Richard Lenski examines the growth of bacteria on a plate on Jan. 12. He began an evolution experiment in 1988 with 12 identical flasks of bacteria to see if the populations would change over time in the same way.

Bottles like this 90-year-old one were filled with seeds and sand, then buried by William Beal. Researchers periodically unearth a bottle and plant the seeds to see if they grow.

Kurt StepnitzMichigan State University

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Originally published on November 23, 2012 8:00 pm

A biologist who has been watching a dozen bottles of bacteria evolve for nearly a quarter of a century is hoping he can find someone to keep his lab experiment going long after he dies.

Meanwhile, just by coincidence, a botanist who works across campus is carefully tending an experiment that started before he was born, all the way back in 1879.

These two researchers, both at Michigan State University in East Lansing, represent different sides of an unusual phenomenon in science: experiments that outlive the people who started them.

Most researchers design studies to churn out results as quickly as possible. But because nature can work on vast time scales, some questions can take longer to answer than any one scientist's career.

Richard Lenski began his evolution experiment in 1988 with a simple question: Does evolution always lead to the same end point? If he started with 12 identical flasks, full of identical bacteria, would they all change over time in the same way? Or would random mutations send each bottle's population spinning off in a different direction?

"This was an experiment that was intended to be a long-term experiment, although I had no idea that it would be multiple decades," says Lenski, an evolutionary biologist. "It does just keep producing new and interesting results, so it doesn't seem to be near the end of its life span."

Every day, someone in his lab has to do the brief, tedious chore of feeding and caring for the bacteria. On day number 8,449, Lenski reached into an incubator and pulled out his old friends.

These E. coli bacteria reproduce so rapidly that, in one day, they speed through seven generations — creating the equivalent of their great-great-great-great grandchildren and letting Lenski watch their evolution in real time.

Lenski brought the flasks over to a lab bench and reached for his glasses. "When I started this experiment, I didn't need reading glasses," he notes, "and now looking at things close-up is always more work than it used to be."

For the first decade of his experiment, the bacteria in each flask mostly changed in similar ways. For example, they all were producing larger cells.

Then things got kind of boring for a while because the changes started coming more slowly. Lenski had other projects going on in his lab, and figured that maybe he'd learned all he could from this one.

"And so I was sort of thinking, 'OK, maybe it's time to stop the experiment,' " he says, recalling that he asked a few colleagues what they thought of that idea. "And they basically said, 'Nope, you can't stop it, it's gone on too long.' "

So he stuck with it. And a few years later, in 2003, something happened. The liquid in one flask looked strange. "This flask was considerably more cloudy," says Lenski. "I was suspicious that we had a contaminant."

It turns out that the bacteria in that one flask had actually changed in a dramatic way. After 30,000 generations, they had suddenly gained the ability to consume citrate, a chemical that had always been in the flasks — but that was never intended to be a food, since laboratory E. coli normally can't eat it.

What's more, Lenski was able to trace exactly how that new trait emerged. Over the years, he's been freezing samples of his bacteria, so he was able to go back and track every little genetic change that's taken place through the generations, using technologies that didn't even exist when he first started this study.

Lenski is now convinced that this study should keep going far into the future, to see what else might evolve. He'd like to see this experiment go on not just for 50,000 bacterial generations but 50,000 human generations, to "really get some very hard numbers on the process of evolution."

The fact that Lenski won't be around to see those hard numbers doesn't seem to bother him.

"My wife and I were very fortunate that one of our daughters had a baby about 20 months ago. And that really changes one's perception of time even more than a long-term experiment," Lenski says.

He notes that people tend to conflate the universe with their own existence, "but having children, grandchildren and so on ... you really just come to grips with the vast span of time that is available. And we only get to occupy a tiny portion of it."

Lenski, who is 56 years old, thinks he'll watch his bacteria for about another decade. Then he'll have to find someone to inherit this project. It's not a particularly expensive or difficult study — so he just needs to find someone younger who has a lab and is willing to carry his vision forward.

"They might be in their, you know, early- or mid-30s or something like that," Lenski says, "and then they can decide whether they want to do it for just the next five or 10 years or whether they want to continue it for another 30 years and perhaps pass it on to somebody who hasn't even been born yet."

Is it really possible to keep an experiment going like that? The answer is undoubtedly yes, as Lenski learned years ago when he heard of another long-term study happening on campus.

"Here I was, proud of myself for what was at that time maybe a 15-year experiment, discovering that it wasn't even the oldest experiment on campus — that there was another one up around 100 years, or even past that," recalls Lenski.

Seeds Buried Long, Long Ago

That experiment is currently cared for by Frank Telewski, who runs Michigan State University's botanical garden. The garden is named after botanist William J. Beal, and he started a long-term study on seed germination all the way back in 1879.

Beal was inspired by local farmers who had been asking him this question: If we weed our fields year after year, will we ever reach a point where the weeds just don't come back?

"Well, that was a very interesting question," says Telewski, because it wasn't at all clear how long seeds might remain viable in the soil. "We know that seeds can remain dormant for a long period of time, and Professor Beal's key question was, 'How long?' "

So Beal put a precise quantity of seeds from different species into 20 sand-filled bottles and stashed them underground. The original plan was to dig up one bottle every five years and see what would grow.

"Clearly, burying 20 bottles and only taking one out every five years, the plan was to go beyond Professor Beal's career, let alone Professor Beal's life," says Telewski.

The only writings from Beal about his experiment are dry scientific reports, but Telewski assumes it meant a lot to him.

"He had to be passionate about it," says Telewski. "You don't do something like this, you know, with that long-term desire, without being passionate."

Beal opened six bottles before he retired. Then he passed it on to a colleague, Henry Darlington. Eventually it was taken over by others, including Robert Bandurski and Jan Zeevaart, who passed it on to Telewski.

The experiment has lasted longer than Beal ever intended because the caretakers extended it. They first decided to open a bottle only once every decade, and now, once every two decades.

Telewski dug up his first bottle 12 years ago. He did it at night, with a flashlight, trying not to draw any attention to the secret burial spot. He says it was exciting to think back and remember that the last person to see the seed was Beal, 120 years ago. "For me that holds a level of significance, that holds a level of fascination, charm," says Telewski.

And he says the mysteries of long-term seed viability remain scientifically interesting. Only two plant species sprouted from the last Beal bottle. Telewski can't wait to dig up the next bottle, in 2020.

Will that be the year that nothing germinates, wonders Telewski, or "will something that hasn't germinated in 30, 40 years all of a sudden appear?"

This kind of inherited experiment is unusual, says Telewski, but in another way, the whole of science is one big long-term effort. Every time researchers record a careful observation, or stash a specimen in a museum, they make it possible for some unknown person of the future to pick up where they left off.

Telewski already has someone in mind to inherit the Beal study when he retires. "There's one particular person I've been speaking with, and I think she's going to be very excited to pick it up," he says.

If all goes as planned, he thinks the experiment will probably outlive her, too.

Copyright 2013 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

Transcript

AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:

It's ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. I'm Audie Cornish. Scientists usually design experiments that will get them the answer to a question as quickly as possible, but every now and then, researchers ask a question that will take a long time to answer, longer than a human lifetime. That means they will never see the results of the experiment. As NPR's Nell Greenfieldboyce reports, it also means scientists have to think about how to keep the experiment going after they die.

NELL GREENFIELDBOYCE, BYLINE: There is a lab at Michigan State University in East Lansing where a brief, tedious chore must be done every day.

RICHARD LENSKI: And today will be day number - I think it's 8,449.

GREENFIELDBOYCE: That's nearly a quarter of a century. Richard Lenski opens up an incubator and pulls out some old friends, a dozen glass bottles full of bacteria. Lenski has been following these bacteria since 1988 to watch their evolution happen in real time. The bacteria reproduce so rapidly that in one day, they speed through seven generations creating the equivalent of their great, great, great, great-grandchildren.

Lenski brings the flask to a lab bench to feed his bacteria. He has blue eyes and a beard that's streaked with gray.

LENSKI: When I started this experiment, I didn't need reading glasses. And now, looking at things close-up is obviously more work than it used to be.

GREENFIELDBOYCE: Lenski is different than most evolutionary biologists. They look backwards in time, trying to understand how life came to be the way it is today. But Lenski has been looking forward to ask this question: Does evolution always take you to the same end point? If you started with 12 identical flasks full of identical bacteria, would they all change over time in the same way? Or would random mutations send each bottle's population spinning off in a different direction?

LENSKI: This was an experiment that was intended to be a long-term experiment, although I had no idea that it would be multiple decades.

GREENFIELDBOYCE: What happened was this: For the first decade, the bacteria in each flask mostly changed in similar ways, then the changes started to taper off. Lenski had other projects going on in his lab. Maybe he'd learned all he could from this one.

LENSKI: And so I was sort of thinking, OK, maybe it's time to stop the experiment. And I talked to a few colleagues. What do they think about that idea? And they basically said, no, you can't stop it. It's gone on too long.

GREENFIELDBOYCE: So he stuck with it. And he's glad because a few years later, in 2003, Lenski's lab noticed that the liquid in one flask looked strange.

LENSKI: This flask was considerably more cloudy. I was suspicious that we had a contaminant.

GREENFIELDBOYCE: But that wasn't it. The bacteria in that one flask had changed in a dramatic way. After 30,000 generations, they had gained the ability to consume a chemical that had always been in the flasks, but that was never intended to be a food. What's more, Lenski was able to trace exactly how that new trait emerged. Over the years, he's been freezing samples of his bacteria, so he was able to go back and track every little genetic change that's taken place through the generations using technologies that didn't even exist when he first started the study.

Lenski says this experiment has turned into a unique opportunity to study how evolution works in exquisite detail. Who knows how these flasks of bacteria might change way, way in the future?

LENSKI: I would really like the project to go on, not just for 50,000 bacterial generations. I'd like to see it go on for 50,000 human generations and really get some very hard numbers on the process of evolution.

GREENFIELDBOYCE: Now, Lenski won't be around to see those numbers. I asked if making plans for a really long-term study had changed the way he thinks about his own death.

LENSKI: Not really. Yeah, I think the - so my wife and I were very fortunate that one of our daughters had a baby about 20 months ago. And that really changes one's perception of time even more than a long-term experiment.

GREENFIELDBOYCE: He says people tend to conflate the universe with their own existence.

LENSKI: But having children, grandchildren and so on, that kind of - you really just come to grips with the vast span of time that is available. And we only get to occupy a tiny portion of it.

GREENFIELDBOYCE: Lenski is 56 years old. His career has got about another decade, then he'll find someone to inherit this project.

LENSKI: They might be in their, you know, early or mid-30s, and then they can decide whether they want to do it for just the next five or 10 years or whether they want to continue it for another 30 years and perhaps pass it on to somebody who hasn't even been born yet.

(SOUNDBITE OF CHIME)

GREENFIELDBOYCE: By coincidence, just across campus, there's a scientist who's taking care of an experiment that started long before he was born. Frank Telewski runs Michigan State University's botanical garden. He's also in charge of a study that began near this bell tower way back in 1879.

FRANK TELEWSKI: Not too far away from where we're standing, Professor Beal first dug a hole and buried the Beal bottles.

GREENFIELDBOYCE: These glass bottles, the Beal bottles, contain seeds. A botanist named William Beal buried them here because local farmers had been asking, if we weed our fields year after year, will we ever reach a point where the weeds just don't come back?

TELEWSKI: Well, that was a very interesting question. So, you know, Beal came back to the lab and he said, gee - he probably didn't actually say that, but, you know, probably thought, you know, what can we do for an experiment to see how long these seeds remain viable in the soil?

GREENFIELDBOYCE: So Beal put a precise quantity of seeds from a couple dozen different species into 20 bottles and stashed them underground. The original plan was to dig up one bottle every five years and see what would grow.

TELEWSKI: Clearly, burying 20 bottles and only taking one out every five years, the plan was to go beyond Professor Beal's career, let alone Professor Beal's life.

GREENFIELDBOYCE: Telewski assumes it meant a lot to him.

TELEWSKI: He had to be passionate about it. You don't do something like this, you know, with that long-term desire without being passionate.

GREENFIELDBOYCE: Beal opened six bottles before he retired, then he passed the study on to a colleague, who passed it on to a colleague, who passed it on to a colleague, who passed it on to Telewski. The experiment has lasted longer than Beal ever intended because the caretakers extended it. Telewski dug up his first bottle 12 years ago.

He did it at night, with a flashlight, trying not to draw any attention to the secret burial spot.

TELEWSKI: It was very exciting to, you know, to think back that, you know, when was the last time somebody saw this seed? You know, it was Professor Beal and that was 120 years ago. For me that holds a level of significance, that holds a level of fascination, charm.

GREENFIELDBOYCE: And he says the mysteries of long-term seed viability remain scientifically interesting. Only two plant species sprouted from the last Beal bottle. Telewski can't wait to dig up the next bottle in 2020.

TELEWSKI: Is this going to be the year nothing's going to germinate? What will germinate? How much will germinate? Will something that hasn't germinated in 30, 40 years all of a sudden appear?

GREENFIELDBOYCE: Telewski says this kind of inherited experiment is unusual, but in another way, the whole of science is one big long-term effort. Every time a researcher records a careful observation or stashes a specimen in a museum, they make it possible for some unknown person of the future to pick up where they left off.

TELEWSKI: And isn't that wonderful that somebody, somewhere, thought forward enough to say, let's hold on to this, let's keep this experiment going, let's design this experiment to go on and see where it takes us?

GREENFIELDBOYCE: Telewski already has someone in mind to inherit the Beal study when he retires. He says, if all goes as planned, the experiment will probably outlive her too. Nell Greenfieldboyce, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.