(Duch, 2007).3Features of CI methods•various methods in CI•share the feature of being subsymbolic•data-driven, where•the structure (knowledge) emerges bottom-up•rather than being imposed from above (pre-wired)•directly draw on environment•Relationship to AI and ML?AI

(of data) assumption12Open problems for CI•CI that goes beyond probabilistic pattern recognition•Existing methods cannot learn difficult problems•Problems requiring reasoning based on perceptionsshould be explored•Methodology of evaluation and development of CImethods needed•Cognitive robotics may be an ultimate goal