Ermey has hosted two programs on the History Channel: Mail Call, in which he answered viewers' questions about various military issues both modern and historic; and Lock N' Load with R. Lee Ermey, which concerned the development of different types of weapons. He also hosted Gunny Time on the Outdoor channel.

Ermey was born in Emporia, Kansas, on March 24, 1944. He grew up with five brothers on a farm outside of Kansas City, Kansas.[2] In 1958, when Ermey was 14, he and his family left Kansas and moved to Toppenish, Washington.[2] As a teenager, Ermey often got in trouble with the local authorities, and had been arrested twice for criminal mischief by age 17.[2] After his second arrest, a judge gave him a choice between joining the military or being sent to jail; Ermey chose the military.

In 1961, at age 17, Ermey enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and went through recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego in San Diego, California.[2] For his first few years, he served in the aviation support field before becoming a drill instructor in India Company, 3rd Recruit Training Battalion, at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, where he was assigned from 1965 to 1967.

Initially, he was intended to be only the technical advisor.[4] Kubrick changed his mind after Ermey put together an instructional tape, in which he went on an extended tirade towards several extras, convincing Kubrick he was the right man for the role.[4] Seeking authenticity for the film, Kubrick allowed Ermey to write or edit his own dialogue and improvise on the set, a notable rarity in a Kubrick film. Kubrick later indicated that Ermey was an excellent performer, often needing just two or three takes per scene, also unusual for a Kubrick film.[5]

On December 14, 1994, Ermey played a Sheriff in Tales from the Crypt, season six, episode nine, "Staired In Horror."[6] He also played a role on season 3 of The X-Files. On Mail Call, Ermey discussed weaponry, tactical matters, and military history. Mail Call's subject matter was dictated by viewer emails; one episode focused on an M1 Abrams tank, while others involved World War II secrets, and others focused on elements of medieval warfare. The set consisted of a military tent, other military gear and weapons, and a WW2 jeep.

In the episode of SpongeBob SquarePants, "Inmates of Summer", he voiced an irate warden of a maximum-security island prison who demoralized the inmates whenever he could. In the episode of The Angry Beavers, "Fancy Prance", he voiced the Lipizzaner stallions' instructor, Drill Sergeant Goonther.

In 2009, Ermey hosted a second History Channel show entitled Lock N' Load with R. Lee Ermey, which discussed the history of various weapons used by militaries of today.

In late 2010, Ermey starred in a GEICO commercial as a drill-instructor-turned-therapist who insults a client, in a parody of some of his iconic characters.[4] Ermey also was featured each week on ESPN's College GameDay. His role was to insult the experts' incorrect picks from the previous week. In that same year, Ermey appeared in the Law and Order: Special Victims Unit episode "Trophy" as a paroled sex offender.

Several characters have made references to Ermey and the character of Hartman. In the game Fallout 3, a recruitable companion is named Sergeant RL-3, a modified military robot with a personality very similar to Ermey (the companion's name is a reference to Ermey's initials wherein the 3 is leetspeak for the letter E). In the World of Warcraft: Cataclysm expansion is a character named "Lieutenant Emry" that speaks some of Ermey's signature lines from Full Metal Jacket. In Half-Life: Opposing Force, the drill sergeant from the initial boot camp stage had dialogue and mannerisms very similar to Ermey's character in Full Metal Jacket.

Ermey describes himself as an independent. In 2008, he voted for Barack Obama, but subsequently criticized his policies.[2] Ermey said in an interview earlier in 2015 that he supported Texas Senator Ted Cruz for President. He said, "You know what, I just watched Ted Cruz – I mean, what a tough act to follow. I'm not going to tell you who I'm going to vote for, but I'm going to let you guess [...] and the first two guesses don't count!"[11]

On December 10, 2010, Ermey denounced the Obama administration's economic policies while speaking at a Marine Corps Reserve's Toys for Tots rally, stating that it was difficult to raise money for the charity because "the economy sucks". He went on to say:

“

We should all rise up, and we should stop this administration from what they're doing because they're destroying this country. They're driving us into bankruptcy so that they can impose socialism on us, and that's exactly what they're doing, and I'm sick and damn tired of it and I know you are too.[12]

”

In January 2011, Ermey posted an apology on his website, saying:

“

I regret that I delivered a monologue that was inappropriately critical of the President. My comments were misguided and emotionally biased, and for that I am truly sorry.[13]

”

In spite of his apology, Ermey later told TMZ that he was "fired" by GEICO, which is owned by noted Obama supporter Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway, with whom he made the above-mentioned 2010 "Drill Sergeant" commercial, because of his political beliefs.[14] The insurance giant also removed Ermey's commercial from their official YouTube channel.[citation needed]

Ermey subsequently stated that his anti-Obama views had caused him to be blackballed by Hollywood, resulting in a lack of new film roles for him.[1]

Ermey knows Donald Trump Jr, and stated that he was confident that should Donald Trump become president, "our Second Amendment rights are solid as a rock".[15]

On May 17, 2002, Ermey received an honorary post-service promotion to gunnery sergeant (E-7) from the Commandant of the Marine Corps GeneralJames L. Jones in recognition of his continuing support to Americans in military service.

He has also conducted morale tours visiting United States troops in locations such as Al Kut, Iraq, and Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan, in which he filmed parts for his television show Mail Call. While at Bagram Airfield, he held a USO-type show in which he portrayed GySgt Hartman and conducted a comedy routine. He also did the same at Doha, Qatar and Camp Doha, Kuwait City, Kuwait, in 2003.

Ermey married his wife, Nila, in 1975. They have four children. In Ermey's television show Lock N' Load with R. Lee Ermey, he refers to his wife as "Mrs. Gunny". He is also the official celebrity spokesperson of the youth organization, Young Marines.

Ermey was retroactively awarded the Marine Corps Drill Instructor Ribbon after he retired from the military due to his prior service as a Marine Corps recruit training instructor. Ermey's military awards include:[16]

He provided the voice for a speaking "motivational action figure" depicting him in USMC drill instructor uniform with programmed voice messages activated by pressing a button on the figure. The figures' dialogue comes in two versions, one with (somewhat) family-friendly language and one with "extra-salty" dialogue which includes profanity, the latter of which is packaged with an R rating as a warning to consumers. One of these figurines also appears on occasion on Mail Call, wherein it is often referred to as 'Mini-Lee' by the host, sometimes seen berating a G.I. Joe figurine.

1.
Emporia, Kansas
–
Emporia is a city in and the county seat of Lyon County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 24,916, Emporia lies between Topeka and Wichita at the intersection of U. S. Route 50 with Interstates 335 and 35 on the Kansas Turnpike. Emporia is also a town, home to Emporia State University. Located on upland prairie, Emporia was founded in 1857, drawing its name from ancient Carthage, Emporia is particularly known for its newspaper, the Emporia Gazette, published in the first half of the 20th century by the legendary newspaperman William Allen White. The paper became the widely perceived model of excellence in small-town journalism, the first railroad was extended to Emporia in 1869. In 1953, Emporia was the site of the first Veterans Day observance in the United States, at the urging of local shoe cobbler Alvin J. King, U. S. Representative Edward Rees introduced legislation in The United States Congress to rename Armistice Day as Veterans Day, president Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill into law on October 8,1954. On June 8,1974, an F4 tornado struck Emporia, killing six people, injuring 200 people, on Sunday, March 6,1988 a heavily armed gunman walked into the Calvary Baptist Church during services and opened fire. The 29-year-old gunman, Cheunphon Ji, had no particular target, killing one person, Emporia is located at 38°24′14″N 96°10′54″W in east-central Kansas. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 11.94 square miles. The Neosho River flows along the side of the city. The city averages about 60 rainy days per year,59 days with temperatures of 90 °F or higher. The average temperature in January is 29 °F, and in July it is 79 °F, Emporia is the principal city of the Emporia Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Lyon and Chase counties. As of the 2010 census, there were 24,916 people,9,812 households, the population density was 2,491.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 11,352 housing units at a density of 1,135.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 79. 2% White,3. 2% African American,3. 1% Asian,0. 8% American Indian,10. 5% from some other race,25. 4% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. 32. 1% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.39, and the average family size was 3.08. In the city, the population was out with 23. 5% under the age of 18,19. 7% from 18 to 24,24. 5% from 25 to 44,20. 9% from 45 to 64

2.
Kansas
–
Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ is a U. S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita, Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribes name is said to mean people of the wind or people of the south wind. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous, tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. When it was opened to settlement by the U. S. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided. The abolitionists eventually prevailed, and on January 29,1861, after the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. By 2015, Kansas was one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, corn, sorghum, and soybeans. Kansas, which has an area of 82,278 square miles is the 15th largest state by area and is the 34th most populous of the 50 United States with a population of 2,911,641, residents of Kansas are called Kansans, officially. Mount Sunflower is Kansass highest point at 4,041 feet, for a millennia, the land that is currently Kansas was inhabited by Native Americans. The first European to set foot in present-day Kansas was Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, in 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico, from 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the Missouri Territory. The Santa Fe Trail traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from Missouri and silver and furs from Santa Fe, wagon ruts from the trail are still visible in the prairie today. In 1827, Fort Leavenworth became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state, the Kansas–Nebraska Act became law on May 30,1854, establishing the U. S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. Kansas Territory stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day Denver, Colorado Springs, Missouri and Arkansas sent settlers into Kansas all along its eastern border. These settlers attempted to sway votes in favor of slavery, the secondary settlement of Americans in Kansas Territory were abolitionists from Massachusetts and other Free-Staters, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring Missouri. Directly presaging the American Civil War, these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of Bleeding Kansas, Kansas was admitted to the United States as a free state on January 29,1861, making it the 34th state to enter the Union. He was roundly condemned by both the conventional Confederate military and the partisan rangers commissioned by the Missouri legislature and his application to that body for a commission was flatly rejected due to his pre-war criminal record

3.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

4.
United States Marine Corps
–
The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships

5.
Staff Sergeant
–
Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries. It is also a rank in some police services. In origin certain senior sergeants were assigned to administrative, supervisory, as such they held seniority over sergeants who were members of a battalion or company, and were paid correspondingly increased wages. Their seniority was indicated by a crown worn above the three stripes on their uniform rank markings. In the Australian Army and Cadets, the rank of sergeant is being phased out. It was usually held by the quartermaster sergeant or the holders of other administrative roles. Staff sergeants are addressed as Staff Sergeant or Staff, never as Sergeant as it degrades their rank. Chief is another nickname though this is used for the company chief clerk. A staff sergeant ranks above sergeant and below warrant officer class 2, for further information, see Israel Defense Forces ranks. Soldiers who take a course may become staff sergeants earlier. The rank insignia is composed of three stripes with an embroidered fig leaf, a biblical motif, in the center of the rank insignia. Staff sergeants get a pay raise. A staff sergeant in the Singapore Armed Forces ranks above first sergeant and it is the second most senior specialist rank. Staff sergeants are addressed as Staff Sergeant or Staff, but never Sergeant, Staff sergeants may be appointed as company sergeant major if they are due for promotion to master sergeant. They are usually addressed as CSM in camp, although in the past they were referred to as Encik, the rank insignia consists of two chevrons pointing up and three chevrons pointing down, with the Singapore coat of arms in the middle. However, all three grades of Sergeants all don the same three chevrons insigna, the rank of Staff Sergeant exists in the Army, Air Force and the Marine Corps, and is equivalent to the Petty officer 2nd Class in the Navy. In the British Army, staff sergeant ranks above sergeant and below warrant officer class 2, the rank is given a NATO code of OR-7. The insignia is the crown above three downward pointing chevrons

6.
Gunnery Sergeant
–
Gunnery Sergeant is the seventh enlisted rank in the United States Marine Corps, just above Staff Sergeant and below Master Sergeant and First Sergeant, and is a staff non-commissioned officer. It has a pay grade of E-7, the Gunnery Sergeant insignia consists of two M1 Garands centered vertically between three chevrons and two rockers. In artillery batteries, gunnery sergeants serve as the gunnery sergeant in the headquarters section of the firing batterys 94-member firing platoon. In tank and assault amphibian gunnery sergeants may serve as a platoon sergeant of a 16-member platoon of four tanks or a 39-member platoon of 12 AAVs. Tank and assault amphibian gunnery sergeants are also assigned as section leaders, the company/battery gunny serves as the units operations chief and works with the Executive Officer to plan and coordinate unit training and operations. The Company/Battery Gunny has been described as a hands on disciplinarian, an approximate former equivalent in the US Army would have been field first sergeant. The rank of sergeant in the Marine Corps was established by the Navy personnel act of March 3,1899 reflecting the duties of Marines in ships detachments. The original insignia was three point up with three straight ties with an insignia of a bursting bomb over a crossed rifle and naval gun. From 1904 to 1929 the insignia went to three stripes only over a bomb on top of crossed rifles. In 1929, like the rank of first sergeant, two rockers were added beneath the stripes with the insignia in the middle. In 1937 the middle insignia was dropped, the rank was replaced by technical sergeant in 1946 until restored in 1959, when the crossed rifles insignia were added to Marine chevrons. He should have knowledge of the kinds and quantities of used in those guns. He should have a knowledge of the instructions pertaining to target practice. Gunnery sergeants are men selected from the sergeants of the corps on account of superior intelligence, reliability, at the time of this congressional testimony there were 82 gunnery sergeants in the USMC. Gunnery sergeants are referred to by the informal abbreviation gunny. This nickname, which is regarded as a title of both esteem and camaraderie, is generally acceptable for use in all but formal and ceremonial situations. Use of the term by lower-ranking personnel, however, remains at the gunnery sergeants discretion, GySgt Emil Foley is the drill instructor in the feature film An Officer And A Gentleman, for which Gossett won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. GySgt Alva Bricker was a regular cast member in the television series Major Dad GySgt Victor Galindez, Gunny who helped the JAG HQ investigate crimes

7.
Marine Wing Support Group 17
–
Marine Wing Support Group 17 was a United States Marine Corps aviation ground support unit based at Marine Corps Base Camp Butler, Japan. The Group was disbanded on 4 June 2012 and its subordinate units passed to other commands in 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, provide the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing with organic and deployable aviation ground support to contingencies and exercises within the USPACOM area of responsibility. Later that same year, MWSG-17 was relocated to Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni and that year it was re-designated as Marine Wing Support Group 17 and deployed to the Republic of Vietnam. MWSG-17 actively participated in the Vietnam War from June 1966 until August 1970 while operating from Da Nang Air Base, during this period, the Group earned a Presidential Unit Citation as well as a Meritorious Unit Commendation. In the summer of 1970, MWSG-17 returned home from Vietnam to MCAS Iwakuni, nine years later, MWSG-17 moved to Okinawa, Japan and took up residence at Camp Foster. The Group was disbanded on 4 June 2012 and its subordinate units passed to other commands in 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, organization of the United States Marine Corps List of United States Marine Corps aviation support squadrons MWSG-17s official website

8.
Vietnam War
–
It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades

9.
Meritorious Unit Commendation
–
The Meritorious Unit Commendation is a mid-level unit award of the United States Armed Forces. Army Meritorious Unit Commendation The Army MUC emblem worn to represent award of the MUC is 1 7⁄16 inches wide, the emblem consists of a 1⁄16 inch wide gold frame with laurel leaves which encloses a scarlet 67111 ribbon. The previously authorized emblem was a gold color embroidered laurel wreath,1 5⁄8 inches in diameter on a 2 inches square of olive drab cloth, Service in a combat zone is not required, but must be directly related to the combat effort. Units based in CONUS are excluded from this award, as are other units outside the area of operation, the unit must display such outstanding devotion and superior performance of exceptionally difficult tasks as to set it apart and above other units with similar missions. The degree of achievement required is the same as that which would warrant award of the Legion of Merit to an individual, recommendations for units larger than a brigade will not be submitted. For services performed during World War II, awards will be only to service units. Such service is interpreted to relate to combat service support type activities and not to the type of activities performed by senior headquarters, combat, all members of the unit cited for the award are approved to wear the emblem of the MUC. The emblem is thought of as a decoration for those in connection with the cited acts and is approved to be worn if they continue as members with the unit or not. Other personnel serving with the unit are approved to wear the emblem to show that the unit is a recipient of the MUC, the Army Meritorious Unit Commendation is worn after the Valorous Unit Award and before the Superior Unit Award. Additional awards of the Army MUC are denoted by oak leaf clusters. The Meritorious Service Unit Plaque was originally established by War Department Circular 345 on 23 August 1944, the circular provided units which received the Plaque were entitled to wear on their right sleeves of their service coat and shirt the Meritorious Service Unit Insignia. A gold star placed on the plaque represented additional awards until War Department Circular No,54,1946, provided that additional awards would be shown by placing a gold numeral on the inside of the wreath. In December 1946, the Meritorious Service Unit Plaque was eliminated, replaced with the issue of the Meritorious Unit Commendation, a new design of the Meritorious Service Unit Emblem was approved in April 1947. This replaced the sleeve insignia and was to be effective 1 January 1949, on 11 April 1949, TAG advised D/PA that the stock position was such that it would not be exhausted prior to 1959. However, the level was still so high that it was not introduced into the supply system until 14 July 1966. This award may also be conferred upon units of the branches of the U. S. Armed Forces, and the forces of friendly foreign nations serving with U. S. Armed Forces, provided such units meet the established for Navy

10.
Vietnam Gallantry Cross
–
The Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross also known as the Vietnam Gallantry Cross or Vietnam Cross of Gallantry is a military decoration of the former Government of South Vietnam. Individuals who received the medal, ribbon, and a citation were personally cited at the Armed Forces, Corps, Division, the Republic of Vietnam authorized members of units and organizations that were cited, to wear the Gallantry Cross Unit Citation Emblem with Palm and Frame. The medal is gold in color,35 mm wide and it consists of a Celtic cross with two crossed swords between the arms. The cross is superimposed over a wreath, the center of the cross contains a disc with the outline of the country of Vietnam between two palm branches joined at the bottom. A scroll is on top of the map and is inscribed QUOC-GIA LAO-TUONG, the suspension ribbon of the medal is 35 mm wide and is made up of the following stripes,9 mm of Old Glory Red,17 mm center stripe in Golden Yellow. The center stripe has sixteen strands of Old Glory Red, and 9 mm of Old Glory Red, degrees The Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross was awarded in four degrees, with a basic medal followed by higher degrees which were the equivalent of personal citations on an organizational level. U. S. Marine Corps uniform regulations in 2003, state the recipient should wear only one Gallantry Cross award regardless of the number received, for multiple awards, wear as many authorized devices as will fit on one medal suspension ribbon or ribbon bar. Wear the devices for subsequent awards in order of seniority from the wearers right, the first palm is 1 7⁄16 inches on the suspension ribbon or 6⁄8 inch on the service ribbon. Subsequent palms are 6⁄8 inch on the ribbon or 3⁄8 inch on the service ribbon. Service versions The Gallantry Cross was awarded to members of all branches, as well as service members of foreign. The similarly named decorations were the Air Gallantry Cross and Navy Gallantry Cross and these decorations were awarded under a different authority, with different criteria, and were considered separate decorations. The former Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces awarded the Gallantry Cross to specific units that distinguished themselves to the same level as would be required for the individual award. Regulations for the issuance of the Vietnam Gallantry Cross permit the wearing of both the individual and unit award simultaneously since both are considered separate awards, the Gallantry Cross was awarded to every Allied nation which provided support to South Vietnam. The Gallantry Cross became the most commonly awarded Vietnamese decoration to foreigners, Fourragere The South Vietnamese military Fourragere in the colors of the Gallantry Cross represented a military unit cited two times. It was a brilliant golden-yellow, with red intermixed, Department of the Army message 111030Z from April 1974, established the policy that only one emblem for a unit award was authorized to be worn at a time. This change resulted in the fourragere being no longer authorized for wear, U. S. authorization Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation, U. S. Department of Defense, U. S. The United States military began authorizing the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross in March 1968 with retroactive presentation of the decoration to 1961, the full medal and or unit citation award are both considered foreign military awards and are not issued to Vietnam veterans by the NPRC. John Beal, film and television composer, was awarded the RVN Gallantry Cross with palm, george R. Christmas, USMC Lieutenant General who was awarded the RVN Gallantry Cross with palm

11.
Full Metal Jacket
–
Full Metal Jacket is a 1987 British-American war film directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay by Kubrick, Michael Herr, and Gustav Hasford was based on Hasfords novel The Short-Timers, the film stars Matthew Modine, Adam Baldwin, Vincent DOnofrio, R. Lee Ermey, Dorian Harewood, Arliss Howard, Kevyn Major Howard, and Ed ORoss. Its storyline follows a platoon of U. S, Marines through their training and the experiences of two of the platoons Marines in the Tet Offensive during the Vietnam War. The films title refers to the metal jacket bullet used by soldiers. The film was released in the United States on June 26,1987, Full Metal Jacket received critical acclaim and an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay for Kubrick, Herr, and Hasford. In 2001, the American Film Institute placed it at No.95 in their AFIs 100 Years.100 Thrills poll, during the Vietnam War, a group of new U. S. Marine Corps recruits arrive at Parris Island, South Carolina, for basic training. After having their heads shaved, they meet Senior Drill Instructor Gunnery Sergeant Hartman, among the recruits are privates Joker, Cowboy, and the overweight, bumbling Leonard Lawrence, who earns the nickname Gomer Pyle after incurring Hartmans wrath. Unresponsive to Hartmans discipline, Pyle is eventually paired with Joker, Pyle improves with Jokers help, but his progress halts when Hartman discovers a contraband jelly doughnut in Pyles foot locker. Believing the recruits have failed to improve Pyle, Hartman adopts a collective punishment policy, every mistake Pyle makes will earn punishment for the rest of the platoon, with Pyle being spared. In retaliation for Pyles failures, the platoon hazes him with a blanket party, after this incident, Pyle reinvents himself as a model Marine. This impresses Hartman but worries Joker, who recognizes signs of breakdown in Pyle. Following their graduation, the recruits receive their Military Occupational Specialty assignments, Joker is assigned to Basic Military Journalism, during the platoons final night on Parris Island, Joker discovers Pyle in the bathroom, loading his rifle with live ammunition. Joker attempts to calm Pyle, who executes drill commands and loudly recites the Riflemans Creed, the noise awakens the platoon as well as Hartman, who confronts Pyle and orders him to surrender the rifle. Pyle shoots Hartman dead and then kills himself, in January 1968, Joker, now a corporal, is a war correspondent in South Vietnam for Stars and Stripes with Private First Class Rafterman, a combat photographer. Rafterman wants to go into combat, as Joker claims he has done, at the Marine base, Joker is mocked for his lack of the thousand-yard stare, indicating his lack of war experience. They are interrupted by the start of the Tet Offensive as the North Vietnamese Army attempts to overrun the base, the following day, the journalism staff is briefed about enemy attacks throughout South Vietnam. Joker is sent to Phu Bai, accompanied by Rafterman and they meet the Lusthog Squad, where Cowboy is now a sergeant. Joker accompanies the squad during the Battle of Huế, where platoon commander Touchdown is killed by the enemy, during patrol, Crazy Earl, the squad leader, is killed by a booby trap, leaving Cowboy in command

12.
Golden Globe Award
–
Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama

13.
Staff sergeant
–
Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries. It is also a rank in some police services. In origin certain senior sergeants were assigned to administrative, supervisory, as such they held seniority over sergeants who were members of a battalion or company, and were paid correspondingly increased wages. Their seniority was indicated by a crown worn above the three stripes on their uniform rank markings. In the Australian Army and Cadets, the rank of sergeant is being phased out. It was usually held by the quartermaster sergeant or the holders of other administrative roles. Staff sergeants are addressed as Staff Sergeant or Staff, never as Sergeant as it degrades their rank. Chief is another nickname though this is used for the company chief clerk. A staff sergeant ranks above sergeant and below warrant officer class 2, for further information, see Israel Defense Forces ranks. Soldiers who take a course may become staff sergeants earlier. The rank insignia is composed of three stripes with an embroidered fig leaf, a biblical motif, in the center of the rank insignia. Staff sergeants get a pay raise. A staff sergeant in the Singapore Armed Forces ranks above first sergeant and it is the second most senior specialist rank. Staff sergeants are addressed as Staff Sergeant or Staff, but never Sergeant, Staff sergeants may be appointed as company sergeant major if they are due for promotion to master sergeant. They are usually addressed as CSM in camp, although in the past they were referred to as Encik, the rank insignia consists of two chevrons pointing up and three chevrons pointing down, with the Singapore coat of arms in the middle. However, all three grades of Sergeants all don the same three chevrons insigna, the rank of Staff Sergeant exists in the Army, Air Force and the Marine Corps, and is equivalent to the Petty officer 2nd Class in the Navy. In the British Army, staff sergeant ranks above sergeant and below warrant officer class 2, the rank is given a NATO code of OR-7. The insignia is the crown above three downward pointing chevrons

14.
Drill instructor
–
A Drill Instructor is a non-commissioned officer in the armed forces or police forces with specific duties that vary by country. For example, in the United States armed forces, they are assigned the duty of training new recruits entering the military, Drill instructors within the U. S. armed forces have different titles in each branch of service. In the United States Air Force, they are known as Military Training Instructors, the United States Navy uses Marine Corps drill instructors at their Officer Candidate School, but only Chief Petty Officers called Recruit Division Commanders, or RDCs at their recruit training. Within the United States Army, drill instructors are given the title of Drill Sergeant, the United States Coast Guard gives the title of Company Commander to their drill instructors. The United States Marine Corps is the branch of the U. S. armed forces where drill instructors are titled as drill instructors. Drill instructors are referred to as sir or maam by recruits within the USAF, USMC, recruits in the United States Army must refer to their drill sergeants as such, drill sergeant. The instruction and indoctrination given by the instructors of the various U. S. In the Australian Army, the responsible for training recruits are known as Recruit Instructors. They teach recruits discipline, fieldcraft, marksmanship, service knowledge, each recruit platoon is commanded by Recruit Instructors usually consisting of a Lieutenant, a Sergeant and up to four instructors of the Corporal or Bombardier rank. Members from all Corps in the Army are eligible to become Recruit Instructors, experience as a Recruit Instructor is often a prerequisite to senior non-commissioned appointments in the military. In the Royal Australian Navy, there are Instructors at HMAS Cerberus, where the Recruit School course is held, and HMAS Creswell, each accredited Drill Instructor wears an AFP pin with the wording DI positioned 5mm above their name plate or citations. Drill Instructors are also issued with a black coloured Hellweg brand leather basket weave Sam Browne belt, the Australian Federal Police College at Barton has a non-commissioned officer of Sergeant Rank holding the position of College Sergeant. The College Sergeant carries a pace stick as a badge of office at ceremonial functions. The New South Wales Police Force has a Drill Sergeant and a Drill Constable attached to the NSW Police College at Goulburn, Drill staff are responsible for training recruits in drill. These personnel wear a cord to signify being a protocol officer. The Senior Protocol officer is responsible for dress, bearing and discipline and also is the guardian of NSWPF history, customs, traditions and symbols at the NSW Police College. The Senior Protocol Officer carries a pace stick with silver fittings. The Western Australian Police Force has a Drill Sergeant of the Rank of Sergeant who trains recruits in drill, discipline and he is also the recruit training manager responsible for overseeing the recruits training, ceremonial graduations, police funerals and other events

15.
Mississippi Burning
–
Mississippi Burning is a 1988 American crime thriller film directed by Alan Parker, and written by Chris Gerolmo. It is loosely based on the FBIs investigation into the murders of three civil rights workers in the state of Mississippi in 1964. Set in fictional Jessup County, Mississippi, the film stars Gene Hackman, the investigation is met with hostility and backlash by the towns residents, local police and the Ku Klux Klan. He and producer Frederick Zollo brought the script to Orion Pictures, Parker and Gerolmo, however, had disagreements over the script, which resulted in Orion allowing the director to make uncredited rewrites. On a budget of $15 million, the principal photography commenced in March 1988 and concluded in May of that year, filming locations included a number of locales in Mississippi. Mississippi Burning held its premiere at the Uptown Theatre in Washington. Orion Pictures released the film using a technique which involved opening it in select cities to generate strong word-of-mouth interest. Critical reaction towards the film was mixed, though the performances of Hackman, Dafoe, Mississippi Burning was a modest box office success, grossing $34.6 million during its domestic theatrical run. In 1964, three civil workers who organize a voter registry for minorities in Jessup County, Mississippi go missing. The Federal Bureau of Investigation sends two agents, Rupert Anderson—a former Mississippi sheriff—and Alan Ward, to investigate. The pair find it difficult to conduct interviews with the townspeople, as Sheriff Ray Stuckey. The wife of Deputy Sheriff Clinton Pell reveals to Anderson in a conversation that the three missing men have been murdered. Their bodies are found buried in an earthen dam. Stuckey deduces Mrs Pells confession to the FBI and informs Pell, Anderson and Ward devise a plan to indict members of the Klan for the murders. They arrange a kidnapping of Mayor Tilman, taking him to a remote shack, there, he is left with a black man, who threatens to castrate him unless he talks. The abductor is an FBI operative assigned to intimidate Tilman, who gives him a description of the killings. Although his statement is not admissible in court due to coercion, Anderson and Ward exploit the new information to concoct a plan, luring identified KKK collaborators to a bogus meeting. The Klan members soon realize it is a set-up and leave without discussing the murders, the FBI then concentrate on Lester Cowens, a Klansman of interest, who exhibits a nervous demeanor which the agents believe might yield a confession

16.
Bill Bowerman
–
William Jay Bill Bowerman was an American track and field coach and co-founder of Nike, Inc. Over his career, he trained 31 Olympic athletes,51 All-Americans,12 American record-holders,22 NCAA champions and 16 sub-4 minute milers, Bill Bowerman was born in Portland, Oregon. His father was former Governor of Oregon Jay Bowerman, his mother had grown up in Fossil, the family returned to Fossil after the parents divorced in 1913. Bowerman had a brother and sister, Dan and Mary Elizabeth Beth, and a twin brother, Thomas. Bowerman attended Medford and Seattle schools before returning to Medford for high school and he played in the high school band and for the state champion football team his junior and senior years. Bowerman first met Barbara Young, the woman he would marry, while a school student. In 1929, Bowerman attended the University of Oregon to play football and he was a member of Beta Theta Pi Fraternity. After graduating he taught biology and coached football at Franklin High School in Portland in 1934, in 1935, Bowerman moved back to Medford to teach and coach football. Bowerman married Barbara Young on June 22,1936 and their first son, Jon, was born June 22,1938. William J. Bowerman, Jr. was born November 17,1942, Bowerman had been in the ROTC and Army Reserve, and then joined the United States Army as a 2nd Lieutenant in the days following the Pearl Harbor attack. He was assigned to Fort Lawton in Washington and served a year there before being assigned to the 86th Mountain Infantry Regiment at Camp Hale in Leadville, along with the 87th Mountain Infantry Regiment, his regiment would become the 10th Mountain Division. Bowermans duty entailed organizing the supplies and maintaining the mules used to carry the supplies in the mountains. On December 23,1944, the arrived in Naples, Italy. During his tour of duty, Bowerman was promoted to commander of the 86th Regiments First Battalion at the rank of Major, Bowerman negotiated a stand-down of German forces near the Brenner Pass in the days before the surrender of the German army in all of Italy. For his service, Bowerman received the Silver Star and four Bronze Stars and he was honorably discharged in October 1945. After the war, Bowerman returned to his position at Medford High School, Bowermans third son, Tom, was born May 20,1946. The family then moved to Eugene, Oregon, where he became the track coach at the University of Oregon on July 1,1948. Bowermans Men of Oregon won 24 NCAA individual titles and four NCAA team crowns and his teams also boasted 33 Olympians,38 conference champions and 64 All-Americans

17.
Prefontaine (film)
–
Prefontaine is a 1997 American biographical film chronicling the life of the American long-distance runner Steve Prefontaine and his death at age 24. Jared Leto plays the character and R. Lee Ermey plays Bill Bowerman. The film was written by Steve James and Eugene Corr, Steve Prefontaine, a Coos Bay, Oregon student, is too small to play most sports but becomes a talented distance runner. He enrolls at the University of Oregon in 1969, and meets fellow Oregon Ducks track and field athletes Pat Tyson and Mac Wilkins. With coaches Bill Bowerman and Bill Dellinger, Pre wins three national championships and four consecutive 5, 000-meter runs, breaking the U. S. record in the latter. Prefontaine gains fame as a runner who likes to be out front from the start. In the 5, 000-meter, after leading with only 150 meters to go, after his college career ends, Prefontaine prepares for a rematch with Viren at the 1976 Montreal Olympics. He becomes an activist to help American athletes compete against better-funded international rivals, on May 30,1975, after drinking alcohol at a post-meet party, Prefontaine is killed when his MG convertible flips while driving. After his death, the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 gives athletes more control over their sports governance, Jared Leto as Steve Prefontaine Ed ONeill as Bill Dellinger R. Peyton Field was redecorated to resemble Hayward Field at the University of Oregon. For the role of Steve Prefontaine, Jared Leto immersed himself in the life, meeting with members of the family. He bore a resemblance to the real Prefontaine, also adopting the athletes voice. The transformation was so complete that when the sister, Linda, first saw him in character, she broke down. Upon its premiere at the 1997 Sundance Film Festival, Prefontaine was positively received by critics and audiences, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 59% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 27 reviews with an average score of 6.4 out of 10. On Metacritic, which assigns a mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics. Film critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert praised the film giving it two thumbs up on their television program, without Limits, another film based on Prefontaines life. Prefontaine at the Internet Movie Database Prefontaine at Box Office Mojo Prefontaine at Rotten Tomatoes Prefontaine at Metacritic Without Limits -vs- Prefontaine at Movie Smackdown

18.
Sheriff Hoyt
–
The family uses booby traps and man-traps, such as bear traps and spike traps, to capture or kill victims. The family also owns a gas station, where they sell the meat from the victims as barbecue and chili. It has been confirmed in the comic book series, Jason vs. Leatherface. The inspiration for the family was real killer Ed Gein, whom the filmmakers also based Leatherface on, note, A gray cell indicates character did not appear in that film. Leatherface is the main antagonist of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre films and he is a deformed, intellectually disabled, overweight, cross dressing, cannibalistic serial killer who uses a chainsaw to kill his victims. He lives with a family of cannibals, who are often abusive. Despite this, Leatherface does what ever his family orders him to do, the character was loosely inspired by serial killer Ed Gein, who also wore the skin of his victims, cross dressed, and was possibly a cannibal. His name has been given differently in different films, Chop Top calls him Bubba in the second movie while in Texas Chainsaw 3D, his name is Jedidiah. In the third film, he is referred to as Junior by his family. In the fourth film, Leatherface is called Leather by his relatives, whereas many horror movie villains are sadistic or evil, Leatherface is in fact intellectually disabled and most of the time is merely following the orders of his family. Hansen has stated that Leatherface is completely under the control of his family, Hell do whatever they tell him to do. Hes a little bit afraid of them, Leatherface is also mute, aside from making bizarre, baby-like gibberish and screams, which his family somehow understands. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 is a sequel to the 1974 film. Tobe Hooper said on The Shocking Truth that he wanted to expand on the comedy in the original film. In this film, Leatherface develops a crush on one of his victims and, in one scene, skins off the face of her friend, at the end of the film, he apparently dies in an explosion. Leatherface is later seen in Leatherface, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III which is a follow-up to previous two films, Leatherface, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III, is the second sequel in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre film series. Leatherface is affectionately called Junior by the members of his family, the filmmakers attempted to make the series darker and grittier like the original, but interventions from the MPAA quashed their vision and had them tone it down and change the ending. An uncut version was released in 2003, in this film, Leatherface is given a new family, including a daughter

19.
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003 film)
–
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is a 2003 American slasher film, and a remake of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre. The fifth entry in the Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise, the film was directed by Marcus Nispel, written by Scott Kosar and it was also co-produced by Kim Henkel and Tobe Hooper, co-creators of the original 1974 film. Though met with negative reception from critics, the film was received by fans. A prequel was released in 2006, titled The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, on August 18,1973, five young adults—Erin, her boyfriend Kemper, and their friends Morgan, Andy, and Pepper—are on their way to a Lynyrd Skynyrd concert after traveling to Mexico to buy marijuana. While driving through Texas, the pick up a distraught hitchhiker walking in the middle of the road. After trying to talk to the hitchhiker, who speaks incoherently about a bad man, she pulls out a.357 Magnum, the group goes to a nearby eatery to contact the police, when a woman named Luda Mae tells them to meet Sheriff Hoyt at the mill. Instead of the sheriff, they find a boy named Jedidiah. Erin and Kemper go through the woods to find his house, leaving Morgan, Andy and they come across a plantation house and Erin is allowed inside by an amputee named Monty to call for help. Meanwhile, Kemper goes inside to look for Erin and is killed with a sledgehammer by Thomas Hewitt, also known as Leatherface, meanwhile, Hoyt disposes of the hitchhikers body. After Erin finds that Kemper is missing, she and Andy go back to Montys house, Monty realizes Andy is inside and summons Leatherface, who attacks him with his chainsaw. Erin escapes and heads towards the woods, but Leatherface cuts Andys leg off and carries him to the basement, Erin makes it back to the mill, but before she and the others can leave, Hoyt shows up. After finding marijuana on the dashboard, he orders Erin and Pepper to get out of the van, gives Morgan the gun he took from the hitchhiker, Morgan, disturbed by his demands, attempts to shoot him, only to find that the gun is unloaded. Hoyt handcuffs Morgan and drives him to the Hewitt house, taking the key with him. Erin and Pepper are attacked by Leatherface, who is wearing Kempers face as a mask, when Pepper attempts to run, she is killed by Leatherface. Erin runs and hides in a nearby trailer belonging to an obese middle-aged woman known only as the Tea Lady, and a woman named Henrietta. Erin discovers they have kidnapped the baby, but passes out before she can escape. Erin wakes up at the Hewitt house surrounded by the family, Leatherface, his mother Luda Mae, Hoyt, Monty and Jedidiah. Luda Mae informs Erin that Leatherface was tormented for his life because of a skin disease that left his face disfigured

20.
Stanley Kubrick
–
Stanley Kubrick was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor, and photographer. He is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history, Kubrick was born and raised in the Bronx, New York City, and attended William Howard Taft High School from 1941 to 1945. This was followed by two collaborations with Kirk Douglas, the war picture Paths of Glory and the historical epic Spartacus. His reputation as a filmmaker in Hollywood grew, and he was approached by Marlon Brando to film what would become One-Eyed Jacks, though Brando eventually decided to direct it himself. His home at Childwickbury Manor in Hertfordshire, which he shared with his wife Christiane, became his workplace, where he did his writing, research, editing, and management of production details. This allowed him to have almost complete control over his films. His first British productions were two films with Peter Sellers, Lolita and Dr. Strangelove and he often asked for several dozen retakes of the same scene in a movie, which resulted in many conflicts with his casts. Despite the resulting notoriety among actors, many of Kubricks films broke new ground in cinematography, Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generations big bang, and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film Barry Lyndon, Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, with The Shining, he became one of the first directors to make use of a Steadicam for stabilized and fluid tracking shots. His last film, Eyes Wide Shut, was completed shortly before his death in 1999, Stanley Kubrick was born on July 26,1928, in the Lying-In Hospital at 307 Second Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. He was the first of two children of Jacob Leonard Kubrick, known as Jack or Jacques, and his wife Sadie Gertrude Kubrick, known as Gert and his sister, Barbara Mary Kubrick, was born in May 1934. At Stanleys birth, the Kubricks lived in an apartment at 2160 Clinton Avenue in the Bronx, although his parents had been married in a Jewish ceremony, Kubrick did not have a religious upbringing, and would later profess an atheistic view of the universe. By the district standards of the West Bronx, the family was fairly wealthy, soon after his sisters birth, Kubrick began schooling in Public School 3 in the Bronx, and moved to Public School 90 in June 1938. Although his IQ was discovered to be average, his attendance was poor. He displayed an interest in literature from an age, and began reading Greek and Roman myths. When Kubrick was 12, his father Jack taught him chess, the game remained a lifelong interest of Kubricks, appearing in many scenes of his films. Kubrick himself, who became a member of the United States Chess Federation, explained that chess helped him develop patience. At the age of 13, Kubricks father bought him a Graflex camera and he became friends with a neighbor, Marvin Traub, who shared his passion for photography

21.
Fletch Lives
–
Fletch Lives was released by Universal Pictures. Irwin Fletch Fletcher, a reporter for the L. A. Times, is contacted by the executor of his aunts will. Ross informs Fletch he has inherited his aunts mansion and 80 acre plantation property, Belle Isle, in Thibodaux, upon arriving in Louisiana, Fletch is disappointed to find the mansion completely dilapidated, but nonetheless agrees to keep on its caretaker, Calculus Entropy. Fletch has dinner with Ross at her home that evening and she tells him of a $225,000 bid for Belle Isle made by an anonymous buyer, after sleeping with Ross, Fletch awakens the next morning to find her dead. Fletch is charged with Ross murder and taken into custody, nearly being raped by his zoophilic, necrophiliac cellmate Ben Dover, dovers lawyer Hamilton Ham Johnson is able to get Fletch released as well. When Fletch declines a second, even larger offer for Belle Isle from the buyer, this time presented by realtor Becky Culpepper, he starts getting harassed each night at the mansion. First by a group of bumbling Ku Klux Klansmen, next by an arsonist who burns the mansion down and finally by Dover. Fletch discovers the land on Belle Isle to be polluted by waste and sets out to uncover the identity of the anonymous buyer. He learns the local megachurch, Farnsworth Ministries, is interested in obtaining the Belle Isle property, Fletch investigates the churchs pastor, tele-evangelist Jimmy Lee Farnsworth and discovers Farnsworths daughter is Becky, the realtor who represents the buyer. The toxic chemicals in the soil of Belle Isle is traced back to Bly Bio, Fletch obtains an invoice from the plants manager proving Ham Johnson ordered the waste dumped on the Belle Isle land. Fletch confronts Ham with the evidence at a costume party fund raiser hosted by Ham at his home, Ham admits he polluted Belle Isle out of revenge for the way he feels Farnsworth took advantage of Hams mother shortly before she died. Farnsworth persuaded her in her confused mental-state to give away her valuable land, Ham intended to de-value the land owned by Farnsworth Ministries and killed Ross when she found out what he was doing. Becky is captured by Dover and brought to Hams mansion, and Ham orders Dover to kill her, Fletch creates a distraction by spilling out the urn containing Hams mothers ashes and he and Becky escape. They flee to the Farnsworth Ministries church nearby, interrupting a televised service in-progress, Ham arrives shortly after, intending to kill Fletch, but is shot by Calculus. Afterwards, Calculus reveals himself to really be FBI special agent Goldstein working undercover as part of an investigation of Farnsworth Ministries financial dealings. Back in Los Angeles with Becky, Fletch is thrown a welcome party by his co-workers. His ex-wifes alimony lawyer Melvyn Gillette, whom Fletch despises, shows up offering to all future alimony payments in exchange for the Belle Isle property. Fletch, barely able to contain his joy, happily signs over the worthless, chevy Chase as Irwin Fletch Fletcher Hal Holbrook as Hamilton Ham Johnson Julianne Phillips as Becky Culpepper R

22.
Seven (1995 film)
–
Seven is a 1995 American neo-noir crime thriller film directed by David Fincher, and stars Brad Pitt, Morgan Freeman, Gwyneth Paltrow, John C. McGinley, R. Lee Ermey, and Kevin Spacey, the film was based on a screenplay by Andrew Kevin Walker. The films screenplay was influenced by the time Walker spent in New York City trying to make it as a writer, principal photography took place in Los Angeles, with the last scene filmed near Lancaster, California. The films budget was US$33 million, released on September 22,1995 by New Line Cinema, Seven went on to become the seventh-highest-grossing film of the year, grossing over $327 million worldwide. It was well received by critics, who praised the darkness and brutality of the film, the film was nominated for Best Film Editing at the 68th Academy Awards, but lost out to Apollo 13. Mills introduces Somerset to Tracy, after which Somerset becomes her confidant, Tracy is unhappy with the city and feels it is no place to raise a child. She discloses to Somerset that she is pregnant and has yet to inform her husband, Somerset sympathizes with her, having a similar situation with his ex-girlfriend many years earlier, and advises her to tell Mills only if she plans on keeping the child. Somerset and Mills investigate a pair of murders, the first victim is an obese man forced to eat until his stomach ruptured. The second was a defense attorney who died from both fatal bloodletting and the removal of a pound of flesh. At each crime scene, the murderer leaves behind clues for the detectives, including a word, gluttony at the obese mans home. Somerset recognizes them as part of the seven sins and realizes the murders are related. Other clues lead them to a possible perpetrators apartment, the word sloth is scrawled on the wall. The photos also indicate the killer has been planning these deaths for some time, Somerset and Mills identify a man named John Doe, who has checked out several library books on the deadly sins. Doe flees when they go to his apartment, and Mills gives chase, Doe eventually corners Mills and holds him at gunpoint, but after a few moments, turns and escapes. At Does apartment, they find hundreds of handwritten journals showing Does apparent psychopathy and they find lust written on the door. The word pride is written on her wall, shortly after, as Somerset and Mills return to the police station, they are approached by a man covered in blood, surrendering himself. Mills recognizes him as Doe and arrests him and they discover Doe has been removing the skin on his fingers to avoid leaving behind prints, the blood on him is from a yet-to-be-identified victim. Somerset is wary, but Mills agrees, the two detectives, following Does directions, drive him to a remote desert location

23.
Army men
–
Army Man redirects here, for the comedy magazine see Army Man. For the video game series see Army Men, Army men, or plastic soldiers, are simple toy soldiers that are about 5 cm tall and most commonly molded from green or other colored relatively unbreakable plastic. Unlike the more expensive toy soldiers available in shops, army men are sold at low prices in discount stores, supermarkets. Also unlike many toy soldiers, army men are sold unpainted and almost always dressed in military uniforms. Army men are sold in bags or buckets, and often include different colors such as green, tan, or gray. They are equipped with a variety of weapons, typically from World War II to the current era and these include rifles, machine guns, submachine guns, sniper rifles, pistols, grenades, flamethrowers, and bazookas. They may also have radio men, minesweepers, and men armed with bayonets, the traditional helmets are the older M1 pot style that were given to US soldiers during the middle to late 20th Century. Army men are sometimes packaged with additional accessories including tanks, jeeps, armed hovercraft, half-tracks, artillery, helicopters, jets and their vehicles are usually manufactured in a smaller scale, to save on production and packaging costs. Army men are considered toys and not models, due to this fact, the first American plastic toy soldiers were made by Bergen Toy & Novelty Co. in 1938. Beton also acquired the molds of another pre-war plastic figure company, the Beton figures were painted like metal figures and sold the same as their metal brethren, individually or in a boxed set of around seven figures. Following World War II, Beton modified their figures in an attempt to change the World War I type helmet into the World War II one. Following World War II, plastic manufacture was seen as an industry with growth potential with many old, Army men following the war were sold unpainted, usually in a green colour corresponding to United States Army uniforms in World War II. Plastic figures were sold en masse in clear plastic bags with an illustrated header card in different sizes and prices since the early 1950s. Beginning in the early 1950s, Louis Marx and Company sold boxed sets of figures and accessories called playsets, such as US Army Training Center, in 1965, a D-Day Marx set featured Allies such as French, British, and Russians. During the Vietnam War, sales and availability of military toys began to decline alongside the unpopularity of the war, since 1975 many manufacturers of plastic soldiers in Europe and USA closed, for example John Hill & Company, Reamsa, Louis Marx and Company, Dinky Toys. Today most army men are made inexpensively in China and do not include the extensive accessories that were common in Marx playsets and they are also smaller on average, often not much more than 2.5 cm high. Most of these figures are generic imitations of model figure sets from such companies as Airfix, in addition to army men, other inexpensive, plastic toy figures are also commonly available. Toy cowboys and Indians, farm sets, spacemen, knights, dinosaurs, firemen, police officers, for many American boys, playing with army men is almost a rite of passage

24.
Toy Story
–
Toy Story is a 1995 American computer-animated buddy comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It was directed by John Lasseter in his debut, Toy Story was the first feature-length computer-animated film. The screenplay was written by Joss Whedon, Andrew Stanton, Joel Cohen and Alec Sokolow, based on a story by Lasseter, Pete Docter, Stanton, the film features music by Randy Newman, and was executive-produced by Steve Jobs and Edwin Catmull. Lasseter, Stanton and Docter wrote early story treatments which were out by Disney. The studio, then consisting of a small number of employees. Released in theaters on November 22,1995, Toy Story was the film on its opening weekend. The film was acclaimed by critics, who praised the animations technical innovation, the wit and thematic sophistication of the screenplay. It is now considered by critics to be one of the best animated films ever made. It was inducted into the National Film Registry as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant in 2005, Green army men, led by Sarge, spy on the party and report the results to the others via baby monitors. Buzz impresses the other toys with his various features, and Andy begins to favor him, as Andy prepares for a family outing at Pizza Planet, his mother allows him to bring only one toy along. Fearing Andy will choose Buzz, Woody attempts to him behind a desk. Before they can exact punishment, Andy takes Woody instead and leaves for Pizza Planet, when the family stops for gas, Woody finds that Buzz has hitched a ride on the car as well, and the two fight, only to find the family has left without them. Woody attempts to escape from Sids house, but Buzz, finally discovering he is a toy, Sid plans to launch Buzz on a firework rocket, but his plans are delayed by a thunderstorm. Woody tells Buzz about the joy he can bring to Andy as a toy, Woody and Buzz then leave Sids house just as Andy and his family drive away toward their new home. The duo tries to make it to the truck, but Sids dog, Scud, sees them. Buzz gets left behind, and Woody tries rescuing him with Andys RC car, having evaded Scud, Buzz and RC pick up Woody and continue after the truck. Upon seeing Woody and Buzz together on RC, the other realize their mistake and try to help them get back aboard but RCs batteries become depleted. Woody ignites the rocket on Buzzs back and manages to throw RC into the truck before they soar into the air

25.
Rocket Power
–
Rocket Power is an American animated television series created by Arlene Klasky and Gabor Csupo, the creators of Rugrats. The series ran on Nickelodeon for four seasons from 1999 to 2004, the show mainly revolves around four friends and their daily lives of playing extreme sports, surfing, and getting into various situations. The series is set in the town of Ocean Shores. In most episodes, they get involved in competitions, but end up learning that their friendship is more important than winning, a VHS tape entitled Maxing Out was released containing five episodes. In 2004, Nickelodeon released four episodes of the series on the Island of the Menehune DVD, other episodes were featured on Nickelodeon compilation DVDs such as Nicktoons Christmas, Nicktoons Halloween, and Nickstravaganza 2. In 2014, Nickelodeon released all four seasons of the series on DVD via Amazon MOD service, Rocket Power premiered on Nickelodeon on August 16,1999, and its final episode aired on July 30,2004. The series continued airing reruns on Nick until 2007, as part of the Nick on CBS block, it aired on CBS from 2002 to 2005. Nicktoons aired the series from 2002 to 2010, Nick GAS also aired the series from 2003 to 2005. The series currently reruns on TeenNicks block The Splat since 2014. S, midwest in spring 2002, before being canceled over low ticket sales. Even with the success of the show, there is no spin-off planned. The soundtrack album to Rocket Power was released on February 6,2002 and it is officially the soundtrack to the television film Rocket Power, Race Across New Zealand. com Rocket Power at the Big Cartoon DataBase

26.
SpongeBob SquarePants
–
SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. The series chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character, the series popularity has made it a media franchise, as well as the highest rated series to ever air on Nickelodeon, and the most distributed property of MTV Networks. As of 2015, the franchise has generated $12 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon. Many of the ideas for the series originated in an educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone. SpongeBob was originally going to be named SpongeBoy, and the series was to be called SpongeBoy Ahoy. Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on May 1,1999, following the television airing of the 1999 Kids Choice Awards. The series officially premiered on July 17,1999 and it has received worldwide critical acclaim since its premiere and gained enormous popularity by its second season. A feature film, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, was released in theaters on November 19,2004, on July 21,2012, the series was renewed and aired its ninth season, beginning with the episode Extreme Spots. The series has won a variety of awards, including six Annie Awards, eight Golden Reel Awards, in 2011, a newly described species of fungi, Spongiforma squarepantsii, was named after the cartoons title character. The series revolves around its title character and his various friends, SpongeBob SquarePants is an energetic and optimistic sea sponge who lives in a sea pineapple and loves his job as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab. He has a pet snail, Gary, who meows like a cat, living two houses down from SpongeBob is his best friend Patrick Star, a dim-witted yet friendly pink starfish who lives under a rock. Despite his mental setbacks, Patrick still sees himself as intelligent, Squidward Tentacles is SpongeBobs next-door neighbor and co-worker at the Krusty Krab. Squidward is an arrogant and ill-tempered octopus who lives in an Easter Island moai and he enjoys playing the clarinet and painting self-portraits, but hates his job as a cashier. Another close friend of SpongeBob is Sandy Cheeks, a squirrel from Texas and she is a scientist and an expert in karate. She lives in an oak tree entrapped in a glass dome locked by an airtight. When outside of her dwelling, she wears an astronaut-like suit because she cannot breathe underwater, Mr. Krabs, a miserly crab obsessed with money, is the owner of the Krusty Krab restaurant and SpongeBobs boss. Krabs has a teenage daughter named Pearl, whom he values equally with his riches. His rival, Plankton, is a small green copepod who owns a low-rank fast-food restaurant called the Chum Bucket, located across the street from the Krusty Krab. Plankton spends most of his time planning to steal the recipe for Mr. Krabss popular Krabby Patty burgers, so as to gain the upper hand

27.
Gregory House
–
Gregory House, M. D. commonly referred to by his surname House, is the title character of the American medical drama series House. Houses character has described as a misanthrope, cynic, narcissist, and curmudgeon. He is the character to appear in all 177 episodes and. In the series, the characters unorthodox diagnostic approaches, radical therapeutic motives, House is also often portrayed as lacking sympathy for his patients, a practice that allots him time to solve pathological enigmas. The character is inspired by Sherlock Holmes. This addiction is one of the many parallels to Holmes. Throughout the series run, the character received positive reviews and was included in several best lists. Tom Shales of The Washington Post called House the most electrifying character to hit television in years, Gregory House was born to John and Blythe House on June 11,1959, or May 15,1959. House is a brat, his father served as a Marine Corps aviator. House presumably picked up his affinity for languages during this period and shows a level of understanding of Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, and Mandarin. One place in which his father was stationed was Egypt, where House developed a fascination with archaeology and treasure-hunting, another station was Japan, where, at age 14, House discovered his vocation after a rock climbing incident with his friend. He witnessed the respect given to a doctor who solved the case no other doctor could. He also spent some time in the Philippines, where he received dental surgery, House loves his mother but hates his father, who he claims has an insane moral compass, and deliberately attempts to avoid both parents. At one point, House tells a story of his parents leaving him with his grandmother, however, he later confesses it was his father who abused him. Due to this abuse, House never believed John House was his father, at the age of 12. In the season 5 episode Birthmarks, House discovers that his father was not his father after he ordered a DNA test that compared his DNA against Johns. After a second DNA test was performed in the season 8 episode Love Is Blind, House discovers the man he thought was his biological father, the identity of his real father remains unknown. House first attended Johns Hopkins University as an undergraduate, before fully committing to medicine as his discipline, he considered getting a Ph. D. in Physics, researching dark matter

28.
House, MD
–
House is an American television medical drama that originally ran on the Fox network for eight seasons, from November 16,2004 to May 21,2012. The series main character is Dr, the series premise originated with Paul Attanasio, while David Shore, who is credited as creator, was primarily responsible for the conception of the title character. The series executive producers included Shore, Attanasio, Attanasios business partner Katie Jacobs and it was filmed largely in Century City. House often clashes with his physicians, including his own diagnostic team. His flouting of rules and procedures frequently leads him into conflict with his boss, hospital administrator. Houses only true friend is Dr. James Wilson, head of the Department of Oncology, during the first three seasons, Houses diagnostic team consists of Dr. Robert Chase, Dr. Allison Cameron, and Dr. Eric Foreman. At the end of the season, this team disbands. Rejoined by Foreman, House gradually selects three new members, Dr. Remy Thirteen Hadley, Dr. Chris Taub. Kutner makes a late in season five and then reappears in season 8 episode 22. Chase and Cameron continue to appear in different roles at the hospital early in season six. Cameron then departs the hospital, and Chase returns to the diagnostic team, Thirteen takes a leave of absence for most of season seven, and her position is filled by medical student Martha M. Masters. Cuddy and Masters depart before season eight, Foreman becomes the new Dean of Medicine, while Dr. Jessica Adams, House was among the top 10 series in the United States from its second through fourth seasons. Distributed to 66 countries, House was the television program in the world in 2008. The show received numerous awards, including five Primetime Emmy Awards, on February 8,2012, Fox announced that the eighth season, then in progress, would be its last. The series finale aired on May 21,2012, following an hour-long retrospective, Fox bought the series, though the networks then-president, Gail Berman, told the creative team, I want a medical show, but I dont want to see white coats going down the hallway. Jacobs has said that this stipulation was one of the influences that led to the shows ultimate form. After Fox picked up the show, it acquired the working title Chasing Zebras, the original premise of the show was of a team of doctors working together trying to diagnose the undiagnosable. Shore felt it was important to have a central character, one who could examine patients personal characteristics and diagnose their ailments by figuring out their secrets

29.
History (U.S. TV channel)
–
The channel originally broadcast documentary programs and historical fiction series. More recently, it has mostly broadcast various reality series such as Pawn Stars, Ax Men. As of February 2015, approximately 96,149,000 American households receive History, International localized versions of History are available, in various forms, in India, Canada, Europe, Australia, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. The first European version was launched in Scandinavia in 1997 by Viasat which now operates their own channel, History was launched on January 1,1995 as The History Channel, its original format focused entirely on historical series and specials. On February 16,2008, a new logo was launched on the U. S. network as part of a rebranding effort, while the trademark H was kept, the triangle shape on the left acts as a play button for animation and flyouts during commercials and shows. On March 20,2008, as part of that same rebranding effort, The History Channel dropped The, on June 1,2015, the History logo was slightly updated, completely removing the triangle shape on the left. Programming on History has covered a range of historical periods and topics. Programming also includes mainstream reality television-style shows involving truck drivers, alligator hunters, pawn stores, antique and collectible pickers, car restorers, photography, occasionally some programs compare contemporary culture and technology with that of the past. On March 3,2013, History channel premiered its first original series, during the 1990s, History was jokingly referred to as The Hitler Channel for its extensive coverage of World War II. Much of its programming has been shifted to its sister network Military History. The network has also criticized for having a bias towards US history. The network was criticized by Stanley Kutner for airing the series The Men Who Killed Kennedy in 2003. Kutner was one of three historians commissioned to review the documentary, which the channel disavowed and never aired again, programs such as Modern Marvels have been praised for their presentation of detailed information in an entertaining format. Some of the series, including Ice Road Truckers, Ax Men. Senator Chuck Grassley is a critic of the channel and its lack of historical or educational programming, showing disdain for Ax Men. In his book 2012, Its Not the End of the World, Peter Lemesurier describes the channels Nostradamus series, in which he was invited to participate, as largely fiction, the History Channel was also singled out for ridicule by Smithsonian magazine. The article took issue with the show Ancient Aliens for postulating the idea that caused the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. The online magazine Cracked also lampooned the channel for its definition of history

30.
Mail Call
–
Mail Call is a television program that appeared on the History Channel. It was hosted by R. Lee Ermey, a retired United States Marine Corps Staff Sergeant who had received the rank of Gunnery Sergeant in May 2002. The show debuted on August 4,2002 as part of the Fighting Fridays lineup, most episodes were 30 minutes, but from 2007 through the shows end in 2009 some episodes were 60 minutes. Ermey often took his viewers on location to military training areas to film demonstrations, when not on location, Ermey broadcast from a set resembling a military outpost, including a tent, a Jeep, and various other pieces of military gear which changed throughout the series. At times, he would also have a bulldog – usually symbolic of Marines and his demeanor in character as host was similar to that of Gunnery Sergeant Hartman, the character he portrayed in the Stanley Kubrick film Full Metal Jacket. However, he showed this attitude toward viewers, such as ordering them to return in time for the end of a commercial break. The program had several DVD video releases, including selected episodes from the first seven seasons, as well as a video called Mail Call. Reruns continue to be aired on the Military History Channel, lock N Load with R. Lee Ermey, a show with a similar premise which Ermey also hosted. Mail Call at the Internet Movie Database

31.
Lock N' Load with R. Lee Ermey
–
Lock n Load with R. Lee Ermey was a reality television series about the development of military weaponry throughout the centuries. Hosted by actor and former U. S. Marine drill instructor R. Lee Ermey, in a typical episode, Ermey focused on one specific type of weapon or weapon system, presenting key advancements in its technology and demonstrating their use with the help of experts. In a holdover from his duties hosting Mail Call on the History Channel and he also displayed an eagerness to try out the episodes relevant weapons against a wide range of targets, particularly watermelons, as well as glass bottles. The pilot episode was produced by Simon J. Heath, who developed the concept. The pilot episode first aired in December 2008 and this rated well and was followed by a series in 2009. The show premiered on July 26,2009 and only ran for one season, artillery Machine Guns Tanks Pistols Helicopters Armored Vehicles Shotguns Rockets Blades Ammo Rifles MG2 Bunker Busters Lock N Load with R. Lee Ermey on the History Channel

32.
Kansas City, Kansas
–
Kansas City is the third-largest city in the state of Kansas, the county seat of Wyandotte County, and the third-largest city of the Kansas City metropolitan area. It is part of a consolidated city-county government known as the Unified Government, Wyandotte County also includes the independent cities of Bonner Springs and Edwardsville. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 145,786 residents and it is situated at Kaw Point, which is the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers. In October 1872, old Kansas City, Kansas, was incorporated, the first city election was held on October 22 of that year, by order of Judge Hiram Stevens of the Tenth Judicial District, and resulted in the election of Mayor James Boyle. The mayors of the city after its organization were James Boyle, C. A. Eidemiller, A. S. Orbison, Eli Teed, in June 1880, the Governor of Kansas proclaimed the city of Kansas City a city of the second class with Mayor McConnell present. In March 1886, new Kansas City, Kansas, was formed through the consolidation of five municipalities, old Kansas City, Armstrong, Armourdale, Riverview, the oldest city of the group was Wyandotte, which was formed in 1857 by Wyandot Native Americans and Methodist missionaries. In the 1890s, the city saw a growth in population as a streetcar suburb of Kansas City, Missouri, from which it takes its name. It was one of the nations 100 largest cities for many U. S. Census counts, from 1890 to 1960, including 1920, when it had a population of over 100,000 residents for the first time. As with adjacent Kansas City, Missouri, the percentage of the citys most populous ethnic group, in 1997, voters approved a proposition to unify the city and county governments creating the Unified Government of Wyandotte County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 128.38 square miles. Neighborhoods of Kansas City, Kansas, include the following, Downtown Argentine − former home to the silver smelter for which it was named, Armourdale − formerly a city, it was consolidated with the city of Kansas City in 1886. Armstrong − a town absorbed by Wyandotte, bethel − a neighborhood located generally along Leavenworth Rd. between 72nd and 77th Streets. It was never incorporated as a municipality, Fairfax District − an industrial area along the Missouri River. Nearman Piper Pomeroy − a late-19th—early-20th-century Train Depot, Trading Post, Saw Mill, Riverview Rosedale − merged with Kansas City in 1922. Stony Point Strawberry Hill Turner − community around the Wyandotte-Johnson County border to the Kansas River north-south, unless otherwise stated, normal figures below are based on data from 1981 to 2010 at Downtown Airport. The warmest month of the year is July, with a 24-hour average temperature of 81.0 °F, the summer months are hot, but can get very hot and moderately humid, with moist air riding up from the Gulf of Mexico. High temperatures surpass 100 °F on 5.6 days of the year, the coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 31.0 °F. Winters are cold, with 22 days where the high is at or below the mark and 2.5 nights with a low at or below 0 °F

33.
Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego
–
Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego is a United States Marine Corps military installation in San Diego, California. It lies between San Diego Bay and Interstate 5, adjacent to San Diego International Airport and the former Naval Training Center San Diego, MCRD San Diegos main mission is the initial training of enlisted male recruits living west of the Mississippi River. Over 21,000 recruits are trained each year, the Depot also is the home to the Marine Corps Recruiter School and Western Recruiting Regions Drill Instructors School. Marines made a landing in San Diego in 1846 from USS Savannah. Marines made a presence in San Diego again in July 1914, the initial proposal for the base came from Congressman William Kettner, who also proposed construction of Naval Training Center San Diego. The Marine base only became a reality due to the perseverance of its first commanding officer, before the commissioning of the base on Dutch Flats, the Marines were based in Balboa Park. The structures were designed by architect Bertram Goodhue in the Spanish Colonial Revival style, the base and its original buildings are now on the National Register of Historic Places listings in San Diego County, California. By 1921, the base was commissioned, and in 1923 it became the Marine Corps recruit training center for the western United States. During World War II, the flow of recruits into the base surged, in 1948, the base was formally named Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego. All women are trained at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, the training emphasizes physical fitness, and recruits must attain a minimum standard of fitness to graduate by passing a Physical Fitness Test. Unlike training at Parris Island, recruits must leave the depot to conduct field training, at Edson Range aboard Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, recruits fire on the rifle range, conduct field training, and undergo the Crucible. At the conclusion, recruits return to MCRD San Diego for Marine week, in addition to recruit training, MCRD San Diego is also home to the Drill Instructors School for the Western Recruiting Region and the Recruiters School for the entire Marine Corps. The Coast Guard also has a presence on board MCRD, with the Pacific Area Tactical Law Enforcement Team, the base is also home to the MCRD San Diego Command Museum. Several schools pertinent to the Marine Corps mission are and have been based at MCRD, among these was the Sea School, which trained the Marine Detachments for duty aboard Naval vessels. The Communications and Electronics School was formerly located there, some politicians have pushed for the closure of MCRD San Diego, primarily because it occupies what is now extremely valuable land adjacent to the citys harbor and airport. The Commission noted that the Navy and Air Force had successfully consolidated training facilities without risk to the mission or risk of loss of surge capability and they also noted that the military value of San Diego is lower than Parris Island due in part to encroachment and land constraints. In a July 14,2005 public response to the Commission, Gordon R and this article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps. Official Marine Corps website for MCRD San Diego USMC Recruiters School Drill Instructors School, USMC Recruit Depot San Diego Base Overview & PCS Information

34.
San Diego, California
–
San Diego is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1,2015, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego has been called the birthplace of California, historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, the Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico, in 1850, California became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union. The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the center of the region as well as the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. San Diegos main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, the presence of the University of California, San Diego, with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center, has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology. The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito, the area of San Diego has been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile, sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast, in May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California, in July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in, Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, the 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde, defeating Pío Pico in the vote

35.
Marine Corps Air Station Futenma
–
Marine Corps Air Station Futenma or MCAS Futenma A is a United States Marine Corps base located in Ginowan, Okinawa Prefecture,5 NM northeastB of Naha, on the island of Okinawa. Marine Corps pilots and aircrew are assigned to the base for training and providing air support to land and sea-based Marines in Okinawa. MCAS Futenma is part of the Marine Corps Installations Pacific command, MCAS Futenma is situated in Ginowan City. The base includes a 2,740 by 45 m A runway at 75 meters elevation, as well as barracks, administrative. The base is used as a United Nations air distribution hub facility for response to disaster or other crisis requiring air supplies due to the length of the runway. For years, the relocation of the base has been a political issue for Okinawa, Japan. Futenma Airfield was constructed by the US military following the Battle of Okinawa in 1945, according to Ginowan City records, the joint population of what was then Ginowan Village was 12,994 in 1944. It was initially allocated for Eighth Air Force use to station B-29 Superfortress strategic bombers in the planned Invasion of Japan, the base was transferred to the United States Navy on 30 June 1957 and was subsequently developed into a United States Marine Corps air station. Each year, MCAS Futenma opens its gates for the Futenma Flight Line Fair, in 2013, more than 70,000 people attended the open base event, and the most popular aircraft on display were the MV-22 Ospreys. Futenma has a record of safety with well established procedures. The airbase has become a point of various political controversies in recent years. Safety concerns were raised after the August 2004 crash of a Marine Corps CH-53D transport helicopter on the campus of Okinawa International University after the aircraft suffered mechanical issues, three crew members had minor injuries, but there were no injuries on the ground. The Guardian has stated that the location of MCAS Futenma in Ginowan would be like having F22s landing in Hyde Park, local Okinawan citizens weekly clean vandalism and debris left by protest groups. Mayor Atsushi Sakima of Ginowan City and Col. James G, the base, along with its impact on families living nearby and local cultural heritage, are the subject of the short story collection To Futenma by Okinawan author Tatsuhiro Oshiro. Onaga won against the incumbent Nakaima who had earlier approved landfill work to move the base to Camp Schwab in Henoko, however, Onaga has promised to veto the landfill work needed for the new base to be built and insisted Futenma should be moved outside of Okinawa. In August 2015, the Japanese government agreed to construction activities temporarily while talks with Okinawan officials continued. US sources insist nothing about their approach has changed, B. ^ The text version gives a runway 2,740 by 45 m and the aerodrome chart gives 9,000 by 150 ft. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps and this article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http, //www. afhra. af. mil/

36.
Okinawa Prefecture
–
Okinawa Prefecture is the southernmost prefecture of Japan. It comprises hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1,000 kilometres long, the Ryukyus extend southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan. The Okinawa Prefecture encompasses the two thirds of that chain. Naha, Okinawas capital, is located in the part of Okinawa Island. Although Okinawa comprises just 0. 6% of Japans total land mass, currently about 26,000 of the U. S. troops deployed in Japan are based in the prefecture. The oldest evidence of existence on the Ryukyu islands is from the Stone Age and was discovered in Naha. Some human bone fragments from the Paleolithic era were unearthed, Japanese Jōmon influences are dominant on the Okinawa Islands, although clay vessels on the Sakishima Islands have a commonality with those in Taiwan. The first mention of the word Ryukyu was written in the Book of Sui, Okinawa was the Japanese word identifying the islands, first seen in the biography of Jianzhen, written in 779. Agricultural societies begun in the 8th century slowly developed until the 12th century, since the islands are located at the eastern perimeter of the East China Sea relatively close to Japan, China and South-East Asia, the Ryukyu Kingdom became a prosperous trading nation. Also during this period, many Gusukus, similar to castles, were constructed, the Ryukyu Kingdom entered into the Imperial Chinese tributary system under the Ming dynasty beginning in the 15th century, which established economic relations between the two nations. In 1609, the Shimazu clan, which controlled the region that is now Kagoshima Prefecture, the Satsuma clan earned considerable profits from trade with China during a period in which foreign trade was heavily restricted by the shogunate. Although Satsuma maintained strong influence over the islands, the Ryukyu Kingdom maintained a degree of domestic political freedom for over two hundred years. Four years after the 1868 Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government, through military incursions, officially annexed the kingdom and renamed it Ryukyu han. At the time, the Qing Empire asserted a nominal suzerainty over the islands of the Ryukyu Kingdom, Ryukyu han became Okinawa Prefecture of Japan in 1879, even though all other hans had become prefectures of Japan in 1872. In 1912, Okinawans first obtained the right to vote for representatives to the national Diet which had established in 1890. Near the end of World War II, in 1945, the US Army, a third of the civilian population died, a quarter of the civilian population died during the 1945 Battle of Okinawa alone. The dead, of all nationalities, are commemorated at the Cornerstone of Peace, after the end of World War II, the Ryukyu independence movement developed, while Okinawa was under United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands administration for 27 years. During this trusteeship rule, the United States established numerous military bases on the Ryukyu islands, during the Korean War, B-29 Superfortresses flew bombing missions over Korea from Kadena Air Base on Okinawa

37.
Japan
–
Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon

38.
Military discharge
–
A military discharge is given when a member of the armed forces is released from his or her obligation to serve. Each countrys military has different types of discharge and they are generally based on whether the person completed their training and then fully and satisfactorily completed their term of service or not. These factors affect whether they will be asked or allowed to reenlist, There are several reasons why someone may be discharged from the military, including expiration of enlistment, disability, dependency, and hardship. Members of the British Armed Forces are to complete their service obligations before they may be considered for discharge, Service personnel who attempt to leave before completing their length of service, without going through the appropriate channels, may be subject to criminal conviction. At the end of service in the Regular Forces, personnel normally have a compulsory reserve liability. The length of this liability depends on the Service, rank and type of commission or engagement in which they entered, Medical Discharge / Retirement, service is being terminated on medical grounds. Personnel would have attended a Medical Board that recommended the persons services be terminated on medical grounds, within the Naval Service, the term retirement applies to officers who complete the period of service required by their respective commissions. For officers of the strength, recommendations for termination of a commission must generally be reviewed by the Admiralty Board. Ratings and Other Ranks have a right of discharge after six months service or after they turn 18. Invaliding, Personnel may be invalided out if they are found unfit for full naval service by the Naval Service Medical Board of Survey. Resignation, This is a common term used to refer to the termination of ones commission but in the Naval Service. Despite common usage of the term, officers do not legally have the right to resign their commission, however, they may be permitted to do so under extenuating circumstances, at the discretion of their CO and with permission from the Admiralty Board. Resignation is appropriate when an officer wishes to sever all connection with the Service, the primary consideration of the Admiralty Boards acceptance of resignation is the best interests of the Service. Officers who resign their commissions are not liable to serve in the Reserves but certain benefits such as retired pay, pilots undergoing professional training would be suspended from flying duties. Administrative Discharge, Officers whose performance or conduct falls below the standard required may be discharged from the Active List, incapacity Due to Causes beyond the Officers Control Unsuitability Due to Causes within the Officers Control, service personnel may be discharged on grounds of temperamental unsuitability. The RN BR3 handbook defines TU as a persistent and obvious failure by the individual to adapt to the basic, misconduct Dismissal, Officers charged with offences under the Military Discipline Legislation. In exceptional cases, officers may be dismissed with disgrace, compassionate discharge, There are several types of compassionate discharges. Such a discharge is granted for Ratings who seek a discharge due to extenuating personal circumstances, in the U. S. discharge or separation should not be confused with retirement, career U. S. military members who retire are not separated or discharged

39.
James L. Jones
–
James Logan Jim Jones, Jr. is a retired United States Marine Corps general and the former United States National Security Advisor. Jones retired from the Marine Corps on February 1,2007, after retiring from the Marine Corps, Jones remained involved in national security and foreign policy issues. In 2007, Jones served as chairman of the Congressional Independent Commission on the Security Forces of Iraq, in November 2007, he was appointed by the U. S. Secretary of State as special envoy for Middle East security. He served as chairman of the Atlantic Council from June 2007 to January 2009, Jones was born in Kansas City, Missouri, on December 19,1943. Walsh School of Foreign Service, from which he received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1966, Jones, who is six feet four inches tall, played forward on the Georgetown Hoyas mens basketball team. In January 1967, Jones was commissioned a lieutenant in the U. S. Marine Corps. While overseas, he was promoted to first lieutenant in June 1968, returning to the United States in December 1968, Jones was assigned to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, where he served as a company commander until May 1970. He then received orders to Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. for duties as a company commander, while at this post he was promoted to captain. From July 1973 until June 1974, he was a student at the Amphibious Warfare School, Marine Corps University, MCB Quantico, from January 1976 to August 1979, Jones served in the Officer Assignments Section at Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D. C. During this assignment, he was promoted to major in July 1977, remaining in Washington, his next assignment was as the Marine Corps liaison officer to the United States Senate, where he served until July 1984. In this assignment, his first commander was John McCain, then a U. S. Navy captain and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in September 1982. Jones was selected to attend the National War College in Washington, following graduation in June 1985, he was assigned to command the 3rd Battalion, 9th Marines, 1st Marine Division, at Camp Pendleton, California, from July 1985 to July 1987. In August 1987, Jones returned to Headquarters Marine Corps, where he served as aide to the Commandant of the Marine Corps. He was promoted to colonel in April 1988, and became the Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps in February 1989, during August 1990, Jones was assigned as the commanding officer of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. During his tour with the 24th MEU, he participated in Operation Provide Comfort in Northern Iraq and he was advanced to brigadier general on April 23,1992. Jones was assigned to duties as deputy director, J-3, U. S European Command, Stuttgart, Germany, on July 15,1992. During this tour of duty, he was reassigned as chief of staff, Joint Task Force Provide Promise, for operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Macedonia. Returning to the United States, he was advanced to the rank of general in July 1994 and was assigned as commanding general, 2nd Marine Division, Marine Forces Atlantic

40.
University of Manila
–
The University of Manila is a private university in the heart of Sampaloc District in Manila, Philippines. It was founded on October 5,1913, by Apolinario G. de los Santos, Mariano V. de los Santos, Maria de los Santos, Buenaventura J. Bello and Antonio Rivero. They named their school Instituto de Manila, after the city of Manila, the International Language School offers courses in the English language to foreign students like the Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans. It also offers courses in the Chinese language and language, the International Language School building likewise provides accommodations for foreign students. The Emiramona Garden Hotel serves as a center of the Hotel and Restaurant Management. The University of Manila UM Hawks won seven Championship in the NAASCU League, the university was also a former member of University Athletic Association of the Philippines from 1952 to 1954. On April 7,1957, UM entered into a relationship with Dohto University of Sapporo and Monbetsu cities, Hokkaido. Since then, it has various projects including faculty exchange visits, technological. UM students have also given the opportunity to study at Tokai University in Tokyo. Twenty years later, October 31,1977, UM concluded a relationship with Hansung University in Seoul. On January 1,1997, in Taipei, our high-school department also linked a sisterhood relationship with Cheng Kung Commercial and Technical High School in Pate City, Taiwan, Republic Of China. A sisterhood relationship was again entered into by the University with Meio University of Nago City, Okinawa, Japan on Dec.5,1988

41.
G.I. Bill
–
The Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the G. I. Bill, was a law provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. It was designed by the American Legion, who helped push it through Congress by mobilizing its chapters and it avoided the highly disputed postponed cash bonus payout for World War I veterans that caused political turmoil for a decade and a half after that war. It was available to all veterans who had been on duty during the war years for at least 90 days and had not been dishonorably discharged—exposure to combat was not required. By 1956, roughly 8.8 million veterans had used the G. I, Bill education benefits, some 2.2 million to attend colleges or universities and an additional 5.6 million for some kind of training program. Historians and economists judge the G. I, canada operated a similar program for its World War II veterans, with a similarly beneficial economic impact. Since the original U. S.1944 law, the term has come to include other programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service. During the 1940s, fly-by-night for-profit colleges sprang up to collect veterans education grants, similarly, for-profit colleges and their lead generators have taken advantage of the post-911 GI Bill to target veterans for subpar products and services. The Veterans Administration, however, does have a GI Bill feedback form for recipients to address their complaints against colleges, President Barack Obama also signed Executive Order 13607 which was to ensure that predatory colleges did not aggressively recruit vulnerable military service members, veterans, and their families. On June 22,1944, the Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944, Bill of Rights, was signed into law. During the war, politicians wanted to avoid the confusion about veterans benefits that became a political football in the 1920s and 1930s. Ortiz says their efforts entrenched the VFW and the Legion as the pillars of the American veterans lobby for decades. Harry W. Colmery, Democrat and a former National Commander of the American Legion, is credited for writing the first draft of the G. I and he reportedly jotted down his ideas on stationery and a napkin at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D. C. Senator Ernest McFarland, Democrat-Arizona, was involved in the bills passage and is known, with Warren Atherton. One might then term Edith Nourse Rogers, R-Mass, who helped write, like Colmery, her contribution to writing and passing this legislation has been obscured by time. The bill that President Roosevelt initially proposed had a means test—only poor veterans would get one year of funding, the American Legion proposal provided full benefits for all veterans, including women and minorities, regardless of their wealth. An important provision of the G. I, Bill was low interest, zero down payment home loans for servicemen, with more favorable terms for new construction compared to existing housing. This encouraged millions of American families to move out of urban apartments, another provision was known as the 52–20 clause for unemployment

42.
Apocalypse Now
–
Apocalypse Now is a 1979 American epic war film directed, produced and co-written by Francis Ford Coppola and co-written by John Milius with narration by Michael Herr. It stars Marlon Brando, Robert Duvall, Martin Sheen, Frederic Forrest, Albert Hall, Sam Bottoms, Larry Fishburne, the screenplay written by Milius updates the setting of Joseph Conrads novella Heart of Darkness to that of the Vietnam War. It draws from Herrs Dispatches, and Werner Herzogs Aguirre, the Wrath of God, the film revolves around Captain Benjamin L. Willard on a secret mission to assassinate Colonel Kurtz, a renegade who is presumed insane. The film has been noted for the problems encountered while making it, chronicled in the documentary Hearts of Darkness, problems continued after production as the release was postponed several times while Coppola edited thousands of feet of film. Apocalypse Now was released to universal acclaim and it was honored with the Palme dOr at Cannes, nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. It is considered to be one of the greatest films ever made, the film was ranked No.14 in the British Film Institutes Sight and Sound greatest films poll in 2012. In 2000, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically or aesthetically significant. During the Vietnam War in 1969, Army Special Forces Colonel Walter E. Kurtz has gone insane and now commands his own Montagnard troops, inside neutral Cambodia, as a demi-god. Willard, initially ambivalent, joins a Navy PBR commanded by Chief, with crewmen Lance, Chef and they rendezvous with surfing enthusiast Lieutenant Colonel Bill Kilgore, 1st Cavalry commander, to discuss going up the Nùng. Kilgore scoffs, but befriends Lance after discovering his surfing experience and they successfully raid at dawn, with Kilgore ordering a napalm sortie on the local cadres. Willard gathers his men to the PBR and journeys upriver, tension arises as Willard believes himself in command of the PBR while Chief prioritizes other objectives over Willards. Slowly making their way upriver, Willard reveals his mission partially to the Chief to assuage his concerns about why his mission should precede, as night falls, the PBR reaches the American Do Lung Bridge outpost on the Nùng River. Willard and Lance enter seeking information for what is upriver, unable to find the commander, Willard orders the Chief to continue as an unseen enemy launches a strike on the bridge. The next day, Willard learns from dispatch that another SOG operative, Captain Colby, meanwhile, as the crew read letters from home, Lance activates a smoke grenade, attracting the attention of a camouflaged enemy, and Mr. Clean is killed. Further upriver, Chief is impaled by a spear thrown by the natives, Willard suffocates him and Lance buries Chief in the river. Willard reveals his mission to Chef but despite his anger towards the mission, he rejects Willards offer for him to continue alone, the PBR arrives at Kurtzs outpost and the surviving crew are met by an American freelance photojournalist, who manically praises Kurtzs genius. As they wander through they come across a near-catatonic Colby, along with other US servicemen now in Kurtzs renegade army. Returning to the PBR, Willard later takes Lance with him, Chef is later killed by Kurtz

43.
Francis Ford Coppola
–
Francis Ford Coppola, also credited as Francis Coppola, is a semi-retired American film director, producer, and screenwriter. He is considered to have been a figure of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking. After directing The Rain People, he co-wrote the 1970 film Patton and he followed with The Godfather Part II in 1974, which became the first sequel to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Conversation, which he directed, produced and wrote, was released same year. He next directed 1979s Apocalypse Now, while notorious for its lengthy and strenuous production, the film was widely acclaimed for its vivid and stark depiction of the Vietnam War, winning the Palme dOr at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival. Coppola is one of only eight filmmakers to win two Palme dOr awards, while a number of Coppolas ventures in the 1980s and 1990s were critically lauded, he has never quite achieved the same commercial success with films as in the 1970s. His most well-known films released since the start of the 1980s are the dramas The Outsiders and Rumble Fish, the crime-drama The Cotton Club, and his movies The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and Apocalypse Now are often ranked among the greatest films of all time. Coppola was born in Detroit, Michigan, to father Carmine Coppola, a flautist with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Coppola is the second of three children, his older brother was August Coppola, his younger sister is actress Talia Shire. Born into a family of Italian immigrant ancestry, his grandparents came to the United States from Bernalda. His maternal grandfather, popular Italian composer Francesco Pennino, immigrated from Naples, Coppola received his middle name in honor of Henry Ford, not only because he was born in the Henry Ford Hospital but also because of his musician-fathers association with the automobile manufacturer. Contracting polio as a boy, Coppola was bedridden for periods of his childhood. Reading A Streetcar Named Desire at age 15 was instrumental in developing his interest in theater, eager to be involved in film-craft, he created 8mm features edited from home movies with such titles as The Rich Millionaire and The Lost Wallet. As a child, Coppola was a student, but he was so interested in technology. Trained initially for a career in music, he became proficient on the tuba, overall, Coppola attended 23 other schools before he eventually graduated from the Great Neck North High School. He entered Hofstra College in 1955 with a major in theater arts, there he was awarded a scholarship in playwriting. This furthered his interest in directing theater despite the disapproval of his father, Coppola was profoundly impressed after seeing Sergei Eisensteins October, Ten Days That Shook the World, especially with the movies quality of editing. It was at this time Coppola decided he would go into cinema rather than theater, Coppola also gives credit to the work of Elia Kazan and for its influence on him as a director. Amongst Coppolas classmates at Hofstra were James Caan, Lainie Kazan and he later cast Lainie Kazan in One from the Heart and Caan in The Rain People and The Godfather

Emporia, Kansas
–
Emporia is a city in and the county seat of Lyon County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 24,916, Emporia lies between Topeka and Wichita at the intersection of U. S. Route 50 with Interstates 335 and 35 on the Kansas Turnpike. Emporia is also a town, home to Emporia State University. Located on upland prairie,

1.
Downtown Emporia (2012)

2.
Sixth Avenue c. 1912

3.
Preston Plumb Hall on Emporia State University campus (2012)

4.
William Allen White House (2009)

Kansas
–
Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ is a U. S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita, Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribes name is said to mean people of the wind or people of the south wind. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to nume

1.
Samuel Seymour's 1819 illustration of a Kansa lodge and dance is the oldest drawing known to be done in Kansas.

2.
Flag

3.
Kanopolis State Park.

4.
Flint Hills in Wabaunsee County

United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean,

1.
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764

2.
Flag

3.
The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.

4.
The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

United States Marine Corps
–
The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department

Staff Sergeant
–
Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries. It is also a rank in some police services. In origin certain senior sergeants were assigned to administrative, supervisory, as such they held seniority over sergeants who were members of a battalion or company, and were paid correspondingly increased

1.
For the butterfly known as "Staff Sergeant", see Athyma selenophora.

Gunnery Sergeant
–
Gunnery Sergeant is the seventh enlisted rank in the United States Marine Corps, just above Staff Sergeant and below Master Sergeant and First Sergeant, and is a staff non-commissioned officer. It has a pay grade of E-7, the Gunnery Sergeant insignia consists of two M1 Garands centered vertically between three chevrons and two rockers. In artillery

1.
Gunnery sergeant insignia

Marine Wing Support Group 17
–
Marine Wing Support Group 17 was a United States Marine Corps aviation ground support unit based at Marine Corps Base Camp Butler, Japan. The Group was disbanded on 4 June 2012 and its subordinate units passed to other commands in 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, provide the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing with organic and deployable aviation ground support to c

1.
MWSG-17 insignia

Vietnam War
–
It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct searc

1.
Clockwise, from top left: U.S. combat operations in Ia Drang, ARVN Rangers defending Saigon during the 1968 Tet Offensive, two Douglas A-4C Skyhawks en route for airstrikes against North Vietnam after the Gulf of Tonkin incident, ARVN recapture Quảng Trị during the 1972 Easter Offensive, civilians fleeing the 1972 Battle of Quảng Trị, burial of 300 victims of the 1968 Huế Massacre.

2.
A Japanese naval officer surrenders his sword to a British Lieutenant in Saigon on 13 September 1945.

3.
The Geneva Conference, 1954

4.
U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles greet President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam in Washington, 8 May 1957.

Meritorious Unit Commendation
–
The Meritorious Unit Commendation is a mid-level unit award of the United States Armed Forces. Army Meritorious Unit Commendation The Army MUC emblem worn to represent award of the MUC is 1 7⁄16 inches wide, the emblem consists of a 1⁄16 inch wide gold frame with laurel leaves which encloses a scarlet 67111 ribbon. The previously authorized emble

1.
Streamers: Army, Navy and Marine Corps, Air Force

Vietnam Gallantry Cross
–
The Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross also known as the Vietnam Gallantry Cross or Vietnam Cross of Gallantry is a military decoration of the former Government of South Vietnam. Individuals who received the medal, ribbon, and a citation were personally cited at the Armed Forces, Corps, Division, the Republic of Vietnam authorized members of units

Full Metal Jacket
–
Full Metal Jacket is a 1987 British-American war film directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay by Kubrick, Michael Herr, and Gustav Hasford was based on Hasfords novel The Short-Timers, the film stars Matthew Modine, Adam Baldwin, Vincent DOnofrio, R. Lee Ermey, Dorian Harewood, Arliss Howard, Kevyn Major Howard, and Ed ORoss. Its s

1.
Theatrical release poster

2.
R. Lee Ermey (pictured) was praised by several critics for his performance as Hartman.

Golden Globe Award
–
Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golde

1.
The Golden Globe statuette

Staff sergeant
–
Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries. It is also a rank in some police services. In origin certain senior sergeants were assigned to administrative, supervisory, as such they held seniority over sergeants who were members of a battalion or company, and were paid correspondingly increased

1.
For the butterfly known as "Staff Sergeant", see Athyma selenophora.

Drill instructor
–
A Drill Instructor is a non-commissioned officer in the armed forces or police forces with specific duties that vary by country. For example, in the United States armed forces, they are assigned the duty of training new recruits entering the military, Drill instructors within the U. S. armed forces have different titles in each branch of service. I

Mississippi Burning
–
Mississippi Burning is a 1988 American crime thriller film directed by Alan Parker, and written by Chris Gerolmo. It is loosely based on the FBIs investigation into the murders of three civil rights workers in the state of Mississippi in 1964. Set in fictional Jessup County, Mississippi, the film stars Gene Hackman, the investigation is met with ho

1.
Theatrical release poster

2.
The burning of a cross, similar to scenes depicted in the film.

3.
Actor Willem Dafoe who portrayed FBI agent Alan Ward.

4.
Missing persons poster created by the FBI in 1964, showing the photographs of civil rights workers Andrew Goodman, James Chaney, and Michael Schwerner, whom the film story is based on.

Bill Bowerman
–
William Jay Bill Bowerman was an American track and field coach and co-founder of Nike, Inc. Over his career, he trained 31 Olympic athletes,51 All-Americans,12 American record-holders,22 NCAA champions and 16 sub-4 minute milers, Bill Bowerman was born in Portland, Oregon. His father was former Governor of Oregon Jay Bowerman, his mother had grown

1.
Bill Bowerman

Prefontaine (film)
–
Prefontaine is a 1997 American biographical film chronicling the life of the American long-distance runner Steve Prefontaine and his death at age 24. Jared Leto plays the character and R. Lee Ermey plays Bill Bowerman. The film was written by Steve James and Eugene Corr, Steve Prefontaine, a Coos Bay, Oregon student, is too small to play most sport

1.
Theatrical release poster

Sheriff Hoyt
–
The family uses booby traps and man-traps, such as bear traps and spike traps, to capture or kill victims. The family also owns a gas station, where they sell the meat from the victims as barbecue and chili. It has been confirmed in the comic book series, Jason vs. Leatherface. The inspiration for the family was real killer Ed Gein, whom the filmma

The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003 film)
–
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is a 2003 American slasher film, and a remake of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre. The fifth entry in the Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise, the film was directed by Marcus Nispel, written by Scott Kosar and it was also co-produced by Kim Henkel and Tobe Hooper, co-creators of the original 1974 film. Though met with negative

1.
Theatrical release poster

Stanley Kubrick
–
Stanley Kubrick was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor, and photographer. He is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history, Kubrick was born and raised in the Bronx, New York City, and attended William Howard Taft High School from 1941 to 1945. This was followe

1.
Kubrick with showgirl Rosemary Williams in 1949

3.
Kubrick photo of Chicago taken as photographer for Look magazine, 1949

4.
Kubrick at the age of 21

Fletch Lives
–
Fletch Lives was released by Universal Pictures. Irwin Fletch Fletcher, a reporter for the L. A. Times, is contacted by the executor of his aunts will. Ross informs Fletch he has inherited his aunts mansion and 80 acre plantation property, Belle Isle, in Thibodaux, upon arriving in Louisiana, Fletch is disappointed to find the mansion completely di

1.
Theatrical release poster

Seven (1995 film)
–
Seven is a 1995 American neo-noir crime thriller film directed by David Fincher, and stars Brad Pitt, Morgan Freeman, Gwyneth Paltrow, John C. McGinley, R. Lee Ermey, and Kevin Spacey, the film was based on a screenplay by Andrew Kevin Walker. The films screenplay was influenced by the time Walker spent in New York City trying to make it as a write

1.
Theatrical release poster

2.
Persons who categorized and described the Sins

Army men
–
Army Man redirects here, for the comedy magazine see Army Man. For the video game series see Army Men, Army men, or plastic soldiers, are simple toy soldiers that are about 5 cm tall and most commonly molded from green or other colored relatively unbreakable plastic. Unlike the more expensive toy soldiers available in shops, army men are sold at lo

1.
Army men candy

Toy Story
–
Toy Story is a 1995 American computer-animated buddy comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It was directed by John Lasseter in his debut, Toy Story was the first feature-length computer-animated film. The screenplay was written by Joss Whedon, Andrew Stanton, Joel Cohen and Alec Sokolow, bas

1.
Theatrical release poster

2.
Toy Story

Rocket Power
–
Rocket Power is an American animated television series created by Arlene Klasky and Gabor Csupo, the creators of Rugrats. The series ran on Nickelodeon for four seasons from 1999 to 2004, the show mainly revolves around four friends and their daily lives of playing extreme sports, surfing, and getting into various situations. The series is set in t

1.
From left to right: Otto, Reggie, Sam, Twister

SpongeBob SquarePants
–
SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. The series chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character, the series popularity has made it a media franchise, as well as the highest rated series to ever air on Nickelodeon, and the most dist

1.
Main cast members

2.
SpongeBob SquarePants

Gregory House
–
Gregory House, M. D. commonly referred to by his surname House, is the title character of the American medical drama series House. Houses character has described as a misanthrope, cynic, narcissist, and curmudgeon. He is the character to appear in all 177 episodes and. In the series, the characters unorthodox diagnostic approaches, radical therapeu

1.
House studied both as an undergraduate and a medical student at Johns Hopkins University.

2.
Gregory House

House, MD
–
House is an American television medical drama that originally ran on the Fox network for eight seasons, from November 16,2004 to May 21,2012. The series main character is Dr, the series premise originated with Paul Attanasio, while David Shore, who is credited as creator, was primarily responsible for the conception of the title character. The seri

4.
Hugh Laurie made his own audition tape while shooting a film in Namibia.

History (U.S. TV channel)
–
The channel originally broadcast documentary programs and historical fiction series. More recently, it has mostly broadcast various reality series such as Pawn Stars, Ax Men. As of February 2015, approximately 96,149,000 American households receive History, International localized versions of History are available, in various forms, in India, Canad

1.
History

Mail Call
–
Mail Call is a television program that appeared on the History Channel. It was hosted by R. Lee Ermey, a retired United States Marine Corps Staff Sergeant who had received the rank of Gunnery Sergeant in May 2002. The show debuted on August 4,2002 as part of the Fighting Fridays lineup, most episodes were 30 minutes, but from 2007 through the shows

1.
Mail Call Season 2 DVD cover

Lock N' Load with R. Lee Ermey
–
Lock n Load with R. Lee Ermey was a reality television series about the development of military weaponry throughout the centuries. Hosted by actor and former U. S. Marine drill instructor R. Lee Ermey, in a typical episode, Ermey focused on one specific type of weapon or weapon system, presenting key advancements in its technology and demonstrating

1.
Lock N' Load with R. Lee Ermey DVD cover

Kansas City, Kansas
–
Kansas City is the third-largest city in the state of Kansas, the county seat of Wyandotte County, and the third-largest city of the Kansas City metropolitan area. It is part of a consolidated city-county government known as the Unified Government, Wyandotte County also includes the independent cities of Bonner Springs and Edwardsville. As of the 2

1.
Downtown Kansas City on the hill above the I-70 Lewis and Clark Viaduct from Quality Hill. The tallest building on the right is Cross Lines Tower. The tallest building on the left is City Hall. The columned building by it is the Wyandotte County courthouse. (2006)

2.
Kansas City skyline

3.
Kaw Point from the west

4.
Google Fiber promotes Google Fiber in Kansas City.

Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego
–
Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego is a United States Marine Corps military installation in San Diego, California. It lies between San Diego Bay and Interstate 5, adjacent to San Diego International Airport and the former Naval Training Center San Diego, MCRD San Diegos main mission is the initial training of enlisted male recruits living west of

1.
Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego

2.
The emblem above the MCRD main gate.

3.
A drill instructor, Gunnery Sergeant, walks the long hallway at the MCRD. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

4.
Photograph of Lance Corporal Molly, the English Bulldog mascot of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego

San Diego, California
–
San Diego is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1,2015, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United

1.
Images from top, left to right: San Diego Skyline, Coronado Bridge, museum in Balboa Park, Serra Museum in Presidio Park and the Old Point Loma lighthouse

2.
Kumeyaay people lived in San Diego before Europeans settled there.

3.
Namesake of the city, Didacus of Alcalá: Saint Didacus in Ecstasy Before the Cross by Murillo (Musée des Augustins)

4.
Mission San Diego de Alcalá

Marine Corps Air Station Futenma
–
Marine Corps Air Station Futenma or MCAS Futenma A is a United States Marine Corps base located in Ginowan, Okinawa Prefecture,5 NM northeastB of Naha, on the island of Okinawa. Marine Corps pilots and aircrew are assigned to the base for training and providing air support to land and sea-based Marines in Okinawa. MCAS Futenma is part of the Marine

1.
MCAS Futenma

2.
Futenma Air Base in Okinawa, Japan circa 1945

3.
Marine Corps Air Station Futenma and the town of Ginowan, Okinawa.

Okinawa Prefecture
–
Okinawa Prefecture is the southernmost prefecture of Japan. It comprises hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1,000 kilometres long, the Ryukyus extend southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan. The Okinawa Prefecture encompasses the two thirds of that chain. Naha, Okinawas capital, is located in the part of Okinawa Island. Although Okinawa compris

1.
History of Ryūkyū

2.
Okinawa Prefecture 沖縄県

3.
Location of Ryukyu Islands

4.
A Ryukyuan embassy in Edo.

Japan
–
Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referr

1.
The Golden Hall and five-storey pagoda of Hōryū-ji, among the oldest wooden buildings in the world, National Treasures, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site

3.
Samurai warriors face Mongols, during the Mongol invasions of Japan. The Kamikaze, two storms, are said to have saved Japan from Mongol fleets.

4.
Samurai could kill a commoner for the slightest insult and were widely feared by the Japanese population. Edo period, 1798

Military discharge
–
A military discharge is given when a member of the armed forces is released from his or her obligation to serve. Each countrys military has different types of discharge and they are generally based on whether the person completed their training and then fully and satisfactorily completed their term of service or not. These factors affect whether th

1.
A U.S. Army soldier holds an honorable discharge certificate in 2014.

2.
World War I poster depicting a soldier holding his honorable discharge.

3.
Clemency Discharge established by Presidential Proclamation 4313

James L. Jones
–
James Logan Jim Jones, Jr. is a retired United States Marine Corps general and the former United States National Security Advisor. Jones retired from the Marine Corps on February 1,2007, after retiring from the Marine Corps, Jones remained involved in national security and foreign policy issues. In 2007, Jones served as chairman of the Congressiona

University of Manila
–
The University of Manila is a private university in the heart of Sampaloc District in Manila, Philippines. It was founded on October 5,1913, by Apolinario G. de los Santos, Mariano V. de los Santos, Maria de los Santos, Buenaventura J. Bello and Antonio Rivero. They named their school Instituto de Manila, after the city of Manila, the International

1.
University Seal

2.
M.V. Delos Santos Hall of the university.

G.I. Bill
–
The Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the G. I. Bill, was a law provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. It was designed by the American Legion, who helped push it through Congress by mobilizing its chapters and it avoided the highly disputed postponed cash bonus payout for World War I veterans that caused

1.
President Roosevelt signs the G.I. Bill into law on June 22, 1944 in the Oval Office while others look on

2.
Don A. Balfour was "the first recipient of the 1944 GI Bill." Veterans Administration letter to George Washington University.

Apocalypse Now
–
Apocalypse Now is a 1979 American epic war film directed, produced and co-written by Francis Ford Coppola and co-written by John Milius with narration by Michael Herr. It stars Marlon Brando, Robert Duvall, Martin Sheen, Frederic Forrest, Albert Hall, Sam Bottoms, Larry Fishburne, the screenplay written by Milius updates the setting of Joseph Conra

1.
Theatrical release poster by Bob Peak

2.
Palme d'Or awarded to Apocalypse Now at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival

3.
May 1, 2010 cover of the Economist newspaper, illustrating the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis with imagery from the movie, attests to the film's pervasive cultural impact.

Francis Ford Coppola
–
Francis Ford Coppola, also credited as Francis Coppola, is a semi-retired American film director, producer, and screenwriter. He is considered to have been a figure of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking. After directing The Rain People, he co-wrote the 1970 film Patton and he followed with The Godfather Part II in 1974, which became the first seq

3.
Matt Weitzman (left) is a former staff writer and Mike Barker is a former producer and writer of the show. Both left the series to create the ongoing adult animated sitcom American Dad! with Seth MacFarlane. Barker would depart American Dad! as well, following production of the show's 10th season.

1.
Bofors 40 mm/L60. This example includes the British-designed Stiffkey Sight, being operated by the aimer standing to the right of the loader (turned sideways). It operates the trapeze seen above the sights, moving the sights to adjust for lead.

2.
Finnish Bofors 40 mm. This gun mounts the original reflector sights, and lacks the armor found on British examples.

3.
Polish-made Bofors gun after the Battle of the Bzura. This gun also mounts the reflector sight that equipped the original Bofors versions.

1.
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing, Australian 25-pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein, German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the Lingayen Gulf, Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad

2.
The League of Nations assembly, held in Geneva, Switzerland, 1930

3.
Adolf Hitler at a German National Socialist political rally in Weimar, October 1930

4.
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the Second Italo-Abyssinian War

1.
Battle of Crécy (1346) between the English and French in the Hundred Years' War.

2.
Château de Falaise in France

3.
The Walls of Dubrovnik are a series of defensive stone walls, never breached by a hostile army, that have surrounded and protected the maritime city-state of Dubrovnik (Ragusa), situated in southern Croatia.

4.
Hungarian raids in the 10th century. Most European nations were praying for mercy: "Sagittis hungarorum libera nos Domine" - "Lord save us from the arrows of Hungarians" [citation needed]

1.
Clockwise from top: U.S. troops at Uday Hussein and Qusay Hussein's hideout; insurgents in northern Iraq; an Iraqi insurgent firing a MANPADS; the toppling of the Saddam Hussein statue in Firdos Square.

2.
A UN weapons inspector examines an Iraqi factory in 2002.

3.
President George Bush, surrounded by leaders of the House and Senate, announces the Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq, 2 October 2002.