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Saturday, February 17, 2018

The Irish, Scottish and Sami Indians of the Southeastern United States

The missing detail in understanding history is that Lewis and Glastonbury ( Tin mines ) along with the Grand Maan copper mine in Wales were the Eastern anchors for the great circle route that connected to Georgia at least and further north to New England as well.

The Bronze Age from 2500 BC through 1159 BC brought metal from the Americas to Bimini for assembly for the run to Lewis along the great circle route. The Great circle route continued to operate effectively to the present. The Norse and the Templar dominated during the several centuries before contact.

With this background it is then possible to understand the material here as it does not exist in splendid isolation at all as we have been stubbornly taught..

The Irish, Scottish and Sami Indians of the Southeastern United States

Actually, we mean the
mixed-race offspring of immigrants from the Bronze Age Peoples of
Ireland, Scotland, and the Atlantic Coast of France, plus the aboriginal
people of Scandinavia.

At age 23, while I was
back-packing above the Arctic Circle in Lapland, Scandinavian and German
tourists often stopped to ask me for directions, because they thought I
was a “local.” Fast forward to the 21st century. Uchee and Eastern
Creek descendants are receiving DNA test results, which show them having
substantial Maya, Panoan (Peru), Sami, Basque, Highland Scots and
Correigh (Black Irish) heritage. The Maya heritage is obvious, but
where in the world did these other ancestries come from?

For the past 160 years,
Caucasian anthropologists never seriously studied the etymology of
Southeastern indigenous place names. If they addressed the meaning of an
indigenous place name at all, they typically quoted the dictionary-less
speculations of early 20th century ethnologist, John R. Swanton . . .
which are almost entirely wrong. If any of them had even bothered to
compare individual Creek words for many common items like “house” and
“maize” with the Itza and Totonac words for the same items, they would
have instantly known that there was indeed a cultural connection between
the Lower Southeast and Mesoamerica.

The
Tugaloo Stone, near Toccoa, GA portrays three Bronze Age boats, plus
several dozen Scandinavian Bronze Age navigation symbols.

There is much more than a Mesoamerican
connection with the Southeastern United States. Clearly, very ancient
words for such objects as canoes, village chiefs, sweet potatoes, beans
and Yaupon Holly are directly linked with eastern Peru. However, there
are extremely ancient words for such items as water, the names of
deities and “living place” that can be also found in the northern edge
of Europe. Not only that, the same petroglyphs are found the Gold
Fields in the Highlands of the State of Georgia, southwestern Ireland,
but these petroglyphs originated in southern Scandinavia. Several of
the 4000 year old glyphs of an ancient writing system on a rock face in
Nyköping, Sweden can be found on the Track Rock Petroglyphs in the
Georgia Mountains.

To understand these connections, one
must know a modicum about the indigenous languages of the Southeastern
United States. Nevertheless, it is obvious. The Creeks, Uchee and
Southern Siouans of the Southeastern United States should be considered
hybrid Eurasians, not New World Siberians. The indigenous peoples
encountered by 16th century European explorers in the Southeast were NOT
“full-blooded” American Indians.

Sailing routes between the Americas and Northwestern Europe

Most of the researchers and writers,
who have pondered the possibility of trans-Atlantic voyages before
Columbus, are fixated on a route that takes European ships to either the
Canadian Maritime provinces or New England. This is because most of
the American researchers either lived in New England, the Midwest or
California.

The
most recent book on petroglyphs in North America and Western Europe,
When the Sun God Came to America, completely omitted the petroglyphs in
the Southeastern United States and put the arrival of Bronze Age ships
in New England. The Bronze Age voyagers were assumed to have
southwestward to the Azores Islands and a jumping off point then sailed
westward against the prevailing winds and currents to reach New
England. The book’s authors seem to y have not looked at the North
Atlantic sailing charts.

It would have been much easier for a
vessel from the Southeast’s coast to reach Western Europe than vice
versa. Ships sailing from western Europe would have been steered by the
prevailing currents and winds to make first landfall in the Eastern
Antilles Islands . . . as did Cristobal Colon (Columbus).

Read again the memoir of the commander
of Fort Caroline, René de Laudonnière. Their fleet sailed southwest
from France to the Azores in order to pick up the prevailing
southwestward currents and winds, which would take them to the New
World. They sighted land at Cape Canaveral. The ships of the Roanoke
Colony actually sailed first to Puerto Rico and built a fort, before
sailing northward into the Gulf Stream in order to reach the coast of
North Carolina.

The ships of the Spanish treasure
fleets picked up the Gulf Stream off the coast of Florida. The Gulf
Stream begins veering to the east off the coast of South Carolina. This
is the primary reason that the Spanish Crown was willing to support the
new colony of La Florida. It was the last location, where the treasure
fleets would be close to land before heading for Spain.

Thus, the location of Savannah as the
point where Bronze Age explorers made land fall is quite logical. That
section of the Atlantic Coast receives fewer direct strikes by major
hurricanes than anywhere between Cape Cod, Massachusetts and Miami Bay,
Florida.

The
glyph on the far right on a rock face at Nyköping, Sweden was dated at
2000 BC. The Track Rock glyph at least dates to about 1200 BC or
earlier.

Dixie Indigenous Linguistics 101 – Things that you Anthropology professor never told you

Very few “Native American” place names
found in the Southeastern United States are the actual words spoken by
indigenous peoples. They are interpretations of indigenous sounds
approximated to the phonetics and spelling of a European language . . .
mostly English. However, with most words there are predictable patterns
that enables one to get back to the original word.

(1) R – Muskogee
Creeks and Uchees rolled their R’s so hard that English and French
speakers typically wrote the sounds as an L. Spanish speakers typically
used a letter R, because Spanish also rolls the R’s. So the Spanish
labeled the province around Savannah, GA – Chikora, which the French and
English labeled it Chikola.

(2) Reigh or Re –
Another similar example, which is especially relevant to this article,
is the Uchee suffix for “people.” Depending on the tribe, English
speakers wrote the suffix as re, ree, ry, li, le or lee. The “re”
suffix happens to be the Pre-Gaelic Irish suffix for people also. In
earlier times, it was written as “reigh.” However, today the reigh
sound is typically written as “ry.” Thus, Correigh or “Dark-skinned
People” has become Kerry . . . as in County Kerry. County Kerry has
many petroglyphs like those in the Georgia Gold Fields..

(3) “Ki” is the Maori*, southern Arawak, Southern Shawnee, Muskogee-Creek and Cherokee suffix for “land of or tribe.”
The Shawnee, Cherokee and Muskogees pronounced the “k” so gutturally
that they are typically written as a “gi” or “gee.” The English word,
Muskogee, is actually written as Mvskoke.

*Linguists
and Maori scholars in New Zealand believe that the Maori absorbed this
word from the Tuha, Tuhare, Tuhale or Turihu (a blond or red haired
people), who inhabited New Zealand, when they arrived 800 years ago. The
Tuhu were absorbed into the Maori as separate, but equal clans.
Remember that word Tuhare! You will see it again on the Georgia Coast.

[ obviously European Bronze Age seamen set up in New Zealand as well. No surprise here as we also have them building pyramids for the yellow emperor in china. arclein ]

Itsate (Hitchiti) Creeks pronounced
the K much closer to the sound of an English K. Cherokee speakers
typically converted a hard “K”. . . such as in the Arawak suffix for
“people or tribe,” koa . . . to a “kwa” sound.

(4) T – A Muskogee T
sound seems to be a D to English and French speakers. Itsate Creek has
three T sounds, which to English or French speakers sound like a T, D
or Th sound.

(5) P and B – Like the
Mayas, the Itsate Creeks have distinct P and B sounds. There is no
letter B in Mvskoke. It’s P sound is halfway between an English P and
an English B. English speakers often write a Muskogee P sound as a B.

Pa is the Itza Maya, Itsate Creek and Maori suffix for “place of.” The equivalent suffix in Muskogee Creek is “fa.”

Bo means “living place of” in Panoan,
the dominant language family of Satipo Province, Peru and originally,
the Coastal Plain of Georgia. Their Spanish conquerors changed Satibo
to Satipo. French and Spanish explorers also wrote down the capital of a
powerful indigenous province on the Georgia coast as Satipo . . . also
the name of a Native town at the confluence of the Little Tennessee
River and Citigo Creek in the Great Smoky Mountains. When the
Rickohocken slave raiders settled down in present day Augusta, GA the
Apalache-Creeks on the Savannah called their province, Weste-bo, which
means “Scraggly Haired People – living place.”

Here is where it gets strange, though.
The ancient root word, bo, had exactly the same meaning in the Northern
Germanic languages of Dansk, Svensk, Skansk, Norsk, Jutisc, Saxon and
Anglisc. The Swedish coastal village of Fiskarebo means
“Fishermen-living place of.” When “by” (pronounced like the sound made
by a sheep) was used instead of “bo”, it meant a village. Thus, Danish
settlers in England gave English many proper nouns, which end in
“by.”

The English and Scots words, borough
and burgh are both derived from this same ancient root word, bo. The
original word was bo-rig, which means “living place-royal.”

(6) Europeans had a problem writing the Muskogean V and S sounds.
V is approximately the same as äw in English. Sixteenth century
Spanish and French explorers tried to spell the sound as a U, O, I or
Au. English speakers typically used Aw or O. Muskogee speakers
pronounced the name of the Itstate town of Ichese (actually Itza-si) as
Vchese. British colonists spelled the Muskogee version as either
Ochesee or Auchesee. Both spellings have become modern place names.

Like the Itza Mayas, the Itsate Creeks
had a least four S sounds, three of which were pronounced in English
phonetics as s, sh, tsh and jzh. Muscogee Creek had two S sounds, sh and
tsh. English, French and Spanish speakers. Typically wrote the
Muskogean suffix “si” (tshe) as “chee.” Thus, the hybrid
Panoan-Muskogean word Apara-si (From Ocean-Descendants of) as Apalachee.

(7) Tua or toa – This
is a Uchee word for a band or small tribe. It was a common suffix on
village names in Georgia and western South Carolina. Tuathla is the
Irish Gaelic equivalent of this word.

(8) The Muskogee Creeks use an ancient Western European word for water . . . ue.
This was the word for water for the pre-Gallic maritime tribes on the
Atlantic Coast of France. The modern French word for water, eau, is
derived from this word.

The Itsate Creeks, Choctaw and
Chickasaw use the word, oka, for water. It appears to be derived from
the Peruvian word for water, waka. In the vicinity of Savannah, the
Itsate Creeks used three words for water, oka, waka and ue. Waka is
the Maori word for a canoe.

The tribal name, Uchee (Euchee, Yuchi)
is either derived from the hybrid word ue-she, which means
“water-descendants of” or is literally the Pre-Gaelic Irish word for
water, uisce . . . pronounced the same. The Itsate Creek name for this
tribe was Oka-te, which means “Water People.”

In his memoir, Captain René de
Laudonnière. Commander of Fort Caroline, mentioned several contacts with
a province between the mouth of the Savannah River, which he recorded
as being named Oada. This seems to be a French interpretation of the
Creek words, Ue-te (Water People) . . . based on the typical European
spelling of a Muskogean T. It is shocking fact, however, that
phonetically, the province’s name was also the ancient Indo-European
word for water!

That is correct, the ancient
Indo-European word for water was ueda or weda. The current orthodoxy
is that indigenous Americans had no genetic or cultural connection to
western Asia and Europe. This is refuted by the presence of
Indo-European and Pre-Indo-European root words in their languages.

Bronze Age Peoples from Europe, plus the Deer People

I have identified three populations of
Eurasian immigrants from Northwestern Europe that arrived during the
Bronze Age and one population of Gaelic Irish, who arrived during the
late 1100s AD. By the 1500s, the hybrid descendants of these ancient
immigrants were concentrated in a broad swath of landscape, which ran
from the mouth of the Savannah River to the Upper Tennessee River.
Those on the Oconee, Ogeechee and Lower Savannah Rivers were the direct
ancestors of people in Oklahoma, who call themselves Euchee. However,
all colonial documents in Georgia and South Carolina called them
Uchee. The term, Yuchi, originated among frontiersmen in eastern
Tennessee. The descendants of the Tokasi (Tokari) and Colasee primarily
became divisions of the Creek Confederacy, but some became Cherokees.

There are three specific periods, when
mass-migration across the Atlantic Ocean would have been most likely to
occur. Around 2350 BC, there was a 20-year period of incessant rainfall
in the British Islands and northwestern France. Irish archaeologists
have discovered that Ireland was almost depopulated at this time. Its
inhabitants were not genetically related to modern Irish Gaels, but
possibly related to the Black Irish of the mountainous western coast of
Ireland.

Around 1200 BC there was a massive
tsunami or hurricane, which wiped out the landscape of Denmark and
southwestern Sweden. Most trees were knocked over and a thick layer of
muck was deposited everywhere. Scandinavian archaeologists mark this
time as the end of the advanced Bronze Age civilization in southern
Scandinavia. Afterward, more and more Germanic peoples, the modern
Scandinavians began arriving, who intermarried with the surviving “Red
Haired” People of southern Scandinavia. The indigenous Sami were
pushed farther and farther north . . . or else went elsewhere.

Among many scenes portrayed at the
Tanum Petroglyphs near Tanumshede, Bohuslän, Sweden is a epic battle
between invaders in large Mediterranean galleys and the indigenous Sami
people in lightweight Hjartspring boats. This might be the event that
triggered outmigration of the indigenous peoples.

3

A section of the Tanum petroglyphs in Sweden3

(1) Toka-reigh = Freckled or Blond/Red-Haired People –
These are most likely the “red-haired” people, who sailed around the
globe. They would have originally looked like Scottish Highlanders, but
over time intermarried with Asiatic peoples and acquired more
“indigenous American” features. They were called TocE or Toque by the
Spanish and Tokee by the British colonists. Their hybrid descendants
composed the Tokasi and Tokapa-si (Tuckabatchee) divisions of the Creek
Confederacy and Seminole Alliance. The Cherokee village of Tocqua was
originally one of their towns.

Place
and tribal names derived from this Pre-Gaelic word appear the farthest
north on the landscape today. This probably means that they arrived
first, but this is not definite. The modern Muskogee-Creek word for
“freckled or spotted” . . . tokahle . . . was originally a Uchee tribal
name, meaning, Freckled People.” Modern Anglicized, Cherokonized places
names that were derived from this tribal name are Tugaloo River, Toccoa
River, Tocqua, Tocasee, Tuckasegee River and Tuckabatchee.

Seventeenth century and early
Eighteenth century maps show a tribe, labeled the Togaria, which lived
on the Tennessee River from Hiwassee Island downstream to Chattanooga.
This is a Latinization of Tokaree or Toka-Reigh

(2) Corra Reigh = Spear or Spiral Goddess or Snake Goddess People –
Irish sources give two interpretations for the word, Corra. It was an
ancient word for spear in Ireland and Scotland, but also a primary name
of the Spiral or Snake Goddess. Farther south and east, the Spiral
Goddess was a Sun Goddess. The spiral glyph of the Spiral Goddess,
Amana, is particularly common in southwestern Iberia.

Both
the Toca-reigh and the Corra-Reigh were extremely tall. as can be seen
from this Pictish descendant today. These immigrants established their
main center, Corra, on the Tuckasegee River, where Cullowhee, NC is now
located. The Pre-Gaelic word, corra, became a New World word for
“People or Tribe”, which was written down by French and English
explorers as the suffix “cola.” The suffix, cora (kola) was absorbed
by the Choctaw and Chickasaw Peoples. Adding the prefix, “O”, which
meant “principal,” their word became Okola then Okla. Of course, Okla
is now part of the state name, Oklahoma.

The hybrid descendants of the Corra
Reigh were called Corasi (Colasi or Cullasee) by the Creeks. They
became divisions of both the Creek Confederacy and the Seminole
Alliance. Initially, their villages were shown on maps to be along the
upper Savannah River, but later they relocated to the Chattahoochee
River.

Cullowhee, NC and Currahee Mountain, GA are place names derived from the Corra Reigh.

Uchee towns were always round with round building and a round plaza . . . like Atlantis.

(3) Uisce Reigh = Uchee/Euchee/Yuchi = Water People
– Since the arrival of settlers to the new Province of Georgia in
1733, they Uchee have consistently stated that their ancestors came
across the Atlantic Ocean from the “home of the sun” and landed in the
region around Savannah.

The Uchee were probably the last
Eurasians to arrive from across the Atlantic during the Bronze Age, but
this is not certain. Since Uchee descendants are showing up with Sami
DNA, it is highly probable that these immigrants were originally from
Scandinavia. Perhaps they were forced out of their homes in Southern
Scandinavia by Germanic peoples from the South. Alternatively, they may
have been Sjø Sami from Norway’s coast, whose superior sailing skills
enabled them to travel long distances. Another possibility is that they
initially migrated from Scandinavia to Scotland or Ireland, then later
took the big leap across the Atlantic.

The Uchee have been completed erased
from Georgia History books and from maps showing the traditional
locations of indigenous tribes in the United States. They are virtually
unknown to most anthropologists in the United States despite occupying a
vast territory at the time of European contact, which was far larger
than that actually occupied by the Cherokees.

The Uchee were the predominant
occupants of the region between the Ogeechee, Savannah and Salkahatchee
Rivers in Georgia and South Carolina. Their name also appeared in the
chronicles of the De Soto and Juan Pardo Expeditions as a major tribe in
the Upper Tennessee River Valley. It is not known if the Uchee in
Tennessee were the same people as what later maps label Togeria (
Toka-re.) Whatever the case, the Uchee and Toka-re considered
themselves to be of the same general ethnic group. Surviving Toka-re in
the Tennessee and Upper Savannah River Valleys were both labeled
“Yuchi” by 20th century scholars.

The largest Uchee town in the 1500s was
near the Fall Line, at the forks of the Ogeechee River in Taliaferro
County, GA. It was possibly the town, named Cofita, in the De Soto
Chronicles. Cofita means “Mixed Race” in the Creek languages. The
town’s three large mounds are still visible today, but little known
outside the immediate neighborhood. The large town site has never been
studied by archaeologists and has no special historic designation.

Operating in a complete cultural
boundary, defined by state lines, 20th century academicians in
Tennessee decided that their Yuchi originated in Tennessee and that a
few Yuchi bands migrated down the Savannah River in the 1700s. This is
also what one is told in references, such as Wikipedia.

(4) Os-Reigh (Deer People) or Du H’Ai-re (Duhare)
– In the first history of the State of Georgia, written by William
Bacon Stevens in the early 1840s, the author matter-of-factly
references a book by Danish historian Karl Christian Rafn. Rafn’s
research found that that early colonists on the coast of Georgia and
adjacent regions of South Carolina encountered light-skinned Indians,
who spoke a Gaelic language. They called themselves the Duhale, Tuhare
or Tuhale. Ravn referenced early medieval monastic journals in Ireland
and France, which described the immigration of Gaels and Scandinavians
from southeastern Ireland to Witmannsland (White Mans Land) across the
Atlantic.

According to these 12th century
documents, Richard “Strongbow” Le Clere led a party of Anglo-Norman
mercenaries to southeastern Ireland in 1170 to aid a regional king’s
effort to retake his lost throne. Once that was accomplished, they
began laying siege to the Scandinavian dominated towns along the Irish
Channel. Once they were capture, the Normans began invading in the
interior of southeastern Ireland. After they were captured, individual
war lords began carrying out further raids within the interior of
Ireland.

After Henry II of England launched a
better organize invasion of Ireland in 1175, he began replacing priests
and bishops in the Gaelic church with French Norman priests and
bishops. This was done under Paper Bull from Pope Andrian, who wished
to end the independence of the Gaelic church in Ireland. The Gaelic
Church was organized into congregations, led by laymen. Priests and
bishops regularly married. The Irish priests and bishops were leaving
their land and money to their wives and children. The Medieval Church
was being deprived of the power that inherited wealth brought. Celibate
priests meant it could get its hands on the lot of it Ireland.

Persecution of priests, bishops and
laity was particularly severe in Leinster. Here, the local leadership
put up a particularly successful defense against the invaders. Priests
and bishops, who helped in that defense were classified as heretics in
rebellion against the Church, and therefore were burned at the stake.
Scandinavian Irish had an equally rough time. Some had never converted
to Christianity and all were disinclined to submit to the seizure of the
properties by Anglo-Norman feudal lords.

Survivors from Leinster, who were
members of the Osrey Clan of Irishmen were provided transportation
across the Atlantic by the Scandinavians in the coatal towns.
Passengers were dropped off in Whitmansland on the South Atlantic
Coast. The Scandinavians settled a little farther north in Nordland.

Peter Martyr d’Anghiera contained a
more detailed account of these hybrid Indians in his book, De Orbo Novo
(1530)/ De Orbo Novo means The New World. Slave traders, Francisco
Gordillo and Pedro de Quejo, made a clandestine slave raid voyage to the
South Atlantic Coast in 1521 near the province that they called Chikora
(Palachicora). Some South Carolina academician in the past decided
that Chicora was near Georgetown, SC and no one fact checked them.
Subsequent generations of students have been looking for Chicora in all
the wrong places. The Commander of Fort Caroline, René de Laudonnière,
specifically stated that the province that his ship visited, which the
French called Chiquola, was one of the same as Chikora . . . and it was
about 30 miles south of Port Royal Sound at the mouth of the Savannah
River in Georgia. The village of Palachicora or Palachicola was still on
the Lower Savannah River in 1733.

While there they visited the Duhare
province, which was occupied by very tall, large boned Europeans with
red or brown hair. The men wore full beards. Their houses and pottery
were pretty much identical to those of their American Indian neighbors.
However, their agriculture was a bit more sophisticated than that
practiced by their neighbors. The raised several types of livestock and
cultivated a wider range of vegetables and grains than was typical of
the region.

The Spaniards stated that the people of
Duhare also raised domesticated, “dairy’ deer.” The people of Duhare
made the deer milk into cheese. The deer were released in the morning
to browse through nearby forests and returned to the village at night.
At night they were penned inside a stockade within the center of the
village.

From its initial publication, until
today, very few scholars have taken the description of the Duhare
seriously. The description of them raising dairy deer and making deer
cheese was too ludicrous to be taken seriously. Few people other than
Dr. Ofn in Denmark ever caught the connection between the Duhare story
and the strange monastic journal entries about persecuted Irish
Christians fleeing across the Atlantic Ocean.

I started the second state-licensed
goat cheese creamery in the United States. Later, we became the first
federally-licensed goat cheese creamery. Some of the details of the
dairy deer operation in Duhare that were provided by the two Spanish
slave traders seemed too “close on target” for them to possibly know
from their disgusting trade. I thought perhaps the Spaniards had
confused Alpine dairy goats with deer. Also, the “Native American”
words included in Peter Martyr’s article sounded very Gaelic.

With the assistance of the Consul
General of the Republic of Ireland in Atlanta, I was put in contact with
the appropriate professors at Trinity College in Dublin. Very quickly,
they confirmed that all the “Indian” words reproduced by Peter Martyr
were in fact, Early Medieval Gaelic. Duhare (actually Du H’Ai-re) was
the word used for Irish in the 12th century. The name of the Osrey clan
members, who fled Leinster, literally means “Deer People.” Indeed,
Ireland had domesticated dairy deer for probably thousands of years. It
only switched to dairy cattle after they were introduced by Norman
monks in the 13th century. There is no way that the two Spanish slave
traders would have known Early Medieval Gaelic. The story is true.

There are two other odd things about
the Duhare Story. An alternative way of spelling the word, seen on
maps, is Tuhale . . . which happens to be the name of the tall,
freckled, dishwater blond people, who settled New Zealand from Peru.

Secondly, the river flowing through
the South Carolina portion of the ancient Uchee province is the
Salkehatchee. Hatchee is the Anglicization of the Creek name for a
river, Hawsi. The river’s original name was the Sawaki-hatchee River.
Sawaiki is the name of the semi-mythical place, where the dishwater
blond people in New Zealand traditionally originated.

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About Me

18 years old, having cleaned out my HS library, I concluded the only ambition worth having was becoming a great genius. An inner voice cheered. Yet it is my path I have shared much to the Human Gesalt. Mar 2017 - 4.56 Mil Pg Views, March 2013 - Posted my paper introducing CLOUD COSMOLOGY & NEUTRAL NEUTRINO described as the SPACE TIME PENDULUM. Sep 2010 -My essay titled A NEW METRIC WITH APPLICATIONS TO PHYSICS AND SOLVING CERTAIN HIGHER ORDERED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS has been published in Physics Essays(AIP) June 2010 quarterly. 40 years ago I took an honors degree in applied mathematics from the University of Waterloo. My interest was Relativity and my last year there saw me complete a 900 level course under Hanno Rund on his work in Relativity. I continued researching new ideas and knowledge since that time and I have prepared a book for publication titled Paradigms Shift. I maintain my blog as a day book and research tool to retain data, record impressions, interpretations and to introduce new insights to readers.