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The systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an endocrine system that is mainly known to regulate blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance as well as volume homeostasis in the body through different active metabolites, the angiotensin (Ang) peptides. In addition, local renin-angiotensin systems have been discovered in various tissues, including the islet of Langerhans. Starting with angiotensinogen, the precursor of all angiotensin peptides which is cleaved into the decapeptide Ang I by renin, the RAS is divided into three axes. The main classical RAS axis is composed of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin (Ang) II, and the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), whereas the two alternative RAS axes comprise either ACE2, Ang-(1-7) and the receptor Mas or the aminopeptidase N (APN), Ang IV and the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). The activation of the main ACE/Ang II/AT1R RAS axis has been associated with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and islet dysfunction. The detrimental effects resulting from the pathological activation of this axis have been shown to be attenuated or even abolished by the pharmacological inhibition of components of the main RAS axis. However, the impact of the two alternative ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas and APN/Ang IV/IRAP RAS axes on islet function is less well understood. Previous studies mainly focused on the possible protective actions of Ang-(1-7) via the receptor Mas in insulin-sensitive tissues and on well known risk factors of metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia). Thus, the impact of this axis on ╬▓-cell function and, in particular, insulin production and release was examined in the present study. Glucose and fatty acids have been subjects of diabetic research because they are established pathophysiologically relevant features of the metabolic syndrome and are known to harm ╬▓ cells, phenomena which are referred to as gluco- or lipotoxicity, respectively. The pathophysiologically relevant factors glucose, saturated fatty acid (FA) palmitic acid (PA), and the methyl ester of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA-ME) were used in the present study to characterize the local ╬▓-cell RAS as well as ╬▓-cell function under pathophysiological conditions. Results of the present work demonstrate the expression of selected components of the RAS in isolated murine islets of Langerhans and the rat insulinoma cell line BRIN-BD11 under basal conditions. The alternative ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas and APN/Ang IV/IRAP RAS axes were activated by high glucose in BRIN-BD11 cells after 24 h. Coincidently with these findings insulin production was found to be increased. In contrast, the expression of components of the main ACE/Ang II/AT1R RAS axis and the Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R) were not affected under the same conditions (H├Ąrdtner et al., 2013). Both FAs, PA and DHA-ME were shown to alter the expression of components of the renin-angiotensin system in BRIN-BD11 cells. PA increased the expression of AT1R, the receptor of the main RAS axis, and of AT2R, whereas that of the receptor of the alternative ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas RAS axis, Mas, appeared to be down-regulated at basal low glucose concentrations (5.5 mM). These effects were accompanied by a dose-dependent reduction of the insulin production and secretion. In contrast, DHA-ME augmented the expression of components of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis and IRAP at low glucose concentrations, an effect which could be partially enhanced under high glucose conditions (25 mM). At basal glucose concentrations DHA-ME reduced the insulin secretion, whereas it was increased under high glucose conditions. However, the insulin mRNA amount remained unaffected by DHA-ME. Additionally, in contrast to glucose and palmitic acid, DHA-ME significantly increased the production of reactive oxygen species, at least hydrogen peroxide after 30 min. Expression alterations of components of the alternative ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas RAS axis by glucose and PA correlated strongly with the corresponding insulin secretion and production. Therefore, an involvement of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas RAS axis in the regulation of insulin secretion and production was hypothesized and validated in primary islets of Langerhans of both Mas-deficient and wild-type mice. Islets were exposed to the preferred natural ligand for Mas, Ang-(1-7), or to its pharmacological agonists or antagonists, respectively....