Over the last several years, the Immune System has appeared as a central, priority target to fight cancer and various other diseases. Currently, in cancer treatment most of the Immunotherapeutic successes, are molecules developed to modulate and restore immune response by targeting critical Immune Checkpoints.

Some of them can activate T Cells, and on the opposite, some can inhibit this response against cancer cells, such as PD-1 and CTLA4, two of the most studied Immune Checkpoints. The majority of the popular molecules approved in Immunotherapy which have led to clinical benefits, are antibodies inhibiting immune checkpoint activities, such for PD1 with nivolumab and pembrolizumab, or CTLA4 with ipilumab.

mRNA vaccines are developing very quickly. There are already 25 ongoing clinical trials against cancers, as well as clinical trials against infectious diseases such as HIV. Recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAB) based treatments that have lead to the most successful therapies could even switch to mRNA coding heavy and light chains for direct antibody production into the patient (as of yet still at the level of mouse models).

Indeed, messenger RNAs (mRNA) are now new biological entities to take in consideration for the development of efficient and personalized therapies. They have several advantages over conventional drugs: