Cesare Lombroso: A Brief Biography

Cesare Lombroso was an Italian
university professor and criminologist, born in Nov. 6, 1835, in Verona, who became worldwide renowned for his
studies and theories in the field of characterology, or the relation between mental and physical characteristics.
Lombroso tried to relate certain physical characteristics, such as jaw size, to criminal psychopathology, or the
innate tendency of individuals toward sociopathy and criminal behavior. As such, Lombroso's approach is a direct
descendant of phrenology,
created by the German physician Franz Joseph Gall in the beginning of the nineteenth century, and closely related to other fields of characterology,
such as craniology and physiognomy. His theory has been scientically discredited, but Lombroso had the merit of
bringing up the importance of the scientific studies of the criminal mind, a field which became known as criminal
anthropology.

Lombroso studied at the universities of Padua, Vienna, and Paris, and was later
(1862-1876) a professor of psychiatry at the University of Pavia and of forensic medicine and hygiene (1876), psychiatry
(1896) and criminal anthropology (1906) at the University of Turin. He was also the director of a mental asylum
in Pesaro, Italy.

Lombroso's main idea was partly inspired by the evolutionary and genetical studies
at the end of the nineteenth century, and proposed that certain criminals had physical evidence of an "atavistic"
(reappearance of characteristics which were present only in distant ascendants) or hereditary sort, reminiscent
of earlier, more primitive stages of human evolution. These anomalies, named as stigmata by Lombroso, could be expressed in terms of abnormal forms or dimensions of the skull
and jaw, assymmetries in the face, etc, but also of other parts of the body. These associations were later shown
to be highly inconsistent or plainly inexistent, and theories based on the environmental causation of criminality
became dominant.

Despite the unscientific nature of his theories, Lombroso was highly influential
in Europe (and also in Brazil) among criminologists and jurists. Among his books are L'Uomo
Delinquente (1876; "The Criminal Man") and Le
Crime, Causes et Remèdes (1899; Crime, Its Causes and Remedies).