2. Make a scrapbook including the following:
a. Pictures, post cards or drawings of twenty-five lighthouses. Label should included a brief description of: location, year built, active/non-active status, and order of the lens.
b. Write up a short history of the above lighthouses.
c. Include drawings/pictures and answers to all the requirements for this honor in your scrapbook.[edit]

2a) Pictures, post cards or drawings of twenty-five lighthouses. Label should included a brief description of: location, year built, active/non-active status, and order of the lens.

Collect pictures/postcards/drawings of twenty-five (25) lighthouses

2b) Write up a short history of the above lighthouses.

Include a write-up on the lighthouse(s) with your picture/post card/drawing

2c) Include drawings/pictures and answers to all the requirements for this honor in your scrapbook.

You might be able to also work (or extend) your Scrapbooking honor

3. List the development of a Fresnel lens, including:
a. Name of the gentleman that invented it.
b. Country that he came from
c. Year developed[edit]

Augustin-Jean Fresnel

3a) Name of the gentleman that invented it: Augustin-Jean Fresnel (pronounced fray-NELL) is most often given credit for the development of this lens for use in lighthouses.

3b) Country that he came from: Fresnel (May 10, 1788 – July 14, 1827), was a French physicist who contributed significantly to the establishment of the theory of wave optics.

3c) Year developed: According to Smithsonian, the first Fresnel lens was used in 1822 in a lighthouse on the Gironde River in France, Cardovan Tower; its light could be seen from more than 20 miles out.

A Fresnel lens is a type of lens invented by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel. Originally developed for lighthouses, the design enables the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the weight and volume of material which would be required in conventional lens design. Compared to earlier lenses, the Fresnel lens is much thinner, and passes more light which allows lighthouses to be visible over much longer distances.

Cardouan Tower

The idea of creating a thinner, lighter lens by making it with separate sections mounted in a frame is often attributed to Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. However, it is difficult to find any other sources that link Buffon to work with optics. French physicist and engineer Augustin-Jean Fresnel is most often given credit for the development of this lens for use in lighthouses. According to Smithsonian, the first Fresnel lens was used in 1822 in a lighthouse on the Gironde River in France, Cardovan Tower; its light could be seen from more than 20 miles out. Scottish physicist Sir David Brewster is credited with convincing The United Kingdom to use these lenses in their lighthouses.

The Fresnel lens reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional spherical lens by breaking the lens into a set of concentric annular sections known as Fresnel zones.

In the first (and largest) variations of the lens, each of these zones was a different prism. Though a lens might look like a single piece of glass, closer examination reveals that it is many small pieces. It was not until modern computer-controlled milling equipment (CNC) could turn out large complex pieces that these lenses were single pieces of glass.

For each of these zones, the overall thickness of the lens is decreased, effectively chopping the continuous surface of a standard lens into a set of surfaces of the same curvature, with discontinuities between them. This allows a substantial reduction in thickness (and thus weight and volume of material) of the lens, at the expense of reducing the imaging quality of the lens.

4. Draw a Fresnel lens:

a. Show how prisms are used to concentrate light
b. Draw a bull’s eye lens and state its purpose[edit]

1: Cross section of a Fresnel lens 2: Cross section of a conventional plano-convex lens of equivalent power

6. Research and describe the history of the mechanism for rotating lights[edit]

In early years and the lenses were rotated by a weight driven clockwork assembly wound by lighthouse keepers (sometimes as often as every two hours). The lens assembly usually floated in mercury to reduce friction. In more modern lighthouses, electric lights and motor drives were used, generally powered by diesel electric generators. These also supplied electricity for the lighthouse keepers.

7. Make a chart of six lighthouses showing nighttime (light) and daytime (daymark) signature.[edit]

Lighthouses have distinguishing daymarks. No two lighthouses are exactly alike. This way, ships and sailors can determine their location. For example, if you see a red lantern and black and white spiral stripes, you will know that you are off the coast of St. Augustine.

A lightship is a lighthouse on a ship. It allows a lighthouse to be put where a lighthouse cannot be built. For example, a lightship may be moored over treacherous reefs, or marking the narrow approaches to a channel. Also, at harbor entrance(s) where lighthouses can not be built or placed in areas too far offshore for a land-based lighthouse's lens to reach.

9. Read about lighthouse keepers and list some of the hazards they faced in completing their duties.[edit]

A lighthouse keeper is the person responsible for tending and caring for a lighthouse, particularly the light and lens in the days when oil lamps and clockwork mechanisms where used. Keepers were needed to trim the wicks, replenish fuel, wind clockworks and perform maintenance tasks such as cleaning lenses and windows.

10. Study quotes by Ellen White mentioning lighthouses and discuss the meaning. Place a copy of the quotes in your scrapbook.[edit]