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CRANBERRIES
THE NATIONAL CRANBERRY MAGAZINE
May 1990 Vol. 54, No. 5
Petal
" ·\ it is
:f~77~rT~{~/il~·/(7/ clear that
\· .^^\ \ , Nature is
Ovary trying for
cross
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Page 2 CRANBERRIES May 1990
Cross Pollination of Cranberries
By PHILIP E. MARUCCI
In an article last year in
CRANBERRIES, Wisconsin
University researchers presented
an interesting account oftheir work
on cross pollination of cranberries,
(June 1989, Dana, Steinmann &
Goben, Pollen Source and Set of
Cranberries.)
This paper is worthy in the stim-
ulation it induces and in the origi-
nal techniques it presents, but not
in the conclusions drawn from the
experiments, in the opinion of this
writer.
The authors flatly state that
"benefits to yield will come from
improved pollination, not from more
cross pollination." Actually, the
data they presented do not rule out
the probable value of cross pollina-
tion, but indeed do show some posi-
tive results.
For many years, growers and
researchers have speculated on the
merits of cross pollination in cran-
berries. As pointed out by Dana,
Steinmann & Goben, early inves-
tigators of cranberry culture made
observations that suggested that
cross pollination could augment
yields.
The work of Dana et al is the
'
'
COVER ILLUSTRATION
FIGURE 1. At the stage shown
in this illustration of a Searles
cranberryflower, the stigma is
now receptive to pollen deposi-
tion but the anthers have shed
all of their pollen. The draw-
ing, from USDA Handbook 497,
Insect Pollination of Cultivated
Crops, by S.E. McGregor, 1976,
was submitted by Philip E.
Marucci to accompany his arti-
cle on cross pollination, which
starts on this page.
most thoroughly organized and
carefully conducted of any ever
done on this subject. Withal, the
paper does not invalidate the traditional
views on cross pollination of
cranberry. On the contrary, a study
of the data presented is encouraging
to the concept of invigoration
by cross pollination.
I am taking the liberty of rearranging
the data of the Dana et al
paper in order to point out some
positive aspects. By taking a table
(table 2) in their original article
and making some additions, the
facts are not changed butnow they
give a brighter outlook for cross
pollination.
A glance at this modified table
will show that cross pollination
gave higher percentage sets than
self-pollination more often than not,
especially with Gebhart, Ben Lear,
Bennett, McFarlin and Searles. On
the other hand, Stevens and Crow-
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CRANBERRIES May 1990 Page 3
ley did not benefit from cross tor 1 of the above is considered. significant is the fact that certain
pollination. Regrettably, the simple procedures combinations gave considerably
Such variations in varietal of weighing the berries and deter-higher percentage sets than the
response to cross pollination is mining anthocyanin content, which selfings: Ben Lear x Gebhart-27%
known to occur even in fruits that would have been highly meaning-higher; Bennett x Stevens -38%
are definitely known to benefit from ful, were entirely neglected. higher; Searles x Stevens -24%
cross pollination. It is generally The data presented on percen-higher; Gebhart x McFarlin -28%
known in fruit culture that a few tage set only confirm that cranber-higher.
varieties have an obligate ries are self fertile. They also posi-These significant differences were
requirement for cross pollination tively show that some combinations canceled out by the process of
to produce fruit and are termed of pollen and ovaries do enhance averaging. The authors added
"self infertile." set. together all of the poor pollinators
Cranberries are self fertile; they In the rearranged table, it is seen with the good pollinators and
do not need cross pollination to set that of the seven varieties crossed arrived at an average of 81% for the
fruit. However, cranberry produc-with six others as well as them-crosses and 79% for selfings. Since
tion-and also cranberry quality-selves, five of them had better per-these figures were not significantly
can still be enhanced ifone or more centage sets in the crossings than different, they concluded that cross
of the following benefits usually in the selfings. Of the 42 crosses, 26 pollination is not beneficial. It is
attributed to cross pollination does of them (62%) had higher percen-illogical to cancel out significant
actually occur: tage sets than the selfings. Most variations from the norm by
1-higher percentage set of berries;
2-larger berries resulting from
larger number of seeds of larger
size;
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THE NATIONAL CRANBERRY MAGAZINE 103 Middleboro Rd., E. Freetown, MA 02717
SEND CORRESPONDENCE TO: (508 763-5567
P.O. BOX 249 SALES SERVICE
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(203) 342-4730
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PUBLISHER &EDITOR: BOB TAYLOR
ASSOCIATE EDITOR: CAROLYN GILMORE
(508) 763-5206
ADVISORS & CORRESPONDENTS _ —
MASSACHUSETTS -Irving E. Demoranville,
Director, Cranberry Experiment Station. B f
NEW JERSEY-Phillip E. Marucci, Cranberry &Blueberry
Specialist, Buddtown; Elizabeth G. Carpenter, Chatsworth.
NOVA SCOTIA -Robert A. Murray, Horticulturist, Berry Quantities of 10,00 yards and up
Quantities of 10,000 yards and up
Cropa, Reaearch Station, Truro.
OREGON -Arthur Poole, Coos County Extension Agent,
~Coquille. in Southeastern Massachusetts
WASHINGTON -Azmi Y. Shawa, Horticulturist andcontouring
retired Director, Coastal Washington Research &Extension
Complete site work bog construction and finish contouring of surrounding
Unit, Long Beach. upland plus the best price for your material!
WISCONSIN -Tod. D. Planer, Farm Management Agent, best for your
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Page 4 CRANBERRIES May 1990
Table 2 of Dana, Steinmann & Goben with additions
Seed Cultivar Pollen Cultivar
Average Of Crosses Better
Ben Lear Ben Lear Bennett Searles Gebhart Crowley Stevens McFarlin Crosses Self Than Selfings
a. Number of flowers 63 63 65 59 42 75 61 85
b. %set 58 70 86 71 59 80 73 68 4 of 6
*c. Set higher(+) or lower(-) than selfing -15% +3% +26% +4% -13% +17% +7%
Bennett
a. 33 36 17 45 34 42 35 50
b. 88 81 76 58 94 64 67568 4 of 6
c. +29% +19% +11% -15% +38% -6% +10%
Searles
a. 9 19 8 48 39 50 29 43
b. 78 63 38 81 87 80 78 70 4 of 6
*c. +11% -10% -46% +16% +24% +14% +11%
Gebhart
a. 42 55 66 49 63 22 50 28
b. 81 80 83 80 89 91 84 71 6 of 6
*c. +14% +13% +17% +13% +25% +28% +18%
Crowley
a. 61 62 55 50 43 47 53 54
b. 82 85 85 88 84 91 86 93 0 of 6
*c. -12% -9% -9% -5% -10% -2% -8%
Stevens
a. 78 60 67 41 74 79 67 83
b. 83 77 83 73 76 67 77 78 2 of 6
*c. +6% -1% +6% -6% -3% -14% -1%
McFarlin
a. 89 63 66 93 87 71 78 78
b. 92 94 94 95 92 94 93 85 6 of 6
*c. +8% +11% +11% +12% +8% +11% +9%
*added to original table of Dana, Steinmann &Goben
CRANBERRIES May 1990 Page 5
averaging.
Patently, there are at least a few
combinations of varieties that will
enhance percentage set of cranber-
ries. Even ifthis were not so, cross
pollination would still be desirable
if one of the other three benefits of
cross pollination resulted.
The blueberry, which is closely
related to the cranberry and quite
similarin pollination requirements,
also is self fertile. Nevertheless,
various researchers have clearly
shown that it is definitely advan-
tageous to interplant certain
blueberry varieties to facilitate cross
pollination and achieve better
commercial production.
Even though percentage set may
not be enhanced, improvements in
size of berry, earliness of ripening
and, in some cases, better quality
have resulted from cross pollina-
tion of blueberries. In apple grow-
ing also, more profitable crops are
produced by interplanting with
"good pollinators" even with var-
ieties which are self fertile.
Dana, Steinmann & Groben were
mostly concerned with percentage
set, but they did include some data
on seed count. Even in this data,
there are more positive than nega-
tive implications for cross pollina-
tion. Of the four varieties crossed
with Stevens, two gave higher seed
counts than Stevens berries result-
ing from selfing, one gave an equal
number and one had a lower
number.
The two which had higher seed
counts were not insignificantly different.
The Ben Lear cross had 16%
more seeds and the McFarlin had
25%more.
Another indication of hybrid
vigor induced by cross pollination
is the fact that only 8% of the berries
resulting from self pollination
had more than 20 seeds while 26%
of the Ben Lear and also 26% of the
McFarlin crosses were in this cate-
gory. Sincehigher seed counts mean
larger berries, it implies that cross
pollination of Stevens with these
two varieties could produce larger
berries.e
The Dana, Steinmann & Goben
article makes a good contribution
by devising a technique which
should be used to make further
investigations of cross pollination
of cranberry. The simple expedients
of weighing berries and submitting
them for anthocyanin analysis
would add much to the value of the
data.
With the many cranberry varieties
now available, the number of
crosses that could be made would
be great. The likelihood of finding
A
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Appraisals
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Listings and Sales of
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Old Cordwood Path
Duxbury, MA 02332
(617) 934-6076
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* Contact:
* Bob orMike Phone:
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)-* 3 Plymouth St. 866-4429
* Carver, MA 02330 *
* Authorized Agway Representative (AG)
Page 6 CRANBERRIES May 1990
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at least a few good pollinators for
the few important commercial var-
ieties would be very good.
Over the eons, Nature
apparently has been striving to
improve the cranberry's chance for
survival by structural adaptations
and growth patterns. Cross
pollination is an integral part of
Nature's scheme. The cranberry
flower which has evolved is
remarkably adapted forinsect pol-
lination and has a growth pattern
which minimizes the chance of self
polhe ti (tip of the pistil)
remains below the tubelike arran-
gement of stamens while the anth-
ers are shedding pollen. Itbecomes
receptive to pollen only after it
grows beyond the opening of this
ring of stamens (see Figure 1). Thus,
a bee visiting a flower can deposit
on the stigma only pollen collected
from another flower.
Although this does not eliminate
the probability that pollen from
another flower of the same variety
is placed on the stigma, it is clear
that Nature is trying for cross pollination.
That man in his culture of
cranberries should not attempt to
encourage and facilitate this pro-
cess seems unwise.
REFERENCES
S.E. McGregor, 1976. Insect Pol-
linationofCultivatedCrops,USDA
Handbook 496.
B.Rigby&M.N.Dana,1972.Flower
Opening, Pollen Shedding,
ti Rec tvty and olen
Tube Growth in the Cranberry,
Hort. Science 7:84-85.
The help of Paul Burk and
Dr. Alvan Brick Jr. in review-
ing this article is gratefully
acknowledged.
(PhilipE. Marucci,researcherfor
Tru-Blu Cooperative Association,
New Lisbon, N.J., retired in 1988
after many years as researchpro-
fessor in entomology and exten-
sion specialist in cranberry and
blueberrycultureat the Cranberry
and Blueberry Laboratory in
Chatsworth, N.J.)
for POLLINATION ||Mr.
We want your Business
YANKEE
PLANNERS
INC.
59 North Main Street
Middleboro, MA 02346
(508) 947-0527
Sound and Objective
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Mr. Peter W. Hutchings
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_A ff-ff FISH^
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BEE FARM Mr. Roger H. Parent, Jr.
Accountant, Enrolled to Practice
R.D. 1, Box 61 before the Internal Revenue
Service
McVeytown, Pennsylvania 17051
Phone: (717) 899-6226
CallFor Your FreeBrochure
3 generations of Beekeepers (508) 947-0527
Keeping Bees since 1936
Page 8 CRANBERRIES May 1990
32 pages of colorful watercolor paintings of
II '
Ig~l'~[~ ~;IP ~ ~r~ ~ ~ ~
g. ~.a~.
r
~ES
N1 . . .;~
.rn|blossoms, berries, harvesting, winter and
summer scenes depicting all aspects of
cranberry culture, equipment and lore with
from
accompanying short text. The large letters
are appropriate for children. Every age
child and adult can learn from this book.
The glossary of cranberry terms will allow
adults to enrich the educational experience.
^^^ MSW T·2~^I~
"A classicbook!" -Dr. Donald Boone
~International Cranberry Consultant
Author/ArtistAnn Kurz is noted nationally among
cranberry growers for her accurate portrayal and
&~ '"_#~~~ 0knowledge of cranberry culture.
to
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6 plus $2 shipping &handling
send check or money order to:
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CRANBERRIES May 1990 Page 9
High. At its winter meeting March 8 in
Second Highest
Second, . es.t Washington, D.C., the CMC did
not recommend a volumeCrop Predicted regulation.
By CAROLYN GILMORE
The Cranberry Marketing
Committee (CMC) estimates a
4,050,000 barrel crop for 1990, which
would be second only to 1988's
record breaking 4,065,859 barrel
output.
The 1989 crop amounted to
3,836,000 barrels, down from early
USDA predictions of 3,925,000
barrels and a CMC projection of
4,113,000 barrels.
CMC General Manager David
Farrimond gave the following
state-by-state forecast:
Ma s s ach us etts --1,8 23, 000
barrels.
Wisconsin-1,533,000 barrels.
New Jersey--352,000 barrels.
Washington-190,000 barrels.
Oregon-152,000 barrels.
I
Iv .rnber.c
I.
All CMC positions will end July
31. Seven members and their alter-
nates will be nominated to fill two
year terms starting Aug. 1.
In June a caucus of independent
growers will be held in Massachu-
setts, New Jersey and Wisconsin.
All independents will be notified in
advance with additional
information.
Growers interested in represent-
ing Ocean Spray on the CMC should
contact John Ropes, Ocean Spray,
grower relations.
The CMC also is seeking to fill a
public member and alternate slot.
These two year positions represent
the public at large.
Hearings on proposed
amendments to the Cranberry
Marketing Order were completed
Feb. 15.
"The USDA indicates it will take
18 to 24 months after the last'hearing
before growers will vote in a
referendum whether to adopt the
proposed amendments" Farrimond
said.
The Marketing Order itself is up
for referendum in 1991, he noted.
W ather
MASSACHUSETTS
February was warm, averaging 5.4 degrees
a day above normal. This was the second
warmest in our records, exceeded only by
February 1984. Maximum temperature was 56
degrees on the 14th and the minimum was 5
degrees on the 26th. The only cold spell came
t lasthefour days.
Precipitation totaled 3.45 inches, just
slightly below normal. There were 12 days
with measurable precipitation, with .84 inch
on the 10th as the greatest storm. We are
about 3 inches above normal in 1990 and
nearly 5 inches ahead of 1989. Snowfall
totaled 9 inches, just slightly above normal.
I.E.D.
Ad
Nova Scotia Bog For Sale
I
"Oceanview Cranberrie, Inc." i a Crown Corporation established in 1989 after 7 years of
research and development by founder Michael Bowie.
Oceanview owns 300+-acres of bog/marsh in Pubnico, Nova Scotia, with 68+-acres !
ditched and planted inthe "Early Black" variety. Data and relevant information was collected to
determine the feasibility of harvesting a viable crop without the expense of scraping and l
planting. H
II K Ag Laboratories International, Inc. was consulted to conduct water, soil, plant and fruit ||
analysis. The results show that a properly timed fertilizer program will contribute to a healthierZ;I)~ ~ yield. Fish and seaweed fertilizers manufactured locally will be used in 1990. The 68+-acre
area will be sickle and hand mowed as we relocate some of the vine to test its value as a I
commercial organic variety. 50 colonies of local honeybees will be introduced to aid the
!!I pollination process. The flood will remain on the bog until mid-May as the only frost protection
available in spring will be a 1965 fire engine. Judging by the amount of berries left unharvested
in 1989 without management, we anticipate enough product to satisfy our exclusive arrangement
with an organic tea company.
Gilmore Cranberry Consultants conducted an on-site survey in 1989 (results confidential).
I, "''~OceanviewCranberries" is hereby offering for sale thirty-three percent (33%) of the corpora,!~
II;~
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il Call for more information.
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1-902-742-2441 or 1-508-747-4555
ill
Page 10 CRANBERRIES May 1990
REGIONAL
St P PI | NOTES
POLE SERVICE MASSACHUSETTS
By IRVING E. DEMORANVILLE
• Private Poles * Line Construction Dr. Robert Devlin of the Massachusetts
Cranberry Experiment Station attended the
* New & Used Poles annualmeetingoftheWeedScience Society
Sonotube Drilling of America in Montreal Feb. 3-8. Bob was
(508) 690-2238 chairman of the Outstanding Research Award
(508~J$90~U~-r~^22300~Committee and also presented a paper.
Dr. Devlin also attended a board of direc208
Franklin St., East Bridgewater, MA 02333 tors meeting of CAST held in Washington,
D.C., Feb. 26-28.
OREGON
_____________^DP 44th1 ITheBandon Cranberry ~Festival will be
held Sept. 28-30 this year.
Volunteers are sorely needed. The Cran-Ben Lears at $3,700 per ton Pilgrims at $5,000 per ton
berry Festival Association meets the second
Available for Spring of 1990 Monday of each month at 7:30 p. m. in VFW
Prices F.O.B. Hall.
(608) 378-4069 WISCONSIN
Or Write:
Farmland values in 1989 in afive state area
Jensen Cranberry Bogs, Inc. I that includes all of Iowa and parts of Illinois,
Route 2 Box 92 Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin showed
rWI their smallest annual gain since the market
Warrens, 54666 bottomed out in 1986.
That finding was recently disclosed by the
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
Values rose 5percent in Wisconsin in 1989
and moderate increases continued throughout
the five state district early in 1990.
A survey of Wisconsin bankers showed 45
percent predicting higher values in 1990.
Tod Planer, Wood County agricultural agent
l\~-~~ ~ ~~~~~ \"for the University of Wisconsin/Extension,
recently pointed out stricter state pesticide
requirements that make certification and
licensing mandatory for those who mix and
load the chemicals as well as those who apply
pesticides.
Planer told The (Wisconsin Rapids) Daily
~r5_____e___________e___________________
Tribune that probably 95 percent of the
chemicals applied in Wood County "are
Krause Ex^ ^avating Inc. weed-control products, or herbicides. Insecticides,
used to kill insects, make up about 3
percent. The remainder includes miscellane-
Canal Work Ditching ous chemicals, including pesticides used to
Pond Construction POndCOnStrUCtiOn One day training sessions for a five year
Land Clearing llOkillrats."
L3Ud Clearing
certification and licensing cost $20.
Planer warned that clothes worn when
1-1/4-3 yd. draglines with 80' boom and matts, 2 yd. sPlaner warnedtesd hould not berwashed
backhoe, swamp dozer and other related equipment with the family's regular wash. Nor, he said,
should applicators eat or smoke while
Contact: spreading pesticides.
Roger Krause 1-414-398-3322
Route 3 Markesan, Wis. 53946
CRANBERRIES May 1990 Page 11
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been destroyed and these
paintings will never be
reproduced again in any other
art print form.
950-signed and numbered
prints 11·
40 -artist proofs
4
/
Page 12 CRANBERRIES May 1990
i.WI
· s~e~-P-~p ~ ICI~--~II1~ ----. , |--WiE ; -· -', t -~-I--: ..............
^- It's hard enough to bring in a good
cranberry crop without the threat of fruit
rot diseases.
That's why cranberry growers are turning to
a better way to control fruit rot. Bravo 720.
Bravo delivers consistent, first-rate control
of all the major fruit rot diseases that threaten
cranberries. Plus leaf and twig blight
(Lophodermium), too.
And that's backed by results of eight years
of testing which show that Bravo 720 is more
effective on fruit rot diseases than all other
fungicides.
What's more, Bravo won't adversely affect
fruit color. Or leave any lingering odor after
application.
And remember, you can apply Bravo with con-
ventional spray equipment or through sprinkler
irrigation. The advanced flowable formulation
of Bravo 720 is easy to handle, easy to mix.
So, this season, use Bravo 720 to protect your
cranberry crop from fruit rot diseases. Just make
your first spray at early bloom and stick to a , a
regular 10-to 14-day schedule.
End the threat of these fruit rot diseases and
bring in a bigger yield come harvest.
Bravo. Because you give it all you've got.
Fermenta ASC Corporation,
5966 Heisley Road, P.O. Box 8000,
^FERMENTA ASC
Always follow label directions
carefully when using agricultural
B ^ra^ Ag ^ v-v ^ w f
chemicals.
* ()®Registered trademark of
FermentaASC Corporation.
BL^^^^ ^^^ ^^9 M ^^
....... KOVACEVICH MAKES
UNITED APPOINTMENTS
________________U_ 1 Tom Kovacevich, 1990 chairman of the
United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Associa
-"a"J/t--|/