3 if 2 alleles are different, dominant allele will be fully expressed in offspring, recessive allele will have no noticeable effect in offspring

4. the 2 alleles for each character separate during gamete production.

Test cross

- determines if an individual showing dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous.

- homozygous dominant = dominant phenotypes

- heterozygous = ratio of dominant to recessive

Monohybrid Cross

cross involving the study of one character (ex. flower color)

Dihybrid cross

Cross involving the study of multiple characters.

Incomplete Dominance

F1 hybrids have the apparance between 2 parents. (ex. red and white flowers make pink flowers)

Multiple Alleles

Gene has more then 2 alleles. (ex. human blood type)

Pleiotrophy

a single gene gives off more then one effect

Epistasis

gene at one locus alters gene at another locus.

Polygenic inheritance

two or more genes have one effect on a single character.

Sex linked inheritance

inheritance from the sex genes x and y.

X inactivation

regulates gene dosage in females.

Nondisjunction

members of a pair of homologous chromosomes don't separte right during mieosis 1; result is one gamete recieve 2 copies of chromosome while the other recieves none. offspring will have incorrect chromosome number.

Stomatic cells

Cells with 46 chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes

-4 DNA strands

-2 chromosomes

-both chromosomes of each pair carry the same genes that control inherited characteristics