This deer's-horn coral can be seen at a Tokyo
aquarium.
Coral does not survive in standard fish tanks. In
conjunction with experts, the group confirmed 12 of
the 16 pet and tropical fish shops they visited in
Tokyo, Kanagawa and Chiba prefectures sold coral from
such coastal areas as the Kii Peninsula, Shikoku and
Kumamoto Prefecture. Among those on display were rare
species.
There are almost no regulations controlling the coral
trade in Japan. The number of enthusiasts keeping
coral in their own tanks has increased over the past
couple of years, and rare species are advertised on
Web sites, the group said.
Members of the group and the World Wide Fund for
Nature submitted petitions Wednesday to the
environment and fisheries agencies asking them to
conduct detailed examinations of the coral trade.
They said the trade in coral damages its habitats,
which have been shrinking due to increasing
environmental destruction.
Even though prefectures such as Tokyo and Okinawa ban
the collection of coral by divers not engaged in the
fisheries business, authorities cannot establish a
case unless they catch perpetrators red-handed.
Aquarium officials said the indiscriminate hunting of
coral has been increasing.
(C) All rights reserved
--
Robert L. Jenkins, Director, Steinhart Aquarium
NOTE: In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C.
section 107, any copyrighted material herein is
distributed without profit or payment to those
who have expressed a prior interest in
receiving this information for non-profit
research and educational purposes only.
From mkirda at dsl.telocity.com Thu Aug 3 14:29:09 2000
From: mkirda at dsl.telocity.com (Mike Kirda)
Date: Thu, 03 Aug 2000 13:29:09 -0500
Subject: server back up
References: <3.0.32.20000803112520.0097c330@pop.aoml.noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <3989B9F5.790A63B5@dsl.telocity.com>
Deborah Danaher wrote:
>
> I am trying to find out what the virus was intended to do and will post what I find out. I do know that the Windows operating system is the target, so MACophiles can just sit back and watch us squirm.
> Deborah Danaher
Deborah,
For everyone- a bookmark to McAfee's Virus Library:
http://vil.nai.com/villib/alpha.asp
For information on this specific virus, please see:
http://vil.nai.com/villib/dispvirus.asp?virus_k=10509
A perfect example of why building a web browser into
an operating system is not such a great idea. Thanks,
Microsoft.
For anyone still using Outlook (Express), follow the
instructions and you will turn off all methods of
infection for this type of VB scripting virus.
Regards.
Mike Kirda
From danaher at aoml.noaa.gov Thu Aug 3 15:25:11 2000
From: danaher at aoml.noaa.gov (Deborah Danaher)
Date: Thu, 03 Aug 2000 15:25:11 -0400
Subject: disinfecting
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20000803152511.0094ba70@pop.aoml.noaa.gov>
A non-text attachment was scrubbed...
Name: not available
Type: text/enriched
Size: 1940 bytes
Desc: not available
Url : http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20000803/cd4d65d0/attachment.bin
From matz at ibch.ibch.ru Fri Aug 4 03:31:48 2000
From: matz at ibch.ibch.ru (Mikhail Matz)
Date: Fri, 04 Aug 2000 11:31:48 +0400
Subject: Orange Montastrea cavernosa recruits?
References: <003001bff70c$891e5d40$204834d0@infochan.com>
Message-ID: <398A7164.3E71C6FF@ibch.siobc.ras.ru>
??? Dear Dr. Murray,
??? thank you very much for your posting. So, here comes the reasoning
against photoprotection function of fluorescent pigments from corals.
These pigments are (in the majority of cases) proteins homologous to
green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria, as we recently
found out? (Matz et al, Nat.Biotechnol. 17: 969-973, 1999).
??? We already had a bit of this discussion with prof. Ove
Hoegh-Guldberg of the University of Queensland (oveh at uq.edu.au), who was
also suggesting photoprotection as the major role of fluorescent
proteins. Here is a part of what I wrote to him directly in responce:
Concerning photoprotection I would rather disagree with you. First of
all, corals possess a multitude of low-molecular sunscreen
compounds for this purpose (see, for example, Dunlap, W.C. et al.
Nature's sunscreen from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. International
Journal of Cosmetic Science 20, 41-51 (1998)), so additional recruitment
of specialized proteins
for the same purpose seems rather tedious. Still, if it still was
protection from UV, there is no difference which
fluorescent color to use - green or red, they are both UV-excitable.
Meanwhile, our most recent data on molecular features of red-emitters
suggest that they are advanced versions of greens, so that a point
mutation would most likely damage
the red protein making it green. Therefore, red color should have some
special role in nature (different from green!)
to be maintained by natural selection, otherwise all the red-emitters
would have long since deteriorated into greens due to mutation pressure.
In addition, red-emitters are heavily suboptimal in comparison to greens
in terms of photoprotection - they all have much lower quantum yields of
fluorescence.
??? So, I think that the coral fluorescence file is still far from being
closed.
??? I would be happy to continue this discussion, especially taking in
account that the question of the fluorescent proteins function in corals
is exactly the subject of my current research.
sincerely yours
Mikhail Matz, Ph.D.
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10
117871 Moscow, Russia
?
Robert Murray wrote:
> Hi Iain et al,?Coral photobiology is not my area of study, although I
> did examine the topic some years ago. I believe it is fairly common
> for many corals to exhibit brightly coloured fluorescence pigments
> (especially those in shallowest water conditions where light intensity
> is greatest).?From some of the literature I have read I seem to
> remember a plausible case for these pigments operating as some sort of
> protection against the destructive energy of short (UV) wavelengths,
> by liberating some of this energy as harmless (less energetic) visible
> fluorescence. Perhaps this is one of the discredited theories now. If
> so, I would be interested to hear the evidence against it.?Regards to
> all?Robert Murray.??(What's up Iain?)??=======================
> ROBERT MURRAY? BSc, FGA,
> Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory,
> Discovery Bay, Jamaica, W.I.
>
> Tel. (876) 973 2946
> Fax. (876) 973 3091
> rmurray at infochan.com
> WWW.DBML.ORG
> =======================?
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: Mikhail Matz
> To: Iain Macdonald ; coral list
> Sent: Tuesday, July 25, 2000 11:33
> Subject: Re: Orange Montastrea cavernosa recruits?
> ?Hi Iain,
> we know a little bit what is the substance causing the
> fluorescence in
> corals,
> and observations, measurements and photos were made about
> this
> (see http://www.nightsea.com/references.htm for the list of
> related
> papers and websites)
> Moreover, in particular M.cavernosa fluorescence was
> measured (in situ)
> by Charles Mazel
> and is studied by me (in vitro) right now.
>
> However, so far we have absolutely no clue as to the
> function of this
> fluorescence in
> nature (if we forget for a moment about older hypotheses all
> of which
> seem wrong by now),
> and the subject is my primary interest. Your observation is,
> as far as I
> know, the first
> information which might help to link fluorescence to some
> aspect of coral
> ecology. I would be
> extremely grateful if you could provide some more details on
> your
> observations.
> I would like to ask all coral listers as well - perhaps you
> saw
> something like Iain? Anything
> which could give a hint about the function of fluorescence?
> Or perhaps I
> simply missed something
> in literature?
> best wishes,
>
> Mike Matz
> ?
>
> Iain Macdonald wrote:
>
> > During a recent field trip i noted the following along my
> transects.
> >
> > M. cavernosa recruits (i use the plural as this was seen
> three
> > different times), of only one polyp was noted at approx.
> 15-20m depth
> > to appear to the unaided eye as fluorescent orange. Close
> by (ie
> > 10cm away) 5 polyps were the typical olive green colour
> with this
> > "day glow" orange colour around its edges. Again a few cms
> away
> > larger colonies 20-25 polyps were only olive green. Is
> this typical
> > for recruits (i think not) or maybe as a result of some
> stress
> > (sediment) stimulus? I was startled to see such colour
> from this type
> > of coral and would like to konw of any other observations.
>
> >
> > Cheers
> >
> > Iain Macd.
> >
> > Room E402 John Dalton Extension Building,
> > Department of Environmental and Geographical Science,
> > Manchester Metropolitian University,
> > Chester Street,
> > Manchester,
> > M1 5GD
> > Tel: 0161 247 6234
> > Fax: 0161 247 6318
> ?
>
-------------- next part --------------
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From woodley at uwimona.edu.jm Fri Aug 4 08:29:56 2000
From: woodley at uwimona.edu.jm (Jeremy Woodley)
Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2000 07:29:56 -0500 (GMT-0500)
Subject: Orange Montastrea cavernosa recruits?
In-Reply-To: <398A7164.3E71C6FF@ibch.siobc.ras.ru>
Message-ID:
Does the fluorescence make more of the energy of uv light available for
photosynthesis? I am not sufficiently familiar with the action spectra to
judge for myself.
Jeremy Woodley
PO Box 269, McMaster University, Tel: (905) 627-0393
1280 Main Street West, Fax: (905) 627-3966
Hamilton, ON L8S 1C0, woodley at uwimona.edu.jm
Canada. or chopwood at hwcn.org
On Fri, 4 Aug 2000, Mikhail Matz wrote:
> ??? Dear Dr. Murray,
> ??? thank you very much for your posting. So, here comes the reasoning
> against photoprotection function of fluorescent pigments from corals.
> These pigments are (in the majority of cases) proteins homologous to
> green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria, as we recently
> found out? (Matz et al, Nat.Biotechnol. 17: 969-973, 1999).
> ??? We already had a bit of this discussion with prof. Ove
> Hoegh-Guldberg of the University of Queensland (oveh at uq.edu.au), who was
> also suggesting photoprotection as the major role of fluorescent
> proteins. Here is a part of what I wrote to him directly in responce:
>
> Concerning photoprotection I would rather disagree with you. First of
> all, corals possess a multitude of low-molecular sunscreen
> compounds for this purpose (see, for example, Dunlap, W.C. et al.
> Nature's sunscreen from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. International
> Journal of Cosmetic Science 20, 41-51 (1998)), so additional recruitment
> of specialized proteins
> for the same purpose seems rather tedious. Still, if it still was
> protection from UV, there is no difference which
> fluorescent color to use - green or red, they are both UV-excitable.
> Meanwhile, our most recent data on molecular features of red-emitters
> suggest that they are advanced versions of greens, so that a point
> mutation would most likely damage
> the red protein making it green. Therefore, red color should have some
> special role in nature (different from green!)
> to be maintained by natural selection, otherwise all the red-emitters
> would have long since deteriorated into greens due to mutation pressure.
> In addition, red-emitters are heavily suboptimal in comparison to greens
> in terms of photoprotection - they all have much lower quantum yields of
> fluorescence.
>
> ??? So, I think that the coral fluorescence file is still far from being
> closed.
> ??? I would be happy to continue this discussion, especially taking in
> account that the question of the fluorescent proteins function in corals
> is exactly the subject of my current research.
>
> sincerely yours
>
> Mikhail Matz, Ph.D.
> Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
> Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10
> 117871 Moscow, Russia
> ?
>
> Robert Murray wrote:
>
> > Hi Iain et al,?Coral photobiology is not my area of study, although I
> > did examine the topic some years ago. I believe it is fairly common
> > for many corals to exhibit brightly coloured fluorescence pigments
> > (especially those in shallowest water conditions where light intensity
> > is greatest).?From some of the literature I have read I seem to
> > remember a plausible case for these pigments operating as some sort of
> > protection against the destructive energy of short (UV) wavelengths,
> > by liberating some of this energy as harmless (less energetic) visible
> > fluorescence. Perhaps this is one of the discredited theories now. If
> > so, I would be interested to hear the evidence against it.?Regards to
> > all?Robert Murray.??(What's up Iain?)??=======================
> > ROBERT MURRAY? BSc, FGA,
> > Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory,
> > Discovery Bay, Jamaica, W.I.
> >
> > Tel. (876) 973 2946
> > Fax. (876) 973 3091
> > rmurray at infochan.com
> > WWW.DBML.ORG
> > =======================?
> >
> > ----- Original Message -----
> > From: Mikhail Matz
> > To: Iain Macdonald ; coral list
> > Sent: Tuesday, July 25, 2000 11:33
> > Subject: Re: Orange Montastrea cavernosa recruits?
> > ?Hi Iain,
> > we know a little bit what is the substance causing the
> > fluorescence in
> > corals,
> > and observations, measurements and photos were made about
> > this
> > (see http://www.nightsea.com/references.htm for the list of
> > related
> > papers and websites)
> > Moreover, in particular M.cavernosa fluorescence was
> > measured (in situ)
> > by Charles Mazel
> > and is studied by me (in vitro) right now.
> >
> > However, so far we have absolutely no clue as to the
> > function of this
> > fluorescence in
> > nature (if we forget for a moment about older hypotheses all
> > of which
> > seem wrong by now),
> > and the subject is my primary interest. Your observation is,
> > as far as I
> > know, the first
> > information which might help to link fluorescence to some
> > aspect of coral
> > ecology. I would be
> > extremely grateful if you could provide some more details on
> > your
> > observations.
> > I would like to ask all coral listers as well - perhaps you
> > saw
> > something like Iain? Anything
> > which could give a hint about the function of fluorescence?
> > Or perhaps I
> > simply missed something
> > in literature?
> > best wishes,
> >
> > Mike Matz
> > ?
> >
> > Iain Macdonald wrote:
> >
> > > During a recent field trip i noted the following along my
> > transects.
> > >
> > > M. cavernosa recruits (i use the plural as this was seen
> > three
> > > different times), of only one polyp was noted at approx.
> > 15-20m depth
> > > to appear to the unaided eye as fluorescent orange. Close
> > by (ie
> > > 10cm away) 5 polyps were the typical olive green colour
> > with this
> > > "day glow" orange colour around its edges. Again a few cms
> > away
> > > larger colonies 20-25 polyps were only olive green. Is
> > this typical
> > > for recruits (i think not) or maybe as a result of some
> > stress
> > > (sediment) stimulus? I was startled to see such colour
> > from this type
> > > of coral and would like to konw of any other observations.
> >
> > >
> > > Cheers
> > >
> > > Iain Macd.
> > >
> > > Room E402 John Dalton Extension Building,
> > > Department of Environmental and Geographical Science,
> > > Manchester Metropolitian University,
> > > Chester Street,
> > > Manchester,
> > > M1 5GD
> > > Tel: 0161 247 6234
> > > Fax: 0161 247 6318
> > ?
> >
>
From mazel at psicorp.com Fri Aug 4 08:42:07 2000
From: mazel at psicorp.com (Charles Mazel)
Date: Fri, 04 Aug 2000 08:42:07 -0400
Subject: Orange Montastrea cavernosa recruits?
Message-ID:
I concur with Mikhail's comments, and would add that there are other arguments against photoprotection as a general role that fall into the categories spatial, spectral, and ecological.
Spatial-
In many cases the host fluorescent pigments are not distributed over the entire coral surface, and are concentrated along features such as skeletal ridges or polyp mouths. These features are often exactly where zooxanthellae concentration is low, so the fluorescent pigments would not be affording protection to the light-sensitive algae.
Spectral
The excitation spectrum for the fluorescent pigments often exhibits a minor ultraviolet peak, but the main absorption peak us usually in the visible (ref. Mazel, 1997. Coral fluorescence characteristics: excitation - emission spectra, fluorescence efficiencies, and contribution to apparent reflectance, Proc. Ocean Optics XIII, SPIE Vol. 2963: pp. 240-245.) When there is a uv excitation peak it falls in the mid-to-long portion of the UV, above 350 nm. In contrast, the known uv-protective MAA's referred to in Mikhail's message are more generally distributed and have a clear, strong absorption peak at shorter uv wavelengths that are known to have damaging biological effects. The MAA's are not fluorescent.
Ecological
The MAA's tend to decrease with depth, as would be expected for a pigment with a photoprotective role. No corresponding correlation of coral host-fluorescent pigments with depth has yet been found. It is quite common to find strongly fluorescent corals at relatively deep depths, and non-fluorescent specimens of the same species exposed in shallow water.. The occurrence of the fluorescence is also patchy at any given depth, in the sense that one often finds seemingly quite healthy fluorescent and non-fluorescent specimens of a given species in close proximity.
As a side note, I know that coarl list messages are saved in an archive at the CHAMP web site, but for convenience I have also preserved all of the messages exchanged on the coral fluorescence topic at http://www.nightsea.com/discussion/ under the topic 'Coral-List coral fluorescence discussion'.
Regards,
Charlie Mazel
----------------------------------------------
Charles Mazel
Principal Research Scientist
Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810
(978) 689-0003
(978) 689-3232 (fax)
>>> Mikhail Matz 08/04/00 03:31AM >>>
*** Dear Dr. Murray,
*** thank you very much for your posting. So, here comes the reasoning
against photoprotection function of fluorescent pigments from corals.
These pigments are (in the majority of cases) proteins homologous to
green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria, as we recently
found out* (Matz et al, Nat.Biotechnol. 17: 969-973, 1999).
*** We already had a bit of this discussion with prof. Ove
Hoegh-Guldberg of the University of Queensland (oveh at uq.edu.au), who was
also suggesting photoprotection as the major role of fluorescent
proteins. Here is a part of what I wrote to him directly in responce:
Concerning photoprotection I would rather disagree with you. First of
all, corals possess a multitude of low-molecular sunscreen
compounds for this purpose (see, for example, Dunlap, W.C. et al.
Nature's sunscreen from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. International
Journal of Cosmetic Science 20, 41-51 (1998)), so additional recruitment
of specialized proteins
for the same purpose seems rather tedious. Still, if it still was
protection from UV, there is no difference which
fluorescent color to use - green or red, they are both UV-excitable.
Meanwhile, our most recent data on molecular features of red-emitters
suggest that they are advanced versions of greens, so that a point
mutation would most likely damage
the red protein making it green. Therefore, red color should have some
special role in nature (different from green!)
to be maintained by natural selection, otherwise all the red-emitters
would have long since deteriorated into greens due to mutation pressure.
In addition, red-emitters are heavily suboptimal in comparison to greens
in terms of photoprotection - they all have much lower quantum yields of
fluorescence.
*** So, I think that the coral fluorescence file is still far from being
closed.
*** I would be happy to continue this discussion, especially taking in
account that the question of the fluorescent proteins function in corals
is exactly the subject of my current research.
sincerely yours
Mikhail Matz, Ph.D.
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10
117871 Moscow, Russia
*
Robert Murray wrote:
> Hi Iain et al,*Coral photobiology is not my area of study, although I
> did examine the topic some years ago. I believe it is fairly common
> for many corals to exhibit brightly coloured fluorescence pigments
> (especially those in shallowest water conditions where light intensity
> is greatest).*From some of the literature I have read I seem to
> remember a plausible case for these pigments operating as some sort of
> protection against the destructive energy of short (UV) wavelengths,
> by liberating some of this energy as harmless (less energetic) visible
> fluorescence. Perhaps this is one of the discredited theories now. If
> so, I would be interested to hear the evidence against it.*Regards to
> all*Robert Murray.**(What's up Iain?)**=======================
> ROBERT MURRAY* BSc, FGA,
> Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory,
> Discovery Bay, Jamaica, W.I.
>
> Tel. (876) 973 2946
> Fax. (876) 973 3091
> rmurray at infochan.com
> www.DBML.ORG
> =======================*
>
From mcall at superaje.com Fri Aug 4 08:58:55 2000
From: mcall at superaje.com (Don McAllister)
Date: Fri, 04 Aug 2000 08:58:55 -0400
Subject: Deepwater coral symposium
Message-ID: <398ABE0F.191A89F9@superaje.com>
REPORT ON THE
FIRST INSTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DEEP SEA CORALS
JULY 30 - AUGUST 3, 2000, HALIFAX, CANADA
The symposium was very well organised and a great success. About 120
persons attended from numerous countries and their were papers from
Norway, UK, Germany, Holland, Australia, USA, Canada, including
government, university, environmental and fishing organisations, as well
as individual fishers.
Many presentations expressed views that:
* Deepwater corals comprised significant habitat for commercial fishes,
documented by data and videos
* That biodiversity levels were higher in deepwater coral aggregations
than in adjacent areas. documented in data and videos
* That fishing gear, especially trawls, were damaging deepwater corals.
This was documented in data and videos.
* That more research is need on where these corals were found, their
life history (especially larvae), and taxonomy.
* That individual deepwater corals reach ages measurable in centures
* That some corals, such as Lophelia, do form reefs which build up a
platform of broken or deceased corals underneath them and that such
reefs can reach ages measurable in millennia
* That these ecosystems are in need of conservation through establishing
marine protected areas including areas on the high seas beyond national
boundaries and that curtailment of fishing on coral aggregations or
switches/changes to fishing gear are needed.
don
Don McAllister
From jogden at seas.marine.usf.edu Fri Aug 4 09:32:15 2000
From: jogden at seas.marine.usf.edu (John C. Ogden)
Date: Fri, 04 Aug 2000 09:32:15 -0400
Subject: Ridgetop to reef
Message-ID: <3.0.5.32.20000804093215.008d1490@marine.usf.edu>
I need some help from any of you Hawaiians. The ancient scheme for
managing human disturbance from "ridgetop to reef" I have phonetically
spelled ahu'pu'a'a.
Is this right? Does anyone have any details on this most interesting concept?
Many thanks.
John C. Ogden, Director Florida Institute of Oceanography
830 First Street South St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA
Tel: 727/553-1100 Fax: 727-553-1109
FIO Web Page: http://www.marine.usf.edu/FIO
From ioi-admin at Kilcom1.UCIS.Dal.Ca Fri Aug 4 13:01:23 2000
From: ioi-admin at Kilcom1.UCIS.Dal.Ca (admin, ioi)
Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2000 13:01:23 AST
Subject: New Articles - GPA News Forum
Message-ID: <26D1FE5638A@kilcom1.ucis.dal.ca>
UNEP/GPA News Forum Update
August 4, 2000
The UNEP/GPA Coordination Office and the International Ocean
Institute invite you to visit the UNEP/GPA News Forum web site to view
the articles that have been posted recently and to participate in the
online discussions.
The GPA News Forum is a news and information service for the Global
Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from
Land-based Activities. As an integral part of the GPA clearing-house,
the News Forum provides information on recent GPA-related activities
at the national, regional, and global levels, including
capacity-building opportunities, progress in key or pilot projects,
and upcoming meetings, workshops, and conferences.
Visit the News Forum at http://gpanews.unep.org for more information.
Listed below is a sample of what you will find there.
------------
Contents
------------
1. Environmental Report Card For Australia's Huon Estuary
2. Southeast Asia Integrated Regional Model of River Basin Inputs to
the Coastal Zones (SEA/BASINS
3. Reducing Litter: Governmental and Private Initiatives in Chennai
4. Consistent Methods, Consistent Benefits
5. Water: A Lesson From Grenoble
6. Optimizing the Structure of International Marine Environmental
Management Programmes
7. Coastal Zone Canada 2000 Conference on Coastal Stewardship:
Lessons Learned and the Paths Ahead
----------
PLEASE NOTE: Some mailers do not support two-line links. Should this
occur, you may either copy the web page address into your Internet
browser or use the directions given below to navigate through the News
Forum web site categories to the article.
----------
1. Environmental Report Card For Australia's Huon Estuary, by Craig
MacAulay
Marine scientists have given the Huon Estuary, one of Australia's most
lucrative fish farming production sites, an environmental all-clear,
but have called for further monitoring to ensure that the fish farming
industry does not further pollute the estuary. Funded by the
Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, the study
calls for a whole-of-estuary management approach to ensure that the
human activities putting pressure on the Huon Estuary do not
jeopardize the environmental sustainability of the eco-system.
http://gpanews.unep.org/nationalFinal.cfm?GroupID=15
(or navigate through National/A-to-C/Australia)
----------
2. Southeast Asia Integrated Regional Model of River Basin Inputs to
the Coastal Zones (SEA/BASINS), by Dr. Anond Snidvongs
Rapid development and population growth in the Southeast Asian Region
has placed increasing pressure on river basins and their downstream
coastal ecosystems. However, the Southeast Asia Global Change System
for Analysis, Research and Training Regional Center (SEA START RC), in
collaboration with the University of Washington's School of
Oceanography, have initiated the SEA/BASINS program, which involves
the creation of a hydrology model designed to help researchers
understand the exact impacts of development and population growth on
the region's waterways and marine areas, as well as inform a future
plan of action to deal with the varying demands placed on Southeast
Asia's marine ecosystems.
http://gpanews.unep.org/nationalFinal.cfm?GroupID=43
(or navigate through News From NGOs/Regional NGOs)
----------
3. Reducing Litter: Governmental and Private Initiatives in Chennai,
by Dr. Ahana Lakshmi
Growing concern about pollution caused by the accumulation and
improper disposal of solid wastes has led to the preparation of
national legislation and the implementation of local initiatives in
Chennai. The most successful of these programmes has been developed
by EXNORA, a community-based NGO, which uses street- and block-level
groups to collect solid waste from households.
http://gpanews.unep.org/categoriesFinal.cfm?GroupID=28
(or navigate through National/H-to-L/India)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Discussion Forum Contributions
-------------------------------------------------------------------
All are welcome to take part in this open, moderated debate. Simply
visit the discussion forum at http://gpanews.unep.org and register
your name and e-mail address.
----------
4. Consistent Methods, Consistent Benefits, by Stephen Zoota
The privatization experience inevitably leads to a better, more
cost-effective product for consumers and the environment, argues
Poseidon Resources Corporation's Stephen Zoota. With that in mind,
Zoota writes that governments must adopt a coherent, consistent
strategy for dealing with private partners in the water industry. Only
then will the privatization of water services be of maximum benefit to
governments, corporations, and the public.
(Navigate through Discussion Forums/Public-Private Partnerships in
Sewage Management)
----------
5. Water: A Lesson From Grenoble, by l'Association pour la
Democratie, l'Eecologie et la Solidarite
After ten years of privatized water services, the town of Grenoble
reclaimed control of its water utilities. In this article,
l'Association pour la Democratie, l'Ecologie et la Solidarite,
describes the struggle it undertook to return water services to public
control.
(Navigate through Discussion Forums/Public-Private Partnerships in
Sewage Management)
----------
6. Optimizing the Structure of International Marine Environmental
Management Programmes, by Dr. Bruce Hatcher
Dr. Bruce Hatcher notes that current environmental governance
structures are centred around Large Marine Ecosystems, but pay
little attention to the social, political, and economic
characteristics of and differences between the states that share an
LME. As an alternative to this model, Hatcher proposes the
Geo-Political Ecosystem approach to ocean governance, which considers
these variables in an effort to optimize marine resource management.
(Navigate through Discussion Forums/Global Ocean Governance)
----------
Events
----------
7. Coastal Zone Canada 2000 Conference on Coastal Stewardship:
Lessons Learned and the Paths Ahead
September 17-22, 2000
Saint John, Canada
The Fourth International Conference of the Coastal Zone Canada
Association will focus on the integrated management of coastal
regions. Sessions will be organized by the subthemes of aboriginal
practices, community-based actions, coastal health, and oceans
governance.
Of particular interest are three sessions focusing on the GPA:
"GPA -- Experiences to Date and Lessons Learned"
"GPA -- A Focus on Sewage/Municipal Wastewater"
"GPAC -- The GPA Coalition for the Gulf of Maine"
Presentations and panel discussions will examine experiences in
Canada and around the world.
http://gpanews.unep.org/calendarFinal.cfm?EventID=19
(or navigate through Calendar of Events)
----------
If you have any comments or questions, would like to contribute
articles, calendar events, and reviews of recent publications, or
discuss future ideas for articles for the News Forum, please contact
the International Ocean Institute - Canada by telephone
(1.902.494.1737), fax (1.902.494.2034), or e-mail (ioihfx at dal.ca).
From rmurray at infochan.com Sat Aug 5 16:40:30 2000
From: rmurray at infochan.com (Robert Murray)
Date: Sat, 5 Aug 2000 15:40:30 -0500
Subject: Orange Montastrea cavernosa recruits?
References:
Message-ID: <00dc01bfff24$410c64a0$014834d0@infochan.com>
Hi corallites,
Now you mention it Jeremy, I remember that your suggestion was also made in the literature I was reading some way back.
It seemed like an interesting complimentary idea then too, i.e. that by simply making the light visible it can potentially contribute to PUR, but I can't remember if there is any hard evidence for or against this either.
Plant physiologists and aquarists know that photosynthesis tends to use more of the short visible wavelengths. But to provide a little more detail here are a few "raw" notes from my brief venture into this topic several years ago, and a reference list attached as a "Word" document for those interested.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS ABSORB BROADLY BETWEEN 400-550nm & NARROWLY BETWEEN 650-700nm (KINZIE ET AL): LIKE THE BLUE OPEN OCEAN THE WAVELENGTHS THAT PENETRATE MOST ON CORAL REEFS ARE BETWEEN 440-490NM. THIS HAS THE IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCE OF CHARACTERIZING THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS OF THE ZOOXANTHELLAE SUCH THAT CHL A, CHL C, & THE CAROTENOID PERIDININ, WHICH COLLECTIVELY CONSTITUTE THE MAIN LIGHT HARVESTING COMPLEX ASSOCIATED WITH PSII, SHOW THEIR GREATEST ABSORPTION BETWEEN 400-550NM.
NON-VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS INCLUDE ULTRAVIOLET AND INFRA-RED. AS FAR AS INFRA-RED WAVELENGTHS ARE CONCERNED THERE ISN'T MUCH KNOWN. BUT CORALS ARE HIGHLY REFLECTIVE TO THESE WAVELENGTHS, AND EMIT A GREAT DEAL OF INFRA-RED LIGHT IN COMPARISON TO OTHER REEF EPIFAUNA. THIS FEATURE HAS BEEN USED IN THE MAPPING OF CORAL REEFS. THERE IS AN INTERESTING IDEA IN FALKOWSKI ET AL THAT THERE MAY IN FACT BE SOME CONVERSION OF PAR INTO INFRA-RED.
FLUORESCENCE UNDER BOTH NATURAL & ARTIFICIAL UV. USUALLY GREEN, ALSO ORANGE, PINK & RED. FLUORESCENT PIGMENT EXISTS AS SPHERULES <2mm DIFFUSE OR ENCASED IN GRANULES IN EPITHELIAL LAYER, ONLY IN TISSUES EXPOSED TO DAYLIGHT. PIGMENT IS STABLE TO OXIDIZING & REDUCING CONDITIONS BUT IS NOT STABLE TO P.H., & DISSOLVES READILY IN DISTILLED WATER. FUNCTION UNKNOWN BUT NOT RESPIRATORY. ABSORBS IN UV REGION AT 330nm & EMITS LIGHT AT 450-510nm: POSSIBLY A PROTECTIVE & PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCESSORY (KAWAGUTI 1944).
Regards,
Robert Murray.
==========================
ROBERT MURRAY BSc, FGA,
Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory,
Discovery Bay, Jamaica, W.I.
Tel. (876) 973 2946
Fax. (876) 973 3091
rmurray at infochan.com
WWW.DBML.ORG
==========================
----- Original Message -----
From: Jeremy Woodley
To: Mikhail Matz
Cc: Robert Murray ; coral list
Sent: Friday, August 04, 2000 07:29
Subject: Re: Orange Montastrea cavernosa recruits?
Does the fluorescence make more of the energy of uv light available for
photosynthesis? I am not sufficiently familiar with the action spectra to
judge for myself.
Jeremy Woodley
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From rmurray at infochan.com Sat Aug 5 18:10:11 2000
From: rmurray at infochan.com (Robert Murray)
Date: Sat, 5 Aug 2000 17:10:11 -0500
Subject: Fw: Orange Montastrea cavernosa recruits? FORGOTTEN ATTACHMENT
Message-ID: <001101bfff29$f66947a0$214834d0@infochan.com>
Sorry to those who read my last message and expected the references. Here is the attachment.
Robert Murray.
==========================
ROBERT MURRAY BSc, FGA,
Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory,
Discovery Bay, Jamaica, W.I.
Tel. (876) 973 2946
Fax. (876) 973 3091
rmurray at infochan.com
WWW.DBML.ORG
==========================
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From buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu Sun Aug 6 12:56:18 2000
From: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu (Bob Buddemeier)
Date: Sun, 06 Aug 2000 11:56:18 -0500
Subject: No subject
Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20000806115125.00a18680@mail.kgs.ukans.edu>
CALL FOR SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS
Special Issue of CORAL REEFS on Large-scale Dynamics of Coral Reef Systems
Volume 20 of CORAL REEFS will include a Special Issue entitled "Large-scale
Dynamics of Coral Reef Systems". As the title suggests, the purpose of the
issue is to provide an overview of current research and developing issues
in this broad area that encompasses biogeography, biodiversity,
epidemiology, evolution, and the relationship of all of these to
contemporary issues of environmental variability and reef responses at
global and regional scales. Manuscripts may be empirical or theoretical,
long or short. Reviews and Reef Sites on an appropriate theme are also
welcome.
Interested authors should contact one of the Guest Editors as soon as
possible about their intended submission. General information will be
posted and updated at: http://water.kgs.ukans.edu:8888/public/CR/bigpicture.htm
Guest Editor for the issue is:
Robert W. Buddemeier (phone 1-785-864-2112, fax 1-785-864-5317, email
buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu; mail to Kansas Geological Survey, 1930 Constant
Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047 USA)
Associate Guest Editor(s):
Daphne G. Fautin (phone 1-785-864-3062, fax 1-785-864-5321, email
fautin at ukans.edu; mail to Biological Sciences, Haworth Hall, University of
Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA).
Additional Associate Guest Editors may be named.
Advice to prospective authors:
1. Because of the nature of the topic, synthesis or review papers, rather
than focused reports of experimental results, are expected to occupy a
substantial amount of the available space.
2. Small-scale studies are acceptable provided that they are well
integrated into, and serve to illustrate or explain, processes operating at
larger scales.
3. Papers accepted for publication will contain explicit definitions of the
key terms used (in particular, "coral reef" and any variant of the term
"community"), and quantitative specification of the scales addressed. No
particular definition is required or preferred, but specification is
essential. Examples, references, and identification of specific issues are
available from the Guest Editors.
4. The editors have identified the following topics as of particular interest.
a. Non-reefal occurrence of the biota normally associated with coral
reefs: the role of such species in the biogeography, biodiversity, and
adaptive responses of the organisms and communities.
b. Reefs as self-seeding versus linked entities: taxonomic, geographic,
and geologic patterns through space and time.
c. High-latitude, deep-sea, and non-coral reefs: what their similarities
to and differences from tropical, shallow-water coral reefs can teach us
about coral reefs.
The issue (approximately 100 pages) will be published in 2001 as soon as 12
papers have been accepted; additional submissions will be considered for
publication in subsequent issues of CORAL REEFS. To ensure a speedy
publication, manuscripts should be submitted as soon as possible to one of
the Guest Editors.
Robert W. Buddemeier
Kansas Geological Survey
University of Kansas
Lawrence, KS 66047 USA
tel: (785) 864-2112
fax: (785) 864-5317
email: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu
From rmurray at infochan.com Sun Aug 6 13:05:28 2000
From: rmurray at infochan.com (Robert Murray)
Date: Sun, 6 Aug 2000 12:05:28 -0500
Subject: Fw: Orange Montastrea cavernosa recruits? FORGOTTEN ATTACHMENT
References:
Message-ID: <005c01bfffc9$7d6a6fa0$214834d0@infochan.com>
As requested. Fluorescence references in "txt" format.
Regards,
Robert Murray.
==========================
ROBERT MURRAY BSc, FGA,
Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory,
Discovery Bay, Jamaica, W.I.
Tel. (876) 973 2946
Fax. (876) 973 3091
rmurray at infochan.com
WWW.DBML.ORG
==========================
----- Original Message -----
From: C. W. Wright (1698)
To: Robert Murray
Sent: Sunday, August 06, 2000 06:12
Subject: Re: Fw: Orange Montastrea cavernosa recruits? FORGOTTEN ATTACHMENT
Hi Robert,
Could you possibly send your attachment as a "pdf" or raw text file?
Those of us in the linux/unix world can't easily deal with word files.
Word file attachements are also infamous for containing viruses.
Kind regards,
C. Wayne Wright
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From gesbrd at vsnl.com Mon Aug 7 04:16:49 2000
From: gesbrd at vsnl.com (gujarat ecological society)
Date: Mon, 07 Aug 2000 13:46:49 +0530
Subject: (no subject)
Message-ID: <398E7071.D50CDA80@vsnl.com>
Hello everybody;
Thank you all very much for replying me on "Red Corals".
Geetanjali
From emueller at mote.org Mon Aug 7 14:43:16 2000
From: emueller at mote.org (Erich Mueller)
Date: Mon, 7 Aug 2000 14:43:16 -0400 (Eastern Daylight Time)
Subject: Bleaching watch in the Keys?
In-Reply-To:
Message-ID:
Jim and Al,
As part of our NOAA-funded MEERA (MArine Ecosystem Event Response and
Assessment) project, we are keeping our eye out for reports. Also, we have
had several bleaching projects going on here this summer. In general,
people have had a hard time finding bleached corals although there have
been some sightings. Several groups found bleached Porites astreoides at
Pigeon Key. This area can get very warm (I've recorded 34 C in past years)
but no body got any temperatures there. They can be considerably different
around the island than at the Sombrero C-Man station.
I've also seen a bit of light, patchy bleaching in the Lower Keys but
nothing I would call an "event". I will be on a Keys-wide coral disease
cruise starting Thursday and we will be recording bleaching. The OSV Peter
Anderson actually left Miami this AM to start in the BNP and Upper Keys. I
join at Looe Key and we work our way westward to the Tortugas. Will let
you know what we see. Will return on the 18th.
Ciao, Erich
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Erich Mueller, Ph.D., Director Phone: (305) 745-2729
Mote Marine Laboratory FAX: (305) 745-2730
Center for Tropical Research Email: emueller at mote.org
24244 Overseas Highway (US 1)
Summerland Key, FL 33042
Center Website-> http://www.mote.org/~emueller/CTRHome.phtml
Mote Marine Laboratory Website-> http://www.mote.org
Remarks are personal opinion and do not reflect institutional
policy unless so indicated.
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
From flotsam at manado.wasantara.net.id Tue Aug 8 22:43:00 2000
From: flotsam at manado.wasantara.net.id (Mark and Arnaz Erdmann)
Date: Wed, 09 Aug 2000 10:43:00 +0800
Subject: 9ICRS scientific field trips
Message-ID: <4.2.2.20000809104257.00a43dd0@manado.wasantara.net.id>
Dear Colleagues,
A surge of bookings before the July 30th deadline has allowed most of the
9ICRS scientific fieldtrips to meet or exceed their respective minimum
booking requirements. Now that this critical date has passed and the
fieldtrips will move
forward, bookings for 9ICRS Scientific Fieldtrips will still be accepted
and spaces will be granted in priority sequence to those participants who
make payment in full. Interested participants should read details of these
trips on the 9ICRS website , or can direct
their enquiries to Mr. Pat O'Connell at Asia Transpacific Journeys
(pat at southeastasia.com). Due to the very limited number of spaces available
on these fieldtrips, please indicate first and second choice trips on the
Scientific Field Trip Order Form available on the website. A brief summary
of the trip itineraries is offered below:
PRE-SYMPOSIUM TRIPS
North Sulawesi, Oct 17-22, M/V Serenade
Scientific Trip Leader: Dr. Jan Steffan, Marine Program Advisor for Yayasan
KEHATI, the Indonesian Biodiversity Foundation focusing on sustainable use
and community-based management of marine resources.
Komodo, Oct 16-22, M/V Evening Star II
Scientific Trip Leader: Dr. Peter Mous, Senior Program Officer of the
Nature Conservancy Coastal and
Marine Program Indonesia.
Bali, Oct 20-23, M/Y Sea Safari VI
Scientific Trip Leader: Dr. Carden Wallace, Director of the Museum of Tropical
Queensland in Townsville, Australia.
Tukang Besi, Oct 17-22, M/V Baruna Adventurer
Scientific Trip Leader: Dr. Mark Erdmann, Marine Protected Areas Advisor
for the Natural Resources Management Project, Indonesia.
POST-SYMPOSIUM TRIPS
North Sulawesi, Oct 28-Nov 2, M/V Serenade
Scientific Trip Leader: Helen Fox, PhD candidate at Univ. California Berkeley,
conducting field work in Indonesia that focuses on coral regrowth and
rehabilitation after
blast fishing.
Komodo, Oct 28-Nov 2, M/Y Sea Safari VI
Scientific Trip Leaders: Dr. Peter Mous, Senior Program Officer of The
Nature Conservancy Coastal and
Marine Program Indonesia and Dr. Lida Pet-Soede, tropical marine fisheries
specialist (with over 5 years' Indonesian experience).
Komodo, Oct 28-Nov 2, M/Y Adelaar
Scientific Trip Leader: Dr. Mark Erdmann, Marine Protected Areas Advisor
for the Natural Resources Management Project, Indonesia.
Bali, Oct 28-31, M/V Baruna Adventurer
Scientific Trip Leader: Dr. Ghislaine Llewellyn, Marine Conservation Science
Program Manager with WWF Indonesia's Wallacea program.
Sincerely,
Arnaz Mehta
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From N.D.Chapman at hw.ac.uk Fri Aug 11 06:24:41 2000
From: N.D.Chapman at hw.ac.uk (Nicola Diane Chapman)
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 2000 11:24:41 +0100 (GMT Daylight Time)
Subject: Measuring volume insitu
Message-ID:
Hello,
I am studying the growth of local serpulid reefs in situ
using photgrammetric methods.However I wish to measure an
increase in volume as well as height.Image proplus and
Optimas software packages can be used for increases in
height once the photograph is placed on C.D.However I was
wondering whether anyone knows of a software package to
measure INCREASES IN VOLUME. A comparative coral to these
reefs would morphologically be acropora.
If anyone can point me ina suitable direction I would be
very grateful.
Thanks very much,
Nikki
--
Nicola Diane Chapman
Heriot-Watt University
From mlsarameg at canl.nc Fri Aug 11 07:57:09 2000
From: mlsarameg at canl.nc (=?iso-8859-1?Q?SARRAMEGNA_S=E9bastien?=)
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 2000 22:57:09 +1100
Subject: No subject
Message-ID:
Hello coral-listers,
Does any one have information about the effets of turbidity, and of somme
elements such as carbonate, cobalt, Nickel, copper, So4, on coral reef. On
corals themselves but also on reef fish and invertebrates.
I am looking for information about the level of toxicity, ant the effects of
this toxicity on growth, and on survival of coral reef organisms.
Thank you.
Dr.SARRAMEGNA S?bastien
Tel/Fax : (687) 35 38 88
Mob : (687) 83 07 80
B.P. 3945 Noum?a, 98846 Nouvelle-Cal?donie
Email : mlsarameg at canl.nc
From RMurphy000 at aol.com Wed Aug 9 15:32:10 2000
From: RMurphy000 at aol.com (RMurphy000 at aol.com)
Date: Wed, 9 Aug 2000 15:32:10 EDT
Subject: bleaching
Message-ID: <200008121411.OAA22586@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
August, 2000
Fiji Coral Bleaching Update from Ed Lovell and Richard Murphy,
Beginning in February 2000 hard and soft corals on some reefs in Fiji began
bleaching. Bleaching continued and became more dramatic through March and
April. According to Al Strong's HotSpot data, there was a pool of warm water
in the Fiji region during this time. By mid July a few colonies where still
bleached but most were either well on their way to recovery or had already
died. Colonies which did not survive are now colonised, or being colonised,
by algae. The only scars on the reefs are areas previously inhabited by
Sinularia or Sarcophyton.
Ed surveyed reefs in southern Viti Levu, the largest island of Fiji, and
Richard worked in Savusavu region on Vanua Levu, the 2nd largest Fijian
island in an attempt to assess the consequences of this bleaching event. On
Savusavu reefs, by mid July, there were still a few colonies which were
white, purple or yellow, but the bleaching had subsided with the cooler
waters. At depths down to about 10 meters, some reefs appeared to have
experienced 60 to 80 % hard and soft coral mortality. Acroporids were among
the hardest hit and the larger the colony, the greater the likelihood of it
being killed. Certain genera such as Diploastrea, Echinopora and Turbinaria
seemed much more resistant. Some species (Pocillopora eydouxi and Acropora
crateriformis) had minimal mortality. Not all reefs were equally affected.
Some, which previously had lower coral diversity and abundance, seem to have
suffered less than those with greater diversity and % cover. We did a few
line transects at 33 meters and found much less mortality (7%-10%) with
bleaching also reduced.
The bleaching/mortality event seems to have been patchy in Fiji. The
highest mortality has occurred along the southern portion of Viti Levu and
Vanua Levu. Even within these areas of highest bleaching, the mortality has
been variable. There appears to be a positive relationship between greater
survivorship and areas of turbid waters, such as inshore reefs. Additionally,
a Reef Check survey of the Great Sea Reef area north of Vanua Levu has
determined minimal bleaching. This should be no surprise as NOAA's hotspot
data showed the water to be cooler during the period when the temperatures
were elevated to the south of the larger islands. This large area of healthy
coral, as well as deeper reefs, which were less affected, should bode well
for a large recruitment to the areas of high mortality.
We have set up a number of permanent quadrats and transects and will continue
to monitor them. One thing of particular interest was the dramatic colour
changes, which sometimes preceded bleaching. Some colonies of the genera
Acropora and Montipora became a vivid purple, pink or yellow. Likewise some
Sinularia and Sarcophyton colonies
became yellow or bleached to brilliant white. We would be interested to know
if the pre-bleaching colours we describe have been observed by others who
witnessed the development of bleaching events in the South Pacific and Indian
Oceans.
Ed Lovell
Biological Consultants, Fiji
lovell at suva.is.com.fj
Richard Murphy
Ocean Futures Society
Rmurphy000 at aol.com
From robbie at bbsr.edu Thu Aug 17 12:07:51 2000
From: robbie at bbsr.edu (robbie at bbsr.edu)
Date: Thu, 17 Aug 2000 12:07:51 -0400
Subject: Bleaching in Bermuda
Message-ID:
Dear Listers,
I just wanted to inform everyone that we are seeing signs of bleaching in
the Northern outer reef zones from 5 to 20 m depth. Millepora alcicornis,
Montastraea franksii and Meandrina meandrites are the species most affected
so far, generally pale or patchily bleached. I estimate that about 20 % of
the colonies of each species at the site visited to date are showing signs
of bleaching. SSTs have been around 29 oC since late July.
Cheers,
Robbie
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Struan Robertson Smith, Ph.D.
Assistant Research Scientist
Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc.
Ferry Reach GE01 Bermuda
Tel: 441 297 1880 ext. 240
Fax: 441 297 8143
From jware at erols.com Fri Aug 18 10:33:46 2000
From: jware at erols.com (John Ware)
Date: Fri, 18 Aug 2000 10:33:46 -0400
Subject: Search
Message-ID: <399D494A.B024BEA2@erols.com>
Dear List,
I am trying to reach either Ralph Butcher or Tanya Barnett. They are
not in the ISRS or the NOAA list, but I believe they read these
messages.
Thanks,
John
--
*************************************************************
* *
* John R. Ware, PhD *
* President *
* SeaServices, Inc. *
* 19572 Club House Road *
* Montgomery Village, MD, 20886 *
* 301 987-8507 *
* jware at erols.com *
* fax: 301 987-8531 *
* _ *
* | *
* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ *
* _|_ *
* | _ | *
* _______________________________| |________ *
* |\/__ Undersea Technology for the 21st Century \ *
* |/\____________________________________________/ *
**************************************************************
From hendee at aoml.noaa.gov Fri Aug 18 12:36:15 2000
From: hendee at aoml.noaa.gov (Jim Hendee)
Date: Fri, 18 Aug 2000 12:36:15 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: Adopt a Reef question
Message-ID:
Greetings,
I thought coral-listers might be able to offer assistance to Greg
Johnson and his class concerning the note he left on our CHAMP Web Page
comment form (see below). Please respond directly to Greg.
Cheers,
Jim
01_FirstName: Greg
02_LastName: Johnson
03_Email: buntforhit at hotmail.com
04_Reason: EnjoyPage
05_Rating: Excellent
06_Informative: Excellent
07_Comments: I am a 7th grade history teacher in Blue Springs, Missouri,
just east of Kansas City. This year, our school building theme is Sea Quest.
Therefore, our school will be conducting activities throughout the year
based on the sea and aquatic life. I was curious to know if there are ways
my students could adopt a portion of a coral reef, or we might aid in the
effort to preserve them. Any information you could provide would be
extremely helpful.
Thanks so much!
Sincerely,
Greg Johnson
From mrshok at hotmail.com Sat Aug 19 09:54:10 2000
From: mrshok at hotmail.com (Mohammad Reza Shokri)
Date: Sat, 19 Aug 2000 09:54:10 IRST
Subject: A request for information
Message-ID:
Dear Listers,
I have been searching for literature regarding the extent of symbiotic algae
reagin by corals after bleaching.
Could anyone direct me to specific references and introduce someone who is
working on this subject.
regards
Mohammad Reza Shokri
Iranian National Center for Oceanography
Living Resources Department
#51, Bozorgmehr Ave., Tehran, 14168, Iran
Tel: +98-21-6419891
Fax: +98-21-6419978
Email: mrshok at hotmail.com
________________________________________________________________________
Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com
From dudu.zakai at nature-parks.org.il Sat Aug 19 02:14:54 2000
From: dudu.zakai at nature-parks.org.il (David Zakai)
Date: Sat, 19 Aug 2000 09:14:54 +0300
Subject: Commercial production of reef corals
Message-ID: <399E25DE.6861FEB5@nature-parks.org.il>
Dear All,
My name is David Zakai and I work for Israel Nature & Parks Protection
Authority. I need your kind advises concerning the issue of commercial
production of live reef corals for saltwater aquariums industry:
1. I?m familiar with the demand of corals for saltwater aquariums, but
is growth of corals on aquacultur bases is solving the problem of
harvesting from nature? Is it really can be a substitute for a very
low-price corals from South East Asia, available on the "world markets"
today (as its legal by CITES)?
2. The northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba (Northern Red Sea) is the most
northern distribution for reef corals. Together with that, the
geomorphologic structure of partly separated water body, created, during
evolutionary time, a unique populations of fauna, and high rates of
endemic species, comparing with other tropical coral reef around the
world. Is it will be wise to allow growth of corals on aquacultur
facilities in land, of local species as well as exotic ones to import,
and local markets? And by that, maybe causing contamination of the
unique local and imported ecosystems with exotic corals (assuming that
coral or coral larvae will get in to the near by reefs at country of
arrival)?
3. If the answer to question 2, is to allow such growth of corals, which
species will be preferable?
Any other advice will be most appreciated.
Regards,
David Zakai
Red Sea Marine Biologist
Israel Nature & Parks Authority
P.O.Box 667, Eilat, Israel
AND
The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Science
of Eilat, P.O.Box 469, Eilat, Israel
Tel +972-7-637-3988
Fax +972-7-637-5047
Lab: +972-7-636-0166
Mobile + 972-3-776-2308
From gregorh at pacific.net.hk Sun Aug 20 01:42:09 2000
From: gregorh at pacific.net.hk (Gregor Hodgson)
Date: Sat, 19 Aug 2000 22:42:09 -0700
Subject: Adopt a Reef question
References:
Message-ID: <399F6FB1.B4C4784B@pacific.net.hk>
Reef Check has an international and US "Adopt a Reef" program. The
details are
found at: www.ReefCheck.org/adopt.htm
We would welcome any contributions toward this effort.
Regards,
Greg
Jim Hendee wrote:
> Greetings,
>
> I thought coral-listers might be able to offer assistance to Greg
> Johnson and his class concerning the note he left on our CHAMP Web Page
> comment form (see below). Please respond directly to Greg.
>
> Cheers,
> Jim
>
> 01_FirstName: Greg
> 02_LastName: Johnson
> 03_Email: buntforhit at hotmail.com
> 04_Reason: EnjoyPage
> 05_Rating: Excellent
> 06_Informative: Excellent
> 07_Comments: I am a 7th grade history teacher in Blue Springs, Missouri,
> just east of Kansas City. This year, our school building theme is Sea Quest.
> Therefore, our school will be conducting activities throughout the year
> based on the sea and aquatic life. I was curious to know if there are ways
> my students could adopt a portion of a coral reef, or we might aid in the
> effort to preserve them. Any information you could provide would be
> extremely helpful.
> Thanks so much!
> Sincerely,
> Greg Johnson
--
NEW MAILING ADDRESS
Gregor Hodgson, PhD
Director, Reef Check Foundation
Visiting Professor, Institute of the Environment
University of California at Los Angeles
1652 Hershey Hall 149607
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496 USA
Office Tel: 310-206-9193 Direct 310-794-4985
Fax: 310-825-9663
*************************
Email: gregorh at pacific.net.hk or gregorh at ucla.edu
Web: www.ReefCheck.org
From kandl at net-link.net Sun Aug 20 09:44:30 2000
From: kandl at net-link.net (Keith and Lisa)
Date: Sun, 20 Aug 2000 09:44:30 -0400
Subject: Commercial production of reef corals
References: <399E25DE.6861FEB5@nature-parks.org.il>
Message-ID: <007201c00ab4$9f31b580$9c8e59cf@oemcomputer>
David,
As a hobbyist I can tell you that the demand for aquaculture corals is
growing, especially amongst the online community. Most members of the
online community have realized that this is the only way to continue
in this hobby for the future. Most prefer aquacultured specimens
especially in the area of the so called "small polyp scleractinians"
or "SPS" as we call them in the hobby.
Speaking for my community on line, we would love to see more
aquacultured corals available to the mass markets. Most of us who keep
marine aquariums truly love the reefs. We are aware of the destruction
that has occurred in the past and still occurs. . We have been calling
for the top level players in the industry to clean up their act for a
few years. We would like it to see it stopped in all areas
destruction, not just hobby related issues
We would love to see a way for us to discriminate coral that are
aquacultured as opposed to being wild harvested. There is a small
operation in the Solomon Islands that is using a base to grow out
small coral fragments on for the hobby. I have not seen any from them
in this area for quite awhile, this might be due to the civil unrest
in the area.
As far as the issue of preferred species:
Beginners in the hobby prefer "soft corals" such sarcophyton,
sinularia, xenia, nepthea, zoanthids etc.
More advanced hobbyist prefer the "SPS" corals.
On size:
Hobbyist prefer small specimens 7-8 centimeters. We prefer this size
because it is easier to ship and for the coral to acclimate to our
tank conditions.
There also needs to be a source for aquacultured live rock. (Hard to
believe that you can run out of rock but some experts seem to think
so)
I am aware of a few companies in Florida have already tons of rock in
the ocean and they are beginning to harvest and sell a viable product.
Whether they are able to provide enough rock for the future needs of
the hobby remains to be seen.
I cannot speak to the issue of CITES, though I do know that there are
those that would love to see the hobby closed down in the U.S.
Perhaps you can help with this issue if you are willing to aquaculture
corals for the hobby instead of "destroying" the reefs.
I cannot speak to the issue of raising "exotic imports." though I am
aware that Hawaii does enforce strict laws on importation of marine
life in order to preserve the endemic fauna. Here in the US animals
from the Red Sea area are considered exotic perhaps that could be a
way of marketing your product.
I have at one point or another aquaculterd everything in my possession
that could be cut up and grown out. I currently maintain a small tank
just for that purpose. I have about ten species that I grow out for
trade or sell on a fairly regular basis.
If you should require any further input from a hobbyist stand point
please do not hesitate to write
Sorry for the length of the post.
Sincerely;
Reef lover and Hobbyist
Keith Langdon
kandl at net-link.net
www.net-link.net/kandl/
.?. , . .???`?.
> `?.?.???`?...?>?
> ?.??.???`?...
: Dear All,
: My name is David Zakai and I work for Israel Nature & Parks
Protection
: Authority. I need your kind advises concerning the issue of
commercial
: production of live reef corals for saltwater aquariums industry:
From fpl10 at calva.net Sun Aug 20 15:39:57 2000
From: fpl10 at calva.net (Fabrice POIRAUD-LAMBERT)
Date: Sun, 20 Aug 2000 21:39:57 +0200 (MET DST)
Subject: Commercial production of reef corals
Message-ID:
Hi,
I fully agree. This exactly the same situation here in Europe, at least in
France.
Some people are also trying to set up farms here, even by using Electricity
technics to increase growth rates.
As people are getting better and better in Captive Farming technics, the
Fragment Market between hobbists is increasing, to share species (for
backup and diversity purpose) at low cost with no impact on the reef.
However, we don't know how CITES should/could/need to be used here (and my
bet is that it will not by applied by hobbists for their own production).
Captive raised coral would be very well accepted by the market but as Keith
said, we never saw captive raised colonies here, and each time we asked
Farms (such as the one in the Solomons), we failed. Does someone know why ?
There is also a Farm in the Philippines, but for the Local market only,
because of the local laws about coral exportations : have a look here :
http://mars.reefkeepers.net/Articles/CoralFarm/CoralFarmUS.html
To be more specific about your 3rd question, the most researched corals are
the colorfull ones, obviously because they are more beautiful ! However,
that's quite amazing to see that most of the brown type Acroporides can get
colored after a while under 250 or 400 W blue metal halide bulbes (10
000?K or higher)...
Just a question however : in the case of coral farming in the wild, how do
you ensure that all the wild colonies arround the farm are not harvested
regularly to produce "captive raised" colonies ? What would be the impact
of a commercial Farm in case of a high demand according to the production
speed without using wild resources ?
Best
Fabrice POIRAUD-LAMBERT
Reef Lover, Hobbist & Diver
-----
A (At) 9:44 20/08/0, Keith and Lisa ecrivait (wrote):
>David,
>
>As a hobbyist I can tell you that the demand for aquaculture corals is
>growing, especially amongst the online community. Most members of the
>online community have realized that this is the only way to continue
>in this hobby for the future. Most prefer aquacultured specimens
>especially in the area of the so called "small polyp scleractinians"
>or "SPS" as we call them in the hobby.
>
>Speaking for my community on line, we would love to see more
>aquacultured corals available to the mass markets. Most of us who keep
>marine aquariums truly love the reefs. We are aware of the destruction
>that has occurred in the past and still occurs. . We have been calling
>for the top level players in the industry to clean up their act for a
>few years. We would like it to see it stopped in all areas
>destruction, not just hobby related issues
>
>We would love to see a way for us to discriminate coral that are
>aquacultured as opposed to being wild harvested. There is a small
>operation in the Solomon Islands that is using a base to grow out
>small coral fragments on for the hobby. I have not seen any from them
>in this area for quite awhile, this might be due to the civil unrest
>in the area.
>
>As far as the issue of preferred species:
>Beginners in the hobby prefer "soft corals" such sarcophyton,
>sinularia, xenia, nepthea, zoanthids etc.
>More advanced hobbyist prefer the "SPS" corals.
>
>On size:
>Hobbyist prefer small specimens 7-8 centimeters. We prefer this size
>because it is easier to ship and for the coral to acclimate to our
>tank conditions.
>
>There also needs to be a source for aquacultured live rock. (Hard to
>believe that you can run out of rock but some experts seem to think
>so)
>I am aware of a few companies in Florida have already tons of rock in
>the ocean and they are beginning to harvest and sell a viable product.
>Whether they are able to provide enough rock for the future needs of
>the hobby remains to be seen.
>
>I cannot speak to the issue of CITES, though I do know that there are
>those that would love to see the hobby closed down in the U.S.
>Perhaps you can help with this issue if you are willing to aquaculture
>corals for the hobby instead of "destroying" the reefs.
>I cannot speak to the issue of raising "exotic imports." though I am
>aware that Hawaii does enforce strict laws on importation of marine
>life in order to preserve the endemic fauna. Here in the US animals
>from the Red Sea area are considered exotic perhaps that could be a
>way of marketing your product.
>
>I have at one point or another aquaculterd everything in my possession
>that could be cut up and grown out. I currently maintain a small tank
>just for that purpose. I have about ten species that I grow out for
>trade or sell on a fairly regular basis.
>
>If you should require any further input from a hobbyist stand point
>please do not hesitate to write
>
>Sorry for the length of the post.
>
>Sincerely;
>Reef lover and Hobbyist
>Keith Langdon
>kandl at net-link.net
>www.net-link.net/kandl/
>
>.?. , . .???`?.
> > `?.?.???`?...?>?
> > ?.??.???`?...
>
>
>: Dear All,
>: My name is David Zakai and I work for Israel Nature & Parks
>Protection
>: Authority. I need your kind advises concerning the issue of
>commercial
>: production of live reef corals for saltwater aquariums industry:
From fishxing at mindspring.com Sun Aug 20 20:38:24 2000
From: fishxing at mindspring.com (Stanley Brown)
Date: Sun, 20 Aug 2000 17:38:24 -0700
Subject: Commercial production of reef corals
References: <6.a6be94a.26d01b2f@aol.com>
Message-ID: <39A07A00.D4E8FB70@mindspring.com>
Dear David,
Farmed corals are very feasible and (at least in the US) there seems to be
a growing demand for them. They are available from mariculture operations
as well as small scale (and a few large) inland closed systems which use
artificial sea water and lighting. Unfortunately, there are some who are
simply taking larger collected colonies and breaking them up into many
smaller fragments and offering them as propagated specimens. Larger
collected colonies seem to have a poor survival rate and fragmenting newly
arrived specimens at least offers a chance of survival, although I believe
they should not be offered as propgated or captive grown corals. Captive
growth colonies can get quite large and taking cuttings (literally pruning
the colony) becomes a necessity to insure the health and survival of the
colony. The larger colonies which need routine pruning become excellent
"mother" colonies.
I am not aware of any commercial source for corals propagated sexually. It
would seem an ideal way to produce large numbers of specimens, however,
grow out time required to reach a marketable size could be an economical
deterrent.
Introduction of non endemic species is an issue. To ban the culturing of
non endemic would me that local markets (retail) would also need to be
banned. I suspect that non endemic species are already available in local
consumer markets, not to mention shipments from mailorder/Internet sources
(and there are many).
I believe that there is a larger market for soft corals and the larger
polyp hard coral species. The small polyp stony corals (SPS) represents a
smaller market. Species which can live in lower light environments would
have a larger market than those requiring intense lighting. Finally, for
any and all species, color, color, color! The more colorful varieties
almost always command a higher price. Size also has a direct impact on
pricing, but I believe this is offset by the increased shipping costs. I
Cheers
Stanley Brown
The Breeder's Registry
Sacramento, California
> In a message dated 8/19/00 12:27:23 AM Pacific Daylight Time,
> dudu.zakai at nature-parks.org.il writes:
>
> << Subj: Commercial production of reef corals
> Date: 8/19/00 12:27:23 AM Pacific Daylight Time
> From: dudu.zakai at nature-parks.org.il (David Zakai)
> Sender: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> To: coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov, avi at ias.agri.gov.il (Avi
> Perevelotski), shalmonb at netvision.net.il (B Shalmon), yosiloya at post.tau.ac.il
> (Yossi Loya), moghrabi_sam at hotmail.com (Salim Al-Moghrabi),
> moghrabi at ju.edu.jo (Salim), dubinz at mail.biu.ac.il (Prof. Zvy Dubinsky),
> eliezer.frankenberg at nature-parks.org.il (Eliezer Frankenberg),
> dubinsk at attglobal.net (Dubinski Zvy), amatzia at vms.huji.ac.il (Amatzia Genin),
> alon at arava.org (Alon Tal)
> CC: simon.nemtzov at nature-parks.org.il (Simon Nemtzov)
>
> Dear All,
> My name is David Zakai and I work for Israel Nature & Parks Protection
> Authority. I need your kind advises concerning the issue of commercial
> production of live reef corals for saltwater aquariums industry:
>
> 1. I???m familiar with the demand of corals for saltwater aquariums, but
> is growth of corals on aquacultur bases is solving the problem of
> harvesting from nature? Is it really can be a substitute for a very
> low-price corals from South East Asia, available on the "world markets"
> today (as its legal by CITES)?
>
> 2. The northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba (Northern Red Sea) is the most
> northern distribution for reef corals. Together with that, the
> geomorphologic structure of partly separated water body, created, during
> evolutionary time, a unique populations of fauna, and high rates of
> endemic species, comparing with other tropical coral reef around the
> world. Is it will be wise to allow growth of corals on aquacultur
> facilities in land, of local species as well as exotic ones to import,
> and local markets? And by that, maybe causing contamination of the
> unique local and imported ecosystems with exotic corals (assuming that
> coral or coral larvae will get in to the near by reefs at country of
> arrival)?
>
> 3. If the answer to question 2, is to allow such growth of corals, which
> species will be preferable?
>
> Any other advice will be most appreciated.
>
> Regards,
>
> David Zakai
> Red Sea Marine Biologist
> Israel Nature & Parks Authority
> P.O.Box 667, Eilat, Israel
> AND
> The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Science
> of Eilat, P.O.Box 469, Eilat, Israel
>
> Tel +972-7-637-3988
> Fax +972-7-637-5047
> Lab: +972-7-636-0166
> Mobile + 972-3-776-2308 >>
>
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
From danaher at aoml.noaa.gov Mon Aug 21 13:15:26 2000
From: danaher at aoml.noaa.gov (Deborah Danaher)
Date: Mon, 21 Aug 2000 13:15:26 -0400
Subject: Lizard Island Fellowship
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20000821131526.009acd00@pop.aoml.noaa.gov>
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From BGreenstein at cornell-iowa.edu Mon Aug 21 15:36:18 2000
From: BGreenstein at cornell-iowa.edu (BGreenstein at cornell-iowa.edu)
Date: Mon, 21 Aug 2000 14:36:18 -0500
Subject: Genome help
Message-ID:
Coral listers,
My colleague and I are beginning a project investigating the relationship
between genetic signature and colony morphology in Millepora complanata and
M. alcicornis. We have thus far identified several colony growth forms for
analysis, isolated DNA and begun RAPD analysis. We want to start AFLP
analysis and wonder if anyone knows the genome size of this hydrozoan.
Many thanks,
Ben Greenstein
**********************
Ben Greenstein, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Geology
Cornell College
600 First St. West
Mt. Vernon, Iowa 52314
*******************************
http://www.cornell-iowa.edu/~bgreenstein
bgreenstein at cornell-iowa.edu
PH (319) 895-4307
FAX (319) 895-5667
From iguch at nesdis.noaa.gov Tue Aug 22 09:24:06 2000
From: iguch at nesdis.noaa.gov (Ingrid Guch)
Date: Tue, 22 Aug 2000 09:24:06 -0400
Subject: Fwd: Re: Bleaching in Bermuda
Message-ID: <200008221324.JAA18092@nes1.nesdis.noaa.gov>
Greetings,
I work with Al Strong's team to maintain the NOAA HotSpot & related web
sites. I thought I'd put in a few words about what we are seeing with Bermuda
looking at our satellite SST & related data...
NOAA's experimental satellite-derived tropical ocean coral bleaching
indices show Bermuda has experienced a bit more than 5 degree heating
weeks, in this case indicating about 5 weeks of SSTs 1 degree warmer than
the expected summertime maximum temperature. In September 1998 Bermuda
got up to 11 degree heating weeks, but I don't remember receiving reports of
significant bleaching.
NOAA's main site (24 global reefs, includes Bermuda) is at
http://psbsgi1.nesdis.noaa.gov:8080/PSB/EPS/SST/dhw_news.html
NOAA's additional site (made up of sites which have been specifically
requested, includes Florida Keys and many others) is at
http://psbsgi1.nesdis.noaa.gov:8080/PSB/EPS/SST/dhw_coop.html
Both sites are updated on Tuesdays and Saturdays.
Some recent updates to the website-
You can now click on the lat-lon of each site and see the ReefBase map,
along with links to the appropriate HotSpot chart (regions where SSTs are
at least 1 degree above the expected summertime maximum temperature),
degree heating weeks chart (accumulations of HotSpots), satellite-derived
ocean surface winds and the day/night average SST chart. We hope to
improve the resolution of the available imagery as resources and funding
permit. The current resolution is 50km for HotSpots and degree heating
weeks. If you have comments, suggestions for additional reef sites or
links to add, please contact us by using the feedback link on the web site.
finally, retrospective dhw images from 1998 & most of 1999 are at
http://psbsgi1.nesdis.noaa.gov:8080/PSB/EPS/icg/hdweeks1_black.html
I hope you find this information useful.
regards,
Ingrid.
>At 12:07 PM 8/17/00 , robbie at bbsr.edu wrote:
>>Dear Listers,
>>I just wanted to inform everyone that we are seeing signs of bleaching in
>>the Northern outer reef zones from 5 to 20 m depth. Millepora alcicornis,
>>Montastraea franksii and Meandrina meandrites are the species most affected
>>so far, generally pale or patchily bleached. I estimate that about 20 % of
>>the colonies of each species at the site visited to date are showing signs
>>of bleaching. SSTs have been around 29 oC since late July.
>>Cheers,
>>Robbie
>>
>>
>>^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>>
>>Struan Robertson Smith, Ph.D.
>>
>>Assistant Research Scientist
>>Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc.
>>Ferry Reach GE01 Bermuda
>>
>>Tel: 441 297 1880 ext. 240
>>Fax: 441 297 8143
>>
>
Ingrid C. Guch
NOAA/NESDIS
*********************************************
phone: 301-457-0913 ext 140
fax: 301-457-0918
email: iguch at nesdis.noaa.gov
Mailing Address:
E/SP13, RM 2322, FB-4
NOAA
5200 AUTH RD
SUITLAND MD 20746-4304
From adaley at coral.org Mon Aug 21 13:51:58 2000
From: adaley at coral.org (Anita Daley)
Date: Mon, 21 Aug 2000 10:51:58 -0700
Subject: Adopt a Reef question
In-Reply-To:
References:
Message-ID:
Hi Greg. I heard about your "Adopt-A-Reef" question. Try contacting
the Center for Ecosystem Survival. They have a program that sounds
perfect for your students. Here's the URL:
http://www.savenature.org/reef.htm
Good luck,
Anita
>Greetings,
>
> I thought coral-listers might be able to offer assistance to Greg
>Johnson and his class concerning the note he left on our CHAMP Web Page
>comment form (see below). Please respond directly to Greg.
>
> Cheers,
> Jim
>
>
>01_FirstName: Greg
>02_LastName: Johnson
>03_Email: buntforhit at hotmail.com
>04_Reason: EnjoyPage
>05_Rating: Excellent
>06_Informative: Excellent
>07_Comments: I am a 7th grade history teacher in Blue Springs, Missouri,
>just east of Kansas City. This year, our school building theme is Sea Quest.
>Therefore, our school will be conducting activities throughout the year
>based on the sea and aquatic life. I was curious to know if there are ways
>my students could adopt a portion of a coral reef, or we might aid in the
>effort to preserve them. Any information you could provide would be
>extremely helpful.
>Thanks so much!
>Sincerely,
>Greg Johnson
--
Anita Daley
Project Coordinator
The Coral Reef Alliance
2014 Shattuck Avenue
Berkeley, CA 94704
(510) 848-0110 ext. 313
(510) 848-3720 fax
www.coral.org
"Working together to keep coral reefs alive."
From hendee at aoml.noaa.gov Tue Aug 22 13:30:12 2000
From: hendee at aoml.noaa.gov (Jim Hendee)
Date: Tue, 22 Aug 2000 13:30:12 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: Hurricane Debby
Message-ID:
Greetings,
Since it appears highly likely that we will be under a hurricane
watch in the very near future, the coral.aoml.noaa.gov workstation may
have to be shutdown some time this week. Thus, coral-list and the CHAMP
Home Page may not be available for service later this week.
Cheers,
Jim Hendee
CHAMP Administrator
From capman at augsburg.edu Tue Aug 22 17:09:44 2000
From: capman at augsburg.edu (capman at augsburg.edu)
Date: Tue, 22 Aug 2000 16:09:44 -0500
Subject: Legality of Caribbean stony corals on maricultured live rock?
Message-ID:
As I understand it, the maricultured live rock being produced in the
Florida Keys and elsewhere for the aquarium trade is often colonized by a
variety of different stony coral species. Does anyone on the list know
enough about the CITES regulations (which as I understand it prohibit the
keeping of Caribbean stony corals in aquaria) to say whether keeping these
otherwise illegal corals in aquaria is legal if they crop up on legally
produced cultivated live rock?
Bill
From delbeek at hawaii.edu Tue Aug 22 18:03:42 2000
From: delbeek at hawaii.edu (J. Charles Delbeek)
Date: Tue, 22 Aug 2000 12:03:42 -1000
Subject: Legality of Caribbean stony corals on maricultured live rock?
In-Reply-To:
Message-ID:
On Tue, 22 Aug 2000 capman at augsburg.edu wrote:
> As I understand it, the maricultured live rock being produced in the
> Florida Keys and elsewhere for the aquarium trade is often colonized by a
> variety of different stony coral species. Does anyone on the list know
> enough about the CITES regulations (which as I understand it prohibit the
> keeping of Caribbean stony corals in aquaria) to say whether keeping these
> otherwise illegal corals in aquaria is legal if they crop up on legally
> produced cultivated live rock?
Bill: I don't think it is illegal to keep any stony corals in
captivity. CITIES is primarily a tracking system to help keep track of the
movement of organisms around the world as well as to regulate their export
and import. I do not believe Caribbean corals are treated any differently
by CITIES than say stony corals from Fiji. What DOES differ are the
regulations of individual countries and states as to collection and
import/export live coral. For example, it is illegal to collect stony
corals in Hawaii, it is illegal to export stony corals and it is illegal
to import soft and stony corals, unless you have the necessary permits.
Regarding the coral that settles out on aquacultured live rock in Florida
waters, this is perfectly legal according to state regulations concerning
live rock aquaculture. These sites are situated in open sandy plains, far
from any actual reefs. The feeling is that any corals or other organisms
that settle on rock in these barren areas, would not have settled there to
begin with.
Aloha
J. Charles Delbeek
From mlsarameg at canl.nc Wed Aug 23 09:40:05 2000
From: mlsarameg at canl.nc (=?iso-8859-1?Q?SARRAMEGNA_S=E9bastien?=)
Date: Thu, 24 Aug 2000 00:40:05 +1100
Subject: No subject
Message-ID:
I want to thank every people who send a lot of informations.
Thank you very much.
Yours sincerely
SARRAMEGNA S?bastien
Tel/Fax : (687) 35 38 88
Mob : (687) 83 07 80
B.P. 3945 Noum?a, 98846 Nouvelle-Cal?donie
Email : mlsarameg at canl.nc
From jordanl at ocean.nova.edu Wed Aug 23 15:43:42 2000
From: jordanl at ocean.nova.edu (Lance Jordan)
Date: Wed, 23 Aug 2000 15:43:42 -0400
Subject: Slippery dick disease -not a joke
Message-ID: <3.0.4.32.20000823154342.00912704@ocean.nova.edu>
Hello and sorry for any duplicate messages,
I am a grad student studying coral reef fishes in South Florida -mainly off
the coast of Broward Co. In the last couple weeks of diving I have noticed
that a large percentage of 5-7cm slippery dicks (Halichoeres bivittatus)
appear to have fleshy lesions growing upon them. Has anyone in our area or
elsewhere in the Caribbean come across these apparently diseased fish? Is
anyone familiar with species-specific diseases which affect particular
age/size classes of a population?
Thanks,
Lance Jordan
___________________________________________________________________
Lance K. B. Jordan
Graduate Research Assistant
Nova Southeastern University Phone: (954) 262-3619
Oceanographic Center Fax: (954) 262-4098
8000 N. Ocean Drive Email: JordanL at ocean.nova.edu
Dania, FL 33004
USA
From bmalon01 at fiu.edu Wed Aug 23 17:45:04 2000
From: bmalon01 at fiu.edu (Barbara Maloney)
Date: Wed, 23 Aug 2000 17:45:04 -0400
Subject: subject title missing
Message-ID: <39A445DF.CFEA95B@fiu.edu>
Dear Group - with today's viruses, would everybody mind putting
something in the subject area in your email.. Thank you.
From osha at oshadavidson.com Wed Aug 23 17:47:50 2000
From: osha at oshadavidson.com (Osha Gray Davidson)
Date: Wed, 23 Aug 2000 16:47:50 -0500
Subject: Plague Type II
Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20000823164355.0096d730@mail.dns-host.com>
Dear coral-listers,
With the traditional Plague Type II "season" 2/3 of the way through (for
the Caribbean), I was wondering if someone can tell me where I can find any
updates on recent outbreaks of this disease.
Thanks,
Osha
Osha Gray Davidson Home page: www.OshaDavidson.com
14 S. Governor St.
Iowa City, IA 52240
USA
From prtaylor at nsf.gov Thu Aug 24 08:11:06 2000
From: prtaylor at nsf.gov (Taylor, Phillip R)
Date: Thu, 24 Aug 2000 08:11:06 -0400
Subject: News from U.S.- N.S.F. supported science
Message-ID:
See NSF Press Release below.
****************************************
Phillip R. Taylor, Director
Biological Oceanography Program
Division of Ocean Sciences
National Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 725
Arlington, Virginia, USA 22230
703-292-8582, fax: 703-292-9085 -- new phone and fax
prtaylor at nsf.gov
-----Original Message-----
From: Jackson, Ketrina M
Sent: Wednesday, August 23, 2000 3:29 PM
To: Edwards, Michelle; Joyner, Tarri; Weir, Ellen
Cc: West, Peter T; Dybas, Cheryl; Noxon, William C
Subject: August 23, 2000 Tipsheet
August 23, 2000
***SPECIAL EDITION***
FROM THE SHORE TO THE MOUNTAINS
THERE'S NO VACATION FROM SCIENCE
For more information on these science news and feature story
tips, please contact the public information officer at the end of
each item at(703) 292-8070. Editor: Peter West
As the summer winds down, many head to the mountains or the beach
to take a last-minute holiday. Scientists supported by the
National Science Foundation (NSF), meanwhile, head to the
mountains, the beach and even further afield to continue their
research.
SUNBURNED CORAL REEFS?
Recent evidence of "sunburned" Caribbean coral reefs seems to
confirm not only the gradual warming of the world's oceans, but
also the effect of warming on ocean ecology. "Coral is very photo-
and temperature-sensitive," explains marine ecologist William
Fitt, an NSF-funded researcher at University of Georgia. "We know
that if water temperature is too high for too long, everything
goes wrong very quickly -- like throwing a screwdriver into a
running engine."
In addition to excessively warm water temperatures, a number
of other factors, including pollution, may be contributing to
widespread bleaching of corals. But Fitt says his research team
has now "caught the bandit in the act." A key protein in
photosynthesis, known as the D1 protein, is extremely temperature
sensitive. Tropical corals are actually made up of algae, living
inside a coral animal. If seawater temperatures during summer
remain too high for too long, photosynthesis in the coral's algae
breaks down, leaving the coral with less food. The animal
starves, and its white skeleton becomes visible--hence the
bleached white color. "Tropical corals are already on the edge of
the 'temperature envelope' of life during most summers. If warmer
waters push it that little bit higher or longer, the results are
very evident," says Fitt. [Cheryl Dybas]
From crawdaddyhale at hotmail.com Thu Aug 24 15:00:36 2000
From: crawdaddyhale at hotmail.com (Crawdaddy Hale)
Date: Thu, 24 Aug 2000 15:00:36 EDT
Subject: TNC also has a reef adoption program
Message-ID:
: Jim Hendee
CC: coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov, Greg Johnson
Save Address
Subject: Re: Adopt a Reef question
Date: Sat, 19 Aug 2000 22:42:09 -0700
Reef adoption through "RESCUE THE REEF" is also offered by the international
non-profit land trust THE NATURE CONSERVANCY
https://tncnt.tnc.org/frames/index.html?https://tncnt.tnc.org/tncforms/secure/adopt_reef.asp
Did you know...
Coral reefs are considered the "rainforests of the ocean"?
Corals are animals, not plants, made up of thousands of living organisms
called polyps?
Corals produce a natural sunscreen which chemists are developing to market
in Australia?
Corals' porous limestone skeletons have been used for bone grafts in humans?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
French Angel Fish, Little Cayman Island photo by William Garvin
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The sad news is...Reefs are being destroyed by pollution, over-fishing,
anchor damage, and destructive fishing practices like dynamiting and use of
toxic chemicals. This fragile environment is sending an SOS to anyone who
will listen. Fish populations are already down. Coral growth is slowing. If
we don't help them, they'll be lost...forever.
How can you help? Join the Rescue the Reef program.
RESCUE THE REEF 10 MOST ASKED QUESTIONS
Why does The Nature Conservancy sponsor reefs for adoption? Coral reefs are
a beautiful and very important marine ecosystem which, like rainforests,
protect a wide diversity of species. Reefs are home to one quarter of all
marine species and we are still learning about the importance of reefs to
land and human life. The Rescue the Reef program permits individuals to do
something direct and positive to protect our reef habitats. It puts into
action the Conservancy's message that there are real opportunities for
individuals to make a difference. By establishing the connection between
concerned individuals and the area they want to protect, The Nature
Conservancy offers the opportunity to save threatened reefs.
May I visit the reef habitat I protect? The Nature Conservancy is working to
protect reefs around the world, and we will tell you where your reef habitat
is located. While reefs such as the Florida Keys are easily accessible,
others are in remote areas of the world and may be ill-equipped for visitors
- so it is not always possible to visit the region. In addition, the health
of an ecosystem is often dependent on its inaccessibility. The Nature
Conservancy does, however, sponsor a wide range of trips to reefs and other
ecosystems. You may contact the Conservancy for information about our
International Trips Program.
How will my money be used? The money you send for Rescue the Reef will be
used to protect selected threatened reef habitats. Funds go to coral
protection work in the Florida Keys, the Caribbean and the Pacific,
including the costs of scientific and diver programs to identify and save
rare species. In addition, a wide range of activities are financed, from
installing mooring buoys to reduce boat damage, to hiring and training park
rangers, conducting environmental education programs, and developing
environmentally compatible methods of resource use that do not destroy the
reef. Your contribution to Rescue the Reef signifies a commitment to finance
the crucial protection of these areas. Your gift is tax-deductible.
Who will own or manage the reef habitat? The Nature Conservancy never takes
reef habitat out of local control. We are committed to developing the local
capacity to manage natural ecosystems and the resources to permanently
protect areas that are threatened. All conservation programs we support are
monitored by the Conservancy and are carried out by local conservationists
in private and public conservation organizations. The reef you protect will
be managed by a local private conservation group or may become part of a
marine park or reserve protected by the government.
What does my Deed signify? It is an honorary deed only. It does not signify
ownership but something much more important: your commitment to do something
specific and tangible to save a critical and threatened ecosystem: the coral
reef communities of tropical waters.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anemone, Bonaire, Caribbean photo by William Garvin
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How can I find out about the reef I protect? Once you protect a reef, The
Nature Conservancy will send you information about the area where it is
located. This will include information about new discoveries of marine
plants and animals, as well as the work being done to protect the area. Two
or three times a year, you'll receive our newsletter, Global Currents
describing the focus and successes of our conservation efforts.
How can I be sure that the reef I rescue is really being protected? The
Nature Conservancy works hard to carefully choose our projects and partners.
The reef you protect is located in a key area where a real opportunity
exists to identify endangered species and establish lasting protection. In
Global Currents, you will be able to read about the actual results that are
being achieved with your investment. If the Conservancy is working there,
you can be sure there is an excellent chance of success.
How did you arrive at $35 for rescuing a reef habitat? We have developed a
specific budget for each Rescue the Reef site. Each budget includes the
expenses for the project such as: scientific and diver programs, mooring and
coral protection safeguards, community education and reef management.
Analyzing the budgets of past and current successful projects, we have
calculated the median figure for funding protection efforts for a "typical"
reef habitat.
How does Rescue the Reef differ from other marine protection efforts? Coral
reef destruction is caused by so many different factors - many of them
originating on land - that a wide variety of efforts are needed to fight the
problem. Lobbying, education and public awareness have all been utilized to
attack reef destruction, and many other kinds of efforts are needed. The
Rescue the Reef program has one main purpose: to provide funds to actively
protect threatened coral reefs and the species that depend on them.
Why should we care about reefs? We are only just learning how much we rely
on reefs and other natural ecosystems. We know that reefs are an important
human food source and provide at least ten percent of all fish consumed by
people. Reef species are being widely researched as the basis for important
medical products, especially for cures of diseases like cancer and AIDS.
Reefs also provide barriers from coastal erosion and provide key recreation
and vacation areas. Reefs are often home to as many plants and animals as
are rainforests, and reef habitat is being destroyed at an alarming rate.
Yes! I'd like to join the Rescue the Reef Program
Copyright 1999 The Nature Conservancy
http://www.tnc.org/frames/index.html?/html/list.html
________________________________________________________________________
Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com
From JSprung at compuserve.com Fri Aug 25 01:12:03 2000
From: JSprung at compuserve.com (Julian Sprung)
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 01:12:03 -0400
Subject: NSF Press Release
Message-ID: <200008250112_MC2-B0EA-4C05@compuserve.com>
Dear Phillip Taylor,
I write to you since you posted the attached article to our list. Do you or
anyone on the list know the author of this piece, Cheryl Dybas. Please
advise her that she is with good intentions perpetuating an often repeated
myth. Mass coral bleaching and subsequent coral death has nothing
whatsoever to do with starvation. Nor is water pollution a factor. It is
simply hot water and light that combined do the damage.
The corals in a hot spot may bleach and die in a matter of just a few days.
Corals don't starve so quickly. Also, when you find survivors of bleaching
events they tend to be in more polluted (nutrient rich) habitats. That can
be explained at least partly by the fact that these habitats have lower
light penetration due to turbidity and may also have shading caused by
growths of macroalgae.
Sincerely,
Julian Sprung
Please see:
Jones, R, Hoegh-Guldberg, O, Larkum, AWL and Schreiber, U. (1998)
Temperature induced bleaching of corals begins with impairment of dark
metabolism in zooxanthellae. Plant Cell and Environment.
----------------------------
SUNBURNED CORAL REEFS?
Recent evidence of "sunburned" Caribbean coral reefs seems to
confirm not only the gradual warming of the world's oceans, but
also the effect of warming on ocean ecology. "Coral is very photo-
and temperature-sensitive," explains marine ecologist William
Fitt, an NSF-funded researcher at University of Georgia. "We know
that if water temperature is too high for too long, everything
goes wrong very quickly -- like throwing a screwdriver into a
running engine."
In addition to excessively warm water temperatures, a number
of other factors, including pollution, may be contributing to
widespread bleaching of corals. But Fitt says his research team
has now "caught the bandit in the act." A key protein in
photosynthesis, known as the D1 protein, is extremely temperature
sensitive. Tropical corals are actually made up of algae, living
inside a coral animal. If seawater temperatures during summer
remain too high for too long, photosynthesis in the coral's algae
breaks down, leaving the coral with less food. The animal
starves, and its white skeleton becomes visible--hence the
bleached white color. "Tropical corals are already on the edge of
the 'temperature envelope' of life during most summers. If warmer
waters push it that little bit higher or longer, the results are
very evident," says Fitt. [Cheryl Dybas]
From hendee at aoml.noaa.gov Fri Aug 25 06:18:22 2000
From: hendee at aoml.noaa.gov (Jim Hendee)
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 06:18:22 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: gorgonian growth rates
Message-ID:
Greetings,
Dr. Anne Cohen's (acohen at whoi.edu) literature reference Web page
on gorgonian growth rates has been updated:
http://www.coral.noaa.gov/bib/gorgonians.html
Please contact her directly if you have any updates.
Cheers,
Jim
From ecnewton at operamail.com Fri Aug 25 07:23:33 2000
From: ecnewton at operamail.com (Eric C. Newton)
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 07:23:33 -0400
Subject: Legality of Caribbean stony corals on maricultured live rock?
In-Reply-To:
References:
Message-ID: <39A61EF5.29768.1C23E3D@localhost>
Dia 22 Aug 2000, na 12:03, J. Charles Delbeek a skirbi:
> On Tue, 22 Aug 2000 capman at augsburg.edu wrote:
>
> > As I understand it, the maricultured live rock being produced in the
> > Florida Keys and elsewhere for the aquarium trade is often colonized
> > by a variety of different stony coral species. Does anyone on the
> > list know enough about the CITES regulations (which as I understand it
> > prohibit the keeping of Caribbean stony corals in aquaria) to say
> > whether keeping these otherwise illegal corals in aquaria is legal if
> > they crop up on legally produced cultivated live rock?
>
> Bill: I don't think it is illegal to keep any stony corals in
> captivity. CITIES is primarily a tracking system to help keep track of
> the movement of organisms around the world as well as to regulate their
> export and import. I do not believe Caribbean corals are treated any
> differently by CITIES than say stony corals from Fiji. What DOES differ
> are the regulations of individual countries and states as to collection
> and import/export live coral. For example, it is illegal to collect
> stony corals in Hawaii, it is illegal to export stony corals and it is
> illegal to import soft and stony corals, unless you have the necessary
> permits.
>
> Regarding the coral that settles out on aquacultured live rock in
> Florida waters, this is perfectly legal according to state regulations
> concerning live rock aquaculture. These sites are situated in open sandy
> plains, far from any actual reefs. The feeling is that any corals or
> other organisms that settle on rock in these barren areas, would not
> have settled there to begin with.
>
> Aloha
> J. Charles Delbeek
Still, a CITES permit is needed if this live rock is exported. As corals
are listed on Appendix II of CITES, such a permit can be issued if a
Scientific Authority declares that this export will not be detrimental to
the survival of the species in the wild, which will probably be the case.
Cheers,
**** **** ****
Eric C. Newton
Neth. Antilles
**** **** ****
From Jonathan.Kelsey at noaa.gov Fri Aug 25 08:52:23 2000
From: Jonathan.Kelsey at noaa.gov (Jonathan Kelsey)
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 08:52:23 -0400
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
References: <200008250112_MC2-B0EA-4C05@compuserve.com>
Message-ID: <39A66C07.472F58FE@noaa.gov>
Coral Listers,
I am very interested further discussion of these theories raised in Mr.
Sprung's email:
1.) "Mass coral bleaching and subsequent coral death has nothing whatsoever to
do with starvation. Nor is water pollution a factor. It is simply hot water and
light that combined do the damage. The corals in a hot spot may bleach and die
in a matter of just a few days. Corals don't starve so quickly."
2.) "Also, when you find survivors of bleaching events they tend to be in more
polluted (nutrient rich) habitats. That can be explained at least partly by the
fact that these habitats have lower light penetration due to turbidity and may
also have shading caused by growths of macroalgae."
-Are these generally accepted concepts?
-Can one accurately assess coral mortality rates associated with a bleaching
event after "a matter of just a few days"?
-Are there quantitative studies showing that there is a greater bleaching
survival rate among corals in polluted waters versus those in non-polluted
water?
-Any comments and/or further discussion would be greatly appreciated.
From hzibrowi at com.univ-mrs.fr Fri Aug 25 11:40:37 2000
From: hzibrowi at com.univ-mrs.fr (Helmut ZIBROWIUS)
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 16:40:37 +0100
Subject: Legality of Caribbean stony corals on maricultured live rock?
In-Reply-To: <39A61EF5.29768.1C23E3D@localhost>
References:
Message-ID:
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From thomassi at com.univ-mrs.fr Fri Aug 25 12:30:26 2000
From: thomassi at com.univ-mrs.fr (Bernard A. Thomassin)
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 16:30:26 GMT
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
Message-ID: <200008251630.QAA59736@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
Jonathan.Kelsey at noaa.gov wrote :
>-Are these generally accepted concepts?
>-Can one accurately assess coral mortality rates associated with a bleachin
>event after "a matter of just a few days"?
>-Are there quantitative studies showing that there is a greater bleaching
>survival rate among corals in polluted waters versus those in non-polluted
>water? -Any comments and/or further discussion would be greatly appreciated.
We will presented a poste about the subject at bali meeting. In Mayotte
Is., North Mozambique Channel, a huge bleaching occurred in 1998 spring
(end of summer season there) and most of 90 percent of the shallow coral of
the barrier reefs died.
Those corals that surveyed the best are from the muddy environnements in
bays, on fringing reef fronts and patches, even the harbour !why ? Because
the corals living in oceanic cooler waters of the barrier reef belt (170 km
long) are less adapted to tolerate hot waters and high level of light (some
got "sun burns" as table acroporas). In opposite population of corals (same
species) living in neritic coastal waters, in inner areas of the lagoon,
are genetically more adapted to tolerate : high temperature, turbid waters
after rainfalls, even falls of salinity. Today in Mayotte, probably the
recovering ibn coral of the mid-lagoon patch reefs (recruitement) is due to
larvae coming from these coastal coral populations. These is one of the
main reasons to protect these "special" reefs in muddy environments from
all the effects of coastal works (marinas, dredgings, infilling of littoral
for roads, etc...).
This is a good way for researches.. and from where larvae that recruit are
coming.
Bernard A. Thomassin
Directeur de recherches au C.N.R.S.
G.I.S. "Lag-May"
(Groupement d'Int=E9r=EAt Scientifique Environnement marin et littoral de
Mayotte")
& Centre d'Oceanologie de Marseille,
Station Marine d'Endoume,
rue de la Batterie des Lions,
13007 Marseille
9l. (33) 04 91 0416 17
9l. GSM 06 63 14 91 78
fax. (33) 04 91 04 16 35 (0 l'attention de...)
e-mail : thomassi at sme.com.univ-mrs.fr
From hendee at aoml.noaa.gov Fri Aug 25 12:33:40 2000
From: hendee at aoml.noaa.gov (Coral-List Admin)
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 16:33:40 GMT
Subject: Please listen up!
Message-ID: <200008251633.QAA60134@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
Some people just don't get it, so I'll say this again, only a little
louder:
THIS IS A U.S. GOVERNMENT SPONSORED LISTSERVER. I CAN NOT CONDONE THE
CIRCULATION OF INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES. THESE INCLUDE RACIST, SEXIST,
HATEFUL, NASTY, ILLEGAL, INSULTING OR OTHERWISE OBVIOUSLY INFLAMMATORY OR
INDECENT LANGUAGE.
As a government employee, I am bound by the laws that make this country
great. Your country may not honor these same laws and/or customs, but if
you're going to use coral-list to circulate your comments, you have to
respect the laws of the US and the rules of coral-list, or be removed from
the list, like H. Zibrowius just has for his tasteless comment.
Jim Hendee
coral-list administrator
From carlson at soest.hawaii.edu Fri Aug 25 14:14:51 2000
From: carlson at soest.hawaii.edu (Bruce Carlson)
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 08:14:51 -1000
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
References: <200008251630.QAA59736@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <002701c00ec0$60bd43e0$22477aa6@waquarium.org>
Bernard,
Did you also notice that corals in areas with swift flowing water (usually
from tides) also survived better than nearby reefs with low flows? I
noticed this in Fiji on the shallow barrier reef of the University of the
South Pacific, and in Palau near the lighthouse reef -- both are similar
reef environments with strong laminar water flow (the water is shallow
enough to stand up at mid-tide, but the current knocks you over -- I don't
have a more precise current measurement). Why would flow rate matter?
Perhaps there is something related to diffusion rates (which would increase
in strong water flow) which offers some protection during bleaching???? If
Ove is right about superoxides forming during warm water events, maybe this
observation is relevant.
Also, in Fiji, we noticed that reefs near river mouths also showed good
survival rates. The outer barrier reefs in Palau and Fiji seemed to be hit
the hardest.
Bruce
----- Original Message -----
From: Bernard A. Thomassin
To:
Sent: Friday, August 25, 2000 6:30 AM
Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
>
> Jonathan.Kelsey at noaa.gov wrote :
>
> >-Are these generally accepted concepts?
> >-Can one accurately assess coral mortality rates associated with a
bleachin
> >event after "a matter of just a few days"?
> >-Are there quantitative studies showing that there is a greater bleaching
> >survival rate among corals in polluted waters versus those in
non-polluted
> >water? -Any comments and/or further discussion would be greatly
appreciated.
>
> We will presented a poste about the subject at bali meeting. In Mayotte
> Is., North Mozambique Channel, a huge bleaching occurred in 1998 spring
> (end of summer season there) and most of 90 percent of the shallow coral
of
> the barrier reefs died.
> Those corals that surveyed the best are from the muddy environnements in
> bays, on fringing reef fronts and patches, even the harbour !why ? Because
> the corals living in oceanic cooler waters of the barrier reef belt (170
km
> long) are less adapted to tolerate hot waters and high level of light
(some
> got "sun burns" as table acroporas). In opposite population of corals
(same
> species) living in neritic coastal waters, in inner areas of the lagoon,
> are genetically more adapted to tolerate : high temperature, turbid waters
> after rainfalls, even falls of salinity. Today in Mayotte, probably the
> recovering ibn coral of the mid-lagoon patch reefs (recruitement) is due
to
> larvae coming from these coastal coral populations. These is one of the
> main reasons to protect these "special" reefs in muddy environments from
> all the effects of coastal works (marinas, dredgings, infilling of
littoral
> for roads, etc...).
>
> This is a good way for researches.. and from where larvae that recruit are
> coming.
>
> Bernard A. Thomassin
> Directeur de recherches au C.N.R.S.
>
> G.I.S. "Lag-May"
> (Groupement d'Int=E9r=EAt Scientifique Environnement marin et littoral de
> Mayotte")
> & Centre d'Oceanologie de Marseille,
> Station Marine d'Endoume,
> rue de la Batterie des Lions,
> 13007 Marseille
> 9l. (33) 04 91 0416 17
> 9l. GSM 06 63 14 91 78
> fax. (33) 04 91 04 16 35 (0 l'attention de...)
> e-mail : thomassi at sme.com.univ-mrs.fr
>
>
>
From EricHugo at aol.com Fri Aug 25 19:03:51 2000
From: EricHugo at aol.com (EricHugo at aol.com)
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 19:03:51 EDT
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
Message-ID: <4d.e6ab4.26d85557@aol.com>
Hi Julian:
I can see where the article is misleading in that it sort of lumps together
bleaching and certain mass bleaching events. Still, if you read carefully, I
think that it states that other factors may contribute to the "widespread"
bleaching of corals. In fact, nowhere in this article do I even see the use
of the words "mass bleaching" or anything about subsequent coral death except
by inference through the word "starves."
Pollution, for example herbicides, pesticides, oils, and other chemicals,
have been linked to bleaching. So, its really not that inaccurate. Also,
starvation does appear to play a role in the death of corals during prolonged
bleaching events, and while you are correct in that starvation will not occur
in days, it is still more or less correct in terms of a general statement on
bleaching for the general level of this article. Or so I feel. ;-)
Eric Borneman
From carlson at soest.hawaii.edu Fri Aug 25 20:05:09 2000
From: carlson at soest.hawaii.edu (Bruce Carlson)
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 14:05:09 -1000
Subject: Fw: Julian Sprung's Email
Message-ID: <013601c00ef1$4cb03f20$22477aa6@waquarium.org>
Bill,
Let me add a comment to your message (below). Objects in shallow water
exposed to strong sunlight can and do get warmer than the surrounding water.
I can detect that all the time in our outdoor coral tanks (but I haven't
taken the actual temperatures of the corals to know how much warmer). But
interestingly (and I'm sure others will corroborate this), during the 1998
bleaching event in Palau, corals in very shallow water survived much better
than those just a few feet deeper. You'd think these shallow corals would
get extremely hot and of course there is no water flow when exposed to air.
Presumably corals on these these shallow water reefs are acclimated/adapted
(?) to extreme heat and sun due to exposure during low spring tides, and
therefore better able to survive a warm water anomaly (FYI, I'm thinking of
shallow patch reefs near German Channel).
>From what I've seen in Fiji and Palau, there are four reef environments
where corals have a better chance of survival during a warm water anomaly:
1. Reefs that are exposed at low spring tide
2. Reefs close to shore especially near rivers
3. Reefs with strong water flow during changing tides
4. Reefs below about 30 meters depth
I'm sure a lot will be said at the Bali conference about the variability of
coral survival during the 1998 event and recent 2000 event in the
south-central Pacific region.
Bruce
> Bruce,
>
> If you have ever laid out in the sun to get a tan on a real calm day did
you
> notice how hot your skin got. Did you notice how just a little breeze
cooled
> you off.
>
> My hypothesis is that during El Nino years there are more days where the
> waters are exceptionally calm with little water see-sawing over coral
heads.
> This gives rise to rapid heating of the coral tissue. It is no surprise to
> me that coral bathed by moving water would be able to survive better. The
> flow of water cools the coral tissue.
>
> I contend that extended periods of calm/still water is a significant
factor
> coupled with higher sea surface temperature that affects coral bleaching.
>
> ... Bill Mahood, PhD
From mcall at superaje.com Fri Aug 25 20:47:43 2000
From: mcall at superaje.com (Don McAllister)
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 20:47:43 -0400
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
References: <4d.e6ab4.26d85557@aol.com>
Message-ID: <39A713AF.6D9CA65B@superaje.com>
EricHugo at aol.com wrote:
> Hi Julian:
>
> I can see where the article is misleading in that it sort of lumps together
> bleaching and certain mass bleaching events. S
The papers like Goreau which analyze the major bleaching events related to
extended above-normal warm season temperatures usually speak of "widespread
bleaching." Widespread bleaching is a new phenomenon.
Bleaching due to heavy rain at low tide, sedimentation, pollution, etc. are
usually local.
For more info see the home pages of Global Coral Reef Alliance and NOAA.
don
Don McAllister
From oveh at uq.edu.au Sat Aug 26 00:33:14 2000
From: oveh at uq.edu.au (Ove Hoegh-Guldberg)
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2000 14:33:14 +1000
Subject: Julian Sprung's Email
In-Reply-To: <013601c00ef1$4cb03f20$22477aa6@waquarium.org>
Message-ID:
Dear Bruce,
I couldn't help but comment on your recent email. The issue with the interaction between high
temperature and high light is one related to the exacerbating effect of light once thermal stress
has been initiated. The warming effects of high (PAR) light are minimal and are even hard to
measure.
Cheers,
Ove
Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
Director, Centre for Marine Studies
University of Queensland
St Lucia, 4072, QLD
Phone: +61 07 3365 4333
Fax: +61 07 3365 4755
Email: oveh at uq.edu.au
http://www.marine.uq.edu.au/ohg/index.htm
-----Original Message-----
From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
[mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf Of Bruce Carlson
Sent: Saturday, 26 August 2000 10:05 AM
To: coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
Subject: Fw: Julian Sprung's Email
Bill,
Let me add a comment to your message (below). Objects in shallow water
exposed to strong sunlight can and do get warmer than the surrounding water.
I can detect that all the time in our outdoor coral tanks (but I haven't
taken the actual temperatures of the corals to know how much warmer). But
interestingly (and I'm sure others will corroborate this), during the 1998
bleaching event in Palau, corals in very shallow water survived much better
than those just a few feet deeper. You'd think these shallow corals would
get extremely hot and of course there is no water flow when exposed to air.
Presumably corals on these these shallow water reefs are acclimated/adapted
(?) to extreme heat and sun due to exposure during low spring tides, and
therefore better able to survive a warm water anomaly (FYI, I'm thinking of
shallow patch reefs near German Channel).
>From what I've seen in Fiji and Palau, there are four reef environments
where corals have a better chance of survival during a warm water anomaly:
1. Reefs that are exposed at low spring tide
2. Reefs close to shore especially near rivers
3. Reefs with strong water flow during changing tides
4. Reefs below about 30 meters depth
I'm sure a lot will be said at the Bali conference about the variability of
coral survival during the 1998 event and recent 2000 event in the
south-central Pacific region.
Bruce
> Bruce,
>
> If you have ever laid out in the sun to get a tan on a real calm day did
you
> notice how hot your skin got. Did you notice how just a little breeze
cooled
> you off.
>
> My hypothesis is that during El Nino years there are more days where the
> waters are exceptionally calm with little water see-sawing over coral
heads.
> This gives rise to rapid heating of the coral tissue. It is no surprise to
> me that coral bathed by moving water would be able to survive better. The
> flow of water cools the coral tissue.
>
> I contend that extended periods of calm/still water is a significant
factor
> coupled with higher sea surface temperature that affects coral bleaching.
>
> ... Bill Mahood, PhD
From oveh at uq.edu.au Sat Aug 26 00:37:21 2000
From: oveh at uq.edu.au (Ove Hoegh-Guldberg)
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2000 14:37:21 +1000
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
In-Reply-To: <002701c00ec0$60bd43e0$22477aa6@waquarium.org>
Message-ID:
Flow probably has some effect through the removal of some of the feedback effects of the high oxygen
tensions that occur during the daylight hours. If the increased production of active oxygen after
thermal stress (a'la Jones et al 1998, reviewed in Hoegh-Guldberg 1999), then flow might have an
ameliorating effect through the decreased boundary layer thickness and hence oxygen tensions close
to coral surfaces.
Survival near rivers might be related to the decreased light stress due to the higher turbidity of
rivers.
Just some ideas ...
Cheers,
Ove
Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
Director, Centre for Marine Studies
University of Queensland
St Lucia, 4072, QLD
Director, Heron, Stradborke and Low Isles Research Stations
President, Australian Coral Reef Society
Phone: +61 07 3365 4333
Fax: +61 07 3365 4755
Email: oveh at uq.edu.au
http://www.marine.uq.edu.au/ohg/index.htm
-----Original Message-----
From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
[mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf Of Bruce Carlson
Sent: Saturday, 26 August 2000 4:15 AM
To: Bernard A. Thomassin; coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
Bernard,
Did you also notice that corals in areas with swift flowing water (usually
from tides) also survived better than nearby reefs with low flows? I
noticed this in Fiji on the shallow barrier reef of the University of the
South Pacific, and in Palau near the lighthouse reef -- both are similar
reef environments with strong laminar water flow (the water is shallow
enough to stand up at mid-tide, but the current knocks you over -- I don't
have a more precise current measurement). Why would flow rate matter?
Perhaps there is something related to diffusion rates (which would increase
in strong water flow) which offers some protection during bleaching???? If
Ove is right about superoxides forming during warm water events, maybe this
observation is relevant.
Also, in Fiji, we noticed that reefs near river mouths also showed good
survival rates. The outer barrier reefs in Palau and Fiji seemed to be hit
the hardest.
Bruce
----- Original Message -----
From: Bernard A. Thomassin
To:
Sent: Friday, August 25, 2000 6:30 AM
Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
>
> Jonathan.Kelsey at noaa.gov wrote :
>
> >-Are these generally accepted concepts?
> >-Can one accurately assess coral mortality rates associated with a
bleachin
> >event after "a matter of just a few days"?
> >-Are there quantitative studies showing that there is a greater bleaching
> >survival rate among corals in polluted waters versus those in
non-polluted
> >water? -Any comments and/or further discussion would be greatly
appreciated.
>
> We will presented a poste about the subject at bali meeting. In Mayotte
> Is., North Mozambique Channel, a huge bleaching occurred in 1998 spring
> (end of summer season there) and most of 90 percent of the shallow coral
of
> the barrier reefs died.
> Those corals that surveyed the best are from the muddy environnements in
> bays, on fringing reef fronts and patches, even the harbour !why ? Because
> the corals living in oceanic cooler waters of the barrier reef belt (170
km
> long) are less adapted to tolerate hot waters and high level of light
(some
> got "sun burns" as table acroporas). In opposite population of corals
(same
> species) living in neritic coastal waters, in inner areas of the lagoon,
> are genetically more adapted to tolerate : high temperature, turbid waters
> after rainfalls, even falls of salinity. Today in Mayotte, probably the
> recovering ibn coral of the mid-lagoon patch reefs (recruitement) is due
to
> larvae coming from these coastal coral populations. These is one of the
> main reasons to protect these "special" reefs in muddy environments from
> all the effects of coastal works (marinas, dredgings, infilling of
littoral
> for roads, etc...).
>
> This is a good way for researches.. and from where larvae that recruit are
> coming.
>
> Bernard A. Thomassin
> Directeur de recherches au C.N.R.S.
>
> G.I.S. "Lag-May"
> (Groupement d'Int=E9r=EAt Scientifique Environnement marin et littoral de
> Mayotte")
> & Centre d'Oceanologie de Marseille,
> Station Marine d'Endoume,
> rue de la Batterie des Lions,
> 13007 Marseille
> 9l. (33) 04 91 0416 17
> 9l. GSM 06 63 14 91 78
> fax. (33) 04 91 04 16 35 (0 l'attention de...)
> e-mail : thomassi at sme.com.univ-mrs.fr
>
>
>
From rmurray at infochan.com Sat Aug 26 10:26:01 2000
From: rmurray at infochan.com (Robert Murray)
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2000 09:26:01 -0500
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
References: <200008251630.QAA59736@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> <002701c00ec0$60bd43e0$22477aa6@waquarium.org>
Message-ID: <008701c00f69$93f89b20$104834d0@infochan.com>
Flowing water would reduce risk of small-scale hotspots (measured up to 90'F) which we notice in Discovery Bay every year when temperatures regularly reach 86-88'F around the bay towards end of Summer when the winds drop. We notice quite a regular bleaching pattern annually involving these sorts of temperatures.
Also would "still" water enhance UV penetration more evenly over small areas.
??
Robert Murray.
==========================
ROBERT MURRAY BSc, FGA,
Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory,
Discovery Bay, Jamaica, W.I.
Tel. (876) 973 2946
Fax. (876) 973 3091
rmurray at infochan.com
WWW.DBML.ORG
==========================
----- Original Message -----
From: Bruce Carlson
To: Bernard A. Thomassin ; coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
Sent: Friday, August 25, 2000 13:14
Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
Bernard,
Did you also notice that corals in areas with swift flowing water (usually
from tides) also survived better than nearby reefs with low flows? I
noticed this in Fiji on the shallow barrier reef of the University of the
South Pacific, and in Palau near the lighthouse reef -- both are similar
reef environments with strong laminar water flow (the water is shallow
enough to stand up at mid-tide, but the current knocks you over -- I don't
have a more precise current measurement). Why would flow rate matter?
Perhaps there is something related to diffusion rates (which would increase
in strong water flow) which offers some protection during bleaching???? If
Ove is right about superoxides forming during warm water events, maybe this
observation is relevant.
Also, in Fiji, we noticed that reefs near river mouths also showed good
survival rates. The outer barrier reefs in Palau and Fiji seemed to be hit
the hardest.
Bruce
----- Original Message -----
From: Bernard A. Thomassin
To:
Sent: Friday, August 25, 2000 6:30 AM
Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
>
> Jonathan.Kelsey at noaa.gov wrote :
>
> >-Are these generally accepted concepts?
> >-Can one accurately assess coral mortality rates associated with a
bleachin
> >event after "a matter of just a few days"?
> >-Are there quantitative studies showing that there is a greater bleaching
> >survival rate among corals in polluted waters versus those in
non-polluted
> >water? -Any comments and/or further discussion would be greatly
appreciated.
>
> We will presented a poste about the subject at bali meeting. In Mayotte
> Is., North Mozambique Channel, a huge bleaching occurred in 1998 spring
> (end of summer season there) and most of 90 percent of the shallow coral
of
> the barrier reefs died.
> Those corals that surveyed the best are from the muddy environnements in
> bays, on fringing reef fronts and patches, even the harbour !why ? Because
> the corals living in oceanic cooler waters of the barrier reef belt (170
km
> long) are less adapted to tolerate hot waters and high level of light
(some
> got "sun burns" as table acroporas). In opposite population of corals
(same
> species) living in neritic coastal waters, in inner areas of the lagoon,
> are genetically more adapted to tolerate : high temperature, turbid waters
> after rainfalls, even falls of salinity. Today in Mayotte, probably the
> recovering ibn coral of the mid-lagoon patch reefs (recruitement) is due
to
> larvae coming from these coastal coral populations. These is one of the
> main reasons to protect these "special" reefs in muddy environments from
> all the effects of coastal works (marinas, dredgings, infilling of
littoral
> for roads, etc...).
>
> This is a good way for researches.. and from where larvae that recruit are
> coming.
>
> Bernard A. Thomassin
> Directeur de recherches au C.N.R.S.
>
> G.I.S. "Lag-May"
> (Groupement d'Int=E9r=EAt Scientifique Environnement marin et littoral de
> Mayotte")
> & Centre d'Oceanologie de Marseille,
> Station Marine d'Endoume,
> rue de la Batterie des Lions,
> 13007 Marseille
> 9l. (33) 04 91 0416 17
> 9l. GSM 06 63 14 91 78
> fax. (33) 04 91 04 16 35 (0 l'attention de...)
> e-mail : thomassi at sme.com.univ-mrs.fr
>
>
>
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From Roger.B.Griffis at hdq.noaa.gov Sat Aug 26 14:31:45 2000
From: Roger.B.Griffis at hdq.noaa.gov (Roger B Griffis)
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2000 13:31:45 -0500
Subject: Call for nominations: MPA Federal Advisory Committee
Message-ID: <39A80D11.100C14A2@hdq.noaa.gov>
[Call for nominations: Please distribute]
RE: Federal register notice calling for nominations for a U.S. Federal
Advisory Committee on marine protected areas.
On May 26, 2000, President Clinton signed Executive Order #13158 on
marine protected areas (MPAs) which, among other things, directs the
Secretary of Commerce to form a Federal Advisory Committee to "seek the
expert advice and recommendations on non-Federal scients, resource
managers, and other interested persons and organizations". The Advisory
Committee is to provide input to the Secretary of Commerce and the
Secretary of the Interior on implementing portions of the Executive
Order, specifically on strategies and priorities for developing a
national system of MPAs.
A Federal Register notice calling for nominations for the Marine
Protected Area Advisory Committee was posted August 18, 2000 (Fed Reg
Vol 65, No. 161, pg 50503, I.D.081500CM). The deadline for nominations
is October 2, 2000. The Federal Register notice and the MPA Executive
Order are available
via the web site http://www.mpa.gov.
Please distribute this information as broadly as possible. For further
information on the Federal Advisory Committee or the Executive Order
please contact me or Anne Marie Goldsmith (phone: 202-482-2160; email:
anne.marie.goldsmith at noaa.gov). Thank you.
Roger Griffis
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
U.S. Department of Commerce
P: 202-482-5034
email: roger.b.griffis at noaa.gov
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From cbingman at panix.com Sat Aug 26 14:01:12 2000
From: cbingman at panix.com (Craig Bingman)
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2000 14:01:12 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
In-Reply-To: <008701c00f69$93f89b20$104834d0@infochan.com>
Message-ID:
On Sat, 26 Aug 2000, Robert Murray wrote:
> Also would "still" water enhance UV penetration more evenly over small
> areas.
Yes, it probably would, especially if the sun was nearly overhead. There
are primarily two ways that UV light is attenuated by seawater, scattering
by suspended/dissolved particles and direct absorption by organic molcules
dissolved in the water. Compound mechanisms are also possible, as in
small suspended plankton both absorbing and scatering light. In any event
absorption is going to be related to the path length that light takes to
reach an object in the water. If the water surface is rough, then the
typical path length for light to reach an object will be longer than it
would be if the water is still.
Craig Bingman
cbingman at panix.com < New Primary E-Mail Address
http://fpage1.ba.best.com/~cbingman
From Billy.Causey at noaa.gov Sun Aug 27 11:25:20 2000
From: Billy.Causey at noaa.gov (Billy Causey)
Date: Sun, 27 Aug 2000 11:25:20 -0400
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
References:
Message-ID: <39A932DD.917B6FE3@noaa.gov>
Ove and others,
I am interested in your comments about the role of oxygen. For years I have sounded like a broken
record, exclaiming that while hot water is one of the stressors leading to coral bleaching, that I
suspect the slick-calm, doldrum weather patterns lead to a drop in dissolved oxygen levels in the coral
reef environment, especially at night. I sometimes think we take the level of dissolved oxygen on
coral reefs for granted .... and tend to not believe there could be a significant enough change to
affect corals for example.
During years when we have had severe bleaching in the Florida Keys, I have observed reef fish respiring
very heavily .... in the middle of the day. So I have often suspected the oxygen levels as being low
.... during "hot water" events ... even during daylight hours.
Is it possible that the zooxanethellae, existing inside the coral polyp tissue starts competing with
the coral polyp for oxygen at night ... when dissolved oxygen levels are low anyway .... and something
has to give? Imagine ... day after day and night after night, during periods of low mixing and natural
aeration of surface waters, the oxygen level drops below a threshold and the coral polyp is in a state
of competing for oxygen with the zooxanethellae.
Folks ... be kind to me! I am not a coral physiologist, in fact I wasn't very good in biochemistry
.... just a coral reef manager with thousands of hours of observations that make me think the coral
bleaching trigger and mechanisms are simpler than we realize. I am curious about opinions on this
idea.
Cheers, Billy Causey
Ove Hoegh-Guldberg wrote:
> Flow probably has some effect through the removal of some of the feedback effects of the high oxygen
> tensions that occur during the daylight hours. If the increased production of active oxygen after
> thermal stress (a'la Jones et al 1998, reviewed in Hoegh-Guldberg 1999), then flow might have an
> ameliorating effect through the decreased boundary layer thickness and hence oxygen tensions close
> to coral surfaces.
>
> Survival near rivers might be related to the decreased light stress due to the higher turbidity of
> rivers.
>
> Just some ideas ...
>
> Cheers,
>
> Ove
>
> Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
> Director, Centre for Marine Studies
> University of Queensland
> St Lucia, 4072, QLD
>
> Director, Heron, Stradborke and Low Isles Research Stations
> President, Australian Coral Reef Society
>
> Phone: +61 07 3365 4333
> Fax: +61 07 3365 4755
> Email: oveh at uq.edu.au
> http://www.marine.uq.edu.au/ohg/index.htm
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> [mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf Of Bruce Carlson
> Sent: Saturday, 26 August 2000 4:15 AM
> To: Bernard A. Thomassin; coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
>
> Bernard,
>
> Did you also notice that corals in areas with swift flowing water (usually
> from tides) also survived better than nearby reefs with low flows? I
> noticed this in Fiji on the shallow barrier reef of the University of the
> South Pacific, and in Palau near the lighthouse reef -- both are similar
> reef environments with strong laminar water flow (the water is shallow
> enough to stand up at mid-tide, but the current knocks you over -- I don't
> have a more precise current measurement). Why would flow rate matter?
> Perhaps there is something related to diffusion rates (which would increase
> in strong water flow) which offers some protection during bleaching???? If
> Ove is right about superoxides forming during warm water events, maybe this
> observation is relevant.
>
> Also, in Fiji, we noticed that reefs near river mouths also showed good
> survival rates. The outer barrier reefs in Palau and Fiji seemed to be hit
> the hardest.
>
> Bruce
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: Bernard A. Thomassin
> To:
> Sent: Friday, August 25, 2000 6:30 AM
> Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
>
> >
> > Jonathan.Kelsey at noaa.gov wrote :
> >
> > >-Are these generally accepted concepts?
> > >-Can one accurately assess coral mortality rates associated with a
> bleachin
> > >event after "a matter of just a few days"?
> > >-Are there quantitative studies showing that there is a greater bleaching
> > >survival rate among corals in polluted waters versus those in
> non-polluted
> > >water? -Any comments and/or further discussion would be greatly
> appreciated.
> >
> > We will presented a poste about the subject at bali meeting. In Mayotte
> > Is., North Mozambique Channel, a huge bleaching occurred in 1998 spring
> > (end of summer season there) and most of 90 percent of the shallow coral
> of
> > the barrier reefs died.
> > Those corals that surveyed the best are from the muddy environnements in
> > bays, on fringing reef fronts and patches, even the harbour !why ? Because
> > the corals living in oceanic cooler waters of the barrier reef belt (170
> km
> > long) are less adapted to tolerate hot waters and high level of light
> (some
> > got "sun burns" as table acroporas). In opposite population of corals
> (same
> > species) living in neritic coastal waters, in inner areas of the lagoon,
> > are genetically more adapted to tolerate : high temperature, turbid waters
> > after rainfalls, even falls of salinity. Today in Mayotte, probably the
> > recovering ibn coral of the mid-lagoon patch reefs (recruitement) is due
> to
> > larvae coming from these coastal coral populations. These is one of the
> > main reasons to protect these "special" reefs in muddy environments from
> > all the effects of coastal works (marinas, dredgings, infilling of
> littoral
> > for roads, etc...).
> >
> > This is a good way for researches.. and from where larvae that recruit are
> > coming.
> >
> > Bernard A. Thomassin
> > Directeur de recherches au C.N.R.S.
> >
> > G.I.S. "Lag-May"
> > (Groupement d'Int=E9r=EAt Scientifique Environnement marin et littoral de
> > Mayotte")
> > & Centre d'Oceanologie de Marseille,
> > Station Marine d'Endoume,
> > rue de la Batterie des Lions,
> > 13007 Marseille
> > 9l. (33) 04 91 0416 17
> > 9l. GSM 06 63 14 91 78
> > fax. (33) 04 91 04 16 35 (0 l'attention de...)
> > e-mail : thomassi at sme.com.univ-mrs.fr
> >
> >
> >
--
Billy D. Causey, Superintendent
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
PO Box 500368
Marathon, FL 33050
Phone (305) 743.2437, Fax (305) 743.2357
http://www.fknms.nos.noaa.gov/
From iclarm at candwbvi.net Sun Aug 27 14:33:59 2000
From: iclarm at candwbvi.net (ICLARM CEPO)
Date: Sun, 27 Aug 2000 15:33:59 -0300
Subject: Reef Encounter 28, Call for Contributions
References: <39A80D11.100C14A2@hdq.noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <003701c01055$84bfc9c0$f1d380ce@johnlm>
REEF ENCOUNTER No. 28 News, Views and Reviews.
NEWSLETTER OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR REEF STUDIES
CALL FOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Reef Encounter is looking for articles for the next issue (due out December
2000). We welcome contributions from 300 - 1200 words on any aspect of reef
studies, including news, comments, short reviews (but not original
scientific data) and also illustrations/cartoons.
Our final deadline is 1st October, but because we need to finish the editing
before the 9ICRS in late October we would appreciate receiving contributions
as soon as possible.
Please do not reply directly to this email, but send your ideas for articles
and the articles themselves to our email address ReefEncounter at bigfoot.com.
You will receive an email acknowledgement from one of the editors within a
couple of days (if you don't please check back!).
Illustrations and hard copy can be mailed to the following address:
Maggie Watson, c/o P.O. Box 305498, PMB 158, St. Thomas VI00803, U. S.
Virgin Islands
If you need style guidelines, take a look at recent back issues at the
society's webpage www.uncwil.edu/isrs.
If you are interested in joining the society and receiving Reef Encounter
and the journal Coral Reefs, you can also find more details on the web page.
Thank you!
Maggie Watson
Kristian Teleki,
Maria Joao Rodrigues
From oveh at uq.edu.au Sun Aug 27 17:13:14 2000
From: oveh at uq.edu.au (Ove Hoegh-Guldberg)
Date: Mon, 28 Aug 2000 07:13:14 +1000
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
In-Reply-To: <39A932DD.917B6FE3@noaa.gov>
Message-ID:
Dear Bill,
Interesting comments. My feeling is that oxygen is involved (either as an promoter of the
photoinhibitory production and build-up of active oxygen within the zooxanthellae - that is, as a
secondary variable). We know that thermal stress collapses oxygen production and increases
respiration (see papers by Coles and Jokiel: Marine Biology. 1977; 43:209-216, Hoegh-Guldberg and
Smith - J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1989; 129:279-303 and others). If the photosynthetic production of
oxygen is down and respiration is up (and probably, bacterial consumption up due to decaying
tissue), then oxygen at night over reefs under low flow (especially on reefs where corals dominate)
would be expected to decrease, perhaps to critical levels. While not a primary factor, I would see
this as an important follow on effect. It may actually be an important determinant of mortality.
I am interested in following up the aggravating effect of oxygen - it would be useful if oxygen was
monitored during the next set of bleaching events. Perhaps water motion (over small patches of
reef) might help ameliorate the ultimate impact of a thermal event. Just a thought. That and
shading a reef might be useful for managers of small show pieces of reefs. But - just for those
journalists our there - this would not be useful for anything more than a few hundred square metres!
Cheers to all,
Ove
-----Original Message-----
From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
[mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf Of Billy Causey
Sent: Monday, 28 August 2000 1:25 AM
To: oveh at uq.edu.au
Cc: Bruce Carlson; Bernard A. Thomassin; coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
Ove and others,
I am interested in your comments about the role of oxygen. For years I have sounded like a broken
record, exclaiming that while hot water is one of the stressors leading to coral bleaching, that I
suspect the slick-calm, doldrum weather patterns lead to a drop in dissolved oxygen levels in the
coral
reef environment, especially at night. I sometimes think we take the level of dissolved oxygen on
coral reefs for granted .... and tend to not believe there could be a significant enough change to
affect corals for example.
During years when we have had severe bleaching in the Florida Keys, I have observed reef fish
respiring
very heavily .... in the middle of the day. So I have often suspected the oxygen levels as being
low
.... during "hot water" events ... even during daylight hours.
Is it possible that the zooxanethellae, existing inside the coral polyp tissue starts competing with
the coral polyp for oxygen at night ... when dissolved oxygen levels are low anyway .... and
something
has to give? Imagine ... day after day and night after night, during periods of low mixing and
natural
aeration of surface waters, the oxygen level drops below a threshold and the coral polyp is in a
state
of competing for oxygen with the zooxanethellae.
Folks ... be kind to me! I am not a coral physiologist, in fact I wasn't very good in biochemistry
.... just a coral reef manager with thousands of hours of observations that make me think the coral
bleaching trigger and mechanisms are simpler than we realize. I am curious about opinions on this
idea.
Cheers, Billy Causey
Ove Hoegh-Guldberg wrote:
> Flow probably has some effect through the removal of some of the feedback effects of the high
oxygen
> tensions that occur during the daylight hours. If the increased production of active oxygen after
> thermal stress (a'la Jones et al 1998, reviewed in Hoegh-Guldberg 1999), then flow might have an
> ameliorating effect through the decreased boundary layer thickness and hence oxygen tensions close
> to coral surfaces.
>
> Survival near rivers might be related to the decreased light stress due to the higher turbidity of
> rivers.
>
> Just some ideas ...
>
> Cheers,
>
> Ove
>
> Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
> Director, Centre for Marine Studies
> University of Queensland
> St Lucia, 4072, QLD
>
> Director, Heron, Stradborke and Low Isles Research Stations
> President, Australian Coral Reef Society
>
> Phone: +61 07 3365 4333
> Fax: +61 07 3365 4755
> Email: oveh at uq.edu.au
> http://www.marine.uq.edu.au/ohg/index.htm
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> [mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf Of Bruce Carlson
> Sent: Saturday, 26 August 2000 4:15 AM
> To: Bernard A. Thomassin; coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
>
> Bernard,
>
> Did you also notice that corals in areas with swift flowing water (usually
> from tides) also survived better than nearby reefs with low flows? I
> noticed this in Fiji on the shallow barrier reef of the University of the
> South Pacific, and in Palau near the lighthouse reef -- both are similar
> reef environments with strong laminar water flow (the water is shallow
> enough to stand up at mid-tide, but the current knocks you over -- I don't
> have a more precise current measurement). Why would flow rate matter?
> Perhaps there is something related to diffusion rates (which would increase
> in strong water flow) which offers some protection during bleaching???? If
> Ove is right about superoxides forming during warm water events, maybe this
> observation is relevant.
>
> Also, in Fiji, we noticed that reefs near river mouths also showed good
> survival rates. The outer barrier reefs in Palau and Fiji seemed to be hit
> the hardest.
>
> Bruce
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: Bernard A. Thomassin
> To:
> Sent: Friday, August 25, 2000 6:30 AM
> Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
>
> >
> > Jonathan.Kelsey at noaa.gov wrote :
> >
> > >-Are these generally accepted concepts?
> > >-Can one accurately assess coral mortality rates associated with a
> bleachin
> > >event after "a matter of just a few days"?
> > >-Are there quantitative studies showing that there is a greater bleaching
> > >survival rate among corals in polluted waters versus those in
> non-polluted
> > >water? -Any comments and/or further discussion would be greatly
> appreciated.
> >
> > We will presented a poste about the subject at bali meeting. In Mayotte
> > Is., North Mozambique Channel, a huge bleaching occurred in 1998 spring
> > (end of summer season there) and most of 90 percent of the shallow coral
> of
> > the barrier reefs died.
> > Those corals that surveyed the best are from the muddy environnements in
> > bays, on fringing reef fronts and patches, even the harbour !why ? Because
> > the corals living in oceanic cooler waters of the barrier reef belt (170
> km
> > long) are less adapted to tolerate hot waters and high level of light
> (some
> > got "sun burns" as table acroporas). In opposite population of corals
> (same
> > species) living in neritic coastal waters, in inner areas of the lagoon,
> > are genetically more adapted to tolerate : high temperature, turbid waters
> > after rainfalls, even falls of salinity. Today in Mayotte, probably the
> > recovering ibn coral of the mid-lagoon patch reefs (recruitement) is due
> to
> > larvae coming from these coastal coral populations. These is one of the
> > main reasons to protect these "special" reefs in muddy environments from
> > all the effects of coastal works (marinas, dredgings, infilling of
> littoral
> > for roads, etc...).
> >
> > This is a good way for researches.. and from where larvae that recruit are
> > coming.
> >
> > Bernard A. Thomassin
> > Directeur de recherches au C.N.R.S.
> >
> > G.I.S. "Lag-May"
> > (Groupement d'Int=E9r=EAt Scientifique Environnement marin et littoral de
> > Mayotte")
> > & Centre d'Oceanologie de Marseille,
> > Station Marine d'Endoume,
> > rue de la Batterie des Lions,
> > 13007 Marseille
> > 9l. (33) 04 91 0416 17
> > 9l. GSM 06 63 14 91 78
> > fax. (33) 04 91 04 16 35 (0 l'attention de...)
> > e-mail : thomassi at sme.com.univ-mrs.fr
> >
> >
> >
--
Billy D. Causey, Superintendent
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
PO Box 500368
Marathon, FL 33050
Phone (305) 743.2437, Fax (305) 743.2357
http://www.fknms.nos.noaa.gov/
From carlson at soest.hawaii.edu Sun Aug 27 18:14:38 2000
From: carlson at soest.hawaii.edu (Bruce Carlson)
Date: Sun, 27 Aug 2000 12:14:38 -1000
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
References:
Message-ID: <003e01c01074$31c94a60$22477aa6@waquarium.org>
Ove,
Just to add some anecdotal observations I made in Fiji and Palau that seem
to be consistent with your hypothesis: very small acroporids (better
surface to volume ratio?), and those in the shade under larger colonies were
the few survivors, and on the Suva barrier reef (where the water flow is
strong), one patch of Acropora muricata that I have monitored since 1972 was
bleached in April -- or so it appeared on first inspection. However, the
undersides of every branch were brown -- apparently a shading effect (by
brown, I mean "normal" in appearance presumably with zooxanthellae present
in large numbers). Temperature, sunlight and water flow must all have an
effect. I recorded this on video tape. I did not notice this on any of the
bleached corals on the outer barrier reef where mortality among acroporids
approached 100%. I will check this colony again in November to see if it has
recovered.
Unrelated to bleaching, the Suva barrier reef has been overgrown by
Sargassum since 1972. I first noticed it growing around the corals in 1995,
but this year it has taken over on top of the reef (I have photos showing
the progression over the years). It snags on the Porites cylindrica and has
killed those large old colonies. The only coral colony free of the
Sargassum was "my" old A. muricata colony. Presumably the large Stegastes
sp. damsels in that patch are keeping it clean = a small oasis in a "sea of
Sargassum". Why is the Sargassum taking over? My first guess would be
increased nutrients over the years from farming, coming down the nearby Rewa
river delta, but over fishing of herbivores may also be a factor.
Bruce
----- Original Message -----
From: Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
To: Billy Causey
Cc: Bruce Carlson ; Bernard A. Thomassin
;
Sent: Sunday, August 27, 2000 11:13 AM
Subject: RE: Julian Sprung's email.
> Dear Bill,
>
> Interesting comments. My feeling is that oxygen is involved (either as an
promoter of the
> photoinhibitory production and build-up of active oxygen within the
zooxanthellae - that is, as a
> secondary variable). We know that thermal stress collapses oxygen
production and increases
> respiration (see papers by Coles and Jokiel: Marine Biology. 1977;
43:209-216, Hoegh-Guldberg and
> Smith - J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1989; 129:279-303 and others). If the
photosynthetic production of
> oxygen is down and respiration is up (and probably, bacterial consumption
up due to decaying
> tissue), then oxygen at night over reefs under low flow (especially on
reefs where corals dominate)
> would be expected to decrease, perhaps to critical levels. While not a
primary factor, I would see
> this as an important follow on effect. It may actually be an important
determinant of mortality.
>
> I am interested in following up the aggravating effect of oxygen - it
would be useful if oxygen was
> monitored during the next set of bleaching events. Perhaps water motion
(over small patches of
> reef) might help ameliorate the ultimate impact of a thermal event. Just
a thought. That and
> shading a reef might be useful for managers of small show pieces of reefs.
But - just for those
> journalists our there - this would not be useful for anything more than a
few hundred square metres!
>
> Cheers to all,
>
> Ove
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> [mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf Of Billy Causey
> Sent: Monday, 28 August 2000 1:25 AM
> To: oveh at uq.edu.au
> Cc: Bruce Carlson; Bernard A. Thomassin; coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
>
>
> Ove and others,
>
> I am interested in your comments about the role of oxygen. For years I
have sounded like a broken
> record, exclaiming that while hot water is one of the stressors leading to
coral bleaching, that I
> suspect the slick-calm, doldrum weather patterns lead to a drop in
dissolved oxygen levels in the
> coral
> reef environment, especially at night. I sometimes think we take the
level of dissolved oxygen on
> coral reefs for granted .... and tend to not believe there could be a
significant enough change to
> affect corals for example.
>
> During years when we have had severe bleaching in the Florida Keys, I have
observed reef fish
> respiring
> very heavily .... in the middle of the day. So I have often suspected the
oxygen levels as being
> low
> .... during "hot water" events ... even during daylight hours.
>
> Is it possible that the zooxanethellae, existing inside the coral polyp
tissue starts competing with
> the coral polyp for oxygen at night ... when dissolved oxygen levels are
low anyway .... and
> something
> has to give? Imagine ... day after day and night after night, during
periods of low mixing and
> natural
> aeration of surface waters, the oxygen level drops below a threshold and
the coral polyp is in a
> state
> of competing for oxygen with the zooxanethellae.
>
> Folks ... be kind to me! I am not a coral physiologist, in fact I wasn't
very good in biochemistry
> .... just a coral reef manager with thousands of hours of observations
that make me think the coral
> bleaching trigger and mechanisms are simpler than we realize. I am
curious about opinions on this
> idea.
>
> Cheers, Billy Causey
>
> Ove Hoegh-Guldberg wrote:
>
> > Flow probably has some effect through the removal of some of the
feedback effects of the high
> oxygen
> > tensions that occur during the daylight hours. If the increased
production of active oxygen after
> > thermal stress (a'la Jones et al 1998, reviewed in Hoegh-Guldberg 1999),
then flow might have an
> > ameliorating effect through the decreased boundary layer thickness and
hence oxygen tensions close
> > to coral surfaces.
> >
> > Survival near rivers might be related to the decreased light stress due
to the higher turbidity of
> > rivers.
> >
> > Just some ideas ...
> >
> > Cheers,
> >
> > Ove
> >
> > Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
> > Director, Centre for Marine Studies
> > University of Queensland
> > St Lucia, 4072, QLD
> >
> > Director, Heron, Stradborke and Low Isles Research Stations
> > President, Australian Coral Reef Society
> >
> > Phone: +61 07 3365 4333
> > Fax: +61 07 3365 4755
> > Email: oveh at uq.edu.au
> > http://www.marine.uq.edu.au/ohg/index.htm
> >
> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > [mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf Of Bruce Carlson
> > Sent: Saturday, 26 August 2000 4:15 AM
> > To: Bernard A. Thomassin; coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
> >
> > Bernard,
> >
> > Did you also notice that corals in areas with swift flowing water
(usually
> > from tides) also survived better than nearby reefs with low flows? I
> > noticed this in Fiji on the shallow barrier reef of the University of
the
> > South Pacific, and in Palau near the lighthouse reef -- both are similar
> > reef environments with strong laminar water flow (the water is shallow
> > enough to stand up at mid-tide, but the current knocks you over -- I
don't
> > have a more precise current measurement). Why would flow rate matter?
> > Perhaps there is something related to diffusion rates (which would
increase
> > in strong water flow) which offers some protection during bleaching????
If
> > Ove is right about superoxides forming during warm water events, maybe
this
> > observation is relevant.
> >
> > Also, in Fiji, we noticed that reefs near river mouths also showed good
> > survival rates. The outer barrier reefs in Palau and Fiji seemed to be
hit
> > the hardest.
> >
> > Bruce
> >
> > ----- Original Message -----
> > From: Bernard A. Thomassin
> > To:
> > Sent: Friday, August 25, 2000 6:30 AM
> > Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
> >
> > >
> > > Jonathan.Kelsey at noaa.gov wrote :
> > >
> > > >-Are these generally accepted concepts?
> > > >-Can one accurately assess coral mortality rates associated with a
> > bleachin
> > > >event after "a matter of just a few days"?
> > > >-Are there quantitative studies showing that there is a greater
bleaching
> > > >survival rate among corals in polluted waters versus those in
> > non-polluted
> > > >water? -Any comments and/or further discussion would be greatly
> > appreciated.
> > >
> > > We will presented a poste about the subject at bali meeting. In
Mayotte
> > > Is., North Mozambique Channel, a huge bleaching occurred in 1998
spring
> > > (end of summer season there) and most of 90 percent of the shallow
coral
> > of
> > > the barrier reefs died.
> > > Those corals that surveyed the best are from the muddy environnements
in
> > > bays, on fringing reef fronts and patches, even the harbour !why ?
Because
> > > the corals living in oceanic cooler waters of the barrier reef belt
(170
> > km
> > > long) are less adapted to tolerate hot waters and high level of light
> > (some
> > > got "sun burns" as table acroporas). In opposite population of corals
> > (same
> > > species) living in neritic coastal waters, in inner areas of the
lagoon,
> > > are genetically more adapted to tolerate : high temperature, turbid
waters
> > > after rainfalls, even falls of salinity. Today in Mayotte, probably
the
> > > recovering ibn coral of the mid-lagoon patch reefs (recruitement) is
due
> > to
> > > larvae coming from these coastal coral populations. These is one of
the
> > > main reasons to protect these "special" reefs in muddy environments
from
> > > all the effects of coastal works (marinas, dredgings, infilling of
> > littoral
> > > for roads, etc...).
> > >
> > > This is a good way for researches.. and from where larvae that recruit
are
> > > coming.
> > >
> > > Bernard A. Thomassin
> > > Directeur de recherches au C.N.R.S.
> > >
> > > G.I.S. "Lag-May"
> > > (Groupement d'Int=E9r=EAt Scientifique Environnement marin et littoral
de
> > > Mayotte")
> > > & Centre d'Oceanologie de Marseille,
> > > Station Marine d'Endoume,
> > > rue de la Batterie des Lions,
> > > 13007 Marseille
> > > 9l. (33) 04 91 0416 17
> > > 9l. GSM 06 63 14 91 78
> > > fax. (33) 04 91 04 16 35 (0 l'attention de...)
> > > e-mail : thomassi at sme.com.univ-mrs.fr
> > >
> > >
> > >
>
> --
> Billy D. Causey, Superintendent
> Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
> PO Box 500368
> Marathon, FL 33050
> Phone (305) 743.2437, Fax (305) 743.2357
> http://www.fknms.nos.noaa.gov/
>
>
>
>
From buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu Sun Aug 27 19:34:51 2000
From: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu (Bob Buddemeier)
Date: Sun, 27 Aug 2000 18:34:51 -0500
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
In-Reply-To: <39A932DD.917B6FE3@noaa.gov>
References:
Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20000827181517.009b1100@mail.kgs.ukans.edu>
Editorial comment -- only thing wrong with Billy Causey's note is the
excessive modesty -- physiologist envy is a dangerous thing, and seldom
warranted.
Water motion is greatly underrated. Reef calcification is strongly linked
to water motion, which I attribute to a trade-off in terms of saturation
state -- with good flushing the non-advective, non-symbiotic calcifiers
(which includes endoliths down to the bacterial level) can get the CO2 out
of their boundary layers faster. Algal symbiosis compensates to a
substantial degree, but there's no free lunch -- something is always the
limiting nutrient (or toxin). With no motion and especially with high
light, excess oxygen becomes a problem by day, oxygen depletion by
night. Which, in this age of microelectrodes, ought to be quite measurable.
Question/suggestion -- of all of the myriad experiments that have been done
on inducing bleaching by cranking up the temperature (which Steve Vogel
aptly characterized as 'everybody's favorite abscissa'), how many have
quantitatively controlled for or measured, much less experimentally varied,
light dose and especially water motion at/near the organism's surface?
Substantive answers solicited -- please send them to me as well as the
server, since I only get around to sampling the contributions about once a
week.
Bob Buddemeier
At 10:25 8/27/00 , Billy Causey wrote:
>Ove and others,
>
>I am interested in your comments about the role of oxygen. For years I
>have sounded like a broken
>record, exclaiming that while hot water is one of the stressors leading to
>coral bleaching, that I
>suspect the slick-calm, doldrum weather patterns lead to a drop in
>dissolved oxygen levels in the coral
>reef environment, especially at night. I sometimes think we take the
>level of dissolved oxygen on
>coral reefs for granted .... and tend to not believe there could be a
>significant enough change to
>affect corals for example.
>
>During years when we have had severe bleaching in the Florida Keys, I have
>observed reef fish respiring
>very heavily .... in the middle of the day. So I have often suspected the
>oxygen levels as being low
>.... during "hot water" events ... even during daylight hours.
>
>Is it possible that the zooxanethellae, existing inside the coral polyp
>tissue starts competing with
>the coral polyp for oxygen at night ... when dissolved oxygen levels are
>low anyway .... and something
>has to give? Imagine ... day after day and night after night, during
>periods of low mixing and natural
>aeration of surface waters, the oxygen level drops below a threshold and
>the coral polyp is in a state
>of competing for oxygen with the zooxanethellae.
>
>Folks ... be kind to me! I am not a coral physiologist, in fact I wasn't
>very good in biochemistry
>.... just a coral reef manager with thousands of hours of observations
>that make me think the coral
>bleaching trigger and mechanisms are simpler than we realize. I am
>curious about opinions on this
>idea.
>
>Cheers, Billy Causey
>
>Ove Hoegh-Guldberg wrote:
>
> > Flow probably has some effect through the removal of some of the
> feedback effects of the high oxygen
> > tensions that occur during the daylight hours. If the increased
> production of active oxygen after
> > thermal stress (a'la Jones et al 1998, reviewed in Hoegh-Guldberg
> 1999), then flow might have an
> > ameliorating effect through the decreased boundary layer thickness and
> hence oxygen tensions close
> > to coral surfaces.
> >
> > Survival near rivers might be related to the decreased light stress due
> to the higher turbidity of
> > rivers.
> >
> > Just some ideas ...
> >
> > Cheers,
> >
> > Ove
> >
> > Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
> > Director, Centre for Marine Studies
> > University of Queensland
> > St Lucia, 4072, QLD
> >
> > Director, Heron, Stradborke and Low Isles Research Stations
> > President, Australian Coral Reef Society
> >
> > Phone: +61 07 3365 4333
> > Fax: +61 07 3365 4755
> > Email: oveh at uq.edu.au
> > http://www.marine.uq.edu.au/ohg/index.htm
> >
> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > [mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf Of Bruce Carlson
> > Sent: Saturday, 26 August 2000 4:15 AM
> > To: Bernard A. Thomassin; coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
> >
> > Bernard,
> >
> > Did you also notice that corals in areas with swift flowing water (usually
> > from tides) also survived better than nearby reefs with low flows? I
> > noticed this in Fiji on the shallow barrier reef of the University of the
> > South Pacific, and in Palau near the lighthouse reef -- both are similar
> > reef environments with strong laminar water flow (the water is shallow
> > enough to stand up at mid-tide, but the current knocks you over -- I don't
> > have a more precise current measurement). Why would flow rate matter?
> > Perhaps there is something related to diffusion rates (which would increase
> > in strong water flow) which offers some protection during bleaching???? If
> > Ove is right about superoxides forming during warm water events, maybe this
> > observation is relevant.
> >
> > Also, in Fiji, we noticed that reefs near river mouths also showed good
> > survival rates. The outer barrier reefs in Palau and Fiji seemed to be hit
> > the hardest.
> >
> > Bruce
> >
> > ----- Original Message -----
> > From: Bernard A. Thomassin
> > To:
> > Sent: Friday, August 25, 2000 6:30 AM
> > Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
> >
> > >
> > > Jonathan.Kelsey at noaa.gov wrote :
> > >
> > > >-Are these generally accepted concepts?
> > > >-Can one accurately assess coral mortality rates associated with a
> > bleachin
> > > >event after "a matter of just a few days"?
> > > >-Are there quantitative studies showing that there is a greater
> bleaching
> > > >survival rate among corals in polluted waters versus those in
> > non-polluted
> > > >water? -Any comments and/or further discussion would be greatly
> > appreciated.
> > >
> > > We will presented a poste about the subject at bali meeting. In Mayotte
> > > Is., North Mozambique Channel, a huge bleaching occurred in 1998 spring
> > > (end of summer season there) and most of 90 percent of the shallow coral
> > of
> > > the barrier reefs died.
> > > Those corals that surveyed the best are from the muddy environnements in
> > > bays, on fringing reef fronts and patches, even the harbour !why ?
> Because
> > > the corals living in oceanic cooler waters of the barrier reef belt (170
> > km
> > > long) are less adapted to tolerate hot waters and high level of light
> > (some
> > > got "sun burns" as table acroporas). In opposite population of corals
> > (same
> > > species) living in neritic coastal waters, in inner areas of the lagoon,
> > > are genetically more adapted to tolerate : high temperature, turbid
> waters
> > > after rainfalls, even falls of salinity. Today in Mayotte, probably the
> > > recovering ibn coral of the mid-lagoon patch reefs (recruitement) is due
> > to
> > > larvae coming from these coastal coral populations. These is one of the
> > > main reasons to protect these "special" reefs in muddy environments from
> > > all the effects of coastal works (marinas, dredgings, infilling of
> > littoral
> > > for roads, etc...).
> > >
> > > This is a good way for researches.. and from where larvae that
> recruit are
> > > coming.
> > >
> > > Bernard A. Thomassin
> > > Directeur de recherches au C.N.R.S.
> > >
> > > G.I.S. "Lag-May"
> > > (Groupement d'Int=E9r=EAt Scientifique Environnement marin et littoral de
> > > Mayotte")
> > > & Centre d'Oceanologie de Marseille,
> > > Station Marine d'Endoume,
> > > rue de la Batterie des Lions,
> > > 13007 Marseille
> > > 9l. (33) 04 91 0416 17
> > > 9l. GSM 06 63 14 91 78
> > > fax. (33) 04 91 04 16 35 (0 l'attention de...)
> > > e-mail : thomassi at sme.com.univ-mrs.fr
> > >
> > >
> > >
>
>--
>Billy D. Causey, Superintendent
>Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
>PO Box 500368
>Marathon, FL 33050
>Phone (305) 743.2437, Fax (305) 743.2357
>http://www.fknms.nos.noaa.gov/
>
Robert W. Buddemeier
Kansas Geological Survey
University of Kansas
Lawrence, KS 66047 USA
tel: (785) 864-2112
fax: (785) 864-5317
email: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu
From Lawrance.Ferns at nre.vic.gov.au Sun Aug 27 22:23:26 2000
From: Lawrance.Ferns at nre.vic.gov.au (Lawrance.Ferns at nre.vic.gov.au)
Date: Mon, 28 Aug 2000 12:23:26 +1000
Subject: Advice for Coral Zonation/Assemblage Study Publication
Message-ID: <4A256949.000D2EE9.00@ctln06.nre.vic.gov.au>
Hello Coral List
I recently wrote a paper describing the community composition of a macrotidal
coral reef / algae assemblage of East Darwin Foreshore (Nightcliff Reef, Darwin,
Northern Territory, Australia). The work represents the first detailed
quantitative assessment of a 'finging' intertidal coral assemblage for this
region of Australia.
The paper compares and builds on the type of work previously undertaken on
Magnetic Island, off Townsville Australia (eg Morrissey, Bull). Corals in the
intertidal at Magnetic Island are similar in that they exist in nearshore muddy
waters. The paper also overviews other work in the Indo Pacific, hence it also
looks at georaphic affinities and differences to other published data (such as
Sheperd in the Arabian region).
The assemblage is unusual in that it exists under extreme environmental
conditions. The intertidal area on a low spring tide is over 500 m. The tides
reach up to 7m, and large colonies of Goniastrea aspera attain heights up to
1.8m which are totally exposed at low tide.
The paper attempts to follow (and review) the 'best' elements of sampling design
to undertake coral community analysis, then provides a comparsion with other
published work which documents community assemblage patterns within the region.
I believe we may have also discovered an undescribed species of Porities which
dominates much of the intertidal/fringing assemblages throughout the region.
I am wondering if any established publishers of zonation / distribution studies
can recommend appropriate journal? It appears 'Coral Reefs' and 'J. Marine and
Freshwater Research' no longer publish material on zonation/distribution
studies. I have been advised to contact 'Atoll Research Bulletin' but cannot
find any details for publication through the WWW?
Regards
Lawrance Ferns
Senior Marine Strategist
Parks, Flora and Fauna Division
Department of Natural Resources and Environment
14 / 8 Nicholson Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
Telehone: (03) 9637 8404 Fax: (03) 9637 8117
EMail: lawrance.ferns at nre.vic.gov.au
From blakeway at cyllene.uwa.edu.au Mon Aug 28 02:38:57 2000
From: blakeway at cyllene.uwa.edu.au (David Blakeway)
Date: Mon, 28 Aug 2000 14:38:57 +0800
Subject: Billy Causey's email on dissolved oxygen
In-Reply-To: <39A932DD.917B6FE3@noaa.gov>
References: <39A932DD.917B6FE3@noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <200008280638.e7S6cvR07029@cyllene.uwa.edu.au>
Hello coral-listers,
I believe Billy could be right in considering dissolved oxygen depletion to be a
cause of some coral bleaching and mortality. I attributed bleaching and
mortality of Acropora and Montipora spp. at some of my PhD sites in the Houtman
Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia to oxygen depletion. The sites are deep (10
to 30m) depressions in the reef. DO concentrations below 1 mg/L in some
instances. Transplanted Acropora branches bleached and died within a week at
DO's of 2 to 4 mg. Handling controls suffered no (visible) ill effects. I can't
be sure that oxygen depletion was responsible, as other variables were
uncontrolled. Water temperature was only 24 deg C though. Is anybody doing any
controlled field or lab experiments?
I still feel that temperature is critical in many cases. I have a Hydnophora
pilosa colony in an aquarium that bleaches as soon as water temperature exceeds
28 deg C, but recovers at lower temperatures. The aquarium has strong
circulation, so the colony ?should be getting plenty of oxygen.
Dave
David Blakeway
Institute for Regional Development
University of Western Australia
Nedlands WA 6907
Australia
From jondee at planetark.org Mon Aug 28 04:25:45 2000
From: jondee at planetark.org (Jon Dee)
Date: 28 Aug 2000 18:25:45 +1000
Subject: Coral Stories in the News Media
Message-ID: <200008280726.RAA04634@online.tmx.com.au>
Reply to: Coral Stories in the News Media
Re: Coral Stories in the News Media
Dear Coral Listers,
For your information, Planet Ark has over 35 Reuters news stories from the last year about coral related issues. You can access these coral news stories via:
http://www.planetark.org/searchresults.cfm?criteria=coral&sortorder=date&showweeks=-52
These stories cover the main coral news stories in the media from the last 12 months. Please let me know if they're of use to you.
Best regards,
Jon Dee
Founder
Planet Ark Environmental Foundation
jondee at planetark.org
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From jsteffen at cbn.net.id Sun Aug 27 22:54:30 2000
From: jsteffen at cbn.net.id (Jan Henning Steffen)
Date: Mon, 28 Aug 2000 09:54:30 +0700
Subject: Coral Reef Educational Database
Message-ID:
Dear Colleagues,
The Indonesian Coral Reef Foundation TERANGI has recently been commissioned
by Johns Hopkins University/Center for Communication Program to develop a
database for coral reef educational media within the frame of the Indonesian
COREMAP ? Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project. In order to
develop an extensive and up to date database of educational booklets,
teacher manuals, audiovisual training aids, etc., we were sending out more
than 800 letters and e-mails about two months ago, asking for information on
existing educational media on coral reef issues.
Surprisingly, the turnout was much less than expected:
We got all together 35 replies, five institutions filled out the media
information form and 7 institutions sent material, all resulting in 12
entries in the database, of which 5 are from Oman - alhamdulillah ;-)
Trying to figure out the reasons for the low response, we wonder, whether
many of you actually have been out teaching or studying in the field during
the summer period or just returned from summer vacation.
Since we aim to include the efforts and products of as many institutions and
individuals as possible in this database, we would be happy if those of you
who produced material or who know about available media on coral reef
education would contact us or fill out the attached form.
Through the database we hope to facilitate the communication among
institutions and projects by providing contact addresses of authors and
distributors together with information on content, intended target groups,
specific use categories, age classes, etc. .
We hope that this approach will benefit international stakeholders in coral
reef management and education projects as well as Indonesian efforts to
increase awareness and to build capacity for coral reef management and
conservation. The database will be made available to all interested
stakeholders on CD-ROM and on the Internet. We hope, that the database can
be launched on a website in time for this years 9th International Coral Reef
Symposium in Bali and that a joint display can be organized, in which a
large number of the included media can be explored by interested
participants.
Therefore we would really appreciate if you could spent a few minutes of
your time to support this effort with information on educational media on
coral reefs
Sincerely yours,
Jan Henning Steffen (TERANGI)
Douglas Storey (JHU/COREMAP)
Marlina Purwadi (TERANGI)
PS Below you find our previous letter.
--
_________________________________________________________________________
TERANGI - The Indonesian Coral Reef Foundation
Jl. Kemang Timur
Kompl. IAPCO No. 12
Jakarta
Indonesia
T/F +62 (21) 7179 3372
e-mail terangi at cbn.net.id
_________________________________________________________________________
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Two of five main programs of the Indonesian Coral Reef Foundation TERANGI
focus on the increase of public awareness and training/education regarding
management and wise use of coral reef resources. Therefore, we began more
than a year ago to search for appropriate books, publications, training
manuals and audiovisual material in order to carry out education and public
awareness activities focusing on general reef ecology, the values and
threats of coral reefs, as well as on community based CR management. In
agreement with the authors, some of the materials, including two videos, a
book, a monitoring manual and an educational flipchart are currently being
translated or adapted for the use in Indonesia.
During this process it became apparent, that in line with the "ICRI
(International Coral Reef Initiative) - CALL TO ACTION" in Dumaguete in the
Philippines in 1995, the "Year of the Reef" in 1997 and the "ICRI
Reaffirmation of the Call to Action and Framework for Action" on the
"ITMEMS-International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium" in
Townsville in 1998, many new and creative media have been developed in order
to communicate coral reef related issues to a wider public in general and to
several target groups in schools, Universities and Government Institutions
in particular. Nevertheless, when asked for recommended publications by
other institutions, many national and international NGOs and donor agencies
stated, that they found it difficult to keep track with new releases. Many
were surprised to find out, that they were not aware of several new and
valuable existing media.
In order to support and strengthen the national and international mechanisms
for gathering and sharing educational information and expertise on the
sustainable management of coral reefs and related ecosystems, Johns Hopkins
Universities Center for Communication Programs decided to fund TERANGIs
efforts regarding the development of an educational coral reef media
database within the framework of the JHU-CCP Coral Reef Public Awareness
Project within the Indonesian COREMAP (Coral Reef Rehabilitation and
Management) Program.
THE DATABASE
It is planned to collect information on as many existing media as possible,
including books or educational booklets, training manuals, school project
documentation, Posters, games, audiovisual material, educational slide
collections, interactive CD-ROMs and websites. These will be categorized
regarding subject, target group etc. and entered into a clearing house
database, which will be made available to interested stakeholders on CD-ROM
and on the Internet, similar to former Johns Hopkins-Projects, such as the
Zambia Health Communication Database (see http://www.jhuccp.org/mmc).
It is hoped, that the website can be launched in time for this years 9th
International Coral Reef Symposium in Bali and that a joint display can be
organized, in which a large number of the media can be explored by
interested participants.
OUR REQUEST FOR SUPPORT
Please make copies of the attached form, and fill out one form for each kind
of media you or your institution produced and/or which you would like to see
included in the database. You can fax the form to +62-21-717 933 72, send
it by mail, or enter information directly in the attached document and send
it to our e-mail
terangi at cbn.net.id
In order to display as many different existing educational materials as
possible at the Bali conference, it would be very helpful, if you could send
a sample of your product/s to the following address
Yayasan TERANGI
PO Box 4346
JKTM 12700
Jakarta, Indonesia
If you or your institution will be present at the Bali conference, please
consider to bring or ship copies of your product, to enable interested
participants to purchase them easily.
If you send an example, please note, whether you would like us to send your
sample back to you after the conference or whether you agree, that the
collected samples will be provided as a future information source to
students, local NGOs, government officials and other stakeholders through
TERANGIs clearing house facility in its growing coral reef information and
training center library in Jakarta. We hope to be able to update the
database in regular intervals, so please inform us in the future, if you
would like other products to be added.
We hope, that our joint effort will benefit the growing community of
institutions and individuals caring for the conservation and the sustainable
use of coral reefs and thank you very much for your consideration and
support,
Yours sincerely
_________________________________
Marlina Purwadi and Jan Henning Steffen, PhD
Program for Marine Science and Education
TERANGI ? The Indonesian Coral Reef Foundation
___________________________
Dr. Douglas Storey
Teamleader COREMAP Public Awareness
JHU CCP ? Johns Hopkins University /
Center for Communication Programs
____________________________________________________________________________
D A T A B A S E E N TR Y F O R M
Please fill out the form below to help us to describe your product in the
database.
Please make copies of the form in case you produced several coral reef
education media.
You can e-mail the form(s) to terangi at cbn.net.id
or fax it to +62-21 717 93372
or send it by mail to
Yayasan TERANGI
PO BOX 4346
JKTM 12700
Jakarta - Indonesia
- If you send a sample of your material you don?t need to fill out the
form(s).
- In case you are sending any product please notify us by short e?mail, fax
or letter to enable us to check with the post office in case there is a
delay with their arrival.
If you are not sure, whether your material fits the database, below a short
help to identify the kind of product the database would like to list:
We are looking for materials for coral reef educational efforts, which are
often, but not necessarily elementary - school - based (for example in
regard to outreach work in coastal communities). Defining the target group
categories, we asked ourselves the following questions:
How do we educate children, students and adults about coral reef issues and
what do we consider to be essential "coral reef knowledge" for each target
group?
We would like to list also more advanced education and training manuals on
reef conservation and management for specific target groups, such as
university students and field staff of coral reef conservation projects.
Your Name :
Institution :
Kind of Material:
(For example Book, Journal, Report, News Letter, Article Magazine, Fact
Sheet, Audio Visual, Poster, Web Site, Educational game )
Title : ?????????
Author/ Institution : ?????????
Publisher : ?????????
Year : ?????????
Language : ?????????
Total Pages : ?????????
Volume : ?????????
ISSN Number : ?????????
For Audio Visual
Duration : ??????? minutes
Kind of Audio-Visual : (cross/high light appropriate category)
1. Video 2. CD-ROM 3. Audio-Cassette 4. VCD 5????
For Web Site
Web Address : ???????????????????
Type of Information : ???????????????????
For Visual Material (cross/high light appropriate category)
1. Flip Chart 2. Poster 3. Educational Brochure 5. Slide Collection
6. ??????????
Category : (cross/high light appropriate categories)
1. Public Awareness 2. Coral Monitoring
3. Coral Reef Ecology 4. Coral Reef Invertebrate
5. Coral Reef Fishes 6. Coral Taxonomy
7. Coral Reef Management 8. Coral Reef Status
9. ???????????
Potential User : (cross/high light appropriate category)
1. Teacher/Lecturer
2. NGO
3. General
4. Student
(a. kindergarten b. elementary c. high school d. college)
5. ?
Abstract/Summary :
Key Words :
Please characterize/evaluate the material in your words:
(if applicable)
About the material : (cross the appropriate category)
1 You send this form to TERANGI
2 You send a sample of the material and would like us to send it back to
you after the Bali Symposium
3 You send a sample of the material and you agree that it will become
part of a non-profit Clearing House Library after The Symposium
4 You will bring the material to the symposium and would like us to
provide space for it in the exhibition.
Where and how can interested parties access or order the Material?
Institution : ?????????????????
Contact person : ?????????????????
Division : ?????????????????
Address : ?????????????????
Country : ?????????????????
Zip : ?????????????????
Telp : ?????????????????
Fax : ?????????????????
e-mail : ?????????????????
web-site : ?????????????????
Notes, recommendations or remarks
From mcall at superaje.com Mon Aug 28 08:14:25 2000
From: mcall at superaje.com (Don McAllister)
Date: Mon, 28 Aug 2000 08:14:25 -0400
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
References: <39A932DD.917B6FE3@noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <39AA57A1.8F0846FC@superaje.com>
Hi Bill,
Your comments on high temperatures and low oxygen are interesting. Sounds like it would be worth following
up. It would seem we know so little of basic biology of coral colonies and their inhabitants.
The high respiration rates are interesting too. Tropical fishes are supposed to be more stenothermal - have
a more limited range of optimal temperatures than boreal fishes. That might combine with low oxygen levels
It would be interesting to see if there will be direct stresses on coral reef fishes as well as through the
loss of habitat.
don
Don McAllister
Billy Causey wrote:
> Ove and others,
>
> I am interested in your comments about the role of oxygen. For years I have sounded like a broken
> record, exclaiming that while hot water is one of the stressors leading to coral bleaching, that I
> suspect the slick-calm, doldrum weather patterns lead to a drop in dissolved oxygen levels in the coral
> reef environment, especially at night. I sometimes think we take the level of dissolved oxygen on
> coral reefs for granted .... and tend to not believe there could be a significant enough change to
> affect corals for example.
>
> During years when we have had severe bleaching in the Florida Keys, I have observed reef fish respiring
> very heavily .... in the middle of the day. So I have often suspected the oxygen levels as being low
> .... during "hot water" events ... even during daylight hours.
>
> Is it possible that the zooxanethellae, existing inside the coral polyp tissue starts competing with
From sjameson at coralseas.com Mon Aug 28 11:47:21 2000
From: sjameson at coralseas.com (Stephen C Jameson)
Date: Mon, 28 Aug 00 11:47:21 -0400
Subject: Advice for Coral Zonation/Assemblage Study Publication
Message-ID: <200008281437.KAA30407@radagast.wizard.net>
Dear Lawrance and other interested coral-listers,
Regarding:
>I am wondering if any established publishers of zonation / distribution
>studies can recommend appropriate journal? It appears 'Coral Reefs' and 'J.
Marine
>and Freshwater Research' no longer publish material on zonation/distribution
>studies. I have been advised to contact 'Atoll Research Bulletin' but cannot
>find any details for publication through the WWW?
>
>Regards
>
>Lawrance Ferns
>Senior Marine Strategist
>Parks, Flora and Fauna Division
>Department of Natural Resources and Environment
>
>14 / 8 Nicholson Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
For info on Atoll Research Bulletin contact Dr. Ian MacIntyre at
macintyre.ian at nmnh.si.edu
Best regards,
Dr. Stephen C. Jameson, President
Coral Seas Inc. - Integrated Coastal Zone Management
4254 Hungry Run Road, The Plains, VA 20198-1715 USA
Office: 703-754-8690, Fax: 703-754-9139
Email: sjameson at coralseas.com
Web Site: www.coralseas.com
From joe at mountaincorals.com Mon Aug 28 12:24:51 2000
From: joe at mountaincorals.com (Joseph S. Jones)
Date: Mon, 28 Aug 2000 16:24:51 GMT
Subject: commercial production of reef corals
Message-ID: <200008281624.QAA69153@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
Hi,
My name is Joseph S. Jones. Along with my wife I own a company called
Mountain Corals. We started our business a little over two years ago based
on a small coral propagating operation that we ran out of our home. We
were quite successful growing a variety of hard and soft corals and selling
them to the local aquarium stores. While we were attending a conference we
lost our propagation grow out system along with most of our brood
stock. We have not restarted our operation yet. But, that is not the
question. I was only trying to give a little history of my experience to
address this question of commercial production of reef corals. I know
that it can be done as I have done so on a small scale. I have observed
LeRoy Headlee of G.A.R.F. teach many people both basic and advanced
techniques for propagating various corals. I know that virtually all soft
corals can be successfully propagated and grown as can almost all SPS
corals.
The real question that Mr. Zakai is asking is not if reef corals can be
grown but would there be a possibility of getting larvae from the imported
corals into the Red Sea. What Mr. Zakai seems to not realize is that there
is no commercial growing of corals through sexual reproduction. There has
been very little successful research done on this aspect and as far as I
know no-one has advanced to this stage commercially. In any propagation
facility there may occur spontaneous, unexpected reproduction via
spawning. To prevent this from getting out of the facility would be a
fairly simple procedure. Just empty all water into a well and treat it to
kill any larvae. To get foreign larvae into the Red Sea would virtually
take a deliberate act of eco- terrorism.
As to whether commercially growing reef corals can be done, my answer is
that yes it can and has been being done so by many different groups all
over the world for several years. Whether it can be done safely is just a
matter of following simple precautionary procedures.
Joseph S. Jones
Mountain Corals, The home of Velvet Green and Rotifers,
Nature's Premium Planktons
From oveh at uq.edu.au Mon Aug 28 16:22:13 2000
From: oveh at uq.edu.au (Ove Hoegh-Guldberg)
Date: Tue, 29 Aug 2000 06:22:13 +1000
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
In-Reply-To: <4.2.0.58.20000827181517.009b1100@mail.kgs.ukans.edu>
Message-ID:
I agree with Bob's point. I believe we are at the point that temperature as a primary variable (for
explaining recent mass bleaching) is nailed down. The interesting questions right now pertain to
the deviations from the rule which I would see as important secondary variables. The combination
of light (cloudiness, UVR), genetics, period of exposure, flow, oxygen and other (secondary)
variables with temperature anomalies over reefs should hold the key to explaining the variation seen
between corals and across reefs.
Ove
-----Original Message-----
From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
[mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf Of Bob Buddemeier
Sent: Monday, 28 August 2000 9:35 AM
To: Billy Causey; oveh at uq.edu.au
Cc: Bruce Carlson; Bernard A. Thomassin; coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
Editorial comment -- only thing wrong with Billy Causey's note is the
excessive modesty -- physiologist envy is a dangerous thing, and seldom
warranted.
Water motion is greatly underrated. Reef calcification is strongly linked
to water motion, which I attribute to a trade-off in terms of saturation
state -- with good flushing the non-advective, non-symbiotic calcifiers
(which includes endoliths down to the bacterial level) can get the CO2 out
of their boundary layers faster. Algal symbiosis compensates to a
substantial degree, but there's no free lunch -- something is always the
limiting nutrient (or toxin). With no motion and especially with high
light, excess oxygen becomes a problem by day, oxygen depletion by
night. Which, in this age of microelectrodes, ought to be quite measurable.
Question/suggestion -- of all of the myriad experiments that have been done
on inducing bleaching by cranking up the temperature (which Steve Vogel
aptly characterized as 'everybody's favorite abscissa'), how many have
quantitatively controlled for or measured, much less experimentally varied,
light dose and especially water motion at/near the organism's surface?
Substantive answers solicited -- please send them to me as well as the
server, since I only get around to sampling the contributions about once a
week.
Bob Buddemeier
At 10:25 8/27/00 , Billy Causey wrote:
>Ove and others,
>
>I am interested in your comments about the role of oxygen. For years I
>have sounded like a broken
>record, exclaiming that while hot water is one of the stressors leading to
>coral bleaching, that I
>suspect the slick-calm, doldrum weather patterns lead to a drop in
>dissolved oxygen levels in the coral
>reef environment, especially at night. I sometimes think we take the
>level of dissolved oxygen on
>coral reefs for granted .... and tend to not believe there could be a
>significant enough change to
>affect corals for example.
>
>During years when we have had severe bleaching in the Florida Keys, I have
>observed reef fish respiring
>very heavily .... in the middle of the day. So I have often suspected the
>oxygen levels as being low
>.... during "hot water" events ... even during daylight hours.
>
>Is it possible that the zooxanethellae, existing inside the coral polyp
>tissue starts competing with
>the coral polyp for oxygen at night ... when dissolved oxygen levels are
>low anyway .... and something
>has to give? Imagine ... day after day and night after night, during
>periods of low mixing and natural
>aeration of surface waters, the oxygen level drops below a threshold and
>the coral polyp is in a state
>of competing for oxygen with the zooxanethellae.
>
>Folks ... be kind to me! I am not a coral physiologist, in fact I wasn't
>very good in biochemistry
>.... just a coral reef manager with thousands of hours of observations
>that make me think the coral
>bleaching trigger and mechanisms are simpler than we realize. I am
>curious about opinions on this
>idea.
>
>Cheers, Billy Causey
>
>Ove Hoegh-Guldberg wrote:
>
> > Flow probably has some effect through the removal of some of the
> feedback effects of the high oxygen
> > tensions that occur during the daylight hours. If the increased
> production of active oxygen after
> > thermal stress (a'la Jones et al 1998, reviewed in Hoegh-Guldberg
> 1999), then flow might have an
> > ameliorating effect through the decreased boundary layer thickness and
> hence oxygen tensions close
> > to coral surfaces.
> >
> > Survival near rivers might be related to the decreased light stress due
> to the higher turbidity of
> > rivers.
> >
> > Just some ideas ...
> >
> > Cheers,
> >
> > Ove
> >
> > Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
> > Director, Centre for Marine Studies
> > University of Queensland
> > St Lucia, 4072, QLD
> >
> > Director, Heron, Stradborke and Low Isles Research Stations
> > President, Australian Coral Reef Society
> >
> > Phone: +61 07 3365 4333
> > Fax: +61 07 3365 4755
> > Email: oveh at uq.edu.au
> > http://www.marine.uq.edu.au/ohg/index.htm
> >
> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > [mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf Of Bruce Carlson
> > Sent: Saturday, 26 August 2000 4:15 AM
> > To: Bernard A. Thomassin; coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
> >
> > Bernard,
> >
> > Did you also notice that corals in areas with swift flowing water (usually
> > from tides) also survived better than nearby reefs with low flows? I
> > noticed this in Fiji on the shallow barrier reef of the University of the
> > South Pacific, and in Palau near the lighthouse reef -- both are similar
> > reef environments with strong laminar water flow (the water is shallow
> > enough to stand up at mid-tide, but the current knocks you over -- I don't
> > have a more precise current measurement). Why would flow rate matter?
> > Perhaps there is something related to diffusion rates (which would increase
> > in strong water flow) which offers some protection during bleaching???? If
> > Ove is right about superoxides forming during warm water events, maybe this
> > observation is relevant.
> >
> > Also, in Fiji, we noticed that reefs near river mouths also showed good
> > survival rates. The outer barrier reefs in Palau and Fiji seemed to be hit
> > the hardest.
> >
> > Bruce
> >
> > ----- Original Message -----
> > From: Bernard A. Thomassin
> > To:
> > Sent: Friday, August 25, 2000 6:30 AM
> > Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
> >
> > >
> > > Jonathan.Kelsey at noaa.gov wrote :
> > >
> > > >-Are these generally accepted concepts?
> > > >-Can one accurately assess coral mortality rates associated with a
> > bleachin
> > > >event after "a matter of just a few days"?
> > > >-Are there quantitative studies showing that there is a greater
> bleaching
> > > >survival rate among corals in polluted waters versus those in
> > non-polluted
> > > >water? -Any comments and/or further discussion would be greatly
> > appreciated.
> > >
> > > We will presented a poste about the subject at bali meeting. In Mayotte
> > > Is., North Mozambique Channel, a huge bleaching occurred in 1998 spring
> > > (end of summer season there) and most of 90 percent of the shallow coral
> > of
> > > the barrier reefs died.
> > > Those corals that surveyed the best are from the muddy environnements in
> > > bays, on fringing reef fronts and patches, even the harbour !why ?
> Because
> > > the corals living in oceanic cooler waters of the barrier reef belt (170
> > km
> > > long) are less adapted to tolerate hot waters and high level of light
> > (some
> > > got "sun burns" as table acroporas). In opposite population of corals
> > (same
> > > species) living in neritic coastal waters, in inner areas of the lagoon,
> > > are genetically more adapted to tolerate : high temperature, turbid
> waters
> > > after rainfalls, even falls of salinity. Today in Mayotte, probably the
> > > recovering ibn coral of the mid-lagoon patch reefs (recruitement) is due
> > to
> > > larvae coming from these coastal coral populations. These is one of the
> > > main reasons to protect these "special" reefs in muddy environments from
> > > all the effects of coastal works (marinas, dredgings, infilling of
> > littoral
> > > for roads, etc...).
> > >
> > > This is a good way for researches.. and from where larvae that
> recruit are
> > > coming.
> > >
> > > Bernard A. Thomassin
> > > Directeur de recherches au C.N.R.S.
> > >
> > > G.I.S. "Lag-May"
> > > (Groupement d'Int=E9r=EAt Scientifique Environnement marin et littoral de
> > > Mayotte")
> > > & Centre d'Oceanologie de Marseille,
> > > Station Marine d'Endoume,
> > > rue de la Batterie des Lions,
> > > 13007 Marseille
> > > 9l. (33) 04 91 0416 17
> > > 9l. GSM 06 63 14 91 78
> > > fax. (33) 04 91 04 16 35 (0 l'attention de...)
> > > e-mail : thomassi at sme.com.univ-mrs.fr
> > >
> > >
> > >
>
>--
>Billy D. Causey, Superintendent
>Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
>PO Box 500368
>Marathon, FL 33050
>Phone (305) 743.2437, Fax (305) 743.2357
>http://www.fknms.nos.noaa.gov/
>
Robert W. Buddemeier
Kansas Geological Survey
University of Kansas
Lawrence, KS 66047 USA
tel: (785) 864-2112
fax: (785) 864-5317
email: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu
From Ron.Hill at noaa.gov Mon Aug 28 17:39:49 2000
From: Ron.Hill at noaa.gov (Ron Hill)
Date: Mon, 28 Aug 2000 16:39:49 -0500
Subject: [Fwd: Another great contribution of aquaculture practices!!]
Message-ID: <39AADC25.33F88B6C@noaa.gov>
This message from the fish-sci list is worth passing on to the
coral-list. I was trying to compose a response to the question about
the culture of exotic corals near the Red Sea and the danger of
releasing non-native corals in the surrounding area when this came
across my computer screen. It is exactly the point I wanted to
make...about the adaptability of species and the fallibility of our
safeguards. The Atlantic Salmon farmed on the west coast are supposed
to be contained throughout their lives and never released - they have
escaped. They were not supposed to venture into fresh water -- they
have. They were not supposed to be able to breed even if they did
escape - there is every indication that there are now breeding
populations and the impacts on native salmon and trout are yet to be
determined.
This same scenario (mistake) has been repeated over and over. When are
we going to learn that the only environmentally friendly aquaculture
means native species only when there is even the most remote possibility
of escape?
ron
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: Another great contribution of aquaculture practices!!
Date: Mon, 28 Aug 2000 13:45:08 -0700
From: Paulo Petry
Reply-To: Scientific forum on fish and fisheries
To: FISH-SCI at SEGATE.SUNET.SE
>From http://www.adn.com/metro/story/0,2633,189630,00.html
Also see
http://www.enn.com/news/enn-stories/2000/06/06072000/wildsalmon_13647.asp
for a good article dealing with a researcher's documentation of the
occurrence of Atlantics in BC.
------
ATLANTIC SALMON CATCHES WORRY FISH AND GAME
The Associated Press
(Published August 27, 2000)
Ketchikan -- Commercial fishermen in Southeast Alaska have caught more
than
20 Atlantic salmon, raising concerns that the farmed salmon will spread
disease to wild species.
All the Atlantic salmon were caught south of Ketchikan, some in the Tree
Point area, said Phil Doherty, an Alaska Department of Fish and Game
biologist for commercial fishing.
"This is a real problem," Doherty said, pointing to the six, 10- to
12-pound
Atlantic salmon spread out in the conference room Friday at Ketchikan's
Fish
and Game office.
Not only are the Atlantic salmon a threat to Pacific salmon because of
competition for food in the open ocean, but they also carry a threat of
disease.
"The big problems are the diseases that these imported fish bring; from
viruses to external parasites," he said.
Two weeks ago, more than 35,000 farmed Atlantic salmon escaped from a
pen in
Johnstone Strait, off the northern tip of Vancouver Island.
"Whether they are a part of the 35,000 that spilled out of that farm a
few
days ago, I don't know," Doherty said. "It seems like a lot of water to
cover in such a short time, but they are showing up in Southeast
[Alaska]."
It was once believed that Atlantic salmon would not venture into
freshwater,
but several pen-reared salmon have been found in freshwater streams. In
1998, an Atlantic salmon was recovered north of Ketchikan at Ward Creek.
The
Atlantic salmon was sexually mature and had a mate that eluded capture.
"If there's one here and there are thousands of freshwater streams in
Southeast Alaska, it's very likely there are more in some of those
streams,"
Doherty said.
Unlike traditional hatcheries where the fish are released to grow in the
seas, farmed Atlantic salmon are supposed to spend their entire life in
captivity.
Atlantic salmon, which resemble steelhead trout, stay alive after
spawning,
unlike Pacific salmon, Doherty said.
Expansion of British Columbia's fish farm industry has been halted since
1995 when a moratorium was established. Doherty said Fish and Game hopes
that the moratorium is not lifted.
"We don't want to see fish farms as close as Prince Rupert [British
Columbia]," he said.
--
Jay DeLong
Olympia, WA
Best Fishes,
Paulo
fishnwine at psnw.com
><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><>
To leave the Fish-Sci list, Send blank message to:
mailto:FISH-SCI-SIGNOFF-REQUEST at SEGATE.SUNET.SE
Need help? Contact FISH-SCI-REQUEST at SEGATE.SUNET.SE
><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><>
From delbeek at hawaii.edu Mon Aug 28 20:03:03 2000
From: delbeek at hawaii.edu (J. Charles Delbeek)
Date: Mon, 28 Aug 2000 14:03:03 -1000
Subject: [Fwd: Another great contribution of aquaculture practices!!]
In-Reply-To: <39AADC25.33F88B6C@noaa.gov>
Message-ID:
On Mon, 28 Aug 2000, Ron Hill wrote:
> This message from the fish-sci list is worth passing on to the
> coral-list. I was trying to compose a response to the question about
> the culture of exotic corals near the Red Sea and the danger of
> releasing non-native corals in the surrounding area when this came
> across my computer screen. It is exactly the point I wanted to
> make...about the adaptability of species and the fallibility of our
> safeguards. The Atlantic Salmon farmed on the west coast are supposed
> to be contained throughout their lives and never released - they have
> escaped. They were not supposed to venture into fresh water -- they
> have. They were not supposed to be able to breed even if they did
> escape - there is every indication that there are now breeding
> populations and the impacts on native salmon and trout are yet to be
> determined.
Mmmm .. .shades of the book Jurassic Park!
Aloha!
Charles
From jnbio98 at usa.net Wed Aug 30 00:17:11 2000
From: jnbio98 at usa.net (jesse)
Date: 29 Aug 00 20:17:11 PST
Subject: calcification rate anyone?
Message-ID: <20000829121711.17245.qmail@nwcst285.netaddress.usa.net>
greetings!
can anyone tell me the calcification rate of a tropical reef? i need this
information for my current study on bioerosion. i have difficulty acquiring
such info. i would also appreciate any reprints about bioerosion in tropical
reefs. thank you very much.
regards,
jesse
jesse neil c. bongalo
department of biology
university of san carlos
cebu city 6000
philippines
email: jnbio98 at usa.net
____________________________________________________________________
Get free email and a permanent address at http://www.netaddress.com/?N=1
From gjgast at tropicbird.fol.nl Tue Aug 29 14:20:30 2000
From: gjgast at tropicbird.fol.nl (gjgast at tropicbird.fol.nl)
Date: Tue, 29 Aug 2000 18:20:30 GMT
Subject: CITES and breeding
Message-ID: <200008291820.SAA72747@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
Dear all,
Recently we have seen interesting contributions on the list on CITES and
breeding of corals.
Here I will try to clarify a few points as I understand them to be and
raise a few other questions.
The information is based on my own experience with the CITES legislation
and the Dutch CITES
homepages (info is also available at http://www.cites.org ). I hope that
members with experience
or contacts in CITES enforcing bodies may be able to correct possible
misunderstandings and
produce some answers.
CITES stands for Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
wild flora and
fauna. It is an international treaty designed to protect threatened animals
and plants by reducing
the transport of organisms taken from the wild to other countries. In the
CITES legislation
organisms are classified in 3 categories depending on how endangered they
are thought to be.
Category I: all trade completely forbidden for organisms from the wild
(e.g. whales, gorillas,
lions, elephants, etc.). Permits can be given for individuals bred in
captivity. An export permit is
needed at the one end and an import permit at the other.
Category II: Trade is allowed, but restricted (all hard corals, most soft
corals, snakes,
crocodiles, etc.). Import and export permits are needed. Numbers are
restricted depending on
the abundance so that sufficient individuals remain for the natural
population to survive.
Category III: Trade is allowed and monitored. Only export permit needed.
CITES only concerns trade or transport between countries. You would not
have to deal with
CITES to send corals from Hawaii to any other US state or within the
European Union. However,
countries or states may have other laws to further protect wildlife. As I
understand from Charles,
Hawaii has its own laws regulating trade or transport from and to Hawaii.
Hence, you need a
different permit from Hawaii authorities. Other laws or regulations may
apply as well. The
Netherlands law forbids private individuals to have apes and large cats in
their possession. Only
zoo's, universities, etc. can get a permit. Another example is the law at
Curacao, which forbids
one to break off, remove, sell, buy, process, deliver or transport corals
from Curacao waters.
Some sort of equivalent laws are in place in many other countries.
CITES applies to all corals in all countries that have rectified the
convention. There is no
difference between Caribbean, Red Sea or Indo-Pacific corals. CITES does
not only apply to
whole living individuals, but also to dead bodies or parts of organisms.
Obviously, trade in
elephant tusks and rhino horns has been the problem behind this decision.
So CITES applies to
coral skeletons, this so called "live rock" (isn't that a contradictio
interminis???) and jewels
made out of black and blood coral. By the way, CITES regulations also apply
to coral larvae
(don't know why).
CITES was designed for trade. We scientists often do not sell corals, but
we take them to our
own lab or give them collegues for research purposes. CITES still applies.
However, non-
commercial trade or transport for scientific studies is recognised and
permitted. Scientific
institutions can have themselves registered as such with the CITES
authorities. The benefit of
this is that exchange is made much easier. You get a pile of preprinted
registration cards in
advance. You fill in names and addresses of sender and receiver as well as
the contents of the
package. Glue the card on the package and send it away. No need to arrange
import and export
permits in advance. The limitation is that this only works between
registered institutions, but it
certainly helps to be one.
Hope this helps to a clearer picture on CITES. Now to breeding.
Trade in individuals bred in captivity is no problem. For example, in your
zoo you have lion Bill
and lioness Monica. By some kind of miracle one morning you find a litter
with kittens Al and
George. Once you get the paperwork right, you have no problem to export
George to a zoo in
Moskow and Al to another in Tokyo.
Likewise, hobbyists exchange parrots, cockatoos, snakes, lizards, etc. bred
and raised in
cages in their homes.
Yes, David, export and import of bred corals is certainly allowed under the
CITES regulations. I
do, however, see a little problem: What is bred coral?
The example above with names has another reason than trying to be funny. My
impression is
that the CITES legislation was written with large organisms in mind
(mammals, birds, etc.).
Trade, transport and place of birth can easily be established for such
individuals. Al and George
were born from known parents in a zoo and they will stay in captivity their
whole life (at least one
would hope so). Reproductive things are not so simple with corals, as we
all know.
One way to propagate corals is by fragmentation. Obviously, the genet /
ramet question raises
its ugly head. Does CITES recognise genetic individuals or separate
colonies as individuals for
which permits are needed?
As with the Bill and Monica example above, one would be safe to have parent
colonies in
aquarium (local laws permitting) and sell possible offspring. The baby
corals would be bred in
captivity.
Things get vaguer when one takes corals from the reef to produce offspring
by some sort of IVF.
As the babies would still be bred in captivity, I think that this is still
okay under CITES. Right?
One step further from captivity is the procedure with plates (used in
COREMAP for example).
Plates are put in water, spat settles and the desired corals are grown by
removing the wrong
ones. Common sense would say "no problem", because there is so much spat
drifting around
and one does not harm the existing reef. But imagine a bunch of lawyers
having a party on this
one in court (where common sense blew out of the window a long time ago).
These corals were
definitely not bred in captivity. Wild larvae (to which CITES applies) were
captured on the plates
and removed from the water. They could have settled on the reef (stolen
opportunity, right?). If
trade in colonies growing on plates is allowed, this would also hold for
corals growing on other
anthropogenic artificial structures such as pipes, dams, piers, jetties,
cars, boats, ships,
waterscooters, pontoons, cannons, oil drums, chairs, bottles, wood, anchors
and all those other
beauties I've seen underwater.
Another question arises when one puts the fragments or baby corals back on
the reef to let
them grow up and collect them when they are large enough to sell. They were
bred in captivity,
but reared in the wild. Are these wild animals or not?????
David on your other questions:
1. Yes, I believe that propagation in captivity of corals could replace the
trade in wild corals
chopped off from reefs. Furthermore, I hope that the CITES authorities will
stop all import permits
for wild corals when sufficient cultured ones are available.
2. The issue of xenobionts (foreign creatures) is a very interesting one.
One could have an
interesting philosophical discussion whether the Caribbean would be a more
interesting area
after invasion by a bunch of more flashy Red Sea and Pacific corals. But
this is not the way we
deal with nature. There are too many examples of disasters, such as the
salmon story sent
before. One can also think of cane toads and rabbits in Australia, ciclids
in African lakes,
sparrows and rats all over the globe, etc. etc.. Sometimes scientists think
it is safe, but
apparently they forgot Murphy's law. The things always break out sooner or
later. Maybe one
could safely grow foreign corals in a completely closed artificial seawater
system, so that larvae
can not escape. Such a system would be very expensive. The way to breed
corals from different
area's would be to set up coral farms in each area. Hence, one in the Carib
for those corals, one
near your place for Red Sea corals, one in Oz for GBR corals, etc.. Anybody
happening to have
a few loose millions?
My two cents. Have a good one, GJ.
===============================================
Dr. Gert Jan Gast
Oostelijke Handelskade 31
1019BL Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Phone int 31 (0)20 4198607
Please use for large attachments
and if you happen to know I am abroad.
From JKoven at aol.com Tue Aug 29 16:11:09 2000
From: JKoven at aol.com (JKoven at aol.com)
Date: Tue, 29 Aug 2000 16:11:09 EDT
Subject: No Subject
Message-ID: <57.a8afe53.26dd72dd@aol.com>
The corals on Fiji?s Astrolabe Reefs appear to have fared somewhat better
during the widespread bleaching event reported on by Dick Murphy, Ed Lovell
and Bruce Carlson. Half of all specimens counted there were alive and
unbleached a month after the SST?s had lowered. I suggest that this is due
to fewer anthropogenic influences (inhabitants of the islands within the
lagoon are counted in hundreds, not thousands) and their location amid ocean
currents unmitigated by any large land mass. Except for the area around
Kadavu, the only high island, there is not a lot of fresh water run-off into
the lagoon and there are virtually no farm-based nutrients.
It does not explain why often 1 of 2 or more specimens of the same species
occurring side by side was bleached and the other not.
In late May and early June I assessed the extent of coral bleaching on the
Great and North Astrolabe Reefs in Fiji. The northern most parts of these
reefs are located 30 -35 NM south of Suva, below the Beqa reefs but still
well within the range of the higher SST?s that occurred from Feb-April.
The survey included sites inside the lagoon and relatively close to the
inhabited Dravuni Island as well as those outside the reefs and at a remote
windward corner of the North Reef which is rarely visited/fished.
General observations:
As reported by others, most of the bleaching was within the first 25 M
although there were some very large completely bleached specimens of
Montastrea and Montipora near the first bench at 27 M, on the leeward side.
Some very large (3-4 M high and wide) Porites colonies in alleys behind the
outer reef pinnacles were bleached. Bleaching was rare between 27 and 40 M
and almost non-existant below that.
34% of the corals in the lagoon of the Great Astrolabe Reef were bleached -
17% had died recently and were already covered by blue-green algae.
26% of corals on the leeward side of the GAR and windward on the North Reef
were currently bleached with another 20% recently dead.
Among the Acropora 16% of those in the lagoon were bleached but 33% had died
recently and were over-grown by blue-greens. As Bruce Carlson reported, the
smaller specimens (>10 cm) were unaffected. Some of the large Acropora
robusta and formosa specimens in the lagoon exhibited the ?shade effect?
mentioned by Bruce with the underside of branches appearing normal, the
upperside bleached. Only 9% of Acroporids outside the lagoon were bleached
but 28% had died recently.
The Seriatopora were almost entirely wiped out - in 60 dives I saw only one
live specimen. On the survey sites all of them had bleached, died and been
covered by blue-greens. Stylenocoellia and Symphyllia., both with a small
number of representatives, were either bleached or dead at these sites,
but.were seen live elsewhere.
Whereas in the past I had seen Millepora move in after the death of other
corals, with bleaching their representation has been cut by nearly 65%.
43% of the Halimetra pileus specimens at a deep lagoon site were a brilliant
fluorescent yellow with another 31% bleached or partially bleached.
The normally hardy Diploastrea was never seen completely bleached but often
bore a mottled appearance. In one case the outer 10 cm rim of a large colony
was completely white. Lobophyllia colonies were also often mottled with
individual corallites being bleached, completely unbleached or somewhere in
between.
Sinularia and Sarcophyton were almost all bleached, as were many anemone.
Least affected were Achrelia, Anacropora, Euphyllia, Goniastrea,
Goniopora/Alveopora, Pectinia, Turbinaria, Tubastrea.
There was an outbreak of Acanthaster plancii on the crest of the North
Astrolabe Reef with 35 specimens in one 300 square meter area along the crest
- I have never seen that many in all of 12 years on these reefs. Although
they were not that numerous in other areas of the reef this yar, there were
more than ever seen before.
From L.McCook at aims.gov.au Wed Aug 30 10:49:00 2000
From: L.McCook at aims.gov.au (Laurence McCook)
Date: Wed, 30 Aug 2000 14:49:00 GMT
Subject: New Book on physics-biology links on coral reefs
Message-ID: <200008301449.OAA74692@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
Dr. Eric Wolanski, FSTE, has edited a new scientific book on
physics-biology links in coral reefs and adjoining mangroves and
seagrass. The book also deals with the implications for coastal,
mangrove, seagrass and coral reef management. This will be published soon
by CRC Press. The web address is
http://www.crcpress.com/us/product.asp?sku=0833+++&dept%5Fid=1
Laurence McCook (Ph.D.)
Research Scientist, Coral Reef Ecology,
Australian Institute of Marine Science &
The CRC: Reef Research,
PMB 3 Townsville MC, Qld, 4810, Australia.
Ph. 07 4753-4362 Fax 07 4772-5852 [in Australia]
Ph. +61 7 4753-4362 Fax +61 7 4772-5852 [International]
Email: L.McCook at AIMS.Gov.Au
Research description at:
http://www.reef.crc.org.au/4news/Exploring/feat17.html#1
From JKoven at aol.com Wed Aug 30 14:26:00 2000
From: JKoven at aol.com (JKoven at aol.com)
Date: Wed, 30 Aug 2000 14:26:00 EDT
Subject: prev. No subject= coral bleaching in Fiji
Message-ID: <98.98b987e.26deabb8@aol.com>
regret not to have titled report on Astrolabe Reefs' bleaching this year.
You may have deleted it, as I would have, because it had no subject.
The corals on Fiji?s Astrolabe Reefs appear to have fared somewhat better
than those reported on by Dick Murphy, Ed Lovell and Bruce Carlson. Half of
all specimens counted remained alive and unbleached a month after the SST?s
had lowered. I suggest that this is due to fewer anthropogenic influences
(inhabitants of the islands within the lagoon are counted in hundreds, not
thousands) and their location amid ocean currents unmitigated by any large
land mass. Except for the area around Kadavu, the only high island, there is
not a lot of fresh water run-off into the lagoon and there are virtually no
farm-based nutrients.
It does not explain why often 1 of 2 or more specimens of the same species
occurring side by side was bleached and the other not.
In late May and early June I assessed the extent of coral bleaching on the
Great and North Astrolabe Reefs in Fiji. The northern most parts of these
reefs are located 30 -35 NM south of Suva, below the Beqa reefs but still
well within the range of the higher SST?s that occurred from Feb-April.
The survey included sites inside the lagoon and relatively close to the
inhabited Dravuni Island as well as those outside the reefs and at a remote
windward corner of the North Reef which is rarely visited/fished.
General observations:
As reported by others, most of the bleaching was within the first 25 M
although there were some very large completely bleached specimens of
Montastrea and Montipora near the first bench at 27 M, on the leeward side.
Some very large (3-4 M high and wide) Porites colonies in alleys behind the
outer reef pinnacles were bleached. Bleaching was rare between 27 and 40 M
and almost non-existant below that.
34% of the corals in the lagoon of the Great Astrolabe Reef were bleached -
17% had died recently and were already covered by blue-green algae.
26% of corals on the leeward side of the GAR and windward on the North Reef
were currently bleached with another 20% recently dead.
Among the Acropora 16% of those in the lagoon were bleached but 33% had died
recently and were over-grown by blue-greens. As Bruce Carlson reported, the
smaller specimens (>10 cm) were unaffected. Some of the large Acropora
robusta and formosa specimens in the lagoon exhibited the ?shade effect?
mentioned by Bruce with the underside of branches appearing normal, the
upperside bleached. Only 9% of Acroporids outside the lagoon were bleached
but 28% had died recently.
The Seriatopora were almost entirely wiped out - in 60 dives I saw only one
live specimen. On the survey sites all of them had bleached, died and been
covered by blue-greens. Stylenocoellia and Symphyllia., both with a small
number of representatives, were either bleached or dead at these sites,
but.were seen live elsewhere.
Whereas in the past I had seen Millepora move in after the death of other
corals, with bleaching their representation has been cut by nearly 65%.
43% of the Halimetra pileus specimens at a deep lagoon site were a brilliant
fluorescent yellow with another 31% bleached or partially bleached.
The normally hardy Diploastrea was never seen completely bleached but often
bore a mottled appearance. In one case the outer 10 cm rim of a large colony
was completely white. Lobophyllia colonies were also often mottled with
individual corallites being bleached, completely unbleached or somewhere in
between.
Sinularia and Sarcophyton were almost all bleached, as were many anemone.
Least affected were Achrelia, Anacropora, Euphyllia, Goniastrea,
Goniopora/Alveopora, Pectinia, Turbinaria, Tubastrea.
There was an outbreak of Acanthaster plancii on the crest of the North
Astrolabe Reef with 35 specimens in one 300 square meter area along the crest
- I have never seen that many in all of 12 years on these reefs. Although
they were not that numerous in other areas of the reef this yar, there were
more than ever seen before.
From George.Schmahl at noaa.gov Wed Aug 30 19:08:57 2000
From: George.Schmahl at noaa.gov (George Schmahl)
Date: Wed, 30 Aug 2000 17:08:57 -0600
Subject: Coral Spawning Report
Message-ID: <39AD93E5.4DE42AF0@noaa.gov>
It seems that a bunch of question marks got imbedded in my previous
message about coral spawning. Here is how it was supposed to look:
Coral spawning report - Flower Garden Banks, Northwest Gulf of Mexico -
August 2000
Researchers, resources managers, and recreational divers witnessed the
spectacular event of the annual mass coral spawning at the Flower
Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary during the evenings of August
21-23, 2000. Details of the spawning are as follows: (Times given are
Central Standard Time)
August 21, 2000 (7th night after the August full moon) - East Flower
Garden Bank, 60-80' depth
2000 (or earlier) - 2220hrs - Diploria strigosa
2030 (or earlier) - 2130(+) hrs - Montastraea cavernosa males
2055-2200 hrs - M. cavernosa females
2145-2230 - M. franksii
2220-2300 - Stephanocoenia intercepta males
2230-2300 - S. intercepta females
2300-2330 - M. faveolata
August 22, 2000 - East Flower Garden Bank
2030 (or earlier) - - D. strigosa
2200 - - M. franksii
2230 - ? - S. intercepta males
2230 - ? - S. intercepta females
2300-2330 - M. faveolata
August 23, 2000 - West Flower Garden Bank
2030 - 2110 - Colpophyllia natans (not many colonies)
Other spawning species observed:
August 21, 2000
Ophioderma rubicundum - ruby brittle star (evening)
Spirobranchus giganteus - Christmas tree worms (evening)
Ectyoplasia ferox - volcano (or octopus) sponge - males (day) - Note:
females had extruded eggs around 8/17, and eggs were still present
on many colonies. This is the first documented sighting of sperm
release
at the Flower Garden Banks (eggs had been observed in previous years).
August 22, 2000
2030-2100 - O. rubicundum - ruby brittle stars - males
2100 - 2110 - O. rubicundum - ruby brittle stars - females
No interaction noted between males and females. Approximately 100
individuals were observed in one dive on top of coral heads - up to 5
individuals per head.
Ectyoplasia ferox - volcano sponge - male (day) - see note above.
August 23, 3000
O. rubicundum - ruby brittle star (evening)
2030 - 2100 - unidentified large orange/red brittle stars
60 -70 individuals were observed, multiple individuals per head.
Observed multiple males on one coral head or one female
interacting/interlocking with one male. Males hold arms up in water
when spawning.
In both species of brittle stars, females raise up on tentacles and
convulse as red eggs are released.
G.P. Schmahl & Emma Hickerson (FGBNMS)
with assistance from Dr. Peter Vize and Derek Hagman (University of
Texas)
--
G.P. Schmahl
Sanctuary Manager
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary
216 W. 26th Street, Suite 104
Bryan, TX 77803
***NOTE NEW AREA CODE!***
(979) 779-2705
(979) 779-2334 (fax)
george.schmahl at noaa.gov
http://www.flowergarden.nos.noaa.gov
From jamaluddin.jompa at jcu.edu.au Wed Aug 30 21:12:15 2000
From: jamaluddin.jompa at jcu.edu.au (Jamaluddin Jompa)
Date: Thu, 31 Aug 2000 11:12:15 +1000
Subject: Julian Sprung's email.
In-Reply-To: <39A66C07.472F58FE@noaa.gov>
References: <200008250112_MC2-B0EA-4C05@compuserve.com>
Message-ID: <3.0.5.32.20000831111215.009e9b40@pop.jcu.edu.au>
Dear Jonathan Kelsey and Coral listers,
I am interested in your suggestion on the possibility of macroalgal shading
in reducing
the effect of bleaching on corals (point 2 below). During the 1998 mass
coral bleaching
event, on the inshore reefs of the GBR, we observed relatively lower rate
of bleached
corals in control plots where macroalgal (mainly Sargassum)canopy were left
intact (dense
and ~ 1 m high) compared to plots where the canopy had been experimentally
removed. I would
be pleased to hear more information about this phenomenon.
The preliminary result can be seen on
http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/publications/reef_research/
issue2_98/2seaweeds.html
Best regard,
Jamal
At 08:52 25/08/00 -0400, Jonathan Kelsey wrote:
>Coral Listers,
>I am very interested further discussion of these theories raised in Mr.
>Sprung's email:
>
>1.) "Mass coral bleaching and subsequent coral death has nothing
whatsoever to
>do with starvation. Nor is water pollution a factor. It is simply hot
water and
>light that combined do the damage. The corals in a hot spot may bleach and
die
>in a matter of just a few days. Corals don't starve so quickly."
>
>2.) "Also, when you find survivors of bleaching events they tend to be in
more
>polluted (nutrient rich) habitats. That can be explained at least partly
by the
>fact that these habitats have lower light penetration due to turbidity and
may
>also have shading caused by growths of macroalgae."
>
>-Are these generally accepted concepts?
>-Can one accurately assess coral mortality rates associated with a bleaching
>event after "a matter of just a few days"?
>-Are there quantitative studies showing that there is a greater bleaching
>survival rate among corals in polluted waters versus those in non-polluted
>water?
>-Any comments and/or further discussion would be greatly appreciated.
>
>
From seshserebiah at hotmail.com Thu Aug 31 13:30:28 2000
From: seshserebiah at hotmail.com (sesh serebiah)
Date: Thu, 31 Aug 2000 13:30:28 IST
Subject: message from sesh,India
Message-ID:
Dear sir
I am introducing myself as a research scholar working in the mangrove
habitat with its associated fauna in Gulf of Kachchh, India. According to
the information in internet about the polycheate and meiofauna, I am very
much having thrust to contact you. My main focus is in meiofauna and benthic
faunal assemblage. But I am frequently stood in the problem of identifying
the meiofauna. My country have seems to be very poor work and getting the ID
key is very difficult from those sparsely delicates. In this regard I would
be very grateful if you could send the minimum possible materials. Apart
from if you have any publication related with mangrove benthic macro and
meio fauna, please send it me. I will be expecting your voluble
encouragement in my endeavor. Please inform if any other related workshop/
symposium /seminar in related to mangrove macro meiofauna.
Thanking you
sesh serebiah
Gujarat institute of desert ecology
patwadinaka
Bhuj
Kachchh (DT)
India
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From gidw at post.tau.ac.il Thu Aug 31 12:47:52 2000
From: gidw at post.tau.ac.il (gidon winters)
Date: Thu, 31 Aug 2000 18:47:52 +0200
Subject: mortality in the coral trade
Message-ID: <39AE8C38.8410CFC6@post.tau.ac.il>
Hi to all from the Red Sea in Israel
regarding coral trade, does anyone know/have any info on the percent of
corals (out of the total harvested) that die during the transport (from
harvesting site to the
"shipping", storage or warehouse site) stage ? death due to desiccation,
mis handling etc...
Thanks
Winters Gidon
Inter University Institute,
Eilat (the Red Sea)
Israel
From BobFenner at aol.com Thu Aug 31 12:54:53 2000
From: BobFenner at aol.com (BobFenner at aol.com)
Date: Thu, 31 Aug 2000 12:54:53 EDT
Subject: mortality in the coral trade
Message-ID: <40.546679.26dfe7dd@aol.com>
In a message dated 8/31/00 9:22:41 AM Pacific Daylight Time,
gidw at post.tau.ac.il writes:
<< Subj: mortality in the coral trade
Date: 8/31/00 9:22:41 AM Pacific Daylight Time
From: gidw at post.tau.ac.il (gidon winters)
Sender: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
To: coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
Hi to all from the Red Sea in Israel
regarding coral trade, does anyone know/have any info on the percent of
corals (out of the total harvested) that die during the transport (from
harvesting site to the
"shipping", storage or warehouse site) stage ? death due to desiccation,
mis handling etc...
Thanks
Winters Gidon
Inter University Institute,
Eilat (the Red Sea)
Israel >>
Numbers are highly variable (regionally-further/longer haul times,
seasonally-warmer months higher, supplier/vendor rating-A,B,other...) and
though not entirely anecdotal, a matter of propriety (i.e. industry secrets).
Of the "A" players (QM in L.A., SDC in L.A., TMC in the UK, WSI out of Fiji,
and few others) the landed mortality ("rules" vary in the trade for claims),
averages something around 10% (historical survivability within three days
being the reciprocal...) with a std. dev. of 6% or so...
For "B" enterprises these numbers are much higher (but unknown
quantitatively to me, associates, perhaps to all)... but I would hazard a
guess at easily twice the number lost and much higher than twice the dev.
Lastly, the "other" category of small time transshippers,
wholesaler/jobbers and direct importers/break-pack retailers and "hobby
farms" trying to be businesses, incidental mortality and variability are
highest... with probably half of all new arrivals DOA within three days and a
30 some % variability in the apparent quality of shipments.
Related (albeit once again anecdotal) information should be volunteered
re the preponderance of business (pieces, mass of organisms traded) by these
respective "scored" business types (i.e. A,B,C). The vast majority (I'd
hazard 80%) of what the trade considers "corals" (scleractinians,
alcyonaceans, gorgonians, zoanthids, corallimorphs, some "hard" hydrozoans...
but not actinarians), make their way through the hands of the secondary ("B")
distributors... an artifact of current disposition by consumers (i.e. an
economic expedient).
Much more on the latter, or any aspect of the ornamental trade on/off
line if the list is interested in my input.
Bob/Robert Fenner, a person in the business (as a "consultant" and content
provider nowadays) for many years.
From gregorh at ucla.edu Thu Aug 31 13:17:59 2000
From: gregorh at ucla.edu (Gregor Hodgson)
Date: Thu, 31 Aug 2000 17:17:59 GMT
Subject: New Home For Reef Check!
Message-ID: <200008311717.RAA75747@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
1) We are very pleased to announce that Reef Check has moved
headquarters to UCLA. Please update your address books, and send all
future correspondence to the new address and contact numbers given
below.
Reef Check
Institute of the Environment
1652 Hershey Hall 149607
University of California at Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496 USA
Office Tel: 310-206-9193 Direct 310-794-4985
Fax: 310-825-9663
Email: rcheck at ucla.edu
Website: www.ReefCheck.org
2) Keith Kei will continue to man our Reef Check Foundation office in
Hong Kong and all the old numbers and addresses will continue to
function, so don't worry about lost messages or mail as they will be
forwarded as needed.
3) As of September 1, Ladan Mohajerani will start as RC Operations
Manager. Ladan is a marine biologist and divemaster with research
interests in reef fish, and previously designed and implemented a
volunteer kelp monitoring project in Santa Monica Bay. Ladan will be
available to answer all your queries at
4) Note my new email
--
Gregor Hodgson, PhD
Director, Reef Check Foundation
Visiting Professor, Institute of the Environment
University of California at Los Angeles
1652 Hershey Hall 149607
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496 USA
Office Tel: 310-206-9193 Direct 310-794-4985
Fax: 310-825-9663
*************************
Email: gregorh at ucla.edu
Web: www.ReefCheck.org