MGUS and Multiple Myeloma in 9/11 Firefighters

Key Points

When results were compared with MGUS prevalence in a nonexposed comparison group, the prevalence of MGUS in the firefighters was nearly twice as high—7.63 cases of MGUS per 100 firefighters vs 4.34 cases per 100 nonexposed persons.

Their average age of diagnosis was 57, or 12 years younger than the average age for multiple myeloma diagnosis nationally.

The aerosolized dust from the collapsed towers exposed FDNY and other first responders to unprecedented levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, asbestos, and other potential carcinogens, as well as diesel smoke from heavy machinery used in the 10-month rescue and recovery effort.

“With our 2011 study in The Lancet, we were the first to show that first responders were more likely to get many different types of cancer,” said senior coauthor David J. Prezant, MD, a Professor of Medicine at Einstein, a pulmonary disease specialist at Montefiore, and Chief Medical Officer of the FDNY. “We carried out this new study to do more than just treat cancer. We wanted to find early, predictive signs of cancer that would allow us to screen people and monitor those found to be at risk. By detecting MGUS, which predicts the development of multiple myeloma, we are able to do that.”

Study Findings

Previous studies have suggested that MGUS and multiple myeloma tend to develop after exposure to toxic chemicals. The aerosolized dust from the collapsed towers exposed FDNY and other first responders to unprecedented levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, asbestos, and other potential carcinogens, as well as diesel smoke from heavy machinery used in the 10-month rescue and recovery effort.

For statistical reasons, the study population was limited to 781 white, male WTC-exposed firefighters aged 50 to 79 whose blood samples were evaluated to assess the prevalence of MGUS in the group. When results were compared with MGUS prevalence in a nonexposed comparison group (men living in Olmsted County, Minnesota), the prevalence of MGUS in the firefighters was nearly twice as high (7.63 cases of MGUS per 100 firefighters vs 4.34 cases per 100 nonexposed persons).

“We saw a significantly higher incidence of MGUS in these first responders, and they’re developing it at a young age,” said senior coauthor Amit Verma, MBBS, Professor of Medicine and of Developmental & Molecular Biology at Einstein and Director of Hematologic Malignancies at the Montefiore Einstein Center for Cancer Care. Their early development of MGUS, he says, suggests these firefighters potentially face an increased risk of early-onset multiple myeloma as well.

Indeed, in a separate analysis, the researchers examined the 16 cases of multiple myeloma diagnosed between September 12, 2001, and July 1, 2017, among all white, male, WTC-exposed FDNY firefighters. Their average age of diagnosis was 57, or 12 years younger than the average age for multiple myeloma diagnosis nationally.

Although not everyone with MGUS will develop multiple myeloma, the researchers recommend that physicians screen first responders exposed to the WTC site for both conditions. “Screening for multiple myeloma risk by testing for MGUS is something we can offer these first responders, which is why this study is important,” said Dr. Prezant.

Prediction of WTC-Related Cancers

Another study by Singh et al in JAMA Oncology predicts how many WTC-related cancer cases will be diagnosed among FDNY WTC-exposed rescue/recovery workers between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2031. The study, by Einstein, Montefiore, and FDNY researchers, predicts that among a subset of white males, 2,714 new cancer cases will be diagnosed over the 20-year period.

Led by Rachel Zeig-Owens, DrPH, Research Assistant Professor in Epidemiology and Population Health at Einstein, these studies demonstrate that this is a significantly greater cancer burden than the 2,596 cancer cases that would be predicted in a demographically similar but nonexposed population. The study also calculated that the 20-year cost for the first year of cancer treatment for the FDNY WTC exposed rescue/recovery workers will total more than $235 million.

The content in this post has not been reviewed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Inc. (ASCO®) and does not necessarily reflect the ideas and opinions of ASCO®.