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Fredrick Taylor (early 1900s) was a hugely influential management theorist that attempted to systematically analyse behaviour in the workplace, hence scientific management.
By studying the way in which workers performed tasks the approach attempted to make organisations more efficient. Each task was broken down into small parts and then each one was analysed to see what was the best way of doing the task.
This approach had a huge effect on manufacturing companies, although it also made jobs boring and repetitive.