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WASHINGTON (AP) — Sexual assaults in the military are a growing epidemic across the services, and thousands of victims are still unwilling to come forward despite a slew of new oversight and assistance programs, according to Pentagon documents.

Troubling new numbers estimate up to 26,000 military members may have been sexually assaulted last year in survey results released days after the Air Force’s head of sexual assault prevention was arrested last weekend on charges of groping a woman in a suburban Virginia parking lot.

That arrest followed a series of scandals including an ongoing investigation into more than 30 Air Force instructors for assaults on trainees at a Texas base. Officials also are reconsidering the tradition of allowing commanding officers to overturn military jury verdicts, such as an officer did recently in favor of another officer convicted of sexual assault.

The Associated Press obtained documents and memos related to a new Pentagon report slated for release Tuesday. The documents show that the number of sexual assaults actually reported by members of the military rose 6 percent to 3,374 in 2012. But a survey of personnel who were not required to reveal their identities showed the number of service members actually assaulted could be a many as 26,000, but they never reported the incidents, officials said Tuesday.

That number is an increase over the 19,000 estimated assaults in 2011.

The statistics highlight the dismal results that military leaders have achieved in their drive to change the culture within the ranks, even as the services redoubled efforts to launch new programs to assist the victims, encourage reporting and increase commanders’ vigilance.

Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel ordered a series of steps and reviews to increase officers’ accountability for what happens under their commands and to inspect workstations for objectionable materials, according to memos and documents obtained by the AP.

Mr. Hagel ordered military leaders to develop a method to assess commanders and hold them accountable on their ability to create a climate “of dignity and respect.” He has given commanders until July 1 to visually inspect workspaces to make sure they are free of degrading materials, and military leaders have until Nov. 1 to recommend ways to assess officers and hold them accountable for their command climates.

“Sexual assault is a crime that is incompatible with military service and has no place in this department,” Mr. Hagel said in a new response plan the department will release Tuesday. “It is an affront to the American values we defend, and it is a stain on our honor. DoD needs to be a national leader in combating sexual assault and we will establish an environment of dignity and respect, where sexual assault is not tolerated, condoned, or ignored.”

While the latest cases involve Air Force members, the problem extends across all the military services.

Across Capitol Hill, lawmakers demanded the Pentagon take more aggressive steps to address the growing problem, and they announced renewed efforts to pass legislation to battle the problem.

“When our best and our brightest put on a uniform and join the United States Armed Forces, they do so with the understanding that they will sacrifice much in the name of defending our country and its people. However, it’s unconscionable to think that entertaining unwanted sexual contact from within the ranks is now part of that equation,” said Sen. Patty Murray, Washington Democrat. “Not only are we subjecting our men and women to this disgusting epidemic, but we’re also failing to provide the victims with any meaningful support system once they have fallen victim to these attacks.”

This week’s sexual battery arrest of Air Force Lt. Col. Jeffrey Krusinki, who headed the Air Force Sexual Assault Prevention and Response unit, provided a rallying point for lawmakers, who held it up Tuesday as an example of the Pentagon’s failure to make progress despite the increased effort.

Sen. Carl Levin, Michigan Democrat, told Air Force officials at a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing on Tuesday that “while under our legal system everyone is innocent until proven guilty, this arrest speaks volumes about the status and effectiveness of (the Defense) department’s efforts to address the plague of sexual assaults in the military.”

Members of Congress are putting together legislation to essentially strip military officers of the authority to overturn convictions for serious offenses such as sexual assault. The measure stem from congressional outrage over an Air Force officer’s decision to reverse a jury verdict in a sexual assault case.

Rep. Michael R. Turner, Ohio Republican, and Sen. Kirsten E. Gillibrand, New York Democrat, are drawing up legislation that likely will be included in the annual defense policy bill that essentially will strip military officers of the authority to overturn convictions for serious offenses such as sexual assault.

Separately Mrs. Murray and Sen. Kelly Ayotte, New Hampshire Republican, introduced legislation on Tuesday to provide victims with a special military lawyer who would assist them throughout the process, prohibit sexual contact between instructors and trainees during and within 30 days of completion of basic training or its equivalent, and ensure that sexual assault response coordinators are available to help members of the National Guard and reserve.

“We have learned of an increase in the amount of service members experiencing unwanted sexual contact and a decrease in the rate that those incidents are reported,” Mr. Turner said. “The exact opposite direction of what would indicate a cultural and statistical shift on a problem that affects mission readiness and overall morale of our forces,” he said in a statement. “It’s clear much more needs to be done both legislatively and structurally, to root out this problem.”

According to Pentagon documents, the key conclusion of the report is that “sexual assault is a persistent problem in the military and remains vastly underreported.”

The report says that of the 1.4 million active-duty personnel, 6.1 percent of active-duty women — or 12,100 — say they experienced unwanted sexual contact in 2012, a sharp increase over the 8,600 who said that in 2010. For men, the number increased from 10,700 to 13,900. A majority of the offenders were military members or Defense Department civilians or contractors, the report said.

Gen. Mark A. Welsh III, the Air Force’s chief of staff, told the Senate Armed Services Committee that he and Air Force Secretary Michael B. Donley were “appalled” by the charges against Krusinki.

“As we have both said over and over and over again, sexual assault prevention and response efforts are critically important to us,” Gen. Welsh said. “It is unacceptable that this occurs anywhere, at any time, in our Air Force.”

Gen. Welsh said that while the Krusinski case is being adjudicated by the Arlington County prosecutor, the Air Force has requested jurisdiction. He said that Col. Krusinski will be arraigned Thursday on one count of sexual battery and that an Arlington County prosecutor will decide the jurisdiction question.

Sen. Claire McCaskill, Missouri Democrat, who is one of the most vocal critics of the military’s efforts to stop sexual assaults, pressed Gen. Welsh on what qualifications Col. Krusinski had for the job and whether Gen. Welsh had reviewed his personnel file since his arrest to see if there were any red flags.