Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
“GNU Free Documentation License”.

GNU Typist is an interactive typing tutor that can help you to type
correctly. It has several lessons for different keyboard layouts and in
different languages. The lessons for gtypist are described in a easy-to-learn
scripting language that the user can use to modify the existing lessons
or create new ones.

Distribution

GNU Typist (or gtypist) is free software; this means that everyone
is free to use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions.
The precise conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that
comes with this program and also follows this section.

Preamble

The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
software and other kinds of works.

The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast,
the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom
to share and change all versions of a program—to make sure it remains
free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation,
use the GNU General Public License for most of our software; it
applies also to any other work released this way by its authors. You
can apply it to your programs, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
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To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you
have certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the
software, or if you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom
of others.

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
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terms so they know their rights.

Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
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For the developers’ and authors’ protection, the GPL clearly explains
that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users’ and
authors’ sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
authors of previous versions.

Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
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Therefore, we have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the
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Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
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to avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program
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assures that patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Definitions.

“This License” refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.

“Copyright” also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds
of works, such as semiconductor masks.

“The Program” refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
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A “covered work” means either the unmodified Program or a work based
on the Program.

To “propagate” a work means to do anything with it that, without
permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
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public, and in some countries other activities as well.

To “convey” a work means any kind of propagation that enables other
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An interactive user interface displays “Appropriate Legal Notices” to
the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the
extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the
work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If
the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a
menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.

Source Code.

The “source code” for a work means the preferred form of the work for
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The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can
regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding Source.

The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that same
work.

Basic Permissions.

All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of
copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated
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permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a
covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its
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You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not convey,
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You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose of having
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Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under the
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Protecting Users’ Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.

No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological
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When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid
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operation or modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against
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Conveying Verbatim Copies.

You may convey verbatim copies of the Program’s source code as you
receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
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keep intact all notices stating that this License and any
non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code;
keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all
recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.

You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey,
and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.

Conveying Modified Source Versions.

You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to
produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the
terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these
conditions:

The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified it,
and giving a relevant date.

The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is released
under this License and any conditions added under section 7. This
requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to “keep intact all
notices”.

You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this License to
anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This License will
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to the whole of the work, and all its parts, regardless of how they
are packaged. This License gives no permission to license the work in
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If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
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A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent
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“aggregate” if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not
used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation’s users
beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work
in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other
parts of the aggregate.

Conveying Non-Source Forms.

You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of
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ways:

Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the
Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium customarily
used for software interchange.

Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a written
offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as long as you
offer spare parts or customer support for that product model, to give
anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a copy of the
Corresponding Source for all the software in the product that is
covered by this License, on a durable physical medium customarily used
for software interchange, for a price no more than your reasonable
cost of physically performing this conveying of source, or (2) access
to copy the Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.

Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the written
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Convey the object code by offering access from a designated place
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Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided you
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A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded
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A “User Product” is either (1) a “consumer product”, which means any
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whether the product has substantial commercial, industrial or
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“Installation Information” for a User Product means any methods,
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information must suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of
the modified object code is in no case prevented or interfered with
solely because modification has been made.

If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or
specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as
part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the
User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a
fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the
Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied
by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply
if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install
modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has
been installed in ROM).

The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a
requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or
updates for a work that has been modified or installed by the
recipient, or for the User Product in which it has been modified or
installed. Access to a network may be denied when the modification
itself materially and adversely affects the operation of the network
or violates the rules and protocols for communication across the
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Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided,
in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly
documented (and with an implementation available to the public in
source code form), and must require no special password or key for
unpacking, reading or copying.

Additional Terms.

“Additional permissions” are terms that supplement the terms of this
License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.
Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions
apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately
under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by
this License without regard to the additional permissions.

When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of
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removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place
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for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you
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of that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:

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attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices
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All other non-permissive additional terms are considered “further
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received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is
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a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this
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If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
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Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the
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above requirements apply either way.

Termination.

You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
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this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third
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However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same
material under section 10.

Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.

You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run
a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work
occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However,
nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do
not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a
covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.

Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.

Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible
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An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an
organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered
work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
licenses to the work the party’s predecessor in interest had or could
give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the
Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if
the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.

You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may
not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.

Patents.

A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The
work thus licensed is called the contributor’s “contributor version”.

A contributor’s “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned
or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
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patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
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Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
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In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express
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If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
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then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
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actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
covered work in a country, or your recipient’s use of the covered work
in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
country that you have reason to believe are valid.

If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
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receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
work and works based on it.

A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within the
scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on
the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically
granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you
are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the
business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the
third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the
work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties
who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent
license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by
you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in
connection with specific products or compilations that contain the
covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent
license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.

Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.

No Surrender of Others’ Freedom.

If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey
a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under
this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a
consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree
to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying
from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could
satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely
from conveying the Program.

Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this
License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
combination as such.

Revised Versions of this License.

The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public
License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or
of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If
the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General
Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free
Software Foundation.

If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions
of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy’s public
statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to
choose that version for the Program.

Later license versions may give you additional or different
permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.

Disclaimer of Warranty.

THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT
WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND
PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE
DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR
CORRECTION.

Limitation of Liability.

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR
CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT
NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR
LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM
TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER
PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.
Copyright (C) yearname of author
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

program Copyright (C) yearname of author
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.

The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show
the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your
program’s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would
use an “about box”.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your
program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use
the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But
first, please read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html.

1 Introduction

GNU Typist is an interactive typing tutor program. It uses an input
file to create a series of typing tutorials, drills, and speed
tests. It is intended to be used on raw terminals without graphics. It
has been compiled and used on GNU/Linux and Unix (OpenBSD, AIX,
Solaris) and also on Windows.

The program reads lessons written in an easy-to-learn scripting
language. It is distributed with several complete and good
lessons. You can use them, modify them or create new lessons
(see Create new lessons and see Script file commands).

If a script file is not specified on the command line, a default file
gtypist.typ will be used. (See details about the path in the
section see Environment Variables).

The top line of the screen displays a banner. The bottom line of the
screen displays a message line, queries, and other status information.
The lines in between are used for the tutorials, drills, and speed
tests.

There are two types of typing exercises: drills and speed
tests.

In a drill, gtypist displays text in every other line on the
screen, and waits for the user to correctly type the exact same text
in the intermediate lines.
Typing errors are indicated with an inverse ‘^’, or ‘>’ if
the character is a newline and at the end of the exercise it
calculates the real and effective rate in Words Per Minute
(WPM). If there were too many errors, it will re-run the
drill.

Backward deleting of previously typed characters to correct errors is
not allowed.

In a speed test, gtypist displays text on the screen, and waits for
the user to correctly over-type the exact same text. It indicates
typing errors, and at the end of the test it calculates the real and
effective rate in WPM.
If there were too many errors, it will re-run the speed test.
Backward deleting of previously typed characters to correct errors is
permitted, but errors still accumulate.

If you already made too many mistakes, then you can use ESC to
give up and start again. You can also skip a lesson by pressing
ESC twice. Once you complete a lesson, you will be asked whether
you want to repeat it.

There are also “practice only” exercises (of both drills and speed
tests) which you won’t have to repeat at all. But we won’t tell you
when this is the case, so you’ll have to give your best anyway ;-)

In typing speed reports, a word is deemed to be five characters,
so the raw (gross) WPM is the number of characters in the
test passage, divided by five, then divided again by the number of
minutes elapsed in typing the passage. The adjusted WPM
factors in the errors; each error is counted as a mistyped word.

If preferred, speeds can be displayed in Characters Per Minute
(CPM). This can be done by specifying “–scoring=cpm” at
the command line.

2 Invoking

The syntax to invoke GNU Typist is:

gtypist [ Options... ] [ script_file ]

-b, --personal-best

gtypist will keep track of your personal best typing speeds and tell
you when you’ve beaten them. Best typing speeds are saved in a
“bestlog” in the user’s home directory.

-e, --error-max

Specifies the default maximum error percentage. The default value is
3.0 and it must be between 0.0 and 100.0. There is a corresponding
script file command (see Script file commands) which only
overrides this if it is stricter (smaller). This value is
ignored for “practice only” drills.

-n, --notimer

gtypist will display the typing speeds in WPM after both
drills and speed tests. However, the lessons appear to be written for
a program that only does this for speed tests. To make gtypist behave
in a manner that matches the lessons, that is, to sup WPM
reports on drills, use -n or --notimer.

-t, --term-cursor

gtypist creates its own flashing block cursor on the screen, to help
distinguish between the cursor and reverse video error indications.
Setting -t or --term-cursor suppresses this, and
forces the program to use the terminal’s cursor instead.

-f, --curs-flash

Sets the block cursor flash period in tenths of a second. A value of 0
indicates no cursor flashing. The default is 10, and the maximum is
512. This option is ignored if -t or --term-cursor
has been set.

-c, --colo[u]rs

In normal operation, gtypist uses only normal and reverse video
attributes in monochrome mode. This option may be used to specify the
foreground and background colours on terminals that support colours.
The colours are specified as two integers, in the range 0 to 7,
separated by commas, setting the foreground and background
colours. The colour codes 0 to 7 indicate black, red, green, yellow,
blue, magenta, cyan, and white respectively. The default colours
string is 7,0 - white on black. The option is ignored if the terminal
does not support colours.

-s, --silent

When gtypist detects a typing error, it will beep the terminal. Use
this option to silence the beep.

-q, --quiet

Same as -s or --silent.

-l, --start-label

Specifies the label in the script file at which gtypist begins
executing (see script files and commands below for information on
labels). If this option is not used, gtypist begins execution at the
first line of the file.

-w, --word-processor

With this option, gtypist will try to mimic a word processor in
certain ways when executing an exercise. It will treat space at the
end of a line as a correctly typed character, and word wrap. It will
treat return at the end of a line as a signal to move to the start of
the next paragraph if applicable. It will compress multiple spaces
into a single space. And it will skip over hyphens found at the end of
a line.

-k, --no-skip

Prohibit the user from skipping lessons or exiting from lessons via
ESC ESC.

-i, --show-errors

Highlight errors with reverse video.

-S, --always-sure

Skips confirmation questions.

--banner-colo[u]rs

Change the color of the banner at the top of the screen. Color values
are the same as for the –colo[u]rs command. The default value is
0,6,5,1 - black foreground, cyan background, magenta program name and
red version name.

--scoring

Change the scoring mode. WPM and CPM modes are
available, with the default being WPM.

You also have to set the environment variable LANG if you want
to run gtypist in your native language. See Environment Variables.

In some languages like French, some interface messages are longer than
in English. Therefore, you may need to make your terminal larger
before invoking the tool. Otherwise, the text on the lower left may
overlap with the string on the lower right.

german2.ktouch.xml has not been included because it is from the
same source as ttde.typ and ttde.typ contains more
information.

ttde.typ

This is the German lesson of
tipptrainer
0.6.0, which has been converted using tools/tt2typ.pl. It is
quite extensive and has good explanations along the way.

If you find errors in these lessons, if you modify any of them or if
you write a new lesson, please release it with a free license and tell
us about it, by writing an email to bug-gtypist@gnu.org.

4 Using typefortune

typefortune lets you practice with text from
fortune.

SYNTAX: typefortune [-dslh] [-n count] [-o <gtypist_opts>]

-d

Use D: instead of S:.

-s

Run fortune with -s.

-l

Run fortune with -l.

-n <count>

Practice <count> fortunes.

-o <gtypist_options>

Pass options to gtypist, in the form option (boolean option,
i.e. -o word-processor), option,value (option with
value, i.e. -o e,1.0) where option is the name of the
option (short or long) with all leading dashes removed. You need to
quote the argument to -o if you are specifying more than one
argument: typefortune -n 3 -o 'silent e,5 word-processor'.

5 Script file commands

GNU Typist reads in the data for its typing lessons from a script
file. With the exception of comments and blank lines, each line in
the file is of the format

command_char : command_data

Here, command_char is a single character code that defines an
action for gtypist to take, and command_data is data for that
command. If command_char is a space character, this indicates
that the line is a continuation of the preceding non-space
command. The ‘:’ separator must be in column two of the line.

Comment lines are lines beginning with a ‘#’ character, and are
ignored, as are blank lines. Comment lines may have any format
provided that they begin with ‘#’; other lines must have the
above format.

You should read the introduction so that you are familiar with the
basics: See Introduction.

The following is a list of valid command_char values:

B

This command clears the complete screen. If any command_data is
present, it is displayed in the one-line banner at the top of the
screen, and remains in place until the next B command. This
command may not be continued on the following line; it is a single
line command.

T

This presents a tutorial, and is a multi-line command, up to the limit
of the screen length. Each line in the command is simply printed to
the screen. This command clears the screen beneath the top banner
line. After the display is done, the program waits before proceeding.

*

This indicates a label in the file. The label may be the target of a
G, Y, N or F command. Labels may contain
any character except space (this restriction was added in gtypist
2.9), and are a single line command. Labels must be unique within
lesson files. White-space at the end of labels is ignored.

I

The I command can display some brief instructions above a drill
or a speed test. Only two lines or less are permitted. Unlike the
T command, it does not wait for any further key-presses before
proceeding. So it should really always be followed by an exercise.
It clears the whole screen exercise area, so in this respect it’s just
like a two-line T.

M

This command is the new way to create menus (since gtypist 2.7). Here
is the syntax:

This will display a convenient menu made from the specified items and
let the user to choose from them. If an item was selected, gtypist
will continue script execution from the corresponding label. If the
Escape key was pressed and UP label is defined, gtypist will go
to the UP label likewise, or quit from, if there is
``_EXIT'' in the place of the label. If the UP label is
not defined, gtypist will try to return to the previous menu and jump
to the last label met in the script before previous M command.
If there is no such label and some menu was displayed before the
current one, gtypist will just go to the beginning of the script. If
none of the previous conditions were met, gtypist will just exit from
the script.

The above details make it natural to create menu hierarchies without
using UP labels.

The title and all descriptions must be wrapped in quotes ("").
Additionally, there must be at least one space between UP=XXX
and "title" and between the labels and the corresponding descriptions.

This command was introduced as an easy way to arrange various parts of
lesson files into single menu hierarchy which can be easily navigated,
as well as a replacement for ancient F-key menus. See the
existing lesson-files for examples.

D,d

This command is called drill, and it is one of two types of
typing exercises.

It is a multi-line command. The text is displayed in every second
line, and you type in the intermediate lines. Because of this, you
cannot use more than 11 lines of drill content.

This type of exercise is supposed to be used for finger training
(i.e. jfjfjjf), but may also contain complete words and sentences
if they are used to practice something (i.e. a
letter/syllable/"grip"), and aren’t real texts.

The lowercase version d is a “practice only” drill - the user
will not have not repeat this drill if he/she made too many mistakes.

S,s

This is the second type of typing exercise: the speed test.

It is a multi-line command. It displays its text on the screen, and
prompts the user to type on top of it. That’s why you can use up to
22 lines of text for one speed test. In a speed test you can correct
your mistakes, but this will not decrease the error-count.

Speed tests should be used for typing (mostly) complete sentences,
texts or files (i.e. a letter, texinfo/html/tex files).

The lowercase version s is a practice only speed test:
the user will not have not repeat this drill if (s)he made too many
mistakes.

G

This causes gtypist to go to the label in command_data, and
continue execution of the script there. This is a single line command.

Q

This command command prompts its text on the message line, and waits
for a Y or an N before proceeding. Other characters are
ignored.

As a side effect, you can hit an F-key if it is bound (a deprecated way
to create the prompt for menus).

Y

This is like G, except that the goto is executed only if the
result of the last Q command was Y.

N

This is like G, except that the goto is executed only if the
result of the last Q command was N.

K

This command is deprecated in favor of M: This binds a function
key to a label. The format of the data line following this command
must be fkey_number:label, where fkey_number is a
function key number in the range 1 to 12, and label is a label
to go to when this key is pressed. A value of NULL for label removes
any label binding from the key.

If function keys are not available on the terminal other keys can be
used: 1 to 9 to replace F1 to F9, 0 to
replace F10, A for F11 and S for F12.

This is also useful where function keys are intercepted by other
programs (for example by a window manager).

E

This command is used to set the highest error-rate permitted for the
next drill (E:<value>%) or for all following drills until the
next E: (E:<value>%*).

If --error-max/-e is specified then this command will only
have an effect if it is stricter than the value specified on
the command-line.

command_data consists of the value (between 0.0 and 100.0),
followed by ‘%’ (this is required so that scripts are more
readable). A special value of default or Default sets
the error-max value back to the default.

F

This command (“set on-failure label”) is used to set the label (in
command_data) where the user will have to go to if (s)he fails
an exercise.

Usually, this command only applies to the next exercise, but you can
make it persistent by putting a ‘*’ at the end of
command_data.

If label is NULL then this resets the label.

X

This command causes gtypist to exit. It is a single line command. Any
command_data is ignored. The program also exits if the end of
the file is found (so you could also place a label there and just
G to it)

Here is a tiny example script to demonstrate the available commands
(tinydemo.typ lesson file):

# Minimal demonstration
B: Typing tutor demonstration
*:LOOP
K:1:QDONE
T:This is a small example tutor script. A better
:example may be found in the demo.typ file that
:accompanies GNU Typist
I:Here is an example of a drill:
D:asdf ghjkl;
I:And here is an example of a speed test:
S:qwe rt yu iop
*:QDONE
Q:Seen enough yet? [Y/N]
N:LOOP
X:

6 Create new lessons

6.1 Ktouch lessons

A very easy way to write lessons is to write them in the format that
ktouch1.0 uses, and then convert it to a gtypist
lesson using tools/ktouchOLD2typ.pl. This will take care of
writing “jump-tables”, a menu and a bit more.

The ktouch-1.0-format consists only of lessons, which are preceded by
their names, and separated by blank lines and/or comments (‘#’ at
the beginning of the line). So the first non-blank, non-comment line
in the file is the name of the first lesson, and the first lesson
consists of all the lines up to the next comment or blank line. After
the separator (comment or blank line) the name of the second lesson
follows and so on.

This is an example of a three-lesson ktouch file (excerpts from the
first three lessons of german.ktouch):

Once you are done, use tools/ktouchOLD2typ.pl to convert the
file: ‘ktouchOLD2typ.pl lesson.ktouch’ converts
lesson.ktouch to lesson.typ. It is important that the
input file ends in ‘.ktouch’, otherwise
ktouchOLD2typ.pl will skip it. Warning: this will overwrite
lesson.typ without asking you !

You can customize the number of lines that ktouchOLD2typ.pl
uses for each drill by modifying the relevant variable in
tools/ktouchOLD2typ.pl.

Obviously, the disadvantage of this is that you cannot make use of all
of gtypist’s features (but the output file is very readable, so you
can edit it to use more of gtypist’s features).

If you prefer, you can use the new ktouch 1.6 XML file format, which
looks like this (from english.ktouch.xml:

In this format, the content of the <NewCharacters> tag acts as a title
for the following drill. You can convert *.ktouch.xml to
*.typ with ‘ktouch2typ.pl lesson.ktouch.xml’, which will
create lesson.ktouch.typ (again, this may overwrite without asking you).

6.2 Exercises from fortune

Using gtypist-mode.el you can quickly create lessons with text
from the program fortune (or the Emacs-internal
yow if fortune isn’t available, as is usually the
case on Windows).

Once you installed gtypist-mode.el (see Emacs mode), you
can open a file with the ‘.typ’ extension and run C-c C-f
to create a drill (D: by default, use C-u or C-u
C-u prefix to change).

6.3 Design patterns for lessons

6.3.1 Structure of lesson files

Use mixture of drills and speed tests (this is more fun for the user)

Use some “practice-only” exercises (d:/s:)
(possibly mixed with “real” exercises) followed by a “final test”.
esp.typ uses this scheme.

6.3.2 Patterns for exercises

When introducing a new key, start out by mixing other (known) keys
of the same finger in with the new key in the first drill(s). Here is
an example (from t.typ, line 237):

6.4 Findwords script

The tools/findwords script in the GNU Typist sources is there
to assist you in creating new lessons.

6.4.1 Purpose

In the beginning when you are creating a new tutorial from scratch,
it’s not very easy to form words and even sentences while the range of
letters you can use is restricted. Sometimes you want to insert some
paragraph “targeted” at some special combination of two or three
letters. This is even harder.

For this purpose we created findwords. It uses the dictionaries from
the aspell database (free multilingual spellchecker).

6.4.2 Installing

You will need the aspell and aspell-LG packages, where
LG is the ISO language code for the language you want to use.

After a successful installation, you will have to make a little change
in your configuration so that aspell’s master database is the one of
your language. This can be done two different ways:

In your home directory create the file
.aspell.conf and add this line: master LANGUAGE

6.4.3 Using findwords

The syntax is as follows: ./findwords letters [combination]

In the mandatory letters argument you must list the letters
that you want use without any spaces. You may use the dot (‘.’) to say
‘all letters’. The second argument combination is optional and you can
specify there what combination of letters are you searching for.

Some examples:

./findwords asdfjkleruio
We are looking for all words composed from the
listed letters.

./findwords asdfjkleruio sa
We search words containing the combination
‘sa’, but only these composed from specified
letters.

./findwords . col
Words can contain all letters, but must have
‘col’ somewhere inside.

7 Emacs mode

gtypist now comes with an Emacs major-mode which does
syntax-highlighting, indentation and has some convenient commands for
counting labels, a goto-label-command, inserting properly centered
banners, special comments and a bit more.

Copy this file from tools/gtypist-mode.el to wherever you put
your local elisp files (e.g. ~/elisp) and put this in your
~/.emacs (adapt path!):

(autoload 'gtypist-mode "~/elisp/gtypist-mode")

or put it in load-path (‘make install’ in the sources
should take care of this for GNU Emacs, or if you are using the Debian
package, it installs it here for you) and use this instead:

8 VIM Syntax highlighting

To install it for version 5.x (or any version on Windows), copy the
file to where the syntax-files go (for example
/usr/share/vim/vim56/syntax/ for Vim 5.6; if everything else
fails you can search for e.g. xml.vim) and add this to
~/.vimrc ($HOME/_vimrc on Windows):

autocmd BufNewFile,BufRead *.typ set ft=gtypist

Installation for Vim >= 6.x is simpler: first create ~/.vim/syntax/:
mkdir -p ~/.vim/syntax and put tools/gtypist.vim in there.
Finally add this to ~/.vimrc:

autocmd BufNewFile,BufRead *.typ setf gtypist

In case you are using the debian package, gtypist.vim will already
be installed for you, but you need to enable it explicitly:

sudo apt-get install vim-addon-manager
vim-addons install gtypist

In any case, make sure that the vimrc file has the following
command at the top ahead of all other autocmd-commands:

autocmd! " Remove ALL autocommands for the current group

(which avoids problems if vimrc is sourced more than once).
And if you haven\’t done it already, you need to enable syntax
highlighting (this may need to be before the autocmd ... gtypist).

syntax on " turn on syntax highlighting

You can verify that tools/gtypist.vim is active by running
:set ft? in vim, which should return filetype=gtypist.

All of this is also mentioned in the README-section of tools/gtypist.vim.

9 Environment Variables

GNU Typist uses the following environment variables:

LANG

GNU Typist offers Native Language Support (NLS) with support of the
gettext library, this means that if your system supports it, the
language of the messages shown by gtypist can be chosen. By now
gtypist is distributed with messages in English, Czech, Finnish,
French, German and Spanish. To use a particular NLS use the
environment variable LANG and set it to the appropriate ‘LL_CC’
combination where ‘LL’ is an ISO 639 two-letter language code and
‘CC’ is an ISO 3166 two-letter country code (e.g. ‘es_ES’
for Spain and de_DE for Germany). In some systems it will be
also necessary to set the environment variable LANGUAGE to the same
value.

If you want to translate messages to a different language (or if you
want to correct a message), please communicate it to
bug-gtypist@gnu.org.

GTYPIST_PATH

Lists the directories that the program will look in for script files.
It has the standard format for paths, that is, a list of directories
separated by ‘:’s. To open a script, gtypist will try the
following paths: (1) to use the script name alone (2) it will append
each one of the directories specified in the variable
GTYPIST_PATH and (3) it will append the directory used during
the installation process (e.g. /usr/local/share/gtypist or
/usr/share/gtypist).

TERM

Used by curses to manage the display.

TERMINFO

This may need to be set if the path to the terminfo database is
different between the system the binary was compiled on and the one it
is being run on. For example, in older Slackware systems, the terminfo
database resides in /usr/lib/terminfo. On RedHat Linux, it is
in /usr/share/terminfo. If the program complains about the
terminal type, and the value of TERM is correct, check into
this.

10 Errors and omissions

GNU Typist does not go to much effort to minimize terminal output. In
particular, the flashing block cursor can cause a lot of cursor
movement. Using the terminal’s own cursor will help if this becomes a
problem.

In speed tests, the program does not allow backspacing or deletion
past the beginning of the screen line, or back through Tab
characters. This is purely to simplify screen updating.

Colour curses modes do not seem to work well with UnixWare. In
particular, reverse video is not always rendered correctly on some
terminal types, and xterms.

Please see the TODO file in the source distribution for more things
that need to be fixed.

Appendix A History of GNU Typist

The initial program was written for VAX/VMS BASIC by someone at Harris
Corp (Ft. Lauderdale, FL).

Simon Baldwin rewrote the version of D. Jason
Penney, his innovations are described in the NEWS file (versions 2.2
to 2.2b). He is the holder of the copyright for GNU Typist (that is
distributed under the GPL). Simon also wrote a version of Typist in
Java that initially he called JTypist but that now is called Typist
again:

In June 2001, Felix Natter joined and made
major contributions to the project: lesson imports from other tutors,
tool enhancements, new tutorial capabilities, , Emacs mode, arrow key
based interface, and many more!

In 2003, Dmitry Rutsky joined
joined the development team and brought in a dramatic number ideas,
hacks and improvements, and he’s not done yet!

In April 2008, Paul Goins took over as
maintainer of GNU Typist, adding a few enhancements (especially
building under Windows with MinGW), making some documentation updates
and changing the license to GPL version 3.

In December 2010, Tim Marston took over
as maintainer of GNU Typist, adding some enhancements and support for
the Colemak keyboard layout.

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A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”,
“Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title”
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
no effect on the meaning of this License.

VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.

COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
unless they release you from this requirement.

State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.

Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.

Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice.

Include an unaltered copy of this License.

Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add
to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.

Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section.
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve
the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
dedications given therein.

Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.

Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or
to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History”
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
“History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”,
and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all
sections Entitled “Endorsements.”

COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.

TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”,
“Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.

TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.

FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:

Copyright (C) yearyour name.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being list.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.