Let $p_1, p_2, \dotsc, p_n$ be distinct primes, and let $\epsilon_1, \epsilon_2, \dotsc, \epsilon_n$ be an arbitrary sequence of $1$ and $-1$.
There is an integer $a$ such that $\left( \frac{a}{p_1} ...

Given coprime positive integers M,N, and a corresponding integer z outside of the range (for all integers x,a,b,c) of $Mx^2-N(a^2+b^2+c^2)$, is there any such z which is "deceptive", meaning that it ...

I want to know whether there exist a non-square number $n$ which is the quadratic residue of every prime.
I know it is very elementary, and I think those kind of number are not exist, but I don't know
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Let $q$ be a prime power. I will use the notations of Keith Conrad's Carlitz extensions paper (but I'll work over $\mathbb{F}_q$ rather than $\mathbb{F}_p$).
The most general question I'm asking here ...

Let $p$ be an odd prime, and $\zeta$ a primitive $p$-th root of unity over a field of characteristic $0$.
Let $G = \sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-1} \zeta^{j\left(j-1\right)/2}$ be the standard Gauss sum for ...

It is well known that the upper bound on the number of quadratic residues mod n is approximately n/2 and it reaches this bound for n prime.
Is there any similar lower bound on the number of quadratic ...