...(1788; “Rural Poetry”). Both showed a sensitivity to nature and the influence of the contemporary English poets Thomas Gray and Edward Young. A stay in Paris inspired the poem “La Francia” (1789) and a prose satire on political conditions in Europe, Abaritte (1790). Disillusioned by the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror, Pindemonte left for London, Be...

...of Verdun in 843 they agreed to divide the empire into three kingdoms. Francia Occidentalis in the west went to Charles II the Bald, Francia Orientalis in the east went to Louis II the German, and Francia Media, including the Italian provinces and Rome, went to Lothar, who also inherited the title of emperor....

...sole surviving son and successor, Louis the Pious, in 840, three of his sons contested the succession. In the Treaty of Verdun in 843 they agreed to divide the empire into three kingdoms. Francia Occidentalis in the west went to Charles II the Bald, Francia Orientalis in the east went to Louis II the German, and Francia Media, including the Italian provinces and Rome, went to Lothar,......

...in 840, three of his sons contested the succession. In the Treaty of Verdun in 843 they agreed to divide the empire into three kingdoms. Francia Occidentalis in the west went to Charles II the Bald, Francia Orientalis in the east went to Louis II the German, and Francia Media, including the Italian provinces and Rome, went to Lothar, who also inherited the title of emperor....

...to compose verses and plan the scheme of decorations for the state entry through the city of Paris. If he was by now in some sense the poet laureate of France, he made slow progress with La Franciade, which he intended to be the national epic; this somewhat halfhearted imitation of Virgil’s great Latin epic, the Aeneid, was abandoned after the death of Charles IX, the four....

...radical social change. He also wrote lyric poems, among which are many fine elegies. He was an ardent supporter of the French Revolution, an event that inspired his most famous political poem, A franciaországi változásokra (1789; “On the Changes in France”). After being imprisoned in Hungary for a year, he moved in 1796 to Vienna, where he married the.....

the medieval dialect of Old French that furnishes the basis for the literary and official form of the modern French language. Francien was spoken in the region of Île-de-France, which included the city of Paris, and its preeminence is an indication of the political and intellectual prominence of Paris in the 13th and 14th centuries. Despite its importan...

Oct. 25, 1928New York, N.Y.Jan. 19, 2006Los Angeles, Calif.American actor who , won critical acclaim for his stage and film work in the 1950s and early 1960s. He made his Broadway debut in 1953 in End as a Man and won a Tony nomination in 1955 for his performance in A Hatful of Ra...

the prince consort of Queen Victoria of Great Britain and father of King Edward VII. Although Albert himself was undeservedly unpopular, the domestic happiness of the royal couple was well known and helped to assure the continuation of the monarchy, which was by no means certain on the Queen’s accession. On his death from typhoid fever, the British public, which had regar...

...1960s masterpieces, the Jenkins-arranged September of My Years (1965) and the partnership with Brazilian songwriter Antônio Carlos Jobim, Francis Albert Sinatra and Antonio Carlos Jobim (1967), rank among Sinatra’s greatest albums. He also had chart success during the decade with the hit singles Stranger...

Oct. 20, 1907Boston, Mass.May 31, 2001San Francisco, Calif.American actress and television personality who , enjoyed widespread popularity as a regular panelist on the long-running television quiz show What’s My Line? and as host of the variety show Talent Patrol. She w...

American lyricist who collaborated with his younger brother, George Gershwin, on more than 20 Broadway musicals and motion pictures until George’s death (1937) and who later collaborated on films and plays with others—Moss Hart, Kurt Weill, Jerome Kern, Harry Warren, and Harold Arlen—and contributed to Gershwin revivals....

...Edisto River forms the southwestern boundary, and the county is also drained by the Ashley River. Dorchester county lies in the flat Coastal Plain, and much of it consists of woodlands and swamps. Francis Beidler Forest is the largest remaining stand of virgin bald cypress and tupelo trees in the world. From Colleton State Park to Givhans Ferry State Park, the Edisto River is a state canoe and....

American singer whose recordings in the 1950s and ’60s encompassed country, rock and roll, and traditional vocal pop. She was known for her pursuit of non-Anglophone audiences, which made her a hugely popular international star, and for her tortured personal life....

Roman Catholic bishop of Geneva and doctor of the church, who was active in the struggle against Calvinism and cofounded the order of Visitation Nuns. He wrote the devotional classic Introduction to a Devout Life (3rd definitive edition, 1609), which emphasized that spiritual perfection is possible for people busy with the affairs of the world and not only, as many believ...

...region. Its major economic activities include transportation, timber, livestock interests, chemicals, plastics, health care, tourism, and governmental activities. Fort D.A. Russell (1867) became Fort Francis E. Warren in 1930 and as an Air Force base was designated (1957) as headquarters for the nation’s first Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile base. The State Capitol with its......

Salk’s vaccine, known as the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), was put to a massive nationwide test in 1954–55. Called the Francis Field Trial after Thomas Francis, Jr., a University of Michigan professor who directed it, the test involved 1.8 million children in the first, second, and third grades across the United States. The trial was declared a success on April 12, 1955, and ...

Dec. 22, 1917 London, Eng.March 17, 2007 Isleworth, Middlesex, Eng.British cinematographer and director who during a 60-year career (1937–96) in the film industry, devised subtle, atmospheric lighting and camera work, notably in such black-and-white classics as Room at the Top...

duke of Brittany (from 1442), son of John V (or VI). He had his brother Gilles thrown into prison and put to death for allegedly spying for the English, with whom he warred (1449–50). The king of France intervened and expelled the English from Normandy....

king of France (1515–47), the first of five monarchs of the Angoulême branch of the House of Valois. A Renaissance patron of the arts and scholarship, a humanist, and a knightly king, he waged campaigns in Italy (1515–16) and fought a series of wars with the Holy Roman Empire (1521–44)....

Holy Roman emperor from Sept. 13, 1745; he was duke of Lorraine (as Francis Stephen) from 1729 to 1735 and grand duke of Tuscany from 1737. Although nominally outranking his wife, Maria Theresa, archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, the capable but easygoing Francis always was overshadowed by her strong personality....

the last Holy Roman emperor (1792–1806) and, as Francis I, emperor of Austria (1804–35); he was also, as Francis, king of Hungary (1792–1830) and king of Bohemia (1792–1836). He supported the conservative political system of Metternich in Germany and Europe after the Congress of Vienna (1815)....

duke of Brittany from 1458, who succeeded his uncle, Arthur III; he maintained a lifelong policy of Breton independence in the face of encroachments by the French crown. The problems of Breton independence were magnified by the fact that Francis had no sons; the fate of his Breton lands would depend on the terms of the marriages he secured for his daughters....

the last Holy Roman emperor (1792–1806) and, as Francis I, emperor of Austria (1804–35); he was also, as Francis, king of Hungary (1792–1830) and king of Bohemia (1792–1836). He supported the conservative political system of Metternich in Germany and Europe after the Congress of Vienna (1815)....

...of 1830 in Paris set in motion an Italian conspiratorial movement in Modena and in other Emilian towns. Two Carbonari, Enrico Misley and Ciro Menotti, put their trust in the duke of Modena, Francis IV of Habsburg-Este, who was looking for an opportunity to expand his small state. But when Francis discovered that the Austrian police knew of the plot, he had Menotti and others arrested.......

emperor of Austria (1848–1916) and king of Hungary (1867–1916), who divided his empire into the Dual Monarchy, in which Austria and Hungary coexisted as equal partners. In 1879 he formed an alliance with Prussian-led Germany, and in 1914 his ultimatum to Serbia led Austria and Germany into World War I....

...Keeler musical set at West Point. In Living on Velvet (1935), George Brent played a guilt-racked pilot who was responsible for the deaths of his family in a plane crash, and Kay Francis played the socialite who helps him face up to his trauma....

king of France (1515–47), the first of five monarchs of the Angoulême branch of the House of Valois. A Renaissance patron of the arts and scholarship, a humanist, and a knightly king, he waged campaigns in Italy (1515–16) and fought a series of wars with the Holy Roman Empire (1521–44)....

founder of the Franciscan orders of the Friars Minor (Ordo Fratrum Minorum), the women’s Order of St. Clare (the Poor Clares), and the lay Third Order. He was also a leader of the movement of evangelical poverty in the early 13th century. His evangelical zeal, consecration to poverty, charity, and personal charisma drew thousands of followers. Francis’s devotion to...

Holy Roman emperor from Sept. 13, 1745; he was duke of Lorraine (as Francis Stephen) from 1729 to 1735 and grand duke of Tuscany from 1737. Although nominally outranking his wife, Maria Theresa, archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, the capable but easygoing Francis always was overshadowed by her strong personality....

Franciscan monk, one of the principal philosopher–theologians of 14th-century Scholasticism and a leading advocate of the subtle system of Realism proposed by the English Scholastic John Duns Scotus....

founder of the Minim friars, a severely ascetic Roman Catholic order that does charitable work and refrains from eating meat, eggs, or dairy products. Francis was named patron of Italian seamen in 1943 by Pope Pius XII because many of the miracles attributed to him were related to the sea....

Roman Catholic bishop of Geneva and doctor of the church, who was active in the struggle against Calvinism and cofounded the order of Visitation Nuns. He wrote the devotional classic Introduction to a Devout Life (3rd definitive edition, 1609), which emphasized that spiritual perfection is possible for people busy with the affairs of the world and not only, as many believ...

...until the 1985–86 season, and they finished last in their division in four of the five seasons between play-off berths. One bright spot during this period of futility was the selection of Ron Francis with the fourth overall pick of the 1981 NHL draft. Francis would go on to spend nearly 16 seasons with the franchise in both Hartford and Carolina and get inducted into the Hockey Hall......

Holy Roman emperor from Sept. 13, 1745; he was duke of Lorraine (as Francis Stephen) from 1729 to 1735 and grand duke of Tuscany from 1737. Although nominally outranking his wife, Maria Theresa, archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, the capable but easygoing Francis always was overshadowed by her strong personality....

Holy Roman emperor from Sept. 13, 1745; he was duke of Lorraine (as Francis Stephen) from 1729 to 1735 and grand duke of Tuscany from 1737. Although nominally outranking his wife, Maria Theresa, archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, the capable but easygoing Francis always was overshadowed by her strong personality....

American microbiologist and epidemiologist who isolated the viruses responsible for influenza A (1934) and influenza B (1940) and developed a polyvalent vaccine effective against both strains. He also conducted research that led to the development of antiserums for the treatment of pneumonia....

Nov. 1, 1921Niha, Chouf district, French-mandated LebanonOct. 11, 2013Beirut, Leb.Lebanese singer who brought a strong sense of national pride to his rich vocal renditions of as many as 3,000 songs, including classical Arabic pieces, traditional Lebanese folk music, and his own compositions...

the greatest Roman Catholic missionary of modern times, who was instrumental in the establishment of Christianity in India, the Malay Archipelago, and Japan. In Paris in 1534 he pronounced vows as one of the first seven members of the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, under the leadership of Ignatius of Loyola....

...Amor de perdição (originally presented as a TV miniseries, 1978; “Doomed Love”) from a novel by Camilo Castelo Branco; and Francisca (1981) from a novel by Agustina Bessa Luís. In their rigid adherence to their source texts and in their overtly theatrical mise-en-scène, the films revealed an......

...for physical prowess and courage than for tactical organization. Weapons were mostly hand-held and included the sword, spear, and javelin. To these the Franks added the heavy battle-axe, or francisca, useful for both hacking and throwing. Defensive arms consisted of the usual helmets, corselets, greaves, and shields—although, since metal was expensive, most warriors seem to......

...and market town, County Donegal, Ireland, on the River Eske at the head of Donegal Bay. It is famed for its historic associations and picturesque environs. South of the town are the ruins of the Franciscan Donegal Abbey (founded 1474). Donegal Castle, a stronghold of the O’Donnells, was rebuilt in the early 17th century. The town is noted for its handwoven tweed. Pop. (2002) 2,453; (2011...

any order of nuns descending from the Franciscan order founded at Assisi, Italy, in 1212 by St. Clare of Assisi (1194–1253), a noblewoman who took a vow of poverty and became a follower of St. Francis of Assisi. She and her following of nuns, often called the Second Order of St. Francis, devoted themselves to a cloistered life of prayer and penance; but, when the society ...

The smallest river dolphin species, the La Plata river dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei), also lives in South America. Also known as the franciscana, it inhabits the coastal waters of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Gray above and pale below, this little dolphin grows only 1.2–1.7 metres (4–5.6 feet) long and weighs 20–60 kg (45–135 pounds). Female...

any member of a Christian religious order founded in the early 13th century by St. Francis of Assisi. The members of the order strive to cultivate the ideals of the order’s founder. The Franciscans actually consist of three orders. The First Order comprises priests and lay brothers who have sworn to lead a life of prayer, preaching, and penance. This First Order is divide...

...new method of Thomas Linacre, whose book in English on Latin grammar he translated into Latin (1533). Because of Buchanan’s two bitter attacks on the Franciscans—Somnium (1535) and Franciscanus et fratres (1527)—he was jailed as a heretic. He escaped and accepted a position as teacher at the Collège de Guyenne in Bordeaux, Fr. There Montaigne was one of...

...the now-dry Mayrán Lagoon. Its total length is approximately 180 miles (290 km), but, as part of the land-redistribution program of the Laguna District, the Lázaro Cárdenas and Francisco Zarco dams were built across the Nazas in Durango, controlling the river and significantly reducing its flow. Several large cities, including Lerdo, Gómez Palacio, and......

Franciscan monk, one of the principal philosopher–theologians of 14th-century Scholasticism and a leading advocate of the subtle system of Realism proposed by the English Scholastic John Duns Scotus....

...in Tulare county, California (from which the name is derived), and was first reported in humans in the United States in 1914. The causative agent is the gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. The disease is primarily one of animals; human infections are incidental. It occurs naturally in many types of wildlife. In the United States the rabbit, especially.....

...influential in Durang’s career. Placide’s versatility was reflected in the many talents of Durang as acrobat, actor, juggler, writer, director, and stage manager. Another Frenchman, Jean-Baptiste Francisqui, who was the director of the Old American Company, also influenced Durang. Durang danced in his company, often with the ballerina Mme Anna Gardie from Santo Domingo. Francisqui...

town, eastern Botswana. It lies along the Tati (Tate) River and is an administrative and commercial centre. Francistown is the site of the Dumela industrial complex. Some gold is mined in the vicinity. The town lies in farming country on the country’s main road and rail line. Air transport services link Francistown with Gaborone and Selebi-Phik...

heaviest chemical element of Group 1 (Ia) in the periodic table, the alkali metal group. It exists only in short-lived radioactive forms. Natural francium cannot be isolated in visible, weighable amounts, for only 24.5 grams (0.86 ounce) occur at any time in the entire crust of Earth. The existence of francium was predicted by Russian chemis...

...while studying actinium-227, which decays by negative beta decay (electron emission) to an isotope of thorium (thorium-227) and by alpha emission (about 1 percent) into an isotope of francium (francium-223) that was formerly called actinium K (AcK) and is a member of the actinium decay series. Though it is the longest-lived isotope of francium, francium-223 has a half-life of only 22......

Belgian-French Romantic composer and organist who was the chief figure in a movement to give French music an emotional engagement, technical solidity, and seriousness comparable to that of German composers....

Belgian-French Romantic composer and organist who was the chief figure in a movement to give French music an emotional engagement, technical solidity, and seriousness comparable to that of German composers....

German-born American physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1925 with Gustav Hertz for research on the excitation and ionization of atoms by electron bombardment that verified the quantized nature of energy transfer....

April 2, 1938Antwerp, Belg.Aug. 16, 2012Paris, FranceBelgian photographer who created black-and-white images through which she documented the daily lives of such ordinary people as the residents of a tiny Irish island, schoolboys at a Buddhist monastery in Nepal, and the poor and elderly in...

...to promote international scientific cooperation and nuclear arms control treaties. Although he was actively involved in the development of the atomic bomb, he was one of the six signatories of the Franck Report (1945), which urged that the bomb be demonstrated to the Japanese instead of being used against a civilian population. He considered control of nuclear weapons the most crucial problem.....

...an electron is ejected, leaving behind a positive molecular ion. The minimum energy required for this process is called the ionization potential (IP). The actual energetics are described by the Franck–Condon principle, which simply recognizes that, during the extremely short time of an electronic transition, the nuclear configuration of a molecule experiences no significant change. As......

Protestant religious leader, educator, and social reformer who was one of the principal promoters of German Pietism, a movement of spiritual renewal that reacted to the doctrinal preoccupation of contemporary Lutheranism....

...and Oriental languages (1695–1727). His conventicle was criticized by traditional Lutherans for its biblical revivalism and social activism, particularly the founding (1695) at Halle of the Franckesche Stiftungen (Francke Foundations), which included a school for the poor, orphanage, medical dispensary, and publishing house. Dismissed by the established church, Francke later received......

general and leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39); thereafter he was the head of the government of Spain until 1973 and head of state until his death in 1975....

...villancico (a Christmas song genre) became a significant part of their output in some areas. In Mexico City the first 16th-century composer of polyphony was the Spanish-born Hernando Franco, who wrote a Magnificat that reveals control of both the technical and the expressive aspects of contemporary Spanish polyphony. In the next century the.....

May 12, 1930Madrid, SpainApril 2, 2013Málaga, SpainSpanish filmmaker who created as many as 199 films between 1957 and 2012; his output included low-budget gothic horror flicks (some of which he remade in different guises), pulp serials (including Fu Manch...

In an effort to surmount political difficulties and bring about economic and administrative reform after a series of strikes and revolts, Charles appointed João Franco as prime minister in May 1906 and allowed him to assume dictatorial powers soon thereafter. Although some useful reforms were effected, strong opposition was aroused by governmental coercion and controversies over......

May 12, 1930Madrid, SpainApril 2, 2013Málaga, SpainSpanish filmmaker who created as many as 199 films between 1957 and 2012; his output included low-budget gothic horror flicks (some of which he remade in different guises), pulp serials (including Fu Manch...

During the 13th century such contrasts were carried still further in the motet, a musical form usually in three voice parts, each in a different rhythmic mode. The theorist Franco of Cologne advocated the use of consonance at the beginning of each measure; such consonances (usually a chord made up of the unison, fifth, and octave, such as C–G–C) served as fixed pillars in terms of......

(Feb. 6, 1778), agreement by France to furnish critically needed military aid and loans to the 13 insurgent American colonies, often considered the turning point of the U.S. War of Independence. Resentful over the loss of its North American empire after the French and Indian War, France welcomed the opportunity to undermine Britain’s position in the Ne...