By NOT superglue fuming nonporous evidence before you
mail it to the lab, you help the bad guys.....
it's about the same as wiping the evidence clean.

Do NOT expect latent finger or palm prints on a pistol,
knife, can, bottle, or credit card to survive mailing to the lab if you
don't either:

A. Superglue
fume the evidence before mailing.

-or-

B. Package the
item in such a way that NOTHING can touch
or rub against the smooth surfaces you want processed for latent prints.
If DNA testing of saliva on that beer bottle opening is important, wedge
the bottle corner to corner in a sturdy cardboard box. Next seal the
box and place it inside another box with ample shock-aborbing plastic peanuts
or other packing to prevent breakage during shipment.

We continue to hear from the field that many offices
are lacking superglue fuming equipment. The truth is that no offices are
lacking the necessary equipment, only adequate information. You can get
the materials together to start superglue fuming within a few minutes after
you finish reading this article. You need four components:

superglue

aluminum foil

low-level heat source

fuming chamber

SUPERGLUE and ALUMINUM FOIL: Go to the nearest grocery
store and buy a tube of superglue and a roll of aluminum foil.

HEAT SOURCE: At the nearest department or hardware store,
buy a coffee cup warmer. If they don't have one, procure a light fixture
assembly, 60-watt bulb, and an electric cord with plug from the base self-help
shop (a droplight will work also).

CHAMBER: Get a cardboard box about the size of a bread
box, or large enough to hold the largest piece of evidence you need to process
in the near future.

FUMING: Set your coffee cup warmer or light bulb assembly
in one corner of the box.

Make a small ashtray-like dish from a single layer of aluminum
foil and place on top of the coffee cup warmer or light bulb. Some investigators
use an aluminum can cut in half and slipped upside down over the light bulb.

Put liquid superglue on the aluminum foil (enough to cover
a nickel).

Place a cup of hot water inside the chamber to add humidity
to the air. A cup of hot coffee works just fine also, and is normally within
reach of most investigators anyway (you will not want to drink the white
scum floating on top of the coffee after fuming).

Stand up your evidence or hang it inside the fuming chamber
in a manner allowing maximum exposure to fumes. Lean cans in corners, hang
baggies by a paper clip, etc.

Make a good test print by first rubbing your finger or
thumb on the side of your nose and then pressing it onto a small piece of
aluminum foil. (The purpose is to make a control standard that will indicate
when you have fumed properly.) Lean the foil up against a wall near the
base of your chamber.

Close up your chamber and turn on the heat for ten minutes.

Next, shut off the heat, open the chamber and check your
test print. If the test print looks okay, the evidence is properly processed
and ready to mail into the lab. If the test print didn't turn at least a
little white, add some more superglue, close the chamber and fume for ten
more minutes. (Don't overdo it. You don't want the evidence to be covered
with a deposit of white, snowy looking contaminate.)

Submit every item you superglue fume to the lab, whether
or not you see anything on it. As long as your test print came out okay,
the lab has a good chance of enhancing invisible latent prints you have developed
on the evidence.

SAFETY AND PROCEDURAL SUGGESTIONS:

When used with common sense, superglue
fuming is a very safe technique used by police worldwide daily.
Click here to read the author's written response
to the US Army's Environmental Hygiene Agency regarding concerns about use
of superglue fuming by Army investigators. The US Army has used superglue
fuming since the late 1970's.

DO NOT USE A HOT PLATE. Use a coffee cup warmer or
light bulb. The red-hot coils of a hot plate can cause a flash fire of
the volatile superglue fumes, and the high temperature can release poisonous gases1.

When you get the chance to, order a dozen one ounce
containers of superglue through supply channels (for American military/federal
supply sources, you can specify NSN# 8040-00-142-9193; MIL-A-46050C, Type
II, CLS, 1 ounce). This will save you money in the future. Don't order
the one pound or one-liter containers because sometimes the lid becomes
permanently glued on. Throwing away part of a one-ounce container is much
better than wrestling with pliers and a large container of superglue that
will stick your fingers together when the lid finally pops off.

Do not let the light bulb touch the walls of your cardboard
chamber or your evidence, otherwise, you may start a fire.

Do your fuming in an area that is well ventilated. You
will irritate your eyes and lungs if you do the fuming in a small office.

Your fire department can always provide a portable generator
to power your heat source at important crime scenes. (They use the portable
generators to power electric fans to clear out smoky air when a building's
power is out. You can use their fans to clean out superglue fumes from an
entire room if you fume the whole thing at once. Call the lab before fuming
an entire room or vehicle.)

Use a fish aquarium as a chamber only if you enjoy cleaning
off glass with lots of elbow grease periodically. If you don't clean off
the inside of the aquarium, more and more of the superglue fumes will be
wasted because the polymerization will occur on other superglue deposits before
it will on relatively clean evidence. This will cause you to fume longer
and use more liquid superglue. An alternative, if you already have an aquarium,
is to line the interior with aluminum foil and replace the foil once a month
or so. There is no need to watch the fuming while it is going on.

A cardboard box makes an excellent chamber, and you
can throw it away and get another one once a month or so depending on how
much white film deposits on the inside walls.

In a pinch, use a garbage can turned upside down, an
old briefcase, etc., for a fuming chamber. A filing cabinet, with the drawers
removed and a plastic bag taped over the front, works well for fuming M-16's.
A locker with any vent slots covered over also works well for large items.
Adjust your fuming time and amount of chemicals to accommodate the larger
chamber space and larger surface area. Try twenty minutes for a large locker.
Go longer if your test print didn't develop well.

There are a variety of non-heat source accelerated methods
for superglue fuming evidence. Most involve applying the glue to plain cotton
or cotton impregnated with chemicals. The superglue reacts with the cellulose
and chemicals to create heat, and the resulting heat causes a portion of
the superglue to fume. This is normally much slower and less efficient than
using an electric heat source. If you do want to make some up, we suggest
using merely a handful of clean sawdust mixed with a small amount of baking
powder (optional). Tampons may be cut in half and used instead of sawdust
or cotton.

CAUTION: Previous literature has
reported release of deadly cyanide gas at temperatures1 as high
as these mini-torch kits.

Although the amounts of dangerous gases produced may
be minuscule, extreme caution is urged in working with these kits. Use
only in outdoor situations... and have a fire extinguisher handy during
fuming.

REMEMBER.....

When you place plastic, metal, glass or other nonporous
evidence in a paper or plastic envelope or bag without first superglue fuming,
it is about the same as wiping the evidence clean with a handkerchief.
The latent prints on nonporous evidence sit on top of the evidence surface
- they do not soak into the surface like they do on porous evidence, i.e.,
papers, unfinished wood, etc.

CAUTION NOTE: This web page is a general
guide for superglue fuming procedures before mailing
evidence to a laboratory. It explains the basics of how to
superglue fume without expensive equipment such as a humidity chamber or vacuum
chamber tailored for cyanoacrylate fuming. At the U.S. Army Crime
Lab we preach this information to investigators we support. Investigators
and Special Agents we serve generally do not hand carry evidence to
our lab.

Before you start superglue fuming, be certain you know
that the crime lab you submit evidence to desires such processing.
You could get your hand slapped by fingerprint experts at some laboratories
because other very effective processing methods are available for processing
nonporous evidence. Many laboratories prefer vacuum metal deposition
to superglue fuming, especially among European labs. Also, some crime
scene examination units (SOCO) utilize staining techniques on nonporous
evidence in lieu of superglue fuming.In making the decision to fume or just package to protect
prints, you must sometimes decide which type of evidence has the greatest
potential value: finger/palm print identification of the suspect or
other evidence such as paint chips, textile fibers, etc. Recent research has shown that normal cyanoacrylate
fuming (not an extreme, snow white over-developed layer) does not prohibit
subsequent DNA exams of blood (but may inhibit DNA exam of saliva or semen).

Normal fuming also does not adversely effect most glass
or glass fragment Trace Evidence examinations. BUT, it can interfere
with paint chip, textile fiber and other Trace Evidence examinations.
Contact the lab before you cyanoacrylate fume if you think Trace Evidence
results might be more valuable than a positive identification of the suspect's
finger/palm prints on the evidence.

If not fumed before shipment to the lab, the evidence must
be packaged to preclude the rubbing off of prints. One method is to
wedge the evidence corner-to-corner in a rigid container so that little or
no contact with smooth surfaces can occur. Do not fill open gaps with plastic
peanuts or other packing. Such packing rubbing against smooth surfaces that
have not been superglue fumed will rub off latent prints.

The worst scenario is seen on TV daily world wide, and
repeated by police often:

The detective at the crime scene picks up the
pistol beside the body. Photos have already been taken, and before
the pistol is collected he just wants a closer look. Keeping in mind
the importance of latent prints, he is not depositing his own prints by wearing
gloves... or he has his handkerchief wrapped around his hand... or he is
sticking a pencil down the barrel.

Latent prints sit on top of metal, plastic, enamel paint
and other nonporous surfaces. The slightest abrasion can render them forever
illegible.

Wear gloves at a crime scene to keep your hands clean,
but do NOT think for a moment that gloves will protect any latent prints
on a nonporous evidence surface. Carefully touching only the roughest
parts of the evidence (knurled handle grips, for example) can be done until
it is superglue fumed. Assume that you are destroying identifiable
latent prints anywhere you touch the evidence.

Oh, and that pencil, you don't want to hear the words
the crime laboratory Firearms Examiners will utter because the metal surrounding
the eraser has put additional scratches inside the barrel.

Remember: any touching,
even with a hanky/gloves, will destroy fragile latent prints on smooth surfaces
of plastic or metal before superglue fuming.

Nearly burnt down the lab

In the early days of superglue fuming at the Army
Crime Lab, we routinely used electric cooking hot plates to quickly create
a large cloud of fumes, especially for large items.

The FINAL occasion we did this (in about 1983-'84) was
an interesting learning experience. A full size automobile was to
be superglue fumed (after visual and luminescence exams). We assembled
our portable PVC pipe frame around the vehicle inside our vehicle processing
area (VPA). The VPA is a specially constructed garage connected to
the Latent Print Division... large enough to hold one Army tank or four full
size cars. It is equipped with a 100 foot laser fiber optic from our
20 watt laser, a vehicle lift similar to auto repair shops, and a pit to
climb under vehicles too heavy for the lift (such as armored personnel carriers).

Inside the plastic tent erected over the car to be fumed,
we placed a hot plate on the center of the rooftop. On the hot plate
was an approximately eight inch diameter aluminum cooking pan containing
a layer of superglue about 1-mm deep.

We fired up the hot plate as we had done dozens of times
before. About five minutes into the process we had a nice looking
cloud... and then a fireball erupted that burned a three foot diameter hole
in the plastic sheeting above the aluminum pan as it rose to the ceiling.
We quickly grabbed a nearby fire extinguisher to snuff out the burning plastic.

Thus, we learned to NEVER, EVER use a red hot heat source
to accelerate superglue fuming. To do so invites disaster because
you may repeat our unlucky balance of cyanoacrylate fumes, oxygen and heat.

A young Latent Print Examiner student working
under me in the mid-1980's had an unfortunate accident with a one quart
plastic bottle of cyanoacrylate. The lid had become tightly glued on
after the previous day's usage, and he was using a pair of pliers to
break the lid loose.

When it finally did give way, his tight grip on the
flexible bottle caused the liquid superglue to squirt into the air and soak
his shirt sleeve. The exothermic reaction between his cotton shirt
and the liquid cyanoacrylate instantly created enough heat to make his sleeve
smoke and burn his arm (first degree burns).

It could have been worse, the cyanoacrylate could have
squirted into his eyes or mouth.

Remember: buy small containers
of one ounce or less - fighting glued-on lids is dangerous and you won't
feel guilty throwing away small containers.

Almost killed while fuming

A Latent Print Examiner in the midwest was being
careful to avoid red hot coil exposure to superglue fumes by heating up
slabs of aluminum on an electric hot plate outside the fuming chamber.
He would then place the hot metal on asbestos pads in the bottom of a fish
aquarium to accelerate fuming.

The evidence he was processing one day included live
ammunition cartridges which he placed on the heated
aluminum slab inside the chamber adjacent to the small aluminum
container with liquid superglue in it. Soon after placing the lid
on the chamber, one of the rounds "cooked off", shattering the glass walls
of the chamber. The examiner was fortunate to escape injury.

Remember: use common sense
in merging superglue fuming heat sources with dangerous evidence such as
ammunition or flammable liquid containers.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: These guidelines
are prepared for American military investigators stationed around the world,
who send latent fingerprint evidence by registered mail to USACIL (the United
States Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory) near Atlanta, Georgia.
Fragile latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces often cannot survive
the freeze/thaw temperature changes in military aircraft cargo holds, not
to mention the drop-kick handling that some of the packages seem to undergo
(from both government mail and commercial express shipment companies).

Super Glue is a trademark name for one specific product,
but the term "superglue" or "super glue" is commonly used in law enforcement
fingerprint development work to mean any of a great number of cyanoacrylate
products. Some published articles have addressed cyanoacrylate ethyl ester
glue versus methyl ester. The author believes only high humidity (i.e.,
approximately 70% relative humidity) is necessary for most evidence processing
applications.

Ed German, a Latent Print Examiner with USACIL, writes
this page. Discovery of cyanoacrylate fuming as a development tool for latent
fingerprints apparently occurred almost simultaneously in the UK, Japan
and Canada. The author of this web page was one of the two Americans involved
in transporting this method from Japan to America. To the best of
his knowledge, he and his boss, Paul Norkus2, "stole" the technology of superglue fuming
from the Japanese National Police Agency. Ed German has nothing but
respect for the Japanese National Police Agency and he acknowledges that
all the research data would certainly have been eventually forthcoming
from the Japanese... but Norkus and he were happy to "appropriate" it expeditiously
anyway. And, even early on it helped put away bad guys who would have
gone on committing crimes if not apprehended because their prints were developed
with superglue fumes.

The first Japanese latent print examiner to use cyanoacrylate
fuming to intentionally develop fingerprints was Masato Soba at the Saga
Prefectural Crime Laboratory of the National Police Agency of Japan.
Mr. Soba learned of the development of superglue fingerprints from co-worker
Fuseo Matsumura... a hair and fiber expert who discovered his own fingerprints
developing on microscope slides while mounting hairs with cyanoacrylate.
The hairs were from a case involving a murdered taxi cab driver.

In September 1979, Paul Norkus and Ed German were the two
U.S. Army Crime Lab fingerprint experts assigned to work American military
cases for the region from Moscow to California and they were based in the
western suburbs of Tokyo in Kanagawa-ken. During a U.S. Air Force murder
trial, their lab was asked about the use of static electric dust impression
lifting of a footwear impression from the murder victim's uniform. Because
experts from the National Police Agency of Japan had performed the electrostatic
lifting (all police in Japan are part of NPA), Norkus and German visited
the Identification Division Research Office of the NPA near Kasumigaseki in
Tokyo.

That day, Norkus and German witnessed demonstrations of
electro-static lifting devices for footwear impressions, a chemical spray
(potassium thiocyanate) for developing iron deposits in footwear impressions
deposited in dust, and a fuming method (cyanoacrylate) for developing latent
fingerprints on nonporous surfaces. The words "potassium thiocyanate"
and "cyanoacrylate" are placed in parentheses because the Japanese hosts
would not share the name of the chemicals with Norkus and German at the time.

Both a commercial, battery operated electro-static lifting
device; and plastic sheets with wool cloth were demonstrated for lifting
footwear (or tire, etc.) dust impressions. The Japanese hosts were
hesitant to explain much about the two chemical procedures... and, the cyanoacrylate
fuming method was obviously the most impressive display of the day.

Unknown to the Japanese hosts, German had the ability to
read the Katakana writing on the bottle they used during the demonstration.
The characters spelled out the Japanese words (phonetically) aron-arufa
and German made a note of these words before departing the NPA laboratory.
During
the next week German and Norkus searched for "aron-arufa" and Norkus
was successful in finding a bottle (that actual first bottle is shown on
the right side of this page courtesy of Paul Norkus) at an "Eye-World Department
Store" in Sagamihara City near Tokyo. One sniff of the "aron-arufa"
revealed it to be liquid superglue. Norkus and German experimented with
developing latent fingerprints on a small scale... usually inside petri
dishes as had been demonstrated to them. It worked well on strips
of black plastic electrical tape.

In the spring of 1980, Norkus and German rotated from their
assignments in Japan back to the main Army laboratory in Georgia... along
with the information about their early trials of superglue fuming. In
1980, the Army had the only crime lab laser in Georgia and Frank Kendall of
the ATF Laboratory in Atlanta routinely examined evidence via laser at the
Army lab. At the time Kendall first witnessed cyanoacrylate fuming at the
Army Crime Lab, it was still being performed without heat or other acceleration
and the largest items examined were things such as rolls of developed 8
mm movie film... sometimes taking days or weeks to process in a fish aquarium
type chamber.

Kendall picked up the ball and ran with the superglue information...
making important discoveries in accelerating the development procedure and
also publishing the first widely circulated English technical notes about
superglue fuming in "Identification News."

Discovery Timeline - Here is a rough timeline
of details surrounding the discovery of cyanoacrylate fuming for developing
latent prints:

MAY 1977 - Trace Evidence Examiner Fuseo Matsumura at the
Saga Prefectural Crime Laboratory of the National Police Agency of Japan
notices his own fingerprints developing on microscope slides while mounting
hairs from a taxi driver murder case and relates the information to co-worker
Masato Soba, a Latent Print Examiner. Soba commences preliminary research.

12 MAY 1977 - Mr. Masato Soba, Technical Official/Latent
Print Examiner of Saga Prefectural Police Headquarters Laboratory reports
by telephone to Mr. Nobuyuki Otsubo, Technical Official of the Identification
Division, National Police Agency of Japan the following results of his experiments:
"Latent fingerprints can be developed by cyanoacrylate glue fumes. It is
especially effective for fingerprint development on the adhesive surface
of tape."

15 NOV 1978 - Masato Soba presents his research at the
National Fingerprint Identification Study Meeting of the National Police
Agency of Japan in Tokyo.

Early May 1979 - L.W. Wood, MFS notices his own fingerprints
developing on a film tank he repairs with superglue at Police Headquarters,
Northampton, U.K. He commences preliminary research and notifies Detective
Inspector Edmunds, Scenes of Crime Department.

8 MAY 1979 - A report detailing the superglue fuming discovery
is forwarded from the Northampton Police Headquarters Chief Constable to
the Home Office.

6 JUN 1979 - The Home Office responds by letter to Northampton
acknowledging receipt of the superglue fuming information.

18 JUN 1979 - The Home Office notifies Northampton the
"new technique" will be further investigated.

SEP 1979 - Senior Fingerprint Researcher Nobuyuki Otsubo
of the National Police Agency of Japan demonstrates superglue fuming to
U.S. Army Crime Laboratory Latent Print Examiners Paul Norkus and Ed German
at Kasumigaseki, Tokyo. Norkus and German commence research using the technique
"borrowed" from the Japanese.

APR 1980 - Paul Norkus and Ed German complete their three-year
overseas assignments and return to the U.S. Army Crime Laboratory in Georgia
where they relate their early research.

June 1980 - The Aldermasten Central Research Department
of the U.K. notifies Northampton that the new technique is sufficiently
viable to warrant further investigation.

15 JUL 1980 - Louis P. Bourdon of Ontario, Canada files
for Canadian Patent on an "Apparatus and Method for Obtaining Fingerprints"
which uses two chambers and a pump system.

Mid-1980 - Elwood "Woody" Fogelman and other U.S. Army
Latent Print Examiners research the development of 8 mm movie film and other
surfaces with cyanoacrylate fuming. ATF Laboratory Latent Print Examiner
Frank Kendall learns the technique from Army Examiners and commences his
research into acceleration of development using chemicals and heat.

12 SEP 1980 - Louis P. Bourdon of Ontario, Canada applies
for a U.S. patent on his system.

27 OCT 1981 - U.S. Patent 4,297,383 awarded to Bourdon
for his system. Click here to see
the patent.

December 1982 - Attorneys representing interests in Bourdon's
patented system order the U.S. Army, the ATF Laboratory and other law enforcement
agencies to cease and desist from infringing on Bourdon's patent.

May 1983 - Attorney's John H. Raubitschek and Arthur Spechler
with the Office of the Judge Advocate General of the U.S. Army successfully
rebut patent infringement claims (at least enough to stop a law suit) with
documents from the National Police Agency of Japan... and the world is free
to develop fingerprints with superglue fumes to its heart's content.

And.... there must be other interesting details from the
UK and Canada about the individual discoveries of this valuable technique.
Send Ed German an e-mail message if you
would like your version of this bit of history posted on the web.

========== 1 Mock, James
P., Cyanoacrylates and Heat - A Word of Caution, Identification News, Sep
85 2 Paul Mark
Norkus retired from the Army in the early 1980s and worked for the Florida
Department of Law Enforcement as a Latent Print Examiner and Crime Scene
Technician for over twenty years. Paul Norkus passed-away in January
2003.