in terms of n, gieve monosomy, disomy, trisomy, tetrasomy

in terms of n give diploidy, triploidy

what is autopolyploidy

if nondisjunction occurs between the P and F1 generation, what will be the n numbers for the offspring of the F2 generation when mated with a haploid gamete; how is this different than if the nondisjunction occurs between the F1 and F2 generations?

2 trisomic and 2 monosomic ; 2 disomic (normal) and one trisomic and one monosomic

in what organisms is polyploidy very common

what is more common 4n or 3n how about 4n or 5n

in what two ways can polyploidy originate? what are two words associated with theses ways?

the addition of one or more extra sets of chromosomes identical to the normal haploid complement of the same species: AUTOPLOIDY
and combination of chromosome sets from different species occurring as a consequence of hybridization resulting in ALLOPLOIDY

which are more common, autotetraploids or autotriploids

define allopolyploidy

what effect does Colchicine have on the cell cycle?

it interferes with spindle formation and thus replicated chromosomes cannot separate at anaphase and do not migrate to te poles. Wen colchicine is removed, the cell can reenter interphase. When the paired sister chromatids separate and uncoil, the nucleus contains twice the diploid number of chrom0somes and is therefore 4n.

how are structural alterations in the location of genes on a chromosome most often caused?

if one of the homologs has been broken and put back together, and the other homolog is fine, the inidividual is called heterozygous for the aberration. In this case is the individual typically affected?

what do you call a deletion near either end of the chromosome?

what do you call a deletion in the interior of the chromosome?

in the case of a deletion, the portion of the chromosome that retains the _____ region is usually maintained when the cell divides, whereas the segment without the ______is eventually lost in progeny cells following mitosis and meiosis

what is an example of duplication, specifically gene redundancy, that greatly favors us?

in what cells do we see the highest number of ribosomes

describe gene amplification

basically, in the case of rRNA, if you have a case of gene redundancy for a processing selectively replicated rDNA, a new set of genes is released from its template/ Because each new copy is equivalent to one NOR, multiple micronucleoli are formed. If we then multiply the number of micronucleoli by the number of gene copies in each NOR, we see that amplification in the cells is amazing.

what is an example of a duplication in Drosophila

talk a bit about the role of gene duplication in evolution

it is thought that there are some genes in whihc a mutation could not be tolerated, however, if this essential gene is duplicated, major mutational changes will be tolerated throughout generations because one copy is alright. This duplicated copy is free to undergo mutation over time. This mutating duplicated copy may have anew function that imparts an adaptive advantage to organisms

what do you call organisms with one inverted chromosome and one noninverted homolog

what is the only way that pairing between inversion heterozygotes can occur?

if a single crossover occurs between nonsister chromatids we we see two parental chromatids and two recombinant chromatids. if the SCO occurs within a paracentric inversion, one recombinant _____ chromatid, and one recombinant _____ chromatid will be produced

what are the two possible segregation patterns in the case of translocation? what yields what product

what do you call a common type of translocation that involves breaks at the extreme ends of the short arms of two nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes, producing a new large submetacentric or metacentric chromosome?

3) A genomic condition that may be responsible for some forms of fragile-X syndrome as well as Huntington's disease, involves

4) Recently, a gene located on chromosome 3 in humans, FHIT has been shown to be associated with

5) In Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome, although there is reduced fertility in both sexes females are more fertile than males. Assume that children are born to female with Down syndrome and a normal male. What proportion of children would be expected to have Down syndrome?

how do translocations cause phenotypic defects

3) What is the difference between primary and familial Down syndrome? How does each type arise?

3) Primary Down syndrome is caused by spontaneous, random nondisjunction of chromosome 21, leading to Trisomy 21. Familial DS arises from Robertsonian translocation between chromosome 21 and 14. Translocation carriers do not have DS, but their children have an increased incidence of it. If the translocated chromosome segregates with a normal 21, the gametes will have two copies of chromosome 21 and result in DS.

4) The expression of some genes is balanced with the expression of other genes. The ratio of different gene products should be maintained within a range to ensure proper cellular function. Extra copies of one of the genes results in over expression of the gene product and throws off the balance.

which type of chromosome mutations Change the position of DNA sequence without changing the amount of genetic material?

which type of chromosome mutations Move DNA from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome?

A chromosome has the following sequence where represents the position of the centromere; A B C D E F G.
What types of mutations are necessary to change this chromosome into each of the following? A) A B E * F G

A chromosome has the following sequence where represents the position of the centromere; A B C D E F G.
What types of mutations are necessary to change this chromosome into each of the following? A E D C B * F G

inversion; segment BCDE is inverted 180 degrees; but as the centromere has not changed position it is paracentric inversion

A chromosome has the following sequence where represents the position of the centromere; A B C D E F G.
What types of mutations are necessary to change this chromosome into each of the following? A B A B C D * F G

A chromosome has the following sequence where represents the position of the centromere; A B C D E F G.
What types of mutations are necessary to change this chromosome into each of the following?A B * E D C B G

pericentric inversion, as the gene order and centromere position have changed,

A chromosome has the following sequence where represents the position of the centromere; A B C D E F G.
What types of mutations are necessary to change this chromosome into each of the following? A B C D E E D C * F G

5) What is the effect of a rare double crossover within a pericentric inversion in a heterozygote? What is the effect within a paracentric inversion in a heterozygote?

The rare double crossovers around peri- or paracentric inversions produce minor deviations from the normal arrangement as long as the crossover involves the two same chromatids. In two strand crossovers, the second negates the first. In three or four-strand crossover, high degree of genetically unbalanced gametes results.