“I made a lot of mistakes on that subject in my class test, so I gave my teacher 1 million dong [50 dollars] to ask for his help.

He returned my original test and allowed me to correct it at his house.”

Hùng said that when he first started at his university in Hà Nội, which he declined to name, he studied hard but in some exams he received low marks compared with other students he thought, were lazier than him.

He said he later found out those students were bribing their teachers in exchange for good marks.

“It’s really sad because bribery in exams is very common now,” he said.

“If I didn’t bribe my teachers, I would be isolated even though I don’t want to do it.”

Bribing teachers is an open secret in Việt Nam.

Media reports last week said one teacher was dismissed from his position as the head of a teachers group that gives marks to students and 22 teachers and staff were criticised or given written warnings at the Hà Nội University of Agriculture for inflating the marks of 180 students so they could pass their exams.

The case was discovered after some students said they had to pay teachers for better grades.

The practice not only discourages young people from learning, but it also has a wider impact on society, said Nguyễn Quốc Bình, principal of the Việt Nam -German High School in Hà Nội.

“Bribery in exams makes students lazy,” he said.

“They don’t have real knowledge, so after graduating, they need to be retrained or to change jobs, which causes a waste of resources for society.”

The problem is widespread, said anti-corruption activist Lê Hiền Đức.

“Even high-ranking government officials who are sent to study in top universities do the same, bribing teachers in exchange for high grades,” she said.

Đức said people often have told her about students who are frequently absent from class but still pass exams because they bribe their teachers.

The criticism is being levelled as the ruling Communist Party is planning education reform.

Experts charged at a conference last week in Hà Nội that the education system was substandard and called on the government to make wide-ranging improvements.

“Vietnamese education is losing its way,” said Chu Hảo, former deputy minister of science and technology.

The experts targeted low quality teaching, saying many teachers do not meet professional requirements, and outdated curricula at universities, saying the problems are leading to a shrinking skilled workforce.

Bribery in education is also likely to be addressed as part of the reforms when the party’s Central Committee meets in Hà Nội in the first two weeks of October.

In 2006, the government launched a campaign to crack down on “negative phenomena,” including corruption and bribery, but observers said it seems to have had little effect in schools.

Whistleblower Đỗ Việt Khoa, now 44, a maths teacher in a village near Hà Nội, said he has been ostracised by other teachers and repeatedly denied promotions after exposing bribe-taking by teachers supervising final exams at the school in 2006.

Despite receiving a government award for speaking out against the practice, he has since quit his job and now works in another school far from his home.

Parents also often pay bribes to ensure their children get into top-notch schools, Đức said.

“Bribery in schools is on an upward trend and is not confined to the university level,” said Nguyễn Minh Thuyết, former vice chairman of the National Assembly’s Culture, Education, Youth and Children Committee.

“It is very sad to see students become lazy and lack knowledge.”

Thuyết, who is also former deputy director of the Hà Nội University of Social Sciences and Humanities, said the resulting low level of skills is not attractive to employers.

“Besides giving bribes to teachers, students also have to give bribes to get jobs after graduating,” he said.

Hùng, who just finished his final exams, admitted he hasn’t learned much during his four years at university.

“I’m not sure I can get a job after graduation,” he said.

Đức is pessimistic about the future.

“Our education system is going downhill”, she said.

“If this trend continues, we will only have stupid officials and cunning people.”