The rhythm method of contraception is based on the fact that ovulation normally occurs at mid-cycle, but the date of ovulation may vary unexpectedly even in women whose menstrual cycles were previously regular....

Simon made a similar pilgrimage to Brazil to record Rhythm of the Saints (1990), an even denser (and somewhat less popular) fusion of African-derived percussion with American folk rock. Its quirky nonlinear lyrics were indebted to the language of the Nobel Prize-winning Caribbean poet Derek Walcott. Walcott became Simon’s collaborator on Th...

The Rhythm of Violence (1964), a drama set in Johannesburg in the early 1960s, handles the theme of race relations. Nkosi produced the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) radio series “Africa Abroad” from 1962 to 1965 and worked from 1965 to 1968 as literary editor of The New African....

the performance of systematic physical exercise with the aid of such hand apparatuses as ropes, hoops, balls, clubs, and ribbons. It is closely related to women’s artistic gymnastics—a sport performed on the vaulting horse, uneven parallel bars, balance beam, and floor—and, like synchronized swimming, is allied with dance. The sport dates from the 18th centu...

in music, rhythmic pattern constituted by the grouping of basic temporal units, called beats, into regular measures, or bars; in Western notation, each measure is set off from those adjoining it by bar lines. A time (or metre) signature, found at the beginning of a piece of music, indicates the number of beats in a measure and the value of the basic beat. For example, ...

one of a group of music theoretical abstractions that seek to capture and codify the main rhythmic patterns of French (primarily Parisian) polyphony of the late 12th and 13th centuries. These patterns are observable in the simplest pieces of the time and in individual segments thereof, whether organum, clausula, conductus,...

the performance of systematic physical exercise with the aid of such hand apparatuses as ropes, hoops, balls, clubs, and ribbons. It is closely related to women’s artistic gymnastics—a sport performed on the vaulting horse, uneven parallel bars, balance beam, and floor—and, like synchronized swimming, is allied with dance. The sport dates from the 18th centu...

...Quartet (1935) was an experiment with musical form; the performers are given blocks of music to arrange in any desired order. With the Russian engineer Leon Theremin, Cowell built the Rhythmicon, an electronic instrument that could produce 16 different simultaneous rhythms, and he composed Rhythmicana (1931; first performed 1971), a work specifically.....

...paired contrasting laminations of alternately finer and coarser silt or clay, reflecting seasonal sedimentation (summer and winter) within the year. Varved deposits are to be distinguished from rhythmites, the latter also being made up of paired laminations or beds but with an annual cyclicity that cannot be proved....

...the giant African snail, 4 families, including many species spread by commerce throughout the world.Superfamilies Streptaxacea and RhytidaceaCarnivorous snails and slugs (4 families) in most tropical areas, plus the herbivorous Acavidae of Australia, Sri Lanka, and......

...leaves to the rest of the plant. The outer bark, which is mostly dead tissue, is the product of the cork cambium (phellogen). Layered outer bark, containing cork and old, dead phloem, is known as rhytidome. The dead cork cells are lined with suberin, a fatty substance that makes them highly impermeable to gases and water. Gas exchange between the inner tissues of bark-covered roots and stems......

...iron weapons, burnished and painted pottery, glass, and cast bronze animals, such as griffins. The most significant of these treasures, however, is a series of ivory horn-shaped drinking vessels, or rhytons. Some are embellished with paste inlays and precious stones, others have a carved frieze or band encircling their open ends. One rhyton (State Hermitage Museum) has a frieze of a procession....

...chromatography the retention of solutes is most often referred to the behaviour of the straight-chain hydrocarbons; i.e., relative retention volumes are used. On a logarithmic scale this becomes the retention index (RI) introduced by the Swiss chemist Ervin sz. Kováts. The RI values of the solvent probes serve as the basis for the classification method introduced by Rohrschneider. Simila...

...(Ṣūfī) and theologian renowned for his psychological refinement of pietistic devotion and his role as a precursor of the doctrine of later Muslim orthodoxy. His main work was ar-Ri ʿāyah li-ḥūqūq Allah, in which he acknowledges asceticism to be valuable as an act of supererogation but always to be tempered by inner and outer duties ...

...the first Japanese porcelain was made in the early 16th century after Shonzui Goradoyu-go brought back the secret of its manufacture from the Chinese kilns at Jingdezhen. Another account claims that Ri Sampei, a Korean potter who was brought to Japan by Hideyoshi, discovered porcelain clay in the Izumi Mountain near Arita (Saga prefecture); this version is feasible since no porcelain made befor...

American medical physicist and joint recipient (with Andrew V. Schally and Roger Guillemin) of the 1977 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, awarded for her development of radioimmunoassay (RIA), an extremely sensitive technique for measuring minute quantities of biologically active substances....

funnel-shaped estuary that occurs at a river mouth and is formed by the submergence of the lower portion of the river valley. Generally occurring along a rugged coast perpendicular to a mountain chain, many rias were formed by the rise in sea level after the melting of the vast continental glaciers. Rias are commonly very irregular and may have several branching tributaries; they usually are the ...

Online music piracy continued unabated, even though the Russian Web site AllofMP3.com—a particularly egregious offender in the view of the music industry—was shut down. The Web site had sold albums for as little as $1, about one-tenth the standard online price, and had claimed to be the second largest seller of online music, after iTunes. AllofMP3.com had been accused of piracy in a....

May 23, 1917Moscow, RussiaAug. 24, 2000Los Angeles, Calif.Russian-born dancer and teacher who , was the oldest of the “baby ballerinas,” the three teenage dancers who in the 1930s captured public attention and attracted an audience to the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, the compa...

family of wealthy Russian industrialists. Descended from peasants, they successfully invested in textiles, land, and banking in the 19th and early 20th centuries. They were prominent in liberal politics prior to the Russian Revolution in 1917....

Mikhayl Y. Ryabushinsky purchased a fabric store in Moscow in 1844 and two years later opened a cloth factory. His sons, Pavel and Vasily Mikhaylovich Ryabushinsky, expanded the business, eventually consolidating their manufacturing facilities at a large complex near Vyshny-Volochek in 1869. In 1900 seven of Pavel’s sons took control of the Kharkov Land Bank and, in 1902, opened their own.....

Pavel Pavlovich Ryabushinsky (1871–1924), the oldest brother and, from 1894, head of the family’s business concerns, opened the first Russian automotive factory in Moscow in 1916. A staunch supporter of the Russian war effort in World War I, he opposed the Bolsheviks, and Soviet historians claim that he helped organize the Kornilov Rebellion (of 1917) and other anti-Soviet military.....

Mikhayl Y. Ryabushinsky purchased a fabric store in Moscow in 1844 and two years later opened a cloth factory. His sons, Pavel and Vasily Mikhaylovich Ryabushinsky, expanded the business, eventually consolidating their manufacturing facilities at a large complex near Vyshny-Volochek in 1869. In 1900 seven of Pavel’s sons took control of the Kharkov Land Bank and, in 1902, opened their own.....

...Museum, Athens) and the “Charioteer” from Delphi (Archaeological Museum, Delphi), for instance, although they have been eclipsed in fame by the still more remarkable pair of warriors dredged from the sea in 1972 and displayed in the Museo Nazionale, Reggio di Calabria. The finer of these latter bronzes, although it probably represents a mortal, has a supernatural glamour......

...to push northward toward Lake Ontario and on to Burlington and York (modern Toronto). About 2,000 British regulars and Canadian militia from Fort George and along the lower Niagara, under General Phineas Riall, rushed southward to stem the U.S. advance. On July 5 Riall launched an attack at Chippewa upon the more numerous U.S. forces and was badly beaten. British casualties numbered 604; the......

...7th century, when migrants from the mainland swelled existing fishing communities on the higher mudflats and sandbanks. Among these early settlements, Rivo Alto, its name corrupted over time to Rialto, was the most central and became the heart of Venice, linking together 118 separate islands with bridges and canals and subordinating all other settlements to the rule of its elected doge......

crossing over the narrowest point of the Grand Canal in the heart of Venice, built in the closing years of the 16th century and renowned as an architectural and engineering achievement of the Renaissance. It was designed and built following a design competition by Antonio da Ponte and his nephew, Antonio Contino. A single stone-arch span supports a broad rectangular deck carryin...

small archipelago at the north end of the Adriatic Sea, on which the Italian city of Venice is built. The low-lying islands, composed mainly of alluvial and marine deposits, are in a shallow tidal lagoon (Laguna Veneta) about 2.5 miles (4 km) east of the mainland, to which they are linked by road and railway. For several reasons—including a gradual rise of the sea’...

...such as the university (about 1516–29) and the Monterey Palace (1539). Perhaps the most outstanding example of the style is the Ayuntamiento, or town hall, of Sevilla (Seville) (begun 1527) by Diego de Riaño, with Lombard paneled pilasters on the ground floor and half columns completely covered with relief sculpture on the second floor. Also in the Lombard manner are the numerous....

propinsi (or provinsi; province), east-central Sumatra, Indonesia. It is bounded by the province of North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) to the north and northwest, by the Strait of Malacca to the east and Berhala Strait to the southeast, and by the prov...

The Riau archipelago lies to the east of Sumatra, near the southern outlet of the Strait of Malacca. These islands have a granite core and can be considered a physical extension of the Malay Peninsula. With the exception of some highlands in the western and southern regions, the islands of the Riau group generally consist of low-lying swampy terrain....

propinsi (or provinsi; province), western Indonesia, that embraces some 2,000 islands in the South China Sea. The province includes, most notably, the Riau archipelago, to the south of Singapore; the Lingga archipelago, off the southeastern coast of the Indonesian pr...

oblast (region), western Russia. It occupies the middle Oka River basin and extends southward across the northern end of the Central Russian Upland and Oka-Don Plain to the upper Don River basin. North of the Oka is the Meshchera Lowland, with extensive swamps of reed and grass marsh and mixed forest of oak, spruce, pine, and birch. C...

city and administrative centre of Ryazan oblast (region), western Russia. It lies along the Oka River on the site of the ancient town of Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky, about 120 miles (193 km) southeast of Moscow. The original Ryazan, first recorded in 1095, lay downstream at the Pronya confluence. The seat of the early principality of Ryazan, it was destroyed ...

any of several pairs of narrow, curved strips of bone (sometimes cartilage) attached dorsally to the vertebrae and, in higher vertebrates, to the breastbone ventrally, to form the bony skeleton, or rib cage, of the chest. The ribs help to protect the internal organs that they enclose and lend support to the trunk musculature....

In the lute the part of the resonating chamber over which the strings pass is called the belly, and the other side of the resonator is called the back. The portion between the back and belly is the side, or rib. A lute may be plucked with the fingers or a plectrum or may be bowed, but the means of sound production do not affect the essential morphological identity of plucked, struck, and bowed......

The rib cage, or thoracic basket, consists of the 12 thoracic (chest) vertebrae, the 24 ribs, and the breastbone, or sternum. The ribs are curved, compressed bars of bone, with each succeeding rib, from the first, or uppermost, becoming more open in curvature. The place of greatest change in curvature of a rib, called its angle, is found several inches from the head of the rib, the end that......

...appearance and properties of the knitted fabric. The basic stitches are plain, or jersey; rib; and purl. In the plain stitch, each loop is drawn through others to the same side of the fabric. In the rib stitch, loops of the same course are drawn to both sides of the fabric. The web is formed by two sets of needles, arranged opposite to each other and fed by the same thread, with each needle in....

...appearance and properties of the knitted fabric. The basic stitches are plain, or jersey; rib; and purl. In the plain stitch, each loop is drawn through others to the same side of the fabric. In the rib stitch, loops of the same course are drawn to both sides of the fabric. The web is formed by two sets of needles, arranged opposite to each other and fed by the same thread, with each needle in....

Much of the problem is that gradualness or jerkiness is in the eye of the beholder. Consider the evolution of shell rib strength (the ratio of rib height to rib width) within a lineage of fossil brachiopods of the genus Eocelia. Results of the analysis of an abundant sample of fossils in Wales from near the beginning of the Devonian Period is shown in the figure. One possible......

...frame, massive foundations were required; often the volume of stone below ground was greater than that above. To further lighten the loads, the vaults themselves were made thinner by introducing ribs at the intersections of their curved surfaces, called groins. The ribs were built with supporting formwork or centring made of timber; close cooperation was needed between the carpenters and the......

...texture, twist, or colour. Fabrics range in weight from sheer to heavy and include such types as organdy, muslin, taffeta, shantung, canvas, and tweed. Variations of the plain weave include the rib weave, with either warp or filling yarns heavier, as in dimity and bengaline, and the basket weave, in which two or more filling yarns, or a single heavier yarn, pass alternately over and under......

The Islamic law of transactions as a whole is dominated by the doctrine of ribā. Basically, this is the prohibition of usury, but the notion of ribā was rigorously extended to cover, and therefore preclude, any form of interest on a capital loan or investment. And since this doctrine was coupled with the......

...female has an organ separate from the reproductive tract to receive the spermatozoa. This organ is a rounded internal pouch associated with a slit on the underside of the abdomen and is called the organ of Ribaga. During mating the spermatozoa are deposited in this pouch. They then penetrate the pouch wall, travel through the body cavity, and burrow into the spermatheca, remaining there until.....

Spanish painter who was one of the first artists to be influenced by the new realism initiated by Caravaggio in Italy. Ribalta’s use of light and shadow to give solidity to his forms made him the first native Spanish tenebroso (a painter who emphasizes darkness rather than light), and he was a major influence on l...

Irish Catholic sectarian secret-society movement that was established at the beginning of the 19th century in opposition to the Orange Order, or Protestant Orangemen. It was represented by various associations under different names, organized in lodges, and recruited from among farmers and tradesmen. It was most prominent in Ulster, north Leinster...

The second distinctly Islamic type of religious building is the little-known ribāṭ. As early as in the 8th century, the Muslim empire entrusted the protection of its frontiers, especially the remote ones, to warriors for the faith (murābiṭūn, “bound ones”) who lived,......

Commercial architecture became very important. Individual princes and cities probably were trying to attract business by erecting elaborate caravansaries on the main trade routes, such as Ribāṭ-i Malik, built between Samarkand and Bukhara in Uzbekistan. The most spectacular caravansaries were built in the 13th century in Anatolia. Equally impressive, however, although less......

...by the symptoms, by a history of exposure to rodents, and by laboratory identification of antibodies to the virus circulating in the blood. Some cases have been treated with antiviral drugs such as ribavirin, but in most cases the focus is on controlling body temperature, fluids, and electrolytes. In severe cases the breathing is aided mechanically, and toxins are removed through kidney......

The cerambycids (subfamily Cerambycinae) include the ribbed pine borer (Rhagium inquisitor), which has a narrow thorax with a spine on each side and three lengthwise ridges on its wing covers. It lives in pine trees during the larval stage. Another cerambycid is the locust borer (Megacyllene robiniae), which is black with yellow stripes across the body. Female locust......

...frame, massive foundations were required; often the volume of stone below ground was greater than that above. To further lighten the loads, the vaults themselves were made thinner by introducing ribs at the intersections of their curved surfaces, called groins. The ribs were built with supporting formwork or centring made of timber; close cooperation was needed between the carpenters and the......

river in North Yorkshire and Lancashire, England, formed by the confluence of the Gayle and Cam becks (streams). The river first flows almost due south between Ingleborough Mountain (2,373 feet [723 m]) and Pen-y-Ghent (2,273 feet [693 m]) and then through open country, a long gorge, and a wide valley (devoted mostly to pastoral farming) until it is joined by its two main tributaries, the Hodder f...

borough (district), administrative county of Lancashire, northwestern England. It is situated along the county’s eastern border, extending into the western Pennine uplands. The southern part of the borough, including the lower River Ribble valley and the two largest towns, Clitheroe—the borough’s admin...

Bedded chert, also referred to as ribbon chert, is made up of layers of chert interbedded with thin layers of shale. Many bedded cherts are made up of the remains of siliceous organisms such as diatoms, radiolarians, or sponge spicules....

cataract on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada in Yosemite National Park, east-central California, U.S. With a drop of 1,612 feet (491 metres), it is one of the world’s highest waterfalls—said to be the highest single fall in the United States—and one of the park’s most scenic features. Reaching a peak volume dur...

Lightbulb shells are made on a commercial scale by a ribbon machine. This machine consists of two large upper and lower turrets containing a number of blow heads and molds. A thin stream of glass exiting from the forehearth is fed between a pair of water-cooled rollers, which form a series of patties in the stream. The patties are picked up by the blow heads and, after some puffing operations,......

...may cause variations in the resistance of a carbon contact (carbon microphone), in electrostatic capacitance (condenser microphone), in the motion of a coil (dynamic microphone) or conductor (ribbon microphone) in a magnetic field, or in the twisting or bending of a piezoelectric crystal (crystal microphone). In each case, motion of the diaphragm produces a variation in the electric......

...but larger barrier reefs, such as those along the Red Sea coast and Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, are complex linear features consisting of chains of reef patches, some of them elongated into ribbon reefs. (3) Atolls are like circular barrier reefs but without their central landmass. (4) Finally, there are platform, or patch, reefs, which have irregular tablelike or pinnacle features.....

(Histriophoca fasciata), earless seal of the family Phocidae found in the North Pacific and the Bering Sea. The male, growing to about 1.7 m (5.6 feet) in length and 95 kg (210 pounds) in weight, is dark brown with broad, yellowish, ribbonlike markings. The smaller female and the young are paler, and the bands are less conspicuous. The ribbon seal lives alone or in small groups and feeds o...

...from the anal gland; some will strike. Among the more defensive species is the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), probably North America’s most widely distributed reptile. The ribbon snake (T. sauritus), small and slender, is a strongly striped form. Garter snakes live chiefly on insects, earthworms, and amphibians; the ribbon snake is especially fond of frogs. They...

...plants that grow only on rocks in rushing water, flower in the dry season when the plants are exposed; pollination occurs with the aid of wind or insects or by selfing. Another aquatic plant, ribbon weed, sends its male and female flowers to the surface separately. There, the former transform themselves into minute sailboats, which are driven by the wind until they collide with the female......

any member of the invertebrate phylum Nemertea (sometimes called Nemertinea, or Rhynchocoela), which includes mainly free-living forms but also a few parasites of crustaceans, mollusks, and sea squirts. The majority of the approximately 900 known nemertean species are found in marine habitats. Some, however, live in freshwater or on land. The name proboscis worm derives from the muscular eversible...

any of several species of deep-sea, marine fishes constituting the family Trachipteridae (order Lampridiformes). The family contains three genera: Trachipterus, Desmodema, and Zu. These slender-bodied fishes occur in all the major oceans. The name ribbonfish comes from the laterally compressed, elongate body. Ribbonfishes are further distinguished by their upward-pointing caud...

Irish Catholic sectarian secret-society movement that was established at the beginning of the 19th century in opposition to the Orange Order, or Protestant Orangemen. It was represented by various associations under different names, organized in lodges, and recruited from among farmers and tradesmen. It was most prominent in Ulster, north Leinster...

city, southwestern Jutland, Denmark, on the Ribe River, 4 miles (6 km) from the North Sea. It is one of Denmark’s oldest towns: the earliest archaeological finds there date to the 8th century, when it was a seasonal trading post. First mentioned in 862, it became a bishopric in 948. In the Middle Ages it was a thriving port and favourite royal resort, centred on Riberhus ...

...and 1,984 feet (605 metres) at its longest, descending the hill below the castle. Even before the Portuguese conquest, two districts had already been built outside the walls: Alfama to the east and Ribeira to the west....

city, A Coruña provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. The city lies on the Arousa Inlet across the inlet from Vilagarcia de Arousa, in the coastal zone. Remains of Roman fortifications ...

...slave trade was controlled through the crown-issued monopoly contracts, in the late 16th century the English and Spanish began to wear away the Portuguese monopoly. In addition, the prosperity of Ribeira Grande attracted pirates, who attacked the city in 1541. The English later attacked it twice—in 1585 and 1592—the first time under the command of Sir Francis Drake. After a French...

city, northeastern São Paulo estado (state), southeastern Brazil. Situated in the Brazilian Highlands region at an elevation of 1,700 feet (520 metres) above sea level, it lies on the Prêto River, a tributary of the Pardo River. Founded in 1856 and formerly called Entre Rios and São ...

Portuguese poet and prose writer who introduced the pastoral style to Portugal in five idylls, or eclogues, and a prose romance. His lyrical treatment of the yearnings of unrequited love provided models for the tradition of the saudade (poem of longing) that profoundly influenced the development of Portuguese literature....

Brazilian poet, short-story writer, and diplomat, one of the leading figures of Modernism in its early years. Originally a symbolist poet, Ribeiro Couto evolved toward the Modernism that exploded upon the Brazilian literary scene in the early 1920s, publishing poems and short stories concerning themes of humble everyday life. Besides his works in Portuguese, he also wrote fluently in French....

Scientific exegesis was pursued on the Catholic side by scholars such as F. de Ribera (1591) and L. Alcasar (1614), who showed the way to a more satisfactory understanding of the Revelation. On the Reformed side, the Annotationes in Libros Evangeliorum (1641–50) by the jurist Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) were so objective that some criticized them for rationalism....

In 1529 Diego Ribero, cosmographer to the king of Spain, made a new chart of the world on which the vast extent of the Pacific was first shown. Survivors of Magellan’s circumnavigation of the world had arrived in Sevilla (Seville) in 1522, giving Ribero much new information....

genus of about 150 species of shrubs of two distinct groups, the currants and the gooseberries, constituting the family Grossulariaceae. They are native to the temperate regions of North America, extending southward into the Andes. Some authorities separate the gooseberries as the genus Grossularia. Currants usually lack spines, while gooseberries are u...

...The tart fruit is eaten ripe and often made into jellies, preserves, pies, and other desserts or wine. Hundreds of varieties are grown in northern Europe, many interplanted in fruit orchards. English gooseberries (R. uva-crispa), popularly called grossularia, are native to the Old World and have long been cultivated for fruit. In Europe the large-fruited cultivated gooseberries......