It’s almost become scripture in the investing world that actively managed mutual funds can’t beat index funds or exchange traded funds that track benchmarks.

While that might be mostly true, there are exceptions, of course. The T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund
TRBCX, -0.42%
has outperformed its benchmark for decades. Larry Puglia, who has run the fund since 1993, talked to MarketWatch about his investment strategy and several stocks he favors.

Pushback against fees

An argument against active management is cost. A typical actively managed fund can have annual management fees north of 1% of assets. Some have sales charges for certain classes of shares and/or high minimums for lower-cost share classes. Some funds/share classes have additional 12b-1 “distribution fees.” Some classes of actively managed funds or share classes are only available through an investment adviser, who can easily charge you 1% on top of the fund’s own expenses.

‘People question active management, but so far it has worked out well for us.’
Larry Puglia, manager of the T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund

Meanwhile, there has been a race to the bottom in terms of fees for some of the largest index ETFs. The SPDR S&P 500 ETF
SPY, +0.24%
has an annual expense ratio of only 0.09%, while the Vanguard S&P 500 ETF
VOO, +0.23%
has even lower annual expenses of 0.04%, according to Morningstar. [That’s 4 basis points. One percent is equal to 100 basis points.]

During the bull market that has lifted all broad-index boats, the low-cost index-fund strategy has seemed to be a no-brainer, especially if your alternative in a 401(k) account is high-cost target-date funds. But there are still investors who believe a good manager can mitigate downside risk while maximizing upside capture when compared with a benchmark index.

Consistent outperformer

The T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund has $57.1 billion in assets and has had a remarkable record for beating its benchmark, the Russell 1000 Growth Index
RLG, -0.40%
and measures up even better against the S&P 500
SPX, +0.24%
(including reinvested dividends).

The fund has two share classes. The retail shares
TRBCX, -0.42%
have annual expenses of 0.70% (considered “low” by Morningstar) and the institutional shares
TBCIX, -0.42%
have annual expenses of 0.57%. The fund has a five-star rating (the highest) from Morningstar.

Here are comparisons of total returns for the T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund’s retail shares (after expenses) to those of the two indexes:

Annualized total returns through Feb. 8, 2019:

Time period

T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund

Russell 1000 Growth Index

S&P 500

3 years

23.2%

19.1%

15.8%

5 years

13.8%

12.9%

10.8%

10 years

17.9%

16.2%

14.4%

15 years

10.2%

9.1%

8.1%

20 years

7.6%

5.4%

6.0%

25 years

10.7%

9.3%

9.4%

Source: FactSet

So the fund beat both indexes by considerable margins for all of the long-term periods. And comparisons to the index ETFs would be even more favorable, because the ETFs have fees, however small.

For some periods, the fund’s ourperformance, on an average annualized basis, may not look significant, but the differences add up over long periods. Here’s a comparison of 15-year total returns:

FactSet

Here’s an edited version of Puglia’s interview with MarketWatch:

MarketWatch: How can a fund with $57 billion that holds 122 stocks [as of Dec. 31] avoid being a “closet indexer” and outperform the indexes so consistently? [A “closet indexer” refers to funds that adhere closely to their benchmarks for fear of underperforming.]

Larry Puglia, manager of the T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund: You can own 120 names but still have investments that are quite differentiated from the benchmark. There are a lot of large companies in the benchmark that we have not owned at all. AT&T
T, +0.52%
is one; General Electric
GE, +0.90%
is one we have not owned for five or six years. Conversely, we have held Danaher
DHR, +0.08%
in pretty good size for 25 years.

There have been times when the top positions in the fund have had fairly significant weights. The top 20 names in the portfolio have made up generally 40% of the assets. [As of Dec. 31, the fund was even more concentrated, with the top 10 positions making up 45% of the portfolio. They are listed below.]

At one point we had 10% in Apple
AAPL, +0.57%
We have had more than 10% in Amazon
AMZN, +0.68%
recently, but that is unusual. When you put several 5% positions together, you can have some concentration in a portfolio.

T. Rowe Price

Larry Puglia

MarketWatch: Can you describe your approach to selecting stocks?

Puglia: When we launched this product, we considered calling it the quality growth fund. A blue-chip growth company is one that can generate durable earnings and free cash growth. That typically comes form three things:

A leading market position — number one or two by market share.

Management that knows how to allocate capital — if management does not know how to allocate the excess capital it generates, it will soon run aground.

The third thing we look for is strong financial fundamentals, principally a high return on invested capital.

MarketWatch: How do you feel about stock buybacks? Is over-enthusiasm for buybacks causing some companies to underinvest?

Some companies that have been fairly aggressive in buying stock back have also treated employees well and invested in their business to generate growth. Buybacks are a tool that can be employed sub-optimally or very wisely. Some of the best investments we have had have not only bought back stock, they have done so opportunistically. Many have also increased dividends over time and invested wisely. Some of these companies tend to look out for all their constituents.

UnitedHealth
UNH, +0.18%
and Microsoft
MSFT, +0.76%
are great examples of companies that have bought back a lot of stock and are outstanding corporate citizens. They have invested intelligently in their communities and have high rates of employee satisfaction.

In hindsight, when a stock is down, you find a company was buying shares at a high price and stopped at low prices.

Boeing
BA, +0.58%
is another example that is considered a high-quality company that is a very consistent repuchaser of stock. [Boeing was the T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund’s fourth-largest investment as of Dec. 31.]

We find companies all the time making more mistakes acquiring companies at high prices than reinvesting money or buying back stock.

MarketWatch: Have you done any repositioning over the past year in light of the return to volatility?

Puglia: Our overall turnover rate would indicate we didn’t do anything noteworthy or dramatic. Our turnover is in the low 30s, well below our pears. [A 33% turnover, for example, means a third of a portfolio would be changed in the course of a year.]

Today the U.S. economy seems to be doing rather well, but global economies have slowed and run the risk of further slowing. We have had to be mindful of that. We have kept close track of interest rates.

Financials have been one of the most challenging areas. There is not much of a financial weighting in the Russell 1000 Growth benchmark. That is challenging for us because we have an overweight position in financials. We still see significant value there.

There are a lot of cross-currents in this market. There are certainly a number of risks to growth. For large internet stocks, the level of regulatory risk has gone up and we have had to be mindful of that also. We have stuck with Facebook
FB, +0.28%
and added to that and were heartened when earnings came through. Both the quality and quantity of user growth came through.

If you put risks in buckets, you have China, world economic growth and interest rates and then regulatory scrutiny. Those are pretty important risk areas we have monitored.

MarketWatch: What actions have you taken while assessing these risks and opportunities from recent volatility?

Puglia: We have been active buyers of things like Boeing, UnitedHealth, Facebook and even Alphabet
GOOG, +0.15%GOOGL, +0.07%
[Google’s holding company]. We’ve been a net buyer of technology — not so much in the semiconductor space, but more in software.

Puglia: We have been pretty clear for the life of the fund that we are not especially interested in industries that are deeply cyclical or fragmented, where most participants don’t earn their cost of capital. We are very supportive of Michael Porter’s work on sustainable competitive advantages.

You look for industries and then companies with high barriers to entry. It is very difficult to manufacture aircraft, for example. Another example is cloud processing, including Amazon Web Services. We think there are high barriers to entering that business.

The companies have built so much scale, it will be very difficult for others to compete with Amazon Web Services or Microsoft’s Azure.

We look for companies with power in relations with suppliers or customers. I would argue a company like Amazon has developed a good amount of power with suppliers and customers.

MarketWatch: What about Apple — are you still holding the stock?

Puglia: Yes, but I am not as enthusiastic about it as I am about other names we have discussed. We had owned Apple in great size. At one time it was more than 10% of the fund, but we are not as enamored with it at this time.

After Steve Job died [in October 2011], we told clients that we would have to monitor the company very carefully because it was possible they would not innovate as well as they did in the past, particularly in the area of smartphones with big screens. Apple fell behind in innovation. That was when we sold a lot of our stock. We later became aware the smartphone market was maturing, especially in China, where it become clear consumers wouldn’t be wanting to pay $800 to $1,000 for a new smartphone. Competitors were providing good phones for $400 to $500.

MarketWatch: Are there any opportunities you believe the market is overlooking?

Puglia: We think people are still not paying enough attention to some of the durable growers. Growth has outperformed value, so there is a real tendency to think there has to be a reversion. There could be, but there are stocks that aren’t necessarily growth stocks — UnitedHealth and Microsoft or Honeywell
HON, +0.15%
or Dollar General
DG, +0.14%
or Boeing.

It can be the type of market where it is not a rising tide lifting all boats. Companies that are growing nicely can continue to perform reasonably well.

When we look at where there are really cheap stocks — energy is an area where we are tempted but we do not make a big commitment to energy.

MarketWatch: Any parting thoughts?

Puglia: People question active management, but so far it has worked out well for us.

Fund holdings

Here are the 10 largest holdings of the T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund as of Dec. 31:

Philip
van Doorn

Philip van Doorn covers various investment and industry topics. He has previously worked as a senior analyst at TheStreet.com. He also has experience in community banking and as a credit analyst at the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York.

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