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本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。
According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.

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它们的意思有相近的地方 用法呢，用的时候呢也有相近的地方。 These three words “hai, you, zai” have similar meanings. And as for their usages, sometimes.

因此呢，外国学习者学习的时候很容易把它们 混用起来，或者弄不清楚。 Therefore, foreign learners often mix them up or get confused.

下面我们就简单介绍一下 "还" "又" "在" 它们的意思和用法上的一些区别 一，"还"。
Next we will make a brief introduction of their differences among the words like “hai” “you” “zai” in their meaning and usage. First, “hai”

"还"有很多的意思，第一个意思是表示呢 项目数量增加，范围扩大。 The word “hai” has many meaning. The first indicates that as the number of items increases, the scope expands.

我们来看一下例子。 Let us turn to some examples.

我会汉语 还会英语。 I can speak Chinese, and also English.

那么这个"还"表示什么呢？表示项目 增加了。 What does the word “hai(also)” mean? The number of items increases.

会汉语是一项，那么会英语是第二项，所以是这样的 项目增加。 The ability to speak Chinese is one of the items while English is the second. So it means the increase of items.

第二例，一斤饺子不够，还得买一斤。 Example two, it is not enough to have one jin(Chinese unit of weight,1 jin=0.5kg) of dumplings. There should be another one jin.

这个"还"表示什么呢，表示数量增加，因为一斤 再买一斤是二斤，就是数量增加 What does the word “hai(another)” indicate? It indicates the increase of amount, because one jin plus another one jin equals two jin, which is the increase of amount.
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二，表示行为动作或状态持续不变 例如，我们来看两个例子。
Second, it indicates an act or state remains the same. Let us look at two examples.

第一个 已经上课了，他还在睡觉。 The first one, he is still sleeping although class has begun.

所谓"还在睡觉"是什么呢，是指呢，这个"睡觉"啊 What does “is still sleeping” mean? It means the state of sleeping

这个状态还在持续 持续不变，就是没有发生变化，睡觉这样的还在睡 remain the same. That is to say there is not any change. He keeps sleeping.

那第二个，已经下课了，你怎么还没回去？那么一样，"没回去"这个状态还是保持不变 The second example: the class has been over. Why don’t you leave? It’s the same. The state of “not leave” still remains the same.

第三，表示行为、 动作重复 Third, it indicates the repetition of a behavior or an actions.

要注意的是什么呢？它用于未发生行为动作 多用于陈述句。 What should we pay attention to? When it is used to describe behaviors or actions that have yet to finish, it is usually used in declarative sentence.

那所谓"未发生"的，就是还没有发生的，也就是说所谓的将来的情况 我们看一下例子，第一个，明年我还来这。
What is “yet to finish”? It means what hasn’t happened, namely situations in the future.
Let us turn to some examples. The first one, I will come here again next year.

"明年"是将来的情况，"还" 表示呢，一种重复，什么重复呢，就是"来"这个动作的重复。
“Next year” means the future. “Hai(again)”
indicates repetition. What kind of repetition? The repetition of the action “come”.

第二例 看了一遍，他还想看一遍。 Example two, after seeing it, he wants to see it again.

那么这个"还"是什么呢？是表示 "想看一遍"，"看一遍"的一种重复，看一遍，还想再看一遍
What does the word “hai(again)” mean? It shows
the repetition of the action, “watch”. Watch once and wants to watch again

所以呢这个也是一种将来还没有发生，是一种将来的情况 四，用于比较。 So it shows a situation that hasn’t happened and will happen in the future. Forth, it is used for comparison.

表示什么 意思呢？表示"更"。 What does it mean? It means “more”.

我们来看两个例子，第一个：今天比昨天还热 这个"还"是表示呢，热的程度呢更高，是"更热" 的意思。
Let us turn to two examples. The first one, today is hotter than yesterday.
The word “hai(-er)” indicates that the degree is higher and it is hotter.

第二例，下次考试比这次还要难 实际上"还难"就是"更难"的意思，所以这个"还"是有"更"的意思
Example two, next exam will be more difficult than this one.
Actually, “hai nan” means “more difficult”. So the word “hai” means “more”.

第五，表示提醒 Fifth, it is used for warning

或者提示，含有什么呢 责备，讽刺的意思。 or reminding. What does it mean? Blame and sarcasm.

我们来看一下例子 第一个。 Let us look at some examples. The first one

你还学过半年汉语呢，怎么连一句话都不会说？ You have learned Chinese for half a year. How come you can’t say a single word?

你还学过半年汉语呢，是什么意思呢，就是提醒，就是你学过半年汉语，这是一个客观的情况 What does it mean by saying “You have learned Chinese for half a year.” It means reminding. It is an objective situation that you have learned Chinese for half a year.

怎么连一句话都不说呢？所以这样含有什么呢？责备的意思，批评、 责备的意思 第二例我们再看一下。
What does the sentence “How come you can’t say a single word” express? Blame and criticize.
Let us turn to the second example.

还大学生呢，连这个道理都不懂！这个也是 "还大学生"提醒对方说你是大学生 You are a college student. How come you don’t understand? The sentence “You are a student” is to remind a fact.

那么这样话的意思呢，含有讽刺的意思。 So what does it mean? It expresses sarcasm.

第六种 用于让步复句的偏句，提出一种让步情况，表示呢"尚且" 这样的意思。 Sixth, it is used for modifier clauses of concessive complex sentences to raise concession, indicating “even though”.

我们来看一下例子，第一例。 Let us turn to some examples. The first one,

路还走不好呢，就想跑 这个路还走不好，所以这个"还"用在这的意思，表示 “You can’t even walk, How come you dreams to run.” In the sentence “You can’t even walk”, the word “hai” means

"尚且"，它的意思就是，路尚且走不好，就想跑 所以是一种表示什么呢，一种让步情况 “shang qie(even)”.So what does it mean? Concession.

以上是"还"的这个意思和使用情况。 All above explains the meanings and usages of the word “hai”.

下面我们来看第二，"又" "又"也有很多的意思，很多的用法。 Let us turn to the second word “you(again)”. This word also has many meanings and usages.

我们看第一种情况 就是表示行为动作重复发生，或者两个行为动作 相继出现，用于已经发生的行为动作。
Let us look at the first situation: when a behavior or action repeats, or two behaviors or actions happen successively, it is used for the behaviors or actions that have finished.

要注意一下，就是它的条件 是用于已经发生的行为动作，就是这个事情已经做完了 所以用"又"。
We should pay attention to its condition that it is use for behaviors or actions that have finished. That is to say, the event has been over, so we use “you(again)”.

第一例，昨天他来了，今天他又来了 这个"来了"是已经发生了，表示呢，"来"是重复 The first example, he came here yesterday, and comes again today. The word “lai le(came)” means the action has happened. It indicates that the action “come” repeats.

第二个，妹妹吃了饭，又把衣服洗了。 The second one, my little sister had dinner and washed her clothes.

这个"又"表示什么呢？这个动作相继出现 什么意思呢？它不是说吃饭的重复，是说吃饭这个动作
What does the word “you(and)” mean? Actions happen successively.
What does it mean? It doesn’t indicate the repetition of the action “had dinner”, but the action of

第一例，这件衣服穿了一年又一年 一年是一个数量。 The first example, this clothes is worn year after year. “A year” is an amount.

所以呢，一年又一年是什么意思呢？就是说这个衣服穿的时间很长了 表示"多"，年头多。 So, what does “a year and a year” mean? It means the clothes has been worn for a long time, indicating many years.

第二例，他一次又一次地 来找我，我都没同意。 Example two, he comes for me again and again, but I don’t agree.

一次又一次就是很多次 相当于多次，这样的意思。 “Again and again” means many times.

第三例，这篇文章改了一遍又一遍 那么这个意思是什么意思呢？就是很多遍，所以也含有多的意思
Example three, the passage has been revised over and over again.
So what does it mean? It means many times. So it indicates “many”.

三，表示呢两种情况同时存在 我们来看一下这个例子就比较清楚。 Third, it indicates that there exits two situations simultaneously. Let us turn to some examples to make it clear.

我们看第一例。 Let us look at the first example.

听到这个消息，大家 又激动又紧张。 On hearing the news, everyone is excited and nervous.

那"激动"是一种情况 "紧张"也是一种情况，那么"又激动又紧张"是什么呢 “Excited” is one of the situations and “nervous” is another. So, what is “excited and nervous”?

激动和紧张这两种情况呢是同时存在的 These two situations exit simultaneously.

第二例，留学时要学习，是一种情况，又要打工，所以每天都很忙 学习、 Example two, I have to study and take part-time jobs while studying abroad. So I am always on the move every day. “Study” and

打工是两种情况，这两种情况呢也是同时存在的。 “take part-time jobs” are two situations and they exit simultaneously.

时间的问题，我们就不细说下面一个例子 以上是这个"又"的情况，那我们现在看第三，"再"
As time is limited, we will skip the next example.
What is stated above explains the word “hai”. Now let us move to the third word, “zai(again)”

"再"有很多的意思和用法，"再"的第一个意思是表示 The word “zai(again)” has many meanings and usages. The first meaning is to indicate

行为动作重复或者是继续，用于未发生的行为动作，或者是什么呢？经常性的行为动作 多用于祈使句。
the repetition or succession of a behavior or an action which has not happened. Or what does it indicate? Periodic behaviors or acts, often in imperative sentences.

注意，它的条件是什么呢？是用于未发生 行为动作或者是经常性的行为动作 Attention! What is its condition for using it. It is used for behaviors or acts that have not happened or periodic behaviors or acts.

而且多用于什么呢？祈使句 这几个条件非常重要 我们看一下例子。 And where is it usually used? Imperative sentences. These conditions are very important. Let us look at some examples.

第一个，老师，请您 再讲一遍，再讲一遍。 The first one, sir, please say again, again.

这个"再"表示什么呢？ 表示"讲"的重复，也就是动作重复 What does the word “zai(again)” indicate? It indicates the repetition of the action “say”.

第二例，该吃饭了，吃了饭我们再复习吧。 The second example, it’s time for dinner. Let’s go over our lesson after dinner.

这个"再"表示什么呢？ 表示呢动作的继续，就是"复习"这个动作在继续，继续 What does the word “zai(again)” indicate? It indicates the succession of the action, which means the action “go over” is continuing.

当然也可以理解为重复了，也可以理解为重复 应该注意是 Of course, it can also be interpreted as repetition. We should pay attention that

"再"不能用于已经发生的行为动作，这个非常重要 the word “zai(again)”can’t be used for behaviors or acts that have finished, which is an important point.

就是已经发生的行为动作，这个"再"是不能用的 那我们看下面的句子，是出现了问题。 That is to say, the word “zai(again)” can’t be used to describe behaviors or acts that have finished. Let us look at examples below where there is something wrong.

在什么地方呢？我们看第一例，昨天老师 再讲了一遍。 Where? Let’s look at the first example. Yesterday, the teacher said again.

"再讲了一遍" 虽然是也是重复，但是呢这个句子不成立，是错误的 Although the phrase “said again” is also repeating, but the sentence is wrong.

为什么？就是因为这个"讲"已经完成了，是过去的 Why? Because the action “said” has finished and it is a past

行为动作，所以呢不可以用"再"，那么应该用什么呢？应该我们前面讲的，应该用"又" act, so we can’t use the word “zai(again)”. But what should be used? It should be what we have talked before, the word “you(again)”.

昨天老师又讲了一遍，这样这个句子就正确了 第二例，你怎么再迟到了？这个句子同样是错的 Yesterday, the teacher you said. Then it will be wright. The second example, why are getting late again? This sentence is wrong, too.

为什么错？就是因为什么，这个"迟到"已经发生了 是过去的事情。 Why wrong? Because the action “get late” has finished and has been past.

所以呢，用"再"在这个地方就错了，因为什么呢？ 我们前面讲了，"再"是用于将来的，没有发生的。
So, the word “zai(again)” is wrong here. Why?
As we have said before, the word “zai(again)” is used in the future tense. It means everything has not happened.

那么应该怎么改呢？ 应该说什么呢？你怎么又迟到了？为什么呢？"又"也是表示重复 So how should it be revised? How should we say? It should be “Why are you You(again) getting late?” Why? Because “you(again)” indicates repetition

但是呢，它是用于过去发生的事情，所以呢用"又"就对了 However, it is used to describe what has happened. So it is correct to use “you(again)”.

二，表示行为动作 在另一个行为动作结束后出现。 Second, it indicates a behavior or an act happens after another one finishes.

我们来看一些例子。 Let’s look at some examples.

第一个，咱们吃完饭 再去吧。 The first one, let’s go after having dinner.

这个"再"是什么意思呢？实际上就是意思是说 吃完饭以后再去，也就是吃完饭这个动作发生结束以后
What does the word “zai(again)” mean? It actually means
to go after having dinner. That is to say, after the action of “having dinner”,

发生"去"这样的动作，所以"再"在这起到一种连接的作用 第二例，我们先写作业，再看电视。
the action “go” happens. So the word “zai(again)” works to connect these two actions.
The second example, we do our homework first and then watch TV.

也是一样，"先"和"再" 就是说写作业这个动作完成以后 It is the same, “xian(first)” and the “zai(and)”. That is to say, after the action of doing homework,

看电视再进行，这个"再"的意思就是表示呢 行为动作，一个行为动作 next comes the action of watching TV. The word “zai(and)” indicates that a behavior or an act

在另一个行为动作结束以后出现。 appears after another one finishes.

三 表示程度加深。 Third, a deeper degree

这样又有几种情况，一，是用于让步复句 It can be divided into several situations. First, it is used in modifier clauses of

的偏句中，表示那情况即使比已知的程度更高 结果呢都不会，不会发生变化。 concessive complex sentences to indicates that even though the condition is deeper than the known one, there would be no change.

我们来看一下例子。 Let’s turn to some examples.

第一个，汉语再难 我也要学下去。 The first, no matter how difficult Chinese is, I will keep learning.

这个"再难"不是一个真实的情况，是一种假设，是一种让步 The word “zai nan(no matter how difficult)” is not a real situation, but an assumption, a concession.

也就是说，比这个现有的情况 更难，那么也要学习下去，所以比现在的程度更高 That is to say, even though it is more difficult than what it is now, I will keep on studying. So the degree is deeper.

结果呢，学下去是不会改变的。 In the end, the action of studying will not change.
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第二个，火车再快 也不会比飞机快。
The second example, no matter how fast the train is, it can’t be faster than an airplane.

那么这个情况是跟第一例情况是差不多 This situation is similar to the first one.

二，用于祈使句或者是肯定句中 我们来看一下例子。 Second, it is used in imperative sentences or positive sentences. Let’s turn to some examples.

我在复习，电视的声音能不能再小一点？ 再小一点就是一种祈使，就是希望别人把声音调得小一点
I am going over my lessons. Could you please turn down the TV?
“Zai xiao yi dian er(turn down)” is an imperative sentence which means to ask others to turn down TV.

第二例，我是学生，没有钱，再便宜一点吧！也就是说要比现在的更便宜 The second example, I am a student and have no money. Could you please make it cheaper? That is to say it is cheaper to current price.