^Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa: Thus Turks include the Turks of Turkey, the Azeris of Azerbaijan, and the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tatars, Turkmen, and Uzbeks of Central Asia, as well as many smaller groups in Asia speaking Turkic languages. [1]

İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin (2005), „Institutionalisation of Science in the Medreses of Pre-Ottoman and Ottoman Turkey”, În Irzik, Gürol; Güzeldere, Güven, Turkish Studies in the History And Philosophy of Science, Springer, ISBN140203332X.

Shaw, Stanford J. (1976), History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey Volume 1 , Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0521291631.