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2 Lightning Review Last lecture: Laws of motion: forces, three ewton s laws: If no forces act on an object, it continues in its original state of motion The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. If two objects interact, the force 12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the force 21 exerted by object 2 on object 1. Review Problem: A football player kicks a football. After one second in flight, what external forces are acting on the ball (neglect air resistance)? (1) force of the kick and force of gravity (2) force of gravity only (3) 9.8 m/s 2

3 Applying ewton s Laws Assumptions Objects behave as particles can ignore rotational motion (for now) Masses of strings or ropes are negligible Interested only in the forces acting on the object

4 Equilibrium An object either at rest or moving with a constant velocity is said to be in equilibrium The net force acting on the object is zero = 0 = 0 x = 0 y Easier to work with the equation in terms of its components

5 Solving Equilibrium Problems Make a sketch of the situation described in the problem Draw a free body diagram for the isolated object under consideration and label all the forces acting on it Resolve the forces into x- and y-components, using a convenient coordinate system Apply equations, keeping track of signs Solve the resulting equations

6 ewton s Second Law Problems Similar to equilibrium except = Use components = ma x x ma = ma y y a x or a y may be zero

7 Solving ewton s Second Law Problems Make a sketch of the situation described in the problem Draw a free body diagram for the isolated object under consideration and label all the forces acting on it If more than one object is present, draw free body diagram for each object Resolve the forces into x- and y-components, using a convenient coordinate system Apply equations, keeping track of signs Solve the resulting equations

8 Applying ewton s Laws Make a sketch of the situation described in the problem, introduce a coordinate frame Draw a free body diagram for the isolated object under consideration and label all the forces acting on it Resolve the forces into x- and y-components, using a convenient coordinate system Apply equations, keeping track of signs Solve the resulting equations

13 ote that g = m is the gravitational force per unit mass. This is called the gravitational field strength. It is also referred to as the acceleration due to gravity. What is the direction of g? What is the direction of w? 13

14 Let s talk more about the Weight As defined previously, the magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an object of mass m near the Earth s surface is called the weight w of the object w = m g is a special case of ewton s Second Law

16 The normal force is the force the scale exerts on you. By ewton s 3 rd Law this is also the force (magnitude only) you exert on the scale. A scale will read the normal force, i.e. ( ) m g + = is what the scale reads. a y When a y = 0, = mg. The scale reads your true weight. When a y 0, >mg or <mg. 16

18 More about weight Weight is not an inherent property of an object mass is an inherent property Weight depends upon location

19 Example: What is the weight of a 100 kg astronaut on the surface of the Earth (force of the Earth on the astronaut)? How about in low Earth orbit? This is an orbit about 300 km above the surface of the Earth. On Earth: w = mg = 980 In low Earth orbit: w = GM ( ) E mg r o = m = ( ) RE + h Their weight is reduced by about 10%. The astronaut is OT weightless! 19 19

20 Contact forces ote: arise because of an interaction between the atoms in the surfaces in contact.

21 Example: ormal force ormal force: contact force exerted on an object by, for example, the surface of a floor or wall, preventing the object from penetrating the surface. acts in the direction perpendicular to the contact surface. orce of the ground on the box orce of the ramp on the box w w 21

22 Example: Consider a box on a table. y BD for box x Apply ewton s 2 nd law y = So that w = w = = 0 mg In this example: the magnitude of the normal force equals the magnitude of the weight; they are not ewton s third law interaction partners. w 22

23 orces of riction When an object is in motion on a surface or through a viscous medium, there will be a resistance to the motion This is due to the interactions between the object and its environment This is resistance is called the force of friction

24 More About riction riction is proportional to the normal force The force of static friction is generally greater than the force of kinetic friction The coefficient of friction (µ) depends on the surfaces in contact The direction of the frictional force is opposite the direction of motion The coefficients of friction are nearly independent of the area of contact

25 Static riction, ƒ s Static friction acts to keep the object from moving If increases, so does ƒ s If decreases, so does ƒ s ƒ s µ

26 Kinetic riction The force of kinetic friction acts when the object is in motion ƒ k = µ

27 ConcepTest You are pushing a wooden crate across the floor at constant speed.you decide to turn the crate on end, reducing by half the surface area in contact with the floor. In the new orientation, to push the same crate across the same floor with the same speed, the force that you apply must be about 1. four times as great 2. twice as great 3. equally great 4. half as great 5. one-fourth as great as the force required before you changed the crate s orientation.

28 ConcepTest You are pushing a wooden crate across the floor at constant speed.you decide to turn the crate on end, reducing by half the surface area in contact with the floor. In the new orientation, to push the same crate across the same floor with the same speed, the force that you apply must be about 1. four times as great 2. twice as great 3. equally great 4. half as great 5. one-fourth as great as the force required before you changed the crate s orientation. ote: The force is proportional to the coefficient of kinetic friction and the weight of the crate. either depends on the size of the surface in contact with the floor.

29 Big Example: Inclined Planes Choose the coordinate system with x along the incline and y perpendicular to the incline Replace the force of gravity with its components

30 Example: Inclined Planes Problem: A child holds a sled at rest on frictionless, snow-covered hill, as shown in figure. If the sled weights 77.0, find the force T exerted by the rope on the sled and the force n exerted by the hill on the sled.

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