Union Square is a bustling node in New York City’s transit system. But it’s also been the site of important political actions, from protests defending the labor movement to free speech in the U.S.

[Photo: SeanPavone/iStock]

By Joanna Merwood-Salisbury5 minute Read

Public space is an essential component of democratic cities. Modeled on the agora of ancient Greece, it is a marketplace for the exchange of goods and ideas, a place where public affairs are debated and disputes resolved.

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But historically, access was restricted. Famously, the classical agora was open only to the “free-born” and closed to women and slaves. Throughout history, just as access to public space is contentious, so are the rights of citizenship.

A democratic landscape

Even in liberal democratic societies, the right to appear in public is mediated, dependent on local social, political, and legal convention. In the U.S., for example, although freedom of speech and freedom of assembly are enshrined in the 18th-century Constitution, it wasn’t until the early 20th century that those freedoms were fully recognized in law.

Nearly 150 years ago, a modest park in the middle of New York City helped effect that change.

The 19th-century American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted is best known for Central Park, often referred to as a “democratic landscape.” Exploiting the natural features of its craggy site, it was designed as a city wilderness, a place of respite from the stresses of urban life intended for use by all New Yorkers.

But few know that Olmsted was also involved with the renovation of Union Square Park, two miles to the south. Smaller and more traditional in its design, this park was a democratic landscape in a different sense—a modern plaza for public meetings.

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Early in the 20th century, contentious political rallies held in the plaza helped progressive social reformers argue for the legal protection of freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.

A people’s forum

Union Square was not planned as a public space in the political sense: Enclosed by an iron fence, it was an amenity for the elite residents who lived close by.

A crowd of approximately 200,000 people gathered in Union Square to rally and hear speeches in support of the union on April 20, 1961. [Photo: United States Library of Congress]

This statue, depicting Washington on horseback, was modeled on the classical statue of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in Rome. At the end of the war, the citizens of New York raised funds for a matching statue of Abraham Lincoln, depicting him holding a copy of the Emancipation Proclamation. As Union Square transformed from a residential neighborhood to a busy commercial center, these statues became popular focal points for public meetings.

In 1872, Olmsted and his partner Calvert Vaux redesigned Union Square. They tore down the fence, rejecting the focus on heroic figures and introducing instead a modern American version of the agora.

Union Square ca. 1890. [Photo: United States Library of Congress]

While the statues of Washington and Lincoln commemorated the military and political triumphs of the past, Olmsted and Vaux‘s plaza was designed to facilitate democracy as an ongoing and active process.

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Union Square became the place where working class New Yorkers, many of them recent immigrants, met to demand access to the benefits of American citizenship. Located between the sweatshops of Lower Manhattan and the department stores of Ladies’ Mile, it was the site of boisterous labor meetings, including the first Labor Day parade in 1882. The plaza became the place where the city’s emerging industrial working class demonstrated its political strength.

Illustration of the first American Labor parade held in New York City on September 5, 1882, as it appeared in Frank Leslie’s Weekly Illustrated Newspaper‘s September 16, 1882 issue. [Image: Wiki Commons]

Home of discontent

The unity and common purpose that characterized the first Labor Day parade did not last. Within a decade, radical groups splintered away from the mainstream wing of the labor movement. From 1890, socialists and anarchists began a new tradition, the celebration of May Day—and as this grew, Union Square acquired a reputation as a forum for anti-American ideas.

A Socialist rally on May Day of 1908. [Photo: United States Library of Congress]

In response, police put extreme pressure on political meetings, denying permits, infiltrating the activities of meeting organizers, censoring speeches, and breaking up demonstrations by force.

By the early 1890s, the mass rallies that regularly occurred at Union Square seemed to foreshadow complete social disintegration. In 1893, the anarchist Emma Goldman was arrested and charged with inciting a riot following an address to a mass meeting of the unemployed. Her trial was a national sensation.

Emma Goldman, photo taken in 1901. [Photo: United States Library of Congress]

Goldman found little sympathy among the general population. However, her arrest fostered an alliance among radical political groups, labor organizations, and progressive social reformers, leading to the formation of the nonpartisan Free Speech League.

Influenced by a progressive municipal administration, the police and the Parks Departments were increasingly protective of peaceful political rallies in the early 1900s.

This attitude anticipated new rulings in the Supreme Court after the first world war. In this sense Olmsted’s Union Square deserves to be remembered, just as much as Central Park, as a democratic landscape.

Joanna Merwood-Salisbury is professor of architecture at Victoria University of Wellington. This post originally appeared on The Conversation.