October 27, 2004

Electoral Ethnography

In a unique photography diary project Guardian Unlimited and Documentography have teamed up to capture the lives of American families in the run-up to the US election. Five photographers from the Documentography collective are living for a week with five very different families in California, Florida, Georgia, Ohio and Texas. Each day we will publish 10 photographs of each family and brief audio clips documenting their daily lives. The project runs from Tuesday October 26 until election day

The content feature, sponsored by Olympus, strongly resembles a primary activity of usability research: the ethnographic study. Ethnography is a technique developed largely by anthropologist Margaret Mead. It involves behavioral observation, contextual interviewing and analysis of users in their work, home or play spaces. The key strength to ethnography is context. Context provides insight into not only who users are (demographics) but what is important to them and what causes them to act and make decisions (psychographics). It's no surprise then that the Guardian employs the technique to offer rare, candid views of the American voter- especially this year in what is being dubbed the "most important election in our lifetimes".

Ethnography goes by a few different names. The most common include: Contextual Interviewing, Field Studies and Task Analysis. My personal contribution to the field, called "Cognitive Archeology"(PDF) involves an analysis of user behavior and environment with an emphasis on understanding decision-making, problem-solving and the interaction of tasks, values and beliefs.

What is Ethnography?
Essentially, ethnography involves a "walk in their shoes" or a "day in the life" study. It is a method of observing human interactions in their social, physical and cognitive environments.

Leonard and Rayport note: "(Ethnography) is a relatively low-cost way to identify potentially critical customer needs. It's an important source of new product ideas, and it has the potential to redirect a company's technological capabilities toward entirely new businesses."

Contextual Interviewing: Visit users in the environment where they perform the tasks your website or application help solve. Why? Meeting users in a focus group room or conference room removes an important aspect of contextual inquiry- user behavior is triggered by environmental, social and emotional cues. Analysis of user tasks and goals can only be properly accomplished by going to user workplaces and conducting observation and open-ended interviews there.

Task Analysis: Observing users as they perform their "tasks" in the current state. This may included identifying coping strategies, shortcuts or gaining insight into the conditions, variables and contexts behind a user need or behavior.

Diary Studies (Pagers, Disposable Cameras): Giving users a diary to record their thoughts and experiences in conjunction with a pager and a disposable camera can elicit important information that might normally be overlooked in the presence of a researcher. These types of studies are valuable for gaining intimacy and probing matters of personal or emotional relevancy. This technique is best used in conjunction with contextual interviews, using the photos or entries as a way to trigger discussions, values or everyday routines that may normally be out of your user's awareness.

Some Data Analysis Methods

Affinity Diagrams: a method for brainstorming and determining relationship or "clustering" between information.

Task Flows: a method for organizing the flow of user actions, issues and system responses based on how users want the system to work (note: Use Cases are based on how the system will act- the subject of another post...)

Scenarios: a method for synthesizing observations in a scenario that provides meaningful insight into user intentions, expectations and actions with the new system.

Who would Margaret Mead Vote for?
The famous anthropologist Margaret Mead is credited with founding the area of ethnography within the field of Anthropology. In this year's election, Mead would probably vote for understanding the other side, its culture, what motivates it, what organizes its world (value and belief systems) and what causes it to act ;-)

On that note, here is an early offering from the upcoming Experience Dynamics research newsletter. Download the poster for your office cube. CubeArt: Do you practice these aspects of Margaret Mead's "user research"? (print it Landscape).

Comments

Shame on you for defaming Margaret Mead! Especially since you fail to describe the behavior you label as "infamous!"

All seriousness aside,though, as a fan of Margaret Mead and of the English language, I must take you to task for using the word "infamous" in such an incorrect manner. The word means "scandalous," not "notable." This is truly an infamous abuse of our Mother Tongue and of a great anthropologist!

Thanks for sharing and for setting the record straight. Since few people have even heard of Mead never mind Malinowski, the point was that she seems to be normally associated with anthropology and ethnography. Hence the words "developed largely by" and "is credited with".

the quotes again:

"Ethnography is a technique developed largely by anthropologist Margaret Mead".

"The famous anthropologist Margaret Mead is credited with founding the area of ethnography within the field of Anthropology".

Margeret mead invented ethnography? I think not.
Bronislav Malinowski's studies of Trobraind Island society (started whilst he was interned there in WW1) predated Mead. Before Malinowski, anthropologists tended to collect their information from the verandah of the local colonial official, Malinowski, perhaps making a virtue out of necessity, argued that you should live in the village and not only watch what went on but join in, hence 'paricipant observation'.

Margeret mead invented ethnography? I think not.
Bronislav Malinowski's studies of Trobraind Island society (started whilst he was interned there in WW1) predated Mead. Before Malinowski, anthropologists tended to collect their information from the verandah of the local colonial official, Malinowski, perhaps making a virtue out of necessity, argued that you should live in the village and not only watch what went on but join in, hence 'paricipant observation'.