Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist (Philadelphia
(1919)

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"... A motor theory of speech perception, initially proposed to account for results of early experiments with synthetic speech, is now extensively revised to accommodate recent findings, and to relate the assumptions of the theory to those that might be made about other perceptual modes. According to the ..."

A motor theory of speech perception, initially proposed to account for results of early experiments with synthetic speech, is now extensively revised to accommodate recent findings, and to relate the assumptions of the theory to those that might be made about other perceptual modes. According to the revised theory, phonetic information is perceived in a biologically distinct system, a ‘module ’ specialized to detect the intended gestures of the speaker that are the basis for phonetic categories. Built into the structure of this module is the unique but lawful relationship between the gestures and the acoustic patterns in which they are variously overlapped. In consequence, the module causes perception of phonetic structure without translation from preliminary auditory impressions. Thus, it is comparable to such other modules as the one that enables an animal to localize sound. Peculiar to the phonetic module are the relation between perception and production it incorporates and the fact that it must compete with other modules for the same stimulus variations.

Officer praised dog for barking at object.&quot; Enables Detect Drugs out FK Initiates Retrieval 5 6 Missing Figure 10. Forgetting to fill the tank with gas A=actual intention; E=expectation; Q=question; C=context; I=index; G=goal Tank Out of Gas Tank Full Tank Low Fill Tank Should have filled up with gas when tank low Expectation What Action to Do? KEY: G = goal; I = index; C = context; Q = question; E = expectation; A = actual intention Results At Store connections with related concepts. Other learning goals take multiple arguments. For instance, a knowledge differentiation goal (Cox &amp; Ram, 1995) is a goal to determine a change in a body of knowledge such that two items are separated conceptually. In contrast, a knowledge reconciliation goal (Cox &amp; Ram, 1995) is one that seeks to merge two items that were mistakenly considered separate entities. Both expansion goals and reconciliation goals may include or spawn a knowledge organization goal (Ram, 1993) that seeks to reorganize the existing knowledge so that it is made available to the reasoner at the appropriate time, as well as modify the structure or content of a concept itself. Such reorganization of knowledge affects the conditions under which a particular piece of knowledge is retrieved or the kinds of indexes associated with an item in memory.

"... From Reactive Behaviour to Adaptive Behaviour Motivational models for behaviour in animals and robots E. H. Spier, Balliol College, Trinity Term 1997 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy This thesis presents one possible way to design a control architecture that can be used to ..."

From Reactive Behaviour to Adaptive Behaviour Motivational models for behaviour in animals and robots E. H. Spier, Balliol College, Trinity Term 1997 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy This thesis presents one possible way to design a control architecture that can be used to govern artificial animals. Such artefacts perform multiple-tasks and are expected to exist in a somewhat hostile environment -- they have to be adaptive. It also defends the position that automata, and animals, need not use reasoning to perform intelligent behaviour. Drawing from an ethological conception of motivation, a mathematical framework was described, computer simulations performed and preliminary work on a real robot discussed. It was shown that a reactive motivational algorithm performs better than alternatives that use simplistic models of the world, in a multiple resource foraging task. The reactive motivational framework was then extended to encompass instrumental behaviour as ...

"... this paper represents a new drive towards quantification in autonomous robotics research. Two main measures are used to analyze the results of the experiments: distance to objects over time and the proportion of moves executed by the obstacle avoidance module that receive positive reinforcement. Th ..."

this paper represents a new drive towards quantification in autonomous robotics research. Two main measures are used to analyze the results of the experiments: distance to objects over time and the proportion of moves executed by the obstacle avoidance module that receive positive reinforcement. The results suggest that generalisation performance is best when Q-learning is implemented with neural learning techniques such as the competitive multilayer perceptron and Q-KOHON. Legged locomotion

"... In this paper we show that a phenomenon in animal learning theory (the outcome devaluation effect) for which there is dispute over whether explicit representations and symbolic reasoning is required for its performance, does not require such things. This is done using a reactive motivational model, ..."

In this paper we show that a phenomenon in animal learning theory (the outcome devaluation effect) for which there is dispute over whether explicit representations and symbolic reasoning is required for its performance, does not require such things. This is done using a reactive motivational model, previously inspired from ethological thought, to which some simple reinforcement learning rules are attached. An instantation of the model is used as the control system of an animat in a spatial computer simulation and it succeeds in learning the necessary parameters to allow the behaviour sequencing system to exhibit the phenomenon. 1 Introduction How complex can a reactive animat&apos;s behaviours get before some begin to appeal for a return to the well established rational techniques in classical artificial intelligence ? This paper offers an analysis and performance of a phenomenon in animal learning theory that provokes controversy about the type and complexity of the cognitive machinery ...

by
Catholijn M. Jonker, Jan Treur
- IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF AI AND EXPERT SYSTEMS (IEAJAIE&apos;98, 1998

"... In this paper it is shown how animal behaviour can be simulated in an agent-based manner. Different models are shown for different types of behaviour, varying from purely reactive behaviour to pro-active and social behaviour. The compositional development method for multi-agent systems DESIRE an ..."

In this paper it is shown how animal behaviour can be simulated in an agent-based manner. Different models are shown for different types of behaviour, varying from purely reactive behaviour to pro-active and social behaviour. The compositional development method for multi-agent systems DESIRE and its software environment supports the conceptual and detailed design, and execution of these models. Experiments reported in the literature on animal behaviour have been simulated for a number of agent models.

"... Some curious features of the current psychological scene are briefly examined. They include the notion that psychology is undergoing a paradigm shift and that the paradigm due for suppression can be identified with "behaviourism". It is suggested that, although a return to Hull's beha ..."

Some curious features of the current psychological scene are briefly examined. They include the notion that psychology is undergoing a paradigm shift and that the paradigm due for suppression can be identified with &quot;behaviourism&quot;. It is suggested that, although a return to Hull&apos;s behaviour theory con scarcely be advocated, some characteristics of Hull&apos;s approach which have now been widely abondoned, could with advantage be revived. These are (a) the objective of integration, (b) attention to motivational problems and (c) the recognition of the important contrasts, as well as continuities, between behaviour controlled by symbolic processes and behaviour not so controlled. These might enable us to avoid opposite shortcomings of contemporary Skinnerian and neo-cognitivist positions. RESUME Examen rapide de quelques caracteristiques de la situation actuelle en psychologie. On y retrouve notamment I&apos;idee que la psychologie est en voie de changer de modele et que le modele appele a disparaitre peut s&apos;identifier au &quot;behaviorisme&quot;.

"... Abstract: This article critically examines the views that psychology first came into existence as a discipline ca. 1879, that philosophy and psychology were estranged in the ensuing decades, that psychology finally became scientific through the influence of logical empiricism, and that it should now ..."

Abstract: This article critically examines the views that psychology first came into existence as a discipline ca. 1879, that philosophy and psychology were estranged in the ensuing decades, that psychology finally became scientific through the influence of logical empiricism, and that it should now disappear in favor of cognitive science and neuroscience. It argues that psychology had a natural philosophical phase (from antiquity) that waxed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, that this psychology transformed into experimental psychology ca. 1900, that philosophers and psychologists collaboratively discussed the subject matter and methods of psychology in the first two decades of the twentieth century, that the neobehaviorists were not substantively influenced by the Vienna Circle, that the study of perception and cognition in psychology did not disappear in the behaviorist period and so did not reemerge as a result of artificial intelligence, linguistics, and the computer analogy, that although some psychologists adopted the language-of-thought approach of traditional cognitive science, many did not, and that psychology will not go away because it contributes independently of cognitive science and neuroscience.

by
Michael T. Cox
- In Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Metacognition in Computation (pp, 2005

"... This paper takes a cursory examination of some of the research roots concerning the topic of metacognition in computation. Various disciplines have examined the many phenomena of metacognition and have produced numerous results, both positive and negative. I discuss some of these aspects of cognitio ..."

This paper takes a cursory examination of some of the research roots concerning the topic of metacognition in computation. Various disciplines have examined the many phenomena of metacognition and have produced numerous results, both positive and negative. I discuss some of these aspects of cognition about cognition and the results concerning them from the point of view of the psychologist and the computer scientist, and I attempt to place them in the context of computational theories. I examine metacognition with respect to both problem solving and to comprehension processes of cognition. The history is limited to the 20th century.

"... Many of the assumptions of homology on which the standard nomenclature for the cell groups and fiber tracts of the avian brain have been based are in error, and consequently that terminology promotes misunderstanding of the functional organization of avian brain and its evolutionary relationship to ..."

Many of the assumptions of homology on which the standard nomenclature for the cell groups and fiber tracts of the avian brain have been based are in error, and consequently that terminology promotes misunderstanding of the functional organization of avian brain and its evolutionary relationship to mammalian brain. Recognizing this problem, a number of avian brain researchers began an effort to revise the terminology, which culminated in the Avian Brain Nomenclature Forum, held at Duke University from 18 to 20 July 2002. In the new terminology approved at this Forum, the flawed conception that the telencephalon of birds consists nearly entirely of a hypertrophied basal ganglia has been purged, and the actual parts of the basal ganglia and its brainstem afferent cell groups given names reflecting their nowevident mammalian homologues. The pallial telencephalic regions that were erroneously named to reflect presumed homology to mammalian basal ganglia were renamed as parts of pallium, using prefixes in most cases that retained established abbreviations (for continuity with the replaced nomenclature). The new nomenclature should lead to better communication among neuroscientists, especially between avian brain specialists and those not specialized in avian neurobiology. More information is available at the Avian Brain Nomenclature Exchange website