..Although Pal-ER does not have any major advantages or disadvantages compared with other antipsychotic drugs, it has unique pharmacological properties and may be a beneficial alternative medication for some patients...

..Because of their unique pharmacologies and different tolerability profiles, they may be a more effective alternative for patients who do not respond to or cannot tolerate other antipsychotic drugs...

..A systematic and validated method for estimating the probability of an ADR has been described by Naranjo et al. This method solicits answers to 10 questions; the total score is then used to quantify the probability of an ADR...

..Sleep deprivation, which is also associated with a transient antidepressant effect, is difficult to use in routine clinical practice but might be an appropriate strategy for treatment-resistant forms of depression...

..There is no strong evidence from human and animal studies that the cardiac safety of escitalopram is significantly superior to that of citalopram...

Critical appraisal and update on the clinical utility of agomelatine, a melatonergic agonist, for the treatment of major depressive disease in adults

Robert H HowlandUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, USANeuropsychiatr Dis Treat 5:563-76. 2009

..Because of its unique pharmacology and relatively benign tolerability profile, however, it may be a useful alternative for patients who do not respond to or cannot tolerate other antidepressant drugs...

..If necessary, these medications should be gradually tapered to minimize all types of adverse discontinuation effects. Patients should be educated about the possible adverse effects of abrupt medication discontinuation...

..However, because of its unique pharmacology and relatively benign tolerability profile, it may be a more effective alternative for patients who do not respond to or cannot tolerate currently available antidepressant drugs...

The emerging use of technology for the treatment of depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders

Robert H HowlandDepartment of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USAAnn Clin Psychiatry 23:48-62. 2011

..Our objective is to review emerging technologies intended for the treatment of depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders...

..Essential fatty acids have not been shown to be effective. Antioxidant therapies, including vitamin E, melatonin, and vitamin B₆, could conceivably be used together with other drug therapies for the treatment of TD...

What you see depends on where you're looking and how you look at it: publication bias and outcome reporting bias

A benefit-risk assessment of agomelatine in the treatment of major depression

Robert H HowlandUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA, USADrug Saf 34:709-31. 2011

..Because of the unique pharmacology of agomelatine and its reported tolerability profile, it should only be considered as an alternative drug for patients who do not respond to or cannot tolerate other antidepressant drugs...

..Nurses should be familiar with the concept of serendipity, as they often are in the best position to observe, record, and report on unexpected clinical effects in patients taking any kind of prescription or nonprescription medication...

..Because of its unique pharmacology and relatively benign tolerability profile, however, it may be a more effective alternative for patients who do not respond to or cannot tolerate currently available antidepressant drugs...

How are drugs approved? Part 1: the evolution of the Food and Drug Administration

..Studies have found that bright light therapy and antidepressant medication are both effective for the treatment of SAD. Bright light therapy may also be effective for treating nonseasonal depression...

Prescribing psychotropic medications during pregnancy and lactation: principles and guidelines

..The investigation, development, and use of stereochemically pure drugs have been encouraged by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to improve the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of marketed drugs...

Clinical implications of chirality and stereochemistry in psychopharmacology

..Potential problems associated with medication holidays include the risk of destabilizing patients, difficulty in distinguishing rebound and discontinuation effects, and increasing the risk of poor medication adherence...

Effects of aging on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug processes

..This article highlights the studies examining the risks and benefits of antipsychotic drugs for BPSAD. Weighing small but significant risks compared with possible benefits is a complex treatment decision...

Factors predicting reduced antidepressant response: experience with the SNRI duloxetine in patients with major depression

Robert H HowlandDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USAAnn Clin Psychiatry 20:209-18. 2008

..To identify putative demographic and clinical variables that correlate with antidepressant response to the SNRI duloxetine in major depression...

..The two essential features of minor depression are that it has fewer symptoms than major depression and that it is less chronic than dysthymia. This study describes the clinical features and functioning of outpatients with minor depression...

Concurrent anxiety and substance use disorders among outpatients with major depression: clinical features and effect on treatment outcome