Bird evolution flies out the window

Carl Wieland talks with anatomist [Retired 2000] Professor David Menton, who reveals
some exciting new thoughts on that controversial ‘early bird’, Archaeopteryx

Editor’s note: As Creation magazine has been continuously published since 1978, we
are publishing some of the articles from the archives for historical interest, such as this. For teaching and
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Dr David Menton is Associate Professor of Anatomy at the Washington University School
of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri. Dr Carl Wieland talks with him, and he reveals
some fascinating new thoughts on that controversial ‘early bird’, Archaeopteryx.
[See fossil of Archaeopteryx]

CW: Dr Menton, I understand that in the past few years you’ve become interested
in scales, feathers and theories of bird evolution?

DM: Yes. Some years ago I picked up a wild bird feather. My area of research deals
largely with the skin and, of course, feathers grow from the skin, so I thought
it would be appropriate to take a peek under the scanning electron microscope, which
stimulated my interest in feathers.

Of course, evolutionists have
long argued that feathers evolved from reptile scales and are thus fundamentally
the same structure—very similar.

Yes—so I became interested in comparing them myself. I had a laboratory technician
at the time who had a ‘pet’ boa constrictor, so I took a look at some
of its scales from shed skin. I was amused that they were, of course, not even the
slightest bit similar to feathers, as these photographs show [see below]. The only
similarity is that they are both made of the protein keratin—like hair, nails
and our skin.

[Ed. note: after this Creation magazine article was written, we came across
evidence that even this similarity may not be as great as supposed. Feather proteins
(φ-keratins) are biochemically different
from skin and scale proteins (α-keratins).
An evolutionary feather expert, Alan Brush, concludes:

‘At the morphological level feathers are traditionally considered homologous
with reptilian scales. However, in development, morphogenesis, gene structure, protein
shape and sequence, and filament formation and structure, feathers are different.’
A.H. Brush, ‘On the origin of feathers’, Journal of Evolutionary Biology
9:131–142, 1996.]

Evolutionists sometimes claim that the fossil creature Archaeopteryx is
the link between reptiles and birds.

In Eichstätt, Germany, in 1984 there was a major meeting of scientists who
specialize in bird evolution, the International Archaeopteryx Conference.
They disagreed on just about anything that was covered there on this creature, but
there was very broad agreement on the belief that Archaeopteryx was a true
bird. Only a tiny minority thought that it was actually one of the small, lightly
built coelurosaurian dinosaurs [small lightly framed dinosaurs].

Did that mean that really they didn’t think it was a transitional pre-bird?

Well, it’s kind of interesting that they found it necessary to draft the following
statement. ‘Conferees did agree unanimously to the declaration that organic
evolution is a fundamental process of biology and we recognize the importance of
the Archaeopteryx contribution to that problem.’ So you can see they
were acutely aware that their deliberations might lead some to wonder whether, in
fact, Archaeopteryx had anything to say about evolution, so they all did
sign this. If, of course, it’s a true bird, it is not the half-way, half-reptile,
half-bird like we've often heard.

Dr Menton, the first issue of our magazine had an article about Archaeopteryx,
which I wrote. At that time everyone was drawing its skull as quite reptilian. I
understand that’s changed a bit?

Yes. The crushed nature of the skull in one of the specimens may have caused the
problem. The general consensus now is that the brain is essentially that of a flying
bird, with a large cerebellum and visual cortex.

Also, in most vertebrates, including reptiles, the mandible (lower jaw) moves, but
in birds (including Archaeopteryx) so does the maxilla (upper jaw).

Evolutionists point out that it does have some characteristics which are found in
other classes, such as reptiles.

This is true, but then it’s true of almost any vertebrate skeleton. There
are also design similarities between reptiles, mammals and living birds too. Birds
have a distinctive, specialized skeleton because, as one distinguished evolutionist
who is also an ornithologist once said, ‘Birds are formed to fly.’ So
was Archaeopteryx.

Much is made of the fact that Archaeopteryx had teeth.

Archaeopteryx was not the only fossil bird to have had grasping teeth.
Some fossil birds had teeth, some didn’t. But how can teeth prove a relationship
to reptiles, when many reptiles don’t have teeth? Crocodiles are really the
only group of reptiles that consistently have very well developed teeth. And of
course even some mammals have teeth and some don’t.

Some evolutionists have claimed that Archaeopteryx was just a dinosaur
plus feathers, in effect. Others have suggested that it’s just a hoax—a
dinosaur fossil plus chicken feather imprints.

Yes, they have—Sir Fred Hoyle, for example. I find that unconvincing for a
variety of reasons. The feathers are not just simply applied to the surface of the
bird. Where they are attached to bone by ligaments, we see tiny ‘bumps’.
So in Archaeopteryx, the primary and secondary wing feathers are attached
to the ‘hand’ and ulna, respectively. And the feathers on the tail are
actually minutely attached to each of the 20 vertebrae. There are also a lot of
small feathers on the legs and body of this bird, and there is compelling evidence
that the head was covered with feathers too. However, when you see pictures
of Archaeopteryx or its imaginary ancestors, it’s quite common for
artists to show a scaly head.

What about the wishbone?

Archaeopteryx has a robust wishbone [furcula]. Some recent fascinating
studies using moving X-rays of birds as they fly show how the shoulder girdle has
to be flexible to cope with the incredible forces of the power-stroke in flight.
You can actually see the wishbone flex with each wing-beat.

Do the feet of Archaeopteryx support the view that it was a dinosaur that
ran along the ground?

No. Archaeopteryx, along with all perching birds, has what is called a
grasping hallux, or hind toe, pointing backwards. Rearward-facing toes may be found
in some of the dinosaurs but not a true grasping hallux with curved claws for perching.

Your pictures below, under the scanning electron microscope, show the tremendous
difference between feathers (left) and scales (right) [both magnified 80 times].
But is their development similar?

[Examine the amazing close-up
of the barbules of a feather showing the tiny hooklets and grooves (Magnified 20,000
times, courtesy of David Menton).]

It’s quite different. The most fundamental difference is that the feather
grows out of a follicle. A follicle is a tubular down-growth of the epidermis that
protrudes deeply into the skin—all the way down to underlying bone in the
case of primary feathers. And this tube of specialized living skin produces the
feather inside of itself from a growth matrix at the very bottom. The reptilian
scale has absolutely nothing to do with follicles. All of the scales can shed as
a sheet because they’re nothing but folds in the epidermis, like fabric folded
over on itself, whereas feathers would have to come out of their own follicle.

‘Follicles’ brings ‘hair’ to mind.

Indeed. The list shown here gives 18 very nontrivial similarities between feathers
and hairs. So, if evolutionists really wanted to make a case, they could argue that
feathers evolved from hair, or vice versa. Now, of course, that wouldn’t fit
the evolutionary belief that mammals and birds evolved independently from reptiles.
So hardly anyone gets to know that in fact, it’s hairs, not scales, that are
similar to feathers.

How do evolutionists believe birds evolved flight?

There are really two theories—you can’t test either, of course. The
arboreal theory says that they started up in the trees, and flew down,
and so scales are viewed as having grown longer and longer somehow to promote gliding.
The cursorial theory postulates that the birds really started on the ground
and after vigorous hopping and what-have-you managed to eventually fly up.

Each side is quite certain the other side is dead wrong, of course. Evolutionist
John Ostrom speculates that feathers evolved from large scales on the forelimbs
of dinosaurs and that these long feathers, as they developed, were used to catch
insects! Now, while feathers are remarkably strong for their weight, I can’t
think of any worse treatment than to bang them together to catch insects. Also,
they're an incredibly complex structure to use just for this purpose. And they would
blow the insect out of the way. Birds couldn’t clap their limbs together in
front anyway—they just don't have that kind of a shoulder.

Is there any evidence for either theory?

Not the slightest—and the people who take each view make that point. There
are no examples of living or fossil scales that even remotely resemble a feather.
Archaeopteryx has complete feathers like modern birds.

So how would you sum up your opinion?

The theory of the evolution of flight is not about the birds, so much as
it’s a theory ‘for the birds’.

Dr Menton—thank you.

Similarities between hair and feathers:

Grow from follicles which are tubular down-growths from the epidermis of the skin.

Specialized growth matrix at the base of the follicle which is solely responsible
for growth in length.

Growth matrix part of follicle is the only permanent part of the follicle.

Dermal papilla at the base of the follicle.

Nutrient foramen at the base of the follicle where blood vessels enter to supply
nutrition.

Surface of the shaft is a hard keratinized structure while the centre (medulla)
is comprised of vacuolated chambers.

Follicles and their shafts are oriented at critical angles established early in
their development.

Growing cylindrical shaft slides out of the tube-like follicle.

Follicle extends deep into the hypodermis.

Follicle associated with sensory nerves.

Muscles associated with the follicle provide movement and orientation of the shaft.

Shafts vary with the stage of development showing, for example, different structure
and colouration in the neonate, juvenile and adult.

Shafts shed or mould seasonally resulting in changes in structure and colour.

Sexual dimorphism of shafts under endocrine control.

Growth cycle with a growing and resting stage.

The growth cycle can be initiated at any time by plucking the shaft from the follicle.

In the growth cycle, the old shaft is ejected by the growth of a new one.

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