Oakland
Firestorm 1991

On October 20, 1991 at approximately 5pm, DART made a call to
Oakland dispatch to confirm that Oakland Fire wanted DART to respond. Twelve
members of DART reported to "staging" in Oakland at approximately
8:30pm. A destructive conflagration took place in the hills above the cities
of Oakland and Berkeley, California. Burning embers carried by high winds from
the perimeter of a small but growing duff fire ignited overgrown vegetation
and led to the further ignition of tree crowns and combustible construction
materials of adjacent homes, including many with wood-shingle roofs.

The result was a major wild-land/urban interface fire that killed
25 people including a police officer and a fire fighter, injured 150 others,
destroyed nearly 2,449 single-family dwellings and 437 apartment and condominium
units, burned over 1,600 acres, and did an estimated $1.5 billion in damage.

Even though DART had many firefighters on the team they did not
have the equipment to fight a fire. Knowing that they had little to offer in
the way of suppression capabilities, DART offered up NASA's remote sensing capability.
After several hours of trying to convince the Fire Officer in charge of staging
that NASA had the capability to perform a high altitude flyover to take pictures
of the fire through the smoke, to no avail, the DART representative was finally
put in touch with a California Department of Forestry Battalion Chief. Paul
Sebesta, the Assistant Chief of the Ecosystem Science and Technology Branch,
and a member of DART spoke to Chief Carl Kent of CDF. Paul explained that NASA
had the capability to see through the smoke using infrared thermograph, to take
pictures, and to correlate the pictures to a map of the area.

At approximately 5:00am the following morning, while the fire
was still out of control, NASA, out of Moffett Field/Ames Research Center, conducted
its first flyover. The picture provided information to Oakland Fire and CDF
showing the location and the magnitude of the fire in areas that they were not
even aware of. This was the first time that NASA's infrared remote sensing technology
was used for this purpose. DART's efforts, while not directly responsible for
fire suppression, was nonetheless an extremely valuable element in the overall
effort. It also represented DART's first off-Center deployment.