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In 1994 DEC sold the Rdb division to Oracle Corporation where it was rebranded Oracle Rdb. Oracle was still enhancing and developing this product in 2013 (although "Oracle Database" products like Oracle 11g get the lion's share of Oracle's advertising budget). It currently runs on OpenVMS for VAX, Alpha and IA-64 (Itanium). It used to run on DEC Tru64 and MicrosoftWindows NT. Demand for the Tru64 version was so low that support was dropped. The Windows NT port was never released as Oracle could not obtain support on the compilers necessary for this platform.

Rdb featured one of the first cost-based optimizers, and after acquisition Oracle introduced a cost-based optimizer in its regular Oracle RDBMS product.

Interactive access to the Oracle Rdb can be by SQL (Structured Query Language), RDO (Relational Database Operator), or both.

High level languages usually access Oracle-Rdb by:

embedding RDO statements in the source file then running it through a precompiler

(example: "file.RCO" is pre-compiled into "file.COB")

embedding SQL statements in the source file then running it through a precompiler

(example: "file.SCO" is pre-compiled into "file.COB")

placing the SQL statements in a file external to the source code; this separate file is converted to object code by the "SQL Module Language" compiler, and the source code then references these SQL statements and, after compilation, the two are joined by the OpenVMS linker.

Oracle has released a statement of direction which indicates integration with Oracle 9i and 10g through technology sharing.[2]

On March 22, 2011, Oracle announced it has decided to end all software development on the Itanium; Oracle Rdb 7.3 will be the last major version released by Oracle.

Statement issued on September 4, 2012: Previously, Oracle announced that it would stop developing new versions of its software on Itanium microprocessors. For example, that meant version 12c of the Oracle database due out in early 2013 would not be available on Itanium. However, a judge recently ruled that Oracle has a contract to continue porting its software to Itanium computers for as long as HP sells Itanium computers. Therefore, Oracle will continue building the latest versions of its database and other software covered by the judge's ruling to HP Itanium computers. Oracle software on HP's Itanium computers will be released on approximately the same schedule as Oracle software on IBM's Power systems.[3]

1.
Relational database management system
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A relational database management system is a database management system that is based on the relational model as invented by E. F. Codd, of IBMs San Jose Research Laboratory. In 2017, many of the databases in widespread use are based on the database model. Relational databases have often replaced legacy hierarchical databases and network databases because they are easier to understand, however, relational databases have received unsuccessful challenge attempts by object database management systems in the 1980s and 1990s and also by XML database management systems in the 1990s. Despite such attempts, RDBMSs keep most of the market share, according to DB-Engines, in 2016, the most widely used systems are Oracle, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL, IBM DB2, Microsoft Access, and SQLite. According to research company Gartner, in 2011, the five leading commercial relational database vendors by revenue were Oracle, IBM, Microsoft, SAP including Sybase, however, the first commercially available RDBMS was Oracle, released in 1979 by Relational Software, now Oracle Corporation. Other examples of an RDBMS include DB2, SAP Sybase ASE, in 1984, the first RDBMS for Macintosh began being developed, code-named Silver Surfer, it was later released in 1987 as 4th Dimension and known today as 4D. The term relational database was invented by E. F. Codd at IBM in 1970, Codd introduced the term in his seminal paper A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks. In this paper and later papers, he defined what he meant by relational, one well-known definition of what constitutes a relational database system is composed of Codds 12 rules. The first system sold as an RDBMS was Multics Relational Data Store, others have been Ingres and IBM BS12. The most common definition of an RDBMS is a product that presents a view of data as a collection of rows and columns, by this definition, RDBMS products typically implement some but not all of Codds 12 rules. A second school of thought argues that if a database does not implement all of Codds rules and this view, shared by many theorists and other strict adherents to Codds principles, would disqualify most DBMSs as not relational. For clarification, they refer to some RDBMSs as truly-relational database management systems. As of 2009, most commercial relational DBMSes employ SQL as their query language, alternative query languages have been proposed and implemented, notably the pre-1996 implementation of Ingres QUEL. SQL Object database Wikibook SQL Online analytical processing and ROLAP Data warehouse Star schema Snowflake schema

2.
Hewlett-Packard
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The Hewlett-Packard Company or shortened to Hewlett-Packard was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. The company was founded in a garage in Palo Alto by William Bill Redington Hewlett and David Dave Packard. HP was the worlds leading PC manufacturer from 2007 to Q22013 and it specialized in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and networking hardware, designing software and delivering services. HP also had services and consulting business around its products and partner products.4 billion in 2008, in November 2009, HP announced the acquisition of 3Com, with the deal closing on April 12,2010. On April 28,2010, HP announced the buyout of Palm, on September 2,2010, HP won its bidding war for 3PAR with a $33 a share offer, which Dell declined to match. On October 6,2014, Hewlett-Packard announced plans to split the PC and printers business from its enterprise products, the split closed on November 1,2015, and resulted in two publicly traded companies, HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise. William Redington Hewlett and David Packard graduated with degrees in engineering from Stanford University in 1935. The company originated in a garage in nearby Palo Alto during a fellowship they had with a past professor, Terman was considered a mentor to them in forming Hewlett-Packard. In 1939, Packard and Hewlett established Hewlett-Packard in Packards garage with a capital investment of US$538. Hewlett and Packard tossed a coin to decide whether the company they founded would be called Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett, HP incorporated on August 18,1947, and went public on November 6,1957. Of the many projects they worked on, their very first financially successful product was an audio oscillator. This allowed them to sell the Model 200A for $54.40 when competitors were selling less stable oscillators for over $200, the Model 200 series of generators continued until at least 1972 as the 200AB, still tube-based but improved in design through the years. They worked on technology and artillery shell fuses during World War II. Hewlett-Packards HP Associates division, established around 1960, developed semiconductor devices primarily for internal use, instruments and calculators were some of the products using these devices. HP partnered in the 1960s with Sony and the Yokogawa Electric companies in Japan to develop several high-quality products, the products were not a huge success, as there were high costs in building HP-looking products in Japan. HP and Yokogawa formed a joint venture in 1963 to market HP products in Japan, HP bought Yokogawa Electrics share of Hewlett-Packard Japan in 1999. HP spun off a company, Dynac, to specialize in digital equipment. The name was picked so that the HP logo hp could be turned upside down to be a reverse image of the logo dy of the new company

3.
OpenVMS
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OpenVMS is a computer operating system for use in general-purpose computing. It is the successor to the VMS Operating System, that was produced by Digital Equipment Corporation, in the 1990s, it was used for the successor series of DEC Alpha systems. OpenVMS also runs on the HP Itanium-based families of computers, as of 2015, a port to the X86-64 architecture is underway. The name VMS is derived from virtual memory system, according to one of its architectural features. OpenVMS is a operating system, but source code listings are available for purchase. OpenVMS is a multi-user, multiprocessing virtual memory-based operating system designed for use in time sharing, batch processing, when process priorities are suitably adjusted, it may approach real-time operating system characteristics. The system offers high availability through clustering and the ability to distribute the system over multiple physical machines and this allows the system to be tolerant against disasters that may disable individual data-processing facilities. OpenVMS contains a user interface, a feature that was not available on the original VAX-11/VMS system. Versions of VMS running on DEC Alpha workstations in the 1990s supported OpenGL, customers using OpenVMS include banks and financial services, hospitals and healthcare, network information services, and large-scale industrial manufacturers of various products. As of mid-2014, Hewlett Packard licensed the development of OpenVMS exclusively to VMS Software Inc, VMS Software will be responsible for developing OpenVMS, supporting existing hardware and providing roadmap to clients. The company has a team of developers that originally developed the software during DECs ownership. In April 1975, Digital Equipment Corporation embarked on a project, code named Star. A companion software project, code named Starlet, was started in June 1975 to develop a new operating system, based on RSX-11M. These two projects were integrated from the beginning. Gordon Bell was the VP lead on the VAX hardware and its architecture, the Star and Starlet projects culminated in the VAX 11/780 computer and the VAX-11/VMS operating system. The Starlet name survived in VMS as a name of several of the system libraries, including STARLET. OLB. Over the years the name of the product has changed, in 1980 it was renamed, with version 2.0 release, to VAX/VMS. g. The smallest MicroVAX2000 had a 40MB RD32 hard disk and a maximum of 6MB of RAM, microVMS kits were released for VAX/VMS4.4 to 4.7 on TK50 tapes and RX50 floppy disks, but discontinued with VAX/VMS5.0

4.
Operating system
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An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require a system to function. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones, the dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 83. 3%. MacOS by Apple Inc. is in place, and the varieties of Linux is in third position. Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors, other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. A single-tasking system can run one program at a time. Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types, in preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems, e. g. Solaris, Linux, cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking, 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive multi-tasking. Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem, a distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing, distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a work in cooperation, they form a distributed system. The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common in large server warehouses, embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and they are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design, Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems. A real-time operating system is a system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could run different programs in succession to speed up processing

5.
Digital Equipment Corporation
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Digital Equipment Corporation, also known as DEC and using the trademark Digital, was a major American company in the computer industry from the 1950s to the 1990s. DEC was a vendor of computer systems, including computers, software. Their PDP and successor VAX products were the most successful of all minicomputers in terms of sales, DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, in what was at that time the largest merger in the history of the computer industry. At the time, Compaq was focused on the market and had recently purchased several other large vendors. DEC was a major player overseas where Compaq had less presence, however, Compaq had little idea what to do with its acquisitions, and soon found itself in financial difficulty of its own. The company subsequently merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002, as of 2007 some of DECs product lines were still produced under the HP name. From 1957 until 1992, DECs headquarters were located in a wool mill in Maynard. DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, which merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002. Some parts of DEC, notably the business and the Hudson. Initially focusing on the end of the computer market allowed DEC to grow without its potential competitors making serious efforts to compete with them. Their PDP series of machines became popular in the 1960s, especially the PDP-8, looking to simplify and update their line, DEC replaced most of their smaller machines with the PDP-11 in 1970, eventually selling over 600,000 units and cementing DECs position in the industry. Originally designed as a follow-on to the PDP-11, DECs VAX-11 series was the first widely used 32-bit minicomputer and these systems were able to compete in many roles with larger mainframe computers, such as the IBM System/370. The VAX was a best-seller, with over 400,000 sold, at its peak, DEC was the second largest employer in Massachusetts, second only to the Massachusetts State Government. The rapid rise of the business microcomputer in the late 1980s, DECs last major attempt to find a space in the rapidly changing market was the DEC Alpha 64-bit RISC instruction set architecture. DEC initially started work on Alpha as a way to re-implement their VAX series, DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, in what was at that time the largest merger in the history of the computer industry. At the time, Compaq was focused on the market and had recently purchased several other large vendors. DEC was a major player overseas where Compaq had less presence, however, Compaq had little idea what to do with its acquisitions, and soon found itself in financial difficulty of its own. The company subsequently merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002, as of 2007 some of DECs product lines were still produced under the HP name

6.
Oracle Corporation
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Oracle Corporation is a multinational computer technology corporation, headquartered in Redwood Shores, California. In 2015 Oracle was the second-largest software maker by revenue, after Microsoft, larry Ellison co-founded Oracle Corporation in 1977 with Bob Miner and Ed Oates under the name Software Development Laboratories. Ellison took inspiration from the 1970 paper written by Edgar F. Codd on relational database management systems named A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks and he heard about the IBM System R database from an article in the IBM Research Journal provided by Oates. Also derived from Codds theories, Ellison wanted to make Oracles product compatible with System R, SDL changed its name to Relational Software, Inc in 1979, then again to Oracle Systems Corporation in 1982, to align itself more closely with its flagship product Oracle Database. At this stage Bob Miner served as the senior programmer. In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name to Oracle Corporation, officially named Oracle, but sometimes referred to as Oracle Corporation, part of Oracle Corporations early success arose from using the C programming language to implement its products. This eased porting to different operating systems, many of the products have been added to Oracles portfolio through acquisitions. Oracles E-delivery service provides generic downloadable Oracle software and documentation, Oracle Database Release 10, In 2004, Oracle Corporation shipped release 10g as the then latest version of Oracle Database. Release 11, Release 11g became the current Oracle Database version in 2007, Oracle Corporation released Oracle Database 11g Release 2 in September 2009. This version was available in four commercial editions—Enterprise Edition, Standard Edition, Standard Edition One, the licensing of these editions shows various restrictions and obligations that are considered complex. The Enterprise Edition, the most expensive of the Database Editions, has the fewest restrictions —, Oracle Corporation constrains the Standard Edition and Standard Edition One with more licensing restrictions, in accordance with their lower price. Release 12, Release 12c became available on July 1,2013, Oracle acquired Rdb in 1994 from Digital Equipment Corporation. Oracle has since made many enhancements to product and development continues as of 2008. Released in 2008, the Oracle Beehive collaboration software provides team workspaces, email, calendar, instant messaging, customers can use Beehive as licensed software or as software as a service. Oracle also sells a suite of business applications, users can access these facilities through a browser interface over the Internet or via a corporate intranet. The Social Engagement and Monitoring cloud provides the most effective and efficient responses across social, SEM is able to route correct responses to the right team, member, or customer-experience channel to ensure the best customer service. The analysis helps vendors to understand what is important to customers and it identifies trends, spikes, and anomalies to make real-time course corrections. It also can identify brand advocates, the SEM cloud identifies customer intention and interests by analyzing the common ways customers talk about a product or a service

7.
VAX
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VAX is a discontinued instruction set architecture developed by Digital Equipment Corporation in the mid-1970s. The VAX-11/780, introduced on October 25,1977, was the first of a range of popular, a 32-bit system with a CISC architecture based on DECs earlier PDP-11, VAX was designed to extend or replace DECs various PDP ISAs. The VAX architectures primary features were virtual addressing and its instruction set. Later versions offloaded the compatibility mode and some of the less used CISC instructions to emulation in the system software. The VAX instruction set was designed to be powerful and orthogonal, when it was introduced, many programs were written in assembly language, so having a programmer-friendly instruction set was important. In time, as programs were written in higher-level language, the instruction set became less visible. One unusual aspect of the VAX instruction set is the presence of register masks at the start of each subprogram and these are arbitrary bit patterns that specify, when control is passed to the subprogram, which registers are to be preserved. Since register masks are a form of data embedded within the executable code and this can complicate optimization techniques that are applied on machine code. The native VAX operating system is Digitals VAX/VMS, the VAX architecture and OpenVMS operating system were engineered concurrently to take maximum advantage of each other, as was the initial implementation of the VAXcluster facility. Other VAX operating systems have included various releases of BSD UNIX up to 4. 3BSD, Ultrix-32, VAXELN, more recently, NetBSD and OpenBSD support various VAX models and some work has been done on porting Linux to the VAX architecture. The first VAX model sold was the VAX-11/780, which was introduced on October 25,1977 at the Digital Equipment Corporations Annual Meeting of Shareholders, bill Strecker, C. Gordon Bells doctoral student at Carnegie Mellon University, was responsible for the architecture. Many different models with different prices, performance levels, and capacities were subsequently created, VAX superminicomputers were very popular in the early 1980s. For a while the VAX-11/780 was used as a standard in CPU benchmarks, the actual number of instructions executed in 1 second was about 500,000, which led to complaints of marketing exaggeration. The result was the definition of a VAX MIPS, the speed of a VAX-11/780, within the Digital community the term VUP was the more common term, because MIPS do not compare well across different architectures. The related term cluster VUPs was informally used to describe the performance of a VAXcluster. The VAX-11/780 included a subordinate stand-alone LSI-11 computer that performed microcode load, booting and this was dropped from subsequent VAX models. Enterprising VAX-11/780 users could therefore run three different Digital Equipment Corporation operating systems, VMS on the VAX processor, and either RSX-11M or RT-11 on the LSI-11, the VAX went through many different implementations. The original VAX 11/780 was implemented in TTL and filled a cabinet with a single CPU

8.
DEC Alpha
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Alpha was implemented in microprocessors originally developed and fabricated by DEC. These microprocessors were most prominently used in a variety of DEC workstations and servers, several third-party vendors also produced Alpha systems, including PC form factor motherboards. Operating systems that supported Alpha included OpenVMS, Tru64 UNIX, Windows NT, Linux, BSD UNIX, Plan 9 from Bell Labs, as well as the L4Ka, the Alpha architecture was sold, along with most parts of DEC, to Compaq in 1998. Alpha was born out of an earlier RISC project named PRISM, PRISM was intended to be a flexible design, supporting both Unix-like applications, as well as Digitals existing VMS programs from the VAX after minor conversion. A new Unix-like operating system known as Mica would run applications natively, during development, the Palo Alto design team were working on a Unix-only workstation that originally included the PRISM. DEC management doubted the need to produce a new architecture to replace their existing VAX and DECstation lines. By the time of cancellation, however, second-generation RISC chips were offering much better price/performance ratios than the VAX lineup and it was clear a third generation would completely outperform the VAX in all ways, not just on cost. Another study was started to see if a new RISC architecture could be defined that could support the VMS operating system. The new design used most of the basic PRISM concepts, but was re-tuned to allow VMS and VMS programs to run at speed with no conversion at all. The decision was made to upgrade the design to a full 64-bit implementation from PRISMs 32-bit. Eventually that new architecture became Alpha, the primary Alpha instruction set architects were Richard L. Sites and Richard T. Witek. The PRISMs Epicode was developed into the Alphas PALcode, providing an interface to platform-. The main contribution of Alpha to the industry, and the main reason for its performance, was not so much the architecture. At that time, the industry was dominated by automated design. The chip designers at Digital continued pursuing sophisticated manual circuit design in order to deal with the overly complex VAX architecture and these chips caused a renaissance of custom circuit design within the microprocessor design community. Originally, the Alpha processors were designated the DECchip 21x64 series, the first two digits,21 signifies the 21st century, and the last two digits,64 signifies 64 bits. The Alpha was designed as 64-bit from the start and there is no 32-bit version, the middle digit corresponded to the generation of the Alpha architecture. The first few generations of the Alpha chips were some of the most innovative of their time, the first version, the Alpha 21064 or EV4, was the first CMOS microprocessor whose operating frequency rivalled higher-powered ECL minicomputers and mainframes

9.
IA-64
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Not to be confused with x86-64, the 64-bit extension to x86 architecture. IA-64 is the instruction set architecture of the Itanium family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors, to support this effort Intel created the largest design team in their history and a new marketing and industry enabling team completely separate from x86. The first Itanium processor, codenamed Merced, was released in 2001, the Itanium architecture is based on explicit instruction-level parallelism, in which the compiler decides which instructions to execute in parallel. This contrasts with other architectures, which depend on the processor to manage instruction dependencies at runtime. In all Itanium models, up to and including Tukwila, cores execute up to six instructions per clock cycle, as of 2008, Itanium was the fourth-most deployed microprocessor architecture for enterprise-class systems, behind x86-64, Power Architecture, and SPARC. In 1989, HP began to become concerned that reduced instruction set computing architectures were approaching a processing limit at one instruction per cycle. So, Intel and HP partnered in 1994 to develop the IA-64 ISA and this required that Itanium products be designed, documented, and manufactured, and have quality and support consistent with the rest of Intels products. Therefore, Intel took the lead on microarchitecture design, productization, industry software and operating system enabling, HP made a substantial contribution to the ISA definition, the Merced/Itanium microarchitecture, and Itanium 2, but productization responsibility was Intels. The original goal for delivering the first Itanium family product was 1998, compaq and Silicon Graphics decided to abandon further development of the Alpha and MIPS architectures respectively in favor of migrating to IA-64. By 1997, it was apparent that the IA-64 architecture and the compiler were much more difficult to implement than originally thought, since Itanium was the first ever EPIC processor, the development effort encountered more unanticipated problems than the team was accustomed to. In addition, the EPIC concept depends on compiler capabilities that had never implemented before. Several groups developed operating systems for the architecture, including Microsoft Windows and Unix and Unix-like systems such as Linux, HP-UX, FreeBSD, Solaris, Tru64 UNIX, and Monterey/64. As a result, a working IA-64 Linux was delivered ahead of schedule and was the first OS to run on the new Itanium processors, Intel announced the official name of the processor, Itanium, on October 4,1999. Within hours, the name Itanic had been coined on a Usenet newsgroup as a pun on the name Titanic, by the time Itanium was released in June 2001, its performance was not superior to competing RISC and CISC processors. Recognizing that the lack of software could be a problem for the future. HP and Intel brought the next-generation Itanium 2 processor to market a year later, the Itanium 2 processor was released in 2002. It relieved many of the problems of the original Itanium processor. In 2003, AMD released the Opteron, which implemented its own 64-bit architecture, Opteron gained rapid acceptance in the enterprise server space because it provided an easy upgrade from x86

10.
Tru64
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Tru64 UNIX is a discontinued 64-bit UNIX operating system for the Alpha instruction set architecture, currently owned by Hewlett-Packard. Previously, Tru64 UNIX was a product of Compaq, and before that, Digital Equipment Corporation, as its original name suggests, Tru64 UNIX is based on the OSF/1 operating system. DECs previous UNIX product was known as Ultrix and was based on BSD and it is unusual among commercial UNIX implementations, as it is built on top of the Mach kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University. Tru64 UNIX required the SRM boot firmware found on Alpha-based computer systems, in 1988, during the so-called Unix wars, DEC joined with IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and others to form the Open Software Foundation to develop a version of Unix. The fact that OSF/1 was one of the first operating systems to use the Mach kernel is cited as support of this assertion and it also incorporated a large part of the BSD kernel to provide UNIX API. Back at the time of its proliferation, OSF/1 was the third major flavor of UNIX together with System V and BSD. DECs original release of OSF/1 was in January 1992 for their line of MIPS-based DECstation workstations, DEC ported OSF/1 to their new Alpha AXP platform, and this was the first version of what is most commonly referred to as OSF/1. DEC OSF/1 AXP Release 1.2 was shipped on March 1993, OSF/1 AXP was a full 64-bit operating system and the native UNIX implementation for the Alpha architecture. From OSF/1 AXP V2.0 onwards, UNIX System V compatibility was also integrated into the system, HP also released a port of OSF/1 to the early HP 9000/700 workstations based on the PA-RISC1.1 architecture. This was withdrawn soon afterwards due to lack of software and hardware support compared to competing operating systems, apple Computer intended to base A/UX4.0 for their PowerPC-based Macintoshes on OSF/1, but the project was cancelled. IBM used OSF/1 as the basis of the AIX/ESA operating system for System/370, OSF/1 was also ported by Kendall Square Research to their proprietary processor architecture used in the KSR1 supercomputer. In 1994, after AT&T had sold UNIX System V to Novell and the rival Unix International consortium had disbanded, OSF/1 AD was a distributed version of OSF/1 developed for massively parallel supercomputers by Locus Computing Corporation. Variants of OSF/1 AD were used on such systems, including the Intel Paragon XP/S and ASCI Red, Convex Exemplar SPP-1200. In 1995, starting with release 3.2, DEC renamed OSF/1 AXP to Digital UNIX to reflect its conformance with the X/Open Single UNIX Specification. After Compaqs purchase of DEC in early 1998, with the release of version 4. 0F, Digital UNIX was renamed to Tru64 UNIX to emphasise its 64-bit-clean nature, in April 1999, Compaq announced that Tru64 UNIX5.0 successfully ran on Intels IA-64 simulator. However, this port was cancelled a few months later, a Chinese version of Tru64 UNIX named COSIX was jointly developed by Compaq and China National Computer Software & Technology Service Corporation. From release V5.0 Tru64 UNIX offered a facility named TruCluster Server. TruCluster utilised a cluster-wide filesystem visible to each member, plus member specific storage

11.
Microsoft
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Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup, as of 2016, it was the worlds largest software maker by revenue, and one of the worlds most valuable companies. Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on April 4,1975, to develop and it rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by Microsoft Windows. The companys 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion, in June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers. The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, childhood friends with a passion for computer programming, sought to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills. In 1972 they founded their first company, named Traf-O-Data, which offered a computer that tracked and analyzed automobile traffic data. Allen went on to pursue a degree in science at Washington State University. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systemss Altair 8800 microcomputer, Allen suggested that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device, after a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didnt actually have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter and they officially established Microsoft on April 4,1975, with Gates as the CEO. Allen came up with the name of Micro-Soft, as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article. In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, the company moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979. Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, however, it was MS-DOS that solidified the companys dominance. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles. Due to various factors, such as MS-DOSs available software selection, the company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as with a publishing division named Microsoft Press. Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkins disease, while jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20,1985. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated, in 1990, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office

12.
Windows NT
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Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July 1993. It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing, multi-user operating system, the first version of Windows NT was Windows NT3.1 and was produced for workstations and server computers. It was intended to complement consumer versions of Windows that were based on MS-DOS, gradually, the Windows NT family was expanded into Microsofts general-purpose operating system product line for all personal computers, deprecating the Windows 9x family. NT was formerly expanded to New Technology but no longer carries any specific meaning, starting with Windows 2000, NT was removed from the product name and is only included in the product version string. NT was the first purely 32-bit version of Windows, whereas its consumer-oriented counterparts, Windows 3. 1x and it is a multi-architecture operating system. Initially, it supported several CPU architectures, including IA-32, MIPS, DEC Alpha, PowerPC, the latest versions support x86 and ARM. This lineage is made clear in Cutlers foreword to Inside Windows NT by Helen Custer and it has been suggested that Dave Cutler intended the initialism WNT as a play on VMS, incrementing each letter by one. However, the project was intended as a follow-on to OS/2 and was referred to as NT OS/2 before receiving the Windows brand. One of the original NT developers, Mark Lucovsky, states that the name was taken from the original target processor—the Intel i860, the letters were dropped from the names of releases from Windows 2000 onwards, though Microsoft described that product as being Built on NT Technology. A main design goal of NT was hardware and software portability, the idea was to have a common code base with a custom Hardware Abstraction Layer for each platform. However, support for MIPS, Alpha, and PowerPC was later dropped in Windows 2000, broad software compatibility was achieved with support for several API personalities, including Windows API, POSIX, and OS/2 APIs – the latter two were phased out starting with Windows XP. Partial MS-DOS compatibility was achieved via an integrated DOS Virtual Machine – although this feature is being phased out in the x86-64 architecture, NT supported per-object access control lists allowing a rich set of security permissions to be applied to systems and services. NT supported Windows network protocols, inheriting the previous OS/2 LAN Manager networking, Windows NT3.1 was the first version of Windows to use 32-bit flat virtual memory addressing on 32-bit processors. Its companion product, Windows 3.1, used segmented addressing, notably, in Windows NT3. x, several I/O driver subsystems, such as video and printing, were user-mode subsystems. In Windows NT4, the video, server, and printer spooler subsystems were moved into kernel mode, NTFS, a journaled, secure file system, was created for NT. Windows NT also allows for other file systems, starting with versions 3.1. Windows NT introduced its own model, the Windows NT driver model. With Windows 2000, the Windows NT driver model was enhanced to become the Windows Driver Model, which was first introduced with Windows 98, but was based on the NT driver model

13.
SQL
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Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data definition language, data manipulation language, and data control language. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative language, it also includes procedural elements. SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codds relational model, as described in his influential 1970 paper, despite not entirely adhering to the relational model as described by Codd, it became the most widely used database language. SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute in 1986, since then, the standard has been revised to include a larger set of features. Despite the existence of such standards, most SQL code is not completely portable among different database systems without adjustments, SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in the early 1970s. The acronym SEQUEL was later changed to SQL because SEQUEL was a trademark of the UK-based Hawker Siddeley aircraft company, in June 1979, Relational Software, Inc. introduced the first commercially available implementation of SQL, Oracle V2 for VAX computers. SQL deviates in several ways from its foundation, the relational model. In that model, a table is a set of tuples, while in SQL, tables and query results are lists of rows, the same row may occur multiple times, and the order of rows can be employed in queries. Critics argue that SQL should be replaced with a language that strictly returns to the foundation, for example. The SQL language is subdivided into several elements, including, Clauses. Queries, which retrieve the data based on specific criteria and this is an important element of SQL. Statements, which may have a persistent effect on schemata and data, or may control transactions, program flow, connections, sessions, SQL statements also include the semicolon statement terminator. Though not required on every platform, it is defined as a part of the SQL grammar. Insignificant whitespace is ignored in SQL statements and queries, making it easier to format SQL code for readability. Other operators have at times been suggested or implemented, such as the skyline operator, SQL has the case/when/then/else/end expression, which was introduced in SQL-92. In its most general form, which is called a case in the SQL standard, it works like else if in other programming languages. If the source does not specify an ELSE expression, SQL defaults to ELSE NULL, an abbreviated syntax—called simple case in the SQL standard—mirrors switch statements, This syntax uses implicit equality comparisons, with the usual caveats for comparing with NULL. For the Oracle-SQL dialect, the latter can be shortened to an equivalent DECODE construct, The last value is the default, if none is specified, however, unlike the standards simple case, Oracles DECODE considers two NULLs equal with each other

14.
Linker (computing)
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A simpler version that writes its output directly to memory is called the loader, though loading is typically considered a separate process. Computer programs typically comprise several parts or modules, these parts/modules need not all be contained within an object file. For most compilers, each file is the result of compiling one input source code file. When a program comprises multiple object files, the linker combines these files into an executable program. Linkers can take objects from a collection called a library, some linkers do not include the whole library in the output, they only include its symbols that are referenced from other object files or libraries. Libraries exist for diverse purposes, and one or more system libraries are linked in by default. The linker also takes care of arranging the objects in an address space. This may involve relocating code that assumes a base address to another base. Since a compiler seldom knows where an object will reside, it assumes a fixed base location. Relocating machine code may involve re-targeting of absolute jumps, loads, the executable output by the linker may need another relocation pass when it is finally loaded into memory. This pass is usually omitted on hardware offering virtual memory, every program is put into its own address space and this pass may also be omitted if the executable is a position independent executable. On some Unix variants, such as SINTRAN III, the performed by a linker was called loading. Additionally, in operating systems the same program handles both the jobs of linking and loading a program. Many operating system environments allow dynamic linking, that is the postponing of the resolving of some undefined symbols until a program is run and that means that the executable code still contains undefined symbols, plus a list of objects or libraries that will provide definitions for these. Loading the program will load these objects/libraries as well, and perform a final linking and this approach offers two advantages, Often-used libraries need to be stored in only one location, not duplicated in every single binary. If a bug in a function is corrected by replacing the library. Programs that included this function by static linking would have to be re-linked first, a program, together with the libraries it uses, might be certified as a package, but not if components can be replaced. Static linking is the result of the linker copying all library routines used in the program into the executable image

15.
Files-11
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Files-11, also known as on-disk structure, is the file system used by Digital Equipment Corporation OpenVMS operating system, and also by the older RSX-11. It is a file system, with support for access control lists, record-oriented I/O, remote network access. Files-11 is similar to, but significantly more advanced than, the systems used in previous Digital Equipment Corporation operating systems such as TOPS-20. The native OpenVMS file system is descended from older DEC operating systems and is similar in many ways, a major difference is the layout of directories. These file systems all provided some form of rudimentary non-hierarchical directory structure, under RSTS/E, each user account was represented by two numbers, a pair, and had one associated directory. Special system files, such as program executables and the OS itself, were stored in the directory of a reserved system account and they are similar because they had the same designer Dave Cutler, originally from Digital Equipment Corporation. Files-11 is the term for five separate file systems, known as on-disk structure levels 1 through 5. ODS-1 is the file system used by the RSX-11 OS, supported by older VMS systems for RSX compatibility. ODS-2 is the standard VMS file system, and remains the most common system for system disks. Although seldom referred to by their ODS level designations, ODS-3 and ODS-4 are the Files-11 support for the CD-ROM ISO9660 and High Sierra Format file systems, respectively. It was originally intended for serving to Microsoft Windows or other non-VMS systems as part of the NT affinity project. All files and directories in a Files-11 file system are contained inside one or more parent directories, and eventually under the root directory, the file system is therefore organised in a directed acyclic graph structure. In this example, File 2 has an entry under both Dir 2 and Dir 3, it is in both directories simultaneously. Even if removed from one, it would still exist in the directory until removed from there also. This is similar to the concept of hard links in UNIX, an operational VMS system has access to one or more online disks, each of which contains a complete, independent file system. These are either local storage or, in the case of a cluster, in an OpenVMS cluster configuration, non-private disks are shared between all nodes in the cluster. Access to files across a cluster is managed by the OpenVMS Distributed Lock Manager, multiple disks can be combined to form a single large logical disk, or volume set. Disks can also be replicated into shadow sets for data security or faster read performance

16.
Itanium
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Itanium is a family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture. Intel markets the processors for servers and high-performance computing systems. The Itanium architecture originated at Hewlett-Packard, and was jointly developed by HP. Itanium-based systems have produced by HP and several other manufacturers. In 2008, Itanium was the fourth-most deployed microprocessor architecture for enterprise-class systems, behind x86-64, Power Architecture, the currently shipping Itanium processor generation, Poulson, was released on November 8,2012. In February 2017, Intel began releasing its successor, Kittson, to test customers, as Intel has not provided a roadmap beyond it and Hewlett-Packard is the only remaining major Itanium vendor, press and analysts have speculated that it will be the last Itanium generation. In 1989, HP determined that Reduced Instruction Set Computing architectures were approaching a processing limit at one instruction per cycle, HP researchers investigated a new architecture, later named Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing, that allows the processor to execute multiple instructions in each clock cycle. EPIC implements a form of very long instruction word architecture, in which a single instruction word contains multiple instructions, Intel was willing to undertake a very large development effort on IA-64 in the expectation that the resulting microprocessor would be used by the majority of enterprise systems manufacturers. HP and Intel initiated a joint development effort with a goal of delivering the first product, Merced. Compaq and Silicon Graphics decided to further development of the Alpha. Several groups developed operating systems for the architecture, including Microsoft Windows, OpenVMS, Linux, and UNIX variants such as HP-UX, Solaris, Tru64 UNIX, and Monterey/64. By 1997, it was apparent that the IA-64 architecture and the compiler were much more difficult to implement than originally thought, technical difficulties included the very high transistor counts needed to support the wide instruction words and the large caches. There were also structural problems within the project, as the two parts of the joint team used different methodologies and had different priorities. Since Merced was the first EPIC processor, the development effort encountered more unanticipated problems than the team was accustomed to, in addition, the EPIC concept depends on compiler capabilities that had never been implemented before, so more research was needed. Intel announced the name of the processor, Itanium, on October 4,1999. Within hours, the name Itanic had been coined on a Usenet newsgroup, a reference to Titanic, by the time Itanium was released in June 2001, its performance was not superior to competing RISC and CISC processors. Itanium competed at the low-end with servers based on x86 processors, Intel repositioned Itanium to focus on high-end business and HPC computing, attempting to duplicate x86s successful horizontal market. POWER and SPARC remained strong, while the 32-bit x86 architecture continued to grow into the enterprise space, only a few thousand systems using the original Merced Itanium processor were sold, due to relatively poor performance, high cost and limited software availability

17.
Corporation
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A corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law. Early incorporated entities were established by charter, most jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through registration. Corporations chartered in regions where they are distinguished by whether they are allowed to be for profit or not are referred to as for profit and not-for-profit corporations, there is some overlap between stock/non-stock and for profit/not-for-profit in that not-for-profit corporations are always non-stock as well. A for profit corporation is almost always a stock corporation, registered corporations have legal personality and are owned by shareholders whose liability is limited to their investment. Shareholders do not typically actively manage a corporation, shareholders instead elect or appoint a board of directors to control the corporation in a fiduciary capacity, in American English, the word corporation is most often used to describe large business corporations. In British English and in the Commonwealth countries, the company is more widely used to describe the same sort of entity while the word corporation encompasses all incorporated entities. In American English, the company can include entities such as partnerships that would not be referred to as companies in British English as they are not a separate legal entity. Despite not being human beings, corporations, as far as the law is concerned, are legal persons. Corporations can exercise human rights against real individuals and the state, Corporations can be dissolved either by statutory operation, order of court, or voluntary action on the part of shareholders. Corporations can even be convicted of offenses, such as fraud. However, corporations are not considered living entities in the way humans are. While not a corporation, this new type of entity became very attractive as an alternative for corporations not needing to issue stock, in Germany, the organization was referred to as Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung or GmbH. In the last quarter of the 20th Century this new form of organization became available in the United States and other countries. Since the GmbH and LLC forms of organization are technically not corporations they will not be discussed in this article, the word corporation derives from corpus, the Latin word for body, or a body of people. By the time of Justinian, Roman law recognized a range of corporate entities under the names universitas and these included the state itself, municipalities, and such private associations as sponsors of a religious cult, burial clubs, political groups, and guilds of craftsmen or traders. Such bodies commonly had the right to own property and make contracts, to receive gifts and legacies, to sue and be sued, private associations were granted designated privileges and liberties by the emperor. Entities which carried on business and were the subjects of rights were found in ancient Rome. In medieval Europe, churches became incorporated, as did local governments, such as the Pope, the point was that the incorporation would survive longer than the lives of any particular member, existing in perpetuity

18.
Board of directors
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A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a corporation or organization, which can include a non-profit organization or a government agency. A board of directors activities are determined by the powers, duties and responsibilities conferred on it by an authority outside itself and these matters are typically detailed in regulations or in the organizations constitution and bylaws. These authorities may specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and how often they are to meet. In an organization with voting members, the board is accountable to, and might be subordinate to, the full membership. In a stock corporation, non-executive directors are voted for by the shareholders, the board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction. In corporations with dispersed ownership, the identification and nomination of directors are often done by the board itself, in a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership, the board is the supreme governing body of the institution, its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself. Other names include Board of directors and advisors, board of governors, board of managers, board of regents, board of trustees and it may also be called the executive board and is often simply referred to as the board. For companies with publicly trading stock, these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous, typically, the board chooses one of its members to be the chairman, who holds whatever title is specified in the bylaws or articles of association. However, in organizations, the members elect the president of the organization. The directors of an organization are the persons who are members of its board, several specific terms categorize directors by the presence or absence of their other relationships to the organization. An inside director is a director who is also an employee, officer, chief executive, major shareholder, inside directors represent the interests of the entitys stakeholders, and often have special knowledge of its inner workings, its financial or market position, and so on. Executive directors often have an area of responsibility in the organization, such as finance, marketing, human resources. An outside director is a member of the board who is not otherwise employed by or engaged with the organization, a typical example is a director who is president of a firm in a different industry. Outside directors are not employees of the company or affiliated with it in any other way, outside directors bring outside experience and perspectives to the board. One of the arguments for having outside directors is that they can keep a eye on the inside directors. Outside directors are unlikely to tolerate insider dealing between insider directors, as outside directors do not benefit from the company or organization, outside directors are often useful in handling disputes between inside directors, or between shareholders and the board. They are thought to be advantageous because they can be objective, director - a person appointed to serve on the board of an organization, such as an institution or business. This practice results in an interlocking directorate, where a small number of individuals have significant influence over a large number of important entities

19.
Michael Boskin
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Michael Jay Boskin is the T. M. Friedman Professor of Economics and senior fellow at Stanford Universitys Hoover Institution. He also is Chief Executive Officer and President of Boskin & Co. an economic consulting company. Boskin holds B. A. with highest honors, M. A. and Ph. D. degrees in economics from the University of California, Berkeley, earned in 1967,1968 and he is a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He joined Stanford University in 1970 and he is a Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research. Boskin has been a director of Exxon Mobil since 1996 and he is also a director of Oracle Corporation, Shinsei Bank, and Vodafone Group plc. He serves on the Commerce Departments Advisory Committee on the National Income, Boskin is the recipient of the Adam Smith Prize and other professional awards. According to Patrick Buchanan, in Death of Manufacturing, Boskin was sanguine about the transfer of United States manufacturing overseas, too Many Promises, The Uncertain Future of Social Security,1986. Too Many Promises, The Uncertain Future of Social Security, Dow-Jones-Irwin,1986, reagan and the Economy, Successes, Failures, Unfinished Agenda, Institute for Contemporary Studies,1987. The Economic Report of the President, with R. Schmalensee and J. Taylor, the Economic Report of the President, with R. Schmalensee and J. Taylor, United States Government Printing Office,1991. The Economic Report of the President, with D. Bradford and P. Wonnacott, the Economic Report of the President, with D. Bradford and P. Wonnacott, United States Government Printing Office,1993. The Crisis in Social Security, Institute for Contemporary Studies,1977, Federal Tax Reform, Institute for Contemporary Studies,1978. Economics and Human Welfare, Essays in Honor of Tibor Scitovsky, the Economics of Taxation, with H. Aaron, Brookings,1980. The Economy in the 1980s, A Program for Stability and Growth, the Federal Budget, Economics and Politics, with A. Wildavsky, Institute for Contemporary Studies,1982. Private Saving and Public Debt, with J. Flemming and S. Gorini, modern Developments in Public Finance, Basil Blackwell,1987. Economics of Public Debt, with K. Arrow, MacMillan,1988, Frontiers of Tax Reform, Hoover Institution Press,1996. The Negative Income Tax and the Supply of Work Effort, National Tax Journal, the Effects of Taxes on the Supply of Labor, With Special Reference to Income Maintenance Programs, National Tax Association Papers and Proceedings,1971. Unions and Relative Real Wages, American Economic Review, June 1972, Local Government Tax and Product Competition and the Optimal Provision of Public Goods, Journal of Political Economy, January 1973. Economics of the Labor Supply, in G. Cain and H. Watts, Labor Supply and Income Maintenance, Rand McNally,1973

20.
Safra A. Catz
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Safra Catz is an Israeli-born American business executive. She has been an executive at Oracle Corporation since April 1999, in April 2011 she was named co-president and chief financial officer, reporting to founder/CEO Larry Ellison. On September 18,2014 Oracle announced that Larry Ellison will step down as CEO, Catz earned a bachelors degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1983 and a J. D. from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1986. She attended Harvard Law School her final year and she has been a non-executive director of Hyperion Solutions since April 14,2007. She has been a member of the council of TechNet since March 14,2013. She served as a director of PeopleSoft Inc. since December 30,2004, Catz joined Oracle Corporation in April 1999. Catz became a member of the companys Board of Directors in October 2001 and she is credited for having driven Oracles 2005 efforts to acquire software rival PeopleSoft in a $10.3 billion takeover. Catz is also the companys Chief Financial Officer, serving temporarily in that role from November 2005 to September 2008, Mark Hurd joined her as Co-President in 2010. In 2009 she was ranked by Fortune as the 12th most powerful woman in business, in 2009 she was also ranked by Forbes as the 16th most powerful business-woman. In 2014, she was ranked at #24, according to an Equilar analysis published by Fortune, she was in 2011 the highest-paid woman among Fortune 1000 companies, receiving an estimated US$51,695,742 in total remuneration. Catz is a lecturer in accounting at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, Catz was a director of HSBC Group from 2008 to 2015. In December 2016, it was announced that Catz would join the committee of the presidential transition team for Donald Trump. The move prompted the resignation of Oracle executive George Polisner. Catz was born in Holon, Israel, to Jewish parents and she moved from Israel to Brookline, Massachusetts at the age of six. She graduated from Brookline High School, Catz is married to Gal Tirosh and has two sons, Victor and Gary

21.
Larry Ellison
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Lawrence Joseph Larry Ellison is an American businessman, entrepreneur, and philanthropist who is co-founder of Oracle Corporation and was CEO from its founding until September 2014. He is the chairman and chief technology officer of Oracle. As of February 2017, he was listed by Forbes magazine as the fifth-wealthiest person in America and as the seventh-wealthiest in the world, Ellison was born in New York City but grew up in Chicago. He studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and the University of Chicago without graduating before moving to California in 1966. While working at Ampex in the early 1970s, he became influenced by Edgar F. Codds research on relational database design, Ellison has donated up to 1% of his wealth to charity and has signed The Giving Pledge. In addition to his work at Oracle, Ellison has had success in yachting and he is a licensed aircraft pilot who owns two military jets. Larry Ellison was born in New York City, to an unwed Jewish mother and his biological father was an Italian American United States Army Air Corps pilot. After Ellison contracted pneumonia at the age of nine months, his mother gave him to her aunt and he did not meet his biological mother again until he was 48. Ellison moved to Chicagos South Shore, a middle-class neighborhood, louis Ellison was a government employee who had made a small fortune in Chicago real estate, only to lose it during the Great Depression. Although Ellison was raised in a Reform Jewish home by his adoptive parents, Ellison states, While I think I am religious in one sense, the particular dogmas of Judaism are not dogmas I subscribe to. I dont believe that they are real, theyre interesting mythology, and I certainly respect people who believe these are literally true, but I dont. I see no evidence for this stuff, at age thirteen, Ellison refused to have a bar mitzvah celebration. Ellison says that his affair with Israel is not connected to religious sentiments. Ellison left the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign after his year, not taking his final exams. After spending a summer in Northern California, he attended the University of Chicago for one term, in 1966, aged 22, he moved to Northern California. During the 1970s, after a stint at Amdahl Corporation, Ellison began working for Ampex Corporation. His projects included a database for the CIA, which he named Oracle, Ellison was inspired by a paper written by Edgar F. Codd on relational database systems called A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks. In 1977, he founded Software Development Laboratories with two partners and an investment of $2,000, $1,200 of the money was his

22.
Mark Hurd
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Mark Vincent Hurd is CEO of Oracle Corporation and serves on the board of directors. He previously served as chairman, chief officer, and president of Hewlett-Packard before resigning in 2010. Hurd was a member of the Technology CEO Council and served on the board of directors of News Corporation until 2010. Hurd graduated in 1979 with a BBA from Baylor University, which he attended on a tennis scholarship, in 2009, Baylor named its tennis complex the Hurd Tennis Center after he helped fund its renovation. Baylor University honored Hurd with the 2012-2013 Baylor Meritorious Achievement Award in November 2012 during the Universitys 103rd anniversary Homecoming celebration, Hurd was named Vice Chair of the Baylor University Board of Regents Finance and Facilities Committee for the 2016-2017 term. Hurd’s interest in improving American tennis led to Oracle’s partnership with the Intercollegiate Tennis Association, Hurd is married to Paula Hurd. Hurd spent 25 years at NCR Corporation, culminating in a tenure as chief executive officer. His leadership was marked by efforts to improve operating efficiency, bolster the product line. In the fiscal year of 2004, NCR generated revenue of $6.0 billion, up 7 percent from a year earlier and he was named president of NCR in 2001 and was given additional responsibilities as chief operating officer in 2002. He began working for NCR as a salesman in San Antonio in 1980, and subsequently held a variety of positions in general management, operations. He also served as head of the companys Teradata data-warehousing division for three years, Hurd was appointed permanent CEO and also held the title of President, a post which was not used by several of his predecessors. Hurd was also elected to the board of directors but unlike previous CEOs, on September 22,2006, Hurd succeeded Pat Dunn as board chairman after she resigned after the pretexting controversy. Under his leadership, the company has been the first in the sale of computers since 2007. In 2008, it increased its market share in inkjet and laser printers to 46% and 50. 5%. Hurd forecast that in 2009, HPs sales could drop as much as 5% in the midst of the recession, but its profit increased by nearly 6%. Under Hurds tenure, the company met Wall Street expectations in 21 out of 22 quarters and increased profits for 22 straight quarters, while its revenue rose 63 percent and stock price doubled. While the merger of Hewlett-Packard and Compaq was heavily criticized back in 2002, Hurd managed to make the combined company execute successfully, Hurd was said to have run HP with a founder’s authority. He was for all intents and purposes the CEO, CFO, COO, Hurd had a reputation for aggressive cost-cutting

23.
Jack Kemp
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Jack French Kemp was an American politician and a professional gridiron football player. He was the Republican Partys nominee for Vice President in the 1996 election, Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries. Before entering politics, Kemp was a quarterback for 13 years. He played briefly in the National Football League and the Canadian Football League and he served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to a second consecutive championship. He played in the AFL for all 10 years of its existence, appeared in its All-Star game seven times, played in its championship game five times, Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association, for which he served five terms as president. During the early part of his career, he served in the United States Army Reserve. As an economic conservative, Kemp advocated low taxes and supply-side policies during his political career and his positions spanned the social spectrum, ranging from his conservative opposition to abortion to his more libertarian stances advocating immigration reform. After his days in office, Kemp remained active as a political advocate and commentator. He also authored, co-authored, and edited several books and he promoted American football and advocated for retired professional football players. Kemp was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 by President Barack Obama, one of his most famous quotes was, We must win the war on poverty by enlisting the greatest weapon ever invented, Free Enterprise. Frances was a social worker and Spanish teacher. Kemp grew up in the heavily Jewish Wilshire district of West Los Angeles, Kemp attended Melrose Avenues Fairfax High School, which was, at the time, known both for its high concentration of Jewish students and concentration of celebrities children. Over 95% of Kemps classmates were Jewish, and he became a supporter of Jewish causes. His classmates included musician Herb Alpert, baseball pitcher Larry Sherry, during his years in high school, Kemp worked with his brothers at his fathers trucking company in downtown Los Angeles. In his spare time, he became a reader, preferring history. After graduating from school in 1953, he attended Occidental College. Kemp selected Occidental because its football team used professional formations and plays, at 5 feet 10 inches and 175 pounds, he considered himself too small to play for the USC Trojans or UCLA Bruins, the major Southern California college football programs. At Occidental, Kemp was a record-setting javelin hurler and played several positions on the team, quarterback, defensive back, place kicker

24.
Mergers and acquisitions
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Mergers and acquisitions are transactions in which the ownership of companies, other business organizations or their operating units are transferred or combined. As an aspect of management, M&A can allow enterprises to grow, shrink. An acquisition or takeover is the purchase of one business or company by company or other business entity. Specific acquisition targets can be identified through a myriad of avenues including market research, trade expos, or sent up from internal business units, such purchase may be of 100%, or nearly 100%, of the assets or ownership equity of the acquired entity. Consolidation occurs when two companies combine to form a new enterprise altogether, and neither of the previous companies remains independently, Acquisitions are divided into private and public acquisitions, depending on whether the acquiree or merging company is or is not listed on a public stock market. Some public companies rely on acquisitions as an important value creation strategy, an additional dimension or categorization consists of whether an acquisition is friendly or hostile. Achieving acquisition success has proven to be difficult, while various studies have shown that 50% of acquisitions were unsuccessful. Serial acquirers appear to be successful with M&A than companies who only make an acquisition occasionally. It is normal for M&A deal communications to take place in a so-called confidentiality bubble wherein the flow of information is restricted pursuant to confidentiality agreements. Hostile acquisitions can, and often do, ultimately become friendly and this usually requires an improvement in the terms of the offer and/or through negotiation. Acquisition usually refers to a purchase of a firm by a larger one. Sometimes, however, a firm will acquire management control of a larger and/or longer-established company. This is known as a reverse takeover, another type of acquisition is the reverse merger, a form of transaction that enables a private company to be publicly listed in a relatively short time frame. A reverse merger occurs when a privately held company buys a publicly listed company, usually one with no business. The overall net effect of M&A transactions appears to be positive, almost all studies report positive returns for the investors in the combined buyer and this implies that M&A creates economic value, presumably by transferring assets to management teams that operate them more efficiently. The buyer buys the assets of the target company, the cash the target receives from the sell-off is paid back to its shareholders by dividend or through liquidation. This type of leaves the target company as an empty shell. A buyer often structures the transaction as a purchase to cherry-pick the assets that it wants and leave out the assets

25.
Sun Microsystems
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Sun contributed significantly to the evolution of several key computing technologies, among them Unix, RISC processors, thin client computing, and virtualized computing. Sun was founded on February 24,1982, at its height, the Sun headquarters were in Santa Clara, California, on the former west campus of the Agnews Developmental Center. On January 27,2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun by for US$7.4 billion, other technologies include the Java platform, MySQL, and NFS. Sun was a proponent of open systems in general and Unix in particular, the initial design for what became Suns first Unix workstation, the Sun-1, was conceived by Andy Bechtolsheim when he was a graduate student at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. Bechtolsheim originally designed the SUN workstation for the Stanford University Network communications project as a personal CAD workstation and it was designed around the Motorola 68000 processor with an advanced memory management unit to support the Unix operating system with virtual memory support. He built the first ones from spare parts obtained from Stanfords Department of Computer Science, on February 24,1982, Vinod Khosla, Andy Bechtolsheim, and Scott McNealy, all Stanford graduate students, founded Sun Microsystems. Bill Joy of Berkeley, a developer of the Berkeley Software Distribution. The Sun name is derived from the initials of the Stanford University Network, Sun was profitable from its first quarter in July 1982. By 1983 Sun was known for producing 68000-based systems with high-quality graphics that were the only computers other than DECs VAX to run 4. 2BSD and it licensed the computer design to other manufacturers, which typically used it to build Multibus-based systems running Unix from UniSoft. Suns initial public offering was in 1986 under the stock symbol SUNW, the symbol was changed in 2007 to JAVA, Sun stated that the brand awareness associated with its Java platform better represented the companys current strategy. Suns logo, which features four interleaved copies of the sun in the form of a rotationally symmetric ambigram, was designed by professor Vaughan Pratt. The initial version of the logo was orange and had the sides oriented horizontally and vertically, but it was rotated to stand on one corner and re-colored purple. In the dot-com bubble, Sun began making more money. It also began spending more, hiring workers and building itself out. Some of this was because of demand, but much was from web start-up companies anticipating business that would never happen. Sales in Suns important hardware division went into free-fall as customers closed shop, several quarters of steep losses led to executive departures, rounds of layoffs, and other cost cutting. In December 2001, the fell to the 1998, pre-bubble level of about $100. But it kept falling, faster than many other tech companies, a year later it had dipped below $10 but bounced back to $20

26.
PeopleSoft
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It existed as an independent corporation until its acquisition by Oracle Corporation in 2005. The PeopleSoft name and product line are now marketed by Oracle, PeopleSoft Financial Management Solutions and Supply Chain Management are part of the same package, commonly known as Financials and Supply Chain Management. Founded in 1987 by Ken Morris and David Duffield, PeopleSoft was originally headquartered in Walnut Creek, California before moving to Pleasanton, Duffield envisioned a client–server version of Integral Systems popular mainframe HRMS package. The companys sole venture backing came from IBM, george J. Still, Jr. from Norwest Venture Partners joined the Board of Directors. PeopleSoft version 1, released in the late 1989, was the first fully integrated, PeopleSoft expanded its product range to include a financials module in 1992, distribution in 1994, and manufacturing in 1996 after the acquisition of Red Pepper. The original architecture for the PeopleSoft suite of products built on an approach with a dedicated client. With the release of version 8, the suite was rewritten as an n-tier web-centric design called PeopleSoft Internet Architecture. The new format allowed all of a companys business functions to be accessed, originally, a small number of security and system setup functions still needed to be performed on a fat-client machine, however, this is no longer the case. The PeopleSoft application suite can function as an ERP system, similar to SAP, implementation focuses on PeopleSofts proprietary PeopleTools technology. The metadata describes data for user interfaces, tables, messages, security, navigation, portals and this set of tools can make the PeopleSoft suite platform-independent. Application Engine - a batch-processing facility In 2003, PeopleSoft performed a friendly merger with smaller rival JD Edwards, the latters similar product line, World and OneWorld, targeted mid-sized companies too small to benefit from PeopleSofts applications. JD Edwards software used the Configurable Network Computing architecture, which shielded applications from both the system and the database back-end. PeopleSoft branded the OneWorld product PeopleSoft EnterpriseOne, beginning in 2003, Oracle began to maneuver for control of the PeopleSoft company. In June 2003, Oracle made a $13 billion bid in a corporate takeover attempt. In February 2004, Oracle decreased their bid to approximately $9.4 billion, complicating Oracles takeover attempt was PeopleSofts poison pill, allowing their customers to potentially receive refunds of 2-5x the amount they had paid in the case of a takeover. Later that month, the U. S. Department of Justice filed suit to block Oracle, in September 2004, the suit was rejected by a U. S. Federal judge, who found that the Justice Department had not proven its anti-trust case. In October, the decision was handed down by the European Commission. Though Oracle had reduced its offer to $7.7 billion in May, in December 2004, Oracle announced that it had signed a definitive merger agreement to acquire PeopleSoft for approximately $10.3 billion

27.
Oracle Hyperion
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Hyperion Solutions Corporation was a software company located in Santa Clara, California, which was acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2007. Many of its products were targeted at the intelligence and business performance management markets. Hyperion Solutions was formed from the merger of Hyperion Software and Arbor Software in 1998,2006 - Hyperion acquires UpStream 2006 - Hyperion acquires Beatware 2007 - Hyperion acquired Decisioneering. Oracle Corporation announced on March 1,2007 it had agreed to purchase Hyperion Solutions Corporation for $3.3 billion in cash, the transaction was completed on April 18,2007 and Hyperion now operates as a division of Oracle. Oracle extended support for most Hyperion products to 2018, Hyperion BI tools were bundled into Oracle Business Intelligence Suite Enterprise Edition. The independent pure-play vendors, the largest being MicroStrategy, Tableau, QlikView, group consolidation specialize for finance users are a specialization of BI market. Microsoft Excel is the leader in this area. The increase in level of Multiway Data Analysis correlate with the cost, Hyperion Enterprise and Oracle HFM are examples of application to support more complex consolidation requirements

28.
BEA Systems
–
BEA Systems, Inc. was a company specialized in enterprise infrastructure software products which was wholly acquired by Oracle Corporation on April 29,2008. BEA began as a company, founded in 1995 and headquartered in San Jose. It grew to have 78 offices worldwide at the time of its acquisition by Oracle, the companys name is an initialism of the first names of the companys three founders, Bill Coleman, Ed Scott and Alfred Chuang. All were former employees of Sun Microsystems, and launched the business in 1995 by acquiring Information Management and these firms were the largest resellers of Tuxedo, a distributed transaction management system sold by Novell. BEA soon acquired the Tuxedo product itself, and went on to acquire other companies and products, including ObjectBroker. In 1998, BEA acquired the San Francisco start-up WebLogic, which had built the first standards-based Java application server, webLogics application server became the impetus for the Sun Microsystems J2EE specification and formed the basis of BEAs WebLogic application server sold today. In 2005, BEA launched a new identity with the slogan Think Liquid. BEA also announced a new line called AquaLogic, which is an infrastructure software family for service-oriented architecture. The same year, it made its entrance into telecommunications infrastructure through the acquisition of Incomit, the acquisitions continued in 2006 with Plumtree Software, an enterprise portal company, Fuego, a business process management software company, and Flashline, a metadata repository company. These acquisitions have since become parts of the AquaLogic SOA product stack, on October 12,2007, Oracle announced their intent to buy BEA Systems for $6.7 billion. As a result of the offer, BEAs stock price rose over five dollars upon the opening of trading for the day, BEA turned the offer down the same day, saying that the company is worth substantially more. On January 16,2008 Oracle signed an agreement to buy BEA for $8.5 billion. It is believed that Carl Icahn, one of the companys most prominent shareholders, was the reason that the deal happened. On April 29,2008 Oracle completed its acquisition of BEA, in 2005, BEA launched a new product family called AquaLogic for service-oriented architecture deployment. BEA also has an offering for the RFID market called the BEA WebLogic RFID Product Family. BEA Systems produced the AquaLogic software suite for managing service-oriented architecture and it includes following products, BEA AquaLogic BPM suite, a set of business process management tools. It combines workflow and process technology with enterprise application integration functionality, the completed business process applications are deployed on a production server, from which they integrate to backend applications and generate portal views for human interactions in the process. It also comes with a customizable tools for business activity monitoring

29.
JD Edwards
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J. D. Edwards World Solution Company or JD Edwards, abbreviated JDE, was an Enterprise Resource Planning software company. Products included World for IBM AS/400 minicomputers, OneWorld for CNC architecture, the company was founded March 1977 in Denver, Colorado, by Jack Thompson, C. T. P. Chuck Hintze, Dan Gregory, and Ed McVaney and it was purchased by PeopleSoft, Inc. in 2003. PeopleSoft, in turn, was purchased by Oracle Corporation in 2005, around that time he was coming to the realization that, in his words, The culture of a public accounting firm is the antithesis of developing software. The idea of spending time on something that not getting paid for—software development—they just could not stomach that. McVaney felt that accounting clients did not understand what was required for software development, JD Edwards was founded in 1977 by Jack Thompson, Dan Gregory, and Ed McVaney, the companys name drawn from the initials J for Jack, D for Dan, and Edwards for Ed. McVaney took a cut from $44,000 to $36,000 to ensure initial funding. Start-up clients included McCoy Sales, a distribution company in Denver, Colorado, and Cincinnati Milacron. The first international client was Shell Oil Company, Shell Oil implemented JD Edwards in Canada and then in Cameroon, Africa. Gregory flew to Shell Oil in Douala, Cameroon to install the companys first international, multi-national, as the majority of JD Edwardss customers were medium-sized companies, clients did not have large scale software implementations. There was a business need for all accounting to be tightly integrated. As McVaney would explain in 2002, integrated systems were created precisely because you go into a moderate-sized company. You have to put in a payroll and job cost, general ledger, inventory, fixed assets, SAP had the same advantage that JD Edwards had because we worked on smaller companies, we were forced to see the whole broad picture. This requirement was relevant to both JDE clients in the USA and Europe and their European competitor SAP, whose clients were much smaller than the American Fortune 500 firms. McVaney and his company developed what would be called Enterprise Resource Planning software in response to that business requirement, the software ultimately sold was named JD Edwards WorldSoftware, popularly called World. Development began using System/34 and /36 minicomputers, changing course in the mid-1980s to the System/38, the companys initial focus was developing the accounting software needed for their clients. World was server-centric as well as multi-user, the users would access the system using one of several IBM computer terminals or green-screens, as an ERP system, JD Edwards World comprised the three basic areas of expertise, functional/business analyst, programmer/software developer, and CNC/system administration. By late 1996, JD Edwards delivered to its customers the result of a corporate initiative

30.
RightNow Technologies
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Oracle RightNow is U. S. customer relationship management software for enterprise organizations. Before being sold to Oracle, it was incorporated as RightNow Technologies, Inc. in Delaware and headquartered in Bozeman, the company was founded in 1997 by Greg Gianforte in Bozeman, Montana. Additional offices were opened in California, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Texas, Illinois, Washington, DC, Colorado, Canada, Europe, the company employed over 1000 people in 2011. RightNow business model was software as a service using cloud computing, Greg Gianforte started the company in 1997 without external capital and created a software product that was initially focused on customer service with an integrated knowledge base. In 2009, RightNow Technologies acquired social networking company HiveLive, in 2011, the company acquired Q-go for $34 million. The technology has been implemented and deployed in a range of industries, including banking, insurance, pension, telecommunications and logistics, in October 2011 Right Now Technologies was acquired by Oracle Corporation for $1.5 billion. The main product offered by RightNow Technologies was RightNow CX, a customer experience suite, RightNow CX was divided into RightNow Web Experience, RightNow Social Experience, RightNow Contact Center Experience, and RightNow Engage

31.
TimesTen
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TimesTen is an in-memory, relational database management system with persistence and recoverability. Originally designed and implemented at Hewlett-Packard labs in Palo Alto, California, TimesTen spun out into a separate startup in 1996, all data within a TimesTen database is located in physical memory, which means that no data operation requires disk I/O. This is unlike traditional disk-optimized relational databases such as the Oracle Database, DB2, Informix or SQL Server, TimesTen provides applications with short, consistent response-times and very high throughput as required by applications with database-intensive workloads. TimesTen runs on most major Unix/Linux platforms and on various Windows platforms, TimesTen is an in-memory database management technology that provides very fast data access time. The reason TimesTen is so fast is because it was built from the ground up around the idea that all its data will reside in memory during run time. The result is very low response times, which enable high throughput, TimesTen functionality is contained in a set of shared libraries that application developers link to their application, allowing TimesTen to execute as part of the applications process. On 64-bit platforms, the size of a TimesTen database is limited only by the amount of RAM available on its host computer. One customer has a production TimesTen database approaching two terabytes in size utilized for on-line transaction processing, starting TimesTen requires starting a background process called the TimesTen main daemon, which then starts multiple TimesTen subdaemon processes to manage each database created in the system. If the application resides on a server, the application can also connect to the TimesTen database using the traditional client/server model of data access. All TimesTen data exists in RAM, however TimesTen does utilize non-volatile storage for database persistence, a TimesTen database stores all transactional data modifications in an in-memory log buffer, which is eventually persisted to disk in the form of transaction log files. In addition, TimesTen also persists snapshots of the database, called checkpoint files. The combination of checkpoint files and transaction log files allow TimesTen to provide recoverability in the event of a system failure, TimesTen implements a parallel log manager in order to maximize throughput on large SMP systems. By default, TimesTen operates in non-durable commit mode, in this mode, a commit operation occurs purely in memory, and the writing of the log records for the transaction to disk occurs asynchronously to the commit. This provides for very low response times and very high throughput at the cost of the potential for some amount of data loss in the event of a system failure. A true synchronous commit mode is provided, this mode avoids the possibility of any data loss at the cost of reduced performance. When operating in synchronous mode, TimesTen provides automatic group commit optimization. TimesTen allows the architect / developer to balance performance versus data safety by providing control of the mode at three different levels, database, connection, and transaction. Another option for protection and high-availability is to use TimesTen replication

32.
NetSuite
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NetSuite Inc. is an American cloud computing company based in San Mateo, California, that sells a group of software services used to manage a businesss financials, operations and customer relations. Customers can access services over the internet, through most internet browsers. NetSuites services are aimed at small to medium-sized businesses, although larger enterprises can also benefit from the consolidated ERP, CRM, Oracle Corporation offered to purchase Netsuite for approximately $9.3 billion USD in July 2016, with the deal finalizing in November 2016. NetSuite was founded in 1998 by Evan Goldberg as NetLedger, web-hosted accounting software, Oracle licensed the software under the banner of The Oracle Small Business Suite for a short time before that was cancelled. Goldberg is current chairman and chief technology officer, on January 4,2007, NetSuite named Moneyball General Manager Billy Beane of Major League Baseballs Oakland As to its board of directors. Evan Goldberg cited Beanes ability to combine facts with instinct as an important factor in the decision to him in the company. NetSuite became a traded company after its initial public offering of 6.2 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in December 2007. Though NetSuite has shown a 149% increase in revenue in the period from 2009 to 2014 it has incurred annual operating losses since inception. NetSuite had 2,550 employees as of March 31,2014, a 31% increase over March 31,2013, one quarter of its employees are based in its Philippine office. NetSuite has additional offices in Denver, Las Vegas, Austin, Chicago, Atlanta, New York, Boston, Toronto, the UK, Spain, on July 28,2016, Oracle announced it had offered to purchase NetSuite for $9.3 billion USD. The deal faces intense scrutiny because Oracle founder, Larry Ellison and this conflict of interest has led the board of both companies to establish independent committees to review the deal from the perspective of independent shareholders. Some major NetSuite shareholders, such as T. Rowe, have notified Oracle they will not be tendering their shares under the current terms of the proposed deal, in early October 2016, Oracle extended the deadline for shareholders of NetSuite to tender their shares to November 4. Even prior to the July 28,2016 announcement that Oracle Corporation would acquire NetSuite Inc. the two shared a close relationship. Other initial investors were StarVest Partners ADP and UBS PaineWebber, the NetSuite software also relies on database software licensed from Oracle. Ellison and family members own approximately 47. 4% of NetSuites common stock as of December 31,2014. The firms 10-Q filing on March 2,2015, states that Mr. Ellison is able to control over approval of significant corporate transactions. The product earned PC Magazines Editors Choice in 2013, customer relationship management – NetSuite CRM supports sales, marketing operations and customer insights. E-commerce - SuiteCommerce is intended as a platform for sales and integration with traditional phone

33.
Database
–
A database is an organized collection of data. It is the collection of schemas, tables, queries, reports, views, a database management system is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, MariaDB, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, MemSQL and IBM DB2. Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a database, formally, a database refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage and retrieval of large quantities of information, because of the close relationship between them, the term database is often used casually to refer to both a database and the DBMS used to manipulate it. Outside the world of information technology, the term database is often used to refer to any collection of related data. This article is concerned only with databases where the size and usage requirements necessitate use of a management system. Update – Insertion, modification, and deletion of the actual data, retrieval – Providing information in a form directly usable or for further processing by other applications. The retrieved data may be available in a form basically the same as it is stored in the database or in a new form obtained by altering or combining existing data from the database. Both a database and its DBMS conform to the principles of a database model. Database system refers collectively to the model, database management system. Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS, Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail, hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications, DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. Since DBMSs comprise a significant market, computer and storage vendors often take into account DBMS requirements in their own development plans, databases are used to support internal operations of organizations and to underpin online interactions with customers and suppliers. Databases are used to hold information and more specialized data. A DBMS has evolved into a software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort. Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s, general-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as possible, which adds to the complexity

34.
Oracle Database
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Oracle Database is an object-relational database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation. Larry Ellison and his two friends and former co-workers, Bob Miner and Ed Oates, started a consultancy called Software Development Laboratories in 1977, SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name Oracle comes from the code-name of a CIA-funded project Ellison had worked on while employed by Ampex. An Oracle database system—identified by an alphanumeric system identifier or SID—comprises at least one instance of the application, an instance—identified persistently by an instantiation number —comprises a set of operating-system processes and memory-structures that interact with the storage. Typical processes include PMON and SMON, Oracle documentation can refer to an active database instance as a shared memory realm. Users of Oracle databases refer to the server-side memory-structure as the SGA, the SGA typically holds cache information such as data-buffers, SQL commands, and user information. In addition to storage, the database consists of online redo logs, processes can in turn archive the online redo logs into archive logs, which provide the basis for data recovery and for the physical-standby forms of data replication using Oracle Data Guard. The Oracle RAC option uses multiple instances attached to a storage array. In version 10g, grid computing introduced shared resources where an instance can use CPU resources from another node in the grid, the advantage of Oracle RAC is that the resources on both nodes are used by the database, and each node uses its own memory and CPU. Information is shared between nodes through the virtual private network. The Oracle DBMS can store and execute stored procedures and functions within itself, PL/SQL, or the object-oriented language Java can invoke such code objects and/or provide the programming structures for writing them. The Oracle RDBMS stores data logically in the form of tablespaces, tablespaces can contain various types of memory segments, such as Data Segments, Index Segments, etc. Segments in turn one or more extents. Extents comprise groups of data blocks. Data blocks form the units of data storage. A DBA can impose maximum quotas on storage per user within each tablespace, the partitioning feature was introduced in Oracle 8. This allows the partitioning of tables based on different set of keys, specific partitions can then be added or dropped to help manage large data sets. Oracle database management tracks its computer data storage with the help of information stored in the SYSTEM tablespace, the SYSTEM tablespace contains the data dictionary, indexes and clusters

35.
MySQL
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MySQL is an open-source relational database management system. Its name is a combination of My, the name of co-founder Michael Widenius daughter, and SQL, the MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB. For proprietary use, several paid editions are available, and offer additional functionality, MySQL is a central component of the LAMP open-source web application software stack. LAMP is an acronym for Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python, applications that use the MySQL database include, TYPO3, MODx, Joomla, WordPress, phpBB, MyBB, and Drupal. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale websites, including Google, Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, MySQL is written in C and C++. Its SQL parser is written in yacc, but it uses a lexical analyzer. A port of MySQL to OpenVMS also exists, the MySQL server software itself and the client libraries use dual-licensing distribution. They are offered under GPL version 2, beginning from 28 June 2000 or to use a proprietary license, support can be obtained from the official manual. Free support additionally is available in different IRC channels and forums, Oracle offers paid support via its MySQL Enterprise products. They differ in the scope of services and in price, additionally, a number of third party organisations exist to provide support and services, including MariaDB and Percona. MySQL has received positive reviews, and reviewers noticed it performs well in the average case and that the developer interfaces are there. It has also tested to be a fast, stable and true multi-user. MySQL was created by a Swedish company, MySQL AB, founded by David Axmark, Allan Larsson, original development of MySQL by Widenius and Axmark began in 1994. The first version of MySQL appeared on 23 May 1995 and it was initially created for personal usage from mSQL based on the low-level language ISAM, which the creators considered too slow and inflexible. They created a new SQL interface, while keeping the same API as mSQL, by keeping the API consistent with the mSQL system, many developers were able to use MySQL instead of the mSQL antecedent. Documentation of some of the short-comings appears in MySQL Federated Tables, Sun Microsystems acquired MySQL AB in 2008. Version 5.1, production release 27 November 2008 Version 5.1 contained 20 known crashing and wrong result bugs in addition to the 35 present in version 5.0

36.
Programming language
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A programming language is a formal computer language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms. From the early 1800s, programs were used to direct the behavior of such as Jacquard looms. Thousands of different programming languages have created, mainly in the computer field. Many programming languages require computation to be specified in an imperative form while other languages use forms of program specification such as the declarative form. The description of a language is usually split into the two components of syntax and semantics. Some languages are defined by a document while other languages have a dominant implementation that is treated as a reference. Some languages have both, with the language defined by a standard and extensions taken from the dominant implementation being common. A programming language is a notation for writing programs, which are specifications of a computation or algorithm, some, but not all, authors restrict the term programming language to those languages that can express all possible algorithms. For example, PostScript programs are created by another program to control a computer printer or display. More generally, a language may describe computation on some, possibly abstract. It is generally accepted that a specification for a programming language includes a description, possibly idealized. In most practical contexts, a programming language involves a computer, consequently, abstractions Programming languages usually contain abstractions for defining and manipulating data structures or controlling the flow of execution. Expressive power The theory of computation classifies languages by the computations they are capable of expressing, all Turing complete languages can implement the same set of algorithms. ANSI/ISO SQL-92 and Charity are examples of languages that are not Turing complete, markup languages like XML, HTML, or troff, which define structured data, are not usually considered programming languages. Programming languages may, however, share the syntax with markup languages if a computational semantics is defined, XSLT, for example, is a Turing complete XML dialect. Moreover, LaTeX, which is used for structuring documents. The term computer language is used interchangeably with programming language

37.
Java (programming language)
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Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers write once, run anywhere, Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine regardless of computer architecture. As of 2016, Java is one of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, the original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licences. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, others have also developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java, GNU Classpath, and IcedTea-Web. James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991, Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Goslings office, later the project went by the name Green and was finally renamed Java, from Java coffee. Gosling designed Java with a C/C++-style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar, Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995. It promised Write Once, Run Anywhere, providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms, fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular, while mostly outside of browsers, in January 2016, Oracle announced that Java runtime environments based on JDK9 will discontinue the browser plugin. The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification, with the advent of Java 2, new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. J2EE included technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run in server environments, the desktop version was renamed J2SE. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE, Java ME, in 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. Java remains a de facto standard, controlled through the Java Community Process, at one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System, on November 13,2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual machine as free and open-source software, under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Suns vice-president Rich Green said that Suns ideal role with regard to Java was as an evangelist and this did not prevent Oracle from filing a lawsuit against Google shortly after that for using Java inside the Android SDK. Java software runs on everything from laptops to data centers, game consoles to scientific supercomputers, on April 2,2010, James Gosling resigned from Oracle. There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language, It must be simple, object-oriented and it must be robust and secure

Relational database management system
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A relational database management system is a database management system that is based on the relational model as invented by E. F. Codd, of IBMs San Jose Research Laboratory. In 2017, many of the databases in widespread use are based on the database model. Relational databases have often replaced legacy hierarchical databases and network databases

1.
The general structure of a relational database.

Hewlett-Packard
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The Hewlett-Packard Company or shortened to Hewlett-Packard was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. The company was founded in a garage in Palo Alto by William Bill Redington Hewlett and David Dave Packard. HP was the worlds leading PC manufacturer from 2007 to Q22013 and it specialized i

1.
HP headquarters in Palo Alto, California

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The Hewlett-Packard Logo since 2010. An earlier variant lasted from 1979, though the basis of the logo has lasted since 1941.

3.
The garage in Palo Alto where Hewlett and Packard began their company

4.
HP200A front panel

OpenVMS
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OpenVMS is a computer operating system for use in general-purpose computing. It is the successor to the VMS Operating System, that was produced by Digital Equipment Corporation, in the 1990s, it was used for the successor series of DEC Alpha systems. OpenVMS also runs on the HP Itanium-based families of computers, as of 2015, a port to the X86-64 a

1.
New logo Old logo

2.
VAXstation 4000 model 96 running OpenVMS 6.1 and DECwindows

Operating system
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An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require a system to function. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones, the dominant desktop operating system is

1.
OS/360 was used on most IBM mainframe computers beginning in 1966, including computers used by the Apollo program.

3.
The first server for the World Wide Web ran on NeXTSTEP, based on BSD

Digital Equipment Corporation
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Digital Equipment Corporation, also known as DEC and using the trademark Digital, was a major American company in the computer industry from the 1950s to the 1990s. DEC was a vendor of computer systems, including computers, software. Their PDP and successor VAX products were the most successful of all minicomputers in terms of sales, DEC was acquir

1.
DEC was headquartered at a former wool mill in Maynard, Massachusetts, from 1957 until 1992

3.
PDP-1 System Building Block #4106, circa 1963 - note that one transistor (yellow) has been replaced

4.
A PDP-1 system, with Steve Russell, developer of Spacewar! at the console. This is a canonical example of the PDP-1, with the console typewriter on the left, CPU and main control panel in the center, the Type 30 display on the right.

Oracle Corporation
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Oracle Corporation is a multinational computer technology corporation, headquartered in Redwood Shores, California. In 2015 Oracle was the second-largest software maker by revenue, after Microsoft, larry Ellison co-founded Oracle Corporation in 1977 with Bob Miner and Ed Oates under the name Software Development Laboratories. Ellison took inspirati

VAX
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VAX is a discontinued instruction set architecture developed by Digital Equipment Corporation in the mid-1970s. The VAX-11/780, introduced on October 25,1977, was the first of a range of popular, a 32-bit system with a CISC architecture based on DECs earlier PDP-11, VAX was designed to extend or replace DECs various PDP ISAs. The VAX architectures

1.
DEC VAX

2.
VAX 8350 front view with cover removed

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K 1840, VAX-11/780 clone, 1988, Technical Collections Dresden

4.
DEC VAX 11/780-5 computer.

DEC Alpha
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Alpha was implemented in microprocessors originally developed and fabricated by DEC. These microprocessors were most prominently used in a variety of DEC workstations and servers, several third-party vendors also produced Alpha systems, including PC form factor motherboards. Operating systems that supported Alpha included OpenVMS, Tru64 UNIX, Windo

1.
DEC Alpha AXP 21064 Microprocessor die photo

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Package for DEC Alpha AXP 21064 Microprocessor

3.
Alpha AXP 21064 bare die mounted on a business card with some statistics

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Compaq Alpha 21264C.

IA-64
–
Not to be confused with x86-64, the 64-bit extension to x86 architecture. IA-64 is the instruction set architecture of the Itanium family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors, to support this effort Intel created the largest design team in their history and a new marketing and industry enabling team completely separate from x86. The first Itanium proces

1.
Itanium processor

2.
The Intel Itanium architecture

3.
Itanium 2 processor

Tru64
–
Tru64 UNIX is a discontinued 64-bit UNIX operating system for the Alpha instruction set architecture, currently owned by Hewlett-Packard. Previously, Tru64 UNIX was a product of Compaq, and before that, Digital Equipment Corporation, as its original name suggests, Tru64 UNIX is based on the OSF/1 operating system. DECs previous UNIX product was kno

Microsoft
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Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup, as of 2016, it was the worlds largest software maker by revenue, and one of the wor

1.
Front lobby entrance of building 17, one of the largest buildings on Microsoft's main campus in Redmond

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Paul Allen (l.) and Bill Gates (r.) on October 19, 1981, in a sea of PCs after signing a pivotal contract. IBM called Microsoft in July 1980 inquiring about programming languages for its upcoming PC line; after failed negotiations with another company, IBM gave Microsoft a contract to develop the OS for the new line of PCs.

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Bill Gates giving his deposition in 1998 for the United States v. Microsoft trial.

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In 1996, Microsoft released Windows CE, a version of the operating system meant for personal digital assistants and other tiny computers.

Windows NT
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Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July 1993. It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing, multi-user operating system, the first version of Windows NT was Windows NT3.1 and was produced for workstations and server computers. It was intended to complement consumer version

1.
Windows NT

SQL
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Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data definition language, data manipulation language, and data control language. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative lang

1.
A chart showing several of the SQL language elements that compose a single statement

Linker (computing)
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A simpler version that writes its output directly to memory is called the loader, though loading is typically considered a separate process. Computer programs typically comprise several parts or modules, these parts/modules need not all be contained within an object file. For most compilers, each file is the result of compiling one input source cod

1.
An illustration of the linking process. Object files and static libraries are assembled into a new library or executable

Files-11
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Files-11, also known as on-disk structure, is the file system used by Digital Equipment Corporation OpenVMS operating system, and also by the older RSX-11. It is a file system, with support for access control lists, record-oriented I/O, remote network access. Files-11 is similar to, but significantly more advanced than, the systems used in previous

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A typical Files-11 directory hierarchy: all files are rooted in the Master File Directory; File2 is in two directories

Itanium
–
Itanium is a family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture. Intel markets the processors for servers and high-performance computing systems. The Itanium architecture originated at Hewlett-Packard, and was jointly developed by HP. Itanium-based systems have produced by HP and several other manufacturers. In 200

1.
Itanium 2 processor

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HP zx6000 system board with dual Itanium 2 processors

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HP zx6000, an Itanium 2-based Unix workstation

4.
Itanium processor

Corporation
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A corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law. Early incorporated entities were established by charter, most jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through registration. Corporations chartered in regions where they are distinguished by whether they are allowed to b

1.
McDonald's Corporation is one of the most recognizable corporations in the world.

3.
1/8 share of the Stora Kopparberg mine, dated June 16, 1288.

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A bond issued by the Dutch East India Company, dating from 1623, for the amount of 2,400 florins

Board of directors
–
A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a corporation or organization, which can include a non-profit organization or a government agency. A board of directors activities are determined by the powers, duties and responsibilities conferred on it by an authority outside itself and these mat

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A meeting of a board of directors of the Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company in 1852

Michael Boskin
–
Michael Jay Boskin is the T. M. Friedman Professor of Economics and senior fellow at Stanford Universitys Hoover Institution. He also is Chief Executive Officer and President of Boskin & Co. an economic consulting company. Boskin holds B. A. with highest honors, M. A. and Ph. D. degrees in economics from the University of California, Berkeley, earn

1.
Secretary of State

Safra A. Catz
–
Safra Catz is an Israeli-born American business executive. She has been an executive at Oracle Corporation since April 1999, in April 2011 she was named co-president and chief financial officer, reporting to founder/CEO Larry Ellison. On September 18,2014 Oracle announced that Larry Ellison will step down as CEO, Catz earned a bachelors degree from

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Safra Catz, September 2010

Larry Ellison
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Lawrence Joseph Larry Ellison is an American businessman, entrepreneur, and philanthropist who is co-founder of Oracle Corporation and was CEO from its founding until September 2014. He is the chairman and chief technology officer of Oracle. As of February 2017, he was listed by Forbes magazine as the fifth-wealthiest person in America and as the s

Mark Hurd
–
Mark Vincent Hurd is CEO of Oracle Corporation and serves on the board of directors. He previously served as chairman, chief officer, and president of Hewlett-Packard before resigning in 2010. Hurd was a member of the Technology CEO Council and served on the board of directors of News Corporation until 2010. Hurd graduated in 1979 with a BBA from B

1.
Hurd at Oracle in 2010

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Mark Hurd and wife, Paula Hurd

Jack Kemp
–
Jack French Kemp was an American politician and a professional gridiron football player. He was the Republican Partys nominee for Vice President in the 1996 election, Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries. Before entering politics, Kemp was a quarterback for 13 years. He played briefly in the

1.
Jack Kemp

2.
Congressional Portrait Collection image (c. 1975)

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Jack, Joanne and Judith Kemp

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Kemp and naval officers

Mergers and acquisitions
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Mergers and acquisitions are transactions in which the ownership of companies, other business organizations or their operating units are transferred or combined. As an aspect of management, M&A can allow enterprises to grow, shrink. An acquisition or takeover is the purchase of one business or company by company or other business entity. Specific a

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Corporate finance

2.
Accounting

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Capital structure

Sun Microsystems
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Sun contributed significantly to the evolution of several key computing technologies, among them Unix, RISC processors, thin client computing, and virtualized computing. Sun was founded on February 24,1982, at its height, the Sun headquarters were in Santa Clara, California, on the former west campus of the Agnews Developmental Center. On January 2

1.
Original Sun Microsystems logo, as used on the nameplate of the Sun-1 workstation

PeopleSoft
–
It existed as an independent corporation until its acquisition by Oracle Corporation in 2005. The PeopleSoft name and product line are now marketed by Oracle, PeopleSoft Financial Management Solutions and Supply Chain Management are part of the same package, commonly known as Financials and Supply Chain Management. Founded in 1987 by Ken Morris and

1.
PeopleSoft

Oracle Hyperion
–
Hyperion Solutions Corporation was a software company located in Santa Clara, California, which was acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2007. Many of its products were targeted at the intelligence and business performance management markets. Hyperion Solutions was formed from the merger of Hyperion Software and Arbor Software in 1998,2006 - Hyperion

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Hyperion office in Santa Clara

BEA Systems
–
BEA Systems, Inc. was a company specialized in enterprise infrastructure software products which was wholly acquired by Oracle Corporation on April 29,2008. BEA began as a company, founded in 1995 and headquartered in San Jose. It grew to have 78 offices worldwide at the time of its acquisition by Oracle, the companys name is an initialism of the f

1.
"Think liquid."

JD Edwards
–
J. D. Edwards World Solution Company or JD Edwards, abbreviated JDE, was an Enterprise Resource Planning software company. Products included World for IBM AS/400 minicomputers, OneWorld for CNC architecture, the company was founded March 1977 in Denver, Colorado, by Jack Thompson, C. T. P. Chuck Hintze, Dan Gregory, and Ed McVaney and it was purcha

1.
JD Edwards

RightNow Technologies
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Oracle RightNow is U. S. customer relationship management software for enterprise organizations. Before being sold to Oracle, it was incorporated as RightNow Technologies, Inc. in Delaware and headquartered in Bozeman, the company was founded in 1997 by Greg Gianforte in Bozeman, Montana. Additional offices were opened in California, New York, New

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RightNow Technologies, Inc.

TimesTen
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TimesTen is an in-memory, relational database management system with persistence and recoverability. Originally designed and implemented at Hewlett-Packard labs in Palo Alto, California, TimesTen spun out into a separate startup in 1996, all data within a TimesTen database is located in physical memory, which means that no data operation requires d

1.
TimesTen

NetSuite
–
NetSuite Inc. is an American cloud computing company based in San Mateo, California, that sells a group of software services used to manage a businesss financials, operations and customer relations. Customers can access services over the internet, through most internet browsers. NetSuites services are aimed at small to medium-sized businesses, alth

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NetSuite Inc.

Database
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A database is an organized collection of data. It is the collection of schemas, tables, queries, reports, views, a database management system is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation,

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Collage of five types of database models

2.
Basic structure of navigational CODASYL database model

Oracle Database
–
Oracle Database is an object-relational database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation. Larry Ellison and his two friends and former co-workers, Bob Miner and Ed Oates, started a consultancy called Software Development Laboratories in 1977, SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name Oracle comes from

1.
Oracle Database

MySQL
–
MySQL is an open-source relational database management system. Its name is a combination of My, the name of co-founder Michael Widenius daughter, and SQL, the MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and spons

1.
MySQL

Programming language
–
A programming language is a formal computer language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms. From the early 1800s, programs were used to direct the behavior of such as Jacquard looms. Thousands of differen

1.
The Manchester Mark 1 ran programs written in Autocode from 1952.

2.
A selection of textbooks that teach programming, in languages both popular and obscure. These are only a few of the thousands of programming languages and dialects that have been designed in history.

Java (programming language)
–
Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers write once, run anywhere, Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machi