Abstract

The first case–control study on mobile phone use and brain tumour risk among children and adolescents (CEFALO study) has recently been published. In a commentary published in Environmental Health, Söderqvist and colleagues argued that CEFALO suggests an increased brain tumour risk in relation to wireless phone use. In this article, we respond and show why consistency checks of case–control study results with observed time trends of incidence rates are essential, given the well described limitations of case–control studies and the steep increase of mobile phone use among children and adolescents during the last decade. There is no plausible explanation of how a notably increased risk from use of wireless phones would correspond to the relatively stable incidence time trends for brain tumours among children and adolescents observed in the Nordic countries. Nevertheless, an increased risk restricted to heavy mobile phone use, to very early life exposure, or to rare subtypes of brain tumours may be compatible with stable incidence trends at this time and thus further monitoring of childhood brain tumour incidence rate time trends is warranted.

Keywords

Background

In a recent commentary [1], Söderqvist et al. discussed the findings of our international case–control study on mobile phone use and brain tumour risk in children and adolescents (CEFALO study) [2]. This is a response to their commentary.

Result

Söderqvist et al. see “several indications of increased risk, despite low exposure, [and] short latency, …” [1] Nevertheless, they do not provide any explanation of how such an increased risk from use of wireless phones would correspond to relatively stable incidence time trends for brain tumours among children and adolescents in the Nordic countries over the last 20 years [Figure 1, and similarly stable incidence time trends in other countries [3–5]. As shown in Figure 1 the proportion of regular mobile phone users among children and adolescents has steeply increased over the last ten years. These data are even more incompatible if one considers their arguments that the risk estimates observed in CEFALO are underestimations of the true risk because of exposure misclassification due to cordless phone use and because of more widespread use of wireless phones among adolescents today compared to the time period when CEFALO was carried out (2004–2008). Regarding the inconsistency between results from analytical studies such as CEFALO and incidence time trends, the authors repeatedly imply that central nervous system tumours are underreported to the Swedish Cancer registry [1, 6]. However, each time they fail to mention that the observed underreporting was mainly confined to patients 70 years or older [7], which has little relevance for incidence trends in children and adolescents, or other age-groups with high prevalence of mobile phone users.

Figure 1

Age-standardized incidence rates for brain and central nervous system tumours. Rates are shown for the age group 5–19 years living in the Nordic Countries obtained from NORDCAN (http://www-dep.iarc.fr/nordcan/English/frame.asp], accessed January 9, 2012). Regular mobile phone use is defined as having had at least one call per week during a period of at least six months. We estimated the proportion of regular mobile phone users in this age group by combining data from the control subjects in CEFALO with subscriber data from Sweden.

As argued above, assuming a short latency of a few years, an increased brain tumour risk should be detectable in the incidence data that are already available today because of the steep increase in wireless phone use among adolescents during the last two decades (unless the risk is restricted to a very small subgroup of the population, e.g. very heavy mobile phone users). For this reason we restricted our analysis of cordless phone use to the first three years of use. Because most children and adolescents in CEFALO had used cordless phones earlier in life than mobile phones, we could address the effects of microwave radiation with longer latency time periods or with exposure at a young age. It is striking, however, that it was difficult for many participating families to recall the amount of cordless phone use early in life and some did not feel comfortable about answering questions about amount, duration, or years since first use. The seemingly inconsistent numbers in the tables are actually the consequences of missing answers to some of the questions [table six in the original paper [2]] or due to categories which were not mutually exclusive as explained in the footnotes in the original article [table four and five in the original paper].

Discussion and Conclusion

The original conclusions in the abstract and the last paragraph of our paper [2] were that “the absence of an exposure–response relationship either in terms of the amount of mobile phone use or by localization of the brain tumour argues against a causal association.” And “we cannot, however, rule out the possibility that mobile phones confer a small increase in risk and therefore emphasize the importance of future studies with objective exposure assessment or the use of prospectively collected exposure data.” Meanwhile, all available data from epidemiological studies should be evaluated and discussed in a balanced way, taking into account the strengths and limitations of each respective study design. Because of the well-described limitations of case–control studies with retrospectively assessed self-reported wireless phone use, it is imperative to check the consistency of the observed relative risk estimates with observed time trends of incidence rates to avoid drawing wrong conclusions [8, 9].

Copyright

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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