Project scientist discusses the James Webb Space Telescope

December 28, 2015
by Astrowatch.net

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), scheduled to be launched in October 2018, is expected to yield important scientific breakthroughs in our quest to understand the universe and our origins. JWST, often touted as a successor to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), will be a large infrared telescope with a 6.5-meter primary mirror, serving thousands of astronomers worldwide. In an interview with Astrowatch.net, JWST Project Scientist Pierre Ferruit of the European Space Agency (ESA), talks the telescope's key role in future astronomy observations, describes the latest updates and explains how Europe contributes to the project.

Astrowatch.net: What significant scientific discoveries do you expect from JWST?

Pierre Ferruit: JWST is a joint mission between NASA, ESA and the Canadian one (CSA). It will be a very versatile observatory allowing astronomers to study targets ranging from our own Solar system to the most distant galaxies. Other examples include studies of the atmosphere of planets orbiting other stars or of the clouds of gas and dust where stars form.

In all these domains, JWST is expected to achieve significant breakthroughs. As an example, JWST will provide us with an unprecedented view of the times when the first stars and galaxies formed, when the Universe was only a few hundred million years old. JWST will also allow us to study the signature of a wide range of molecules in the atmosphere of planets orbiting other stars, greatly improving our understanding of these exoplanets.

But the most spectacular breakthroughs will probably not be those the scientists have imagined. JWST represents such a leap in performances that it will open a large discovery space and we should expect the unexpected!

Astrowatch.net: How much better than Hubble will JWST be regarding observations of galaxies?

The rendering of the James Webb Space Telescope. Credit: Northrop Grumman

Ferruit: When it comes to observing galaxies, JWST has been specifically designed to be able to study the early stages of their formation and to go beyond what the HST could do.

In this context, the first advantage that JWST has over HST is the size of its primary mirror. JWST's primary mirror has a diameter of 6.5 meters while HST's mirror has a diameter of "only" 2.4 meters. This allows JWST to collect at least 5 times more light than HST and to observe much more distant and fainter galaxies. JWST's second advantage will be its excellent infrared sight well suited for studying distant galaxies.

Astrowatch.net: Could JWST detect traces of microbial life on the moons like Europa or Enceladus?

Ferruit: In principle, JWST can measure spectral features in light reflected from, or emitted from the plumes of Europa and Enceladus if they are sufficiently active. With such information, we can identify molecules and more complex compounds, for instance rocky grains, ice mixtures. Microbial life, however, is extremely chemically complex, and no spectral features have been uniquely associated with microbes. Thus JWST will be unlikely to definitively identify microbial life in such plumes.

Astrowatch.net: How important is the latest deployment of the telescope's "wings" and mirror assembly for the development of JWST?

Ferruit: The deployment of the two "wings" of JWST's primary mirror is, indeed, taking place toward the end of the overall deployment. This is a critical step during which the primary mirror reaches its full extension with all its 18 primary mirror segments in place. Obviously, we pay a lot of attention to the mechanisms involved in this deployment to make sure it is successful!

In March 2014, the James Webb Space Telescope's flight Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) was installed into the instrument module. NIRSpec joins the flight Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) Fine Guidance Sensor/ Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (FGS/NIRISS) and Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) which are already integrated into the ISIM, making the instrument module complete. Credit: NASA/Chris Gunn

Astrowatch.net: Is JWST on track for the launch in 2018? What else needs to be done in order to fully prepare it for the liftoff?

Ferruit: Yes, JWST is on track for the launch in 2018. The mission is progressing steadily, within budget and within schedule!

We still have quite some work in front of us before launch including some major milestones in 2016. As an example, in the first half of 2016, we will have completed the testing of the Integrated Science Instrument Module with all four JWST instruments. We will also have finished the integration of the telescope. After that, we will continue the assembly and testing of the various elements of JWST (telescope, sunshield, spacecraft), bringing them progressively together until we are ready for launch in 2018.

Astrowatch.net: How important will the MIRI and NIRSpec instruments be for the observations JWST observations?

Ferruit: MIRI and NIRSpec have key roles to play. They provide unique capabilities that JWST needs to achieve some of its scientific objectives. MIRI, the Mid-InfraRed Instrument, has been developed as a partnership between Europe and the USA. It is the only instrument on-board JWST that will be able to observe mid-infrared light. It will have an unprecedented sensitivity, order of magnitudes better than any existing mid-infrared facility. The near-infrared spectrograph NIRSpec will play a different card. It will be able to observe many objects at the same time - typically between 70 and a few hundred - greatly enhancing the efficiency of the observations and allowing to study the spectral properties of large samples of objects.

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4 comments

Yes, but as a OIR [optical/infrared] telescope instead of Hubble's OUV [optical/ultraviolet] capability, it is not the best for planet characterization and it is frankly too small. The recent Extreme Solar System III conference lamented the decade(s) long gap until a LUVO(IR) [Large UV Optical IR)] telescope, noting that giant ground based observatories can't make up for it when it comes to biosignatures.

The best concept I've seen is the recent HDST [High Definition Space Telescope] project proposal. The capabilities and size is chosen to guarantee seeing an inhabited planet or putting an upper limit on their frequency, as well as resolving minute galaxy structures across the observable universe. [ http://www.hdstvision.org/ ]

We reallly do need to build a shipyard in space. Best to do it in high orbit and not low so as to be out of the way of debris. Such a shipyard could also build specialized projects like the JWST's successors so it would not take so long to build something that has to go all in one go, so to speak. Course it would need space tugs, etc., to put those products in place. That is where advanced space propulsion like the EmDrive or VASIMR could come into its own. Also where a real system ship could be build with hi power advanced non chemical propulsion could be used so we could just....DRIVE...to our planets, asteroids, etc, and not have to waste years on 'slinging' around. We need to be able to LIVE in space, not just 'exist'; and for that we need 'artificial gravity', probably in the form of a large rotating ring as part of the structure. Likely about the central propulsion and reaction mass and life support tank axis. Shirtsleeve environments most efficient.

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