

First entry:

5. University of Melbourne Library (@unilibrary), “#Onthisday in 1975 90% of Icelandic women went on strike, refusing to work in protest of gender inequality. This became known as 'Women's Day Off',” Twitter, October 23, 2018, https://twitter.com/unilibrary/status/1054855102111064065.

Second and subsequent entries:

33. University of Melbourne Library, "#Onthisday."

Entry in bibliography

Citations of social media posts can generally be omitted from the bibliography, however they should be included if they form a critical part of your research, or if they are frequently cited. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.

Author of Post (handle where available). "Text of Post." Location/description of Post. Date of post. URL.

For example - bibliography

University of Melbourne Library (@unilibrary). “#Onthisday in 1975 90% of Icelandic women went on strike, refusing to work in protest of gender inequality. This became known as 'Women's Day Off'.” Twitter. October 23, 2018. https://twitter.com/unilibrary/status/1054855102111064065.

Style notes

These examples are for publicly available content. Private and direct messages should be treated as a form of personal communication (see Manual 14.214).

The text of post should include up to 160 characters, including spaces.

The location or description of the post could include the social media service and a description if relevant (i.e. Instagram photo).

Time stamps are not usually necessary, but can be included to differentiate posts from the same day.

A URL for a specific item can often be found via the date stamp.

Comments on posts should be cited in relation to the respective post (see examples at Manual 14.209).

Citations of social media content are usually only included in the text and the notes, however if they form a critical part of your research or are frequently cited, they may be included in your bibliography. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure.

Chicago style has both an author-date system and a notes and bibliography system. This guide refers only to the notes and bibliography system.

Before writing your list of references, check with your tutor or lecturer for the bibliographic style preferred by the School or Department.

Notes

A footnote or an endnote lists the author, title, and facts of publication, in that order. Elements are separated by commas and the facts of publication are enclosed in parentheses.

The notes are usually numbered and correspond to superscripted note reference numbers in the text.

Authors’ names are presented in standard order (first name first).

Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words). Titles of larger works (e.g., books and journals) are italicised. Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.

Give full details in the first footnote and abbreviated version in subsequent footnotes. For example:

First footnote

Subsequent footnotes

Bibliography

In a bibliography entry the elements are separated by periods rather than by commas and the facts of publication are not enclosed in parentheses.

The first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetised in the bibliography, is inverted (last name first).

Where there are four or more authors the footnote should give the name of the first author only, followed by ‘et al.’ The bibliography entry should include the names of all the authors.

Titles are capitalised headline-style (all major words). Titles of larger works (e.g., books, journals and websites) are italicised. Titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles and web pages) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks and not italicised.

For books, specify the edition for all editions other than the first.

Do not include personal communications, such as letters or informal emails, in the bibliography. These should appear only in footnotes.

The bibliography can be divided into sections (e.g. primary and secondary sources).

The Chicago Manual of Style advises against citations taken from secondary sources (i.e. “quoted in”), but check with your lecturer or tutor if you are in doubt. For more information refer to Chicago Manual of Style (14.260) (login required).

Acceptable abbreviations in the bibliography for parts of books and other publications include:

chap.

chapter

ed.

edition

et al.

and others

rev. ed.

revised edition

2nd ed.

second edition

ed. (eds)

editor (editors)

trans.

translator(s)

n.d.

no date

vol.

volume (as in vol. 4)

vols

volumes (as in 4 vols.)

no.

number

suppl.

supplement

s.v.

under the word

Specific reference types

Books

Specify the edition if it is not the first edition.

In the bibliography, works without an author should appear alphabetically by the main word of the title (ignore ‘the’, ‘a’ and ‘an’).

No page numbers are given for books. Give beginning and ending page numbers for book chapters.

Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.

Editor's names should be followed with the abbreviation ed. (or eds.). Use the same format where there is a translator or compiler instead of an editor.

For online books include the DOI (or URL) as the last part of the citation and refer to section headings in lieu of page numbers.

Published musical scores are treated in the same way as books.

Journals

Include both article title and subtitle, regardless of length.

In the bibliography, give the start and end pages of the article. Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.

In footnotes, cite specific pages (unless you are referring to the whole article).

If a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year, the issue number may be omitted.

For online articles that have not been assigned a DOI include a URL. Note that DOI is lowercased and followed by a colon (with no space after) in source citations.

Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources (see Chicago Manual of Style, Ch.14.12).

If an access date is required (by publisher or discipline) they should immediately precede the URL, separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and periods in a bibliography entry.

Newspapers

If there is no article title, give the article type (not in quotation marks). For example: Obituary, Editorial.

Omit ‘The’ from newspaper titles.

Add a city name if the newspaper is not well known e.g. Examiner (Launceston).

Page numbers are usually omitted.

Details of the edition can be added to a note or bibliographical entry. For example: final edition, Midwest edition.

If the paper is published in several sections, the section number or name may be given.

To cite an article consulted online, include the URL.

Electronic sources

A web page is any one of the “pages,” or subdocuments, that make up a website. A blog is a category of website that includes dated entries and dated comments. The title of a blog should be italicised; titles of blog entries (analogous to articles in a periodical) should be in quotation marks.

Include the title of the web page, the title of the website (or a description), the author of the content and/or the owner (sponsor) of the site, and a URL.

Include a publication date (or date of modification/revision). If no such date can be found, include an access date. Precede date of modification or access with 'last modified' and 'accessed' respectively.

If a website refers to themselves by their domain name (which is case sensitive), shorten and capitalise it in a logical way (e.g., www.google.com becomes Google).

Citations of website content are usually only included in the text and the notes, not in the bibliography.

Audio-visual

Episodes and indexed scenes are treated like chapters.

Sound recordings should be grouped under an appropriate subheading in the bibliography (see Chicago manual of style, chapter 14.263).