Introduction

Mostly empty threats

Say something bad about Donald Trump and he will frequently threaten to go to court. “I’ll sue you” was a Trump mantra long before “Build a wall.” But an analysis of about 4,000 lawsuits filed by and against Trump and his companies shows that he rarely follows through with lawsuits over people’s words. He has won only one such case, and the ultimate disposition of that is in dispute.

The Republican presidential candidate has threatened political ad-makers, a rapper, documentary filmmakers, a Palm Beach civic club’s newsletter and the Better Business Bureau for lowering its rating of Trump University. He’s vowed to sue multiple news organizations including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post and USA TODAY. He didn’t follow through with any of those, though he did sue comedian Bill Maher, an author over a single line in a 276-page book, and Miss Pennsylvania.

A USA TODAY Network analysis of the lawsuits involving Trump and his companies includes only six in which the Trump team has formally claimed someone libeled, slandered or defamed him, and a few other court cases where he used other legal avenues to fight what someone said about him. At least one Trump target filed a counter-claim for harassment and won.

The threats can be effective. Even the possibility of a lawsuit by a rich, powerful opponent raises the specter of years of expensive and time-consuming litigation. “Plainly, the guy uses lawsuits as a tool of intimidation and doesn’t care how much he clogs the courts with nonsense,” Maher said in an interview.

Alan Garten, the Trump Organization's general counsel, said Trump the person and Trump the brand are intertwined, which means lawsuits, or the threat of them, are important to safeguard the name. "My job is to protect my clients and their brand from attacks," Garten said. "To say now he should stop engaging in business or protecting his rights is crazy and inconsistent with the principles of the American people."

He said it’s not surprising that few suits have actually been filed. "I'm not aware of many defamation lawsuits we've filed in the last 10 years, because we were able to achieve results without that process," he said. "We've been very effective in using cease-and-desist letters."

Some of the threats come in the heat of the moment on social media. “Watch Kasich squirm -- if he is not truthful in his negative ads I will sue him just for fun!” Trump tweeted in November about one of his primary opponents, Gov. John Kasich of Ohio. Trump dropped the threat there.

Donald Trump arrives outside the Capitol Hill Club to meet with House Republicans on July 7, 2016.(Photo: Michael Reynolds, European Pressphoto Agency)

Trump has raised the possibility that, as president, he would try to “open up” the nation’s libel laws to make it easier to sue. That’s unlikely to happen because standards for libel have been set over decades based on the Constitution, Supreme Court rulings and state laws, and the president has limited authority or influence in those realms, but it’s still disconcerting for some who study the media.

“We have a system that worked remarkably well to foster debate and discourse over 50 years. I think we tinker with that at our peril,” said Gene Policinski, senior vice president of the Newseum Institute’s First Amendment Center in Washington, DC.

In September, Trump lawyers threatened the conservative Club for Growth with a lawsuit over political television advertisements aired during Iowa's caucuses. A letter from Garten said the commercial’s assertion that Trump supports higher taxes was among messages “replete with outright lies, false, defamatory and destructive comments and downright fabrications.” It threatened a “multi-million dollar lawsuit” if the organization didn’t pull the ads.

Club for Growth attorneys responded by calling it “nonsense” and threatened countersuits for abusive litigation. “We responded with a letter, ran several more ads and never heard from them again,” said Doug Sachtleben, Club for Growth spokesman. “We are strong on the First Amendment and free speech and would argue it’s best for the voters to see those messages and do their own investigation on their own if they’d like.”

Garten acknowledges the strength of the First Amendment, but added, “That doesn’t give them the right to misrepresent the facts.”

Both the Washington Post and New York Times have reported receiving threats from Trump lawyers during the campaign, though no suits have been filed. This isn’t new: In 1978, the Village Voice reported Trump threatened to sue one of its journalists. In 1990, the Wall Street Journal said the same happened to reporter Neil Barsky for reporting on Trump’s business record.

Chapter 1

Journalists frequent targets

The late Al Neuharth writing in his Pumpkin Center home office in Cocoa Beach in 2013. Neuharth's column once drew a threat of a lawsuit from Donald Trump's lawyers.(Photo: Malcolm Denemark, FLORIDA TODAY)

Trump’s lawyers threatened to sue USA TODAY in 2012 over a column by newspaper founder Al Neuharth which branded Trump a “clown,” noted his casino bankruptcy and said his Trump-branded skyscraper in Tampa never materialized and was a “parking lot.” At the end of the column was a response from Trump because, as was Neuharth’s custom, he sent his columns to those mentioned and gave them a chance to respond right next to his words. In this case, Trump’s ended with a trademark: “Neuharth is a total loser!” Still, a Trump attorney threatened a lawsuit over a series of telephone calls. Trump never sued.

Winning a libel or defamation case as a public figure is very difficult, but that’s sometimes not the end goal, said Larry Rosen, an outside attorney for Trump in New York City. “It’s basically firing a shot across the bow and saying, look, you can’t just write whatever you want to write,” Rosen said. “You have to speak fairly, objectively and can’t recklessly disregard the truth.”

Twenty-eight states have adopted laws – known as “Anti-SLAPP,” for strategic lawsuits against public participation – aimed at protecting against lawsuits that could chill free speech. Trump already lost one such claim. Tarla Makaeff, a California yoga instructor who is one of the plaintiffs in a class action lawsuit against Trump University, employed an Anti-SLAPP defense in 2014 when Trump countersued her for defamation. A judge ruled in her favor, ordering Trump to pay a $798,000 penalty, although the money won’t come until the entire case is resolved.

Trump isn’t alone in trying to “hijack the judicial system” to silence critics, said Evan Mascagni, policy director at the Public Participation Project, an advocacy group lobbying for a federal anti-SLAPP law.

“Donald Trump has repeatedly attempted to silence his critics over the years through frivolous lawsuits,” said Mascagni, citing Makaeff’s winning claim as one example. “If you really examine some of these cases, it becomes pretty obvious that Trump didn’t file these suits to seek justice. Rather, he filed them to intimidate, harass and silence his critics.”

Documentarian Libby Handros just last summer got her 1991 documentary "Trump: What's the Deal?" released via iTunes. She said lawsuit threats from Trump’s team scared broadcasters from airing it at the time. "The whole episode shows that broadcasters and the media are kind of wimpy," she said. "It was very frustrating that it got dropped." She vows to defend any new legal challenges from Trump herself. Major broadcast networks, ABC and the BBC, have said they too were threatened over airing different Trump documentaries, but they went ahead and broadcast them anyway.

President-elect Donald Trump and his wife, Melania, step off a plane upon arrival at Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland on Jan. 19, 2017, ahead of the inauguration. Here's a look back at his career and presidential campaign.(Photo: Mandel Ngan, AFP/Getty Images)

Donald Trump, right, waits with his brother Robert for the start of a Casino Control Commission meeting in Atlantic City on March 29, 1990. Trump was seeking final approval for the Taj Mahal Casino Resort, one of the world's largest casino complexes.(Photo: AP)

Donald Trump stands next to a genie lamp as the lights of his Trump Taj Mahal Casino Resort light up the evening sky marking the grand opening of the venture in Atlantic City on April 5, 1990.(Photo: Mike Derer, AP)

Donald Trump and Ivanka Trump watch as the ceremonial starter hits to start the first round of the WGC-Cadillac Championship golf tournament at TPC Blue Monster at Trump National Doral on March 5, 2015, in Miami.(Photo: Jason Getz, USA TODAY Sports)

Trump holds up documents from a poll that shows him running in second place among Republican candidates as he speaks at a meeting of the City Club of Chicago on June 29, 2015.(Photo: Tannen Maury, European Pressphoto Agency)

Trump delivers the keynote address at the Genesee and Saginaw Republican Party Lincoln Day Event on Aug. 11, 2015, in Birch Run, Mich., his first campaign event since his Republican debate debut.(Photo: Bill Pugliano, Getty Images)

Trump fields a question from Univision and Fusion anchor Jorge Ramos during a press conference held before his campaign event at the Grand River Center on Aug. 25, 2015, in Dubuque, Iowa. Earlier in the press conference Trump had Ramos removed from the room.(Photo: Scott Olson)

Trump asks a supporter, Mary Margaret Bannister, check to see whether his hair is real during his speech to supporters at a rally at the TD Convention Center on Aug. 27, 2015, in Greenville, S.C(Photo: RICHARD SHIRO, AP)

Trump and his family attend an arrival event with Gov. Mike Pence and his family at the Great Lakes Science Center on July 20, 2016, in Cleveland during the GOP convention.(Photo: Jeff J Mitchell, Getty Images)

Chapter 2

Fuming over a flier

In October, Trump took offense at a flier distributed by union workers during one of his campaign stops in Las Vegas. The flier’s claim: Trump didn’t stay at his own hotel during the event. Trump spoke that night at the Tropicana, but his campaign disputes the union’s claim that he didn’t spend the night at Trump Hotel Las Vegas. Trump and the hotel sued the culinary and bartenders union in federal court.

The suit does not claim libel, slander or defamation, which would require Trump to show that the flier wasn’t true and possibly that the union made its statement knowing it was false. Instead, the suit says the fliers violated Trump’s trademark by distributing “false and deceptively misleading statements” that could cause “reputational injury” to Trump Hotel Las Vegas. Trump’s attorneys claim the hotel “suffered and continues to suffer damages and irreparable injury which cannot be accurately computed at this time.”

“This is speech,” said Kristin Martin, the Las Vegas attorney representing the unions. “Only a litigious person would file this type of lawsuit. You have to wonder, what are his damages?”

A federal court has yet to rule on a motion to dismiss by Martin. That decision could come this summer.

Chapter 3

Birther battle

Trump also went after a frequent critic, HBO’s Maher, for $5 million in the wake of a 2013 joke on his show that was reiterated on the Tonight Show with Jay Leno. At the time, Trump was insisting President Obama was not born in the USA, and Trump wanted Obama to prove otherwise. Maher said on air that he’d give Trump $5 million if he could prove he wasn’t the descendant of an orangutan.

Trump’s lawyers sent his birth certificate to Maher and demanded the $5 million, which Maher did not pay. Then, after filing a breach of contract in California superior court – complete with a copy of his New York birth certificate – Trump dropped the effort before it could get to trial. Asked about the case, Trump’s attorney Garten said only that “it was withdrawn pretty quickly.”

Maher said he’s used to death threats and nasty feedback, but the lawsuit was a first. He said he was ready to fight in court. “I think the guy legitimately lashes out at any entity that challenges him,” he said.

The case Trump won in court involved former Miss Pennsylvania Sheena Monnin in 2013. When judges eliminated Monnin from Trump’s Miss Universe competition, she fired off a Facebook post calling the pageant “rigged” and resigned her state title. Monnin made appearances on national television in the wake of the statements, which eventually were part of the defamation case. Trump on ABC's Good Morning America called it "loser's remorse" and on NBC's Today show called the allegations "disgraceful."

Trump sued in federal court in New York, and his attorneys successfully argued the organization lost a business contract over the situation. A judge ruled in Trump’s favor and ordered Monnin to pay $5 million.

“The extremism of it baffled me," Monnin wrote in a book self-published this summer. "Was I such a threat that it was determined by the opposing side to shut me down and close my mouth from speaking, no matter the cost?”

"Litigation is evidently his business model,” said her father, Philip Monnin, who is not an attorney, but initially represented her in the dispute. “He comes at you with overwhelming legal force and as a private citizen you don’t have the ability financially or experientially to defend yourself.”

Monnin lost a series of appeals and her family says she ultimately settled the case for an undisclosed amount. Philip Monnin said Sheena didn’t pay “a penny” of the $5 million. Trump's attorney, Garten, declined to clarify. "We won the judgment and recovered funds," he said.

Chapter 4

Journalist beat Trump

In 2006, Trump sued journalist Timothy L. O’Brien over his book “TrumpNation.” At the time Trump said he was worth $5 billion or $6 billion, but O’Brien, now an Executive Editor at Bloomberg, wrote the figure was no more than $250 million. Trump sued in New Jersey and lost on appeal in 2011. The appeals judges found O’Brien didn’t act with “actual malice,” regardless of whether the book contained false statements.

“We stripped the bark off Trump like an old tree,” O’Brien said. His attorney, Mary Jo White, now chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission, was able to use discovery to pry open Trump's financial records via revealing depositions and financial documents.

Still, the legal battle stretched half a decade and if not for legal and financial support from a publisher, could have ended differently, O’Brien said.

“We’re in an era where it’s very easy for plaintiffs with deep pockets to intimidate defendants in the media,” O’Brien said. “Things are always different without resources.”

The Complete Investigation

Read the rest of the USA TODAY Network Special Report Trump and the Law