After the "October Revolution the Kievan faction of the "Bolshevik Party instigated the "uprising in Kiev on November 8, 1917 in order to establish Soviet power in the city. "Kiev Military District forces attempted to stop it, but after the Tsentralna Rada threw its support behind the Bolsheviks, the Russian forces were eliminated from Kiev. After expelling the government forces, the Rada announced a wider autonomy for the Ukrainian Republic, still maintaining ties to Russia, on November 22, 1917. The territory of the republic was proclaimed by the Third Universal November 20, 1917 (November 7 by Old Style)[3] of the Tsentralna Rada encompassing the governorates: Volyn, Kiev, Podolie, Chernigov, Poltava, "Kharkov, "Yekaterinoslav, "Kerson, "Taurida (not including "Crimea). It also stated that the people of the governorates: "Voronezh, "Kholm, and "Kursk were welcome to join the republic through a "referendum. Further the Tsentralna Rada in its Universal stated that because there was no Government in the Russian Republic after the "October Revolution it proclaimed itself the Supreme governing body of the territory of Ukraine until order in the Russian republic could be restored. The "Central Rada called all revolutionary activities such as the October Revolution a "civil war and expressed its hopes for the resolution of the chaos.

After a brief truce, the Bolsheviks realized that the Rada had no intention of supporting the Bolshevik Revolution. They re-organized into an "All-Ukrainian Council of Soviets in December 1917 in an attempt to seize power. When that failed due to the Bolsheviks' relative lack of popularity in Kiev, they moved to "Kharkiv. The Bolsheviks of Ukraine declared the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic outlawed and proclaimed the "Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets with capital in Kiev, claiming that the government of the "People's Secretaries of Ukraine was the only government in the country. The Bolshevik "Red Army entered Ukraine from the "Russian SFSR in support of the local Soviet government. As the relationships between members within the Tsentralna Rada soured, a series of regional Soviet republics on the territory of Ukraine proclaimed their independence and allegiance to the Petrograd "sovnarkom ("Odessa Soviet Republic (southern Ukraine), "Donetsk-Krivoi Rog Soviet Republic (eastern Ukraine)). The Donetsk-Kryvoi Rog Republic was created by a direct decree of "Lenin as part of the Russian SFSR with its capital in Kharkiv. That decree was successfully implemented by "Fyodor Sergeyev who became the chairman of the local government as well as joining the Soviet government of Ukraine, simultaneously. Unlike Fyodor Sergeyev's Republic, the Odessa Republic was not recognized by any other Bolshevik governments and on its own initiative had entered a military conflict with "Romania for control over the "Moldavian Democratic Republic, whose territory it was contesting.

April 11 – establishment of the Ukrainian Military Society of Hetman Polubotko headed by "Mykola Mikhnovsky, organization of the 1st Ukrainian Volunteer Regiment of Bohdan Khmelnytsky

April 13 – a big demonstration took place in "Kiev with over 100,000 people, establishment of the Ukrainian National Council in "Petrograd

May 2–4 – the Ukrainian National Congress took place in Kiev, involving about 900 delegates, the Congress confirmed the composition of the Ukrainian Central Council of 150 members headed by "Mykhailo Hrushevsky

May 17 – the commander of the "Southwestern Front General "Brusilov permitted the organization of the Bohdan Khmelnytsky Regiment which drafted 3,574 volunteers

May 18 – the 1st Ukrainian Military Congress took place in Kiev attended by over 700 delegates. The Congress elected the Ukrainian General Military Committee of 18 members headed by "Symon Petlyura

June 10–15 – the 1st All-Ukrainian Peasant Congress took place in Kiev in which 2,200 delegates participated

June 11 – extraordinary congress of the council of Ukrainian Military Society of Doroshenko in "Simferopol decided to create a separate Ukrainian Regiment

June 18–24 – ignoring the prohibition of the "Russian Provisional Government, the 2nd Ukrainian Military Congress took place in Kiev. The congress accepted the declaration of a detailed plan of Ukrainization of the Russian Army, leaving Symon Petlyura as the head of the Ukrainian General Military Committee. The congress showed its support to the Ukrainian Central Council. The council of "Kharkiv Governorate recognized the Ukrainian Central Council as a government authority in Ukraine

June 24 – announcement of the 1st Universal (Declaration) of the Ukrainian Central Council at Sofiyivska Ploshcha (Sofia Square)

September 22 – the Petty Council adopted the declaration about the "Ukrainian Constituent Assembly. The representatives of national minorities in the Petty Council condemned the intentions of Ukraine to separate from Russia

September 27 – start of the State Democratic Convention in Petrograd

October 13 – by the petition of the Kiev Court Chamber the Russian Provisional Government initiates investigation against the General Secretariat for the intention to convene the "Ukrainian Constituent Assembly

November 7 – "October Revolution in Petrograd. Petty Council created of the Regional Committee in Protection of Revolution in Ukraine. The committee announced the extension of its powers over the nine Ukrainian governorates

November 8 – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted a resolution which condemned the revolution. In protest, the "bolsheviks left the Regional Committee and the Ukrainian Central Council

November 9 – the commander of the "Kiev Military District General Kvetsinsky refused to recognize the Regional Committee which in turn was dissolved transferring all its powers to the General Secretariat

November 11 – arrested bolsheviks of a revolutionary committee. The Ukrainian Central Council adopted a bill about elections to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly handing to the Petty Council to finalize the law and conduct the elections

November 14 – the Ukrainian Central Council and the General Secretary are recognized as state authorities. The General Secretary of Military Affairs "Symon Petlyura subordinates the Kiev militia (law enforcement) to the Ukrainian government

November 20 – after the announcement of the 3rd Universal (Declaration) the deputies of Russian Cadets V. Krupkov and Polish Kolo V. Rudnytsky surrendered their mandates of the Ukrainian Central Council

November 22 – in the presence of the French, Italian, and Romanian diplomatic missions, the 3rd Universal (Declaration) was announced at Sofiyivska Ploshcha (Sofia Square)

November 27 – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted a resolution regarding the "Kholm Governorate protesting its annexation by Poland

November 30 – General Secretariat announced that "Sovnarkom is not a legal authority of Russia. The Petty Council adopted the Law "About the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly" where it was established its composition of 301 members:

Kiev Governorate – 45

Volyn Governorate – 30

Podillya Governorate – 30

Yekaterinoslav Governorate – 36

Poltava Governorate – 30

Kherson Governorate – 34

Kharkiv Governorate – 35

Tavria Governorate – 9

Chernihiv Governorate – 27

Ostrohozh district – 15

(Each deputy represents 100,000 of population, a right of vote have citizens of 20 years and older; established the Central Election Commission to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly)

December 14–15 – the Petty Council adopted the Law about the General Court, the highest judicial institution of the Ukrainian People's Republic. International diplomatic missions transferred their offices from "Mohyliv-Podilsky to "Kiev. The government of France on December 18 announced its intention to have a diplomatic relationship with Ukraine, the same intention declared England

December 19 – the 1st Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' deputies of Ukraine expressed its complete trust to the Ukrainian Central Council and General Secretariat and condemned the Ultimatum of Lenin-Trotsky

December 22 – the Petty Council adopted the Law on taxes and collections, with which all taxes and collections belonged to the State Treasury of Ukraine

December 23 – the General Secretariat determined the composition of the Ukrainian delegation to the peace talks in "Brest-Litovsk

December 25 – the Peace Conference in "Brest-Litovsk sent in a telegram for Ukraine to join the negotiations

January 3 – General Georges Tabouis was appointed the Commissar of French Republic to the Government of Ukrainian People's Republic

January 6 – start of the peace negotiations in Brest. The head of Ukrainian delegation "Vsevolod Holubovych requests recognition of Ukraine as a sovereign state, adding of the "Kholm Governorate, and conducting a "plebiscite on the territory of "Austria-Hungary where dominated the Ukrainian population to add that territory to Ukraine

January 9 – 171 delegates were elected to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly

January 10–12 – the "Central powers recognized the Ukrainian delegation at the talks in Brest as a separate and plenipotentiary to conduct negotiations on the behalf of Ukrainian People's Republic

January 16 – the Petty Council adopted the law about creation of the Ukrainian National Army and its composition based on a militia principle

January 22 – the Petty Council adopted the law about the National-Individual Autonomy. For the last text of the 4th Universal (Declaration) voted: "for" – 39 voices, "against" – 4 voices, "abstained" – 6

February 9 – the Brest peace treaty was signed with Germany, Austria-Hungary, "Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria

February 10 – Due to advance of the Russian Bolshevik forces the government of Ukraine was evacuated to "Zhytomyr from Kiev

February 21 – the Ukrainian delegation issued a declaration about reasons for the arrival of German forces in Ukraine

February 27 – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted the law about the introduction in Ukraine a new style of calendar according which a time moves 13 days ahead. The Petty Council adopted the law about the new monetary system. The monetary unit became "hryvnia that had 8.712 units of pure gold. Adoption of the law about the coat of arms of the Ukrainian People's Republic – Trident ("Tryzub)

March 2 – the Petty Council adopted the law about citizenship of Ukraine, the law about new administrative system. The Russian established "gubernias were to be replaced by new administrative unit – zemlia (land)

March 18 – several perished student-veterans of Kruty were reburied in Kiev

April 11 – May 12, 1918 was designated as the first convocation of the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly

April 13 – Adoption of the Ukrainian Central Council resolution condemning the annexation of "Bessarabia by "Romania

April 23 – an economic treaty is signed between Ukraine and Germany with Austria-Hungary

April 25 – Adoption of the law about the Central Economic Council of Ukraine

Due to the aggression from "Soviet Russia, on January 25, 1918, the Tsentralna Rada issued its "Fourth Universal (dated January 22, 1918), breaking ties with "Bolshevik Russia and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state.[5] Less than a month later, on February 9, 1918, the Red Army seized Kiev.

Besieged by the Bolsheviks and having lost much territory, the Rada was forced to seek foreign aid, and signed the "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on February 9, 1918 to obtain military help from the "German and "Austro-Hungarian Empires. Germany helped the Ukrainian Army force the Bolsheviks out of Ukraine. On February 20, 1918 the council of the "Kuban People's Republic accepted the resolution for a federal union of Kuban with Ukraine as Bolshevik forces pushed towards "Yekaterinodar. It was agreed to forward the resolution for ratification to the Ukrainian government.

After the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Ukraine became a virtual "protectorate of the "German Empire which at that time seemed more favorable than being overrun by the Soviet forces that were spreading havoc in the country. Germany was anxious about losing the war and was trying to speed up the process of food extraction from Ukraine, so it decided to install its own administration in the person of "Generalfeldmarschall "von Eichhorn who replaced the "Colonel General "Alexander von Linsingen. On April 6 the commander of the Army group Kijew issued an order in which he explained his intentions to execute the conditions of the treaty. That, of course, conflicted with the laws of the Ukrainian government, which annulled his order. The Germans arrested and disbanded the Tsentralna Rada on April 29, 1918 to stop the social reforms that were taking place and retarding the process of food supply transfer to Germany and Austria-Hungary. The German authorities also arrested the Ukrainian "Prime Minister, "Vsevolod Holubovych, on terrorist charges, and thus disbanded the Council of People's Ministers. Prior to this, the Rada had approved the "Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Concurrently with all these events and a few days prior to the change of powers in the country on April 24, 1918 the government of Belarus confirmed the Belarusian Chamber of Commerce in Kiev headed by "Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky on the initiative of the Belarusian secretary of finance "Pyotr Krechevsky.[6]

After the "coup, the Rada was replaced by the conservative government of "Hetman "Pavlo Skoropadsky, the "Hetmanate, and the Ukrainian People's Republic by a "Ukrainian State" (Ukrayinska derzhava). Skoropadsky, a former officer of the "Russian Empire, established a regime favoring large landowners and concentrating power at the top. The government had little support from Ukrainian activists, but unlike the socialist Rada, it was able to establish an effective administrative organization, established diplomatic ties with many countries, and concluded a peace treaty with Soviet Russia. In a few months, the Hetmanate also printed millions of "Ukrainian language textbooks, established many Ukrainian schools, two universities, and the "Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

The Hetmanate government also supported the confiscation of previously-nationalized peasant lands by wealthy estate owners, often with the help of German troops. This led to unrest, the rise of a peasant partisan ("guerrilla) movement, and a series of large-scale popular armed revolts. Negotiations were held to garner support from previous Rada members "Petliura and "Vynnychenko, but these activists worked to overthrow Skoropadsky. On July 30, a Russian "Left Socialist-Revolutionary, "Boris Mikhailovich Donskoy, with help from the local "USRP succeeded in assassinating "von Eichhorn, blowing him up in downtown Kiev at a broadlight.

Due to the impending loss of "World War I by Germany and "Austria-Hungary, Skoropadsky's sponsors, the Hetman formed a new cabinet of Russian Monarchists and committed to federation with a possible future non-Bolshevik Russia. In response, the Ukrainian socialists announced a new revolutionary government, the "Directorate, on November 14, 1918.

April 30 – "Mykola Vasylenko was appointed the Chairman of Council of Ministers and tasked with the formation of government

May 7 – the Council of Ministers confirmed its intentions to add Crimea to the "Ukrainian State

May 15 – Signing of a treaty between governments of Ukraine from one side and Germany and Austria-Hungary from another to provide a loan in amount of 400 million "karbovanets for acquiring the Ukrainian food

May 18 – the Council of Ministers adopted the law about a creation of the State Guard

May 23 – started peace negotiations between representatives of Ukraine and Russia

May 28 – to Kiev arrived the plenipotentiary delegation of the Regional Council of Kuban headed by Mykola Ryabovol with proposition of unification of Kuban with Ukraine

July 24 – Ukraine and Germany ratified the Brest Peace Treaty, adoption of laws about the general military obligation, criminal responsibility for exceeding the maximum established prices and speculation, appointments to government service

July 27 – due to the anti-Ukrainian policies of the "Crimean government of Sulkevich the Ukrainian State established an economical blockade of the peninsula

August 1 – adoption of laws about supreme government and political position of military servicemen

August 2 – adoption of the law about the creation of fund of the National Library of Ukrainian State

August 6 – the All-Ukrainian Church Council called for the "autocephaly of the Ukrainian Church

August 10 – confirmed the statute of the Ukrainian State Bank and its base and reserve capitals

August 17 – adopted the law about a restriction on import of the Russian monetary units

August 22 – in "Vienna Turkey and Ukraine exchanged documents that ratified the Brest Peace Treaty

September 10 – signing of an economic agreement between Ukraine, Germany, Austria-Hungary for the 1918–1919 fiscal years

September 18 – temporary stop of custom war with Crimea on the petition of the Sulkevich government

October 5 – in Kiev started negotiations between Ukraine and Crimea about the conditions of Crimea inclusion to Ukraine

October 6 – Kiev State Ukrainian University is opened

October 16 – Hetman of Ukraine issued declaration on the revival of cossackdom

October 17 – adopted a declaration about organization of volunteer militia on upholding the order of law

October 21 – Hetman of Ukraine met with the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government headed by Colonel V. Tkachov

November 6 – the German authorities transferred the ships of the Black Sea fleet to the Ukrainian State

November 13 – the Soviet Russia annulled the Brest Peace Treaty and refused to recognize the independence of the Ukrainian State

November 13–16 – signing of agreement about trade, consulate, and sea relationships, railway and financial treaties between the government of Ukraine and the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government

Proposed borders presented by the Ukrainian delegation at the "Paris Conference.

The Directorate gained massive popularity, and the support of some of Skoropadsky's military units including the Serdiuk Division. Their insurgent army encircled Kiev on November 21. After a three-week-long stalemate Skoropadsky abdicated in favor of the Council of Ministers who surrendered to the Revolutionary forces. On December 19, 1918, the Directorate took control of Kiev.

The Bolsheviks invaded Ukraine from "Kursk in late December 1918 where the new Ukrainian Soviet government was reestablished earlier in November of the same year. On January 16, 1919 Ukraine officially declared a war on Russia while the Russian Soviet government continued to deny all claims of invasion. On January 22, 1919, the Directorate was "officially united with the "West Ukrainian People's Republic, although the latter entity "de facto maintained its own army and government. In February 1919, the Bolsheviks captured Kiev.

Throughout 1919, Ukraine experienced chaos as the armies of the Ukrainian Republic, the Bolsheviks, the "Whites, the foreign powers of the "Entente, and "Poland, as well as "anarchist forces such as that of "Nestor Makhno tried to prevail. The subsequent "Kiev Offensive, staged by the Polish army and allied Ukrainian forces, was unable to change the situation, and in March 1921, the "Peace of Riga sealed a shared control of the territory by Poland, the "Russian SFSR, and the "Ukrainian RSR.

As the result, the lands of "Galicia (Halychyna) as well as a large part of the "Volhynian territory were incorporated into Poland, while the areas to the east and south became part of Soviet Ukraine.

After its military and political defeat, the Directorate continued to maintain control over some of its military forces. Preempting a planned invasion by its rival "Archduke Wilhelm of Austria,[7] in October 1921 the Ukrainian National Republic's government-in-exile launched a series of guerrilla raids into central Ukraine that reached as far east as "Kiev Oblast. On November 4, the Directorate's guerrillas captured "Korosten and seized much military supplies. But on November 17, 1921, this force was surrounded by Bolshevik cavalry and destroyed.

December 16 – the Directorate renewed the law about National-Individual Autonomy

December 19 – the grand entry of Directorate to the capital of Ukraine. Military parade at Sofiyivska Ploshcha. Note of protest to the countries of "Entente due to occupation of ports of the Southern Ukraine ("Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War)

December 26 – Directorate published a basis of its economic-social policies and political system

December 31 – Directorate issued a note of protest to the Soviet Russia due to its invasion of Ukraine

January 1 – Directorate adopted the law about the Supreme body of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Cathedral Church

January 2 – order of the Chief Otaman "Symon Petlyura to exile all enemies of Ukraine

January 3–4 – repeated notes of protest to the "Soviet Russia due to its intervention

January 4 – Directorate adopted the law about Ukrainian monetary unit, hryvnia

January 8 – the government of Ukraine adopted the Land Law, based on the principles of socialism

January 16 – declaration of war with "Moscow due to no results of peace negotiations

January 22 – declaration of "Unification between Ukraine and West Ukraine at Sofiyivska Ploshcha

January 23 – session of Labor Congress initiated by Directorate was opened in Kiev. The congress attended over 400 delegates, out which 65 represented the West Ukraine. It expressed its trust in Directorate and adopted the law about the form of government in Ukraine

February 2 – due to the advance of Bolsheviks Directorate moved from Kiev to "Vinnytsia

February 13 – Directorate changed the composition of the Council of National Ministers

February 17 – Directorate petitioned to the governments of "Entente and the US for help in fight with Bolsheviks

March 15 – the delegation of West Ukraine headed by "Yevhen Petrushevych met with Directory in "Proskuriv to further discuss development of joint operations

April 4 – plenipotentiary representative of Ukraine at the "Versailles Peace Conference H.Sydorenko expressed his protest to the Polish military attack onto the Ukrainian territory and its political and materiel support by Entente

April 9 – Directory adopted the declaration on resignation of the Ostapenko government and appointing the new composition of the Council of National Ministers headed by "Borys Martos

April 15 – the government of Ukraine appointed General "Oleksandr Osetsky as the Otaman of the Army

June 18 – the delegation of Ukraine at the "Versailles Peace Conference together with the representatives of Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Northern Caucasus expressed its protest against recognition of the Supreme Council of the Paris Peace conference the government of "Admiral Kolchak as the Supreme government of Russia

June 20–21 – signing of a temporary agreement of Ukraine with Poland in "Lviv and establishment of demarcation line (Delwig line)

The following is the list of numerous uprisings that took place during the formation of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Some of them were in opposition to the Petlyura's government (such as the Oskilko's Affair), some were against the establishment of the Soviet regime, some took place to eliminate the Entente forces. According to "Cheka documentation, in Ukraine took place 268 uprisings from 1917 through 1932, where in over 100 raions the mutinied peasants were killing chekists, communists, and "prodotryads that were requisitioning food by force which more resembled "expropriation.[8]

According to the latest census that was taken 1897, the republic was accounted for over 20 million population in seven former Russian "guberniyas, plus three "uyezds of the "Taurida Governorate that were located on the mainland.

On March 4, 1918 the Ukrainian government accepted the law about the administrative-territorial division of Ukraine. The law stated that Ukraine is divided into 32 zemlia (land) which are administrated by their respective "zemstvo. This law was not fully implemented as on April 29, 1918 there was the anti-socialist coup in Kiev, after which Hetman "Pavlo Skoropadsky reverted the reform back to the "guberniya-type administration.

The headquarters of the republic's armed forces was called the General Bulawa and was considered to be located in Kiev. Of course, due to constant intervention from the Petrograd "sovnarkom and the "German Empire the physical location of it was changing ("Kamyanets-Podilsky, "Bila Tserkva, others).

The following three Zaporizhian infantry regiments and the 3 Haidamaka Regiment of the biggest Ukrainian military formation, the Zaporizhian Corps, later were reorganized into the 1 Zaporizhian Division.

Green indicates UPR-controlled territory, red indicates the Red Army control, light yellow for the White Army control, dark yellow for Germany, blue for Poland, and brown for Romania. Bold black line incidates the borders of modern Ukraine.