Water load group: 2.5 ~ 3 L water intake daily for 12 months (50ml/Kg body weight/day). When large amount water intake is not sustainable, patients can reduce the amount of water intake to the levels as much as large he or she can sustain.

Non-Water Loaded Group

Non-water load group: The patients are free to access water intake, as they like.

Methods The prospective one-year study was conducted on 34 ADPKD patients with creatinine clearance≧50 ml/min/1.73m2. Prior to the enrollment, 30 patients annually evaluated TKV and 24-hour urine for more than one year. Patients were divided into high (H-, n = 18) and free (F-, n = 16) water-intake groups. Total kidney volume (TKV) was measured at the beginning and end of the study. Twenty-four-hour urine and blood were analyzed every four months.

Results Prior to the study, urine volume (UV) in H-group was higher (P = 0.034), but pertinent data including TKV and kidney function slopes were not significantly different between two groups. During the study, UV further increased (P <0.001) in H-group but not in F-group. Plasma copeptin was lower (P = 0.024) in H-group than in F-group. Kidney function and TKV slopes became worse in H-group (P = 0.011 and 0.047, respectively) but not in F-group. High UV associated with increased urine sodium (UNa) and rapid decrease in eGFR(Eqcr-cys) (MDRD equation with cystatin C incorporated) (P = 0.043). UNa positively correlated with % increase in TKV (P = 0.014) and plasma copeptin weakly with increase in TKV (P = 0.038), respectively.

Conclusions Although statistical significance was not reached, high water intake appeared to accelerate rather than prevent disease progression, and these findings necessitate a long-term randomized study before drawing a final conclusion.

Patients who might be danger to drink large amount of water such as having heart failure or past history of cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disorders.

The patients who take habitual medication which affects the AVP action such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI ), tricyclic antidepressants or diuretics.

The patients who is considered inappropriate by physicians.

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Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01348035