FEATURE-Storms on U.S. Plains stir memories of the "Dust Bowl"

LIBERAL, Kan. Dec 30 Real estate agent Mark
Faulkner recalls a day in early November when he was putting up
a sign near Ulysses, Kansas, in 60-miles-per-hour winds that
blew up blinding dust clouds.

"There were places you could not see, it was blowing so
hard," Faulkner said.

Residents of the Great Plains over the last year or so have
experienced storms reminiscent of the 1930s Dust Bowl. Experts
say the new storms have been brought on by a combination of
historic drought, a dwindling Ogallala Aquifer underground water
supply, climate change and government farm programs.

Nearly 62 percent of the United States was gripped by
drought, as of Dec. 25, and "exceptional" drought enveloped
parts of Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico,
according to the U.S. Drought Monitor.

There is no relief in sight for the Great Plains at least
through the winter, according to Drought Monitor forecasts,
which could portend more dust clouds.

A wave of dust storms during the 1930s crippled agriculture
over a vast area of the Great Plains and led to an exodus of
people, many to California, dramatized in John Steinbeck's novel
"The Grapes of Wrath."

While few people believe it could get that bad again, the
new storms have some experts worried that similar conditions -
if not the catastrophic environmental disaster of the 1930s -
are returning to parts of Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas
and Colorado.

"I hope we don't talk ourselves into complacency with easy
assumptions that a Dust Bowl could never happen again," said
Craig Cox, agriculture director for the Environmental Working
Group, a national conservation group that supports converting
more tilled soil to grassland. "Instead, we should do what it
takes to make sure it doesn't happen again."

Satellite images on Dec. 19 showed a dust storm stretching
over an area of 150 miles (240 km) from extreme southwestern
Oklahoma across the Panhandle of Texas around Lubbock to extreme
eastern New Mexico, said Jody James, National Weather Service
meteorologist in Lubbock. Visibility was reduced to half a mile
in places, stoked by high winds, he said. At least one person
was killed and more than a dozen injured in car crashes.

"I definitely think these dust storms will become more
common until we get more measurable precipitation," James said.

'DIRTY 30S'

The Great Plains is a flat, semi-arid, area with few trees,
where vast herds of buffalo once thrived on native grasses.
Settlers plowed up most of the grassland in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries to create the wheat-growing breadbasket of
the United States, encouraged by high commodity prices and free
"homestead" land from the government.

The era known as the "Dirty 30s" - chronicled by Ken Burns
in a Public Broadcasting Service documentary that aired in
November - was when a 1930s drought gripped the Great Plains and
winds carried away exposed soil in massive dust clouds.

Bill Fitzgerald, 87, a farmer near Sublette, Kansas,
remembers "Black Sunday" on April 14, 1935, when a clear, sunny
day in southwest Kansas turned black as night by mid afternoon
because of a massive cloud of dust that swept from Nebraska to
the Texas panhandle.

"My older brother and I were in my dad's 1927 or '28 Chevy
truck a mile north and a mile west of the house and we saw it
rolling in," Fitzgerald said. "It was about 10 p.m. when it
cleared enough for us to go home."

Farming practices have vastly improved since the 1930s.
Farmers now leave plant remnants on the top of the soil and less
soil is exposed, to preserve moisture and prevent erosion.

Irrigation beginning in the 1940s from the Ogallala aquifer,
a huge network of water under the Great Plains, also made land
less vulnerable to dust storms.

DRYING UP

But the Ogallala aquifer is drying up after years of drawing
out more water than was replenished.

Many farmers have had to drill deeper wells to find water.
Others are giving up on irrigation altogether, which means they
can no longer grow crops of high-yielding and lucrative corn.
They will instead grow wheat, cotton or grain sorghum on dry
land, which depends completely on natural precipitation in an
area that typically gets 20 inches of rain a year or less.

Near Sublette, Kansas, farmer Gail Wright said he would
probably give up irrigating two square miles of his land and
would plant wheat and grain sorghum instead of corn because of
the diminishing aquifer. Drilling deeper wells would cost
$120,000 each, Wright said.

"When we drilled those wells in the 1960s and 70s, we were
doing 1,500 or 1,600 gallons per minute," said Wright. "Now,
they are down to anywhere from 400 to 600 gallons per minute. We
probably pumped out 200 feet of water."

Another farmer in Sublette, 79-year-old Lawrence Withers,
whose family farms land his grandfather settled in 1887, is
resigned to a future without irrigation.

"We have pumped 170 feet off the aquifer, that's gone.
There's just a little tick of water at the bottom," he said.

The Ogallala supplies water to 176,000 square miles (456,000
square km) of land in parts of eight states from the Texas
panhandle to southern South Dakota. That amounts to about 27
percent of all irrigated land in the nation, according to the
U.S. Geological Survey.

The volume of water in the aquifer stood at about 2.9
billion acre feet in 2009, a decline of about 9 percent since
1950, according to the Geological Survey. About two-and-a-half
times as much water was drawn out in the 14 years ended 2009 as
during the prior 15-year period, data shows.

The water may run out in 25 years or less in parts of Texas,
Oklahoma and southwest Kansas, although in other areas it has 50
to 200 years left, according to the Geological Survey.

Rationing has been imposed on irrigation in the region but
it may be too little too late.

"It's a situation where across the Plains the demand far
exceeds the annual recharge," said Mark Rude, executive director
of the Southwest Kansas Groundwater Management District.

RECORD DROUGHT

The worst drought in decades has exacerbated the situation.
The semi-arid area around Lubbock, which typically gets about 19
inches of rain a year, received less than 6 inches in 2011, the
lowest ever recorded. This year was better but still far below
normal at 12.5 inches, meteorologist James said.

Climate change is also having an impact on the region, said
atmospheric scientist Katharine Hayhoe, co-director of the
Climate Science Center at Texas Tech University in Lubbock.

"It is definitely hotter in the summer and drier in the
summer because of climate change," she said.

The average annual temperature in Lubbock has increased by
one full degree over the last decade, according to National
Weather Service data, and the average amount of rainfall has
fallen during summer months by about .50 inch over the decade.

Some say government policies are making things worse.

Federal government subsidized crop insurance pays farmers
whether they produce a crop or not, encouraging farmers to plant
even in a drought year.

Another subsidized U.S. government program that pays farmers
to take sensitive marginal land out of crop production and put
it into grassland is gradually shrinking.

In a possible case of history repeating itself, high
commodity prices are encouraging farmers to break up the land
and plant crops when the 10-year conservation contracts with the
government expire, said environmentalist Cox. This is similar to
what happened in the 1920s when vast areas of grassland were
plowed up.

The government also has imposed restrictions on how much
land can go into conservation reserves to save money at a time
of massive U.S. budget deficits, he said.

The amount of land in conservation reserves has declined by
more than 2.3 million acres over the last five years in five
states of the Great Plains - Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado
and New Mexico, according to U.S. Agriculture Department data.

If most of that land is plowed up for crops it could lead to
more dust storms in the future.

"I think you are probably going to see increased erosion if
that happens," said Richard Zartman, Chairman of the Plant and
Soil Science Department at Texas Tech, adding that it was
unlikely to get as bad as the Dust Bowl days.

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transitions between politics and entertainment.

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