True Televisions have the CRT Tube !!
Welcome to the Obsolete Technology Tellye Web Museum. Here you will see a TV Museum showing many Old Tube Television sets
all with the CRT Tube, B/W ,color, Digital, and 100HZ Scan rate, Tubes technology. This is the opportunity on the WEB to see, one more time, what real technology WAS ! In the mean time watch some crappy lcd picture around shop centers (but don't buy them, or money lost, they're already broken when new) !!!

Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

In Brief: On this site you will find pictures and information about some of the electronic, electrical and electrotechnical technology relics that the Frank Sharp Private museum has accumulated over the years .

Premise: There are lots of vintage electrical and electronic items that have not survived well or even completely disappeared and forgotten.

Or are not being collected nowadays in proportion to their significance or prevalence in their heyday, this is bad and the main part of the death land. The heavy, ugly sarcophagus; models with few endearing qualities, devices that have some over-riding disadvantage to ownership such as heavy weight,toxicity or inflated value when dismantled, tend to be under-represented by all but the most comprehensive collections and museums. They get relegated to the bottom of the wants list, derided as 'more trouble than they are worth', or just forgotten entirely. As a result, I started to notice gaps in the current representation of the history of electronic and electrical technology to the interested member of the public.

Following this idea around a bit, convinced me that a collection of the peculiar alone could not hope to survive on its own merits, but a museum that gave equal display space to the popular and the unpopular, would bring things to the attention of the average person that he has previously passed by or been shielded from. It's a matter of culture. From this, the Obsolete Technology Tellye Web Museum concept developed and all my other things too. It's an open platform for all electrical Electronic TV technology to have its few, but NOT last, moments of fame in a working, hand-on environment. We'll never own Colossus or Faraday's first transformer, but I can show things that you can't see at the Science Museum, and let you play with things that the Smithsonian can't allow people to touch, because my remit is different.

There was a society once that was the polar opposite of our disposable, junk society. A whole nation was built on the idea of placing quality before quantity in all things. The goal was not “more and newer,” but “better and higher" .This attitude was reflected not only in the manufacturing of material goods, but also in the realms of art and architecture, as well as in the social fabric of everyday life. The goal was for each new cohort of children to stand on a higher level than the preceding cohort: they were to be healthier, stronger, more intelligent, and more vibrant in every way.

The society that prioritized human, social and material quality is a Winner. Truly, it is the high point of all Western civilization. Consequently, its defeat meant the defeat of civilization itself.

Today, the West is headed for the abyss. For the ultimate fate of our disposable society is for that society itself to be disposed of. And this will happen sooner, rather than later.

OLD, but ORIGINAL, Well made, Funny, Not remotely controlled............. and not Made in CHINA.

How to use the site:

- If you landed here via any Search Engine, you will get what you searched for and you can search more using the search this blog feature provided by Google. You can visit more posts scrolling the left blog archive of all posts of the month/year,or you can click on the main photo-page to start from the main page. Doing so it starts from the most recent post to the older post simple clicking on the Older Post button on the bottom of each page after reading , post after post.

You can even visit all posts, time to time, when reaching the bottom end of each page and click on the Older Post button.

- If you arrived here at the main page via bookmark you can visit all the site scrolling the left blog archive of all posts of the month/year pointing were you want , or more simple You can even visit all blog posts, from newer to older, clicking at the end of each bottom page on the Older Post button.So you can see all the blog/site content surfing all pages in it.

- The search this blog feature provided by Google is a real search engine. If you're pointing particular things it will search IT for you; or you can place a brand name in the search query at your choice and visit all results page by page. It's useful since the content of the site is very large.

Note that if you don't find what you searched for, try it after a period of time; the site is a never ending job !

Every CRT Television saved let revive knowledge, thoughts, moments of the past life which will never return again.........

Many contemporary "televisions" (more correctly named as displays) would not have this level of staying power, many would ware out or require major services within just five years or less and of course, there is that perennial bug bear of planned obsolescence where components are deliberately designed to fail and, or manufactured with limited edition specificities..... and without considering........picture......sound........quality........

A picture-in-picture television receiver is disclosed in which a television picture to be inset is compressed at a compression rate of 1/n and inset as a small-picture in part of a main television picture or large picture, and a single field memory for small-picture reproduction is provided therein in or from which a video signal can be randomly read and written line by line as a unit. In the single field memory is stored the small-picture video signal line by line by the application of a writing clock in which case the time taken in the writing is less than 1/(n+1) of a horizontal period. Then, from the memory is read the stored small-picture information by the application of a reading clock of n times the frequency of the writing clock during the time that writing is not performed, and supplied to be inset in the main television picture. A small-capacity buffer memory is provided at the prestage or following stage of the field memory to prevent the read/write timing overlap in the field memory irrespective of whether the small-picture and the main television picture are synchronized or not in the transmission systems. Thus, the capacity of the field memory essential for the small-picture is about a half of the conventional one.

Technology Overview:

Picture-in-picture means the insertion of a second programs picture on the screen of a CTV receiver (at reduced size) simultaneously with the full-size main picture. The second, smail picture may origine from anofher TV"transmitter, from a video recorder, a monitor camera or another source. It allows monitoring of the second channel while watching the main channel. Main requirementfor picture-in-picture is to store the content of the small picture when it is supplied by its source, and to deliver the content at the proper Instant when it must be inserted into the main picture which is received and displayed continuously. For storing the content of the second, small picture, two standard 64 K dynamic RAMs (16 x 4) are used, thus makingthe storage simple and economic. Todays picture-in-picture fits neatless Into the wellknown DIGIT2000 system, but is also suitable for stand-alone applications. The PIP2250 is a fast signal processor in CMOS technology which is used to filter (for anti-aliasing) and to decimate the digital Y, R-Yand B-Y signal supplied by the VSP2850 VideoSync Processor, to control the DRAMs for storing the small pictures content and for reading the same at the proper time for display. Further, a border generator supplies the borderline for the small picture

Digit 2000 VLSI Digital TV System DIGIVISION ITT Intermetal Timing correction for a picture-in-picture television system

System performance of picture-in-picture video display systems is dependent on critical timing relationships between the incoming signals and the clock signals used to sample and display both the large picture and small picture signals. Video signals from various sources, e.g. VTR's, tend to have jittering time bases which may cause the small image to appear jagged or tilted. This distortion in the small image may be reduced by effecting adaptive signal delays in the small picture signal responsive to the relative phase of the system clock signal with respect to the horizontal synchronizing pulses of the large and/or small picture signal. One phase measure is used to control an interpolator which combines successive samples of the small picture signal in proportions to develop sample values corresponding to samples that would have occurred had the small picture signal been sampled by a clock properly aligned to the small picture horizontal synchronizing pulses. A second phase measure is used to delay the clock signal used to display the small picture so that the clock pulses that define the edges of the small picture occurs with the same timing relative to the large picture horizontal synchronizing pulses form line-to-line.

1. In a video signal processing system including a source of first video signal having a periodic horizontal line synchronizing signal component and a memory for holding sampled data representing a second video signal, apparatus for processing said sampled data in synchronism with said first video signal comprising:

means coupled to said source for developing horizontal synchronizing pulses representing the horizontal line synchronizing signal component of said first video signal:

a terminal for applying a clock pulse signal wherein the occurrence of clock pulses possibly exhibits varying amounts of skew relative to said horizontal synchronizing pulses;

skew measuring means coupled to said clock signal terminal and responsive to said horizontal synchronizing pulses for generating a control signal corresponding to the difference in time, as a proper fraction of the period of said clock pulse signal, between the occurrence of a horizontal synchronizing pulse and a pulse of said clock signal;

means coupled to said clock signal terminal, for controlling the reading of the sampled data from said memory; and

skew correcting means coupled to said clock signal terminal, to said memory and to said skew measuring means for effecting a time displacement of the signal represented by the sampled data read from said memory, the magnitude of said time displacement being determined by said control signal.

means coupled to said clock signal terminal and responsive to said control signal for effecting a time displacement of said clock signal to develop a skew corrected clock signal; and

means for applying said skew corrected clock signal to said means for controlling the reading of sampled data from said memory.

3. The apparatus set forth in claim 2 wherein:

said skew measuring means includes means for measuring the time interval between the center point of a pulse of said horizontal line synchronizing signal and a transition of the pulse of said clock signal which occurs in time immediately prior to said center point.

means for generating samples corresponding to the sums of first and second consecutive samples read from said memory and scaled by respective first and second scale factors proportional to said control signal.

means for scaling the values of first and second consecutive samples read from said memory by first and second mutually complementary scale factors proportional to said control signal; and

means for combining the first and second scaled samples to develop samples representing said time displaced signal.

6. In a video signal processing system including a source of first video signal having a horizontal line synchronizing component and a source of second video signal having a horizontal line synchronizing component, apparatus for processing said second video signal in synchronism with said first video signal comprising:

means coupled to said source of first video signal for developing first horizontal synchronizing pulses representing the horizontal synchronizing component of said first video signal;

means coupled to said source of second video signal for developing second horizontal synchronizing pulses representing the horizontal line synchronizing component of said second video signal;

a terminal for applying a clock pulse signal, wherein the occurrence of clock pulses possibly exhibits respectively different varying amounts of skew relative to said first and second horizontal sync pulses;

means coupled to said source of second video signal for developing samples representing said second video signal at instants in time determined by said clock signal;

first skew measuring means coupled to said clock signal terminal and responsive to said second horizontal synchronizing pulses for generating a first control signal corresponding to the time difference between the occurrence of one of said second horizontal synchronizing pulses and a pulse of said clock pulse signal;

first skew correcting means responsive to said first control signal and coupled to said sampling means for modifiying the values of samples provided thereby to effect a time displacement of the signal represented by said samples, the magnitude of said time displacement being determined by said first control signal;

memory means coupled to said skew correcting means for storing samples representing said time displaced second signal;

second skew measuring means responsive to said clock signal and to said first horizontal synchronizing pulses for generating a second control signal corresponding to the time difference between the occurrence of one of said first horizontal synchronizing pulses and a pulse of said clock signal;

means coupled to said clock signal terminal for controlling the reading of the sampled data from said memory means; and

second skew correcting means coupled to said clock signal terminal, to said memory and to said skew measuring means for effecting a time displacement of the signal represented by the sampled data read from said memory, the magnitude of said time displacement being determined by said second control signal.

7. The apparatus set forth in claim 6 wherein said second skew correcting means comprises:

means coupled to said clock signal terminal and responsive to said second control signal for effecting a time displacement of said clock signal to develop a skew corrected clock signal; and

means for applying said skew corrected clock signal to said means for controlling the reading of sampled data from said memory.

8. The apparatus set forth in claim 6 wherein said second skew correcting means comprises:

means for generating samples corresponding to the sums of first and second consecutive samples read from said memory and scaled by respective first and second scale factors proportional to said second control signal.

9. The apparatus set forth in claim 6 wherein said second skew correcting means comprises:

means for scaling the values of first and second consecutive samples read from said memory by first and second mutually complementary scale factors proportional to said second control signal; and

means for combining the first and second scaled samples to develop samples representing said time displaced signal.

10. The apparatus set forth in claim 6 wherein:

said first skew measuring means comprises means for measuring the time interval, as a proper fraction of a period of said clock signal, between a predetermined point on a pulse of said second horizontal line synchronizing signal and a transition of a pulse of said clock signal which is adjacent in time to said predetermined point; and

said second skew measuring means comprises means for measuring the time interval, as a proper fraction of a period of said clock signal, between a predetermined point on a pulse of said first horizontal line synchronizing signal and a transition of a pulse of said clock signal which is adjacent in time to said predetermined point.

11. The apparatus set forth in claim 10 wherein said first skew correcting means includes means for scaling the values of first and second consecutive samples representing said second signal by a factor proportional to said first control signal and by a factor proportional to the complement of said first control signal respectively and means for adding the first and second scaled samples to develop a first sample representing said time displaced signal. 12. In a picture-in-picture television display system including a source of first video signal having a periodic horizontal line synchronizing signal component and a source of second video signal having a periodic horizontal line synchronzing signal component, apparatus for processing said second video signal in synchronism with said first video signal comprising:

means including a memory for processing said second video signal to develop sampled data in said memory representing said second video signal;

a terminal for applying a clock pulse signal wherein the occurrence of pulses of said clock signal possibly exhibits varying amounts of skew relative to the horizontal synchronizing pulses of said first video signal;

skew measuring means coupled to said clock signal terminal and responsive to said horizontal synchronizing pulses of said first signal for generating a control signal corresponding to the amount time, as a proper fraction of the period of said clock signal, between the occurrence of a horizontal synchronizing pulse and a pulse of said clock signal;

skew correcting means coupled to said clock signal terminal and responsive to said control signal for effecting a time displacement of said clock signal to develop a skew corrected clock signal:

means coupled to said skew correcting means and to said memory for extracting the sampled data therefrom in synchronism with said skew corrected clock signal; and

multiplexing means coupled to said sampled data extracting means and to said source of first video signal for selectively providing signals from said source of first video signal and from said memory to a display device.

13. The apparatus set forth in claim 12 wherein:

said skew measuring means includes means for measuring the time interval between a predetermined point on a pulse of said horizontal line synchronizing signal and a transition of the pulse of said clock signal which occurs immediately prior to said predetermined point; and

said skew correcting means includes means for delaying said clock signal by an amount of time approximately equal to said time interval to develop said skew corrected clock signal.

14. The apparatus set forth in claim 12 wherein said means for processing said second video signal comprises:

means coupled to said source of second video signal for developing further horizontal synchronizing pulses representing the horizontal line synchronizing signal component of said second video signal;

means coupled to said source of second video signal for developing samples representing said second video signal at instants in time determined by said clock signal;

further skew measuring means coupled to said clock signal terminal and responsive to said further horizontal synchronizing pulses for generating a further control signal corresponding to the amount of time, as a proper fraction of the period of said clock signal, between the occurrence of a further horizontal sync pulse and a pulse of said clock signal;

further skew correcting means coupled to said sample developing means and to said clock signal terminal and responsive to said further control signal for effecting a time displacement of the signal represented by the samples provided by said sample developing means;

means coupled to said further skew correcting means for applying selected ones of the samples provided thereby to said memory.

15. The apparatus set forth in claim 14 wherein,

said second video signal may include a color synchronizing burst signal component; and

the clock pulse signal applied to said clock terminal is synchronized in frequency and phase to said color synchronizing burst signal component.

16. The apparatus set forth in claim 14, wherein:

said first and second video signals include respective first and second chrominance signal components including respective first and second color synchronizing burst signal components;

the clock pulse signal applied to said clock terminal is synchronized in frequency and phase to said first color synchronizing burst signal component;

the chrominance signal components of the samples provided by said sample providing means tend to have phase errors relative to the samples which would be provided if the clock signal were locked in frequency and phase to the second color synchronizing burst signal component; and

means coupled to said sample providing means and responsive to said second color synchronizing burst signal component for substantially correcting said phase errors.

17. In a picture-in-picture television display apparatus including a source of first video signal having a periodic horizontal line synchronizing component, means for applying a clock pulse signal wherein the occurrence of clock pulses may exhibit varying amounts of skew relative to said horizontal line synchronizing component, a memory for holding sampled data representing a second video signal, means for displaying the image represented by said first video signal and means for reading the sampled data from said memory and for displaying the image represented by said samples as an inset in the image represented by said second video signal, wherein the improvement comprises:

skew measuring means responsive to said clock signal and to said horizontal synchronizing pulses for generating a control signal corresponding to the difference in time, as a proper fraction of the period of said clock signal between the occurrence of a horizontal synchronizing pulse and a pulse of said clock signal; and

skew correcting means responsive to said clock signal and coupled to said memory and to said skew measuring means for effecting a time displacement of the sampled data read from said memory, the magnitude of said time displacement being determined by said control signal.

Description:

This invention relates to apparatus for reducing the visibility of timing errors in the inset image of a picture in picture (PIP) television display system.

In a PIP system, two images from possibly unrelated sources are displayed simultaneously as one image. The composite image includes a full size primary image and a reduced size secondary image displayed as an inset. The subjective quality of the inset portion of the composite image may be affected by timing errors in either the primary or secondary signals.

The timing errors relevant to the present invention occur when either the primary or secondary signal is a nonstandard signal. As used in this application, the term nonstandard signal means a video signal having a horizontal line period which may vary in width by, for example, 4 ns or more from the horizontal line period set by the signal standard to which the video signal nominally conforms (e.g. NTSC, PAL, or SECAM).

To understand how these timing errors may affect the inset image, it is helpful to know how the secondary signal is processed and displayed. In a conventional PIP display system, the secondary signal is sampled at instants determined by a sampling clock signal which, desirably, bears a fixed relationship to the horizontal line scanning frequency of the secondary signal. To aid separation of the luminance and chrominance components of color television signals, the sampling clock signal has a frequency that is a multiple of the chrominance subcarrier frequency which is itself a harmonic of one-half the horizontal line scanning frequency. This sampling clock signal may be developed by a phase locked loop which locks the clock signal to the color reference burst component of the composite video signals.

The secondary signals are separated into their component parts, generally a luminance signal and two color difference signals, and then subsampled both vertically and horizontally to develop signals which represent a reduced-size image. The lines of samples taken during one field of the secondary signal are stored in a memory. These samples are then read from the memory for display using a clock signal which is desirably related to the horizontal line scanning frequency of the primary signal.

When the secondary signal originates from a video tape recorder (VTR), video disk player or home computer, the frequency of the color burst signal may be relatively stable while the frequency of the horizontal line scanning signal may vary significantly from line to line. This variation may be caused by stretching of the tape, defects in the disk, motor speed variations in either the VTR or disk player, or inaccuracies in the frequencies used by the home computer. Since the sampling clock signal is locked to the burst signal, corresponding sampling points on successive lines may be shifted or skewed relative to each other. When these lines of samples are displayed in synchronism with the primary signal, the corresponding samples do not line up vertically. Consequently vertical lines in the inset image may appear jagged, if the timing errors randomly change the period of the horizontal sync signal, or tilted if there is a fixed error in the horizontal sync period. Assuming a 3:1 reduction in the secondary image, a timing difference of 12 ns or more in successive horizontal line periods of the secondary signal may produce noticeable skew distortion in the inset image.

Timing errors in the primary signals change the relative time difference between primary horizontal sync pulses, which define the edges of the primary image, and the first samples in lines of the inset image. Primary signal timing errors that cause the periods of successive horizontal sync pulses to vary from the applicable signal standard by 4 ns or more may produce noticeable skew distortion in the inset image. This distortion causes the entire inset image to appear jagged or tilted.

To gain a better understanding of skew and the methods which may be used to compensate for it, consider the waveforms shown in FIG. 1. The waveform A represents a portion of one horizontal line of, e.g. luminance signal, including the horizontal synchronizing pulse (note the waveforms of FIG. 1 are not drawn to scale). Waveforms B, C and C' represent sampling (system) clock waveforms. The pulses of waveform B are assumed to occur at the points in time that a subcarrier locked clock, locked to a standard signal, would occur. Put another way, if waveform A corresponds to n lines of an image, then waveform B represents the desired sampling (system) clock for each successive line, i.e. without skew. A clock signal having constant skew may also be desirable. In either a zero skew or a constant skew system, the sampling clock pulse r always occurs at the same point in time relative to the HSYNC pulse. This point in time is represented by the sample S2 on waveform A. Waveform C represents a subcarrier locked clock which exhibits a degree of skew. The number of pulses per line period contained in waveform C may not be constant from line-to-line. Generally, the difference in the number of whole clock pulses in a line period can be compensated for in the phase locked loop which generates the horizontal synchronizing signal. The sampling phase error (skew) which is a fractional portion of a clock period, however, may only be corrected by operation on the samples themselves or on the sampling clock signal.

One method of correction is to adjust the sample values on a line-by-line basis so that the adjusted samples conform to samples that would be taken by a clock with zero skew or with some constant skew. For example, the sample values generated by the clock signal of waveform C may be adjusted to equal or approximate corresponding sample values that would be generated by the clock signal of waveform B. In the FIG. 1, clock pulse r' of waveform C is assumed to correspond to clock pulse r of waveform B. Clock pulse r' is advanced in time or skewed by one-half of one clock period, TS, with respect to clock pulse r. Clock pulse r' generates a sample value S1. Desirably, clock pulse r' should occur coincident with clock pulse r and generate the sample value S2.

Replacing the sample taken coincident with clock pulse r' with a sample having a value approximately equal to S2 effectively advances the timing of the signal taken with the sampling clock signal C so that it matches the signal which would have been taken had the zero-skew sampling clock signal B been used. Neglecting the complications of chrominance decoding, an alternative method of skew correction is to adjust the phase of the sampling clock signal on a line-by-line basis so that it approximately matches the phase of the desired clock signal B or some other clock signal which exhibits equal skew from line to line. The waveform C' represents the clock signal C delayed an amount of time substantially equal to the skew. Samples taken with this delayed clock signal approximate samples taken with the desired clock signal, B.

The first skew correction method may be used to correct skew errors in the secondary signal since it does not affect the phase of the sampling clock signal. It is recalled that the phase of this clock signal cannot be changed without affecting the processing of the secondary chrominance signal components. The second skew correction method may be used to compensate for skew errors in the primary signal when the samples representing the separated luminance and color difference signal components of the secondary image are retrieved from the secondary field memory for display.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is embodied in apparatus which compensates for timing errors in a first video signal relative to a second, stored video signal. This apparatus includes circuitry for measuring the time interval between a horizontal synchronizing pulse of the first signal and a pulse of the clock signal which controls the retrieval and display of the second signal. The apparatus further includes circuitry with changes the timing of the second signal relative to the horizontal sync component of the first signal, as the second signal is displayed, to compensate for any variations in the measured time intervals from line-to-line.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a timing diagram useful in describing skew and methods of skew correction.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a PIP television display system incorporating the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a digital PIP television display system incorporating the present invention.

FIGS. 4 and 5 are a block diagrams showing skew correction circuitry which may be used in the display devices shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of alternative skew correcting apparatus which may be used in the display devices shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the drawings, broad arrows represent busses for multiple-bit parallel digital signals and line arrows represent connections carrying analog signals or single bit digital signals. Depending on the processing speed of the devices, compensating delays may be required in certain of the signal paths. One skilled in the art of digital signal processing circuit design would know where such delays would be needed in a particular system.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a PIP display device in which the primary signal is processed using conventional analog apparatus and the secondary signal is processed digitally. This circuitry uses a single clock signal, synchronized to the secondary burst signal, both for sampling and processing the secondary signal and for displaying the secondary image as an inset in the main image.

A source of primary composite video signals 10 applies the primary video signals to a Y/C separation filter 12. Filter 12, which may include conventional low-pass and high-pass filters, separates the composite video signals into primary luminance signals, YP, and primary chrominance signals Cp. The primary luminance and chrominance signals are applied to a primary chroma/luma processor 14 which may include, for example, band shaping filters for peaking the high frequency components of the luminance signals to develop a signal Y'P and a chrominance signal demodulator for deriving the baseband color difference signals (R-Y)P and (B-Y)P from the primary chrominance signals, CP. The signals Y'P, (R-Y)P, and (B-Y)P applied to a matrix 16 which combines the signals to develop the color signals RP, GP and BP. These signals are applied to one set of signal input terminals of an analog multiplexer 26, the output of which drives a cathode ray tube (CRT) 28. The color signals RS, GS and BS developed from the secondary signal are applied to a second set of signal input terminals of the multiplexer 26. These signals are developed by apparatus described below.

A source of secondary composite video signals 50, which may include the tuner, IF amplifier and video detector of a conventional color television receiver, provides secondary composite video signals to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 52. ADC 52 samples and digitizes the secondary composite video signals at instants determined by the sampling clock signal CK. A phase-locked-loop (PLL) 56, described below, generates the signal, CK, which has a frequency 4fc substantially equal to four times the chrominance subcarrier frequency, fc. The signal CK is phase locked to the color synchronizing burst component of the secondary video signals.

ADC 52 provides digitized secondary video signals to a Y/C separation filter 54. Filter 54 may be a conventional digital filter having a clock input terminal coupled to receive the signal CK. Filter 54 may include, for example, an FIR filter which passes the chrominance signal components of composite video signal to the relative exclusion of luminance signal components and a subtracter for subtracting the chrominance signal components from the composite signal to develop luminance signal components.

ADC 52 also provides secondary composite video signals to a deflection processing unit (DPU) 60, which includes sync separator circuitry 58 and skew error measuring circuitry 59. The sync separator circuitry 58 and skew measuring circuitry 59 in the illustrated embodiment are components in a phase-locked-loop which produces a horizontal synchronizing signal, SHS, that is phase-locked to the horizontal synchronizing signal component of the secondary signal. Sync separator circuitry 58 applies the signal SHS and a digital value (HSP) containing an integer part and a fractional part representing the period of the signal SHS in units of one-sixteenth of the sampling clock period (1/16 Ts) to the skew measuring circuitry 59. The sync separator circuitry 58 also develops the vertical synchronization signals, SVS, and a burst gate signal, BG, from the digitized secondary composite video signals. The burst gate signal, BG, and the separated chrominance signals from filter 54 are applied to PLL 56. PLL 56 is, for example, a circuit similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,332 entitled "Phase Locked Circuit" which is hereby incorporated by reference.

The clock signal CK is applied to the skew measuring circuitry 59. Exemplary skew measuring circuitry 59 accumulates the fractional part of the horizontal skew period values, HSP, provided by the sync separator circuitry 58 to develop a secondary skew signal, SSK. The integer part of the signal SSK is fed back to the sync separator circuitry 58, where it is used in the phase-locked-loop to update the horizontal sync period measurement. The fractional part of the signal SSK is retained in the accumulator of the skew measuring circuitry 59 and applied as skew values to the skew correcting circuitry 62. As used in the present embodiment, the fractional part of the signal SSK represents the time interval between the center of the respective phase locked horizontal sync pulse and the leading edge of the clock pulse which occurs immediately before the center of the respective horizontal sync pulse. This interval is measured with a resolution substantially equal to one-sixteenth of the period of the signal CK. The sync separator circuitry 58 and the skew measuring circuitry 59 are of the type contained in the integrated circuit DPU 2532 manufactured by ITT Intermetall GmbH and which is described at pages 47-72 of the data book "Digit 2000 NTSC Double-scan VLSI Digital TV System" edition 1985/5 of ITT Intermetall, Freiburg, W. Germany.

Exemplary skew error correcting circuitry 62 is shown in FIG. 4. This circuitry interpolates between successive input samples to provide output samples that are substantially equivalent to the samples which would have been taken synchronous with a sampling clock signal having zero skew. The circuitry shown in FIG. 4 may be divided into two parts, a linear interpolator and a correction circuit. Luminance samples YS are applied to a delay element 410, which delays the samples by one period of the clock signal CK. The delayed samples are applied to a multiplier 412 which scales the samples by a factor K. The factor K may be a value between zero and one and is provided by a read only memory (ROM) 424 in response to the secondary skew signal SSK. Luminance samples YS are also applied to a multiplier 414 which scales these undelayed samples by a factor 1-K, also provided by ROM 424. The samples provided by the multipliers 412 and 414 are summed in adder 416.

The samples provided by adder 416 are linearly interpolated samples. If the frequency components of the sampled signals YS are an order of magnitude or more lower than the sampling frequency, the apparent delay of the interpolated samples is given by the product KTS, where TS is the period of the sampling clock signal CK. As the frequency components of the sampled signals approach the sampling frequency, however, the amount by which Ys appears to have been delayed becomes a function of the levels of its higher frequency components as well as of K. The correction circuit, which includes filter 422, multiplier 428 and adder 420 compensates for the frequency induced delay components. Luminance signals YS are applied to the filter 422 which has the transfer function T422 =-1+Z-1 +Z-2 -Z-3 expressed in Z transform notation. The samples provided by filter 422 are scaled by a factor C in multiplier 428. The factor C is provided by ROM 424 in response to the secondary skew signal, SSK. The samples developed by adder 416 are applied to a delay element 418 which compensates for the processing time through filter 422. These delayed samples are then added to the samples from multiplier 428 by an adder 420.

The combination of the linear interpolator and the correcting filter produce signals having an apparent delay of (1+K)Ts where the signals to be delayed have components with frequencies as high as one-third of the frequency of the sampling clock signal. In the NTSC system, for example, where the sampling clock frequency is approximately 14.3 MHz this skew correcting circuit provides uniformly spaced delays for luminance signals which may have frequency components up to 4.2 MHz. I defines the contents of ROM 424 to achieve delay steps of one-sixteenth of a sampling clock period.

The samples provided by this skew correcting circuit 62 have apparent delays of between 17TS /16 and 2TS. The delay is only apparent because the actual timing of the samples has not been changed. The skew correcting circuit 62 adjusts the sample values in each line of secondary luminance signals so they appear to have been generated using a sampling clock signal which had negligible skew.

The chrominance samples provided by Y/C separation filter 54 are applied to delay element 63 which provides a two sample period delay to compensate for the delay through the skew correcting circuitry 62. Because the chrominance signal has a smaller bandwidth than the luminance signal and because the eye is less sensitive to color transitions than to changes in brightness, skew errors in the chrominance signal are not as noticeable as skew errors in the luminance signal. Accordingly, the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 does not correct skew errors in the chrominance signal. It will be appreciated, however, that delay element 63 may be replaced with a skew correcting circuit similar to circuit element 62.

The luminance samples from skew correcting circuitry 62 and the chrominance samples from delay element 63 are applied to a secondary chroma/luma processor 64. Processor 64 may include, for example, an FIR band shaping filter for peaking the frequency spectrum of the digital luminance signals to provide a modified secondary luminance signal YS ' and a digital chrominance demodulator for developing samples which represent the baseband secondary color difference signals (R-Y)S and (B-Y)S.

The signals YS ', (R-Y)S and (B-Y)S are applied to PIP field memory 68 where they are subsampled and stored under control of the write address generator circuitry 70. Memory 68 may be a conventional random access memory having a sufficient number of storage cells to hold one field of the subsampled secondary signal. This memory may be organized as three separate field memories, one for the luminance signal and one for each of the two color difference signals, or it may be organized as a single field memory with the sampled luminance and color difference signals combined into a single sampled signal. For example, these signals may be combined by alternately concatenating samples of the two color difference signals to samples of the luminance signal.

Data from the secondary chroma/luma processor 64 is written into the field memory 68 under control of the memory address generator circuity 70. The circuitry 70 develops write address signals, WADDR, and other control signals WCS, as may be needed from the clock signal CK, and the secondary vertical and horizontal sync signals SVS and SHS respectively. The write address generator circuitry 70 operates to subsample the secondary signal in, for example, a three-to-one ratio both vertically and horizontally by providing address values and control signals for the memory 68 at appropriate times.

Samples representing lines of the subsampled secondary image are read from the PIP field memory 68 under control of the read address generator circuitry 24. The signals applied to circuitry 24 are the primary vertical and horizontal sync signals, PVS and PHS respectively, and a skew corrected clock signal CK'. The circuitry 24 may for example, count pulses of the horizontal sync signal, PHS, relative to the vertical sync pulses, PVS, and pulses of the signal CK' relative to the primary horizontal sync pulses to determine when to initiate read operations for the memory 68 and when to switch the multiplexer 26 between providing primary and secondary drive signals to the display device 28. Read address generator 24 provides a read address signal, RADDR, and read control signals RCS, to the field memory 68 and a primary/secondary image selection signal, P/S to the multiplexer 26.

The write address generator circuitry 70, read address generator circuitry 24 and field memory 68 are not a part of the present invention and, so, are not described in detail. Exemplary circuitry for subsampling, storing, and retrieving the signal which produces the insert image is described in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,249,213 entitled "Picture-in-Picture Television Receiver" and 4,139,860 entitled "Television Receiver Equipped for Simultaneously Showing Several Programs" which are hereby incorporated by reference.

The Read address generator 24, it is recalled, operates in synchronism with the skew corrected clock signal CK'. This signal is generated as follows. Primary composite video signals from source 10 are applied to an ADC 17 which is clocked by the signal CK provided by the PLL 56. ADC 17 applies the sampled primary composite video signals to a DPU 20. DPU 20, which includes sync separator 18 and skew measuring circuitry 19 may be identical to the DPU 60 described above. The sync separator 18 develops the primary vertical sync signal, PVS, and the primary horizontal sync signal, PHS, from the primary composite video signals. The signal PHS, the horizontal sync period value HSP, and the clock signal CK are applied to the skew measuring circuitry 19. Circuitry 19 is functionally identical to the skew measuring circuitry 59 described above. It measures the time difference between the center of each pulse of the signal PHS and the leading edge of the immediately preceding pulse of the clock signal CK. The fractional part of the signal, PSK, provided by the skew measuring circuitry 19 is a four bit value indicating the skew for each primary horizontal scan line in units of one-sixteenth of the period of the clock signal CK. The integer part of the signal PSK is applied to the sync separator 18 as set forth above in reference to DPU 60. The fractional part of the signal PSK and the signal CK are applied to the skew correcting circuitry 22. Circuitry 22 may be a programmable delay element similar to that shown in FIG. 5.

In FIG. 5, the clock signal CK is applied to the input termnal of an inverter I1 which is the first inverter in a chain of thirty series-connected inverters. The inverter chain is organized as fifteen pairs of inverters, I1 and I1 ' through I15 and I15 '. The input terminal to the inverter I1 and the output terminals of all of the pairs, i.e. I1 ', I2 ' . . . I15 ' are connected to respectively different data input terminals of the multiplexer 500. The control input port of multiplexer 500 is coupled to receive the fractional part of the primary skew signal, PSK, provided by the skew measuring circuitry 19. Each pair of inverters in the chain has a signal propogation delay of approximately one-sixteenth of the period of clock signal CK so the output terminals of each of the pairs provide clock signals delayed by between one-sixteenth and fifteen-sixteenths of a clock period. The multiplexer 500 is conditioned by the fractional part of the signal PSK to provide, as its output signal CK', the signal CK when PSK is zero, the signal at the output terminal of inverter of I1 ' when PSK is one, the signal at the output terminal of inverter I2 ' when PSK is two, and so on, providing the signal at the output terminal of inverter I15 ' when PSK is fifteen. Accordingly, the signal CK' provided by the skew correcting circuitry 22 is a clock signal CK delayed by an amount of time approximately equal to the value of the fractional part of PSK times one-sixteenth of the period of the signal CK. As set forth above, in reference to FIG. 1, this signal is a skew corrected clock signal, which is to say a clock signal aligned with the horizontal sync signal PHS from line-to-line.

The samples provided by the memory 68 in synchronism with the skew corrected clock signal CK' are applied to a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 72 which is clocked by the skew corrected clock signal CK'. DAC 72 provides analog signals representing the secondary luminance and (R-Y) and (B-Y) color difference signals to the matrix 74. Matrix 74 is a conventional analog matrix which converts secondary luminance and color difference signals into the color signals RS, GS, and BS for application to the multiplexer 26 as set forth above.

The analog multiplexer 26 is controlled by the image selection signal P/S provided by the read address generator 24 to apply either primary or secondary signals to the display device 28 to develop composite PIP images.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing aternative circuitry to correct for skew in the primary signal. This embodiment uses an interpolation scheme which is the same as is used to correct for the skew of the secondary signal. The read address generator circuitry 24' is clocked by the signal CK but is otherwise the same as the circuitry 24 described in reference to FIG. 2. From the clock signal CK and the primary horizontal and vertical sync signals PHS and PVS, read address generator circuitry 24' develops the read address signal RADDR and the read control signals RCS which control the reading of the subsampled secondary luminance and color difference signals from the PIP field memory 68. The luminance samples, Yss, are applied to skew correcting circuitry 22' which is responsive to the fractional part of the signal PSK. Circuitry 22' may be identical to the skew correcting circuitry 62 described above in reference to FIG. 2. Circuitry 22' interpolates between successive ones of the samples Yss to provide samples having values representing a signal delayed by the skew value. In other words, substantially the same signal as would be represented by the samples read from the memory in synchronism with a skew corrected clock signal. The luminance samples developed by the skew correcting circuitry 22' are applied to a DAC 72'. The (R-Y) and (B-Y) color difference samples provided by the field memory 68' are applied to the DAC 72' via the compensating delay elements 602 and 604 respectively. Delay elements 602 and 604 compensate for processing delay in the skew correcting circuitry 22'. As set forth in reference to the skew correcting circuitry 62, only the luminance signals need skew correction since the eye is less sensitive to changes in color than to changes in brightness. Nonetheless, it is contemplated that the delay elements 602 and 604 may be replaced by skew correcting circuitry similar to the circuitry 22' if skew correction of the color difference samples is found to be desirable. The DAC 72' is clocked by the uncorrected clock signal CK but is otherwise the same as the DAC 72 described with reference to FIG. 2. DAC 72' provides analog luminance and color difference signals representing the reduced secondary signal to the matrix 74.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the invention in which both the primary and secondary signals are processed digitally. A single clock signal, PCK, which is phase locked to the primary color synchronizing burst signal, is used for both the primary and secondary processing circuitry. Since the secondary signals are sampled by a clock which is not phase locked to the secondary color burst signal, this embodiment of the invention includes circuitry to adjust the phase of the secondary chrominance signals to ensure proper color reproduction.

In the PIP system shown in FIG. 3, analog composite video signals from a source of primary composite video signals 310 are applied to an ADC 317. ADC 317 is responsive to the primary burst locked clock signal PCK to provide digital samples representing the analog primary video signals. These samples are applied to a Y/C separation filter 312 and to the DPU 320. DPU 320 is, for example, identical to the DPUs 20 and 60 described above. It provides the primary vertical and horizontal synchronization signals, PHS and PVS, a primary burst gate signal, PBG, and a signal, PSK, representing the skew of the clock signal, PCK, relative to the primary horizontal sync signal, PHS, as a proper fraction of the clock period. The Y/C separation filter 312, which may be identical to the filter 54, separates the luminance and chrominance components from the primary composite video signals.

The primary chrominance signals from filter 312 and the burst gate signal PBG from sync separator 318 are applied to the PLL 321. PLL 321, which may contain circuitry identical to that used by the PLL 56, generates the clock signal PCK having a frequency of substantially 4fc that is phase-locked to the color burst component of the primary signal.

The primary luminance and chrominance signal components are applied to the primary chroma/luma processor 314. Chroma/luma processor 314 provides processed luminance signals and (R-Y) and (B-Y) color difference signals to the DAC 315. DAC 315 converts the digital luminance and color difference signals into analog form and applies the analog signals to an RGB matrix 316. Matrix 316 develops the red, green, and blue color signals which represent the primary image, and applies them to a first set of signal input terminals of a multiplexer 326. Multiplexer 326, selects between the color signals representing the primary image and color signals representing the secondary image, which are applied to a second set of signal input terminals, to drive the display device 328. Apparatus which generates the color signals for the secondary image and which generates the selection signal, P/S, for the multiplexer 326 is described below.

Analog composite video signals from a source of secondary composite video signals 350 are applied to an ADC 352. ADC 352 is responsive to the primary sampling clock signal PCK for providing samples representing secondary composite video signals to the Y/C separation filter 354 and to the DPU 360. DPU 360, for example, is identical to the DPUs 20 and 60 described above. It provides the secondary horizontal and vertical synchronization signals, SHS and SVS respectively, a secondary burst gate signal SBG, and a signal, SSK, representing the skew of the clock signal PCK relative to the secondary horizontal sync signal SHS as a proper fraction of the clock period.

Y/C separation filter 354, separates the secondary composite video samples into a luminance signal component and a chrominance signal component. The luminance signal component and the signal SSK from skew measuring circuitry 359 are applied to skew correcting circuitry 362. The circuitry 362 may be identical to the circuitry described with reference to FIG. 4. It produces luminance samples having equal skew from line-to-line relative to the secondary horizontal sync signal SHS. These samples are applied to the secondary chroma/luma processor 364. The chrominance samples from filter 354 are applied to the processor 364 via the delay element 363. Delay element 363 compensates for the processing delays incurred by the luminance samples in the skew correction circuitry 362 by delaying the chrominance samples by two sample periods.

The secondary luma/chroma processor 364 processes the luminance signal and demodulates the chrominance signal into two quadrature phase related color difference signals. In this instance, however, the color difference signals provided by the processor 364 may not be (R-Y) and (B-Y) signals. The demodulator in the chroma/luma processor 364 will provide (R-Y) and (B-Y) signals only when the sampling clock signal has a frequency of 4fc and is phase locked to the color burst component of the secondary signal. In this embodiment, the sampling clock signal used to develop the secondary samples is phase locked to the primary color burst component. Since the primary and secondary signals may be from different sources, there may be phase and frequency differences between their respective color burst signals. Consequently, there may be phase errors in the demodulated color difference signals provided by the processor 364 relative to the (R-Y) and (B-Y) phases of the secondary signal. The present embodiment includes chrominance phase error correction circuitry 365 to detect and correct phase errors in the color difference signals provided by processor 364. This circuit is not a part of the present invention. Suitable circuitry 365 may be built by one skilled in the art from the teachings of the patent application Ser. No. 567,190 entitled "A Digital Video Signal Processing System Using Asynchronous A-to-D Encoding", which is hereby incorporated by reference. Briefly, the circuitry 365 converts the two color difference signals into a phase angle signal and an amplitude signal. The phase signal is compared against a reference phase during the secondary burst interval. The difference between the burst phase and the reference phase is used to correct the phase and amplitude signals in a closed loop control system. The corrected phase and amplitude signals are then processed to develop at least two color difference signals (e.g. (R-Y) and (B-Y)).

The phase corrected color difference signals provided by the circuitry 365 and the luminance signal provided by processor 364 via compensating delay element 367 are applied to the PIP field memory 368. The PIP field memory 368, memory write address generator circutry 370 and memory read address generator circuitry 324 may be similar to the respective field memory 68, and memory write and read address generator circutry 70 and 24 of FIG. 2. The circuitry 370 and 324 are responsive to the clock signal PCK and skew corrected clock signal PCK' respectively, but otherwise operate identically to the circuitry described above.

The skew corrected clock signal PCK' is developed by the skew correction circuitry 322. Circuitry 322, which may be similar to the circuitry 22, delays the clock signal PCK by the measured skew value times one-sixteenth of the period of PCK, to produce a skew corrected clock signal PCK'. It is contemplated that circuitry similar to that shown in FIG. 6 may be used in place of the skew correcting circuitry 622 to correct for the skew of the primary signal.

The samples provided by the PIP field memory 368 under control of the memory output address and timing control circuitry are applied to a DAC 372. DAC 372, synchronous with the skew corrected clock signal PCK', develops analog luminance and (R-Y) and (B-Y) color difference signals representing the secondary image and applies these samples to the matrix 374. Matrix 374 converts these luminance and color difference signals into red, green and blue color signals. These color signals, which represent the secondary image, are applied to the second set of signal input terminals of the analog multiplexer 326 as described above.

Although the embodiments described above use digital processing circuitry and use random access memory for the field store, it is contemplated that similar skew correction circuitry could be used with analog sampled data signals and that analog or digital shift register memories could be used for the field store.

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IMPORTANT NOTE: - FRANK SHARP obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.comwas founded as a public free WEB Museum to all kind of people and amateur and professional CRT TELEVISION Lovers who enjoy using and/or preserving - restoring vintage CRT Televisions sets, or only curious public who was unaware of that kind of technolgy of the past. The purpose is to provide information about vintage Television Receivers Publicy on the WEB that is generally difficult to locate; all this as a important milestone general worldwide reference for the future, globally in the public interest.obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com does not provide support or parts for any apparatus on this site nor do we represent any manufacturer listed on this site in any way. Catalogs, manuals and any other literature that is available on this site is made available for a historical record only. Please remember that safety standards have changed over the years and information in old manuals as well as the old Television receivers themselves may not meet modern standards. It is up to the individual user to use good judgment and to safely operate old machinery. The obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com web site will assume NO responsibilities for damages or injuries resulting from information obtained from this site. No offer to sell or license — Nothing in this site/Blog may be interpreted or construed as an offer to sell products that is open for acceptance or the grant, conveyance or implication of any license under any copyrights, patents or other industrial or intellectual property rights.

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Safety Hazards:

------------------------------------------------------Safety Hazards in Radio and TV Repair,------------------------------------------------------

People who believe they can conquer nature are clueless that the laws of nature are a precondition of their existence. Their weapon is a miserable idea.When man attempts to rebel against the iron logic of Nature, he comes into struggle with the principles to which he himself owes his existence as a man. And this attack must lead to his own doom.

Anyone attempting to repair any electronic equipment who does not fully understand the shock hazards, as well as the fire hazards associated with working with electronic equipment, should not attempt such procedures! Improperly attempted repair can kill you and burn down your house.Devices that plug into the wall can produce a very lethal electric shock as well cause a fire from incorrect or careless repairs both during servicing or later on.Improper repair of battery operated devices can also result in bad consequences for you, the device, and any equipment attached to it.

Why some people do repairs themselved then? If you can do the repairs yourself, the equation changes dramatically asyour parts costs will be 1/2 to 1/4 of what a professional will chargeand of course your time is free. The educational aspects may also beappealing. You also will learn a lot in the process.

Consumer electronic equipment like TVs, computer monitors, microwave ovens, and electronic flash units, use voltages at power levels that are potentially lethal. Even more so for industrial equipment like lasers and anything else that is either connected to the power line, or uses or generates high voltage.

Normally, these devices are safely enclosed to prevent accidental contact. However, when troubleshooting, testing, making adjustments, and during repair procedures, the cabinet will likely be open and/or safety interlocks may be defeated. Home-built or modified equipment, despite all warnings and recommendations to the contrary - could exist in this state for extended periods of time - or indefinitely.

Depending on overall conditions and your general state of health, there is a wide variation of voltage, current, and total energy levels that can kill.

Microwave ovens in particular are probably THE most dangerous household appliance to service. There is high voltage - up to 5,000 V or more - at high current - more than an amp may be available momentarily. This is an instantly lethal combination.

TVs and monitors may have up to 35 kV on the CRTbut the current isn't low - like a wrong legend saying a "couple of milliamps" but relatively high because of the boost circuit technology and transformer design. However, the CRT capacitance can hold a painful charge for a long time. In addition, portions of the circuitry of TVs and monitors as well as all other devices that plug into the wall socket are line connected.This is actually even more dangerous than the high voltage due to the greater current available - and a few hundred volts can make you just as dead as 35 kV!

Electronic flash units and strobe lights, and pulsed lasers have large energy storage capacitors which alone can deliver a lethal charge - long after the power has been removed. This applies to some extent even to those little disposable pocket cameras with flash which look so innocent being powered from a single 1.5 V AA battery. Don't be fooled - they are designed without any bleeder so the flash can be ready for use without draining the battery!

Even some portions of apparently harmless devices like VCRs and CD players - or vacuum cleaners and toasters - can be hazardous (though the live parts may be insulated or protected - but don't count on it!

This information also applies when working on other high voltage or line connected devices like Tesla Coils, Jacobs Ladders, plasma spheres, gigawatt lasers, hot and cold fusion generators, cyclotrons and other particle accelerators, as well as other popular hobby type projects. :-)

In addition, read the relevant sections of the document for your particular equipment for additional electrical safety considerations as well as non-electrical hazards like microwave radiation or laser light. Only the most common types of equipment are discussed in the safety guidelines, below.

SAFETY guidelines:

These guidelines are to protect you from potentially deadly electrical shock hazards as well as the equipment from accidental damage.

Note that the danger to you is not only in your body providing a conducting path, particularly through your heart. Any involuntary muscle contractions caused by a shock, while perhaps harmless in themselves, may cause collateral damage. There are likely to be many sharp edges and points inside from various things like stamped sheet metal shields and and the cut ends of component leads on the solder side of printed wiring boards in this type of equipment. In addition, the reflex may result in contact with other electrically live parts and further unfortunate consequences.

The purpose of this set of guidelines is not to frighten you but rather to make you aware of the appropriate precautions. Repair of TVs, monitors, microwave ovens, and other consumer and industrial equipment can be both rewarding and economical. Just be sure that it is also safe!

Don't work alone - in the event of an emergency another person's presence may be essential.

Always keep one hand in your pocket when anywhere around a powered line-connected or high voltage system.

Wear rubber bottom shoes or sneakers. An insulated floor is better than metal or bare concrete but this may be outside of your control. A rubber mat should be an acceptable substitute but a carpet, not matter how thick, may not be a particularly good insulator.

Don't wear any jewelry or other articles that could accidentally contact circuitry and conduct current, or get caught in moving parts.

Set up your work area away from possible grounds that you may accidentally contact.

Have a fire extinguisher rated for electrical fires readily accessible in a location that won't get blocked should something burst into flames.

Use a dust mask when cleaning inside electronic equipment and appliances, particularly TVs, monitors, vacuum cleaners, and other dust collectors.

Know your equipment: TVs and monitors may use parts of the metal chassis as ground return yet the chassis may be electrically live with respect to the earth ground of the AC line. Microwave ovens use the chassis as ground return for the high voltage. In addition, do not assume that the chassis is a suitable ground for your test equipment!

If circuit boards need to be removed from their mountings, put insulating material between the boards and anything they may short to. Hold them in place with string or electrical tape. Prop them up with insulation sticks - plastic or wood.

If you need to probe, solder, or otherwise touch circuits with power off, discharge (across) large power supply filter capacitors with a 2 W or greater resistor of 100 to 500 ohms/V approximate value (e.g., for a 200 V capacitor, use a 20K to 100K ohm resistor). Monitor while discharging and/or verify that there is no residual charge with a suitable voltmeter. In a TV or monitor, if you are removing the high voltage connection to the CRT (to replace the flyback transformer for example) first discharge the CRT contact (under the insulating cup at the end of the fat red wire). Use a 1M to 10M ohm 1W or greater wattage resistor on the end of an insulating stick or the probe of a high voltage meter. Discharge to the metal frame which is connected to the outside of the CRT.

For TVs and monitors in particular, there is the additional danger of CRT implosion - take care not to bang the CRT envelope with your tools. An implosion will scatter shards of glass at high velocity in every direction. There is several tons of force attempting to crush the typical CRT. Always wear eye protection. While the actual chance of a violent implosion is relatively small, why take chances? (However, breaking the relatively fragile neck off the CRT WILL be embarrassing at the very least.)

Connect/disconnect any test leads with the equipment unpowered and unplugged. Use clip leads or solder temporary wires to reach cramped locations or difficult to access locations.

If you must probe live, put electrical tape over all but the last 1/16" of the test probes to avoid the possibility of an accidental short which could cause damage to various components. Clip the reference end of the meter or scope to the appropriate ground return so that you need to only probe with one hand.

Perform as many tests as possible with power off and the equipment unplugged. For example, the semiconductors in the power supply section of a TV or monitor can be tested for short circuits with an ohmmeter.

Provide a reliable means of warning that power is applied and that high voltage filter capacitor(s) still hold a charge during servicing. For example, solder a neon indicator lamp (e.g., an NE2 in series with a 100K ohm resistor) across the line input and a super high brightness LEDs in series with 100K, 1 W resistors across the main filter capacitor(s).

Use an isolation transformer if there is any chance of contacting line connected circuits. A Variac(tm) (variable autotransformer) is not an isolation transformer! However, the combination of a Variac and isolation transformer maintains the safety benefits and is a very versatile device. See the document "Repair Briefs, An Introduction", available at this site, for more details.

The use of a GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) protected outlet is a good idea but may not protect you from shock from many points in a line connected TV or monitor, or the high voltage side of a microwave oven, for example. (Note however, that, a GFCI may nuisance trip at power-on or at other random times due to leakage paths (like your scope probe ground) or the highly capacitive or inductive input characteristics of line powered equipment.) A GFCI is also a relatively complex active device which may not be designed for repeated tripping - you are depending on some action to be taken (and bad things happen if it doesn't!) - unlike the passive nature of an isolation transformer. A fuse or circuit breaker is too slow and insensitive to provide any protection for you or in many cases, your equipment. However, these devices may save your scope probe ground wire should you accidentally connect it to a live chassis.

When handling static sensitive components, an anti-static wrist strap is recommended. However, it should be constructed of high resistance materials with a high resistance path between you and the chassis (greater than 100K ohms). Never use metallic conductors as you would then become an excellent path to ground for line current or risk amputating your hand at the wrist when you accidentally contacted that 1000 A welder supply!

Don't attempt repair work when you are tired. Not only will you be more careless, but your primary diagnostic tool - deductive reasoning - will not be operating at full capacity.

Finally, never assume anything without checking it out for yourself! Don't take shortcuts!

Many people who mistakenly feel that ‘old technology’ is somehow more user-friendly, in some strange way automatically good - merely because it is old. Don’t be fooled! Approach old equipment with an open and alert mind and realise that a hot chassis, or a resistor line cord, or asbestos insulation, or selenium rectifiers require much more thought and consideration for safety.

Live chassis are indiscriminate in whom they kill and even if you are a thoughtful, careful kind of person, that doesn’t mean the last person who handled the set was.

Vintage radio and television receivers use 'live chassis' techniques, in which the chassis is connected directly to one side of the incoming mains supply. This means they can be lethal to carry out repair or servicing work on, unless the appropriate safety measures are in place.

Another thing about live-chassis sets - live spindles. We’ve touched on this already but it’s worth making the point once more. The shafts of switches and potentiometers fixed to the chassis may well be at chassis potential and thus live. The bakelite or wood cabinet is insulated but these shafts are not, and if someone lost the proper grub screw and replaced a knob using a cheesehead screw, the next person to grip that knob may get a dose of 250 volts. Originally these grub screws were sealed and embedded in wax but you cannot rely on subsequent tinkerers having the same high standards.

Even in more orthodox apparatus standards of insulation were not always as high as they are now. Soldered connections to HT and mains wiring should always have rubber or plastic sleeving but in times gone by this was often omitted (or it may since have perished). Beware too of kinked and frayed braiding on cloth-covered mains cords, particularly when the cord has a dropper conductor.

If you are not satisfied that you fully understand the risks involved in this sort of work, do not proceed any further. Instead seek advice and assistance from a competent technician or engineer.

Whenever you acquire a new treasure there's always a terrific temptation to try it out. With mains-driven equipment that means plugging it in and seeing if it works. Well don't, not until you have made some quick checks.

Before contemplating connecting any unknown receiver to the mains supply, spend a little time inspecting it for signs of missing or loose parts, blown fuses, overheating or even fire damage. Use a meter to check obvious points to ensure no short circuit exists (e.g. across the mains input). If you then decide to apply power keep clear but be observant since an elderly electrolytic might explode! This can be avoided if you can apply power gradually through a variac. Auto-transformers are handy for supplying reduced power to sets being repaired but they are not a substitute for a proper isolation transformer!

If you are working with electricity and your work area has a concrete floor, a rubber mat is essential, particularly during damp weather! Where possible try to arrange a neat working area away from water or central heating pipes. For safety try to arrange that this area is separate from the area occupied by your family. This is emphasised because inadvertently rushing to answer a telephone you might just leave a TV chassis connected to a supply and curious little fingers know nothing of the dangers of electricity - or, for that matter - the lethal vacuum encased within every picture tube!

Many younger enthusiasts may not be aware of the dangers of mishandling tubes, in particular the old round types found in early TVs. When handling these tubes eye protection should be worn and tubes must not be left lying around, they must be stored in boxes. The glass is surprising fragile and can implode without any provocation or warning. Bits of glass flying around at high speed can be deadly. The notes following are inspired by Malcolm Burrell again.

Picture tubes are perhaps one of the most hazardous items in any TV receiver. This is because most are of glass construction and contain a very high vacuum. If you measured the total area of glass in any picture tube then estimated the pressure of air upon it at 14.7lb. per square inch, you would discover that the total pressure upon the device could amount to several tons! Fracturing the glass suddenly would result in an extremely rapid implosion such that fragments of glass, metal and toxic chemicals would be scattered over a wide area, probably causing injury to anyone in close proximity. In modern workshops it is now a rule that protective goggles are worn when handling picture tubes.

The weakest point in most picture tubes is where the thin glass neck containing the electron gun is joined to the bowl. It is therefore essential that you refrain from handling the tube by its neck alone. Once a tube is removed from the receiver hold it vertically with the neck uppermost and one hand beneath the screen with the other steadying the device by the neck.With larger devices it is sometimes easier to grip the peripheral of the screen with both hands.

Until the advent of reinforced picture tubes, most were mounted in the cabinet or on the TV chassis by some form of metal band clamped around the face.Never support the weight of the tube by this band since it has been known for the tube to slide out! Some of the larger tubes are extremely heavy. It may, therefore, be easier to enlist assistance.

Before starting to remove a tube, first discharge the final anode connection to the chassis metalwork and preferably connect a shorting lead to this connection whilst you are working. It might be convenient to keep a spare piece of EHT cable with a crocodile clip at one end and a final anode connector at the other.

Exercise care when removing picture tubes from elderly equipment. You may find that the deflection coils have become stuck to the neck. It is extremely dangerous to use a screwdriver prise them away. Gently heating with a hairdryer or soaking in methylated spirit is safer.

Disposal of picture tubes also requires care. Unless rendered safe they should never be placed in dustbins or skips. Many engineers swipe the necks off tubes in cavalier fashion using a broom handle but this is not recommended. A safer method is to make a hole in the side of a stout carton, preferably one designed to hold a picture tube. The tube is placed in the carton and the neck broken using a broom handle. The carton should then be clearly labelled that it contains chemicals and broken glass!

Therefore people who believe they can conquer nature are clueless that the laws of nature are a precondition of their existence. Their weapon is a miserable idea.When man attempts to rebel against the iron logic of Nature, he comes into struggle with the principles to which he himself owes his existence as a man. And this attack must lead to his own doom.

Think for yourself. Otherwise you have to believe what other people tell you.

For most people thinking is a matter of fortune.A society based on individualism is an oxymoron.Freedom is at first the freedom to starve.A wise fool speaks, because he has something to say.A fool speaks, because he has to say something.A wise fool is silent, because there is nothing to say.A fool is silent, because he has nothing to say.

Resist or regretWork for what's good for our people

Help stem the dark tideStand tall or be beat downFight back or die

The man who does not exercise the first law of nature—that of self preservation — is not worthy of living and breathing the breath of life.

We now live in a nation where doctors destroy health, lawyers destroy justice, universities destroy knowledge, governments destroy freedom, the press destroys information, religion destroys morals and our banks destroy the economy.The globalist argument is that if only we erase distinctions, obliterate identities, put everyone on a level playing field, etc.. we can eliminate war and everyone can be so prosperous and efficient, such great cogs in a well-oiled global machine.There will be no more historical grievances because people will no longer even care, they'll have no connection to the past, no foolish pride in past accomplishments of people totally unrelated to them.A globalized culture, no borders, everyone a citizen of the world.Know this: I will never acquiesce to this corrupt, inhuman, Borg-like vision. The dangerous lunatics who push us towards their globalized "utopia" are my enemy. How exactly all this will play out, whether through wars, or whether we can thwart the globalist agenda peacefully (this is my hope of course) I don't know. But I do know that unless people are willing to fight and die, globalism will win out in the end.The actual crimes committed by the EU against the European peoples are directly in violation of the 1948 UN genocide convention, Article II: (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.* The man who does not exercise the first law of nature—that of self preservation — is not worthy of living and breathing the breath of life.

TELEVISION HISTORY IN BRIEF

Television history

At 1928 Baird transmits from London to New York, using his mechanical system.with 30 vertical lines. By 1930 it was clear that mechanical television systems could never produce the picture quality required for commercial success. For this reason mechanical system was rapidly succeeded by the electronic TV systems. The first all-electronic American systems in 1932 used only 120 scanning lines at 24 frames per second Since the mid-1930s picture repetition frequency (field rate or frame rate) has been the same as the mains frequency, either 50 or 60Hz according to the frequency used in each country. This is for two very good reasons. Studio lighting generally uses alternating current lamps and if these were not synchronised with the field frequency, an unwelcome strobe effect could appear on TV pictures. Secondly, in days gone by, the smoothing of power supply circuits in TV receivers was not as good as it is today and ripple superimposed on the DC could cause visual interference. If the picture was locked to the mains frequency, this interference would at least be static on the screen and thus less obtrusive.To determine what electronic system to use, the BBC sponsored trial broadcasts by two systems, one by Baird, with 240 lines, and one by EMI with 405 lines. Scheduled electronic television broadcasting began in England in 1936 using 405-line system (lasted until the 1980s in the UK). Germany made their forst TV broadcasts at 1936 olympics using 180-line TV system. Germany also made their TV broadcasts by the fall of 1937 using a 441-line system. Also fFrance tested TV (455 line system). RCA introduced electronic television to the U. S. at the 1939 World's Fair,and began regularly scheduled broadcasting at the same time (525 line system).In 1940 the USA established its 525-line standard. At year 1941 the 525-line standard, still in use today in USA, was adopted.Russia also produced TV sets before the war (240 and 343 line systems).World War Two interrupted the development of television. Immediately after World War Two production of TV sets started in the U.S-In USA there was TV broadcasts and few throusand receivers at 1945. In the early 1950s, two competing color TV systems emerged: CBS sequential color (used color wheel) and RCA dot sequential system. At 1953 color broadcasting officially arrives in the U.S. on Dec. 17, when FCC approves modified version of an RCA system.It calls this new RCA color system "NTSC" color. The first NTSC color TVs were on the marker at 1954.In Europe the TV broadcasts started to use experiment using 625 line system 1950s. This standard is used nowadays throughout Europe. France also tried 819 line system at the same time (this system was in use to 1980s). The rest of Europe opted for 625 lines, a system devised in 1946 by two German engineers, M??ller and Urtel (it appears that the Russians came up independently with a very similar system). The use of PAL color standard started at around 1967 and is still in use. The SECAM color system (used in France) testing started also at 1967. The TV broadcasting history has not ended. The newst thign is digital television. It is expected that terrestrial television will open up billion-dollar opportunities for those companies and organisations best prepared to embrace this new broadcasting era. At 1996 small digital satellite dishes hit the market. They become the biggest selling electronic item in history next to the VCR.

Using TV 24H

TV has something for everyone. Idiots, intellectuals, fans of all sorts. Some people are couch potatoes, watch anything just to sit there and be mindless. That's their problem. Children have always needed to be monitored by their parents. If people gotta a mind for it they could figure out the real news even without the internet and there has always been a library.

Is TV bad in and of itself? The researchers aren’t saying that. But we all know that watching television is a solitary, isolating occupation that keeps you sedentary. Sitting in front of the boob tube reduces the time you have available to exercise, interact with your family, read books, and be outdoors. This new research dovetails with other studies, which have linked excessive TV time to obesity and higher rates of cardiovascular disease.

watching too much television can jeopardize your whole family’s health.

This should be a wake-up call to all adults. Stay active. Go outside. Spend time with your spouse and your children with the television off. Read a book and do crossword puzzles to stimulate your imagination and your brain. Reduce your screen time as much as you can.

The National Cancer Institute researchers suggest that watching TV is a public health issue. The price we are paying for our technology-driven lives may be much higher than we previously realized !

DON'T WATCH TV AT ALL !!

The Propaganda TV Machine a.k.a. The Ministry of Truth delivers The Truth from The Government to the people.

At least, that's what they say. In fact, a Propaganda Machine is only employed by The Empire and used to brainwash people into Gullible Lemmings who believe that everything is all right when in fact, it isn't, and that the very people who could help them are their enemies.

Girl Looking TV.

Happy Times:

Do you remember when a telly looked like a real telly? When it was a piece of furniture that you lavished love on, even polished from time to time ?When it was a piece of somewhat at looking in to ?When it was a piece of Highest tech looking inside ? First, this site is a Digital free, HD free, flat panel, HDMI, China, Turks, Afrika free zone. All in all a wealth of vintage information at your finger tips, a one stop unique experience. So step on in, leave the modern throw-away world behind, travel back in time to a vintage world of repair and enjoy.This site has stirred memories about the watching TV's days on a CRT TUBE television......Childhood memories, your parents getting their first colour tv, a b/w or color portable, perhaps memories of renting or buying your first set remote featured, perhaps your days working in the trade, selling or repairing them....... If you enjoyed this site, found its content left you all misty eyed then just talk about it as it would be very welcome............like the time to recover and restore a set ................and happy reminiscing.

Digital TV in Brief.

Digital TV:

Digital television is a hot topic now.If you have looked at television sets at any of the big electronics retailers lately, you know that Digital TV, or DTV, is a BIG deal right now in the U.S. In Europe Digital TV is also a hot topic, because many countries have started terrestrial digital TV broadcasts and plan to end analogue broadcasts after some years (will take 5-10 years). Satellite TV broadcasts have also shifted very much to digital broadcasts.The main advantage if digital broadcasts are that it does not havethe picture quality problems of analogue TVs (it had it's own videoproblems caused by video compression), it allowes putting more TV channels to same medium (TV channel frequencies and satellites) and it allows new services (like HDTV and interactive multimedia). The digital brodcasts are generally designed to use such modulation that the digital data stream (typically around 20-30 Mbit/s) is modulated to the same bandwidth (around 6 MHz) as the analogue TV broadcasts. The used modulation vary between different media, which means thatdifferent modulation techniques are used in terrestrial transmissions, cable TV and satellite. Different modulations are used because of the different characteristics of those transmission medias. There is not on "digital TV", but several different variations of it in use.The basic technology of digital TV, known as MPEG 2 video compressionand MPEG 2 transmission stream format, is same around the world, butis is used somewhat differently in different standards used in differentcountries.

USA uses ACTS Digital Televisio Standard, which standardizes NTSC format transmissions, HDTV transmission, sound formats and data signal modulation in use. The ATSC MPEG-2 formats for DTV, including HDTV, uses 4:2:0 samling for video signal. The US system uses a fixed power and a fixed maximum bitrate, at which some bits are always transmitted. That rate is typically 19.3 Mb/sec.

Europe uses DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) standard. This standardallows basically normal PAL resolution transmisssion (vasically HDTVcould be added later but is not yet standardized) with several audio formats, digital data rates and digital signal modulation. There are several different variations fo DVB standard for different media:

DVB-T for terrestrial broadcastsDVB-S for satelliteDVB-C for cable TV

Those different DVB versions varyon the data signal modulation methods, error correction and frequency bands used. DVB and option for some interactive extra services, but thestandardization of this is not ready here yet(there are fire different incompatible interactive servicessystems in use in different countries and by different broadcasters).

The process of transmitting digital TV signal is the following: Analog video/audio - digitisation - MPEG compression - Multiplexing ( youcan now call it digital) - Preparation for transmisson - modulation toanalog carrier.Reception process is the following: Demodulation of analogue carrier - Error correction - Demultiplexing - MPEG decompression - DA conversion to get analogue signal (unless you use digital display). The analoguie video signal that gets digitized can be practically from any video source, for example produced with old analogue video production equipment and distributed with a video tape. In high-end system the information is analogue only in the image sensor on the video camera, and from this on the signal gets digitally processed. In many real-life TV production systems the reality is something between those two extremes.

At least in Europe, the signal level requirements for DVB-T are well below the analog requirements, so the transmitter power is much less than on the analog side. In the NorDig recommendation the minimum received signal level for 64QAM, 7/8 code rate with a Rayleigh fading path and 8 dB receiver noise figure would be -64 dBm. With other code rates, modulations and fading mechanisms, the requirement is lower. Many receivers can perform much better at conditions where there is no fading (a quasi error free less than one uncorrected error/hour signal even at 27 dBuV (-82 dBm) with 64QAM and 8 MHz channel width). For analog signals, the recommended level is more than 1 mV (+60 dBuV, -49 dBm). While the ERP can be at least 10 dB lower than analog, the question of power consumption is more complicated, since COFDM with 64QAM carriers require a quite good linearity, which may affect the efficiency and hence power consumption.

Digital TV system in use in USA

The FCC mandate to change our broadcast standards from NTSC analog to ATSC digital broadcasting (DTV) is big bold move, requiring changes in everything from the way the studios shoot video, the format that's transmitted, to the equipment we use to receive and watch broadcastsDTV (digital TV) applies to digital broadcasts in general and to the U.S. ATSC standard in specific. The ATSC standard includes both standard-definition (SD) and high-definition (HD) digital formats. The notation H/DTV is often used to specifically refer to high-definition digital TV. The federal mandate grants the public airwaves to the broadcasters to transmit digital TV in exchange for return of the current analog NTSC spectrum, allowing for a transition period in the interim. At the end of this period scheduled for 2006, broadcasters must be fully converted to the 8VSB broadcast standard. Digital Television ("DTV") is a new broadcast technology that will transform television. The technology of DTV will allows TV broadcasts with movie-quality picture and CD- quality sound and a variety of other enhancements (for example data delivery). With digital television, broadcasters will be able to offer free television of higher resolution and better picture quality than now exists under the current mode of TV transmission. If broadcasters so choose, they can offer what has been called "high definition television" or HDTV, television with theater-quality pictures and CD-quality sound. . Alternatively, a broadcaster can offer several different TV programs at the same time, with pictures and sound quality better than is generally available today. HDTV (high-definition TV) encompasses both analog and digital televisions that have a 16:9 aspect ratio and approximately 5 times the resolution of standard TV (double vertical, double horizontal, wider aspect). High definition is generally defined as any video signal that is at least twice the quality of the current 480i (interlaced) analog broadcast signal. There are 18 approved formats for digital TV broadcasts, but only two (720p/1080i) are proper definition of the term HDTV. The advent of high definition has allowed monitors to read images differently, either in standard interlaced format or progressively. Sets that do not have any decoding capabilities but can display the high-resolution image is often labeled as "HD-Ready" a term that describes 80% or more of the Digital TVs on the market. HDTV displays support digital connections such as HDMI (DVI) and IEEE 1394/FireWire, although standardization is not finished. HDTV in the US is part of the ATSC DTV format. The resolution and frame rates of DTV in the US generally correspond to the ATSC recommendations for SD (640x480 and 704x480 at 24p, 30p, 60p, 60i) and HD (1280x720 at 24p, 20p, and 60p; 1920x1080 at 24p, 30p and 60i). In addition, a broadcaster will be able to simultaneously transmit a variety of other information through a data bitstream to both enhance its TV programs and to provide entirely new services. The technical specifications of USA DTV system is defined in ACTS Digital Television Standards.

Digital TV in Europe

Digital TV brodacasting in Europe is done according to DVB standards. DVB technology has become an integral part of global broadcasting, setting the global standard for satellite, cable and terrestrial transmissions and equipment. There are three versions of DVB in use: DVB-S, DVB-C and DVB-T.DVB-T is a flexible system allowing terrestrial broadcastersto choose from a variety of options to suit their various service environments. This allows the choice between fixed roof-top antenna, portableand even mobile reception of DVB-T services. Broadly speaking the trade-off in one of service bit-rate versus signal robustness.

DVB-T network is very flexible. Having many transmitters all on the same frequency is not a problem for the used COFDM based system. COFDM has been chosen and designed to minimise the effects of multipath in obstructed reception areas. In fact multipath signals can significantly improve the overall received signal with no adverse effects. These properties are particularly valuable for radio cameras and mobile links. DVB-T because of its unique design which allows single frequency networks (SFN). This means that many transmitters along the planned routes can transmit on the same frequency. It is also possible to use simple gap fillers that amplify and retransmit the signal. In-air digital TV broadcasts in Europe use DVB-T. 8 MHz of bandwidth may be used to provide a 24 Mbps digital transmission path using Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM) modulation (theoretical maximum 31.67 Mbits for 8 MHz bandwidth). In cases where less bandwidth is available (6 or 7 MHz), the data rate is somewhat lower (around 20 Mbit/s).

DVB-C does the same function as DVB-T, but the modulation used in this system is optimized to operate well in cable TV networks. The modulation used in DVB-C is QAM. Systems from 16-QAM up to 256-QAM can be used, but the system centres on 64-QAM, in which an 8MHz channel can accommodate a physical payload of about 38 Mbit/s. Digital cable TV in Europe uses DVB-C. The DVB standard for the cable return path has been developed jointly with DAVIC, the Digital Audio Visual Council. The specification uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation in a 200kHz, 1MHz or 2MHz channel to provide a return path for interactive services (from the user to the service provider) of up to about 3Mbit/s. The path to the user may be either in-band (embedded in the MPEG-2 Transport Stream in the DVB-C channel) or out-of-band (on a separate 1 or 2MHz frequency band).

DVB-S is the satellite version of DVB. Satellite transmission has lead the way in delivering digital TV to viewers. Established in 1995, the satellite standard DVB-S is the oldest DVB standard, used on all six major continents. QPSK modulation system is used, with channel coding optimised to the error characteristics of the channel. A typical satellite channel has 36 MHz bandwidth, which may support transmission at up to 38 Mbps (assuming delivery to a 0.5m receiving antenna) using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation. 16 bytes of Reed Solomon (RS) coding are added to each 188 byte transport packet to provide Forward Error Correction (FEC) using a RS(204,188,8) code. For the satellite transmission, the resultant bit stream is then interleaved and convolutional coding is applied.

The core of the DVB digital data stream isthe standard MPEG-2 "data container",which holds the broadcast and service information.This flexible "carry-all" can containanything that can be digitised, includingmultimedia data. The MPEG-2 standards define how to format the various component parts of a multimedia programme (which may consist of: MPEG-2 compressed video, compressed audio, control data and/or user data). It also defines how these components are combined into a single synchronous transmission bit stream. The process of combining the steams is known as multiplexing. The multiplexed stream may be transmitted over a variety of links, standards / products.Each MPEG-2 MPTS multiplex carries a number of streams which in combination deliver the required services. A typical data rate of such multiplex is around 24 Mbps for terrestrial brodcasts.

European DVB systems currently transmit only standard definition TV signals and set top boxes also handle only normal TV resolution. It would be possible to transmit HDTV signals on DVB data stream, but those broadcasts have not yet started in any wide scale. There is one satellite broadcater that broadcasts HDTV DVB signals in Europe (some cable TV operators carry that signal on their cable).

Many DVB-T integrated TV sets, and some set top boxes, in the Europe come with a Common Interface slot - which is pretty much the same form-factor as a PC Card (aka PCMCIA) used in PC laptops. This CI slot accepts a Conditional Access Module, in the same way that DVB-S receivers do, which implements at least one (some can do more than one) decryption algorithm. This CAM may also, itself, have a smart card slot to accept a consumer subscription card to authorise decryption - you plug your smartcard into your CAM and your CAM into the CI slot in your receiver/IDTV. Some DVB receivers have an integrated CAM (in the case of some receivers this is implemented purely in software, with no extra hardware required) rather than a CI slot to plug in a 3rd party device. With these type of receivers you just plug in the smart card and don't have to worry about CI slots and buying CAMs. So there is an interface standard for DVB - but different broadcasters can chose different encryption schemes, requiring different CAMs for decryption.

DVB Standards and related documents are published by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). These include a large number of standards and technical notes to complement the MPEG-2 standards defined by the ISO.

There are few different standard how interactive TV functionaly is implemented in DVB-systems in use in differenct countries. DVB-MHP is one gaining some acceptance. Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) is the open middleware system designed by the DVB Project (www.dvb.org).

Obsolete Technology Tellye ! Visitors From 15/May/2012:

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