Heredity and Evolution class 10 Notes Science

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10 Science notes Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

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2. A single copy of T is enough to make the plant tall, while both copies have to be ‘t’ for the plant to be short.

3. Characters/Traits like ‘T’ are called dominant trait (because it express itself) and ‘t’ are recessive trait (because it remains suppressed)

From these observation, Mendel put forward the rules of inheritance

Law of Segregation: Every individual possesses a pair of alleles for a particular trait. During gamete formation, a gamete receives only one trait from the alleles. A particular trait can be dominant or recessive in a particular generation.

Dihybrid Cross : A cross between two plants having two pairs of contrasting characters is called dihybrid cross.

Observations

When RRyy was crossed with rrYY in F1 generation all were Rr Yy round and yellow seeds.

Self pollination of F plants gave parental phenotype and two mixtures(recombinants round yellow & wrinkled green) seeds plants in the ratio of 9:3:3:1

Conclusions

1. Round and yellow seeds are DOMINANT characters 2. Occurrence of new phenotypic combinations show that genes for round and yellow seeds are inherited independently of each other. Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles of different characters separate independent from each other during gamete formation. In the above example,alleles of texture were assorted independently from those of seed colour.

SEX DETERMINATION

Determination of sex of an offspring.

FACTORS

Sex Chromosomes :In human beings there are 23 pairs of chromosome. Out of these 22 chromosomes pairs are called autosomes and the last pair of chromosome that help in deciding gender of that individual is called sex chromosome.

XX – female XY – male

This shows that half the children will be boys and half will be girls. All children will inherit an X chromosome from their mother regardless whether they are boys or girls. Thus sex of children will be determined by what they inherit from their father, and not from their mother.

EVOLUTION

Evolution is the sequence of gradual changes which takes place in the primitive organisms, over millions of years, in which new species are produced.

Situation – I

Situation 1 : Green beetles got the survival advantage or they were naturally selected as they were not visible in green bushes. This natural selection is exerted by crows resulting in adaptations in the beetles to fit better in their environment

Situation-II

Situation 2 : Blue beetles did not get survivals advantage. Elephant suddenly caused major havoc in beetle population otherwise their number would have been considerably large.

From this we can conclude that accidents can change the frequency of some genes even if they do not get survival advantage: This is called genetic drift and it leads to variation.

SITUATION-III

Group of red beetles

Habitat of beetles (bushes)

Suffer from plant disease

Average weight of beetles

decreases due to poor nourishment

Number of beetles kept on reducing

Later plant disease gets eliminated

Number and average weight of the beetles

increases again

Situation 3 : No genetic change has occurred in the population of beetle.The population gets affected for a short duration only due to environmentalchanges.

ACQUIRED AND INHERITED TRAITS

They get transferred to the progeny. Low weight of starving beetles3. They are helpful in evolution.eg. Colour of eyes and hair

Acquired Traits

Inherited Traits

1.These are the traits which are developed in an individual due to special conditions

1. These are the traits which are passed from one generation to the next.

They cannot be transferred to the progeny

2.

They cannot direct evolutioneg.

SPECIATION

Micro Evolution : It is the evolution which is on a small scale. e.g.change in body colour of beetles.

The process by which new species develop from the existing species is known as speciation.

Speciation : it is the process of formation of new species.

Species : A group of similar individuals within a population that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Factors which lead to speciation : Geographical isolation,genetic drifts and variations.

Geneflow : It is exchange of genetic material by interbreeding betweenpopulations of same species or individuals

WAYS BY WHICH SPECIATION TAKES PLACE

Speciation takes place when variation is combined with geographical isolation.

Gene flow :occurs between population that are partly but not completely separated.

GENETIC DRIFT

It is the random change in the frequency of alleles (gene pair) in a population over successive generations.

*Natural Selection : The process by which nature selects and consolidate those organisms which are more suitably adapted and possesses favorable variations

Results in Accumulation of different variations in

Sub population and

Genetic drift

Genetic drift takes place due to : (a) Severe changes in the DNA (b) Change in number of chromosomes

Evolution and Classification

EVOLUTION : the process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth

Both evolution and classification are interlinked.

1. Classification of species is reflection of their evolutionary relationship. 2. The more characteristic two species have in common the more closely they are related. 3. The more closely they are related, the more recently they have a common ancestor. 4. Similarities among organisms allow us to group them together and to study their characteristic.

TRACING EVOLUTIONARY RELA TIONSHIPS : Jean Baptiste Lamarck gave the first theory of evolution. The accepted one is The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin.

(Evidences of Evolution)

I. Homologous Organs : (Morphological and anatomical evidences. These are the organs that have same basic structural plan and origin but different functions.

Homologous organs provides evidence for evolution by telling us that they are derived from the same ancestor.

Example :

Forelimb of Horse

(Running)

Same basic structural plan, but different functions perform.

Winds of bat

(flying)

Paw of a cat

(walk/scratch/attack)

II. Analogous Organs : These are the organs that have different origin and structural plan but same function example :

Example : Analogous organs provide mechanism for evolution.

Wings of bat

Elongated fingers with skin folds

Different basic structure, but perform similar function i.e., flight.

Wings of bird

Feathery covering along the arm

III. Fossils : (Paleontological evidences)

The remains and relics of dead organisms of the past.

FOSSILS ARE PRESERVED TRACES OF LIVING ORGANISMS

Fossil Archaeopteryx possess features of reptiles as well as birds. This suggests that birds have evolved from reptiles.

Examples of Fossils

AMMONITE – Fossil-invertebrate

TRILOBITE – Fossil-invertebrate

KNIGHTIA – Fossil-fish

RAJASAURUS – Fossil dinosaur skull

AGE OF THE FOSSILS

Evolution by Stages

Evolution takes place in stages ie bit by bit over generations.

I. Fitness Advantage

Evolution of Eyes : Evolution of complex organs is not sudden it occursdue to minor changes in DNA, however takes place bit by bit over generations.

Insects have compound eyes

Humans have binocular eyes

II. Functional Advantage

Evolutions of Feathers

Feathers {/tex} \to {/tex} provide insulation in cold weather but later they mightbecome useful for flight. Example : Dinosaurs had feathers, but could not fly using feathers. Birds seem to have later adapted the feathers to flight.

Evolution by Artificial Selection : Humans have been a powerful agent in modifying wild species to suit their own requirement through out ages by using artificial selection. e.g. (i) From wild cabbage many varieties like broccoli, cauliflower, red cabbage, kale, cabbage and

It is based on the idea that changes in DNA during reproduction are the basic events in evolution

Organisms which are more distantly related will accumulate greater differences in their DNA

Tools to Study Human Evolutionary Relationship

Excavating

Time dating

Fossils

Determining

DNA Sequences

Although there is great diversity of human forms all over the world getall humansare asinglespecies

GENETIC FOOTPRINTS OF HUMANS Hundreds/thousand of years ago

They did not go in a single line

They went forward and backward

Moved in and out of Africa

Sometimes came back to mix with each other.

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Heredity and Evolution class 10 Notes Science

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