Psy 150

A 4th grade teacher says to one of his students, “The next time you get away from your desk, I am going to take away 5 minutes from your recess time.” This example bestillustrates the ____ goal of psychology.

Control

A biological perspective of a mental disorder may suggest that:

mental disorders can often be traced to brain dysfunction

A cognitive psychologist may study the way we memorize a telephone number by:

investigating how we process and store the number in memory

A young inexperienced teacher from the rural Midwest is hired to teach in an inner-city public school. In her class, there are a number of cultures and races represented. She is confused by the differences between students in regard to achievement and behavior. Which of the following approaches would most likely provide insights into differences among her students?

cross-cultural

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, when is the most critical time of life in the development of personality traits?

childhood

Albert Bandura believed that our behaviors could be influenced by:

observations, imitation, and thought processes in addition to the environment

Dr. Beenken spends most of his workday at a local clinic. He does individual therapy and tests patients for psychological problems. Which of the following titles is Dr. Beenkenmost likely to have?

clinical psychologist

Eric is trying to encourage himself to develop his full potential as a human being by learning that he is in control of his fate. What psychological perspective has Eric adopted?

humanistic

Franklin suffers from schizophrenia and requires medication. The best person for Franklin to consult would be a(n):

psychiatrist

Freud believed that an examination of one’s ____ would give insight into the adult personality and adult problems.

childhood relationships with parents

If you use different approaches to study the same behavior, you take a(n) _____ approach.

eclectic

If you wanted to learn more about the social, emotional, and cognitive changes over the entire lifespan, in which class should you enroll?

PY 220 Developmental Psychology

Jerry is interested in discovering how people process, store, and use information. His interests reflect which psychological perspective?

cognitive

Professor Aguayo is recruiting subjects for a study. She is advised not to give potential subjects the exact title of the study, which is “The negative effects of mild anxiety on eye-hand coordination.” Why not share the title with potential subjects?

he title may create specific expectations that could bias the subjects.

The ____ approach studies how our genes, hormones, and nervous system interact with the environment to influence behavior and mental processes.

biological

Which of the following schools of thought believes that our dreams could be interpreted to reveal unconscious fears?

psychoanalytic

Which one of the following is not one of the four goals of psychology?

to judge behavior

A disadvantage of naturalistic observation is that:

the psychologists‘ own beliefs and values might affect their observation

A number that describes the strength of a relationship between events is called a(n) ____; it can range between ____.

-1.00 and +1.00

A person suffering from anxiety predicts that he will make a fool of himself at a social gathering and, in fact, he does. A psychologist predicts that students in his morning class invariably outperform those in his afternoon class and, in fact, they do. What do the anxious person and the psychologist share in common?

they both produce a self-fulfilling prophecy

A psychologist wants to know if eating a large breakfast improves IQ test scores in a sample of thirty 10-year-olds. The psychologist divides the subjects into three groups of ten and has one group eat a small breakfast, one group eat a medium-sized breakfast, and one group eat a large breakfast. In this study, the independent variable is:

the size of the breakfast

A study reports a positive correlation between acts of aggression and the amount of TV a child watches. The best interpretation of this statement would be:

children who watch a great deal of TV tend to be more aggressive than children who watch less TV

A test that is given to hundreds of people and is used to make comparisons among people is called a ____ test.

standardized

An animal rights group claims that there are no regulations or agencies that monitor the care and treatment of animals in research. As an educated psychology student, what is your response?

“Regulations are established by the federal government and academic institutions.”

Art has conducted a study in a laboratory setting and is currently preparing a presentation describing his research. Which of the following is the most likely criticism he will receive about his research setting?

The setting is too controlled and the results may not apply to real-life situations.

As part of a group project, you are required to write a survey. Which of the following research questions would be best answered using the survey method?

Is the President doing an overall good job?

Dr. Lee wants to conduct research examining the effects of social deprivation on brain development in children. Which research technique is most appropriate and why?

animal model—it is unethical to expose children to social deprivation

During a recent trip to the shopping mall, someone working for the mall asked you to fill out a survey on shopping habits. As a student of psychology, what concerns might you have about this survey?

wording of the questions

Fawzi wants to see if nicotine causes cancer in rats. Half of his rats are given nicotine, and the other half are not. In this experiment, the rats that receive nicotine are the ____, and the rats that do not are the ____.

experimental group; control group

Gail conducts an experiment that may produce harmful effects. To protect her subjects, she thoroughly explains the purpose of the experiment, and helps subjects deal with possible doubts or guilt arising from their behaviors in the experiment. Gail is going through the process of:

debriefing

If we find that intelligent parents tend to have intelligent children, then we would be correct in describing the relationship as a ____ correlation.

positive

In order to determine if differences between experimental and control groups are due to the treatment or to error or chance occurrence, a researcher employs:

statistical procedures

In Professor Walsh’s experiment, she finds a significant difference at the .05 level between two strains of rats in eating behavior. What this really means is that Professor Walsh is:

95% sure that the difference observed is due to the independent variable

Information obtained in ____ is unique to an individual and may not apply to or help understand the behaviors of others.

a case study

To determine cause and effect relationships, you are best advised to conduct a(n):

experiment

To get subjects who are representative of the population, experimenters use:

random selection

What organization has published a code of ethics of conduct for psychologists to follow when conducting research?

American Psychological Association

When we make a hypothesis, we are:

guessing

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the highest degree of association between two variables?

a. +.70

b. +.30

c. -.20

d. -.90

The correct answer is: -.90

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents a situation in which an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable?

a. +.90

b. +.30

c. .00

d. -.70

The correct answer is: -.70

Chemicals that can cause birth defects are called:

teratogens

Chromosomes consist of:

DNA

Parts of the body which are close to the head develop before the parts closer to the feet according to the:

cephalocaudal principle

The blood supply of the fetus is partially protected by the:

placenta

The statistical measure which estimates how much of a behavior is due to genetic factors is called:

heritability

The three phases of the prenatal period in the correct order are:

germinal, embryonic, fetal

When a sperm from a man fertilizes the egg of a woman, the result is a ____ and it consists of ____ pairs of chromosomes.

zygote; 23

Why do most major birth defects occur during the embryonic stage?

Most of the basic organs are being formed during the embryonic stage.

____ are chains of chemicals arranged like rungs on a twisting ladder.

Genes

A sixth-grade teacher has some girls and boys who have reached puberty quite early. According to research, the girls and boys would:

differ in that the boys would benefit psychologically from their early maturation, whereas the girls would tend to suffer

Hormones which regulate sexual development and the growth of the sex organs are produced by the:

gonads

What part of the brain is not yet fully developed in adolescence, therefore making the adolescent vulnerable to risk taking and other poor decisions?

prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is an example of a male secondary sex characteristic?

the voice change

Which of the following is generally found in late maturing boys?

lack of self-confidence

You are watching a reality TV show that depicts a teenager and her family. In one episode, the teen is irritable, cranky, and argumentative with her parents. Which brain area is most responsible for this type of behavior?

limbic system

A synaptic cleft or synaptic gap is the:

small space between the end bulb and its neighboring dendrite, muscle fiber or body organ

Afferent is to efferent as ____ is to ____.

sensory; motor

After a serious blow to the head, Hector underwent a dramatic personality change. A well-organized, extroverted person before the accident, he no longer could plan, or adjust to new social situations. Hector would also laugh uncontrollably at inappropriate times. What part of Hector’s brain appears to have been damaged?

frontal lobe

After the release of neurotransmitters in the synapse, neurotransmitters cross the synapse and:

fit into specially designed receptors located on the second neuron’s dendrites

Alan can’t tell you the sequence of motor movements involved in hitting a golf ball because that information is stored in:

the cerebellum which handles procedural knowledge

Alyssa is writing a paper on the function of the myelin sheath. Which of the following is the best title for her paper?

“Myelin Sheath: Insulating the Axon”

As a result of a workplace accident, a person damages the left somatosensory cortex resulting in:

loss of feeling on the right side of the body

Dendrite is to ____ as axon is to ____.

receive; transmit

During the game show “Jeopardy,” the host says the answer, “The temporal lobe.” Which of the following is the best question?

“Which lobe is critical to hearing and speech?”

Which of the following brain structures is responsible for emotional memory?

Amygdala

Guy has a massive tumor in his hypothalamus. What problems can we expect Guy to display?

eating, drinking, and emotional behavior

Hormones are secreted from glands located throughout the body. The ____ is made up of these glands.

endocrine system

If we make a small lesion in the brain, we are in effect......

Destroying brain tissue

Mr. Aaholm has a tumor in the right motor cortex. What is the most likely symptom he experiences?

Disturbances in movement on the left side of his body.

If we electrically stimulate a patient's brain in order to see how that precise structure functions, we are engaging in a process called?

Point to point mapping

Results of the split brain operation demonstrate that:

there is intense communication between the two hemispheres of the brain

Reuptake is a process that:

removes the neurotransmitter from the synapse and is returned to the vesicles of the end bulb

Steve, a ten-year-old, is doing a “karate chop” to the base of the skull on the back of the neck of his younger brother. Their mother yells, “Stop that, Steve!” What would be the bestexplanation for his mother’s protest?

The hindbrain is located there and it controls vital reflexes. Damage to this area may be fatal.

The motor cortex that initiates all voluntary movements is found in:

the frontal lobe

The primary auditory cortex turns electrical signals into ____, while the auditory association area turns raw sensory information into ____.

basic sensations; recognizable sounds

Tiny sacs or vesicles that are filled with neurotransmitters are located in the:

end bulbs

Wernicke’s area is located in the ____ lobe, whereas Broca’s area is located in the ____ lobe.

temporal; frontal

What substance is found in the end bulbs?

neurotransmitters

You come to class not having read the assignment. Your professor arrives, orders everyone to put away books and notes, and hands out a pop quiz. Your heart starts pounding and you begin to sweat because of which nervous system division?

sympathetic

You’ve just taken an MRI. What type of test is that?

neurological test

“Maybe this lottery ticket will be a winner. The last couple ones I’ve bought were losers, but I do buy a winner every once in awhile.” This person’s lottery ticket buying behavior is on what schedule of reinforcement?

variable-ratio

“Whenever I smell that perfume I think of my grandmother and all of the wonderful times we had together.” This best illustrates:

conditioned emotional response

A farmer always uses the same squeaky wheelbarrow to carry feed out to his sheep. When he does this, the sheep head for the feed trough in anticipation. In this example, noise of the wheelbarrow would be a(n):

conditioned stimulus

A response that is inborn and automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus is called a(n) ____ response.

unconditioned

A ____ refers to a reinforcer occurring only after an unchanging number of responses take place.

fixed-ratio

According to the principles of operant conditioning, a response will undergo extinction if the response is:

no longer reinforced

After being praised for learning the word “doggie”, a young child will point to anything with four legs and a tail and say “doggie”—even if the “doggie” is really a cat, a horse, or a cow. This child is demonstrating:

generalization

Alex watches a violent TV show and then pretends to shoot his brother James with a toy pistol. A psychologist would say that Alex has learned to “shoot” his brother through:

observational learning

At the beginning of his last vacation, Mike fell off a horse. He got right back in the saddle, though, and overcame his apprehension. If Mike experiences spontaneous recovery during his next vacation, he will:

experience some fear of horses

Classical conditioning would be best suited to answer which of the following questions?

Why do some people associate certain foods with nausea?

If you wish to modify your roommate’s behavior to clean up, which type of learning would you use and why?

operant conditioning—cleaning is a voluntary response

In her systematic desensitization sessions to overcome a fear of snakes, Rene develops a fear hierarchy of stimuli that cause anxiety. The hierarchy, from lowest to highest fear, consisted of seeing the word “snake”, seeing a picture of a snake in a magazine, seeing a snake on TV, seeing a snake in the zoo, and then seeing a live snake in front of her. During the next stage of the systematic desensitization program, the therapist would ask Rene to:

magine touching the snake

The best example of stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning is:

a child learning to avoid rats but not hamsters

Using the example of Little Albert, which of the following is incorrect?

CR—white rat

A memory of an emotional or dramatic event that was encoded without effort and with great detail is called:

flashbulb memory

An almost unlimited amount of information can be stored in:

long-term memory

An education major is interviewing a veteran teacher for a class project. The teacher is asked about how to help students learn and says, “Give lots of examples.” Based on the textbook, what is the best reason for teachers to give examples?

Examples help students to connect what they are trying to learn with old information.

At a recent family reunion you saw cousins that you have not seen for years. You also met for the first time, the spouses of these cousins. Unfortunately, you don’t remember most of their names. The name you do recall was your cousin Tom’s wife, Nancy; they came at the very end of the reunion. Why did you remember Nancy, but forget all the other names?

For how long will information stay in short-term memory if you do not focus on it?

up to 20-30 seconds

Research has found that short-term memory most involves the ____ of the brain.

prefrontal area

The amount of information that can be processed in short-term memory is typically increased through:

chunking

Which of the following is an example of semantic knowledge?

the alphabet

Charles Spearman developed the ____ theory, which termed the general intelligence factor as “g” and specific factors as “s.”

two-factor

For Sternberg, intelligence is measured by:

analyzing the steps that people take in solving problems

How could a test’s validity be checked?

Correlate subjects’ scores with their scores from a test with proven validity.

Howard Gardner defines intelligence as composed of:

many separate mental abilities

If genetic factors contribute to IQ scores, then fraternal twins should have:

less similar IQ scores than identical twins

Most psychologists believe that ____ is what current intelligence tests measure.

“g”

Name the individual who revised Binet’s test and developed the formula for intelligence quotient score.

Lewis Terman

the intelligence quotient (IQ) score is computed by dividing a child’s ____ by the child’s ____ and multiplying by 100.

mental age; chronological age

Who developed the world’s first standardized intelligence test?

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

A child is shown two identical balls of clay. Then an adult squashes one ball into a pancake shape. She then asks the child if one of the shapes contains more clay and the child answers, “Yes, the pancake does.” In Piagetian terms, the child has not yet reached:

concrete operational stage

Children begin to use words to think about things that are out of sight during the ____ stage.

preoperational

During the ____ stage of cognitive development, children are capable of logical mental operations but only on physically present objects.

concrete operations

Lisa asks her 9-year-old daughter Erica the following hypothetical question: “How would the world change if people woke up tomorrow and discovered they could fly?” Erica immediately responded: “But people can’t fly!” Erica’s answer indicates that she has not reached the stage of:

formal operations

Which of the following is the correct sequence for Piaget’s cognitive stages?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

As Candy, a 16-year old, is talking to her parents about boyfriend Brian, she yells at them, “You just don’t understand what I’m going through!” Candy is demonstrating:

In order to alleviate anxiety caused by a desire to be sexually promiscuous with women, John decides to become a priest. Freud would say that John has used the defense mechanism of:

reaction formation

In reviewing the humanistic theory of personality, select the word that does not match the theory.

Big Five

In reviewing the psychodynamic theory of personality, select the word that does not match the theory.

trait

In social cognitive theory, beliefs, expectations, values, intentions, and social roles are known as:

cognitive factors

Jan is quiet, reserved, and thoughtful about her behavior. She dislikes going to parties where she knows few people, and feels uncomfortable with most people. Jan would be considered a(n):

introvert

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggests that:

biological needs must be satisfied before personal and social needs

Research suggests that people with an internal locus of control are more likely to:

report less stress

Rogers postulated that children would develop a negative self-concept if they:

received primarily conditional positive regard

Tests that provide ambiguous or unstructured stimuli are called:

projective

What happens in each of Erikson’s eight stages?

a unique psychosocial conflict

A concern regarding the Milgram obedience study is that of:

ethics

Adam is driving past the scene of an automobile accident. He sees that there are a lot of other people around, so he doesn’t feel that he needs to stop. This is an example of the ____ theory.

diffusion of responsibility

An unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude toward another group of people is called a(n):

prejudice

As you share your high school transcript with your children, you notice that you attribute the “A’s” to your hard work and discipline. The poor grades are explained by telling your children that the teacher was bad and the tests were unfair. Oops! You realize that you’ve committed the:

self-serving bias

Formal or informal rules about how group members should behave are known as:

group norms

If a person gives in to some form of social pressure, but does not change their private beliefs, then the person is demonstrating:

compliance

Schemas are:

mental categories representing an organized collection of knowledge

The idea of cognitive dissonance explains how we:

deal with inconsistencies

We use the reactions of other people to judge the seriousness of a situation according to which of the following theories?

informational influence theory

Which of the following is an example of discrimination?

public washrooms being declared out of bounds to members of a particular ethnic group

A baby who is more withdrawn, moody, and tends to take more time to adapt to new situations has a(n) ____ temperament.

slow-to-warm-up

According to Erikson, the first major task of the child is to:

develop basic trust

An infant’s characteristic mood, activity level, and attention span are referred to as components of the infant’s:

temperament

One difference between a securely attached infant and one who is insecurely attached is that securely attached infants:

explore their environments more freely

When 1-year-old Terrace is in new surroundings, he will explore freely if his mother watches him. If she leaves the room he begins to cry, but when she returns he smiles and stops fussing. Terrace would be considered a(n) ____ infant.

securely attached

Denise instructs her six-year-old daughter to act like a young lady and to cross her legs when she sits on a chair. This expectation of behavior is an example of:

gender roles

Which of the following has been found to be a reliable sex difference?

Boys tend to show more aggressive behaviors.

Miranda comes home late one evening past her curfew only to find her parents waiting up for her. Her father says, “Miranda, you’re late! You may not use the car for an entire month.” Miranda’s father is using:

negative punishment

Theresa says that her parents are supportive and loving. In her family, rules are openly discussed, and there is frequent give-and-take. It sounds as though Theresa’s parents are:

authoritative

What are the two factors that greatly influence self-esteem in adolescents?

their physical attractiveness and social competence

Which of the following is the best example of Sternberg’s “romantic love”?

a 10-week affair between students attending a summer seminar

Social role theory stresses learning gender roles because of ____, while cognitive developmental theory emphasizes ____.

outside pressure; cognitive rules

Stephanie expects that other people will treat her unfairly. This belief influences her behavior to the point that she acts in a suspicious and somewhat rude manner. From the social cognitive perspective, this contributes to:

how people treat her thereby reinforcing her expectations

There is a children’s story of a little red engine that was confronted with a heavy load. The little red engine kept saying, “I think I can, I think I can” as it attempted to carry the load. Which of the components of social cognitive theory does this story best illustrate?

self-efficacy

When a person pushes threatening feelings into the unconscious, they are engaging in:

repression

Steven and Joe are very bad roommates. Steven is incredibly disorganized and messy while Joe is compulsive in his work and insists that the room be completely tidy at all times. According to Freud, it is possible that both Steven and Joe are fixated at the ____ stage.

anal

Craig’s father says, “I’ll really love you if you get A’s in all your subjects at school.” According to Carl Rogers, this statement would be an example of:

conditional positive regard

The intense fear associated with phobias:

makes the individual go to great lengths to avoid the feared object or situation

Tony truly believes that the FBI and the CIA have implanted listening devices into his eyeglasses. Tony appears to have:

paranoid delusions

Jack feels discomfort in developing close relationships and is somewhat odd in his behavior. If Jack has a mental disorder, it would probably be classified as:

schizotypal personality disorder

A patient with schizophrenia shows a loss of normal function such as emotional problems and decreased ability to express thoughts. These symptoms are examples of:

negative symptoms

You are conducting research on dissociative identity disorder. You have reviewed many, many cases of the disorder. You note a strong commonality among those women with dissociative identity disorder. What is it?

They were physically or sexually abused during childhood.

When studying the brains of individuals with borderline personality disorder, scans indicate that the brain areas involved in ____ are underactive.

controlling emotional responses

If the ____ is (are) smaller among patients with schizophrenia, then there is an overall reduction in ____.

frontal lobe; neural connections

What disorder typically consists of fluctuations between episodes of depression and mania?

bipolar I disorder

In clinical diagnosis, the goal is to:

match the individual’s symptoms to a particular mental disorder

Beck argues that depression results from:

negative thoughts that distort our perceptions and interpretations

A psychiatrist is seeing a person who is seriously depressed and has attempted suicide. The person was on antidepressant medication for months, with no relief of the depression. It is possible that the psychiatrist will consider which of the following as the next treatment?

electroconvulsive therapy

Chances for recovery from schizophrenia are best in patients with:

Type I schizophrenia (positive symptoms)

An individual with inflexible and maladaptive traits which cause significantly impaired functioning in one’s personal and social life would be diagnosed with a:

Personality Disorder

Exaggerated energy, enthusiasm, and elation are characteristic of:

mania

The most commonly used method to assess abnormal behavior is the:

clinical interview

The notion that schizophrenics have a genetic predisposition which interacts with life stressors to cause the development of schizophrenia is called the:

diathesis stress theory of schizophrenia

Janet maintains the same position for hours. However, on rare occasions, she will suddenly become excited and run around the room in circles, only to return to her frozen position. Janet appears to have:

catatonic disorder

When people with conversion disorder attempt to move their “paralyzed” limbs, what occurs in their brain?

Brain areas associated with emotion become activated and inhibit the motor areas.

Most mental health professionals agree that the most useful definition of abnormal behavior comes from the ____ approach.

maladaptive behavior

According to researchers, ____ may play an important role in the development of antisocial personality disorder.

childhood aggression that is hard for parents to control

The current view on the development of schizophrenia is that it is primarily:

a combination of inherited predispositions that are triggered by environmental stress

A loss of energy, lack of interest and pleasure in usual activities, negative self-concept, and recurrent thoughts of death and suicide are common symptoms of:

major depression

Delusions are:

irrational beliefs

The type of delusion that involves thoughts of being persecuted is ____ .

paranoid

Recent research examining the role of mothers in their children’s susceptibility for depression found that:

depressed mothers significantly increase their children’s risk

Obsession is to compulsion as:

thought is to behavior

To make a diagnosis of dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue:

physicians should rule out physical reasons for the loss of personal information

Norm has been diagnosed with one of the dissociative disorders. Although we don’t know the exact diagnosis, we can assume that Norm has experienced:

some type of disruption in his consciousness, memory, identity, or perception

What does the research say about the gender difference in major depressive disorder?

A higher percentage of females have major depressive disorder.

Marilyn, a schizophrenic, breaks into hysterical laughing when told that her home and all her personal belongings were destroyed in a fire. Marilyn is displaying:

inappropriate emotion

In the brains of many psychopaths, there is a disruption in the communication between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex which leads to:

lack of control

In order to be diagnosed with Bipolar I Disorder, the client must experience:

Mania

The difference between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue is that:

in the former you have memory gaps; in the latter you may wander away and assume a new identity

A hallucination is:

a sensory experience without environmental stimulation

When the anterior cingulate cortex becomes overactive, what then occurs in depressed patients?

Negative emotions overwhelm thinking and emotion.

If you visit Laura, you will find a very clean organized house. Everything has its place and if you move an object, Laura will be distressed. She is rigid and tries to control everything. Of the following personality disorders, which one best describes Laura?

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Why is there interest in the role psychosocial factors play in mood disorders?