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1 (1-) Chapter 1 Real Numbers and Their Properties In this section 1.8 USING THE PROPERTIES TO SIMPLIFY EXPRESSIONS The properties of the real numbers can be helpful when we are doing computations. In this section we will see how the properties can be applied in arithmetic and algebra. Using the Properties in Computation Like Terms Combining Like Terms Products and Quotients Removing Parentheses Using the Properties in Computation The properties of the real numbers can often be used to simplify computations. For example, to find the product of 6 and 00, we can write (6)(00) (6)( 100) (6 )(100) It is the associative property that allows us to multiply 6 by to get, then multiply by 100 to get 00. E X A M P L E 1 study tip Being a full-time student is a full-time job. A successful student spends from two to four hours studying outside of class for every hour spent in the classroom. It is rare to find a person who can handle two full-time jobs and it is just as rare to find a successful fulltime student who also works full time. Using the properties Use the appropriate property to aid you in evaluating each expression. 1 a) 47 6 b) 4 c) a) Notice that the sum of and 6 is 100. So apply the associative property as follows: 47 ( 6) b) Use the commutative and associative properties to rearrange this product. We can then do the multiplication quickly: Commutative and associative properties Inverse property Identity property c) Use the distributive property to rewrite this expression (6 4) Like Terms An expression containing a number or the product of a number and one or more variables raised to powers is called a term. For example,, x, x y, a, and abc

2 1.8 Using the Properties to Simplify Expressions (1-) are terms. The number preceding the variables in a term is called the coefficient. In the term x, the coefficient of x is. In the term x y the coefficient of x y is. In the term a, the coefficient of a is 1 because a 1 a. In the term abc the coefficient of abc is 1 because abc 1 abc. If two terms contain the same variables with the same exponents, they are called like terms. For example, x and x are like terms, but x and x are not like terms. Combining Like Terms Using the distributive property on an expression involving the sum of like terms allows us to combine the like terms as shown in the next example. E X A M P L E Combining like terms Use the distributive property to perform the indicated operations. a) x x b) xy ( 4xy) a) x x ( )x Distributive property 8x Add the coefficients. Because the distributive property is valid for any real numbers, we have x x 8x no matter what number is used for x. b) xy ( 4xy) [ ( 4)]xy Distributive property 1xy ( 4) 4 1 xy Multiplying by 1 is the same as taking the opposite. Of course, we do not want to write out all of the steps shown in Example every time we combine like terms. We can combine like terms as easily as we can add or subtract their coefficients. E X A M P L E Combining like terms Perform the indicated operations. a) w w b) a ( 7a) c) 9x x d) 7xy ( 1xy) e) x 4x a) w w 1w w w b) a ( 7a) 10a c) 9x x 4x d) 7xy ( 1xy) 19xy e) x 4x 6x CAUTION There are no like terms in expressions such as x, xy y, w a, and z z The terms in these expressions cannot be combined. Products and Quotients In the next example we use the associative property of multiplication to simplify the product of two expressions.

3 4 (1-4) Chapter 1 Real Numbers and Their Properties E X A M P L E 4 study tip Note how the exercises are keyed to the examples. This serves two purposes. If you have missed class and are studying on your own, you should study an example and then immediately try to work the corresponding exercises. If you have seen an explanation in class, then you can start the exercises and refer back to the examples as necessary. Finding products Simplify. a) (x) x b) c) (4x)(6x) d) ( a)(4b) a) (x) ( )x Associative property (1)x Multiply 1x Remove unnecessary parentheses. b) x 1 x Multiplying by 1 is the same as dividing by. 1 x Associative property 1 x Multiplicative inverse x Multiplicative identity is 1. c) (4x)(6x) 4 6 x x Commutative and associative properties 4x Definition of exponent d) ( a)(4b) 4 a b 8ab CAUTION Be careful with expressions such as (x) and ( x). In (x) we multiply by to get (x) 1x. In ( x), both and x are multiplied by the to get ( x) 1 x. In Example 4 we showed how the properties are used to simplify products. However, in practice we usually do not write out any steps for these problems we can write just the answer. E X A M P L E Finding products quickly Find each product. b a) ( )(4x) b) ( 4a)( 7a) c) ( a) d) 6 a) 1x b) 8a c) ab d) x x In Section 1.1 we found the quotient of two numbers by inverting the divisor and then multiplying. Since a b a 1, any quotient can be written as a product. b E X A M P L E 6 Simplifying quotients Simplify. 10x a) b) 4x 8 a) Since dividing by is equivalent to multiplying by 1, we have 10x 1 1 (10x) 10 x ()x x. Note that you can simply divide 10 by to get.

4 1.8 Using the Properties to Simplify Expressions (1-) b) Since dividing by is equivalent to multiplying by 1, we have 4x 8 1 (4x 8) x 4. Note that both 4 and 8 are divided by. CAUTION It is not correct to divide only one term in the numerator by the denominator. For example, because and calculator close-up A negative sign in front of parentheses changes the sign of every term inside the parentheses. Removing Parentheses Multiplying a number by 1 merely changes the sign of the number. For example, ( 1)(7) 7 and ( 1)( 8) 8. So 1 times a number is the opposite of the number. Using variables, we write ( 1)x x or 1(y ) (y ). When a minus sign appears in front of a sum, we can change the minus sign to 1 and use the distributive property. For example, (w 4) 1(w 4) ( 1)w ( 1)4 Distributive property w ( 4) Note: 1 w w, w 4 Note how the minus sign in front of the parentheses caused all of the signs to change: (w 4) w 4. As another example, consider the following: (x ) 1(x ) ( 1)x ( 1) x CAUTION When removing parentheses preceded by a minus sign, you must change the sign of every term within the parentheses. E X A M P L E 7 helpful hint The operations that you are learning in this section will be used throughout this text. So pay attention to these details now and it will pay off later. Removing parentheses Simplify each expression. a) (x ) b) x 6 (x 4) c) 6x ( x ) a) (x ) x Change the sign of each term in parentheses. x Commutative property x Combine like terms. b) x 6 (x 4) x 6 x 4 Remove parentheses. x x 6 4 Commutative property x Combine like terms.

5 6 (1-6) Chapter 1 Real Numbers and Their Properties c) 6x ( x ) 6x x Remove parentheses. x Combine like terms. The commutative and associative properties of addition allow us to rearrange the terms so that we may combine the like terms. However, it is not necessary to actually write down the rearrangement. We can identify the like terms and combine them without rearranging. E X A M P L E 8 Simplifying algebraic expressions Simplify. a) ( x ) (x 7) b) x 6x (4 x) c) x(x 7) (x 6) d) x 0.0(x 00) a) ( x ) (x 7) x 4 Combine like terms. b) x 6x (4 x) x 6x 0 10x Distributive property 7x 0 Combine like terms. c) x(x 7) (x 6) 6x 14x x 6 Distributive property 6x 1x 6 Combine like terms. d) x 0.0(x 00) 1x 0.0x 10 Distributive property 0.98x 10 Combine like terms. WARM-UPS True or false? Explain your answer. A statement involving variables should be marked true only if it is true for all values of the variable. 1. (x 6) x 18 True. x 9 (x 9) False. 1(x 4) x 4 True 4. a 4a 7a True. (a)(4a) 1a False 6. ( ) 1 6 False 7. x x x False 8. x x x False 9. x x False 10. (x ) x True 1. 8 EXERCISES Reading and Writing After reading this section write out the answers to these questions. Use complete sentences. 1. What are like terms? Like terms are terms with the same variables and exponents.. What is the coefficient of a term? The coefficient of a term is the number preceding the variable.. What can you do to like terms that you cannot do to unlike terms? We can add or subtract like terms. 4. What operations can you perform with unlike terms? Unlike terms can be multiplied and divided.. What is the difference between a positive sign preceding a set of parentheses and a negative sign preceding a set of parentheses? If a negative sign precedes a set of parentheses, then signs for all terms in the parentheses are changed when the parentheses are removed. 6. What happens when a number is multiplied by 1? Multiplying a number by 1 changes the sign of the number.

7 8 (1-8) Chapter 1 Real Numbers and Their Properties b) Use the expression to find the amount of tax for a couple with a taxable income of $80,000. $17,044 c) Use the graph shown here to estimate the 1997 federal income tax for a couple with a taxable income of $10,000. $40,000 d) Use the graph to find the approximate taxable income for a couple who paid $70,000 in federal income tax. $, Perimeter of a corral. The perimeter of a rectangular corral that has width x feet and length x 40 feet is (x) (x 40). Simplify the expression for the perimeter. Find the perimeter if x 0 feet. 4x 80, 00 feet Federal income tax (in thousands of dollars) Taxable income (thousands of dollars) Married filing jointly FIGURE FOR EXERCISE Marriage penalty. The expression 0.1(4,60) 0.8(x 4,60) gives the 1997 federal income tax for a single taxpayer with taxable income of x dollars, where x is over $4,60 but not over $9,70. a) Simplify the expression. 0.8x 04. b) Find the amount of tax for a single taxpayer with taxable income of $40,000. $799.0 c) Who pays more, two single taxpayers with taxable incomes of $40,000 each or one married couple with taxable income of $80,000 together? See Exercise 107. Married couple pays more. x 40 ft x ft FIGURE FOR EXERCISE 109 GETTING MORE INVOLVED 110. Discussion. What is wrong with the way in which each of the following expressions is simplified? a) 4( x) 8 x 4( x) 8 4x b) 4(x) 8 4x x 4(x) (4 )x 8x 4 x 4 x 1 c) x (4 x) 1 x d) (x ) x x (x ) x 8 x 111. Discussion. An instructor asked his class to evaluate the expression 1 x for x. Some students got 0.1; others got.. Which answer is correct and why? If x, then 1 1. because we do division and multiplication from left to right. COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITIES Remembering the Rules This chapter reviews different types of numbers used in algebra. This activity will review the rules for the basic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division for fractions, decimals, and real numbers. Part I: Remembering the rules. Have each member of your group choose an operation: addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. 1. Fractions: a. Write the rules for working a fraction problem using the operation you have chosen. Use your book as a reference and consider the following sample problems: ,,, 7 Grouping: 4 students Topic: Fractions, decimals, and signed numbers b. Starting with addition, each of you will share what he or she has written with the other members of the group. Make additions or corrections if needed. Switch operations: Each member of the group now takes the operation of the person to his or her right.. Decimals: Repeat parts (a) and (b), in 1 above for the following sample problems: 0.01,.1 0.,. 0.,.4 1. Switch operations: Each member of the group now takes the operation of the person to his or her right.. Signed numbers: Repeat parts (a) and (b), in 1 above for the following sample problems:, ( ),, 6

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