Return to home During this time period there were large changes
within central governments and funding, which created a demand for
individuals working in the private sector. Today these individuals
could acquire a master
of public administration online or similar graduate degree.

1500 Jan 26, Spanish
explorer Vicente Yanez Pinzon reached the northeastern coast of
Brazil during a voyage under his command. Pinzon had commanded the
Nina during Christopher Columbus's first expedition to the New
World.
(MC, 1/26/02)

1500 Feb 24, Charles V, king
of Spain (1516-1556), was born in Ghent, Belgium. He was the last
Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope.
(HN, 2/24/99)(SFEC, 11/21/99, p.T10)(MC,
2/24/02)

1500 Apr 22, Pedro Alvares
Cabral (c1460-c1526), Portuguese explorer, discovered Brazil and
claimed it for Portugal. He anchored for 10 days in a bay he
called "Porto Seguro" and continued on to India. [see Apr
23]
(WUD,1994, p.206)(AHD, p.185)(TL-MB, 1988,
p.8)(HN, 4/22/98)(SFC, 4/20/00, p.A14)

1500 Apr 23, Pedro Cabal
landed at Terra da Vera Cruz and claimed Brazil for Portugal. The
native population was later estimated to have been from 1 to 11
million people. [see Apr 22]
(AP, 4/23/98)(SFC, 7/6/98,
p.A10)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/03128a.htm)

1500 Oct, Governor De
Bobadilla of Santo Domingo captured Christopher Columbus and
returned him in shackles to Spain. Columbus, during his third
sojourn to the new world, engaged in a dispute with the ambassador
plenipotentiary to Santo Domingo, Hispaniola (later shared by
Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Columbus was later released and
forgiven by the Queen.
(V.D.-H.K.p.143)(SFEC, 3/15/98, Z1
p.8)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v2.htm)

1500 Sandro Botticelli,
Italian painter, painted his "Mystic Nativity," but he was out of
key with public taste. His reputation was only restored in the
19th century. He also did the circular painting "Adoration of the
Christ Child."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(WSJ, 12/30/97, p.A8)

1500 During the first half
century of printing 1450-1500, the majority of printed books were
renderings of Greek and Latin works, previously available only in
manuscripts... From this point on, published works in the national
languages... were in the majority.
(V.D.-H.K.p.143)

1500 Antwerp Cathedral was
completed after 148 years of construction.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1500 Pope Alexander VI
proclaimed a Year of Jubilee with a call for a crusade against the
Turks.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1500 Aldus Manutius, Italian
printer, founded the Venice Academy for the study of Greek
classics and he invented Italic type.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1500 Valencia University was
founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1500 The Diet of Augsburg
established a Council of Regency to administer the Holy Roman
Empire.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1500 Haast's eagle, which
lived in the mountains of New Zealand, became extinct about this
time, most likely due to habitat destruction and the extinction of
its prey species at the hands of early Polynesian settlers.
Researchers in 2009 determined that the 40 pound bird was a
predator and not a mere scavenger as many had thought.
(AP, 9/11/09)

1500 Nueva Cadiz was
established on Isla de Cubagua off the coast of Venezuela after
Columbus discovered rich pearl oyster beds nearby.
(SSFC, 2/19/06, p.F8)

1500 Geologists in 2009 said
an earthquake of magnitude 6.5-7, dated to about this time, tore a
deep gash into a 35-mile fault segment along the Wasatch front of
Utah state.
(SFC, 9/25/09, p.A8)

1500 The population of the world at about 400
million was distributed as follows:
China, Japan, and Korea
130 million
Europe and Russia
100 million
India subcontinent
70 million
Southeast Asia and Indonesia
40 million
Central and western Asia
25 million
Africa
20
million
The Americas
15
million
(V.D.-H.K.p.168)

c1500 In northern Argentina 3
Inca children were sacrificed. In 1999 a team of archeologists
discovered their frozen mummies on Mount Llullaillaco.
(SFC, 4/7/99, p.A11)

c1500 At the end of the 15th
century Azerbaijan became the power base of a native dynasty, the
Safavids. They established an empire that dominated Iran in the
16th and 17th centuries..
(CO, Grolier’s Amer. Acad. Enc./ Azerbaijan)

c1500 Lake Cauhilla in
southern California, the predecessor to the Salton Sea, measured
50 by 100 miles and began evaporating.
(SFC, 11/30/98, p.A22)

1500s The Aztecs played
ollamalitzli. The game placed a rubber ball through a stone ring
and the loser was often beheaded.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)

1500s The Navajo began
settling on Hopi land. They have farmed in the southwest since
this time.
(SFC, 7/15/96, p.A1)(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26)

1500s Europe began to
restrict the practice of medicine to qualified doctors.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)

1500s Holland and Saxony
began to protect the rights of inventors to their creations.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)

1500s Juan de Bermudez of
Spain first reported on the island of Bermuda.
(SFC, 5/2/98, p.E4)

1500s The popularity of
surströmming, a Swedish fermented herring with a noxious stench,
surged in the early 1500s and again in the early 1700s.
(WSJ, 8/13/02, p.A1)

1500s Monomutapa (Zimbabwe)
was split in two with the northern half remaining Monomutapa, and
a southern half under the rival dynasty of Changamire.
(ATC, p.148)

1500s Portugal settled the
island of Sao Tome, 250 miles off the coast of Kongo. Most of the
settlers were criminals deported from Portugal. Sugar began to be
grown on Sao Tome and slaves were purchased from King Affonso. The
Portuguese and Africans did not see slavery the same way. To the
Portuguese the slaves were beasts of burden and worked so hard
that many died. They then bought more.
(ATC, p.152)

1500-1600 "Hsi Yu Chi" was a 16th century
Chinese novel based on the account of a 7th century monk,
Tripitaka, who traveled to India for 16 years for Buddhist
scriptures.
(SFC, 12/7/96, p.D1)

1500-1600 "The Boke of Hawkynge and Huntynge and
Fysshynge" was produced. A copy sold for $88,000 in 2000.
(SFC, 6/2/00, p.A21)

c1500-1600 George Pencz, 16th century German
artist. His work included "Holy Trinity, Seat of Mercy."
(SFC, 9/29/01, p.B1)
1500-1600 Weimar became the capital of the duchy
of Saxe-Weimar.
(SSFC, 8/1/04, p.D10)

c1500-1600 The 16th century French text "The
Rules of Civility" was published.
(SFC, 7/4/02, p.D1)

1500-1600 The first Russian book printed was the
15th century "Apostle."
(SFC, 12/27/96, p.C16)

1500-1600 The Kalmyk people, descendants from
the Golden Horde of Genghis Khan, settled in the lowlands between
the Volga and Don rivers with their livestock.
(SFC, 9/24/97, p.A12)

c1500-1600 In Honduras the Lenca Indian
chieftain Lempira withdrew to the high mountains to lead
resistance against the Spaniards. According to legend he plunged
to his death from a rocky outcrop near the summit of the highest
peak. The Indians developed the Quezungal method of farming, where
crops were planted under trees that kept hillsides from eroding.
(SFC, 11/18/98, p.A14)

c1500-1600 Giulio Cesare Aranzi, Italian
anatomist, name the hippocampus formation of the brain because of
its resemblance to Hippocampus, the seahorse.
(NH, 9/97, p.56)

c1500-1600 The Predjama Castle was built at the
mouth of a huge cave at Postojna, Slovenia. It was later used by
the highway robber Erasmus Luegger.
(SSFC, 8/18/02, p.C7)

c1500-1600 A Muslim pilgrim stole coffee beans
from Yemen and raised them in India. Yemen was the first great
coffee exporter and in order to protect its trade had decreed that
no living plant could leave the country.
(WSJ, 6/4/99, p.W9)

1500-1650 Period of late Renaissance.
(V.D.-H.K.p.143)

c1500-1800 In Nepal the Malla dynasty created an
architectural frenzy in Patan between the 16th and 18th centuries.
(WSJ, 1/22/98, p.A17)

c1500s-1800s Millions of
Africans were torn from their homelands, herded into ships and
sold in the New World for more than 300 years. Perhaps the
cruelest part of the Atlantic slave trade was the weeks-long sea
crossing, or the so-called Middle Passage--that leg of the
Triangular Trade that brought the human cargo from West Africa to
New World ports. Rather than provide healthful conditions on the
sea crossing, slave traders sought to maximize profits with "tight
packing"--cramming so many slaves onto the lower decks that those
that survived would compensate for the certain losses. The British
slave ship Brookes' deck plan shows the ship carrying 454 slaves
with 6'x 1'4" of space allowed for each adult male, 5'10" x 11"
for each woman and 5' x 1'2" for each boy. This clinical
representation of human suffering during the Middle Passage was
widely circulated by abolitionist groups.
(HNPD, 12/14/98)

1500-1820 The proto-capitalist epoch. The world
GDP grew by .07% per year.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R54)

1501 Mar 1, Lithuania
and Livonia established a 10-year union for protection against
Russia.
(LHC, 3/1/03)

1501 Michelangelo was
commissioned by Florence, his native home, to carve the colossal
statue "David." The work had been by Agostino di Duccio around
1465. Michelangelo finished it in 1504. It was placed at the front
of the Palazzo Signoria. In 1873 it was cleaned and moved indoors.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(WSJ, 4/29/03, D5)

1501 Books printed before
1501 are called incunabula or incunables, after the Latin word for
cradle. The 15th century was the cradle of printing.
(WSJ, 9/14/00, p.A24)

1501 France and Spain
occupied Naples, and French troops entered Rome. Louis XII was
declared King of Naples by the Pope.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1501 Cesare Borgia captured
Romagna (north-central Italy) and appointed Remirro de Orco, his
cruelest lieutenant, to pacify the region. After the job was done
Borgia had Orco cut in two to gain the gratitude of the people.
(WSJ, 6/22/98, p.A20)

1501 Maximilian I, German
emperor, recognized the French conquests of northern Italy in the
Peace of Trent.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1501 A worn Roman torso was
unearthed in Rome. It later acquired the nickname "Pasquino" and
served as a station for posting complaints and opinions that came
to be known as Pasquinades.
(WSJ, 12/31/01, p.A6)

1501 The Turks took Durazzo
from Venice.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1501 Ivan III, Czar of
Russia, invaded Lithuania.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1501 Gaspar de Corte-Real,
Portuguese navigator, made the first authenticated European
landing on the northern continent of the Western Hemisphere since
c1000AD.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1501 Amerigo Vespucci,
Florentine navigator, explored the coast of Brazil on his second
voyage to the New World.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1501 The Anglo-Portuguese
Syndicate completed the first of five voyages to Newfoundland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1502 Jan 1, Portuguese
navigator Pedro Cabral and Amerigo Vespucci sailed the into the
harbor of Rio de Janeiro. Portuguese explorers sailed into
Guanabra Bay and mistook it for the mouth of a river which they
named Rio de Janeiro.
(Hem., Dec. '95, p.129)(MC, 1/1/02)

1502 Feb 12, Vasco da Gama,
Portuguese explorer, departed on a second trip to India with 20
well-armed ships.
(www.indhistory.com/vasco-da-gama.html)
1502 Feb 12, Isabella issued
a royal order giving all remaining Moors in the realms of Castile
the choice between baptism and expulsion.
(www.cyberistan.org/islamic/beyond1492.html)

1502 May 9, Christopher
Columbus left Cadiz, Spain, on his fourth and final trip to the
Western Hemisphere. He explored Central America, and discovered
St. Lucia, the Isthmus of Panama, Honduras, and Costa Rica.
Columbus left 52 Jewish families in Costa Rica. [see May 11]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(AP, 5/9/97)(WSJ, 6/15/00,
p.A1)

1502 May 11, Columbus
embarked on his 4th voyage with 150 men in 4 caravels. Among those
in the fleet were Columbus's brother Bartholomew, and Columbus'
younger son Fernando, then just 13 years old. They reached the
coast of Honduras after 8 months and passed south to Panama
(1503). The ships included the Capitana, which served as the
flagship, and the Vizcaina. In 2006 Klaus Brinkbaumer authored
“The Voyage of the Vizcaina."
(WSJ, 1/11/99,
p.R49)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)(WSJ, 5/26/06, p.W5)

1502 Jun 29, Christopher
Columbus arrived at Santo Domingo, Hispaniola, on his 4th voyage
to the new world. He requested harbor and advised Gov. Nicolas de
Ovando of an approaching hurricane. Ovando denied the request and
dispatched a treasure fleet to Spain. 20 ships sank in the storm,
9 returned to port and one made it to Spain.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)

1502 Jul, Columbus reached
the northern coast of Honduras during his 4th voyage and passed
south to Panama.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)(Econ,
12/10/11, p.65)

1502 Vittore Carpaccio began
the fresco cycle "Scenes from the Lives of SS George and Jerome."
Full of light and detail, it is typical of the Venetian manner.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1502 Lucas Cranch, German
painter, began his career in Vienna. In 1521 he painted the famous
portrait of Martin Luther.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1502 Leonardo da Vinci drew
plans for a 720-foot stone span across the Golden Horn at the
mouth of the Bosporus. In 2001 Vebjorn Sand, Norwegian artist,
completed a 330-foot, laminated timber bridge linking Norway and
Sweden at Aas, 16 miles south of Oslo based on the da Vinci plans.
(SSFC, 12/9/01, p.C2)

1502 Ahuizotl, ruler of the
Aztecs, died and was cremated on a funeral pyre about this time at
the foot of the Templo Mayor pyramid. In 2007 Mexican
archeologists found underground chambers in Mexico City they
believed to contain his remains.
(AP, 8/4/07)(AP, 6/17/10)
1502 Moctezuma Xocoyotl
(Montezuma II), an Aztec prince, inherited the Aztec throne
becoming the 9th ruler of the Aztecs.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(ON, 10/00, p.1)(Econ,
9/26/09, p.99)

1502 Amerigo Vespucci
declared that South America is a separate continent after his
second voyage.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1502 A hurricane nearly
destroyed La Nueva Isabela and it was abandoned. The city was
rebuilt on the other side of the river as Santo Domingo by the new
governor, Nicholas de Ovando.
(AM, 7/97, p.59)

1502 Vasco da Gama returned
to Calicut, India. He bombarded the town, burned a ship full of
Arab men, women, and children because its captain had offended
him, and demanded that the Muslims turn over the trade to the
Portuguese. Within a generation his demands were met.
(V.D.-H.K.p.174)
1502 Portuguese traders took
peanuts from Brazil and Peru to Africa.
(SFEC, 1/10/99, Z1 p.8)
1502 Jaoa de Nova, Portuguese
explorer, discovered St. Helena Island.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1502-1533 Atahualpa, emperor of the Incas. He
had a fortune in gold and silver and tried to purchase his freedom
from Pizarro for a chamber filled with gold. Pizarro took 124 tons
of gold in ransom and then re-arrested Atahualpa for treason to
the Spanish crown and had him decapitated.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)

1503 Jan 9, Christopher
Columbus returned to the mouth of Rio Belen (western Panama),
where he built a garrison.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)

1503 Feb 11, Elizabeth of
York (b.1466), consort of King Henry VII, died on 38th birthday.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York)

1503 Mar 28, The 2nd
Lithuanian war with Russia (1500-1503) ended with a treaty.
Lithuania lost a fourth of its territory.
(LHC, 3/28/03)

1503 Apr 6, Christopher
Columbus fended off an Indian attack at his garrison at Rio Belen
(Panama).
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)

1503 Apr 16, Christopher
Columbus abandoned the garrison at Rio Belen (Panama) and sailed
for home (Hispaniola) with 3 ships. On the way he was shipwrecked
in Jamaica.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)

1503 May 10, Columbus
stumbled across the Cayman Islands and dubbed them Las Tortugas
after the numerous sea turtles.
(SFEC, 2/16/97, p.T8)(HN, 5/10/98)

1503 Jun 25, Christopher
Columbus beached his sinking ships in St. Anne’s Bay, Jamaica, and
spent a year shipwrecked and marooned there before returning to
Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988,
p.8)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)

1503 Aug 18, Pope Alexander
VI (1492-1503), born in Spain as Rodrigo di Borgia (1431),
died. He had recently authorized the building of a prison in the
cellars of Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome.
(PTA,
p.424)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI)(SSFC,
7/22/07, p.G2)

1503 Dec 14, Nostradamus
[Michel de Nostredame], prophet, was born in St. Remy, Provence,
France. He predicted correctly French king Henri II's manner of
death. Nostradamus was the author of a book of prophecies that
many still believe foretold the future. He was also physician, an
astrologer and a clairvoyant. He wrote in rhyming quatrains,
accurately predicting the Great London Fire in 1666, Spain’s Civil
War, and a Hitler that would lead Germany into war. He even
correctly predicted his own death on July 2, 1566.
(HN, 12/14/99)(MC, 12/14/01)

1503 Parmigianino (d.1540),
Italian painter and master draftsman, was born. His paintings
included "Madonna of the Long Neck."
(WSJ, 2/12/00, p.A25)

1503 Leonardo Da Vinci began
painting the "Mona Lisa." The husband of Lisa del Giocondo
commissioned Leonardo da Vinci to paint the "Mona Lisa," The model
was Lisa Gheradini whose relatives had emigrated to Ireland in the
12th century and translated their surname to Fitzgerald, an
ancestral name of later US president John F. Kennedy. Lisa
Gherardini (b.1479) was originally identified as the subject of
the world's most famous painting by Leonardo's first biographer,
the 16th-century Italian writer Giorgio Vasari. In 2001 Donald
Sassoon authored "Becoming Mona Lisa: The Making of a Global
Icon."
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo)(SFC, 4/26/97,
p.E4)(SFC, 3/21/98, p.E3)(WSJ, 12/7/01, p.W16)(AP, 9/13/04)
1503 Leonardo da Vinci was
commissioned to decorate a hall in the Palazzo Vecchio in
Florence. For some 18 months he worked on a mural for the 1440
Battle of Anghiari but abandoned the work in 1506. The mural was
later lost when Georgio Vasari was hired to remodel the hall.
(WSJ, 11/9/07, p.W4)

1503 Thomas a Kempis
published his "Imitation of Christ" in an English translation and
it had great religious influence.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1503 Canterbury Cathedral was
finished after 433 years of construction.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1503 Henry VII’s chapel, the
final stage of English gothic art, was begun in Westminster Abbey.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1503 The pocket handkerchief
came into general use in polite European society.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1503 The missionary Bartolome
de Las Casa described the brutal destruction of a Taino Indian
city, La Aleta (later in the Dominican Republic). Captain-Gen’l.
Juan de Esquival led a Spanish force that massacred 600-700 Higuey
Tainos for rebelling after one of their chiefs was disemboweled by
a Spanish attack dog. In 1997 archeologists found evidence of a
city at the site called La Aleta.
(SFC, 3/29/97, p.A10)(AM, 7/97, p.60)

1503 The French in Italy were
defeated by the Spaniards in the battles of Cerignola and
Garigliano, and Spanish forces entered Naples.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1503 A War of Succession
broke out between Albert IV of Bavaria and Rupert of the
Palatinate (a state of the Holy Roman Empire).
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1503 Jean Poyet, French
Renaissance artist, died. His work included "Vespers: Massacre of
the Innocents and Flight Into Egypt."
(WSJ, 2/22/00, p.A20)

1503 Seville, Spain, was
awarded rights to all trade with the recently discovered New
World.
(SSFC, 8/15/10, p.M4)

1504 Jun 29, Diego Mendez,
one of Columbus's captains, returned to Jamaica with a small
caravel and rescued the Columbus expedition. Mendez had managed to
take a canoe from Jamaica to Hispaniola where he chartered the
rescue ship.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)

1504 Nov 7, Columbus returned
to Spain following his 4th voyage after suffering a shipwreck at
Jamaica. Columbus brought back cocoa beans and chocolate drinks
soon became a favorite in the Spanish court. In 2005 Martin Dugard
authored “The Last Voyage of Columbus."
(EWH, 1968, p.390)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)(SSFC,
6/26/05, p.C1)

1504 The Signoria of Florence
commissioned Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to paint the walls
of the Grand Council Chamber in the Palazzo Vecchio.
(OG)

1504 In Florence Leonardo da
Vinci and Machiavelli became involved in a scheme to divert the
Arno River and thereby cut the water supply to Pisa and force its
surrender. Colombino, the project foreman, failed to follow da
Vinci’s design, and the project was a spectacular failure. This is
covered in the 1998 book "Fortune Is a River" by Roger D. Masters.
(WSJ, 6/22/98, p.A20)

1504 Louis XII of France
ceded Naples to Ferdinand II of Aragon in the Treaty of Lyon.
Naples remained under Spanish control for the next 200 years.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)

1504 Babur, founder of the
Mughal dynasty in India, captured Kabul in Afghanistan and
maintained control to 1519. Babur’s mother descended from Genghis
Khan and his father from Timur (Tamerlane).
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(www.afghan, 5/25/98)(WSJ,
10/24/00, p.A12)

1505 Jul 24, On their way to
India, a group of Portuguese explorers sacked the city-state of
Kilwa, East Africa, and killed the king for failing to pay
tribute.
(HN, 7/24/98)

1505 Oct 27, The Grand Duke
of Moscow, Ivan III (also known as "Ivan the Great"), died; he was
succeeded by his son, Vasily III (Basil III). Vasily's son, Ivan
IV, later became the first czar of Russia, "Ivan the Terrible."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(AP, 10/27/05)

1505 Giovanni Bellini painted
"The Virgin and Child with Saints," the most perfect realization
of the "holy conversation" theme in all of Western painting.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1505 Hieronymus Bosch began
his triptych "The Garden of Earthly Delights" and marked the last
fling of the Gothic Middle Ages. He also painted "The Temptation
of St. Anthony."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(SFC, 8/27/98, p.E3)

1505 Giorgione painted "The
Concert."
(WSJ, 7/16/02, p.D6)

1505 Pope Julius summoned
Michelangelo to Rome to design the pope’s tomb. The contract was
revised 5 times and only 3 of 40 large figures were executed.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(OG)

1505 Leonardo da Vinci
painted “The Battle of Anghiari" on a wall in Florence’s Palazzo
Vecchio. It commemorated a victory of Florentine forces over the
ruling Medici. In 1563 the Medici, having regained power, hired
Giorgio Vasari to cover up Leonardo’s work with a painting
celebrating one of their own martial successes. It was later
thought that Vasari hid the original behind his new work.
(WSJ, 4/10/08, p.D7)
1505 Leonardo da Vinci’s
“Codex on the Flight of Birds" dated to about this time.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_on_the_Flight_of_Birds)

1505 Raphael painted his
“Madonna of the Goldfinch" about this time for the wedding of a
friend, Lorenzo Nasi. The painting was shredded in 1548 when
Nasi’s palace collapsed. The work was pieced together and modern
restoration, which began in 1999, was completed in 2008.
(SFC, 10/31/08, p.E7)

1505 Wimpfeling published the
first history of Germany, "Epitome Rerum Germanicarum."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1505 Maximilian I began a
reformation of the Holy Roman Empire.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1505 Magellan began to serve
Portugal when he enlisted in the fleet of Francisco de Almeida. He
continued in Portuguese service on many expeditions, being wounded
in a campaign against the Moroccan stronghold of Azamor in
1513. The wound caused him to limp for the rest of his life.
Magellan petitioned King Manuel of Portugal for an increase in his
pension as a titular rise in rank, but the king refused and sent
him back to Morocco. Upon his second petition in 1516, Magellan
was told he might offer his services elsewhere.
(HNQ, 10/9/00)

1505 A well armed Portuguese
fleet attacks Kilwa and then Mombasa. The Portuguese then attempt
to monopolize the trade in the east African ports but were unable
to maintain control. By the late 1500s, Swahili groups regained
control of several ports from the Portuguese..
(ATC, p.144)

1505 Portuguese explorers
discovered Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and established factories on the
east coast of Africa.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1505 Christopher Columbus
died in poverty in Spain. Columbus was the author of "Books of
Prophecies," later translated by Delno C. West.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(WSJ, 10/8/99, p.W15)

1506 May 19, Columbus
selected his son Diego as sole heir.
(MC, 5/19/02)

1506 May 20, Christopher
Columbus (55) died in poverty in Spain, still believing he
discovered the coast of Asia. Columbus died in the Spanish city of
Valladolid, and was initially interred in a monastery there. Three
years later, his remains were moved to a monastery on La Cartuja.
In 1537, Maria de Rojas y Toledo, widow of Columbus' son Diego,
was allowed to send the bones of her husband and his father to the
cathedral in Santo Domingo for burial. There they lay until 1795,
when Spain ceded the island of Hispaniola to France and decided
Columbus' remains should not fall into foreigners' hands. A set of
remains that the Spaniards thought were Columbus' were then dug up
from behind the main altar in the newly built cathedral and
shipped to a cathedral in Havana, where they remained until the
Spanish-American War broke out in 1898 and Spain brought them to
Seville. But in 1877, workers digging inside the Santo Domingo
cathedral unearthed a leaden box containing 13 large bone
fragments and 28 small ones. It was inscribed "Illustrious and
distinguished male, don Cristobal Colon." The Dominicans said
these were the real remains of Columbus and that the Spaniards
must have taken the wrong remains in 1795.
(AP, 5/20/97)(HN, 5/20/99)(AP, 10/13/02)(SFC,
1/18/05, p.A8)

1506 Albrecht Durer painted
his "Portrait of a Young Woman."
(SFEC, 12/26/99, p.C17)
1506 Giorgione painted “The
Three Philosophers" about this time.
(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5)
1506 The Laocoon sculpture
was unearthed in Rome. It served as a peg for Goethe’s aesthetic
theories. It later inspired Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, 18th century
German dramatist and critic, to write one of the greatest essays
ever written on a work of ancient art.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(WSJ, 9/7/99, p.A23)

1506 Pope Julius II placed
the 1st stone for the new St. Peter’s Basilica. Bramante began to
rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome, which had been neglected
since the 14th century when the popes resided at Avignon. Pope
Urban VIII consecrated it in 1626.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(SSFC, 2/18/07, p.A2)

1506 The University of
Frankfurt-on-the-Oder was founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1506 Jacob Fugger, Augsburg
merchant, imported spices to Europe from the East Indies.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1506 The Spaniards in the
West Indies began raising sugar cane.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1506 King Chungjong
(r.1506-1544) began his rule in Korea. He restored Confucian rule
with the support of officials who had deposed King Yongsan-gun.
(www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history/early_choson_period.htm)

1506 Copernicus, Polish-born
astronomer, was appointed canon of church properties in the
Prussian diocese of Ermland.
(ON, 2/11, p.5)

1506 Riots in Lisbon,
Portugal, led to the slaughter of 2,000-4,000 converted Jews. This
became the setting for a 1998 novel by Richard Zimler, "The Last
Kabbalist of Lisbon."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9) (WSJ, 6/8/98, p.A21)

1506 Philip I of Castile died
and was succeeded by a Council of Regency because of the insanity
of his widow.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1506-1510 Leonardo da Vinci divided his time
between Florence and Milan, where he serve Charles d’Amboise, the
region’s French governor. It was in this period that he compiled
his illustrated observations that came to be known as the 72-page
Codex Leicester. It consists of 18 loose, double-sided sheets,
written in mirror script and illustrated with about 360 sketches.
The work was first planned as a treatise on the motion of water.
(SFC, 10/29/96, p.F3)(WSJ, 10/31/96, p.A21)(NH,
11/96, p.14,96)

1507 Apr 25, Martin
Waldseemuller, a German geographer working at a small college in
Eastern France, labeled the New World "America," for the first
time in his book "Cosmographiae Introductio," and gave Amerigo
Vespucci (d.1512) credit for discovering it. Letters of 1504-1505
had circulated in Florence claimed that Vespucci had discovered
the new World. Vespucci was in fact only a passenger or low
officer on one of the ships captioned by others. Vespucci was
later believed to have been the brother of Simonetta Vespucci, the
model for Venus in the Botticelli painting. In 2000 the US Library
of Congress planned to acquire the original map for $14 million
from the Prince Johannes Waldburg-wolfegg. A $10 million purchase
was completed in 2003. In 2009 Toby Lester authored “The Fourth
Part of the World: The Race to the Ends of the World, and the Epic
Story of the Map That Gave America Its Name."
(SFEC, 8/23/98, p.T10)(SFC, 10/27/00,
p.C14)(WSJ, 7/25/03, p.W19)(AP, 4/25/07)(SSFC, 12/27/09, Books
p.E5)

1507 Margaret of Austria was
appointed Regent by the States-General (parliament) of the
Netherlands until the Archduke Charles came of age.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1507 The Diet of Constance
recognized the unity of the Holy Roman Empire and founded the
Imperial Chamber, the empire’s supreme judicial court.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1507 Genoa was annexed by the
French.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1507 Martin Luther was
ordained.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1507 Pope Julius II announced
an indulgence for the re-building of St. Peter’s.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1507 Johannes Ruysch produced
the first printed map of America, as declared by the selling map
dealer, R.B. Arkway, Inc. It is dotted with Asian place names. In
1995 it was for sale for $135,000.
(WSJ, 11/24/95, p.B-8)

1507-1650 The shores of Oman were dominated by
Portuguese adventurers who were responsible for the forts of
Mirani and Jalali. The native Bedouins spoke the Harsusi language.
(NG, 5/95, p.121-123)

1508 Feb 4, Proclamation of
Trent.
(HN, 2/4/99)

1508 Feb 6, King Maximilian I
(1459-1519) assumed the title of Emperor (1493-1519) without being
crowned.
(TL-MB, p.9)(WUD, 1994, p.886)(MC, 2/6/02)

1508 Aug 12, Ponce de Leon
arrived and conquered the island of Boriquen (Puerto Rico). Spain
had appointed him to colonize Puerto Rico. He explored Puerto Rico
and Spanish ships under his command began to capture Bahamanian
Tainos to work as slaves on Hispaniola. His settlement at Caparra,
2 miles south of San Juan Bay, was plagued by Taino Indians and
cannibalistic Carib Indians.
(NH, 10/96, p.23)(SC,
8/12/02)(http://welcome.topuertorico.org/glossary/index.shtml#936)

1508 Giorgione painted "The
Tempesta," a landscape of a stormy setting with a town in the
background, a soldier lower left and a woman nursing to the right.
It is at the Academia Gallery in Venice. His work “the Three
Philosophers" also dated to about this time.
(T&L, 10/80, p. 58)(WSJ, 12/4/97,
p.A20)(SFC, 10/29/11, p.E2)
1508 Pope Julius II
transferred Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling in
Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(OG)
1508 Raphael at age 26
entered the service of Pope Julius II and was entrusted with the
decoration of the new papal apartments.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1508 The League of Cambrai
was formed against Venice by Ferdinand of Aragon, Emp. Maximilian,
Louis XII of France, and Pope Julius II as part of an ongoing
dispute over sovereignty in Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1508 In England Althorp was
bought by John Spencer, the ancestor of the 9th Earl Spencer,
Princess Diana’s brother. The estate in Great Brington was
selected as the grave site for Princess Diana in 1997.
(SFC, 4/3/98, p.B2)

1509 Apr 22, Henry Tudor
became King Henry VIII of England following the death of his
father, Henry VII. He soon married Catherine of Aragon, his
brother’s widow and the aunt of Charles V (the Holy Roman
Emperor), and fathered Mary, future Queen of England.
(V.D.-H.K.p.161)(AP, 4/22/08)

1509 Jul 10, John Calvin,
founder of Calvinism, the basis for modern Protestantism, was
born.
(HN, 7/10/98)

1509 Andrea Calmo (d.1571,
Venetian playwright, was born about this time. He became a pioneer
in comedia dell’arte.
(www.italica.rai.it/rinascimento/saggi/commedia_cinquecento/capitoli/lezion17.html)

1509 Fra Bartolomeo, Italian
artist, painted "The Holy Family with the Infant St. John." It was
purchased by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) for
close to $4 million. His work "The Holy Family with the Infant St.
John," was purchased by the John Paul Getty Museum in Malibu for
$22.5 mil.
(WUD, 1994, p.123)(SFC, 5/13/96, p.D-5)(WSJ,
10/29/96, p.A21)(SFEC, 1/11/98, p.D7)

1509 Sebastian Brant’s "Ship
of Fools," a satire first published in 1494, appeared in an
English version by Alexander Barclay.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1509 Erasmus lectured at
Cambridge and dedicated his "In Praise of Folly," a witty satire
on church corruption and scholastic philosophy, to Thomas More.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1509 Johann Pfefferkorn, a
converted Jew, led a persecution of the Jews in Germany under
Maximilian I.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1509 The Egyptian and Gujarat
fleets were routed by the Portuguese at the Battle of Diu, which
left the latter in control of the Indian seas and the spice trade.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1509 In Portugal the Madre de
Deus convent was established by Queen Leonor. The tile-bedecked
church, Igreja de Madre de Deus, was built almost 50 years later.
(Econ, 6/12/10, p.96)

1509 Spanish armies invaded
North Africa in a crusade against the Muslim rulers of Tripoli,
Oran, and Bougie.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509 Spanish conquistadores
founded a colony at Darien on the Isthmus of Panama.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1509 The Venetian defeat at
Agnadello led to the annexation of Faenza, Rimini, and Ravenna by
Pope Julius II, and Otranto and Brindisi by Ferdinand of Aragon.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)

1509-1523 The 177-foot Saint-Jacques bell tower
was constructed in central Paris as part of the Church of
Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie ("Saint James of the butchery"). The
was leveled in 1793 shortly after the French Revolution and only
the bell tower survived.
(SFC, 8/23/13,
p.A2)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jacques_Tower)

1509-1564 John Calvin, French theologian. He
started the Protestant Reformation in France in 1532.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)

1510 Giovanni Bellini painted
“Virgin With the Blessing Child."
(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5)
1510 Raphael painted "The
Triumph of Galatea," a fresco on the wall of the Farnesina, the
villa of Agnostino Chigi.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
c1510 Alexander Barcley wrote
his long poetic essay on the "Miseries of Courtiers." It described
the psychology of feasting.
(MT, 6/96, p.9)
1510 In Spain Garci Ordonez
de Montalvo authored "Serges de Esplandian" (The Adventures of
Esplandian), a novel that described an island filled with gold
named California and ruled by Queen Califia.
(SFEC, 4/18/99, BR p.1)(SFC, 2/25/00, p.C14)
1510 Juan de la Cosa,
cartographer, made an early map of the New World.
(SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T11)
1510 "Everyman," the first
English morality play, was performed.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 John Colet, English
churchman and humanist, founded St. Paul’s School in London.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1510 Leonardo da Vinci
designed the horizontal water wheel that was the forerunner of the
modern water turbine.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1510 Giorgione (b.~1478),
Italian painter, died of the plague. He was a top student of
Bellini and excelled in the paragone: a competition between
painting an poetry, where painters sought to rival poets in
conveying beauty. Titian finished Giorgione’s “Sleeping Venus."
(T&L, 10/80, p. 58)(WSJ, 12/4/97,
p.A20)(Econ, 7/29/06, p.77)

1510-1515 Don Pedro Fajardo y Chacon,
commissioned a set of wood friezes for his Velez Blanco castle in
Almeria. The friezes were based on engravings by Jacopo da
Strasbourg and Zoan Andrea Vavasorri that depicted the triumphs of
Caesar and events in the mythical life of Hercules, the "Labors of
Hercules."
(WSJ, 1/6/00, p.A20)(WSJ, 5/18/00, p.A24)

1510-1550 Spain took in gold shipments from the
New World at 3,000 pounds a year.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)

1510-1572 Frances Clouet, French painter. His
work included the dandified "Charles IX of France."
(SFEC, 12/1/96, BR p.4)

1511 Fra Bartolomeo painted
"The Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine." He emphasizing his mastery
in the display of draperies.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1511 Raphael completed the
frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura in the Vatican for Pope
Julius II.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1511 Diego de Velazquez,
Spanish commander, occupied Cuba. In the village of Caonao
soldiers under Velazquez slaughtered close to 2,000 Taino Indians.
Among the Spaniards was Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (13), who in 1542
led a 3-ship expedition up the California coast.
(TL-MB, p.10)(SFC, 10/18/14, p.C1)

1511 There were Jews in
Thessaloniki, Greece involved in the printing.
(WSJ, 4/29/97, p.A20)

1511 Sebastian Virdung,
German musician, published the earliest manual for playing musical
instruments.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1511 Pope Julius joined the
Holy League with Aragon and Venice against the French. Papal
forces captured Modena and Mirandola from the French.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1511 In Mecca, Arabia, there
was an attempt to ban coffee.
(Econ, 12/20/03, p.90)

1511 Vasily III became the
new patriarch of Moscow.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1511 Malacca (Melaka), the
center of East Indian spice trade, was captured by the Portuguese.
When the Dutch gained influence in Indonesia and Jakarta they took
over Melaka and built the fortress A Famosa. St. Paul’s Church,
originally called Our Lady of the Hill, was built by the
Portuguese following their takeover of Malacca.
(TL-MB, p.10)(SFEC, 8/3/97, p.T8)(Econ,
11/15/14, SR p.5)

1511 Portuguese traders
reached the Banda Islands, including Run, and broke the Venetian
monopoly over nutmeg. Over the next century the Dutch muscled in
an almost cornered the nutmeg market. The history of the nutmeg
trade was documented in 1999 by Giles Milton in his: "Nathaniel's
Nutmeg."
(WSJ, 5/21/99, p.W7)

1511 King Ferdinand of Spain
said: "Get gold, humanely if possible, but at all hazards – get
gold."
(WSJ, 11/9/00, p.A24)

1512 Apr 11, The forces of
the Holy League were heavily defeated by the French at the Battle
of Ravenna. France under Gaston de Foix beat the Spanish Army.
Gaston de Foix, French pretender to Navarre throne, died in
battle.
(HN, 4/11/99)(MC, 4/11/02)

1512 Aug 31, Giuliano de
Medici became the new governor of Florence.
(ON, 11/04, p.3)

1512 Nov 1, Michelangelo's
paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel were completed and
first exhibited to the public.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(AP, 11/1/97)(HN, 11/1/98)

1512 "Masque" was used for
the first time to describe a poetic drama.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1512 The English began using
double-deck warships. They displaced 1,000 tons and were armed
with 70 guns.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1512 Newfoundland cod banks
were exploited by fisherman from England, France, Portugal and
Holland, who sent the dried catch back to Europe.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1512 Copernicus, Polish-born
astronomer, wrote his manuscript “The Little Commentary," in which
he suggested that the earth’s apparent immobility was due to a
“false appearance" and a sun-centered cosmos would resolve many
astronomical inconsistencies.
(ON, 2/11, p.5)

1512 French armies defeated
the forces of the Holy League at the Battle of Ravenna.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1512 Portuguese explorers
discovered the Celebes and found nutmeg trees in the Moluccas.
This began an 84-year monopoly of the nutmeg and mace trades.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 The Portuguese took over
control of East Timor.
(SFC, 3/3/98, p.A6)

1513 Aug 16, Henry VIII of
England and Emperor Maximilian defeated the French at Guinegatte,
France, in the Battle of the Spurs.
(HN, 8/16/98)

1513 Sep 9, James IV (40),
King of Scotland (1488-1513), was defeated and killed by English
at the Battle of Flodden Field. The Scottish navy was sold to
France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(HN, 9/9/98)(MC, 9/9/01)

1513 Sept 25, Vasco Nunez de
Balboa, Spanish explorer, crossed the Isthmus of Panama and
claimed the Pacific Ocean for Spain. He was named governor of
Panama and the Pacific by King Ferdinand. In 2004 Hugh Thomas
authored “Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire from
Columbus to Magellan."
(HFA, '96, p.38)(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(SFEC,
9/21/97, p.C7)(WSJ, 6/2/04, p.D12)

1513 Michelangelo began to
work on his Moses, the awesome central figure of the statues
surrounding the tomb of Julius II.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1513 Niccolo Machiavelli
wrote "The Prince" in which he gave reasons for the rise and fall
of states. He dedicated it to Lorenzo de Medici, the successor to
Giuliano. It was not published until 1532. In it he justified the
ruthless subjection of religion and morality to politics. A 1998
translation by Prof. Angelo M. Codevilla included 428 footnotes
and attempted to maintain the peculiar language of Machiavelli.
(WSJ, 2/18/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 2/27/98, p.A15)(ON,
11/04, p.5)

1513 Chartres Cathedral, near
Paris, was completed after almost 400 years of work.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1513 The Palazzo Farnese, a
large and magnificent palace in Rome, was designed by Antonio de
Sangallo the younger and Michelangelo.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1513 Henry VIII and
Maximilian defeated the French forces in Italy and Louis XII gave
up Milan.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1513 Christian II became King
of Denmark and Norway. He later asserted his right to the Swedish
throne by force of arms.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1513 Jorge Alvarez,
Portuguese commander, reached Canton, China.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1513 Portugal captured Goa,
India.
(SSFC, 3/19/06, p.F7)
1513 Magellan, who served for
the Portuguese on many expeditions, was wounded in a campaign
against the Moroccan stronghold of Azamor. The wound caused him to
limp for the rest of his life.
(HNQ, 10/9/00)

1513 The Swiss completed the
acquisition of the southern province of Ticino.
(SFEC, 6/14/98, p.T4)

1513 A manuscript map was
drawn by Piri Reis (1470-1554) a Turkish captain who later became
the Chief Admiral of the Ottoman Navy. It was presented to Ottoman
Sultan Selim I in Egypt in 1517.
(http://turkeyinmaps.com/piri.html)(www.prep.mcneese.edu/engr/engr321/preis/afet/afet2.htm)

1514 Apr 26, Copernicus made
his first observations of Saturn. Nicholas Copernicus later
proposed that the sun is stationary and that the earth and the
planets move in circular orbits around it.
(HN, 4/26/98)(BHT, Hawking, p.4)

1514 Aug 23, Selim I (the
Grim), Ottoman Sultan, routed a Persian army in the Battle of
Chaldiran.
(TL-MB, p.10)(PCh, 1992, p.168)

1514 Giovanni Bellini painted
“Feast of the Gods." The painting depicts Ovid’s tale of how
Vesta, goddess of virginity is approached while sleeping by
Priapus, god of fertility, who begins to twitch up her tunic. At
that moment a donkey sneezes and awakens Vesta, who quickly awakes
and runs away. It is now on exhibit at the National Gallery of Art
in Wa., DC.
(T&L, 10/1980, p.66)(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5)

1514 Diego Columbus, son of
Christopher, built the first seat of government in the Americas in
Santo Domingo.
(SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T10)

1514 George Dozsa, soldier of
fortune, instigated a peasant’s revolt in Hungary. He was later
captured and grilled alive.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1514 Spanish soldiers
conquered the natives of Cuba and founded the city of Trinidad.
(TL-MB, p.10)(SSFC, 5/31/15, p.L1)

1514 1,500 Spanish settlers
went to Panama.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)

1515 Jan 1, King Louis XII
(b.1462) of France, died. He was succeeded by Francis I
(1494-1547).
(Econ, 12/12/09,
p.93)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France)

1515 Feb 4, Michael Radvila
the Black was born in Nesvizh. He later became palatine of
Vilnius, chancellor of Lithuania, and supporter of Reformation.
(LHC, 2/4/03)

1515 Mar 28, Theresa of Avila
(d.1582), Teresa de Jesus (St. Theresa), Spanish Carmelite nun,
mystic writer, saint, was born. She initiated reforms in the
Order. She co-founded with John of the Cross (1542-1591) the Order
of Discalced (barefoot) Carmelites. "Untilled ground, however
rich, will bring forth thistles and thorns; so also the mind of
man." "To wish to act like angels while we are still in this world
is nothing but folly."
(CU, 6/87)(WUD, 1994, p.769)(AP, 12/8/97)(AP,
7/5/98)(MC, 3/28/02)

1515 Sep 13, King Francis of
France defeated the Swiss army under Cardinal Matthias Schiner at
Marignano, northern Italy. Switzerland was last involved in a war.
French armies defeated the Swiss and Venetians at the Battle of
Marignano and Milan fell to the French. Francis I conquered
Lombardy in northern Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(SFC, 6/7/96, p.A12)(HN,
9/13/98)

1515 Sep 22, Anne of Cleeves,
fourth wife of Henry the VIII, was born in Cleeves, Germany.
(HN, 9/22/00)

1515 By this year the Taino
Indians of what is now the Dominican Republic were practically
annihilated in clashes with the Spanish.
(SFC, 3/29/97, p.A10)

1515 Petrus Apianus, German
mathematician and instrument maker, attempted to explain the
universe by crafting an artistic dial that tracked the movement of
the stars.
(SFC, 7/19/02, p.E3)

1515 Juan Diaz de Solis,
Spanish navigator, reached the Rio de la Plata in South America
and discovered Argentina.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 Bartolome de Las Casas,
Dominican priest, returned to Spain from Hispaniola to plead on
behalf of the ill-treated native Indians.
(NH, 10/96, p.29)
1515 Spanish explorer Juan
Ponce de Leon first described the Gulf Stream. In 1770 Benjamin
Franklin drew a map of the Gulf Stream and in 1786 described it in
detail in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. In
2008 Stan Ulanski authored “The Gulf Stream: Tiny Plankton, Giant
Bluefin, and the Amazing Story of the Powerful River in the
Atlantic."
(WSJ, 10/4/08, p.W9)

1515 Afonso d’Albuquerque,
Viceroy of the Portuguese Indies, captured Hormuz (Ormuz) and
forced all other traders to round the Cape of Good Hope. This
established Portugal’s supremacy in trade with the Far East.
Hormuz is the strait between Iran and Trucial Oman.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(WUD, 1994, p.684)

1515 The first nationalized
French factories were set up in the manufacture of tapestries and
arms.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)

1515 Spanish conquistadores
founded Havana, Cuba.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)

1515 Bartolome de Las Casas
(1474-1566), Dominican priest and the first Spanish priest to be
ordained in the New World, returned to Spain from Hispaniola to
plead on behalf of the ill-treated native Indians. He became known
as the “Apostle to the Indians." Helen Rand Parish (1912-2005)
later authored a number of seminal works on Las Casas.
(NH, 10/96, p.29)(TL-MB, p.11)(SSFC, 5/15/05,
p.A19)(http://tinyurl.com/brzzu)

1515 Diego (b.~1450), the
younger brother of Christopher Columbus, died. He had accompanied
Columbus on his second voyage (1493). Diego was released from
chains in Spain in 1500, became a priest and returned to the West
Indies in 1509.
(AH, 2/03,
p.7)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/04140a.htm)

1516 Apr 10, Jews were
compelled to live in a specific area of Venice.
(MC, 4/10/02)

1516 Aug 24, At the Battle of
Marj Dabik, north of Aleppo, the Turks beat Syria. Suliman I
(Selim the Grim), the Ottoman Sultan, routed the Mamelukes (Egypt)
with the support of artillery capturing Aleppo and Damascus. This
opened the way to 400 years of Ottoman Turkish rule over most of
the Arab world.
(PC, 1992, p.169)(Econ, 11/14/09, p.101)

1516 Mateo Realdo Colombo
(d.1559), Italian anatomist and discoverer of the pulmonary
circulation, was born at Cremona. He studied medicine at Padua
with Vesalius, became his assistant, and in 1544 succeeded him as
lecturer in surgery and anatomy. The best authority for Colombo's
work in anatomy is his "De Re Anatomicâ" (Venice, 1559; Paris,
1562). The most complete life is that by Tollin in Pflügers
Archiv: XXI-XXII. In English there is a good sketch by Fisher,
Annals of Anatomy and Surgery (Brooklyn, 1880). In 1997 Federico
Andahazi authored "The Anatomist," a novel that was based on
Colombo’s research on the clitoris.
(CE, online)(SFEC, 10/29/00, BR p.5)

1516 Hans Holbein in Basel
painted a wooden shingle as a sort of advertisement for the
schoolmaster Oswald Geishüsler. It marked the beginning of
"profane" painting in the West.
(WSJ, 6/24/97, p.A20)
1516 Titian began "The
Assumption of the Virgin," a monumental altarpiece in the Church
of the Frari, Venice.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1516 Giovanni Bellini
(b.~1430), Italian artist, died in Venice. Giorgione and Titian
had graduated from his workshop.
(Econ, 7/29/06,
p.77)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini)

1516 The first published
account of the discovery of North America appeared in "De Rebus
Oceanicus et Novo Orbe" by the Italian historian Peter Martyr.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)

1516 Erasmus published his
version of the New Testament. He began by copying manuscripts
found in monasteries and given to him by his friend Thomas More.
His Latin translation and commentary and an improved Greek text
differed in many places from the Vulgate of St. Jerome, and was
immediately recognized as the most accurate translation so far.
(V.D.-H.K.p.159)

1516 Thomas More published
his "Utopia," the "golden little book" that invented a
literary-world immune from the evils of Europe, where all citizens
were equal and believed in a good and just God. "Your sheep, which
are usually so tame and cheaply fed, begin now... to be so greedy
and so wild that they devour human beings themselves and devastate
and depopulate fields, houses, and towns." From More’s Utopia. The
key thought in the work is that poverty, injustice and inequality
will never be eliminated from the world until private property is
abolished.
(V.D.-H.K.p.160)(NG, 5.1988, pp. 574)(WSJ,
10/22/98, p.A20)

1516 The German Quedlinburg
Manuscript of this date and other church treasures were stolen
from a cave where they were being stored in 1945 by Lt. Joe Tom
Meador of Whitewright, Texas. The items were then sold by his
brother and sister. In 1996 a criminal trial focused on the issue.
(WSJ, 12/11/96, p.A20)
1516 In Bavaria, Germany, the
Reinheitsgebot (purity law) was enacted. It required that beer be
made from malt, hops, yeast, water and nothing else.
(WSJ, 5/27/98, p.A1)(SFC, 7/15/04, p.A2)(Econ,
10/9/10, p.76)

1516 Music printed from
engraved plates was used for the first time in Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)

1516 Archduke Charles, later
Emp. Charles V, succeeded his grandfather, King Ferdinand II of
Spain, and founded the Hapsburg dynasty.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)

1516 Juan Diaz de Solis,
Spanish explorer, was killed on the coast of Argentina. He was
eaten by natives.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.26)

1517 Jan 20, Ottoman sultan
Selim I captured Cairo. The center of power transferred then to
Istanbul. The Ottoman Empire retained the Mamluks as an Egyptian
ruling class.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate)

1517 Oct 31, Martin Luther
nailed his Ninety-five Thesis to the door of the Wittenberg Palace
All Saints’ Church. He grew to believe in faith alone as man’s
link to the justice of God, and therefore denied the need for the
vast infrastructure of the Church. This event signaled the
beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Germany and
Protestantism in general, shattering the external structure of the
medieval church and at the same time reviving the religious
consciousness of Europe.. Martin Luther (1483-1546) was born in
Eisleben, Germany. He was a monk in the Catholic Church until
1517, when he founded the Lutheran Church.
(V.D.-H.K.p.163)(CU, 6/87)(SFC, 7/21/97,
p.A11)(AP, 10/31/97)(AP, 10/31/97) (HN, 10/31/98)

1517 Oct, Ferdinand Magellan
arrived in Spain and began the first voyage to successfully
circumnavigate the world a little less than two years later.
He eventually died in the Philippines in 1521. The
expedition was completed by others in 1522.
(HNQ, 10/9/00)

1517 Seville Cathedral was
completed after 115 years of work.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)

1517 Archduke Charles left
the Netherlands for Spain and entered Valladolid in triumph.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)

1517 Cardinal Alessandro
Farnese (1468-1549) began work on his Palazzo Farnese. He was Pope
Paul III of the Roman Catholic Church from 1534 to his death.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III)
1517 Luca Pacioli (b.1445),
Italian Franciscan friar and mathematician, died. His work
included the first principles of double-entry book-keeping.
(Econ, 1/18/14, SR
p.5)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Pacioli)

1518 Juan de Grijalva,
Spanish explorer, named the area comprising of Mexico, Central
America north of Panama, the Spanish West Indies, and south-west
North America New Spain. He was also the first European to smoke
tobacco, introduced to him by a native chief.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)

1518 Lorens de Gominot
obtained a license to import 4,000 African slaves into the New
World colonies.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)

1519 Apr 13, Catherine de
Medicis (d.1589), the daughter of Lorenzo de Medici, was born in
Florence. She married at age 14 and became queen in 1547 as Henry
II of France acceded to the throne. She was the mother of Francis
II, Charles IX, and Henry III.
(www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/women_n2/c_medici.html)

1519 Mar 13, The Spaniards
under Cortez landed in Mexico with 10 stallions, 5 mares and a
foal. Smallpox was carried to America in the party of Hernando
Cortes.
(SFC, 9/2/96, p.A3)(HN, 3/13/98)(SFC, 10/19/01,
p.A17)(SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6)

1519 Mar 27, A truce was
arranged with Cortes when Mayan caciques brought food and gold as
well as 20 female slaves. Among these was a young woman from
Jalisco named Marina, who had been stolen from a noble family when
small and sold into slavery, where she learned the language of
Yucatán. As a bilingual translator from Aztec to Mayan, Marina
played a major role in the eventual conquest of Tenochtitlán.
(http://www.athenapub.com/cortes1.htm)

1519 Apr, Montezuma received
a message that white strangers had reappeared and attacked a Mayan
coastal village south of the Aztec border. Hundreds of Mayans were
killed and the strangers sailed north.
(ON, 10/00, p.2)

1519 May 2, Artist Leonardo
da Vinci (67) died at the Chateau du Clos-Luce, France, where he
had lived since 1516. In 1994 A. Richard Turner wrote "Inventing
Leonardo," a history of Leonardo legends. In 2004 Bulent Atalay
authored “Math and the Mona Lisa: The Art and Science of Leonardo
da Vinci." In 2004 Charles Nicholl authored “Leonard da Vinci: The
Flights of the Mind."
(AP, 5/2/97)(NH, 5/97, p.58)(Econ, 5/15/04,
p.80)(Econ, 12/11/04, p.81)(SSFC, 10/9/11, p.C6)

1519 Jul 6, Charles of Spain
was elected Holy Roman emperor in Barcelona. The Catholic heir to
the Hapsburg dynasty, Charles V, was elected Holy Roman Emperor,
combining the crowns of Spain, Burgundy (with the Netherlands),
Austria and Germany. He was the grandson of Ferdnand and Isabella
of Spain.
(V.D.-H.K.p.162)(NH, 9/96, p.18)(HN, 7/6/98)

1519 Jul 16, There was a
public debate between Martin Luther and theologian John Eck.
(MC, 7/16/02)

1519 Aug 11, Johann Tetzel
(~79), Dominican monk, died.
(MC, 8/11/02)

1519 Aug 15, Panama City was
founded.
(MC, 8/15/02)

1519 Aug, Montezuma learned
that Cortez was marching toward Tenochtitlan with an army of 300
soldiers and 2000 non-Aztec Indians. Cortez was accompanied by
Malinche, his Indian mistress and interpreter.
(ON, 10/00, p.2)

1519 Sep 20, Portuguese
navigator Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain with 270 men and 5
ships on a voyage to find a western passage to the Spice Islands
in Indonesia. Magellan was killed en route, but one of his ships
eventually circumnavigated the world. He was first European
explorer to reach the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic by sailing
through the dangerous straits below South America that now bear
his name. [see Sep 20, 1520]
(V.D.-H.K.p.182)(DD-EVTT, p.41)(AP,
9/20/97)(HN, 9/20/98)

1519 Nov 8, The Aztec and
their leader, Moctezuma, welcomed Hernando Cortez and his 650
explorers to their capital at Tenochtitlan. Spanish adventurer
Hernando Cortez and his force of about 300 Spanish soldiers, 18
horses and thousands of Mexico's native inhabitants who had grown
resentful of Aztec rule marched unmolested into Tenochtitlán, the
capital city of the Aztec empire. The Aztec ruler Montezuma,
believing that Cortez could be the white-skinned deity
Quetzalcoatl, whose return had been foretold for centuries,
greeted the arrival of these strange visitors with courtesy--at
least until it became clear that the Spaniards were all too human
and bent on conquest. Cortez and his men, dazzled by the Aztec
riches and horrified by the human sacrifice central to their
religion, began to systematically plunder Tenochtitlán and tear
down the bloody temples. Montezuma's warriors attacked the
Spaniards but with the aid of Indian allies, Spanish
reinforcements, superior weapons and disease, Cortez defeated an
empire of approximately 25 million people by August 13, 1521.
(ATC, p.16)(SFC, 9/2/96, p.A3) (HNPD, 11/8/98)

1519 Dec, Magellan reached
the Bay of the Rio de Janeiro.
(V.D.-H.K.p.182)(DD-EVTT, p.41)

1519 Corregio began painting
the ceiling frescoes in the dining room of the abbess of St.
Paul’s Convent in Parma.
(SFEC, 9/15/96, p.T6)

1519 Martin Luther disputed
with Johann Eck in the Leipzig Disputation and questioned the
infallibility of the Pope.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)

1519 Bohemians minted silver
Joachimsthalers, "thalers" for short. This was the basis for the
word "dollar."
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)

1519 A mass-production
technique for casting brass objects was used in Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)

1519 Cortes found the court
of Moctezuma to have a ravenous appetite for turkeys. The
gobblers, later served for Thanksgiving, returned to North America
only after their Mexican ancestors had crossed the Atlantic twice,
first to Spain and then back from England.
(Econ, 12/20/14, p.78)

1519 Prussia experienced a
monetary crises.
(ON, 2/11, p.6)

1519 Domenico de Pineda,
Spanish navigator, explored the Gulf of Mexico.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 Francisco de Montejo, a
captain under Cortez, set about subjugating the Maya in Mexico.
(SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6)
1519 In Mexico Cortes
discovered a plot by some Cholulans to assassinate him and ordered
some 6,000 Cholulan men executed.
(SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T10)
1519 Spanish soldiers in
Mexico learned that the shipwrecked sailor Gonzalo Guerrero had
drifted there in 1511. Guerrero married a Maya woman and raised
the first mestizo children.
(Econ, 11/10/07,
p.102)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Guerrero)

1519-1579 Sir Thomas Gresham, merchant prince.
He was a British banker and money-changer and served as the
financial agent for Elizabeth I. He ran a news service in the
Netherlands to keep informed of finances there and built the Royal
Exchange of London modeled on the Antwerp commodities exchange.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)

1519-1682 In 2015 Robert Goodwin authored
“Spain: The Center of the World 1519-1682."
(Econ, 7/25/15, p.67)

1520 Apr 6, Raphael (b.1483),
[Sanzio], Italian painter (Sistine Madonna), died on his 37th
birthday. His work included "The Veiled Lady" and a set of
cartoons that were woven into 10 tapestries titled "The Acts of
the Apostles" (1544-1557).
(WSJ, 4/11/02,
p.D7)(www.abcgallery.com/R/raphael/raphaelbio.html)

1520 May 20, Hernando Cortes
defeated Spanish troops sent to punish him in Mexico.
(HN, 5/20/98)

1520 Nov 28, Portuguese
navigator Ferdinand Magellan reached the Pacific Ocean after
passing through the South American strait, the straits of
Magellan, and entered the “Sea of the South."
(V.D.-H.K.p.177)(AP, 11/28/97)

1520 Dec 18, Magellan struck
out into the open sea to the northwest
(V.D.-H.K.p.177)

1520 A 9-piece tapestry set
was created for the Holy Roman Empire coronation of Belgium-born
Charles V, King of Spain, titled "Los Honores." The set was
restored by Belgium in 2000 for the 500th anniversary of Charles’
birth.
(WSJ, 4/11/02, p.AD7)

1520 The funereal monuments
of the Medici Chapel were commissioned by Pope Clement VII. They
were done primarily by Michelangelo (1475-1564) from 1520 to 1534,
being completed by his students after his departure. The four
figures—dawn, day, dusk and night—are considered among the
sculptor‘s most accomplished work. He left Florence in 1534,
hoping to return, but spent his last years in Rome.
(HNQ, 11/15/00)

1520 The book "Prester John
of the Indies" was written. It was translated in 1810. Later
Robert Silverberg wrote: "The Realm of Prester John" and John
Buchanon wrote "Prester John." In 1952 the French work "Le Pretre
Jean" was written.
(SFEC, 12/15/96, p.C5)

1520 In Germany Jacob Fugger
“The Rich" established a Roman Catholic housing settlement for the
poor in Augsburg in the name of Augsburg’s local St. Ulrich. In
return for cheap rent residents agreed to pray for the Fuggers’
souls.
(WSJ, 12/26/08, p.A10)
1520 The Jews of Rothenburg,
Bavaria, were banished entirely and forevermore.
(NH, 9/96, p.24)

1520 The Anabaptists,
Protestants who baptized believers only and not infants, grew as a
movement in Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. Some
emigrated to America and established themselves as the Amish of
Lancaster, Pa.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(SFC, 7/2/98, p.A7)

1520 King Francis founded the
Royal Library of France at Fontainebleu.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1520 Chocolate was brought
from Mexico to Spain for the first time. [see 1502]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1520 "Many small stars
congregated... like to two clouds." (Now known as the Large
Magellanic Cloud) Thus one of Ferdinand Magellan’s crew, on the
first voyage around the earth, described the southern Pacific sky
on a clear night in this year.
(NG, 5/88, p.619)

1520 King Christian II of
Denmark and Norway defeated a Swedish army at Lake Asunden and was
crowned King of Sweden. He then renounced his offer of amnesty and
massacred most of the Swedish leaders.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1520-1530 The “Shahnameh" (Persian Book of
Kings), completed in 1010AD by Persian poet Firdawsi (Ferdowsi)
was commissioned to be illustrated for Shah Tahmasp by more than a
dozen artists. 258 miniatures were made with 750 folios of Farsi
text. In 1568 it was given to the Ottoman Sultan. In 1981 Stuart
Cary Welch and martin Dickinson published “The Houghton
Shahnameh," a 2-volume study.
(www.mazdapublisher.com/BookDetails.aspx?BookID=186)(WSJ,
10/13/94, p. A18,)(Econ, 4/9/11, p.95)

1520-1579 Bayazid Roshan, an Afghan
intellectual, lived. He revolted against the power of the Moghul
government.
(www.afghan, 5/25/98)

1520/24-1579/80 Giovanni Battista Moroni was a
Renaissance portraitist. He worked in Trent and Bergamo and then
returned to his hometown of Albino.
(WSJ, 2/22/00, p.A38)

1520-1598 William Cecil. He later became the
Lord Treasurer and chief adviser for Queen Elizabeth I, for which
he was made Lord Burghley. He built the Burghley House.
(WSJ, 8/24/99, p.A16)

1521 Apr 17, Under the
protection of Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony, Martin Luther
first appeared before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the
Imperial Diet to face charges stemming from his religious
writings. The Roman Catholic Church had already excommunicated him
on Jan 3, 1521. He was later declared an outlaw by Charles V.
(NH, 9/96, p.18)(HN, 4/17/98)(AP, 4/17/07)

1521 Apr 18, Martin Luther
confronted the emperor Charles V in the Diet of Worms and refused
to retract his views which led to his excommunication. Cardinal
Alexander questioned the Rev Martin Luther.
(HN, 4/18/99)(MC, 4/18/02)

1521 Apr 21, Martin Luther
was called before an Imperial Diet in Worms. He was already
accused of heresy and excommunicated by the Pope. Here he was
absolved of all charges.
(V.D.-H.K.p.163)

1521 Apr 26, Magellan was
killed in a fight with natives on Mactan Island. Magellan named
the Mariana Islands Islas de los Ladrones (Islands of Thieves),
and was killed by natives on Cebu. Juan Sebastian Elcano,
Magellan’s second in command, returned to Spain with 18 men and
one ship, the Vittorio, laden with spices. His coat of arms was
augmented in reward with the inscription Primus circumdisti me:
"You were the first to encircle me." Some 50,000 Chamorro people
populated the islands. [see Apr 27]
(V.D.-H.K.p.177-178)(SFEC,11/10/96,Z1p.2)(TL-MB, p.12)(SFEC,
3/7/99,Z1 p.4)

1521 May 8, Peter Canisius,
[Pieter de Hondt/Kanijs], Jesuit, saint, was born.
(MC, 5/8/02)
1521 May 8, Emperor Charles V
and the Diet issued the Edict of Worms. It banned Luther’s work
and enjoined his detention, but was not able to be enforced.
(NH, 9/96, p.20)

1521 Aug 31, Spanish
conqueror Cortez (1485-1547), having captured the city of
Tenochtitlan, Mexico, set it on fire. Nearly 100,000 people died
in the siege and some 100,000 more died afterwards of smallpox. In
2008 Buddy levy authored “Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King
Montezuma, and the Last Stand of the Aztecs."
(HN, 8/31/98)(WSJ, 7/10/08, p.A13)

1521 Oct 11, Pope Leo X
titled King Henry VIII of England "Defender of the Faith" in
recognition of his writings in support of the Catholic Church.
Henry had penned a defense of the seven Catholic Sacraments in
response to Martin Luther‘s Protestant reform movement. By 1534,
Henry had broken completely with the Catholic Church, and the
Pope‘s authority in England was abolished.
(TL-MB, p.12)(HNQ, 8/12/00)(MC, 10/11/01)

1521 The Chateau de
Chenonceaux in the Loire Valley of France was built for the royal
tax collector, Thomas Bohier. It took eight years to construct.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1521 The manufacture of silk
cloth was introduced to France. It had been made in Sicily since
the 1100s.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1521 In Puerto Rico the
Caparra colony founded by Spanish conquistadores relocated to a
barrier island at the entrance of San Juan Bay.
(HT, 4/97, p.28)(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1521 The first running of the
bulls was held at Pamplona, Spain. [see 1591]
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)

1521 Francisco de Gordillo,
Spanish explorer, sailed up the American Atlantic coast to South
Carolina.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1521 Ponce de Leon returned
to Key Marco in southwest Florida, where he was again repulsed by
the Calusa Indians and died from an arrow wound.
(AM, 11/04, p.49)

1521 Clipperton Island was
originally discovered by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, but was later
named after John Clipperton, an English pirate who led a mutiny
against William Dampier in 1704. Mexico occupied the island in
1897 and established a military outpost there. In 1930, the
Vatican gave the rights to the King of Italy, Viktor Emanuel II,
who declared one year later that Clipperton was a part of France.
In 1944 US President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the navy to
occupy the island in one of the most secret US operations of WW
II. After the war it was abandoned, and has since only been
visited by the French Navy and an occasional scientific or amateur
radio expedition. In 1989 Jimmy M. Skaggs authored "Clipperton: A
History of the Island the World Forgot."
(NH, 12/96,
p.70)(www.qsl.net/clipperton2000/history.html)

1522 Jul 5, Antonio de
Nebrija (b.1441), Spanish scholar, died. His work included a
Spanish grammar written in Latin. It was the first
systematic treatment of a vernacular European language.
(Econ, 6/1/13,
p.80)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Nebrija)

1522 Sep 6, Juan Sebastian
Elcano (Del Cano), Magellan’s second in command, returned to Spain
with 18 men and one ship, the Vittorio, laden with spices. His
coat of arms was augmented in reward with the inscription: Primus
circumdisti me: "You were the first to encircle me."18 survivors
of the original Magellan expedition completed the circumnavigation
of the globe under Sebastian del Cano. Plumes of the bird of
paradise from New Guinea were first brought back to Europe. One of
the five ships that set out in Ferdinand Magellan's trip around
the world made it back to Spain. Only 15 of the original 265 men
that set out survived. Magellan was killed by natives in the
Philippines.
(V.D.-H.K.p.177-178)(SFEC, 11/10/96, zone 1
p.2)(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(NH, 9/96, p.8)(HN, 9/6/98)

1522 Martin Luther completed
his translation of the New Testament into German and returned to
Wittenberg. His supporter, Ulrich Zwingli, condemned Lenten
fasting and celibacy. Luther also published his Christmas Postils
as preaching models for other pastors.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(WSJ, 12/21/01, p.W15)

1522 Adrian VI was elected
Pope. He was the last non-Italian pope until John Paul II.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1522 In 2007 The book "Beyond
Capricorn" said a 16th century maritime map in a Los Angeles
library vault, which accurately marks geographical sites along
Australia's east coast in Portuguese, proves that Portuguese
seafarer Christopher de Mendonca lead a fleet of four ships into
Botany Bay in this year.
(Reuters, 3/21/07)

1522 Suleiman I captured
Rhodes from the Knights Hospitallers of St. John. The knights
surrendered after a 6-month siege. In 1530 the knights were
resettled on Malta by Charles V.
(WSJ, 7/21/08, p.A11)

1522 Albrecht Durer, German
artist and engraver, designed a flying machine for use in war.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1522 Guatemala was conquered
by Spanish armies.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1522 A massive slave
rebellion, the first of dozens, was crushed in Hispaniola.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1522 Martin Cortes (d.1569),
son of Hernando Cortes, was born in Mexico to an Amerindian woman
named Malinche. Cortes also named a 3rd son Martin, who was born
in Spain. Both brothers were arrested in 1566 for purportedly
fomenting a rebellion against the Spanish crown.
(SSFC, 7/11/04, p.M3)

1522 The Portuguese crown
began administering Sao Tome.
(AP, 7/18/03)

1522 Pascual de Andagoya,
Spanish explorer, became the first European to set foot in Peru.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1522 Gustavus Vasa became
administrator of Sweden and pledged to free his country from
Danish control.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1522-1524 Titian painted "Bacchanal of the
Andrians" during this period.
(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5)

1523 Jul 1, Hendrik Voes,
Flemish priest, church reformer, was burned at stake along with
John of Esschen (Jan van Essen), Flemish priest, church reformer.
The 2 monks were executed in Brussels, Belgium, for refusing to
recant their Lutheran beliefs.
(http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Essen)(Econ, 12/17/11, p.94)

1523 Titian painted "Bacchus
and Ariadne," a heroic mythological composition for Alfonso
d’Este, Duke of Ferrara. It is now at the London National Gallery.
(TL-MB, p.12)(SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T8)

1523 Hans Holbein completed
the first of several portraits of Erasmus in Basel. He also began
the design of 51 plates on the "Dance of Death," which reflected
ideas of the Reformation.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(WSJ, 6/24/97, p.A20)

1523 Hans Judenkonig
published in Vienna the first manual of lute playing.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1523 Anthony Fitzherbert
published the "Book of Husbandry," the first English manual of
agriculture.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1523 The first turkeys were
introduced to Spain and Europe from America by the conquistadors.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(SFEC, 11/24/96, p.A3)

1523 Christian II was deposed
in Denmark after a civil war and was exiled. His uncle became King
Frederick I of Denmark and Norway.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1523 The first marine
insurance policies were issued in Florence.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1523 The Ottoman Emperor
Suleiman the Magnificent successfully overcame the Knights
Hospitaller, Order of St. John, from their position on the island
of Rhodes in the Aegean Sea. The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V,
offered the Knights the Isle of Malta. In exchange for a perpetual
lease the Knights undertook to send the emperor a falcon (made
famous in the mystery novel, The Maltese Falcon, and the movie of
the same name) once every year as a token of their fealty. They
remained there until the time of Napoleon, and became known as the
Knights of Malta.
(WSJ, 12/30/94, A-6, Review of The Knights of
Malta by H.J.A. Sire)

1524 Mar 19, Giovanni de
Verrazano of France sighted land around area of Carolinas.
(MC, 3/19/02)

1524 Apr 17, Giovanni da
Verrazano, Florentine navigator, reached present-day New York
Harbor. He explored from Cape Fear to Newfoundland and discovered
New York Bay and the Hudson River. He was later eaten by natives.
(TL-MB, p.12)(HN, 4/17/98)(SFEM, 11/15/98,
p.26)(AP, 4/17/08)

1524 Dec 24, Portuguese
navigator Vasco da Gama (~55), who had discovered a sea route
around Africa to India, died in Cochin, India. He had served as
Viceroy in India. Gama served under the patronage of Dom Manoel
and at one time burned alive 380 men, women and children.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(AP, 12/24/97)(MC,
12/24/01)(SSFC, 3/10/02, p.M3)

1524 Albrecht Durer drafted a
dozen drawings of the same face on a grid. Each grid was
transformed as if it were printed on a rubber graph which was then
bent and twisted to distort the normal proportions. Computerized
morphing only came c1990.
(MT, 10/94, p.9)

1524 Peter Bennewitz, German
prof. of mathematics, produced the first textbook on theoretical
geography: "Cosmographia."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1524 Jan Wynken de Worde
printed Robert Wakefield’s "Oration" using Italic type for the
first time in English typography.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1524 Pedro de Alvarado, a
lieutenant of Cortez, marched into the Guatemalan highlands. He
played the local Indian tribes against one another and won a major
battle fought at a river in western Guatemala against warriors of
the Quiche tribe led by Tecun Uman.
(NG, 6/1988, p.790)

1524 Chevalier Bayard,
commander of French forces in Lombardy, was killed and the French
were driven out.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)

1524 Hernandez de Cordoba
founded Granada, Nicaragua. The city, also known as La Gran
Sultana (The Grand Sultan), is the oldest city in Central America.
(SSFC, 4/10/05, p.F4)