How Did the Known Structures in the Universe Evolve?

The question of evolution of structures in the Universe is perhaps the central
question of astronomy. After all, astronomers are "historians of the Universe":
since light travels with finite speed, looking "far in the distance" is looking
"far back in time".

Observations of the farthest reaches of the Universe show that it is 'lumpy',
with well developed structures that are very old. We detect galaxies and
clusters of galaxies as far back in time as we can see, when the Universe was
about one fifth of its current age. However, we still do not understand how these
structures condensed out of the 'primordial soup'. The formation of structure
appears much quicker than the current theories would have it!

These structures - old and new - are tightly bound via gravity, yet we cannot
account for all the mass that would provide this gravity. Where is the mass?

Many of the old structures show a variety of chemical elements are present
- we know this from a study of their spectra. For instance, the diffuse gas
permeating clusters of galaxies contains a comparable fraction of heavy
elements (i.e. elements other than hydrogen and helium) to that observed
presently in our own Galaxy - yet these clusters formed long ago.

We know that the early Universe contained only the lightest elements: hydrogen
and helium. All heavier elements were synthesized from these two light
ones, and the only place we know this can happen is in the centers of
stars. Subsequently, these elements were dispersed into the interstellar medium
via supernova explosions. But is this the only way of making heavier elements, or
are we just oblivious to another avenue of producing them?

Astronomers are thus literally presented with a form of the "chicken or the
egg?" question, namely "stars or galaxies?" This makes unraveling the riddle of
the formation of the structure of the Universe much more challenging. The best
way to answer this question is to look back in time with a sensitive instrument
- to measure the presence of elements in the most distant galaxies and clusters
of galaxies.

Imagine the Universe is a service of the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), Dr. Alan Smale (Director), within the Astrophysics Science Division (ASD) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.