Bunkers: Can Your Golf Course Afford Them?

Due to
the high cost of maintaining them, bunkers are an obvious place to look for
ways to save money

By
Jim Moore, USGA

Should the predictions
prove true that the economic challenges already facing the golf industry will
continue to worsen, most courses will have to implement steps to reduce labor
costs. Buying cheaper fertilizer and using generic pest control products can
save some money and are worth consideration, but the “800-pound gorilla” in
every maintenance budget is labor. Facilities that have to make big reductions
in expenses are almost certainly going to have to reduce the number of hours
spent on taking care of the course. The obvious step is to look for areas in
which labor hours can be reduced without hurting the playing quality or
long-term agronomic health of the course. Fortunately, most courses will not
have to look very hard to find such areas — they are called “bunkers.”

Many top courses now
maintain bunkers to a level that raises the question as to whether or not they
are still hazards. The Rules of Golf may continue to define bunkers as hazards,
but certainly they are not maintained as such, nor do they pose the challenge of
their predecessors. The golfers’ incessant cries that the bunkers are inconsistent
has been answered with bunkers in which every lie is exactly the same. No
longer must the player make a decision about the type of bunker shot he must
execute based on varying sand depth, sand moisture, or the makeup of the sand
itself. Balls seldom remain on steep slopes and instead roll to the flat bunker
floor. Fried-egg lies are considered unfair and a sign of poor maintenance.

As usual, the tour-stop
courses seen on television set the standards for the rest of the golfing world.
The bunkers at these courses pose only slightly more challenge than the turf
around the greens, with the players getting up and down from the bunkers an astonishing 48 percent of the time.
On those courses that maintain high, tough rough around the greens, the player
who misses the green can only hope the ball ends up in the “hazard.”

To achieve such consistency
in bunkers, extraordinary amounts of labor must be utilized. Simple edging
(necessary to define the margins of the hazard) and raking are not enough. Maintenance
tasks now include packing the bunker faces, removing leaves, maintaining a
specific depth of the sand on the bunker face, and even controlling the
moisture of the sand. This type of maintenance regime requires hundreds of
labor hours per week.

Even with such large
outlays of labor, maintenance alone cannot provide the perfect lies that many
golfers now demand from bunkers. Construction and sand selection must also be taken
to new levels. Manufactured sand (sand that is crushed to create extreme
angularity and thereby is less prone to soft lies) is typically twice the cost
of the same sand before the crushing process. And instead of using a local sand
that requires minimal trucking expense, courses often pay extraordinary hauling
fees to import sand from hundreds of miles away. Bunker construction can easily
exceed $4 per square foot (USGA Green Section Record, July-August 2008, “The
Money Pit”).

During a telephone survey
of 12 superintendents from top courses in the country, the superintendents at these
courses revealed a painful fact — they are spending more of their available resources
to care for their bunkers than they are for their greens. These courses
averaged more than 200 labor hours per week to prepare the bunkers (during
their golfing season). With total labor costs easily exceeding $10 per hour,
the math is straightforward.

The bottom line is that golfers
demand and expect higher quality bunkers today than ever before in the history
of the game. The irony is that bunkers are one of the few areas of the course
in which golfers historically have played an active role in maintenance. Fixing
ball marks, replacing divots, and raking the bunkers after play are simple
tasks that can have a tremendously positive impact on the overall playing
quality of every course. Unfortunately, most superintendents testify that golf
etiquette is at an all-time low (USGA Green Section Record, November-December
2008, “An
Appeal for the Return of Golf Course Etiquette”).

The good news is that as
the golf industry looks for ways to tighten our belts, we don’t have to look
very hard or very far — simply to the nearest bunker. The combination of
minimal bunker maintenance (monthly edging to define the margin and weekly
raking to prevent weeds from taking hold) and golfer willingness to smooth the bunker
after use can save many thousands of dollars in labor costs for all but the
most minimally maintained courses.

Should minimal bunker
maintenance become an economic necessity, there is a simple solution for
golfers who feel they deserve a perfect lie in a hazard. Abandon the Rules of
Golf and pick up the ball, pack and rack your lie in the bunker to your
satisfaction, and replace the ball on your carefully prepared surface. My guess
is that you won’t see your sand-save percentage improve in the slightest, but
maybe it will reduce the whining.

Jim Moore is director
of the Green Section’s Construction Education Program. This article originally
appeared in the May-June 2009 issue of the USGA’s Green Section Record, a publication on turfgrass management. For more information, click
on this link.

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