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When cooking food, such as a patty, in convection ovens there is a trade off in the heating method. If the patty is heated at a low oven temperature the cooking is slow and the patty dries out, resulting in a poor taste. If the patty is heated rapidly at a high temperature, it is difficult to get an even temperature in the patty. When the core is cooked the crust may be over-cooked.
This ...

This example models the casting process of a metal rod from liquid to solid state using the Non-Isothermal Flow multiphysics interface, which combines heat transfer and fluid flow. The model describes the fluid and solid flow and heat transport, including the phase transfer from melt to solid. This phase change causes momentum changes, latent heat release and a variation in physical properties. ...

This example is a model of a continuous casting process. Liquid metal is poured into a mold of uniform cross section. The outside of the mold is cooled and the metal solidifies as it flows through. When the metal leaves the mold, it is completely solidified on the outside, but still liquid inside. The metal will continue to cool and eventually solidify completely, at which point it can be cut ...

Electromagnetic heating is ideally suited for modeling in COMSOL Multiphysics. This model shows the area of hyperthermic oncology but the modeling issues and techniques are generally applicable to any problem involving electromagnetic heating.
The purpose of this model is to compute the radiation field and the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in liver tissue for a thin coaxial slot antenna used in ...

Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, is a process for drying heat-sensitive substances such as foods, blood plasma, and antibiotics. The wet substance is frozen and then, through sublimation, ice (or some other frozen solvent) is removed in the presence of a high vacuum.
This example models the process of ice sublimation in a vial under vacuum-chamber conditions, a test case for many freeze-drying ...

This example demonstrates how to model phase transition by a moving boundary interface according to the Stefan problem.
A square cavity containing both solid and liquid tin is submitted to a temperature difference between left and right boundaries. Fluid and solid parts are solved in separate domains sharing a moving melting front. The position of this boundary through time is calculated ...

This model how to build and solve a conductive heat transfer problem using the Heat Transfer interface. The model, taken from a NAFEMS benchmark collection, shows an axisymmetric steady-state thermal analysis. As opposed to the NAFEMS benchmark model, we use the temperature unit kelvin instead of degrees Celsius for this model.

This example simulates the thermodynamical evolution of moist air in an electronic box with the aim of detecting whether condensation occurs when the external environment properties change. The model imports measured data for the air temperature, pressure, and water vapor concentration. For the first part of the simulation, the water vapor concentration is considered to be homogeneous inside the ...

This example models the transient heating, and final temperature, of a disc brake of a car in brake-and-release sequence. It is important to model the transient heating and the following convective cooling to determine the minimum interval between a series of similar brake engagements. If the cooling is insufficient the disc overheats and results in brake failure.
The model uses the Heat ...

This example models heat transfer in a thin rectangular metal plate. Because the plate’s thickness is only 1/100 of its length and width, you can simulate the process using a 2D approximation. The plate has a fixed temperature at one end and is isolated at the other. A surrounding liquid cools the plate by convection. In addition, the model considers surface-to-ambient radiation.