Last year, it said, 1,250 people were put before the country’s justice system, including former prime minister Victor Ponta, who denies any wrongdoing. Also among them were 16 MPs, five ministers, five senators and 97 mayor and deputy mayors.

That compares with 1,167 people being sent to trial in 2014, up from 451 a decade earlier, in 2004.

But Bulgaria, criticised by Brussels in January over its failure to produce ‘concrete and tangible progress’ on corruption, has only recently set up a centre for tackling the problem, more than a decade behind Romania.

Experts say corruption has hit both countries economically, as it discourages foreign firms from investing.

What has sparked Romania’s progress on corruption?

The fact Romania set up a directorate (DNA) to tackle corruption in 2002 has helped its progress in fighting corruption, according to Eli Gateva, a visiting fellow at the London School of Economics and expert on south-east Europe.

Early results were slow but the last four years have been impressive, she said, as institutions have become more independent and budgets increased.

A march is held in Bucharest to remember the 64 people killed in the Colectiv nightclub fire

“Colectiv bolstered what was happening before,” she said. “Namely people’s tendency to call for the DNA to start investigations whenever corruption or maladministration accusations surfaced. This points to the fact people do trust DNA’s capability and impact, based on results.”

Is it really all rosy in Romania?

Not necessarily. Experts have welcomed Romania’s progress in tackling high-level corruption, but say it is still a problem in wider society.

“We don’t really see a change,” said Dimulescu. “For example it was a kind of shock in the local elections we had in June, in several counties people voted for the same corrupt mayors that they always have, by saying ‘yes, we know they are corrupt but they did this, this and this for us, so we should stick to the devil we know rather than to take a chance on somebody new’.

“That was kind of a surprise because everybody agrees that corruption is a major problem in this country, but they still continue to vote for corrupt politicians.”

Others say little has been done – aside from the tightening of safety rules at public events and a crackdown on bureaucracy – to help tackle the corruption and maladministration linked to the Colectiv fire a year ago.

“The tragedy itself was a huge vehicle for people understanding what can produce maladministration,” said Victor Alistar, head of Transparency International in Romania. “In the last year I don’t see so much progress, with the exception of the things I mentioned: stronger rules and less bureaucracy. The risk is still there for another tragedy to happen.”

Why is Bulgaria trailing Romania on fighting corruption?

Bulgaria still lacks the institutions capable of tackling high-level corruption, despite more than a decade of pressure from Brussels, says Dr Gateva.

“There have been a number of different institutions that the Bulgarians have tried to set up in order to deal with organised crime or corruption but they’ve been very weak, fragmented and uncoordinated,” she said. “There’s been a lack of vision and leadership.

“Brussels has been putting pressure on Bulgaria for how many years? Ten years, now. But for the first time we can see some of the NGOs and civil society trying to put this topic firmly on the agenda.

Students in fake military uniforms join wider anti-corruption protests in Sofia in 2013

“We’re going to have the presidential elections on Sunday (November 6) and we have seen some of the candidates have agreed to be interviewed and reflect on their vision of how the judicial system should be reformed.

“Some attempts have been made in Bulgaria but I think you can see we’re at completely different stages if we compare Romania and Bulgaria.”

What happens next?

The European Commission has been keeping tabs on Romania and Bulgaria regarding their efforts to tackle corruption for nearly a decade, producing annual progress reports, normally published in January.

Dimulescu says Romania, given its efforts, wants to be free of this monitoring, but NGOs and some of the judiciary feel they still play an important role in driving reforms.

Elections could also play a part: Bulgaria goes to the polls on Sunday to choose a new president, while Romania has parliamentary elections on December 11.

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