The ABS takes every opportunity to improve the quality of its statistics and to implement best statistical practice. This paper describes several major improvements to ABS economic statistics that will affect series in a number of forthcoming ABS publications, including the June quarter 1997 national accounts and related economic indicator releases. Part A focuses on improvements to the coverage of a number of ABS Business Register-based collections that impact on a range of economic statistics. Part B describes improvements to the methodology for estimating constant price gross product for the finance and insurance industry in the national accounts. Both sets of improvements result in adjustments to national accounting aggregates that significantly improve the consistency and coherence of the estimates in recent years. Tables 1-4 at the back of this paper show the impact of the adjustments on the latest published annual estimates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its main components for the years 1991-92 to 1995-96.

PART A: IMPROVEMENTS TO THE COVERAGE OF ABS ECONOMIC COLLECTIONS

Overview

The ability of business surveys to accurately measure the activity of a particular business population is largely dependent upon the availability of up-to-date and complete information identifying that population. This information is used to create a survey frame which should contain certain details (e.g. name, address, industry classification, employment size) about each business in the population. Most ABS business surveys base their frame upon information from the ABS Business Register. Information in the Register is primarily sourced from group employer registrations administered by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). Name and address details of businesses registering as group employers are used to update the ABS Business Register.

The ABS has identified some past deficiencies in this updating process which have now been addressed. Audits identified businesses that were incorrectly omitted from the ABS Business Register, and therefore from survey frames. A special adjustment for missing businesses is being included in affected estimates and a quarterly audit program has been introduced to the Register to minimise the prospects of such omissions in the future.

As well as improving Business Register updating processes, improvements have been made to survey methodology. First, most frames for quarterly surveys are being refreshed quarterly. Second, to ensure that surveys more fully reflect the target population of businesses actually operating at the time of the survey, an ongoing New Business Provision (NBP) is being introduced to most series. The NBP will provide an estimate for those new businesses that have not yet been included on the ABS Business Register when the survey frame is created. (Some ABS series already make such an adjustment.)

Adjustment for missing businesses

Detailed investigations identified a significant number of businesses which are not recorded on the ABS Business Register, but should have been. These were mainly small businesses. The inadvertent omission of these businesses occurred in small quantities over a number of years, although their cumulative effect is quite significant. Several factors which resulted in their omission are described in the following paragraphs.

The ABS Business Register updating system relies upon information provided by the ATO and automatic and clerical techniques for matching the names and addresses of businesses. The ATO system has undergone a number of changes in recent years which required changes to the ABS Business Register updating system. Some of these changes resulted in businesses not being processed to the Register. Other businesses were incorrectly removed from the Register after feedback from ABS business surveys indicated they appeared to be no longer operating.

Revised procedures and the implementation of a quality assurance program, including quarterly auditing, will ensure that there is no further significant increase in missing businesses once details of businesses registering as group employers are provided to the ABS.

The missing businesses are being investigated progressively to ensure they are still operating and not duplicated elsewhere on the Business Register. Approximately 60% of the missing businesses have been fully investigated with all confirmed live businesses added to the ABS Business Register. Investigations into the remaining 40% of the missing businesses commenced recently with a sample of the businesses investigated in detail.

The details about missing businesses are therefore based on a mixture of:

estimates of industry and employment based upon the best available information (for the remaining 40%).

Their contribution to survey estimates is based on the count of them, and an average of the contribution from similar businesses actually included in surveys.The ABS is now in the process of loading to the Register all those businesses which are actually operating.

Improved new business provision

The ABS Business Register should ideally record all businesses as soon as they commence operations. However, the ability to achieve this coverage is limited by the time it takes to obtain and process information from the ATO and other sources.

The ATO provides the ABS with files listing businesses registered as group employers. Each quarter the latest file is matched to that of the previous quarter to identify new registrations and hence new businesses. Until recently, the ABS had to survey each new business to be sure of its characteristics. Following a major upgrade by the ATO in the quality of group employer registration data, the full ABS survey is no longer necessary, and the registration details of most new businesses are loaded directly to the ABS Business Register, with a considerable time saving. However, the ABS will continue to directly survey new businesses having ten or more employees.

Under the new procedures and with quarterly matching, most new businesses are represented on the ABS Business Register within six months of registering with the ATO. This will be reduced to two months with the introduction of monthly matching of ATO group employer files. This will reduce the significance of the NBP in statistics released in the future.

To allow time for sample selection and despatch of survey questionnaires, most frames for sub-annual surveys are extracted from the ABS Business Register prior to the end of the reference period to which they relate (e.g. in March for the June quarter). Similarly, frames for annual surveys are extracted at the start of the last month of the reference period. When the frames are extracted some new businesses are still being processed by the ABS and will in time be loaded to the Register, while some others may have commenced operations and will register with the ATO by the end of the reference period.

The delay in processing information from the ATO and the need to extract survey frames prior to the end of the reference period to which they relate, result in some businesses not being represented directly in quarterly survey estimates for the first two reference quarters after the quarter of registration. Most are represented directly in the third quarter. To allow for this delay and to more appropriately represent changes in the business population, the conceptual coverage of most business surveys has been changed from ‘all businesses included on the ABS Business Register when the frame was created’, to ‘all businesses known to the ATO as group employers at the end of the reference period’. The improved coverage is being achieved by the introduction of a NBP in survey estimates. The NBP is based upon a count of businesses registered with the ATO but not on the ABS Business Register, and an average of the contribution of similar businesses to survey estimates. This is similar to the method used to adjust for missing businesses, described earlier.

To ensure that this more representative coverage of surveys is applied consistently to all reference periods, an adjustment similar to the NBP has been applied to historical series wherever possible.

Several ABS surveys have been using NBPs to allow for businesses yet to be included on the ABS Business Register. Details are contained in relevant ABS publications and are summarised below.

Impact on business surveys

The inclusion of the adjustments for missing businesses and the NBP will impact upon both level and movement estimates. Level estimates will be adjusted significantly upwards and as the number of businesses missing from frames varied over time, there will be some adjustment to movement estimates.

Quarterly Survey of Employment and Earnings

Regular release of Wage and Salary Earners, Australia (cat. no. 6248.0) will resume with the March quarter 1997 issue to be released on 11 September 1997. The estimates in this publication, derived from the quarterly Survey of Employment and Earnings, will incorporate both an adjustment for missing businesses and the NBP. Data adjusted back to 1983-84 will also be included in the publication.

Quarterly Private New Capital Expenditure and Stocks and Sales Surveys

The Private New Capital Expenditure and Stocks and Sales Surveys have contained a provision for new businesses since their inception. Therefore, the change of scope reflected in implementing the NBP is not significant. In September quarter 1994, the method for calculating this provision was replaced by an improved method very similar to that described in this paper. This change was introduced into these surveys ahead of other surveys because of the deficiencies identified in the original methodology. In September quarter 1996, a further improvement was made. Previously the surveys used frames which were refreshed only annually. Since then, the survey frames have been refreshed quarterly and samples taken accordingly. The method for calculating the NBP described in this paper was adopted at that time.

Results from the June quarter 1997 surveys of Private New Capital Expenditure and Stocks and Sales, fully adjusted for missing businesses and the NBP, will be released on 28 August 1997 (Private New Capital Expenditure and Expected Expenditure, Australia (cat. no. 5625.0)), and 1 September 1997 (Stocks and Sales, Selected Industries, Australia (cat. no. 5629.0)), respectively.

Monthly Retail Trade

The monthly Retail Trade Survey already includes an adjustment to account for some of the missing businesses but currently does not include a NBP. The partial adjustment for missing businesses was included in the Retail Trade Survey when the survey was redesigned in early 1994. The partial adjustment was included at that stage as it was more efficient to allow for the missing businesses then than modify the time series to align with the new survey design (scope and coverage changes) and then modify them again later when more complete information became available. Retail estimates adjusted for the remaining missing businesses and the NBP are expected to be released on 4 September 1997 in Retail Trade, Australia, July 1997 (cat. no. 8501.0).

Annual Economic Activity Survey

The results of the annual Economic Activity Survey released in Business Operations and Industry Performance, Australia, 1994-95 (cat. no. 8140.0) included the NBP and approximate adjustments for some of the missing businesses based upon some initial analysis. That analysis has now been extended. The missing businesses will be fully included in estimates with the release of 1995-96 data in September 1997, with adjustments as necessary to earlier data.

Annual Manufacturing Survey

The results of the annual Manufacturing Survey released in Manufacturing Industry, Australia, 1994-95 (cat. no. 8221.0) and Manufacturing Industry, Australia, Preliminary 1995-96 (cat. no. 8201.0) included the NBP and approximate adjustments for some of the missing businesses based upon some initial analysis. That analysis has now been extended. The missing businesses will be fully included in estimates with the release of preliminary 1996-97 data in 1998, with adjustments as necessary to earlier data.

Other Business Register-based collections

Some Business Register-based collections will not introduce adjustments for the NBP or missing businesses. For example, the annual Mining Census uses additional sources of information about new businesses, such as the Register of Australian Mining and State Departments of Mines, to obtain individual details about new businesses before this information is available from the ABS Business Register. The Survey of Company Profits does not include smaller businesses (where almost all of the effect of missing businesses is evident in other surveys), so no adjustments have been necessary to this series either.The quarterly Average Weekly Earnings Survey will introduce the NBP to align with other business surveys but previous estimates will not be adjusted as there will be a very small effect on averages and virtually no effect on quarter-to-quarter movements in averages.

Impact on the Australian national accounts

Adjustments to source data series for missing businesses and the NBP will be fully reflected in the June quarter 1997 national accounts (Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product (cat. no. 5206.0)) to be released on 3 September 1997.

The impact on the national accounts of adjusting source data for missing businesses and the NBP is limited to certain components, and the size of the impact varies considerably amongst them. Table 1 shows the impact on the levels of the constant price estimates of GDP(E) and GDP(P) and Table 2 shows the impact on the current price estimates of GDP(I), for the five years ended 1995-96, the period most affected by the adjustments. Tables 2, 3 and 4 show the impact of the adjustments on those major components of GDP affected.

The only component of GDP(I) affected is wages, salaries and supplements and this only to a very small extent. Generally speaking, wages and salaries are estimated by multiplying the number of wage and salary earners from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) by average earnings from the Survey of Employment and Earnings (SEE). The LFS is a survey of households and so is not affected by the adjustments. Although the employment estimates from the SEE are substantially affected by the adjustments, average earnings are not.

In respect of the expenditure-based measure of GDP, GDP(E), three aggregates are affected: private final consumption expenditure (PFCE), private gross fixed capital expenditure on equipment (PGFCEE) and increase in private non-farm stocks. Despite significant changes to some of the source data, the impact of the adjustments on PGFCEE is very minor because the quarterly survey-based estimates are benchmarked to annual estimates based on data from the ATO. The impact on GDP(E) from changes to PFCE and the increase in private non-farm stocks is far from uniform. In aggregate, 1993-94 is the year most affected.

GDP(P) is much more affected by the adjustments than either GDP(I) or GDP(E), with the estimates for most industries being changed. This reflects the fact that GDP(P) is more dependent on Business Register-based surveys than the other two. The latest published figures show that GDP(P) has been growing more slowly since 1989-90 than the other two GDP measures, leading to substantial discrepancies in recent periods as shown in Table 1. The adjustments have the effect of increasing the growth of GDP(P) and substantially reducing the recent annual discrepancies.

Apart from generally increasing the growth rate of GDP(P), the adjustments lead to minor changes in the pattern of growth in GDP(A) in the last five years. Growth during the recovery phase following the 1990-91 recession is now a little stronger, but growth in 1995-96 is a little weaker.

PART B: IMPROVEMENTS TO CONSTANT PRICE ESTIMATES FOR THE FINANCE AND INSURANCE INDUSTRY IN THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

The June quarter 1997 issue of Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product (cat. no. 5206.0), will introduce a major improvement to the methods used for estimating constant price estimates of gross product for the finance and insurance industry and the imputed bank service charge (IBSC). The change will result in a substantial increase in the growth rate of both aggregates over the last decade. Between 1985-86 and 1995-96 the growth rate of the production of the finance and insurance industry will be changed from 14% to 62%. This will mostly feed through to an increase in the growth rate of GDP(P) over the period; it will not completely feed through to GDP(P) growth because the growth rate of the IBSC - which has a negative entry in the accounts - will also be increased.

As well as changes to GDP(P), there will be somewhat smaller adjustments to GDP(E) and GDP(I) as a consequence of carrying through the change of method for GDP(P) to the corresponding expenditure components, namely private final consumption expenditure and exports of goods and services. The impact on the long-term growth rate of GDP(E) will be minor, but some short-term movements will be affected. The constant price estimates of GDP(I) are derived by deflating the current price estimates with the implicit price deflator of GDP(E). Thus, the constant price estimates of GDP(I) will be impacted in a similar way to those of GDP(E).

The impact of the changes on the various measures of GDP and the components affected are presented in Tables 1, 3 and 4.

At present the constant price estimates for the gross product of the finance and insurance industry are calculated by taking the base year (1989-90) value of the industry’s contribution to GDP(I) and extrapolating it using total hours worked. This approach rests on the assumption that production, in real terms, is proportional to the number of hours worked by employees in the industry. In effect, it assumes that labour productivity is constant. The approach does not make allowance for increases in output growth that may have occurred as a result of changes in capital intensity or improvements in productivity arising from technological, organisational and other changes over time. The assumption of no change in labour productivity also underlies the existing constant price estimates of the IBSC.

The new method to be implemented involves estimating constant price gross output for each of the major activities through which the gross product of the finance and insurance industry is generated. As with other industries, it is assumed that constant price gross product is a fixed proportion of constant price gross output. While the new estimates fall well short of perfection, they are of similar quality to those of most other industries. The new estimates imply growth of around 43% in labour productivity over the last decade (an average annual growth rate of 3.6%). Given the extent of technological and organisational change in the industry, this appears far more plausible than the zero growth implied by the current estimates.

Constant price estimates of PFCE on financial and insurance services and exports of financial and insurance services are currently derived by deflating the corresponding current price estimates with a combination of relevant elemental indexes from the Consumer Price Index and input cost indexes derived from wage rate and price indexes relating to intermediate inputs. The new expenditure estimates are derived using a combination of price indexes and volume indicators consistent with the new output measures.

Details of the new methods will be published in the June quarter 1997 issue of cat. no. 5206.0.

Further Information

This information paper explains improvements that will be made in a range of ABS economic statistics. The adjustments will be incorporated in the relevant series included in the specific publications.

If you have any general queries about the improvements described in this paper, please contact Bernard Williams on Canberra 02 6252 5501.

TABLE 1 IMPACT OF ADJUSTMENTS ON GDP AT AVERAGE 1989-90 PRICES(a)

1991-92

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

VALUE ($ million)

GDP(A)

Unadjusted

368,308

379,742

396,435

412,361

429,130

Combined adjustment

1,988

3,149

4,854

5,556

5,324

Adjusted

370,295

382,890

401,289

417,916

434,454

GDP(P)

Unadjusted

363,729

373,435

388,889

405,182

421 908

Source data adjustment

2 276

3,138

4,872

6,632

5,466

New method adjustment

3,231

4,954

5,766

5,742

6,369

Adjusted

369,236

381,527

399,527

417,556

433,743

GDP(E)

Unadjusted

372,640

385,151

400,850

414,318

431,826

Source data adjustment

-113

707

1 927

210

107

New method adjustment

168

148

276

1,882

1,650

Adjusted

372,695

386,006

403,053

416,410

433,583

GDP(I)

Unadjusted

368,554

380,639

399,566

417,582

433,656

Combined adjustment

401

499

1,720

2,201

2,379

Adjusted

368,955

381,138

401,286

419,783

436,035

PERCENTAGE CHANGE

GDP(A)

Unadjusted

0.7

3.1

4.4

4

4.1

Adjusted

0.7

3.4

4.8

4.1

4

GDP(P)

Unadjusted

-0.5

2.7

4.1

4.2

4.1

Adjusted

-0.1

3.3

4.7

4.5

3.9

GDP(E)

Unadjusted

2.2

3.4

4.1

3.4

4.2

Adjusted

2.2

3.6

4.4

3.3

4.1

GDP(I)

Unadjusted

0.4

3.3

5

4.5

3.8

Adjusted

0.3

3.3

5.3

4.6

3.9

(a) The table shows only the impact of adjustments for improved source data (i.e. missing businesses and the NBP) and improved finance and insurance estimates, described as source data adjustment and new method adjustment, respectively). The data appearing in the forthcoming Jue quarter 1997 issue of the Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product (cat. no. 5206.0) will also incorporate revisions arising from the availability of better and more up-to-date data which usually become available at this time of year and other one-off changes. The main revisions will be described in the June quarter 1997 issue of the publication. There will also be a minor change to the methodology for estimating wages,m salaries and supplements.

TABLE 2 IMPACT OF ADJUSTMENTS ON GDP(I) AT CURRENT PRICES(a)

1991-92

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

VALUE ($ million)

Wages, salaries and supplements

Unadjusted

193,727

200,851

211,208

224,567

240,162

Source data adjustment

284

416

665

741

796

Adjusted

194,011

201,267

211,873

225,308

240,958

GDP(I)

Unadjusted

387,045

404,802

429,713

457,646

489,184

Source data adjustment

284

416

665

741

796

Adjusted

387,329

405,218

430,378

458,387

489,980

PERCENTAGE CHANGE

Wages, salaries and supplements

Unadjusted

2

3.7

5.2

6.3

6.9

Adjusted

1.9

3.7

5.3

6.3

6.9

GDP(I)

Unadjusted

2.3

4.6

6.2

6.5

6.9

Adjusted

2.2

4.6

6.2

6.5

6.9

(a) The table shows only the impact of adjustments for improved source data (i.e. missing businesses and the NBP), described as source data adjustment. The data appearing in the forthcoming June quarter 1997 issue of the Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product (cat no. 5206.0) will also incorporate revisions arising from the availability of better and more up-to-date data which usually become available at this time of year and other one-off changes. The main revisions will be descibed in the June quarter 1997 issue of the publication. There will also be a minor change to the methodology for estimating wages, salaries and supplements.

TABLE 3 IMPACT OF ADJUSTMENTS ON GDP(E) AT AVERAGE 1989-90 PRICES(a)

1991-92

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

VALUE ($ million)

Private final consumption expenditure

Unadjusted

224,967

232,103

238,558

249,232

259,751

Source data adjustment

0

-25

403

368

-152

New method adjustment

58

-85

496

1 880

1,752

Adjusted

225,025

231,993

239,457

251,480

261,351

Private gross fixed capital expenditure -

equipment

Unadjusted

22,553

24,928

27,533

32,589

34,554

Source data adjustment

2

-20

-6

-9

12

Adjusted

22,555

24,908

27,527

32,580

34,566

Increase in private non-farm stocks

Unadjusted

-1,594

-272

834

3,029

2,237

Source data adjustment

-115

752

1,530

-149

247

Adjusted

-1,709

480

2,364

2,880

2,484

Exports of services

Unadjusted

14,584

15,947

18,603

20,247

22,964

New method adjustment

110

233

-220

2

-102

Adjusted

14,694

16,180

18,383

20,249

22,862

GDP(E)

Unadjusted

372,640

385,151

400,850

414,318

431,826

Source data adjustment

-113

707

1,927

210

107

New method adjustment

168

148

276

1,882

1,650

Adjusted

372,695

386,006

403,053

416,410

433,583

PERCENTAGE CHANGES

Private final consumption expenditure

Unadjusted

3

3.2

2.8

4.5

4.2

Adjusted

3

3.1

3.2

5

3.9

Private gross fixed capital expenditure -

equipment

Unadjusted

-5.4

10.5

10.5

18.4

6

Adjusted

-5.3

10.4

10.5

18.4

6.1

Exports of services

Unadjusted

6.6

9.3

16.7

8.8

13.4

Adjusted

7.3

10.1

13.6

10.2

12.9

GDP(E)

Unadjusted

2.2

3.4

4.1

3.4

4.2

Adjusted

2.2

3.6

4.4

3.3

4.1

(a) The table shows only the impact of adjustments for improved source data (i.e. missing businesses and the NBP) and improved finance and insurance estimates, described as source data adjustment and new method adjustment respectively. The data appearing in the forthcoming June quarter 1997 issue of the Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product (cat no. 5206.0) will also incorporate revisions arising from the availability of better and more up-to-date data which usually become available at this time of year and other one-off changes. The main revisions will be descibed in the June quarter 1997 issue of the publication.

TABLE 4 IMPACT OF ADJUSTMENTS ON GDP(P) AT AVERAGE 1989-90 PRICES(a)

Industry

1991-92

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

VALUE ($ million)

Manufacturing

Unadjusted

53,788

54,562

57,192

58,606

58,796

Source data adjustment

389

489

491

1,145

1,697

Adjusted

54,177

55,051

57,683

59,751

60,493

Wholesale Trade

Unadjusted

34,129

34,289

36,746

40,728

43,318

Source data adjustment

696

816

1,068

1,625

1,397

Adjusted

34,825

35,105

37,814

42,353

44,715

Retail Trade

Unadjusted

27,385

27,819

28,373

29,575

30,657

Source data adjustment

65

120

427

534

423

Adjusted

27,450

27,939

28,800

30,109

31,080

Accommodation, cafes and restaurants

Unadjusted

6,983

6,929

7,349

7,977

8,308

Source data adjustment

53

75

174

220

207

Adjusted

7,036

7,004

7,523

8,197

8,515

Transport and storage

Unadjusted

20,396

20,628

22,058

23,687

24,862

Source data adjustment

220

252

327

489

402

Adjusted

20,616

20,880

22,385

24,176

25,264

Communication services

Unadjusted

9,532

10,809

11,871

13,368

15,180

Source data adjustment

74

86

94

105

120

Adjusted

9,606

10,895

11,965

13,473

15,300

Finance and insurance

Unadjusted

17,901

16,909

16,691

16,955

17,572

New method adjustment

2,555

4,161

5,568

5,825

6,275

Adjusted

20,456

21,070

22,259

22,780

23,847

Property and business services

Unadjusted

28,900

31,012

30,866

33,102

34,282

Source data adjustment

1,037

1,572

2,580

2,515

1,191

Adjusted

29,937

32,584

33,446

35,617

35,473

Education

Unadjusted

16,852

18,173

19,102

19,338

19,502

Source data adjustment

54

48

82

38

39

Adjusted

16,906

18,221

19,184

19,376

19,541

Health and community services

Unadjusted

20,590

20,862

21,455

21,908

23,290

Source data adjustment

-74

-69

-78

-76

-13

Adjusted

20,516

20,793

21,377

21,832

23,277

Personal and other services

Unadjusted

6,426

6,578

6,602

7,028

7,542

Source data adjustment

-25

-14

24

38

4

Adjusted

6,401

6,564

6,626

7,066

7,546

Imputed bank service charge

Unadjusted

8,209

8,178

7,433

7,583

8,259

New method adjustment

-676

-793

-198

83

-94

Adjusted

7,533

7,385

7,235

7,666

8,165

GDP(P)

Unadjusted

363,729

373,435

388,889

405,182

421,908

Source data adjustment

2,276

3,138

4,872

6,632

5,466

New method adjustment

3,231

4,954

5,766

5,742

6,369

Adjusted

369,236

381,527

399,527

417,556

433,743

PERCENTAGE CHANGE

Manufacturing

Unadjusted

-2.8

1.4

4.8

2.5

0.3

Adjusted

-2.6

1.6

4.8

3.6

1.2

Wholesale trade

Unadjusted

-2

0.5

7.2

10.8

6.4

Adjusted

-1.3

0.8

7.7

12

5.6

Retail trade

Unadjusted

4.1

1.6

2

4.2

3.7

Adjusted

3.9

1.8

3.1

4.5

3.2

Accommodation, cafes and restaurants

Unadjusted

1.3

-0.8

6.1

8.5

4.1

Adjusted

1.2

-0.5

7.4

9

3.9

Transport and storage

Unadjusted

4

1.1

6.9

7.4

5

Adjusted

4.4

1.3

7.2

8

4.5

Communication services

Unadjusted

7.1

13.4

9.8

12.6

13.6

Adjusted

7.1

13.4

9.8

12.6

13.6

Finance and insurance

Unadjusted

-7.1

-5.5

-1.3

1.6

3.6

Adjusted

-3.7

3

5.6

2.3

4.7

Property and business services

Unadjusted

-2

7.3

-0.5

7.2

3.6

Adjusted

-2

8.8

2.6

6.5

-0.4

Education

Unadjusted

1.9

7.8

5.1

1.2

0.8

Adjusted

2

7.8

5.3

1

0.9

Health and community services

Unadjusted

3.6

1.3

2.8

2.1

6.3

Adjusted

3.5

1.4

2.8

2.1

6.6

Personal and other services

Unadjusted

-0.6

2.4

0.4

6.5

7.3

Adjusted

-0.8

2.5

0.9

6.6

6.8

Imputed bank service charge

Unadjusted

2.3

-0.4

-9.1

2

8.9

Adjusted

-4.4

-2

-2

6

6.5

GDP(P)

Unadjusted

-0.5

2.7

4.1

4.2

4.1

Adjusted

-0.1

3.3

4.7

4.5

3.9

(a) The table shows only the impact of adjustments for improved source data (i.e. missing businesses and the NBP) and improved finance and insurance estimates, described as source data adjustment and new method adjustment, respectively. The data appearing in the forthcoming June quarter 1997 issue of the Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product (cat no. 5206.0) will also incorporate revisions arising from the availability of better and more up-to-date data which usually becomes available at this time of year and other one-off changes. The main revisions will be described in the June quarter 1997 issue of the publication.

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