Scientific and/or common name:mosaic virus Target/host species or why a pest: taro Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: removal of infected plants

Scientific and/or common name:cucumber mosaic virus Target/host species or why a pest: pumpkin Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: insecticides, crop hygiene

Scientific and/or common name:Xanthomanas campestris (bacteria canker) Target/host species or why a pest: citrus Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: crop hygiene

Scientific and/or common name:Xanthomanas campestris manihotis (bacterial blight) Target/host species or why a pest: cassava Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: disease free plants, crop rotation

Scientific and/or common name:Many species of sooty mold Target/host species or why a pest: many crops Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: insecticides

Scientific and/or common name:Bipolaris incurvata (leaf spot of seedlings) Target/host species or why a pest: coconuts Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia Control measures employed or suggested: improved cultural conditions, fungicides

Scientific and/or common name:Cercospora ipomoeae (leaf spot) Target/host species or why a pest: kangkong Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls (on Ipomoea) Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: crop rotation, hygiene

Scientific and/or common name:Cercospora taccae Target/host species or why a pest: Polynesian arrowroot Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Palau, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, other Pacific islands Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Cochliobolus heterostrophus (southern leaf blight) Target/host species or why a pest: corn Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: not reported Control measures employed or suggested: resistant varieties

Scientific and/or common name:Corynespora cassiicola (leaf spot) Target/host species or why a pest: cucurbits, papaya Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Elsinoe batatas (scab) Target/host species or why a pest: sweet potato Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: fungicides, crop sanitation

Scientific and/or common name:Elsinoe fawcetti (common scab) Target/host species or why a pest: citrus Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: fungicides, crop sanitation

Scientific and/or common name:Elsinoe sacchari (white rash) Target/host species or why a pest: sugar cane Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Glomerella cingulata (dieback, fruit rot) Target/host species or why a pest: guava, yams, papaya, mango, other fruit Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: plant hygiene

Scientific and/or common name:Marasmiellus inoderma (pseudostem rot) Target/host species or why a pest: banana, taro, coconut Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: plant hygiene

Scientific and/or common name:Mycosphaerella alocasiae (small round leaf spot) Target/host species or why a pest: taro Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Mycosphaerella fijiensis (black sigatoka, black leaf streak) Target/host species or why a pest: banana Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: fungicides in emulsions, resistant cultivars

Scientific and/or common name:Mycosphaerella henningsii (brown leaf spot) Target/host species or why a pest: cassava Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: fungicides, plant spacing

Scientific and/or common name:Mycosparella spp. Target/host species or why a pest: Polynesian arrowroot Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: unstated Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Neojohstonia colocasiae (orange leaf spot) Target/host species or why a pest: taro Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Oidium sp. (powdery mildew) Target/host species or why a pest: pumpkins, squash Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: resistant cultivars, fungicides

Scientific and/or common name:Pestalotiopsis palmarum (grey leaf spot) Target/host species or why a pest: coconut Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: improved growing conditions for plants

Scientific and/or common name:Phytophthora colasasiae (leaf blight) Target/host species or why a pest: taro Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: plant hygiene

Scientific and/or common name:Phytophthora sp. (seedling blight) Target/host species or why a pest: sweet orange Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Kosrae Control measures employed or suggested: fungicides, plant hygiene

Scientific and/or common name:Pseudocercospora timorensis (leaf spot) Target/host species or why a pest: sweet potato Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: crop rotation

Scientific and/or common name:Pseudocercospora sp. (leaf blotch) Target/host species or why a pest: breadfruit Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia. Palau Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Pseudoepicoccum cocus (brown leaf spot) Target/host species or why a pest: coconut Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: improved growing conditions for plants

Scientific and/or common name:Rhizoctonia sp. (pre- and post- emergence damping-off, root, stem, and leaf rot, web blight) Target/host species or why a pest: many crops Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: chemical treatment of soil, crop spacing

Scientific and/or common name:Uromyces vignae (rust) Target/host species or why a pest: beans, sea beans Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Palau Control measures employed or suggested: crop hygiene, fungicides

Scientific and/or common name:Cephaleuros virenscens (algal leaf spot, red rust) Target/host species or why a pest: many crops Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: improved cultural conditions

Scientific and/or common name:Porites line disease Target/host species or why a pest: boulder corals Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: other areas in Pacific and Indian Oceans? Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Smothering sponges Target/host species or why a pest: many coral species Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: other areas Pacific, Indian Oceans Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Fungal/bacterial/ algal mats (several types) Target/host species or why a pest: many coral species Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: other areas Pacific, Indian Oceans Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Paspalum diticum (salt grass - introduced as soil stabilizer) Target/host species or why a pest: taro cultivation Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Likiep Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: unstated Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Casuarina equistrifolia Target/host species or why a pest: competes directly with Scaevola, which is sand binder and provides nesting grounds for certain albatrosses: provides opening for rats to do damage Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: most atolls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: worldwide tropics Control measures employed or suggested: removal

Scientific and/or common name:Miconia calvensens ("purple plague") Target/host species or why a pest: over takes native vegetation Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Jaluit (did not survive) Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Polynesia Control measures employed or suggested: careful removal, quarantine

Scientific and/or common name:Antigonon leptopus (chain-of-love) Target/host species or why a pest: over takes other vegetation Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Jaluit (did not survive), Kwajelein Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Guam, Pohnpei, other Pacific Islands Control measures employed or suggested: removal

Scientific and/or common name:Lantana camara Target/host species or why a pest: becomes a pest Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: some atolls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: high islands in Pacific, major pest Control measures employed or suggested: none for Marshalls, biological control

Scientific and/or common name:Bidens pilosa Target/host species or why a pest: overtakes disturbed areas Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro, other atolls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: pantropical Control measures employed or suggested: careful weed removal; removal of seeds from clothing to control spread

Scientific and/or common name:Other invasive plants (see complete listing of plants) Target/host species or why a pest: many species and environments Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: all atolls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: all areas worldwide Control measures employed or suggested: variable

Scientific and/or common name:Various species of hydroids Target/host species or why a pest: fouling of boat bottoms, other surfaces Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro, Enewetak, other atolls? Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: cosmopolitan Control measures employed or suggested: scraping

Scientific and/or common name:Platydemus manokwari (predatory planarian worm) Target/host species or why a pest: can cause extinction of native snail Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Guam, Hawaii, other Pacific Islands Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Meloidogyne species (root-knot nemotode worms)Target/host species or why a pest: vegetables Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Kiribati, Tuvalu Control measures employed or suggested: Solutions tested so far have had side-effects or are ineffective; RMI, Trust Territory quarantine

Scientific and/or common name:Tetranychus species (spider mites) Target/host species or why a pest: wide variety of plants Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia Control measures employed or suggested: miticide; biological control

Scientific and/or common name:?Polyphagotarsonemus latus (mite virescense) Target/host species or why a pest: green peppers Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, Palau Control measures employed or suggested: miticide

Scientific and/or common name:Musa sorbens (and other filth flies) Target/host species or why a pest: disease vectors Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: worldwide Control measures employed or suggested: biological control

Scientific and/or common name:Oriental fruit fly Target/host species or why a pest: many plants Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: not stated Control measures employed or suggested: RMI Trust Territory quarantine

Scientific and/or common name:Mediterranean fruit fly Target/host species or why a pest: many plants Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: not stated Control measures employed or suggested: RMI, Trust Territory quarantine

Scientific and/or common name:melon fly Target/host species or why a pest: plants Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: not stated Control measures employed or suggested: RMI, Trust Territory quarantine

Scientific and/or common name:cottony cushion scale Target/host species or why a pest: many plants Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: not stated Control measures employed or suggested: RMI, Trust Territory quarantine

Scientific and/or common name:serpintine leafminer Target/host species or why a pest: many plants Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: not stated Control measures employed or suggested: RMI, Trust Territory quarantine

Scientific and/or common name:Aleurodictus dispersus (spiraling whitefly) Target/host species or why a pest: over 100 species of plants Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia Control measures employed or suggested: biological control

Scientific and/or common name:Anoplolepis gracilipes (long-legged ant) Target/host species or why a pest: causes sea birds to abandon nests, destroys crabs, native vegetation Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro, Jaluit, Ailinglaplap Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Hawaii (has destroyed endemic spiders), other Indo-Pacific islands Control measures employed or suggested: pesticides

Scientific and/or common name:Aonidiella inornata (inornate scale) Target/host species or why a pest: papaya Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: widely distributed Control measures employed or suggested: malathion

Scientific and/or common name:Aspidiotus destructor (coconut scale) Target/host species or why a pest: coconuts, many other food crops Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro, Likiep Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: widely distributed Control measures employed or suggested: quarantine, biological control, chemical agents

Scientific and/or common name:Bactrocera frauenfeldi (mango fruitfly) Target/host species or why a pest: ripe breadfruit Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Marshalls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia Control measures employed or suggested: export quarantine, general sanitation

Scientific and/or common name:Dysmicoccus brevipes (pineapple mealybug) Target/host species or why a pest: coconut Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: MajuroWhere in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia Control measures employed or suggested: insecticides

Scientific and/or common name:Dysmicoccous cocotis (mealybug) Target/host species or why a pest: coconut, pandanus Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro, Lae, Ailinglaplap, Jaluit Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: widespread Control measures employed or suggested: biological control

Scientific and/or common name:Furcaspis oceanica (coconut red scale) Target/host species or why a pest: coconut Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro, Jaluit, many others Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia Control measures employed or suggested: biological control, malathion

Scientific and/or common name:Icerya egyptiaca (Egyptian fluted scale) Target/host species or why a pest: breadfruit, ornamentals Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Jaluit Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia, elsewhere Control measures employed or suggested: biological control

Scientific and/or common name:Oryctes rhinoceros (coconut rhinoceros beetle) Target/host species or why a pest: coconut Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Palau Control measures employed or suggested: quarantine, biological control

Scientific and/or common name:Palmicultor palmarum Target/host species or why a pest: coconut Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro, other atolls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia Control measures employed or suggested: biological control

Scientific and/or common name:Pseudocoocus orchidicola (orchid mealybug) Target/host species or why a pest: pandanus Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro, Jaluit, most atolls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: South Pacific Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Pulvinaria psidii (green shield scale) Target/host species or why a pest: peppers, plumeriaWhere in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro, Jaluit Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: not stated Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Pulvinaria urbicola (urbicola soft scale) Target/host species or why a pest: peppers, plumeria Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Majuro, Jaluit Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Federated States of Micronesia (originally from Caribbean) Control measures employed or suggested: biological control

Scientific and/or common name:many other insects (see database theme of insects) Target/host species or why a pest: many species Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: many atolls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: many areas worldwide Control measures employed or suggested: variable

Scientific and/or common name:Actina fulica (giant African snail) Target/host species or why a pest: food crops, flower gardens; shells may add so much calcium to soil as to change pH levels; can eat stucco off of buildings in search of calcium Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: Laura (Majuro) Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Guam. Federated States of Micronesia, Northern Marianas, Polynesia, elsewhere Control measures employed or suggested: quarantines (chemical and biological controls are entirely ineffective and can cause their own problems)

Scientific and/or common name:Eugladina rosea Target/host species or why a pest: prime cause of extinction of native snails in Polynesia Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Polynesia (was introduced in an attempt to control Actina fulica) Control measures employed or suggested: quarantines, removal

Scientific and/or common name:Gambusia affinis (mosquitofish) Target/host species or why a pest: wipes out native fishes and other aquatic species Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: many locations Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: worldwide Control measures employed or suggested: quarantines, removal

Scientific and/or common name:Sarotherodon mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia and other tilapia species) Target/host species or why a pest: competes with native species Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Hawaii, Fanning Island, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam Control measures employed or suggested: quarantine, predatory fishes

Scientific and/or common name:Bufo marinus (cane toad) Target/host species or why a pest: voraciously devours anything it can fit into its mouth Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: no breeding population recorded Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Hawaii, Guam, Federated States of Micronesia Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Carlia fusca (skink) Target/host species or why a pest: destroys native lizards Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Guam Control measures employed or suggested: none stated

Scientific and/or common name:Boiga irregularis (brown tree snake) Target/host species or why a pest: destroys native birds, lizards Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: no breeding population recorded Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Guam Control measures employed or suggested: electric fences, removal, quarantines

Scientific and/or common name:Acridotheres tristis and other myna bird species Target/host species or why a pest: competes with native birds Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: introduced to Kwajelein, did not survive Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Hawaii, Fiji, other Pacific islands Control measures employed or suggested: quarantines, removal

Scientific and/or common name:Passer domesticus (house sparrow) Target/host species or why a pest: detrimental to native birds, plants Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: introduced to Kwajelein, did not survive Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: Guam, Hawaii, other islands Control measures employed or suggested: removal

Scientific and/or common name:Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus (rats)Target/host species or why a pest: thought to have reduced the numbers of Micronesia pigeons by raiding nest, also Wake rail; harmful to Scaevola, would it establish on Bokak it will have "catastrophic" effects on birds Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: almost all islands Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: almost everywhere Control measures employed or suggested: removal

Scientific and/or common name:Suncus murinus (house shrew) Target/host species or why a pest: destroys lizards, baby birds Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: many Marshalls atolls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: much of Micronesia Control measures employed or suggested: removal

Scientific and/or common name:Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit)Target/host species or why a pest: destroys native birds Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: not reported Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: became problem on Laysan. Australia, other areas throughout the world Control measures employed or suggested: removal

Scientific and/or common name:Canis familiaris (domestic dog) Target/host species or why a pest: preys on marine birds Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: inhabited atolls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: cosmopolitan Control measures employed or suggested: removal

Scientific and/or common name:Felis catus (domestic cat) Target/host species or why a pest: destroys native birds Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: many atolls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: cosmopolitan Control measures employed or suggested: removal, kept inside houses when pet

Scientific and/or common name:Sus scrofa (domestic pig) Target/host species or why a pest: tramples surface of soil, may cause more extinctions than predation Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: inhabited atolls Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: cosmopolitan Control measures employed or suggested: removal, restricted to pens

Scientific and/or common name:Capra hircus (domestic goat) Target/host species or why a pest: tramples soil Where in Marshalls it is causing harm: periodically introduced Where in other nearby areas it is a pest: many locations Control measures employed or suggested: removal

Esguerra, Nelson M., Jackson A. Phillip and William S. William 1990. Survey of Pests of Crops in the Federated States of Micronesia. Extension Report No. 1. College of Micornesia, Land Grand Program, Kolonia, Pohnpei