"Any intelligent fool can make things bigger and more complex... It takes a touch of genius --- and a lot of courage to move in the opposite direction" - Albert Einstein ( 1879 - 1955 )

§ The Problem :

At velocities approaching the speed of light, , mass - particles and other object bodies contract in the direction of motion as well as the fact that measurements of intervals of time dilate ( expand ) as seen by an outside ( relatively ) stationary observer. In fact, the speed of light itself determines the very upper limit of velocity at which any object body or mass - particle can attain because otherwise the frame of reference of such an object body ( or mass - particle ) would "outrun" any light propagation from itself. And this occurrence would thus violate the Lorentz Transformation Equations upon which all else has been derived in our discussion of special relativity by giving imaginary number results as can be seen directly from the Lorentz equations themselves:

However for velocities simply approaching the speed of light, nevertheless no simple Galilean addition of velocities of two or more frames of references of bodies will suffice because of [ physical body ] length contraction and time dilation effects. Remember that

and hence any distortions in either a body's distance in physical length or its time of travel due to relativistic effects of motion will have be accounted for, so to speak, by a "correction factor" which we will soon see.

How to solve this problem of Addition of Relativistic Velocities will now become the subject of the following discussion.

§ The Relative Motion of Frames of References of Moving Bodies:

§Assume frames of reference for systems , , and with the following stipulations:

Our task is therefore to relate the position and time of the object inside the moving space ship ( system ) to a stationary observer ( system ) on the outside as follows:

Likewise, the y - displacement inside the space ship ,

becomes for the outside stationary observer in reference frame

And, the z - displacement inside space ship ,

gives

§ Now Notice Several Consequential Things:

1).

2).

that is, there is no Lorentz velocity or length contraction and everything goes over into classical Galilean Transformation Equations!

3a).

In other words, it is virtually impossible to combine several Lorentz transformations into one final transformed coordinate system where there will be a relative velocity greater
than as long as in at least one inertial system no object body [ or mass - particle ] travels faster than . And, of course, it will always be possible to describe one inertial system
in which a given body is traveling less than or equal to since The Principle of Relativity [ see: The Relativity Postulates ] is á priori always true.

3b).

3c). Let's try this again as follows:

4). since

gives an invariant Lorentz transformation for an object body [ or mass - particle ] in where the object body itself forms frame and traveling at velocity with respect to
system which in turn is traveling at velocity with respect to system , and, hence, the object body in ( or ) is traveling at velocity with respect to ; and, therefore, we can
finally write

§ In conclusion we can therefore state the following:

every material body is itself an inertial frame of reference;

every material body will have a velocity less than or equal to in every other inertial system if its velocity in any one inertial system is also less than or equal to .

Relativistic Velocity Transformation Equations: A Summary

Relativistic Velocity Transformation Equations: An Example∗

∗note: this example is used in the future upcoming Relativity Science Calculator Mac application

But first,

§ Example 1).

Let be the velocity vector of a rocket as observed in relatively stationary traveling at, say, 0.6 with theta angle of, for example, 30°. Also, let move away from stationary at = 0.1.

We now calculate the velocity and angle of the rocket as observed in :

§ Example 2).

Let be the speed of light with a directed beam having theta angle of 30°. Also, let move away from stationary at the same = 0.1. In other words, everything is the same as above but we now substitute the speed of light for the rocket and its velocity.

As before, we now calculate the speed of light and angle of the entering light as observed in .

Remember that since light is diffuse throughout a given volume of pure vacuum space devoid of matter, it does not possess a unique direction and therefore light only possesses speed and is not a vector. But in our situation, we are prescribing a directed beam such as a laser.

So, as far as answering the question as to the angle of entry of our directed light beam into system coming from stationary system , the answer to this is the same as in above for Example 1, namely

A Philosophic Question to Ponder

Aside from the philosophic questions of time and mass dilations arising from relativistic addition of velocities, we also observe from the above examples that there exists a "pseudo - rotation" in spacetime geometry of the velocities observed in as compared to relatively stationary . For this and other geometries being shown here, please go to Minkowski's "Light Cone" wherein it's also shown that we humans live in a "45° physical reality of knowing" beyond which there is cosmological Elsewhere.

In other words, our human perceptions of external reality can tell us only a limited amount of truth regarding the external world. At a deeper level of understanding, therefore, it is only by means of
philosophic and mathematical inquiry that an observer in and can relate their "experiences" to each other beyond what their respective naïve perceptions will tell them. To the observer in
there is one sort of angle of velocity motion but to the other observer in there is another, but different, angle of velocity motion; whereas, hence, neither would realize that their respective angle of velocity
motion differs from the other except by deeper philosophic and mathematical inquiry.