English-paragraphs-summaries

UNIT 01 Topic: Prepare & short public statement saying what would you do to fight fraud & corruption if you were elected “ head of state ”

Dear fellow citizens, Corruption is an evil that must be fought now! In order to win this fight I urge all people of good will to unite & gather around me. If you elect me Head of State, I will implement the following anti-corruption program. To begin with, I would appoint honest civil servants who would work fairly & do their best to serve the country & citizens. They should keep in mind that stealing public funds or accepting a bride in exchange for a service is immoral & illegal practice. Next, I would pass stringent laws to protect citizens & punish embezzling & bride-taking. I mean that I would not accept that citizens will be the victims of corrupt civil servants. I would not forgive embezzlers & bride-takers. I would also fight tax evasion & capital flight. Those who earn a lot of money must pay their taxes & contribute to the prosperity & growth of the country. Thus, tax evader would be severely punished. Finally, I would rehabilitate the value of work if I were elected. we should teach our children from infancy that & little money gained honestly bring a lot of happiness & peace of mind. To sump up, I would tell my fellow countrymen that no government can succeed to fight corruption without the help of civil society/So you role as citizens in this fight us quite necessary & this is why I urge you again to unite around me to face corruption & fraud. Vote for honesty

Topic: Counterfeiting benefits consumers is a mistaken claim.

So many people argue that counterfeiting benefits consumers by given them access to lower-price goods. This is totally mistaken claim. First, imitated products are generally of bad & low quality, & don’t last long. There is no guarantee for money & more importantly there is no assurance that fake goods are safe, & can have terrible effects. For instance, low quality car parts can cause great damage to the driver & passengers when they fail. In addition, fake medicines or foods have negative consequences on public health. There are several cases of imitated foods & medicines which have caused dangerous & most often fatal diseases, especially in poor countries where the majority of people have low incomes. A recent study revealed by EU shows that the customs are confiscating 100 million fake items, as regards foods & medicines, every year & ,of course, the moral damage caused by these items to the victims can never be forgiven Moreover, it is highly immoral & dishonest to reap what others have sown. That it is highly immoral & dishonest to reap what others have sown. That is to say that instead of creating new objects or at least improving the existing ones, imitation kills creativity & innovations. Furthermore, pirating products is theft, especially when the producer of a fake object sticks the label of famous trade-mark on it. These producers, indeed, bring a very bad reputation to their country through there unethical practices. One wouldn’t like Algerian to be know for practicing this dubious trade or to see them buy cheap, fake products that can lead to serious troubles. To sum up, we can say that * counterfeiting * is a kind of fraud that should be fought by authorities & citizens.

Topic : Some people argue / think / say that businessmen should apply their own personal ethical standards when doing business.

Some people argue that businessmen should apply their own personal ethics standards when doing business. They think that people start business to make profits & become wealthy. They say that you need money to make money. According to them, the world business is a jungle & if we respect ethics (values), we can undermine the values of hard work & freedom, & we can also restrict production & competition. But, I don’t agree with these agreements at all. I believe / think that they are only excuses (justifications – reasons to explain) to escape the responsibility towards the welfare of society as a whole. (To escape their social & environmental responsibilities) According to me, ethics has everything to do with business. In other words, business is a human activity & should, therefore, comply with moral standards. Some business, for instance, abuse work safety regulations & pollute the environment besides greed that may be caused by unfair / illegal competition & exploitation. Therefore, business activities should have a code of good practice to ensure fairness (legality– justice).

Topic: - Suppose you were the manager of an ethical investment fund. (a fund which invests only in socially responsible businesses). Write a policy statement to inform potential fund contributors about it.

The people & organizations who put their money into our fund want us to invest in ethical ways & we work hard to make their desires a reality. We’ll make sure that we avoid investing in companies that endanger the environment & those which invest in certain sectors such as tobacco, arms manufacturing & uranium extraction since they not only spoil the atmosphere (air) with fumes, chemicals & radiation but threaten also the life of the next generation. They can lead to long period of the drought, climate change, disasters & the appearance of dumps everywhere. Thus, we’ll do our best & attempt to take all the necessary measures to preserve our nature & secure the future of our children. Moreover, we won’t place our money in companies that lack ethical behaviour standards. In other terms, we’ll respect the legal minimum age for work, ensure good health & safety conditions to the workers as well as fairly payment because we believe that the reputation &prosperity of any business (company) relies on social & environmental responsibilities which go hand in hand with economic growth.

In brief, let’s say that since ethics are ourmain capital, our business will take the moral standards into account & we’ll no longer separate ethics from business so as to ensure both fairness & profitability growth. Thus, you can trust us.

- Making a speech about the possible changes

that are likely to happen in our life styles.

UNIT 02

The next decades are likely to bring radical changes in our life styles. We may live a totally different life in the next few decades since modernity has brought (led us to) new life styles. Nowadays, many people are prepared to spend more time shopping in supermarkets, and even on the Internet. A lot of them are now becoming shopaholics. They buy products that they don’t really need. Their number, indeed, will rise (further) in the near future since it will be much easier to shop. That is to say that supermarkets might be equipped with fast, effective and so sophisticated robots which will replace shop assistants. They might do the same job as shop assistants and permit people to avoid long queues. In addition, we will take less time to eat and go to fast food shops to gulp hamburgers, sandwiches & ships. We might also have more conventional products and GMFs which might be replaced by food substitutes like pills. Moreover, leisure & entertainment will also change due to the development of all sorts of electronic devices. In other term, thanks to DVDs, CDs…, people won’t go out for a film, a play or a concert. We will pay even less visits to each other as the cell phone will keep us in touch & the web-cam (camera) permits us to watch & see each other with less efforts. To sum up, we can say that our future life owing to the scientific & technological progress which will certainly make it easier and easier.

- Writing an expository article about food safety

as one of the major challenges to mankind.

Food safety has become one of the major worries for mankind. This worry has three major sources: the chemical contamination of agricultural products, the use of additives in many food products and the consumption of ready-made food. In fact, big companies & farmers use excessive amounts of chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides and antibiotics so as to ensure the maximum output. As a consequence, fruits & vegetables are contaminated (not pure) by these chemicals & can have dangerous effects on the public health, threaten fresh water sources and spoil the atmosphere. Secondly, the use of additives in many food industries is another reason to mankind’s challenges. That’s to say that manufacturers introduce too many preservatives, flavourings & colourings in order to keep products fresh & attractive and even to fulfill consumers’ needs. Indeed however, scientists ensure that some of these additives are so harmful. Therefore, children are becoming hyperactive at schools & many people are developing allergies, cancer, diabetes & food poising. Finally, fast food & ready-made meals can have also dangerous consequences on our health. In other terms, too few people prepare their own meals, nowadays, whereas the great majority of people eat in fast food restaurants fried foods, too much fat & soft drinks. So, many of them suffer from obesity (overweight) & different diseases such as diabetes & high blood pressure due to these unhealthy eating habits. In brief, we can say that the conjunction of contaminated agricultural products, processed foods & unhealthy eating habits is one of the main challenges to mankind that should be taken into account.

Topic: People don’ t agree as to whether advertising is beneficial or harmful. Nowadays, advertising has become quite necessary for all industrial firms to sell their products & attract as many customers as possible. It may be defined as the art of making people want to buy products & services. It is the art of making goods & services known by customers. People, however, don’ t agree as to whether advertising is beneficial or harmful. In fact, many people argue (believe) that advertising is so essential for both businesses & consumers. It attracts (draw) the attention of people to a particular products. It inform them about new items, their prices & even their right use. It also stimulates innovation & competition between different firms & thus it is one of the best ways to improve products & creates needs. In addition, advertising sponsors social events like sports competitions & car races. Moreover, it is an industry itself. That’s to say that it provides work for people & offers many services such as finding jobs, announcing a birth, a marriage or death and buying or selling a house. On the other hand, many people disagree with this point of view. They argue that advertising is harmful. They think that it has negative impact on people as most of them believe what advertisements say & , of course, it is highly immoral to sell people thinks they don’t really want. In other terms, advertisements influence people , especially illiterate & unconscious, about which product to buy. It manipulates consumers (treat them like robots). To sump up, we can say that advertising has both advantages & disadvantages. Thanks to adverts, consumers can have information about the different products but it is up to them to decide which product to buy.

UNIT 03

The Description of the Moon

The moon is an earth satellite orbiting our planet from a distance of 384.000 Kms on average, & its orbit is in a west -to- east direction. Its surface gravity is only 0.16 that of the Earth (one sixth). It doesn’t seem to have life on it since it has neither atmosphere nor water. Its maximum temperature is + 110 °C on the sunlit side and – 170 °C in lunar nights. The geology of this satellite is rocky & its age is around 4,6 billion years. Plans to reach the Moon on space crafts (missiles) have began since early 20th century. But they become concrete when the Russians launched space crafts Sputnik 1 & Sputnik 2 in 1957, the later carried dog Laika. In 1961, Yuri Gagarin the first man to orbit the Earth. Though the Russians were the first to start space race, America won the honor of reaching the Moon before Russia when Neil Armstrong set foot on it on July 21st 1969. Nowadays, there are space plans to set a base on the Moon & a giant telescope to observe & try to reach the other planets, & perhaps the other solar systems.

Topic: Suppose a comet collided with the Earth; what would happen then? Write a short essay predicting the consequences of such a collision.

I sometimes think with awe about the possible consequences for life in Earth if a comet collided with our planet. Scientists, indeed, say that a similar incidents took place many thousands years ago, & provoked the extinction of many giant animal species, including dinosaurs. An enormous crater would form & possibly causes a volcanic eruption which would send heavy layer of particles & ash high up in the sky that can stop the sun rays from reaching the Earth, & our planet would be in the dark for many years & hence the temperatures would drop considerably. In addition, this collision would lead to climate change. That’s to say that rainfalls & snowfalls would be irregular, heavy & long lasting. They could also lead to floods & the rise of sea level. Thus, many regions of our planets earth would be totally immersed. Another possible consequence of this collision would be a gigantic earthquake that would destroy many inhabited areas & kill a large number of people. If it is near an ocean, a tsunami could develop & flood vast area of land, & of course causes great damage. To conclude, we can say that facts in the past have shown that disastrous effects have been caused by the collision of a comet with earth & the same could be repeated in our times. This is why governments devoted budgets to space programmes to find ways of preventing another accident of this kind.

Topic : Some people think that the budget devoted to space programmes is wasted money . Many people argue that budget devoted to space investments is wasted money. They think that these money should be spent to relieve poverty… Many people argue that the budget devoted to space programmes is wasted money. They say that these huge amounts can be invested in projects to combat the various fatal diseases. Some of them consider that space exploration is a wild dream and that the money spent on these explorations is needed to relieve poverty in Africa. Though I understand there is an urgency to fight diseases & relieve poverty in our continent, I don’ t think that it is right to abandon (neglect) investment is space exploration. First of all, astronomy allows us not only to predict the weather forecast but also catastrophes such as hurricanes , floods, storms, especially in our times when climate change is becoming one of the greatest problems to mankind. In addition, it permits us to keep the accurate time & to improve the ways of telecommunications. For example, thanks to satellites, we can reduce & shorten the most remote distances& save both time & money. Moreover, astronomy can help human beings to solve many of the mysteries (secrets) of the Universe. Furthermore, this science permits us to establish a powerful system of defence through the use of the satellites which can provide us with clear & precise pictures of the universe at any moment. To sum up, we can say that astronomy is one of the most useful sciences today & investments in space exploration can’t be considered as a waste of money.