Who was working with RRE Malvern. Actually the device had been invented by Williams and Heilmeyer at RCA labs, however it needed Gray’s expertise to make an acceptable device. But in typical British fashion we did not develop it commercially, It was the Japanese who realised the value of the invention. Interesting timeline on LCDs. I was shown a working device in 1970 when I started in the electronics business but it wasn’t till 1974 that LCD wristwatches and calculators appeared. Williams had started in 1962 so a long time to gestation! Also the switch from blue sky research to realising there were applications for liquid crystals. In 1970 the LCD would not do the temperature range required. More here on how RCA let it slip through their fingers, they do not mention George Gray!

Quote: “We now recognize that America’s strength was in its speed in creating new ideas and then demonstrating their feasibility. Europe’s strength was in fundamental science and synthesizing basic materials. Japan’s strength was in perfecting the implementation and moving it to mass production.” I suspect without all 3 it would not have happened.