1.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed

2.
1844
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As of the start of 1844, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 15 – The University of Notre Dame, based in the city of the same name, february 27 – The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti. February 28 – A gun on the USS Princeton explodes while the boat is on a Potomac River cruise, killing 2 United States Cabinet members, march 8 – King Oscar I ascends to the throne of Sweden–Norway upon the death of his father Charles XVI/III John. March 12 – The Columbus and Xenia Railroad, the first railroad planned to be built in Ohio, is chartered, march 21 – The Baháí calendar begins. March 23 – The Edict of Toleration is passed, allowing Jews to settle in the Holy Land, April – The Fleet Prison for debtors in London is closed, marking a significant milestone in the countrys human rights record. May 1 – Hong Kong Police Force, the worlds second, may 23 – Persian Prophet The Báb privately announces his revelation to Mullá Husayn, just after sunset, founding the Bábí faith in Shiraz, Persia. Abdul-Bahá Himself was later proclaimed by Baháulláh to be His own successor, thus being the third central figure of the Baháí Faith. May 24 – The first electrical telegram is sent by Samuel Morse from the U. S. Capitol in Washington, D. C. to the B&O Railroad outer depot in Baltimore, june–July – The Great Flood of 1844 hits the Missouri River and Mississippi River. June 6 – George Williams founds the Young Mens Christian Association in London, june 15 – Charles Goodyear receives a patent for vulcanization, a process to strengthen rubber. June 22 Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity was founded, ΔΚΕ is home to many well known VIPs, such as U. S. Presidents George W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, Gerald Ford, and Theodore Roosevelt. June 27 – Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, John Taylor, future president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is severely injured but survives. July 3 The United States signs the Treaty of Wanghia with the Chinese Government, the last definitely recorded pair of great auks are killed on the Icelandic island of Eldey. August 8 – During a meeting held in Nauvoo, Illinois, august 14 – Abdelkader El Djezairi is defeated at Isly in Morocco, sultan Abd al-Rahman of Morocco soon repudiates his ally. August 16 – Narciso Claveria, the Governor-General of the Philippines made a decree announcing that Monday, December 30,1844 would be followed by Wednesday. Tuesday, December 31,1844 was removed from the Philippine calendar because from 1521 to 1844, august 28 – Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx meet in Paris, France. September 25–September 27 – The first ever cricket match is played in New York City. October 22 – This second date, predicted by the Millerites for the Second Coming of Jesus, october 23 – The Báb publicly proclaimed to be the promised one of Islam. He is also considered to be simultaneously the return of Elijah, John the Baptist, and he announces to the world the coming of He whom God shall make manifest

3.
Freiburger Turnerschaft von 1844
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The Freiburger Turnerschaft von 1844 e. V. FT1844 Freiburg for short, is a club from Freiburg im Breisgau and is the largest sport club in south Baden with 6,500 members. The club is part of the Badischer Sportbund Freiburg, and is one of the members of the Freiburg Kreis. The club offers leisure sports, popular sports, and competitive sports, the club owns two private locations with sports facilities on about 50,000 m², as well as 18 off-site sports halls. About 1000 hours of sports are logged each week, about half of that under the guidance of trained personnel, additionally, the club offers five social-pedagogical facilities as well as a sports elementary school for children. The club also supports individual competitive athletes, such as the extreme athlete Brigid Wefelnberg, in 1844, the gymnastics club was founded by a medical student named Georg von Langsdorff. The club was banned in 1848 for being a danger to the state, because a group of armed gymnasts, after a 12-year forced break, the club was allowed to open again in 1860. In 1895, the club was the first club in southern Germany to found a womens section, in 1905, the club inaugurated a new sports compound on the property of the old fairgrounds, located next to the Schwarzwaldstraße. Dr. Ludwig Aschoff, chairman of the club, saw the Freiburger urnerschaft von 1844 e. V. grow in 1919, on 21 July 1931, the new club grounds, now the FT-Sportpark, was initiated. In 1945, the club was disbanded because of Directive Nr.23 of the Allied Control Council, the grounds of the club were taken over by the French. The replacement came in the form of the VfL Freiburg, which was a placeholder organisation, in 1949, the FT1844 was able to form again under its old name. After that, the club was able to expand successfully, on its 150-year anniversary, the club had 22 sports departments, about 100 leisure sports groups, about 300 course offerings, and logged more than 1000 sport hours per week. In 2001, the Freiburg district of Rieselfeld founded the new FT-sports kindergarten, former Regierungspräsident, Norbert Nothhelfer, was elected president of the gymnastics club in April 2010, following the death of his predecessor, Conrad Schroeder, in 2006. The FT1844 has been involved with a combination of raising children, education, in 1972, the club conceptualized a sports kindergarten. In 2007, after starting four further socio-pedagogical institutions, including a sports kindergarten. In 2010, this school was recognized by the state. The states approval also allows the use of a school building, to be constructed upon the school grounds. The states approval was a prerequisite for the construction of the roughly 500-m² school building, in 1990, the club, in cooperation with the University Medical Center Freiburg, founded its first course offering for obese children as part of its pedagogical goals

4.
Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim
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The Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim is an archaeological museum in Hildesheim, Germany. Mostly dedicated to Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Peruvian art, the museum includes the second largest collection of Chinese porcelain in Europe. Furthermore, the museum collections of natural history, ethnology, applied arts, drawings and prints, local history and arts. Apart from the permanent exhibitions, the museum hosts exhibitions of other archaeological. In 2000, the old building, originally built in the 1950s, was replaced by a new building, significantly increasing the space available for exhibitions

5.
Waggonfabrik Fuchs
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Waggonfabrik Fuchs was a German coach and wagon builders based in Heidelberg in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwestern Germany. They built railway wagons and tramways from 1862 to 1957, the firm was founded in 1844 by Johann Schäfer in Heidelberg and was sold after his death in 1861 to Heinrich Fuchs, who formed the Waggonfabrik Heinrich Fuchs in 1862. Fuchs moved the factory from the district of Weststadt in Heidelberg to the district of Rohrbach. In addition to wagons, in its early days the firm also built bridges. Major customers for its wagons and coaches in the years were the Baden State Railways. From about 1901 the production of tramways began, customers included the Elektrische Straßenbahn Heidelberg–Wiesloch, Heidelberger Straßen- und Bergbahn AG, Oberrheinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, Rhein-Haardtbahn. Even U-Bahn trains were supplied for the Berlin U-Bahn and the glass train, Fuchs survived the two world, but only with heavy losses. Production had to be stopped or almost all its employees had to be redundant on several occasions. Attempts were made to diversify to other such as tractors or diggers. In memory of Heinrich Fuchs, a street in the Heidelberg district of Rohrbach is named Heinrich-Fuchs-Straße, today the site of the former Waggonfabrik Fuchs factory is a modern housing estate Quartier am Turm and one of the largest property developments in the city. The architecture of the new district preserved the identity of the coach. Bauträger E&K Immobilien, Von der Waggonfabrik zu neuem Lebensraum, auf der Website des Bauträgers zum neuen Quartier am Turm. http, //www. ek-immobilien. de

6.
Hermann Eggert
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Georg Peter Hermann Eggert was a German architect. He designed important public buildings such as the Frankfurt Main Station, born in Burg bei Magdeburg, Eggert studied with Heinrich Strack at the Bauakademie in Berlin. He built the Frankfurt Main Station from 1883 to 1888, regarded as his most important building, Eggert served as Oberbaurat in the Ministerium für öffentliche Arbeiten of Prussia in Berlin, where he was mostly responsible for church buildings. He participated in the competition for the New Town Hall in Hanover in 1895, from 1898 he worked in his own office in Hanover. He was in conflict about the design of the Prunkräume of the Town Hall with Christian Heinrich Tramm who had designed the Welfenschloss, As a result, many of Eggerts designs are in the style of Neo-Renaissance. He was a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts from 1896 in the section Bildende Künste, many of Eggerts designs are held at the Museum of Architecture of the Technische Universität Berlin. In the central Frankfurt Gallus quarter a section of a street called after Camberg was renamed Hermann-Eggert-Straße in 2009, alexander Dorner,100 Jahre Bauen in Hannover. Christine Kranz-Michaelis, Das Rathaus im Kaiserreich, kunstpolitische Aspekte einer Bauaufgabe des 19. Kunst, Kultur und Politik im deutschen Kaiserreich}, vol, mann, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-7861-1339-4, pp. 395–413. Wolfgang Steinweg, Das Rathaus in Hannover, von der Kaiserzeit bis in die Gegenwart. Schlüter, Hannover 1988, ISBN 3-87706-287-3, p. 38f Hermann Eggert Akademie der Künste

7.
1920 in Germany
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Events in the year 1920 in Germany. By the Treaty of Versailles provinces had been severed from Germany in almost all directions, the two most important cessions of territory were the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to France and of a large stretch of territory in West Prussia, Posen, and Upper Silesia to Poland. Danzig and Memel were to be ceded to the Allies, their fate to be subsequently decided, a portion of Silesia was to be ceded to Czechoslovakia. Also, apart from the actual cessions of territory, the treaty arranged that plebiscites should be held in areas to decide the destinies of the districts concerned. Certain districts of East Prussia and West Prussia were to poll to decide whether they should belong to Germany or to Poland, a third portion of Silesia, which was in dispute between Germany and Poland, was to exercise the right of self-determination. The small districts of Eupen and Malmedy were to decide whether they would belong to Belgium or to Germany, the middle and southern districts of the province of Schleswig, which had been annexed to Prussia in 1866, were to decide their own destinies. Finally, the valley of the Saarland, which had been provisionally separated from Germany, was to be the subject of a referendum after the lapse of fifteen years. The Allied and Associated governments had assumed the task of revising territorial changes, the following describes the internal territorial rearrangements which were made after the establishment of the German republic. During the period of the Hohenzollern empire there had been twenty-six states within the German federation, during the war the number had been reduced by one by the fusion of the principalities of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. After the revolution there was a reduction in the number of smaller states. Alsace-Lorraine was, of course, returned to France, and the two principalities of Reuss - the so-called Elder and Younger lines - united into a single state, six states took part in these negotiations, which were brought to a successful conclusion at the end of December 1919. The states which agreed to unite were, Schwarzburg, Reuss, Gotha, Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Meiningen. The total population of the United States was just over 1,500,000, the states took the name of Thuringia. The town of Weimar was made the capital of the new state and it will be seen that owing to these various fusions and changes the twenty-six states of the German federation were reduced to eighteen. On February 11,1919, the new parliament elected Friedrich Ebert as president of the German republic, the government persevered but the ministry and the parties which supported them were placed in an unstable and very difficult position. On one side, the government had to face the hostility of the conservative party. The reactionary groups were also capable of making trouble for the government. During January and February Kapp entered into correspondence with the minister, Bauer

8.
Adolf Engler
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Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler was a German botanist. He is notable for his work on plant taxonomy and phytogeography, such as Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, even now, his system of plant classification, the Engler system, is still used by many herbaria and is followed by writers of many manuals and floras. It is still the system that treats all plants in such depth. Engler published a number of taxonomic works. He used various artists to illustrate his books, notably Joseph Pohl, pohls skill drew Englers attention, starting a collaboration of some 40 years. Pohl produced more than 33000 drawings in 6000 plates for Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien and he also illustrated Das Pflanzenreich, Die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas, Monographien afrikanischer Pflanzenfamilien and the journals Englers botanische Jahrbücher. Adolf Engler was born on March 25,1844, in Sagan, Prussia, now Żagań, in western Poland as Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler and he studied and obtained a PhD from the University of Breslau in 1866. Also in 1878, Engler was elected into Leopoldina, German Academy of Natural History and he went back to Breslau in 1884, as director of the Botanical Garden, succeeding Goeppert, and appointed professor of botany at the University of Breslau. From 1889 to 1921, Engler was a professor at University of Berlin and he visited several regions of the world, enlarging the knowledge of floristic distribution, especially of Africa. Besides his important work in plant taxonomy, he was also an expert in some taxa, such as Saxifraga, Araceae, Burseraceae. Adolf Engler collaborated with other great botanists, including Alphonse de Candolle on the Monographiae Phanerogamarum. He founded the journal Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, published in Leipzig, Germany, in 2010, this publication changed its name to Plant Diversity and Evolution, Phylogeny, Biogeography, Structure and Function, ISSN 1869-6155. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, edited with Karl A. E, a second, incomplete edition was produced in 28 parts by Duncker und Humblot Verlag, Berlin). Some volumes have been re-issued in English, the second edition was hard to use for many years because no part of it was indexed until 1984, when an index was published in the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Das Pflanzenreich, with the collaboration of many experts, 1900–1968. He was one of the pioneers in this field of science, highlighting the importance of such as geology on biodiversity. Vegetation der Erde,1896, with O. Drude Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas und der Nachbargebiete,1895 He received the Linnean Medal in 1913, the International Association for Plant Taxonomy established the Engler Medal in his honour in 1986, to be awarded for outstanding contributions to plant taxonomy. The journal Englera published by the Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden, Germany, is named after him

9.
1930 in Germany
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Events in the year 1930 in Germany. 30 March - A right of centre minority government takes office under Heinrich Brüning,22 June - The growth of the Nazi Party continues as they become the second biggest party in the Landtag of Saxony 30 June - The French Army withdraws its troops from the Rhineland. 16 July - The government invokes Presidential Decree in order to force through its economic reforms,18 July - The Social Democratic Party of Germany force through a vote against the rule by decree resulting in the dissolution of the Reichstag and new elections. July - The German State Party is formed by a merger of the German Democratic Party,13 August - The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin is established. 14 September - The federal election sees the SPD remain as the biggest party,23 February - Erich Maria Remarques anti-war classic All Quiet on the Western Front is banned in all Thuringian schools by Education Minister Wilhelm Frick. Operas debuting in Germany include Kurt Weills Der Jasager, Ernst Kreneks Leben des Orest, fritz Reck-Malleczewens comedy novel Bomben auf Monte Carlo is published. Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte, a journal of the Nazi Party edited by Alfred Rosenberg. 12 September - Sound newsreels appear for the first time in German cinemas, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry is won by Hans Fischer. The IG Farben Building, the headquarters of the chemical company IG Farben, is completed in Frankfurt, 4–8 June - Albert Leidmann takes silver in the Light-Heavyweight division at the 1930 European Amateur Boxing Championships. 12 June - Max Schmeling defeats Jack Sharkey by disqualification in The Bronx to win the vacant New York State Athletic Commission, Schmeling is the first German World Heavyweight Champion under the Marquess of Queensberry Rules. 13–27 July - The 3rd Chess Olympiad is held in Hamburg with the hosts finishing third, hertha BSC are crowned German football champions after defeating Holstein Kiel in the final. The 1930 European Figure Skating Championships are held in Berlin,22 January - Monte Cervantes struck a rock off Ushuia, Chile and sank with the loss of her captain. 26 July - The cargo schooner Nobiskrug is launched from Rendsburg harbour,5 October - The Junkers Ju 52 makes its maiden flight. The airship LZ127 Graf Zeppelin makes its first crossing of the South Atlantic, the luxury car Mercedes-Benz 770 begins production

10.
1924 in Germany
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The following lists events that happened during 1924 in the Weimar Republic. President Friedrich Ebert Chancellor Wilhelm Marx 4 January - The Emminger Reform is enacted that abolished the system and replaced it with a mixed system of judges. 31 January - Leaders of independent republic of the Rhineland Palatinate attempting to secede from Germany fails from lack of support. 23 February - Great Britain reduces German reparation recovery duties on German goods to 5% due to Germanys economic troubles,26 February - The trial of Adolf Hitler for the Beer Hall Putsch begins and will last until 1 April. 3 March - Germany signs a treaty of friendship with Turkey,26 May - Wilhelm Marxs government resigns after negotiations breakdown for a coalition. 6 June - Germany accepts Dawes Plan, a US plan to help solve German debt,16 August - Representatives of the French government agree to leave the Ruhr in the Occupation of the Ruhr during the London Conference of World War I reparations. 29 August - The German Reichstag approves the Dawes Plan for the reduction of World War I reparations,30 August - The German Reichsbank begins operating independent of the German government by issuing a new mark after the hyperinflation completely devaluates the old mark. 10 October - An international loan is granted to Germany to help the reconstruction of Germanys economy,18 November-30 November - France and Belgium return control of the Ruhr to Germany in the Occupation of the Ruhr. Dates not known Anton Flettner develops the rotor ship using rotating cylinders instead of sails, the German firm Leitz develops the Leica camera which is the first to use 35mm film. Thomas Manns novel Der Zauberberg is published, Kurt Hielschers photographic album Deutschland, Baukunst und Landschaft is published. Forbidden Paradise, starring Pola Negri, Rod La Rocque, the Last Laugh, starring Emil Jannings, is released by director F. W. Murnau. Waxworks, starring William Dieterle, Emil Jannings, Conrad Veidt, the opera Intermezzo is first performed by Richard Strauss in Dresden, Germany. Artist Kurt Schwitters creates the Merz 32 collage,12 May - Jürgen Dethloff, German engineer. 11 March - Peter Scholl-Latour, German journalist,23 April - Ruth Leuwerik, German film actress. 3 May - Yehuda Amichai, German-born Israeli poet,19 June - Anneliese Rothenberger, German operatic soprano. 11 December - Heinz Schenk, German actor and television presenter, April 10 - Hugo Stinnes, German industrialist and politician

11.
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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Alfred reigned as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 1893 to 1900. He was the son and fourth child of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg. He was known as the Duke of Edinburgh from 1866 until he succeeded his paternal uncle Ernest II as the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and he was second in the line of succession behind his elder brother, the Prince of Wales. He was known to his family as Affie, after a childhood mispronunciation of the name Alfred, Alfred was christened by the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley, at the Private Chapel in Windsor Castle on 6 September 1844. His godparents were his mothers first cousin, Prince George of Cambridge, his aunt, the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Alfred studied violin at Holyrood, Edinburgh, where his accompanist was Hungarian expatriate George Lichtenstein. Alfred remained second in line to the British throne from his birth until 8 January 1864, any legitimate children of his older brother took priority in the succession list. Alfred became third in line to the throne and as Edward and Alexandra continued to have children, in 1856 it was decided that Prince Alfred, in accordance with his own wishes, should enter the Royal Navy. A separate establishment was accordingly assigned to him, with Lieutenant J. C. Cowell, RE and he passed the examination in August 1858, and was appointed as midshipman in HMS Euryalus at the age of 14. In July 1860, while on this ship, he paid a visit to the Cape Colony. He took part in a hunt at Hartebeeste-Hoek, resulting in the slaughter of large numbers of game animals and she and her late husband had made plans for him to succeed to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg. Prince Alfred, therefore, remained in the navy, and was promoted to lieutenant on 24 February 1863 and he was promoted to captain on 23 February 1866 and was appointed to the command of the frigate HMS Galatea in January 1867. In the Queens Birthday Honours on 24 May 1866, the Prince was created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Ulster and he took his seat in the House of Lords on 8 June. While still in command of the Galatea, the Duke of Edinburgh started from Plymouth on 24 January 1867 for his round the world. On 7 June 1867, he left Gibraltar, reached the Cape of Good Hope on 24 July and he landed at Glenelg, South Australia, on 31 October. Being the first member of the family to visit Australia. During his stay of five months he visited Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane. Adelaide school Prince Alfred College was named in his honour to mark such an occasion, at the function he was wounded in the back by a revolver fired by Henry James OFarrell

12.
1900 in Germany
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Events in the year 1900 in Germany. Dehl, to 6 September, then. January 6 - The German steamer Herzog was seized by the British warship HMS Thetis outside of Delagoa Bay in East Africa, the Portuguese colonial Governor of Zambesia was among the passengers After none were found, the ship and its crew were released on January 22. 1 March - The German flag was hoisted at Apia, the capital of Samoa. Chief Mataafa, who had fought against the Germans, and Chief Tamasese, Mataafa was named as the Paramount Chief of the Western Samoa colony, although Germanys Kaiser Wilhelm II was designated as the Paramount King. Baron von Ketteler, the German minister thrashed the Boxer with his cane, ordered his guards to extend the beating, over the next few days, the foreign diplomats began shooting at Chinese nationals near the legation quarter. Von Ketteler himself would be killed on June 20, the same day, communication between the foreign embassies and the rest of the world was halted as their telegraph lines were severed. 14 June - At 7,00 pm, German embassy guards, under the direction of Ambassador Ketteler, fired on Boxer rebels outside the legation quarter, killing 20. Lancelot Giles of the British embassy, recorded the incident in his diary that night, morrison, correspondent for the London Times, noted another incident where 45 Chinese were killed in a raid by the Europeans on a temple. 14 June – The Reichstag approves a law that allows the expansion of the Imperial German Navy. 20 June - Clemens von Ketteler, the German ambassador to China, was murdered as he and an aide went to the Chinese Foreign Ministry without their guards. With seven hours left until a 4 p. m. deadline for all foreigners to leave Beijing, Baron von Ketteler defied his fellow ambassadors, von Ketteler was shot and killed as he approached the Zongli Yamen. His interpreter, Heinrich Cordes, survived to return to the embassy, American ambassador Conger would later report that he had learned that Prince Tuan had planned to have his soldiers massacre all the foreign ministers at the Tsungli Yamen on June 20. But. the impatient soldiers prematurely attacked and killed Baron von Kettler and we were not invited to the Tsungli Yamen, and so were saved. The directive to Mr. Conger stated, The princes and ministers. beg that within twenty-four hours the minister of the United States, and taking his guards, keeping them under control, will leave for Tientsin, in order to avoid danger. An escort of troops has been dispatched to give protection en route, Chinese troops began their siege of the foreign legations quarter, where 900 foreigners,523 defenders, and 3,000 Chinese Christians held out behind the walls. The siege would last 55 days,21 June - China formally declared war on Germany. 14 July - In China, Tientsin was captured by the Allied forces after a three-day battle, the Allies had 775 killed or wounded, mostly from Russian troops and Japanese troops under the command of the Japanese Colonel Kuriya. Parties of German and French soldiers destroyed the guns, while American, British, Japanese and Austrian troops

13.
Friedrich Nietzsche
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He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. He became the youngest ever to hold the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel in 1869, Nietzsche resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life, and he completed much of his core writing in the following decade. In 1889, at age 44, he suffered a collapse and he lived his remaining years in the care of his mother, and then with his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, and died in 1900. Nietzsches body of work touched widely on art, philology, history, religion, tragedy, culture, and science, and drew inspiration from figures such as Schopenhauer, Wagner. His writing spans philosophical polemics, poetry, cultural criticism, and fiction while displaying a fondness for aphorism, born on 15 October 1844, Nietzsche grew up in the small town of Röcken, near Leipzig, in the Prussian Province of Saxony. He was named after King Frederick William IV of Prussia, who turned forty-nine on the day of Nietzsches birth, Nietzsches parents, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, a Lutheran pastor and former teacher, and Franziska Oehler, married in 1843, the year before their sons birth. They had two children, a daughter, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, born in 1846, and a second son, Ludwig Joseph. Nietzsches father died from an ailment in 1849, Ludwig Joseph died six months later. The family then moved to Naumburg, where they lived with Nietzsches maternal grandmother, after the death of Nietzsches grandmother in 1856, the family moved into their own house, now Nietzsche-Haus, a museum and Nietzsche study centre. Nietzsche attended a school and then, later, a private school, where he became friends with Gustav Krug, Rudolf Wagner. In 1854, he began to attend Domgymnasium in Naumburg, because his father had worked for the state the now-fatherless Nietzsche was offered a scholarship to study at the internationally recognized Schulpforta. He transferred and studied there from 1858 to 1864, becoming friends with Paul Deussen and he also found time to work on poems and musical compositions. Nietzsche led Germania, a music and literature club, during his summers in Naumburg. His end-of-semester exams in March 1864 showed a 1 in Religion and German, a 2a in Greek and Latin, a 2b in French, History, and Physics, while at Pforta, Nietzsche had a penchant for pursuing subjects that were considered unbecoming. The teacher who corrected the essay gave it a mark but commented that Nietzsche should concern himself in the future with healthier, more lucid. After graduation in September 1864, Nietzsche commenced studies in theology, for a short time he and Deussen became members of the Burschenschaft Frankonia. After one semester, he stopped his studies and lost his faith. In June 1865, at the age of 20, Nietzsche wrote to his sister Elisabeth, who was deeply religious, a letter regarding his loss of faith

14.
Karl Benz
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Karl Friedrich Benz was a German engine designer and automobile engineer. His Benz Patent Motorcar from 1885 is considered the first practical motorcar and he received a patent for the Motorcar on 29 January 1886. According to German law, the acquired the name Benz by legal marriage of his parents Benz. When he was two old, his father died of pneumonia, and his name was changed to Karl Friedrich Benz in remembrance of his father. Despite living in poverty, his mother strove to give him a good education. Benz attended the local Grammar School in Karlsruhe and was a prodigious student, in 1853, at the age of nine he started at the scientifically oriented Lyceum. Next he studied at the Poly-Technical University under the instruction of Ferdinand Redtenbacher, Benz had originally focused his studies on locksmithing, but he eventually followed his fathers steps toward locomotive engineering. On 30 September 1860, at age 15, he passed the exam for mechanical engineering at the University of Karlsruhe. Benz graduated 9 July 1864 aged 19, during these years, while riding his bicycle, he started to envision concepts for a vehicle that would eventually become the horseless carriage. Following his formal education, Benz had seven years of training in several companies. The training started in Karlsruhe with two years of varied jobs in an engineering company. He then moved to Mannheim to work as a draftsman and designer in a scales factory, in 1868 he went to Pforzheim to work for a bridge building company Gebrüder Benckiser Eisenwerke und Maschinenfabrik. Finally, he went to Vienna for a period to work at an iron construction company. In 1871, at the age of twenty-seven, Karl Benz joined August Ritter in launching the Iron Foundry and Mechanical Workshop in Mannheim, the enterprises first year went very badly. Ritter turned out to be unreliable, and the tools were impounded. The difficulty was overcome when Benzs fiancée, Bertha Ringer, bought out Ritters share in the company using her dowry, on 20 July 1872, Karl Benz and Bertha Ringer married. They had five children, Eugen, Richard, Clara, Thilde, despite the business misfortunes, Karl Benz led in the development of new engines in the early factory he and his wife owned. To get more revenues, in 1878 he began to work on new patents, first, he concentrated all his efforts on creating a reliable petrol two-stroke engine