President Obama: Well, hello everybody. Jambo. It's
good to see you. The -- Well, this is a very good-looking group.
So it's wonderful to be with all of you. My name is Barack Obama.
In case you didn’t know. I want to, first of all, begin by thanking
Kenyatta University for hosting us here today. We are very grateful.
And the Vice Chancellor is here -- Madam Vice Chancellor, thank you.

And before we get started,
I want to point out that this is one of our first regional centers for
the Young African Leaders program -- the Young African Leaders
Initiative -- or YALI -- that we're doing. As many of you know, this is
one of my labors of love here in Africa, an outgrowth of some of the
work that we had been doing. Seeing the incredible contributions that
young leaders were making in so many countries, we thought let’s bring
them together and give them opportunities to learn from each other, and
network and access resources, so that they can, then, in their home
countries, be able to accomplish remarkable things.
And so we're really excited about that. So we thank the university for
allowing us to use these facilities for these outstanding people.

I just gave a very long
speech.

Audience Comment: We saw it.

President Obama: You're saying it was also too long? Is
that what you're saying? She nodded. She was all like, yes, it
was very long.

So because you just saw my
speech, it doesn’t make sense for me to give a whole ‘nother speech.
I'm really here more to listen and to learn. But I do want to just
make a couple of brief remarks at the top. And then what I'm going to
do is I'm going to call on a number of you. I've got a few names
already to get us started, and then depending on how much time we have,
then I'll try to see if I can call on some additional persons.

America has historically
been a country of people who participate in the lives of their
communities and their societies. And it's one of the things that make
us, I believe, a great nation. There’s a famous French writer named
Alec de Tocqueville, who traveled to the United States, and wrote a very
famous book called “Democracy in America.” And the point that he made
in this book during the course of his travels was that what made America
a democracy was not just that it had elections, but that it was a
society of joiners and volunteers, and people who wanted constantly to
be involved in making their communities better. And if there was an
injustice, they wanted to do something about it. And they would form
organizations and they would form town halls, and disseminate
information -- so that what the government did was obviously important,
but what was just as important was what individual citizens were able to
do to create a fabric of mutual concern and regard and advocacy that
would shape government policy and would shape how societies were
organized.

And almost all the
progress that America has made in expanding freedom and opportunity has
grown as a result of that bottom-up civic participation. The civil
rights movement, the women’s rights movement, the movement most recently
to make sure that our gay and lesbian brothers and sisters have equal
rights, the movement to end wars, in some cases, the movement to provide
better resources for poor children. And there’s the halfway house
movement, and the movement to -- the settlement house movement, rather,
and to make sure that children and orphans were properly cared for. The
movement to public education and public universities. The environmental
movement.

So many of these things
arose because ordinary citizens started to get together and speak out
and press their demands on their government. And eventually,
politicians responded.

And I got my start in
public life not as an elected official but as a community organizer in a
poor neighborhood in Chicago. And I would work with churches and
community groups to try to improve the school system, or bring
affordable housing. And we weren't always completely successful, but it
taught me the importance of the voices of ordinary people when they come
together to create a better vision for the future.

And that's why I think
civil society is so important. And that's why I emphasized it in the
speech that I made today. And this is something that I emphasize
wherever I go -- democracy does not stop on Election Day. For a real
democracy to work, and for a society to thrive and continually improve,
it requires that people continue to participate. And there have to be
laws in place to protect that space and facilitate people’s ability to
participate.

Now, the good news is,
here in Kenya, you now have a constitution that creates the space for
such participation. Alongside freedom of the press, and freedom of
assembly, and the ability to organize politically, these are precious
freedoms that have to be protected.

Because Kenya is a young
democracy there’s always a concern that it might slip back and that
space might narrow, despite what the constitution says. And I just want
to say part of the reason why it's important for me to be here today is
to send a message that we in the United States at least believe that
civil society is important and we want to continue to affirm it, and we
want to listen and hear what it is that ordinary citizens, working
together, have to say about their communities and about their lives.

And if Kenya can continue
to cultivate those habits of participation and citizenship and freedom,
then the country is going to be better off, and it's going to continue
to make progress for all people and not just some.

So with those opening
remarks, what I want to do now is just open it up for conversation. And
I have in my hand some names to call on. I may not get through all of
them. I think you’ve been instructed to try to be relatively brief. In some cases, what I'll do is I'll respond right away to
the comments. In some cases, I may wait and respond at the end. But
this is designed not so much as a town hall, to ask me questions, it's
more designed for you to give me a sense of the things that are
important to you, so that I can learn -- and because I think this is
going to be televised -- so that the Kenya people as a whole can hear as
well.

And the only thing I would
ask is that everybody be respectful. And one of the rules of good civil
society I believe is that you’re respectful of the people who disagree
with you. And that's part of what makes civil society work. If you can
have civil disagreements, and you can listen to each other and not just
shout, that's what creates an environment that leads to progress over
the long term.

And the only other thing
I'm going to do is, because it's warm, I'm going to take off my jacket.
You're free to do so as well. This is pretty relaxed.

Okay, so -- and we've got
a few topics where we've got some civil society organizations that are
already working on some of these issues. And one of the topics that
hasn’t gotten a lot of attention during my trip but I consider very
important because it's part of Kenya’s heritage, but it's also part of
global heritage -- and that is the issue of wildlife trafficking, where
active citizens are really making a difference.

And I'm going to call on
Tom Lalampaa of the Northern Rangelands Trust, to tell us about what
he’s doing.

Mr.
Lalampaa: Thank you
very much, Mr. President. I work for Northern Rangelands Trust Entity,
an umbrella community organization currently supporting over 30
community-based conservancies.

We've had a lot of
successes on the trafficking as well. But I just want to mention two
high-level impacts. One is that we've been able to develop a model of a
community conservancy that is unique, that has proven very successful,
now widely accepted by the national government and the county
governments. And all the model has is that, first and foremost, is that
it is grassroots-rooted. It's formed by the local communities -- by the
elders, the women and the youth in the villages. And so these
institutions help to anchor good governance, gender matters, awareness,
micro-finance for our youth and our women, s well, and many, many more
programs, including the -- getting water. It's become an entry point
for the national government and the county governments to deliver
services to the local communities.

It's also structured in
such a way that the political leaders take part in those institutions.
So they are local community institutions that are registered with the
government. And it's just amazing, because they are creating a platform
for dialogue -- a platform for communities to decide where they want
water, where they want help, where they want -- what they want to do in
matters.

The second high-level
impact, Mr. President, is getting conservation to drive peace and
conflict resolution in northern Kenya. In northern Kenya, peace and
security is quite elusive for many reasons. One is because of illegal
firearms. Secondly, it's just because of the nature of the mistrust
among our ethic communities. And thirdly, also because of the natural
resources -- pasture, water for our cattle. And so we've managed to get
the conservation to drive peace and conflict resolution in northern
Kenya.

I was telling my friend,
Paula, here that when communities, local communities -- they want peace.
There’s no way the elephants live in peace. So that's what I'm saying,
Mr. President, that all that has been made possible through the support
of the U.S. government, and in particular, through the USAID Kenya.

Mr. President, we have a
number of challenges, but I'll put them in terms of a kind request to
you. One, we’d appreciate the U.S. government support to protect and
conserve the remaining African elephants. I'm saying the remaining
because we have lost many. You can help us in three ways. First and
foremost is to crush demand and market, Mr. President. Not even
reducing it. if we can, let’s crush it once and for all.

The Kenya government --
the civil society, ourselves, and the local communities can only prevent
poaching from the source, from being poached. But the markets and the
demand, Mr. President, are far outside our borders. We are helpless.
Please help us.

The other way you can help
us protect and conserve the remaining African elephants, Mr. President,
is to get the U.S. government be a member of the African-led elephants
protection initiative. Currently, nine African states have signed to
it. So it would just bring enormous support and recognition if your
government can join it and also be a part of it.

Thirdly, in terms of
helping us conserve and protect our elephants, the remaining, is to help
us deal with the ivory. The second request that I think would benefit
all of us here, Mr. President, my request also is that if possible -- we
notice this is discussed all the time, but our humble request of the
U.S. government is to increase the international support for the
international programs. And I have in mind, I talk about the U.S. aid
that's involved, and any other U.S. government-related development
agencies -- because it's from that pot that we are going to support
conservation, that we can improve livelihoods, that we can support
governance.

I always have a feeling
that the USAID office, wherever they are in Africa, and in the world,
they get massive applications, and they can only deal with so much.
Lastly, Mr. President, I must admit the fact that the embassy’s office
-- the USAID offices have been very good with us and extremely
supportive.

Thank you so much, Mr.
President.

President Obama: Let me just say, first of all, Tom, you’re
an eloquent spokesman for your cause and that was an excellent
presentation. The second thing I have to say is that everybody is going
to have to be briefer than Tom. Just because I want to make sure that I get as many comments as
possible.

The third point is, with
respect to conservation, you said the elephants that have been lost --
20,000 elephants have been lost in recent years. And part of the reason
why civil society has to be mobilized around conservation is that if
people have a choice -- if they see a false choice between their own
livelihoods and conserving animals then the animals will lose. If
they’re organized so that they see that preservation and conservation
enhances their lives, then we win, because they feel ownership and they
will participate.

And that's why the
organizations that you're putting together are so important.

Now, we've got another
person just on this issue before we move to another issue -- Paula
Kahumbu, right here. I could tell because she’s got an arm band that
says, “Hands Off Our Elephants.” With the Wildlife Trust.

Ms.
Kahumbu: Thank you,
Mr. President. First, on behalf of all the conservation community --
and there are several people in the room -- thank you so much for your
initiatives on the African elephant in particular.

More than 30,000 elephants
--

President Obama: 30,000.

Ms.
Kahumbu: -- are being
killed every year in Africa. That's one every 15 minutes. Your
grandchildren elephants. I love elephants. I want the whole world to
fall in love with elephants. And I started this campaign, “Hands Off
Our Elephants,” under the organization, Wildlife Direct, with the First
Lady Margaret Kenyatta, to empower and mobilize Kenyans, Africans across
the entire continent to save elephants. They are our heritage. They
are our identity. And it's our duty. And it's not just Africans who
benefit from this. The whole world benefits.

It's not been easy, but
our work has really led to a change in the hearts and minds of Kenyans,
and also the laws. We've been at the center of judicial reforms in this
country. Our work has led to the arrest of one of the most -- what do I
say --notorious suspected ivory kingpins, Feisal Mohamed Ali. For the
first time in Kenya, an ivory trafficker is behind bars. And that's
thanks to support from your embassy, through Ambassador Godec, and many
other organizations.

And while we're succeeding
locally in Kenya, poaching is down, the problem across Africa is
escalating, and the demand for ivory is actually exploding. We're
dealing with a wildlife crisis alone. We're dealing with international
wildlife crime. And that's why my organization goes after traffickers.
We're dealing with people who are funding terrorism, and we're dealing
with a crime that is fueled by corruption.

So we have two requests.
The first is that you take this message back to the American people.
We're often asked, how can we help. It's very simple: Tell the
American people, don't buy ivory. It's the simplest way to help.
Secondly, we request that the USA takes a lead in pursuing
international wildlife traffickers with the same vigor and rigor that
you apply to money laundering and drug crimes. And we believe that this
can be done through strengthening your legal assistance role not just in
the demand countries, but source countries and transit countries.

Because we know that the
number of people involved in this crime is actually relatively small
compared to those other crimes. And so we can crush this very quickly
and end the war and save elephants for all of humanity.

Thank you.

President Obama: Thank
you. Well, as you may have noted, yesterday one of our announcements
was to be even stricter with respect to any ivory sales inside the
United States. I mean, we really are cracking down on that.

And with respect to the
international networks, you're absolutely right that there’s a
connection between corrupt officials getting paid, criminals being
armed, and the ivory trade. You have this linkage that should be of
concern to all of us. And it's international in scope.

Most recently, the United
States is involved in negotiations with the Asian countries, the Asia
Pacific region -- something called the Trans-Pacific Partnership. One
of the things we're trying to accomplish in the trade agreement is for
many of these countries with still strong demand for ivory to start
getting much more serious about the enforcement of their laws, and have
it embedded in the trade agreements that we initiate.

So, hopefully, we'll be
able to influence not just what happens in the United States, but also
in some of the areas where the demand is heaviest.

Another topic where we've
seen some progress, and this is something that's close to my heart
because I've got two daughters, and close to Michelle’s heart -- she’s
been involved internationally, trying to highlight the issue of girls’
education with what we're calling the Let Girls Learn initiative that
involves many of our international agencies -- is the issue of girls’
education. Obviously I've made it a big emphasis in my speech here
today.

So we've got a couple of
people to talk about some of the work that's being done through civil
society on this issue. And I'm going to start with Kennedy Odede of
Shining Hope for Communities.

Mr.
Odede: Mr. President,
it's my pleasure and privilege to meet someone like you who believes in
grassroots change. You and I, we share one background that you did
social work in Chicago and I'm doing it in Kibera where I grew up. I
grew us whereby it's really hard to make it. There’s no hope, no dream.
Many young men end up being -- go to crime. It's easy for them -- if
they’re not able to enjoy even tourism because they don't have a dream.
There’s no hope in them.

Mr. President, I was
really having a hard time in my community, but we said, enough is enough
-- and, yes, we can! We came together with a soccer ball and that
became a movement that really circled around girls’ education. We built
the first school in Kibera called Kibera School for Girls and then
started providing social services to men, too. And that became
world-changing.

But my challenge is that
how do you take a grassroots thing like this across Africa, and by
having more partners joining that? Thank you so much.

President Obama: You
know, organizations like yours, if you show that it works and you're
creating a model of success, then it's more likely that it gets adopted
in other places. People learn from seeing something succeed that people
might not have believed before could happen. And if they see that a
school for girls in Kibera, with all the poverty there, is successful,
that means it can succeed anywhere.

So we're very encouraged
by the good work that you're doing.
Now, we also have with us Linet Momposhi. Linet is right there. Now,
Linet is a student and she’s here from Pangani Girls Form Two. Linet.

Ms.
Momposhi: Thank you,
Mr. President, for giving me this chance. Let me speak with you
actually of a friend of mine. At the age of 12, this friend -- she
dropped out of school and underwent genital mutilation. In my
community, after undergoing such this, the [inaudible] said, she is
ready for marriage. She was married to a man older than her, twice her
age. And now at the age of 15, she has three children. She’s not able
to care for them, for their education. She milks the cows in the
morning and sells the milk so that she can have something to give to her
children.

For me, I got an
opportunity to be at a boarding school in Kakenya Center. I had all the
chance to study and I had all the time. I learned to milk the cows for
my mom and prepare my siblings to go back to school. But now I'm
studying in Pangani Girls, and become the first girl in the center. And
now I would like to be a cardiologist and study at Harvard University.

President Obama: That
sounds good.

Ms.
Momposhi: And also I would like to set an example to the
girls in my community that a girl can really become a cardiologist.
Thank you.

President Obama: That's
wonderful. Linet, hold on. You were so inspiring. Give Linet the mic
back. Linet, how old are you right now?

Ms.
Momposhi: I'm 16
years old.

President Obama: You’re
16 years old. And how did you come to be able to go to the boarding
school?

Ms.
Momposhi: I was
helped by Kakenya, the Kakenya Center. And that's how I go to study in
Kakenya Center. And my dreams started working in that center where I
had a chance to go to Maryhill but I went to Pangani Girls.

President Obama: So there
was a center there, and by you coming into the center, then you started
having bigger dreams about what you might be able to do?

Ms.
Momposhi: Okay, I
never used to have big dreams like now. Before joining the center, I
never knew what I was going to do because I never had any hope in life.

President Obama: Yes.
So, Linet, I'm sure you're going to be an excellent cardiologist. So we're very proud of you. But it just sends a message
in terms of why civil society is so important. So many of our young
people who have a lot of talent, but they just don't know what’s
possible. And sometimes the most important thing is just to show them
that this is what could happen in your life if you work hard. And when
they have a vision about what could happen, then suddenly they’re
motivated, the same way that Linet is motivated. And she stars having
bigger ambitions about what’s possible.

That's part of the reason
why civil society organizations that create mentorship programs and
programs for young people to interact in different professions and talk
to people who have succeeded is so important. And in fact, in the
United States I've set up something called My Brother’s Keeper, designed
to target disadvantaged youth so that they are connected to mentorship
programs very similar to some of the work that resulted in Linet being
inspired.

In fact, we have young
people who are mentors at the White House and we connect them with all
of our senior staff. And I have dinner with them and give them advice.
I don't know if they listen to the advice, but I think they do.

Linet, you're a very find
young woman. Congratulations. We're very proud of you.

So one of the issues,
obviously, that’s been of concern lately in Kenya is terrorism. This is
an area where I'm working extensively with the government. This is
something that we're concerned about internationally. And obviously
given what happened in places like Westgate and Garissa, Kenya is a
source of concern as well. But as I said in the press conference
yesterday, one of the important lessons that we've learned is that you
can't just fight terrorism through military and the police. You also
have to change people’s hearts and minds, and give them a sense that
they’re included in the society and enlist them in assisting in fighting
against terrorism.

And so I actually think
that it's important to include civil society in the fight against
terrorism. That's what we're doing in the United States. That's what
we need to do here in Kenya as well. And so we've got a couple of
organizations that are here that I want to call on just to talk about
the kind of work they’re doing and what they’re finding on the ground in
dealing with this very important issue.

And I'm going to start
with Hassan Ole Nado, who is with SUPKEM. He's the deputy secretary
general -- which is a very important title. But, please,
go ahead. And describe for us what SUPKEM does. Is it regionally
located? Is it national? Or is it more along the coast? Tell me about
what it’s doing.

Mr.
Ole Nado: Thank you,
Mr. President, for this opportunity and also for having time with civil
society in Kenya. The Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims is an umbrella
organization of Muslim organizations in the country, particularly mosque
and Muslim committees all over the country. And also, we now have
community-based organizations that are working at the community level,
but they found time to advocate and to be part of the Supreme Council of
Kenya Muslims.

We are here, and we have
been doing this work for the last two years because we are a little bit
late in the journey, but we realize that it’s very important for the
community to be engaged. We have worked before by developing a
Countering Violent Extremism advocacy chapter. That calls for community
leaderships, calls for government engagement, and also brings other
civil society organizations onboard so that we can be able to deal with
this issue.

As you have already said,
terrorism is not about military or the police or other things. It’s
more of community issues. So it has both security and social aspect of
it. And I really thank you because of the White House summit, which I
was privileged to attend with Hussein Khalid of Haki Africa. And after
that particular meeting, when we came back to Kenya we found an
opportunity to engage with government. Because before that White House
summit, the engagement or relationship between civil society was a
little bit lower. But thanks to that conference, that really opened up
the government to engage with civil society.

Through that meeting,
actually, we have been able, as civil society, to engage government in
the development of a national counter-violent extremism strategy. And I
hope the government will [inaudible] the strategy very soon.

We know a number of
organizations who have been involved in this part of community projects,
like Haki Africa and MUHURI are currently facing some problems. And I
hope through your engagement with the government, you’d be able to raise
concerns of these institutions. I know that the American government
cannot engage organizations that have relationships with terrorist
organizations. And I that is one of the things that really think it is
important to protect institutions or individuals who engaged in this
particular work.

At the moment, we are also
working with the returnees in this country -- we have young men and
women who are somehow misadvised and found themselves in terrorist
organizations. They found a way of getting back to their country, and
there are not clear ways of engagement. I work with the government of
Kenya because they gave amnesty to those who are willing to be given the
amnesty. At the moment, we are really engaging them, and the government
is also opening up -- because at the moment now, they are also creating
what they call interagency coordination centers at the county level
where all arms of government are talking together before they take
actions against suspected terrorists.

The Muslim community, the
leadership are also now onboard and they are really working on the areas
of counter-narrative, because there are two narratives here. There is
the ideological narrative and there is the old narrative of
marginalization and other aspects. We talk about perceptions in the
narrative of marginalization -- they are real issues that we are calling
the government to address those issues.

One of the issues is the
lack of identification documents for young people. I think it is very
important that that should too should be addressed. We have a collapse
of the education system in the northeast because of terror
organizations. And I hope, as struggle to find ways and answers of how
to deal with this problem, it is important for USAID, which I know
they’ve done quite a lot of work in this country, to consider getting
into education much more by engaging communities so that communities can
run community-based organization education systems in the northeast so
that we are avoid getting terrorists of tomorrow. Because we have over
400,000 young children who are not going to school because everybody
else is pulled from there, from the region.

Maybe if I could speak for
many days, but I really thank you for this opportunity and also for
having time with the civil society organizations.

President Obama: Thank
you. Before you give up the mic, let me just ask you a question. I’m
glad that because of the White House summit that we had on countering
violent extremism, that there was a more constructive conversation that
was taking place.

I think that point that
you make is so important, which is reaching young people early. What I
hear you saying is, is that one of the problems that exists in certain
parts of the country now is because of fear, in some cases, and some of
the existing structures not operating as well as they should, that you
just have children who don’t have access to educational resources and a
structure, and then that makes them more vulnerable to recruitment into
an organization that can give them some sense of purpose or meaning,
even if it ends up being a very negative one. Is that what’s I’m
understanding?

Mr.
Ole Nado: Yes, it’s
actually -- that is what it is. Because after the unfortunate terror
attacks of Mandera, and later on the university in Garissa, those who
were targeted -- because those are targeting were doing it deliberately
to create interreligious tension in the country. So we have those
people, who are non-Muslims from the region, pulling out of the region
because they feel it’s no longer safe for them to remain in that region.

But by pulling out, the
region has been exposed because it doesn’t haven't adequate resources to
address this gap that has emanated. So to me, I think one of the things
that need to consider is we need to build local organizations that can
really break that gap at the community level, it’s more sustainable
because they’re communities at a lower level.

President Obama: Thank
you. That’s very useful. Somebody else I want to hear from is Fauzia
Abdi Ali, who’s with Women International Society.

Ms.
Abdi Ali: Thank you.
I must start by congratulating you. The speech was really, really good
because it really advocated for issues of women, which is an area of
passion. I’m not speaking as WIS today, I’m actually speaking as
Sisters Without Borders, because I chair a platform of very
inspirational women who work every single day in the field of peace and
security, in particular countering violent extremism.

So the women come from
different parts of the country -- from northern Kenya, from the coastal
region, and even here in Nairobi. And now I engage mentees all towards
ensuring we have a peaceful society. We empower women from the
household level to understand prevention, to understand early warning
signs of radicalization of their kids, to look at prevention towards
stigma that is associated with those mothers whose kids have actually
joined violent extremism, or even their spouses. We also look at
empowering them through support groups where they can have a space to
engage with other like-minded people and even learn from each other.
And we also ensure that this cross-border engagement between those
within northern Kenya and those within the coastal region so that they
don’t feel alone in this whole concept of violent extremism.

What is normally important
for me is, when it comes to issues of peace and security, engagement
with women is still minimal, and we’re still playing catchup. When we
are pushing for two-thirds, even within our own parliamentary systems,
we are not looking at what these two-thirds will be doing. And for us,
we are pushing towards them having some concrete things that they will
talk about within parliament. And in particular is the issue of
education. Because for the women in northern Kenya, their children are
actually not going to school; they’re not getting quality education.
And as Hassan has said, this ends up becoming a society that has young
people who are not well educated and are more susceptible to violent
extremism.

Secondly, it’s the issue
of the economy. In places such as the coast region, this has affected
the economy. And this trickles down to the household level, and it
affects the woman’s old economy within that structure. So how can we
have even this conversation going on? And we try and link this to the
national level.

We also ensure that these
discussions around policy on prevention has a gender lens. Because the
reasons why boys join and the reason why girls join is very different.
But when we are searching for solutions in policy, we try and group
them together. So sometimes, even when we are looking at issues of
amnesty, we are not really opening up that space to understand if we are
going to put a rehabilitation center, how do we make it different from
when engaging with a boy and when engaging with a girl. So that is very
critical for us.

One key thing I would love
to put across is you started the first -- the conversation -- the White
House conference in February, and it brought a lot more conversation
here through the regional conference we had. And I wanted to elevate
that. In terms of ensuring it’s more sustainable so that it pushes away
from just discussion is to push for a hub that can be placed in Africa.
The hub we have is actually in the UAE, the United Arab Emirates --
which is useful for research and ensuring there’s more conversation
around how private sector gets involved, how civil society and
governments can come together.

But we don’t have such
hubs in Africa. So in most cases, when you hear about capacity-building
of CVE, we have to go outside Africa to get this capacity-building. So
why not actually start thinking about either expanding the global center
to have a hub in Kenya, or somewhere in Africa for easy access for even
the grassroots initiatives and civil society to also be engaged.

Thank you.

President Obama: Thank
you. That was an excellent presentation. Thank you.

And I will very much take
your remarks under advisement in terms of the possibilities of setting
up a hub. The idea of women being actively engaged in countering
violent extremism is absolutely critical. Mothers tend to be more
sensible. I’m just telling the truth. And obviously the younger we’re reaching children and giving
them the sense that violence is not the right path, and that’s being
reinforced by their primary caregiver, which typically is the mother,
and the idea of peer-to-peer support but also some peer pressure in
terms of making sure that mothers are involved in steering their
children in the right way -- I think that’s a wonderful model. Very
exciting. I just learned something there.

So I’ve got a little bit
more time. What I’d like to do now is I’m just going to call on some
people. But I’m not going to be able to call on everybody, so I just
want to say in advance. But I’m going to start with this young lady
right there, in the sweater. And please introduce yourself.

Comment: Thank you, Mr.
President. I am the CEO for Kamak [ph] Girls Initiative. Kamak Girls
came about because of a problem -- I came from a family that had 45
children; out of it, 35 who are living. Out of the 35, 20 were girls,
15 were boys. And out of the 20 girls, only 11 went to school, four of
them up to secondary, and one now up to the PhD level. So my father was
really for education. He really tried his best. But when he passed
away in 2004, I realized as a bigger girl, number three, that I had work
to do -- follow these girls who dropped out of school and see that they
can live a more meaningful life towards education, health and economic
development.

So I gathered the four
girls who are with me, and we started visiting them and find out how
they are living. Right now, I managed with my three sisters to take two
to the university. One has completed and has gotten a job. One is in
third form. Two to diploma level; one of them we pushed and we opened
at a city school where she was married. And the other one went to
forest school. And to point, one of them where she was staying, she
reached a class 8 and she has opened an inner-city school.

President Obama:
Excellent.

Comment Continued: Our next step is to
evaluate -- when we evaluate, we get girls of their range so that they
can see what these girls have done, and also help the girls in the
particular area.

President Obama: Okay.

Comment Continued: Yes. And apart from
that, I’ve worked for 34 years, but I’ve not gone very far because I
started building our children from the [inaudible] and I started working
and continue to. I have three children. They have not gone very far
because I’m taking care of these people.

So my request is that this
group can move further so that whenever these girls are married, I can
-- not only those girls of ours, but also the girls in that area can
also see that they can do it. Thank you so much.

President Obama: Okay.
Well, thank you for your good efforts.

This young lady right
there. I ask everybody to try to be as brief as possible so I can get
as many additional question as possible.

Comment: Thank you very much,
Mr. President. I am here on behalf of the Devolution Forum. That’s a
civil society coalition that was set up early last year because we were
very concerned about challenges to the implementation of devolution in
Kenya. And so I’ll speak to just, very briefly, four points. I have a
more comprehensive memorandum.

But one is, we’re very
concerned about the structure development assistance on devolution. A
lot of it is being channeled through the national government to go to
the county governments, and this is contrary to the constitution which
recognizes the two levels of government as having shared serenity.

Now, this is a ploy by the
government to keep power centralized. It’s really a method of
controlling the governance structure. So we find that even with the
U.S., some of your programs are being channeled in this way, through the
national government, for the county government. And we find that this
is bad for devolution. We find also the World Bank very much is
channeling -- they are funding in this direction.

The other thing that I’d
like to address is -- to do with the war on terror. We’ve noted that
this an intergovernmental aspect to the war on terror. And because the
security reforms have not been implemented to the pace that was supposed
to be, we find that these intergovernmental institutions, such as the
county policing authorities, the community policing, ideologically and
even structurally have not been set up. Ideologically, we find that
they are being taken as more information-gathering rather than community
policing where communities get actively involved in their community
policing. So we are very concerned that as the U.S. assists the U.S.
government, are you going to look at the ideological foundations of the
structures that will engage citizens and the country governments in the
security process? Because if we don’t do that, then it will undermine
the war on terror and security.

I’ll pick one more because
I --

President Obama: Because
you’re running out of time.

Question:
I’m out of time. There’s a trend in Africa where the civic space is being
closed. And we’re looking at countries like Rwanda, Ethiopia. We’re
looking at our country. And we’re wondering, what’s the response of the
U.S. government? We heard your excellent remarks and sentiments, but of
course you are working with a government that has demonstrated an intent
to close the civic space. So what’s your approach going to be as you
consolidate your work with the Kenyan government in terms of supporting
civil society? We’re finding even support for civil society is not as
rigorous as it should have been. Thank you.

President Obama: Well,
those are all excellent remarks. Let me just broadly talk about
devolution and then we’ll talk about how we are interacting with the
national government on civil society issues.

With respect to
devolution, Kenya now has a constitution and it has laid out how
devolution is supposed to proceed. That will be subject to
interpretation and legal challenges and political arguments. That’s
probably not an issue that the United States will be weighing in on
deeply. And the reason I say that is because we have a system of
government with a national -- or federal government, and then state
governments and then local governments. And the relationship between
the federal government and the states, the relationship between federal
law and local laws is extremely complicated and has been the source of
constant democratic debate, argument, challenges, court cases. And
that’s been going on for 250 years now. I mean, that was part of the
original issue in the formation of the United States of America -- how
much power remained with the states and how much power went to the
federal government.

So the challenge that we
would have as an international -- or as an outside party as the United
States of America is that how that plays itself out within Kenya is
ultimately up to the Kenyan people. Because there are arguments
actually on both sides when it comes to national versus state power. In
the United States, for example, those who wanted to maintain racial
segregation consistently used the argument that states have the right to
do what they want, and the federal government doesn’t have the authority
to enforce civil rights laws that are discriminating against minorities
at the state level.

And I actually think, in
that situation, the national government needed to say to states that had
segregation laws -- you have to stop. And national law and the rights
of individuals that are in the bill of rights are superior to whatever
challenges -- or whatever claims are being made for states’ rights.

Now, on the other hand,
there are times where the national government is involving itself in
states unnecessarily, and imposing views that may not be properly
adapted to the local region.

So I guess what I’m saying
is, is that that’s an issue that’s -- it would be very difficult for us
as outsiders to try to figure out. What we can do is to say, consistent
with democracy, you have a constitution; you should abide by what’s in
your constitution. And you can make your own decisions about the
systems that you want to arrange and the balance between federal and
state power, or local power or counties. And as long as it’s proceeding
in a legal process consistent with the constitution, we’re okay with
that.

So I just wanted to be
honest, that’s not probably an issue where I’m going to be asking the
ambassador of the United States to get deeply involved in because it’s
just too complicated. Every country is going to be different in terms
of finding that balance.

Now, the issue of civil
society is different, because we do believe that if you have laws that
restrict people’s ability to organize and speak out peacefully, and
participate in their government and petition their government -- if
those become too restrictive, then that, in any society, contradicts the
basic premise of democracy.

And I recognize that there
have been some concerns about some of the laws that have either been
proposed or are being interpreted in ways that appear to restrict the
legality of certain activities by certain groups. Rather than to say
specifically what we’re for and against -- because frankly, I don’t know
all the details -- what I will say is this: We will look suspiciously
on laws that say certain peaceful groups can’t operate just because they
might be critical of the government, for example. I mean, our bias as a
country and in our foreign policy is to say that if a group is
peacefully organizing and advocating for issues, that they should be
able to do so without excessive government interference. Now, if the
groups are violent, then that’s a different issue.

But you heard me in my
press conference yesterday -- I don’t counterterrorism to be used as an
excuse then to crush legitimate dissent. And we will guard against that
as well.

So we have every intention
to work on a whole range of common interests with the Kenyan government.
There are areas where we have a complete agreement, and we will work
through the Kenyan government in order to accomplish those common goals.
We want to be helpful and supportive of the national agenda, but we’ll
also be working with NGOs and local organizations at the local level.
Many of the organizations that area we have been supporting. And what
we’ll do is we’ll make sure that in all of our interactions and
engagements with the government, when we see an organization, for
example, that we have determined is, in fact, legitimate and is
peaceful, that it is in some ways being suppressed, we will speak up and
we’ll be very clear about it. So we’re going to be engaged, we’re going
to be involved.

But as I was telling -- I
met with some of the opposition leaders very briefly -- those who are
not in government -- after the speech. And I told them, you have a
legally elected government and we’re going to work with that government,
but we’re also always going to be listening to all elements of Kenyan
society. It was funny, though -- one of the opposition leaders -- I
won’t mention who -- was saying, you know, we really need you to press
the Kenyan government on some issues. And I had to say to him, I said,
I remember when you were in government -- you kept on saying, why
are you trying to interfere with Kenya’s business; you should mind your
own business.

So everybody wants the
United States to be very involved when they’re not in power. And when
they’re in power, they want the United States to mind their own
business.

I think the way that we
are going to operate is just to continue to be honest and to promote the
kinds of policies and interests that we believe in. But ultimately --
and this is probably a good way to close -- ultimately I just want to
remind everybody that Kenya’s prosperity, its freedom, its opportunity,
the strength of its democracy is going to depend on Kenyans. It’s not
going to depend on somebody else.

There was a time,
post-Colonial, Cold War, when the big major powers were constantly
interfering and determining what was happening in other countries. And
frankly, the United States sometimes was involved in trying to decide
who should be in charge of countries. But that honestly has changed.
Our policy is to respect the sovereignty of nations and to recognize
that it’s ultimately up to the people of those countries to determine
who leads them and their form of government. But we are not going to
apologize for believing in certain values and ideals. And I may
interact with a government, out of necessity, where we have common
interests. But if there are areas where I disagree, I will also be very
blunt in my disagreement. And that’s true whether it’s Russia or China,
or some of our European friends, or a great friend like Kenya.

The good news is that,
over all, the United States and Kenya have so much in common, so much
shared history, such strong people-to-people ties, that the
disagreements we have, regardless of who’s in power, tend to be far
fewer than all the areas where we have work to do together.

But I’m very encouraged to
see that we’ve got such a strong civil society that’s going to help move
Kenya forward, and also help create a stronger relationship between the
United States and Kenya for years to come.