Citation

Abstract

Haemoptysis is one of the most dreaded manifestations of cardiopulmonary diseases. In adults, It is most often caused by tuberculosis, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, trauma or bronchogenic carcinoma. Here, we report an unusual cause of haemoptysis, which was due to pulmonary hydatidosis.

Introduction

Hydatidosis has a wide geographic distribution around the world. Hydatidosis is the most frequent cause of liver cyst in the world1. In man, hydatid disease affects the liver in 68.8-75.2% of cases and the lung in 17.2-22.4% of cases2. The lungs are the second most common sites of lodgement of the parasite. Although the liver and lung are most common sites for the disease, hydatids can occur in any organ of the body. Synchronous pulmonary and hepatic hydatid disease may occur in 4% to 25% of cases3. Extrapulmonary cysts can occur in the chest wall, mediastinum, pericardium, and myocardium, and within the pleura cavity.

Case Report

A 30 years nonvegetarian female was admitted to our department with three years history of haemoptysis and no other complaints. There was no history of exposure to domestic animals. Physical examination reveals anaemia and rest was without any significant finding. Chest X ray showed a well defined radio-opacity in left lower zone (Fig 1).

Figure 1

CT thorax showed a well marginated rounded cystic lesion in the left lower lobe, anterobasal segment with no calcification or surrounding consolidation (Fig 2).

Figure 2

Figure 2: CT thorax showing a well marginated rounded cystic lesion in the left lower lobe

The total and differential count were within normal limits except for increased neutrophils. All routine investigations including liver function, kidney function, urine analysis and lung function were within normal limits. Sputum specimen for mycobacterium and other pathogens were smear and culture negative. Sputum was negative for scolices and brood capsules too. Serological tests were negative for all other pathogens including mycoplasma and chlamydia but serology for ecchinococcus was positive. USG abdomen was within normal limits and not suggestive of any cystic lesion in liver and kidneys. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy reveals no pathological finding. Patient was put on antihelmenthic treatment, Albendazole 400mg bid for 6 cycles of 28 days with a gap of two weeks and she improved clinically and radiologically (Fig 3).

Figure 3: Chest X ray PA view showing resolution of lesion

Discussion

Hydatid disease is the most widespread serious human cestode infection. Echinococcosis, or hydatid disease, is infection with the larval (cystic) stage of tapeworms belonging to the genus Echinococcus. The most common definitive host for E granulosus is the domestic dog and human acquires infection by ingesting viable parasite eggs with food. Cysts most commonly develop in the liver, but can also be found in the lungs, kidney, spleen, nervous tissue, or bone. Three species of Echinococcus are known to cause disease in human beings: E granulosus, E multilocularis, and E vogeli. Pathogenesis and disease manifestations vary according to the infecting species. Echinococcus granulosus, the most common and widespread species, causes cystic hydatid disease. A hydatid cyst enlarges slowly and is generally well tolerated by an infected person until it is large enough to cause a notable mass effect. Signs and symptoms depend on cyst size and location. Ruptured or leaking cysts, however, may result in severe anaphylactoid reactions and they may release protoscolices capable of producing secondary cysts. Cough, chest pain and breathlessness, haemoptysis are the most common presenting symptoms. Haemoptysis in adults is most often caused by tuberculosis, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, trauma or bronchogenic carcinoma4. Underlying etiology for haemoptysis may be unknown in 20% of the cases. The mechanism of haemoptysis in pulmonary hydatid disease may be due to pressure erosion of a bronchus or obstructive effect with bronchial infection. This may in turn lead to further erosion into branch arterial supply leading to haemoptysis4. The cyst may rupture into a bronchus, pleural cavity, mediastinum, chest wall and blood vessels like aorta and can lead to massive haemoptysis5. Usually the diagnosis is either first suspected or decided upon by radiological studies. In endemic areas hydatid cysts are the most common cause of well defined, solid, single or multiple round densities. Rarely these may calcify when a cyst ruptures into a bronchus and empties its contents only partially leaving the ruptured membrane floating on a fluid level. This radiological finding is often considered to be pathognomonic of pulmonary echinoccocosis is called the WATER LILY SIGN. When air is trapped between two layers of ruptured cyst wall the CRESCENT/ MENISCUS sign can be demonstrated6. Other radiological signs that have been described are the double arch sign, mass migrating sign, solar eclipse sign, daughter cyst sign and the ring within ring sign7. CT and USG are used more commonly to evaluate for hepatic disease. All suspected hydatid cyst lung should have a ct chest, abdomen and pelvis to evaluate for metastatic disease which may not be uncovered by other means. Serological sensitivity is 80-100% and specificity is 88-96% for liver cyst infection but lower for lungs (50-56%) or other organ involvement. Diagnostic puncture of cysts is only justified when imaging and serological tests do not permit discrimination between hydatid cyst and neoplasm. It carries risk of anaphylaxis and spillage of cyst contents leading to secondary eccinococcosis8. Treatment options for cystic hydatid disease include surgery, drug therapy and percutaneous drainage. Optical treatment of symptomatic cyst is surgical dissection of the cyst. Surgery has the potential to remove cyst and lead to complete cure. Surgical procedures of choice include cystectomy with removal of germinal and laminated layers and preservation of pericyst. Operative mortality varies from 0.5% -4%. Medical therapy for inoperative cyst is with benzimidazoles (albendazole and mebendazole) and praziquantel, an isiquinolone derivative, which have scolicidal tendency and has been widely used in patient with cystic hydatid disease. Albendazole in comparison to mebendazole is better absorbed and used in daily dose of 10-15mg/kg. Cyclic treatment in form of 3month course with interval of 14 days has been widely used. Recent data shows that uninterrupted drug therapy for 3-6 months has better efficacy with no increase in adverse effects. Imidazoles are hepatotoxic,can cause neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, alopecia and are potentially embryotoxic and teratogenic9. Recently percutaneous drainage of hydatid cysts popularly known as PAIR(Puncture, Aspiration, Instillation of scolicidal agent and Reaspiration) has gained acceptance10. This procedure is minimally invasive; cost effective involves reduced hospital stay and has less morbidity and mortality than surgery.