- a power grip
- often with ulnar deviation (heavier = more deviation)

Key features of the spherical grasp

- a power grip
- each finger has a force from a different direction towards center
- fingers more spread than cylindrical grasp

Key feature of the hook grasp

- a power grip
- IP flexes
- in pure hook the thumb does very little
- can be sustained a long time without fatigue

Describe lateral prehension and give an example of when it's used

- power grip with 2 adjacent fingers
- example: smoking a cigarette

List 3 major types of prcision grips

- palmar pinch
- lateral pinch
- tip to tip pinch

Synonyms for palmar pinch

pad to pad; 3 jaw chuck

Synonyms for lateral pinch

key pinch, pad to side

Features of the palmar pinch

- most common pinch for holding small objects
- can be 2 or 3 fingers

Define precision grips

static grips with the object stabilizaed between fingers and thumb

Features of the lateral pinch

- useful to hold flat objects and turn

Features of the tip to tip pinch

- more circular than other pinches
- pick up very small objects

Pounds of functional pinch needed to pull on a sock

7.7# of pinch

Pounds of functional pinch needed to hold a soup spoon

1.6# on pinch

List 3 types of pecision handling

- translation
- rotation
- shift

Define the general concept of precision handling

these are types of IN-HAND manipulation of an object

Define translation (precision handling)

moving from finger to palm or palm to finger

Define simple rotation (precision handling)

- object held at finger pads
- turned 90 degrees or less
- object often held in other hand
- example: opening a jar lid

Define complex roation (precision handling)

- movement of an object around one or more of its axes 180-360 degrees
- example: turning a pencil around to use the eraser

Average force (rounded) in males and females (age 30) for cylindrical grasp

- men: 120 pounds
- women: 80 pounds

Average force (rounded) in males and females (age 30) for palmar pinch

- men: 25 pounds
- women: 20 pounds

Average force (rounded) in males and females (age 30) for lateral pinch

- men: 25 pounds
- women: 20 pounds

Average force (rounded) in males and females (age 30) for tip to tip pinch

men: 20 pounds
women: 15 pounds

Define shift (precision handling)

linear movement of an object on the finger surface to allow repositioning the object on the pads of the fingers
- example: sorting through cards
- example: shifting pens down to fingertips

Describe stabilization (precision handling)

- use ulnar hand with 4th and 5th finger to stabilize or store an object
- makes further tasks with the hand more difficult

Why is it unlikely that we would create a separate motor program for each type of grasping action we need?

- too many degrees of freedom...need to coordinate joints in real time
- it would be too many motor programs to store
- we would not suceed with novel situations (but we do)

What is the propsed solution to us not being able to have a motor program for each reach/grasp activity?

***self-organizing system***
- prefered patterns of movement with small adaptations
- organized for most effecient movement
- when an adjustment needs to be made, usually a little change happens in each component

Describe the importance of complexity and automaticity of functional UE movements

List the limitations of static grasps in relation to the importance of in-hand manipulation

- not a lot you can do functionally with just holding an object
- in hand manipulation hard early in injuries
- in hand manipulation hard with UE prosthesis
- individual finger movements are important
- training in-hand manipulation tends to generalize easily to functional activities

Describe the importance of using real objects in training reach and grasp

- studies done in MS and stroke
- with real objects also get anticipatory movements of trunk and other body parts
- real objects provide important feedback about weight, etc.

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