QUEEN ANNE'S GATE (EAST).

The thoroughfare known to-day as Queen Anne's Gate is formed of
two streets of different origin, separated until recently by a physical barrier.
The eastern was named Park Street, and the western Queen Square. The
barrier, which consisted of a low dwarf wall surmounted by an iron railing (fn. n1)
(see Plate 101), was removed in 1873, (fn. n2) and in the following year the names
Park Street and Queen Square were abolished and the whole renamed
Queen Anne's Gate.

The whole of what was formerly Park Street belongs to Christ's
Hospital, and the greater portion of it (fn. n3) forms part of the land which was
bequeathed to that hospital by Richard Castell. The story as given by
Strype (fn. n4) is as follows:—

"This Hospital [Christ's] being thus erected, and put into good
Order, there was one Richard Castel alias Casteller, Shoemaker, dwelling
in Westminster, a man who was very assiduous in his Faculty, with
his own Hands; and such a one as was named, The Cock of Westminster,
because both Winter and Summer he was at Work before Four of the
Clock in the Morning; this Man thus truly and painfully labouring for
his Living, God blessed and increased his Labours so abundantly, that
he purchased Lands and Tenements at Westminster, to the yearly Value
of 44 l. and having no Child, with the Consent of his Wife, who survived
him, and was a virtuous good Woman, gave the same Lands wholly to
Christ's Hospital aforesaid, to the relief of the innocent and fatherless
Children, and for the succour of the Miserable, Sore and Sick, harboured
in the other Hospitals about London."

It seems rather probable that the story thus told has been somewhat
idealised in certain details, (fn. n5) but the main fact is unquestionable. By his
will, (fn. n6) dated 12th January, 1554[–5], "Rychard Castyll otherwyse Casteler,
"of the cytie of Westminster, Cordweyner," left to his wife, Katherine, four
distinct items of property, all in Westminster, viz.: (1) the tenement called
the Sonne, wherein now inhabyteth one John Horner," in King Street
(see p. 11); (2) four messuages with gardens and a close adjoining in the
rear, "in Totehyll streete," in the tenure of Robert Smallwood, of the yearly
value of £4; (3) a number of houses and gardens in the Woolstaple; (4)
three houses in King Street, occupied respectively by the testator, William
Ingledew and Thos. Fysher.

Christ's Hospital.

As regards items (1) to (3), it was provided that on the widow's death
these should pass to the "Mayor and Commonalty of London as Governors
"of the hospitalls of Kinge Edward the vj, called Christ, brydwell and St.
Thomas thappostle." Castell died in 1559. (fn. n7) Katherine afterwards (fn. n8)
married Richard Morecock, and died in 1576, (fn. n9) when the premises in
Tothill Street passed to Christ's Hospital.

The Castell estate was added to nine years later when the Governors
acquired (fn. n10) from John Lawrence a messuage or tenement in Tothill Street,
having a frontage of 10 feet and a depth of 61 feet, and bounded on the
west by a tenement already in their possession (i.e. part of the Castell
property).

A lease of the northern portion of the property made in the following
month (28th January, 1585–86) to John Priest gives a description which may
be compared with the plan (probably of that date) reproduced in Plate 78.
It runs: "All that theire close of grounde scituate in or neare Totthill
Streate … which nowe or late is converted into an orcharde and
gardeine, and all that Barne scituate and beinge in and uppon the southe
side of the same close of grounde, which close abutteth uppon the Queenes
parke walle againste the northe, and against the lande sometime the
Ladie Vaughans lande (fn. n11) on the weste parte, which lande is nowe a garden
plott in the tenure of one Thomas Pierson … and the said close
or orchard and gardeine abutteth uppon Our Ladie grounde sometime
beinge in the tenure of the Lord Awdeley on the east parte, and now beinge
the inheritance of the Earle of Warwick and in the tenure of the Lorde
Graye." (fn. n12)

No striking change in the character of the property took place for
nearly a century. The first steps towards modern conditions seem to have
been taken about 1671. In February of that year Roger Price, who was
lessee of a portion of the estate consisting of a garden with an old barn
and stable upon it, informed the Governors that, having a desire to improve
the property by building, he had purchased a coachway into the said grounds. (fn. n13)
Moreover, on 19th March, 1673–74, Price, in consideration of the surrender
of this or another lease, obtained a fresh lease (from Lady Day, 1670) of a
portion of the estate having a frontage to the Park of 70 feet. Further, in
1671 a lease was granted to Sir Edward de Carteret of another portion having
a frontage of 162 feet to the Park, and Price's lease seems also to have come
into Carteret's hands. The result of these leases may be seen in Carteret
Street and Park Street. The latter is not shown in Morden and Lea's Map
of 1682, but is referred to in a lease of 18th February, 1686–87, to Sir
Robert Atkins as "a certain street there intended to be called Park Street." (fn. n14)
In Hatton's New View of London (1708) it is described as: "Park Street,
"near Carteret Str. by Tuthil str., Westminster, newly built."

Originally Park Street had its only exit by way of Carteret Street on the
south, but in 1758 the Governors, in order to provide a way out to Dartmouth
Street, purchased the lower portion of a house in that street for the purpose
of forming an archway between the two streets. In 1829 further property
in Dartmouth Street was purchased, and in the following year the archway
was taken down. (fn. n15)

At the beginning of the last quarter of the 18th century Park Street
was rebuilt. An agreement was entered into between the Governors and
Michael Barrett whereby the latter was to receive a lease of seven houses on
the north side of Park Street (occupying the sites of Nos. 14 to 24 Queen
Anne's Gate), two houses on the south side (lying to the east of Carteret
Street), and five and a half houses in Carteret Street. The lease was to run
for 61 years from Lady Day, 1774, and Barrett undertook within 8½ years
from the commencement of the lease "to erect and build on the north side
"of Park Street aforesaid two or more, but not exceeding ten, substantial
brick messuages or tenements … and … on the south
side of Park Street aforesaid and in Carteret Street aforesaid such other
substantial brick messuages or tenements, buildings or stables as …
he shall think proper. (fn. n16)

As regards the old houses on the south side of Park Street west of
Carteret Street (on the site of Nos. 5 to 13 Queen Anne's Gate), the
Governors caused these to be pulled down and new premises to be erected
without the intervention of a building lessee.

No account of Park Street would be complete without some mention
of the Royal Cockpit on the easternmost portion of Christ's Hospital estate,
north of the street. According to Boulton, (fn. n17) this was built about 1671 by
Charles II. The date is probably correct, for the ground on which the
Cockpit was erected formed a portion of that comprised in the two leases
held by Sir Edward de Carteret dating from 1670 and 1671. The suggestion that it was built by Charles II, however, has its difficulties, and no
records have been found to confirm it. The earliest reference to the building
is contained in a news sheet, dated 11th February, 1700 [1701], quoted by
Boulton, (fn. n18) and a representation of it is given in Kip's View (Plate 77).
Views of the interior by Hogarth and Rowlandson (Ackermann's
Microcosm of London) are extant.

Carteret's leases expired in 1741, and in 1749 a new lease of the cockpit
(with dwelling house adjoining) was granted to Robert Hardcastle for
61 years. When this ran out in 1810 the building was demolished. (fn. n19)

Footnotes

n2. The works then carried out included the formation of a carriage entrance from Queen
Square into Birdcage Walk. The cost amounted to £440 9s. (Minutes of the Committee of Almoners
of Christ's Hospital, 15th July, 1873.)

n3. The extreme eastern portion has been purchased at different times by the Christ's Hospital
authorities from the Earls of Dartmouth (see p. 80).

n8. Before 30th November, 1566, see indenture of that date between Richard and Katherine
on the one hand and the governors of Christ's Hospital on the other concerning item (1) above.
(Reports of the Commissioners appointed to enquire concerning Charities, 1819–37, p. 94.)

n9. She was buried at St. Margaret's on 4th June. The register records: "Katherine Moore"cocke, late wyfe to Richard Castell beneficiall benefactors to thys parishe, and also to Christ's
Hospitall in the citie of London." (Memorials of St. Margaret's, Westminster, p. 431.)

n12. These were the grounds belonging to what was afterwards Carew House, which occupied
the site of Dartmouth Street. It had belonged to the Fraternity of St. Mary, and was in 1590
leased to Arthur, Lord Grey of Wilton, the then tenant.

n18. "At the Royal Cockpit, on the south side of St. James's Park, on Tuesday, the 11th of
"this instant February, will begin a very great cock match, and will continue all the week, wherein
"most of the considerablest cockers of England are concerned. There will be a battle down upon
"the pit every day precisely at 3 o'clock, in order to have done by daylight."

n19. A catalogue of the building materials "of the Royal Cockpit, offices and Housekeepers'
"apartments to be sold by public auction on 5th April, 1810," is among the Christ's Hospital
records.