There could be deepening conflict between Indigenous leadership seeking to preserve their culture and Indigenous politicians seeking to conserve their own power and expand their own political influence.

Occupy: Cathedrals and Ivory Towers

This past weekend in the UK saw people walking about sporting red poppies on their lapels. It was Armistice Day on Friday, November 11, and Sunday, November 13 was Remembrance Day. On Thursday, I attended Paul Gilroy's conference on "Shock and Awe" at the London School of Economics (LSE), where speakers reflected on the history of aerial bombing, the deployment of massive strategic attacks on noncombatants. After the bombs were launched on Baghdad, I wrote a piece that eventually appeared in the Duke University journal boundary 2 on how the imagination was, in the first so-named use of "shock and awe" (at Guernica), also one of the first acts of psychological warfare - the terrible effect inflicted on civilians was intended to spread contagiously from them to others far from the bomb site. I then tied the issue of shock and awe to the pre-emptive war that had been launched against Iraq ("Pre-emption, Perpetual War, and the Future of the Imagination." boundary 2. 33:1 (Spring 2006): 151-70. - how did shock and awe, coupled with the idea of a war on terror, skew the application of our imaginations in particularly disabling ways?

At the conference, people keyed in on aerial bombing and landmines as both instantiating such fears - there are no safe spaces anymore - and, importantly for my piece today, the fact that both tactics remove the perpetrators from the scenes and immediate consequences of the violence they unleash, making tracing the line of responsibility even more difficult.

On the weekend, my wife and I were staying with friends in Exeter - literary scholar Regenia Gagnier and philosopher John Dupre. They took us to the magnificent 11th-century cathedral there. Nearby, there were clear vertical glass sculptures with fragments of concrete and granite embedded in them. Regenia explained that Hitler had bombed all the cathedral cities, but that Exeter's had, miraculously, not been hit. The fragments were from the buildings that were destroyed.

On the lawn in front were the tents and banners of the Occupy Exeter protest. Cathedrals are now very popular sites of such protests, especially since the highly controversial occupation of St. Paul's Cathedral in London, which is located right by the London Stock Exchange. Among other things, protests here are empathically tied to higher education.

On Wednesday, November 9, there were also demonstrations against cuts to higher education. Tuition is now as high as nine thousand pounds, and even in bastions of elite humanistic education such as Oxford, where I am for the autumn, there are palpable signs of worry and concern. People routinely express disgust at the New College of the Humanities. Set up on a for-profit business model and with the backing of wealthy investors, it sets itself up as the one alternative to the demise of the humanities. The College opened its doors to students this year, charging them twice the aforementioned amount for the privilege of hearing founders such as Richard Dworkin give maybe one lecture the entire year. Humanistic education, it seems, is once again to be for the chosen few with deep pockets, a gentlemanly pursuit.

To me, the Occupy movements here, at Berkeley and in other places worldwide share many features - I want to remark on one specific aspect that I think draws together all the topics I have touched upon. Liberal education is being attacked, directly and indirectly: directly through budget cuts and tuition hikes, indirectly by the massive reliance on loans (in an age of high unemployment) and by the overriding sense that one protests at one's own peril. Both deter the critical pursuit of knowledge. "Protest" can take many forms - actually occupying university space illegally, but also, I want to submit, by using one's mind and imagination to critically question the actual sources and causes of the global economic situation. To go back to my first topic - who planted those landmines, ordered the bombing? Sven Lindqvist, the first speaker at the LSE conference, left us with the image of someone pushing a button in Nevada and launching a drone thousands of miles away.

Have you seen who sits on the UC Board of Regents? People are fed up by being told this economic state of emergency requires them to suspend their values and rights. It asks for accountability. It negates the idea of paralysis and "awe" before the powers that be.

I went to Berkeley for my degree. One overwhelming sense there was that it was a public institution - funded by the people of California. There was tremendous pride at being in Sproul Plaza during the many different years of protest, for free Speech, for civil rights, for antiwar demonstrations. One looked about and saw students, staff, faculty, even administrators, if not all agreeing, all occupying the plaza, listening to speakers, voices from the crowd being as much of the message as the speeches being made. And the sense of many bodies gathered closely together dramatically reinforced that sense of common concern.

In today's virtual global community, a spreading sense of outrage exists, and each small or large occupation resonates with others. The denial of futures to young people sits side by side with cheating the elderly out of a dignified old age. What is happening at university protests has the added dimension of outrage against denial of support to institutions that teach us how to think freely, critically, antagonistically even, without direct or indirect censorship, about the root causes of our shared condition.

David Palumbo-Liu is the Louise Hewlett Nixon Professor, and professor of comparative literature, and, by courtesy, English, at Stanford University. He has written three scholarly books and edited three academic volumes on issues relating to cultural studies, ethnic studies and literary theory. His recent books are: The Deliverance of Others: Reading Literature in a Global Age (Duke UP, 2012), and a coedited volume, Immanuel Wallerstein and the Problem of the World: System, Scale, Culture (Duke UP, 2011). He is part of the Public Intellectual Project at Truthout, and blogs for Salon, The Nation and The Huffington Post. Follow him on Twitter: @palumboliu.

Occupy: Cathedrals and Ivory Towers

This past weekend in the UK saw people walking about sporting red poppies on their lapels. It was Armistice Day on Friday, November 11, and Sunday, November 13 was Remembrance Day. On Thursday, I attended Paul Gilroy's conference on "Shock and Awe" at the London School of Economics (LSE), where speakers reflected on the history of aerial bombing, the deployment of massive strategic attacks on noncombatants. After the bombs were launched on Baghdad, I wrote a piece that eventually appeared in the Duke University journal boundary 2 on how the imagination was, in the first so-named use of "shock and awe" (at Guernica), also one of the first acts of psychological warfare - the terrible effect inflicted on civilians was intended to spread contagiously from them to others far from the bomb site. I then tied the issue of shock and awe to the pre-emptive war that had been launched against Iraq ("Pre-emption, Perpetual War, and the Future of the Imagination." boundary 2. 33:1 (Spring 2006): 151-70. - how did shock and awe, coupled with the idea of a war on terror, skew the application of our imaginations in particularly disabling ways?

At the conference, people keyed in on aerial bombing and landmines as both instantiating such fears - there are no safe spaces anymore - and, importantly for my piece today, the fact that both tactics remove the perpetrators from the scenes and immediate consequences of the violence they unleash, making tracing the line of responsibility even more difficult.

On the weekend, my wife and I were staying with friends in Exeter - literary scholar Regenia Gagnier and philosopher John Dupre. They took us to the magnificent 11th-century cathedral there. Nearby, there were clear vertical glass sculptures with fragments of concrete and granite embedded in them. Regenia explained that Hitler had bombed all the cathedral cities, but that Exeter's had, miraculously, not been hit. The fragments were from the buildings that were destroyed.

On the lawn in front were the tents and banners of the Occupy Exeter protest. Cathedrals are now very popular sites of such protests, especially since the highly controversial occupation of St. Paul's Cathedral in London, which is located right by the London Stock Exchange. Among other things, protests here are empathically tied to higher education.

On Wednesday, November 9, there were also demonstrations against cuts to higher education. Tuition is now as high as nine thousand pounds, and even in bastions of elite humanistic education such as Oxford, where I am for the autumn, there are palpable signs of worry and concern. People routinely express disgust at the New College of the Humanities. Set up on a for-profit business model and with the backing of wealthy investors, it sets itself up as the one alternative to the demise of the humanities. The College opened its doors to students this year, charging them twice the aforementioned amount for the privilege of hearing founders such as Richard Dworkin give maybe one lecture the entire year. Humanistic education, it seems, is once again to be for the chosen few with deep pockets, a gentlemanly pursuit.

To me, the Occupy movements here, at Berkeley and in other places worldwide share many features - I want to remark on one specific aspect that I think draws together all the topics I have touched upon. Liberal education is being attacked, directly and indirectly: directly through budget cuts and tuition hikes, indirectly by the massive reliance on loans (in an age of high unemployment) and by the overriding sense that one protests at one's own peril. Both deter the critical pursuit of knowledge. "Protest" can take many forms - actually occupying university space illegally, but also, I want to submit, by using one's mind and imagination to critically question the actual sources and causes of the global economic situation. To go back to my first topic - who planted those landmines, ordered the bombing? Sven Lindqvist, the first speaker at the LSE conference, left us with the image of someone pushing a button in Nevada and launching a drone thousands of miles away.

Have you seen who sits on the UC Board of Regents? People are fed up by being told this economic state of emergency requires them to suspend their values and rights. It asks for accountability. It negates the idea of paralysis and "awe" before the powers that be.

I went to Berkeley for my degree. One overwhelming sense there was that it was a public institution - funded by the people of California. There was tremendous pride at being in Sproul Plaza during the many different years of protest, for free Speech, for civil rights, for antiwar demonstrations. One looked about and saw students, staff, faculty, even administrators, if not all agreeing, all occupying the plaza, listening to speakers, voices from the crowd being as much of the message as the speeches being made. And the sense of many bodies gathered closely together dramatically reinforced that sense of common concern.

In today's virtual global community, a spreading sense of outrage exists, and each small or large occupation resonates with others. The denial of futures to young people sits side by side with cheating the elderly out of a dignified old age. What is happening at university protests has the added dimension of outrage against denial of support to institutions that teach us how to think freely, critically, antagonistically even, without direct or indirect censorship, about the root causes of our shared condition.

David Palumbo-Liu is the Louise Hewlett Nixon Professor, and professor of comparative literature, and, by courtesy, English, at Stanford University. He has written three scholarly books and edited three academic volumes on issues relating to cultural studies, ethnic studies and literary theory. His recent books are: The Deliverance of Others: Reading Literature in a Global Age (Duke UP, 2012), and a coedited volume, Immanuel Wallerstein and the Problem of the World: System, Scale, Culture (Duke UP, 2011). He is part of the Public Intellectual Project at Truthout, and blogs for Salon, The Nation and The Huffington Post. Follow him on Twitter: @palumboliu.