Meta

Background Prophylactic fluid preloading before spinal anesthesia has been a routine

Background Prophylactic fluid preloading before spinal anesthesia has been a routine procedure to prevent maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. with Apgar scores and umbilical blood gas analysis. Results The incidence of hypotension was lower in the coload group compared to the preload group (53% 83%, P?=?0.026). The blood pressure showed the bigger drop during spinal anesthesia in the preload group (34??13 25??10?mmHg, P?=?0.002) and smaller dose of ephedrine was required in the coload group (7.5 [0C30] 60%, P?=?0.019). Neonatal outcome measures were comparable between two groups. Conclusions In case of using crystalloids for cesarean delivery, coload is more effective than preload for the prevention of maternal hypotension after spinal anesthesia. Trial registration Clinical Research Information Service KCT0000324 (Jan 12th, 2012) 53.3%, P?=?0.026). About two-fold amount of ephedrine was administered to parturients of preload group compared to the coload group (15.2??11.9?mg vs. 7.5??8.6?mg, P?=?0.015). The heart rate before anesthesia was lower in preload group (79??10?bpm vs. 86??15?bpm, P?=?0.035) and the heart rate at the lowest blood pressure was higher in preload group compared to coload group (95??21?bpm vs. 79??14?bpm, P?=?0.023). The incidence of nausea was also greater in the preload group (60.0% vs. 26.7%, P?=?0.026) (Table?2). No parturient vomited and no other complications such as respiratory failure observed. Table 2 Maternal hypotension and nausea Neonatal outcomes, which were measured by Apgar scores and umbilical arterial and venous blood gas analysis, were within normal range and comparable between two groups (Table?3). Table 3 Neonatal outcomes: apgar scores and umbilical venous gas analysis Discussion This study demonstrated that when administering crystalloids for prevention of maternal hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery, coload is more efficient than preload, that is, administering crystalloids at the actual time of intravascular volume deficit is more efficient than prophylactic administration. This result is TKI-258 somewhat different from previous ones, majority of which show no superiority KCTD18 antibody of either methods over one [3-5,10]. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) clinical practice guideline recommendation concerning spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery states: Although fluid preloading reduces the frequency of maternal hypotension, initiation of spinal anesthesia should not be delayed to administer fixed volume of intravenous fluid [11]. A recent meta-analysis also concludes that the timing of fluid loading does not have an impact on the incidence of hypotension [10]. However, this analysis combined crystalloids and colloids and only limited data are available for crystalloids. Crystalloids and colloids should be evaluated separately in this respect. It is known that colloids remain in intravascular space longer than crystalloids do. After volume loading in the parturients, 28% of lactated Ringers solution and 100% of hydroxyethylstarch solution remained in the vascular space and the percentage increase in blood volume and that of cardiac output had a significant correlation [12]. In this context, it is not surprising that when colloids were administered for prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery, no significant difference in the incidence of hypotension or vasopressor requirement was found between the preload and coload groups [3-5]. Crystalloid is less effective than colloids in respect of preventing TKI-258 hypotension. This might be due to rapid redistribution of crystalloids on administration and only a small portion of infused fluid is remained in intravascular space at the time of vasodilation after spinal anesthesia [12]. However, there exist only limited data [13] comparing preload and coload of crystalloid for prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. They showed that the number of parturients requiring ephedrine TKI-258 and ephedrine dose used at pre-delivery were lower in coload group but the overall ephedrine dose used TKI-258 were not different between the groups and mean arterial pressure were lower in coload group compared to preload group. They concluded that coload of crystalloid may be advantageous rather than preload in terms of maternal blood pressure prior to delivery but some controversy exists. Our results clearly show that coload of crystalloid is more advantageous than preload because both the incidence of maternal hypotension and the amount of ephedrine used are lower in coload group as well as the incidence of nausea, which seems to be closely related to hypotension. Crystalloids are not confined to intravascular space but rapidly distribute into the extracellular space, so infusing crystalloids at the time of vasodilation are more effective than TKI-258 prophylactic infusion in reducing the.