If you are asked to simplify something like "4 + 2×3",
the question that naturally arises is "Which way do I do this? Because there are two options!":

4 + 2×3 = (4 + 2)×3 = 6×3 = 18

4 + 2×3 = 4 + (2×3) = 4 + 6 = 10

It seems as though the answer depends on which way
you look at the problem. But we can't have this kind of flexibility in mathematics; math won't
work if you can't be sure of the answer, or if the exact same problem can calculate to two or more
different answers.

To eliminate this confusion, we have some rules
of precedence, established at least as far back as the 1500s, called the "order of operations".
The "operations" are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation,
and grouping; the "order" of these operations states which operations take precedence
(are taken care of) before which other operations.

A common technique for remembering the order of
operations is the abbreviation "PEMDAS", which is turned into the phrase "Please
Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally". It stands for "Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and
Division, and Addition and Subtraction". This tells you the ranks of the operations: Parentheses
outrank exponents, which outrank multiplication and division (but multiplication and division are
at the same rank), and these two outrank addition and subtraction (which are together on
the bottom rank). When you have a bunch of operations of the same rank, you just operate from left
to right. For instance, 15 ÷ 3 × 4 is not 15
÷ 12, but is rather 5 × 4, because, going
from left to right, you get to the division first.

If you're not sure of this, test it in your calculator,
which has been programmed with the Order of Operations hierarchy. For instance, typesetting this
into a graphing calculator, you will get:

Using the above hierarchy, we see that, in the "4 + 2×3"
question at the beginning of this article, Choice 2 was the correct answer, because we have to
do the multiplication before the addition.

ADVERTISEMENT

(Note: Speakers of British English often instead
use "BODMAS", which stands for "Brackets, Orders, Division and Multiplication, and
Addition and Subtraction". Since "brackets" are the same as parentheses and "orders"
are the same as exponents, the two acronyms mean the same thing.)

The order of operations was settled on in order
to prevent miscommunication, but PEMDAS can generate its own confusion; some students sometimes
tend to apply the hierarchy as though all the operations in a problem are on the same "level",
but often those operations are not "equal". Many times it helps to work problems from
the inside out, rather than left-to-right, because often some parts of the problem are "deeper
down" than other parts. The best way to explain this is to do some examples:

Simplify 4 + 32.

I need to simplify the term with the exponent
before trying to add in the 4:

4 + 32 = 4 + 9 = 13

Simplify 4 + (2 + 1)2.

I have to simplify inside the parentheses before
I can take the exponent through. Only then can I do the addition of the 4.

4 + (2 + 1)2 = 4 + (3)2 = 4 + 9 = 13

Simplify 4 + [–1(–2 –1)]2.

I shouldn't try to do these nested parentheses
from left to right; that method is simply too error-prone. Instead, I'll try to work from the
inside out. First I'll simplify inside the curvy parentheses, then simplify inside the square
brackets, and only then take care of the squaring. After that is done, then I can finally add
in the 4: