Streets and Open Spaces

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Transcript of Streets and Open Spaces

Open Spaces People's Placesrevolution in street useLe Corbusier (October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), one of the leaders of the modernist movement, was a Swiss architect, designer, urbanist, writer and painter, dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities.The present idea of the street must be abolished: DEATH OF THE STREET! DEATH OF THE STREET!1960stheories and ideologies began replacing tradition as the basis for developmentJane JacobsKevin LynchGordon CullenC. Alexander1915...- traditional street-block system discarded and replaced by super-blocks combined with a motorway system;

- urban streets give motorised movement priority; streets as part of public space system should be eliminated in a modern city;

- gigantic scale in urban space configuration, residential tower blocks situated in a sea of parks to achieve maximum sunlight, fresh air, and contact with nature.Athen’s Charter of CIAMmanifesto of modern urbanismcommon global feature:people in city spaces have been increasingly poorly treatedthreat to the social and cultural functions of the streetdesign principles being widely applied to change city spaces into placesnever put together residences, worksplace, recreation and communicationnever separate residences, workplace, recreation and communicationcity scalesite scalepeople scalebrief historical overviewconsequencesspaces into places:process & attitudesexamples methodological implicationsunified, citywide political interventionthe cost to invest in infrastructure for people is much lower compared to costs of healthcare and vehicular infrastructuremore roads lead to more trafficcity life is potentially a self-reinforcing processcity life is the number one city attractionsomething happens because something happens because something happensnothing happens because nothing happens because nothing happensedgesthe edges at ground floor definethe interaction between inside and outsidewhere city places meets buildingto invite or to repelIf activities and people are assembled, it is possible for individual events to stimulate one another. Participants in a situation have the opportunity to experience and participate in other events. A self-reinforcing process can begin.Integrate various functions in cities to ensure versatility, wealth of experience, social sustainability and a feeling of security in individual districtsDesign city space so it is inviting, easily accessible and safe for pedestrian and bicycling trafficOpen up the edges between the city and buildings so that life inside the buildings and outside in city spaces can work togetherWork to invite longer stays in city space because a few people spending much time in a place provide the same sense of lively space as many people spending only a short time.12 quality criteria concerning the pedestrian landscapedesigning the ground floor'building open spaces that are so attractive that will drag people out'integrated approach that prioritises people moving on foot or by bicyclesrailway, metro/tram, bus, cycling networks, vehicular traffic, pedestrianised zonestraditional cityJane Jacobs (1916-2006) American-Canadian writer and activist with primary interest in communities and urban planning and decay. The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), a powerful critique of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s in the United States.contemporary citysocial forumsmeeting placevalue of people in city spacesobesogenic environmentscity spaces are built for peoplecity spaces are built for the car(in developed countries)City streets that developed as a consequence of necessary activities (trade, manufacturing, business)— now have more optional uses (retail, dining, cultural, recreation and leisure choices)Le Corbusier, The Radiant City (1933), p. 1241935implications for urban formVenice Charter(1993)1943Buchanan, UK Department of Transport (1963) Traffic in Towns.

flyovers, the widespread use of single and double yellow lines to limit the intrusion of vehicles in town centres;city centres flanked with multi-storey car parks;one way streets and traffic restrictions;separation of pedestrians and traffic (for the efficiency of traffic!), with clearly defined kerbs and pedestrian barriers;People“A citizen on a $30 bicycle is equally important to one in a $30,000 car”, declares Enrique Penalosa, former mayor of Bogota, Colombia.how many how long(planning tool for liveliness)numbersdurationsomeCopenhagen:Vicenza, ItalyThe concept of the street as it had been known for millennia was exploded and discarded; walking would no longer serve as a utilitarian travel mode.http://pedshed.net/?p=227paradigm shiftSeoul (South Korea) before and afterThe Dings, BristolOxford CircusNew York Citymilleniacenturiespermanenttemporarycitylandform, blue and green networksstreet networkblocksplotsbuildingsdecades/centuriesdecadesbuilding layouts & usesstreet furniturestreet landscapingyearsIdentifying and Measuring Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkabilityhttp://www.activelivingresearch.org/files/FinalReport_071605.pdfCongrès International d'Architecture Modernewarned of the potential damage caused by the motor car, while offering ways to mitigatedefinitionsRule 1: Make every effort to accommodate the real needs of people. Do not forget the children, the elderly and the disabled. Prepare your plans and programs in cooperation with the public concerned. Urban planning and transportation planning is a social, psychological, economical, ecological, architectural and engineering job.

Rule 2: The prosperity of a city does not depend on private car traffic, but on accessibility in general, on the amenity of its streets and open spaces and – to put it more succinctly – on its genius.

Rule 3: Transportation and land use must be balanced. Mixed land use must be achieved to reduce journey distances. High density with mixed land use is effective from a transportation point of view. But don’t go beyond the limits of the rule.

Rule 4: Mathematical modeling of traffic behavior and traffic volumes is an important preparation for the decision making. But don’t stretch it beyond its limited validity.

Rule 5: Observe the environmental ranking of transportation modes: walking is preferable to cycling, cycling is preferable to public transit, transit is preferable to private car traffic.

Rule 6: Urban Streets are open spaces for the general public. Consider all functions of the street – social life, strolling around, providing access to buildings, as well as being a transportation facility for pedestrians, cyclists, public transit and private car.

Rule 7: With increasing density the needs of traffic regulations and their enforcement grow rapidly. Strict area-wide parking restrictions are the most effective measures to control traffic.

Rule 8: Most important, especially in high density areas, is urban design and architecture according to human scale. The design quality of a street helps to compensate for the environmental impact of car traffic.

Rule 9: The ground level of streets has to be primarily designed for pedestrians and cyclists, including wide sidewalks, bike lanes, and crossways over the driving lanes.

Rule 10: Provide more plantings and trees within the streets, including façade and roof planting, thus opening the sealed street surface, improving street climate and visual impression and hiding bad architecture.Liveable Cities: The Ten Simple Rules of Urban Transportation Planning, by Hartmut Topphttp://livablecities.org/blog/ten-simple-rules-urban-transportation-planning-hartmut-toppa combination of diet, sedentary lifestyles and low levels of active travel have created paradigm shift(re-definitions)changes in users and functions of public spacesconsequencesspaces to places agendamethodology & researchcase studies

contentpublic [open] space relates to all those parts of the built and natural environment where the public has free access.streets, squares and other rights of way, parks; and the ‘public/private’ spaces where public access is unrestrictedhttp://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/StanleyEtAl-OpenSpaces.pdf123changes to urban structure(open spaces, housing typologies...)Local Economyimprovements to public spaces can raise footfall and trading by up to 40%it assumed the primacy of the car and consequently ignored other modes of urban transport—motorcycles, bicycles, buses, foot—that represented the majority forms of urban mobility.http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/01/25/tcbh.hwq063.fullhttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/pubs/pdf/streets_people.pdf+qualitiesThe starting point of the social space (or street) is to define the experience that will occur there, is it to shop, relax, view something, play. Following this consideration is given to the kind of spaces required to do this, shops, cafes, amphitheatres and playgrounds. Only after this does the building come into the equationencouraging cycling:society, family and physical constrainsThe Social Life of Small Urban PlacesWhyte suggests that the greatest problem, especially in high density cities, is not the over-use of a public space, it is the under use. (Whyte 1980)Manual for Streets - Link & PlacePublic realm: space we share with a lot of other people and other functions. Traffic is just one of those functions”Hans Monderman, NetherlandsDutch road traffic engineerSonnenfelsplatz in Graz, Austriapioneered in the Netherlands in the 1970s and since spread throughout. parking-free streets and shared space;Superkilen is an innovative public park in the Nørrebro district of Copenhagen, Denmark. Designed by the arts group Superflex with the collaboration of Bjarke Ingels Group and Topotek1

The High Line, New YorkURBAN OPEN SPACES IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: A TRANSDISCIPLINARY TYPOLOGY AND ANALYSIS1Carmona et al. (2008, p. 5) urban design compendiumThe Pedestrian Pound: the business case for better streets and places, Living Streets, 20 September 2013Gehl Times Square and Herald Square plazas‘Negotiated Space’, ‘Shared-Space’, ‘Naked Streets'Home-zones (Woonerf - 70s)Clever use of brickwork used to outline the carriageway and crossing points and angle parking reduces carriage widthLarge new development but retaining human scale and configured in the Woonerf style. Road layouts bendy and short reducing opportunity for acceleration and sight lines reduced to increase uncertainty and slow drivers.

streetsneighbourhoodparksdetailsCreating Playful Environments+somethe placemaking agendaplaces to stayTHINK OF STREETS AS PUBLIC SPACESmove from narrow perception of “streets as conduits for cars” to thinking of “streets as places" to stay."Innovations" that became common in the UK landscape:http://www.streetfilms.org/on-herald-squares-transformation-and-disappearing-traffic/http://www.onestreet.org/images/stories/Disappearing_traffic.pdf1.450.43sustainable behaviour