Barbary Coast, San Francisco

The shipping docks of Buena Vista Cove at the east end of Pacific Street during the 1860s.
(San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library)

The Barbary Coast was a red-light district during the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries in San Francisco which featured dance halls, concert saloons, bars, jazz clubs, variety shows, and brothels.[1] Its nine block area was centered on a three block stretch of Pacific Street, now Pacific Avenue, between Montgomery and Stockton Streets. Pacific Street was the first street to cut through the hills of San Francisco, starting near Portsmouth Square and continuing east to the first shipping docks at Buena Vista Cove.

The Barbary Coast was born during the California Gold Rush of 1849, when the population of San Francisco was growing at an exponential rate due to the rapid influx of tens of thousands of miners trying to find gold. The early decades of the Barbary Coast would be marred by persistent lawlessness, gambling, administrative graft, vigilante justice, and prostitution;[2] however with the passage of time the city's government would gain strength and competence, and the Barbary Coast's maturing entertainment scene of dance halls and jazz clubs would influence American culture.[3] The Barbary Coast's century-long evolution would pass through many substantial incarnations due to the city's rapid cultural development during the transition to the 20th century. Its former location is now overlapped by Chinatown, North Beach, and Jackson Square.

Before the Gold Rush of 1849 there were only a few hundred people living in tents and wooden shanties within San Francisco. However, after the gold rush the population of San Francisco would increase fifty-fold in just two years—from 492 in 1847 to over 25,000 in 1849.[4] That quick and extreme growth combined with a lack of strong and robust government would create many opportunities for criminals, corrupt politicians, and brothel owners.[5] For many decades murderers and robbers could commit their crimes without punishment, sometimes boldly in public view. As a result, the Barbary Coast became a wild area representative of the Old West, and had many problems with political corruption, gambling, crime, and violence.

Around 1848 a group of volunteers from the Mexican–American War were eventually discharged and settled in San Francisco.[6] Many of them were from New York City gangs from the Five Points and Bowery districts. About sixty of them organized into a gang called the Hounds, paraded around as if they were military, and even creating a headquarters named Tammany Hall within a tent on Kearney Street.[7] In 1849, these thugs began to call themselves the Regulators as they harassed Mexicans and those of Spanish origin, and extorted money from local businesses for protection services.[7] Anyone who would not pay was likely to lose a nose, ear, or suffer greater bodily injury. However, after a group of 230 men organized into a militia and confronted the Hounds with possible arrest, they quickly fled from San Francisco.[8]

The Hounds was not the only group of criminals to set up business on San Francisco's Barbary Coast. By the end of 1849, several ships from Australia brought former members of Great Britain’s penal colony – including ex-convicts, ticket-of-leave men, and criminals – to San Francisco, where they would become known as the Sydney Ducks.[9] These Australian immigrants had become so numerous that they dominated the neighborhood.[10] They opened boarding houses and various types of groggeries which had prostitutes affiliated with their businesses.[11] People who entered these groggeries and brothels were frequently later beaten and robbed.[11]

A newspaper of the day, the San Francisco Herald, states of Sidney Town:

The upper part of Pacific Street, after dark, is crowded by thieves, gamblers, low women, drunken sailors, and similar characters... Unsuspecting sailors and miners are entrapped by the dexterous thieves and swindlers that are always on the lookout, into these dens, where they are filled with liquor – drugged if necessary, until insensibility coming upon them, they fall an easy victim to their tempters... When the habitues of this quarter have a reason to believe a man has money, they will follow him for days, and employ every device to get him into their clutches... These dance-groggeries are outrageous nuisances and nurseries of crime."[12]

When looting San Francisco's neighborhoods, the Sydney Ducks even set fire to San Francisco six times between 1849 and 1851 in order to distract citizens from their pillaging and murdering.[9] Whenever they planned to start a fire, they waited for south westerly winds so that Sidney Town would not also catch fire. The citizens of San Francisco became enraged and in 1851 they formed a first Vigilance Committee.[13] Two of the Sydney Ducks, Samuel Whittaker and Robert McKenzie, were then arrested for arson, robbery, and burglary. The vigilantes then held a quick trial, and later hanged them.[14]Vigilantes, unauthorized individuals who use trials and lynchings to punish criminals, were not uncommon in the Old West but San Francisco's Vigilance Committees were the largest and most organized of America's history.[15] The hangings scared the remaining Sydney Ducks into fleeing the city. Within two weeks after the hangings, Sidney Town had but only a few dance halls, saloons, and brothels remaining.[16] That relative peace would only last for two years before criminals started to once again return to the Barbary Coast.[17]

In the latter half of the 19th century, San Francisco saw administrative graft, boss politics, and a persistent lawlessness.[18] For a while after the hangings of Whittaker and McKenzie, San Francisco functioned as a law-abiding city.[19] The hangings frightened corrupt judges and government officials, who then began to do their duties with a rare diligence, not seen so far in San Francisco. This new competency in government would not last long, and by 1852 corrupt government officials developed a system of high salaries and expensive projects with political kickbacks that would drain the city's treasury to near bankruptcy.[20] This financial crisis at city hall would create a great strain on commerce and also affect individual businesses.

The looting of the city's treasury could not have happened without the help of the most powerful man in San Francisco, David Broderick, who was a state senator and held tight control over San Francisco from 1851 until his death in 1859.[20] Broderick's corruption was such that no man could be elected to public office unless he made a deal with Broderick to share half the profits from his office.[21] As a result of these backroom deals, Broderick accumulated a large amount of wealth which further strengthened his position as a powerful city boss. As news of the treasury's financial crisis became known, another even larger uprising of enraged citizenry would occur.[21]

James King, a popular journalist and publisher, vehemently protested the administrative graft of Broderick which angered one of Broderick's biggest supporters, a supervisor named James Casey. While King was standing in front of his newspaper's building Casey shot King in the chest, causing a mortal wound which would ultimately launch the formation of a second Vigilance Committee in May 1856.[17] Within two hours after Casey's shooting of King, a mob of 10,000 people surrounded the jail where Casey was being held.[22] The vigilantes then demanded that the jail release James Casey into their custody, and the badly out-numbered jail guards acquiesced to their demands.[23] King died six days after being shot, and subsequently Casey was put on trial by the Vigilance Committee. King's funeral attracted over 15,000 people, but by the time the funeral had ended Casey had already been convicted and hanged by the vigilantes.[24] Now energized by wide public support, the Vigilance Committee set up shop in a large building near the wharf which included jail cells, court rooms, a surrounding wall to resist any military intervention, and was nicknamed Fort Gunnybags.[24] During the two months that followed the hanging of Casey there was not a single murder in San Francisco, and less than a half dozen robberies.[25] In August 1856 the vigilance committee decided to disband and give control back to the elected officials.

It was not until the 1860s when sailors gave the district its name, and began to refer to it as the Barbary Coast.[26] The term "Barbary Coast' is borrowed from the Barbary Coast of North Africa where local pirates and slave traders launched raids on nearby coastal towns and vessels. That African region was also notorious for the same kind of predatory dives which would target sailors, as had been done on San Francisco's Barbary Coast.[27] Miners, sailors, and sojourners hungry for female companionship and bawdy entertainment continued to stream into San Francisco in the 1850s and 1860s, becoming the Barbary Coast's primary clientele. During its early days San Francisco had become a "wide" open city where police had little to no control in stopping the activities of gambling, drinking, drag, and Prostitution.[28] The fact that San Francisco functioned as a port city meant that it was able to sustain large transient populations that were less likely to conform to social rules and regulations.

The Barbary Coast is the haunt of the low and the vile of every kind. The petty thief, the house burglar, the tramp, the whoremonger, lewd women, cutthroats, murderers, all are found here. Dance-halls and concert-saloons, where blear-eyed men and faded women drink vile liquor, smoke offensive tobacco, engage in vulgar conduct, sing obscene songs and say and do everything to heap upon themselves more degradation, are numerous. Low gambling houses, thronged with riot-loving rowdies, in all stages of intoxication, are there. Opium dens, where heathen Chinese and God-forsaken men and women are sprawled in miscellaneous confusion, disgustingly drowsy or completely overcome, are there. Licentiousness, debauchery, pollution, loathsome disease, insanity from dissipation, misery, poverty, wealth, profanity, blasphemy, and death, are there. And Hell, yawning to receive the putrid mass, is there also.
- Asbury, in Benjamin Estelle Lloyd's Lights and Shades of San Francisco (1876)[29]

During this time San Francisco went through much commercial growth and became an important shipping port, but matured to a level which would forbid any more uprisings by vigilantes.[30] Without the threat of vigilante justice, corruption and crime begin to return along with predatory dives similar to those of Sidney Town.[30] The Barbary Coast would continue to build on its notorious reputation as a lawless city.[31] With only one hundred policemen as of 1871, San Francisco had a severe shortage of law enforcement. At that time Police Chief Crowley said in his annual report that there was only one officer for every 1,445 inhabitants, while New York City had one in 464 and London had one for every 303 residents.[5]

Entertaining the miners, entrepreneurs, and sailors would be a huge business and resulted in varied, inventive, and occasionally bizarre forms of entertainment.[18] Except for a couple of restaurants, that three block stretch of Pacific Street was almost wall to wall with drinking establishments.[32] They included dance halls, concert saloons which had entertainment and dancing, melodeons, cheap groggeries, and deadfalls which were dismal beer and wine dens. Initially the melodeons had mechanical reed organs which played music, however they quickly transformed into a kind of cabaret which had theatrical entertainment but no dance floor.[33] The only women allowed in the melodeons were the waitresses and performers. Their shows usually contained songs, bawdy skits, and often featured can-can dancers. The deadfalls were the lowest of the establishments and had hard benches, damp sawdust on the floors, the bar was rough boards laid atop of barrels, had no entertainment, and their wine was often raw alcohol with an added coloring.[34]

The Coast as it was called, also invented its own kind of dance hall, called a Barbary Coast Dance Hall.[35] It was different than most dance halls in that the only women there were the female employees who were paid to dance with the customers, and received commissions on the drinks that they could encourage their male customers to buy. Lawlessness was so bad in the Barbary Coast district that police did not patrol alone, but chose to walk their beats in pairs and sometimes in groups. There was usually a murder every night and scores of robberies.[36] And even while inside drinking establishments, a customer's property and life were still never safe.[10] Prostitution was so common on the Barbary Coast that it was referred to as the Paris of America. Drug addicts of the district could even buy cocaine or morphine at an all night Grant Street drugstore for only two or three times the price of a beer.[37] And during the 1890s San Francisco hit its peak alcohol consumption in having over 3000 licensed bars, and another 2000 unlicensed bars.[38]

The waitresses were a major attraction for the saloons and were nicknamed the pretty waiter girls, though they were not always attractive or young.[39] They were scantily clothed in gaudy outfits while they sold drinks and danced with customers for money.[40] The saloons hired women to exploit the men, instructed to pick customers' pockets and then give half that money back to the management.[41] The pretty waiter girls earned about $20 per week plus a commission on any drinks and dances that they sold. Small grog houses and deadfalls hired only handful of pretty waiter girls, but the larger dance halls and concert saloons employed up to fifty women.[41] However some of the concert saloons, like the Eureka and Bella Union, made an effort to have notable Barbary Coast performers appear in their shows and actually had attractive women for their pretty waiter girls.[42]

It was not unusual for the pretty waiter girls to put drugs into the customers' drinks, so they could later be more easily robbed and sometimes clubbed unconscious.[10] Sailors, who were frequently the targets of the pretty waiter girls, had cause to dread the area because the art of shanghaiing was perfected here. Many a sailor woke up after a night's leave to find himself unexpectedly on another ship bound for some faraway port. The verb to "shanghai" was first coined on the Barbary Coast.[43]

Most of the buildings on that stretch of Pacific Street were destroyed by the earthquake and fire of 1906. However the city's financial boosters then saw an opportunity to clean up the tone of the Barbary Coast, and transform it into an entertainment area which would be acceptable for every-day San Franciscans. Possessing a new sense of civic pride, the boosters invested heavily in reconstruction and within three months over a dozen dance halls and a dozen bars were rebuilt and operating.[44] This new incarnation of Pacific Street would be gentrified and tame compared to the lawless pre-earthquake version of the Barbary Coast.[45] However prostitution still persisted in the district and it was not until 1917 that Mayor James Rudolf made a declaration that he would close every brothel in San Francisco.[46] Same-sex Prostitution and entertainment which featured female impersonators briefly existed in a bar on the Barbary Coast as early as the spring of 1908 when The Dash opened on Pacific Street. The Dash employed some female impersonators, and patrons could purchase homosexual sex in its booths.[47] The Dash closed near the end of that same year.

The thriving district also got a new nickname, Terrific Street. The term "Terrific Street" was first used by musicians in describing the quality of music at the Pacific Street clubs, and indeed the first jazz clubs of San Francisco would occur on Terrific Street and attract national talents like Sophie Tucker, Sid LeProtti, and Jelly Roll Morton.[48] It was at this time that the Barbary Coast gained a wider appeal and its large dance halls drew tremendous crowds.[44]

The principal attraction of Terrific Street was dancing and many nationally known dance steps like the Texas Tommy and the Turkey Trot, would be invented on Terrific Street.[49] At night, its brightly lit block could be seen from across the bay in Oakland despite the fact that neon lights had not yet been invented.[48] From the seeds of cheap mining-town amusements of the old Barbary Coast, Terrific Street would bloom as a vibrant and glamorous district which also nurtured the beginnings of arguably America's greatest cultural contribution, jazz music.[44]

An extreme shift in political policy came about in 1911 when a new mayor, James "Sunny Jim" Rolph, was elected to the first of ten terms. Rolph, along with a new group of city supervisors and the business sector, was committed to reforming the Barbary Coast district.[50] Just before election time in September 1913, William Randolph Hearst's newspaper the Examiner, started a major crusade against the Barbary Coast and in a full page editorial suggested that it "should be wiped out."[51]

Ten days later the Police Commission adopted resolutions that no dancing would be allowed in any establishment of the district which served alcohol, that no women – employees or patrons – would be permitted in any saloon of the district, and that even electric signs would be forbidden.[52] As a result, some drinking establishments fired their female employees and became straight saloons, while others closed their businesses. Some of the larger dance halls moved to other districts and managed to survive for several more years by masquerading as dance academies or closed dance halls, but they never regained their previous popularity.[53][54] In 1917 the brothels were eventually closed down due to the Red Light Abatement Act, but by that time all the excitement of Terrific Street had long since vanished.[55] Following the Red Light Abatement Act, prostitution zones and prostitutes were forced to outskirt areas such as the Tenderloin and Union Square as shopping centers took over.[56]

When Prohibition was adopted in 1920 and stopped the flow of alcohol to the bars, Terrific Street's block lost much excitement and its dance halls and concert saloons were gradually replaced by offices, hotels, and warehouses. However, after Prohibition was repealed in 1933 and liquor was again available, an attempt was made to revive its entertainment scene. The police commission quashed these efforts when, on February 27, 1934, it announced that no dance permits for the area would be issued. This action followed "the withdrawal by the California state board of equalization of state liquor permits for the district." Protests by women's groups and church organizations influenced these decisions.[57] Still later, during World War II, in an attempt to revitalize the district, it was renamed International Settlement, and a pair of large promotional arched overhead signs,[58] which read, International Settlement, were constructed on either end of that Pacific Street block.[59] In the same way that the post-Barbary Coast establishments of Terrific Street attempted to draw customers and tourists with a reference to the Coast's nefarious past before the earthquake, International Settlement also tried to also draw tourists with a reference to that lost era.

During the latter half of the 20th century, the entertainment scene and dancing would spread one block north to Broadway, which is parallel to Pacific Street. Jazz clubs were everywhere on Broadway during the 1950s and 1960s.[60] Some of Broadway's more famous clubs of that era included Basin Street West, Ann's nightclub, Mr. D's, El Matador, Sugar Hill, Keystone Korner, the hungry i, and the Jazz Workshop.[61]

International Settlement's club acts, with their can-can dancers and old-fashioned chorus girls, were unable to compete with the incredible talent and excitement of the emerging Broadway scene, and by the early 1960s their popularity had fallen below a critical level. But despite the brilliance and innovation of Broadway's entertainment scene of the 1950s and 1960s, its live entertainment clubs would also lose their popularity with time. As of the first decade in the 21st century, Broadway had lost its standup comedy clubs and its live music clubs, only to be replaced by cocktail lounges with recorded music. However, some live music clubs still operate in other areas of North Beach.

The 1935 film Frisco KidJames Cagney plays the fictional leader of a reform syndicate in the 1850s, dealing with 'Shanghai Duck', and facing the vigilantes and hangings which follow, as the town's folk try to clean up the Barbary Coast.

1.
Red-light district
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A red-light district is a part of an urban area where a concentration of prostitution and sex-oriented businesses, such as sex shops, strip clubs, adult theaters, etc. are found. The term originates from the red lights that were used as signs of brothels, areas in many big cities around the world have acquired an international reputation as red-light districts. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest known appearance of the red light district in print is in an 1894 article from the Sandusky Register. This has not been proven, but the Dodge City use was responsible for the term becoming pervasive. A widespread folk etymology claims that early railroad workers took red lanterns with them when they visited brothels so their crew could find them in the event of an emergency, however, folklorist Barbara Mikkelson regards this as unfounded. One of the terms used for a red-light district in Japanese is akasen. Japanese police drew a red line on maps to indicate the boundaries of legal red-light districts, in Japanese, the term aosen, literally meaning blue-line, also exists, indicating an illegal district. In the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries, municipal governments typically defined such districts explicitly to contain and regulate prostitution. Some red-light districts are places which are designated by authorities for legal. Often, these districts were formed by authorities to help regulate prostitution and other related activities. With the confining of such industries to an area, such districts became a destination for originally sailors. Other red-light districts, such as those in Thailand, are areas which are monitored by the authorities. This can help counter illegal forms of prostitution, in areas that do allow regular prostitution to occur. List of red-light districts Media related to Red-light districts at Wikimedia Commons

2.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush

3.
Portsmouth Square
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Portsmouth Square is located on the site of the first public square established in the early 19th century in the Mexican community of Yerba Buena, whose name was changed to San Francisco in 1847. During the Mexican-American War Captain John Berrien Montgomery of the USS Portsmouth was ordered to seize Yerba Buena. On July 9,1846, the first American flag was raised near the Mexican adobe custom house in the plaza that would eventually be named Portsmouth Square in honor of the ship, many historical events have happened at the plaza. In 1847, the first public school in California was erected at the southwest corner of plaza, on May 11,1848, the discovery of gold was announced when Sam Brannan showed his gold to a crowd. On June 12,1849, a crowd was gathered at the plaza, an assembly was organized on July 16,1849 to fight against a lawless body The Hounds. On August 29,1850, a service was held after the death of US President Zachary Taylor. The First Admission Day celebration was held October 29,1850 when California became the 31st state of the United States, on June 1,1852, a crowd protested against the purchase of the Jenny Lind Theatre as the city hall. On September 18,1859, Colonel E. D. Baker delivered an oration after U. S, senator David C. Broderick was killed in a duel with California Chief Justice David S. Terry. Director Don Siegal filmed a scene from the 1971 movie Dirty Harry in the Square, as the character Dirty Harry follows Scorpio it is possible to see the stone bridge joining the park to the Chinese Culture Center of San Francisco, at the Hilton Financial,750 Kearny Street. In 1987, the park underwent its second major renovation, the first phase involved installing new elevators and bathrooms on the top of the park. The second phase began in 1994, included installation of child play structures, Chinese chess tables, benches, phase three included the construction of a new community room and play areas. This $3.9 million renovation was completed and the park was opened to the public in 2001, today, the square is considered a part of Chinatown, earning it a nickname Heart of Chinatown. The park features many markers and statues, a monument to Robert Louis Stevenson is also located inside the park to commemorate its history. In addition, a statue of the Goddess of Democracy, a gift from the San Francisco Goddess of Democracy Statue Project to the city, a four-level underground parking garage is located beneath Portsmouth Square, accommodating an average of 50,000 vehicles per month. It also served as a home for a large number of homeless people. Regarding these criticisms, the city department has tried to hire additional gardeners, another city department, Public Works, was urged by Newsom to help clean up the park, at least temporarily. The playground at the features an installation by Mary Fuller. The collection of sculptures are made of concrete and glass and overall encompass approximately 86 in, completed in 1983 and dedicated in 1984, the sculptures are used as playground equipment such as a slide and a sandbox

4.
California Gold Rush
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The California Gold Rush began on January 24,1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States, the Gold Rush initiated the California Genocide, with 100,000 Native Californians dying between 1848 and 1868. By the time it ended, California had gone from a thinly populated ex-Mexican territory to the state of the first nominee for the Republican Party. The effects of the Gold Rush were substantial, whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold-seekers, called forty-niners. The first to hear confirmed information of the rush were the people in Oregon, the Sandwich Islands, and Latin America. While most of the newly arrived were Americans, the Gold Rush attracted tens of thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia, agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers. San Francisco grew from a settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36,000 by 1852. Roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout California, in 1849 a state constitution was written. The new constitution was adopted by vote, and the future states interim first governor. In September,1850, California became a state, at the beginning of the Gold Rush, there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of staking claims was developed. Prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques, although the mining caused environmental harm, more sophisticated methods of gold recovery were developed and later adopted around the world. New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service, by 1869 railroads were built across the country from California to the eastern United States. At its peak, technological advances reached a point where significant financing was required, Gold worth tens of billions of todays dollars was recovered, which led to great wealth for a few. However, many returned home with more than they had started with. The Mexican–American War ended on February 3,1848, although California was firmly in American hands before that, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided for, among other things, the formal transfer of Upper California to the United States. The California Gold Rush began at Sutters Mill, near Coloma, on January 24,1848, James W. Marshall, a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter, found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River. Marshall brought what he found to John Sutter, and the two tested the metal. However, rumors started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher

5.
Gambling
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Gambling is the wagering of money or something of value on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning money and/or material goods. Gambling thus requires three elements be present, consideration, chance and prize, the term gaming in this context typically refers to instances in which the activity has been specifically permitted by law. However, this distinction is not universally observed in the English-speaking world, for instance, in the United Kingdom, the regulator of gambling activities is called the Gambling Commission. Gambling is also an international commercial activity, with the legal gambling market totaling an estimated $335 billion in 2009. In other forms, gambling can be conducted with materials which have a value, many popular games played in modern casinos originate from Europe and China. Games such as craps, baccarat, roulette, and blackjack originate from different areas of Europe, a version of keno, an ancient Chinese lottery game, is played in casinos around the world. In addition, pai gow poker, a hybrid between pai gow and poker is also played, many jurisdictions, local as well as national, either ban gambling or heavily control it by licensing the vendors. Such regulation generally leads to gambling tourism and illegal gambling in the areas where it is not allowed, there is generally legislation requiring that the odds in gaming devices are statistically random, to prevent manufacturers from making some high-payoff results impossible. Since these high-payoffs have very low probability, a bias can quite easily be missed unless the odds are checked carefully. Most jurisdictions that allow gambling require participants to be above a certain age, in some jurisdictions, the gambling age differs depending on the type of gambling. For example, in many American states one must be over 21 to enter a casino, E. g. Nonetheless, both insurance and gambling contracts are typically considered aleatory contracts under most legal systems, though they are subject to different types of regulation. Under common law, particularly English Law, a contract may not give a casino bona fide purchaser status. For case law on recovery of gambling losses where the loser had stolen the funds see Rights of owner of money as against one who won it in gambling transaction from thief. This was a plot point in a Perry Mason novel, The Case of the Singing Skirt. Religious perspectives on gambling have been mixed, ancient Hindu poems like the Gamblers Lament and the Mahabharata testify to the popularity of gambling among ancient Indians. However, the text Arthashastra recommends taxation and control of gambling, ancient Jewish authorities frowned on gambling, even disqualifying professional gamblers from testifying in court. For these social and religious reasons, most legal jurisdictions limit gambling, in at least one case, the same bishop opposing a casino has sold land to be used for its construction. Although different interpretations of law exist in the Muslim world

6.
Dance hall
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Dance hall in its general meaning is a hall for dancing. From the earliest years of the century until the early 1960s. One of the most famous dance hall musicians was Glenn Miller, other structural forms of dance halls include the dance pavilion which has a roof but no walls, and the open-air platform which has no roof or walls. The open air nature of the pavilion was both a feature and a drawback. The taxi dance hall is a hall with a specific arrangement. Starting in the early 1930s, The Savoy, a hall in Harlem was the first truly integrated building in the United States — for both the dancers and the musicians. We didnt care about the color of your skin, all we wanted to know was, Can you dance. The early days of rock n roll were briefly played out in dance halls until they were superseded by nightclubs, texas has a high concentration of community dance halls, the largest number of them built by German and Czech immigrants. In Sweden and Finland, open air dance pavilions have been used mostly in summer, especially formerly the dance pavilions were often built at sites with beautiful landscape, for example by the lakes. Ballroom Dance club, the successor of the dance hall Dance Halls at Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture

7.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements

8.
Chinatown, San Francisco
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The Chinatown centered on Grant Avenue and Stockton Street in San Francisco, California, is the oldest Chinatown in North America and the largest Chinese community outside Asia. It is the oldest of the four notable Chinatowns in the city, since its establishment in 1848, it has been highly important and influential in the history and culture of ethnic Chinese immigrants in North America. Chinatown is an enclave that continues to retain its own customs, languages, places of worship, social clubs, there are two hospitals, numerous parks and squares, a post office, and other infrastructure. Chinatown has been defined by the neighborhoods of North Beach, and Telegraph Hill areas as bound by Bush Street, Taylor Street, Bay Street. Officially, Chinatown is located in downtown San Francisco, covers 24 square blocks, within Chinatown there are two major thoroughfares. It is dominated by buildings that are three to four stories high, with shops on the ground floor and residential apartments upstairs. A major focal point in Chinatown is Portsmouth Square, since it is one of the few open spaces in Chinatown and sits above a large underground parking lot, Portsmouth Square bustles with activity such as Tai Chi and old men playing Chinese chess. A replica of the Goddess of Democracy used in the Tiananmen Square protest was built in 1999 by Thomas Marsh and it is made of bronze and weighs approximately 600 lb. According to the San Francisco Planning Department, Chinatown is the most densely populated area west of Manhattan. In the 1970s, the density in Chinatown was seven times the San Francisco average. The estimated total population in the 2000 Census was at 100,574 residents, during the time from 2009 to 2013, the median household income was $20,000 - compared to $76,000 citywide - with 29% of residents below the national poverty threshold. The median age was 50 years, the oldest of any neighborhood, as of 2015, two thirds of the residents lived in one of Chinatowns 105 single room occupancy hotels,96 of which had private owners and nine were owned by nonprofits. Most residents are speakers of Mandarin or Cantonese, in 2015. Many of those Chinese immigrants who gain some wealth while living in Chinatown leave it for the Richmond District, working-class Hong Kong Chinese immigrants began arriving in large numbers in the 1960s. Despite their status and professional qualifications in Hong Kong, many took low-paying employment in restaurants, an increase in Cantonese-speaking immigrants from Hong Kong and Mainland China has gradually led to the replacement in Chinatown of the Hoisanese/Taishanese dialect by the standard Cantonese dialect. These outer neighborhoods have been settled largely by Chinese from Southeast Asia, there are also many suburban Chinese communities in the San Francisco Bay Area, especially in Silicon Valley, such as Cupertino, Fremont, and Milpitas, where Taiwanese Americans are dominant. Despite these developments, many continue to commute in from these neighborhoods and cities to shop in Chinatown, causing gridlock on roads and delays in public transit. To address this problem, the public transit agency, Muni, is planning to extend the citys subway network to the neighborhood via the new Central Subway

9.
North Beach, San Francisco
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North Beach is a neighborhood in the northeast of San Francisco adjacent to Chinatown, Fishermans Wharf and Russian Hill. The neighborhood is San Franciscos Little Italy, and has historically been home to a large Italian American population and it is still home to many Italian restaurants today, though many other ethnic groups currently live in the neighborhood. It was also the center of the beatnik subculture. The American Planning Association has named North Beach as one of ten Great Neighborhoods in America, main intersections are Union and Columbus, the southwest corner of Washington Square, Grant Avenue and Vallejo Street. Originally, the citys northeast shoreline extended only to what is today Taylor, the area largely known today as North Beach was an actual beach, filled in with landfill around the late 19th century. Warehouses, fishing wharves, and docks were built on the newly formed shoreline. Due to the proximity of the docks, the half of the neighborhood south of Broadway was home of the infamous Barbary Coast. Following its reconstruction after the 1906 earthquake, a number of Italian immigrants created the Italian character of the neighborhood that still exists. During the 1950s, many of the cafes and bars became the home and epicenter of the Beat Generation. The term beatnik originated from the here and was coined in a derogatory fashion by famed San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen. Many of that generations most famous writers and personalities such as Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Gregory Corso, during the 1960s a notable night spot was The Committee, an improvisational theatre group founded by alumni of The Second City in Chicago. The Committee opened April 10,1963 at 622 Broadway in a 300-seat cabaret theater, the Broadway area also created innovations for the strip club industry. The Condor Club, on the corner of Columbus and Broadway, was opened in 1964 as Americas first topless bar, which it is again today. The Lusty Lady was the first striptease club to be structured as a worker cooperative, Broadway strip clubs owe their legacy to the Barbary Coast, which was located just one block south on Pacific Street during the late 19th-century. In the 1970s and 1980s Broadway was the location of live music clubs, like the Stone. Paul Kantner was living in North Beach in an apartment unit above Als Attire at the corner of Grant Avenue and Vallejo Street at the time of his death, and was often a patron of nearby Cafe Trieste. The North Beach Festival street fair on Grant Avenue and Columbus Avenue usually held on Fathers Day weekend in June is one of the citys largest and it is also considered one of the nations oldest street fairs. The neighborhood also hosts a large Columbus Day/Italian American heritage day parade along Columbus Avenue to San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, the neighborhood still retains an Italian character with many Italian restaurants, cafes, and bakeries that line Columbus Avenue and Washington Square

10.
Jackson Square, San Francisco
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Jackson Square encompasses the northeastern part of the former Barbary Coast. Jackson Square Historic District retains its character as one of the oldest commercial neighborhoods in San Francisco, walking tours regularly assemble for the sights and recounting of history, even as the neighborhood changes with dramatic new development and commercial instability fueled by high rents. With few vacancies, there is plenty of evidence of neighborhood vitality and this is the interior designers district, where the well-heeled order elegant furnishings, wall coverings, carpets, prints and the like most often only through the trade, and occasionally at retail. Watering holes and restaurants and clubs dot the streets and alleyways, recently, there has been a resurgence of these businesses, opening up to breathe new life in to the area

11.
Telegraph Hill, San Francisco
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Telegraph Hill is a neighborhood in San Francisco, California. It is one of San Franciscos 44 hills, and one of its original Seven Hills, the San Francisco Chronicle defines the Chinatown, North Beach, and Telegraph Hill areas as bounded by Sacramento Street, Taylor Street, Bay Street, and the water. Originally named Loma Alta by the Spaniards, the hill was then known as Goat Hill by the early San Franciscans. From 1825 through 1847, the area between Sansome and Battery, Broadway and Vallejo streets was used as a ground for foreign non-Catholic seamen. The hill owes its name to a semaphore, a structure erected in September 1849. The information was used by operating for financiers, merchants. Knowing the nature of the cargo carried by the ship they could predict the local prices for those goods. Those who did not have information on the cargo might pay a too-high price from a merchant unloading his stock of a commodity — a price that was about to drop. On October 18,1850, the ship Oregon signaled to the hill as it was entering the Golden Gate the news of Californias recently acquired statehood, prompting a rogue in the gallery to shout, Sidewheel steamer. Sailing ships brought cargo to San Francisco, but needed ballast when leaving, rocks for ballast were quarried from the bay side of Telegraph Hill. A second semaphore system was built at Point Lobos in 1853, however, with the advent of the electrical telegraph in 1862, both became obsolete. Telegraph Hill retained its name and is now registered as California Historical Landmark #91, in the 1920s, Telegraph Hill became with North Beach a destination for poets and bohemian intellectuals, dreaming of turning it into a West Coast West Village. Telegraph Hill is primarily an area, much quieter than adjoining North Beach with its bustling cafés. Aside from Coit Tower, it is known for its gardens flowing down Filbert Street down to Levi Plaza. Today Telegraph Hill is known for supporting a flock of parrots, primarily red-masked parakeets. The flock was popularized by a book and subsequent documentary, both titled The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill and they range widely, including along The Embarcadero and in the Presidio. A controversial San Francisco city ordinance passed on June 5,2007, the feeding ban was championed by Mark Bittner, the birds most outspoken supporter who fed them for years and wrote the book The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill. Other local conservationists also supported the ban, though some continue to object

12.
Gold Rush of 1849
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The California Gold Rush began on January 24,1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States, the Gold Rush initiated the California Genocide, with 100,000 Native Californians dying between 1848 and 1868. By the time it ended, California had gone from a thinly populated ex-Mexican territory to the state of the first nominee for the Republican Party. The effects of the Gold Rush were substantial, whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold-seekers, called forty-niners. The first to hear confirmed information of the rush were the people in Oregon, the Sandwich Islands, and Latin America. While most of the newly arrived were Americans, the Gold Rush attracted tens of thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia, agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers. San Francisco grew from a settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36,000 by 1852. Roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout California, in 1849 a state constitution was written. The new constitution was adopted by vote, and the future states interim first governor. In September,1850, California became a state, at the beginning of the Gold Rush, there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of staking claims was developed. Prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques, although the mining caused environmental harm, more sophisticated methods of gold recovery were developed and later adopted around the world. New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service, by 1869 railroads were built across the country from California to the eastern United States. At its peak, technological advances reached a point where significant financing was required, Gold worth tens of billions of todays dollars was recovered, which led to great wealth for a few. However, many returned home with more than they had started with. The Mexican–American War ended on February 3,1848, although California was firmly in American hands before that, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided for, among other things, the formal transfer of Upper California to the United States. The California Gold Rush began at Sutters Mill, near Coloma, on January 24,1848, James W. Marshall, a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter, found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River. Marshall brought what he found to John Sutter, and the two tested the metal. However, rumors started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher

13.
Old west
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Frontier refers to a contrasting region at the edge of a European-American line of settlement. American historians cover multiple frontiers but the folklore is focused primarily on the 19th century west of the Mississippi River. As defined by Hine and Faragher, frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of the land, the development of markets, and the formation of states. They explain, It is a tale of conquest, but also one of survival, persistence, thus, Turners Frontier Thesis proclaimed the westward frontier as the defining process of American history. As the American frontier passed into history, the myths of the West in fiction and film took firm hold in the imagination of Americans, America is exceptional in choosing its iconic self-image. David Murdoch has said, No other nation has taken a time and place from its past, the frontier line was the outer line of European-American settlement. It moved steadily westward from the 1630s to the 1880s, Turner favored the Census Bureau definition of the frontier line as a settlement density of two people per square mile. The West was the settled area near that boundary. Thus, parts of the Midwest and American South, though no longer considered western, have a frontier heritage along with the western states. In the 21st century, however, the term American West is most often used for the area west of the Mississippi River, in the colonial era, before 1776, the west was of high priority for settlers and politicians. The American frontier began when Jamestown, Virginia was settled by the English in 1607, English, French, Spanish and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes and mid-west region they settled down. French settlement was limited to a few small villages such as Kaskaskia. They created a rural settlement in upstate New York. Areas in the north that were in the stage by 1700 generally had poor transportation facilities. The wealthy speculator, if one was involved, usually remained at home, the class of landless poor was small. Few artisans settled on the frontier except for those who practiced a trade to supplement their primary occupation of farming, there might be a storekeeper, a minister, and perhaps a doctor, and there were a number of landless laborers. However frontier areas of 1700 that had good river connections were transformed into plantation agriculture

14.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

15.
Five Points, Manhattan
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Five Points was a neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The neighborhood was generally defined as being bound by Centre Street to the west, the Bowery to the east, Canal Street to the north, the former Five Points is now split between the Civic Center to the west and south, and Chinatown to the east and north. Five Points gained international notoriety as a disease-ridden, crime-infested slum that existed for well over 70 years, the Collect Pond was a body of spring-fed fresh water, occupying approximately 48 acres and as deep as 60 feet. The pond was located in an inverted U-shaped valley with a portion in the north heading northwest to the Hudson River. The eastern and western sections of the valley were separated by a hill the Dutch called Kalk Hoek, the elevation rose in the south, with Pot Bakers Hill dominating the south southwestern shore. The pond was located in the section of the valley, with Kalck Hoek to the west and Bayard Mount – at 110 feet. The southwestern shore of the pond was the site of a Native American settlement known as Werpoes, a small band of Canarsie, who were Munsee Peoples – the northernmost division of the Lenape – occupied the site until the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam was established. The pond was the source of drinking water and freshwater fish for the City of New York. Beginning in the early 18th century, various enterprises were built along the ponds shores. The contaminated wastewater from these businesses flowed back into the pond, creating a severe pollution problem, pierre Charles LEnfant proposed cleaning the pond and making it a centerpiece of a recreational park, around which the residential areas of the city could grow. However, his proposal was rejected, and it was decided to fill in the pond and this was done with fill partially obtained from leveling Bayards Mount and Kalck Hoek. The landfill was completed in 1811, and middle-class homes were built on the reclaimed land. The buried vegetation began to release gas, and the area, still in a natural depression. As a result, the ground gradually subsided, Most middle and upper class inhabitants fled the area, leaving the neighborhood open to poor immigrants who began arriving in the early 1820s. This influx reached a height in the 1840s, with numbers of Irish Catholics fleeing the Irish Potato Famine. However, it could be considered the original American melting pot, at first consisting primarily of newly emancipated blacks and Irish, the local politics of the Old Sixth ward, while not free of corruption, set important precedents for the election of Catholics to key offices. Before that time, New York, and America at large, were governed by the Anglo-Protestant founders, although there were many tensions between the Africans and the Irish, their cohabitation in Five Points was the first large-scale instance of volitional racial integration in American history. In the end, the Five Points African community moved to Manhattans West Side, Five Points is alleged to have sustained the highest murder rate of any slum in the world

16.
Bowery
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The Bowery /ˈbaʊəri/ is a street and neighborhood in the southern portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan. In the 17th century, the road branched off Broadway north of Fort Amsterdam at the tip of Manhattan to the homestead of Peter Stuyvesant, the street was known as Bowery Lane prior to 1807. Bowery is an anglicization of the Dutch bouwerij, derived from an antiquated Dutch word for farm, a New York City Subway station named Bowery, serving the BMT Nassau Street Line, is located close to the Bowerys intersection with Delancey and Kenmare Streets. There is a tunnel under the Bowery once intended for use by proposed but never built New York City Subway services, including the Second Avenue Subway. The Bowery is the oldest thoroughfare on Manhattan Island, preceding European intervention as a Lenape footpath, in 1654, the Bowery’s first residents settled in the area of Chatham Square, ten freed slaves and their wives set up cabins and a cattle farm there. Petrus Stuyvesant, the last Dutch Governor of New Amsterdam before the English took control, after his death in 1672, he was buried in his private chapel. His mansion burned down in 1778 and his great-grandson sold the chapel and graveyard. I believe we mett 50 or 60 slays that day—they fly with great swiftness, nor do they spare for any diversion the place affords, and sociable to a degree, theyr Tables being as free to their Naybours as to themselves. James Delanceys grand house, flanked by matching outbuildings, stood behind a forecourt facing Bowery Lane, behind it was his garden, ending in an exedra. The Bulls Head Tavern was noted for George Washingtons having stopped there for refreshment before riding down to the waterfront to witness the departure of British troops in 1783. As the population of New York City continued to grow, its northern boundary continue to move, the Bowery began to rival Fifth Avenue as an address. Across the way the Bowery Amphitheatre was erected in 1833, specializing in the more populist entertainments of equestrian shows, from stylish beginnings, the tone of Bowery Theatres offerings matched the slide in the social scale of the Bowery itself. Theodore Dreiser closed his tragedy Sister Carrie, set in the 1890s, the Bowery, which marked the eastern border of the slum of Five Points, had also become the turf of one of Americas earliest street gangs, the nativist Bowery Boys. The mission has relocated along the Bowery throughout its lifetime, from 1909 to the present, the mission has remained at 227–229 Bowery. One investigator in 1899 found six saloons and dance halls, the resorts of degenerates and fairies, from 1878 to 1955 the Third Avenue El ran above the Bowery, further darkening its streets, populated largely by men. Here, too, by the thousands come sailors on leave, —notice the studios of the tattoo artists, —and here most in evidence are the down. Prohibition eliminated the Bowerys numerous saloons, One Mile House, the old tavern. Restaurant supply stores were among the businesses that had come to the Bowery, pressure for a new name after World War I came to naught and in the 1920s and 1930s, it was an impoverished area

17.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia

18.
Great Britain
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Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2, Great Britain is the largest European island, in 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the worlds third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, the island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons. Politically, the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island. The term Great Britain often extends to surrounding islands that form part of England, Scotland, and Wales. A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England, the archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years, the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, the oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle, or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, There are two large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne. The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten, Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC. Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι. The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Ireland. The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans, the Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain and to Ireland as little Britain in his work Almagest. The name Albion appears to have out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain. After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a term only. It was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself King of Great Brittaine, France, Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination

19.
Ticket of leave
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A ticket of leave was a document of parole issued to convicts who had shown they could now be trusted with some freedoms. Originally the ticket was issued in Britain and later adapted by the United States, Canada, the ticket of leave system was first introduced by Governor Philip Gidley King in 1801. Convicts who seemed able to support themselves were awarded a ticket of leave, each change of employer or district was recorded on the ticket. Originally the ticket of leave was given without any relation to the period of the sentence a convict had already served, some gentlemen convicts were issued with tickets on their arrival in the colony. Once the full original sentence had served, a certificate of freedom would be issued upon application. Ticket-of-leave holders were permitted to marry, or to bring their families from Britain, and to acquire property, convicts who did not observe the conditions of their ticket could be arrested without warrant, tried without recourse to the Supreme Court, and would forfeit their property. The ticket of leave had to be renewed annually, and those one had to attend muster. The ticket itself was a detailed document, listing the place and year the convict was tried, the name of the ship in which he or she was transported. There was also a physical description of the convict, along with year of birth, former occupation. A ticket had two components, The ticket proper was issued to the named, and it was mandatory for the person to carry that document on their person at all times. The second component was the butt, which was the copy and was kept on file by the Government. Tickets proper are now rare as they were in constant use by the holder. The butts are still retained in archival records and are available for researchers, in the Second World War the ticket of leave was a colloquial name given to the papers allowing a soldier to take leave from active service. Walter Crofton administered the Irish ticket of leave system, certificate of Freedom The Ticket-of-Leave Man

20.
Vigilante
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A vigilante is a civilian or organization acting in a law enforcement capacity without legal authority. Vigilante justice is often rationalized by the concept that proper legal forms of punishment are either nonexistent, insufficient. Vigilantes normally see the government as ineffective in enforcing the law, persons alleged to be escaping the law or above the law are sometimes the victims of vigilantism. Vigilante conduct involves certain degrees of violence, Vigilantes could assault targets verbally and/or physically, damage and/or vandalize property, or even kill individuals. In a number of cases, vigilantism has involved targets with mistaken identities, in Britain in the early 2000s, there were reports of vandalism, assaults, and verbal abuse towards people wrongly accused of being pedophiles, following the murder of Sarah Payne. In Guyana in 2008, Hardel Haynes was beaten to death by a mob who mistook him for a thief, Vigilantism and the vigilante ethos existed long before the word vigilante was introduced into the English language. There are conceptual and psychological parallels between the Dark Age and medieval aristocratic custom of private war or vendetta and the modern vigilante philosophy, when Jacob protested that their actions might bring trouble upon him and his family, the brothers replied Should he treat our sister as a harlot. Similarly, in 2 Samuel 13, Absalom kills Amnon after King David, their father, fails to punish Amnon for raping Tamar, recourse to personal vengeance and dueling was considered a class privilege of the sword-bearing aristocracy before the formation of the modern centralized liberal-bureaucratic nation-state. In addition, sociologists have posited a complex legal and ethical interrelationship between vigilante acts and rebellion and tyrannicide, in the Western literary and cultural tradition, characteristics of vigilantism have often been vested in folkloric heroes and legendary outlaws. Vigilantism in literature, folklore and legend is connected to the issues of dissatisfied morality, injustice, the failures of authority. Formally-defined vigilantism arose in the early American colonies and these people would assault accused thieves, rapists and murderers. When they assaulted these thieves, they would steal their gold, other than reports and newspapers, there are not many records of vigilantes. Few names or groups are known, later in the United States, vigilante groups arose in poorly governed frontier areas where criminals preyed upon the citizenry with impunity. The death of Joseph Smith, Jr. on June 27,1844, in 1851 and 1856, San Francisco Vigilance Movement sought to eliminate crime, an element of this movement focused on immigrants like the Sydney Ducks. This touched off a cycle of retaliatory battles and raids by the two sides in which some 29 people were killed. In 1858 San Luis Obispo vigilantes ended the reign of the bandit gang of Pío Linares on El Camino Real between San Luis and Santa Barbara. In October 1862 in northern Texas, several Unionist sympathizers were arrested and taken to Gainesville, seven were tried and hanged, and 14 were hanged without trial. A few weeks later, Unionist sympathizers were hanged without trial across northern Texas, known as the Great Hanging at Gainesville, it may have been the deadliest act of vigilante violence in U. S. history

21.
David Broderick
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David Colbreth Broderick was an attorney and politician, elected by the legislature as Democratic U. S. Born in Washington, DC, to Irish immigrant parents, he lived in New York until moving to California during the Gold Rush and he was a first cousin of politicians Andrew Kennedy of California and Case Broderick of Kansas. Broderick was born in 1820 in Washington, D. C. on East Capitol Street just west of 3rd Street and he was the son of an Irish stonecutter and his wife. His father had come to the United States in order to work on the United States Capitol, in 1823 Broderick moved with his parents to New York City. There he attended schools and was apprenticed to a stonecutter. Broderick became active in politics as a man, joining the Democratic Party. In 1846, he was the Democratic candidate for U. S, representative from New Yorks 5th congressional district, but lost the election to the Whig candidate, who gained 42% of the vote to Brodericks 38%. In 1849, Broderick joined the California Gold Rush and he moved to San Francisco, where he engaged in smelting and assaying gold. Broderick minted gold coins that contained less gold than their face value and his $10 coins, for example, contained $8 in gold. He used the profits to finance his political aspirations, Broderick was a member of the California State Senate from 1850 to 1852, serving as its president from 1851 to 1852. Broderick was acting Lieutenant Governor from January 9,1851 to January 8,1852, from then on, Broderick effectively had political control of San Francisco, which under his utterly vicious rule soon became notorious for municipal corruption. In the words of his biographer Jeremiah Lynch, In San Francisco he became the dictator of the municipality and his political lessons and observations in New York were priceless. He introduced a modification of the organization in San Francisco with which Tammany has controlled New York for lo. these many years. At a forthcoming election a number of offices were to be filled, those of sheriff, district attorney, alderman, several of these positions were very lucrative, notably that of the sheriff, tax-collector, and assessor. The incumbents received no specified salaries, but were entitled to all or a certain proportion of the fees and these fees occasionally exceeded $50,000 per annum. Broderick would say to the most popular or the most desirable aspirant, keep half and give me the other half, which I require to keep up our organization in the state. Without intelligent, systematic discipline, neither you nor I can win, Broderick became rich from this system. In 1856 Broderick was elected by the legislature for a seat as US Senator from California

22.
Barbary Coast
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The Barbary Coast, or Berber Coast, was the term used by Europeans from the 16th until the 19th century to refer to much of the collective land of the Berber people. Today, the term Greater Maghreb or simply Maghreb corresponds roughly to Barbary, the term Barbary Coast emphasizes the Berber coastal regions and cities throughout the middle and western coastal regions of North Africa – what is now Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. The name is derived from the Berber people of north Africa, the slaves and goods were being traded and sold throughout the Ottoman Empire or to the Europeans themselves. Barbary was not always a political entity. From the 16th century onwards, it was divided into the political entities of the Regency of Algiers, Tunis, major rulers during the times of the Barbary states plundering parties included the Pasha or Dey of Algiers, the Bey of Tunis and the Bey of Tripoli. Before then, the territory was divided between Ifriqiya, Morocco, and a west-central Algerian state centered on Tlemcen or Tiaret. Powerful Berber dynasties such as the Almohads and briefly thereafter the Hafsids, from a European perspective its capital or chief city was often considered to be Tripoli in modern-day Libya, although Marrakesh in Morocco was the largest and most important Berber city at the time. In addition, Algiers in Algeria and Tangiers in Morocco were also seen as the capital. The first United States military land action overseas, executed by the U. S, Marines and Navy, was the Battle of Derne, Tripoli, in 1805. The opening line of the Marines Hymn refers to this action and this was the first time the U. S. Marine Corps took part in offensive actions outside of the United States. The word razzia was borrowed via Italian and French from Algerian Arabic ghaziya, originally referring to slave raids conducted by Barbary pirates

23.
Barbary pirates
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This area was known in Europe as the Barbary Coast, a term derived from the name of its Berber inhabitants. The main purpose of their attacks was to capture Christian slaves for the Ottoman slave trade as well as the general Muslim slavery market in North Africa and the Middle East. In that period Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli came under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, similar raids were undertaken from Salé and other ports in Morocco. Corsairs captured thousands of ships and repeatedly raided coastal towns, as a result, residents abandoned their former villages of long stretches of coast in Spain and Italy. The raids were such a problem coastal settlements were seldom undertaken until the 19th century, from the 16th to 19th century, corsairs captured an estimated 800,000 to 1.25 million people as slaves. Some corsairs were European outcasts and converts such as John Ward, Hayreddin Barbarossa and Oruç Reis, Turkish Barbarossa Brothers, who took control of Algiers on behalf of the Ottomans in the early 16th century, were also notorious corsairs. The European pirates brought advanced sailing and shipbuilding techniques to the Barbary Coast around 1600, the effects of the Barbary raids peaked in the early to mid-17th century. However, the ships and coasts of Christian states without such effective protection continued to suffer until the early 19th century. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15, European powers agreed upon the need to suppress the Barbary corsairs entirely and the threat was largely subdued. Occasional incidents occurred, including two Barbary wars between the United States and the Barbary States, until terminated by the French conquest of Algiers in 1830. Piracy by Muslim populations had been known in the Mediterranean since at least the 9th century, in the 14th century Tunisian corsairs became enough of a threat to provoke a Franco-Genoese attack on Mahdia in 1390, also known as the Barbary Crusade. The Barbary pirates had long attacked English and other European shipping along the North Coast of Africa and they had been attacking English merchant and passengers ships since the 1600s. Regular fundraising for ransoms was undertaken generally by families and local church groups, the government did not ransom ordinary persons. The English became familiar with captivity narratives written by Barbary pirates prisoners and ransomed captives, during the American Revolution the pirates attacked American ships. The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship stands as the U. S. s oldest non-broken friendship treaty with a foreign power, in 1778 Morocco became the first nation to recognize the new United States. As late as 1798, an islet near Sardinia was attacked by the Tunisians, throughout history, geography was on the pirates side on the Northern coast of Africa. The coast was ideal for their wants and needs, with natural harbours often backed by lagoons, it provided a haven for guerrilla warfare, such as attacks on shipping vessels venturing through their territory. On the coast, mountainous areas provided ample reconnaissance for the corsairs as well, ships were spotted from afar, the pirates had time to prepare their attacks and surprise the ships

24.
Slavery on the Barbary Coast
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Slavery on the Barbary Coast was a form of unfree labour which existed between the 16th and 18th centuries in the Barbary Coast area of North Africa. According to Robert Davis, between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries. From at least 1500, the pirates also conducted raids along seaside towns of Italy, Spain, France, England, on some occasions, settlements such as Baltimore, Ireland were abandoned following the raid, only being resettled many years later. Between 1609 and 1616, England alone had 466 merchant ships lost to Barbary pirates, commercial ships from the United States of America were subject to pirate attacks. In 1783, the United States made peace with, and gained recognition from, in 1784, the first American ship was seized by pirates from Morocco. By late 1793, a dozen American ships had captured, goods stripped. After some serious debate, the US created the United States Navy in March 1794, payments in ransom and tribute to the Barbary states had amounted to 20% of United States government annual revenues in 1800. It was not until 1815 that naval victories ended tribute payments by the United States, some European nations continued annual payments until the 1830s. The white slave trade and markets in the Mediterranean declined and eventual disappeared after the European occupations and they were widely published and read, preceding those of colonists captured by American Indians in North America. Following the discovery of the Americas, European invaders introduced slavery into the colonies they established, for example, Africans were first enslaved in Virginia in 1619, twelve years after the colony was established in 1607. However it was not until 1660 that slavery became a part of the economic life of the British colonies in the Americas. “Slaves were still slaves, whether they are black or white, the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took steps in the 17th century to differentiate itself extensively to what was experienced in the Barbary slave trade. Islamic views on slavery state clearly any slave that merely declares himself a Muslim must be freed and this is similar to some Europeans slavery before the 17th century where Christians could not maintain Christian slaves. Lawful enslavement in Islamic Law was restricted to two instances, capture in war, or birth in slavery, in Islamic jurisprudence, slavery was an exceptional condition, with the general rule being a presumption of freedom for a person if his or her origins were unknown. Slaves in the New World had originally been considered free if their father was free, beginning in the state of Virginia and then extending nationally, this was changed such that first converting to Christianity no longer exempted one from slavery. Unlike other nations, including the Barbary enslavements and American enslavement previous to this, further restrictions were applied and concept that a child of a free man could not be enslaved was prevented by law in the American colonies. The law was changed such that any child born of a slave could not escape slavery. This eventually meant that slavery in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade was both racial in its limited to blacks and those of African origin, as well as inherited by their offspring

25.
Dive bar
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Dive bar is a colloquial or informal American term for a disreputable bar or pub. Such bars may also be referred to as neighborhood bars, where residents gather to drink. Individual bars may be considered to be disreputable, sinister, of poor upkeep and this was especially true in the past, A plot to entrap young women for the dives of Northern Wisconsin has been discovered. The dives themselves are nuisances, per se, and that is why they have to pay such high license prices, a 1961 dictionary defined a dive as a disreputable resort for drinking or entertainment. It’s a place that wears its history proudly, the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary indicates that in the United States in the 1880s the term referred to an illegal drinking den or other place of ill repute, especially one located in a basement. One of the most popular shows on the Food Network is called Diners, Drive-Ins, Drinking culture Honky-tonk Roadhouse Speakeasy Types of drinking establishments Dayton, Todd. San Franciscos Best Dive Bars, Drinking and Diving in the City by the Bay

26.
Pimp
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Procuring or pandering is the facilitation or provision of a prostitute or sex worker in the arrangement of a sex act with a customer. A procurer, colloquially called a pimp or a madam, is an agent for prostitutes who collects part of their earnings. The procurer may receive money in return for advertising services, physical protection, or for providing, and possibly monopolizing. Like prostitution, the legality of actions of a madam or a pimp vary from one region to the next. Pimps may punish clients for physical abuse or failure to pay, pimps can be arrested and charged with pandering and are legally known as procurers. In most places where prostitution is illegal, so is procuring, where prostitution is decriminalized or regulated, procuring may or may not be legal. If it is legal, however, it is only forms that do not involve threats or other forms of non-consensual acts towards the prostitute or other persons that are permitted, in jurisdictions where procuring is allowed, the regulations of if differ widely from place to place. Procuring and brothels are legal in the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, New Zealand, most of Australia, in Canada, there was a legal battle regarding prostitution laws, ending in 2013. In 2012, Ontario Appeal Court reaffirmed the unconstitutionality of the laws, the case has been appealed by the Canadian government, and was under trial at the Supreme Court of Canada. On December 20, the law was struck down, various UN commissions however have differing positions on the issue. For example, in 2012, a UNAIDS commission convened by Ban Ki-moon and backed by UNDP and UNAIDS, recommended the decriminalization of brothels, the word pimp first appeared in English in 1607 in a Thomas Middleton play entitled Your Five Gallants. It is believed to have stemmed from the French infinitive pimper meaning to dress up elegantly, Pimp used as a verb, meaning to act as a pimp, first appeared in 1636 in Massingers book, The Bashful Lover. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the term was used to refer to informers. A pimp can also mean a despicable person, the term can also be applied to a person who is considered a ladies man. The verb pimping came up in the early 17th century, rapper Nelly tried to redefine the word pimp by saying that it is an acronym for positive, intellectual, motivated person. He created a scholarship with the name P. I. M. P. In the first years of the 21st century, a new meaning of the word has emerged in the form of a transitive verb pimp and this new definition was made popular by Pimp My Ride, an MTV television show. Although this new definition paid homage to hip-hop culture and its connection to street culture, it has now entered common, even mainstream commercial, in medical contexts, the verb means to ask a question for the purpose of testing her or his knowledge

27.
Opium den
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An opium den was an establishment where opium was sold and smoked. Opium dens were prevalent in parts of the world in the 19th century, most notably China, Southeast Asia, North America. Most opium dens kept a supply of opium paraphernalia such as the specialized pipes, patrons would recline in order to hold the long opium pipes over oil lamps that would heat the drug until it vaporized, allowing the smoker to inhale the vapors. Opium dens in China were frequented by all levels of society, in urban areas of the United States, particularly on the West Coast, there were opium dens that mirrored the best to be found in China, with luxurious trappings and female attendants. For the working class, there were many low-end dens with sparse furnishings and these latter dens were more likely to admit non-Chinese smokers. Opium smoking arrived in North America with the influx of Chinese. The jumping-off point for the fields was San Francisco. Despite this, the 1870s attracted many residents to San Franciscos dens, prompting the city fathers to enact the nations first anti-drug law. In the early 20th century, huge bonfires, fueled by confiscated opium and opium paraphernalia, were used to destroy opium, opium-eradication campaigns drove opium smoking underground, but it was still fairly common in San Francisco and other North American cities until around World War II. The opium dens of New York Citys Chinatown, due to its distance from China, were not as opulent as some of those to be found on the American West Coast. According to H. H. Kane, a doctor who spent years studying opium use in New York in the 1870s and 1880s, the most popular opium dens were located on Mott and Pell Streets in Chinatown. At the time, all the opium dens were run by Chinese, except for one on 23rd Street that was run by an American woman. Kane remarked that New Yorks opium dens were one place where all nationalities seem indiscriminately mixed, as in San Francisco, New Yorkers of all races would come to Chinatown to patronize its opium dens. New York Citys last known opium den was raided and shut down on June 28,1957, Chinese immigrants first established Chinatowns in Victoria and Vancouver in British Columbia, and here too, opium dens were common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. When the city of San Francisco began taxing imported opium for smoking, the trade was diverted to Victoria, however, a fair amount of opium was consumed in the opium dens to be found in the Chinatowns of Victoria and Vancouver. The latter citys Shanghai Alley was known for its opium dens. As in the United States, non-Chinese often frequented the Chinese-run opium dens in Canadian Chinatowns, Opium smoking in France was introduced for the most part by French expatriates returning home from stints in their Indochinese colonies. By the early 20th century, there were opium dens in Frances port cities, particularly Toulon, Marseille

28.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area

29.
Pump organ
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The pump organ, reed organ, harmonium, or melodeon is a type of free-reed organ that generates sound as air flows past a vibrating piece of thin metal in a frame. The piece of metal is called a reed, the finer instruments have a unique tone, and the cabinets of those intended for churches and affluent homes were often excellent pieces of furniture. Several million free-reed organs and melodeons were made in the USA, during this time Estey Organ and Mason & Hamlin were popular manufacturers. The harmoniums design incorporates free reeds and derives from the earlier regal, a harmonium-like instrument was exhibited by Gabriel Joseph Grenié in 1810. He called it an orgue expressif, because his instrument was capable of greater expression, alexandre Debain improved Greniés instrument and gave it the name harmonium when he patented his version in 1840. There was concurrent development of similar instruments, beginning in 1885, the firm of Mason & Hamlin, of Boston made their instruments with the suction bellows, and this method of construction soon superseded all others in America. Harmoniums reached the height of their popularity in the West in the late 19th, an added attraction of the harmonium in tropical regions was that the instrument held its tune regardless of heat and humidity, unlike the piano. This export market was lucrative for manufacturers to produce harmoniums with cases impregnated with chemicals to prevent woodworm. At the peak of the instruments Western popularity around 1900, a variety of styles of harmoniums were being produced. These ranged from simple models with plain cases and only four or five stops, up to large instruments with ornate cases, up to a dozen stops, expensive harmoniums were often built to resemble pipe organs, with ranks of fake pipes attached to the top of the instrument. Small numbers of harmoniums were built with two manuals, some were even built with pedal keyboards, which required the use of an assistant to run the bellows or, for some of the later models, an electrical pump. The invention of the organ in the mid-1930s spelled the end of the harmoniums success in the West. By this time, harmoniums had reached high levels of complexity, not only through the need to provide instruments with a greater tonal range. The last mass-producer of harmoniums in North America was the Estey company, which ceased manufacture in the mid-1950s, as the existing stock of instruments aged and spare parts became hard to find, more and more were either scrapped or sold. It was not uncommon for harmoniums to be modernised by having electric blowers fitted, the majority of Western harmoniums today are in the hands of enthusiasts, though the instrument remains popular in South Asia. Modern electronic keyboards can emulate the sound of the pump organ, the acoustical effects described below are a result of the free-reed mechanism. Therefore, they are identical for the Western and Indian harmoniums. And as its vibrators also admit of a delicate and durable tuning and this arrangement was difficult to play on

30.
Cabaret
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Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring music, song, dance, recitation, or drama. It is mainly distinguished by the venue, which might be a pub. The audience, often dining or drinking, does not typically dance, performances are usually introduced by a master of ceremonies or MC. The entertainment, as done by an ensemble of actors and according to its European origins, is oriented towards adult audiences. In the United States striptease, burlesque, drag shows, or a solo vocalist with a pianist, the word cabaret was first used in 1655. It is derived from tavern probably from Middle Dutch cambret, the word cabaret came to mean a restaurant or night club by 1912. Cabaret can be divided in 10 different types. However, these are artificial dividing lines, cabaret shows are most of the time a compound of elements from the different types, the cabaret performer plays with language, sometimes poetic, but often is he or she rock hard and hateful. The cabaret performer analyses in his/her stubborn manner actual, social and political topics, the cabaret performer tells an often slightly absurd story with a moral packed in it. The cabaret performer plays with music, for example by twisting or combining familiar melodies, the cabaret performer tells nonsensical and absurd stories and plays idiotic types. The emphasis is less on text in the show of cabaret performer. Here the cabaret performer eludes on his liberating through laughter role, an iteration of storytelling cabaret The cabaret performer quickly switches between the different styles/types of cabaret, types, or songs. In this the cabaret performer is a guest at a government, institution or a company, cabarets existed in Paris in the 16th century, they were ancestors of the modern restaurant. Unlike taverns they sold wine not by itself but only with a meal, customers might sing if they had drunk enough wine, but early cabarets did not have formal programs of entertainment. Cabarets were frequently used as meeting places for writers and artists, in 1773 French poets, painters, musicians and writers began to meet in a cabaret called Le Caveau on rue de Buci, where they composed and sang songs. The Caveau continued until 1816, when it was forced to close because its clients wrote songs mocking the royal government, in the 18th century the café-concert or café-chantant appeared, which offered food along with music, singers, or magicians. The most famous was the Cafe des Aveugles in the cellars of the Palais-Royal, in the early 19th century many cafés-chantants appeared around the city, the most famous were the Café des Ambassadeurs on the Champs-Élysées and the Eldorado on boulevard Strasbourg. By 1900 there were more than 150 cafés-chantants in Paris, the first cabaret in the modern sense was Le Chat Noir in the Bohemian neighborhood of Montmartre, created in 1881 by Rodolphe Salis, a theatrical agent and entrepreneur

31.
Can-can
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The can-can is a high-energy, physically demanding dance which became a popular music hall dance in the 1840s, continuing in popularity in French cabaret to this day. Originally danced by both sexes, it is now associated with a chorus line of female dancers. The main features of the dance are the high kicks, splits, the Infernal Galop from Jacques Offenbachs Orpheus in the Underworld is the tune most associated with the can-can. The name can-can may be derived from the French for tittle-tattle or scandal, however, the dance was also referred to as the coin-coin and this may have become corrupted into can-can. In its early days, the dance was called the chahut. The cancan is believed to have evolved from the figure in the quadrille. The dance was considered scandalous, and for a while, there were attempts to repress it and this may have been partly because in the 19th century, women wore pantalettes, which had an open crotch, meaning that a high kick could be unintentionally revealing. There is no evidence that cancan dancers wore special closed underwear, occasionally, people dancing the cancan were arrested, but there is no record of it being banned, as some accounts claim. Throughout the 1830s, it was often groups of men, particularly students, as the dance became more popular, professional performers emerged, although it was still danced by individuals not by a chorus line. A few men became cancan stars in the 1840s to 1861, however women performers were much more widely known. This was a combination of the style of the Parisian dance-halls. In United States and elsewhere, the cancan achieved popularity in music halls, the main moves are the high kick or battement, the rond de jambe, the port darmes, the cartwheel and the grand écart. It has become practice for dancers to scream and yelp while performing the cancan. The cancan was introduced in America on December 23rd,1867 by Giuseppina Morlacchi and it was billed as. Grand Gallop Can-Can, composed and danced by Mlles. Morlacchi, Blasina, Diani, Ricci, Baretta. accompanied with cymbals and triangles by the coryphees, the new dance received an enthusiastic reception. By the 1890s the cancan was out of style in New York dance halls, the cancan became popular in Alaska and Yukon, Canada where theatrical performances feature cancan dancers to the present day. The cancan is now considered a part of dance culture. Often the main feature observed today is how physically demanding and tiring the dance is to perform, when the dance first appeared in the early 19th century, it was considered a scandalous dance, similar to how rock and roll was perceived in the 1950s

32.
Taxi dance hall
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A taxi dance hall is a type of dance hall where dancers, usually young women, called taxi dancers are paid to dance with usually male patrons. The owners of a dance hall provide music and a dance floor for their patrons. In the United States during the 1920s and 1930s, when taxi dancing was at its peak, when they presented a ticket to a taxi dancer, she would dance with them for the length of a single song. Taxi dancers earned a commission on every dance ticket that they collected, the ticket-a-dance system was the centerpiece of the taxi dance halls. Taxi dance halls are represented on the ouverture of Henry Miller novel Sexus. The taxi dance hall is a uniquely American institution that was first introduced in 1913 within San Franciscos Barbary Coast neighborhood, at that time reform movements were shutting down many bordellos and red-light districts within Americas cities, and strength for Prohibition was gaining. In 1920, when the dance halls entered their steep upward climb to popularity, prohibition was enacted and made serving alcohol in saloons, bars. The taxi dance halls roots can be traced to a number of earlier dance establishments, forty-Niner is a term for the gold prospectors who came to California during the California Gold Rush circa 1849. At the Barbary Coast dance halls, female employees danced with male patrons and these dance halls were representative of the Old West—noisy, rough, boisterous, and occasionally violent. As writer Will Irwin described, The Barbary Coast was a bit of hell. No one knows who coined the name, the place was simply three blocks of solid dance halls, there for the delight of the sailors of the world. On a fine busy night every door blared loud music from orchestras, steam pianos, and gramophones. Almost anything might be happening behind the swinging doors, but in 1913, San Francisco enacted new laws that would forbid dancing in any cafe or saloon where alcohol was served. The closure of the Barbary Coast dance halls quickly fostered a new kind of pay-to-dance scheme called the dance hall. The name was derived from the fact that female patrons were not allowed—the only women permitted in these halls were the female employees. This resolution wiped out dancing on the Coast and resulted in the appearance of the closed hall in the districts adjoining. There the girls were employed to dance with men patrons on a commission basis and these halls had continuous dancing with practically no rest periods, and made large profits. Patrons paid ten cents for each dance, lasting less than two minutes, about six hundred girls were employed in these closed dance halls

33.
Cocaine
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Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled, or injected into the veins, mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, high doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes, Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery. Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the pathway in the brain. After a short period of use, there is a risk that dependence will occur. Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics, cornstarch, quinine, or sugar which can result in additional toxicity. Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure, Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This results in concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain. It can easily cross the barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier. Cocaine is made from the leaves of the plant which are mostly grown in South America. In 2013,419 kilograms were produced legally and it is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to 500 billion USD each year. With further processing crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine, after cannabis, cocaine is the most frequently used illegal drug globally. Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year, use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America. Between one and three percent of people in the world have used cocaine at some point in their life. In 2013 cocaine use resulted in 4,300 deaths. The leaves of the plant have been used by Peruvians since ancient times. Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860, since 1961 the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime

34.
Morphine
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Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate type which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals. It acts directly on the nervous system to decrease the feeling of pain. It can be taken for both pain and chronic pain. Morphine is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction and during labour and it can be given by mouth, by injection into a muscle, by injecting under the skin, intravenously, into the space around the spinal cord, or rectally. Maximum effect is around 20 min when given intravenously and 60 min when given by mouth while duration of effect is three and seven hours. Potentially serious side effects include a decreased respiratory effort and low blood pressure, morphine has a high potential for addiction and abuse. If the dose is reduced after long-term use, withdrawal may occur, common side effects include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation. Caution is advised when used during pregnancy or breast feeding, as morphine will affect the baby, morphine was first isolated between 1803 and 1805 by Friedrich Sertürner. This is generally believed to be the first isolation of an ingredient from a plant. Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827, morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1853–1855. Sertürner originally named the substance morphium after the Greek god of dreams, the primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy. In 2013, an estimated 523,000 kilograms of morphine were produced, about 45,000 kilograms were used directly for pain, an increase over the last twenty years of four times. Most use for this purpose was in the developed world, about 70% of morphine is used to make other opioids such as hydromorphone, oxycodone and heroin. It is a Schedule II drug in the United States, Class A in the United Kingdom and it is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Morphine is sold under trade names. Morphine is used primarily to treat both acute and chronic severe pain and it is also used for pain due to myocardial infarction and for labor pains. Its duration of analgesia is about three to seven hours, however, concerns exist that morphine may increase mortality in the setting of non ST elevation myocardial infarction. Morphine has also traditionally used in the treatment of acute pulmonary edema

35.
Grant Avenue
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Grant Avenue in San Francisco, California is one of the oldest streets in the citys Chinatown district. It runs in a north-south direction starting at Market Street in the heart of downtown and it resumes at North Point Street and stretches one block to The Embarcadero and the foot of Pier 39. Grant Avenue is primarily a street, automobile traffic can only travel northbound. In the following years, Dupont Street became the location for various opium dens, brothels, when San Francisco was rebuilt after being leveled in the 1906 earthquake, Dupont Street was upgraded and given a new name, Grant Avenue, after President Ulysses S. Grant. Today, the intersection of Grant Avenue and Bush Street marks the entrance to Chinatown. Grant Avenue is still written and said in Chinese as Dupont Gai, sanFranciscoChinatown. com, Grant Avenue in San Francisco

36.
Shanghaiing
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Shanghaiing or crimping is the practice of kidnapping people to serve as sailors by coercive techniques such as trickery, intimidation, or violence. Those engaged in this form of kidnapping were known as crimps, the related term press gang refers specifically to impressment practices in Great Britains Royal Navy. Crimps flourished in cities like London, Bristol and Hull in England and in San Francisco in California, Portland and Astoria in Oregon. On the West Coast, Portland eventually surpassed San Francisco for shanghaiing, on the East Coast, New York easily led the way, followed by Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. First, once a sailor signed on board a vessel for a voyage, the penalty was imprisonment, the result of federal legislation enacted in 1790. This factor was weakened by the Maguire Act of 1895 and the White Act of 1898, second, the practice was driven by a shortage of labor, particularly of skilled labor on ships on the West Coast. With crews abandoning ships en masse because of the California Gold Rush, finally, shanghaiing was made possible by the existence of boarding masters, whose job it was to find crews for ships. Boarding masters were paid by the body, and thus had an incentive to place as many seamen on ships as possible. This pay was called blood money, and was just one of the revenue streams available and these factors set the stage for the crimp, a boarding master who uses trickery, intimidation, or violence to put a sailor on a ship. The most straightforward method for a crimp to shanghai a sailor was to render him unconscious, forge his signature on the ships articles and this approach was widely used, but there were more profitable methods. In some situations, the master could receive the first two, three, or four months of wages of a man he shipped out. Instead, those to whom money was owed could claim it directly from the ships captain. An enterprising crimp, already dealing with a seaman, could supplement his income by supplying goods and services to the seaman at an inflated price, some crimps made as much as $9,500 per year in 1890s dollars, equivalent to about $260,000 in 2012 dollars. The crimps were well positioned politically to protect their lucrative trade, the keepers of boardinghouses for sailors supplied men on election day to go from one polling place to another, voting early and often for the candidate who would vote in their interest. Some examples included Jim Shanghai Kelly and Johnny Shanghai Chicken Devine of San Francisco, stories of their ruthlessness are innumerable, and some have survived into print. Before 1865, maritime labor laws primarily enforced stricter discipline onboard ships, however, after 1865, this began to change. In 1868, New York State started cracking down on sailors boardinghouses and they declined in number from 169 in 1863 to 90 in 1872. Then in 1871, Congress passed legislation to license of officers guilty of mistreating seamen

37.
Terrific Street
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Terrific Street was a short-lived entertainment district on San Franciscos Barbary Coast during the early 20th century. It consisted of dance halls, jazz clubs, and various kinds of drinking establishments, the district was located between Kearny and Montgomery streets on Pacific Street. The term Terrific Street was first used in the mid-1890s by musicians in describing the quality of music at Pacific Streets clubs, and indeed the first jazz clubs of San Francisco would occur there. At the beginning, the music was ragtime and slow blues. The district also attracted many famous entertainers such as actress Sarah Bernhardt, Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova, and musicians Sophie Tucker, Al Jolson, and Jelly Roll Morton. A principal attraction of Terrific Street was dancing, and many nationally known dance steps like the Texas Tommy, Pacific Street would go through many transformations from its early days of the 1860s when it was the main thoroughfare for the vice-ridden Barbary Coast. The early decades of the Barbary Coast would be marred by persistent lawlessness, gambling, administrative graft, vigilante justice, and prostitution. The Barbary Coasts most violent and vice-ridden days occurred between the 1860s to the 1880s, when its theft, harassment issues, and violence caused most San Franciscans to avoid the area. Entertaining this large influx of miners, new entrepreneurs, and sailors became be a business and resulted in varied. Except for some houses and stores, the stretch of Pacific Street from the waterfront to Kearny Street was packed with drinking establishments. Due to progressive music clubs like Purcells which enabled jazz to get a foothold in San Francisco. Terrific Street was just such a transformation of the early Barbary Coast. Due to the earthquake and fire of 1906, most of the buildings on that stretch of Pacific Street were destroyed. However the citys financial boosters then saw an opportunity to clean up Barbary Coast, possessing a new sense of civic pride, the boosters invested heavily in reconstruction, and within three months over a dozen dance halls and a dozen bars were rebuilt and operating. This time around things would be different—now that the city and its merchants were going to pressure the police, during that earlier era of the Barbary Coast, people were not even safe when they were inside of the saloons or dance halls. Oftentimes customers might be pickpocketed by the themselves, and also might be drugged unconscious so that they could be robbed within that establishment. As a result, the district then drew tremendous crowds, the new tone of the neighborhood would now attract a type of tourist called a slummer—middle and upper class individuals who go to the rough side of town to see how the other half lives. And in keeping with that tourist theme, the dance halls and these resorts would now offer cleaned-up entertainment venues consisting of large dance floors, variety shows, and musical bands

38.
1906 San Francisco earthquake
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The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5,12 a. m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI. Severe shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley, devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days. As a result, about 3,000 people died and over 80% of the city of San Francisco was destroyed, the events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest natural disasters in the history of the United States. The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a disaster in Californias history. The San Andreas Fault is a transform fault that forms part of the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. The strike-slip fault is characterized by mainly lateral motion in a dextral sense, the 1906 rupture propagated both northward and southward for a total of 296 miles. This fault runs the length of California from the Salton Sea in the south to Cape Mendocino in the north, the maximum observed surface displacement was about 20 feet, geodetic measurements show displacements of up to 28 feet. The 1906 earthquake preceded the development of the Richter magnitude scale by three decades. The most widely accepted estimate for the magnitude of the quake on the moment magnitude scale is 7.8. According to findings published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, severe deformations in the earths crust took place both before and after the earthquakes impact. Accumulated strain on the faults in the system was relieved during the earthquake, the main shock epicenter occurred offshore about 2 miles from the city, near Mussel Rock. Shaking was felt from Oregon to Los Angeles, and inland as far as central Nevada, a strong foreshock preceded the main shock by about 20 to 25 seconds. The strong shaking of the main shock lasted about 42 seconds, there were decades of minor earthquakes – more than at any other time in the historical record for northern California – before the 1906 quake. For years, the epicenter of the quake was assumed to be near the town of Olema, in the Point Reyes area of Marin County, because of evidence of the degree of local earth displacement. In the 1960s, a seismologist at UC Berkeley proposed that the epicenter was more likely offshore of San Francisco, at the time,375 deaths were reported, partly because hundreds of fatalities in Chinatown went ignored and unrecorded. The total number of deaths is uncertain today, and is estimated to be roughly 3,000 at minimum. Most of the deaths occurred in San Francisco itself, but 189 were reported elsewhere in the Bay Area, nearby cities, such as Santa Rosa and San Jose, in Monterey County, the earthquake permanently shifted the course of the Salinas River near its mouth. Where previously the river emptied into Monterey Bay between Moss Landing and Watsonville, it was diverted 6 miles south to a new channel just north of Marina

39.
Sophie Tucker
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Sophie Tucker was a Ukrainian-born American singer, comedian, actress, and radio personality. Known for her delivery of comical and risqué songs, she was one of the most popular entertainers in America during the first half of the 20th century. She was widely known by the nickname The Last of the Red Hot Mamas, Tucker was born Sonya Kalish in 1887 to a Jewish family en route to America from Tulchyn, Podolia Governorate, Russian Empire, now Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine. The family adopted the surname Abuza, settled in Hartford, Connecticut, at a young age, she began singing at her parents restaurant for tips. Between taking orders and serving customers, she would stand up in the space by the door. At the end of the last chorus, between me and the onions there wasnt a dry eye in the place, in 1903, at the age of 16, Tucker eloped with Louis Tuck, a beer cart driver, from whom she would later derive her professional surname. When she returned home, her parents arranged an Orthodox wedding for the couple, in 1906, she gave birth to a son, Albert. However, shortly after Albert was born, the couple separated, after she left her husband, Willie Howard gave Tucker a letter of recommendation to Harold Von Tilzer, a composer and theatrical producer in New York, but Tilzer did not want to hire her. Tucker found work in cafés and beer gardens, singing for food and she sent most of this money back home to Connecticut to support her son and family. In 1907, Tucker made her first theater appearance, singing at a night in a vaudeville establishment. It was here that she was first made to wear blackface during performance, as her producers thought that the crowd would tease her for being so big and ugly. By 1908, she had joined a show in Pittsburgh but was ashamed to tell her family that she was performing in a deep southern accent wearing burnt cork on her face. While touring later that year, luggage including her makeup kit was lost and she then stunned the crowd by saying, You all can see Im a white girl. Well, Ill tell you something more, Im not Southern, Im a Jewish girl and I just learned this Southern accent doing a blackface act for two years. And now, Mr. Leader, please play my song, Tucker also began integrating fat girl humor, which became a common thread in her acts. Her songs included I Dont Want to Get Thin and Nobody Loves a Fat Girl, in 1909, at the age of 22, Tucker performed with the Ziegfeld Follies. Though she was a hit, the female stars refused to share the spotlight with her. This caught the attention of William Morris, an owner and future founder of the William Morris Agency

40.
Jelly Roll Morton
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Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe, known professionally as Jelly Roll Morton, was an American ragtime and early jazz pianist, bandleader and composer who started his career in New Orleans, Louisiana. His composition Jelly Roll Blues, published in 1915, was the first published jazz composition, Morton was born into a creole of color family in the Faubourg Marigny neighborhood of downtown New Orleans, Louisiana. Sources differ as to his date, a baptismal certificate issued in 1894 lists his date of birth as October 20,1890, Morton. His World War I draft registration card showed September 13,1884 and he was born to F. P. Lamothe and Louise Monette. Hécaud helped choose his name, Ferdinand. His parents lived in a marriage and were not legally married. No birth certificate has been found to date, Ferdinand started playing music as a child, showing talent at an early age. After his parents separated, his mother married a man named Mouton, Ferdinand took his stepfathers surname and anglicized it as Morton. At the age of fourteen, Morton began working as a player in a brothel. In that atmosphere, he often sang smutty lyrics, he took the nickname Jelly Roll, while working there, he was living with his churchgoing great-grandmother, he convinced her that he worked as a night watchman in a barrel factory. After Mortons grandmother found out that he was playing jazz in a brothel, she kicked him out of her house. He said, When my grandmother found out that I was playing jazz in one of the houses in the District, she told me that I had disgraced the family. She told me that devil music would bring about my downfall. The cornetist Rex Stewart recalled that Morton had chosen the nom de plume Morton to protect his family from disgrace if he was identified as a whorehouse professor, Tony Jackson, also a pianist at brothels and an accomplished guitar player, was a major influence on Mortons music. Morton said that Jackson was the only pianist better than he was, around 1904, Morton also started touring in the American South, working with minstrel shows including Will Benbows Chocolate Drops, gambling and composing. His works Jelly Roll Blues, New Orleans Blues, Frog-I-More Rag, Animule Dance, and King Porter Stomp were composed during this period. He got to Chicago in 1910 and New York City in 1911, in 1912–14, Morton toured with his girlfriend Rosa Brown as a vaudeville act before settling in Chicago for three years. By 1914, he had started writing down his compositions, in 1915, his Jelly Roll Blues was arguably the first jazz composition ever published, recording as sheet music the New Orleans traditions that had been jealously guarded by musicians

41.
Turkey trot (dance)
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The turkey trot was a dance made popular in the early 1900s. The Turkey Trot was done to fast ragtime music popular in the decade from 1900 to 1910 such as Scott Joplins Maple Leaf Rag. Driven largely by youth counterculture of the time, the turkey trot fad quickly fell out of favor as the foxtrot, the dance was embellished with scissor-like flicks of the feet and fast trotting actions with abrupt stops. It has been said that dancers John Jarrott and Louise Gruenning introduced this dance as well as the Grizzly Bear at Ray Jones Café in Chicago, another theory states that it originated on the Barbary Coast, San Francisco, California. Joseph M. Daly wrote music for the dance in 1912, irene and Vernon Castle raised its popularity by dancing the Turkey Trot in the Broadway show The Sunshine Girl. It achieved popularity chiefly as a result of its being denounced by the Vatican and it was thought that the positions assumed by the dancers were offensively suggestive. Conservative members of society felt the dance promoted immorality and tried to get it banned at public functions, there were news reports of dancers being fined because their Turkey Trots were interpreted by the courts as disorderly conduct. The song Lets Turkey Trot by Little Eva Boyd reached #20 on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 1963, in the 8th season episode of NCIS False Witness, show character Abby Sciuto dances the trot as she examines a turkey as evidence. In Season 5, Episode 14 of Mad About You guest star Mel Brooks, playing Uncle Phil, in Season 2, Episode 5 of the period drama The Duchess of Duke Street, Gemma Jones and Christopher Cazenove perform a version of the Turkey Trot

42.
Mining town
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A mining community, also known as a mining town or a mining camp, is a community that houses miners. Mining communities are created around a mine or a quarry. Throughout the continental United States and Alaska, valuable minerals were discovered, the miners would usually settle a site and make home of tents and shacks, that miners built by hand. Eventually mining buildings such as smelters or stamp mills would be constructed followed by cabins, stores, a community would naturally be born with the settling of women and children and existed as long as precious metal could be dug from the area. Sometimes the geographical location of a community or the various American railroads would ensure a communitys existence after all the valuable minerals were gone. Many American mining communities became ghost towns though others have become prominent cities, a settlement usually can only be considered a mining community if a mine exists directly at the settlement or within the immediate area and if the population relies on the mine economically. Smelter towns, built for smeltering ore extracted from mines, are considered a type of mining community, book features pg.147 about what is necessary for a settlement to have in order to be considered a mining town

43.
James Rolph
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James “Sunny Jim” Rolph Jr. was an American politician and a member of the Republican Party. He was elected to a term as the 27th governor of California from January 6,1931 until his death on June 2,1934 at the height of the Great Depression. Previously, Rolph had been the 30th mayor of San Francisco from January 8,1912 until his resignation to become governor, Rolph remains the longest serving mayor in San Francisco history. Rolph was born in San Francisco and he had four brothers and two sisters. After attending school in the Mission District, he went to work as a boy in a commission house. He married Annie Marshall Reid and had at least one son, James Rolph, Rolph entered the shipping business in 1900, by forming a partnership with George Hind. He would over the next serve as president of two banks, one of which he helped establish. Although he was asked to run for mayor in 1909, he chose to wait until 1911 to run for mayor—a position that he would hold for nineteen years, as mayor, he was known as Sunny Jim and his theme song was There Are Smiles That Make You Happy. In 1915 he appeared as himself in a documentary film titled Mabel and Fatty Viewing the Worlds Fair at San Francisco. In 1924, Rolph appeared as himself in a Slim Summerville comedy short film, Hello, Rolph knew of the power in San Francisco of the Roman Catholic Church. Italians, Irish, French and Germans made up the majority of the population of the City and he established a deep friendship with Archbishop Edward Joseph Hanna. In turn, Hanna would support Rolph in his 1930 election as governor of California, in addition to his mayoral duties and overseeing his shipping interests, he directed the Ship Owners and Merchants Tugboat Company and the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce. He also was vice-president of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition and president of the Merchants Exchange and he resigned in 1931 to assume the office of governor of California. Four days before the lynching he had announced he would not call on the National Guard to prevent the lynching, after violence erupted during the San Joaquin cotton strike in October 1933, Governor Rolph appointed a fact-finding committee to investigate the deaths of several strikers. After suffering several heart attacks, he died in Santa Clara County on June 2,1934, aged 64, Rolph was the second governor to die in office, the first being Washington Bartlett in 1887. He is buried at Greenlawn Memorial Park in Colma, California and he was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Frank Merriam in the Governors Office. One of the names of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge is the James “Sunny Jim” Rolph Bridge. Biography from the State of California James Rolph, Jr. at The Political Graveyard Biography from the Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco James Rolph at the Internet Movie Database

44.
William Randolph Hearst
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Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 after being given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy father. Acquiring more newspapers, Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak and he later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world. Politically he espoused the Progressive Movement, speaking on behalf of the working class and he controlled the editorial positions and coverage of political news in all his papers and magazines and thereby exercised enormous political influence. He also called for war in 1898 against Spain—as did many other newspaper editors—but he did it in sensational fashion, after 1918, he called for an isolationist foreign policy to avoid any more entanglement in what he regarded as corrupt European affairs. He was at once a militant nationalist, a fierce anti-communist, and deeply suspicious of the League of Nations and of the British, French, Japanese, and Russians. He was a supporter of Franklin Roosevelt in 1932–34, but then broke with FDR. His life story was the inspiration for Charles Foster Kane. His famous mansion, Hearst Castle, on a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean near San Simeon, is now a State Historical Monument and a National Historic Landmark. William R. Hearst was born in San Francisco, to mining engineer, goldmine owner and U. S. senator George Hearst. His paternal great-grandfather was John Hearst, of Ulster Protestant origin and he migrated to America from Ballybay, County Monaghan as part of the Cahans Exodus with his wife and six children in 1766 and settled in South Carolina. Their immigration to South Carolina was spurred in part by the governments policy that encouraged the immigration of Irish Protestants. The names John Hearse and John Hearse Jr, the Hearse spelling of the family name never was used afterward by the family members themselves, or any family of any size. Hearsts mother, née Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson, was also of Irish ancestry and she was the first woman regent of University of California, Berkeley, funded many anthropological expeditions and founded the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology. Following preparation at St. Pauls School in Concord, New Hampshire, while there he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the A. D. Searching for an occupation, in 1887, Hearst took over management of a newspaper, the San Francisco Examiner, a self-proclaimed populist, Hearst went on to publish stories of municipal and financial corruption, often attacking companies in which his own family held an interest. Within a few years, his paper dominated the San Francisco market, outcault, the inventor of color comics, and all of Pulitzers Sunday staff as well. Another prominent hire was James J. Montague, who came from the Portland Oregonian, Hearst imported his best managers from the San Francisco Examiner and quickly established himself as the most attractive employer among New York newspapers. Hearsts activist approach to journalism can be summarized by the motto, While others Talk, the New York Journal and its chief rival, the New York World, mastered a style of popular journalism that came to be derided as yellow journalism, after Outcaults Yellow Kid comic

45.
The San Francisco Examiner
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The San Francisco Examiner is a longtime daily newspaper distributed in and around San Francisco, California. The Examiner is one of the pioneers in the industry and has published continuously since 1863. The San Francisco Examiner was sold to Black Press Group, a Canadian media publisher, as of 2014, The San Francisco Media Company LLC is held under, Oahu Publications Inc. a subsidiary of Black Press Group Ltd. In 1880, mining engineer, entrepreneur and US Senator George Hearst bought the Examiner, seven years later, after being elected to the U. S. Senate, he gave it to his son, William Randolph Hearst, who was then 23 years old. The elder Hearst was said to have received the paper as partial payment of a poker debt. William Randolph Hearst created the masthead with the Hearst Eagle and the slogan Monarch of the Dailies. After the great earthquake and fire of 1906 destroyed much of San Francisco, the Examiner and its rivals — the San Francisco Chronicle and the San Francisco Call — brought out a joint edition. The Examiner offices were destroyed on April 18,1906, but when the city was rebuilt, a new structure and it opened in 1909, and in 1937 the facade, entranceway and lobby underwent an extensive remodeling designed by architect Julia Morgan. Ultimately, circulation battles ended in a merging of resources between the two papers, the Examiner published the Sunday papers news sections and glossy magazine, and the Chronicle contributed the features. Circulation was approximately 100,000 on weekdays and 500,000 on Sundays, in its stylebook, the Examiner has traditionally referred to San Francisco as The City, capitalized, both in headlines and text of stories, and continues to do so. San Francisco slang has traditionally referred to the Examiner in abbreviated form as the Ex. When the Chronicle Publishing Company divested its interests, the Hearst Corporation purchased the Chronicle. However, on July 27,2000 a federal judge approved the Fangs assumption of the Examiner name, its archives,35 delivery trucks, from their side, the Fangs paid Hearst $100.00 for the Examiner. On February 24,2003, the Examiner became a daily newspaper and is now printed Sunday through Friday. On February 19,2004, the Fang family sold the Examiner and its printing plant and his new company, Clarity Media Group, launched The Washington Examiner in 2005 and published The Baltimore Examiner from 2006 to 2009. In 2006, Anschutz donated the archives of the Examiner to the University of California, Berkeley Bancroft Library, under Clarity ownership, the Examiner pioneered a new business model for the newspaper industry. Designed to be read quickly, the Examiner is presented in a compact and it focuses on local news, business, entertainment and sports with an emphasis on content relevant to local readers. It is delivered free to select neighborhoods in San Francisco and San Mateo counties, and to single-copy outlets throughout San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Alameda counties, California

Red-light district
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A red-light district is a part of an urban area where a concentration of prostitution and sex-oriented businesses, such as sex shops, strip clubs, adult theaters, etc. are found. The term originates from the red lights that were used as signs of brothels, areas in many big cities around the world have acquired an international reputation as red-lig

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A scene in Sonagachi, Kolkata, in 2005

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Soi Cowboy, Thailand

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De Wallen red-light district in Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Red Light district in Frankfurt, Germany

San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856

Portsmouth Square
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Portsmouth Square is located on the site of the first public square established in the early 19th century in the Mexican community of Yerba Buena, whose name was changed to San Francisco in 1847. During the Mexican-American War Captain John Berrien Montgomery of the USS Portsmouth was ordered to seize Yerba Buena. On July 9,1846, the first American

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Portsmouth Square looking north, 1851

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Portsmouth Square, 1850

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A marker to commemorate the raising of the first American flag in San Francisco (then Yerba Buena)

California Gold Rush
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The California Gold Rush began on January 24,1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States, the Gold Rush initiated the California Genocide, with 100,000 Native Californians dying between 1848 and 1868. By the time i

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Sailing to California at the beginning of the Gold Rush

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Merchant ships fill San Francisco harbor, 1850–51

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Panning for gold on the Mokelumne River

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"Independent Gold Hunter on His Way to California", circa 1850. The gold hunter is loaded down with every conceivable appliance, much of which would be useless in California. The prospector says: "I am sorry I did not follow the advice of Granny and go around the Horn, through the Straights, or by Chagres [Panama]."

Gambling
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Gambling is the wagering of money or something of value on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning money and/or material goods. Gambling thus requires three elements be present, consideration, chance and prize, the term gaming in this context typically refers to instances in which the activity has been specifically per

4.
The Caesars Palace main fountain. The statue is a copy of the ancient Winged Victory of Samothrace.

Dance hall
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Dance hall in its general meaning is a hall for dancing. From the earliest years of the century until the early 1960s. One of the most famous dance hall musicians was Glenn Miller, other structural forms of dance halls include the dance pavilion which has a roof but no walls, and the open-air platform which has no roof or walls. The open air nature

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Dance halls were common in the Old West. This photograph shows customers and staff at Hovey's Dance Hall in Clifton, Arizona, in 1884. The famous author Anton Mazzanovich is standing next to the tree at right.

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A postcard from the early 20th century, showing the dance pavilion on Cedar Point, Ohio, built in 1882, and labelled "The largest Dance Floor on Lake Erie ".

Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrh

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Louis Armstrong (1901–1971) is considered one of the pivotal musicians in jazz for his contributions as a trumpet player, composer and singer.

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In the late 18th-century painting The Old Plantation, African-Americans dance to banjo and percussion.

Chinatown, San Francisco
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The Chinatown centered on Grant Avenue and Stockton Street in San Francisco, California, is the oldest Chinatown in North America and the largest Chinese community outside Asia. It is the oldest of the four notable Chinatowns in the city, since its establishment in 1848, it has been highly important and influential in the history and culture of eth

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Washington Street in Chinatown with Transamerica Pyramid in the background.

3.
Stockton Street

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Grant Avenue during Chinese New Year.

North Beach, San Francisco
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North Beach is a neighborhood in the northeast of San Francisco adjacent to Chinatown, Fishermans Wharf and Russian Hill. The neighborhood is San Franciscos Little Italy, and has historically been home to a large Italian American population and it is still home to many Italian restaurants today, though many other ethnic groups currently live in the

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Saints Peter and Paul Church in North Beach. Baseball legend and neighborhood native Joe DiMaggio was photographed there with Marilyn Monroe after marrying her at City Hall in 1954.

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View of North Beach from Telegraph Hill, 1856

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Carol Doda 's Condor Club in 1973

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Looking southeast from Columbus Avenue (on the left) and Stockton (on the right). The Transamerica Pyramid is visible in the background on Columbus Avenue. The array of overhead wires supply power for the electric trolley buses such as the one seen on Stockton Street.

Jackson Square, San Francisco
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Jackson Square encompasses the northeastern part of the former Barbary Coast. Jackson Square Historic District retains its character as one of the oldest commercial neighborhoods in San Francisco, walking tours regularly assemble for the sights and recounting of history, even as the neighborhood changes with dramatic new development and commercial

1.
Hotaling Place at Jackson St., San Francisco--the historic warehouse that gives the alley its name is hinted at left, and the Transamerica Pyramid appears in the background

2.
Ad for Coppa’s Neptune Palace nightclub, 569 Jackson St., circa 1913. In 1914, "throngs gathered nightly to dance and eat until the police commissioners closed all of these resorts, as well as Barbary Coast."

Telegraph Hill, San Francisco
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Telegraph Hill is a neighborhood in San Francisco, California. It is one of San Franciscos 44 hills, and one of its original Seven Hills, the San Francisco Chronicle defines the Chinatown, North Beach, and Telegraph Hill areas as bounded by Sacramento Street, Taylor Street, Bay Street, and the water. Originally named Loma Alta by the Spaniards, the

1.
A view of Telegraph Hill from a boat in the San Francisco Bay.

2.
Telegraph Hill and the Coit Tower after sunset as seen from the East Bay

3.
Coit Tower on Telegraph Hill, as seen from Russian Hill

Gold Rush of 1849
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The California Gold Rush began on January 24,1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States, the Gold Rush initiated the California Genocide, with 100,000 Native Californians dying between 1848 and 1868. By the time i

1.
Sailing to California at the beginning of the Gold Rush

2.
Merchant ships fill San Francisco harbor, 1850–51

3.
Panning for gold on the Mokelumne River

4.
"Independent Gold Hunter on His Way to California", circa 1850. The gold hunter is loaded down with every conceivable appliance, much of which would be useless in California. The prospector says: "I am sorry I did not follow the advice of Granny and go around the Horn, through the Straights, or by Chagres [Panama]."

Old west
–
Frontier refers to a contrasting region at the edge of a European-American line of settlement. American historians cover multiple frontiers but the folklore is focused primarily on the 19th century west of the Mississippi River. As defined by Hine and Faragher, frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of

1.
The cowboy, the quintessential symbol of the American frontier, circa 1887

2.
Daniel Boone escorting settlers through the Cumberland Gap

3.
Indian leader Tecumseh killed in battle in 1813 by Richard M. Johnson, who later became Vice president

4.
Jefferson saw himself as a man of the frontier and a scientist; he was keenly interested in expanding and exploring the West

New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for int

1.
Clockwise, from top: Midtown Manhattan, Times Square, the Unisphere in Queens, the Brooklyn Bridge, Lower Manhattan with One World Trade Center, Central Park, the headquarters of the United Nations, and the Statue of Liberty

2.
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it "New York".

3.
The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolution, took place in Brooklyn in 1776.

4.
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.

Five Points, Manhattan
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Five Points was a neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The neighborhood was generally defined as being bound by Centre Street to the west, the Bowery to the east, Canal Street to the north, the former Five Points is now split between the Civic Center to the west and south, and Chinatown to the east and north. Five Points gained internati

1.
Five Points intersection painted by George Catlin in 1827. Anthony Street veers off to the left, Orange Street on the right and Cross Street runs left to right in the foreground. The dilapidated tenement buildings to the left of Anthony St were torn down in 1832 as far back as Little Water Street and the vacant, triangular lot that was left became known as "Paradise Square".

2.
The Collect Pond and Five Points on the topographical map by Egbert Viele Five Points is where Park Street (Cross) intersects with Baxter Street (Orange) and Worth Street (Anthony)

3.
The Lenape were the first inhabitants of what would become Five Points

4.
Mulberry Bend in the Five Points neighborhood (Jacob Riis c. 1896) looking north from just above Cross Street. The tenements on left were razed to create Mulberry Bend Park (now Columbus Park). The two tenements visible on right, 46 Mulberry Street (c. 1886) in foreground and 48-50 Mulberry Street on the Bend are still there.

Bowery
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The Bowery /ˈbaʊəri/ is a street and neighborhood in the southern portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan. In the 17th century, the road branched off Broadway north of Fort Amsterdam at the tip of Manhattan to the homestead of Peter Stuyvesant, the street was known as Bowery Lane prior to 1807. Bowery is an anglicization of the Dutch bouw

1.
Looking north from Houston Street

2.
Looking north from Grand Street, circa 1910

3.
The Bowery (unmarked), leading to the "Road to Kings Bridge, where the Rebels mean to make a Stand" in a British map of 1776

4.
Berenice Abbott photograph of a Bowery restaurant in 1935, when the street was lined with flophouses

Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to t

1.
Aboriginal rock art in the Kimberley region of Western Australia

3.
Portrait of Captain James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770

4.
Tasmania's Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed Australian Convict Sites.

Great Britain
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Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2, Great Britain is the largest European island, in 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the worlds third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Hons

Ticket of leave
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A ticket of leave was a document of parole issued to convicts who had shown they could now be trusted with some freedoms. Originally the ticket was issued in Britain and later adapted by the United States, Canada, the ticket of leave system was first introduced by Governor Philip Gidley King in 1801. Convicts who seemed able to support themselves w

1.
NSW Colonial Government - Convict Ticket of Leave Passport

Vigilante
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A vigilante is a civilian or organization acting in a law enforcement capacity without legal authority. Vigilante justice is often rationalized by the concept that proper legal forms of punishment are either nonexistent, insufficient. Vigilantes normally see the government as ineffective in enforcing the law, persons alleged to be escaping the law

1.
The Bald Knobbers, an 1880s vigilante group from Missouri, wearing crude " blackface " masks typical of the post-Reconstruction era in the United States – as portrayed in the 1919 film, The Shepherd of the Hills.

2.
A lynching carried out by the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1856

3.
"Great Hanging at Gainesville", 1862

David Broderick
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David Colbreth Broderick was an attorney and politician, elected by the legislature as Democratic U. S. Born in Washington, DC, to Irish immigrant parents, he lived in New York until moving to California during the Gold Rush and he was a first cousin of politicians Andrew Kennedy of California and Case Broderick of Kansas. Broderick was born in 182

1.
David Colbreth Broderick

Barbary Coast
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The Barbary Coast, or Berber Coast, was the term used by Europeans from the 16th until the 19th century to refer to much of the collective land of the Berber people. Today, the term Greater Maghreb or simply Maghreb corresponds roughly to Barbary, the term Barbary Coast emphasizes the Berber coastal regions and cities throughout the middle and west

2.
Ex-Voto of a naval battle between a Turkish ship from Algiers (front) and a ship of the Order of Malta under Langon, 1719.

3.
Purchase of Christian captives in the Barbary States.

Barbary pirates
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This area was known in Europe as the Barbary Coast, a term derived from the name of its Berber inhabitants. The main purpose of their attacks was to capture Christian slaves for the Ottoman slave trade as well as the general Muslim slavery market in North Africa and the Middle East. In that period Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli came under the sovereign

1.
A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsairs by Laureys a Castro, c. 1681

2.
British sailors boarding an Algerine pirate ship

3.
A man from the Barbary states

4.
A Barbary pirate, Pier Francesco Mola 1650

Slavery on the Barbary Coast
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Slavery on the Barbary Coast was a form of unfree labour which existed between the 16th and 18th centuries in the Barbary Coast area of North Africa. According to Robert Davis, between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries. From

1.
The Slave Market of Algiers in the early 17th Century.

Dive bar
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Dive bar is a colloquial or informal American term for a disreputable bar or pub. Such bars may also be referred to as neighborhood bars, where residents gather to drink. Individual bars may be considered to be disreputable, sinister, of poor upkeep and this was especially true in the past, A plot to entrap young women for the dives of Northern Wis

1.
The outdoor signage of a dive bar in Los Osos, California —nicknamed “The Marriage Breaker” by local residents.

Pimp
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Procuring or pandering is the facilitation or provision of a prostitute or sex worker in the arrangement of a sex act with a customer. A procurer, colloquially called a pimp or a madam, is an agent for prostitutes who collects part of their earnings. The procurer may receive money in return for advertising services, physical protection, or for prov

Opium den
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An opium den was an establishment where opium was sold and smoked. Opium dens were prevalent in parts of the world in the 19th century, most notably China, Southeast Asia, North America. Most opium dens kept a supply of opium paraphernalia such as the specialized pipes, patrons would recline in order to hold the long opium pipes over oil lamps that

4.
Drawing of opium smokers in an opium den in London based on fictional accounts of the day

London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city

1.
Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace and Central London skyline

4.
The name London may derive from the River Thames

Pump organ
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The pump organ, reed organ, harmonium, or melodeon is a type of free-reed organ that generates sound as air flows past a vibrating piece of thin metal in a frame. The piece of metal is called a reed, the finer instruments have a unique tone, and the cabinets of those intended for churches and affluent homes were often excellent pieces of furniture.

1.
John Church and Co. pump organ

2.
Portable 19th century reed organ with one rank of reeds

3.
Beatty's Parlor Organ 1882

4.
Two reeds from a reed organ.

Cabaret
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Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring music, song, dance, recitation, or drama. It is mainly distinguished by the venue, which might be a pub. The audience, often dining or drinking, does not typically dance, performances are usually introduced by a master of ceremonies or MC. The entertainment, as done by an ensemble of actors and according

1.
1896 advertisement for a tour of the first French cabaret show, Le Chat Noir.

2.
The Café des Aveugles in the cellars of the Palais-Royal (beginning of the 19th century)

3.
The composer Eric Satie playing the piano at Le Chat Noir (1880s)

4.
The Moulin Rouge in 1893

Can-can
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The can-can is a high-energy, physically demanding dance which became a popular music hall dance in the 1840s, continuing in popularity in French cabaret to this day. Originally danced by both sexes, it is now associated with a chorus line of female dancers. The main features of the dance are the high kicks, splits, the Infernal Galop from Jacques

Taxi dance hall
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A taxi dance hall is a type of dance hall where dancers, usually young women, called taxi dancers are paid to dance with usually male patrons. The owners of a dance hall provide music and a dance floor for their patrons. In the United States during the 1920s and 1930s, when taxi dancing was at its peak, when they presented a ticket to a taxi dancer

1.
The Taxi Dance Hall by Paul Goalby Cressey

Cocaine
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Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled, or injected into the veins, mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, high doses can result in very high bloo

1.
A spoon containing baking soda, cocaine, and a small amount of water. Used in a "poor-man's" crack-cocaine production

2.
Cocaine (INN)

3.
A man sniffing cocaine

4.
Cocaine hydrochloride

Morphine
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Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate type which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals. It acts directly on the nervous system to decrease the feeling of pain. It can be taken for both pain and chronic pain. Morphine is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction and during labour and it can be given by mouth, by inject

1.
A localized reaction to intravenous morphine caused by histamine release in the veins

2.
Morphine (INN)

3.
Before the Morphine by Santiago Rusiñol

4.
A freshly-scored opium poppy seedpod bleeding latex.

Grant Avenue
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Grant Avenue in San Francisco, California is one of the oldest streets in the citys Chinatown district. It runs in a north-south direction starting at Market Street in the heart of downtown and it resumes at North Point Street and stretches one block to The Embarcadero and the foot of Pier 39. Grant Avenue is primarily a street, automobile traffic

1.
Grant Avenue at Bush Street: The "Dragon Gate" at the entrance to Chinatown

2.
Numbered streets

Shanghaiing
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Shanghaiing or crimping is the practice of kidnapping people to serve as sailors by coercive techniques such as trickery, intimidation, or violence. Those engaged in this form of kidnapping were known as crimps, the related term press gang refers specifically to impressment practices in Great Britains Royal Navy. Crimps flourished in cities like Lo

1.
The 19th century clipper ships in the China trade required a great deal of labor to operate.

2.
The shipping articles, or contract between the crew and the ship, from a 1786 voyage to Boston.

Terrific Street
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Terrific Street was a short-lived entertainment district on San Franciscos Barbary Coast during the early 20th century. It consisted of dance halls, jazz clubs, and various kinds of drinking establishments, the district was located between Kearny and Montgomery streets on Pacific Street. The term Terrific Street was first used in the mid-1890s by m

1.
Looking east down Pacific Street from Kearny Street during 1913. (San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library)

2.
Portsmouth Square, San Francisco, during the gold rush, 1851.

3.
Looking east toward the fire on Sacramento Street just after the earthquake – April 18, 1906.

4.
Dancing couples on the dance floor of Spider Kelly's. San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library

1906 San Francisco earthquake
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The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5,12 a. m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI. Severe shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley, devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days. As a result, abo

1.
1906 San Francisco earthquake

2.
USGS ShakeMap showing the earthquake's intensity.

3.
Damaged houses on Howard Street

4.
Burning of the Mission District

Sophie Tucker
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Sophie Tucker was a Ukrainian-born American singer, comedian, actress, and radio personality. Known for her delivery of comical and risqué songs, she was one of the most popular entertainers in America during the first half of the 20th century. She was widely known by the nickname The Last of the Red Hot Mamas, Tucker was born Sonya Kalish in 1887

1.
Sophie Tucker, 1930

2.
Sophie Tucker's autograph in a copy of her 1945 autobiography

3.
Sophie Tucker in the 1920s

4.
Photo of Tucker from 1952

Jelly Roll Morton
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Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe, known professionally as Jelly Roll Morton, was an American ragtime and early jazz pianist, bandleader and composer who started his career in New Orleans, Louisiana. His composition Jelly Roll Blues, published in 1915, was the first published jazz composition, Morton was born into a creole of color family in the Faubourg Ma

1.
Morton in 1918

2.
Morton claimed to have written "Jelly Roll Blues" in 1905.

Turkey trot (dance)
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The turkey trot was a dance made popular in the early 1900s. The Turkey Trot was done to fast ragtime music popular in the decade from 1900 to 1910 such as Scott Joplins Maple Leaf Rag. Driven largely by youth counterculture of the time, the turkey trot fad quickly fell out of favor as the foxtrot, the dance was embellished with scissor-like flicks

1.
"Even the Place Where the Turkey Trot Originated was Trotless and Quiet."—1914 cartoon by John T. McCutcheon showing no dancing even at the Barbary Coast, San Francisco, a demonstration of the dance's dramatic decline in popularity.

Mining town
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A mining community, also known as a mining town or a mining camp, is a community that houses miners. Mining communities are created around a mine or a quarry. Throughout the continental United States and Alaska, valuable minerals were discovered, the miners would usually settle a site and make home of tents and shacks, that miners built by hand. Ev

1.
The coal mining community of Aberfan in Wales was devastated by the Aberfan disaster in 1966, when an avalanche of 40,000 cubic metres of mining debris hit the village school, killing 144 people.

2.
Calico, in San Bernardino County, California, was a mining town founded in 1881.

James Rolph
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James “Sunny Jim” Rolph Jr. was an American politician and a member of the Republican Party. He was elected to a term as the 27th governor of California from January 6,1931 until his death on June 2,1934 at the height of the Great Depression. Previously, Rolph had been the 30th mayor of San Francisco from January 8,1912 until his resignation to bec

1.
James Rolph

2.
Annie M. Rolph at dock

William Randolph Hearst
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Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 after being given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy father. Acquiring more newspapers, Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak and he later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world. Pol

1.
Hearst in 1906, photograph by James E. Purdy

2.
An ad asking automakers to place ads in Hearst chain, noting their circulation.

3.
From left to right: Hearst, Robert Vignola and Arthur Brisbane in New York, during the filming of Vignola's The World and His Wife (1920)

The San Francisco Examiner
–
The San Francisco Examiner is a longtime daily newspaper distributed in and around San Francisco, California. The Examiner is one of the pioneers in the industry and has published continuously since 1863. The San Francisco Examiner was sold to Black Press Group, a Canadian media publisher, as of 2014, The San Francisco Media Company LLC is held und

1.
Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a clandestine brewery during the Prohibition era

2.
The Drunkard's Progress: A lithograph by Nathaniel Currier supporting the temperance movement, January 1846

3.
"Who does not love wine, wife and song, will be a fool for his lifelong!" Intended as an assertion of the cultural values of German-Americans in 1873

4.
This 1902 illustration from the Hawaiian Gazette newspaper humorously illustrates the Anti-Saloon League and the Women's Christian Temperance Union's campaign against the producers and sellers of beers in Hawaii.

2.
Bennett (right) with Chicago columnist and talk show host Irv Kupcinet, during the 1950s

3.
Bennett (right) with composer Harold Arlen, rehearsing for the television program The Twentieth Century in 1964

4.
President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush pose with the Kennedy Center honorees: actress Julie Harris, actor Robert Redford, singer Tina Turner, ballet dancer Suzanne Farrell and Tony Bennett. December 4, 2005, at a reception in the Blue Room at the White House.

1.
Exterior photograph of a strip club advertising full nude entertainment (Cheetahs, in San Diego, California USA).

2.
Exterior of the Windmill Theatre in Westminster, London, England.

3.
Historical marker at the original Condor Club site. Full text: "The Condor; Where it all began; The birthplace of the world's first topless & bottomless entertainment; Topless – June 19, 1964 Bottomless – September 3, 1969 Starring Ms. Carol Doda; San Francisco, California " USA

2.
Cagney and Gloria Stuart in 1934's Here Comes the Navy: The movie was filmed on the ill-fated USS Arizona. Cagney's long film career would see him in a naval uniform on more than one occasion.

3.
Cagney mashes a grapefruit into Mae Clarke 's face in a famous scene from Cagney's breakthrough movie, The Public Enemy (1931)

4.
Along with George Raft, Edward G. Robinson, and Humphrey Bogart, all of whom were Warner Bros. actors, Cagney defined what a movie gangster was. In G Men (1934), though, he played a lawyer who joins the FBI.