Map, Compass & GPS

Monday, June 19, 2017

Backpacking can be a real high when you are prepared for the
trip. However, being halfway up a mountain is not a good time to wish you had
packed a certain item. Being in the fresh open air of nature can raise your
awareness level ten-fold. This is when you consider all of those items that you
wish you had brought along. Here are some great ideas for staying well,
comfortable and able to enjoy the trail even more.

Improving the Sights -
Green Binoculars

Binoculars are a given on any backpacking adventure, but if you
are practicing all the benefits of nature, why not choose a pair that cares
about the environment? You can find sturdy binoculars that are free of lead and arsenic in the optical glass.
Other items to look for are a non-chloride rubber body that is free of inks and
dyes, a compact size, waterproof with fog-free lenses.

Preventing Altitude
Sickness

While climbing up a mountain can sound awesome, the change in
altitude can cause illness known as altitude
sickness. Being in the fresh air does nothing to help when the
inspiratory oxygen pressure diminishes. Symptoms can include headache, nausea,
fever, dehydration and shortness of breath. Always pack ibuprofen and ask your
family physician for recommended medications for high altitude backpacking.

E-Cigs & Vapes

Taking a break while on a trail calls for water, but what about
a few of life's other joys? Some cheap vape mods can satisfy that nicotine
craving without causing you to become winded. The different flavors can also
make that water taste great. There will also be no cigarette butts polluting
Mother Nature and e-cigs and vape
tips can easily be stored in a pocket.

Healthy Snacks

It is also hard to know what type of treats should be taken.
Never pack sweets as they can make you tired. It is best to select snacks that
do not have preservatives, additives or dyes. Homemade jerky, sunflower seeds
or hemp
hearts are full of protein and will give you that extra burst of
energy needed.

How to Avoid Sore Feet

Blisters are a problem for most hikers. Understanding what
causes blisters can help you to prevent a flare-up on your journey. The two
largest contributors of blisters are heat and moisture. Always take a small bottle
of rubbing alcohol and some cotton swabs with you. Before putting on your socks
and boots, dab the alcohol between your toes, on heels and the soles of your
feet. Rubbing alcohol keeps feet dry and prevents moisture from gathering.
Also, give your feet a rest at least once a day, maybe on the lunch break.
Remove your boots and socks and shake out any loose pebbles or dirt that has
built up inside.

It is Going to Rain

Trying to plan your backpacking adventure around the weather is
an impossible feat. If you are out for any length of time you are going to
encounter some rain. Packing rain gear can get quite bulky and cumbersome. You
always want to travel as light as possible. So is all of that rain gear really worth the bother?
Fold up 4 or 5 large leaf trash bags and place inside of your jacket pocket.
They will be close enough to access should a downpour occur, and the light
weight will make them unnoticeable while hiking.

Mountain backpacking can be great fun, but the little
annoyances can pile up in a hurry. Sore feet, a rainy day, and altitude
sickness can ruin that great adventure. It only takes a little planning to head
off these problems. And of course, making it to the top is only as worthy as
your ability to sit, gaze and relax with a great pair of binoculars, a tasty
treat and your favorite vape mod.

Thursday, June 15, 2017

When
preparing for a backcountry trip take into account what maps selections the hiker will need to take. Order maps early.

It is rare to find USGS 7.5 minute quadrangles ("the backpacker’s maps") in stores. The map table tucked away in some corner of the store is becoming a thing of the past.

REI offers quality maps and trail guides printed on waterproof paper.

Free map software is a great option availableto replace what was commercially available.
I
use a combination of mapping software products to make my maps. I use Terrain Navigator
and the web product by Caltopo.com and Google.

Care of your map starts with the selection of the paper to be used. For short, simple treks
during periods of fair weather I’ll use computer paper.For longer
trips and trips where the weather maybe an issue I’ll use waterproof paper. Rrite-In-The-Rain makes a very good product.I frequently use National Geopgraphic"s Paper too.These products are rugged and when soaked retain their shape are are color
fast.

Commercially made cases are available and I recommend doing a product review on line
first. I have tested
a few and have found some to be bulky, too big or are not truly waterproof. Differentiate between car camping and the backpacker's needs where weight is an issue. Most of the time I keep my map set in a gallon zip lock bag. It's simple, low cost and reliable. My hiking companion also carries a set too.

Monday, June 5, 2017

There are lots of articles and posts about letting the responsible person know about your travel plans. Should you not return home on time they are the trigger to begin the search process.

This may be the most comprehensive plan made yet!!!

After the loss of James Kim in the Oregon back country in 2006 I wrote a hiker's trip plan and posted it on my web site. I had input from several valued sources. I wanted something better for the wilderness traveler than a note to a neighbor. My intent was to provide the search responders something valuable to go by.

In far too many SAR missions, the reporting party has little information for the searchers to go on to begin their search.

Today, while reading a Linkedin email, I received a tip on what might be the most complete plan yet. It's from Paul Kirtley's blog. He is an experienced bush craft author in the UK. This plan is much like the hiker's flight plan. It includes a place for a picture of the hiker, data for one's route and much more.

Reviewing a topographic map is usually the starting point for the planning of any back country trip. A topographic map is your road map to the outdoors. It provides you information at a scale that is meaningful and detailed.

For years, the US Geologic Survey (USGS) has been the principal publisher of accurate maps. Within the last decade we have seen many innovations in mapping products that include new mapping companies and publishers, software, maps for the GPS, and “Apps” for the smart phone.

Still, the USGS map remains the standard for back country navigation (visit the USGS’s site at www.topomaps.usgs.gov.) I’d also recommend looking at June Fleming’s “Staying Found” or Bjorn Kjellstrom’s “Be Expert With Map & Compass.” Once you develop a map foundation you will easily shift to many of the other products on the market today.

Many publications, videos, and web sites will give you a complete rundown on the features, symbols and components to a map. The key features that you should be aware of are:

·Contour Lines These are the thin brown lines that snake across the map. Contour

lines connect equal points of elevation such that every point on a specific line will be at that elevation above sea level. Visually, the contour lines give you a mental three dimensional view of the terrain. These lines provide shape and a sense of texture. Contour lines provide a view of slope and pitch, depressions, ridge lines and level ground; the highs and lows of the earth’s surface. There are two primary types of lines, index and intermediate lines. Index lines stand out as they are a touch wider, a darker shade of brown and indicate the elevation with numbers such as 4500; the elevation is in feet. Between the index lines are the thin intermediate line that are spaced uniformly and further define the elevation, slope and contour. The distance intervals between the intermediate lines are specified at the bottom of the map adjacent to the scale data.

·Scale Consider scale as your view of the map; it is like your “overhead zoom” setting. To cut to the chase, a 7.5 minute map or quadrangle has a scale that is referred to as 1:24,000; where one inch is equal to 2000 feet. It is your best source of information of the back country. At this scale, the map has much more validity and provides more usable information for your backcountry planning. You can view important landmarks, streams and geographic features. To complete the navigation picture I always refer a second map, such as a map of the national forest (e.g., the DeschutesNational Forest.) Commonly, such a map will be “zoomed” way out and have a scale of 1:100,000 or 1:250,000. Imagine that such a map would be made up of many 7.5 minute quadrangles.

·North Features on a map such as trails, roads, mountain peaks and streams are all laid out in relation to true North; the North Pole. The north-south borders of the map and the small declination diagram are your best references for true North. Other grid lines (such as the red Township, Section and Range lines) may not be aligned to true north at all. Be careful of these lines should you need to triangulate your position on a map.

·Declination This is the angular difference between true North and Magnetic North. The red needle on your magnetic compass points to Magnetic North. The accuracy of the information found in the Declination Diagram is dependent on the age of the map. To get the latest declination for any area visit www.magnetic-declination.com.

Personally I use a magnetic compass that I can adjust for declination; it just makes my navigation easier. When adjusted, my compass provides bearing information in degrees true as does my map and my adjusted GPS.

·Coordinates Latitude and Longitude (Lat/Long) are the familiar coordinate system to most outdoorsmen and women. Coordinate data is found at the top and bottom corners of each map. Lat/Long coordinate increments are also found every 2’ (minutes) and 30” (seconds) on the sides of the Map. A scaling device is necessary to pull complete coordinates off a map; this is a pain.

In the 1940’s a coordinate system known as Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) was developed. To keep a very long story short, your 7.5 minute map has a new grid laid over it, the grid dimensions are 1000 meters by 1000 meters. For more complete information on UTM grid visit the USGS’s web site UTM or Letham’s “GPS Made Easy” (which is probably at your local library.)

Simplicity is the essence of UTM. Scouts, hunters and hikers have joined Search and Rescue (SAR) teams around the country in using this system.

Your GPS receiver can easily be switched to UTM from the set-up menu.

·Bar Scales Notice the bar scales at the bottom of the 7.5 minute map. The scales provide measuring data in miles, feet and meters. On the far left side of the meter scale, the scale is broken down into units of 100 meters, this applies directly to UTM.

Notice on the scale bar (feet) that 1 inch equals 2000 feet.

Map Datum Information about map datum is found in the lower left corner of a 7.5 minute map. I have found that the simplest definition from GPS maker Garmin is:

“A math model which depicts a part of the surface of the earth. Latitude and longitude lines on a paper map are referenced to a specific map datum. The map datum selected on a GPS receiver needs to match the datum listed on the corresponding paper map in order for position readings to match.”

The bottom line: most 7.5 minute maps are made to the North American datum of 1927 (NAD27 or NAD27 CONUS on your GPS). New GPS receivers are set to datum WGS84. The difference between the datum could be over 100 meters/yards. The solution: When pulling points off a map shift your GPS’s datum to match the map.

Sunday, June 4, 2017

Setting up the GPS receiver is key to accurate navigation. The phrase "match the map" is a big first step.

Therefore, ensure that the GPS receiver's default settings correspond with key factors on the map.

A selection of such factors includes:

Set the compass page to working in degrees true rather than magnetic.

Position format/cordin

ate Systems (e.g., UTM Grid or Latitude and Longitude.)

Use the correct map datum.

Note that every time the GPS receiver’s batteries are replaced, the electronic compass needs to be calibrated.It’s a simple process that requires a quick check of the owner’s manual.

Both the compass and GPS receiver must be set to complement each other.For example, if the hiker has a basic base plate compass (one that cannot be adjusted for declination) then the GPS receiver’s “north reference” must be set to magnetic.If the hiker has a compass adjusted for declination then the receiver should be set to true north.If compass and GPS receiver don’t match then the bearing information may be as much as 10° to 20° off.That is not good.

I carry a Sylva Ranger style compass that can be adjusted for declination.Before leaving home I visit www.magnetic-declination.com to verify the correct declination for my planned hunt location.With that information I adjust the compass.Yes, the magnetic needle still points to magnetic north but the rotating dial provides degree/azimuth information in degrees true.

About Me

Avid outdoorsman in all seasons. Always learning to improve my knowledge-base and to pass on lessons learned. Search and Rescue volunteer, amateur ham radio operator, retired Naval officer. I focus on keeping my family and students safe and prepared to spend an unexpected night out. Founded Outdoor Quest in 1998. I teach land navigation (both compass/map and GPS applications), and wilderness survival.