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Celebrating 15
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The fast-growing aquaculture health industry is of increasing interest to the mainstream animal health sector. This is demonstrated by the entry and expansion of the big global players into this market i.e. MSD, Elanco and Zoetis among others. It is estimated to be worth around US$500 million already.

This Animal Pharm report is the first to cover the aquaculture medicines market segment in depth. A wide range of diseases affect fish and shrimp production and these are described in the report, together with the latest research on aetiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. The causes include viruses, bacteria, ecto- and endo- parasites, and fungi.

Available pharmaceuticals are described including antimicrobials, probiotics, bacteriophages, immunostimulants, antiparasitics etc. and there is a separate chapter on vaccines for viral and bacterial disease, fish vaccine administration and specialised techniques including oral, nasal administration and novel delivery systems.

The final chapter revisits some of the problem issues for the industry and suggest how these are being addressed now and in the future. Regulatory issues such as GM salmon, problems with medication, the environment, public health and welfare are fully discussed.

7. Diagnostics for aquaculture species7.1 Background to the market7.2 Role of the OIE

8. Regulation and responsible use of aquaculture medicines8.1 Introduction; the future importance of aquaculture8.2 Regulation of medicines in aquaculture8.3 Problems with medicines in aquaculture8.4 Responsible use of medicines in aquaculture

9. References

List of Figures and Tables:Figure 1.1. Trends in global farmed fish and beef productionFigure 1.2. The estimated global deficit of food fish supply, including aquaculture and wild caught, by 2030 (million metric tons). Courtesy Dr. Rohana Subasinghe of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture DepartmentFigure 1.3. The status of global capture fishing and aquaculture production and comparison of feed conversion efficiency of fish and other farmed livestock species (Chang, 2014).Figure 1.4. World animal protein production by type 1950-2010Table 1.1. World fisheries and aquaculture (fish) production (million tonnes) and utilisation (adapted from FAO report, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014). Excludes aquatic plantsTable 1.2. Selected statistics of fishery and aquaculture production in recent yearsFigure 1.5. Examples of recent market report on the aquaculture sector demonstrating increasing commercial and research interestFigure 1.6. Global aquaculture in the newsFigure 1.7. The diversity of the aquaculture industry in the Asia Pacific region (Chang 2014)Table 1.3. Aquaculture (fish) production by region: quantity and percentage of World production, (adapted from FAO report, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014)Figure 1.8. Global aquaculture production by regionFigure 1.9. World food fish aquaculture production in 2012 by speciesFigure 1.10. The top 10 species groups in global aquaculture production in 2012 (x1000 metric tonnes).Figure 1.11a. World aquaculture production of major fish species groups in 2010 based on total productionFigure 1.11b. World aquaculture production of major fish species groups in 2010 based on economic valueTable 1.4. The increase in world fishery production in groups of species in terms of weight produced (x 1000 tonnes) and the estimated value (USD millions)Figure 1.12. Top 10 species in global aquaculture production 2012 (000’s tonnes; Statista 2015)Figure 1.13. A grass carpFigure 1.14. A Nile tipapiaTable 1.5. The main farmed mollusc groups (t=tonnes; FAO, 2010)Figure 1.15. Photographs of a) giant tiger prawn and b) white-legged shrimpFigure 1.16. An Atlantic salmonFigure 1.17. A rainbow troutFigure 1.18. A channel catfishFigure 1.19. A summary of the global aquaculture sectors and regionsFigure 2.1. Illustration of various systems of aquaculture productionFigure 2.2. An example of an intensive aquaculture operation.Figure 2.3. An example of a semi-intensive system of aquacultureFigure 2.4. An example of an extensive system of aquaculture.Figure 2.5. An illustration of recirculating aquaculture systems.Figure 2.6. Tilapia farming in sub-Saharan AfricaFigure 2.7. Semi intensive aquaculture in Kenya using “Earthponds”Figure 3.1. Traditional fish feed ingredient structure.Table 3.1. Alternative sources of protein being evaluated for potential replacement of fish meal in fish feedFigure 3.2. The Cargill aquaculture websiteFigure 3.3. The Nutriad websiteFigure 4.1. Some of the key health issues in aquaculture (Chang, 2014)Figure 4.2. The World Bank Report on reducing disease risk in aquacultureFigure 4.3. Emerging diseases as a driver of investment in medicines for aquaculture.Table 4.1. Examples of viral diseases, species that are commonly affected and examples of methods of control/treatment.Figure 4.4. Whitespot in shrimpFigure 4.5. An example of enteric redmouthFigure 4.6. Furunculosis in Atlantic salmonTable 4.2. Examples of bacterial diseases, pathogens responsible, species commonly affected and examples of methods of methods of control/treatment.Figure 4.7a. An example of Ich or White spot diseaseFig 4.7b. Simplified scheme of the life cycle of the fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliisFigure 4.8. Lice on Atlantic salmonFigure 4.9. Lesions of amoebic gill diseaseTable 4.3. Examples of parasitic/fungal diseases, species commonly affected and methods of control/treatment.Figure 5.1. Zoetis announce acquisition of Pharmaq November 2105.Figure 5.2. Aspects of the use of veterinary products in aquaculture (Chang 2014)Figure 5.3. Merck (MSD) is a major supplier of pharmaceuticals and vaccines for aquacultureFigure 5.4. Illustration of oxytetracycline product (Aquatet) available from Pharmaq (now Zoetis) for use in aquaculture.Table 5.1. Examples of commercial antibiotic preparations for aquacultureFigure 5.5. List of anti-infectives (antimicrobials) supplied by Merck for aquacultureTable 5.2. Some examples of available probiotic products for use in fishFigure 5.6a. The ‘Aquaphage’ website.Figure 5.6b. Discussion of the principles of bacteriophage therapy in aquaculture on the AquaphageFigure 5.7. Publication on feed and feeding practices in aquaculture including information on the use of immune-stimulantsFigure 5.8a. Information on the immunostimulant product Vetregard (Pharmaq/Zoetis)Figure 5.8b. The product data sheet for Vetregard (Pharmaq/Zoetis)Figure 5.9. Information on the immunostimulant Aquavac ErgosanTable 5.3. Some of the common anti-parasitic treatments used in fish farming.Figure 5.10. The ‘Slice’ data sheetFigure 5.11. The EWOS websiteFigure 6.1. Use of vaccination in aquaculture (Chang 2014)Figure 6.2. Virbac becomes a leader of the aquaculture health market (2012)Figure 6.3. Range of fish vaccines produced by HipraFigure 6.4. An example of an autogenous vaccine manufacturer in the UKFigure 6.5. An example of an autogenous vaccine manufacturer in GermanyTable 6.1. Some commercial vaccines for viral diseases in farmed fishTable 6.2. Some commercial vaccines against bacterial diseases in farmed fishFigure 6.6. 3D-printed microfish contain functional nanoparticles that enable them to be self- propelled, chemically powered and magnetically steered. The microfish are also capable of removing and sensing toxins. (Image credit: J. Warner, UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering)Figure 6.7. Vaccination of fish by injectionFigure 6.8. An example of an automatic fish vaccination apparatusFigure 7.1. The University of Stirling, Institute of Aquaculture websiteFigure 8.1. The USDA website for the regulation and use of drugs in aquaculture.Figure 8.2. Exponent, an example of a specialist consulting company in the environmental assessment of aquaculture medicines.Figure 8.3. Authoritative publication on legal requirements and authorisation of fish vaccinesFigure 8.4. The relationship between production, antibiotic usage and vaccine introduction in the Norwegian salmon industry.Figure 8.5. Use of veterinary products in aquaculture in Asia (Chang, 2014)Figure 8.6. Vaccines versus antibiotics in Asian aquaculture (Chang, 2014)Figure 8.7. Publication on the use of medicines and other chemicals in aquaculture in a district of BangladeshFigure 8.8. Advertisement for aquaculture products on the Alibaba websiteFigure 8.9. The RUMA websiteFigure 8.10. Wikipaedia website on antimicrobials in aquaculture.Figure 8.11. The fishsite website on responsible use of veterinary medicines in aquatic food production.Figure 8.12. FAO publication on improving biosecurity through responsible use of medicines in aquacultureFigure 8.13. Commentary in Norway on the need for more scrutiny of chemicals used as medicines (in this case for sealice) in aquacultureFigure 8.14. Announcement of UK grant for aquaculture disease research.