Byoyomi Explained

"Cho Kisei, you've entered byoyomi. Ten minutes left." That must be
a familiar sound to Cho Chikun, who goes into byoyomi in most of his
games. In the Kisei title match, the time limit is eight hours per
player. There are no chess clocks; the time is monitored by a
timekeeper. When a player has used all except ten minutes of his time,
the timekeeper reads out the seconds, which is the literal meaning of
byoyomi. The style is not the same as the byoyomi I remember at
tournaments in Britain years ago. And I hear that these days, byoyomi
has all but been replaced by Canadian Overtime. Still I thought readers
might like to know how byoyomi is conducted in Japanese tournaments.

This article was prompted by the amazing amount of incorrect
information posted on the rec.games.go newsgroup during 1996. My sources
were videotapes of the Kisei and Meijin games of 1996 and a 1977
magazine article in Gekkan Gogaku on the topic of time keeping.

Except for the final minute, the timekeeper reads the time like the
following example:

If the player plays a move before 60 seconds have passed, no time is
deducted and the next move is counted the same again. This can be
repeated any number of times without any time being deducted until the
player thinks beyond sixty seconds. Then his remaining time is reduced
by one minute. If he wants, he can of course think for several minutes
consecutively. The timekeeper counts off each minute used.

No time left means the player is in his last minute. He must play
every move within sixty seconds, otherwise he loses the game on time (I
remember we used to regard it as a pass in games I played, but
professionals have stricter rules). To distinguish the last minute
clearly, the timekeeper reads differently.

If the timekeeper utters "10", the player loses on time. If the
player plays a move before then, no time is deducted and the next move
is counted the same again. The final minute is reused every move. That
is why game records (e.g., in the Igo Yearbook) often show that a player
took 7 hr 59 m. It is not possible to take the full 8 hours of an
eight-hour time limit. In the earlier rounds of the Kisei, the time
limit is only 5 hours and many players take 4 hr 59 m.

The timekeeper does not say "Please play" as someone stated. The
only time I have ever heard this was during a friendly exhibition game
of rengo, between two teams of amateurs. One player in particular
frequently failed to play within the time limit and had to be forcefully
reminded. The organizers presumably did not want the game to end
prematurely, as would have happened under professional rules. According
to an article entitled "Time is the Enemy" in Go World #13, the
timekeeper in TV games used to count "... 8, 9, play please". This
practice was discontinued, however, because the seconds tended to
stretch. Changing the count to "... 8, 9, 10" made things much more
straightforward.

That explains why the current NHK timekeeper, Kobayashi Izumi, was
replaced for the games her father (Koichi) played in. Izumi has gained a
reputation for being an unflinching stickler for the rules. No slowing
down or speaking more loudly from her, unlike some timekeepers.

Players who lose on time are generally very well-behaved. No
McEnroe-type theatrics. I have seen at least two losses on time in TV
games. Recently, Fujisawa Shuko was counted out in his NHK tournament
game against Cho. He seemed bewildered and Cho looked rather embarrassed
at winning by default. (Cho was just in the middle of making his corner
live, which would have put him clearly ahead anyway.) Shuko said he
thought he still had one minute left. He also said it was not the first
time he had lost on time.

Another common misunderstanding about byoyomi is that the reusable
minutes are special to the end of the game. This is not so. Throughout
the whole game, no time is deducted if the player plays in less than one
minute. The Japanese expression for this is literally "no time" (in
katakana). So when a player is said to have played in no time, it
actually means within fifty-nine seconds rather than instantly. The time
is not kept by chess clocks, but by a human timekeeper who uses a watch.
He/she keeps a detailed record on a special form, indicating the time
taken, cumulative time used, and time of day for every move. These times
only indicate whole minutes; the seconds are omitted. A move played in
no time is indicated with a slash on the record sheet. When both players
are down to their final minute, all the moves have slashes. This is
known as "one-minute go". During big title matches, only one official is
present for most of the game, acting as both game-recorder and
timekeeper. Two lower-ranked professionals take turns. When one player
approaches byoyomi, the second official comes in too, and one does
byoyomi while the other keeps the game record. The referee, who is a
high-ranking player, is usually only present to officiate the start,
sealed move, restart, and end.

In one-day games having shorter time limits, for example five hours
each, the period of byoyomi is only five minutes instead of ten.
However, I believe the time is still counted in minutes (not 30 seconds
as someone wrote). At least, it was in the twenty-year-old article I
found in Gekkan Gogaku describing timekeeping for a minor game with a
five-hour time limit.

During the 1996 Kisei, while Cho was in his final minute, he got up
and left the room after playing his move. At the time, I wondered what
would happen if Kobayashi Satoru played before Cho returned, but
Kobayashi thought for a while and Cho came back. Was Kobayashi just
being considerate? Was this an unfair imposition by Cho? In the very
next game, while O Meien was giving the commentary on an exciting ko
fight that seemed likely to decide the game, the camera switched to the
playing room only to find both players absent, even though both were in
their final minute of byoyomi. This was on nationwide live TV. It was an
unusual enough event to prompt O to explain. The timekeeper doesn't
start counting the time until the player is back at the board. That's
provided he left in his opponent's time of course. Once his time has
started, there's no interrupting it.