Title: Research of immunotherapy to treat cancer is essential

Transcription

1 Title: Research of immunotherapy to treat cancer is essential Speaker: Holly Cardillo Introduction: Relevance: Each year ACS publishes their projected cancer statistics (Cite Cancer Journal). In 2012 estimated 1.6 million new cases, which would fill 15 Beaver Stadiums. In addition, 35% of these cases will be deadly, which will fill 5 Beaver Stadiums. The numbers are just plain frightening. An estimated 38-45% of people will be diagnosed with invasive cancer in their lifetime. Cancer accounts for 1 in every 4 deaths and is the second leading cause of death in children. Penn State is home to the largest student run philanthropy in the world to combat this disease too many of us have been affected by this terrible disease. Credibility: As a bioengineering major, I am especially interested in treating this horrendous disease as effectively as possible and ultimately curing it Background: Chemotherapy is the most common treatment to battle cancer. Thesis: Research and development of immunotherapy to treat chemo-resistant cancer is essential to the future of medicine. Picture: Citation: Siegel, Rebecca, MPH, Deepa Naishadham, MA MS, and Ahmedin Jemal, DVM PhD. "Cancer Statistics." A Cancer Journal For Clinicians 62.1 (2012): Wiley Online Library. American Cancer Society, 4 Jan Web. 20 Feb

2 Outline: Summary 1. Most common treatment 2. What immunotherapy is and how it works Picture 1: chemo_drug_640.jpg?ve=1 Picture 2: 2

4 Main Point 1 (cont.): Destruction and mutation of healthy cells have many negative side effects. According to Dr. Zeey Blumenfeld, Destruction and mutation of healthy cells have many negative side effects. Effects depends on age: 1. Stunting in growth 2. Hair loss, bone marrow toxicity, sores 3. In women (and men) fertility (Cite Blumenfeld) can be destroyed Waiting 2 years post chemo Effects and Relapse Transition: In a culture dish, most any cancers can be cured with heavy doses of toxins. In a human body, however, too many healthy body cells would be destroyed and the patient would likely die. Picture: Citation: Blumenfeld, Zeev, MD. "Chemotherapy and Fertility." Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 26.3 (2012): Science Direct. Elsevier, June Web. 20 Feb

5 Main Point 1 (cont.): Many cancers originally respond to chemotherapy, but stop responding before treatment is complete Chemotherapy is most often given in doses with periods of rest in between to allow time for repair of normal body cells, according to Fred Hutchinson who is from the Cancer Research Center and who investigated why so many becoming resistant through out course of treatment: 1. Resistance occurs in ~80% of breast, lung, colon and prostate 2. Results published were shocking (cite Nature Medicine) 3. Hutchinson showed mutations occurring from dousing fibroblasts (connective tissues) result in overproduction of WNT16B 4. Mutations were up to 30x more than normal 5. Protein was found that in large amounts promotes cancer cell proliferation and invasion of surroundings As treatment continues, increasing number of protein means a significant increase chance of resistance Transition: Chemotherapy comes in many variations and many may treat. Threat of resistance means choosing harshest, strongest first. Pictures: Citation: Sun, Yu, Judith Campisi, Celestia Higano, Thomaz M. Beer, Peggy Porter, Ilsa Coleman, Lawrence True, and Peter S. Nelson. "Treatment-Induced Damage to the Tumor." Nature Medicine 18 (2012): Nature Medicine. Nature Publishing Group, 5 Aug Web. 20 Feb

6 Transition: What if we could develop a small army of cells that would attack only cancer cells? According to researchers such as Aarl June at University of Pennsylvania, that is possible for blood cancers Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Non-Hodgkin s Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 1. B-cell cancers of the blood are most common type of childhood cancer 2. Common identifier: Protein on surface CD19 Citation: NY Times Grady, Denise. "Cell Therapy Shows Promise for Acute Type of Leukemia." NY Times. Section N.p., 21 Mar Web. 27 Mar Picture: s1600/chronic%25252bmylelomonocytic.bmp 6

7 Main Point 2: A patient s own T-cells are engineered to seek out and destroy cancerous cells Uses two important aspects of biology Every cell s biology is unique in some way (marker or identifier exists) Viruses have ability to infiltrate their own DNA into pre-existing cells Patient s own T-cells (WBCs) are filtered out Boot camp infected with HIV Re-injected into body According to Stephan Grupp in a video produced about his CTL019 Trial T-cell multiplication occurs Each T-cell can kill ~1000 cancer cells Transition: Now I m sure you re thinking this sounds pretty incredible, but not incredibly plausible has it worked? And it has. (Rebuttal) Citation: Fight Fire with Fire, Focus Forward. Dir. Ross Kauffman. Perf. Stephan Grupp, Carl June, David Porter. Focus Forward Films. General Electric, Jan Web. 27 Mar Picture: (WBC & Virus) Picture 2: https://www.focusforwardfilms.com/films/72/fire-with-fire (Destroying) 7

8 Main Point 2 (continued): The CLT019 Trial went better than could have been expected and was very informative for future trials. Dr. Stephan Grupp (CHOP) paired with Memorial Sloan Kettering and researchers such as Carl June of UPenn CTL 019 Info about trial According to the CHOP Annual Report of Milestone 9 in remission including Emma Whitehead Youngest, THON child no other hope April 17 th, 2012 T-cells still working no sign of cancer Transition: So now you re probably think Wow! It can actually work, but this is just one type of cancer Can it do anything else? And yes, yes it most definitely can. (Rebuttal) Citation: "Little Girl, Big Science." Milestones: The Annual Report. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Dec Web. 27 Mar Picture: (Emily Sick) Picture 2: (Emily Healthy) 8

9 Main Point 3: T cells could be trained to fight against many cancers Uses identifiers Not just CD19 and not just HIV Dr. Richard Bresser Chief Health and Medical Editor for the NY Times Very versatile with other identifiers Other blood cancers, prostate tumors/cancers Already success in other cancers UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center Very similar, live virus, brain cancer Glioblastoma one of deadliest brain tumors Transition: Quotation: This new breakthrough is truly revolutionary. It s brand new and by new I mean some of the articles I have cited were published les than week ago however even in it s early stages it has produced results greater than could be expected. Citation: ABC Is There A Cure? Robins, Robin. "Leukemia Cure? Possible Major Medical Breakthrough." ABC News. ABC News Network, 21 Mar Web. 27 Mar Citation: TOCA 511: "Treating Brain Cancer With Novel Viral Vector." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 Apr Web. 27 Mar Picture: Picture 2: (Mouse) 9

10 Conclusion: Summary A patient s own cells are used. The virus chosen and the target to have the virus find can both be manipulated. Successful first clinical trail Doctor s gained valuable info from success and failure Can use to improve/tailor Already other trials Children like Emily can grow up last year, she attended her first THON at Penn State! Picture 1: chemo_drug_640.jpg?ve=1 Picture 2: 10

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