Medieval, Romanesque, And Gothic

Name three traditions which fused to create early medieval society in Europe.

1. Christianity

2. Greco-Roman Heritage

3. Influence from other cultures and tribes. (Germanic, (Scandinavian)

Briefly describe the style of the decoration of the Merovingian fibula.

Inlays of garnets and other stones. Pair belonged to a Merovingian woman and features eagle heads and fish integrated into a highly decorative design. Decorative pin Romans and Etruscans wore. Men and Women used them to fasten their garments. Made of bronze silver, or gold, sometimes incorporating inlaid precious or semiprecious stones. Zoomorphic fish and eagles' heads.

What was found at Sutton Hoo? What was the significance of this find?

A sunken ship with treasure and equipment. Corresponds with Beowulf Legend. Preserved example of viking art. Ship burying of King.

Decorative metalwork technique whereby small metal strips or partitions "edge up" to a metal background and then are filled with glass paste or stones/or glass pieces. Cross between mosaic and stained-glass windows.

Viking Invasions

-The vikings were Scandinavian pagans who started raiding England, Ireland, and the northern coasts of the Continent around the year 800.-They used their long-ships to conduct hit-and-run tactics along the coasts and up rivers-They were very difficult to deal with since they initially avoided pitched battles and struck isolated targets of opportunity.-The Vikings eventually settled in Ireland, Normandy, and England

Describe the style of the decoration on the panel from Urnes and the animal headpost of the Viking ship found near Oseberg, Norway.

Combines image of a roaring beast with protruding eyes and flaring nostrils and the deftly carved, controlled, and contained pattern of tightly interwoven animals that writhe, griping and snapping, in serpentine fashion. The head is a powerfully expressive example of the motifs of warrior-lord art on the northern frontiers of the former Roman Empire--the animal form and the interlace pattern. Portal of stave church similar. Elongated animal forms intertwined abstractly.

Hiberno-Saxon

An art style that flourished in the monasteries of the British Isles in the early Middle Ages. Also called Insular.

Mozarabic

Of or relating to the Christian inhabitants of Spain under the Muslim Moorish kings

scriptorium

The writing studio of a monastery.

What can explain the differences in the symbols of St. Matthew seen in Book of Durrow and the Lindesfarne Gospel?

The Book of Durrow displays Matthew with a schematic frontal head and two profile feet, a cloack of yellow red, and green squares (cloisons) filled with intricate abstract designs and outlined in dark brown or black envelops the rest of the "body." Abstraction of early medieval personal adornment with Early Christian pictorial imagery. Lindisfarne Gospel had classical influences. St. Matthew sitting and writing, very conventional. Focused more on Drapery than Greco-Roman. Greek Latin Letters.

What design shown on the Muiredach cross identifies it as Celtic? (Draw This)

The Circle on the Cross

Who wrote the Commentary on the Apocalypse

Northern Spanish monk, Beatus, abbot of San Martin at Liebana.

What was the significance of Charlemagne being crowned in Rome in the year 800? What effect did that have on the art of Northern Europe?

Charlemagne was the first Holy Roman Emperor. (First emperor to embrace christianity) Beginning of Carolingian era. (lasted 1000 years until Napoleon destroyed it in 1806) Revived former Christian Roman glory with patronage, commission, and illustrated manuscripts of christian art.

List three ways in which the artist of the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims has modified the style found in the Gospel Book of Charlemagne. Which manuscript is most closely related to the style of the Utrecht Psalter. In what way?

In Gospel Book of Charlemagne, the Carolingian illuminator used color and modulation of light and shade, not line, to create shapes, Ebbo of Reims however, replaced classical calm and solidity of the Coronation Gospels evangelist with an energy that amounts to frenzy. His hair stands on end, his eyes open wide, the folds of his drapery writhe and vibrate, the lanscape behind him rears p alive. It even set the page's leaf border in motion. Turned classical prototype to Carolingian Vernacular.

Module

A basic unit of dimension where all other dimensions are multipliers.

Monastery

A house for persons under religious vows.

Cloister

A Monastery Courtyard.

Crossing

The Intersection of the Nave and the Transcept

Westwork

The Facade and Towers at western end of Medieval Churches

The Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne resembles the church of _____________ in Ravenna, but is distinguished by: a.______________ and b._______________.

-San Vitale

-Solid Robustness

-Clearly Articulated Geometric Structure

Although the church of the Monastery of St. Gall is a three-aisled basilica, it differs from its Early Christian prototypes in which three ways? What is the significance of its modular construction?

The addition of second apse on the west end of the building. The inclusion of a transept. The towers framing the ends of the church.

Who was Bishop Bernward?

Great Patron of Art

Tutor of Otto III and builder of abbey church Saint Michael Hildesheim.

List two features of the church of Saint Cyriakus in Gernrode that would be important for later medieval architecture.

Modular approach

alternate support system

Describe the alternate-support system or draw a diagram illustrating it.

Alternating using piers and columns.

The style of the figures on the bronze doors at St. Michaels's at Hildesheim probably derives from manuscript illumination of the period. In what major way does it differ from its prototypes?

The sculpter presented the story with simplicity but great emotional impact.

Name a possible source for the Triumphal Column in Saint Michael's at Hildesheim.

Trajan's Column. (Duh)

List three features of the Gero Crucifix that contribute to the expression of suffering.

What two stylistic features seen in the Lectionary of Henry II were not apparent in earlier Carolingian illumination?

Compare the abstract decorative art of the Early Middle Ages in Europe as seen in the ornamental page from the Lindisfarne Gospels with the Islamic decorative style as seen in the Ardebil Carpet. In what ways do they resemble each other? What is distinctive about each?

Discuss the importance of Charlemagne's role in the history of art.

Compare the plan of St. Gall, the nave of St. Cyriakus of Gernrode, and the church of St. Michael's at Hildesheim to the plan of Old Saint Peter's in Rome. What similarities do you see and what changes have been made?

Discuss the historical and political factors represented by the image of the enthroned Otto III from his gospel book. In what ways is this image related to the changing political and religious situation in Western Europe?

Discuss the treatment of space and volume in manuscript illumination, selecting pages from the Rossano Gospels, the Rabbula Gospels, the Paris Psalter, the Book of Durrow, the Coronation Gospels, the Ebbo Gospels, and the Uta Codex.

Compare crucifixion images from an Early Christian ivory, a Byzantine mosaic at Daphini, the Carolingian cover of the Lindau Gospels, and the Ottonian Gero Crucifix. How is the mood different in each of the images and how do the formal characteristics create the mood?

307, 330

What was meant by the "white robe of churches"?

In 1003 the white robe of churches was a metaphor for the "worldwide" rebuilding of churches but really just in Italy and Gaul. White is a symbol for purity. The robe is a symbol of devotion. and the Church is a community of fellow devote people.

What was the "cult of relics"?

Veneration of relics. Holy objects "had" holy powers to heal the body and soul. Inspired for pilgrimages to churches all over Europe. People took this opportunity to go church visiting just like Muslims went to see Mecca.

List three major pilgrimage sites favored by Medieval European pilgrims.

St. Peter's

St. Paul's

Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem

Identify Benedetto Antelami

Sculpture who was active in last quarter of 12th Century. monumental marble statues of two Old Testament figures he carved for the west facade of Fidenza Cathedral. Influenced by Greco-Roman. Early on portraying Biblical figures in Stone. Freestanding statues in niches taken up in Italy in Early Renaissance.

Identify Benard of Clairvaux

Most influential theologian of the Romanesque era. Cistercian monk and abbot of the monastery. Disapproved of the expense and subject matter of sculpture on churches. (Greek influenced creatures: part man and part beast, filthy apes, fierce lions, monstrous centaurs, etc) thought these things distracted and hindered devoted followers.

Identify the Cluniac Order

Primary patrons of Romanesque sculpture. Famous for scholarship, music, and art. Influence and wealth grew rapidly, built a series of increasingly elaborate monastic churches at Cluny.

Identify Elanor of Aquitaine

Wife of Henry II of England. Married Henry after annulment to Louis VII. Got her sons to rebel and kill their father.

Identify Giselbertus

Famous sculpture, the last judgement. First to sign his name in the work.

Identify Hildegard of Bingen

German nun abbess on the convent at Disibodenberg in the Rhineland. Crazy lady had visions and thought they were from God. Most famous Romanesque nun.

Identify Master Hugo

Identify Rainer of Huy

Identify Wilgelmus

Identify William of Normandy

What common experience made the use of stone vaults so important to Romanesque builders? What advantage did stone vaults have over wooden roofs?

Wooden Churches would burn down so they switched to Stone ones. (Old St. Peter's) Stone lasted longer but was more expensive.

Compound Pier

a pier with a group, or cluster, of attached shafts, or responds, especially characteristic of Gothic architecture

engaged columns

Half-round columns attached to a wall

Radiating Chapels

in medieval churches, chapels for the display of relics that opened directly onto the ambulatory and the transept

Transverse Arch

An arch separating one vaulted bay from the next

Tribune

In church architecture, a gallery over the inner aisle flanking the nave

List four modifications made in Romanesque church along the pilgrimage route to accommodate the large crowd and the relics they came to see.

1. Making holy destinations closer to home.

2. Longer naves and Aisles.

3. Gave Rise to Travel Guidebooks.

4. Pilgrimage routes became major avenues of commerce in Europe.

A possible prototype of the stone carving of Christ in Majesty from Saint Sernin at Toulouse was ________________.

The Relief of Abbot Durandus.

Why do the authors believe that large-scale sculpture appeared on pilgrimage churches in the 12th Century?

To Educate and Impress the Illiterate.

What complaint did Bernard of Clairvaux have against the creatures that decorated the columns of the Moissac cloister?

They were distracting devout christians from praying with these terrible beasts used to frighten the illiterate. (Greek influence on creatures)

List four stylistic features seen in the tympanum at Moissac. The subject of the tympanum is ___________________.

1. Second coming of Christ as King and Judge of the World in its final days.

2. Signs of the 4 evangelists, angels holding scrolls

3. 24 Elder musicians also kings of the world

4. 2 Courses of Wavy lines- clouds of heaven.

-Second Coming of Jesus

Why can it be said that the iconography of the tympanum of Vezelay was influenced by the Crusades?

Pope Urban II intended to launch the first crusade there in 1095. Benard of Clairvaux called for the second crusade there. King Louis VII took up the cross there. King richard the lionhearted of England and King Phillip Augustus of France called the third crusades there in 1190. Used faith as prompt for war. "Join us and your sins will be forgiven"

In what way did the views of Cistercian monks affect the buildings they built? In formulating your answer compare Fonteney with Cluny III.

The spartan severity of the monks was reflected in the interior of their church at fotenay. Austerity og their buildings reflected their rejection of worldly extravagance and their emphasis on poverty, labor, and prayer.

What is a historiated initial?

The initial letter of a passage or ornamented with plates, animals, or human figures that is from a narrative fiction.

What part of the church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe was covered with paintings? What was the source of its subject matter?

The roof of the nave. Depicts the lives of Saint Savin and another saint.

List two sylistic features shared by the fresco of Christ in Majesty from Santa Maria de Mur and the Christ in Majesty from Toulouse.

Christ Enthroned

Book of Judgement

Gesture of Blessing

Byzantine Influence

Why is the seated virgin in this chapter known as the "Throne of Wisdom"?

The Virgin's lap is Christ's Child's throne.

Alternating Support System

In church architecture, the use of alternating wall supports in the nave, usually piers and columns or compound piers of alternating form

Campanile

A bell tower of a church, usually, but not always, freestanding.

What was the main drawback of barrel vaulting? What type of vault offered a solution to this problem?

It takes a lot of stone, Groin Vaulting is better.

What is the most important Romanesque church in Lombardy Italy? What Early Christian feature does it retain? Describe its vaulting system.

San't Ambrogio.

Alternate support system.

Domical ribbed groin vaults.

How do the proportions of height to width of Italian medieval churches compare to those of German churches?

Germanic is skinny and Tall

Italian is Fat and Short.

Who was Hildegard of Bingen and what is the subject of the page from the Scivias shown in the chapter? What does the work tell us about the achievements of an outstanding medieval woman?

Crazy vision nun lady. Scivias shows five tongues of fire giving her a vision from above. The piece imply's that she writes her music and treatises not only in inspiration of divinity, but directly from divinity.

List three characterizing features seen in the baptismal font done by Rainer of Huy.

Halos

Votive Position

Baptism

What is the purpose of the silver head of Saint Alexander shown in the chapter?

It's a reliquary.

(a container for relics)

"relic-quary"

List three features that Pisa Cathedral shares with its Early Christian prototypes? List four features that distinguish it from them.

1. Dome

2. Central Plan

3. Corbeled Arches

1. Separate Bell Towers

2. Separate Baptisteries

3. Campanile

4. Cathedral

List two Tuscan Romanesque buildings in Florence.

San Giovanni

San Miniato

What features did the 12th Century Italian sculptor Benedetto Antelami adapt from Greco-Roman prototypes? However, he did not take over the characteristic pose of Greco-Roman prototypes, which is known as ________________.

Antelami adopted the classical way of portraying biblical figures in stone but he did not use contrapposto.

Sexpartile Vault

A masonry roof or ceiling constructed on the arch principle.

Three Story Elevation

an elevation three stories tall

quadrant arch

An arch whose curve extends for quarter of circle's circumference.

The Nave of St. Etienne at Caen has a light and airy feeling. What structural features made this possible?

The three story elevation and groin vaults

Two key elements of Gothic architecture were combined for the first time in the vaults of Durham Cathedral. What are they?

Rose Window

Long Nave

What is depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry? What technique was used to create it?

Contemporaneous Events

Pictorial narrative of Norman defeat over anglo-saxons in 1066.

Duke William vs. Brother

Stem-Stitching

How has the Romanesque style as seen in the Bury Bible been modified from earlier examples?

It has more color.

What are the distinguishing features of the Romanesque style seen in the church of Saint Sernin at Toulouse when compared with Old Saint Peter's in Rome?

Long wide nave.

Very wide and low.

not soaring like Old Saint Peter's

Describe the various evolutionary steps, in both plan and elevation, that led from the Carolingian to the Romanesque style in northern European churches.

Went from central plan to basilica like cathedral.

What evidence do you see that the Christ in Majesty From Saint Sernin might have been derived from a metal prototype such as the cover of the Lindau Gospels?

Geometric Drapery

What features indicated the common stylistic derivation of the fresco from Santa Maria de Mur and the apse mosaic from Monreale? What differences do you see?

What portents of change appear in the illumination depicting the scribe Eadwine from the Eadwine Psalter? Compare the treatment of the drapery and the body of Eadwine with that in the illustrations from the Bury Bible and the Evangelist from the Ebbo Gospels.

When and where did the Gothic style originate?

List three of the features of the new choir at St. Denis as described by Abbot Suger that are characteristic of the new Gothic style.

List the three structural and/or design features that characterize a Gothic vault. What are the advantages of the pointed arch over the round arch?

Identify Abbot Suger

Identify Abelard

Identify Saint Thomas Aquinas

Identify Scholasticism

The new spirit of the Gothic period that replaced the severity of Romanesque theme of judgment and damnation could be symbolized by the dedication of cathedrals to __________________. Her iconography can be seen in the Royal Portals of Chartres Cathedral, the earliest and most complete surviving Early Gothic sculptural complex.

Which scenes are represented on the tympana of Chartres Cathedral?

The figures carved on the jambs are thought to represent _______________. (Chartres Cathedral)

In what ways to these jamb figures differ significantly from Romanesque figures? (Chartres Cathedral)

List three Romanesque features restrained in Laon Cathedral.

List three new Gothic features found in the cathedral.

Draw a diagram of an Early Gothic elevation. Label the characteristic four stories: nave arcade, vaulted gallery, triforium, and clerestory.

What was the function of the flying buttress? Why was it an essential element of the Gothic architectural vocabulary?

What are the primary differences and similarities between the Early Gothic style and the High Gothic style?

Describe or draw the new bay structure of Chartres that was to become the norm for High Gothic buildings. What spatial effect did this create?

What segment of an Early Gothic elevation was eliminated in High Gothic Buildings? What technical development made this possible?

What was the theological significance of stained glass windows?

What is the difference between a rose window and a lancet? Draw and label them.

What is the difference between plate tracery and bar tracery?

How do the figures of St. Martin, St. Jerome, and St. Gregory form the Porch of the Confessors and the jamb figures from the Royal Portals of Chartres Cathedral illustrate the development of Gothic sculpture?

The skeletal structure and the high vaults of Amiens Cathedral were possible because of the masterful use of the High Gothic structural elements. List the four basic elements.

What are the similarities in the facades of Chartres and Amiens? What are the differences? What major change do you see in the facade of Riems?

The Rayonnant (Radiant) style that developed in the second half of the 13th Century was associated with the court of ___________________.

What was the purpose of Saint Chapelle in Paris? How did its structure reflect that purpose?

Describe the pose of the Virgin of Paris that was typical of much later Gothic sculpture.

From what did the Late Gothic Flamboyant style derive its name? Give and example of the style.

Crenellations

Alternating solid merlons and open crenels in the notched top of walls, as in battlements.

Keep

A fortified tower in a castle that served as a place of last refuge.

Ramparts

Defensive Wall Circuits.

How do the guild hall shown in 18-29 and the house of Jacques Coeur reflect the new economic conditions of Northern Europe in the Late Gothic period?

Who was Villard de Honnecourt and what did he use as the basis for drawing many of his figures?

In what way does the manuscript illumination illustrated in 18-34 reflect the influence of the arts of architecture or stained glass?

List three characteristics of the style of Master Honore as seen in the illumination of David and Goliath. What features of the graceful image of the virgin seen in 18-37 link her to the French court?

What is the meaning of the scene portrayed on the ivory casket shown in 18-38 and how does it relate to the concerns of the leisure class?

List five features of Salisbury Cathedral that distinguish it from French Gothic.

The last English Gothic style, seen at Gloucester, is called _____________. It is characterized by which features?

Fan Vaulting

A vault characteristic of English Perpendicular Gothic Architecture, in which radiating ribs form like a fanlike pattern.

Ogee Arch

An arch composed of two double-curving lines meeting at a point.

Chantry

An endowed chapel for the chanting of the mass for the founder of the chapel.

The German cathedral of _____________ was finished in the 19th century when the original 13th century plan was discovered. In what way was its Gothic construction significant for its survival of the severe bombings of World War II.

The Church of Saint Elizabeth at Marburg is an early example of a favorite German type of Gothic structure known as a ______________. How does it differ from the standard basilican type of church and what is the reason for the difference?

Briefly describe the style used in the depiction of the Death of the Virgin on Strasbourg Cathedral.

Who were Ekkehard and Uta and what is significant about their appearance in a cathedral?

What is a Pieta? What mood is created by the 14th century example shown in 18-51?

What art form what practiced by Nicholas of Verdun?

Discuss the change in the role of women during the Gothic period and how it relates to the cult of the Virgin Mary. What effect did these changes have on art?

What effect did the changing philosophical conception fo the relation between the soul and the body have on Gothic sculpture?

Discuss the development of Medieval architectural sculpture considering the relation to it's structural setting, and poses of the figures. Select from St. Sernin at Toulouse, St. Pierre at Moissac, and the Royal Portal and Porch of the Confessors from Chartres, the Beau Dieu from Amiens, Saint Theodore from Chartres, and the Visitation figures from Reims Cathedral.

What similarities do you see between the S-Curve of The Virgin of Paris and that used by the Greek artist Praxiteles for the Hermes? In what ways are the two figures different?

In what ways has the classic French High Gothic structure as typified by Chartres Cathedral and Amiens Cathedral been modified in English buildings like Salisbury Cathedral?

Compare the figures of Ekkehard and Uta from Naumburg with the figures from Amiens and Reims. How are the German figures related to the French prototypes? How do they differ?

The equestrian figure of the Bamberg Rider is reminiscent of that of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne or Charles the Bald. Compare the stylistic treatment of horse and rider as well as the relation of each figure to the space surrounding it.

Discuss patronage in the medieval period, including the roles played by clerics, guilds, merchants, and royal patrons, noting specific examples of each.

Compare the representations of Christ as the Good Shepherd 11-16, Christ as Pantocrator 12-1, the Beau Dieu from Aimes, and the Rottgen Pieta. What emotional effect does each produce? Which do you like best? Why?

Matthew

Symbol: Winged Man (Angel).

Former tax collector called upon by Jesus to be one of his apostles.

Mark

Symbol: Winged Lion

Follower of Peter

Luke

Symbol: Winged Ox or Bull (Sacrifice) Alludes to Jesus's Sacrifice

Doctor

John

Symbol: An Eagle

Soars high close to heaven. Jesus's Ascension and Devine Nature.

The Four Evangelists Books of Importance

Gospels, Revelations, Ezekiel. (Apocalypse?)

List two features of Romanesque interiors that illustrate the modular design of the plan. How are the interior bays marked on the exterior?

1. Ambulatory around the Choir.

2. Radiating Chapels that housed Relics.

The subject of the west tympanum of Saint Lazare at Autun is ______________ __________. What was the purpose of such a scene?