Gamma-hydroxybutyrate acid (GHB) is a naturally occurring analog of GABA in the mammalian brain and can be therapeutically used for basic sedation in intensive care units. Although its application is discussed controversially, GHB is suspected to protect neuronal tissue against ischemic damage. GHB was tested for an acute effect on electrophysiologic parameters of guinea pig hippocampal tissues exposed to ischemic conditions. With application of 0.5 mM GHB, an acute protective effect was observed. The aim of the present paper is to discuss our experimental results as well as pathophysiological mechanisms of GHB and its clinical applicability.