Nursing Test on Professional Adjustment, Leadership & Management, Ethics and Research

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Professional Adjustment, Leadership & Management, Ethics and Research

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Question 1

This theory states that a person becomes a leader because he is born to be one:

A

Great-Man theory

B

Situational theory

C

Charismatic theory

D

Trait theory

Question 1 Explanation:

Keyword: BORN TO BE A LEADER
Rationale: Theories of Nursing Leadership
• Great-Man theory – born as a leader
• Trait theory – develop characteristics or born with the characteristics
o 3 traits of a leader
• P – personality (adaptability, independence, creative/assertive, advocate) ability to adjust to the need of the pt
• I – intelligence (proper judgment, proper decision making, proper communication)
• A – ability – (influence others, respect others, participate and cooperate) Proper way to influence is thru health teaching
• Charismatic theory – becomes a leader because of the charm
• Situational theory/case to case basis
o a person can be a leader in one situation but only a follower in another situation. (eg. becomes a leader in where he specializes)

Keyword: LEAST LIKELY
Rationale: Responsibility can be delegated by a team leader but not the accountability. Command responsibility or Respondent Superior states the master or the superior answers for the negligence of his subordinates in half of his patient who suffer from injury or death.

Question 4

A variable that comes between dependent and independent variable is called:

Quantitative research uses which type of reasoning to generate hunches that are tested in the real world?

A

Deductive reasoning

B

Inductive reasoning

C

Informal logic

D

All of the above

Question 5 Explanation:

Keyword: GENERATE HUNCHES; TESTED IN THE REAL WORLD
Rationale: Deductive reasoning works from a generalization or theory to a specific observation (tested in the real world). Quantitative research uses deductive reasoning to generate hunches that are tested in the real world.

Question 6

Which paradigm of nursing research responds to the human inquiry “How should the inquirer obtain knowledge?”

A

Ontologic

B

Epistemologic

C

Axiologic

D

Methodologic

Question 6 Explanation:

Keyword: OBTAIN KNOWLEDGE
Rationale: Paradigm is a general perspective on the complexities of the real world. Paradigms for human inquiry are often characterized in terms of the ways in which they respond to basic philosophical questions:
Ontologic: “What is the nature of reality?”
Epistemologic: “What is the relationship between the inquirer and that being studied?”
Axiologic: “What is the role of values in the inquiry?”
Methodologic: “How should the inquirer obtain knowledge?”
(Source: Nursing Research: Principles and Methods by Polit and Beck)

Question 7

The leadership is exercised because of the appointment to a higher position is referred to as:

A

Expert power

B

Referent power

C

Exclusive power

D

Reward power

Question 7 Explanation:

Keyword: APPOINTMENT
Rationale: Legitimate/ Formal/ exclusive Power
o Exercise because you are appointed to a higher position

Question 8

Which of the following characteristics do not describe a research problem?

A

Used unauthorized from another’s literary work

B

The topic itself is researchable

C

Generally applicable for use in practice

D

None of these

Question 8 Explanation:

Keyword: DO NOT
Rationale: Characteristics of a research problem
 general applicability and use
 Researchable
 Feasible and measurable
 Factors of a feasible research : time, money, experience of the researcher, instruments, population
 importance to nursing profession
 novelty/originality (Plagiarism/illegal replication – unauthorized use of another’s literary work without any consent or permission)
 significance to nursing

Question 9

Telling the truth is the practice of which ethical principle?

A

Non-maleficence

B

Veracity

C

Beneficence

D

Justice

Question 9 Explanation:

Keyword: TELLING THE TRUTH
Rationale: Ethical Principles
o Principle of Autonomy
 independent judgment or decision making
 in all situation the pt himself is the one who should decide for his own care
 Consent
• respect the decision of the pt
• explain the risk to the patient/SO
• waiver - a legal doc when the pt refuse for treatment.
o Principle of Veracity
 telling the truth to the patient
 #1 the patient has the right to know from the PHYSICIAN (not the nurse)
o Principle of Double Effects
 if the pt is made to choose between 2 equal danger and he only needs to choose one, choose the one that will produce one good effect and less evil effect.
o Principle of Beneficence
 doing good to the patient (eg. providing therapeutic communication, providing privacy)
o Principle of Non-Maleficence
 do no harm
 3 types of Harm
• Physical – negligence by commission
• Mental – assault and battery
• Moral – slander and libel
o Principle of Justice
 Prioritize the needs of the patient.
 To be able to provide nursing care to the patient, provide the nursing process.
 Nursing Process characteristics :
• A – acceptable universally
• B - based patients assessment needs
• C – client focused
• D – dynamics – base on the ever changing needs of the pt
• E – equitable care
• F – familiarity/rapport to the patient
• G – goal directed towards solving the assess needs of the patient (SMART)
o Principle of Respect/Inviolability of life
 Suicide and abortion is violation of this principle

Question 10

Which of the following elements is not included in Frederick Taylor’s scientific management theory?

The following are characteristics of a clinical nursing problem apart from:

A

It reflects something that could be improved in clinical practice

B

It has a potential to change how nursing care is delivered in the unit

C

It is value-laden and involves feelings and perceptions

D

It is a problem that occurs frequently in a particular group

Question 12 Explanation:

Keyword: EXCEPT
Rationale: Characteristics of a research problem
 general applicability and use
 Researchable
 Feasible and measurable
 Factors of a feasible research : time, money, experience of the researcher, instruments, population
 importance to nursing profession
 novelty/originality (Plagiarism/illegal replication – unauthorized use of another’s literary work without any consent or permission)
 significance to nursing

Question 13

Which theory of nursing leadership states that a leader becomes the head because of his charm?

A

Great-Man theory

B

Situational theory

C

Charismatic theory

D

Trait theory

Question 13 Explanation:

Keyword: CHARM
Rationale: Theories of Nursing Leadership
• Great-Man theory – born as a leader
• Trait theory – develop characteristics or born with the characteristics
o 3 traits of a leader
• P – personality (adaptability, independence, creative/assertive, advocate) ability to adjust to the need of the pt
• I – intelligence (proper judgment, proper decision making, proper communication)
• A – ability – (influence others, respect others, participate and cooperate) Proper way to influence is thru health teaching
• Charismatic theory – becomes a leader because of the charm
• Situational theory/case to case basis
o a person can be a leader in one situation but only a follower in another situation. (eg. becomes a leader in where he specializes)

Which of the following leadership styles will be having more risk of negligence of the members?

A

Laissez-faire

B

Democratic

C

Autocratic

D

None of these

Question 15 Explanation:

Keyword: MORE RISK OF NEGLIGENCE
Rationale: Giving excess freedom or liberality towards your subordinates if to lenient in your subordinates, there will be ↓ control and power = ↑ negligence

Question 16

The charisma and charm of a leader is referred to as which power of a leader?

A

Expert power

B

Referent power

C

Exclusive power

D

Reward power

Question 16 Explanation:

Keyword: CHARISMA AND CHARM
Rationale: 5 Powers of a Good Leader
• Legitimate/ Formal/ exclusive Power
o Exercise because you are appointed to a higher position
• Expert Power
o You acquire extra – ordinary skills, talent or ability
• Referent Power
o Charisma and charm
• Reward Power
o + power for the part of the leader
o gives rewards, bonus, promotion, compensation
• Coercive Power
o – power on the part of the leader
o reprimand, suspend, terminate

Question 17

Which of the following leadership is best used during an emergency or intensive crisis?

A

Laissez-faire

B

Democratic

C

Autocratic

D

Ultra-liberal

Question 17 Explanation:

Keyword: BEST DURING EMERGENCY OR INTESIVE CRISIS
Rationale: Autocratic style is leadership is best style during emergency or intensive crisis.

Question 18

Which paradigm of nursing research responds to the human inquiry “What is the relationship between the inquirer and that being studied?”

A

Ontologic

B

Epistemologic

C

Axiologic

D

Methodologic

Question 18 Explanation:

Keyword: RELATIONSHIP
Rationale: Paradigm is a general perspective on the complexities of the real world. Paradigms for human inquiry are often characterized in terms of the ways in which they respond to basic philosophical questions:
Ontologic: “What is the nature of reality?”
Epistemologic: “What is the relationship between the inquirer and that being studied?”
Axiologic: “What is the role of values in the inquiry?”
Methodologic: “How should the inquirer obtain knowledge?”
(Source: Nursing Research: Principles and Methods by Polit and Beck)

Question 19

To be a good manager, there should be a good interpersonal relationship between the leader and follower. This leadership theory is called:

Which of the following characteristics do not describe a scientific investigation?

A

They are conducted to test or develop theories and study advance knowledge

B

Empirical data are not necessarily gathered through human sense but must be based on theories

C

It is planned and conducted in a systematic and orderly manner

D

External factors which may influence the relationship among phenomena is controlled

Question 20 Explanation:

Keyword: DO NOT
Rationale: Characteristics of a Good Research
 Systematic - conduct research in a step by step process or procedure
 Empirical - objective data should be observable/measurable or readily collected using your senses
 Controlled/ manipulated - Methods/tool of controlling is research design
 Critical investigation/fact finding investigation - In order to answer the data is by using facts. Looking for human beings who can give us facts

Question 21

The statement of the future purpose of the future organization that is involved in the planning stage of the management process is called:

Research designed to generate knowledge to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of nurses’ clients is termed as:

A

Nursing Research

B

Clinical Nursing Research

C

Research

D

Ethics

Question 22 Explanation:

Keyword: GUIDE NURSING PRACTICE
Rationale: Clinical Nursing Research is a research designed to generate knowledge to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of nurses’ clients.
A) Nursing research is a systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession, including nursing practice, education, administration and informatics.
B) Correct answer
C) Research is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems.
(Source: Nursing Research: Principles and Methods by Denise Polit and Cheryl Beck)

Question 23

Which of the following describes an inductive form of reasoning?

A

Separation anxiety is common in children. Children whose parents are not in the hospital room will manifest anxious behavior.

B

Most patients are irritable. Unpredictable moods and irritability behaviors of patients are caused by their underlying illnesses that alter their activities of daily living.

C

Mild anxiety sharpens one’s perception and cognitive function. Most students who take examination with mild anxiety have high scores.

D

All of the above

Question 23 Explanation:

Keyword: INDUCTIVE FORM
Rationale: inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories.
A) Separation anxiety is common in children (generalization/theory). Children whose parents are not in the hospital room manifest anxious behavior (specific observation). = deductive reasoning
B) Most patients are irritable (specific observation). Unpredictable moods and irritability behaviors of patients are caused by their underlying illnesses that alter their activities of daily living (generalization/theory). = inductive reasoning
C) Mild anxiety sharpens one’s perception and cognitive function (generalization/theory). Most students who take examination with mild anxiety have high scores (specific observation). = deductive reasoning

The head nurse in the unit is consistent in her decisions and compels the group to follow her. She performs decision making without asking or getting any inputs from her members. Which type of leadership is the head nurse following?