Instead, Prof Greaves – who has collaborated with researchers around the world – says there are three stages to the disease.

The first is a seemingly unstoppable genetic mutation that happens inside the womb

Then a lack of exposure to microbes in the first year of life fails to teach the immune system to deal with threats correctly

This sets the stage for an infection to come along in childhood, cause an immune malfunction and leukaemia

This “unified theory” of leukaemia was not the result of a single study, rather a jigsaw puzzle of evidence that established the cause of the disease.

Prof Greaves said: “The research strongly suggests that acute lymphoblastic leukaemia has a clear biological cause and is triggered by a variety of infections in predisposed children whose immune systems have not been properly primed.”

Evidence that helped build the case included:

An outbreak of swine flu in Milan that led to seven children getting leukaemia

Studies showing children who went to nursery or had older siblings, which expose them to bacteria, had lower rates of leukaemia

Breastfeeding – which promotes good bacteria in the gut – protects against leukaemia

Lower rates in children born vaginally than by caesarean section, which transfers fewer microbes

Animals bred completely free of microbes developed leukaemia when exposed to an infection

This study is absolutely not about blaming parents for being too hygienic.

Rather it shows there is a price being paid for the progress we are making in society and medicine.

Coming into contact with beneficial bacteria is complicated, it’s not just about embracing dirt.

But Prof Greaves adds: “The most important implication is that most cases of childhood leukaemia are likely to be preventable.”

His vision is giving children a safe cocktail of bacteria – such as in a yoghurt drink – that will help train their immune system.

This idea will still take further research.

In the meantime, Prof Greaves said parents could “be less fussy about common or trivial infections and encourage social contact with other and older children”.

Dr Alasdair Rankin, the director of research at the blood cancer charity Bloodwise, said: “We urge parents not to be alarmed by this study.

“While developing a strong immune system early in life may slightly further reduce risk, there is nothing that can be currently done to definitively prevent childhood leukaemia.”

Good germs

This study is part of a massive shift taking place in medicine.

To date we have treated microbes as the bad guys. Yet recognising their important role for our health and wellbeing is revolutionising the understanding of diseases from allergies to Parkinson’s and depression and now leukaemia.

Prof Charles Swanton, Cancer Research UK’s chief clinician, said: “Childhood leukaemia is rare and it’s currently not known what or if there is anything that can be done to prevent it by either medical professionals or parents.

“We want to assure any parents of a child who has or has had leukaemia, that there’s nothing that we know of that could have been done to prevent their illness.”