Sample records for rare-earth iron garnets

In this paper, we report on electric polarization arising in a vicinity of Bloch-like domain walls in rare-earthirongarnet films. The domain walls generate an intrinsic magnetic field that breaks an antiferroelectric structure formed in the garnets due to an exchange interaction between rareearth and iron sublattices. We explore 180° domain walls whose formation is energetically preferable in the films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Magnetic and electric structures of the 180° quasi-Bloch domain walls have been simulated at various relations between system parameters. Singlet, doublet ground states of rareearth ions and strongly anisotropic rareearth Ising ions have been considered. Our results show that electric polarization appears in rareearthgarnet films at Bloch domain walls, and the maximum of magnetic inhomogeneity is not always linked to the maximum of electric polarization. A number of factors including the temperature, the state of the rareearth ion and the type of a wall influence magnetically induced electric polarization. We show that the value of polarization can be enhanced by the shrinking of the Bloch domain wall width, decreasing the temperature, and increasing the deviations of magnetization from the Bloch rotation that are regulated by impacts given by magnetic anisotropies of the films.

In this paper, we report on electric polarization arising in a vicinity of Bloch-like domain walls in rare-earthirongarnet films. The domain walls generate an intrinsic magnetic field that breaks an antiferroelectric structure formed in the garnets due to an exchange interaction between rareearth and iron sublattices. We explore 180° domain walls whose formation is energetically preferable in the films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Magnetic and electric structures of the 180° quasi-Bloch domain walls have been simulated at various relations between system parameters. Singlet, doublet ground states of rareearth ions and strongly anisotropic rareearth Ising ions have been considered. Our results show that electric polarization appears in rareearthgarnet films at Bloch domain walls, and the maximum of magnetic inhomogeneity is not always linked to the maximum of electric polarization. A number of factors including the temperature, the state of the rareearth ion and the type of a wall influence magnetically induced electric polarization. We show that the value of polarization can be enhanced by the shrinking of the Bloch domain wall width, decreasing the temperature, and increasing the deviations of magnetization from the Bloch rotation that are regulated by impacts given by magnetic anisotropies of the films.

Structural and magnetic properties of rare-earthirongarnets (RIG), which contain 160 atoms per unit cell, are systematically investigated for rare-earth elements varying from La to Lu (and including Y), by performing spin polarized density-functional calculations. The effects of 4 f electrons (as core or as valence electrons) on the lattice constant, internal coordinates, and bond lengths are found to be rather small, with these predicted structural properties agreeing rather well with available experiments. On the other hand, treating such electrons as valence electrons is essential to interpret the total magnetization measured in some RIG at low temperature, the different orientation and magnitude of the magnetizations that Fe and rare-earth ions can adopt and to also explain why some RIG have a compensation temperature while others do not. The magnetic exchange couplings and orbital-projected density of states are also reported for two representative materials, namely Gd3Fe5O12 and Nd3Fe5O12 , when accounting for their 4 f electrons.

A transparent ceramic according to one embodiment includes a rareearthgarnet comprising A.sub.hB.sub.iC.sub.jO.sub.12, where h is 3.+-.10%, i is 2.+-.10%, and j is 3.+-.10%. A includes a rareearth element or a mixture of rareearth elements, B includes at least one of aluminum, gallium and scandium, and C includes at least one of aluminum, gallium and scandium, where A is at a dodecahedral site of the garnet, B is at an octahedral site of the garnet, and C is at a tetrahedral site of the garnet. In one embodiment, the rareearth garment has scintillation properties. A radiation detector in one embodiment includes a transparent ceramic as described above and a photo detector optically coupled to the rareearthgarnet.

@@ The dynamic performances of magneto-optical Bi-substituted rare-earthirongarnet (BIG) under different external magnetic fields and at different frequencies are experimentally studied. The measurement data indicate that the Faraday rotation angle is almost proportional to the external magnetic field when the garnet is far less saturated, while there is good switch performance when it is saturated. The higher the working frequency is, the larger the saturation magnetic field and the phase delay of Faraday angle relative to the field. The saturation fields and the phase delays at different frequencies are measured. The dynamic performance of the BIG determines the performance of BIG-based optical devices. To get the better performance of such devices, the garnets with small dampness and large stiffness should be chosen elaborately.

The magnetic nanosized rareearthirongarnets (R3Fe5O12, where R=Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) were prepared by an aqueous sol-gel method. Herein we present, that all these garnets can be obtained by this effective synthesis method simply by changing the temperature of the final annealing. It was also demonstrated, that a different annealing temperature leads to a different particle size distribution of the final product. The SEM analysis results revealed that the smallest particles were formed in the range of 75-130 nm. The phase purity and structure of the rareearthirongarnets were estimated using XRD analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Magnetic properties were determined by magnetization measurements. The relation between the particle size, composition and magnetic properties of the sol-gel derived garnets were also discussed in this study.

The ferrimagnetic bismuth rare-earthirongarnet (BiGdLu)3 (FeGa)5 O12 thick film has a specific Faraday rotation θS of 0.09 °/mm at 1550 nm and excellent transparency at infrared wavelengths. Using the thick film we recently have demonstrated a magneto-optic (MO) field sensor with a sensitivity of about 10-14 T/ Hz 1/2 , comparable with SQUID. The sensor is made of all dielectric materials including the bismuth rare-earthirongarnet and optical fibers, and is operated at room temperature without any cooling requirement. The MO field sensor is capable to measure a magnetic field over a very large dynamic range (from a very weak field to a very high magnetic field exceeding several hundred Tesla) and over a very wide frequency range, which may be from DC to a few hundred GHz. However, presently, our MO sensor's frequency range is limited from DC to 2 GHz. We think that this limited frequency range is due to the presence of magnetic domains in the bismuth rare-earthirongarnet film. In this presentation we will report our experimental results obtained from this MO field sensor as well as the effect of magnetic domains.

Microhardness measurements were undertaken on twelve rareearthgarnet crystals. In yttrium aluminium garnet and gadolinium gallium garnet, there was no measurable difference in the hardness values of pure and nominally Nd-doped crystals. The hardness values were correlated with the lattice and elastic constants. An analysis of hardness data in terms of the interatomic binding indicated a high degree of covalency.

Ultrafast magnetization dynamics of a rare-earth Bi-doped garnet were studied using an optical pump-probe technique via the inverse Faraday effect. We observed a wide range of frequency modes of the magnetization precession, covering two orders of magnitude. The excitation efficiency of low-frequency precessions in the GHz range, together with a significant beating effect, strongly depended on the amplitude of the external magnetic field. On the contrary, high-frequency precession was independent of the external magnetic field. The obtained results may be exploited in the development of wide class of microwave and magneto-optical devices.

Single phase magneto-electric multiferroics require a large magnetic or electric field for producing magneto-electric (ME) and magnetodielectric (MD) effects. For utilizing these effects in devices investigations on the room temperature and low field MD studies are necessary. Recently, efforts have been largely devoted to the investigation of rareearthirongarnets. In the physical method, the preparation of rareearthirongarnet requires high sintering temperature and processing time. To solve these problems, ball milling assisted microwave sintering technique is used to prepare nanocrystalline holmium irongarnets (Ho3Fe5O12). Magnetic and dielectric properties of the prepared sample are investigated. These properties get enhanced in nanocrystalline form when compared to the bulk. The MD coupling of the prepared sample is evident from the anomaly in the temperature dependent dielectric constant plot and the ME coupling susceptibility is derived from the room temperature MD measurements.

Using the recently developed method we calculated the crystal field parameters in yttrium and lutetium aluminum garnets doped with seven trivalent Kramers rare-earth ions. We then inserted calculated parameters into the atomic-like Hamiltonian taking into account the electron-electron, spin-orbit and Zeeman interactions and determined the multiplet splitting by the crystal field as well as magneticĝ tensors. We compared calculated results with available experimental data. Very good agreement with the spectro-scopic data and qualitative agreement with experimentalĝ tensors was found.

This work demonstrates strong coupling regime between an erbium ion spin ensemble and microwave hybrid cavity-whispering gallery modes in a yttrium aluminium garnet dielectric crystal. Coupling strengths of 220 MHz and mode quality factors in excess of 10{sup 6} are demonstrated. Moreover, the magnetic response of high-Q modes demonstrates behaviour which is unusual for paramagnetic systems. This behaviour includes hysteresis and memory effects. Such qualitative change of the system's magnetic field response is interpreted as a phase transition of rareearth ion impurities. This phenomenon is similar to the phenomenon of dilute ferromagnetism in semiconductors. The clear temperature dependence of the phenomenon is demonstrated.

On September 14,the reporter learnt from the Seminar on Application of New RareEarth High-iron Aluminum Alloy Cable Technologies for Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection held by Chongqing Electric Industry Association that a rareearth high-iron aluminum alloy cable company with

Rareearth gangue, which mainly consists of mixtures of fight rareearths such as lanthana, ceda, neodymium oxide and praseo-dymium oxide, was used as the promoter of fused iron catalysts for ammonia synthesis. The result showed that the activity of the catalyst promoted with rareearth gangue was comparable with those of commercial iron catalysts with high amount of cobalt. The role of rareearths was owed to their advantages for favoring the deep reduction of the main composite in catalyst, i.e., iron oxide. This finding indicated that the use of rareearth gangue could decrease the content of cobalt or even completely replace cobalt, which was used to be regarded as unsub-stitutable promoters for high performance ammonia catalyst; therefore, the cost of fused iron catalysts would decrease significantly.

Future NASA satellite detector systems must be cooled to the 0.1 K temperature range to meet the stringent energy resolution and sensitivity requirements demanded by mid-term astronomy missions. The development of adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration (ADR) materials that can efficiently cool from the passive radiative cooling limit of approx. 30 K down to sub-Kelvin under low magnetic fields (H less than or equal to 3 T) would represent a significant improvement in space-based cooling technology. Governed by these engineering goals, our efforts have focused on quantifying the change in magnetic entropy of rare-earthgarnets and perovskites. Various compositions within the gadolinium gallium irongarnet solid solution series (GGIG, Gd3Ga(5-x)Fe(x)O12, 0.00 less than or equal to X less than or equal to 5.00) and gadolinium aluminum perovskite (GAP, GdAlO3) have been synthesized via an organometallic complex approach and confirmed with powder x-ray diffraction. The magnetization of the GGIG and GAP materials has been measured as a function of composition (0.00 less than or equal to X less than or equal to 5.00), temperature (2 K less than or equal to T less than or equal to 30 K) and applied magnetic field (0 T less than or equal to H less than or equal to 3 T). The magnetic entropy change (DeltaS(sub mag)) between 0 T and 3 T was determined from the magnetization data. In the GGIG system, DeltaS(sub mag) was compositionally dependent; Fe(sup 3+) additions up to X less than or equal to 2.44 increased DeltaS(sub mag) at T > 5 K. For GAP, DeltaS(sub mag) was similar to that of GGIG, X = 0.00, both in terms of magnitude and temperature dependence at T > 10 K. However, the DeltaS(sub mag) of GAP at T < 10 K was less than the endmember GGIG composition, X = 0.00, and exhibited maximum approx. 5 K.

Studies of bulk MgCu2-type rare-earthiron compounds with Laves phase are reviewed.The relationship between magnetostriction and structural distortion and the consequent crystallographic method for measuring magnetostriction are introduced at first.Then we review recent progress in understanding bulk magnetostrictive Laves phase materials,especially the magnetostriction and the minimization of the anisotropy of the light rare-earth Pr-and Sm-based compounds.Finally,a summary and outlook for this kind of compounds are presented.

Two series of experiments have been conducted to determine the influence of rareearth additions on the nucleation and crystallization behavior of pure iron and 1045 steel. In the first series, additions of rareearth suicide or cerium dioxide powder to two-Kg 1045 steel ingots indicated that rareearth suicide can refine the as-cast structure of such ingots. However, if the holding time after rareearth silicide addition is over two minutes, the grain refinement decreases. With cerium dioxide additions, a relatively large columnar zone was obtained. In the second series, the effects of cerium metal or cerium dioxide powder additions on the degree of undercooling obtainable in pure iron and 1045 steel were examined by the lévitation melting method. Surface tension measurements of the levitated droplets were carried out at the same time to investigate the possible effects of surface tension variations on the nucleation and crystallization behavior of the metals. The experimental data show that rareearth inclusions can greatly reduce the degree of undercooling of iron and steel, and that a small amount of dissolved cerium can further reduce the degree of undercooling of levitated droplets. The structure and reaction products obtained with Fe-Ce levitated droplets were examined with both optical and scanning electron microscopy as well as X-ray diffraction analysis. The experimental results clearly indicated that cerium solute redistribution during solidification is the dominant factor in refining the as-cast structure. A nucleation and solidification model for the Fe-Ce levitated droplets has been developed, which can successfully explain the experimental results.

Ductile cast iron has been cast in test bars with thickness from 2 to 10 mm. The rareearth elements La and Ce have been added to some of the castings to evaluate their influence on microstructure and shrinkage tendency. Both La and Ce increased the graphite nodule count, especially for thickness...... the temperature T-1, which is controlled by the growth of off-eutectic austenite dendrites, increased the shrinkage tendency....

Full Text Available Microbial iron oxyhydroxides are common deposits in natural waters, recent sediments and mine drainage systems and often contain significant accumulations of trace and rareearth elements (TREE. TREE patterns are widely used to characterize minerals and rocks, and to elucidate their evolution and origin. Whether and which characteristic TREE signatures distinguish between a biological and an abiological origin of iron minerals is still not well understood. Long-term flow reactor studies were performed in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory to investigate the development of microbial mats dominated by iron-oxidizing bacteria, namely Mariprofundus sp. and Gallionella sp. The experiments investigated the accumulation and fractionation of TREE under controlled conditions and enabled us to assess potential biosignatures evolving within the microbial iron oxyhydroxides. Concentrations of Be, Y, Zn, Zr, Hf, W, Th, Pb, and U in the microbial mats were 1e3- to 1e5-fold higher than in the feeder fluids whereas the rareearth elements and Y (REE+Y contents were 1e4 and 1e6 fold enriched. Except for a hydrothermally induced Eu anomaly, the normalized REE+Y patterns of the microbial iron oxyhydroxides were very similar to published REE+Y distributions of Archaean Banded Iron Formations. The microbial iron oxyhydroxides from the flow reactors were compared to iron oxyhydroxides that were artificially precipitated from the same feeder fluid. These abiotic and inorganic iron oxyhydroxides show the same REE+Y distribution patterns. Our results indicate that the REE+Y mirror quite exactly the water chemistry, but they do not allow to distinguish microbially mediated from inorganic iron precipitates. All TREE studied showed an overall similar fractionation behavior in biogenic, abiotic and inorganic iron oxyhydroxides. Exceptions are Ni and Tl, which were only accumulated in the microbial iron oxyhydroxides and may point to a potential usage of these elements as

Iron mineralizations in the study area are found in amphibolites in the localities of Buyukoren,Uzunkuyu-Atkayasi,and Karabacak and they display a predominantly banded texture.Their paragenesis is dominated by magnetite and hematite.In this study,iron mineralizations in Sarikaya were examined in terms of rareearth element(REE) contents and attempts were made to determine some physicochemical conditions that had an impact upon their formation.For this purpose,42 ore samples and 17 enriched magnetite samples...

Effect of rareearth alloy modification on properties and microstructure of high carbon equivalent gray cast iron was investigated.The experimental results show that in the way of mechanical property,when the addition of rareearth alloy is 0.2％ and 0.3％,the tensile strength of cast iron increases.In the way of microstructure,the addition of rareearth alloy increases the number of primary austenite dendrites,reduces secondary dendritic arm spacing,and changes the eutectic size and quantity.When rareearth alloy is added into gray cast iron,the morphology and quantity of graphite play a major role on the improvement of tensile strength.

Procedures are described for fabrication of high density rareearth-iron magnetostrictive compounds by powder metallurgical techniques. The fabrication involves a sequence of steps which includes preparing the pre-alloyed compounds, pulverizing them into a fine powder, compacting in suitable sizes and shapes, and sintering. Samples prepared by these procedures are carefully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, dilatometry, and magnetic measurements. Process steps are found to exert important influences upon densities, microstructure and magnetic properties attained after densification. Investigations on a number of these process steps, including milling time and medium, sintering, and magnetic powder alignment are described.

At the present time in china, the binder used in tungsten carbide composite button is mainly cobalt, which is very expensive. In order to solve the problems, a new type of rareearth and iron-rich diamond-enhanced tungsten carbide with high abrasive resistance and high toughness against impact, which realizes to substitute ferrum for cobalt, has been developed. The key problems in making the button are to improve the mechanical properties of matrix and increase the welding strength between the diamond and the matrix. All these problems have been solved effectively by low temperature activation hot-press sintering, doping rareearth lanthanum in matrix and high sintering pressure. The properties of the button have been determined under laboratory conditions. The test results show that its hardness is more than 90 HRA, its abrasive resistance is 39 times more than that of conventional cemented tungsten carbide, and its toughness against impact is more than 200 J. All these data show the button has very good mechanical properties.

A survey of some important applications of {sup 57}Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy to the study of local magnetic and structural characteristics of the main phases in the rare-earth-transition metal (RE-TM) class of materials used in the development of the new generations of high performance permanent magnets is presented. A brief history of the hard magnets evolution in the last decades is followed by the description and interpretation of the main effects on the hyperfine interactions revealed by the Moessbauer technique. The contribution of the distinct crystallographic iron sites to the saturation magnetization of the rare-earthiron compounds is discussed in terms of the corresponding types of magnetic coupling, based mainly on the iron-iron distances, the number of iron neighbors and the respective hyperfine fields. These features are inferred from the energy of the resonant absorption by the iron sites 4e/4c/8j{sub 1}/8j{sub 2}/16k{sub 1}/16k{sub 2} in the Nd{sub 2}Fe{sub 14}B, sites 6c/9d/18f/18h in the light RE{sub 2}Fe{sub 17}N{sub 3} and 8f/8i/8j in the RE(Fe{sub 12-x}TM{sub x}) phases. The direction of the easy axis of magnetization is discussed taking into account the effects due to the interaction between the local magnetization vector and the electric field gradients. Some other characteristics such as the occupancy of the TM atoms in the 1 : 12 compounds as well as in some hybrid (Fe +TM) 2 : 17 structures are also discussed in terms of the changes in the relative subspectral areas. The effects regarding charge transfers and lattice expansions due to the incorporation of nitrogen and also of other different interstitial elements to the 2 : 17 rhombohedral structure are discussed considering the relative changes of the isomer shifts in comparison with the alterations in the parameter due exclusively to the respective volume expansions.

Future NASA satellite detector systems must be cooled to the 0.1 K temperature range to meet the stringent energy resolution and sensitivity requirements demanded by mid-term astronomy missions. The development of adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration (ADR) materials that can efficiently cool from the passive radiative cooling limit of ~30 K down to sub-Kelvin under low magnetic fields (Hperovskites. Various compositions within the gadolinium gallium irongarnet solid solution series (GGIG, Gd3Ga5-XFeXO12, 0.00perovskite (GAP, GdAlO3) have been synthesized via an organometallic complex approach and confirmed with powder x-ray diffraction. The magnetization of the GGIG and GAP materials has been measured as a function of composition (0.005 K. For GAP, ΔSmag was similar to that of GGIG, X=0.00, both in terms of magnitude and temperature dependence at T>10 K. However, the ΔSmag of GAP at T<10 K was less than the endmember GGIG composition, X=0.00, and exhibited maximum ~5 K. .

Full Text Available Peridotitic garnet xenocrysts from five kimberlite pipes in the Kaavi-Kuopio area of eastern Finland have been studied using major and trace element geochemistry to obtain information on the stratigraphy, compositional variability and evolutionary history of the underlyinglithospheric mantle. Ni thermometry on garnet xenocrysts gives 650–1350°C and, when extrapolated to the geotherm determined using mantle xenoliths, indicates a sampling interval of c. 80–230 km. Three distinct mantle layers are recognized based on the xenolith/xenocryst record: (1 A shallow, 180 km, composed largely of fertile material. The chondrite-normalized REE profiles of subcalcic harzburgitic garnet xenocrysts originating from layer 2 bear evidence of an extensive ancient melt extraction event, similar to that observed in lithosphere underlying Archean cratons elsewhere. Memory of this eventhas possibly also been preserved in the REEN signatures of rare depleted garnets from layer 3 and in the CCGE pyropes from layer 1 despite their saturation in Ca. The lherzolitic and megacryst garnet varieties exhibit LREEN depletion relative to MREEN and HREEN, withthe steady enrichment from SmN to YbN typical of Ca-saturated mantle garnets. The enrichment of MREE and HREE probably derives from a metasomatic event caused by silicate melts close in composition to megacryst magma, which also imprinted a Ti-metasomatic overprint on many pyrope garnets. Harzburgitic and rare lherzolitic garnets, however, appear to have escaped this metasomatism.

In magnetic materials, the exchange is the strongest quantum interaction due to the Pauli exclusion principle. For that reason it can induce high-frequency modes fexch of the magnetization precession. In this work we investigate these modes over a wide range of temperatures (50 -300 K ) and magnetic fields up to 10 T in a bismuth-doped garnet with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy by performing femtosecond magneto-optical pump-probe experiments. Near the compensation temperature TM the divergence of 1 /fexch(T ) allows identifying unambiguously fexch with the rare-earth ↔ iron exchange mode. In addition, at low temperature fexch is independent of the field as usually observed. In contrast, we find that near TM,fexch decreases linearly with an increasing magnetic field. This behavior is explained in the context of the ferromagnetic resonance theory by including the perturbation term linear in the external applied field Hext.

Ferrous iron rapidly oxidizes to Fe (III) and precipitates as hydrous Fe (III) oxides in acid mine waters. This study examines the effect of Fe precipitation on the rareearth element (REE) geochemistry of acid mine waters to determine the pH range over which REEs behave conservatively and the range over which attenuation and fractionation occur. Two field studies were designed to investigate REE attenuation during Fe oxidation in acidic, alpine surface waters. To complement these field studies, a suite of six acid mine waters with a pH range from 1.6 to 6.1 were collected and allowed to oxidize in the laboratory at ambient conditions to determine the partitioning of REEs during Fe oxidation and precipitation. Results from field experiments document that even with substantial Fe oxidation, the REEs remain dissolved in acid, sulfate waters with pH below 5.1. Between pH 5.1 and 6.6 the REEs partitioned to the solid phases in the water column, and heavy REEs were preferentially removed compared to light REEs. Laboratory experiments corroborated field data with the most solid-phase partitioning occurring in the waters with the highest pH. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The high chromium cast irons (HCCIs) with rareearth (RE) nanoparticles or inoculants were fabricated in the casting process.The phase compositions and microstructure were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical microscopy (OM),respectively.The hardness and impact toughness were tested by Rockwel-hardmeter and impacting test enginery.And then,the morphology of fracture was researched by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The results demonstrated that the phase compositions of HCCIs with addition of RE nanoparticles or inoculants which were M7C3 carbides + α -Fe did not change obviously.However,the prime M7C3 carbides morphology had great changes with the increase of RE nanoparticles,which changed from long lath to granular or island shape.When the content of RE nanoparticles was 0.4 wt.％,the microstructure of high chromium cast iron was refined greatly.The microstructure of carbides was coarser when the addition of RE nanoparticles was higher than 0.4 wt.％.The hardness and impact toughness of HCCIs were improved by addition of RE nanoparticles or inoculants.The impact toughness of HCCIs was increased 36.4％ with RE nanoparticles of 0.4 wt.％,but the hardness changed slightly.In addition,the adding of RE nanoparticles or inoculants could reduce the degree of the brittle fracture.Fracture never seemed regular,instead,containing lots of laminates and dimples with the increase of the RE nanoparticles.The results also indicated that the optimal addition amonnt of the RE nanoparticles was 0.4％,under this composition,the microstructure and mechanical property achieved the best cooperation.In addition,through the study of erosion wear rate,when adding 0.4％ RE nanoparticles into the HCCIs,the erosion wear rate got the minimum 0.32×10-3 g/mm2,which could increase 51.5％ compared with that without any RE nanoparticles.

This dissertation presents computational studies of two families of magnetic materials of significant current interest. The iron pnictides are new high temperature superconductors with interesting parent compound antiferromagnetism. The rareearth pyrochlore material Yb2Ti2O7 is a candidate quantum spin ice. The magnetic and structural phases of individual iron pnictides have both many common features and material specific differences. In an attempt to unify these behaviors as instances of a larger theoretical picture, we use Monte Carlo simulations of a two-dimensional Hamiltonian with coupled Heisenberg-spin and Ising-orbital degrees of freedom. We introduce spin-space and single-ion anisotropies and study the finite temperature transitions in our model. We develop a phase diagram and propose that the interplay of spin and orbital physics in the presence of anisotropy could explain how material details affect the transitions of the pnictide materials. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can study magnetic materials via the hyperfine interaction and the coupling between the nuclear moment and the field produced by the samples local moment environment. Recent measurements suggest that Zn doped BaFe2As2 may have quantum fluctuations about the striped phase that produce a distribution of fields at As nuclear sites. The non-magnetic ion Zn replaces Fe and can be treated as an impurity which can be studied by a zero-temperature Ising Series expansion method. We propose a Heisenberg-like J1a-J 1b-J2 model which has small ferromagnetic exchanges along the b axis and strong antiferromagnetic exchanges along the a axis. In our impurity model we find that the magnetic moments are everywhere reduced by quantum fluctuations, except on the nearest neighbor site in the AFM direction. We suggest that the presented impurity model may provide an explanation for the experimental measurements. Based on a recently proposed quantum spin ice model, we use numerical linked cluster (NLC

In this work, a comparative study of reactive sintering and optical properties of three laser composite transparent ceramics doped with neodymium: Nd:YAG/Nd:YS1AG, Nd:YAG/Nd:LuAG and Nd:YS1AG/Nd:LuAG has been achieved. Samples were manufactured thanks to pressureless co-sintering under vacuum of bilayer powder compacts. The reaction sequence from primary oxides to final garnet phases has been investigated. Similar dilatometric behavior was observed during reactive-sintering for each composition. Differential shrinkage can be thus accommodated to some extent. Second, this work has shown that the intermediate zone at composites interface is composed of single-phased garnet solid-solution with continuous evolution from one side to the other. The thickness of the interdiffusion zone was found to be limited to about 100 μm in all cases and appeared to be well described by classical diffusion laws of Fick and Whipple-Le Claire. The analyses of spectroscopic properties of transparent ceramics composites have finally shown that composite ceramics should be suitable to produce dual wavelength emission for terahertz generation.

The automotive industry is currently being directed toward electrification of their fleets. In order to provide these hybrid or electric vehicles, lightweight high torque electric motors are needed. Permanent magnet (PM) brushless motors have been identified as the preferred motors for these applications. In order to effectively provide these motors, cost-effective high strength PMs are needed. The use of polymer bonded PMs is one method to reduce processing costs, but performance is decreased unless anisotropic PMs can be formed. New processing methods to form anisotropic mixed rareearth (MRE)-iron-boron PM particulate were studied in this work. Two primary processing routes were identified and investigated: controlled devitrification through application of uniaxial pressure and rapid directional solidification utilizing a segregating additive. In addition, further control of the melt-spinning process was achieved through control of wheel surface temperature and finish. Controlled devitrification was found to produce an anisotropic, nanocrystalline microstructure, as observed through TEM and XRD studies. A high defect density within the structure, unprecedented in RE2Fe14B microstructures, was observed. It is surmised that the defects cause soft magnetic behavior. Stabilization of a columnar, textured microstructure was achieved through the utilization of moderate wheel speeds during melt-spinning, in combination with minor additions of Ag to the alloy. The texture was seen to be altered from that typically seen in RE2Fe14B alloys melt-spun at low-to-moderate wheel speeds. It was observed that this occurs through a modification in the solidification pathway, catalyzed by the addition of Ag. In addition to the altered texture, the presence of fine precipitates within the matrix and varying interdendritic phases was observed. Alteration of wheel surface temperature and surface finish was seen to have significant effects on the ability to form amorphous material in

Tungsten Alloy White Cast Iron(TAWCI) has great brittleness and narrow application scope. The influences of Rareearth element(Ce) and alkaline earth elements ( K, Na) on the microstructures and performances of TAWCI were researched, and the idea estimating spheroidizing effect of carbides using Circular Degree (C. D) were put forward. The result shows that eutectics carbide tums into sphericity from network after modification, and carbide is refined and uniformly distributed and the C. D of eutectic carbide increases. The mechanism of carbide spheroidizing was analyzed. The impact toughness and wear resistance of TAWCI obviously improve with the rise of C. D of carbides.The service life of modified TAWCI roll is 35 % higher than that of high chromium cast iron roll, and its production cost is reduced by 25 %.

Coupled with a petrographical study, I carried out an ion probe study of rareearth element microdistributions in mineral phases of silicate inclusions from the Colomera IIE iron meteorite. Most mineral grains have homogeneous REEs, but show considerable inter-grain variations by a factor of 2 to 100. The whole rock REE abundances for Colomera,estimated by combining REE data with modal abundances, are relatively LREE-enriched with REEs of ～10'CI, which suggest that Colomera silicates were highly differentiated and might represent a low degree partial melt (～10%) of a chondritic source. REE geochemistry of Colomera silicate inclusions points to an origin that involves differentiation,dynamic mixing, remelting, reduction, recrystallization, and subsequent rapid cooling near the surface of a planetary body.

@@ Oversupply of rareearths led to the significant price drop of rareearth mineral products and separated products in Chinese domestic market. To stabilize the price, prevent waste of resources, further improve regulation capability on domestic rareearth market and rareearth price and maintain sustaining and healthy development of rareearth industry, partial rareearth producers in Baotou and Jiangxi province projected to cease the production for one month.

Zirconium salt of dibutyl phosphoric acid (ZS-HDBP) dissolved in dilute tributyl phosphate (TBP) is proposed as a solvent for separation of transplutonium and rare-earth elements (TPE, RE), including yttrium, from high-level waste in the presence of molybdenum and iron. The optimum HDBP:Zr ratio is 9 for RE and TPE extraction and is 12.5 for Mo. IR spectra indicate formation of Zr(DBP)4(HDBP)4 complex as a base of solvation. HNO3 depresses RE and TPE extraction, while Mo extraction is characterised by a minimum at 2.5 mol/L HNO3. Presence of TBP in the solvent, independently of the used diluent, leads to reduction of the distribution coefficients, but ZS-HDBP extraction capacity for the above elements is increased, as well as solubility of their solvates. Two types of complexes M(DBP)3 and MNO3(DBP)2 are formed at RE and TPE extraction by ZS-HDBP in dilute TBP. Molybdenum extraction is based both on cation exchange and on Mo solvation with HDBP as a neutral ligand. Iron extraction is formally similar to that of Mo, being influenced by the latter if both metals are present in the solution.

Full Text Available Results of demagnetizing effect studies in yttrium irongarnet Y3Fe5O12 thin films are reported. Experiments were performed on X-Band of electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer at room temperature. The ferromagnetic resonance (FMR spectra were obtained for one-layer single crystal YIG films for different values of the applied microwave power. Nonlinear FMR spectra transformation by the microwave power increasing in various directions of magnetic field sweep was observed. It is explained by the influence of the demagnetization action of nonequilibrium magnons.

We argue that the magnon condensate in yttrium irongarnet may display experimentally observable superfluidity at room temperature despite the 100 times dominance of the normal density over superfluid ones. The superfluidity has a more complicated nature than in known superfluids since the U(1) symmetry of the global phase shift is violated by the dipolar interaction leading to the exchange of spin moment between the condensate and the crystal lattice. It produces periodic inhomogeneity in the stationary superfluid flow. We discuss the manner of observation and possible applications of magnon superfluidity. It may strongly enhance the spin-torque effects and reduce the energy consumption of the magnonic devices.

The magnetic insulator yttrium irongarnet can be grown with near perfection and is therefore and ideal conduit for spin currents. It is a complex material with 20 magnetic moments in the unit cell. In spite of being a ferrimagnet, YIG is almost always modeled as a simple ferromagnet with a single spin wave mode. We use the method of atomistic spin dynamics to study the temperature evolution of the full spin wave spectrum, in quantitative agreement with neutron scattering experiments. The antiferromagnetic or optical mode is found to suppress the spin Seebeck effect at room temperature and beyond due to thermally pumped spin currents with opposite polarization to the ferromagnetic mode.

The paper describes process details for extraction of rareearths from an intermediate grade concentrate of Madhya Pradesh region in India and a South African slag. The xenotime concentrate obtained from the former place was an intermediate grade (47%) rareearth phosphate containing both monazite and xenotime. The South African slag was a low-grade waste product typically containing only 4% of rareearths. The rareearth resource concentrates have been treated individually by different methods such as alkali fusion and alkali leaching to convert them into their mixed oxides. Both types of materials have been processed and greater than 98% solubilization of metal values has been achieved in the intermediate grade xenotime and 80% from the South African slag. The residue of xenotime hydroxide has been washed thoroughly to collect the sodium phosphate, as by-product and the slurry pH have been adjusted to separate rareearths from thorium effectively. Other impurities such as uranium and iron have been removed by precipitation of rareearths by oxalic acid. It has been possible to recover ＞95% yttrium along with other rareearth oxides.

BEFORE the early 1970s, China had no rareearth exports, and the world rareearth market was dominated by the United States, Europe and Japan. In the 1970s, China began to enter the world rareearth market and its share has picked up sharply in the following decades. Today, having the monopoly over global rareearth production, China must improve the benefits from rareearth production, not only from producing individual rareearth products, but also from mastering the intensive processing of rareearth products.

A method of treating rareearth metal-bearing permanent magnet scrap, waste or other material in a manner to recover the heavy rareearth metal content separately from the light rareearth metal content. The heavy rareearth metal content can be recovered either as a heavy rareearth metal-enriched iron based alloy or as a heavy rareearth metal based alloy.

The characteristics of the ideal soil erosion have been defined by several authors, for example by Zhang et al. (2001). Despite intensive research on erosion tracers in the last decades there is not a single tracer fulfilling all these characteristics. That is why research on different soil erosion tracers remains as an active field. Two desirable characteristics in erosion tracers are that they should be relatively inexpensive (to purchase and analyze) and that they should be determined with high accuracy in soil or sediment. The availability of multiple tracers is another of the key requirements. In this communication we present our preliminary results on the use of two different sets of erosion tracers. One set are iron oxides with different magnetic and optical properties (Fe3O4, α-Fe2O3 and FeOOH) analyzed by NIRS and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The other set consists of five rareearth oxides (La2O3, Pr6O11, Nd2O3, Sm2O3 and Gd2O3) analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). These two groups were studied under controlled and natural conditions, through several water erosion experiments, in field plots with different soil management, crops and scale. In one experiment these tracers were used to determine the source of sediment within sprinkle irrigated fields planted with cotton on shoulders. For this purpose, rainfall simulations were performed under controlled conditions at two scales, one with a portable rainfall simulator at small scale (0.81m2) and with the sprinkler irrigation system in the whole cotton field (2450 m2). Furrows were tagged with both groups of tracers, keeping shoulders untagged (where cotton was planted). Soil samples before and after the rainfall simulations were collected as well as sediment samples. In another experiment four olive orchard plots (330 m2) with different soil managements (cover crop and conventional tillage) were also tagged with the two groups of tracers. Soil samples were taken at

Based on their occurrences and relation to the host iron ores, barites are classified into: (1) fragmented barite occurs as pebble to sand-size white to yellowish white barite along the unconformity between the Bahariya Formation and iron ores, (2) interstitial barite is present as pockets and lenses of large and pure crystals inside the iron ores interstitial barite inside the iron ores, and (3) disseminated barite occurs at the top of the iron ores of relatively large crystals of barite embedded in hematite and goethite matrix. In the current study, these barites have been analyzed for their rareearth elements (REE) as well as strontium and sulfur isotopes to assess their source and origin as well as the origin of host iron ores. Barite samples from the three types are characterized by low ΣREE contents ranging between 12 and 21 ppm. Disseminated barite shows relatively lower ΣREE contents (12 ppm) compared to the fragmented (19 ppm) and interstitial (21 ppm) barites. This is probably due to the relatively higher Fe2O3 in the disseminated barite that might dilute its ΣREE content. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the three barite mineralizations exhibit enrichment of light rareearth elements (LREE) relative to heavy rareearth elements (HREE) as shown by the high (La/Yb)N ratios that range between 14 and 45 as well as pronounced negative Ce anomalies varying between 0.03 and 0.18. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the analyzed samples vary between 0.707422 and 0.712237. These 87Sr/86Sr values are higher than the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the seawater at the time of barite formation (Middle Eocene with 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.70773 to 0.70778) suggesting a contribution of hydrothermal fluid of high Sr isotope ratios. The δ34S values in the analyzed barites range between 14.39‰ and 18.92‰. The lower δ34S ratios in the studied barites compared with those of the seawater at the time of barite formation (Middle Eocene with δ34S ratios of 20-22‰) is attributed to a

@@ July 20~31 Rareearth market still went downward, which was mainly led by sluggish demand for didymium products. Weak demand by domestic NdFeB market was attributed to continuous price falling of didymium mischmetal.

In the light rareearth market of north China,REHT,the largest rareearth enterprise in the world,has to face a bitter rival in competition.As 3 SOEs(CHINALCO,Minmetals and CNMC)are vying for the medium and heavy rareearth market of South China,a smaller SOE,i.e.,China Iron & Steel Research

Improved understanding of the fractionation and geochemical characteristic of rareearth elements (REEs) from steel plant emissions is important due to the unclear atmospheric signature of these elements and their adverse impact on human health and the environment. In this study, ambient particulate matter of different sizes was collected from one site in an integrated iron and steelmaking industrial zone (HG) and one urban background site with no direct industrial emissions (ZWY) during a 1-year sampling campaign in China. The total concentrations of REEs for TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 were 27.248, 14.989, 3.542 ng/m(3) in HG and 6.326, 5.274, 1.731 ng/m(3), respectively, in ZWY, which revealed the local influence of the steelmaking activities to the air quality. With respect to ZWY, the REEs in HG site are obviously fractionated in the coarser fraction, and LREEs account for more than 80 % of the total REE burden in all of the samples. Additionally, the REEs in HG and ZWY show a homogeneous trend with successively increased LREE/HREE ratios from the coarse particles to the fine particles. In our samples, La, Ce, Nd, and Sm are the most enriched rareearth elements, especially in the HG site. Moreover, ternary diagrams of LaCeSm indicate that the REEs in HG are potentially contributed by steelworks, carrier vehicles, coal combustion, and road dust re-suspension.

As a result of their electron structure, rareearth ions in crystals at high temperature emit radiation in several narrow bands rather than in a continuous blackbody manner. This study develops a spectral emittance model for films of rareearth containing materials. Although there are several possible rareearth doped high temperature materials, this study was confined to rareearth aluminum garnets. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical spectral emittances was found for erbium, thulium and erbium-holmium aluminum garnets. Spectral emittances of these films are sensitive to temperature differences across the film. Emitter efficiency is also a sensitive function of temperature. For thulium aluminum garnet the efficiency is 0.38 at 1700 K but only 0.19 at 1262 K.

This paper provides an overview on the genesis of Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks and associated iron oxide ± apatite (IOA) ± rareearth element, iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), and iron-rich sedimentary deposits in the St. Francois Mountains terrane of southeast Missouri, USA. The St. Francois Mountains terrane lies along the southeastern margin of Laurentia as part of the eastern granite-rhyolite province. The province formed during two major pulses of igneous activity: (1) an older early Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.50–1.44 Ga) episode of volcanism and granite plutonism, and (2) a younger middle Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.33–1.30 Ga) episode of bimodal gabbro and granite plutonism. The volcanic rocks are predominantly high-silica rhyolite pyroclastic flows, volcanogenic breccias, and associated volcanogenic sediments with lesser amounts of basaltic to andesitic volcanic and associated subvolcanic intrusive rocks. The iron oxide deposits are all hosted in the early Mesoproterozoic volcanic and volcaniclastic sequences. Previous studies have characterized the St. Francois Mountains terrane as a classic, A-type within-plate granitic terrane. However, our new whole-rock geochemical data indicate that the felsic volcanic rocks are effusive derivatives from multicomponent source types, having compositional similarities to A-type within-plate granites as well as to S- and I-type granites generated in an arc setting. In addition, the volcanic-hosted IOA and IOCG deposits occur within bimodal volcanic sequences, some of which have volcanic arc geochemical affinities, suggesting an extensional tectonic setting during volcanism prior to emplacement of the ore-forming systems.The Missouri iron orebodies are magmatic-related hydrothermal deposits that, when considered in aggregate, display a vertical zonation from high-temperature, magmatic ± hydrothermal IOA deposits emplaced at moderate depths (~1–2 km), to magnetite-dominant IOA veins and IOCG deposits emplaced at shallow

Full Text Available Rare (Earth Elements is a cycle of works for solo piano. The cycle was inspired by James Dillon’s Book of Elements (Vol. I-V. The complete cycle will consist of 14 pieces; one for each selected rare (earth element. The chosen elements are Neodymium, Erbium, Tellurium, Hafnium, Tantalum, Technetium, Indium, Dysprosium, Lanthanium, Cerium, Europium, Terbium, Yttrium and Darmstadtium. These elements were selected due to their special atomic properties that in many cases make them extremely valuable for the development of new technologies, and also because of their scarcity. To date, only 4 works have been completed Yttrium, Technetium, Indium and Tellurium.

Some of the high {Tc} iron pnictides contain rare-earth elements, raising the question of how the existence and tunability of a d-electron antiferromagnetic order influences the heavy fermion behavior of the f-moments. With CeOFeP and CeOFeAs in mind as prototypes, we derive an extended Anderson lattice model appropriate for these quaternary systems. We show that the Kondo screening of the f-moments are efficiently suppressed by the d-electron ordering. We also argue that, inside the d-electron ordered state (as in CeOFeAs), the f-moments provide a rare realization of a quantum frustrated magnet with competing J{sub 1}-J{sub 2}-J{sub 3} interactions in an effective square lattice. Implications ofr the heavy fermion physics in broader contexts are also discussed.

Advances in molecular beam epitaxy deposition techniques have recently made it possible to grow, an atomic plane at a time, single crystalline superlattices composed of alternating layers of a magnetic rareearth, such as Gd, Dy, Ho, or Er, and metallic Y, which has an identical chemical structure...

@@ Rareearth market continued drop tendency.There was not much transaction of didymium oxide and the alloy. Affected by reduced order of NdFeB magnetic materials and inactive dealings of didymium mischmetal,price of didymium mischmetal had dropped from RMB ￥95,000～98,000/ton to RMBY 93,000～95,000/ton currently.

Use of crystalline garnet as a waste form phase appears to be advantageous for accommodating actinides from nuclear waste. Previous studies show that large amounts of uranium (U) and its analogues such as cerium (Ce) and thorium (Th) can be incorporated into the garnet structure. In this study, we synthesized U loaded garnet phases, Ca3UxZr2-xFe3O12 (x = 0.5 - 0.7), along with the endmember phase, Ca3(Zr2)SiFe3+2O12, for comparison. The oxidation states of U were determined by X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopies, revealing the presence of mixed pentavalent and hexavalent uranium in the phases with x = 0.6 and 0.7. The oxidation states and coordination environments of Fe were measured using transmission 57Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopy, which shows that all iron is tetrahedrally coordinated Fe3+ (x = 0 and substituted sample), U substitution had a significant effect on local environments, the extent of U isubstitution within this range had a minimal effect on the structure, and unlike in the x = 0 sample, Fe exists in two different environments in the substituted garnets. The enthalpies of formation of garnet phases from constituent oxides and elements were determined by high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. The results indicate that these substituted garnets are thermodynamically stable under reducing conditions. Our structural and thermodynamic analysis further provides explanation for the formation of natural uranium garnet, elbrusite-(Zr), and supports the potential use of Ca3UxZr2-xFe3O12 as viable waste form phases for U and other actinides.

Use of crystalline garnet as a waste form phase appears to be advantageous for accommodating actinides from nuclear waste. Previous studies show that large amounts of uranium (U) and its analogues such as cerium (Ce) and thorium (Th) can be incorporated into the garnet structure. In this study, we synthesized U loaded garnet phases, Ca3UxZr2-xFe3O12 (x = 0.5-0.7), along with the endmember phase, Ca3(Zr2)SiFe3+2O12, for comparison. The oxidation states of U were determined by X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopies, revealing the presence of mixed pentavalent and hexavalent uranium in the phases with x = 0.6 and 0.7. The oxidation states and coordination environments of Fe were measured using transmission 57Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopy, which shows that all iron is tetrahedrally coordinated Fe3+. U substitution had a significant effect on local environments, the extent of U substitution within this range had a minimal effect on the structure, and unlike in the x = 0 sample, Fe exists in two different environments in the substituted garnets. The enthalpies of formation of garnet phases from constituent oxides and elements were first time determined by high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. The results indicate that these substituted garnets are thermodynamically stable under reducing conditions. Our structural and thermodynamic analysis further provides explanation for the formation of natural uranium garnet, elbrusite-(Zr), and supports the potential use of Ca3UxZr2-xFe3O12 as viable waste form phases for U and other actinides.

Full Text Available On our planet, over a quarter of new technologies for the economic production of industrial goods, are using rareearths, which are also called critical minerals and industries that rely on these precious items being worth of an estimated nearly five trillion dollars, or 5 percent of world gross domestic product. In the near future, competition will increase for the control of rareearth minerals embedded in high-tech products. Rare minerals are in the twenty-first century what oil accounted for in the twentieth century and coal in the nineteenth century: the engine of a new industrial revolution. Future energy will be produced increasingly by more sophisticated technological equipment based not just on steel and concrete, but incorporating significant quantities of metals and rareearths. Widespread application of these technologies will result in an exponential increase in demand for such minerals, and what is worrying is that minerals of this type are almost nowhere to be found in Europe and in other industrialized countries in the world, such as U.S. and Japan, but only in some Asian countries, like China and Afghanistan.

@@ February, 2010 Rareearth separation plants and downstream producers like NdFeB magnetic materials and phosphor materials successively ceased production due to Spring Festival, Chinese New Year. Transactions in rareearth market were few affected by public holidays.

Rareearth market fluctuated slightly recently and the transactions remained sluggish. Environment control was strengthened in southern China and many rareearth plants had gone out of production. Some traders were considering selling commodities at low p

Light-attenuation spectra of yttrium-irongarnet single-crystal film structures grown on a gallium-gadolinium garnet substrate by liquid-phase epitaxy from the undercooled solution in the melt have been studied and compared with those of bulk yttrium-irongarnet samples. The calculated optical constants are discussed taking into account the influence of crystal field on the splitting of the energy states of iron ions in the film samples.

Following Guangdong,Guangxi,Fujian and Jiangxi,Hunan announced that it would consolidate its rareearth resources-the consolidation plan of Hunan RareEarth Group has been approved. Consolidation of the rareearth industry of south China is in full swing.According to "Several Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the Sustainable and Healthy Development of RareEarth Industry"(hereinafter referred to as "Several Opinions")released in 2011,

September 20-30, 2011 Rareearth market remained steady recently. Quoted prices of didymium products by separation and smelting plants kept stable. Some rareearth industrial zones in Baotou, Sichuan and Ganzhou had suspended production with the intensified environmental protection control and consolidation of rareearth industry. Persons in the industry hold a positive attitude toward the rareearth market after the National Day＇ s holiday in China. The market will develop healthily and orderly in the future.

Full Text Available An investigation was made into the synthesis and magnetic properties of Sm(3-xHo xFe5O12 (samarium-holmium-irongarnet ferrite, as yet absent from the literature. The material in question was synthesized by co-precipitation, starting from hydrated chlorides of rare-earth elements and ferrous sulfate, and the mixed hydroxide co-precipitate was calcined at 1000 °C. Using PVA as a binder, rectangular cross section-shaped compacts were produced by means of steel-die pressing, drying and sintering from 1200 to 1450 °C. The main conclusions of this study were that the coercive force decreases as the sintering temperature increases, and that the effect of substituting holmium for samarium in SmIG is entirely different from that provided by replacing yttrium by gadolinium in YIG, which is the most important result of this work. An in-depth investigation will be necessary to determine the correlation between microstructure/magnetic properties and ceramic processing variables.

@@ Supply of rareearth concentrate remained tight recently. Rareearth market exhibited rising tendency holistically Affected by tight supply of rareearth concentrate, many plants were operated under the capacity. Supply of didymium oxide got tighter and the price was on rising.

Ultrathin bismuth irongarnet Bi{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} films were grown epitaxially on (001)-oriented gadolinium gallium garnet substrates. Film thickness varied from two to three dozens of unit cells. Bi{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} films grow pseudomorphically on substrates up to a thickness of 20 nm, and then a lattice relaxation occurs. Magnetic properties of the films were studied as a function of bismuth irongarnet thickness. The magnetization and cubic anisotropy decrease with decreasing film thickness. The uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy is constant for all film thicknesses. For two unit cell thick films, the easy magnetization axis changes from in-plane to perpendicular to the plane direction. Such a reorientation takes place as a result of the competition of constant uniaxial perpendicular anisotropy with weakening film magnetization. - Highlights: ► Ultrathin Bi{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} films were grown epitaxially on structure-matching substrates. ► Magnetic properties of Bi{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} were studied down to the thickness of 2.5 nm. ► Reorientation of easy magnetization axis as a function of film thickness was observed.

Since China cancelled export rebate in May this year,prices of magnetic materials related rareearth productscontinuously rose. Increasing production cost is largelyattributed to investment in environmental protectionequipments. Prices of Nd and Dy metals rose 20~30% over thebeginning of this year.Price of Nd was USD 11.5 - 12/Kg from USD 9/Kg at theend of 2004, up 30%. Price of Dy rose to USD 65- 70/Kg fromUSD 50/Kg early this year, up 20%. Price of Pr climbed to USD13.5 - 14/Kg from USD 11/Kg, up 30%. Pri...

The thorium lung burdens of 130 miners in a rare-earth and iron mine were estimated by electrostatic collection of the decay products of exhaled thoron. The free-emanating {sup 224}Ra equivalents at the mouth of 73 individuals were higher than 1.0 pCi. The weighted mean value of {sup 224}Ra equivalents at the mouth of the 130 miners was 2.1{plus minus}0.3.Ci ({plus minus}S.E.). The corresponding weighted mean of 10 inhabitants of the same district was 0.8{plus minus}0.2.Ci. On the basis of the thorium lung burdens estimated from these results, and the dose-risk relationship obtained from epidemiological studies of miners exposed to radon daughters, the number of excess lung cancer cases among 2072 dust inhaling miners between 1958 and 1993 was calculated to be very small. A relationship was, however, found between the estimated thorium lung burdens and different stages of pneumoconiosis. (author).

Full Text Available A novel approach for recovery of iron and rareearth elements (REEs from Bayan Obo tailings of Baotou, China, was developed by combining magnetizing roasting, magnetic separation, (NH42SO4 activation roasting, and water leaching. Thermodynamic analysis of carbothermal reduction was conducted to determine the temperature of magnetizing roasting, and it agreed well with the experimental results. The maximum recovery of Fe reached 77.8% at 600 °C, and the grade of total Fe in the magnetic concentrate was 56.3 wt. %. An innovative approach, using water to leach REEs after (NH42SO4 activation roasting, was used to extract REEs from magnetic separation tailings. The main influence factors of the leaching recovery during (NH42SO4 activation roasting, were investigated with the mass ratio of (NH42SO4 to magnetic separation tailings, roasting temperature and roasting time. The leaching recoveries of La, Ce and Nd reached 83.12%, 76.64% and 77.35%, respectively, under the optimized conditions: a mass ratio of 6:1, a roasting temperature of 400 °C and a roasting time of 80 min. Furthermore, the phase composition and reaction process during the (NH42SO4 activation roasting were analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy & scanning electron microscopy (EDS-SEM and thermogravimetry & differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC, and the leaching solution and leaching residue were also characterized.

In this work, we studied the wear behavior of a low-Cr white cast iron (WCI) modified with ferrotitanium-rareearths-bismuth (Fe-Ti-RE-Bi) up to 2%. These additions modified the eutectic carbide structure of the alloy from continuous ledeburite into a blocky, less interconnected carbide network. The modified structure was wear tested under pure sliding conditions against a hardened M2 steel counter-face using a load of 250 N. It was observed that wear resistance increased as the modifier admixture increased. The modified structure had smaller more isolated carbides than the WCI with no Fe-Ti-RE-Bi additions. It was observed that large carbides fracture during sliding, which destabilizes the structure and causes degradation in the wear behavior. A transition from abrasive to oxidative wear after 20 km sliding occurred for all alloys. In addition, the modified alloys exhibited higher values of hardness and fracture toughness. These results are discussed in terms of the modified eutectic carbide microstructure.

The novel Bi-substituted rare-earthirongarnet films were grown by the modified liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique for use as a 45° Faraday rotator in optical isolators. First, single crystals of Y3 Fe5 O12(YIG), with a lattice constant of 1. 237 8 nm, were grown by means of the Czochralski method. Using the seed crystal of YIG instead of the conventional non-magnetic garnet of Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) as a substrate,a film of BiYbIG was grown by means of the LPE method from Bi2O3 - B2O3 fluxes. The structural, magnetic and magneto-optical properties of BiYbIG LPE film/YIG crystal composite have been investigated using directional X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VMS) and near-infrared transmission spectrometry. The saturation magnetization 4πMs has been estimated to be about 1.2×10 6 A/m. The Faraday rotation spectrum was measured by the method of rotating analyzer ellipsometry (RAE) with the wavelength varied from 800 nm to 1 700 nm. The resultant Bi0.37 Yb2.63 Fe5 O12LPE film/YIG crystal composite showed an increased Faraday rotation coefficient due to doping Bi3+ ions into the dodecahedral sites of the magnetic garnet without increasing absorption loss, therefore a good magnetooptic figure of merit,defined by the ratio of Faraday rotation and optical absorption loss, has been achieved of 21.5 and 30.2 (°)/dB at 1 300 and 1 550 nm wavelengths respectively and room temperature. Since Yb3+ and Y3+ ions provide the opposite contribution to the wideband and temperature characteristics of Faraday rotation,the values of Faraday rotation wavelength and temperature coefficients were reduced to 0.06 %/nm and 0.007(°)/℃ at 1 550 nm wavelength, respectively.

The rareearth elements are a group of 17 elements consisting of the lantahnide series, scandium and yttrium. The application with the largest rareearth consumption is the permanent rareearth magnets. The neodymium-iron-boron magnets are the strongest permanent magnetic material known and are widely used. There is a concern that there will be a shortage in Nd-Fe-B magnets in short time. This has lead to an increased interest in the recycling of the rareearth magnets in the world.This proje...

June 20-30 2012 Affected by a sustained slump in the demand from downstream industries, rareearth market remained flat recently. There were not many inquiries for rareearth products in the spot market. Consumers lacked of confidence in the future market. As for the downstream industries, the market of NdFeB magnetic materials and phosphors were in the doldrums. Ceramic, catalyst and polishing powder industries maintained weak. Affected by the global economy, export market of rareearth was weak.

Rareearth market remained weak recently. Dealings of light and heavy rareearth products were sluggish. Demand for didymium and dysprosium related products was soft and purchasers were not interested in replenishing their stocks. The market of NdFeB magnetic materials and phosphors remained inactive. Meanwhile, ceramic, catalyst and polishing powder industries were weak. Affected by global economical recession, export market of rareearth remained weak.

Rareearth market was weak recently. There was still no sign of recovery in NdFeB magnetic materials and phosphors market. The market of ceramic, catalyst and polishing powder were in the doldrums. Rareearth deep processing enterprisers hesitated to purchase rareearth products and considered that there was room for further price reduction. Global economy slowed down and there was no sign of improvement yet. The export market was sluggish and transactions were inactive.

Rareearth market was relatively stable recently. There was not much change to the quotations by suppliers. Inquiries for most products increased in spot market and so did to the transactions. Recently, rareearth special invoices attracted the attention in the industry again. It is likely to result in price rise of many rareearth products if the special invoice system can put into effect in the near term.

November 1-10, 2012 Some key rareearth producers had paused production since the last ten day period of October in order to retain normal production and market order and stabilize rareearth prices. The production suspension measure by the plants together with severe cracking down on illegal mining by the government had some influence on sluggish market recently. Data showed rapid price increase of major rareearth products after sharp decline previously.

October 21-31,2012 Recently, dealings of rareearth remained stagnant. Consumers hesitated to increase their stocks for the fear of further decline in rareearth prices. It was difficult for suppliers to sell products and they had reduced quotations to attract buyers. It did not show demand from end users could rebound in short terms. Dealings of rareearth products in spot market were few. The market of NdFeB magnetic materials, phosphors, catalysts, polishing powders and ceramics remained sluggish. There was no sign of picking up in world economy. Export market of rareearths maintained inactive.

Rareearth market remained sluggish and quiet holistically recently. Didymium-related market was quiet and the consumers were hesitating in replenishing their inventories. Inquiries for dysprosium-related products were few and the transactions were inactive, Demand for europium oxide （99.99%） was weak and the trade was far from brisk. Baogang RareEarth suspended production, which has a positive effect in stabilizing the whole rareearth market. But prices of rareearth products did not go up rapidly. This means there were still large inventories in the market.

Iron-rich silicate melts in the Earth's deep mantle have been seismologically and geochemically inferred in recent years. The origin of local enrichments in iron and low-velocity seismic anomalies that have been detected in dense mantle domains are critical to understanding the mantle's evolution, which has been canonically explained by long-term chemical reactions between the Earth's silicate mantle and its liquid iron outer core. However, the Pleistocene alkaline ferropicrites (∼0.73 Ma) from Wudi, North China, show chemical and Sr-Nd-Os isotopic features that suggest derivation from the preferential melting of silica-deficient eclogite, a lithology of delaminated mafic lower continental crust that had stagnated at mid-upper mantle depths during the Mesozoic decratonization of the North China block. These rocks are characterized by substantial enrichment in iron (14.9-15.2 wt% Fe2O3), relative depletion in silica (40-41 wt% SiO2) and decoupled Y and heavy rareearth element (HREE) compositions. These ferropicrites have particularly higher Y/Yb ratios than the other Cenozoic basalts from North China. The pressure-dependent compatibility of Fe, Y and Yb in eclogitic garnet can adequately explain the Fe-enrichment and Y-HREE decoupling of the Wudi ferropicrites and indicates that the eclogites were melted at pressures of 5-8 GPa, as also constrained by previous high-P-T experiments. This melting depth ties together a seismically imaged high-velocity anomaly that extends from 150 km to 350 km in depth under the study area, which has been commonly interpreted as evidence for the stagnation of the missing, delaminated continental lithosphere. Our findings provide an alternative mechanism to produce an extremely iron-rich mantle reservoir in addition to core-mantle interaction. Iron-rich silicate melts that form by this process are likely to be denser than the ambient mantle peridotite (and therefore drive flow downward) and may play a more significant role in the

Introduction China's dominant position as the producer of over 95 percent of the world output of rare-earth minerals and rapid increases in the consumption of rareearths owing to the emergence of new clean-energy and defense-related technologies, combined with China's decisions to restrict exports of rareearths, have resulted in heightened concerns about the future availability of rareearths. As a result, industrial countries such as Japan, the United States, and countries of the European Union face tighter supplies and higher prices for rareearths. This paper briefly reviews China's rare-earth production, consumption, and reserves and the important policies and regulations regarding the production and trade of rareearths, including recently announced export quotas. The 15 lanthanide elements-lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium (atomic numbers 57-71)-were originally known as the rareearths from their occurrence in oxides mixtures. Recently, some researchers have included two other elements-scandium and yttrium-in their discussion of rareearths. Yttrium (atomic number 39), which lies above lanthanum in transition group III of the periodic table and has a similar 3+ ion with a noble gas core, has both atomic and ionic radii similar in size to those of terbium and dysprosium and is generally found in nature with lanthanides. Scandium (atomic number 21) has a smaller ionic radius than yttrium and the lanthanides, and its chemical behavior is intermediate between that of aluminum and the lanthanides. It is found in nature with the lanthanides and yttrium. Rareearths are used widely in high-technology and clean-energy products because they impart special properties of magnetism, luminescence, and strength. Rareearths are also used in weapon systems to obtain the same properties.

Rareearthgarnets after milling to nanosizes are found to decompose into rareearth orthoferrite and other rareearth and iron oxide phases. The magnetization for the yttrium irongarnet decreases in the nano state due to the formation of antiferromagnetic phases. But for the gadolinium irongarnet when milled up to 25 h, the room temperature magnetization increases despite the formation of antiferromagnetic and non-magnetic phases. This is attributed to the uncompensated moments of the sublattices because of the weakening of the superexchange interaction due to change in bond angles and the breaking of some superexchange bonds on account of the defects and oxygen vacancies introduced on milling. For the 10 h milled gadolinium irongarnet at 5 K, after correcting for the non-magnetic phases present, there is an increase in the magnetic moment of about 10% as compared to the value for the as-prepared garnet. The magnetic hyperfine fields corresponding to the various phases were measured using {sup 57}Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy at 16 K. The isomer shift values indicate the loss of oxygen for the samples milled for larger duration.

Among the iron-based superconductors, the 1111-type Fe-As-based superconductors REFeAs O1 -xFx (RE = rareearth) exhibit high transition temperatures (Tc) above 40 K. We perform first-principles calculations based on density functional theory with the consideration of both electronic correlations and spin-orbit couplings on rareearths and Fe ions to study the underlying mechanism as the microscopic structural distortions in REFeAsO tuned by both lanthanide contraction and external strain. The electronic structures evolve similarly in both cases. It is found that there exist an optimal structural regime that will not only initialize but also optimize the orbital fluctuations due to the competing Fe-As and Fe-Fe crystal fields. We also find that the key structural features in REFeAsO, such as As-Fe-As bond angle, intrinsically induce the modification of the Fermi surface and dynamic spin fluctuation. These results suggest that the superconductivity is mediated by antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations. Simultaneously, we show that the rare-earth 4 f electrons play important roles on the high transition temperature whose behavior might be analogous to that of the heavy-fermion superconductors. The superconductivity of these 1111-type iron-based superconductors with high-Tc is considered to originate from the synergistic effects of local structures and 4 f electrons.

The oxyhydroxides of iron are common soil minerals and known to control the availability of various major and trace elements essential for biogeochemical processes. We present a study from acidic natural forest soils, where reducing redox conditions due to seasonal waterlogging lead to the dissolution of Fe-oxyhydroxides, and to the release of Fe to soil water. In order to study in detail the mechanism of redox cycling of Fe, we used RareEarth Element (REE) distribution patterns, because an earlier study has shown that they are a suitable tool to identify trace metal sources during soil reduction in wetland soils (Davranche et al., 2011). The REE patterns of soil leachates obtained with the modified 3-step BCR extraction scheme of Rauret et al., (1999) were compared with those of natural soil water. The adsorbed fractions (F1 leach), the reducible fraction of the deepest soil horizon H4 (F2 leach, 50-120 cm), and the oxidizable fractions of horizons H2 to H4 (F3 leachs, 24-120 cm) yielded REE patterns almost identical to soil water (see figure), showing that the REE and trace metal content of soil water was mainly derived from the F1 pool, and from the F2 and F3 pools of the clay mineral-rich deep soil horizons. In contrast, the F2 leach mobilized mainly Fe-oxyhydroxides associated with organic matter of the surface soil and yielded REE patterns significantly different from those of soil water. These results suggest that the trace metal content of soil water in hydromorphic soils is primarily controlled by the clay fraction of the deeper soil horizons and not by organic matter and related Fe-oxyhydroxides of the surface soil. Additional analyses are in progress in order to verify whether the REE and trace metals of the deeper soil horizons were directly derived from clay minerals or from associated Fe-oxyhydroxide coatings. Refs cited: Davranche et al. (2011), Chem. Geol. 284; Rauret et al. (1999), J. Environ. Monit. 1.

Rareearth market remained stagnant recently. The buyers did not show willingness to replenish raw materials affected by weak demand. Most persons in rareearth circle were not confident with the short-term rareearth market. Demand for didymium mischmetal was soft recently. The market of dysprosium related products was quiet and NdFeB magnet producers were inactive in the purchase. Phosphor market was stagnant as well. Buyers were cautious on replenishing the material. There were few inquiries for europium oxide （99.9%） in spot market and transactions were difficult.

Yttrium irongarnet (YIG) and yttrium aluminum irongarnet (YAIG) nanoferrite samples were synthesized by microemulsion method. The effect of sintering was examined by heating the samples at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. The YIG and YAIG samples were then characterized using X-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Static and dynamic magnetic properties were measured by evaluating initial permeability, Q factor, and vibrating sample magnetometry properties of YIG and YAIG samples. YIG samples sintered at 1100 °C showed higher initial permeability and Q factor compared with YAIG samples. However, hysteresis loops also showed variations in the saturation magnetization, remanence, and coercivity of YIG and YAIG samples sintered at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. The observed magnetic parameter such as saturation magnetization, coercivity and initial permeability are strongly affected by increasing temperature. The saturation magnetization and coercivity of YIG and YAIG nanoferrites were found in the range 11.56–19.92 emu/g and 7.30–87.70 Oe respectively. Furthermore, the decreasing trends in the static and magnetic properties of YAIG samples may be due to the introduction of Al ions in the YIG crystal lattice. Thus, YIG and YAIG sintered at 1100 °C can be used for wide-ranging frequency applications. - Highlights: • Static and dynamic magnetic properties of YIG and YAIG nanoferrites were determined. • Saturation magnetization, Q and initial permeability increased in YIG nanoferites. • Possible use of these nanoferrites for sensing and switching applications.

China RareEarth Holdings Limited is a large trans-area corporation and a public company listed in Hong Kong Stock Exchange (Name: China RareEarth, Code: 0769), with headquarter in Hong Kong. Located on the bank of beautiful Taihu Lake, the subsidiary in Yinxing covers area of 200,000 m2. It has nearly 1,000 employees, 30% of whom are technical staffs. After self-administration and effort, the company passed ISO 9001: 2000 and ISO 14000 Certificaitons.

Rareearth market remained depressed after the New Year affected by the weak demand. Purchaser preferred to consume inventories rather than increase the stockpile. There was a strong wait-and-see atmosphere in the market. Driven by the intense desire to sell out the commodities, traders further decreased their quoted price for rareearth products. Most persons in the market preferred to hold commodities and waited for a rise in the market after the Spring Festival.

March 21-31,2012 Rareearth market rebounded holistically recently. Price of didymium products rose slightly after being stable for one month. There were also increases in the prices of europium oxide and terbium oxide, which led to a rush by phosphor plants. The market of yttrium-medium and europium-rich minerals remained stagnant though the rareearth market recovered. Price of the mineral was around RMB ￥210,000-250,000/ton.

During the last decade, China rareearth (RE) industry has made significant progress and become one of the most important producers in the world. In this paper, the recent developments in both fundamental research and industrial application are briefly reviewed: (1) the development and application of Theory of Countercurrent Extraction, (2) the novel solvent extraction process and its application in industry for separating heavy rareearth elements (Tm, Yb, Lu), yttrium (Y), and scandium (Sc), (3) the on-line analysis and automatic control of countercurrent extraction, (4) the eco-friendly process for RE/Th separation of bastnasite in Sichuan Province and electrochemical process for Eu/RE separation, and (5) the optimized flowcharts for typical rareearth minerals in China.

August 20-31, 2011 Rareearth market did not show the sign of picking-up and remained stagnant recently. Most suppliers continued to decrease their quoted price, but leading producers in northern and southern China did not adjust their quoted price. Most rareearth plants in southern China had not yet resumed production. Quoted price of didymium products swung and the quoted prices of dysprosium-related products were slipping affected by weak demand. Inquiries for europium oxide were decreasing affected by the slow phosphor market.

Rareearth standardization was developed along with rareearth industry.In recent decades, great advances have been made in China rareearth industry.This paper describes the status of rareearth standardization, problems existed and ways to perfect.Now the number of Chinese RareEarth Standards has increased to 232 with expanding of the categories and covering scope of rareearth products.But the present standard system cannot be completely suited with rareearth production and trade, and not keep pace with the advance of technology.Standards are important rules in world trade and must be acted on.

This is our initial response towards preparation of nano-inductors garnet for high operating frequencies strontium irongarnet (Sr3Fe5O12) denoted as SrIG and yttrium irongarnet (Y3Fe5O12) denoted as YIG. The garnet nano crystals were prepared by novel sol-gel technique. The phase and crystal structure of the prepared samples were identified by using X-ray diffraction analysis. SEM images were done to reveal the surface morphology of the samples. Raman spectra was taken for yttrium irongarnet (Y3Fe5O12). The magnetic properties of the samples namely initial permeability (micro), relative loss factor (RLF) and quality factor (Q-Factor) were done by using LCR meter. From the XRD profile, both of the Y3Fe5O12 and Sr3Fe5O12 samples showed single phase garnet and crystallization had completely occurred at 900 degrees C for the SrIG and 950 degrees C for the YIG samples. The YIG sample showed extremely low RLF value (0.0082) and high density 4.623 g/cm3. Interesting however is the high Q factor (20-60) shown by the Sr3Fe5O12 sample from 20-100 MHz. This high performance magnetic property is attributed to the homogenous and cubical-like microstructure. The YIG particles were used as magnetic feeder for EM transmitter. It was observed that YIG magnetic feeder with the EM transmitter gave 39% higher magnetic field than without YIG magnetic feeder.

June 20-30, 2011 Prices of heavy rareearth products remained soaring. The same happened to dysprosium and its related products due to tight supply. Separation plants held tightly of europium oxide. Refining plants took a positive attitude toward the ma

Bi-substituted Neodymium IronGarnet (Nd3-xBixFe5O12, Bi:NIG) thin films with the Bi composition x=0-1.0 are prepared on both the (001) and (111) oriented gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) substrates by a metal organic decomposition method. Crystalline qualities and magnetic properties of these films are examined by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. Longitudinal spin Seebeck effects (LSSEs) are investigated by means of the inverse spin Hall effect in a Pt film. The increase of LSSE voltage in Bi:NIG(x=0-1.0)/Pt bilayers on GGG(001) is observed with the increase of Bi composition. In the case of GGG(111), the LSSE voltage for Bi:NIG(x=1.0) is also larger than that for NIG.

The spin reorientation (SR) phase transition in dysprosium irongarnet (Dy{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} or DyIG) have been studied by specific heat C{sub p}(T) and high field magnetisation measurements M{sub T}(H) and M{sub H}(T) on single crystals at low temperature. A first order SR is observed with a sharp jump at T{sub SR} = 14.5+-0.5 K in the C{sub p}(T) curve which corresponds to a spontaneous change from the high temperature (HT) easy direction (111) to an (uuw) angular low temperature (LT) phases. Above T{sub SR}, the magnetic structure is described by the irreducible representation (IR) A{sub 2g} of the rhombohedral space group R 3 c. Below T{sub SR}, the magnetic structure changes in the monoclinic the space group C2/c with the IR A{sub g}. When the field H is kept aligned along the hard symmetry directions (100) and (110), we obtain respectively the variation of the angular positions theta(T) and theta'(T) from the total spontaneous magnetisation down to 1.5 K (theta = 39.23 deg. and theta' = 30.14 deg.) and the results are in good agreement with the previous observations in low fields. When the sample is allowed to rotate freely on itself, the critical field H{sub c}(T) between the HT(111) and the LT(uuw) angular phases permits us to precise the transition line up to 15 T and 40 K between the so called canted field induced (FI) and the associated collinear magnetic phases. The experimental magnetic phase diagram (MPD) is precisely determined in the (H{sub c}-T) plane and the domains of the existence and the stability of the two magnetic phases are specified.

The magnetic properties of dysprosium irongarnet (DyIG) have been studied by performing high resolution powder neutron diffraction experiments and high dc fields magnetizations on single crystals. Among all the reflections (hkl) indexed in the nuclear cubic space group (CSG) Ia 3-bar d with h+k+l=2n and k=[000], the superstructure lines (hkl)* forbidden by the symmetry (222)* and (622)* are not observed in the patterns at all temperatures. The pattern at 130 K is well interpreted within the magnetic modes F belonging to the irreducible representation (IR) T{sub 1g} of the CSG and identified to the room temperature ferrimagnetic Neel model. The high magnetic field behavior of the spontaneous collinear magnetic structure (MS) along the easy axis (EA) <111> is isotropic. Below 130 K, the patterns exhibit additional magnetic superstructure lines. They are associated to the appearance of the spontaneous non collinear MS which is described in the subgroup of the CSG, R 3-bar c within the IR A{sub 2g}. A strong magnetization anisotropy (MA) is observed at 1.5 K in the low symmetry phases were the spin reorientation transition (SR) occur at T{sub RS}=14.5 K. The onset of MA is detected below two characteristic temperatures, Ta{sub 1}=125 K and Ta{sub 2}=75 K respectively to the hard axis (HA) <100> and <110>. Symmetry arguments are used in the framework of the theory of representation analysis (RA) applied to the subgroup of R 3-bar c, C2/c within the IR A{sub g}. It seems that this MA results essentially from the difference between the spontaneous non collinear MS and the field induced (FI) configurations. All results are discussed with previous neutrons studies.

Full Text Available Rare-earth and Bi-substituted irongarnet thin film materials exhibit strong potential for application in various fields of science and frontier optical technologies. Bi-substituted irongarnets possess extraordinary optical and MO properties and are still considered as the best MO functional materials for various emerging integrated optics and photonics applications. However, these MO garnet materials are rarely seen in practical photonics use due to their high optical losses in the visible spectral region. In this paper, we report on the physical properties and magneto-optic behaviour of high-performance RF sputtered highly bismuth-substituted irongarnet and garnet-oxide nanocomposite films of generic composition type (Bi, Dy/Lu3(Fe, Ga/Al5O12. Our newly synthesized garnet materials form high-quality nanocrystalline thin film layers which demonstrate excellent optical and MO properties suitable for a wide range of applications in integrated optics and photonics.

Full Text Available We report on the fabrication and characterization of a novel magnetophotonic structure designed as irongarnet based magneto-optical nanoresonator cavity constrained by two noble metal mirrors. Since the irongarnet layer requires annealing at high temperatures, the fabrication process can be rather challenging. Special approaches for the protection of metal layers against oxidation and morphological changes along with a special plasma-assisted polishing of the irongarnet layer surface were used to achieve a 10-fold enhancement of the Faraday rotation angle (up to 10.8\\(^{\\circ}/\\mu\\m within a special resonance peak of 12 nm (FWHM linewidth at a wavelength of 772 nm, in the case of a resonator with two silver mirrors. These structures are promising for tunable nanophotonics applications, in particular, they can be used as magneto-optical (MO metal-insulator-metal waveguides and modulators.

Thin rareearth (RE) oxide films are emerging materials for microelectronic, nanoelectronic, and spintronic applications. The state-of-the-art of thin film deposition techniques as well as the structural, physical, chemical, and electrical properties of thin RE oxide films and of their interface with semiconducting substrates are discussed. The aim is to identify proper methodologies for the development of RE oxides thin films and to evaluate their effectiveness as innovative materials in different applications.

Magnetic refrigeration is a revolutionary, efficient, environmentally friendly cooling technology, which is on the threshold of commercialization. The magnetic rareearth materials are utilized as the magnetic refrigerants in most cooling devices, and for many cooling application the Nd2Fe14B permanent magnets are employed as the source of the magnetic field. The status of the near room temperature magnetic cooling was reviewed.

November 20-30.2011 Weak demand resulted in the slack rare market. Consumers did not intend to rep earth enish inventories yet and transactions of rareearth products were stagnant. The market of didymium-related products was in the doldrums. Demand for dysprosium-related products was sluggish. Inquiries for europium oxide （99.9%） were few and dealings of the product were difficult.

A model of the occurrence of photoinduced changes in linear magnetostriction is proposed based on a complex experimental study of magnetostrictive strains in yttrium-irongarnets Y{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} with low contents of different impurities. Analytical expressions for calculating the magnetostriction in yttrium-irongarnet single crystals with different types of doping are presented. The correlation of the photoinduced change in the magnetostriction with the crystallographic features of the samples is demonstrated. The changes in the magnetostriction constants are analyzed quantitatively for samples prepared in different ways.

In order to recycle the iron in the rareearth tailings and take account of the concentration of niobium and rareearth,the " direct reduction with coal-weak magnetic separation" was adopted on the rareearth tailings to cany out the experiment. The experiment schedules were designed as follows; The influences of roasting temperature,soaking time and fixed C/0 on the metallization rate were researched. According to the result of this paper,when the roasting temperature was 1200℃ ,soaking time was 2 h and fixed C/O was 1. 00,the metallization rate of the direct reduction production could reach 86. 59% . In the experiment of weak magnetic separation,the influences of magnetic density on grade,yield and recovery of the rare-earth tailings reduced with coal were researched. The following results were found out through the study; The iron concentrate is 82. 36% in grade,32.08% in yield and 82. 91% in recovery,when the magnetic density is 160 kA·m-1. Rareearth and niobium were both concentrated in the weak magnetic separation tailings.%为了对包头稀土尾矿中的铁进行回收,同时兼顾稀土、铌的富集,采用“煤基直接还原—弱磁选”对稀土浮选尾矿进行了铁的回收试验.考察了焙烧温度、保温时间、配碳比对直接还原产品的金属化率的影响,以及磁场强度对磁选产品铁的品位、回收率和产率的影响.研究发现:在磨矿粒度-200目,焙烧温度为1200℃,保温时间为2h,固定C/O=1.00的条件下,采用煤基直接还原,得到金属化率86.59％的还原矿；再对还原矿采用磁选管以160 kA·m-1的磁场强度进行弱磁选,从TFe=25.40％的稀土尾矿获得的磁选产品全铁品位达到82.36％,产率为32.08％,回收率达82.91％,稀土、铌均在磁选渣中富集.

The magnetic properties of Kramers rareearth ions in aluminium and gallium garnets (MAlG and MGaG) are discussed by means of a molecular field treatment. The symmetry properties of the space group permit to establish a parametrization for the magnetic dipolar and exchange couplings. The magnetic properties of the system can be expressed in terms of these parameters and the g factors of the rareearth ions. We have calculated the transition temperatures, the sub-lattice magnetizations, the susceptibility in the paramagnetic region and the antiferromagnetic susceptibility for a special type of magnetic ordering. The influence of the excited Kramers doublets is described by means of a generalization of the usual g tensor. (authors) [French] Les proprietes magnetiques des ions de Kramers des terres rares dans les grenats de terre rare et d'aluminium et les grenats de terre rare et de gallium sont discutees a l'aide d'un traitement du champ moleculaire. Les proprietes de symmetrie du groupe d'espace permettent d'exprimer les couplages dipolaires et les interactions d'echange en fonction de quelques parametres. Les proprietes magnetiques peuvent etre exprimees en fonction de ces parametres et les facteurs g des ions de terre rare. Nous avons calcule les temperatures de transition, les aimantations des sous-reseaux pour 0

Rareearth-transition metal (e.g., iron) scrap (e.g., Nd-Fe-B scrap) is flux (slag) remelted to reduce tramp non-metallic impurities, such as oxygen and nitrogen, and metallic impurities, such as Li, Na, Al, etc., picked up by the scrap from previous fabrication operations. The tramp impurities are reduced to concentrations acceptable for reuse of the treated alloy in the manufacture of end-use articles, such as permanent magnets. The scrap is electroslag or inductoslag melted using a prefused, rareearth fluoride-bearing flux of CaF.sub.2, CaCl.sub.2 or mixtures thereof or the slag resulting from practice of the thermite reduction process to make a rareearth-iron alloy.

@@ According to correlative stipulations in "Goods Import εt Export Administrating Statute of P.R.C", 2006export quota for important industrial products was issued by the Ministry of Commerce of P.R.C. on December 30th of 2005. Export quota of rareearth products is 45,000 tons. It is said the quota will be distributed in two batches. The first batch of quota will reach 70-80% of the total with 21,700 - 24,800tons for domestic companies and 10,500 - 12,000 tons for foreign invested companies. Quota will be distributed to relevant enterprises directly in recent days.

A new method of preparation of irradiative material by using rareearth as luminophor and inorganic powder as base nucleus was presented.Rareearth was used to make colloid, which was mixed with base nucleus solution,where deposition/attachment reaction took place and rareearth was adhered onto the surface of base nucleus, hence yielding a new rareearth encapsulated irradiative material.Fluorescent spectrum analysis shows that this material possesses two emission peaks, one within 400 ～ 500 nm and the other within 580 ～ 700 nm, reflecting the luminous characteristics of original rareearth material.

Lin Donglu,secretary-general of the Chinese Society of RareEarth recently said,the Chinese Society of RareEarth undertook the research on subject of the National Social Science Fund Foundation on the reform of Chinese rareearth trading pricing mechanism on promoting RMB globalization,and is focusing on studying the feasibility of marketing rareearth futures variety.

Rareearth elements are used in mature markets (such as catalysts, glassmaking, lighting, and metallurgy), which account for 59 percent of the total worldwide consumption of rareearth elements, and in newer, high-growth markets (such as battery alloys, ceramics, and permanent magnets), which account for 41 percent of the total worldwide consumption of rareearth elements. In mature market segments, lanthanum and cerium constitute about 80 percent of rareearth elements used, and in new market segments, dysprosium, neodymium, and praseodymium account for about 85 percent of rareearth elements used. Regardless of the end use, rareearth elements are not recycled in large quantities, but could be if recycling became mandated or very high prices of rareearth elements made recycling feasible.

Direct bonding of yttrium irongarnet (YIG) on silicon without the use of an intermediate bonding layer is demonstrated and characterized using scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. During the bonding experiment, the garnet is reduced in the presence of oxide-free silicon. As a result, a 5 nm thick SiO{sub 2}/amorphous-YIG bilayer is formed and welds the garnet to silicon.

Compacted graphite cast iron was prepared by using of local rich resources of yttrium -based heavy rareearth. Several properties, such as tensile strength of gray cast iron and compacted graphite cast iron under condition of high temperature, oxidation weight increase value, percentage e-longation, heat fatigue resistance and linear expansion coefficient were discussed. Two kinds of castings linear regression equation for expansion coefficient were proposed. The results showed that fracturing properties of compacted graphite cast iron was dimple fracture in high temperature, and tensile strength of compacted graphite cast iron is mush stronger than that of gray cast iron in high temperature. In addition, compacted graphite cast iron behaved better in anti -oxidizing and anti -weight increasing than gray cast iron and the former thermal expansion coefficient is close to the latter. Moreover, they have similar linear expansion coefficient and phase change of grey cast iron shrinked much more severe than that compacted graphite cast iron.%利用钇基重稀土资源熔炼蠕墨铸铁,探讨高温条件下灰铸铁和蠕墨铸铁的抗拉强度、氧化增重值、伸长百分率、耐热疲劳性和线性膨胀系数等性能,同时用数理统计的方法推导出两种铸件线性膨胀系数的回归方程.结果表明:高温下蠕墨铸铁的断裂性质为韧窝断裂,其高温抗拉强度明显比灰铸铁高；蠕墨铸铁的抗氧化性和抗生长性均比灰铸铁好而导热系数与灰铸铁相近；灰铸铁和蠕墨铸铁的线性膨胀系数相近,但灰铸铁的相变收缩要比蠕墨铸铁强烈得多.

1 Results Yttrium irongarnet (YIG) is a well-known ferromagnetic garnet material and has widely used in electronic devices[1].A new acrylic chelating polymer was developed to act as the additive of the preparation of YIG precursor in our previous study[2].The sintering temperature of YIG nanocrystal obtained by this YIG precursor (ACP) was magnificently descended from 1 000 to 600 ℃.In this study,we were further to study the effect of amount of chelating polymer and the compositions of chelating polyme...

Magnetophotonic crystals (MPCs) comprising cerium-substituted yttrium irongarnet (CeYIG) sandwiched by two Bragg mirrors were fabricated by vacuum annealing. CeYIG was deposited on Bragg mirrors at room temperature and annealed in 5 Pa of residual air. No ceria or other non-garnet phases were detected. Cerium 3 + ions substituted on the yttrium sites and no cerium 4 + ions were found. The Faraday rotation angle of the MPC was -2.92° at a wavelength of λ = 1570 nm was 30 times larger than that of the CeYIG film. These results showed good agreement with calculated values derived using a matrix approach.

Medium-carbon alloy steel was plasma nitrided with rareearths La,Ce and Nd into the nitriding chamber respectively.The nitriding layer microstructures with and without rareearths were compared using optical microscope,normal SEM and high resolution SEM,as well as TEM.It was found that the extent of the influence on plasma nitriding varies with different contents of rareearth.The effect of plasma nitriding is benefit from adding of Ce or Nd.The formation of hard and brittle phase Fe2-3N can be prevented and the butterfly-like structure can be improved by adding Ce or Nd.However,pure La may prevent the diffusion of nitrogen and the formation of iron nitride,and reduce the depth of diffusion layer.

Magneto-optic Faraday rotation effect and the amount of bismuth substituted in yttrium irongarnet single crystal films prepared by gel-coating on modified gadolinium-gallium garnet substrates are investigated, where the gel is synthesized by a sol-gel reaction of nitrates and ethylene glycol. The coated gel is annealed in air at temperatures up to 660℃ for 4h, which is about 300℃ lower than that of liquid-phase epitaxy. The maximum amount of Bi substitution is x=2.7 and the crystallization temperature of garnet phase decreases with the increase of x down to 520℃ for x=2.7. In this film, a huge Faraday rotation of -8.1×104 (°)/cm at λ=0.633μm is obtained.

This paper focuses on the magnetic, structural and thermal properties of mechanically alloyed Y2O3/α-Fe2O3 mixed powders and investigates the effects of the mechanical milling and heat treatment on the synthesis of yttrium irongarnet from the primary materials. The morphological and structural studies were carried out by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The thermal activities were measured by differential thermal analysis. The magnetic properties were studied by vibrating sample magnetometer. The results showed that high-energy milling does not lead to the garnet formation and even does not decrease the temperature of the garnet formation. Furthermore, the orthoferrite phase can be achieved slightly during the milling process (up to 96 h) and completely by the heat treatment at lower temperatures (850 °C).

This paper focuses on the magnetic, structural and thermal properties of mechanically alloyed Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}/{alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} mixed powders and investigates the effects of the mechanical milling and heat treatment on the synthesis of yttrium irongarnet from the primary materials. The morphological and structural studies were carried out by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The thermal activities were measured by differential thermal analysis. The magnetic properties were studied by vibrating sample magnetometer. The results showed that high-energy milling does not lead to the garnet formation and even does not decrease the temperature of the garnet formation. Furthermore, the orthoferrite phase can be achieved slightly during the milling process (up to 96 h) and completely by the heat treatment at lower temperatures (850 Degree-Sign C). - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The results showed that high energy milling did not lead to the garnet formation. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The milling process did not decrease the temperature of the garnet formation. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The orthoferrite phase can be achieved slightly during the mechanical milling. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The milling process can lower the temperature of orthoferrite formation. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The milled powder for 96 h completely transforms to orthoferrite below 700 Degree-Sign C.

The company covers separation with whole lines of light, medium and heavy rareearths, with annual separation volume of rareearth oxides of 4,500 tons. It also produces rareearth oxides, fluorides and salts. Products with high-purity and super-high-purity are produced according to customer's request. Under the technological guidance of domestic experts and application of modern high-pressure

The special properties of rareearth/polymer composite were described. More emph asis was put on the radiation shielding and magnetic properties. In the applicat ion to X-ray shielding, rareearth/polymer composite can make up the feeble abs o rbing area. If the rareearth content is high enough, it can demonstrate strong ability for thermal neutron absorption; The composite has strong paramagnetism. The feasibility of preparing magnetic rareearth/polymer composite was discussed . In addition, three preparation methods were introduced: simple polymerization, mixing and reaction processing. The effect of the rareearth/polymer composites pre -sturcture and the coordinate number of rareearth ions on the light property w as a nalyzed. Rareearth/polymer composite may have the structure and property simlar to those of the ionomer. The feasibility of the in-situ preparation of the rareearth/polymer nano structure is indicated. Besides, the relationship betwe en structure and properties of the rareearth/polymer composite was discussed. T he problems associated with such composite materials were also presented.

Any development of an effective process for rareearth (RE) recycling has become more and more challenging, especially in recent years. Since 2011, when commodity prices of REs had met their all-time maximum, prices have dropped rapidly by more than 90 %. An economic process able to offset these fluctuations has to take unconventional methods into account beside well-known strategies like acid/basic leaching or solvent extraction. The solid-state chlorination provides such an unconventional method for mobilizing RE elements from waste streams. Instead of hydrochloric acid this kind of chlorination decomposes NH4Cl thermally to release up to 400 °C hot HCl gas. After cooling the resulting solid metal chlorides may be easily dissolved in pH-adjusted water. Without producing strongly acidic wastes and with NH4Cl as cheap source for hydrogen chloride, solid-state chlorination provides various advantages in terms of costs and disposal. In the course of the SepSELSA project this method was examined, adjusted and optimized for RE recycling from fluorescent lamp scraps as well as Fe14Nd2B magnets. Thereby many surprising influences and trends required various analytic methods to examine the reasons and special mechanisms behind them.

Rareearth metals are critical materials in a wide variety of applications in generating and storing renewable energy and in designing more energy efficient devices. Extracting rareearth metals from geothermal brines is a very challenging problem due to the low concentrations of these elements and engineering challenges with traditional chemical separations methods involving packed sorbent beds or membranes that would impede large volumetric flow rates of geothermal fluids transitioning through the plant. We are demonstrating a simple and highly cost-effective nanofluid-based method for extracting rareearth metals from geothermal brines. Core-shell composite nanoparticles are produced that contain a magnetic iron oxide core surrounded by a shell made of silica or metal-organic framework (MOF) sorbent functionalized with chelating ligands selective for the rareearth elements. By introducing the nanoparticles at low concentration (≈0.05 wt%) into the geothermal brine after it passes through the plant heat exchanger, the brine is exposed to a very high concentration of chelating sites on the nanoparticles without need to pass through a large and costly traditional packed bed or membrane system where pressure drop and parasitic pumping power losses are significant issues. Instead, after a short residence time flowing with the brine, the particles are effectively separated out with an electromagnet and standard extraction methods are then applied to strip the rareearth metals from the nanoparticles, which are then recycled back to the geothermal plant. Recovery efficiency for the rareearths at ppm level has now been measured for both silica and MOF sorbents functionalized with a variety of chelating ligands. A detailed preliminary techno-economic performance analysis of extraction systems using both sorbents showed potential to generate a promising internal rate of return (IRR) up to 20%.

The magnetic moments of Gd and Fe in gadolinium irongarnet (Gd3Fe5O12) were probed at 77 and 300 K by soft-X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (SXMCD) measurements at the GdMa4,5 and at the FeL2,3 absorption edges. The SXMCD signal at each edge allows one to independently determine the magnetic order

We used the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) to study the dc voltage generation in Pt 20 nm layer deposited on yttrium irongarnet. Although the main contribution to the FMR voltage comes from the inverse spin Hall effect associated with spin pumping, the spin rectification would also contribute the resonance signal via the “new” magnetoresistance effect in Pt layer. Based on a symmetry consideration, we can separate those two effects through angular dependent resonance amplitude.

The properties of epitaxial magnetic (LuBi){sub 3}(FeGa){sub 5}O{sub 12} irongarnet films grown on (210) substrates, which exhibit the magnetoelectric effect, are experimentally studied. The induced anisotropy and the behavior of the domain structure in the films are investigated in uniform and nonuniform external fields. The existing hypotheses about the nature of the magnetoelectric coupling in such films are critically analyzed.

The properties of epitaxial magnetic (LuBi)3(FeGa)5O12 irongarnet films grown on (210) substrates, which exhibit the magnetoelectric effect, are experimentally studied. The induced anisotropy and the behavior of the domain structure in the films are investigated in uniform and nonuniform external fields. The existing hypotheses about the nature of the magnetoelectric coupling in such films are critically analyzed.

通过红外光光谱测定、XRD检测等测试方法分析了稀土矿浸出过程中各种矿物表面性质的变化，稀土离子及铝、铁杂质离子与浸出剂和抑制剂的浸出交换过程及规律。结果表明，抑制剂的添加会与稀土矿中的铝、铁等杂质离子反应，形成化合物，从而降低浸出母液中铝、铁杂质离子含量，但不会影响离子型稀土的交换浸出过程。在机理分析的基础上，采用对铝铁杂质有高效抑制效果的抑杂剂LG-01进行离子型稀土矿抑制铝铁杂质的浸出实验研究。结果表明，在不影响离子型稀土矿稀土离子浸出率的情况下，LG-01能有效降低离子型稀土矿浸出母液中铝、铁等杂质离子含量，去除率可达92%。%Ion-absorbed rare-earth ore is an important mineral resource which is widely extracted by in-situ leaching process. And such process generates a significant amount of impurities such as aluminum and iron ions in leaching solution simultaneously. The surface characteristics and interactions by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were studied to optimize the leaching conditions. It is found that the environment-friendly depressant LG-01 can react with the impurity ions through the formation of a new complex on the surface of leaching residues. Thus, it reduces significantly the concentration of impurity ions in leaching solution and improves the leaching rate of rare-earth ore. Moreover, a leaching rate of 95.6%and an impurity removal rate of 92%have been achieved under the optimized conditions.

Rareearths are a set of 15 elements: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium. They are not rare and not earths; they are metals and quite abundant. They are studied to develop commercial products which are beneficial to mankind, and because some rareearths are important to fission products.

Newspapers report almost daily on international tensions around ‘strategic’ or ‘critical’ minerals such as rareearth elements. The temporary freeze of rareearth exports from China to Japan in late 2010 in retaliation of the capture of a Chinese captain is but one example of the strategic use of no

Epitaxial Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) films have been grown by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique on (111) gadolinium gallium garnet substrates. The effect of substrate temperature and oxygen partial pressure on the structure, composition, and magnetic properties of the films was investigated and compared to liquid phase epitaxy YIG films. The results demonstrated that epitaxial YIG films could be prepared under a wide range of deposition conditions, but narrow linewidth (ΔH≂1 Oe) films were producible only at low oxygen partial pressures (O2temperatures (Ts≳800 °C). Since the linewidth of single-crystal YIG is dominated by surface and volume defects and/or impurities, the narrow linewidth indicated that PLD is a viable technique for producing high-quality ferrite films for microwave device applications. In addition, under all deposition conditions (50-1000 mTorr and 700-850 °C) there is a uniaxial axis perpendicular to the film plane. However, at low oxygen pressure the uniaxial anisotropy energy constant Ku is negative while at high oxygen pressure Ku is positive.

As the pillar enterprise in Chinalco rareearth unit,Chinalco Guangxi RareEarth Company firmly grasped the historical opportunity of the state government supporting six big groups including Chinalco to integrate and develop domestic rareearth enterprises,riding the east wind to stand out,recently,it made significant

When we appreciate the digital revolution carried over from the twentieth century with mobile communication and the Internet, and when we enjoy our high-tech lifestyle filled with iDevices, hybrid cars, wind turbines, and solar cells in this new century, we should also appreciate that all of these advanced products depend on rareearth metals to function. Although there are only 136,000 tons of annual worldwide demand, (Cho, RareEarth Metals, Will We Have Enough?)1 rareearth metals are becoming such hot commodities on international markets, due to not only to their increasing uses, including in most critical military hardware, but also to Chinese growth, which accounts for 95% of global rareearth metal production. Hence, the 2013 technical calendar topic, planned by the TMS/Hydrometallurgy and Electrometallurgy Committee, is particularly relevant, with four articles (including this commentary) contributed to the JOM October Issue discussing rareearth metals' resourcefulness and recovery.

Gadolinium gallium garnet single crystals were implanted with doses of sup 5 sup 7 Fe ions in the range 8x10 sup 1 sup 5 - 6x10 sup 1 sup 6 atoms cm sup - sup 2. Depending on the dose, iron with Fe sup 2 sup + or Fe sup 3 sup + charge states was found to have formed after the implantation. After a subsequent annealing in air, the iron oxidized to Fe sup 3 sup +. The Moessbauer and channelling measurements showed lattice recrystallization taking place at 600 deg. C. After recrystallization, the iron was found to have substituted for gallium ions both at the octahedral and at the tetrahedral positions. The relative concentration of the two types of iron at the two sites shifted towards the equilibrium distribution upon high-temperature annealing. (author)

It is known to all that China is abundant in rareearth resources. But rareearth deposits are really not that rare in the earth crust. In the five continents, i.e. Asia, Europe, Australia, North and South America, and Africa, there are about thirty four countries found to have rareearth deposits; Brazil might surpass China and rank the first in rareearth deposits. At present, investment in rareearth production was surged,there have been about 200 projects, and the total production for 25 of them would be more than 170 thousand tons after 2015, a multi-supply system on rareearths is being established worldwide. Cautions on the investment of rareearth production are involved.

The characteristic of the solar energy cell with the rareearth film according to theory of molecular structure was introduced.When sunlight shines, the molecules of the rareearth film can absorb energy of the photon and jump to the excited state from the basic state, and play a role in storing solar energy.When sunlight do not shine, the electron of the excited state returns to the basic state, the rareearth film can automatically give out light and shine to surface of the solar cell, which can make solar cell continuously generate electric current.The rareearth film can absorb direct,scattering sunlight, and increase density of solar energy to reach surface of the solar cell, and play focusing function.The rareearth film can bear 350 ～ 500 ℃, which make the solar cell be able to utilize the focusing function system.Because after luminescence of the rareearth film, it can release again the absorbed solar energy through 1 ～ 8 h, and play a role in storing solar energy; The solar cell with the rare-earth film can generate electricity during night and cloudy days, and remarkably increase efficiency of the solar cell.

We study coupled ferromagnetic layers, which could facilitate low loss, sub 100 nm wavelength spin-wave propagation and manipulation. One of the layers is a low-loss garnet film (such as yttrium irongarnet (YIG)) that enables long-distance, coherent spin-wave propagation. The other layer is made of metal-based (Permalloy, Co, and CoFe) magnetoelectronic structures that can be used to generate, manipulate, and detect the spin waves. Using micromagnetic simulations, we analyze the interactions between the spin waves in the YIG and the metallic nanomagnet structures and demonstrate the components of a scalable spin-wave based signal processing device. We argue that such hybrid-metallic ferromagnet structures can be the basis of potentially high-performance, ultra low-power computing devices.

In laboratory investigations, interest developed in the possible rare-earth content of phosphate samples from Florida and the northwestern United States. Because of the difficulty of making chemical determinations of traces of individual rareearths, a combined chemical-spectrographic method was investigated. After removal of iron by the extraction of the chloride with ether, the rareearths and thorium are concentrated by double oxalate precipitation, using calcium as a carrier. The rareearths are freed from calcium by an ammonium hydroxide precipitation with a fixed amount of aluminum as a carrier. The aluminum also serves as an internal standard in the final spectrographic analysis. The method will determine from 0.02 to 2 mg. of each rareearth with an error no greater than 10%. The investigation has resulted in a fairly rapid and precise procedure, involving no special spectrographic setup. The method could be applied to other types of geologic materials with the same expected accuracy.

Minerals from the Hamersley banded iron formation, Western Australia, were analyzed for Y and rareearth elements (YREEs) by laser ablation ICP-MS to investigate diagenetic pathways, from precursor phases to BIF minerals. One group of apatites carries the seawater REE signature, giving evidence that P and REEs, thoroughly scavenged from the water column by Si-ferrihydrite particles, were released upon microbial Fe3+ reductive dissolution of Si-ferrihydrite in pore-water and finally sequestered mainly in authigenic apatite. The absence of fractionation between apatite and seawater suggests that REE were first incorporated into an amorphous calcium phosphate as fully hydrated cations, i.e. as outer-sphere complexes. The iron oxides and carbonates carry only a small fraction of the whole-rock REE budget. Their REE patterns are distinctly enriched in Yb and show some M-type tetrad effect consistent with experimental Kd(REE) between solid and saline solution with low carbonate ion concentrations. It is deduced that hematite formed at an incipient stage of Fe2+-catalyzed dissolution of Si-ferrihydrite, via a dissolution-reprecipitation pathway. The REE pattern of greenalite, found as sub-micron particles in quartz in a chert-siderite sample, is consistent with its authigenic origin by precipitation in pore-water after dissolution of a small amount of Si-ferrihydrite. Magnetite carries very low YREEs (ppb-level), has an homogeneous pattern distinctly enriched in the mid-REEs compared to hematite, and includes a late population depleted in light-REEs, Ba and As. Magnetite forming aggregates and massive laminae is tentatively interpreted as reflecting some fluid-aided hematite-magnetite re-equilibration or transformation at low-grade metamorphic temperatures.

Bastnaesite, monazite, and xenotime are currently the most important rare-earth minerals. Bastnaesite occurs as a primary mineral in carbonatites. Monazite and xenotime also can be found in primary deposits but are recovered principally from heavy-mineral placers that are mined for titanium or tin. Each of these minerals has a different composition of the 15 rare-earth elements. World resources of economically exploitable rare-earth oxides (REO) are estimated at 93.4 million metric tons in place, composed of 93 percent in primary deposits and 7 percent in placers. The average mineral composition is 83 percent bastnaesite, 13 percent monazite, and 4 percent of 10 other minerals. Annual global production is about 67,000 metric tons of which 41 percent is from placers and 59 percent is from primary deposits; mining methods consist of open pits (94 percent) and dredging (6 percent). This output could be doubled if the operations that do not currently recover rareearths would do so. Resources are more than sufficient to meet the demand for the predictable future. About 52 percent of the world's REO resources are located in China. Ranking of other countries is as follows: Namibia (22 percent), the United States (15 percent), Australia (6 percent), and India (3 percent); the remainder is in several other countries. Conversely, 38 percent of the production is in China, 33 percent in the United States, 12 percent in Australia, and 5 percent each in Malaysia and India. Several other countries, including Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, make up the remainder. Markets for rareearths are mainly in the metallurgical, magnet, ceramic, electronic, chemical, and optical industries. Rareearths improve the physical and rolling properties of iron and steel and add corrosion resistance and strength to structural members at high temperatures. Samarium and neodymium are used in lightweight, powerful magnets for electric motors. Cerium and yttrium increase the

Synthesis technology of nano-scale Bi-substituted irongarnets films with high magneto-optic activity for photonics and plasmonics applications were proposed. The micro-scale single-crystal garnet films with different types of magnetic anisotropy as a magneto-optic sensors were synthesized. It was shown that easy-axis anisotropy films demonstrated the best results for visualization of redistribution eddy current magnetic field near defects.

The review focuses on the key applications of stable and radioactive isotopes of rareearth elements in the technology of nuclear medicine, radionuclide diagnostics and therapy, as well as magnetic resonance imaging and binary radiotherapy technologies.

Full Text Available The review focuses on the key applications of stable and radioactive isotopes of rareearth elements in the technology of nuclear medicine, radionuclide diagnostics and therapy, as well as magnetic resonance imaging and binary radiotherapy technologies.

U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior — This dataset contains location, geologic and mineral economic data for world rareearth mines, deposits, and occurrences. The data in this compilation were derived...

@@ Editor's note: The paper was quoted from the papers collection of the "19th International Workshop on RareEarth Permanent Magnets & Their Applications", held in Beijing on August 30-Spetember 2 of 2006.

Since China announced it was reducing exports of rareearth,there have been continuous voices in the international community demanding China expand exports or seek alternative resources. The United States has also complained to the WTO that China is hoarding the commodity. Subjected to scathing censure,what difficulties are facing China’s rareearth industry? When other countries seek alternative resources,how is the Chinese rareearth market affected? Economy&Nation Weekly,Xinhua News Agency’s finance magazine,recently interviewed Lin Donglu,Secretary General of the Chinese Society of RareEarths,and Wang Hongqian, General Manager of China Non-Ferrous Metal Industry’s Foreign Engineering and Construction Co.Ltd.Edited excerpts follow

1. Management to the Investment in RareEarth IndustryConfirmedIn July 2004, "Decision on the Reform in Investment System" was formally publicized by the State Council of the People's Republic of China. The fifth item in the Decision stipulates that ore exploitation, smelting & separation and rareearth deep-processed projects with total investment over RMB￥100 million should be approved by the investment governing department of the State Council, and that other

"It is very natural to reserve rareearth as a strategic resource.Many countries do this,including China."On April 8,Sun Lihui,Vice Director of Metal Section of Chemicals Import & Export Commerce Chamber of China Minmetals Corporation told a reporter that as early as 2006,China has launched a strategic plan for rareearth,"but it was interrupted by the subsequent financial crisis."

A new ternary rareearth sulfur compound having the formula: La.sub.3-x M.sub.x S.sub.4 where M is a rareearth element selected from the group europium, samarium and ytterbium and x=0.15 to 0.8. The compound has good high-temperature thermoelectric properties and exhibits long-term structural stability up to 1000.degree. C.

The properties of rareearth partitioning in Chinese industrial rareearth ores were analyzed. Rareearth ores can be divided into the single-mineral type ore with bastnaesite, the multi-mineral type ore with bastnaesite and monazite, and the weathering crust type. Both the Bayan Obo rareearth ore and the Zhushan rareearth ore are a kind of mixed ore, consisting of bastnaesite and monazite. Their rareearth partitionings are strongly enriched in light rareearths, where CeO2 is 50% and the light rareearth partitioning is totally over 95%. The Mianning rareearth ore as well as the Weishan rareearth is a kind of rareearth ore only having bastnaesite. Their rareearth partitionings are also strongly enriched in light rareearths,in which CeO2 is 47% and the light rareearth partitioning is totally over 94%. For the weathering crust type rareearth ore,there are the Longnan rareearth ore, the Xunwu rareearth ore, and the middle yttrium and rich europium ore. In the Longnan rareearth ore, which is strongly enriched in heavy rareearths, Y2O3 is 64.83%, and the heavy and light rareearth partitionings are 89.40% and 10.53%, respectively. In the Xunwu rareearth ore, which is strongly enriched in light rareearths, CeO2 is 47.16%, and the light rareearth partitioning is totally 93.25%. Y and Eu are enriched in the middle yttrium and rich europium ore. Its middle rareearth partitioning is totally over 10%, and Eu2O3 and Y2O3 are over 0.5% and 20%,respectively, which are mainly industrial resources of the middle and the heavy rareearths.

Metastable bismuth irongarnet (BIG, an abbreviation of Bi3Fe5O12), one kind of garnet-type ferrites, is known to manifest very large Faraday rotation as well as low optical absorption in the visible to infrared region. We report on successful synthesis of thin film composed of single-phase BIG epitaxially grown on single-crystalline gadolinium gallium garnet (Gd3Ga5O12, GGG) substrate by using mist chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, which is an emerging technique for preparation of thin films. The crystal structure, surface morphology, and magnetic, optical and magneto-optical properties of the resultant thin films have been explored. The BIG thin film has a relatively flat surface free from roughness compared to those prepared by other vapor deposition methods. Saturation magnetization is about 1620 G at room temperature, which is close to that expected from the ideal magnetic structure of BIG. The maximum value of Faraday rotation angle reaches 54.3 deg/µm at a wavelength of 424 nm. This value is rather large when compared with those reported for BIG thin films prepared by other techniques. The wavelength dependence of Faraday rotation angle is analyzed well in terms of the crystal electric field (CEF) level schema. Our result suggests that the mist CVD method is a simple and effective technique to synthesize BIG thin film with excellent magneto-optical properties.

Controlling the magnetization dynamics on the femtosecond timescale is of fundamental importance for integrated opto-spintronic devices. For industrial perspectives, it requires to develop simple growth techniques for obtaining large area magneto-optical materials having a high amplitude ultrafast Faraday or Kerr response. Here we report on optical pump probe studies of light induced spin dynamics in high quality bismuth doped irongarnet polycrystalline film prepared by the spin coating method. We demonstrate an ultrafast non-thermal optical control of the spin dynamics using both circularly and linearly polarized pulses.

The principle and performance of a fiber-optic Faraday-effect magnetic-field sensor based on an yttrium irongarnet (YIG) and two flux concentrations are described. A single polarization maintaining optical fiber links the sensor head to the source and detection system, in which the technique of phase shift cancellation is used to cancel the phase shift that accumulate in the optical fiber. Flux concentrators were exploited to enhance the YIG crystal magneto optic sensitivity .The sensor system exhibited a noise-equivalent field of 8 and a 3 dB bandwidth of ～10 MHz.

The Mary Kathleen uranium deposit occurs in 1740-1780 M yr-old calc-silicate metasedimentary and meta-igneous rocks of the Corella Formation which have been tightly folded into the Mary Kathleen Syncline. The Corella Formation consists of mafic and felsic tuffaceous calc-silicates, quartzite, and minor marble, conglomerate and basic volcanics. Uranium-rareearth mineralisation is closely associated with certain mafic rocks and occurs within or close to garnet-rich masses. At Mary Kathleen, uraninite grains are enclosed mainly by allanite which is distributed through massive garnet as an irregular honeycomb of interconnected shoots and lenses. The mineralisation occurs along strike from dioritic rocks and conglomerate and lies close to the axis of the Mary Kathleen Syncline and adjacent to a major fault zone. At other localities allanite-uraninite mineralisation is broadly stratiform. The mineralisation is interpreted to occur at or near centres of basic volcanism. Garnet formation and uranium-rareearth concentrations are believed to be caused by the volcanism, and to be contemporaneous with it. The former is seen as alteration of a hot, saturated pile of volcano-sedimentary material and the latter as intermittent hydrothermal exhalations. Deposition, volcanism, garnet formation, uranium and rare-earth mineralisation, granite and gabbro formation, and tectonism are seen as a continuum of interrelated processes which operated throughout the period of formation of the rocks in the Mary Kathleen Syncline.

combination of light and heavy rare-earth (Yb-Nd and Gd-Nd), and then pressureless sintered and compared with the single cation materials. Materials in the as sintered state were composed of a high alpha' sialon content with a minor amount of beta' sialon and 12H A1N polytype indicating that the heavy rare-earth (which is the principal alpha' stabilizer) has a dominant effect although EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of both cations (light and heavy) within the alpha' structure. The research also compared, and developed an understanding of, the thermal stability of alpha'-sialon using single Yb or mixed cations. The Yb single cation alpha'/beta' materials exhibited excellent stability over a range of temperature (1200 - 1600 deg C) and for different periods of time up to 168 hrs. The heat treatments result in the crystallisation of the residual phase as a Yb garnet phase which formed at approx 1300 deg C. The mixed cation alpha'/beta' materials showed some alpha'-beta' transformation. The transformation w...

Rare-earth intermetallics such as Nd2FeI4B and Sm-Co are widely used as high-performance permanent magnets,because they combine high magnetocrystalline anisotropy with reasonable magnetization and Curie temperature.The anisotropy is a combined effect of spin-orbit coupling and electrostatic crystal-field interactions.The main contribution comes from the rare-earth 4f electrons,which are well-screened from the crystalline environment but exhibit a strong spin-orbit coupling.In this limit,the magnetocrystalline anisotropy has a very transparent physical interpretation,the anisotropy energy essentially being equal to the energy of Hund's-rules 4f ion in the crystal field.The corresponding expression for the lowest-order uniaxial anisotropy constant K1 is used to discuss rare-earth substitutions,which have recently attracted renewed interest due to shifts in the rare-earth production and demand.Specific phenomena reviewed in this article are the enhancement of the anisotropy of Sm2Fe17 due to interstitial nitrogen,the use of Sm-Co magnets for high-temperature applications,and the comparison of rare-earth single-ion anisotropy with other single-ion and two-ion mechanisms.

Rareearth (RE) magnets have become virtually indispensible in a wide variety of industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, medical, and military. RE elements are essential ingredients in these high performance magnets based on intermetallic compounds RECo5, RE2TM17 (TM: transition metal), and RE2TM14B. Rareearth magnets are known for their superior magnetic properties—high induction, and coercive force. These properties arise due to the extremely high magnetocrystalline anisotropy made possible by unique 3d-4f interactions between transition metals and rareearths. For more than 40 years, these magnets remain the number one choice in applications that require high magnetic fields in extreme operating conditions—high demagnetization forces and high temperature. EEC produces and specializes in RECo5 and RE2TM17 type sintered magnets. Samarium and gadolinium are key RE ingredients in the powder metallurgical magnet production processes which include melting, crushing, jet milling, pressing, sintering, and heat treating. The magnetic properties and applications of these magnets will be discussed. We will also briefly discuss the past, current, and future of the permanent magnet business. Currently, over 95% of all pure rareearth oxides are sourced from China, which currently controls the market. We will provide insights regarding current and potential new magnet technologies and designer choices, which may mitigate rareearth supply chain issues now and into the future.

The extraction of rareearths from acid leach solutions of spent nickel-metal hydride batteries using a primary amine ex-tractant of N1923 was studied. The effects of feed pH, temperature, agitation rate and time on the extraction of rareearths, as well as stripping agent composition and concentration, phase ratio on the stripping were investigated. In addition, the extraction isotherm was determined. The pilot plant test results showed that the extraction of rareearths reached 99.98% after a five-stage counter current ex-traction. The mixed rareearths oxalates with the 99.77% purity of rareearth elements and impurity content less than 0.05% were ob-tained by the addition of oxalic acids in loaded strip liquors. The extractant exhibited good selectivity of rareearths over base metals of iron, nickel, copper and manganese.

In 2011, the start year of the ＂Twelfth-Five Year Plan＂ program, a series of policies were issued targeting on rareearth industry. Price of rareearths fluctuated sharply during 2011 and consumers were concerned about the supply of rareearth. There was a big change in rareearth industry.

@@ 4. Increasing import of rareearth resources products As a big producer and an important export country of rareearth products for years, rareearths import is in an auxiliary position in China. import volume is rather small. However, since the strengthened macro control measures and restriction of mining scale in 2007, domestic rareearth supply was tight in China.

8. Ji Daiyu, General Manager of Baotou Xinyuan RareEarth Hi-Tech Materials Co. LtdControl gross to stabilize prices. Chinese rareearth is precious strategic resource. The more it is exploit, the less it will be. The State has put forward rareearth policy of "strengthen management, protect resource, develop scientifically and face international". Chinese rareearth

ZrO{sub 2} catlyst supports modified with rareearth elements were prepared by coprecipitation from an aqueous solution of zirconium oxychloride and rareearth chlorides. The crystallization of amorphous hydrous ZrO{sub 2} was inhibited by doping with rareearths; the crystallization temperature was elevated as the amount and ionic radius of the rareearth modifiers was increased. Only modification using cerium had no effect on the crystallization process. The behavior of cerium was different from that of other rareearth elements with valency +3. A metastable cubic phase was formed for ZrO{sub 2} modified with 10 mol.% lanthanum, neodymium and samarium by heating at 600degC. X-ray diffraction and Raman data indicated that the metastable phase had large microstrain and short-range ordering similar to tetragonal symmetry. Rareearth modified ZrO{sub 2} showed a large surface area and good thermal stability as a catalyst support. The carbon monoxide oxidation activity of iron was enhanced by modification with neodymium of ZrO{sub 2} supports. The results suggest the effectiveness of rareearth modified ZrO{sub 2} as catalyst supports. (orig.).

We carried out a concerted effort to determine the absolute sign of the inverse spin Hall effect voltage generated by spin currents injected into a normal metal. We focus on yttrium irongarnet (YIG)vertical bar platinum bilayers at room temperature, generating spin currents by microwaves and temper

We studied the nonlocal transport behavior of both electrically and thermally excited magnons in yttrium irongarnet (YIG) as a function of its thickness. For electrically injected magnons, the nonlocal signals decrease monotonically as the YIG thickness increases. For the nonlocal behavior of the t

@@ Since China announced it was reducing exports of rareearth,there have been continuous voices in the international community demanding China expand exports or seek alternative resources.The United States has also complained to the WTO that China is hoarding the commodity.

Continuous flow synthetic methods are used to make single phase magnetic metal alloy nanoparticles that do not contain rareearth metals. Soft and hard magnets made from the magnetic nanoparticles are used for a variety of purposes, e.g. in electric motors, communication devices, etc.

The rareearth crisis slowly evolved during a 10 to 15 year period beginning in the mid-1980s, when the Chinese began to export mixed rareearth concentrates. In the early 1990s, they started to move up the supply chain and began to export the individual rareearth oxides and metals. By the late 1990s the Chinese exported higher value products, such as magnets, phosphors, polishing compounds, catalysts; and in the 21st century they supplied finished products including electric motors, computers, batteries, liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), TVs and monitors, mobile phones, iPods and compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) light bulbs. As they moved to higher value products, the Chinese slowly drove the various industrial producers and commercial enterprises in the US, Europe and Japan out of business by manipulating the rareearth commodity prices. Because of this, the technically trained rareearth engineers and scientists who worked in areas from mining to separations, to processing to production, to manufacturing of semifinished and final products, were laid-off and moved to other fields or they retired. However, in the past year the Chinese have changed their philosophy of the 1970s and 1980s of forming a rareearth cartel to control the rareearth markets to one in which they will no longer supply the rest of the world (ROW) with their precious rareearths, but instead will use them internally to meet the growing demand as the Chinese standard of living increases. To this end, they have implemented and occasionally increased export restrictions and added an export tariff on many of the high demand rareearth elements. Now the ROW is quickly trying to start up rareearth mines, e.g. Molycorp Minerals in the US and Lynas Corp. in Australia, to cover this shortfall in the worldwide market, but it will take about five years for the supply to meet the demand, even as other mines in the ROW become productive. Unfortunately, today there is a serious lack of technically trained

Full Text Available Magnetic Yttrium IronGarnet (YIG nanoparticles (NPs were prepared by sol–gel (SG and solid-state (SS reaction methods to elucidate the nanoscale size on the magnetic behavior of NPs. It is found that YIG prepared by these two methods are different in many ways. The average NP sizes prepared by SG and SS methods were calculated by Scherrer formula from XRD data. SEM images show the change in grain size for both types of NPs. The sintering temperature required to form pure garnet phase is 750°C for SG and 1000°C for SS NPs. The saturation magnetizations (Ms were 1070 Oe for SG and 1125 Oe for SS NPs, respectively. The coercivity (Hc of SS NPs are twice larger than SG NPs. This is due to the larger crystal sizes of the SS NPs, hence more crystal boundaries. Dynamic properties were studied by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR technique in field-sweep and frequency-sweep mode at different fixed frequencies and at different fixed magnetic fields, respectively. Resonance field (Hr observed to increase linearly with frequency both for SS and SG NPs. The stop-band bandwidth (frequency linewidth is narrower for SG NPs in comparison to SS NPs. Microwave absorption property make this material as a strong candidate for microwave device applications.

We have investigated the low-temperature behavior of the optical and magneto-optical properties of (Bi, Gd, Al)-substituted yttrium iron-garnet films that are either single or microresonator, i.e. sandwiched between two dielectric Bragg mirrors. It was shown that the magneto-optical properties of the microresonators with a magnetic film core are mainly determined by the properties of the constituent magnetic films. Special attention was paid to the compositions possessing magnetic compensation temperatures. The phenomenon of the temperature hysteresis was found and discussed for several samples. This testifies the fact that the magnetic moment reorientation in a magnetic field occurs by the full cycle of the first-order phase transitions "collinear phase - non-collinear phase - collinear phase". The Faraday hysteresis curves at around magnetic compensation temperatures are demonstrated to be very informative concerning composition of a sample. In particular, the hysteresis curves measured for the magnetic films on the garnet substrates showed bursts that indicates formation of a transition layer.

The compensation of spin wave propagation losses plays a very important role in the development of novel magnonic devices. Up to now, however, most of the known amplification methods present relative narrow frequency bandwidths due to their resonant nature. In this work, we present compensation of the propagation losses or pseudo-amplification of travelling spin waves by tailoring the bias magnetic field profile. The thermally-induced non-uniform profile of the magnetization introduced on an Yttrium IronGarnet (YIG) thin film by a localized spot of a cw argon-ion laser creates the conditions to observe the complete compensation of the spin wave propagation losses. The spin wave evolution was mapped with a time and spaced resolved inductive magneto-dynamic prove system. The experiment was carried out using a uniform sample of single-crystal YIG film grown on a gallium-gadolinium garnet (GGG) substrate. The 2mm-wide, 20mm-long and 6microns-thick YIG strip was saturated with an external magnetic field enabling the set up for the propagation of magneto-static surface waves. This work was supported by the UNAM-DGAPA-PAPIIT IA100413.

We report the observation of giant Zeeman shifts in the optical transitions of high-quality very thin films of yttrium irongarnet (YIG) grown by rf sputtering on gadolinium gallium garnet substrates. The optical absorption profile measured with magneto-optical absorption spectroscopy shows dual optical transition in the UV-visible frequency region attributed to transitions from the O-2p valence band to the Fe-3d conduction band and from the O-2p valence band to Fe-2p53d6 excitonic states at the Γ-symmetry point of the YIG band structure. The application of a static magnetic field of only 0.6 kOe produces giant Zeeman shifts of ˜100 meV in the YIG band structure and ˜60 meV in the excitonic states corresponding to effective g-factors on the order of 104. The giant Zeeman effects are attributed to changes in energy levels by the large exchange fields of the Fe-3d orbitals during the magnetization process.

Full Text Available Yttrium irongarnet (YIG thin films substituted erbium ions (Er+3 Er0.4Y2.6Fe5O12 films were prepared by a sol-gel method at different temperatures which varied from 800 to 1000°C for 2 hours in air. Magnetic and microstructural properties of the films were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD, the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM. The XRD patterns of the sample have only peaks of the garnet structure. The lattice constants decrease, while the particle size increases from 51 to 85 nm as the annealing temperature increases with average in thickness of 300 nm. The saturation magnetization and the coercivity of the samples increased from 26 (emu/cc and 28 Oe for the film annealed at 800°C to 76 (emu/cc and 45 Oe for film annealed at 1000°C, respectively.

The recent discovery of the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) in magnetically doped topological insulators cooled below in the milikelvin regime represents breakthrough in the field of spintronics. Theoretically, the QAHE should occur in graphene proximity coupled to a ferromagnetic insulato but with the promise of much higher operating temperatures for practical applications. Hints of proximity-induced magnetism in graphene coupled to yttrium irongarnet (YIG) films have been reported although the QAHE remains unobserved; the lack of a fully developed plateau in graphene/YIG devices can be attributed to poor interfacial coupling and therefore a dramatically reduced magnetic proximity effect. Here we report the deposition and characterisation of epitaxial thin-films of YIG on lattice-matched gadolinium gallium garnet substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Pristine exfoliated graphene flakes transferred mechanically onto the YIG are reported alongside results that correlate the effects of YIG morphology on the electronic and crystal properties of graphene by electrical (low temperature magnetoresistance measurements in Hall-bar-like configuration) and optical (Raman) means.

The aim of this study was to assess and compare in vitro the cytotoxic effects of uncoated and parylene-coated rareearth magnets, used in orthodontics. Cytotoxicity of samarium-cobalt magnets (SmCo5 and Sm2Co17) and neodymium-iron-boron magnets (Nd2Fe14B) was assessed by two in vitro methods, the millipore filter method and an extraction method. Orthodontic stainless steel brackets served as controls. Uncoated SmCo5-magnets showed high cytotoxicity while uncoated Sm2Co17-magnets demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity. Uncoated neodymium-iron-boron magnets, as well as parylene coated Sm2Co17-magnets and parylene-coated neodymium-iron-boron magnets, showed negligible cytotoxicity. Short-term exposure to a static magnetic field did not cause any cytotoxic effect on the cells.

A new type of f lux-gate vector magnetometer based on epitaxial yttrium irongarnet films has been developed and constructed for magnetocardiography (MCG) investigations. The magnetic field sensor can operate at room temperature and measure MCG signals at a distance of about 1 mm from the thoracic cage. The high sensitivity of the sensor, better than 100 fT/Hz1/2, is demonstrated by the results of MCG measurements on rats. The main MCG pattern details and R-peak on a level of 10 pT are observed without temporal averaging, which allows heart rate anomalies to be studied. The proposed magnetic sensors can be effectively used in MCG investigations.

We report an investigation of the dynamics of the three-magnon splitting process associated with the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in films of the insulating ferrimagnet yttrium irongarnet (YIG). The experiments are performed with a 6 μm thick YIG film close to a microstrip line fed by a microwave generator operating in the 2–6 GHz range. The magnetization precession is driven by the microwave rf magnetic field perpendicular to the static magnetic field, and its dynamics is observed by monitoring the amplitude of the FMR absorption peak. The time evolution of the amplitude reveals that if the frequency is lowered below a critical value of 3.3 GHz, the FMR mode pumps two magnons with opposite wave vectors that react back on the FMR, resulting in a nonlinear dynamics of the magnetization. The results are explained by a model with coupled nonlinear equations describing the time evolution of the magnon modes.

Cerium-substituted yttrium irongarnet(CexY3-xFe5O12, Ce∶YIG) was prepared via coprecipitation. The structure, morphology, valence state and constituent of Ce ions were investigated respectively. X-ray powder diffraction(XRD) analysis shows that Ce∶YIG was of single cubic YIG phase. The result of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) indicates the Ce ions in Ce∶YIG were in the state of trivalence. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) demonstrates the conglobation of Ce∶YIG particles about 0.2μm scale.The magnetic properties were studied by a vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM) and the result exhibits that substitution of Ce3+ changes the magnetic parameters of YIG. The effects of doping content of Ce ions and synthesis temperature on valence control were discussed in detail.

We report the spin valve effect in yttrium irongarnet/platinum (YIG/Pt) bilayers. The spin Hall effect (SHE) generates spin accumulation at the YIG/Pt interface and can be opened/closed by magnetization switching in the electrical insulator YIG. The interfacial spin accumulation was measured in both YIG/Pt and YIG/Cu/Pt structures using a planar Hall configuration. The spin valve effect remained, even after a 2 nm thick Cu layer was inserted between the YIG and Pt layers, which aimed to exclude the induced magnetization at the YIG/Pt interface. The transverse Hall voltage and switching field were dependent on the applied charge current density. The origin of this behavior can be explained by the SHE induced torque exerted on the domain wall, caused by the transfer of the spin angular momentum from the spin-polarized current to the YIG magnetic moment.

We have synthesized polycrystalline thin film composed of a single phase of metastable bismuth irongarnet, Bi3Fe5O12, on a fused silica substrate, one of the most widely utilized substrates in the solid-state electronics, by using mist chemical vapor deposition (mist CVD) method. The phase purity and stoichiometry are confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The resultant thin film shows a small surface roughness of 3.251 nm. The saturation magnetization at room temperature is 1200 G, and the Faraday rotation angle at 633 nm reaches -5.2 deg/μm. Both the magnetization and the Faraday rotation angles are somewhat higher than those of polycrystalline BIG thin films prepared by other methods.

The inverse Faraday effect in irongarnet films subjected to femtosecond laser pulses is experimentally investigated. It is found that the magnitude of the observed effect depends nonlinearly on the energy of the optical pump pulses, which is in contradiction with the notion that the inverse Faraday effect is linear with respect to the pump energy. Thus, for pump pulses with a central wavelength of 650 nm and an energy density of 1 mJ/cm2, the deviation from a linear dependence is as large as 50%. Analysis of the experimental data demonstrates that the observed behavior is explained by the fact that the optically induced normal component of the magnetization is determined, apart from the field resulting from the inverse Faraday effect, by a decrease in the magnitude of the precessing magnetization under the influence of the femtosecond electromagnetic field.

Irongarnets are one of the most well-studied magnetic materials that enabled magnetic bubble memories and magneto-optical devices employing films with a perpendicular easy axis. However, most studies have been conducted on rather thick films (>1 μm), and it has not been elucidated whether it is possible to align the magnetic easy axis perpendicular to the film plane for much thinner (<100 nm) films by overcoming shape anisotropy. We studied the effects of epitaxial strain and film composition on the magnetic properties of 50-nm-thick garnet thin films grown by pulsed-laser deposition. Y{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} was selected as the most prototypical garnet and Sm{sub 3−x}Tm{sub x}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} (x=1, 2, 3) was selected in view of its negatively large magnetostriction constants. We employed (111) planes of single crystalline Gd{sub 3}Ga{sub 5}O{sub 12} and (CaGd){sub 3}(MgGaZr){sub 5}O{sub 12} substrates to tune the epitaxial strain. Thin films with a pseudomorphic structure were fabricated with the in-plane strain (ε{sub //}) ranging from −1.5% to +0.5%, corresponding to the stress-induced anisotropy field (H{sub A}) ranging from −40 kOe to +25 kOe, respectively. The magnetization ratio of the out-of-plane to in-plane component (M{sub ⊥}/M{sub //}) systematically varied in accord with H{sub A}, yielding M{sub ⊥}/M{sub //} >1 for thin films with H{sub A} values larger than 20 kOe. Among the films grown, Tm{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} on Gd{sub 3}Ga{sub 5}O{sub 12} showed the largest ε{sub //} and H{sub A} values of +0.5% and +25 kOe, respectively, to realize an apparently perpendicular easy axis, confirmed by a large M{sub ⊥}/M{sub //} value of 7.8. Further, magnetic force microscope images showed a maze pattern typical of a perpendicularly magnetized film. These results reveal a method for tailoring the magnetic anisotropy of garnet ultrathin films by utilizing epitaxial strain. These thin films may be utilized to obtain nanoscale magnetic bubbles

The effects of spraying rareearths(RE) on composition and activities of tea polysaccharide were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), gas chromatography(GC), amino acid analyzer and animal models. The results show that there are rareearth elements binding glycoprotein in tea (REE-TGP). The effects of RE on composition and content of saccharides in REE-TGP are not obvious. The contents of Hypro and Ser in REE-TGP are evidently enhanced in comparison with that in control (not treated with rareearth), but the content of Glu is smaller than that from control. The content of La in REE-TGP from the tea garden sprayed rareearth is 193% higher than that in control. REE-TGP declines content of blood sugar in mice and enhances immunization of rat, which are very evident when the animals are treated by REE-TGP from the tea garden sprayed RE.

The decomposed regularity of rare-earth nitrates in octadecylamine (ODA) is discussed. The experimental results show that these nitrates can be divided into four types. For rare-earth nitrates with larger RE(3+) ions (RE=rareearth, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd), the decomposed products exhibited platelike nanostructures. For those with smaller RE(3+) ions (RE=Y, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb), the decomposed products exhibited beltlike nanostructures. For terbium nitrate with a middle RE(3+) ion, the decomposed product exhibited a rodlike nanostructure. The corresponding rare-earth oxides, with the same morphologies as their precursors, could be obtained when these decomposed products were calcined. For cerium nitrate, which showed the greatest differences, flowerlike cerium oxide could be obtained directly from decomposition of the nitrate without further calcination. This regularity is explained on the basis of the lanthanide contraction. Owing to their differences in electron configuration, ionic radius, and crystal structure, such a nitrate family therefore shows different thermolysis properties. In addition, the potential application of these as-obtained rare-earth oxides as catalysts and luminescent materials was investigated. The advantages of this method for rare-earth oxides includes simplicity, high yield, low cost, and ease of scale-up, which are of great importance for their industrial applications.

A mean-field random alloy theory combined with a simple calculation of the exchange interaction J(c,Q) is shown to quantitatively account for the phase diagrams for alloys of rare-earth metals with Y, Lu, Sc, and other rare-earth metals. A concentration-dependent J(c,Q) explains the empirical 2...... to account for all alloys except the Sc based. The exceptional behavior of the Sc alloys is due to a low density of states for Sc. A brief discussion is given of the effect on the mean-field results of changes in volume or c/a ratio and of critical fluctuations. Since the physical mechanisms of these ideal...

Rareearth (lanthanide metals) addiiions to continuously cast steel are particularly advantageous because of their ability to refine as-cast structures, reduce segregation and increase hot ductility at temperatures just below that of solidification. The complete shape control of sulfides in steels containing RareEarth Metals (REM), whether continuously cast or ingot cast, is primarily responsible for improvements in ductility related mechanical properties, weldability, fatigue resistance and resistance to hydrogen damage. Complete sulfide shape control can be obtained with REM additions at sulfur levels as high as.020%. The greatest improvements, however, are obtained with REM additions to low sulfur steels. However, to achieve full operational advantages afforded by REM, nozzle blockage problems must be circumvented. Water model studies indicate a possible solution.

The IEAv has special interest in the studies of rareearth isotope applications in laser medium and integrated optics as well as aerospace research. We are starting to work with Ytterbium, Erbium, Dysprosium and Neodymium laser selective photoionization research. This paper describes the preliminary results of emission and optogalvanic spectroscopy obtained from a Neodymium hollow cathode lamps. Furthermore these results were used to setup our laser systems to work to leads a Nd isotopes selective laser photoionization. (author)

Ten monazites from widely scattered localities have been analyzed for La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Y and Th by means of a combined chemical and emission spectrographic method. The analytical results, calculated to atomic percent of total rareearths (thorium excluded), show a considerable variation in the proportions of every element except praseodymium, which is relatively constant. The general variation trends of the elements may be calculated by assuming that the monazites represent different stages in a fractional precipitation process, and by assuming that there is a gradational increase in the precipitability of rareearth elements with decreasing ionic radius. Fractional precipitation brings about an increase in lanthanum and cerium, little change in praseodymium, and a decrease in neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, and yttrium. Deviations from the calculated lines of variation consist of a simultaneous, abnormal increase or decrease in the proportions of cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium with antipathetic decrease or increase in the proportions of the other elements. These deviations are ascribed to abnormally high or low temperatures that affect the precipitability of the central trio of elements (Ce, Pr, Nd) relatively more than that of the other elements. The following semiquantitative rules have been found useful in describing the composition of rareearths from monazite: 1. 1. The sum of lanthanum and neodymium is very nearly a constant at 42 ?? 2 atomic percent. 2. 2. Praseodymium is very nearly constant at 5 ?? 1 atomic percent. 3. 3. The sum of Ce, Sm, Gd, and Y is very nearly a constant at 53 ?? 3 atomic percent. No correlation could be established between the content of Th and that of any of the rareearth elements. ?? 1953.

Among complex oxides containing rareearth and manganese BaLn2Mn2O7 (Ln=rareearth) with the layered perovskite type and Ln2(Mn, M)O7 with pyrochlore-related structure were studied since these compounds show many kinds of phases and unique phase transitions. In BaLn2Mn2O7 there appear many phases, depending on the synthetic conditions for each rareearth. The tetragonal phase of so-called Ruddlesden-Popper type is the fundamental structure and many kinds of deformed modification of this structure are obtained. For BaEu2Mn2O7 at least five phases have been identified from the results of X-ray diffraction analysis with the space group P42/mnm, Fmmm, Immm and A2/m in addition to the fundamental tetragonal I4/mmm phase. In the pyrochlore-related type compounds, Ln2Mn2-xMxO7 (M=Ta, Nb, W etc), there also appear several phases with different crystal structures. With regard to every rareearth, Ln2MnTaO7 phase is stable only for excess Ta and can be obtained under high oxygen partial pressure process. This group has trigonal structure with zirkelite type (P3121 space group). On the other hand Ln2Mn2/3Nb4/3O7 phase has monoclinic (C2/c space group) and zirconolite type structure. All of these structural models have the fundamental structure based on HTB (hexagonal tungsten bronze) layers formed by the arrangement of oxygen octahedra.

This research will develop quantitatively resolved anthropogenic cycles and in-use stocks for the rareearth metals specifically cerium, lanthanum and dysprosium in Japan, China, and the U.S. for the year of 2007. Rareearth elements (REE) is a group of 17 scare metals widely used in a growing number of emerging technologies and have been in high demand for emerging technologies as raw materials during past the three decades. New market participants from newly industrializing countries, primarily China, have had strong impacts on the demand of share. Consequently, the importance to sustain a reliable, steady, uninterrupted supply on global market triggered comprehensive research to recognize and understand the life cycles of rareearths. Moreover, because China plays a dominant role in mining production since 1990, it requires the assessment for the countries, which are almost completely dependent on imports from China with respect to rareearth resources. The study aims to analyze the flows and stocks of rareearth elements individually as elemental form in spite of their natural geological co-occurrence and mixed composition in applications. By applying the method of Material Flow Analysis (MFA) work has been done on evaluating current and historical flows of specific technologically significant materials, for example, copper, zinc, nickel, etc., determining the stocks available in different types of reservoirs (e.g., lithosphere, in-use) and the flows among the reservoirs, developing scenarios of possible futures of metal use, and assessing the environmental and policy implications of the results. Therefore, REE as a new target deserves inclusion because of its potential demand-supply conflict and importance to secure the competitive advantage of technical innovation in future. This work will generate a quantitatively resolved anthropogenic life cycle and in-use stocks for REE for the main target countries for a chosen year, 2007, providing flows and stocks from

This volume reviews the recent developments in the use of molecular rare-earth metal compounds in catalysis. Most of the applications deal with homogenous catalysis but in some cases, heterogeneous systems are also mentioned. The rare-earth elements, which are the lanthanides and their close relatives - scandium and yttrium - have not been in the focus of molecular chemistry for a long time and therefore have also not been considered as homogenous catalysts. Although the first organometallic compounds of the lanthanides, which are tris(cyclopentadienyl) lanthanide complexes, were already prepared in the 1950s, it was only in the late 1970s and early 1980s when a number of research groups began to focus on this class of compounds. One reason for the development was the availability of single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques, which made it possible to characterize these compounds.Moreover, new laboratory techniques to handle highly air and moisture sensitive compounds were developed at the same time. Concomitant with the accessibility of this new class of compounds, the application in homogenous catalysis was investigated. One of the first applications in this field was the use of lanthanide metallocenes for the catalytic polymerization of ethylene in the early 1980s. In the last two or three decades, a huge number of inorganic and organometallic compounds of the rare-earth elements were synthesized and some of them were also used as catalysts. Although early work in homogenous catalysis basically focused only on the hydrogenation and polymerization of olefins, the scope for catalytic application today is much broader. Thus, a large number of catalytic {sigma}-bond metathesis reactions, e.g. hydroamination, have been reported in the recent years. This book contains four chapters in which part of the recent development of the use of molecular rare-earth metal compounds in catalysis is covered. To keep the book within the given page limit, not all aspects could be

Pure and (Ca and Si)-substituted yttrium irongarnet (Y3Fe5O12 or YIG) epitaxial layers and amorphous films on gadolinium gallium garnet (Gd3Ga5O12, or GGG) single crystal substrates were irradiated by 50 MeV (32)Si and 50 MeV (or 60 MeV) (63)Cu ions for electronic stopping powers larger than the threshold value (~4 MeV μm(-1)) for amorphous track formation in YIG crystals. Conductivity data of crystalline samples in a broad ion fluence range (10(11)-10(16) cm(-2)) are modeled with a set of rate equations corresponding to the amorphization and recrystallization induced in ion tracks by electronic excitations. The data for amorphous layers confirm that a recrystallization process takes place above ~10(14) cm(-2). Cross sections for both processes deduced from this analysis are discussed in comparison to previous determinations with reference to the inelastic thermal-spike model of track formation. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was also used to follow the related structural modifications. Raman spectra show the progressive vanishing and randomization of crystal phonon modes in relation to the ion-induced damage. For crystalline samples irradiated at high fluences (⩾10(14) cm(-2)), only two prominent broad bands remain like for amorphous films, thereby reflecting the phonon density of states of the disordered solid, regardless of samples and irradiation conditions. The main band peaked at ~660 cm(-1) is assigned to vibration modes of randomized bonds in tetrahedral (FeO4) units.

A compact, high-current, hollow cathode utilizing a lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) thermionic electron emitter has been developed for use with high-power Hall thrusters and ion thrusters. LaB6 cathodes are being investigated due to their long life, high current capabilities, and less stringent xenon purity and handling requirements compared to conventional barium oxide (BaO) dispenser cathodes. The new cathode features a much smaller diameter than previously developed versions that permit it to be mounted on axis of a Hall thruster ( internally mounted ), as opposed to the conventional side-mount position external to the outer magnetic circuit ("externally mounted"). The cathode has also been reconfigured to be capable of surviving vibrational loads during launch and is designed to solve the significant heater and materials compatibility problems associated with the use of this emitter material. This has been accomplished in a compact design with the capability of high-emission current (10 to 60 A). The compact, high-current design has a keeper diameter that allows the cathode to be mounted on the centerline of a 6- kW Hall thruster, inside the iron core of the inner electromagnetic coil. Although designed for electric propulsion thrusters in spacecraft station- keeping, orbit transfer, and interplanetary applications, the LaB6 cathodes are applicable to the plasma processing industry in applications such as optical coatings and semiconductor processing where reactive gases are used. Where current electrical propulsion thrusters with BaO emitters have limited life and need extremely clean propellant feed systems at a significant cost, these LaB6 cathodes can run on the crudest-grade xenon propellant available without impact. Moreover, in a laboratory environment, LaB6 cathodes reduce testing costs because they do not require extended conditioning periods under hard vacuum. Alternative rareearth emitters, such as cerium hexaboride (CeB6) can be used in this

A hydrometallurgical method for the recovery of rareearth metals, cobalt, nickel, iron, and manganese from the negative electrodes of spent Ni-MH mobile phone batteries was developed. The rareearth compounds were obtained by chemical precipitation at pH 1.5, with sodium cerium sulfate (NaCe(SO{sub 4}){sub 2}.H{sub 2}O) and lanthanum sulfate (La{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.H{sub 2}O) as the major recovered components. Iron was recovered as Fe(OH){sub 3} and FeO. Manganese was obtained as Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4}.The recovered Ni(OH){sub 2} and Co(OH){sub 2} were subsequently used to synthesize LiCoO{sub 2}, LiNiO{sub 2} and CoO, for use as cathodes in ion-Li batteries. The anodes and recycled materials were characterized by analytical techniques. (author)

The discussion concerns the origin of the giant Faraday rotation in bismuth- and lead-doped irongarnets. It is convincingly shown that this effect is due to the covalent admixture of Bi(Pb)6p-wavefunctions to oxygen 2p-orbitals in octahedral and tetrahedral Fe-O clusters of irongarnets. The crucial role of the quantum-chemical computation of electronic structure of such clusters is emphasized. (reply)

Rareearth oxide doped molybdenum powders were prepared by the reduction of rareearth nitrites doped MoO3. The effect of rareearth oxide on the reduction behavior of molybdenum oxide had been studied by means of Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction. Doping rareearth oxide in the powder could lower the reduction temperature of molybdenum oxide and decrease the particle size of molybdenum. The mechanism for the effects had been discussed in this paper.

A direct spectrophotometric method for the determination of the total light rareearths has been developed. In this method, arsenazo-DBS is used as a chelating agent with light rareearth elements in strong acidic medium (0.04-0.48 mol l-1 of acidity). The concentrations of total rareearths in 0-15 μg /(25 ml) range can be determined accurately by this method. An absorption maximum was observed at 630 nm at which a molar absorptivity of 1.14x105 l mol-1 cm-1 was determined. The method offers high selectivity and good sensitivity towards light rareearths and features simplicity and rapidity in operation. It has been applied to the determination of light rareearths in cast iron and Ni-Fe alloys.

In the face of the current situation of the lost WTO dispute on rareearth,and cancellation of export tariff for partial rareearth products,efforts of regulation and integration on rareearth by the state government will again be tightened.Reporters of the Economic Information Daily recently learned from authoritative sources that relevant ministries are

Rareearth elements in sediments have been used as powerful tools for environmental studies because of their behavior during geochemical processes and are also widely accepted as reliable provenance tracers because they are largely water-immobile and thus behave conservatively during sedimentary processes. The Peruibe Black Mud (PBM) is a sedimentary deposit originated from the interactions of marine sediments and organic matter in an estuarine environment that originates a peloid currently used for medicinal purposes. The objective of this study was to examine rareearth elements pattern distribution in the Peruibe black mud sedimentary deposit as a proxy for its geochemical development. Elemental ratios such as LaN/YbN, Th/U and La/Th were determined and a normalization of the mean rareearth elements concentrations in the samples related to NASC indicates that the light (La to Eu) rareearth elements present values close to the unity while the heavy (Tb to Lu) rareearth elements are depleted related to NASC. It can be observed that the light rareearth elements present enrichment values slightly enriched over the unity while the heavy rareearth elements present values generally below the unity reflecting the enrichment of the light rareearth elements over the heavy rareearth. Rareearth elements concentrations determined in Peruibe black mud samples showed a distribution similar to that found in the NASC for the light rareearth elements and depleted for the heavy rareearth elements. (author)

REACT Project: Baldor will develop a new type of traction motor with the potential to efficiently power future generations of EVs. Unlike today’s large, bulky EV motors which use expensive, imported rare-earth-based magnets, Baldor’s motor could be light, compact, contain no rareearth materials, and have the potential to deliver more torque at a substantially lower cost. Key innovations in this project include the use of a unique motor design, incorporation of an improved cooling system, and the development of advanced materials manufacturing techniques. These innovations could significantly reduce the cost of an electric motor.

We report a portable rare-earth element analyzer with a palm-top size chamber including the electron source of a pyroelectric crystal and the sample stage utilizing cathodoluminescence (CL) phenomenon. The portable rare-earth element analyzer utilizing CL phenomenon is the smallest reported so far. The portable rare-earth element analyzer detected the rare-earth elements Dy, Tb, Er, and Sm of ppm order in zircon, which were not detected by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. We also performed an elemental mapping of rare-earth elements by capturing a CL image using CCD camera.

This work focuses on the thermoelectric transport in rare-earth compounds. The measurements of the thermal conductivity, thermopower, and Nernst coefficient are supplemented by investigations of other quantities as magnetic susceptibility and specific heat. Chapter 2 provides an introduction to the relevant physical concepts. Section 1 of that chapter summarizes the characteristic properties of rare-earth systems; section 2 gives an overview on thermoelectric transport processes in magnetic fields. The applied experimental techniques as well as the new experimental setup are described in detail in Chapter 3. The experimental results are presented in Chapter 4-6, of which each concentrates on a different subject. In Chapter 4, various Eu clathrates and the skutterudite-like Ce{sub 3}Rh{sub 4}Sn{sub 13} are presented, which have been investigated as potential thermoelectric materials for applications. Chapter 5 focusses on the study of the energy scales in the heavy-fermion series Lu{sub 1-x}Yb{sub x}Rh{sub 2}Si{sub 2} and Ce{sub x}La{sub 1-x}Ni{sub 2}Ge{sub 2} by means of thermopower investigations. Chapter 6 is dedicated to the thermoelectric transport properties of the correlated semimetal CeNiSn with special emphasis on the Nernst coefficient of this compound. (orig.)

We investigate the magneto-optic properties, crystal structure and annealing behaviour of nano-composite media with record-high magneto-optic quality exceeding the levels reported so far in sputtered iron-garnet films. Bi-substituted dysprosium-gallium iron-garnet films having excess bismuth oxide content are deposited using RF co-sputtering, and a range of garnet materials are crystallized using conventional oven-annealing processes. We report, for the first time ever, the results of optimization of thermal processing regimes for various high-performance magneto-optic iron-garnet compositions synthesized and describe the evolution of the optical and magneto-optical properties of garnet-Bi-oxide composite-material films occurring during the annealing processes. The crystallization temperature boundaries of the system (BiDy){sub 3}(FeGa){sub 5}O{sub 12} : Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} are presented. We also report the results of x-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy studies of this recently developed class of high-performance magneto-optic composites. Our hypothesis of iron oxides being the cause of excess optical absorption in sputtered Bi-iron-garnet films is confirmed experimentally.

Using a nonequilibrium functional renormalization group (FRG) approach we calculate the time evolution of the momentum distribution of a magnon gas in contact with a thermal phonon bath. As a cutoff for the FRG procedure we use a hybridization parameter Λ giving rise to an artificial damping of the phonons. Within our truncation of the FRG flow equations the time evolution of the magnon distribution is obtained from a rate equation involving cutoff-dependent nonequilibrium self-energies, which in turn satisfy FRG flow equations depending on cutoff-dependent transition rates. Our approach goes beyond the Born collision approximation and takes the feedback of the magnons on the phonons into account. We use our method to calculate the thermalization of a quasi two-dimensional magnon gas in the magnetic insulator yttrium-irongarnet after a highly excited initial state has been generated by an external microwave field. In this material interactions which do not conserve the magnon particle number are present and are considered in our approach.

We study the temperature dependence of the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE) in an yttrium irongarnet Y3F e5O12 (YIG)/Pt system for samples of different thicknesses. In this system, the thermal spin torque is magnon driven. The LSSE signal peaks at a specific temperature that depends on the YIG sample thickness. We also observe freeze-out of the LSSE signal at high magnetic fields, which we attribute to the opening of an energy gap in the magnon dispersion. We observe partial freeze-out of the LSSE signal even at room temperature, where kBT is much larger than the gap. This suggests that a subset of the magnon population with an energy below kBTC (TC˜40 K ) contributes disproportionately to the LSSE; at temperatures above TC, we label these magnons subthermal magnons. The T dependence of the LSSE at temperatures below the maximum is interpreted in terms of an empirical model that ascribes most of the temperature dependence to that of the thermally driven magnon flux, which is related to the details of the magnon dispersion.

Since its discovery in 2008, the spin Seebeck effect (SSE) has intrigued many interesting research all around the world, which has led to the birth of a new field of research, called ``spin-caloritronics''. Of the two different experimental configurations used for detecting SSE, the longitudinal geometry (LSSE) seems to be generally accepted. The yttrium irongarnet (YIG) / Pt bilayer structure has been most commonly used for LSSE experiments because absence of electrons in YIG excludes contaminations from other thermomagnetic effects. The dependence of the LSSE on YIG film thickness and on temperature have been reported, but not yet both together. Here we present experimental data on the temperature dependence of LSSE in Pt/YIG below room temperature in systems in which the thickness of YIG varies. Detailed discussion is given on the experimental results, with emphasis on the role of subthermal-magnons in the temperature dependence of LSSE in the YIG/Pt system. Work supported by the AFOSR-MURI #FA9550-10-1-0533 and the ARO-MURI #W911NF-14-1-0016.

We have investigated recrystallization of amorphous Yttrium IronGarnet (YIG) by annealing in oxygen atmosphere. Our findings show that well below the melting temperature the material transforms into a fully epitaxial layer with exceptional quality, both structural and magnetic. In ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) ultra low damping and extremely narrow linewidth can be observed. For a 56 nm thick layer a damping constant of α = (6.15 ± 1.50) · 10(-5) is found and the linewidth at 9.6 GHz is as small as 1.30 ± 0.05 Oe which are the lowest values for PLD grown thin films reported so far. Even for a 20 nm thick layer a damping constant of α = (7.35 ± 1.40) · 10(-5) is found which is the lowest value for ultrathin films published so far. The FMR linewidth in this case is 3.49 ± 0.10 Oe at 9.6 GHz. Our results not only present a method of depositing thin film YIG of unprecedented quality but also open up new options for the fabrication of thin film complex oxides or even other crystalline materials.

The spatial evolution of multi-peaked microwave magnetic envelope solitons in a thin yttrium irongarnet (YIG) film has been measured and analyzed. The experiments were done on a long and narrow 5-μm -thick single-crystal YIG film strip. Double-peaked and triple-peaked magnetostatic backward volume wave soliton pulses were excited at a nominal carrier frequency of 7.0GHz . The measurements utilized a movable inductive magnetodynamic probe detection system. The formation of these multi-peaked soliton (MPS) pulses is a two step process. First, an initial single large amplitude pulse gradually separates into two or more nonsolitonic peaks. After a certain propagation time, these nonsolitonic peaks evolve, in sequence, into solitonic peaks with constant phase (CP) and an overall stair-like profile. Typically, the larger amplitude peaks lead in time and become solitonic first. As the MPS signals propagate and decay, the peaks lose their CP character in reverse sequence. The region of existence for the “fully formed” MPS pulses for which all the individual peaks have CP character is extremely narrow, typically on the order of a few tenths of a millimeter. The velocities of the individual peaks scale linearly with the peak powers. A nonlinear response analysis of the peak velocity based on the method of envelopes gives a reasonable match to the data.

In this work, nanocrystalline yttrium irongarnet powders were produced by low temperature solid state reaction. The phase evolution during the procedure was determined from the thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, and the x-ray diffraction patterns. The results of transmission electron microscopy indicated that the prepared powders exhibited grain size at the nano-level of 20 {approx} 40 nm. Dense ceramics with a theoretical density of around 98% were obtained from the prepared powders after sintering at 1280 deg. C, a relative low sintering temperature compared with conventional ceramic processes, and the saturation magnetizations of sintered samples were also determined. - Research Highlights: {yields}No sol or gel form during the synthesis processing using nitrates and citric acid as raw materials. {yields}The synthesis method needs a low heating temperature (700 deg. C) compared with conventional solid state reaction. {yields}The product is a single phase with homogeneous size distribution and nano grains (20 {approx} 40 nm) confirmed by TEM. {yields}Dense YIG ceramic can be sintered at a low temperature (1280 deg. C) compared with that in conventional processing.

The spin Peltier effect (SPE), heat-current generation due to spin-current injection, in various metal (Pt, W, and Au single layers and Pt/Cu bilayer)/ferrimagnetic insulator [yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG)] junction systems has been investigated by means of a lock-in thermography (LIT) method. The SPE is excited by a spin current across the metal/YIG interface, which is generated by applying a charge current to the metallic layer via the spin Hall effect. The LIT method enables the thermal imaging of the SPE free from the Joule-heating contribution. Importantly, we observed spin-current-induced temperature modulation not only in the Pt/YIG and W/YIG systems, but also in the Au/YIG and Pt/Cu/YIG systems, excluding the possible contamination by anomalous Ettingshausen effects due to proximity-induced ferromagnetism near the metal/YIG interface. As demonstrated in our previous study, the SPE signals are confined only in the vicinity of the metal/YIG interface; we buttress this conclusion by reducing a spatial blur due to thermal diffusion in an infrared-emission layer on the sample surface used for the LIT measurements. We also found that the YIG-thickness dependence of the SPE is similar to that of the spin Seebeck effect measured in the same Pt/YIG sample, implying the reciprocal relation between them.

Understanding the generation, detection, and manipulation of spin current is critical for the development of devices that depend on spin transport for information processing and storage. Recent studies have shown that spin transport over long distances is possible in the magnetic insulator yttrium irongarnet (YIG) through the diffusion of non-equilibrium magnons. Electrically excited magnons have been shown to diffuse up to 40um at room temperature, while thermally injected magnons were detected at ranges greater than 125um at 23K. However, much work is still required to fully understand the processes responsible for magnon diffusion. Here, we present an in-depth study of the diffusion of magnons in YIG. By using the non-local thermal spin detection method, we analyze spin transport as a function of temperature. Spin diffusion maps, which can be used to experimentally determine the spin diffusion length in YIG as a function of temperature, are presented Work supported by the Army Research Office MURI W911NF-14-1-0016.

The recovery of rareearths, niobium, and thorium from Bayan Obo's tailings has been investigated because the Bayan Obo ore is rich in rareearths and rich in niobium and thorium, but it is mined mainly as an iron ore and will be used up soon. By carbochlorination between 823 K (550 °C) and 873 K (600 °C) for 2 hours, 76 to 93 pct of rareearths were recovered from the tailings, which were much higher than those from Bayan Obo's rareearth concentrate, together with 65 to 78 pct of niobium, 72 to 92 pct of thorium, 84 to 91 pct of iron, and 81 to 94 pct of fluorine. This suggests a cooperative reaction mechanism that carbochlorination of iron minerals (and carbonates) in the tailings enhances that of rareearth minerals, which is supported by a thermodynamic analysis. Subsequently, niobium separation from the low-volatile, ultrahigh iron chloride mixture was achieved efficiently by selective oxidation with Fe2O3. This process, combined with the best available technologies for separation of rareearths and thorium from the involatile chloride mixture and for comprehensively using other valuable elements, allows the ore to minimize radioactive waste and to use rare metal resources sustainably in the future.

In inverse microemulsion, rareearth ferrite/polyacrylamide magnetic microsphere were prepared and their magnetic responsibility were studied by magnetic balance. Results indicate that the magnetic responsibility of microsphere relates to magnetic moment of rareearth ion, and it can be improved by the addition of dysprosium ion of high magnetic moment. Dysprosium content has an effect on magnetic responsibility of dysprosium ferrite/polyacrylamide magnetic microsphere. The microsphere displays strong magnetic responsibility when the molar ratio of Dy3+/iron is 0.20.

The effect of rareearths (La, Ce and Pr) addition on residual stress in iron coatings prepared by brush plating was investi-gated. The results showed that the addition of rareearth transformed the residual stress in the coating from tensile to compressive. To relieve the residual stress, on the one hand, RE elements segregated at the grain boundaries which restricted the coalescence of the grains and provided more capability of grain deformation. On the other hand, RE elements could purify detrimental element and ab-sorb hydrogen atoms in the coating. Among the three rareearths, elements lanthanum showed the most significant effect on surface morphology and residual stress.

The paper deals with five topics: i) the single three-dimensional irreductible representation (Γ{sub 4g}=T{sub 1g}) of the paramagnetic space group Ia3{sup ¯}d No. 230 is chosen according to the representation analysis of Bertaut for the interpretation of the neutron powder diffraction experiments performed on terbium irongarnet (Tb{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12}); ii) the use of the method of the “symmetry lowering device” of Bertaut in order to select the appropriate rhombohedral subgroup of Ia3{sup ¯}d which allows to deal with the case where the cubic description provides an incomplete answer to the changes observed below 160 K in the ferrimagnetic structure around the [1 1 1] axis from the Néel model toward the “double umbrella” observed at 13 K; iii) the magnetic modes belonging to the one-dimensional irreductible representation A{sub 2g} of the highest rhombohedral subgroup R3{sup ¯}c No. 167 are able to describe the occurrence of its anisotropic character which steeply increases below 160 K due to the concomitant anisotropic effects; iv) the broad anomaly observed near 54 K in the temperature dependences of the components of both sublattices of the Tb{sup 3+} ions in the Wyckoff positions (6e) and (6e′) is explained partially on the basis of the concept of Belov of the strong paraprocess which has been termed “exchange-enhanced paramagnetism” at the so-called “low-temperature point” (T{sub B}); v) the results are related to the magnetodielectric effect in low magnetic field and to the significant coupling between exchange magnons and ligand-field excitations reported recently in this compound. - Highlights: • We examine the changes of the “double umbrella” in TbIG using neutron diffraction. • Symmetry arguments of Bertaut clarify suitable rhombohedral space group at 13 K. • Its opening leads to an increasing of anisotropy of the Tb components below 160 K. • The “low-temperature point” of Belov explains partly its intricate

Stimulated methyl orange wastewater has been treated by micro-electrolysis as the main process,and scrap iron and fly ash as micro-electrolysis packings,so as to obtain a new route for the utilization of fly ash,and to discuss the new methods for improving the treatment effectiveness of micro-electrolysis by using rareearth Gd catalysis. The results show that fly ash can replace activated carbon in micro-electrolysis reaction and has good treatment effectiveness. Rareearth Gd can significantly speed up the reaction rate and improve the decolorization rate and degradation rate of methyl orange. The optimal operation parameters are as follows:influent pH is 3.5, reaction time 60 min,rareearth Gd added in form of Gd3+solution(3.08 g/L) with a dosage of 10 mL,scrap iron and fly ash dosage 150 g/L,and m(fly ash)∶m(scrap iron)=2∶1.%以甲基橙模拟染料废水为处理对象，微电解法为主体工艺，采用铁屑和粉煤灰作为微电解填料，以获得粉煤灰资源化利用的新途径，并探讨稀土Gd催化提高微电解处理效果的新方法。结果表明，粉煤灰可以替代活性炭参与微电解反应，并有良好的处理效果，稀土Gd能明显加快反应速率并提高甲基橙的脱色率和降解率。试验最佳运行参数：进水pH为3.5，反应时间60 min，稀土Gd以Gd3+溶液（3.08 g/L）形式投加，投加量为10 mL，铁粉煤灰投加量为150 g/L，m（粉煤灰）∶m（铁屑）为2∶1。

The effect of rareearth element Ce on microstructure, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties was studied.Using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer, the microstructure and phase composition of aluminum rod for electrical purpose were measured and analyzed.The results indicate that rareearth element Ce can considerably refine grain size of aluminum rod for electrical purpose,improve the regular distribution pattern of the impurity, such as silicon and iron which present in the aluminum matrix,form stable metal compound with pernicious impurity.This metal compound precipitates on the crystal boundary.As a result, the solid solubility of impurity in aluminum reduce, and the electrical conductivity of aluminum rod for electrical purpose is improved.It is found that the mechanical properties of aluminum rod for electrical purpose are improved by rareearth element in certain range of RE addition.

Hydrophobic materials that are robust to harsh environments are needed in a broad range of applications. Although durable materials such as metals and ceramics, which are generally hydrophilic, can be rendered hydrophobic by polymeric modifiers, these deteriorate in harsh environments. Here we show that a class of ceramics comprising the entire lanthanide oxide series, ranging from ceria to lutecia, is intrinsically hydrophobic. We attribute their hydrophobicity to their unique electronic structure, which inhibits hydrogen bonding with interfacial water molecules. We also show with surface-energy measurements that polar interactions are minimized at these surfaces and with Fourier transform infrared/grazing-angle attenuated total reflection that interfacial water molecules are oriented in the hydrophobic hydration structure. Moreover, we demonstrate that these ceramic materials promote dropwise condensation, repel impinging water droplets, and sustain hydrophobicity even after exposure to harsh environments. Rare-earth oxide ceramics should find widespread applicability as robust hydrophobic surfaces.

We develop the in situ magnetization measurement apparatus for observing the Barnett effect consisting of a fluxgate sensor, a high speed rotor with frequencies of up to 1.5 kHz, and a magnetic shield at room temperature. The effective magnetic field (Barnett field) in a sample arising from rotation magnetizes the sample and is proportional to the rotational frequency. The gyroscopic g factor, g ' , of rareearth metals, in particular, Gd, Tb, and Dy, was estimated to be 2.00 ± 0.08, 1.53 ± 0.17, and 1.15 ± 0.32, respectively, from the slopes of the rotation dependence of the Barnett field. This study provides a technique to determine the g ' factor even in samples where the spectroscopic method may not be available.

There are two kinds of magnetic anisotropy in rare-earth compounds: the single-ion anisotropy caused by the crystal field (CF) and the anisotropy of the two-ion interactions. Both types of anisotropy have to be considered to arrive at a consistent description of the magnetic properties of the orthorhombic intermetallic compound NdCu 2. From the analysis of NdCu 2 we can derive predictions for the type of ordering in other isostructural RCu 2 compounds, that agree well with experimental results: If the magnetic moments point into the crystallographic b-direction, an ordering wave vector of (2/3 0 0) is expected. If the moments are oriented perpendicular to b then the ordering wave vector is (2/3 1 0) .

@@ Rareearth industry, with production value less than 30 trillion yuan, has become the hot topic both inside China and in the rest of the world since 2009. Even in stock market, rareearth was one of the most active sectors. Media in various countries, specialists in different fields and many political figures worldwide as well as some netizens showed extraordinary concerns on rareearths. Many heated arguments were made on the hot and even some sensitive topics about rareearth industry. Rareearth issues seem to be beyond the industrial production today, but the subject focused on economy, politics and strategic importance. The word "rareearth" was a yearly hot point or a key word in 2010.

Full Text Available Rareearths have been used to increase high temperature oxidation resistance of many chromium dioxide and alumina forming alloys. These rareearths can be added as elements (or as oxide dispersions to the alloys or applied as an oxide coating to the alloy surface. The sol-gel technique is considered to be very efficient to apply fine oxide particle coatings. Oxide gel coatings of various rareearths such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, dysprosium, yttrium, erbium and ytterbium have been applied to an iron-chromium alloy to determine their influence on the cyclic oxidation behavior (RT-900 °C of the alloy. The morphology and coverage of the rareearth oxide gels varied with the type of rareearth. The cyclic oxidation resistance of the alloy increased with increase in time at temperature required to reach a specific chromium dioxide layer thickness and this in turn was influenced by the rareearth ion radius and characteristics of the rareearth oxide coating such as morphology, stability, coverage, resistance to thermal stresses and consequently adhesion.

Rareearth compounds can be used as PVC thermal stabilizers. According to the infrared spectra of the mixture of PVC and some stearates, the mechanism of stabilization of different stearates was studied. The specialty of rareearth stabilizers was found. They can change the conformation of PVC and restrain the elimination of HCl. From this aspect, the unique synergetic effect with other stabilizers of rareearth compounds can be explained.

"Guangdong intends to build a rareearth platform named Guangdong RareEarth Group, and the plan has been probably approved recently." An insider of local government said, "although there is no final conclusion, but the Guangdong’s intention to build a general platform of rareearth is clear." Since Guangdong Rising Nonferrous Metals Group Co., Ltd. (GRNM) is the only local state-owned enterprise leading

Based on a notice issued by the Ministry of Land Resources, China’s tungsten mining quantity in 2006 will be controlled to 59,060 tons in concentrates form, which include 4,250 tons of recycled tungsten. And the rareearth mining quantity in 2006 will also be controlled to 86,620 tons (REO) including 8,320 tons of heavy rareearth and 78,200 tons of light rareearth.

Complex of rareearth with carboxylic acid was prepared by precipita tion and direct method. It was copolymerized with such monomers as acrylic acid and other ones to synthesize ionomer of rareearth and organic polymer with different rareearth contents. Its glass-transition temperature and heat stability were analyzed by TG and DTA. Infra-red detector was used to show its structure. The effect of rareearth complex prepared by different methods on copolymerization and properties of copolymers was also discussed.

The windowpane as the enclosure and decorative component of buildings is main part of energy consumption and the heat loss through window is almost 4% of the heating consumption in buildings. Using rareearth element,the glass can possess the performance of absorbing sunlight, storing heat, increasing the temperate of itself, and decreasing the inner heat load so as to play the double functions of saving energy and environmental protection. The experiment method of the rareearth windowpane, and analyses sunlight absorbing process of the rareearth element on photoelectric principle, and gives the changing curve with environment temperate -time of the rareearth windowpane surface were introduced.

Full Text Available In the past four years, the price of rareearth metal fluctuates sharply for many reasons. Currently, it has become more stable and more reasonable. This presentation is focused on the effect about the rareearth metal price. Some motor manufacturers have shifted from rareearth permanent magnet to ferrite magnet. Many motor manufacturers changed the design for the motor cooling system to make the motor function at a lower temperature. Thus the consumption of Dy can be markedly reduced. As for manufacturer of NdFeB magnet, we are also trying to optimize our process to reduce to dependence of HREE such as Dy and Tb. HS process have been introduced to solve the problem. With more and more people focusing and engaging on the REE industry, the price of REE will be more transparent without too many fluctuations. China is considering the problems of balancing the environment, energy sources, and labor sources. The application field about NdFeB such as wind turbine generator, HEV/EV, FA /OA is flourishing.

An improvement has been made to the design of the hollow cathode geometry that was created for the rare-earth electron emitter described in Compact RareEarth Emitter Hollow Cathode (NPO-44923), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 34, No. 3 (March 2010), p. 52. The original interior assembly was made entirely of graphite in order to be compatible with the LaB6 material, which cannot be touched by metals during operation due to boron diffusion causing embrittlement issues in high-temperature refractory materials. Also, the graphite tube was difficult to machine and was subject to vibration-induced fracturing. This innovation replaces the graphite tube with one made out of refractory metal that is relatively easy to manufacture. The cathode support tube is made of molybdenum or molybdenum-rhenium. This material is easily gun-bored to near the tolerances required, and finish machined with steps at each end that capture the orifice plate and the mounting flange. This provides the manufacturability and robustness needed for flight applications, and eliminates the need for expensive e-beam welding used in prior cathodes. The LaB6 insert is protected from direct contact with the refractory metal tube by thin, graphite sleeves in a cup-arrangement around the ends of the insert. The sleeves, insert, and orifice plate are held in place by a ceramic spacer and tungsten spring inserted inside the tube. To heat the cathode, an insulating tube is slipped around the refractory metal hollow tube, which can be made of high-temperature materials like boron nitride or aluminum nitride. A screw-shaped slot, or series of slots, is machined in the outside of the ceramic tube to constrain a refractory metal wire wound inside the slot that is used as the heater. The screw slot can hold a single heater wire that is then connected to the front of the cathode tube by tack-welding to complete the electrical circuit, or it can be a double slot that takes a bifilar wound heater with both leads coming out

Based on unique experimental setups, the temperature dependences of the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE) and spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) of the Pt/yttrium irongarnet (Pt/YIG) hybrid structure are determined in a wide temperature range up to the Curie temperature of YIG. From a theoretical analysis of the experimental relationship between the SMR and temperature, the spin mixing conductance of the Pt/YIG interface is deduced as a function of temperature. Adopting the deduced spin mixing conductance, the temperature dependence of the LSSE is well reproduced based on the magnon spin current theory. Our research sheds new light on the controversy about the theoretical models for the LSSE.

The present paper deals with the theoretical calculation of mechanical and thermophysical properties of rare-earth monoarsenides, XAs (X: Np, Pu, Th and U) using elastic constants as the input parameters. These second- and third-order elastic constants (SOECs and TOECs) are determinedin the temperature range 100–500K using Coulomb and Born–Mayer potential upto second nearest neighbours. In order to provide the link between mechanical and dynamical behaviour of crystals, parameters such as Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson’s ratio etc. are also calculated.In addition, the Cauchy relationship is obeyed by the chosen monoarsenides and are fairly anisotropic, which results in the measurement of longitudinal and shear wave velocities along $\\langle100 \\rangle$, $\\langle110\\rangle$ and $\\langle 111\\rangle$ directions. The toughness/fracture $(G/BT)$ ratio is greater than 0.60, which implies that XAs compounds are brittle at room temperature. Further, the Debye temperature is computed using Debye average velocity as the input parameter. It helps in the characterization of lattice vibrations of a solid. In this work, ultrasonic attenuation due to phonon–phonon interaction$\\alpha/f^2_{\\rm p−p}$ and thermoelastic loss $\\alpha/f ^{2}$th are computed for XAs from 100 to 500K using Mason’s theory. It further helps in evaluating the microstructural properties of the chosen materials. The obtained results indicate that XAs is mechanically stable and are compared with data availablein the literature.

In this study, Arthrobacter luteolus, isolated from rareearth environment of Chavara (Quilon district, Kerala, India), were found to produce catechol-type siderophores. The bacterial strain accumulated rareearth elements such as samarium and scandium. The siderophores may play a role in the accumulation of rareearth elements. Catecholate siderophore and low-molecular-weight organic acids were found to be present in experiments with Arthrobacter luteolus. The influence of siderophore on the accumulation of rareearth elements by bacteria has been extensively discussed.

The research trend in rareearths has been studied using the Chemical Abstracts (CA) data.The number of papers published from China has been increasing very rapidly since 2001 and today China is the top country in terms of paper contribution on rareearths.This article presents a comparative study of R & D trends among China,Japan and USA.

A new organization in the rareearth industry circle in Shanghai initiated and set up by 14 enterprises and public institutions called "Shanghai RareEarth Association", formally declared its establishment recently. This marked China’s only specialized and non-profit

@@ China developed herself from being predominant at RE resources into a country with the largest production, the highest export volume and the largest application of rareearth products in the world. Today, China plays a leading role in the global rareearth market.

@@ I.Environment and trend of RE market 1.Operation environment in 2008 Chinese government further strengthened its macro-control on rareearth industry in 2008.Mandatory planning policy was implemented in the production of rareearth minerals and smelted products.

A brief review of the theory of quasi-equilibrium Bose–Einstein condensation and superfluidity of magnons in a film of yttrium irongarnet is presented. The Bose–Einstein condensation of magnons in YIG film at room temperature under rf pumping was discovered in 2006 by the Münster experimental team led by Demokritov. There are two symmetric minima in the magnon spectrum of a ferromagnetic film, and therefore two condensates. In 2012 the same experimental group discovered the interference of these two condensates, thus proving their coherence. The reviewed theory that explains these experimental observations predicts that the reflection symmetry of the magnon gas is spontaneously violated at Bose–Einstein condensation in thick films. In thin films the condensate is symmetric at low magnetic field and transits to the non-symmetric state at higher field. Dipolar interaction energy depends on the phase of the condensate wave function. In quasi-equilibrium it traps the phase. All these features are due to the interaction between magnons Since the magnon condensate is coherent, a logical question is whether the condensate is superfluid. Two obstacles for superfluidity are the dominance of the normal magnon density over the condensate (approximately 100-fold) and the phase trapping. We show that the velocity of the superfluid part is by 5–7 decimal orders larger than that of the normal part at typical values of the field gradients. Thus, the spin current is mainly superfluid. The phase trapping violates the U(1) symmetry, reducing it to a discrete symmetry. Stationary superfluid flow is still possible, but it becomes inhomogeneous. In 1-d stationary flow at low kinetic energy the condensate phase over long intervals of length remains close to the trapped values and changes by 2π within comparatively short intervals (phase solitons). The current and number of magnons are conserved globally but not locally, since they transfer spin momentum to the lattice. These

The growth, structure and electronic properties of rareearth silicide nanowires are investigated on planar and vicinal Si(001) und Si(111) surfaces with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES). On all surfaces investigated within this work hexagonal disilicides are grown epitaxially with a lattice mismatch of -2.55% up to +0.83% along the hexagonal a-axis. Along the hexagonal c-axis the lattice mismatch is essentially larger with 6.5%. On the Si(001)2 x 1 surface two types of nanowires are grown epitaxially. The socalled broad wires show a one-dimensional metallic valence band structure with states crossing the Fermi level. Along the nanowires two strongly dispersing states at the anti J point and a strongly dispersing state at the anti {gamma} point can be observed. Along the thin nanowires dispersing states could not be observed. Merely in the direction perpendicular to the wires an intensity variation could be observed, which corresponds to the observed spacial structure of the thin nanowires. The electronic properties of the broad erbium silicide nanowires are very similar to the broad dysprosium silicide nanowires. The electronic properties of the DySi{sub 2}-monolayer and the Dy{sub 3}Si{sub 5}-multilayer on the Si(111) surface are investigated in comparison to the known ErSi{sub 2}/Si(111) and Er{sub 3}Si{sub 5}/Si(111) system. The positions and the energetic locations of the observed band in the surface Brillouin zone will be confirmed for dysprosium. The shape of the electron pockets in the (vector)k {sub parallel} space is elliptical at the anti M points, while the hole pocket at the anti {gamma} point is showing a hexagonal symmetry. On the Si(557) surface the structural and electronic properties depend strongly on the different preparation conditions likewise, in particular on the rareearth coverage. At submonolayer coverage the thin nanowires grow in wide areas

@@ Introduction It is well known that organometallic hydrides of rareearth metals are the catalysts and reducing reagents for the catalysis polymerization of alkenes and the catalysis hydrogenation of alkenoalkynes. There are four methods for the syntheses of organometallic hydrides of rareearth metals: (1) the thermal atomization of metals, I. E. , the interaction of a rareearth metal with alkenes with a terminal alkyne; (2) the Ln-C σ bond is broken with H2; (3) metallic hydride replacement[1], I. E., NaBH4, LiA1H4 and Na can be used to react with organometallic compounds of rareearth metals; (4) the elimination ofβ-H, I. E. , in the presence of LiC1, the elimination of theβ-H of the alkyl compounds of rareearth metals gives the target product. The organohydrides of biindenyl samarium, biindenyl gadolinium and biin denyl dysprosium were obtained with NaH reduction method.

New magneto-optical properties of (BiDy){sub 3}(FeGa){sub 5}O{sub 12} garnet films prepared by pulsed laser deposition are reported. Double-layer films of fine granular microstructure have been prepared by varying oxygen pressure during the deposition process. The individual layers exhibited different magnetic compensation temperatures. The magneto-optical hysteresis loops confirmed that the layers are magnetically coupled. Such a coupling, described here and observed in the granular oxide garnet materials for the first time, represents a new switching system as an alternative to exchange-coupled magnetic metallic thin layers.

The present paper deals mainly with the relationships between the distribution of rareearth elements (REE) in different forms in soils and the atomic number and with the odd-even phenomenon in the distribution of ionic lanthanides in soils.The enrichment tendency of light REE relative to heavy REE in soils was pointed out on the experimental results about the proportions of Ce-group and Y-group elements in different REE forms in soils.Meanwhile,the differentiation of Tm in different soil REE forms was compared and the reasons why Tm is enriched in soils were preliminarily discussed.

We are examining the occurrence and abundance of rareearth elements (REE) associated with produced waters from shale gas development, and factors controlling aqueous REE concentrations in geochemical environments, to provide information for: (1) potential recovery of REE as a valuable byproduct, and (2) utilization of unique REE signatures as a risk assessment tool. REE include the lanthanide series of elements - excluding short-lived, radioactive promethium - and yttrium. These elements are critical to a wide variety of high-tech, energy efficient applications such as phosphors, magnets, and batteries. Escalating costs of REE resulting from divergent supply and demand patterns motivates the first goal. The second goal relates to the search for a reliable, naturally occurring tracer to improve understanding of fluid migration and water-rock interactions during hydraulic fracturing and natural gas recovery. We compiled data from 100 studies of REE occurrence and concentrations in groundwaters, ocean waters, river waters, and lake waters. In the groundwater systems documented, total dissolved REE concentrations ranged over eight orders of magnitude; however the average concentrations across the lanthanides varied by less than two orders of magnitude. This leads to exceptional inter-element correlations, with a median correlation coefficient greater than 0.98, implying potential usefulness of REE ratios for groundwater signatures. Reports describing reactions governing REE solubilization were also investigated. We assembled information about important solution chemistries and performed equilibrium modeling using PHREEQC to examine common hypotheses regarding the factors controlling REE compositions. In particular, effects of pH, Eh, and common complexing ligands were evaluated. Produced and connate waters of the Marcellus shale are well characterized for their major chemical elements. There is a dearth of knowledge, however, regarding the occurrence of REE in

The chemical, catalytic, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of rareearth elements are required in broad applications. Rareearth elements have similar physical and chemical properties thus it is difficult to separate one from each other. Rareearth element is relatively abundant in earth's crust but rarely occur in high concentrated deposits. Traditionally, ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have been developed to separate and purify single rareearth solutions or compounds. Recently, membrane starts to gain attention for rareearth separation by combining membrane and proven technologies such as solvent extraction. Membrane-based process offers selective, reliable, energy efficient and easy to scale up separation. During membrane-based separation process, one phase passes through membrane pores while the other phase is rejected. There is no direct mixing of two phases thus the solvent loss is very low. Membrane can also lower solvent physical properties requirement (viscosity, density) and backmixing, eliminate flooding phenomenon and provide large interfacial area for mass transfer. This paper will summarize research efforts in developing membrane technology for rareearth element separation. Special attention will be given to solvent extraction related process as the commonly used method for rareearth element separation. Furthermore, membrane configuration and its potentials will also be discussed.

Three fungal strains were found to be capable of bioleaching rareearth elements from monazite, a rareearth phosphate mineral, utilizing the monazite as a phosphate source and releasing rareearth cations into solution. These organisms include one known phosphate solubilizing fungus, Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015, as well as two newly isolated fungi: an Aspergillus terreus strain ML3-1 and a Paecilomyces spp. strain WE3-F. Although monazite also contains the radioactive element Thorium, bioleaching by these fungi preferentially solubilized rareearth elements over Thorium, leaving the Thorium in the solid residual. Adjustments in growth media composition improved bioleaching performance measured as rareearth release. Cell-free spent medium generated during growth of A. terreus strain ML3-1 and Paecilomyces spp. strain WE3-F in the presence of monazite leached rareearths to concentrations 1.7-3.8 times those of HCl solutions of comparable pH, indicating that compounds exogenously released by these organisms contribute substantially to leaching. Organic acids released by the organisms included acetic, citric, gluconic, itaconic, oxalic, and succinic acids. Abiotic leaching with laboratory prepared solutions of these acids was not as effective as bioleaching or leaching with cell-free spent medium at releasing rareearths from monazite, indicating that compounds other than the identified organic acids contribute to leaching performance.

Rareearth elements are important nutritional elements for human health, and today more and more attention has been paid to the effective components in Chinese traditional medicine, especially to rareearth elements. Fifteen rareearth elements in wild hypericum japonicum Thunb were analyzed by the methods of ICP-MS. The results showed that the concentrations of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, Tm, Lu and Y ranged from 6 ng x g(-1) x DW to 14 522 ng x g(-1) x DW, and among them the concentrations of La, Ce and Nd were higher than 2 000 ng x g(-1) x DW. Compared with the concentration of rareearth elements in rice, corn, wheat and barley, the total concentration of rareearth elements in hypericum japonicum Thunb was much higher, which could be the mechanism of curative effect of hypericum japonicum Thunb on liverish diseases. The character of elements and the content of rareearth elements in soil should be responsible for the difference, but the distributive mechanism of rareearth elements in hypericum japonicum Thunb should be further studied.

China is abundant of rareearth resources, it has been the biggest producer, consumer and supplier. The superiority and the scale within the last 40 years make it possible to develop China's rareearth industry in a higher degree.But the superiority of rareearth resources has not turned into the economic superiority, and the development of rareearth industry in China with high speed does not lead to high benefits. Therefore, it has become the hot point and vital task now how to resolve the main problems of rareearth industry in China and how to make its rareearth industry grow healthily and steadily through transforming resources, adjusting structure, escalating industry, bringing forth new ideas in technology. This article aims at analyzing the competitive power of China's rareearth industry in the application of "Diamond framework, Determinants of National Advantage" written by Michael Porter, the well-known economist,based on the analysis, the author puts forward a strategic proposal to raise the competitive power.

The results of this study allow the reassessment of the rareearth elements (REE) external cycle. Indeed, the river input to the oceans has relatively flat REE patterns without cerium (Ce) anomalies, whereas oceanic REE patterns exhibit strong negative Ce anomalies and heavy REE enrichment. Indeed, the processes at the origin of seawater REE patterns are commonly thought to occur within the ocean masses themselves. However, the results from the present study illustrate that seawater-like REE patterns already occur in the truly dissolved pool of river input. This leads us to favor a partial or complete removal of the colloidal REE pool during estuarine mixing by coagulation, as previously shown for dissolved humic acids and iron. In this latter case, REE fractionation occurs because colloidal and truly dissolved pools have different REE patterns. Thus, the REE patterns of seawater could be the combination of both intra-oceanic and riverine processes. In this study, we show that the Atlantic continental shelves could be considered potential REE traps, suggesting further that shelf sediments could potentially become a resource for REE, similar to metalliferous deep sea sediments.

The use of rareearth for inducing plant resistance was reviewed. The important developments in recent years were described, and rareearth can alleviate the pollution of acid rain, ozone, pesticide, heavy metals etc. in environment. The authors suggest that the mechanism of rareearth to inducing plant resistance and reducing plant injury is to control biochemical metabolism web in plant cell, to adjust its protection system of free radical, to maintain its photosynthesis, to protect cell membrane system and to carry through its function on mineral metabolism. Meanwhile some problems in the field were discussed as well.

@@ 3. Current rareearth export situation a. RE export enterprises To further strengthen administration on export of rareearths and standardize export system, the Ministry of Commerce instituted the "Qualification Standards and Application Procedures for RareEarth Export Enterprises" in 2006, which regulated the export from production capacity, technologies, safety & environmental protection and credit of enterprises, hence to standardize the export system. There were 47 RE export enterprises announced in common trade in 2006, while it dropped to 41 ones in 2007 and 25 in 2008. There were merely 23 export enterprises in 2009.

The characteristics and the models of rareearth elements in the geolo gical bodies and the hydrothermal water balanced with the adamellite were compre h ensively studied in Aktishikan gold deposit,Nurt area of Altay,Xinjiang.And th e behavior of rareearth elements during metasomatic alteration was discussed by using the isocon method of Grant.The results show that the rareearth elements a re inert during metasomatic alteration,the hydrothermal water has no relation t o the magmatic water,and the gold material sources mainly stem from the wall rock.

The rareearth-containing composite elastomer was obtained by the reaction of vinyl pyridine-SBR (PSBR) latex with rareearth alkoxides, and its thermal oxidation resistance was studied. After aging test, it is found that its retention rate of mechanical properties is far higher than that of the control sample. The results of thermogravimetric analysis show that its thermal-decomposing temperature rises largely. The analysis of oxidation mechanisms indicates that the main reasons for thermal oxidation resistance are that rareearth elements are of the utility to discontinue autoxidation chain reaction and that the formed complex structure has steric hindrance effect on oxidation.

The novel separation method of rareearth elements by using the tertiary pyridine type resin with methanol and nitric acid mixed solution was developed. The separating operation in this method is very simple and easy, and the waste generation in this method is expected to be low. The adsorption and separation behaviors of rareearth elements were investigated with changing the nitric acid concentration, the methanol concentration, and the alcoholic species. It was confirmed that the rareearth elements can be well separated mutually.

The spin-Seebeck effect (SSE) in platinum (Pt) and tantalum (Ta) on yttrium irongarnet has been investigated by both externally heating the sample (using an on-chip Pt heater on top of the device) and by current-induced heating. For SSE measurements, external heating is the most common method to ob

The occurrence of spin-Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) in platinum (Pt) on top of yttrium irongarnet (YIG) has been investigated, for both in-plane and out-of-plane applied magnetic fields and for different Pt thicknesses [3, 4, 8, and 35 nm]. Our experiments show that the SMR signal directly depends

We show the experimental observation of the platinum thickness dependence in a hybrid yttrium irongarnet/platinum system of the inverse spin-Hall effect from spin pumping, over a large frequency range and for different radio-frequency powers. From the measurement of the voltage at the resonant cond

To allow for increased gas turbine efficiencies, new insulating thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) must be developed to protect the underlying metallic components from higher operating temperatures. This work focused on using rareearth doped (Yb and Gd) yttria stabilized zirconia (t' Low-k) and Gd2Zr2O7 pyrochlores (GZO) combined with novel nanolayered and thick layered microstructures to enable operation beyond the 1200 C stability limit of current 7 wt% yttria stabilized zirconia (7YSZ) coatings. It was observed that the layered system can reduce the thermal conductivity by approximately 45 percent with respect to YSZ after 20 hr of testing at 1316 C. The erosion rate of GZO is shown to be an order to magnitude higher than YSZ and t' Low-k, but this can be reduced by almost 57 percent when utilizing a nanolayered structure. Lastly, the thermal instability of the layered system is investigated and thought is given to optimization of layer thickness.

Pulsed laser deposition has been used to grow thin (10–84 nm) epitaxial layers of Yttrium IronGarnet Y{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} (YIG) on (111)–oriented Gadolinium Gallium Garnet substrates at different growth conditions. Atomic force microscopy showed flat surface morphology both on micrometer and nanometer scales. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the films are coherent with the substrate in the interface plane. The interplane distance in the [111] direction was found to be by 1.2% larger than expected for YIG stoichiometric pseudomorphic film indicating presence of rhombohedral distortion in this direction. Polar Kerr effect and ferromagnetic resonance measurements showed existence of additional magnetic anisotropy, which adds to the demagnetizing field to keep magnetization vector in the film plane. The origin of the magnetic anisotropy is related to the strain in YIG films observed by XRD. Magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements revealed important role of magnetization rotation during magnetization reversal. An unusual fine structure of microwave magnetic resonance spectra has been observed in the film grown at reduced (0.5 mTorr) oxygen pressure. Surface spin wave propagation has been demonstrated in the in-plane magnetized films.

We present a systematic study of the temperature dependence of diffusive magnon spin transport using nonlocal devices fabricated on a 210-nm yttrium irongarnet film on a gadolinium gallium garnet substrate. In our measurements, we detect spin signals arising from electrical and thermal magnon generation, and we directly extract the magnon spin diffusion length λm for temperatures from 2 to 293 K. Values of λm obtained from electrical and thermal generation agree within the experimental error with λm=9.6 ±0.9 μ m at room temperature to a minimum of λm=5.5 ±0.7 μ m at 30 K. Using a two-dimensional finite element model to fit the data obtained for electrical magnon generation we extract the magnon spin conductivity σm as a function of temperature, which is reduced from σm=3.7 ±0.3 ×105S /m at room temperature to σm=0.9 ±0.6 ×104S /m at 5 K. Finally, we observe an enhancement of the signal originating from thermally generated magnons for low temperatures where a maximum is observed around T =7 K . An explanation for this low-temperature enhancement is however still missing and requires additional investigation.

Observation of Spin Seebeck effect(SSE) in magnetic insulators has led to dramatic advances in spin currents research and its applications for thermo-spintronics devices. Here we report deposition of high quality nm-thick yittrium irongarnet(YIG) film on gadolinium gallium garnet(GGG) by RF magnetron sputtering. The morphology and magnetic properties of the films were studied by using AFM and SQUID VSM respectively. 10-60 nm thick films have surface roughness of 1-3Å,and (111) orientation. Our results show that magnetic properties of YIG depend strongly on thickness: magnetic moment has linear dependence at room temperature. The saturation magnetization and coercive field observed in thick films are 136 emu/cc and 0.50 Oe, respectively. Temperature dependence of magnetization of nm-thick YIG films has revealed an interesting result,which can be attributed to an additional magnetic phase at the YIG/GGG interface. The reduction in magnetization at low temperatures up to now has not been reported, but has significant relevance to the spin hall magnetoresistance(SMR) at low temperature.Our results on the temperature dependence of Gilbert damping factor of YIG and YIG/Pt films will lead to new physics, to understand its effect on spin mixing conductance and SMR in magnetic insulators

The microstructure of plasma nitrided layer catalyzed by rare-earth elements has beenstudied with TEM. The results show that the grains of γ'-Fe4N phase are refinedby rare-earth elements and the plane defects in boundary are increased by rare-earthelements. The addition of rare-earth element increases the bombardment effect andthe number of crystal defects such as vacancies, dislocation loops, twins and stackingfaults in γ'-Fe4N phase and can produce the high-density dislocations in the ferrite ofdiffusion layer at a distance 0. 08mm from the surface. The production of a numberof crystal defects is one of important reasons why rare-earth element accelerates thediffusion of nitrogen atoms during plasma-nitridiug.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration — The main goal of the project is to demonstrate the feasibility of a monolithic solid state laser on the basis of PTR glass co-doped with luminescent rareearth ions....

Rareearths, sometimes called the vitamins of modern materials, captured public attention when their prices increased more than ten-fold in 2010 and 2011. As prices fell between 2011 and 2016, rareearths receded from public view—but less visibly they became a major focus of innovative activity in companies, government laboratories and universities. Geoscientists worked to better understand the resource base and improve our knowledge about mineral deposits that will be mines in the future. Process engineers carried out research that is making primary production and recycling more efficient. Materials scientists and engineers searched for substitutes that will require fewer or no rareearths while providing properties comparable or superior to those of existing materials. As a result, even though global supply chains are not significantly different now than they were before the market disruption, the innovative activity motivated by the disruption likely will have far-reaching, if unpredictable, consequences for supply chains of rareearths in the future.

The dynamical properties of three types of RE/sup 3 +/ molecular vapors were considered: (1) rareearth trihalogens, (2) rareearth trihalogens complexed with transition metal trihalogens, and (3) rareearth chelates. Radiative and nonradiative (unimolecular and bimolecular) transition probabilities have been calculated using phenomenological models predicted on the unique electronic structure of the triply ionized RE ion (well shielded ground electronic configuration of equivalent of electrons). Although all the lanthanide ions have been treated in some detail, specific results are presented for the Nd/sup 3 +/ and Tb/sup 3 +/ ions to illustrate the systematics of these vapors as a class of new laser media. Once verified, these phenomenological models will provide a powerful tool for the directed experimental exploration of these systems. Because of the structural similarity to the triply ionized actinides, comments offered here for the lanthanide rareearth series generally apply to gaseous actinide lasers which are also under consideration.

To lower the cost of polyketone synthesis, rareearth coordinate catalyst was introduced to the copolymerization of carbon monoxide (CO) and styrene (ST) to synthesize aliphatic polyketone STCO.The catalytic system was composed of rareearth neodymium acetate, yttrium acetate,2,2'-bipyridine, p-toluensulfonic acid, cupric p-toluensulfonate, and 1,4-benzoquinone.The catalyst and the copolymer were characterized by infrared spectrum and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy respectively.The effects of each component of catalytic system and the kinds of rareearth acetates on catalytic activity of copolymerization were investigated.The results show that the proposed rareearth has distinct catalytic activity in the copolymerization of CO and ST and the maximum activity can reach 303.3 gSTCO/(mol·h).

@@ Rareearth market still went downward affected by continuous price fall of didymium oxide and didymium mischmetal. However, the market of europium oxide (99.99%) remained stable, with price rose slightly.

Rareearth (RE) doped optical fibres were fabricated by using RE oxides coated silica nanoparticles. The fibre properties are comparable to those prepared by conventional techniques. The process offers better control over RE incorporation and homogeneity in the preform.

BEIJING, July 15 （Xinhua）-- China pledged it will abide by World Trade Organization rules and apply ＂same policies＂ to both domestic and overseas companies in rareearth production, processing and export.

Hydrated orthophosphate powders of three rareearth metals, lanthanum, neodymium and gadolinium, were prepared and studied as potential proton conducting materials for intermediate temperature electrochemical applications. The phosphates undergo a transformation from the rhabdophane structure...

Rare-earth (Yb/Gd) complexes with neutral organophosphorus ligands are briefly discussed for their application in liquid scintillation technique. To evaluate the principal feasibility of rare-earth loaded scintillator, the ytterbium chloride complexes with tri-isoamylphosphine oxides were synthesized. Relative scintillation efficiency (RSE) for two Yb concentrations (78 and 88 g/L) was measured by means of the internal conversion exitation from Cs-137. The results obtained were 50 and 40% respectively.

Remarkable improvements have been made on the crystal growth of rareearth pnictides and chalchogenides by the development of new growth technique and the construction of several new equipments for the crystal growth such as electron beam welding system of tungsten crucible provided with large glove box and vacuum HF furnace. This system has really worked on obtaining excellent quality of single crystals and made easier to explore unknown materials of rareearth compounds. Interesting and att...

It has been recognized that the monoclinic double tungstates KY(WO4)2, KGd(WO4)2, and KLu(WO4)2 possess a high potential as rare-earth-ion-doped solid-state laser materials, partly due to the high absorption and emission cross-sections of rare-earth ions when doped into these materials. Besides, the

@@ Total rareearth consumption exceeded 72,600 tREO domestically in China in 2007, among which over 38,500 tREO were consumed in functional materials like permanent magnetic materials, fluorescent materials, hydrogen storage materials, catalytic materials and polishing powders,representing 53% of total RE consumption. Production and application of RE performance materials have been the main force promoting the development of China rareearth industry.

A preliminary study on the speciation of rareearth elements in plant cells has been carried out by molecular activation analysis (MAA). Mesophyll protoplasts of Brassica napus were isolated by enzymatic digestion. After being washed with isosmotic solution containing EDTA for several times, the protoplasts were purified by gradient centrifugation. Then the concentration of rareearth elements (REEs) in the protoplasts was determined by neutron activation analysis. The result shows that REEs can enter the cells of the plant.

The development of recycling technologies for rareearths is essential for resource security and supply stability because high-quality rareearth mines are concentrated in China and the demand for rareearth metals such as neodymium and dysprosium, used as raw materials in permanent magnets (neodymium magnet), is expected to increase rapidly in the near future. It is also important to establish a recycling-based society from the perspective of the conservation of finite and valuable mineral resources and the reduction of the environmental load associated with mining and smelting. In this article, the current status of rareearth resource as well as that of recycling technology for the magnets is reviewed. The importance of establishing an efficient recycling process for rareearths is discussed from the characteristics of supply chain of rareearths, and the technological bases of the recycling processes for the magnet are introduced. Further, some fundamental researches on the development of new recycling processes based on pyrometallurgical process are introduced, and the features of the recycling processes are evaluated.

We studied the nonlocal transport behavior of both electrically and thermally excited magnons in yttrium irongarnet (YIG) as a function of its thickness. For electrically injected magnons, the nonlocal signals decrease monotonically as the YIG thickness increases. For the nonlocal behavior of the thermally generated magnons, or the nonlocal spin Seebeck effect (SSE), we observed a sign reversal which occurs at a certain heater-detector distance, and it is influenced by both the opacity of the YIG/heater interface and the YIG thickness. Our nonlocal SSE results can be qualitatively explained by the bulk-driven SSE mechanism together with the magnon diffusion model. Using a two-dimensional finite element model (2D-FEM), we estimated the bulk spin Seebeck coefficient of YIG at room temperature. The quantitative disagreement between the experimental and modeled results indicates more complex processes going on in addition to magnon diffusion and relaxation, especially close to the contacts.

Using the space-resolved Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy we study the transformation of dynamic magnetization patterns in a bilayer multiferroic structure. We show that in the comparison with a single yttrium irongarnet (YIG) film magnetization distribution is transformed in the bilayer structure due to the coupling of waves propagating both in an YIG film (magnetic layer) and in a barium strontium titanate slab (ferroelectric layer). We present a simple electrodynamic model using the numerical finite element method to show the transformation of eigenmode spectrum of confined multiferroic. In particular, we demonstrate that the control over the dynamic magnetization and the transformation of spatial profiles of transverse modes in magnetic film of the bilayer structure can be performed by the tuning of the wavevectors of transverse modes. The studied confined multiferroic stripe can be utilized for fabrication of integrated dual tunable functional devices for magnonic applications.

The sol-gel method was carried out to synthesize nanosized Yttrium IronGarnet (YIG). The nanomaterials with ferrite structure were heat-treated at different temperatures from 500 to 1000 °C. The phase identification, morphology and functional groups of the prepared samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively. The YIG ferrite nanopowder was composited with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) by a solution casting method. The magnitudes of reflection and transmission coefficients of PVDF/YIG containing 6, 10 and 13% YIG, respectively, were measured using rectangular waveguide in conjunction with a microwave vector network analyzer (VNA) in X-band frequencies. The results indicate that the presence of YIG in polymer composites causes an increase in reflection coefficient and decrease in transmission coefficient of the polymer. PMID:22942718

We analyze the structural and magnetic characteristics of (111)-oriented lutetium irongarnet (Lu3Fe5O12) films grown by molecular-beam epitaxy, for films as thin as 2.8 nm. Thickness-dependent measurements of the in- and out-of-plane ferromagnetic resonance allow us to quantify the effects of two-magnon scattering, along with the surface anisotropy and the saturation magnetization. We achieve effective damping coefficients of 11.1 (9 )×10-4 for 5.3 nm films and 32 (3 )×10-4 for 2.8 nm films, among the lowest values reported to date for any insulating ferrimagnetic sample of comparable thickness.

The sol-gel method was carried out to synthesize nanosized Yttrium IronGarnet (YIG). The nanomaterials with ferrite structure were heat-treated at different temperatures from 500 to 1000 °C. The phase identification, morphology and functional groups of the prepared samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively. The YIG ferrite nanopowder was composited with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) by a solution casting method. The magnitudes of reflection and transmission coefficients of PVDF/YIG containing 6, 10 and 13% YIG, respectively, were measured using rectangular waveguide in conjunction with a microwave vector network analyzer (VNA) in X-band frequencies. The results indicate that the presence of YIG in polymer composites causes an increase in reflection coefficient and decrease in transmission coefficient of the polymer.

We characterize the spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR), spin Seebeck effect (SSE), and dampinglike spin-orbit torque (SOT) in thulium irongarnet/platinum bilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy by using harmonic Hall effect measurements. By consecutive annealing steps followed by measurements on a single device, we reveal that the spin-dependent effects gradually decrease in amplitude as the annealing temperature increases. We attribute this behavior primarily to the changes in the spin-mixing conductance, which sensitively depends on the interface quality. However, further analysis demonstrates that although the SSE scales closely with the SMR, the dampinglike SOT shows a significantly different trend upon annealing, contrary to theoretical expectations. By comparing the dampinglike SOT with the field-induced Hall effect, we found evidence that scattering from Fe impurities in the Pt at the interface might be responsible for the distinct annealing temperature dependence of the dampinglike SOT.

Full Text Available The results of the research interaction between ash and slag samples from Vladivostok TPP’s landfills saturated with underburning and ammonium hydrodifluoride were given. It was found out that the reactions of the main components of a concentrate with NH4HF2 are flowing with creation of complex ammonium fluoro-metalate. It is shown that the distribution of REM (rareearth metals between foam and heavier products is going during the flotation process of carbon-containing ash and slag samples without significant concentrating. It is shown that the water leaching of fluoridated product lets transfer silicone, aluminum and iron salts into solution and concentrate rareearth elements in insoluble residue in the form of complex salts of NaLnF4 general formula. We propose a schematic diagram of hydrodifluoride recycling of carbon-containing sample, which provides concentrating of REM with incomplete separation of macro-components.

As key component in the construction of rareearth strategy reserve system,the rareearth commercial reserve,an initiative advocated by the state government,spontaneously carried out by several major rareearth enterprise groups to target at reform of the supply front for the rareearth industry,formally kicked off.The encouraging news is that,within a matter of one month,affected by news of rareearth commercial reserve,rareearth market prices

Rareearth elements (REE) in various forms (e.g., crystalline mineral phases; adsorbed/absorbed state on and into organic macerals, neoformed glass from flyash or bottom ash) from domestic feedstocks such as coal deposits to coal utilization byproducts (CUB) have the potential to reduce foreign REE dependence and increase domestic resource security. Characterization is critical for understanding environmental risks related to their fate and transport as well as determining the most practical and economical techniques for concentrating the REE and converting them into chemical stocks for manufacturing. Several complementary electron microscopy (SEM-EDS, EPMA-WDS, FIB-SEM, cathodoluminescence, and XRD) and post image processing techniques were used to understand REE transition from coal to CUB. Sites of interest were identified and imaged and respective elemental x-ray maps acquired and montaged. Pixel classification of SEM imagers was completed using image analysis techniques to quantify the distribution of REE associated features. Quantitative elemental analysis of phases were completed using EMPA-WDS followed by FIB-SEM. The FIB-SEM results were reconstructed into 3D volumes and features of interest (e.g. monazite) were analyzed to determine the structure and volumetric estimation of REEs and thus predict detrital REE phases to ICP-MS results. Trace minerals were identified as pyrite, zircon, REE-phosphates' (monazite, xenotime), and barite within the coal tailings. In CUB, amorphous aluminosilicates, iron oxide cenospheres, and calcium oxides were present; monazite appear to be unaltered and unaffected by the combustion process in these samples. Thermal decomposition may have occurred due to presence of detrital zircon and xenotime and subsequent thin Ca-oxide coating enriched in trace REEs.

Rareearths are a series of minerals with special properties that make them essential for applications including miniaturized electronics, computer hard disks, display panels, missile guidance, pollution controlling catalysts,H2-storage and other advanced materials. The use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) has the potential to extend the working temperature and the life of a gas turbine by providing a layer of thermal insulation between the metallic substrate and the hot gas. Yttria (Y2O3), as one of the most important rareearth oxides, has already been used in the typical TBC material YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia). In the development of the TBC materials, especially in the latest ten years, rareearths have been found to be more and more important. All the new candidates of TBC materials contain a large quantity of rareearths, such as R2Zr2O7 (R=La, Ce, Nd,Gd), CeO2-YSZ, RMeAI11O19 (R=La, Nd; Me=Mg, Ca, Sr) and LaPO4. The concept of double-ceramiclayer coatings based on the rareearth materials and YSZ is effective for the improvement of the thermal shock life of TBCs at high temperature.

Using rapes as test materials, the fastness expression and alleviation effect of rapes were studied under Cd stress condition, as the rapeseeds were dipped in the single element(La, Ce, Nd, Pr)and mixed rareearth(RE). The results indicate that, under Cd stress, the dry and fresh weight are increased by both the single element and mixed rareearth treatment, and the fastness of rape is improved.The single element of rareearth decreases the Cd content in rape roots and transmits Cd to the edible parts above the ground in which the alleviation effect of Ce is most significant.La treatment takes the second place, so that the poisonous effect of heavy metal Cd is eased.The mixed rareearth doesn't alleviate the assimilation of Cd in rape roots, but accelerates the transfer of Cd to the parts above the ground. The research puts forward that the alleviation of rareearth on Cd stress has connection with the decrease of Ca content.

Full Text Available RareEarth Elements or RareEarth Metals (REM are a collection of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, namely scandium, yttrium and fifteen lanthanides. The term "rareearth" arises from the rareearth minerals from which they were first isolated. They are uncommon oxide-type minerals (earths found in Gandolinite extracted from one mine in Sweden. The first discovery was made in 1794, but it was only in 1940 that the scientist Frank Spedding developed an ion exchange procedure for separating and purifying the REM. For the next decades, they were hardly used in some "minor" industrial fields. Only after 2000 their importance grew, once the multitude of possibilities to use them was discovered due to technological progress. Now REM are incorporated into almost all modern technological devices: superconductors, magnets, electronic polishers, refining catalysts hybrid car components and military techniques. They are used in small quantities, but due to their extraordinary properties the prices are very high. The main problem is that China dominates this market, with 97% of total global supply. The highest concentration of rareearth metals are in Inner Mongolia in China, Mountain Pass in California U.S.A. and in Mount Weld in Australia. The developed countries are far behind China regarding production and are indeed depending on Chinese exports. Hence, there is a difficult situation on this particular market, with an uncertain future.

Magnetostrictive thin films have been deposited using various techniques such as sputtering and evaporation but the use of laser deposition has been limited. This research presents the results from pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of TbFe sub 2 , DyFe sub 2 and Terfenol-D thin films using an infra red Transversely Excited Atmospheric (TEA) CO sub 2 laser at lambda approx 10.6 mu m and an ultra violet Argon-Fluoride (ArF) excimer laser at lambda approx 193 nm. Results have showed that the TEA CO sub 2 laser under the range of conditions studied is not suitable for the production of magnetostrictive films. The problems experienced are a mixture of mostly fracture debris at low fluences (F approx 20 Jcm sup - sup 2) and melt droplets at high fluences (F approx 60 Jcm sup - sup 2). In all cases the destruction of the target is a major problem, with the Terfenol-D targets being the worst affected. Thin films produced were all iron rich. The use of an excimer laser has proved more successful in providing stoichiometri...

Scanning electron microscope-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) analysis was performed for neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) and samarium-cobalt (Sm-Co) magnets to analyze the rare-earth elements present in the magnets. We examined the advantages of SEM-CL analysis over conventional analytical methods such as SEM-energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and SEM-wavelength-dispersive X-ray (WDX) spectroscopy for elemental analysis of rare-earth elements in NdFeB magnets. Luminescence spectra of chloride compounds of elements in the magnets were measured by the SEM-CL method. Chloride compounds were obtained by the dropwise addition of hydrochloric acid on the magnets followed by drying in vacuum. Neodymium, praseodymium, terbium, and dysprosium were separately detected in the NdFeB magnets, and samarium was detected in the Sm-Co magnet by the SEM-CL method. In contrast, it was difficult to distinguish terbium and dysprosium in the NdFeB magnet with a dysprosium concentration of 1.05 wt% by conventional SEM-EDX analysis. Terbium with a concentration of 0.02 wt% in an NdFeB magnet was detected by SEM-CL analysis, but not by conventional SEM-WDX analysis. SEM-CL analysis is advantageous over conventional SEM-EDX and SEM-WDX analyses for detecting trace rare-earth elements in NdFeB magnets, particularly dysprosium and terbium.

Recently, rare-earth doping in CaFe2As2 has been used to tune its electronic, magnetic, and structural properties. The substitution of rare-earth ions at the alkaline-earth sites leads to the suppression of the spin-density wave (SDW) phase transition in CaFe2As2. For example, Pr substitution results in a paramagnetic metal in the tetragonal phase that is susceptible to a low temperature structural transition to a collapsed tetragonal phase. However, La-doped CaFe2As2 remains in the uncollapsed tetragonal structure down to the lowest measured temperatures. Both the uncollapsed and collapsed tetragonal structures exhibit superconductivity with maximum Tc reaching 47 K, the highest observed in inter-metallics albeit with a small superconducting volume fraction. In this work, we perform ab-plane infrared spectroscopy of rare-earth-doped CaFe2As2 at different cryogenic temperatures. Our aim is to ascertain the contributions of electron doping and chemical pressure to the charge and lattice dynamics of this iron-arsenide system.

Alumina matrix ceramic composites toughened by AlTiC master alloys, diopside and rareearths were fabricated by hot-pressing and their thermal shock behavior was investigated and compared with that of monolithic alumina. Results showed that the critical thermal shock temperature (ΔT) of monolithic alumina was 400 C. However, it decreased to 300 C for alumina incorporating only AlTiC master alloys, and increased with further addition of diopside and rareearths. Improvement of thermal shock resistance was obtained for alumina ceramic composites containing 9.5 wt.% AlTiC master alloys and 0.5 wt.% rareearth additions, which was mainly attributed to the formation of elongated grains in the composites.

Aimed at researchers and graduate students, this book provides up-to-date information for understanding electronic interactions that impact the optical properties of rareearth ions in solids. Its goal is to establish a connection between fundamental principles and the materials properties of rare-earth activated luminescent and laser optical materials. The theoretical survey and introduction to spectroscopic properties include electronic energy level structure, intensities of optical transitions, ion-phonon interactions, line broadening, and energy transfer and up-conversion. An important aspect of the book lies in its deep and detailed discussions on materials properties and the potential of new applications such as optical storage, information processing, nanophotonics, and molecular probes that have been identified in recent experimental studies. This volume will be a valuable reference book on advanced topics of rareearth spectroscopy and materials science.

Two different types of adsorption gels were prepared from biomass wastes. The first gel was produced from astringent persimmon peel rich in persimmon tannin, a polyphenol compound, which was prepared by means of simple dehydration condensation reaction using concentrated sulfuric acid for crosslinking. This adsorption gel was intended to be employed for the removal of radioactive elements, uranium (U(VI)) and thorium (Th(IV)), from rareearths. The second gel was prepared from chitosan, a basic polysaccharide, produced from shells of crustaceans such as crabs, shrimps, prawns, and other biomass wastes generated in marine product industry, by immobilizing functional groups of complexanes such as ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid and diethylentriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). This gel was developed for the mutual separation of rareearths. Of the two adsorption gels evaluated, the DTPA immobilized chitosan exhibited the most effective mutual separation among light rareearths.

We discuss progress in our experimental program to employ optical-frequency-comb-based spectroscopy to understand the complex spectra of rare-earth atoms. We plan to carry out systematic measurements of atomic transitions in rare-earth atoms to elucidate the energy level structure and term assignment and determine presently unknown atomic state parameters. This spectroscopic information is important in view of the increasing interest in rare-earth atoms for atomic frequency standards, in astrophysical investigations of chemically peculiar stars, and in tests of fundamental physics (tests of parity and time-reversal invariance, searches for time variation of fundamental constants, etc.). We are presently studying the use of hollow cathode lamps as atomic sources for two-photon frequency comb spectroscopy. Supported by the National Science Foundation under grant PHY-0958749.

Analysis techniques such as SEM, TEM and EDAX were used to investigate the microstructure of rareearth reinforced Al2O3/(W, Ti)C ceramic composite. Chemical and physical compatibility of the composite was analyzed and interfacial microstructure was studied in detail. It is found that both Al2O3 and (W, Ti)C phases are interlaced with each other to form the skeleton structure in the composite. A small amount of pores and glass phases are observed inside the material which will inevitably influence the physical and mechanical property of the composite. Thermal residual stresses resulted from thermal expansion mismatch can then lead to the emergence of dislocations and microcracks. Interfaces and boundaries of different types are found to exist inside the Al2O3/(W, Ti)C rareearth ceramic composite, which is concerned with the addition of rareearth element and the extent of solid solution of ceramic phases.

Vapour complex formation of rare-earth halides with alkali halides strongly increases the volatility of these compounds. We evaluate the structure taken by such complexes having the chemical formulas MRX4, M2RX5 and M3RX6, where X = F or Cl and typically M = Li or Na and R = La. The roles played by the two types of metal atom is investigated in MRX4 complexes by also taking M = K, Rb or Cs and R = Gd or Lu. The main predictions that emerge from our calculations are as follows: (i) in MRX4 a fourfold coordination of the rare-earth atom is accompanied by twofold or threefold coordination of the alkali atom, the energy difference in favour of the twofold-coordination state being about 0.3 eV in the case of the LiF complexing agent but even changing sign as the ionic radius of either the alkali or the halogen is increased; (ii) in M2RX5 a fivefold coordination of the rare-earth atom is energetically more stable than a fourfold one, by again not more than about 0.3 eV; (iii) in M3RX6 the fivefold and sixfold coordinations of the rare-earth atom are energetically competitive; and (iv) in both M2RX5 and M3RX6 each coordination state can be realized in various forms that differ in detail but are close in energy. Bond fluctuations and disorder around the rare-earth atom can be expected to be a general feature at elevated temperatures, both in the vapour and in liquid rare-earth/alkali halide mixtures.

As increasing demand for green energy and high-tech devices grows, so does the rising prospecting of rareearth metals required for their production. Protecting the environment and public health from rareearth element (REE) mining as well as emerging pollutants is urgently required to achieve sustainable development. This study mapped Earth's hidden REE deposits to identify potential contamination hotspots with the aim of preventing its deleterious effects on the environment. We worry that there would be widespread tailing facilities concomitant with serious pollutions, such as the Bayan Obo tailings site, and argue that a tradeoff between the underground REE exploration and environment conservation should be reached as soon as possible.

Rareearth silicates are considered promising candidate materials for environmental barrier coatings applications at elevated temperature for ceramic matrix composites. High temperature thermophysical properties are of great importance for coating system design and development. In this study, the thermal expansion and thermal conductivity of hot-pressed rareearth silicate materials were characterized at temperatures up to 1400 C. The effects of specimen porosity, composition and microstructure on the properties were also investigated. The materials processing and testing issues affecting the measurements will also be discussed.

Lower automation level in industrial rare-earth extraction processes results in high production cost, inconsistent product quality and great consumption of resources in China. An integrated automation system for extraction process of rareearth is proposed to realize optimal product indices, such as product purity,recycle rate and output. The optimal control strategy for output component, structure and function of the two-gradcd integrated automation system composed of the process management grade and the process control grade were discussed. This system is successfully applied to a HAB yttrium extraction production process and was found to provide optimal control, optimal operation, optimal management and remarkable benefits.

@@ Since 2001, China kept its position of the largest producing country of rareearth magnets in the world and worked on further in the global market. China exported 7,709 tons of rareearth magnets and earned foreign currency of US $ 214 million in 2004, increasing 37.2% and 33.0% over the same period of 2003 respectively. In 2005, China exported 8,756 tons of RE magnets and earned foreign currency of US $ 239 million, up 13.9% and 11.4% over 2004 respectively. The first six export destinations are listed in Table 3.

It was shown that the divalent rareearth ions (La, Ce, Gd, Tb, Lu, and Y) in cubic sites in alkaline earth fluorides are unstable with respect to electron autodetachment since its d1(eg) ground state is located in the conduction band which is consistent with the general tendency of these ions in various compounds. The localization of doubly degenerate d1(eg) level in the conduction band creates a configuration instability around the divalent rareearth ion that leading to the formation of an...

Rareearth compounds are recognized for outstanding physical, magnetic and optical properties. The oxalates and molybdates have gained importance for their various properties, which find applications in electro and accusto optical devices. This paper reports the microwave dielectric studies on double rareearth oxalate crystals. Using the cavity perturbation technique dielectric parameters such as complex permittivity and conductivity at microwave frequencies is determined. Using X-ray diffraction study the crystalline nature of the samples was established. The molecular and crystal structures were identified by IR analysis.

The study on the solvent extraction for quantitative and selective separation of total rareearth metals from the polymetallic nodule leach liquor was investigated. The typical leach liquor bearing 0. 094 g/L total rareearth, 0. 23 g/L Mn, 0.697 g/L Cu, 0.2 g/L Fe, 0.01 g/L Co and 0.735 g/L Ni was subjected to the removal iron content by precipitation method using Ca(OH)2 at pH 3.95, prior to solvent extraction of rareearth metals. Three different organo-phosphoric acid reagents (D2EHPA, PC88A, Cyanex 272) were used to ascertain their performances and selectivity towards the loading of rareearth metals in presence of other base metals. Based on the results of eq. pH effect, the performances of above three extractants followed the order as:D2EHPA>PC88A>Cyanex 272. To ensure the absence of extraction of base metals (Cu, Co, Ni), the eq. pH of the solution was optimized at the level of 2.21, though higher rareearth metal extraction efficiency was observed at higher eq. pH with either of the extractants. The complete process flow diagram for substantial recovery of total rareearth was developed using D2EHPA. Extraction isotherm plot was constructed at A:O=12:1, 3-stages and pHe=2.21, using 0.8 mol/L D2EHPA and the predicted condition of this study was further confirmed by 6-Cycles Counter Current Simulation (CCS) study. The stripping of total rareearth from loaded organic phase (LO) was conducted using HCl solution. Mc-Cabe Thiele diagram study carried out at A:O=1:5 using 4 mol/L HCl showed that three theoretical stages were needed for quantitative stripping of total rareearth. The subsequent stripped solution resulted thus led to contain total rareearth of 5.6 g/L indicating a very high enrichment of total metals by solvent extraction (SX) process.

In the fission yield measurement of rareearth elements of uranium induced by neutron,and the analysis of rareearth elements in spent fuel,the separation of trace rareearth elements from a large number of uranium has very important significance.We separated trace level rareearth elements from gram scale uranium by calcium fluoride coprecipitation in this paper.

Vertisol developed on argillaceous rocks has its special pedogenic processes and properties, and formed some secondary nodules. In study area, contents of rareearth elements (REE) are significantly different in different sedimentary rocks due to varied contents of clay fraction and clay mineral composition, etc. Under the dry and hot climate, REEs were less differentiated than their parent sedimentary rocks. However, REEs in secondary nodules formed in pedogenic process display their specific behaviors. They are more concentrated in iron concretions, the content of heavy REEs increases relatively, and positive Ce-anomaly appeares. But, negative Ce-anomaly was found in calcium concretions, while normal Ce content in parent rocks and vertisol.

The features of extraction of rareearth elements (REE) were considered from hydrate-phosphate precipitates of REE of apatite processing by nitric acid technology. The preliminary purification of nitrate solution of REE from impurities of titanium, aluminum, iron, uranium and thorium was suggested to obtain stable solutions not forming precipitates. Washing the extract was recommended with the evaporated reextract that allows to obtain directly on the cascade of REE extraction the concentrated solutions suitable for the separation into groups by the extraction method. Technical decisions were suggested for the separation of REE in groups without the use of salting-out agent.

Full Text Available In recent years a great interest in the study of the association of magnetic with biological material for bioapplications has been observed in the literature. This work analyses the development of new magnetic biocomposite films from a magnetic ferrite and a biopolymer. Magnetic and dielectric properties of Y3Fe5O12 (YIG/collagen composite films were studied as a function of the YIG concentration. This biocomposite was also characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (IR, Thermal Analysis (DSC and TG and scanning electron microspcopic (SEM methods. The magnetization and dielectric measurements were performed at room temperature. The results demonstrated that ferrimagnetic garnet (YIG and collagen (Col can be used to obtain a homogeneous composite. All the composite films showed a ferromagnetic behavior and they were characterized as a soft magnet material. These results show that Col-YIG biocomposites are biological films with magnetic properties that can be employed as a versatile performance materials, due to their flexible dielectric and magnetic features. They could be used as electronic devices in biological applications.

Based on the countercurrent extraction theory for optimized designing and simulating, the rareearth separation processes, the selection of the detecting points (stages) and on-line analysis for elements, the simulation of open loop response and its response speed, the diagnosis and the regulative prescription for running the solvent extraction cascades were studied.

Rareearth permanent magnets can be reused directly as an alternative to traditional recycling methods, in which scrapped magnets are reprocessed into new magnets by undergoing many of the original energy-intensive and expensive production processes. Direct reuse entails using segmented magnet...

It was shown that the divalent rareearth ions (La, Ce, Gd, Tb, Lu, and Y) in cubic sites in alkaline earth fluorides are unstable with respect to electron autodetachment since its d1(eg) ground state is located in the conduction band which is consistent with the general tendency of these ions in various compounds. The localization of doubly degenerate d1(eg) level in the conduction band creates a configuration instability around the divalent rareearth ion that leading to the formation of anion vacancy in the nearest neighborhood, as was reported in the previous paper [A. Egranov, T. Sizova, Configurational instability at the excited impurity ions in alkaline earth fluorites, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 74 (2013) 530-534]. Thus, the formation of the stable divalent ions as La, Ce, Gd, Tb, Lu, and Y (PC+ centers) in CaF2 and SrF2 crystals during x-ray irradiation occurs via the formation of charged anion vacancies near divalent ions (Re2+va), which lower the ground state of the divalent ion relative to the conductivity band. Photochromic effect occurs under thermally or optically stimulated electron transition from the divalent rareearth ion to the neighboring anion vacancy and reverse under ultraviolet light irradiation. It is shown that the optical absorption of the PC+ centers due to d → d and d → f transitions of the divalent rare-earth ion.

New rareearth (RE) materials including RE phosphate as base fertilizer, bioactive RE micro-fertilizer and RE entire plant nutrition agent as topdressing fertilizer are treated on Hongti grope.The result showes that the plant leaves become thicker, the color is dark green, the plant disease index is lower, and the sugar content significantly increases.

This work introduced the current situation of the development of domestic and foreign rareearths (RE) industry, discussed the strategic position of RE industry in China, analyzed the problems existing in the course of RE industry development, made strategic thought about the transference from resource advantage to economic advantage, and put forward strategic suggestions about the development of RE industry in our country.

In this work we investigate rareearth doped GaN, by means of theoretical simulations. The huge unit cells necessary to model the experimental system, where dilute amount of rareearth ions are used, are handled with the charge self consistent density-functional based-tight binding (SCC-DFTB) calculational scheme. The method has been extended to include LDA+U and simplified self interaction corrected (SIC)-like potentials for the simulation of systems with localised and strongly correlated electrons. A set of tight-binding parameters has been created to model the interaction of GaN with some dopants, including a selection of lanthanide ions interesting due to their optical or magnetic properties (Pr, Eu, Gd, Er and Tm). The f-electrons were treated as valence electrons. A qualitatively correct description of the band gap is crucial for the simulation of rareearth doped GaN, because the luminescence intensity of the implanted samples depends on the size of the host band gap and because the rareearths could introduce charge transition levels near the conduction band. In this work these levels are calculated with the Slater-Janak (SJ) transition state model, which allows an approximate calculation of the charge transition levels by analysing the Kohn-Sham eigenvalues of the DFT. (orig.)

The rareearth elements (REE) are a group of fifteen elements with unique properties that make them indispensable for a wide variety of emerging and conventional established technologies. However, quantitative knowledge of REE remains sparse, despite the current heightened interest in future availability of the resources. Mining is heavily concentrated in China, whose monopoly position and potential restriction of exports render primary supply vulnerable to short term disruption. We have drawn upon the published literature and unpublished materials in different languages to derive the first quantitative annual domestic production by end use of individual rareearth elements from 1995 to 2007. The information is illustrated in Sankey diagrams for the years 1995 and 2007. Other years are available in the supporting information. Comparing 1995 and 2007, the production of the rareearth elements in China, Japan, and the US changed dramatically in quantities and structure. The information can provide a solid foundation for industries, academic institutions and governments to make decisions and develop strategies. - Highlights: • We have derived the first quantitative end use information of the rareearths (REE). • The results are for individual REE from 1995 to 2007. • The end uses of REE in China, Japan, and the US changed dramatically in quantities and structure. • This information can provide solid foundation for decision and strategy making.

Concentrations of rareearths in the deep anoxic Black Sea are about one order of magnitude higher than in normal open ocean waters. From a minimum at the suboxic-anoxic interface at about 107 m depth, concentrations increase strongly to a maximum at about 300–400 m depth. Concentrations of Ce range

The aim of this paper is to examine the supply risk of rareearths and its impact on low carbon technologies deployment. Bringing together seemingly disconnected strands of scientific literature, this multidisciplinary approach allows to provide an overarching overview of the economics of rare

@@ Decades ago, he invented a cascade extraction theory and technique that have greatly facilitated the production of the so-called "industrial vitamins," shifting China's role from a low-profit exporter of raw ores to the world's dominant supplier of separated individual rareearth compounds and metals in high purity.

Although the main principles governing the magnetic interactions and magnetic ordering in rareearth metals have been qualitatively understood for some time, it is only relatively recently that a sufficiently detailed study has been made of their electronic and magnetic excitations to place this ...

To aid and further the understanding of the microscopic mechanisms behind the scintillator nonproportionality that leads to degradation of the attainable energy resolution, we have developed theoretical and experimental algorithms and procedures to determine the position of the 4f energy levels of rareearth dopants relative to the host band edge states.

@@ IV.Rareearths are mostly for civil uses Rareearth elements have excellent physical properties including optical, electric, magnetic, superconductive and catalytic performances and outstanding .chemical properties.The value of rareearths is mostly embodied in their applications.Rareearths are prepared into various advanced materials with different performances.Therefore, rareearths enjoy the reputation of "industrial monosodium glutamate" and "treasury of advanced materials".

We address a number of issues regarding solid state electron electric dipole moment (EDM) experiments, focusing on gadolinium irongarnet (abbreviated GdIG, chemical formula Gd$_3$Fe$_5$O$_{12}$) as a possible sample material. GdIG maintains its high magnetic susceptibility down to 4.2 K, which enhances the EDM-induced magnetization of a sample placed in an electric field. We estimate that lattice polarizability gives rise to an EDM enhancement factor of approximately 20. We also calculate the effect of the demagnetizing field for various sample geometries and permeabilities. Measurements of intrinsic GdIG magnetization noise are presented, and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is used to compare our data with the measurements of the imaginary part of GdIG permeability at 4.2 K, showing good agreement above frequencies of a few hertz. We also observe how the demagnetizing field suppresses the noise-induced magnetic flux, confirming our calculations. The statistical sensitivity of an EDM search based on a so...

We investigate the timescale of the spin-Seebeck effect (SSE) in yttrium irongarnet (YIG) by exciting transient thermal gradients with 150-fs laser heating pulses. The transient thermal gradient generates a spin current which is measured by a Pt top contact via the inverse spin Hall-effect (ISHE). A pulse selection system is used to lower the repetition rate of the laser to low frequencies (e.g. 10 kHz) such that the transient thermal gradient decays completely before the arrival of the next pulse. Lock-in detection, referenced at the laser repetition rate, is used to measure ISHE as a function of magnetic field, verifying that SSE is generated from the individual ultrafast laser pulses. Next, utilizing an optical delay line we vary the time delay between two equal fluence pulses. The correlated ISHE signal is measured with lock-in detection as a function of delay time with 0.1 ps resolution out to 1 ns to examine the characteristic decay times of the ultrafast laser pulse induced spin-Seebeck effect. Work supported by ARO MURI W911NF-14-1-0016.

The series of epitaxial garnet films of general composition Lu3-x-yBixPryFe5- zAlzO12 and Lu3-xBixFe5-y- zScyAlzO12 were grown on (111) oriented GGG (gadolinium gallium garnet) substrates by the liquid phase epitaxy. Their magnetic and magneto-optical properties were studied using both experimental techniques and modelling. All obtained films demonstrated generally a magnetic anisotropy close to the easy-plane type. The Pr-containing films exhibited large negative uniaxial anisotropy and significant cubic anisotropy. The latter causes a distortion of magnetization curves in samples magnetized in a direction normal to the film plane, especially at low temperatures. The large negative uniaxial anisotropy of Pr-substituted irongarnets allows us to increase the saturation field up to 0.5 T at liquid nitrogen temperature. The Sc-doped films displayed small positive uniaxial anisotropy that did not exceed the shape anisotropy. The magnetization curves of these films did not show any distortion due to the cubic anisotropy. The suitability of Pr- and Sc-doped garnets that meet the requirements for indicator layers for magneto-optic visualization at liquid nitrogen temperature is discussed.

Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) studies have revealed complex microstructures in garnet, including features developed during crystal growth and/or deformation. New data show that garnets commonly grow as clusters of grains (polycrystals) juxtaposed by high-angle boundaries. Garnet polycrystals may form at any stage of metamorphism following nucleation of garnet: polycrystals may form early as a result of close spacing of nuclei, or later via impingement of larger grains. EBSD analysis of garnets in metamorphic rocks from 9 localities in the US, Canada, Turkey, Iran, and Colombia detected polycrystals at every site. Evidence for internal deformation of garnet was observed in only one sample, a calc-pelite dominated by plagioclase; all other samples are mica schists. Three sites displayed garnet shape-preferred orientation, but none had a crystallographic preferred orientation of garnet. In some samples, polycrystals comprise ~20-30% of garnets analyzed. Some early-coalescing polycrystals exhibit growth zoning concentric about the geometric center of the polycrystal; i.e., zoning is unrelated to the location of internal grain boundaries. In other polycrystals, Fe-Mn-Mg zoning has a different pattern than that of Ca. Some polycrystals are characterized by high-angle misorientation boundaries in special orientations, indicating that these polycrystals are not random clusters of grains. Special boundaries were detected in 0-60% of garnets analyzed. Polycrystal formation may relate to the presence of chemical or textural heterogeneities (e.g. precursor phases, deformation features) that allowed close spacing of garnet nuclei. It is important to recognize polycrystals because internal grain boundaries may affect diffusion pathways and length scales and may facilitate communication of garnet interiors with matrix phases, thereby influencing reaction history and garnet composition and zoning.

difficult due to experimental limitations. Hence their role in luminescence generation is normally ignored. here (0.01%) there is evidence of cluster formation. Samples with high RE content show low values of the frequency factor consistent with the energy transfer model in that the emission from RE-RE cluster dominates over the emission from direct charge recombination within the defect complex. The effect of concentration and the TL mechanism operating below room temperature are also discussed. Luminescence signals from the near surface of YAG:Nd (via CL) were contrasted with those from the bulk material via RL. Results indicate that the outer few micron layers differ significantly in luminescence response from the bulk crystal. The differences were ascribed to result from solvents that enter the YAG lattice during the growth stage or subsequently from cleaning treatments via the dislocations caused by cutting and polishing. Additionally, the growth stage may include gases from the residual air in the growt...

Full Text Available The content of the more abundant rareearths (RE (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd and Sm in the ash of 399 peat samples from 26 Finnish mires was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The content of all rareearths (La-Lu, Y in 29 samples was also determined by spark source mass spectrometry. The median RE contents in peat ashes from areas where the bedrock consists of rapakivi granite, granite or archean gneiss are reported. Detailed data concerning the individual mires are also presented. The highest RE contents were found in samples from rapakivi granite areas where a strong negative Eu anomaly was also observed. The RE contents were in general highest at the basal peat layers.

The angular correlation of the photons emitted when positrons annihilate with electrons has been studied in single crystals of the rare-earth metals Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er, and in a single crystal of an equiatomic alloy of Ho and Er. A comparison of the results for Y with the calculations...... of Loucks shows that the independent-particle model gives a good first approximation to the angular distribution, although correlation effects probably smear out some of the structure. The angular distributions from the heavy rare-earth metals are very similar to that from Y and can be understood...... qualitatively in terms of the relativistic augmented-plane-wave calculations by Keeton and Loucks. The angular distributions in the c direction in the paramagnetic phases are characterized by a rapid drop at low angles followed by a hump, and these features are associated with rather flat regions of Fermi...

The Raman and infrared spectra of some rareearth (dysprosium and terbium) trifluoromethanesulfonates crystals have been analyzed. Different vibrational frequencies of trifluoromethanesulfonate ions (CF 3SO 3-) are identified and assigned to different vibrations of the SO 3 and CF 3 groups. Electronic transitions of R 3+ ions (R = Dy, Tb) in these salts have been assigned to transitions from the ground to different energy levels of the ground multiplet. The electronic energy levels of the rareearth ions are also determined theoretically with the help of single electron crystal field theory. They are found to yield results not only in good agreement with the observed spectral data but also in good conformity with those obtained previously from magnetic measurements.

Ionoluminescence spectra for different rare-earth ion (Pr{sup 3+} and Eu{sup 3+})-activated Sr{sub x}Ba{sub 1-x}Nb{sub 2}O{sub 6} strontium barium niobate crystals (x=0.33 and 0.60) have been induced with a 3 MeV proton beam for a variety of beam current intensities (45, 40 and 20 nA). The proton-beam induced luminescent spectra have shown features associated with the presence of the rare-earth ion and some spectral features mostly related to the host crystal, which appear only for high beam current intensities. We have compared the ionoluminescence results to those obtained under UV light excitation (photoluminescence technique) where a direct excitation of the band gap would occur.

The effects of external inhomogenous (gradient) magnetic fields on the movement of the rare-earth ions: Dy(3+), Gd(3+) and Y(3+), in initially homogeneous aqueous solutions have been investigated. Differences in the migration of rare-earth ions in gradient magnetic fields were observed, depending on the magnetic character of the ions: paramagnetic ions of Dy(3+) and Gd(3+) move towards regions of the sample where the magnetic field gradient is the strongest, while diamagnetic ions of Y(3+) move in the opposite direction. It has been showed that the low magnetic field gradients, such the ones generated by permanent magnets, are sufficient to observe the magnetomigration effects of the ions in solution. The present work clearly establishes the behavior of magnetically different ions in initially homogeneous aqueous solutions exposed to magnetic field gradients. To this avail, a methodology for measuring the local concentration differences of metal ions in liquid samples was developed.

Rareearth silicates are promising candidates as environmental protective coatings (EBCs) for silica-forming ceramics and composites in combustion environments since they are predicted to have lower reactivity with the water vapor combustion products. The reactivity of rareearth silicates is assessed by the thermodynamic activity of the silica component which is best measured by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry (KEMS). Here, we discuss a novel method based on a reducing agent to increase the partial pressure of SiO(g) which is then used to calculate thermodynamic activity of silica in Y2O3-SiO2 and Yb2O3-SiO2 systems. After the KEMS measurements, samples were probed by X-ray diffraction and their phase content was calculated from Rietveld refinement.

The rare-earth optical fiber is made of organic material and inorganic rareearth material.It can be used to absorb and transfer solar energy.When sunlight irradiates, it may absorb and transfer solar energy automatically; while at night or without sunlight it may give out light and play role of decoration.By utilizing high transmissivity of organic material and heat-resisting performance of inorganic material, we know the reorganization of material performance under the melting condition, and make empty core bear the high temperature of 150 ～200 ℃.When the light spreads in light guide, some light energy travels along the direction of light guide, and is introduced in the room directly.Another part of light energy is absorbed and stored by light guide, and can release light again after 8 ～ 12 h.

The recoveries of phosphorus and RE of ore from Zhijin in Guizhou were studied.The influences of the calcination temperature, resident time, the digested time and water volume of the calcinating on concentrate yield by desliming were also investigated by orthogonal design.Appropriate calcination temperature is initial condition that makes carbonate mineral decomposition.The recovery of phosphorus is 83.02% and rareearth is 90.56% in phosphorus concentrate when calcined temperature is 900 ℃, other conditions include: calcined time is 30 min, digestion water volume is 300 ml, digestion time is 20 min.The results show that the pre-treatment of the ore is favorable for the separation and enrichment of rareearth from phosphorus ore, and a process of calcination-digestion-desliming was promised.

Agricultural application of rareearth (RE) has been generalized for several decades, and it is involved in crops, vegetables and stock raising in China. However, all the researches on RE mainly focus on the fields such as plant physiological activity, physiological and biochemical mechanism, sanitation toxicology and environmental security. Plant protection by using RE and the induced resistance of plant against diseases were summarized. The mechanism of rareearth against plant disease is highlighted, which includes following two aspects. First, RE elements can control some phytopathogen directly and reduce its virulence to host plant. Another possibility is that RE elements can affect host plant and induce the plant to produce some resistance to disease.

We observe the appearance of a phonon near the lock-in temperature in orthorhombic REMnO3 (RE denotes rareearth) (RE: Lu and Ho) and anomalous phonon hardening in orthorhombic LuMnO3. The anomalous phonon occurs at the onset of spontaneous polarization. No such changes were found in incommensurate orthorhombic DyMnO3. These observations directly reveal different electric polarization mechanisms in the E-type and incommensurate-type orthorhombic REMnO3.

The reaction mechanisms ofdiene polymerization with homogeneous rareearth catalyst are studied by means of the spectra of 1H- NM R, one- and two- dimensions 13C-NMR. Based on the data of above NMR spectra, it is proposed that the polymerization reaction proceeds according to the following mechanism: η4-diene (cis- (→)trans- )and η3-allyl (syn- (→)anti- ).

The development of rareearths (RE) applications to semiconductor materials and devices is reviewed. The recent advances in RE doped silicon light emitting diodes (LED) and display materials are described. The various technologies of incorporating RE into semiconductor materials and devices are presented. The RE high dielectric materials, RE silicides and the phase transition of RE materials are also discussed. Finally, the paper describes the prospects of the RE application to semiconductor industry.

We describe theoretical and experimental demonstration for optical detection of ultrasound using a spectral hole engraved in cryogenically cooled rare-earth ion doped solids. Our method utilizes the dispersion effects due to the spectral hole to perform phase to amplitude modulation conversion. Like previous approaches using spectral holes it has the advantage of detection with large \\'etendue. The method also has the benefit that high sensitivity can be obtained with moderate absorption contrast for the spectral holes.

@@ Three novel kinds of polymers containing rareearth europium have been synthesized and the integrating sphere technique was employed to measure the absolute photoluminescence (PL) efficiency. The PL efficiencies were found to be up to about 40%, which indicates the potential usage in organic light emitting devices (OLED). The energy transfer from ligand to Eu ions and the 5D0 → 7F2 transition of Eu3+ were analyzed under the PL process.

In recent years, rare-earth ions doped transparent oxyfluoride glass-ceramics have attracted great attentions for their low phonon energy environments of fluoride nanocrystals and high chemical and mechanical stabilities of oxide glassy matrix. In this chapter, firstly, the crystallization behaviors of the transparent glassceramics containing CaF2 nanocrystals are presented to demonstrate the controllable microstructure evolution of nano-composites. Secondly, the optical properties of the new...

Temperature and heat capacity for the rareearth nuclei 162Dy, 166Er and 172Yb have been extracted from experimental data at the Oslo Cyclotron Laboratory (OCL). The starting point to determine thermodynamical quantities is the density of levels as a function of excitation energy. The density of accessible levels in the (3He,α γ)-reaction has been extracted from measured γ-spectra.

This paper reviews the synthesis, structure and applications of metal fluoride nanoparticles, with particular focus on rareearth (RE) doped fluoride nanoparticles obtained by our research group. Nanoparticles were produced by precipitation methods using the ligand ammonium di-n-octadecyldithiophosphate (ADDP) that allows the growth of shells around a core particle while simultaneously avoiding particle aggregation. Nanoparticles were characterized on their structure, morphology, and luminesc...

The present research is devoted to the processing of slag generating during the yellow phosphorus production. In this paper are presented studies on leaching of phosphorus production slag by nitric acid with recovery of rareearth metals (REMs) into solution. REMs recovery into the solution achieved 98 % during the leaching process with using 7.5 mol/L of HNO3, liquid-to-solid ratio is 2.6:1, temperature is 60°C, process duration is 1 hour and stirrer speed is 500 rpm. Behaviour during the leaching of associated components such as calcium, aluminium, and iron was studied. After the leaching cake contains ∼⃒75-85 % of SiO2 and it might be useful for obtaining of precipitated silicon dioxide. With the purpose of separation from the impurities, recovery and concentrating of REMs, the obtained solution after leaching was subjected to extraction processing methods. The influence of ratio of organic and aqueous phases (O: A) on the extraction of rareearth metals by tributyl phosphate (TBP) with concentrations from 20 up to 100 % was studied. The REMs extraction with increasing TBP concentration under changes O:A ratio from 1:20 down to 1:1 into the organic phase from the solutions after nitric acid leaching increased from 22.2 up to 99.3%. The duration effect of REMs extraction process was studied by tributyl phosphate. It is revealed that with increasing of duration of the extraction process from 10 to 30 minutes REMs recovery into the organic phase almost did not changed. The behaviour of iron in the extraction process by TBP was studied. It was found that such accompanying components as calcium and aluminium by tributyl phosphate didn't extracted. To construct isotherm of REMs extraction of by tributyl phosphate was used variable volume method. It was calculated three-step extraction is needed for REMs recovery from the solutions after nitric acid leaching of phosphorus production slag. The process of the three-steps counter current extraction of rareearth

It is investigated how electron-electron correlations affect the intrinsic properties of rare-earth transition-metal magnets. Focusing on orbital moment and anisotropy, we perform model calculations for 3d-4f alloys and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations for NdCo{sub 5}. On an independent-electron level, the use of a single Slater determinant with broken spin symmetry introduces Hund's rule correlations, which govern the behavior of rare-earth ions and of alloys described by the local spin density approximation (LSDA) and LSDA + U approximations to DFT. By contrast, rare-earth ions in intermetallics involve configuration interactions between two or more Slater determinants and lead to phenomena such as spin-charge distribution. Analyzing DFT as a Legendre transformation and using Bethe's crystal-field theory, we show that the corresponding density functionals are very different from familiar LSDA-type expressions and outline the effect of spin-charge separation on the magnetocrystalline anisotropy.

The existing state and partitioning of rareearth (RE) on weathered ores in Longnan County (LN), Xingfeng County(XF) and Ninghua County(NH) were characterized systematically by standard geological analytical methods. It is found that RE in the weathered rareearth ores exist as four phases: (a) water soluble, (b) ion-exchangeable, (c) colloidal sediment (oxides), (d) minerals, in which mainly as ion exchangeable phase, accounting for nearly 80% of total RE,with about 20% in the form of colloid sediment phase and mineral phase, but very little as aqueous soluble phase. These rareearth partitioning were mainly chosen mid-heavy RE elements, occupying above 60%, but not equal in the four phases. The mid-heavy RE elements were primarily enriched in the ion exchangeable phase up to 40%, while the containment of cerium dioxide is below 2%. The cerium deficiency occurs in the ion exchangeable phase in weathered ore. It results from that the Ce3+ is oxidized into Ce4+ and changes into CeO2. For LN ore, the containment of Y is high in weathered ore because Y-minerals are abundant in original rock.

This paper described the fluoride removal from water using a new adsorbent namely mixed rareearths modified chitosan (CR). Mixed rareearths mainly contained La followed by Ce which was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). La(III)-modified chitosan (CL) was also prepared as control. For the batch technique, the effects of various parameters such as contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, initial fluoride concentration and co-ions on fluoride adsorption were studied. Fourier trans-form infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize adsorbents. It was observed that the fluo-ride adsorption capacity of CR (3.72 mgF-/g) was higher than CL (3.16 mgF-/g) at 2 h. The presence of co-ions such as bicarbonate and carbonate greatly affected the fluoride adsorption from water. Characterization experiments indicated the successful chelation between mixed rareearths and chitosan. The possible fluoride adsorption mechanism of CR was explained by a chemical reaction.

Rareearth metals (REMs) are a series of 17 elements that have widespread and unique applications in high technology, power generation, communications, and defense industries. These resources are also pivotal to emergent sustainable energy and car-bon alternative technologies. Recovery of REMs is interesting due to its high market prices along with various industrial applications. Conventional technologies, viz. precipitation, filtration, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-liquid extraction, ion exchange, super critical extraction, electrowinning, electrorefining, electroslag refining, etc., which have been developed for the recovery of REMs, are not economically attractive. Biosorption represents a biotechnological innovation as well as a cost effective excellent tool for the recovery of rareearth metals from aqueous solutions. A variety of biomaterials such as algae, fungi, bacteria, resin, activated carbon, etc., have been reported to serve as potential adsorbents for the recovery of REMs. The metal binding mechanisms, as well as the parameters in-fluencing the uptake of rareearth metals and isotherm modeling are presented here. This article provides an overview of past achievements and current scenario of the biosorption studies carried out using some promising biosorbents which could serve as an economical means for recovering REMs. The experimental findings reported by different workers will provide insights into this re-search frontier.

The rare-earths are known to have intriguing changes of the valence, depending on chemical surrounding or geometry. Here we make predictions from theory that combines density functional theory with atomic multiplet-theory, on the transition of valence when transferring from the atomic divalent limit to the trivalent bulk, passing through different sized clusters, of selected rare-earths. We predict that Tm clusters show an abrupt change from pure divalent to pure trivalent at a size of 6 atoms, while Sm and Tb clusters are respectively pure divalent and trivalent up to 8 atoms. Larger Sm clusters are argued to likely make a transition to a mixed valent, or trivalent, configuration. The valence of all rare-earth clusters, as a function of size, is predicted from interpolation of our calculated results. We argue that the here predicted behavior is best analyzed by spectroscopic measurements, and provide theoretical spectra, based on dynamical mean field theory, in the Hubbard-I approximation, to ease experiment...

Full Text Available The use of rareearth elements in various technologies continues to grow despite some alternatives being found for particular uses. Given a history of ecological concerns about pollution from rareearth mines, particularly in China, there are growing social and environmental concerns about the growth of the mining and mineral processing in this sector. This is best exemplified by the recent social and environmental conflict surrounding the development of the Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP in Kuantan, Malaysia which led to international activism and claims of environmental and social injustice. This paper analyses the structure of environmental and social conflicts surrounding rareearth minerals and opportunities for improving the social and environmental performance of the sector. Many of these elements are used for green technologies. Opportunities exist that offer a more circular supply chain following industrial ecological principles through which reuse and recycling of the materials can provide a means of mitigating social and environmental conflicts in this sector. In addition, public engagement processes that recognize community concerns about radiation, and transparent scientifically predicated decision-making through an appropriate governance structure within regulatory organizations are also presented.

The geochemical characteristics of rareearth elements of A type and I type granites were studied in the Sawuer region, Xinjiang. The characteristics of two types granites are different obviously,because the A type and I type granites formed at different stage of the post-collisional period. The Sentasi intrusion and Wokensala intrusion are the I type granites formed at the late of post-collisional period, and there is extrusion translating to extension stress. The characteristics of rareearth elements show that the fractional crystallization of the I type granites is indistinct, and the sources of the I type granites come from the mantle. The Kuoyitasi intrusion and Qiaqihai intrusion are the A type granites formed at the end of post-collisional period, and there is extension stress. The characteristics of rareearth elements show that the fractional crystallization of the A type granites is distinct. The sources of the A type granites come from the mantle but interfused by the crust.

Overexploitation of rareearth mine has caused serious desertification and various environmental issues, and ecological restoration of a mining area is an important concern in China. In this study, experiments involving dry grass landfilling, chicken manure broadcasting, and plant cultivation were carried out to reclaim a rareearth mine area located in Heping County, Guangdong Province, China. The prime focus was to improve soil quality in terms of nutrients, microbial community, enzyme activity, and physicochemical properties so as to reclaim the land. After 2 years of restoration, an increase of organic matter (OM), available potassium (K), available phosphorus (P) levels, and acid phosphatase (ACP) activity and a reduction of the available nitrogen (N) level and urease (URE) activity in soil were achieved compared to the original mined land. The nutrients and enzyme activities in soil with 5 years of restoration were close to or surpass those in the unexploited land as control. The bulk density, total porosity, water holding capacity, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) of soil were improved, and the number of cultivable microorganisms and the bacterial diversity in soil were greatly increased with time during ecological restoration, especially for surface soil. Furthermore, the artificial vegetation stably grew at the restored mining sites. The results indicated that organic amendments and phytoremediation could ecologically restore the rareearth mining sites and the mined land could finally be planted as farmland.

The influence of rareearth dopants on the damping parameter and the resulting possibility to control this parameter were investigated. In our experiments NiFe films were doped with Dysprosium, Holmium, Terbium, and Gadolinium. The magnetization dynamics of these rareearth doped films was mainly studied by means of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and network-analyzer ferromagnetic resonance. It is demonstrated that the doping of a NiFe film by a small amount of rareearth elements (Holmium, Terbium and Dysprosium) greatly effects its magnetic relaxation rate. This additional damping is proportional to the doping level. Compared to the pure NiFe film it is possible to increase the damping parameter of the magnetic film by two orders of magnitude. On the other hand Gadolinium as a dopant has no influence on the damping parameter. For small dopant concentrations the in and out-of-plane FMR measurements at various frequencies can be well described by the same damping parameter. This is expected for the Gilbert damping term in the equation of motion. Therefore the increased damping can be attributed to an increased rate of transfer of angular momentum from the spin system to the lattice.

Pronounced swelling is observed when single crystals of yttrium irongarnet Y{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} (YIG) are irradiated in the electronic energy loss regime with various swift heavy ions. The out-of-plane swelling was measured by scanning across the border line between an irradiated and a virgin area of the sample surface with the tip of a profilometer. The step height varied between 20 and 600 nm depending on fluence, electronic energy loss and total range of the ions. The step height divided by the ion range as a function of the ion fluence exhibits a linear increase in the initial phase and saturates at high fluences leading to a density decrease of around 1.7%. With complementary channeling-Rutherford-backscattering experiments (c-RBS), the damage fraction and the corresponding damage cross section were extracted and compared to the cross section deduced from swelling measurements. Irradiation effects were also characterized by scanning force microscopy (SFM). A threshold for damage creation as deduced from all the present physical characterizations is 5.5 ± 1.0 keV/nm. The value is in full agreement with previous measurements confirming that swelling and SFM characterizations can provide information concerning the electronic energy loss threshold for track formation. In contrast, track radii deduced from swelling measurements are smaller and radii from SFM are larger than deduced from c-RBS analysis. The results of Y{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} of this work are compared with data obtained for other crystalline oxides and for ionic crystals.

This work presents the single phase formation of yttrium irongarnet (YIG) doped with divalent Zn ions in samples fabricated by the sol–gel method and heat treated at 900 °C. We used stoichiometric amounts according to the formula Y3(Fe1‑x Zn x )5O12, (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05). The x-ray diffraction data show the single phase formation with the lattice parameter increasing with the Zn concentration. The scanning electron microscopy images showed nanoparticles with a rod format, crowding more as the doping increased. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy results confirmed the presence of Zn in the YIG structure. The Raman spectroscopy measurements show characteristic peaks of the YIG structure, and some characteristic peaks increasing with the Zn concentration. This confirms our successful result doping the YIG structure with the divalent Zn ion replacing the Fe positions. Magnetic measurements show coercive field values dominated by the shape and agglomeration of nanoparticles. For low doping we have a value of 88.50 Oe attributed to the particles’ morphology, and for the highest Zn concentrations the effects of agglomeration diminish the coercivity to 50 Oe. The total magnetic moment for low Zn concentrations increases slightly due to the replacement of Fe by Zn. For higher Zn concentrations, we can see a diminution of the magnetic saturation which is due to the growth of the crystal lattice parameter and thus a weakening of the exchange interactions between the magnetic sub-lattices in the Y3(Fe1‑x Zn x )5O12 ferrimagnetic compound. Changes in the magnetic moment do not have large values, showing the possibility of doping without a drastic change in this quantity.

Crystal field parameters of Tb, Dy, and Er in Sc, Y, and Lu are summarized. These parameters are obtained from magnetization measurements on dilute single crystals, and successfully checked by a number of different methods. The crystal field parameters vary unpredictably with the rare-earth solute....... B40, B60, and B66 are similar in Y and Lu. Crystal field parameters for the pure metals Tb, Dy, and Er are estimated from the crystal fields in Y and Lu....

The deactivation of USY zeolites different rareearth contents due to the coke formed n-heptane at 450 deg C was studied. The results show that the presence of rareearth elements decreases the cracking and coking activities, increasing catalytic stability. However, reaction selectivity was not significantly influenced. The greater the rareearth content, the lower the cocking rates and the coke contents. The TPO/DSC profiles suggested that the catalytic effect of the rareearth elements promoted coke oxidation. (author)

On June 3,Chinalco and China National Administration of Coal Geology signed cooperation agreement for strategic cooperation&cooperation agreement between Chinalco Guangxi Nonferrous RareEarth Development Company and Xuzhou Jin Shi Pengyuan RareEarth Material Factory.According to the agreement,both sides would jointly support Chinalco Guangxi Nonferrous RareEarth Development Company and Xuzhou Jin Shi Pengyuan RareEarth Material Factory to carry out comprehensive cooperation covering rare

The explorations of rare-earth, transition metal intermetallics have resulted in the synthesis and characterization, and electronic structure investigation, as well as understanding the structure-bonding property relationships. The work has presented the following results: (1) Understanding the relationship between compositions and properties in LaFe13-xSix system: A detailed structural and theoretical investigation provided the understanding of the role of a third element on stabilizing the structure and controlling the transformation of cubic NaZn{sub 13}-type structures to the tetragonal derivative, as well as the relationship between the structures and properties. (2) Synthesis of new ternary rare-earthiron silicides Re2-xFe4Si14-y and proposed superstructure: This compound offers complex structural challenges such as fractional occupancies and their ordering in superstructure. (3) Electronic structure calculation of FeSi2: This shows that the metal-semiconductor phase transition depends on the structure. The mechanism of band gap opening is described in terms of bonding and structural distortion. This result shows that the electronic structure calculations are an essential tool for understanding the relationship between structure and chemical bonding in these compounds. (4) Synthesis of new ternary rare-earth Zinc aluminides Tb3Zn3.6Al7.4: Partially ordered structure of Tb3Zn3.6Al7.4 compound provides new insights into the formation, composition and structure of rare-earth transition-metal intermetallics. Electronic structure calculations attribute the observed composition to optimizing metal-metal bonding in the electronegative (Zn, Al) framework, while the specific ordering is strongly influenced by specific orbital interactions. (5) Synthesis of new structure type of Zn39(CrxAl1-x)81

Our explorations of rare-earth, transition metal intermetallics have resulted in the synthesis and characterization, and electronic structure investigation, as well as understanding the structure-bonding-property relationships. Our work has presented the following results: (1) Understanding the relationship between compositions and properties in LaFe13-xSix system: A detailed structural and theoretical investigation provided the understanding of the role of a third element on stabilizing the structure and controlling the transformation of cubic NaZn13-type structures to the tetragonal derivative, as well as the relationship between the structures and properties. (2) Synthesis of new ternary rare-earthiron silicides RE2-xFe4Si14-y and proposed superstructure: This compound offers complex structural challenges such as fractional occupancies and their ordering in superstructure. (3) Electronic structure calculation of FeSi2: This shows that the metal-semiconductor phase transition depends on the structure. The mechanism of band gap opening is described in terms of bonding and structural distortion. This result shows that the electronic structure calculations are an essential tool for understanding the relationship between structure and chemical bonding in these compounds. (4) Synthesis of new ternary rare-earth Zinc aluminides Tb3Zn3.6Al7.4: Partially ordered structure of Tb3.6Zn13-xAl7.4 compound provides new insights into the formation, composition and structure of rare-earth transition-metal intermetallics. Electronic structure calculations attribute the observed composition to optimizing metal-metal bonding in the electronegative (Zn, Al) framework, while the specific ordering is strongly influenced by specific orbital interactions. (5) Synthesis of new structure type of Zn39(CrxAl1-x

On April 8,the long-awaited Association of China RareEarth Industry was eventually founded in Beijing.The association is composed of 155 members including Chinalco, Minmetals,Baotou Steel Group and Ganzhou RareEarth,etc.,covering nearly all rareearth

Thermally-induced reductive decomposition of natural iron-bearing garnets of the almandine-pyrope and almandine-spessartine series were studied at temperatures up to 1200 °C (heating rate of 10 °C/min) under atmosphere of forming gas (10% of H2 in N2). Crystallochemical formula of the studied garnet was calculated as VIII( A3-xFex2+)VI( Al , Fe3+)2Si3O12, where the amount of Fe3+ in the octahedral sites is negligible with the exception of pyrope, A = Mg, Mn, and 0.47 ≤ x ≤ 2.85. The observed decomposition temperature, determined from differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry, is greater than 1000 °C in all cases and showed almost linear dependence on the iron content in the dodecahedral sites of the studied garnets, with the exception of garnet with a near-pyrope composition (Prp80Alm20). The initial garnet samples and decomposition products were characterized in details by means of X-ray powder diffraction and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. We found that all studied garnets have common decomposition products such as metallic iron (in general, rounded particles below 4 μm) and Fe-spinel; the other identified decomposition products depend on starting chemical composition of the garnet: Fe-cordierite, olivine (fayalite or tephroite), cristobalite, pyroxene (enstatite or pigeonite), and anorthite. Anorthite and pigeonite were only present in garnets with Ca in the dodecahedral site. All the identified phases were usually well crystallized.

The use of tracers which are applied to soils (distinguishable from tracers naturally present in soils) is increasing. Rareearth oxides (REOs) are the most prevalent of the sediment tracers used to tag soils in this manner. REOs have been applied in a host of different countries, at a range of scales e.g. over watersheds in the USA (Polyakov and Nearing, 2004; Kimoto et al., 2006); to examine rill erosion in China (Li et al., 2006); and to investigate the importance of topographical features in arable fields in the EU (Stevens and Quinton, 2008). Many successful experiments have been conducted using the suit of REO tracers, yielding important information on the behaviour of eroding sediments. However, the majority of publications have focused upon application of REO tracers, applying the tagging and extraction methods developed by Zhang et al., (2001, 2003). Furthermore, the techniques presently being used are known to generate methodological inaccuracies, such as tracer enrichment and non-uniform REO distributions on experimental plots, and analytical interferences when ICP-MS is used for tracer quantification. Unanswered questions regarding the use of REO tracers include: i) what is the effect upon soil of REO tagging?; ii) how is a uniform distribution of REOs in tagged soil achieved? iii) which is the most suitable way of applying REOs, to experimental plots of different scale, and to meet different objectives?; iv) which REOs are unsuitable for sediment tracing?; v) what is the most precise and efficient method of extracting REO tracers from sediments? vi) is the transport behaviour of REO tracers comparable to untagged soils? In an attempt to answer some of these questions, investigations have been conducted into the effect upon soil particle size of different methods of REO tagging. The ability of these methods to provide uniform distributions of REOs in the tagged soil was calculated. The accuracy and precision of published (Zhang et al., 2003; Stevens and

In this paper, we reviewed our previous work concerning the responses of rare-earth (RE) doped fibers (Yb, Er and Er/Yb) to various types of radiations like gamma-rays, X-rays and protons. For all these harsh environments, the main measured macroscopic radiation-induced effect is an increase of the linear attenuation of these waveguides due to the generation of point defects in the RE-doped core and silica-based cladding. To evaluate the vulnerability of this class of optical fibers for space missions, we characterize the growth and decay kinetics of their radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) during and after irradiation for various compositions. Laboratory testing reveals that this class of optical fibers is very sensitive to radiations compared to passive (RE-free) samples. As a consequence, despite the small length used for space applications, the understanding of the radiation-induced effects in this class of optical fibers becomes necessary before their integration as part of fiber-based systems like gyroscopes or communication systems. In this paper, we more particularly discussed about the relative influence of the rare-earth ions (Er{sup 3+} and/or Yb{sup 3+}) and of the glass matrix dopants (Al, P, ... ) on the optical degradation due to radiations. This has been done by using a set of five prototype optical fibers designed by the fiber manufacturer iXFiber SAS to enlighten the role of these parameters. Additional spectroscopic tools like con-focal microscopy of luminescence are also used to detect possible changes in the spectroscopy of the rare-earth ions and their consequences on the functionality of the active optical fibers. (authors)

The results of the studying of interactions in multicomponent systems 'polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) - rare-earth element ion - nitrate of sodium - water' are represented. It is established that for rubidium (I) ions temperature and ionic strength is render destroying action, and for yttrium (III) ions the influence of these factors has return character which is connected with features of an electronic structure of metal ion. It is revealed that a dominating role of non-electrostatic formation composed, hence, the formation of donor-acceptor connection of 'metal - ligand' occurs through atom of oxygen.

1 Results The size of nanoscale rareearth luminescent materials is often smaller than that of the excitement or emission wavelength,and it has amazing surface state density. Therefore,it shows a lot of new luminescent phenomena such as the shift of CTS,the broadening of emission peaks,the variation of fluorescent lifetimes and quantum efficiency,and the increase of quenching concentration.It is not only of academic interest but also of technological importance for advanced phosphor applications to rese...

The thermoluminescence (TL) properties of calcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) doped with different rareearth ions have been studied and their suitability for radiation dosimetry applications is discussed. It is observed that monocalcium aluminate doped with cerium is a good dosimeter having linear response up to about 4 kGy of radiation doses. Dopant concentration of 0.25 mol% cerium gives maximum TL emission. The well-defined single peak observed at 295°C can be advantageously used for high temperature dosimetry applications.

We have estimated the strength of the mass enhancement of the conduction electrons due to electron-phonon interaction in the rare metals Sc, Y, and La–Lu. The underlying self-consistent energy bands were obtained by means of the scalar relativistic linear-muffin-tin-orbital method, and the electron......-phonon parameters were calculated within the Gaspari-Gyorffy formulation. For the heavier rareearths Gd–Tm spin polarization was included both in the band-structure calculations and in the treatment of the electron-phonon coupling to take into account the spin splitting of the conduction electrons induced by the 4...

The intensities of Raman scattering transitions between electronic energy levels of trivalent rareearth ions doped into transparent crystals were measured and compared to theory. A particle emphasis was placed on the examination of the effect of intermediate state resonances on the Raman scattering intensities. Two specific systems were studied: Ce/sup 3 +/(4f/sup 1/) in single crystals of LuPO/sub 4/ and Er/sup 3 +/(4f/sup 11/) in single crystals of ErPO/sub 4/. 134 refs., 92 figs., 33 tabs.

Water-based rare-earth ferrite (RexFe3-xO4)magnetic fluids were prepared by chemical co-precipitation method. The result shows that saturation magnetic intensity of ferrite magnetic fluids can be improved by adding Dy3+ and the saturation magnetic intensity will reach the highest if n(Fe)∶n(Dy3+)=30∶1. The modification and formation mechanism of RexFe3-xO4 particles is discussed in detail. The physicochemical properties are investigated by the Gouy magnetic balance, IR, TEM, XRD, and EDX, etc.

The relationship between organism and rareearth elements (REE) viewed from evolution was discussed.Some metal ions play key roles in biological functions, however, as the illustration in this article shows, with powerful affinities for oxygen and similar radius, REE can display equally or even more important functions in terms of its biological functions. These attractive characteristics have called more public attention and lead to many applications in agriculture, medicine fields, etc. Furthermore, the article employed the concept of entropy to discuss the dosage effect of REE on organism and the possibility whether REE can become a portion of organism during the evolution.

The effects of rareearth on the growth of rice,rape and soybean in three kinds of soils were studied with the method supposed by Economic Co-operation and Development organization(OECD),and the EC50(median growth concenrtation)values were obtained,The inhibition of RE on the growth of rice and rape in red soil and on the growth of soybeanin yellow fouvo-aquic soil is higher with stronger poison effects.Compared with other heavy metals such as Hg,Cd,Pb,As,the poison of RE on crops in weaker.

The effects of rareearth on the growth of rice, rape and soybean in three kinds of soils were studied with the method supposed by Economic Co-operation and De velopment organization (OECD), and the EC50(median growth concentration)value s were obtained . The inhibition of RE on the growth of rice and rape in red soil and on the gro wth of soybean in yellow fluvo-aquic soil is higher with stronger poison effect s. Compared with other heavy metals such as Hg, Cd, Pb, As, the poison of RE on crops is weaker.

In the present paper the synthesis, photoand electroluminescent properties of new rareearth metal complexes prepared and studied at the Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry during the last decade are reviewed. The obtained compounds give luminescence in UV, visible and NIR regions. The substituted phenolates, naphtholates, mercaptobenzothiazolate, 8-oxyquinolinolate, polyfluorinated alcoholates and chalcogenophosphinates were used as ligands. The synthesis and structure of unusual three-nuclear sulfidenitride clusters of Nd and Dy are described. The new excitation mechanism of ytterbium phenolates and naphtholates, which includes the stage of reversible reduction of Yb to divalent state and oxidation of the ligands in the excitation process, is discussed.

Well-ordered metal structures,i.e.arrays of nanosized tips on silver surface for studies of the luminescence enhancement of absorbed media with rareearth ions were used.These arrays were prepared by the metal evaporation on track membranes.Calculations of resonance frequencies of tips regarded as semispheroids were done taking into account the interaction between dipoles of tips.They were used to discuss experimental results for media with Eu(NO3)3·6H2O salt basing on data for bulk silver dielectric function.

Rail/wheel contact fatigue of NbRE rail, Nb rail and U74 rail was investigated using contact fatigue tester. Microstructure and morphology as well as microhardness in the fatigue profiles were analyzed by scanning electron microscope and Vickers hardness respectively. The experimental results show that rareearths are able to delay the initiation and the propagation of fatigue cracks and postpone the surface shelling or spalling, even more, to reduce the crack propagation angle and the crack propagation depth in steady state as well as the plastic deformation area, and to improve work-hardening of the rail steel.

This paper is devoted to the description of the magnetic phase diagrams (MPD) together with a special interest to the determination of more precise values of some reliable parameters at the compensation point, T{sub comp}=243.5±0.5 K of the terbium irongarnet, Tb{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} or TbIG. Using isothermal magnetizations performed on single crystal in strong DC magnetic fields up to 200 kOe applied along the 〈111〉, 〈110〉 and 〈100〉 directions within the temperature range 128–295 K, field-induced phase transitions between collinear and canted phases are observed in the vicinity of T{sub comp} at critical fields, H{sub c2}. In comparison with the measurement at zero external magnetic field, the specific heat, C{sub p}(T) at 80 kOe along 〈111〉 shows an excess around T{sub comp} characterized by an anomaly which has a width in the boundaries of the canted phase and a maximum at 252 K, the more accurate value of the critical temperature, T{sub C}{sup ⁎} of the MPD in the (H{sub c2}–T) plane. Better determinations of the molecular field coefficients which represent the magnetic interactions on the Tb sublattice are obtained by an improved molecular field model based on the saturation effects of the Tb sublattice and the differential susceptibility contribution due to the Fe sublattices to the total magnetic susceptibility of TbIG. The results are discussed in terms of the previous theoretical studies of the MPD predicted for weakly anisotropic ferrimagnets. - Highlights: • High-T magnetizations are made on single crystal of TbIG in strong DC magnetic fields. • FIPTs are observed in the vicinity of T{sub comp}=243.5 K at critical fields, H{sub c2}. • MPD are determined in the (H{sub c2}–T ) plane for H along the main crystallographic directions. • The critical temperature T{sub C}{sup ⁎} is well estimated by the C{sub p}(T ) data at H{sub ex}=80 kOe along 〈111〉. • The results are analyzed using a high-field method and a mean

Alkali rare-earth double phosphates have been studied for use as long-wavelength scintillators for gamma-ray detection using Si photodiodes. These compounds exhibit layered crystal structures, built from roughly hexagonal atomic layers in the sequence lanthanide, phosphate-alkali, alkali, alkali-phosphate. Details of the crystal symmetry depend on the relative sizes of the rare-earth and alkali metal ions. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) has been used to study these structures at room temperature for K3RE(PO4) 2 (where RE = Lu-Ce, Y, and Sc). The compound K3Lu(PO 4)2 crystallizes with a hexagonal unit cell, space group P-3. The Lu ion is six-coordinated to the oxygen atoms of the phosphate groups. Two lower-temperature phases of K3Lu(PO4) 2 were observed and characterized. The lower-temperature transition results in an increase in coordination of the Lu ion to seven fold. This new structure is isostructural with the room-temperature form of K3Yb(PO 4)2. High-temperature powder neutron diffraction and high-temperature powder XRD have revealed a large thermal expansion anisotropy for K3Lu(PO4)2. The K3RE(PO 4)2 formation enthalpies were determined using high-temperature oxide-melt solution calorimetry. The formation enthalpy from oxides becomes more exothermic with increasing rare-earth radius. Rare-earth titanates, RE2Ti2O7 (where RE = a rare-earth), with the pyrochlore structure are currently being studied for use as potential nuclear, actinide-rich waste forms. Single-crystals were synthesized using a high-temperature flux technique and characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cubic lattice parameters display an approximately linear correlation with the RE-site cation radius. The Sm and Eu titanates exhibit a covalency increase between the REO8 and TiO6 polyhedra resulting in a deviation from the increasing linear lattice parameter through the series. Gd2Ti2O7 exhibits the lowest 48f oxygen positional parameter, an effect that can be

@@ Guided by related policies, China rareearth industry is actively transferring its economic development pattern in recent two years.Series of effective economic stimulus policies and measures were adopted, which further standardize rareearth mining, production and export market.Chinese rareearth industry had finally overcome difficulties brought by global financial crisis and production and marketing in the industry were gradually improved.In 2009, rareearth business thoroughly reversed the unprofitable situation.Total production value exceeded 24 billion yuan in the year.With global economy recovery in 2010, rareearth industry entered into a rapid development period.

The molecular beam epitaxy growth techniques which have already successfully produced a range of heavy rare-earth superlattices have now been extended to produce superlattices of two light rare-earth elements, Nd/Pr, as well as superlattices and alloy films of a heavy/light system, Ho/Pr. High......-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis shows the Nd/Pr superlattices to be of high structural quality, while the Ho/Pr superlattices are significantly less so. In the Ho/Pr superlattices, Pr is found to retain its bulk dhcp crystal structure even in thin layers (down to 6 atomic planes thick) sandwiched between...... thick layers of hcp Ho. In addition, neutron diffraction studies of the He/Pr superlattices have shown that the helical Ho magnetic order is not coherent through the dhcp Pr layers, in contrast to previous hcp/hcp superlattices Ho/Y, Ho/Lu and Ho/Er. The series of Ho:Pr alloy films has shown structural...

Based on the investigation of the luminescence of a series of rareearth organic chelates, some relationships between luminescence and the structure of the chelates were proposed: the intensity of sensitized luminescence of central lanthanide ions(Ln3+) in a rareearth organic chelate depends on (1)the suitability of the energy gap between the excited triplet energy level of the ligands and the lowest excited energy level of Ln3+ ions; (2)the rigidity and planarity of the structure of the chelate molecule; (3)the existence of a suitable secondary ligand which may increase rigidity and the stability of the chelate molecule; and (4) the existence of a suitable π-conjugated system in the chelate molecule. According to the above relationships, 25 novel organic ligands were designed and synthesized, and their lanthanide chelates were prepared. Investigation of the photoluminescence for the new chelates shows that some of the chelates are strongly luminescent, and are applied to fluoroimmunoassay for determination of human immunoglobulin(IgG), to preparation of fluorescent plastics, and to determination of growth hormone for plants. Two novel spectroscopy-probe techniques for structure of coordination compounds and biological molecules were proposed and developed based on vibronic spectroscopy of Tb3+ complexes and fluorescence of Ce3+.

Rareearth elements (REE) play a critical role in many emerging clean energy technologies, including high-power magnets, wind turbines, solar panels, hybrid/electric vehicle batteries and lamp phosphors. In order to sustain demand for such technologies given current domestic REE shortages, there is a need to develop new approaches for ore processing/refining and recycling of REE-containing materials. To this end, we have developed a microbially-mediated bioadsorption strategy with application towards enrichment of REE from complex mixtures. Specifically, the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus was genetically engineered to display lanthanide binding tags (LBTs), short peptides that possess high affinity and specificity for rareearth elements, on its cell surface S-layer protein. Under optimal conditions, LBT-displayed cells adsorbed greater than 5-fold more REE than control cells lacking LBTs. Competition binding experiments with a selection of REEs demonstrated that our engineered cells could facilitate separation of light- from heavy- REE. Importantly, binding of REE onto our engineered strains was much more favorable compared to non-REE metals. Finally, REE bound to the cell surface could be stripped off using citrate, providing an effective and non-toxic REE recovery method. Together, this data highlights the potential of our approach for selective REE enrichment from REE containing mixtures.

The liquid-crystalline rare-earth complexes of the type [Ln(LH)3(DOS)3]-where Ln is Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, or Yb; LH is the Schiff base N-octadecyl-4-tetradecyloxysalicylaldimine; and DOS is dodecylsulfate-exhibit a smectic A phase. Because of the presence of rare-earth ions with a large magnetic anisotropy, the smectic A phase of these liquid crystals can be easier aligned in an external magnetic field than smectic A phases of conventional liquid crystals. The magnetic anisotropy of the [Ln(LH)3(DOS)3] complexes was determined by measurement of the temperature-dependence of the magnetic susceptibility using a Faraday balance. The highest value for the magnetic anisotropy was found for the dysprosium(III) complex. The magnetic alignment of these liquid crystals was studied by time-resolved synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering experiments. Depending on the sign of the magnetic anisotropy, the director of the liquid-crystalline molecules was aligned parallel or perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. A positive value of the magnetic anisotropy (and parallel alignment) was found for the thulium(III) and the ytterbium(III) complexes, whereas a negative value of the magnetic anisotropy (and perpendicular alignment) was observed for the terbium(III) and dysprosium(III) complexes.

Increasing demand for rareearth elements (REE) is expected to lead to new development and expansion in industries processing and or recycling REE. For some industrial operators, sending aqueous waste streams to a municipal wastewater treatment plant, or publicly owned treatment works (POTW), may be a cost effective disposal option. However, wastewaters that adversely affect the performance of biological wastewater treatment at the POTW will not be accepted. The objective of our research is to assess the effects of wastewaters that might be generated by new rareearth element (REE) beneficiation or recycling processes on biological wastewater treatment systems. We have been investigating the impact of yttrium and europium on the biological activity of activated sludge collected from an operating municipal wastewater treatment plant. We have also examined the effect of an organic complexant that is commonly used in REE extraction and separations; similar compounds may be a component of newly developed REE recycling processes. Our preliminary results indicate that in the presence of Eu, respiration rates for the activated sludge decrease relative to the no-Eu controls, at Eu concentrations ranging from <10 to 660 µM. Yttrium appears to inhibit respiration as well, although negative impacts have been observed only at the highest Y amendment level tested (660 µM). The organic complexant appears to have a negative impact on activated sludge activity as well, although results are variable. Ultimately the intent of this research is to help REE industries to develop environmentally friendly and economically sustainable beneficiation and recycling processes.

Both porosity (φ) and permeability (k) of the weathered elution-deposited rareearth ores are basic hydrodynamic parameters for RE leaching. The relationship between k and φ of two typical rareearth ores of South China in the packed bed was investigated by measuring the flow (Q) under various leaching pressure difference (Δp). The experimental results show that the relationship between k and φ is unique, moreover the relationship between Q and Δp is in accord with the Darcy's law. The effects of the type of ores, the leaching reagents and its concentration, the granule ore size on the leaching permeability have also been investigated. It is demonstrated that kH (for heavy RE ore, kH=35.98 mm2)>kM-H (for middle-heavy RE ore,kM-H=28.50 mm2), whereas k(NH4NO3)>k(NH4Cl)>k［(NH4)2SO4］, and the k value increases with increasing leaching reagents concentration and granule ore size(k0.60～0.75 mm=99.96 mm2，k0.125～0.60 mm=11.83 mm2, k0.074～0.125 mm=0.84 mm2).

Electrical conduction in rareearth orthophosphates, LnPO{sub 4} (Ln=La, Pr, Nd and Sm), with the monazite structure (P2{sub 1}/n) was investigated by using conductivity measurements at 500-925 C. From the conductivities of undoped and 1 mol% Sr-doped LnPO{sub 4} under wet (H{sub 2}O and D{sub 2}O) and dry atmospheres, it was found that LnPO{sub 4} began to conduct protons under wet atmosphere by substituting Sr for Ln. The conductivity behavior of 1 mol% Sr-doped LnPO{sub 4} versus p(H{sub 2}O) and p(O{sub 2}) was discussed in terms of the defect equilibria. It was concluded that protonic conduction was dominant in the materials though electron holes contributed slightly to the total conductivity as temperature increased. All the 1 mol% Sr-doped LnPO{sub 4} investigated in this study exhibited similar electrical conduction regardless of rareearth element used.

Multicomponent, rare-earth-doped, perovskite-type thermal-barrier coating materials have been developed in an effort to obtain lower thermal conductivity, greater phase stability, and greater high-temperature capability, relative to those of the prior thermal-barrier coating material of choice, which is yttria-partially stabilized zirconia. As used here, "thermal-barrier coatings" (TBCs) denotes thin ceramic layers used to insulate air-cooled metallic components of heat engines (e.g., gas turbines) from hot gases. These layers are generally fabricated by plasma spraying or physical vapor deposition of the TBC materials onto the metal components. A TBC as deposited has some porosity, which is desirable in that it reduces the thermal conductivity below the intrinsic thermal conductivity of the fully dense form of the material. Undesirably, the thermal conductivity gradually increases because the porosity gradually decreases as a consequence of sintering during high-temperature service. Because of these and other considerations such as phase transformations, the maximum allowable service temperature for yttria-partially stabilized zirconia TBCs lies in the range of about 1,200 to 1,300 C. In contrast, the present multicomponent, rare-earth-doped, perovskite-type TBCs can withstand higher temperatures.

Full Text Available We present results on ferroelectric, magnetic, magneto-optical properties and magnetoelectric effect of rareearth molybdates (gadolinium molybdate, GMO, and terbium molybdate, TMO, and samarium molybdate, SMO, belonging to a new type of ferroelectrics predicted by Levanyuk and Sannikov. While cooling the tetragonal β-phase becomes unstable with respect to two degenerate modes of lattice vibrations. The β-β′ transition is induced by this instability. The spontaneous polarization appears as a by-product of the lattice transformation. The electric order in TMO is of antiferroelectric type. Ferroelectric and ferroelastic GMO and TMO at room temperature are paramagnets. At low temperatures GMO and TMO are antiferromagnetic with the Neel temperatures TN=0.3 K (GMO and TN=0.45 K (TMO. TMO shows the spontaneous destruction at 40 kOe magnetic field. Temperature and field dependences of the magnetization in TMO are well described by the magnetism theory of singlets at 4.2 K ≤ T ≤ 30 K. The magnetoelectric effect in SMO, GMO and TMO, the anisotropy of magnetoelectric effect in TMO at T = (1.8–4.2 K, the Zeeman effect in TMO, the inversion of the electric polarization induced by the laser beam are discussed. The correlation between the magnetic moment of rareearth ion and the magnetoelectric effect value is predicted. The giant fluctuations of the acoustic resonance peak intensity near the Curie point are observed.

The isotropic and anisotropic transferred hyperfine interactions between F ions in the two chemically inequivalent sites and the rare-earth ions (R) have been derived from 19F NMR measurements in the temperature region 100-300 K on single crystals of TbF3 and DyF3. The isotropic interactions...... are found to be negative and constant in this temperature region and with the numerical values decreasing slightly from TbF3 to DyF3. The anisotropic interactions, when the point dipole contributions are subtracted, are found to be substantially smaller and about equal for the two materials. The crystals...

Full Text Available Because of their unique physical and chemical properties, Rareearth elements (REEs perform important functions in our everyday lives, with use in a range of products. Recently, the study of China’s rareearth elements production has become a hot topic of worldwide interest, because of its dominant position in global rareearth elements supply, and an increasing demand for rareearth elements due to the constant use of rareearth elements in high-tech manufacturing industries. At the same time, as an exhaustible resource, the sustainable development of rareearth elements has received extensive attention. However, most of the study results are based on a qualitative analysis of rareearth elements distribution and production capacity, with few studies using quantitative modeling. To achieve reliable results with more factors being taken into consideration, this paper applies the generic multivariant system dynamics model to forecast China’s rareearth elements production trend and Hubbert peak, using Vensim software based on the Hubbert model. The results show that the peak of China’s rareearth elements production will appear by 2040, and that production will slowly decline afterwards. Based on the results, the paper proposes some policy recommendations for the sustainable development of China’s—and the world’s—rareearth elements market and rareearth-related industries.

Using common phosphate as a check, we studied the growth and yield of potato by new rareearth agro-materials including rareearth phosphate (base fertilizer), rareearth whole plant nutrient fertilizer, and amino acid chelated rareearth ( top dressing), which were used in a single or mixed way in Dingxi city, Gansu Province.The results are as follows that ( 1 ) After using new rareearth materials, the plant height increases by 0.4 ～ 5.6 cm and the ripen period is delayed by 4 ～ 9 d.(2) They can improve the potato economic characteristics, enhance productivity, decrease black leg and late blight.The disease index is decreased by 1.6% ～ 10.6%, single plant potato number increases by 0.3 ～ 0.5, and single plant yield increases by 80 g ～ 130 g.(3) The effect of increased yield is significant, and mixed use is better than single use.In the single material treatments, rareearth phosphate is the best, rareearth whole plant nutrient fertilizer and amino acid chelated rareearth are the second, and the increased rate are 14.5%, 8.4%, 9.2% so the material mixture-rareearth phosphate mixed of rareearth whole plant nutrient fertilizer or with amino acid chelated rareearth is economically useable, and increase rate are 25.2% and 24.4% compared with common phosphate.

Rareearth sulfides were systematically synthesized via the sulfurization of their commercial oxide powders using CS2 gas to shorten sulfurization time, and their UV-vis absorption spectra were investigated. The appropriate sulfurization conditions were studied. For the rareearth sulfides with the same crystal structure, the sulfurization temperature showed increasing tendency with the decrease of rareearth element atomic radii. The UV-vis absorption spectra of rareearth sulfides did not depend on the crystal structure of rareearth sulfides, but on the 4f electronic structure of rareearth element. The data showed that the optical band gaps of rareearth sulfides were irregular, and the values ranged from 1.65 to 3.75 eV.

Full Text Available In this study, an in situ application for identifying neodymium (Nd enriched surface materials that uses multitemporal hyperspectral images is presented (HySpex sensor. Because of the narrow shape and shallow absorption depth of the neodymium absorption feature, a method was developed for enhancing and extracting the necessary information for neodymium from image spectra, even under illumination conditions that are not optimal. For this purpose, the two following approaches were developed: (1 reducing noise and analyzing changing illumination conditions by averaging multitemporal image scenes and (2 enhancing the depth of the desired absorption band by deconvolving every image spectrum with a Gaussian curve while the rest of the spectrum remains unchanged (Richardson-Lucy deconvolution. To evaluate these findings, nine field samples from the Fen complex in Norway were analyzed using handheld X-ray fluorescence devices and by conducting detailed laboratory-based geochemical rareearth element determinations. The result is a qualitative outcrop map that highlights zones that are enriched in neodymium. To reduce the influences of non-optimal illumination, particularly at the studied site, a minimum of seven single acquisitions is required. Sharpening the neodymium absorption band allows for robust mapping, even at the outer zones of enrichment. From the geochemical investigations, we found that iron oxides decrease the applicability of the method. However, iron-related absorption bands can be used as secondary indicators for sulfidic ore zones that are mainly enriched with rareearth elements. In summary, we found that hyperspectral spectroscopy is a noninvasive, fast and cost-saving method for determining neodymium at outcrop surfaces.

About 200 rareearth (RE) minerals are distributed in a wide variety of mineral classes, such as halides, carbonates, oxides, phosphates, silicates, etc. Due to the large ionic radii and trivalent oxidation state, RE ions in the minerals have large coordination numbers (c.n.) 6-10 by anions (O, F, OH). Light rareearth elements (LREEs) tend to occupy the larger sites of 8-10 c.n. and concentrate in carbonates and phosphates. On the other hand, heavy rareearth elements (HREEs) and Y occupy 6-8 c.n. sites and are abundant in oxides and a part of phosphates. Only a few mineral species, such as bastnaesite (Ce,La)(CO{sub 3})F, monazite (Ce,La)PO{sub 4}, xenotime YPO{sub 4}, and RE-bearing clay have been recovered for commercial production. Bayan Obo, China is the biggest RE deposit in the world. One of probable hypotheses for ore geneses is that the deposit might be formed by hydrothermal replacement of carbonate rocks of sedimentary origin. The hydrothermal fluid may be derived from an alkaline-carbonatite intrusive series. Following Bayan Obo, more than 550 carbonatite/alkaline complex rocks constitute the majority of the world RE resources. The distribution is restricted to interior and marginal regions of continents, especially Precambrian cratons and shields, or related to large-scale rift structures. Main concentrated areas of the complexes are East African rift zones, northern Scandinavia-Kola peninsula, eastern Canada and southern Brazil. Representative sedimentary deposits of REE are placer- and conglomerate-types. The major potential countries are Australia, India, Brazil, and Malaysia. Weathered residual deposits have been formed under tropical and sub-tropical climates. Bauxite and laterite nickel deposit are the representative. Ion adsorption clay without radioactive elements is known in southern China. Weathering processes concentrate REE in a particular clay mineral-layer in the weathered crusts whose source were originally REE-rich rocks like granite

Studies were carried out on several aspects of rareearth elements (REEs), such as the theory and practice of their applications in agriculture, their geochemical behaviors in natural and agricultural ecosystems, the mechanisms for the increase of crop yield using REE fertilizer, and their toxicology. However, limited knowledge was available for the transfer processes and the features and mechanisms of distribution and fractionatious of REEs inside plants. The characteristics of REE fractionations in plants can be used to "trace" the pathway of REE transportation from soils (solution) to plants. A better understanding of the mechanisms of REE fractionations was helpful to investigate the controlling factors, including both the internal and the external ones. The characteristics and mechanisms of REE fractionatious in plants and their significance were reviewed. Furthermore, the prospect for these fields was discussed, in hope of providing a new way in studying the bioavailability of REEs and heavy metals.

The calculation of the complex matrixes in odd triangular symmetry was accomplished.The configurations of the coordination unit with various triangular symmetries and different ligand numbers were discussed.On the basis of the double-sphere coordination point-charge (DSCPCF) model,the detailed forms of the DSCPCF parameters Bmk and the expressions of the perturbation matrix elements in triangular field (D3,D3h,D3d) were derived.Thereby,the calculation scheme of coordination field perturbation energy of the rareearth complexes with triangular symmetry was constructed After the calculation scheme was programmed,the Stark energies of the crystalline TbAl3(BO3)4 were calculated The results were considerably close to the experimental values

Inspired by the recent work by Dietrich et al., substantiating validity of the adiabatic assumption in coupled-channel calculations, we explore the possibility of generalizing a global spherical optical model potential (OMP) to make it usable in coupled-channel calculations on statically deformed nuclei. The generalization consists in adding the coupling of the ground state rotational band, deforming the potential by introducing appropriate quadrupole and hexadecupole deformation and correcting the OMP radius to preserve volume integral of the spherical OMP. We choose isotopes of three rare-earth elements (W, Ho, Gd), which are known to be nearly perfect rotors, to perform a consistent test of our conjecture on integrated cross sections as well as on angular distributions for elastic and inelastic neutron scattering. When doing this we employ the well-established Koning-Delaroche global spherical potential and experimentally determined deformations without any adjustments. We observe a dramatically improved a...

Infrared transmission and Raman scattering have been used to study Raman active phonons and crystal-field excitations in Yb3+-doped yttrium, lutetium and scandium orthosilicate crystals (Y2SiO5 (YSO), Lu2SiO5 (LSO) and Sc2SiO5 (SSO)), which belong to the same C2h6 crystallographic space group. Energy levels of the Yb3+ ion 2F5/2 manifold are presented. In the three hosts, Yb3+ ions experience high crystal field strength, particularly in Yb:SSO. Satellites in the infrared transmission spectra have been detected for the first time in the Yb3+-doped rareearth orthosilicates. They could be attributed to perturbed Yb3+ sites of the lattices or to magnetically coupled Yb3+ pairs.

Magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is the change in isothermal magnetic entropy (m)and adiabatic temperature (ad) that accompany magnetic transitions in materials during the application or the removal of magnetic field under adiabatic conditions. The physics of MCE gets enriched by correlated spin-lattice degrees of freedom. This phenomenon has been actively investigated over the past few decades as it holds a promise for an alternate method of refrigeration/heat pumping. This has already resulted in several reviews on this topic. This paper focusses on some recent trends in this field and prospects of using rare-earth-based materials as active magnetic refrigerants over a broad temperature range that includes gas liquefaction and near-room temperature refrigeration/heating.

Techniques were developed for routine preparation of single crystal rods of LaB6, CeB6 and PrB6 by arc float zone refining. Single crystal, oriented samples were prepared from these rods and mounted as cathodes for testing. Several mounting systems were used, and flat, pointed cone and truncated cone thermionic cathodes were studied. Pointed field emitters of LaB6(100) were also investigated. Variation of thermionic emitted current density and thermal stability of materials were studied as functions of rareearth element, bulk stoichiometry and crystal orientation. Life tests were performed on several different LaB6(100) cathodes. One such cathode operated for over 3000 hours at approximately 10 A/sq cm emitted current density with no serious physical degradation. Surface properties of the materials were investigated by various surface analysis techniques.

Carbon-doped aluminum oxide (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}:C) is one of the most used radioluminescence (Rl) materials for fiberoptic dosimetry due to its high efficiency and commercial availability. However, this compound presents the drawback of emitting in the spectral region, where the spurious radioluminescence of fibers is also important. In this work, the radioluminescence response of rare-earth doped Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} samples has been evaluated. The samples were prepared by mixing stoichiometric amounts of aluminum nitrate, urea and dopants with different amounts of terbium, samarium, cerium and thulium nitrates varying from 0 to 0.15 mo 1%. The influence of the different activators on the Rl spectra has been investigated in order to determine the feasibility of using these compounds for Rl fiberoptic dosimetry. (Author)

Contents of 15 rareearth elements (REEs) in the seeds of 60 breeds of wheat have been analyzed by the inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The distribution pattern of contents of REEs in wheat seeds has been observed and compared with that in soils. Comparison with literature data has also been made. The results show that the background of REEs in wheat seeds is 10-11-10-8 g.g-1, 3-4 levels lower than in soils. The distribution pattern is light REEs higher in contents and slight Eu-anomaly, similar to that in soils. The data obtained in this study can accurately represent the background content of REEs in wheat seeds.

After a review on the conventional separation process of rareearths (RE),hyperlink extraction technology was introduced and a potential process was proposed for clean separation of RE.A great amount of acid,base and water was consumed in the conventional RE separation process which included the procedures of raw material dissolving,extraction separation and precipitation.Therefore hyperlink extraction technology had been developed,by which the repeated consumption of acid and base could be avoided during the extraction process.And based on the theory and successful applications of the hyperlink extraction technology,we proposed the integral hyperlink process in which the intermediate acid resulted in individual procedures would be recycled and reused after being treated.The proposed process would make it feasible to consume no chemicals except for oxalic acid,and so could be a promising clean separation technology with a significant reduction on consumption and emission.

For better understanding the adsorption of rareearth elements (REEs) by clay minerals and its controlling factors, the experiments on adsorption of REEs in solutions with 1 g·L-1 kaolinite were performed at different conditions. The results are as follows: the REEs reach equilibrium in the adsorption-desorption process for 24; Langmuir's adsorption curve is used for modeling the adsorption of REEs by kaolinite; a general trend is that the higher the contents of REEs are, the less obvious the fractionation is. Furthermore, there is significant effect of pH on the adsorption and fractionation of REEs by kaolinite, and the REEs distribution coefficient increases with increasing pH. When pH is nearly neutral, as reaches 7, heavy REEs are more adsorbed than light REEs.

Multiplexed detection technology has been attractive for its simultaneous assay of several analytes, which play significant roles in applications such as screening for combinatorial chemistry, genetic analysis, and clinical diagnostics. This work reports a novel and potentially powerful encoding system based upon dispersible suspension arrays of multilayer rareearth core/shell nanoparticles that are capable of multiplexed, high-sensitivity reporting for biomolecule detection by the Z-contrast imaging. These nanobarcode arrays are encoded by nanostructure design based on different atomic numbers. With the well-resolved high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) decoding technique, many thousands of unique nanobarcodes can be identified by multilayer core/shell nanostructure. Their applications to multiplexed biodetection of DNA demonstrated the highly sensitive (picomole) features of this novel nanobarcode system.

Experiments on the growth of mixed rareearth (didymium—a combination of La, Nd, Pr and Sm) molybdates in silica gel medium are reported. The optimum conditions conducive for the growth of these crystals are described and discussed. Concentration programming is reported to enhance the size of crystals by two-fold; the maximum size obtained being about 1 mm3. EDAX results suggest the crystals to be heptamolybdates of type R2Mo7O24, bearing composition La1.23Nd0.43Pr0.29 Sm0.05Mo7O24. The didymium molybdate crystals assume morphologies corresponding to those of spherulites, platelets, cuboids and coalesced crystals. Twinned structure in didymium molybdate crystals are also reported. It is explained that spherulitic morphologies result from aggregates of crystals joining in a spherical envelope. It is suggested that the crystals of didymium molybdates grow by two-dimensional spreading and piling up of layers.

Among the light metal alloys, magnesium is the lightest structural material except for beryllium, and yet magnesium alloys have not seen extensive use because of their poor strength and corrosion resistance. Rapid solidification technology offers a possible solution to these problems. A number of Mg-Al-Zn alloys containing rareearth (RE) elements (e.g. Ce, Pr, Y, and Nd) have been investigated using rapid solidification processing for possible structural applications. The processing consists of planar flow or jet casting into ribbons, pulverization of ribbon to powder, and consolidation of powder into bulk shapes. The mechanical properties of some of these alloys show attractive combinations of strength, ductility and corrosion resistance. The microstructures of these alloys are correlated with their mechanical properties. The rapidly solidified Mg-Al-Zn-RE alloys show great potential for applications in automotive and aerospace industries. 7 references.

This study focuses on attenuation of rareearth elements (REE) when a boreal creek, acidified and loaded with REE and other metals as a result of wetland drainage, empties into a brackish-water estuary (salinity MINTEQ version 3.0 and the Stockholm Humic Model after revision and updating, predicted that the dissolved (<0.45 μm) REE pool in the estuary is bound almost entirely to humic substances. Acid sulphate soils, the source of the REE and other metals in the creek water, are widespread on coastal plains worldwide and therefore the REE attenuation patterns and mechanisms identified in the studied estuary are relevant for recognition of similar geochemical processes and conditions in a variety of coastal locations.

Chitosan-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel bonded with Eu3+ was prepared by radical solution polymerization. Biodegradable chitosan,N,N'-methylen-diacrylamide, and potassium persulphate were used as the basic material, cross-linking agent, and initiator, respectively. The structure and thermal property of hydrogel were characterized by infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The swollen property and fluorescent performance were also characterized. The results showed that the rareearth presented unique distribution in the hydrogel due to the formation of chemical bonds after polymerization. The glass transition tem-perature of the hydrogel decreased remarkably, which might broaden the range of its elastic application considerably. Moreover, the charac-teristic fluorescent emission of Eu3+ was observed in the hydrogel, which was indicative of the excellent luminescent performance.

Rareearth-based hydrogen storage alloy used as negative electrode materials for nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries are used commercially.The effect of annealing treatment with different annealing temperature and time on the MLNi3.68 Co0.78 Mn0.35 Al0.27 and MMNi3.55 Co0.75 Mn0.40 Al0.30 alloys were investigated.The crystal microstructure,pressure-composition-isotherms (p-C-T) and electrochemical properties of alloys were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), automatic PCI monitoring system and electrical performance testing instruments.The optimum annealing treatment conditions of two kinds of alloys were determined.

Full Text Available This paper reviews the synthesis, structure and applications of metal fluoride nanoparticles, with particular focus on rareearth (RE doped fluoride nanoparticles obtained by our research group. Nanoparticles were produced by precipitation methods using the ligand ammonium di-n-octadecyldithiophosphate (ADDP that allows the growth of shells around a core particle while simultaneously avoiding particle aggregation. Nanoparticles were characterized on their structure, morphology, and luminescent properties. We discuss the synthesis, properties, and application of heavy metal fluorides; specifically LaF3:RE and PbF2, and group IIA fluorides. Particular attention is given to the synthesis of core/shell nanoparticles, including selectively RE-doped LaF3/LaF3, and CaF2/CaF2 core/(multi-shell nanoparticles, and the CaF2-LaF3 system.

Finding the exotic phenomena in strongly correlated electron systems (SCESs) and understanding the corresponding microphysics have long been the research frontiers of condensed matter physics. The remarkable examples for the intriguing phenomena discovered in past years include unconventional superconductivity, heavy Fermion behaviors, giant magneto-resistance and so on. A fascinating type of rareearth hexaboride RB6 (R = Sm, Yb, Eu and Ce) belongs to a strongly correlated electron system (SCES), but shows unusual ambient-pressure and high-pressure behaviors beyond the phenomena mentioned above. Particularly, the recent discovery of the coexistence of an unusual metallic surface state and an insulating bulk state in SmB6, known to be a Kondo insulator decades ago, by theoretical calculations and many experimental measurements creates new interest for the investigation of the RB6. This significant progress encourages people to revisit the RB6 with an attempt to establish a new physics that links the SCES and the unusual metallic surface state which is a common feature of a topological insulator (TI). It is well known that pressure has the capability of tuning the electronic structure and modifying the ground state of solids, or even inducing a quantum phase transition which is one of the kernel issues in studies of SCESs. In this brief review, we will describe the progress in high pressure studies on the RB6 based on our knowledge and research interests, mainly focusing on the pressure-induced phenomena in YbB6 and SmB6, especially on the quantum phase transitions and their connections with the valence state of the rareearth ions. Moreover, some related high-pressure results obtained from CeB6 and EuB6 are also included. Finally, a summary is given in the conclusions and perspectives section.

Finding the exotic phenomena in strongly correlated electron systems (SCESs) and understanding the corresponding microphysics have long been the research frontiers of condensed matter physics. The remarkable examples for the intriguing phenomena discovered in past years include unconventional superconductivity, heavy Fermion behaviors, giant magneto-resistance and so on. A fascinating type of rareearth hexaboride RB6 (R = Sm, Yb, Eu and Ce) belongs to a strongly correlated electron system (SCES), but shows unusual ambient-pressure and high-pressure behaviors beyond the phenomena mentioned above. Particularly, the recent discovery of the coexistence of an unusual metallic surface state and an insulating bulk state in SmB6, known to be a Kondo insulator decades ago, by theoretical calculations and many experimental measurements creates new interest for the investigation of the RB6. This significant progress encourages people to revisit the RB6 with an attempt to establish a new physics that links the SCES and the unusual metallic surface state which is a common feature of a topological insulator (TI). It is well known that pressure has the capability of tuning the electronic structure and modifying the ground state of solids, or even inducing a quantum phase transition which is one of the kernel issues in studies of SCESs. In this brief review, we will describe the progress in high pressure studies on the RB6 based on our knowledge and research interests, mainly focusing on the pressure-induced phenomena in YbB6 and SmB6, especially on the quantum phase transitions and their connections with the valence state of the rareearth ions. Moreover, some related high-pressure results obtained from CeB6 and EuB6 are also included. Finally, a summary is given in the conclusions and perspectives section.

The study was focused on the influence of small amounts of rareearth (RE=La, Ce, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb) addition on the microstructure, phase content and magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite bulk materials. The X-Ray diffraction measurements confirmed the formation of the spinel structure but also the presence of secondary phases of RE oxides or orthoferrite in small percentages (up to 3%). Density measurements obtained by Archimedes method revealed a ~1 g cm{sup −3} decrease for the RE doped cobalt ferrite samples compared with stoichiometric one. Both the Mössbauer and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrocopy analysis results confirmed the formation of the spinel phase. The saturation magnetization and coercive field values of the doped samples obtained by Vibrating Sample Magnetometry were close to those of the pure cobalt ferrite. For magnetostrictive property studies the samples were analyzed using the strain gauge method. Higher maximum magnetostriction coefficients were found for the Ho, Ce, Sm and Yb doped cobalt ferrite bulk materials as related to the stoichiometric CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} sample. Moreover, improved strain derivative was observed for these samples but at higher magnetic fields due to the low increase of the coercive field values for doped samples. - Highlights: • Substitution by a large number of rareearth elements was investigated. • First reported results on magnetostriction measurements of RE doped cobalt ferrite. • The doped samples presented an increased porosity and a decreased grain size. • Increased magnetostrctive response was observed for several doped samples.

The Bear Lodge Mountains are a small northerly trending range approximately 16 km northwest of the Black Hills in the northeast corner of Wyoming. Thorium and rare-earth deposits occur over an area of 16 km 2 in the southern part of these mountains. These deposits occur in the core of the Bear Lodge dome in a large multiple intrusive body made up principally of trachyte and phonolite. Two types of deposits are recognized: disseminated deposits and veins. The disseminated deposits are made up of altered igneous rocks cut by numerous crisscrossing veinlets. The disseminated deposits contain thorium and rare-earth minerals in a matrix consisting principally of potassium feldspar, quartz, and iron and manganese oxides. Total rare-earth content of these deposits is about 27 times that of the thorium content. The general size and shape of the disseminated deposits were outlined by making a radiometric map using a scintillation counter of the entire Bear Lodge core, an area of approximately 30 km 2 . The most favorable part of this area, which was outlined by the 40 countJs (count-per-second) isograd on the radiometric map, was sampled in detail. A total of 341 samples were taken over an area of 10.6 km 2 and analyzed for as many as 60 elements. Rareearths and thorium are the principal commodities of interest in these deposits. Total rare-earth content of these samples ranged from 47 to 27,145 ppm (parts per million), and the thorium content from 9.3 to 990 ppm. The amount of total rareearths of individual samples shows little correlation with that of thorium. Contour maps were constructed using the analytical data for total rareearths, thorium, uranium, and potassium. The total rare-earth and thorium maps can be used to define the size of the deposits based on what cut-off grade may be needed during mining. The size is large as the 2,000 ppm total rare-earth isograd encloses several areas that total 3.22 km 2 in size, and the 200 ppm thorium isograd encloses several

On the basis of the description of the rare-earth countercurrent extraction process, the on-line detecting method and equipments of rare-earth elements and the application in the process of the rare-earth countercurrent extraction are summarized. The procedure simulation of the computer, the automation control method and its current application are also mentioned in the process of rare-earth countercurrent extraction. The method of soft sensor is proposed. Optimal control method based on object-oriented rare-earth countercurrent extraction process and integrated automation system composed of process management system and process control system are presented, which are the developing direction of the automation of rare-earth countercurrent extraction process.

Rareearth elements are very important in the field of radioanalytical chemistry, for it must be separated and determined in the measurements of burn-up and fission yield. High performance liquid chromatography has become a main method in the separation of rareearth elements due to its obvious advantages, this is, high speed of analysis, high efficiency and easy automation. The ion exchange chromatography is the main means to separate rareearth elements, especially the cation exchange

Acrylic acid rareearth complex was prepared. Its chemical composition was determined by chemical and elemental analysis, and its structure as well as properties was characterized using IR, Fluorescence and UV spectrum, and its solubility was also investigated. Meanwhile a kind of elastic functional polymer with rareearth units in the side chains was produced. It is confirmed by IR spectrum that the Si-H bonds really react with acrylic acid rareearth.

Rareearth-containing PSBR sheet was prepared by reaction of rareearth alkoxide with quaternary ammonium salt of pyridine modified SBR (PSBR) latex, and then it was blended with natural rubber (NR) to produce rareearth-containing composite elastomer. It is found that mechanical performance can be improved remarkably. Analyzed by infrared spectrometry (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cross-linking densitometry, the relationship between structure and performance was discussed.

Disclosed here are methods for the preparation of optionally activated nanocrystalline rareearth phosphates. The optionally activated nanocrystalline rareearth phosphates may be used as one or more of quantum-splitting phosphor, visible-light emitting phosphor, vacuum-UV absorbing phosphor, and UV-emitting phosphor. Also disclosed herein are discharge lamps comprising the optionally activated nanocrystalline rareearth phosphates provided by these methods.

@@ On July the 4th of 2008, in accordance with "Commodities Import and Export Statute of the People's Republic of China", rareearth export quota for ordinary trade in the second half year of 2008 was promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce of P.R.C. Rareearth export quota in the second half of 2008 was distributed to those enterprises that were qualified for the application of rareearth export quota in 2008.

On June 18,Chinalco Guangxi Nonferrous&RareEarth Development Co.,Ltd("Chinalco Guangxi RareEarth")signed"Strategic Cooperation Agreement"with Yulin People’s Government,signifying that Guangxi rareearth resource and industry integration development led by Chinalco had made a key step forward.Sun zhaoxue,General Manager of Chinalco,Ding Haiyan,Assistant to General Manager of Chinalco and President of China Rare Metals

Molecular hydrides of the rare-earth metals play an important role as homogeneous catalysts and as counterparts of solid-state interstitial hydrides. Structurally well-characterized non-metallocene-type hydride complexes allow the study of elementary reactions that occur at rare-earth-metal centers and of catalytic reactions involving bonds between rare-earth metals and hydrides. In addition to neutral hydrides, cationic derivatives have now become available.

China started to produce rareearth elements (REEs) in the 1980s, and since the mid-1990s, it has become the dominant producer. Rareearth element export quotas first introduced by the Chinese government in the early 2000s were severely reduced in 2010 and 2011. This led to strong government-created disparity between prices within China and the rest of the world. Industrialized countries identified several REEs as strategic metals. Because of rapid price increases of REE outside of China, we have witnessed a world-scale REE exploration rush. The REE resources are concentrated in carbonatite-related deposits, peralkaline igneous rocks, pegmatites, monazite ± apatite veins, ion adsorption clays, placers, and some deep ocean sediments. REE could also be derived as a by-product of phosphate fertilizer production, U processing, mining of Ti-Zr-bearing placers, and exploitation of Olympic Dam subtype iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) deposits. Currently, REEs are produced mostly from carbonatite-related deposits, but ion adsorption clay deposits are an important source of heavy REE (HREE). Small quantities of REE are derived from placer deposits and one peralkaline intrusion-related deposit. The ideal REE development targets would be located in a politically stable jurisdiction with a pro-mining disposition such as Canada and Australia. REE grade, HREE/light REE (LREE) ratio of the mineralization, tonnage, mineralogy, and permissive metallurgy are some of the key technical factors that could be used to screen potential development projects. As REEs are considered strategic metals from economic, national security, and environmental points of view, technical and economic parameters alone are unlikely to be used in REE project development decision-making. Recycling of REE is in its infancy and unless legislated, in the short term, it is not expected to contribute significantly to the supply of REE.

The combinatorial high throughput method allows one to rapidly study a large number of samples with systematically changing parameters. We apply this method to study Fe-Co-V alloys as alternatives to rare-earth permanent magnets. Rare-earth permanent magnets derive their unmatched magnetic properties from the hybridization of Fe and Co with the f-orbitals of rare-earth elements, which have strong spin-orbit coupling. It is predicted that Fe and Co may also have strong hybridization with 4d and 5d refractory transition metals with strong spin-orbit coupling. Refractory transition metals like V also have the desirable property of high temperature stability, which is important for permanent magnet applications in traction motors. In this work, we focus on the role of crystal structure, composition, and secondary phases in the origin of competitive permanent magnetic properties of a particular Fe-Co-V alloy. Fe38Co52V10, compositions are known as Vicalloys. Fe-CoV composition spreads were sputtered onto three-inch silicon wafers and patterned into discrete sample pads forming a combinatorial library. We employed highthroughput screening methods using synchrotron X-rays, wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, and magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) to rapidly screen crystal structure, composition, and magnetic properties, respectively. We found that in-plane magnetic coercive fields of our Vicalloy thin films agree with known bulk values (300 G), but found a remarkable eight times increase of the out-of-plane coercive fields (˜2,500 G). To explain this, we measured the switching fields between in-plane and out-of-plane thin film directions which revealed that the Kondorsky model of 180° domain wall reversal was responsible for Vicalloy's enhanced out-of-plane coercive field and possibly its permanent magnetic properties. The Kondorsky model suggests that domain-wall pinning is the origin of Vicalloy's permanent magnetic properties, in contrast to strain, shape, or

Rareearth elements (REE) correspond to seventeen elements of the periodic table. They are used in high technology, cracking, electric cars' magnet, metal alloy for batteries, and also in phone construction or ceramics for electronic card. REEs are an important resource for high technology. This project targets 16 years old students in the subject "personalized aid" and will last six weeks. The purpose of this project is to develop autonomy and research in groups for a transdisciplinary work. This project gathers knowledge in geology, geography and economics. During the first session students analyze the geology applications of the REE. They begin the analysis with learning the composition in different rocks such as basalt and diorite to make the link with crystallization. Then they compare it with adakite to understand the formation of these rocks. In the second session, they study REE exploitation. We can find them as oxides in many deposits. The principal concentrations of rareearth elements are associated with uncommon varieties of igneous rocks, such as carbonatites. They can use Qgis, to localize this high concentration. In the third session, they study the environmental costs of REE exploitation. Indeed, the exploitation produces thorium and carcinogenic toxins: sulphates, ammonia and hydrochloric acid. Processing one ton of rareearths produces 2,000 tons of toxic waste. This session focuses, first, on Baotou's region, and then on an example they are free to choose. In the fourth session, they study the geopolitical issues of REE with a focus on China. In fact this country is the largest producer of REE, and is providing 95% of the overall production. REE in China are at the center of a geopolitical strategy. In fact, China implements a sort of protectionism. Indeed, the export tax on REE is very high so, as a foreign company, it is financially attractive to establish a manufacturing subsidiary in China in order to use REE. As a matter of fact

To implement ＂Some Opinions of the State Council of P.R.C. on Promoting the Sustainable and Healthy Development of RareEarth Industry＂, regulate and standardize rareearth production order and accelerate the transformation of rareearth industry development pattern, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Supervision, Ministry of Environmental Protection, the State Administration of Taxation, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and the State Administration of Work Safety jointly issued the ＂Notification on Carrying out the Special Rectification of RareEarth Production Order Nationwide＂ and decided to carry out the special campaigns from 2011 August 1 to December 31.

This paper presents an overview of the recent results on upconversion and photoluminescence of rare-earth ions in nanoenvironments. The role of the rare-earth ion concentration, crystal size and crystal phase on the up- and downconversion emission of rare-earth ions in oxide nanocrystals and their underlying mechanisms are discussed. It is also found that the luminescence lifetime of the excited state rare-earth ions is sensitive to the particle crystalline phase and size. The analysis suggests that the modifications of radiative and nonradiative relaxation mechanisms are due to local symmetry structure of the host lattice and crystal size respectively.

Rare-earth metal prices were compiled from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Although commercial demand for rare-earth metals began in 1908, as the alloy mischmetal, commercial quantities of a wide range of individual rare-earth metals were not available until the late 1950s. The discovery of a large, high-grade rare-earth deposit at Mountain Pass. CA, USA, in 1949, was significant because it led to the production of commercial quantities or rare-earth elements that reduced prices and encouraged wider application of the materials. The availability of ore from Mountain Pass, and other large rare-earth deposits, especially those in Australia and China, has provided the world with abundant resources for rare-earth metal production. This availability, coupled with improved technology from Government and private-sector metallurgical research, has resulted in substantial decreases in rare-earth metal prices since the late 1950s and early 1960s. Price series for the individual rare-earth metals (except promethium) are quoted on a kilogram basis from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Prices are given in US dollars on an actual and constant dollar basis. Industrial and economic factors affecting prices during this time period are examined.

The influence of various rare-earth contents on the friction and wear characteristics of magnesium alloyAZ91D was studied. The results show that the wear resistance properties of rare-earth magnesium alloys are betterthan those of the matrix alloy under the testing conditions. Magnesium alloys undergo transition from mild wear tosevere wear. The addition of rareearths refines the structure of alloys, improves the comprehensive behaviors of themagnesium alloys, increases the stability of oxidation films on worn surfaces, enhances the loading ability of rare-earth magnesium alloys, and delays the transition from mild wear to severe wear effectively.

Full Text Available The deactivation of USY zeolites with different rareearth contents due to the coke formed from n-heptane at 450oC was studied. The results show that the presence of rareearth elements decreases the cracking and coking activities, increasing catalytic stability. However, reaction selectivity was not significantly influenced. The greater the rareearth content, the lower the coking rates and the coke contents. The TPO/DSC profiles suggested that the catalytic effect of the rareearth elements promoted coke oxidation.

We study experimentally with submicrometer spatial resolution the propagation of spin waves in microscopic waveguides based on the nanometer-thick yttrium irongarnet and Pt layers. We demonstrate that by using the spin-orbit torque, the propagation length of the spin waves in such systems can be increased by nearly a factor of 10, which corresponds to the increase in the spin-wave intensity at the output of a 10 μm long transmission line by three orders of magnitude. We also show that, in the regime, where the magnetic damping is completely compensated by the spin-orbit torque, the spin-wave amplification is suppressed by the nonlinear scattering of the coherent spin waves from current-induced excitations.

The rareearth element (REE) composition of bioapatite has long been used as a proxy for ancient seawater chemistry and paleomarine environmental reconstruction, based on the assumption of preservation of a hydrogenous (seawater-derived) REE signal. Recent work, however, has begun to question the provenance of REEs in conodonts, emphasizing the importance of REEs released by the lithogenous fraction of the sediment and subsequently adsorbed onto conodont apatite in the burial environment. Here, we investigate patterns of REE and trace-element abundance in conodonts and their host sediments from the Early to Late Ordovician Huanghuachang and Chenjiahe sections of Hubei Province, South China. Several lines of evidence indicate that REEs in the conodont samples were acquired mainly from clay minerals in the host sediment during burial diagenesis: (1) REEs in conodonts show a strong positive correlation to Th and other lithogenic elements; (2) conodonts and whole-rock samples show general patterns of REE and trace-element enrichment that are highly similar to each other and bear no resemblance to seawater elemental concentrations; (3) similar patterns are observed in Triassic conodonts and whole-rock samples; and (4) Y/Ho ratios in conodonts are mostly 90% of REEs from lithogenous sources. Conodonts show pronounced middle rareearth element (MREE) enrichment, a pattern that is unambiguously of diagenetic origin owing to its association with lower Y/Ho ratios. With increasing MREE enrichment of conodont samples, U concentrations and LaN/YbN ratios shift from high to low, and Mn concentrations from low to high. These patterns suggest that conodont diagenesis was initiated at shallow burial depths under suboxic conditions (i.e., in the zone of Mn(IV) and Fe(III) reduction) but continued at greater burial depths, with most acquisition of secondary REEs at later diagenetic stages. Our findings indicate that (1) conodont apatite frequently does not preserve a recognizable

The RareEarth Elements (REE) have a great potential to trace continental input, particle scavenging and the oxidation state of seawater. These REE are recorded in the skeleton of the cosmopolitan cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa. Here we use an online preconcentration ICP-MS method (Hathorne et al. 2012) to measure REE concentrations in seawater and associated cold-water coral carbonates in order to investigate their seawater origin. Scleractinian cold-water corals were collected in-situ and alive and with corresponding seawater samples covering from the European Continental Margin. The seawater REE patterns are characterized by the typical negative cerium anomaly of seawater, but are distinct for the northern Norwegian Margin and the Oslo Fjord, probably related to continental input. Initial results for the corresponding coral samples suggest that these distinct REE patterns of ambient seawater are recorded by the coral skeletons although some fractionation during incorporation into the aragonite occurs. This indicates that scleractinian cold-water corals can serve as a valuable archive for seawater derived REE signatures, as well radiogenic Nd isotope compositions. In a second step we analysed fossil coral samples from various locations, which were oxidatively and reductively cleaned prior to analysis. Initial results reveal that sediment-buried fossil (early Pleistocene to Holocene) coral samples from the Norwegian Margin and the Porcupine Seabight (Challenger Mound, IODP Site 1317) do not show the expected seawater REE patterns. In particular, the fossil coral-derived REE patterns lack a negative cerium anomaly suggesting that fossil coral-REE patterns do not represent ambient seawater. Thus, we suggest that the oxidative-reductive cleaning method widely used for cleaning of marine carbonates such as foraminifera prior to measurements of seawater-derived trace metal and isotope compositions are not sufficient for REE and Nd isotopes in sediment-buried coral

Single-phases of the spinel nanoferrites Zn{sub 0.5}Co{sub 0.5}Al{sub 0.5}R{sub 0.04}Fe{sub 1.46}O{sub 4}; R=Sm, Pr, Ce and La, were synthesized using the flash auto combustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that doping nanoferrites with small concentrations of rareearth elements (RE) allowed their entrance to the spinel lattice. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images revealed that doping with different RE elements resulted in the formation of different nanometric shapes such as nanospheres and nanowires. Doping with Sm{sup 3+} and Ce{sup 3+} resulted in the formation of nanospheres with average diameter of 14 and 30 nm respectively. In addition to the granular nanospheres, doping with Pr{sup 3+} and La{sup 3+} resulted in the formation of some nanowires with different aspect ratios (average length of ≈100 nm and diameter of ≈9 nm) and (average length of ≈150 nm and outer diameter of ≈22 nm) respectively. At fixed temperature, the Ac conductivity (σ) increased as the RE ionic radius increases except for Ce, due to the role of valance fluctuation from Ce{sup 3+} to Ce{sup 4+} ions. La- and Pr-doped nanoferrites showed the highest ac conductivity values, which is most probably due to the presence of large numbers of nanowires in these two types of ferrites. For all entire samples, the effective magnetic moment (μ{sub eff}) decreased, while the Curie temperature (T{sub C}) increased as the RE ionic radius increases. The synthesized rareearth nanoferrites showed promising results in purifying colored wastewater. La-doped ferrite was capable for up-taking 92% of the dye content, followed by Pr-doped ferrite, which adsorbed 85% of the dye, while Sm- and Ce-doped ferrites showed lower dye removal efficiency of 80% and 72% respectively. High dye uptake shown by La- and Pr-doped ferrites is most probably due to the presence of nanowires and their higher Ac conductivity values. These excellent results were not previously reported

Magnetic materials are used in many applications such as credit cards, hard drives, electric motors, sensors, etc. Although a vast range of magnetic solids is available for these purposes, our ability to improve their efficiency and discover new materials remains paramount to the sustainable progress and economic profitability in many technological areas. The search for magnetic solids with improved performance requires fundamental understanding of correlations between the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of existing materials, as well as active exploratory synthesis that targets the development of new magnets. Some of the strongest permanent magnets, Nd 2Fe14B, SmCo5, and Sm2Co17, combine transition and rare-earth metals, benefiting from the strong exchange between the 4f and 3d magnetic sublattices. Although these materials have been studied in great detail, the development of novel magnets requires thorough investigation of other 3d-4 f intermetallics, in order to gain further insights into correlations between their crystal structures and magnetic properties. Among many types of intermetallic materials, ternary pnictides RCo 2Pn2 (R = La, Ce, Pr, Nd; Pn = P, As) are of interest because, despite their simple crystal structures, they contain two magnetic sublattices, exchange interactions between which may lead to rich and unprecedented magnetic behavior. Nevertheless, magnetism of these materials was studied only to a limited extent, especially as compared to the extensive studies of their silicide and germanide analogues. The ThCr2Si2 structure type, to which these ternary pnictides belong, is one of the most ubiquitous atomic arrangements encountered among intermetallic compounds. It accounts for over 1000 known intermetallics and has received increased attention due to the recently discovered FeAs-based superconductors. This dissertation is devoted to the investigation of magnetostructural relationships and anomalous magnetic behaviors in rare

The growth temperature dependence is measured of the magnetic and optical properties of lanthanum- and gallium-substituted yttrium irongarnet films deposited on gadolinium gallium garnet substrates by the liquid-phase-epitaxial-growth method for use as integrated optical waveguides. The magnetization of the film can be saturated in the film plane by a weak external-magnetic field. The refractive index is controlled in a range of 2.192 to 2.204 by the growth temperature, which ranges from 893 to 835 C. Rib waveguides with low propagation loss are also fabricated.

The Kashmar-Kerman volcano-plutonic arc in central Iran is an important mining province and hosts several large deposits of magmatic iron ores. Some of these ores are characterized by considerable amounts of REE-bearing minerals like apatite, monazite, and xenotime. The Lakehsiyah iron-apatite deposits in the Bafq district (central Iran), are hosted by late Precambrian-Cambrian igneous and dolomite rocks. In order to investigate geochemical characteristics of the rareearth elements related to their genesis, statistical analysis was carried out. The Interpretation of these data led to the identification of four different zones as follows: iron ore, phosphate rich, metasomatic and host rock. Chemical analysis of the zones shows high LREE/HREE ratio with a considerable negative Eu anomaly being a characteristic of the Kiruna ore-type. The distribution of REE patterns resembles, but in different contents, indicating a genetic relationship, and a similar source of magnetite and apatite ores that are similar to most of the iron-apatite deposits in central Iran. Two generations of apatite (type-I and II) are recognized, including coarse-grained euhedral crystals (type-I) and fine grained crystals (type- II) present in the matrix. Apatite-Ι shows a heterogeneous pattern which consists of dark and light phases due to variable concentrations of REE and traces of Si, Na, and Cl. The REEs enrichment explains the presence of monazite and xenotime inclusions within dark apatite grains being a result of hydrothermal activity. The final stage of the hydrothermal system was accompanied by gold overprinting with minor iron ore during metasomatism, probably driven from a deep-seated intrusion, usually found along micro-fractures cutting the previously formed minerals.

This work highlights the importance of crystal and chemical studies for understanding the magnetic properties of systems as complex as inter-metallic compounds involving rare-earth elements, uranium, silicon or germanium. With a view of finding new compounds with high Curie temperature and strong magneto-crystal anisotropy, it appears that uranium compounds such as UFe{sub 10}Si{sub 2}, UCo{sub 10}Si{sub 2}, U(Fe{sub 10-x}Co{sub x})Si{sub 2} and U{sub 2}M{sub 17-y}X{sub y} where M is Fe or Co and Y is Si or Ge, are interesting because of the 5f orbital that can form bands through direct overlapping and can link itself very strongly with orbitals of nearby atoms.

The whole-rock geochemistry of a rareearths rich carbonatite dykes that locates at Dulahala and lies 3 km north-east to the East Ore body of the giant Bayan Obo RE-Nb-Fe deposit was analysed. The dyke cuts cross H1 coarse quartz sandstone and H2 fine quartzite of the Proterozoic Bayan Obo group. RE content in the dyke varies greatly up to 20%(mass fraction), which comprises rich RE ores. Light RE in carbonatites are extremely enriched and strongly fractionated relative to heavy RE, but no Eu anomaly. The carbonatite may be produced by mechanisms as follows: the carbonatite magma is directly formed by very low degree(F<1%) partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle, leaving residual minerals characterized by abundant garnet;then the magma arises into a chamber within the crust where they will undergo fractional crystallization, which makes RE further concentrated in carbonatite. The RE patterns and spider diagrams of the carbonatite are identical to those fine-grained dolomite marble that is the ore-host rock for the Bayan Obo deposit. However, the carbonatite is calcic, which is different from the fine-grained dolomite marble in major element geochemistry. The difference is suggested to be resulted from that the carbonatite dyke is not affected by a large scale dolomitization, while the fine-grained dolomite marble might be the product of dolomitized carbonatite intrusive body that might set up a hydrothermal system in the region, which transported Mg from the Bayan Obo sediments, especially form the shales to the carbonatite intrusion.

Rareearths and copper systems were studied using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). The use of monochromased synchotron radiation and improved energy resolution for RIXS made possible to obtain valuable information on the electronic structure in 4f, 5f and 3d systems. Experimental results for rare-earths (Ho, Gd, Cm, U, Np, Pu) were analyzed by atomic multiplet theory based on the Hartree-Fock calculations. The inelastic scattering structures in RIXS spectra at 5d edge of actinides found to be sensitive to actinide oxidation states in different systems. Comparison of experimental and calculated Cm 5d RIXS spectra gave direct information about valency of the 248-curium isotope in oxide. Scientific understanding of processes that control chemical changes of radioactive species from spent fuel is improved by studying interactions of actinide ions (U, Np, Pu) with corroded iron surfaces. RIXS measurements at the actinide 5d edge found to be sensitive to actinide oxidation states in different systems. Comparison of experimental and calculated Cm 5d RIXS spectra gave direct information about valency of the 248 curium isotope in oxide. Scientific understanding of processes that control chemical changes of radioactive species from spent fuel is improved by studying interactions of actinide ions (U, Np, Pu) with corroded iron surfaces. RIXS measurements at the actinide 5d edge indicate the reduction of U(VI), NP(V) and Pu(VI) to U(IV), Np(IV) and Pu(IV) by presence of iron ions. This thesis is also addressed to the study of changes in the electronic structure of copper films during interaction with synthetic groundwater solutions. The surface modifications induced by chemical reactions of oxidized 100 Angstrom Cu films with CL-, SO42- and HCO3- ions in aqueous solutions with various concentrations were studied in-situ using XAS. It was shown that the pH value, the

Heavy rareearth elements (HREE) are dominantly mined from the weathering crusts of granites in South China. Although weathering processes occur globally, no economic HREE resources of this type have yet been found outside China. Here, we report the occurrence of unidentified REE minerals in the granites from South Chinese deposits. They contain high levels of both HREE and light REE, but are strongly depleted in Ce, implying high oxidation state. These REE minerals show higher initial Nd isotope than primary REE-rich minerals (εNd(t)=0.9+/-0.8 versus -11.5+/-0.5). The mineralized weathering crusts inherited REE signature of the granites, but show more Ce depletion and more overall concentration of the REE. We propose, therefore, that highly oxidized, REE-rich fluids, derived from external, isotopically depleted sources, metasomatized the granites, which resulted in Ce depletion as Ce4+ and enrichment of the remaining REE, especially the HREE, contributing to formation of a globally important REE resource.

RareEarths (RE) for agriculture is a very typical application and has already brought good economic benefit to Chinese agriculture and farmers.In this paper, the origin, development, status and the future of RE for agriculture in China were discussed.Firstly, through the researches of RE in the fields of physiological activity, physiological and biochemical mechanism, sanitation toxicology and environment security in 1980's, RE has been extended more widely in agriculture, such as crops, vegetables, forest, wood grass and stock breeding, such as cattle, fish and chicken.Secondly, with using of new techniques that were developed in the "State Ninth Five-Year Plan", the utilization area of RE was expanded to broad agricultural space, such as sunlight converting plastic film, RE fertilizer, RE drought resistant and RE water saving materials and new RE top dressing fertilizer.Thirdly, with the development of the nanometer materials, the techniques and process of nanometer RE materials were focused.Around these kinds of materials, the new seed cover matters, new seed mixed matter and new nanometer fertilizer will appear in the near future, and will produce many updated techniques and improve a new round RE application in agriculture.

Possible signatures of octupole correlations are discussed in this thesis for the rareearth nuclei {sup 148-154}Sm and {sup 152}Gd. Microscopic models suggest the occurence of strong octupole correlations in nuclei with N {approx} 88. The available data on {sup 148-154}Sm isotopes allowed for the examination of signatures of octupole correlations through the study of systematics in this region within the framework of the spdf Interacting Boson Approximation (IBA) model. It was found that properties of low-lying states can be readily understood with a simple hamiltonian consisting of a known positive parity hamiltonian coupled to a negative parity boson, and that multiple negative parity bosons were needed to describe properties at higher spin. Experiments on {sup 152}Gd have been performed at wright nuclear structure laboratory of yale university to extend the investigations on octupole correlations to other N=88 nuclei. An experiment at the moving tape collector allowed for the determination of decay properties of low-spin levels in {sup 152}Gd. To obtain information on medium-spin states, including their branchings, a fusion evaporation experiment was performed at the SASSYER setup. Existing data were verified and knowledge of state properties was extended towards higher spins. (orig.)

Doping Y, La, Ce into barium titanate is found to be able to improve its electrorheological (ER) effect in DC electrical field. The yield stress of a typical doped barium titanate/silicone oil suspension is approximately 3.2 -*7〗kPa at 3.5 -*7〗kV/mm, which is 10 times larger than that of pure barium titanate/silicone oil suspensions. The ER effect increases with the decrease of ionic radius of rareearth (RE) dopant when RE concentration remains constant, and the suspensions exhibit a relatively high shear stress when Y, La, Ce mole fractions are 15%, 10%～15%, and 5%, respectively. Dielectric measurements show that the suitable doping with RE element increases dielectric loss of barium titanate and causes very marked dielectric relaxation at low frequency. By measuring X-ray diffraction patterns of doped barium titanate, it is considered that the occurrence of lattice distortion or defects may be responsible for the change of dielectric properties which results in the improvement of ER effect of barium titanate in DC electrical field.

The rare-earth kagome systems R 3Ga5SiO14 (R = Nd or Pr) exhibit cooperative paramagnetism at low temperatures. Evidence for correlated spin clusters in these weakly frustrated systems has previously been obtained from neutron scattering and from ESR and NMR results. The present pulsed field (0-60 T, 25 ms) magnetization measurements made on single crystals of Nd3Ga5SiO14 (NGS) and Pr3Ga5SiO14 (PGS) at temperatures down to 450 mK have revealed striking differences in the magnetic responses of the two materials. For NGS the magnetization shows a low field plateau, saturation in high transient fields, and significant hysteresis while the PGS magnetization does not saturate in transient fields up to 60 T and shows no hysteresis or plateaus. Nd3+ is a Kramers ion while Pr3+ is a non-Kramers ion and the crystal field effects are quite different in the two systems. For the conditions used in the experiments the magnetization behavior is not in agreement with Heisenberg model predictions for kagome systems in which easy-axis anisotropy is much larger than the exchange coupling. The extremely slow spin dynamics found below 4 K in NGS is, however, consistent with the model for Kramers ions and provides a basis for explaining the pulsed field magnetization features.

The rare-earth kagome systems R 3Ga5SiO14 (R = Nd or Pr) exhibit cooperative paramagnetism at low temperatures. Evidence for correlated spin clusters in these weakly frustrated systems has previously been obtained from neutron scattering and from ESR and NMR results. The present pulsed field (0-60 T, 25 ms) magnetization measurements made on single crystals of Nd3Ga5SiO14 (NGS) and Pr3Ga5SiO14 (PGS) at temperatures down to 450 mK have revealed striking differences in the magnetic responses of the two materials. For NGS the magnetization shows a low field plateau, saturation in high transient fields, and significant hysteresis while the PGS magnetization does not saturate in transient fields up to 60 T and shows no hysteresis or plateaus. Nd(3+) is a Kramers ion while Pr(3+) is a non-Kramers ion and the crystal field effects are quite different in the two systems. For the conditions used in the experiments the magnetization behavior is not in agreement with Heisenberg model predictions for kagome systems in which easy-axis anisotropy is much larger than the exchange coupling. The extremely slow spin dynamics found below 4 K in NGS is, however, consistent with the model for Kramers ions and provides a basis for explaining the pulsed field magnetization features.

Measurements of the linear and volume magnetostriction of RAl2 cubic Laves compounds in which R is one of the rareearth elements Gd, Dy, Ho or Er, at temperatures between 4.2 K and the Curie temperature of each compound, are reported. Magnetic fields up to 2.5 Tesla were applied, and magnetostriction was measured using standard strain gage techniques. Saturation magnetostrictions of 17 x 10 to the -6th, -1420 x 10 to the -6th, 60 x 10 to the -6th and -920 x 10 to the -6th are determined at 4.2 K for GdAl2, DyAl2, HoAl2 and ErAl2, respectively. Large forced magnetostriction is observed in GdAl2 above the saturation field and the strain temperature dependence shows a decrease in magnitude below 40 K. A linear dependence of magnetostriction on magnetic field was observed for DyAl2 above 40 K, and the observed temperature dependence is interpreted in terms of the lowest order single-ion magnetoelastic theory. An observed decrease in the magnitude of the strain of HoAl2 below 15 K is associated with a change of the easy direction of magnetization, while in the case of ErAl2, magnetostriction is observed to occur normally up to the Curie temperature. Large volume magnetostriction is obtained for all the compounds with the exception of GdAl2.

Increasing rareearth element (REE) supplies by recycling and expanded ore processing will result in generation of new wastewaters. In some cases, disposal to a sewage treatment plant may be favored, but plant performance must be maintained. To assess the potential effects of such wastewaters on biological treatment, model nitrifying organisms Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter winogradskyi were exposed to simulated wastewaters containing varying levels of yttrium or europium (10, 50, and 100 ppm), and the extractant tributyl phosphate (TBP, at 0.1 g/L). Y and Eu additions at 50 and 100 ppm inhibited N. europaea, even when virtually all of the REE was insoluble. Provision of TBP with Eu increased N. europaea inhibition, although TBP alone did not substantially alter activity. For N. winogradskyi cultures, Eu or Y additions at all tested levels induced significant inhibition, and nitrification shut down completely with TBP addition. REE solubility was calculated using the previously developed MSE (Mixed-Solvent Electrolyte) thermodynamic model. The model calculations reveal a strong pH dependence of solubility, typically controlled by the precipitation of REE hydroxides but also likely affected by the formation of unknown phosphate phases, which determined aqueous concentrations experienced by the microorganisms.

Full Text Available Twenty-one bottled mineral and spring waters from Serbia were analyzed for 16 inorganic chemical parameters, including lanthanides and yttrium which belong to the group of so-called rareearth elements (REE. REE concentrations in the bottled water samples varied over a broad range, from 5.39 to 1585.82 ng/L. Total concentrations in the bottled water samples were calculated taking into account the classification of lanthanides into heavy (HREE and light (LREE, with yttrium added to the HREE group. The LREE concentrations ranged from 3.62 to 1449.63 ng/L, while those of the HREE were from 0 to 136.19 ng/L. Distinct REE signatures were observed in waters that drained specific rocks. The REE patterns in groundwater from granitic and related rocks showed LREE and HREE enrichment, while groundwater with mafic rock influence exhibited slightly LREE enrichment. Several bottled water samples featured naturally-occurring carbon dioxide, whose solutional capacity contributed to the highest REE concentrations in the analyzed samples. High REE concentrations are also a result of sudden changes in oxidation-reduction conditions, which particularly affect La, Ce and Eu. Aquifers developed in granitic and related rocks (methamorphic and sedimentary rocks constitute favorable environments for HREE in groundwater, corroborated by the occurrence of HREE in bottled water samples. The bottled water samples largely exhibited a negative cerium anomaly and nearly all the samples showed a positive europium anomaly.

A novel pyrazolone pyridine-containing ligand,2,6-bis(l-phenyl-4-ethoxycarbonyl-5-pyrazolone-3-yl)pyridine(H2L)was designed and synthesized from Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid(1),and its Eu(Ⅲ)and Tb(Ⅲ)complexes were prepared.The 1igand and complexes were characterized in detailbased on FT-IR spectra,1H NMR,elemental ahalysis and thermal analysis,and the formula of Ln2L3·4H2O(Ln=Eu or Tb)of rareearth complexes was confirmed.The UV-vis absorption spectm and photoluminescence properties of the complexes were investigated,which showed that the Eu(Ⅲ)and Tb(Ⅲ)ions could be sensitized efficiently by the ligand(H2L)and emit the photoluminescence with high intensity, narrow half-peak width,and monochromic light.The results indicated that the complexes showed potential as excellent luminescent materials.

The neodymium complex supported on styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA·Nd) has been prepared for the first time and found to be a highly effective catalyst for the polymerization of styrene. The SMA · Nd polymeric complex is characterized by IR and its catalytic activity, and the polymerization features have been investigated in comparison with that of the conventional Ziegler-Natta catalysts. When [Nd] = 1×10-3 mol/L, [M]=5 mol/L, Al/Nd = 170 (mol ratio ) and CCl4/Nd=50(mol ratio), the polymerization conversion of styrene gets to 51.6% in six hours, and the catalytic activity reaches 1852 gPS/gNd, which is much higher than that of conventional rareearth catalysts. The polymerization reaction has an induction period and shows some characteristics of chain polymerization. The polymerization rate is the first order with respect to the concentration of styrene monomer. Addition of FeCl3 does not suppress the polymerization.

Measurements of the linear and volume magnetostriction of RAl2 cubic Laves compounds in which R is one of the rareearth elements Gd, Dy, Ho or Er, at temperatures between 4.2 K and the Curie temperature of each compound, are reported. Magnetic fields up to 2.5 Tesla were applied, and magnetostriction was measured using standard strain gage techniques. Saturation magnetostrictions of 17 x 10 to the -6th, -1420 x 10 to the -6th, 60 x 10 to the -6th and -920 x 10 to the -6th are determined at 4.2 K for GdAl2, DyAl2, HoAl2 and ErAl2, respectively. Large forced magnetostriction is observed in GdAl2 above the saturation field and the strain temperature dependence shows a decrease in magnitude below 40 K. A linear dependence of magnetostriction on magnetic field was observed for DyAl2 above 40 K, and the observed temperature dependence is interpreted in terms of the lowest order single-ion magnetoelastic theory. An observed decrease in the magnitude of the strain of HoAl2 below 15 K is associated with a change of the easy direction of magnetization, while in the case of ErAl2, magnetostriction is observed to occur normally up to the Curie temperature. Large volume magnetostriction is obtained for all the compounds with the exception of GdAl2.

Rareearth doped Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) were studied due to high permittivity, excellent electrical properties and have wide usage in various applications. This paper reviewed on the electrical properties of RE doped BaTiO3 (RE: Lanthanum (La), Erbium (Er), Samarium (Sm), Neodymium (Nd), Cerium (Ce)), processing method, phase transition occurred and solid solution range for complete study. Most of the RE doped BaTiO3 downshifted the Curie temperature (TC). Transition temperature also known as Curie temperature, TC where the ceramics had a transition from ferroelectric to a paraelectric phase. In this review, the dielectric constant of La-doped BaTiO3, Er-doped BaTiO3, Sm-doped BaTiO3, Nd-doped BaTiO3 and Ce-doped BaTiO3 had been proved to increase and the transition temperature or also known as TC also lowered down to room temperature as for all the RE doped BaTiO3 except for Er-doped BaTiO3.

Rareearth elements (REEs) are utilized in various applications that are vital to the automotive, petrochemical, medical, and information technology industries. As world demand for REEs increases, critical shortages are expected. Due to the retention of REEs during coal combustion, coal fly ash is increasingly considered a potential resource. Previous studies have demonstrated that coal fly ash is variably enriched in REEs relative to feed coal (e.g, Seredin and Dai, 2012) and that enrichment increases with decreasing size fractions (Blissett et al., 2014). In order to further explore the REE resource potential of coal ash, and determine the partitioning behavior of REE as a function of grain size, we studied whole coal and fly ash size-fractions collected from three U.S commercial-scale coal-fired generating stations burning Appalachian or Powder River Basin coal. Whole fly ash was separated into , 5 um, to 5 to 10 um and 10 to 100 um particle size fractions by mechanical shaking using trace-metal clean procedures. In these samples REE enrichments in whole fly ash ranges 5.6 to 18.5 times that of feedcoals. Partitioning results for size separates relative to whole coal and whole fly ash will also be reported.

Bioleaching offers a potential approach for recovery of rareearth elements (REE) from recyclable materials, such as fluorescent lamp phosphors or degraded industrial catalysts. Microorganisms were enriched from REE-containing ores and recyclable materials with the goal of identifying strains capable of extracting REE from solid materials. Over 100 heterotrophic microorganisms were isolated and screened for their ability to produce organic acids capable of leaching REE. The ten most promising isolates were most closely related to Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Talaromyces. Of the acids produced, gluconic acid appeared to be the most effective at leaching REE (yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, europium, and terbium) from retorted phosphor powders (RPP), fluidized cracking catalyst (FCC), and europium-doped yttrium oxide (YOEu). We found that an Acinetobacter isolates, BH1, was the most capable strain and able to leach 33% of the total REE content from the FCC material. These results support the continuing evaluation of gluconic acid-producing microbes for large-scale REE recovery from recyclable materials.

Impurity components decrease stage by stage in a cascade of rareearth (RE) extraction separation,and adjacent stage impurity ratio (ASIR) which is defined as the ratio of an impurity's contents in the aqueous/organic phase of two adjacent stages can be used to evaluate the capacity of impurity removal for the two stages.On the basis of extraction equilibrium and mass balance,the ASIR in a two-component extraction separation was deducted and its simplified expressions were given for different process sections according to reasonable assumptions.The calculation simulation was then carried out to obtain the ASIR distribution in the cascade.The results showed that in both the extraction and scrubbing sections the ASIR principally increased with the decrease of the molar proportion of the impurity but along with a flat appearing in the purification zone located in the middle of the cascade.The ASIR intuitively exhibits the nmning status of RE extraction separation and purification,which could provide a theoretic guide for investigating the influence factors of RE extraction separation process in practical industry.

The relatively poor efficiency of phosphor materials in cathodoluminescence with low accelerating voltages is a major concern in the design of field emission flat panel displays operated below 5 kV. The authors research on rare-earth-activated phosphors indicates that mechanisms involving interactions of excited activators have a significant impact on phosphor efficiency. Persistence measurements in photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) show significant deviations from the sequential relaxation model. This model assumes that higher excited manifolds in an activator de-excite primarily by phonon-mediated sequential relaxation to lower energy manifolds in the same activator ion. In addition to sequential relaxation, there appears to be strong coupling between activators, which results in energy transfer interactions. Some of these interactions negatively impact phosphor efficiency by nonradiatively de-exciting activators. Increasing activator concentration enhances these interactions. The net effect is a significant degradation in phosphor efficiency at useful activator concentrations, which is exaggerated when low-energy electron beams are used to excite the emission.

We report an initial experimental survey of spin Hall torques generated by the rare-earth metals Gd, Dy, Ho, and Lu, along with comparisons to first-principles calculations of their spin Hall conductivities. Using spin torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) measurements and dc-biased ST-FMR, we estimate lower bounds for the spin Hall torque ratio, ξSH, of ≈0.04 for Gd, ≈0.05 for Dy, ≈0.14 for Ho, and ≈0.014 for Lu. The variations among these elements are qualitatively consistent with results from first principles [density-functional theory (DFT) in the local density approximation with a Hubbard-U correction]. The DFT calculations indicate that the spin Hall conductivity is enhanced by the presence of the partially filled f orbitals in Dy and Ho, which suggests a strategy to further strengthen the contribution of the f orbitals to the spin Hall effect by shifting the electron chemical potential.

The types,morphologies and distributions of nonmetallic inclusions in Cu-P weathering steels with and without rareearth were analyzed through a quantitative image analyzer,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)attached to SEM.Solid-soluble content of rareearth in the steels was analyzed by non-aqua electroanalysis and ICP.The results showed that rareearth modified the types and the morphologies of inclusions in the weathering steels.The small spherical rareearth oxysulfides and rareearth sulphides replaced the elongated MnS inclusions in the RE weathering steels.The rareearth inclusions dispersedly distributed and most inclusions were smaller than 2 μm in size.The optimum content of RE was 0.0065%-0.016% for 10PCuRE weathering steels containing about0.002% oxygen and 0.004% sulfur.Solid-soluble content of rareearth in steels was(14-20)x 10-6,which can act as a micro-alloying element.The corrosion resistance of 10PCuRE weathering steels and Q235 were studied by dry-wet cyclic immersion test.Their corrosion rates were obtained respectively.The polarization curves and pitting corrosion behaviors of weathering steels with and without rareearth were measured by electrochemical methods.The corrosion resistance of Cu-P weathering steels was improved by adding an appropriate amount of rareearth.Less and fewer rareearth inclusions largely decreased pitting susceptibility and rate of pit propagation.The pitting potential and the resistance against pitting corrosion of the RE weathering steel were significantly improved due to the modification of rareearth to inclusions.

Thermal expansion anomalies of R2Fe14B and R2Fe17Cx (x = 0,2) (R = Y, Nd, Gd, Tb, Er) stoichiometric compounds are studied with high-energy synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction using Debye-Schemer geometry in temperature range 10K to 1000K. Large spontaneous magnetostriction up to their Curie temperatures (Tc) is observed. The a-axes show relatively larger invar effects than c-axes in the R2Fe14B compounds whereas the R2Fe17Cx show the contrary anisotropies. The iron sub-lattice is shown to dominate the spontaneous magnetostriction of the compounds. The contribution of the rareearth sublattice is roughly proportional to the spin magnetic moment of the rareearth in the R2Fe14B compounds but in R2Fe17Cx, the rareearth sub-lattice contribution appears more likely to be dominated by the local bonding. The calculation of spontaneous magnetostrain of bonds shows that the bonds associated with Fe(j2) sites in R2Fe14B and the dumbbell sites in R2Fe17Cx have larger values, which is strongly related to their largest magnetic moment and Wigner-Seitz atomic cell volume. The roles of the carbon atoms in increasing the Curie temperatures of the R2Fe17 compounds are attributed to the increased separation of Fe hexagons. The R2Fe17 and R2Fe14B phases with magnetic rareearth ions also show anisotropies of thermal expansion above c. For R2Fe17 and R2Fe14B the a a/a c > 1 whereas the anisotropy is reversed with the interstitial carbon in R2Fe17. The average bond magnetostrain is shown to be a possible predictor of the magnetic moment of Fe sites in the compounds. Both of the theoretical and

In this paper, we present results on upconversion luminescence performed on Yb 3+-doped yttrium aluminum garnets under 940 nm excitation. The upconversion luminescence was ascribed to Yb 3+ cooperative luminescence and the presence of rareearth impurity ions. The cooperative luminescence spectra as a function of Yb concentration were measured and the emission intensity variation with Yb concentration was discussed. Yb 3+ energy migration quenched the cooperative luminescence of Yb:YAG crystals with doping level over 15 at%.

Rare-earth co-doping in inorganic materials has a long-held tradition of facilitating highly desirable optoelectronic properties for their application to the laser industry. This study concentrates specifically on rare-earth phosphate glasses, (R2O3)x(R'2O3)y(P2O5)(1-(x+y)), where (R, R') denotes (Ce, Er) or (La, Nd) co-doping and the total rare-earth composition corresponds to a range between metaphosphate, RP3O9, and ultraphosphate, RP5O14. Thereupon, the effects of rare-earth co-doping on the local structure are assessed at the atomic level. Pair-distribution function analysis of high-energy X-ray diffraction data (Q(max) = 28 Å(-1)) is employed to make this assessment. Results reveal a stark structural invariance to rare-earth co-doping which bears testament to the open-framework and rigid nature of these glasses. A range of desirable attributes of these glasses unfold from this finding; in particular, a structural simplicity that will enable facile molecular engineering of rare-earth phosphate glasses with 'dial-up' lasing properties. When considered together with other factors, this finding also demonstrates additional prospects for these co-doped rare-earth phosphate glasses in nuclear waste storage applications. This study also reveals, for the first time, the ability to distinguish between P-O and P[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonding in these rare-earth phosphate glasses from X-ray diffraction data in a fully quantitative manner. Complementary analysis of high-energy X-ray diffraction data on single rare-earth phosphate glasses of similar rare-earth composition to the co-doped materials is also presented in this context. In a technical sense, all high-energy X-ray diffraction data on these glasses are compared with analogous low-energy diffraction data; their salient differences reveal distinct advantages of high-energy X-ray diffraction data for the study of amorphous materials.

Rareearth compounds as modifiers used widely in modern friction materials can enhance the interracial binding of constituents of materials and improve the comprehensive properties of materials evidently. However, there are still few reports on application of rareearth in automotive friction materials. In order to study the effect mechanism of rareearths in friction materials, a rareearth compound was selected as additive and the effects of materials doped with or without rareearth on friction and wear properties of materials were studied. The microstructure and worn surface morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy and the macro performance was discussed. Worn surface element constitution of materials was analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. Effect mechanism of rareearths on friction and wear behaviors of friction materials were discussed. The results show that doping rareearths in friction materials can stabilize friction Coefficient, lower the wear rate of materials and increase the impact strength of materials. The flexibility and fracture resistance of materials is greatly improved. Worn surface of materials doped with rareearth is compact and the surface adhesion is greatly enhanced.

Rareearth elements include the 14 lanthanides as well as lanthanium and often yttrium. Actually, most of them are not very rare and occur widely dispersed in a variety of rocks. Rareearth metals are vital to some of the world's faster growing industries: catalysts, Nd-magnets, ceramics, glass, metallurgy, battery alloys, electronics and phosphors. Worldwide, the main countries for distribution of rareearths deposits include China, USA, Russia, Brasil, India, Australia, Greenland and Malaysia. The mining and processing of rareearth metals usually result in significant environmental defects. Many deposits are associated with high concentrations of radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium, which requires separate treatment and disposal. The accumulation of rareearth elements in soils has occurred due to pollution caused by the exploitation of rareearth resources and the wide use of rareearths as fertilizers in agriculture. This accumulation has a toxic effect on the soil microfauna community. However, there are large differences in market prices due to the degree of purity determined by the specifications in the applications. The main focus of this article is to overview RareEarth Metals’ overall impact on global economy and their environmental defects on soils during processing techniques and as they are used as fertilizers.

Specific motor designs which employ rareearth cobalt magnets are discussed with special emphasis on their unique properties and magnetic field geometry. In addition to performance improvements and power savings, high reliability devices are attainable. Both the mechanism and systems engineering should be aware of the new performance levels which are currently becoming available as a result of the rareearth cobalt magnets.

State government intensified regulation on rareearth industry during the ＂Eleventh-Five year＂ period （2006- 2010） and had implemented series of control measures, which played an positive role in reversing low selling price of rareearths, prohibiting illegal mining, improving scattered operation and cracking down on smuggling. Through asset replacement,

In order to effectively protect rareearth resource and ecological environment,after consultation with relevant departments,the MIIT compiled the"Standard Conditions for the RareEarth Industry(2016 version)"and the"Administrative Measures for the Announcement of the Standard Conditions for

The studies of our group on the catalytic activities of rareearth calixarene complexes in polymer syntheses are reviewed. Rareearth calixarene complexes are effect catalysts for the polymerizations of butadiene, isoprene, ethylene,styrene, propylene oxide, styrene oxide, trimethylene carbonate and 2,2-dimethyl-trimethylene carbonate.

Rareearths were used to modify the surface of glass fiber in order to enhance the interfacial adhesion and improve the tribological properties of GF/PTFE composites. Three surface modifiers, a coupling agent, rareearths, and a mixture of coupling agent and rareearths, were investigated. It is found that the tensile properties of rareearths modified GF/PTFE composites were improved considerably under the same experimental conditions. The PTFE composites, filled with rareearths modified glass fibers, exhibited the lowest friction coefficient and the highest wear resistance under both dry friction and oil-dropped lubrication conditions. In addition, rareearths modified GF/PTFE composites showed the highest wear resistance under reciprocating impact load. The worn surfaces observation shows that rareearth elements modifier are superior to coupling agent modifier and the mixture of coupling agent and rareearths in promoting interfacial adhesion between the glass fiber and PTFE, accordingly improve tribological properties of GF/TFE composites due to their outstanding chemical activity.

According to the"Economic Operation of The RareEarth Industry in 2013"public notice published by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology,speeding up the establishment of large rareearth enterprise group was placed at conspicuous position.Recently,the Department of Raw Materials,Ministry of Industry and Information

... From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION Certain Sintered RareEarth Magnets, Methods of Making Same and Products Containing Same... the sale within the United States after importation of certain sintered rareearth magnets, methods...