Fri November 30, 2012

Tanzania's Albinos Face Constant Threat Of Attack

Angel Salvatory, 17, buys cloth at a market in Kabanga village in Tanzania. Albinos living in a nearby protection center are allowed to go to the local market as long as they travel in a group for their own safety.

Maajabu Boaz, 20, who has albinism, plays checkers with local men where he feels safe in Nengo Village, Kibondo, Tanzania. Boaz has a reputation of carrying knives for self-protection.

Jacquelyn Martin for NPR

Life is hard for albinos throughout Africa, but especially in the East African nation of Tanzania. At best, they face raw prejudice; at worst, they are hunted for their flesh, the results of superstitious beliefs.

Albino killings have been reported in a dozen African countries from South Africa to Kenya, but they are worse in Tanzania than anywhere else.

More than 100 albinos have been violently attacked in Tanzania from 2006 to June of this year — 71 died and 31 escaped, though most were maimed. The attacks are so brazen that the government has opened boarding schools for albino children for their own protection.

"In society, there are people such as witch doctors who look for body parts; people will kill albinos to make magic," says Isaac Timothy, an albino activist in the gold-mining town of Geita, where belief in witchcraft is widespread.

"When you bring [a witch doctor] a body part, such as an arm, a leg or a finger, the witch doctor will make a potion with it," Timothy says. "A miner will pour it in the ground where he wants to find minerals or a fisherman will pour it in his canoe."

On the southern shore of Lake Victoria, a fisherman in a baseball cap and ragged pants, who doesn't want to give his name, looks up from digging worms.

"I don't believe albino body parts are useful to catch fish," he says, leaning on his spade, "but other people use albinos to catch more fish and become rich. Wherever I throw my net is good enough for me."

A World Of Prejudice And Misunderstanding

In the tourist town of Arusha at the foot of Mount Kilimanjaro, a street preacher's sermon mixes with the smell of dried fish in the crowded central market. An albino shopkeeper named Godfred Tarimo tends to his grocery stall.

He says belief in the magical powers of albino flesh is so pervasive that when he walks in public it's not uncommon to hear someone wisecrack, "There goes a deal, there goes something valuable."

"I worry about my safety," he says, glancing at the shoppers.

Tanzania has one of the highest rates of albinism in the world — nearly 1 in every 1,400 people. That compares to about 1 in 20,000 worldwide.

There appears to be at least a couple reasons for this phenomenon. First, there is the "founders effect." Scientists believe Tanzania and East Africa may be the birthplace of the genetic mutation that creates albinism.

Second, because of discrimination and social exclusion people with albinism tend to marry each other, which greatly increases the likelihood that the offspring will also be albinos.

Tanzania's gruesome albino murders tend to attract the most attention — such as a recent documentary,Spell of the Albino, by filmmaker Claudio von Planta. In fact, the number of albino murders are decreasing in Tanzania because of all the publicity and the government's stern warnings that they must stop.

But African albinos still grow up in a world of prejudice and misunderstanding.

Many people don't understand, for instance, that albinos must protect their pale skin with long sleeves, hats and sunscreen to avoid skin cancer, which kills 98 percent of Tanzanian albinos before they reach their 40th birthday, according to figures provided by Under the Same Sun, an advocacy group in Dar es Salaam.

And in class, teachers are often unaware that albinos have impaired vision that prevents them from reading a blackboard like other children, so albino students often fall behind in school.

A common belief is that albinos don't die, they vanish like ghosts, says Grace Wabanhu, a 26-year-old albino from northern Tanzania who works for the organization.

Other questions she's heard: Is it true that if I have a disease and I have sex with an albino my illness will be cured? If I touch you, is albinism contagious? Do you feel pain?

"People didn't know what is albinism. But after explaining to them they came to think, 'Hah, this is normal person like others,' " Wabanhu says. "So it's because of ignorance. People don't know."

Slow Progress On Dispelling Stigmas

The education process is slow, says Vicky Ntetema, Tanzania executive director of Under the Same Sun, which is based in Vancouver, Canada. A former BBC journalist, Ntetema did ground-breaking reporting on the persecution of albinos.

"It's going to be very, very difficult for every Tanzanian all of a sudden to forget about the myths and then believe that persons with albinism are human beings," she says.

Al-Shaymaa Kwegyir is one of two albino members of parliament in Tanzania.

"It's a problem. To be an albino is a problem," she says.

Kwegyir represents people with disabilities. With her red headscarf and orange fingernails, she is one of the most visible and successful persons with albinism in the country.

"I'm trying to talk in Parliament on behalf of them," she says. "I talk with the minister of education, I talk with the minister of health to try and explain to them how tough it is to be an albino."

There are signs of progress.

The Tanzania Ministry of Education has provided an introduction to albinism to public-school teachers and college professors. And last year, the International League of Dermatological Societies and the drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline started providing wide-brim hats and sunscreen to albinos in East Africa.

The stigma of albinism, though, will take longer to dispel.

Copyright 2013 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

Transcript

ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST:

From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Robert Siegel.

MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:

And I'm Melissa Block. Worldwide, about one in 20,000 people is born albino. But in the East African nation of Tanzania, that rate is far higher - nearly one in every 1,400 people. Albinos in Tanzania have especially hard lives. At best, they face raw discrimination; at worst, they are hunted for their flesh because of superstitions. As NPR's John Burnett reports, albinos in Tanzania have mounted a campaign to teach the public that they are human beings.

JOHN BURNETT, BYLINE: More than 100 albinos were violently attacked in Tanzania from 2006 to June of this year. Seventy-one died and 31 escaped, though most were maimed. Albino killings have been reported in 11 other African countries, from South Africa to Kenya, but they are worse in Tanzania.

ISAC TIMOTHY: (through translator) In society, there are people such as witchdoctors who look for body parts. People will kill albinos to make magic.

BURNETT: Isac Timothy is a local albino activist in the gold-mining town of Geita, where belief in witchcraft is widespread.

TIMOTHY: (through translator) When you bring them a body part, such as an arm, a leg or a finger, the witchdoctor will make a potion with it. A miner will pour it in the ground where he wants to find minerals, or a fisherman will pour it in his canoe.

(SOUNDBITE OF WATER SPLASHING)

BURNETT: On the southern shore of Lake Victoria, a fisherman in a baseball cap and ragged pants, who doesn't want to give his name, looks up from digging worms.

UNIDENTIFIED FISHERMAN: (through translator) I don't believe albino body parts are useful to catch fish, he says, leaning on his spade, but other people use albinos to catch more fish and become rich. Wherever I throw my net is good enough for me.

UNIDENTIFIED PREACHER: (foreign language spoken)

BURNETT: In the tourist town of Arusha, at the foot of Mount Kilimanjaro, a street preacher's sermon mixes with the smell of dried fish in the crowded central market. An albino shopkeeper named Godfred Tarimo tends to his grocery stall.

GODFRED TARIMO: (foreign language spoken)

BURNETT: He says belief in the magical powers of albino flesh is so pervasive that when he walks in public it's not uncommon to hear someone wisecrack, there goes something valuable, there goes a deal. I worry about my safety, Tarimo says, glancing at the shoppers.

Tanzania's gruesome albino murders tend to attract the most attention, such as the recent documentary "Spell of the Albino" by filmmaker Claudio von Planta. In fact, albino murders are on the decrease in Tanzania because of all the publicity and the government's stern warnings that they must stop. But African albinos still grow up in a world of prejudice and misunderstanding. Many people don't understand, for example, that albinos must protect their pale skin to avoid skin cancer and they must sit close to the blackboard in class because their vision is impaired. An albino advocacy group in Dar es Salaam called Under the Same Sun has been conducting public awareness campaigns across the country.

GRACE WABANHU: Most of questions you usually hear that you don't die. Is it true?

BURNETT: A common belief is that albinos don't die, they vanish like ghosts, says Grace Wabanhu, a 26-year-old albino from northern Tanzania who works for the organization. Other questions she's heard: Is it true that if I have a disease and I have sex with an albino my illness will be cured? If I touch you, is albinism contagious? Do you feel pain?

WABANHU: People didn't know what is albinism. But after explaining to them they came to think, hah, this is normal person like others. So, it's because of ignorance. People, they don't know.

BURNETT: The education process is slow, says Vicky Ntetema. She's a former BBC journalist who did ground-breaking reporting on the persecution of albinos, then quit to become Tanzania director of Under the Same Sun, which is based in Vancouver, Canada.

VICKY NTETEMA: And so it's going to be very, very difficult for people, every Tanzanian all of a sudden to forget about the myths and then believe that persons with albinism are human beings.

AL-SHAYMAA KWEGYIR: It's a problem. To be an albino is a problem.

BURNETT: Al-Shaymaa Kwegyir is one of two albino members of parliament in Tanzania. She represents people with disabilities. With her red headscarf and orange fingernails, she's one of the most visible and successful persons with albinism in the country.

KWEGYIR: I'm trying to talk in the parliament on behalf of them in the parliament. I talk with the minister of education, I talk with the minister of health to try to explain how tough it is to be an albino.

BURNETT: Progress has begun. The Tanzania Ministry of Education has provided an introduction to albinism to public school teachers and college professors. And last year, the International League of Dermatological Societies and the drug-maker GlaxoSmithKline started providing wide-brim hats and sunscreen to albinos in East Africa. The stigma of albinism, though, will take longer to dispel. John Burnett, NPR News, Nairobi. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.