Glossary of Terms – I

I

ice glass art glass with a frosted outer surface that resembles cracked ice. It is made by rolling a partly blown glass object over powdered glass, and then reheating it and blowing it into shape, or by plunging white-hot glass into cold water so that it becomes veined with tiny cracks. Ice glass, also known as frosted glass, crackled glass and verre craquelé, was made in 16thC Venice and revived by British glass-maker Apsley pellatt c. 1840.

ichiraku See netsuke.

Imari Distinctively decorated Japanese porcelain made at arita from the late 17thC and shipped from the port of Imari. The panelled decoration, dominated by underglaze blue, iron-red enamel and gilding, with occasional additions of black, green, aubergine and yellow enamels, was based on local textiles. The designs, also known as Japan patterns, were copied in Europe throughout the 18thC. In the 19thC Imari-inspired patterns were imitated at derby and spode.

imbricated ornament Carved fish-scale decoration found on furniture.

Impasto 1 White or coloured liquid clay slip applied thickly to a ceramic body and then worked so that it is slightly raised from the body before glazing. 2 The term also applies to the thickness of paint in oil painting.

in-and-out pattern See herati PATTERN.

Ince & Mayhew (fl.1759-1802) English cabinet-makers William Ince and John Mayhew worked together from 1759 onwards. Their early ornate work in Rococo style later developed along more restrained neoclassical lines. The partners published The Universal System of Household Furniture, which contained over 300 designs similar to those of Thomas chippendale. Ince and Mayhew also built furniture based on designs by Robert Adam.

incised decoration Decoration that is cut or carved into the surface with a sharp metal point.

Incised triangle period (1744-9) Little survives, but the ware was lighter and more translucent than that of Bow, with a glassy finish.

inclined plane clock See gravity CLOCK.

incuse A design impressed into the surface of a coin to create an intaglio effect rather than a relief design.

Indian jail carpets Large, heavily woven pile carpets produced in northern-Indian jail workshops in the 19thC. The industry thrived in response to growing Western demand after examples were shown at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851. The designs were based on earlier Persian styles. Flat-weave dhurries were also woven in Indian jails – in far larger quantities than the pile rugs, as they were easier to make.

indianische Blumen German for ‘Indian flowers’ – a term for painted floral decoration on ceramics inspired by Oriental and more specifically kakiemon, originals. The designs were introduced at meissen in the 1720s, and imitated by other European factories including chelsea. From the 1740s indianische Blumen were superseded by deutsche blumen (German flowers).

inglaze See high-temperature colours.

ingrain carpets British flat-weave carpets that are reversible, having the same pattern appearing in a different colour on either side. They are also known as double-cloth carpets, and have been woven since c. 1824 at many factories, particularly kidderminster, but developed mainly in the USA from 1850.

inkstand Container for writing implements, including inkpot, pounce box, sealing wax, handbell and quill pens, in use from the 16thC onwards. The implements either fit into a box or rest on a matching tray. Standish is the common term for pre- 18thC silver inkstands.

inlaid decoration Technique used on solid wood furniture, in which details of coloured woods, ivory, metal or mother-of-pearl are set into cut-out recesses some ?in (3 mm) deep. First used in 15thC Italy, the technique reached France, Holland, Germany and Britain the following century, and was popular on Elizabethan and early Stuart oak and walnut furniture. Designs were fairly simple – geometric, or using flower and vase motifs. As veneer and marquetry techniques were perfected, inlaying died out.

inro Small container designed to hang from the belt, worn by Japanese men from the 14thC. The original purpose was to hold a seal- the word is literally translated as ‘seal basket’ -but inro were later used for other personal effects such as medicine or tobacco, and by the 18thC had become purely decorative. Inro are usually of lacquer on wood, typically 3-5 in (7.5-12.5 cm) long, shallow and oval, and made up of several close-fitting compartments. See netsuke.

intaglio Decorative technique (or object made by the technique) of incising a figure or design into the surface of hards tones (as in seals) and glass (see engraving, wheel) especially, and also ceramics and metalwork. Intaglio is the opposite of cameo work, in that the design, not the background, is cut away to give an image in relief.

intarsia An Italian term for pictorial MARQUETRY or INLAID DECORATION found on 15th and 16thC Italian panelling and furniture. Various woods, tortoiseshell, metals and ivory were chosen for colour and texture to create a realistic architectural perspective, or a symmetrical still-life group of objects such as musical or precision instruments.

interior painting Decorative technique which involves painting a watercolour picture on the inside of a bottle using an angled brush inserted through the neck. It was particularly popular for decorating snuff bottles.

in-the-white See blank.

investment casting See lost wax.

iridescent glass Glassware that appears to be rainbow-coloured when viewed from certain angles and in certain lights. Ancient glass which has been buried often develops a natural iridescence due to attack by minerals in the soil. The same effect has been created artificially by treating glassware with metallic oxides.

Irish glass Heavy, ornate lead crystal, produced from c. 1780 in Belfast, Cork, Dublin and Waterford following the removal of a ban from exporting glass from Ireland and to avoid the high taxes payable in England. English factories at stourbridge, Sunderland and St Helens have recently been identified as the source of much of the glass previously described as Irish.

iron chimney See fireback.

ironstone china See stone china.

Islamic style Ornamental style applied throughout the decorative arts both in Middle-Eastern Islamic countries, North Africa and Spain. It is in abstract style – often colourful, symmetrical patterns with inscriptions or kufic script – because the Koran forbids the representation of Allah, the human form and animals. In 15thC Spain following the Moorish (Islamic) occupation, Islamic style was combined with Christian gothic in the Mudejar style.

Isnik pottery Coarse-bodied Turkish earthenware, either coated with a white slip or tin glazed, decorated with bright, high-temperature colours under a glassy quartz glaze. Bright blue, green, turquoise and an impasto red were typical, and blue and white Chinese-inspired wares were also made. Production centred on Isnik (ancient Nicaea), 60 miles (95 km) south-east of Istanbul, from the 15thC onwards. Quality declined in the 17thC, but the style was copied in Europe from the late 19thC.

isochronous motion A clock-making term meaning equally beating, that is, each beat occupying an equal period of time. A pendulum is naturally isochronous, while a balance wheel only becomes so when linked with a balance spring.

istoriato tin-glazed earthenware, particularly Italian maiolica, with a scene from a historical, mythological or biblical story. Literally translated as ‘with a story in it’, istoriato was introduced in the early 16thC. It represented a move from the production of purely practical wares to articles designed for display.

ivory Hard, dentine tissue from the tusks of elephants and other mammals. From the earliest times ivory was used in China for carvings and in Japan for netsuke figures, as a base for miniature paintings and for decoration. In the West, ivory has been used for ornaments, jewellery and furniture. Its use declined in the 15thC but interest was revived in the 18thC, especially in the Victorian era. See morse ivory.

ivory glass Cream-coloured glass wheel-engraved or moulded to look like carved ivory. The engraving was treated with a coloured stain to highlight details of the design, and some pieces were then decorated with GILDING or ENAMELLING. The technique was applied to various ornamental wares, some in Oriental styles, and was a speciality of Thomas webb & Sons in the late 19thC.

Ivrene Ivory-coloured, slightly iridescent art glass developed by the designer Frederick carder during the 1920s. The colour was created by adding the minerals feldspar and cryolite to molten glass, and the iridescence was achieved by spraying the finished object with tin chloride and then reheating it.