Tuesday, December 31, 2013

Matthew 9:23 displays a contrast between
faithless rabbinical customs and the customs that honor Yahweh. According to
rabbinical tradition, flute-playing in the first century was a symbol of
mourning. But this is significantly different than the examples found in the
old testament. Jeremiah 48:36 is the only old testament passage paralleling
moaning with flute-playing, but that passage is actually paralleling the sound
of a flute similar to the sound of moaning, and not flute-playing per
se. Instead, flute-playing throughout the old testament is more commonly
symbolic of celebrating one’s gladness for God’s healing presence (Psalm 5;
Isaiah 30:29). Isaiah 5:12 even refers to flute-players while celebrating the
feasts of Yahweh. But because Israel plays the flute and does not regard Yahweh’s
deeds on their behalf, nor do they see the work of His hands in their midst,
Isaiah says that Yahweh parches their thirst, starves their honored men, and
sends them into exile (v. 13).

Some people in Israel may put on a good performance with
flutes, but Jesus won't dance to their tune because they call evil good and
good evil. They put darkness for light and light for darkness, bitter for sweet
and sweet for bitter (v. 20). Hypocritical flute-playing in Yahweh’s presence
leads to death, whereas the flute-playing of faith is appropriate for celebrating
Yahweh’s life-giving presence.

The Torah's instructions pertaining to "tassels” were put in place to serve as reminders for the people of Israel (Num. 15:37-41). Tassels taught them to remember God’s covenant faithfulness. In Matthew 9:20 though, it’s not quite clear who is being reminded of God’s covenant faithfulness when the bleeding woman touches the tassel of Jesus' garment. Does the woman see the tassle and remember God’s covenant faithfulness, or is Jesus reminded of his own desire to express covenant faithfulness as she touches his tassel? Or are both implied?

Sunday, December 29, 2013

Now when thy had departed, behold, an
angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and said, "Rise, take the
child and his mother, and flee to Egypt, and remain there until I tell you, for
Herod is about to search for the child, to destroy him." And he rose and
took the child and his mother by night and departed to Egypt and remained there
until the death of Herod. This was to fulfill what the Lord had spoken by the
prophet,

“Out of Egypt I called my
son."1

Then Herod, when he saw that he had been
tricked by the wise men, became furious, and he sent and killed all the male
children in Bethlehem and in all that region who were two years old or under,
according to the time that he had ascertained from the wise men. Then was fulfilled
what was spoken by the prophet Jeremiah:

“A voice was heard in Ramah, weeping and
loud lamentation, Rachel weeping for her children; she refused to be
comforted, because they are no more.”2

But when Herod
died, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared in a dream to Joseph in Egypt,
saying, “Rise, take the child and his mother and go to the land of Israel, for
those who sought the child's life are dead.” And he rose and took the child and
his mother and went to the land of Israel.

St. Jerome makes
an interesting observation concerning this “fulfilled” prophecy of Jeremiah in
Matthew’s gospel. He writes,

Certain of the
Jews interpret this passage thus: when Jerusalem was captured under Vespasian,
countless thousands of captives were led through this way by Gaza and
Alexandria to Rome. But others say that in the final captivity under Hadrian
when the city of Jerusalem was overthrown, innumerable people of diverse ages
and both sexes were sold at the marketplace of Terebinthus. …Let these people
say what they want. We say that the Evangelist Matthew has rightly taken up this
testimony because it is the place where Rachel was buried and she wept for the
sons of those nearby in the surrounding houses as if she were weeping for her
own sons.3

Some questions
arise from these comments of Jerome: Why would Jewish scholars consider this
passage from Jeremiah as needing to be fulfilled around 70 A.D.? Why insist
upon a specific exile of Jews to Rome
under Vespasian or a general dispersion of Jews across the Roman empire by
Hadrian? Why not view Jeremiah’s prophecy as already being fulfilled in the
Israel's history? After all, Jeremiah seems to have been describing
events in Israel’s near future, events surrounding their return from
Babylonian captivity.

I suspect, as I
do with other post-70A.D. Jewish commentaries, that Jewish tradition has kept a
close watch upon the Christian scriptures, especially those Christian gospels
which reveal that their promised Messiah did
come, and a massive exodus did occur,
and that their promised Messiah did
deliver Israel out of their long-awaited exile. It seems that they were diverting
attention away from the historic Christ-centered reality of Jesus tabernacling among Israel and
leading a great exodus of His people out of the land of Israel prior to the
destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D., in order to retain their views about Jesus
not being the promised Messiah.

In the last post
I mentioned a few times that Matthew’s gospel is about Israel. But it doesn’t
take much imagination to realize that Matthew’s gospel is about Jesus too. Yet
it’s not about both isolated from
each other. It’s about Jesus as Israel. It’s about Jesus and His covenant
people together, both head and body together, dying and rising together. As Jerome noted well, Matthew
has “rightly taken up” the testimony of Jeremiah 31:15 in the events
surrounding Jesus and Israel’s life together.
If we stop and think about it a bit more, Matthew's reference from Jeremiah 31 only
makes sense if both Jesus and Israel are identified as God’s Son.

In chapter 31, Jeremiah’s message is particularly
noteworthy because it is directed to Ephraim
by name. “I am a Father to Israel,
and Ephraim is my firstborn,” says the Lord (Jer. 31:9). Ephraim is also described
as Yahweh’s “dear son” and “darling child” (v. 20), always expected
to live up to the image of Yahweh’s Son. However, Ephraim was not Joseph’s actual firstborn son. When
Joseph brought his firstborn son before his father, Israel laid hands on
Joseph’s second child, Ephraim,
instead, blessing him as the firstborn even though Manasseh was the actual
firstborn. This typology of first and second sonship is nothing new to the history of Israel, being seen in numerous other examples (e.g. Ishamel and Isaac, Esau and Jacob, Reuben and Joseph, Levi and the twelve tribes, Adam and Jesus), and it runs through the message of Jeremiah 31 too. Ephraim,
like Jesus, is the second son, a second Adam, chosen to receive the promised
inheritance of the actual firstborn. But in the context of Jeremiah 31, when the
Lord speaks of Ephraim, He speaks as though Ephraim bears the image of the
first Israel, the first Adam, who fell in the garden sanctuary and was later
exiled into the land. He speaks as though His son had already been disciplined, as though Ephraim had already been taken into exile.
Time and time again, the northern kingdom of Israel broke covenant with Yahweh, and Yahweh responded by showing mercy time and time again; but when Jeremiah spoke in chapter
31, northern Israel had already been taken captive. Ephraim was already no more,
which is why Rachel is described as weeping for her children. Rachel was the
wife of Jacob (i.e. Israel) and therefore the mother of Israel’s children, but
now Ephraim had gone into exile, finally receiving his due for repeated
breaches of God’s covenant; and in exile, what hope could there possibly be for the
future of Yahweh’s people? This is the context in which Matthew (2:18) quotes
Jeremiah 31:15 as finally being fulfilled:

A voice is heard in Ramah, lamentation and
bitter weeping. Rachel is weeping for her children; she refuses to be comforted
for her children because they are no more.

Matthew does something unexpected with
this “fulfillment” passage though, something similar to what Jerome described the
Jewish scholars doing in his own day. Matthew interprets Jeremiah 31:15 as
fulfilling events within his own
generation.Instead of
interpreting those events as being fulfilled in the past when Israel actually returned
from Babylonian exile, Matthew interprets Jeremiah 31:15 as fulfilling the events
of Herod slaughtering the innocent children of Israelaround Bethlehem. Jeremiah describes Rachel as
hearing the cries of her children being deported into captivity from Ramah, yet Matthew cites this as fulfilling the theme of continued exilefor God’s firstborn son. What gives? This type of prophetic "fulfillment" is not ordinary, or is it?

If something doesn't seem right, it may be because we are assuming too much about what it means for prophecy to be "fulfilled." Far too often Christians assume that fulfillment of a prophetic narrative is the same as a prophecy that predicts future events. Or, to put it another way, Christians often fail to distinguish indirect typological fulfillment of prophecy from direct fulfillment of prophecy. "The main difference between direct fulfillment of prophecy and indirect typological fulfillment is that the direct fulfills what was explicitly predicted by the words of the prophet, while the indirect fulfills what was implicitly foreshadowed by historical events, which have been narrated."4 As Craig L. Blomberg has noted,5 Matthew is not interpreting the text
of Jeremiah 31:15 as a prediction of
future events, but rather is employing a similar kind of typology6 to his
interpretation of Hosea 11:1, as seen moments earlier (Matt. 2:15). I wrote about the typology of Hosea 11:1 in the last post
(here).

Matthew has very
good reasons for employing a typological fulfillment here. In
the narrative of Israel’s life, Ramah was, in fact, a place where captives were
taken and stationed before their exile to Babylon (Jer. 40:1). Ramah, as Jerome
noted, is also the region in which Rachel was buried near Bethlehem (the city in which Herod slaughtered the innocent children). Yet if we go all the way back to
the Genesis narrative, there is more to the story of Rachel’s death and burial
than what ordinarily meets the fundamentalist eye. It is also significant that
Rachel dies while giving birth on the road to Bethlehem, and it’s in the midst
of her suffering that her midwife tries comforting her with news that she has
another son. After her son is born, she names him Benoni, which means “son of
my sorrow,” but Israel renames him Benjamin (“son of my right hand”) as a sign
of hope for Israel’s future. In the Genesis narrative, Rachel weeps over her
son, yet afterward he becomes Israel’s hope. In Jeremiah's prophecy, Rachel weeps
over her children once more, but this time it’s as they’re being exiled to
Babylon; and just as Israel renamed her "son of sorrow" into a son of hope,
Yahweh speaks words of comfort to Rachel again. This time Yahweh promises that her children will
return from exile. Yahweh promises to
show mercy toward his rebellious son. He promises to restore their fortunes,
replenish their languishing souls, and deliver them from exile. “There is hope for your future, declares
Yahweh, and your children shall come back to their own country” (v. 17).

In Matthew's day, Rachel’s
weeping is finally filled full. This
time her weeping is over the slaughter of the children at Bethlehem. No direct words
of comfort are given her in Matthew, but the very next verse speaks of the
return of Jesus to the land of Israel after the sure death of Herod (Matt.
2:19-21). Just as it was in Jeremiah's day, Israel’s life in the promised land seems hopeless in the days of Jesus' birth too,
yet the hope of redemption and faith in Israel's Redeemer lives on. Even though
there was a great slaughter of Rachel’s children in the region where she was
buried, a corresponding promise of resurrection was also promised. That resurrection would entail a
greater “exodus” than ever before in Israel’s history. That exodus from continued exile is what Jesus was
born into the world to accomplish. Jesus came to save His people from bondage. Jesus came to deliver them from exile and inaugurate a new creation in
the world. A voice was heard in Ramah, a voice of innocent children being slaughtered by a new Pharaoh. But without a new Pharaoh there would be no Egypt to call his faithful Son out of; and without a faithful Son there would be no Israel to die and rise with Him.

6. G.K. Beale defines "typology" this way: "the study of analogical correspondences among persons, events, institutions, and other things within the historical framework of God's special revelation that, from a retrospective view, are of a prophetic nature. [Handbook on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament, p. 57]

Saturday, December 28, 2013

Now when thy had departed, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and said, "Rise, take the child and his mother, and flee to Egypt, and remain there until I tell you, for Herod is about to search for the child, to destroy him." And he rose and took the child and his mother by night and departed to Egypt and remained there until the death of Herod. This was to fulfill what the Lord had spoken by the prophet,

“Out of Egypt
I called my son."1

Then Herod, when he saw that he had been tricked by the wise men,
became furious, and he sent and killed all the male children in Bethlehem and
in all that region who were two years old or under, according to the time that
he had ascertained from the wise men. Then was fulfilled what was spoken by the
prophet Jeremiah:

“A voice was heard in Ramah, weeping and loud
lamentation, Rachel weeping for her children; she refused to be comforted,
because they are no more.”2

But
when Herod died, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared in a dream to Joseph in
Egypt, saying, “Rise, take the child and his mother and go to the land of
Israel, for those who sought the child's life are dead.” And he rose and took
the child and his mother and went to the land of Israel.

Matthew's gospel is about Israel. In Matthew 2:13-21, an angel of Yahweh appears before Joseph in a dream, telling him to flee to Egypt with Mary and their son, Jesus, and remain there until the death of Herod because Herod was determined to search for their son and kill him. Herod, like the Pharaoh before him, did not know Joseph or the God he worshipped, and because their son was the promised deliverer of Israel, Herod had no interest in entertaining a threat to his own throne. The most effective way to eliminate this threat, he thought, was to kill all the newborn male children, like Pharaoh did (Exodus 1). In Matthew's gospel, Israel's life is in danger from a new Pharaoh, and is in need of a great deliverer like Moses. Joseph proves himself to be a faithful servant of Yahweh by doing as he was told by the angel of Yahweh. He flees to Egypt and remains there for a while. Even more to the point, he flees to Egypt from Judea and remains there for a while, and Matthew says, "This was to fulfill what the Lord had spoken by the prophet, 'Out of Egypt I called my son.'”

Remember, Matthew's gospel is about Israel. The passage Matthew cites here "to fulfill what the Lord had spoken" comes from Hosea 11:1, and as expected, is also about Israel. But Matthew sees something within the scriptures given to Israel that is not commonly seen today. Matthew is not viewing Hosea 11:1 as predictive prophecy, which is how most evangelicals view it today. Instead, Matthew is viewing Hosea's prophecy about Israel (and to Israel) and seeing Jesus in it. And in Matthew's eyes, Hosea's prophecy manifests Jesus in the most obvious way. Matthew sees Jesus as Yahweh's firstborn son. Matthew sees Jesus as Israel,3 Yahweh's firstborn son (Exod. 4:22-23). That is why he can safely regard Hosea's prophecy about Israel being called out of Egypt as Jesus being called out of Egypt. Jesus is like Moses, the "head" of Israel. He's the baby who needs rescuing from the slaughter of the innocents. He's the promised deliverer of Israel who flees from Egypt and then returns to save Israel (Exod. 2). The land of Israel had become another Egypt with their people under bondage again. The people of Israel under Herod's rule were like Egypt under Pharaoh's rule in the days of Moses' childhood, hoping and waiting for Yahweh to send His promised deliverer to them--hoping and waiting for their great exodus as promised to their father Abraham (Gen. 15:13-14). In Matthew's gospel, Jesus has come to provide that promised exodus for the Israel of God. But just as Moses must first flee Egypt before returning to save Israel, Jesus must flee Judea before returning. Not only has Jesus come to save Israel, Jesus has come to be faithful to his heavenly Father in every way which the people of Israel never did, and never could. Jesus has come to be the faithful son, leading an exodus of spirit-filled disciples into the promised land. This time, the faithful Israel will succeed.

In the next post I'll continue this train of thought and connect it with Matthew's next citation from Jeremiah 31:15.

It's December 28th and it's still Christmas. Christmas is a season, not a singular day of unwrapping presents under a tree. Christmas is about the incarnation of the Messiah and the events surrounding his early childhood as recorded in the Gospels. December 28th is a day of celebration within this Christmas season that celebrates the memory of the innocent saints who were cruelly slaughtered by Herod as recorded in Matthew 2:13-18. In commemoration of that event, and in spirit with this season, I can think of no better reminder of it's importance within the Christian tradition than to cite a homily from St. Augustine on the Feast of the Holy Innocents. Augustine writes:

Today, dearest
brethren, we celebrate the birthday of those children who were slaughtered, as
the Gospel tells us, by that exceedingly cruel king, Herod. Let the earth,
therefore, rejoice and the Church exult — she, the fruitful mother of so many
heavenly champions and of such glorious virtues. Never, in fact, would that
impious tyrant have been able to benefit these children by the sweetest
kindness as much as he has done by his hatred. For as today’s feast reveals, in
the measure with which malice in all its fury was poured out upon the holy
children, did heaven’s blessing stream down upon them.

“Blessed are
you, Bethlehem in the land of Judah! You suffered the inhumanity of King Herod
in the murder of your babes and thereby have become worthy to offer to the Lord
a pure host of infants. In full right do we celebrate the heavenly birthday of
these children whom the world caused to be born unto an eternally blessed life
rather than that from their mothers’ womb, for they attained the grace of
everlasting life before the enjoyment of the present. The precious death of any
martyr deserves high praise because of his heroic confession; the death of
these children is precious in the sight of God because of the beatitude they
gained so quickly. For already at the beginning of their lives they pass on.
The end of the present life is for them the beginning of glory. These then,
whom Herod’s cruelty tore as sucklings from their mothers’ bosom, are justly
hailed as “infant martyr flowers”; they were the Church’s first blossoms,
matured by the frost of persecution during the cold winter of unbelief.