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The News AnalyzerWed, 30 Nov 2016 11:16:45 +0000en-UShourly1https://wordpress.org/?v=4.9.6Revelation of conspiracy By David Coleman Headleyhttp://newsnxt.com/blog/2016/02/09/revelation-of-conspiracy-by-david-coleman-headley/
http://newsnxt.com/blog/2016/02/09/revelation-of-conspiracy-by-david-coleman-headley/#respondTue, 09 Feb 2016 08:58:21 +0000http://newsnxt.com/?p=3119Revelation of conspiracy By David Coleman Headley before a special court via video conferencing. Who is David Coleman Headley AKA Daood Sayed Gilani ? An American Citizen and a terrorist of Pakistani origin, and a spy who conspired with the Lashkar-e-Taiba Islamist organization and Pakistani intelligence officers in plotting the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Involvement in […]

]]>Revelation of conspiracy By David Coleman Headley before a special court via video conferencing.

Who is David Coleman Headley AKA Daood Sayed Gilani ?

An American Citizen and a terrorist of Pakistani origin, and a spy who conspired with the Lashkar-e-Taiba Islamist organization and Pakistani intelligence officers in plotting the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

Involvement in 26/11 Attacks.

ISI recruited Gilani and by 2005, Gilani’s training had advanced to the point where he wanted to fight in Kashmir. Instead, Lashkar-a-Taiba sent Gilani to Sajid Mir, the organization’s foreign recruiter and a man Western authorities believe was involved with the ISI. Sajid Mir wanted to use Gilani for terrorist missions in India, specifically a planned attack on Mumbai. Under Mir’s direction, Gilani went to Philadelphia and legally changed his name to David Coleman Headley, taking his mother’s surname. Even though Pennsylvania law requires a background check for name changes, state officials apparently did not uncover Headley’s previous drug convictions. The name change would make it easier for Headley to hide his Pakistani ancestry and pass as a Westerner, leading anyone he encountered to assume he was a tourist rather than a terrorist.

In January 2006, Headley established ties with Adbur Rehman Hashim “Pasha” Syed, a retired Pakistan Army major and Lashkar militant, who put him in touch with Major Iqbal, a mysterious figure who is believed to have coordinated Lashkar activity through his capacity as an ISI officer. Under sworn testimony, Headley recalled meeting Major Iqbal and his superior officer, a Pakistani colonel, in a safe house. Major Iqbal and Sajid Mir reportedly became Headley’s ISI handlers and oversaw his training in espionage techniques in preparation for a reconnaissance mission to Mumbai; he met with Iqbal and Mir separately so that the ISI could maintain plausible deniability. In February, Headley was again detained by border inspectors at John F. Kennedy International Airport after returning from Pakistan, and was again released. That month, he contacted his former DEA handler for the final time.

In 2007, Headley met a Moroccan medical student in Lahore named Faiza Outalha, eventually marrying her as his third wife; unlike his second wife, Outalha reportedly knew that Headley was already married and approved of the potential arrangement. However, their relationship was strained due to Outalha’s progressive views and Headley’s unflinching religious conservatism. One reported point of contention was Headley’s demand that Outalha wear traditional Muslim clothing for women. In December 2007, Outalha filed assault charges against Headley after getting into an altercation with his servant outside of their house in Lahore. After spending eight days in jail, Headley was reportedly released after Major Iqbal intervened.

Headley’s Trip To Mumbai

Over the course of 2007, Lashkar’s plot for the Mumbai attacks started to materialize, and the Western-looking Headley was considered the ideal militant to perform reconnaissance missions. Using $25,000 supplied to him by Major Iqbal, Headley opened a Mumbai branch office for Tahawwur Rana’s immigration business—which Headley had already used to traffick heroin—as a front company.Between 2007 and 2008, Headley made five trips to Mumbai, scouting local landmarks where Lashkar terrorists would carry out the multi-pronged attack. Headley stayed at the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel—identified by Iqbal and Mir as their main target—and surveyed the building using his ISI training, shooting hours of video during in-house tours.

Iqbal and Mir were emboldened by Headley’s intelligence and decided to make their attack more ambitious in scale. As they expanded their list of targets, Headley scouted the Oberoi Trident Hotel, the Leopold Cafe, and the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus. When Lashkar decided to target the Nariman House, a Jewish community center, Headley visited the location posing as a Jew.Headley also took boat tours to look for places where the attackers could reach the city through the waterfront; he found a landing location at a fishermen’s slum in the Colaba area of southern Mumbai, where he gathered GPS coordinates. For the maritime reconnaissance, Headley received assistance from a frogman in the Pakistan Navy.

Headley lived the high life during his time in Mumbai, and developed a rapport with the very people he was planning to help attack. He joined an upscale gym, frequented nightclubs, and befriended Rahul Bhatt, the son of Bollywood director Mahesh Bhatt, who guided him through the city’s party scene. During his stay at the Taj Mahal, Headley acquainted himself with the hotel’s staff, reportedly praising the building’s architecture. In Colaba, he reportedly tried to attract a young café proprietor.

For their 2007 honeymoon, Headley took Faiza Outalha with him to Mumbai and stayed at both the Taj Mahal and the Oberoi Trident. The trip ended with an argument between the couple and Outalha was sent back to Lahore. Afterwards, Iqbal and Sajid Mir pressured Headley to divorce Outalha, believing she endangered his cover. She responded by reporting Headley to the U.S. embassy in Islamabad, and later submitting to interviews with State Department and ICE officials, describing his Mumbai activities at length. However, Outalha later admitted that she embellished some of her accusations against Headley, leading the Americans to not take her claims seriously. The State Department relayed her warnings to the DEA, the FBI, and the CIA, but whether the agencies acted on them is disputed. After leaving Pakistan, Outalha divorced from Headley.

As the attacks unfolded in late November 2008, Headley watched the news coverage at home in Lahore after receiving a text message. The ten Lashkar militants carried out the attacks per the detailed intelligence gathered by Headley during his trips; the attack would lead to the deaths of 168 people, including six Americans. The intelligence he collected on the Nariman House allowed the terrorists to raid the building and execute its staff, in an act personally supervised by Sajid Mir from a command center in Karachi. Shazia, who had moved with her children to Chicago earlier in 2008 and knew of Headley’s reconnaissance work for Lashkar, praised him in a coded e-mail: “Congrats on your graduation. Graduation ceremony is really great. Watched the movie the whole day.”

First Day Disclosure

He said attacks were executed with the help of ISI and the money was given for recce.

Headley added that apart from Mumbai, he had recced residence of the Vice President, India Gate and CBI office in the national capital.

Headley further said that ISI’s major Iqbal and Sameer Ali were my handlers. He also said that LeT’s Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi’s handler was ISI brigadier Rivaz and added that ISI chief Shuja Pasha visited Lakhvi after his arrest, post-26/11 terror attacks.

Second Day Disclosure

David Coleman Headley on Tuesday admitted that he had met both Lashkar-e-Taiba(LeT) commander Hafiz Saeed and then operational commander Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi.

Headley confessed that he had suggested to Saeed to take the US government to court for branding LeT as a terror outfit. Lakhvi said it was a good idea but it would take long and would have to be discussed with the ISI.

Headley further revealed that the conspiracy to attack Mumbai was hatched at a meeting in November 2007 in Muzzafarabad where he was present alongwith his main contact Sajid Mir and Abu Kahfa.

He also said he had conducted a reconnaissance of Taj Mahal hotel in Mumbai in 2006 and especially the convention hall as the plan was to attack an Indian defence scientists meeting. The plan was, however, later cancelled for various reasons.

Headley also spoke about his association with former LeT colleague Abdul Rehman Pasha. He said that Pasha later joined al-Qaida.

]]>On Aug 19 The Pakistan High Commission has invited Kashmiri separatist leaders for consultations with Sartaj Aziz ahead of the National Security Adviser level talks with India in New Delhi on August 23.

Extending the invitation to the separatist leaders Pakistan High Commission invited the chairman of both factions of Hurriyat Conference yesterday.

Doval is scheduled to meet Aziz here for talks on terrorism-related issues for the first time on August 23 in New Delhi, as decided in a meeting between Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and Nawaz Sharif last month in Ufa in Russia.

India is expected to present strong evidence of terrorism emanating from Pakistan highlighted further by recent attacks in Gurdaspur in Punjab and near Udhampur in Jammu and Kashmir.

India’s case is bolstered by the capture of Mohammed Naved Yakub, a Pakistani national and a LeT operative, who carried out an attack on a BSF bus near Udhampur.Naved is from Pakistan’s Faislabad area. During the talks, India is expected to share evidence provided by Naved to prove that he is a Pakistani national and crossed-over from Pakistan to carry out terror attacks in the country.

In other occurrence Pakistan has once again raised the Kashmir issue at the UN Security Council.Pakistan’s permanent representative to the UN Maleeha Lodhi said said the 57-member OIC can also contribute to the promotion of global peace and prosperity.

“Collectively, and in cooperation with the UN, it has the capabilities to address and overcome these challenges including Palestine and other Middle East conflicts as well as the Jammu and Kashmir dispute,” she added

Events Occurred Last Year

Last year India cancelled Foreign Secretary-level talks with Pakistan after its High Commissioner invited separatist leaders for a meeting ahead of the talks.

Pakistan’s engagement with Kashmir separatists has always caused heartburn’s in New Delhi, but never led to the breakdown of dialogue. With the unprecedented response to latest provocation from Pakistan, the Modi government has set the bar high for Islamabad. “Pakistan and powers within that country do not want Indo-Pak ties to be normal,” said defense minister Arun Jaitley while visiting forward posts on the border.

Pakistan high commissioner Abdul Basit turned down foreign secretary Sujatha Singh when she asked him not to go ahead with his meeting with separatists scheduled later in the day.

Singh warned Basit that the Indian government would take a dim view of the meeting and asked the Pakistani high commissioner to choose between meeting separatists and the government. She dismissed his explanation that his meetings were to facilitate the peace process in Kashmir, saying India needed no such assistance.

The talks between Sujatha Singh and her Pakistani counterpart, Aizaz Ahmed Chaudhry, would have been the first official-level meeting by the Narendra Modi government.

“Pakistan has to decide whom it wants to engage with: with the government of India or the separatists. They should realize that no effort at friendship can be considered genuine if they engage in such unfriendly acts,” said a top-level government functionary.

The Pakistan High Commission reacted to India’s decision by saying that such meetings had happened in the past, like when Mathai met his Jalil Jilani and when Krishna met Hina Khar, the High Commission had met Hurriyat. According to Pakistan diplomats, who spoke on condition of anonymity, India was running away from talks and the decision to call it off was “an attempt to divert attention from internal issues.”

India’s decision came just three days after Modi refrained from attacking Pakistan in his Independence Day address and offered a partnership in the battle against poverty in Saarc countries.

Announcing the cancellation of talks, MEA spokesperson Syed Akbaruddin said, “Indian foreign secretary conveyed to the Pakistani high commissioner today, in clear and unambiguous terms, that Pakistan’s continued efforts to interfere in India’s internal affairs were unacceptable. It was underlined that the Pakistani high commissioner’s meetings with these so-called leaders of the Hurriyat undermines the constructive diplomatic engagement initiated by Prime Minister Modi in May on his very first day in office.” The Indian statement questioned Pakistan’s sincerity and questioned its “negative approaches”.

]]>On Thursday 23-07-2015 Finance Ministry Arun Jaitley released the revised draft of Indian Financial Code (IFC).The revised draft is based on the recommendations of the Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Council (FSLRC), headed by former Supreme Court judge BN Srikrishna

Indian Financial Code Draft – Important Points

The central bank governor will not have a veto over interest rates and the government will have the power to appoint a majority of the members of the monetary policy committee, according to a revised draft.

Draft will also replace multiple laws governing the financial sector particularly the move to dilute the absolute powers the Reserve Bank governor which includes setting benchmark rates.

The proposed financial code also lays down a framework for inflation-targetting under which the central bank and government will together set the target.

As per the latest version, the government will have the right to appoint four of seven members of the monetary policy committee (MPC).

Draft also proposed that an all-powerful monetary policy committee would have four representatives of the government and only three from the central bank, including the ‘RBI Chairperson’ – thus giving full control to the government on policy rate.

At present, the RBI Governor consults a Technical Advisory Committee, but does not necessarily go by the majority opinion while deciding on the monetary policy stance.

]]>http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/25/ifc-draft-rbi/feed/0Vyapam : The Notes on a Scam [Second Analysis]http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/08/vyapam-the-notes-on-a-scam-second-analysis/
http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/08/vyapam-the-notes-on-a-scam-second-analysis/#respondWed, 08 Jul 2015 12:05:31 +0000http://newsnxt.com/?p=3090Vyapam : The Notes on a Scam The Vyapam scam is an admission and recruitment scam involving may pillars of so called “Democracy” like Politicians,Bureaucrats,Goverment Officials,Teachers and Businessmen in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Vyavsayik Pariksha Mandal aka “Vyapam”, is a government body responsible for conducting several entrance tests in the state. These entrance […]

The Vyapam scam is an admission and recruitment scam involving may pillars of so called “Democracy” like Politicians,Bureaucrats,Goverment Officials,Teachers and Businessmen in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

Vyavsayik Pariksha Mandal aka “Vyapam”, is a government body responsible for conducting several entrance tests in the state. These entrance exams are used for recruitment to government jobs and for admissions to educational institutes,various professional courses and for recruitment to government jobs in the state. The scam involved a collusion of undeserving candidates, who bribed politicians and MPPEB officials through middlemen, to get high ranks in these entrance tests.

Modus operandi

The scam involved a collusion among exam candidates, government officials and middlemen: undeserving candidates were offered high marks in the exams, in exchange for huge amount of money.

Tricks involved in the scam

Impersonation – The admit card of the candidate was used to execute the trick. All the information of the candidate remained intact except the photograph. Candidate’s photograph was replaced by that of the impersonator and after the exam, it was changed back to the original. All this was done in collusion with the corrupt Board officials. The impersonator was always some brilliant student and used to get hefty amount to secure the seat.

Engine and bogie system – A person was strategically seated adjacent to the candidate. The person let them copy from his sheet or exchanged the sheet at the end of the exam.

OMR sheets – The select candidates were asked to leave their answer sheets blank. They were randomly given high percentages after the exam. Concerned authorities of the Board then filed an RTI demanding to view those answer sheets. They then filled in the answers in the OMR booklet according to the marks they have already been given. This was done so that if someone were to ever check those answer sheets, there would not be any loopholes that could give them away.

Vyapam admitted in the High Court that 1020 forms were missing and 346 imposters had appeared in the exam. Vyapam officials admitted in the court that 1120 candidates appeared in the exam but their forms were missing because Vyapam official and accused Nitin Mahendra had tampered with the Computers in which the records were stored. The STF has presented charge-sheet against 28 accused, including Jagdish Sagar, in Indore Court. The fact that the charge-sheet includes details of 3292 different offences and more than 92,176 documents is indicative of the enormity of the scam.

Initial probe [2009 – 2011]

Madhya Pradesh Local Fund Audit office for 2007-08 found several financial and administrative irregularities in MPPEB, including unauthorized disposal of application forms.

It was suspected that the application forms were being destroyed so that they could not be compared to exam admit cards and other records

In 2009, fresh complaints of irregularities in the pre-medical test (PMT) surfaced.Indore-based activist Anand Rai filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) requesting investigation into the scam.

In 2009, Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan set up a committee headed by the State Joint Director of Medical Education to probe the allegations.

In July 2011, MPPEB monitored 145 suspects during the Pre-Medical Test (PMT). Most of the suspects did not turn up, but 8 were caught for impersonating others.

Kanpur-based Satyendra Varma, arrested for accepting ₹ 4 lakh to appear in place of Ashish Yadav, in Indore.

15 exam toppers from the previous year appeared for the exam. Suspecting that these people were called in to impersonate others or to help candidates cheat by sitting adjacent to them, MPPEB asked them to explain their reasons for re-taking the exams.

The committee in 2009 submitted its report to the government in November 2011. It mentioned that 114 candidates had passed PMT using impersonation.

The candidates, mostly from rich families, had been impersonated by practicing doctors and talented medical students, some of whom had come from neighbouring states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

The middlemen had charged each candidate ₹ 1-4 million.

The findings raised concern that several fake doctors might admitted through PMT in earlier years might have graduated as practitioners.

The possibility of government officials being involved in the scam was also mentioned.

In 2012, Indore police arrested 4 people who had come to impersonate candidates in the PMT exam. The arrested had been promised sums ranging from ₹ 25,000 to ₹ 50,000 each.

Probe on MP-PMT exam 2013

The massive scale of the Vyapam scam came to light in 2013.

On the night of 6-7 July, the Indore police arrested 20 people from various city hotels.

These people, 17 of whom were from Uttar Pradesh, had come to impersonate local candidates in the PMT exam scheduled on 7 July 2013.

The impersonators had been promised sums ranging from ₹ 50,000 to ₹ 100,000.

Based on information collected during the interrogation of these 20 impersonators, Indore police found out that an organized racket headed by Jagdish Sagar was involved in the scam.

Dr. Anand Rai submitted a complaint to the local Superintendent of Police (economic offence wing), seeking a detailed investigation. He sought probe into the role of MPPEB’s chairman, exam controller, assistant controller and deputy controller.

On 13 July, Jagdish Sagar was arrested in Mumbai.A list containing names of 317 students was confiscated from him.

MPPEB’s exam controller Pankaj Trivedi, who was not a suspect in the scam at that time, tried to protect these students. He sent a letter to various government departments and the deans of medical colleges, insisting that these students should be allowed admission once they sign an affidavit.

The affidavit would state that they didn’t use any unfair means, and that their admissions would be canceled if they were found guilty in the police investigations.

On 28 September 2013, Trivedi was also arrested, based on Jagdish Sagar’s interrogation.On 5 October, the Special Task Force (STF) of the police chargesheeted 28 people, including Jagdish Sagar.

In December 2013, the STF produced a 23,000-page supplementary chargesheet against 34 accused in the Indore district court. Out of these 34 accused chargesheeted, 30 were students and their guardians. Four others included Pankaj Trivedi, Dr. Sanjeev Shilpkar and Dr. Jagdish Sagar’s accomplice Gangaram Pipliya.

Other exams probed

In November 2013, the STF found that the scamsters had rigged five recruitment tests: Pre-PG, Food Inspector Selection Test, Milk Federation test, Subedar-Sub Inspector and Platoon Commander Selection Test and Police Constable Recruitment Test – all held during 2012 for government jobs in the state.

For Pre-PG Test of 2012, MPPEB’s former examination controller Dr Pankaj Trivedi and its system analyst Nitin Mahindra provided model answer keys to candidates through photocopies.

For the other four exams, the Vyapam officials manipulated the OMR answer sheets by taking them out of the strong room. Different FIRs against 153 people, including Sudhir Sharma, were filed. Sharma had earlier been interrogated by CBI in mining scam of Madhya Pradesh.

In March 2014, the government announced that the STF was investigating rigging of nine examinations, and 127 people had been arrested.

The previous years’ PMT exams were also investigated. The STF found that 286 candidates had cleared PMT-2012 through fraudulent means.

On 29 April 2014, 27 students of MGM Medical College in Indore were expelled for having used fraudulent means to clear PMT-2012.

In June 2014, the High Court asked the police why several of the accused in the case had not been arrested yet.

Following this, the STF made several arrests. On 15 June, the STF arrested the state’s former technical education minister and BJP leader Laxmikant Sharma for his alleged involvement in the contractual teachers recruitment scam.

On 18 and 19 June 2014, the police arrested over 100 medical students from different parts of the state, for their involvement in the PMT scam.

In September 2014, the STF revealed that Jagdish Sagar’s racket had also rigged the entrance exams for recruitment in SBI and other nationalized banks. These entrance exams included the Institute of Banking Personnel Selection’s exams and the SBI Probationary Officer’s exam.

]]>http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/08/vyapam-the-notes-on-a-scam-second-analysis/feed/0What is Vyapam ? The Notes on a Scam [First Analysis]http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/07/what-is-vyapam/
http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/07/what-is-vyapam/#respondTue, 07 Jul 2015 11:56:00 +0000http://newsnxt.com/?p=3077Before getting to “Vyapam Scam” we should first know more about these points What is “Vyapam” How it works ? Who are the members ? How Exams are conducted ? So in this edition we will analyze these basic points related to “Vyapam” then we will move to the next level. What is Vyapam […]

]]>Before getting to “Vyapam Scam” we should first know more about these points

What is “Vyapam”

How it works ?

Who are the members ?

How Exams are conducted ?

So in this edition we will analyze these basic points related to “Vyapam” then we will move to the next level.

What is Vyapam ?

The Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board popularly known as “Vyapam” conducts various tests for admission to professional courses and streams. It is the largest examination conducting body of Madhya Pradesh and comes directly under the Directorate of Technical Education (Government of Madhya Pradesh).

It was initially set-up as Pre Medical Test Board by Government of Madhya Pradesh in the year 1970. Later, in the year 1981, Pre Engineering Board was constituted. Soon after, in the year 1982 both these Boards were amalgamated and named as Professional Examination Board (P.E.B.).

The Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board “Vyapam” is a self-financed, autonomous incorporated body of State Govt. The Government has re constituted the Board of Directors for taking decisions on policy and organizational matters through Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board Act. 2007.

The Board is a body corporate by the name of the Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board and has perpetual succession and a common seal with power to acquire and hold property both movable and immovable and has the power to transfer any property held by it and to contract and do all other things necessary for the its constitution and may sue or sued in its corporate name.

The Board consists of a chairperson and the following members, namely :-

Ex-officio Members

Principal Secretary or Secretary, Government of Madhya Pradesh, Technical Education and Training Department;

Principal Secretary or Secretary, Government of Madhya Pradesh, Finance Department;

Principal Secretary or Secretary, Government of Madhya Pradesh, School Education Department;

Principal Secretary or Secretary, Government of Madhya Pradesh, Public Health and Family Welfare Department;

Vice-Chancellor, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal;

Vice-Chancellor, Jawahar Lal Nehru Agriculture University, Jabalpur;

Director, National Law Institute University, Bhopal;

Commissioner, Higher Education;

Director, Technical Education;

Director, Indian Institute of Management, Indore;

Director, Medical Education;

Director, Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board

ROLE OF THE BOARD

Professional Examination Board is the only institute of its kind in the Country that organizes competitive tests for entrance to various professional courses every year on a very large scale.

It is worth mentioning that only on the basis of these test one can get admission to the courses recognized by national level bodies like All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Medical Council of India (MCI), NCTE New Delhi etc. against seats available in various institutions of the state.

Recently, the responsibility of conducting recruitment examinations for different state level posts, which are not be filled through the Public Service Commission, has also been entrusted to the Board by the State Government. To name a few, Sub Inspectors of Police (Home Department), Assistant grade III/Steno typists in General Administration Department, Rural Extension Officers in the Department of Agriculture, Training Officers in the Directorate of Employment and Training, Samvida Shikshak, MPLUN, Jail Head Quarter, Mahila Evam Bal Vikas, Controller Food & Drugs, Pollution Control and a large number of other examinations to fill up the backlog of posts in various Government departments

METHOD OF CONDUCTING EXAMINATIONS:

The admission rules for the conduct of the entrance tests are provided by the departments concerned. This includes detailed information regarding the eligibility of the applicant, minimum educational qualifications, age limit, reservation of seats, information regarding institutions, counselling schedule, selection process for entrance to various courses and fees etc. The rules for conducting the examinations are prepared by the Board including the procedure for filling the application forms, issue of test admit cards, list of co-ordinating institutions etc. Complete information regarding the examination centres and syllabus for the relevant test in a composite form is made available to applicants through a printed Rule Book.

Board arranges the sale of rulebooks along with the application forms through various Colleges / Schools etc. of the state and even outside the state. The medium of examination for which the applicants are of 10+2 level both Hindi and English.

The medium of examination leading to admission in a Post Graduate level course is English only e.g. MET, MCA, Pre-PG.

The entrance examinations conducted by the Board have centres in cities of the state and even outside the state. To add to the transparency of the examinations, observers are appointed for each centre to watch the proceedings of the examination and submit their reports to the Board. Keeping in mind the sensitive nature of the examinations, Board conducts them with complete impartiality and transparency, maintaining a very high standard of confidentiality.

Question papers for all examinations are objective type in which the examinee is required to choose the right answer out of the four possible given alternatives and mark his/her choice on the OMR Answer Sheets. The Answer Sheets are valued with the help of scanners. The entire valuation work is totally computerized and executed under the supervision of Supervisors appointed from outside the Board.

Board is fully aware of its responsibility of declaring zero error results and also making them available within the shortest possible time so that new educational sessions get started every year in time. The results are prepared maintaining utmost security and secrecy. After the results are declared and uploaded on the net, Board makes available related data and other relevant information to the concerned departments.

]]>http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/07/what-is-vyapam/feed/0List of Top Smart Cities in the World – [Full Analysis]http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/05/top-smart-cities/
http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/05/top-smart-cities/#respondSun, 05 Jul 2015 13:23:26 +0000http://newsnxt.com/?p=3063The term “smart cities” is a bit ambiguous. Some people choose a narrow definition—i.e. cities that use information and communication technologies to deliver services to their citizens. I prefer a broader definition: Smart cities use information and communication technologies (ICT) to be more intelligent and efficient in the use of resources, resulting in cost and […]

]]>The term “smart cities” is a bit ambiguous. Some people choose a narrow definition—i.e. cities that use information and communication technologies to deliver services to their citizens. I prefer a broader definition: Smart cities use information and communication technologies (ICT) to be more intelligent and efficient in the use of resources, resulting in cost and energy savings, improved service delivery and quality of life, and reduced environmental footprint—all supporting innovation and the low-carbon economy.

Here, then, are the top smart cities:

Barcelona

Barcelona is the capital city of the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain and Spain’s second most populated city, with a population of 1.6 million within its administrative limits. Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 4.7 million people, being the sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, London, Madrid, the Ruhr area and Milan.It is the largest metropolis on the Mediterranean Sea, located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs, and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range, the tallest peak of which is 512 metres (1,680 ft) high.

The Barcelona Smart City programme includes seven strategic initiatives:

Smart Lighting: Barcelona developed a master plan in 2012 that includes projects to remotely control street level lighting in addition to transitioning 50 streets and a total of 1,155 lampposts to LED technology.

Smart Energy: From smart grid projects to self-sufficient blocks, the City has developed a programme to achieve greater energy efficiency and has currently deployed more than 19,500 smart metres in the Olympic Villa.

Smart Water: Barcelona is well on its way to implementing a programme that includes remote irrigation control for the City’s green spaces. Thus far, 77 fountains are controlled remotely.

District Heating and Cooling: Two networks provide hot water in 64 buildings spanning an area of 21km.

Smart Transportation: The City developed a master plan in 2012 to improve public transport efficiency by deploying orthogonal bus lines, five of which began running in October 2012.

Zero Emissions Mobility: As part of an extensive plan to foster the use of electric vehicles, Barcelona is deploying electric charging stations, as well as electric vehicle fleets and car rentals. To date, the city has more than 500 hybrid taxis, 294 public electric vehicles, 262 recharging points, 130 electric motorbikes and an estimated 400 private electric vehicles on its streets.

Open Government: The City has developed a programme to make municipal government activities more transparent to its citizens, starting with the deployment of 44 “citizen’s attention” kiosks and the launch of an Open Data portal in 2010.

Stockholm

Green IT strategy for the City of Stockholm

Green IT is the collective name for the measures designed to improve environment with the help of IT. It involves using information technology to reduce negative impact on the environment, as well as lowering the energy consumption and environmental impact of the IT sector as a whole.

e-Stockholm – The City of Stockholm’s strategy for e-services and the technology of the future

Efficient public services are key factors in a thriving city and they should be characterised by a common desire to prioritize citizens’ different needs and desires. The city’s responsibility is to provide support and facilitate in everyday life. Applying for permits, schools, elderly care or to plan the commuting rout to work, are just a few examples of popular e-services offered.

One of the world’s most connected cities

Stockholm’s fiber solution is constantly contributing to making the city more attractive to businesses in general and the tech sector in particular.

The goal of the City’s fiber network efforts is to build a competition-neutral infrastructure capable of meeting future communication needs, spur economic activity, diversity and freedom of choice, as well as minimising disruption to the city’s streets. The fiber network in Stockholm is provided and adminstered by Stokab, a company owned by Stockholm City Council.

World leading ICT cluster

Kista Science City is now the natural meeting place for anyone working in ICT (Information and Communication Technologies). Since IBM and Ericsson moved to Kista in the 1970s, over 1,000 other ICT companies have followed suit. They now collectively constitute one of the world’s foremost ICT clusters.

Seoul

World’s smartest, and cheapest, personal assistants

Haejuseyo chore services will pick up your dry-cleaning and deliver food — and perform more difficult, personalized chores — at the low starting fee of ₩7,000. Maybe that’s why New York’s “The Daily Beast” recently called Korea the laziest country in Asia. They got it wrong, of course. If we weren’t so busy all the time, we wouldn’t need all the extra help.

High-tech bargains

The birthplace of leading global electronics companies such as Samsung and LG, Korea is renowned for its cutting-edge technology. Nowhere is that technology more evident and accessible than at the Yongsan Electronics Market. Dozens of buildings house stores that specialize in one or two of the latest high-tech items. There’s lots of competition to bag the next sale, so haggling is OK.

Cheap Internet phones

For a low monthly fee, you can sign up for an 070 internet phone that gives you free wireless and free calls to other 070 phones. It’s like Skype with a hand-held phone. Cheap rates on international calls clinch this as the greatest phone innovation since Angry Birds.

Superb service; random freebies, no tipping

It’s tough not to smile when your breakfast cereal comes with a free pair of socks or your latest clothing purchase bags you a designer kitchen knife. Seoulites love dishing out freebies, the more random, the better. Known simply as “service,” free gifts can be anything from a packet of Kleenex with a full tank of gas to a plate of chicken with your pitcher of Hite beer. The perfectionist jeongshin (mentality) of the service industry in Seoul ensures incredibly cheerful service. Best of all: no tipping.

Smart homes

Smart phones and robot vacuum cleaners — yawn. Apartments in Seoul can now be controlled from cell phones and central keypads. Samsung Electronics reps say that facial-recognition will soon be introduced as an addition to bio-recognition security systems.

24-hour study rooms

In a country where education is one of the most sensitive topics (15 percent of the average household income is spent on after-school tutoring), 24-hour study rooms provide an intense and quiet atmosphere. Rooms are divided into rows of cubicles that can be rented for as little as ₩7,000 a day.

Best airport in the world

For five years running, Incheon International Airport, which services Seoul and other nearby Korean cities, has been ranked the best airport in the world by Airports Council International. The sprawling, über-efficient facility is equipped with a golf course, skating rink, Museum of Korean Culture, casino, high-end spa and restaurants serving just about any kind of pre-flight meal you’d want.

World’s most wired city

Welcome to the next generation IT mega-city. In Seoul, you can’t avoid wireless access even if you want to — a staggering 95 percent of Korean households have broadband connection.

San Francisco

This city has a reputation for being innovative when it comes to technology, and with Silicon Valley nearby and a large number of Internet-based companies making their homes there, it’s not difficult to see why. San Francisco is a global leader in smart-city projects, with one of its claims to fame being that it provides its residents with a large number of free WiFi hotspots. In fact on Market Street, a main road downtown, there’s actually three whole miles of free WiFi.

But where the city really excels is in green and sustainability initiatives. It is a leader in recycling, mandating that its residents separate their garbage into three categories: recycling, compost, and landfill waste. They also encourage their citizens to participate in energy conservation by providing them with mobile and web access to precise, near real-time energy use data and advice on how they can save. The city also provides more than 100 charging stations in various locations to promote the use of hybrid and electric cars and reduce automobile-related pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

The San Francisco Sustainable Development program evolved from creative and collaborative partnerships that generated the recent sustainable design components of signature projects such as the Transit Center, Treasure Island, Candlestick Park/Hunters Point, and the Eco-District framework for a sustainable San Francisco. It is a work in progress of exploration and innovation. It extends emerging trends around systems thinking and ecological planning, design, and development to San Francisco planning opportunities, thereby fostering connection, community, and sustainability in the context of climate change.

Eco-District Initiative

San Francisco joined the 2030 District Initiative, the eighth city to commit to dramatic reductions in energy and water use in commercial buildings – 50% by 2030. San Francisco has been working behind the scenes for 2 years with an industry stakeholder group to put the plan together; it is a real private-public partnership. Thez have 24 committed member buildings located in downtown San Francisco comprising about 9mm square feet, and growing up to 150mm square feet.

Copenhagen

The capital of Denmark, it has a population of 1,3 million people (almost 2 million if we include the metropolitan area).

Life science, information technology, shipping, research & development play a major role in the city’s economy. Copenhagen has been considered as one of the cities with the best quality of life, and now it is considered as well as one of the most important Smart Cities around the world.

Denmark has decided to lead the transition to become a green growth economy entirely independent of fossil fuels by 2050. The business of introducing sustainability into a city like Copenhagen changes the patterns of production and consumption, growth and employment.

In its bid to introduce more sustainability into the city, Copenhagen has applied different smart solutions like the following:

The Harbour turns blue

A complete modernisation of the sewage system has allowed for an improved water quality, while opening a public harbour bath. An under utilised part of the city centre has now become a strong urban recreation space.

Meeting the rising demand for water

The adoption of innovative technologies and policies (prevention of leaks, pricing mechanisms to reduce wasteful consumption, engineering solutions and better management of storm water) allowes for a reduced consumption of water, while protecting the groundwater resources.

Cycling

It is now integral to urban planning and design, allowing for a low-expense, quick, safe and convenient way of getting around.

Integration of public transport

Investment on an efficient, reliable and highly integrated public transport network, making the levels of congestion and pollution one of the lowest of the major international cities. The number of car trips in the central part of Copenhagen fell from 351,000 in 1970 to 284,900 in 2010.

Making the most of waste

Copenhagen has been able to send less than 2% of waste to landfill. Half of the waste is recycled and maximum use is made of waste to generate heat for the city’s district heating network.

Wind power

22% of Denmark’s total electrical consumption is produced from wind turbines, the highest rated in the world. In Copenhagen a renewable energy infrastructure has been introduced through a unique partnership based on local ownership.

Keeping the system warm efficiently by using a district heating system:

It is the largest and most successful system in the world, supplying 98% of the city with reliable and affordable heating.

Keeping cool under CO2 pressure

Copenhagen has built the first two district cooling networks, based on free cooling from sea water abstraction, along with running surplus from the district heating network.

Singapore

Singapore is unique in that it is a city-state. As a nation, it has recently unveiled a bold Smart Singapore strategy which aims to convert the city-state to the first true smart nation through a range of initiatives leverage intelligence, integration and innovation to become a major player on the world stage. Part of this strategy involves the rollout of smart boxes containing sensors and connected via fiber optic cables which will sense the city and deliver real-time information to cities and citizens.

Clean and organized city, the city has excellent public transit and a handful of powerful incentives to discourage personal vehicle use, like an advanced electronic road pricing scheme and very high permit and sales tax rates for new vehicles. The city also has a very active smart governance program including a strong commitment to online service delivery (98% of all government services are accessible online). Singapore is very committed to greening its infrastructure reflected in the fact it has 2,155 certified green buildings, by far the most of the responding cities

London

The congestion charge, the oyster card ticket system, wifi on the underground and Boris Bikes, are all examples of smart transport solutions to be found in London. A smart parking service, which uses sensors in car parking spaces and map data to show availability is being trialled in Westminster.

The city’s transport authority Transport For London, is using its data to make products and services for smartphones that make it easier to navigate and use. London’s government is also extending a similar tactic to help create apps in other areas, such as leisure, health and environment. The city has created a “Smart London” board to investigate how to best use technology to improve the city.

]]>http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/05/top-smart-cities/feed/0What is Smart City ? – 100 Smart Cities in India [First Analysis]http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/02/100-smart-cities-first-analysis/
http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/02/100-smart-cities-first-analysis/#respondThu, 02 Jul 2015 13:48:50 +0000http://newsnxt.com/?p=3051What is Smart City ? A city which uses digital technologies or information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance quality and performance of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption, and to engage more effectively and actively with its citizens is known as Smart City. Sectors that have been developing smart city technology include […]

A city which uses digital technologies or information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance quality and performance of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption, and to engage more effectively and actively with its citizens is known as Smart City. Sectors that have been developing smart city technology include government services,transport and traffic management, energy,health care,water and waste. Smart city are developed with the goal of improving the management of urban flows and allowing for real time responses to challenges.

The smart city model

A Smart City is a city well performing in 6 characteristics, built on the ‘smart’ combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens.

Smart Living

Smart Governance

Participation in decision-making Public and social services Transparent governance Political strategies & perspectives

Challenges Ahead

Although there are many differing views as to what a Smart City really is, cities are facing common challenges. The chapters in the publication Smart City dynamics are based on those main challenges in the transition to Smart Cities.

There are many more, but let’s begin with the topics that cities and their partners (have to) start with.

The relevance of road maps

Creating a road map for Smart Cities is a complicated matter. The necessary steps depend on cities’ objectives and on existing local resources. Road maps first require a detailed analysis of the city: its resources, infrastructure and pattern of energy demand. Starting from your own strengths is key.

The right stakeholders

The dynamics of stakeholder interaction is central to successful Smart City actions. Who uses the infrastructure and how do the different users interact? Sometimes hundreds of different parties are involved in just one project. They can be anyone who is interested in energy evolution, including the end user. How do you align so many different priorities?

Working with different partners does not have to be complicated, as long as there is an open dialogue and a clear vision. Sharing a vision is crucial. Molly Webb from the Climate Group says: ‘When Smart Cities have a level of ambition that goes beyond a political or private sector vision, issues can be overcome.’

Synergy between sectors

Talking about Smart Cities is often about executing sustainable activities in a more integrated way. With more partners involved and more projects connected. In recent years there has been a clear move from individual demonstration projects to holistic planning. Although the intention to cooperate is there, other interests are given priority in practice. How can we get a grip on the complexity of synergy between various sectors?

The role of Information And Communication Technologies (ICT)

Many people think that the emphasis with Smart Cities is too much on technology and not on what really matters: a better living environment. ‘It is a shame that the term Smart Cities has led people to believe that to be smart, you need to do X, Y and Z’, says Jonathan Leucci from the Scottish European Green Energy Centre. ‘The risk is that cities pursue the wrong concepts and think that there needs to be huge amounts of money. They don’t realise that there are quick-win solutions that suit the city.

Behavioural change

Janette Webb from the University of Edinburgh: ‘Less consumer spending is seen as bad news for the economy, in contradiction to ambitious waste reduction and energy savings targets. Those mixed messages create a difficult tension that won’t be overcome unless local, regional and national governments take the lead.’

According to Bas Boorsma from Cisco behavioural change takes place at several levels. Everybody must change tack; governments, the business sector and citizens. It is especially complicated where citizens are concerned, he believes.

At the same time, in The Hague residents have used their own money to restore an existing, inactive windmill and put it back into operation. This is an excellent example of neighbourhood participation, whereby residents are fully responsible for a sustainable initiative.

]]>http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/02/100-smart-cities-first-analysis/feed/0100 Smart Cities : A Vision, A Dream, A Reality or A Business Modelhttp://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/01/100-smart-cities/
http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/01/100-smart-cities/#respondWed, 01 Jul 2015 17:22:20 +0000http://newsnxt.com/?p=3042Prime Minister Narenda Modi on 24-June-2015 launches the much awaited Smart Cities Mission and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT). According to the official of the Government these smart cities will be consrtucted in three phases, the first phase which is to be started this year will be aiming to constructing 20 smart […]

According to the official of the Government these smart cities will be consrtucted in three phases, the first phase which is to be started this year will be aiming to constructing 20 smart cities while the rest would be done in two batches of 40 each. It was also reportethat the Cabinet had in April approved about 1 lakh crore investment on urban development under Smart Cities Mission and the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation of 500 cities (AMRUT) with outlays of Rs 48,000 crore and Rs 50,000 crore, respectively.

Atal Mission Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) 500 Cities having Rs. 1,00,000 and population will be chosen this project. The Modi launching event will be followed by two day workshop in which 1000 Mayors, Muncipal heads, Minister concerned from states and there Chief secretaries take part of Smart Cities Mission.

100 Smart Cities

Rs 48,000 crore Government of India will spend on creating 100 smart cities across India. Based on the population and area, a fix number has been allocated for each state.

Uttar Pradesh 13 Cities

Tamil Nadu 12 Cities

Maharashtra 10 Cities

Karnataka 6 Cities

Gujarat 6 Cities

West Bengal 4 Cities

Rajasthan 4 Cities

Bihar 3 Cities

Andhra Pradesh 3 Cities

Punjab 3 Cities

Odisha 2 Cities

Haryana 2 Cities

Telangana 2 Cities

Chhattisgarh 2 Cities

Jammu and Kashmir 1 City

Kerala 1 City

Jharkhand 1 City

Assam 1 City

Himachal 1 City

Goa 1 City

Arunachal 1 City

Chandigarh 1 City

National Capital New Delhi 1 City

A ‘City Challenge Competition’ will be held among all nominated cities, to determine the most eligible of them for conversion into smart cities.

AMRUT for 500 Cities

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) for 500 Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities will also be launched along with smart city project. For AMRUT as well, states have been asked to recommend cities which can be included under this scheme.

UP 64 Cities

Tamil Nadu 33 Cities

Maharashtra 37 Cities

Gujarat 31 Cities

Karnataka 21 Cities

Andhra Pradesh 31 Cities

Rajasthan 30 Cities

West Bengal 28 Cities

Bihar 27 Cities

Odisha 19 Cities

Haryana 19 Cities

Kerala 18 Cities

Punjab 17 Cities

Telangana 15 Cities

Chhattisgarh 10 Cities

Under this scheme, Central Govt. will provide 30% of the overall cost, if the city has a population of more than 10 lakh; and 50% if under 10 lakh.

]]>http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/07/01/100-smart-cities/feed/0Zimbabwe Tour Is On And Ajinkya Rahane To Lead Team Indiahttp://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/06/29/zimbabwe-tour-is-on-and-ajinkya-rahane-to-lead-team-india/
http://newsnxt.com/blog/2015/06/29/zimbabwe-tour-is-on-and-ajinkya-rahane-to-lead-team-india/#respondMon, 29 Jun 2015 09:02:19 +0000http://newsnxt.com/?p=3038All-India Senior Selection Committee of the BCCI met here on Monday and decided to appoint Ajinkya Rahane as captain of Indian team for the upcoming tour of Zimbabwe. Selection Committee also decided to rest the senior members including MS Dhoni, Virat Kohli, Suresh Raina, Rohit Sharma, Shikhar Dhawan and Umesh Yadav for the Zimbabwe series […]

]]>All-India Senior Selection Committee of the BCCI met here on Monday and decided to appoint Ajinkya Rahane as captain of Indian team for the upcoming tour of Zimbabwe.

Selection Committee also decided to rest the senior members including MS Dhoni, Virat Kohli, Suresh Raina, Rohit Sharma, Shikhar Dhawan and Umesh Yadav for the Zimbabwe series next month.

Offspinner Harbhajan Singh has made a comeback to the ODI side after being included for the one-off Test against Bangladesh.

The Indian team just concluded a disappointing tour of Bangladesh, losing the ODI series 1-2, completing seven months of continuous cricket.

The tour of Zimbabwe was on the verge of cancellation over the broadcasting rights issues. But an eleventh hour solution has revived it and India is all set to play three ODIs and a couple of T20 internationals at Harare, starting July 10.

BCCI decided to send a totally new team, giving the younger players a chance in the tour comprising three ODIs and two T20s.

“I feel the side is very good, it is young and holds the future for Team India,” BCCI secretary Anurag Thakur said.

This is Rahul Dravid’s maiden assignment as India ‘A’ coach and he wants to field a strong team. According to the source, Dravid had a meeting with India’s assistant coach Bharat Arun who looks after the bowling department last evening to take stock of the fast bowling options.

]]>Ahmer Khan had filed the complaint in April seeking action against the HRD Minister Smriti Irani for allegedly lying on oath about her educational qualification and assets.

Ahmer Khan’s lawyer KK Manan had told the court that Irani declared herself to be a 1996 batch BA graduate from Delhi University in her affidavit filed for the 2004 Lok Sabha election. But in her 2014 Lok Sabha election affidavit, she stated she had done B.Com Part 1 in 1994 from Delhi University.

Metropolitan Magistrate Akash Jain took cognizance of the complaint and fixed the matter for recording of per-summoning evidence on 28 August.

“It is held that the present complaint case is filed under limitation (of time). Cognizance is taken. The matter be now fixed for per-summoning evidence on August 28,” the magistrate said.

“The court has taken cognizance. It has directed the complainant must show proof on the day of hearing,” Smriti Irani’s lawyer said.

Smriti Irani’s lawyer also clarified that the HRD Minister had not been summoned in the case so far and no FIR had been registered against her.

Ahmer Khan complainant in the case, said, “The court took our allegations very seriously. On 28 August, I will present evidence in the court. Then, summons to Smriti Irani will be issued.”

“It is evident from the contents of the affidavits filed by Irani that at best, only one of the depositions by her on oath in respect of her educational qualifications is correct,” said the petitioner’s counsel Manan.

The petition seeks Irani to be prosecuted for an offense under section 25 of the Representation of the People Act. If convicted for the offense by the court, Irani can be sentenced to upto six months imprisonment.

“I am not a political activist. I do not have any association with any party. My complaint against Irani was purely based on media reports. We just made the efforts to collect the relevant information to collect information from appropriate channels,” Ahmer Khan says.

Opposition’s Reaction

Ajay Maken Congress spokesperson said “She should be held guilty of offense under Section 125A read with Section 33 of Representation of Peoples Act, 1950 besides other offenses under Indian Penal Code.”

Ajay Maken further stated Irani’s continuation in office is untenable and illegal, “both on the touchstone of constitutionality as also legality and morality”, particularly, when her degrees of Delhi University are under investigation. “Smriti Irani should be immediately sacked as HRD Minister in order to conduct a free and fair investigation in the matter,” he demanded.

Congress leader Randeep Surjewala said: “It is apparent that the country’s Education Minister is lying about her own education. What will happen to the future of millions of children in the country? Irani has no moral, constitutional or legal right to continue in her post for even a day.”

AAP leader Ashuthosh commented “There cannot be two yardsticks for the same issue. The rule of law is the same for everybody, the Constitution and democracy are same for everybody. If they believe Tomar should be arrested, why not Irani?” he added.

BJP Reacts

“Our ministers do not have to resign. This is not UPA government.This is NDA government,” home minister Rajnath Singh

BJP instead blamed “typographical error” for the alleged false information on educational qualification submitted by HRD Minister Smriti Irani and rejected any comparison between her and AAP leader Jitender Singh Tomar who has been jailed in a fake degree case.

BJP spokesperson Sambit Patra said “One should know the difference between a fake document and a typographical error. This case (relating to Irani) is not for fake documents,”

Sambit Patra also stated that the court has only taken cognizance of the complaint and asked the person who has filed the complaint that “you have to give per-summoning evidence as to why she should be summoned. Why hue and cry over something which has not gone to the level of verdict?”

BJP spokesperson Nalin Kohli said “You cannot compare oranges and apples. In the case of Tomar, there is a police investigation which has proved beyond doubt that there is a criminal act of a fake degree, going ahead and contesting an election on it and then being the Law Minister,”

He said that in the case of Smriti Irani, the court has spoken about maintainability of the complaint, which is the first step of a legal process as to whether there is a ground in terms of jurisdiction. “It has neither any implication on conviction nor exoneration.”