The ability to focus is one of the most important skills we can develop.

Meaningful work does not get done in a few fractured minutes snatched throughout the day. Intense concentration happens to be both inwardly and outwardly satisfying.

As a freelancer, I have to be able to focus and discipline myself when I’m working. I don’t have an office, a boss to yell at me, a calendar, or a regular paycheck each month. If I don’t plant my butt in a chair and write, I don’t get paid.Since beginning to do this work, I have been taking serious steps to improve my attention span and my capacity for completing deep work.

The goal is to be able to enter a flow state, where time passes unnoticed and the rewarding nature of deep focus makes any sort of work enjoyable. Sure, we can outsource, delegate, minimise and simplify. But that alone is not enough to generate true value. Working more hours is not the answer — deeper focus is.

Of course, this is still a work in progress. Even so, I’m impressed by the difference I’ve been able to make to my attention span. Here’s what has been working for me.

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Start small — then get serious

Going from a distracted way of living to a focused one is difficult.Our ability to focus is like a muscle, we can strengthen through practice.

Think about it. Only an idiot would walk into a gym for the first time and try to lift the heaviest dumbbells. Overexerting ourselves at the beginning of an endeavour leads to dwindling motivation and the assumption that we are not cut out for this. If you can’t focus for more than a few minutes at the moment, that’s not unusual. The modern world trains us to be in a constant state of distraction.

When I first began to get serious about improving my attention span, I found that I struggled to work on one thing for more than 5–15 minutes at a time. By increasing the length of my work sessions, minute by minute, over several months that’s become 45–60 minutes. For mentally taxing work (such as reading academic papers) 30-minute blocks are necessary.

If I’d jumped straight into hour long work sessions I would have ended up spending most of that time staring into space, getting precious little done.

However small we start, a point comes when the actual hard stuff (in this case, the long uninterrupted sessions) has to be done. Let’s acknowledge that. When I wrote about how I read 200 books a year, I emphasised that there is no secret speed reading technique — I sit and read the damn books. No shortcuts, no summaries, no sped up audio books.

Even so, people still ask me for ‘hacks’ and ‘tips.’ To be frank, I know of none. Reading requires focus, so the important point in this post is, once again, that we have to put the work in.

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Batching

When we look at a long to-do list at the start of the day, who wouldn’t want to start with the easiest tasks? The problem with this is that it usually results in hours passing without us completing any meaningful work.

A good solution is to batch together tasks which require a similar degree of focus. Writing 3 blog posts in one go. Reading a whole book in a single sitting. Handling paperwork in one marathon session.

Another reason batching works is because of the Zeigarnik effect. According to psychologists, unfinished tasks claim more mental energy than completed ones. In fact, we often forget all about something once we complete it.

My brother once sat a maths exam, followed by a physics one two days later. The second exam ended up requiring a maths technique which he had used in the first, yet he forgot it in that short time.

The Zeigarnik effect damages our ability to focus when we switch between different tasks. Let’s say I have three important emails to reply to. I answer two, then work on something else. Even if I don’t notice it, the third will still be tugging at my concentration. Answering all 3 in one go would prevent this and mean clearer thinking.

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Concrete plans and small wins

Measurable goals help a lot.

I like to break big projects into small chunks (e.g. research, outline, structure, intro, conclusion etc.) This gives me the satisfaction of being able to tick items off my to-do list at regular intervals. I can see how far I am progressing over the course of the day.

A clear plan, made in advance, is the easiest way to remove the barriers to focusing. I like to allocate blocks of time to each task and tell myself that I either do it then, or I don’t do it. Plans also reduce decision fatigue.

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Eliminate distracting options

Just as focus is a muscle, willpower is too.Exerting too much self-discipline trying to stay away from distractions is exhausting.

My solution is simple: I block any site which could be used to waste my time between 10 am and midnight each day. Cold Turkey is my best friend. I keep the bare minimum apps on my phone (no games, social media, email etc) and avoid having it near me when I work. Plus, it’s set up to show no notifications, never make noise and I have put all the apps in one folder, so I have to search for what I need.

I know some people consider doing this a bit drastic- after all, shouldn’t we just learn to resist distractions? Maybe that can work, but I prefer to just not give myself the option. After a few weeks of using something like Cold Turkey, not opening news sites at random becomes a habit and requires less effort.

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Don’t look for a magic bullet

Nope, a 5-minute life hack is not going to give you the magical ability to focus. It takes work to rebuild this skill which the modern world is designed to erode. Neotropics, fancy teas, binaural beats and certain stationary colours are not the answer. Like any skill, focusing requires careful practice. Small tweaks can make a difference, but they won’t undo years of distraction.

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Separate locations

Never work where you relax or relax where you work.

This might be the most important lesson I’ve learnt. The impact of our surroundings on our brains is profound. I don’t have an office to go to, so I work in my favourite coffee shop or the library. If I want to work a bit later, I head to my favourite bar. The ritual of packing a bag, walking somewhere to work and setting up is the important part. These locations are now associated with the act of deep focus.

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Repetitive music

Working in silence is miserable, and flipping between different genres and artists is distracting. The solution is to listen to a single playlist or album on repeat while working. Each day, I chose a Bright Eyes album and loop it while I work.

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Meditative tasks

I don’t properly meditate. Sorry. But I try to do meditative activities. Some meditative tasks I often turn to include:

- Typing using WriteOrDie (a site which makes you keep up with a set number of words per minute or it deletes what you have already written. Brutal and somewhat effective.)

- Timed language practice on Duolingoor Memrise. Both give you a few seconds to answer each question which requires a high degree of focus.

-Reading a whole book in one sitting, without putting it down.

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Keep a record of your progress

With any new habit, keep track of each practice session and how well it goes is valuable. I use Toggl to keep a record of my time spent working. Toggl is fantastic — I have a separate category for each project and I start a timer for each session spent working on it. If I get distracted for a moment, I pause the timer. At the end of the day, I can see how long each session was and if I was more distracted than usual.

Keeping a record of your progress also makes it easier to spot distraction triggers. In my notebook where I make daily plans, I jot down a few lines about how my work went at the end of the day. If it was difficult to focus, I will try and establish why- was I tired? In the wrong location? Distracted by an argument I had with someone?

First, divide the page in two. On one side, write down whatever is on your mind as a sort of idea capture. Get it all down as fast as possible. I like to state it in the plainest terms possible as if explaining it to someone with no understanding of my situation. Each bullet point goes something like ‘I feel X because of Y and Z’ or ‘A is wrong and that is making me feel B and C.’ It does not need to be any more complicated than that. If you feel like ranting or going into a lot of details, turn that into a separate journal entry. This page is all about creating an inventory of your current problems, no matter how big or small each one is. This stage is to let you articulate your exact situation. It’s common to be anxious without any real idea of what is causing it, which is why I find this stage so cathartic.

On the other side of the page, write a simple list of potential solutions for each problem. Again, keep each point short and broad. I find that some of the issues become meaningless as soon as they are on paper. A few lines of self-reassurance is enough to solve them. Sometimes all I have to write is ‘this is bullshit. I am doing fine. Forget this point and move on.’ In fact, you would not believe how often that is the real answer. For others, I write down an idea for a more thorough resolution.

This next part is optional, although often necessary. Once the first page is full, take another to write a detailed, step by step plan for each of the biggest problems. This part is what makes this technique practical, not just satisfying. Writing down problems does not eradicate them. Ways to solve (or at least reduce or handle) them always exist.