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Media-only treated (untreated) cells were considered as the negat

Media-only treated (untreated) cells were considered as the negative control group. Apoptosis assay in vitro Quantitative evaluation of cellular apoptosis was performed by flow cytometric. Briefly, 2.5 × 105 B16-F10 cells were seeded in six-well plates and grew for 24 h to 70% confluence.

Then cells were incubated with CPT-TMC, CPT, TMC at a concentration of 0.4 μg/ml, or media-only for another 48 h, respectively. After processed as described above, the floated cells were discarded while the attached EPZ5676 order cells were trypsinized and thereafter washed twice with cold PBS. Then cells were resuspended in prediluted binding buffer. Propidium iodide (PI, 1 μg/ml) was added, and the mixtures were immediately analyzed on an EPICS Elite ESP flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter, Hialeah, Fla., USA). Animal model and study design The studies involving mice were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Sichuan University (Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China). Female C57BL/6 mice, 6 to 8 weeks old, nonfertile, were purchased from the West China Experimental Animal Center of Sichuan University (Sichuan, China), and

were maintained in pathogen-free conditions with sterile chow. 1 × 105 B16-F10 melanoma cells resuspended in 0.05 ml of PBS were injected subcutaneously into the right flank of each mouse. 9 days after injection when most of the tumors were palpable, the see more tumor-bearing mice check details were randomly divided into four groups (10/group): (a) mice treated with CPT-TMC (2.5 mg/kg), (b) mice treated with CPT (2.5 mg/kg), (c) mice treated CB-839 with TMC (25 mg/kg), and (d) mice treated with 0.9% NaCl solution (NS,10 ml). Treatments were performed twice weekly for

2 weeks. Tumor sizes were measured every 3 days and were calculated using the formula A × B2 × 0.52 (A, length; B, width; all measured in millimeters) [14]. When any mice began to moribund they were sacrificed. Subcutaneous tumors from sacrificed mice were removed and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution for immunochemistry staining. Immunohistochemical assay Tumors fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution were embedded in paraffin and sliced into 5 μm sections for tumor cell proliferation and microvessel density (MVD) quantification with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and CD31 immunohistochemistry respectively by the method reported by Weidner et al [15]. PCNA specifically expressed in the proliferating cell nucleus and the positive cells presented brown nuclei. PCNA immunostaining was used to assess tumor cell proliferation. CD31 had high affinity specific to vascular endothelial cell with brown-staining by biotinylation under microscopy. CD31 vessel immunostaining was performed to assess the angiogenesis in tumor tissues. Microvessel that presented brown-staining endothelial cell or endothelial cell cluster was considered as a countable microvessel.