1.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction

2.
Pulitzer Prize for Public Service
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The Pulitzer Prize for Public Service is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for journalism. The Public Service prize was one of the original Pulitzers, established in 1917 and it is the only prize in the program that awards a gold medal and is the most prestigious one for a newspaper to win. As with other Pulitzer Prizes, a committee of jurors narrows the field to three nominees, from which the Pulitzer Board generally picks a winner and finalists, finalists have been made public since 1980. The Pulitzer Board issues an official citation explaining the reason for the award, in its first 97 years to 2013, the Public Service Pulitzer was awarded 96 times. There were four years for which no award was given, in 1950,1951,1953,1955 and 1959, prizes were awarded to two newspapers. A reporter was first named in 1947, recently that has more common. 1919, Milwaukee Journal, for its strong and courageous campaign for Americanism in a constituency where foreign elements made such a policy hazardous from a point of view. 1920, no award given 1921, Boston Post, for its exposure of the operations of Charles Ponzi by a series of articles which finally led to his arrest. 1922, New York World, for exposing the operations of the Ku Klux Klan. 1923, Memphis Commercial Appeal, for its courageous attitude in the publication of cartoons,1928, Indianapolis Times, for its work in exposing political corruption to Indiana, prosecuting the guilty and bringing about a more wholesome state of affairs in civil government. 1930, no award given 1931, The Atlanta Constitution, for a successful municipal graft exposure,1932, Indianapolis News, for its successful campaign to eliminate waste in city management and to reduce the tax levy. McKee, and the exposing the lottery schemes of various fraternal organizations. 1934, Medford Mail Tribune, for its campaign against unscrupulous politicians in Jackson County,1935, The Sacramento Bee, for its campaign against political machine influence in the appointment of two Federal judges in Nevada. 1936, Cedar Rapids Gazette, for its crusade against corruption,1937, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, for its exposure of wholesale fraudulent registration in St. Louis. 1938, Bismarck Tribune, for its news reports and editorials entitled,1939, Miami Daily News, for its campaign for the recall of the Miami City Commission. 1940, Waterbury Republican & American, for its campaign exposing municipal graft,1941, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, for its successful campaign against the city smoke nuisance. 1942, Los Angeles Times, for its campaign which resulted in the clarification and confirmation for all American newspapers of the right of free press as guaranteed under the Constitution. 1943, Omaha World-Herald, for its initiative and originality in planning a campaign for the collection of scrap metal for the war effort

3.
The Sacramento Bee
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The Sacramento Bee is a daily newspaper published in Sacramento, California, in the United States. Since its founding in 1857, The Bee has become the largest newspaper in Sacramento, the fifth largest newspaper in California, the Bee is the flagship of the nationwide McClatchy Company. Its Scoopy Bee mascot, created by Walt Disney in 1943, has been used by all three Bee newspapers. Under the name The Daily Bee, the first issue of the newspaper was published on February 3,1857, proudly boasting that the object of is not only independence, at this time, the Bee was in competition with the Sacramento Union, a newspaper founded in 1851. Although the Bee soon surpassed the Union in popularity, the Union survived until its closing in 1994, the first editor of the Sacramento Bee was Rollin Ridge, but James McClatchy took over the position by the end of the first week. Also within a week of its creation, the Bee uncovered a scandal which led to the impeachment of Know-Nothing California State Treasurer Henry Bates. On March 13,2006, The McClatchy Company announced its agreement to purchase Knight Ridder, the purchase price of $4.5 billion in cash and stock will give McClatchy 32 daily newspapers in 29 markets, with a total circulation of 3.3 million. On February 3,2007, the paper celebrated its 150th anniversary, on February 4,2007, a 120-page section was included about the papers history from its founding to today. On July 29,2008, the Sacramento Bee redesigned and changed its layout, on May 21,2009, the newspaper published an early-version editorial that highly criticized Californians for voting against most of the ballot propositions in a special election. After numerous negative comments were posted by readers, the editorial was taken off the website, a message stated that the early version of the editorial was posted in error. The Sacramento Bee has won six Pulitzer Prizes in its history and it has won numerous other awards, including many for its progressive public service campaigns promoting free speech, anti-racism, workers rights, and environmental protection. The Council is made up of by scientists, media and academics, all concerned with the balanced portrayal of science

4.
Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
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The Sierra Nevada is a mountain range in the Western United States, between the Central Valley of California and the Basin and Range Province. The vast majority of the lies in the state of California. The Sierra runs 400 miles north-to-south, and is approximately 70 miles across east-to-west, the Sierra is home to three national parks, twenty wilderness areas, and two national monuments. These areas include Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks, the character of the range is shaped by its geology and ecology. More than one hundred years ago during the Nevadan orogeny. The range started to uplift four M. A. ago, the uplift caused a wide range of elevations and climates in the Sierra Nevada, which are reflected by the presence of five life zones. Uplift continues due to faulting caused by forces, creating spectacular fault block escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra. The Sierra Nevada has a significant history, the California Gold Rush occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855. Due to inaccessibility, the range was not fully explored until 1912, the Sierra Nevada lies in Central and Eastern California, with a very small but historically important spur extending into Nevada. West-to-east, the Sierra Nevadas elevation increases gradually from 1,000 feet in the Central Valley to an height of about 10,500 feet at its crest only 50–75 miles to the east. The east slope forms the steep Sierra Escarpment, unlike its surroundings, the range receives a substantial amount of snowfall and precipitation due to orographic lift. The Sierra Nevada stretches from the Susan River and Fredonyer Pass in the north to Tehachapi Pass in the south and it is bounded on the west by Californias Central Valley and on the east by the Basin and Range Province. The geographical boundary between the Sierra and the Cascades is virtually indistinguishable, with the Fredonyer Pass designation being traditional, physiographically, the Sierra is a section of the Cascade-Sierra Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division. The range is drained on its western slope by the Central Valley watershed, the northern third of the western Sierra is part of the Sacramento River watershed, and the middle third is drained by the San Joaquin River. The eastern slope watershed of the Sierra is much narrower, its rivers flow out into the endorheic Great Basin of eastern California and western Nevada. Although none of the eastern rivers reach the sea, many of the streams from Mono Lake southwards are diverted into the Los Angeles Aqueduct which provides water to Southern California, the height of the mountains in the Sierra Nevada increases gradually from north to south. Between Fredonyer Pass and Lake Tahoe, the range from 5,000 feet to more than 9,000 feet. The crest near Lake Tahoe is roughly 9,000 feet high, farther south, the highest peak in Yosemite National Park is Mount Lyell

5.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565

6.
Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting
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The Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting is a Pulitzer Prize awarded for a distinguished example of breaking news, local reporting on news of the moment. The Pulitzer Committee issues an official citation explaining the reasons for the award,1953, Editorial Staff of Providence Journal and Evening Bulletin, for their spontaneous and cooperative coverage of a bank robbery and police chase leading to the capture of the bandit. 1954, Staff of Vicksburg Sunday Post-Herald, for its coverage of the tornado of December 5,1953. Mrs. Brown dug into the facts behind the dramatic events, as well. 1957, Staff of Salt Lake Tribune, for its prompt,1958, Staff of Fargo Forum, for its swift, vivid and detailed news and picture coverage of a tornado which struck Fargo on June 20. 1961, Sanche De Gramont, for his account of the death of Leonard Warren on the Metropolitan Opera stage. 1962, Robert D. Mullins, Deseret News, Salt Lake City, UT, For his resourceful coverage of a murder and kidnapping at Dead Horse Point, Utah. 1967, Sylvan Fox, Anthony Shannon, William Longgood, New York World-Telegram and Sun for their reporting of an air crash in Jamaica Bay, killing 95 persons on March 1,1962. 1964, Norman C. Miller The Wall Street Journal, for his account of a multi-million dollar vegetable oil swindle in New Jersey. 1965, Melvin H.1966, Staff Los Angeles Times,1967, Robert V. Cox Chambersburg Public Opinion, for his vivid deadline reporting of a mountain manhunt that ended with the killing of a deranged sniper who had terrorized the community. 1969, John Fetterman Louisville Times and Courier-Journal, for his article, Pfc. Gibson Comes Home,1970, Thomas Fitzpatrick Chicago Sun-Times, for his article about the violence of youthful radicals in Chicago, A Wild Nights Ride With SDS. 1971, Staff Akron Beacon Journal, for its coverage of the Kent State University tragedy on May 4,1970,1972, Richard Cooper and John Machacek Rochester Times-Union, for their coverage of the Attica, New York prison riot. 1973, Staff Chicago Tribune, for uncovering flagrant violations of voting procedures in the election of March 21,1972. 1974, Arthur M. Petacque and Hugh F. Hough Chicago Sun-Times,1975, Staff Xenia Daily Gazette, for its coverage, under enormous difficulties, of the tornado that wrecked the city on April 3,1974. 1977, Margo Huston The Milwaukee Journal, for her reports on the elderly,1979, Staff San Diego Evening Tribune, for its coverage of the collision of a Pacific Southwest air liner with a small plane over its city. 1980, Staff The Philadelphia Inquirer, for coverage of the accident at Three Mile Island. 1981, Staff Longview Daily News, for its coverage of the Mt. St. Helens story,1982, Staff Kansas City Star and Kansas City Times, for coverage of the Hyatt Regency Hotel disaster and identification of its causes. 1983, Editorial Staff Fort Wayne News-Sentinel, for its courageous,1984, Newsday team of reporters Newsday, Long Island, NY, for their enterprising and comprehensive coverage of the Baby Jane Doe case and its far-reaching social and political implications

7.
Newsday
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As of 2009, its weekday circulation of 377,500 was the 11th-highest in the United States, and the highest among suburban newspapers. In 2012, Newsday expanded to include Rockland and Westchester county news on its website, as of January 2014, Newsdays total average circulation was 437,000 on weekdays,434,000 on Saturdays and 495,000 on Sundays. The newspapers headquarters is in Melville, New York, in Suffolk County, the new publication was first produced on September 3,1940 from Hempstead. For many years until a redesign in the 1970s, Newsday copied the Daily News format of short stories. After Pattersons death in 1963, Guggenheim became publisher and editor, in 1967, Guggenheim turned over the publisher position to Bill Moyers and continued as president and editor-in-chief. But Guggenheim was disappointed by the drift of the newspaper under Moyers. The two split over the 1968 presidential election, with Guggenheim signing an editorial supporting Richard Nixon, Guggenheim, who died a year later, disinherited Moyers from his will. After the competing Long Island Press ceased publication in 1977, Newsday launched a separate Queens edition, in June 2000, Times Mirror merged with the Tribune Company, partnering Newsday with the New York City television station WPIX, also owned by Tribune. Chicago, Illinois, real estate magnate Samuel Zell purchased Tribune in 2007, News Corporation, headed by CEO Rupert Murdoch, attempted to purchase Newsday for US$580 million in April 2008. This was soon followed by a bid from Zuckerman and a $680 million bid from Cablevision. In May 2008, News Corporation withdrew its bid, and on May 12,2008, the sale was completed July 29,2008. Altice, a Netherlands multinational telecoms company, bought Cablevision, including Newsday, on July 7,2016, Newsday announced that Patrick Dolan and father Charles Dolan would purchase a 75 percent stake in Newsday and associated companies. They are now the majority owners of the paper, despite having a tabloid format, Newsday is not known for being sensationalistic, as are other local daily tabloids, such as the New York Daily News and the New York Post. In 2004, the weekly newspaper Long Island Press wrote that Newsday has used its clout to influence local politics in Nassau. Bill Moyers briefly served as publisher, during the tenure of publisher Robert M. Johnson in the 1980s, Newsday made a major push into New York City. The paper featured both advice columnists Ann Landers and Dear Abby for several years, from 1985 to 2005, Michael Mandelbaum wrote a regular foreign affairs analysis column for Newsday. Noted writer and biographer Robert Caro was an investigative reporter and its features section has included, among others, television reporters Verne Gay and Diane Werts, TV/film feature writer Frank Lovece, and film critic Rafer Guzman. Newsday carries the syndicated columnist Froma Harrop, Pulitzer Prize winner Walt Handelsmans editorial political cartoons animation are a nationally syndicated feature of Newsday

8.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city

9.
Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting
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It is administered by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in New York City. From 1953 through 1963, the category was known as The Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, from 1964 to 1984, it was known as The Pulitzer Prize for Local Investigative Specialized Reporting. The Pulitzer Committee issues an official citation explaining the reasons for the award,1953, Edward J. Mowery, New York World-Telegram & Sun, for his reporting of the facts which brought vindication and freedom to Louis Hoffner. 1954, Alvin McCoy, The Kansas City Star, for a series of stories which led to the resignation under fire of C. Wesley Roberts as Republican National Chairman. 1955, Roland Kenneth Towery, Cuero Record, for his series of articles exposing a scandal in the administration of the Veterans Land Program in Texas. 1956, Arthur Daley, The New York Times, for his coverage and commentary on the world of sports in his daily column. They fulfilled their assignments despite great handicaps and the risk of reprisal from lawless elements,1960, Miriam Ottenberg, Evening Star, for a series of seven articles exposing a used-car racket in Washington, D. C. that victimized many unwary buyers. The series led to new regulations to protect the public and served to alert other communities to such sharp practices, the series brought about reforms that attracted nationwide attention. 1962, George Bliss, Chicago Tribune, for his initiative in uncovering scandals in the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, with resultant remedial action. 1963, Oscar Griffin, Jr.1964, James V. Magee, Albert V.1965, Gene Goltz, Houston Post, for his expose of government corruption Pasadena, Texas, which resulted in widespread reforms. 1966, John Anthony Frasca, Tampa Tribune, for his investigation,1967, Gene Miller, Miami Herald, for initiative and investigative reporting that helped to free two persons wrongfully convicted of murder. 1968, J. Anthony Lukas, The New York Times, for the document he wrote in his investigation of the life. 1969, Al Delugach and Denny Walsh, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, for their campaign against fraud and abuse of power within the St. Louis Steamfitters Union, Local 562. 1970, Harold Eugene Martin, Montgomery Advertiser and Alabama Journal, for his expose of a scheme for using Alabama prisoners for drug experimentation. 1971, William Jones, Chicago Tribune, for exposing collusion between police and some of Chicagos largest private companies to restrict service in low income areas. 1972, Timothy Leland, Gerard M. ONeill, Stephen A. Kurkjian and Ann Desantis, Boston Globe, for their exposure of corruption in Somerville. 1974, William Sherman, New York Daily News, for his investigative reporting in the exposure of extreme abuse of the New York Medicaid program. 1975, Indianapolis Star, for its disclosures of local corruption and dilatory law enforcement

10.
The Dallas Morning News
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The Dallas Morning News is a daily newspaper serving the Dallas–Fort Worth area of Texas, with an average of 271,900 daily subscribers. It was founded on October 1,1885, by Alfred Horatio Belo as a publication of the Galveston Daily News, of Galveston. Today it has one of the 20 largest paid circulations in the United States, the company has its headquarters in Downtown Dallas. The Dallas Morning News was founded in 1885 as a spin-off of the Galveston Daily News by Alfred Horatio Belo, in 1926, the Belo family sold a majority interest in the paper to its longtime publisher, George Dealey. In July 1986, the Times Herald was purchased by William Dean Singleton, after 18 months of efforts to turn the paper around, Singleton sold it to an associate. On 8 December 1991, Belo bought the Times Herald for $55 million, when Belos efforts to purchase the Herald failed, he sent George Bannerman Dealey to launch a new paper, the Morning News, which began publication on October 1,1885. From the outset the Morning News enjoyed the advantage of strong financial support and an accumulation of journalistic experience, and within a month. Historically, the Morning News has tilted conservative, mirroring Texas′ drift to the Republican Party, however, on September 7,2016 it endorsed Hillary Clinton for president, the first time it had endorsed a Democrat for president since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940. This came a day after it ran an editorial declaring Republican candidate Donald Trump not qualified to serve as president. It was the first time that the paper had refused to endorse a Republican since 1964, fresh Ink, Behind the Scenes of a Major Metropolitan Newspaper. Denton, Texas, University of North Texas Press, state of The American Newspaper, Giant. College Park, University of Maryland Foundation, official website Dallas Morning News from the Handbook of Texas Online Dallas Morning News Building Photos

11.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south

12.
Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism
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From 1985 to 1997, it was known as the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism. The Pulitzer Prize Board announced the new category in November 1984, the series, Making It Fly by Peter Rinearson of The Seattle Times, was a 29, 000-word account of the development of the Boeing 757 jetliner. It had been entered in the National Reporting category, but judges moved it to Feature Writing to award it a prize. In the aftermath, the Pulitzer Prize Board said it was creating the new category in part because of the ambiguity about where explanatory accounts such as Making It Fly should be recognized, the Pulitzer Committee issues an official citation explaining the reasons for the award. 1985, Jon Franklin, The Baltimore Evening Sun, for his seven-part series The Mind Fixers, about the new science of molecular psychiatry. 1986, Staff of The New York Times, for a comprehensive series on the Strategic Defense Initiative. 1987, Jeff Lyon and Peter Gorner, Chicago Tribune, for their series on the promises of gene therapy, which examined the implications of this revolutionary medical treatment. 1988, Daniel Hertzberg and James B, stewart, The Wall Street Journal, for their stories about an investment banker charged with insider trading and the critical day that followed the October 19,1987 Black Monday stock market crash. Faludi, The Wall Street Journal, for a report on the leveraged buy-out of Safeway Stores,1992, Robert S. Capers and Eric Lipton, Hartford Courant, for a series about the flawed Hubble Space Telescope that illustrated many of the problems plaguing USAs space program. 1993, Mike Toner, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, for When Bugs Fight Back,1994, Ronald Kotulak, Chicago Tribune, for his lucid coverage of current developments in neurological science. 1996, Laurie Garrett, Newsday, for her courageous reporting from Zaire on the Ebola virus outbreak there,1998, Paul Salopek, Chicago Tribune, for his enlightening profile of the Human Genome Diversity Project, which seeks to chart the genetic relationship among all people. 1999, Richard Read, The Oregonian, for illustrating the domestic impact of the Asian economic crisis by profiling the local industry that exports frozen french fries. 2000, Eric Newhouse, Great Falls Tribune, for his examination of alcohol abuse. 2001, Staff of the Chicago Tribune, for Gateway to Gridlock, its clear,2003, Staff of The Wall Street Journal, for its clear, concise and comprehensive stories that illuminated the roots, significance and impact of corporate scandals in the US. This was originally nominated in the Public Service category, but was moved by the jury,2005, Gareth Cook, The Boston Globe, for explaining, with clarity and humanity, the complex scientific and ethical dimensions of stem cell research. 2006, David Finkel, The Washington Post, for his ambitious,2007, Kenneth R.2008, Amy Harmon of The New York Times, for her striking examination of the dilemmas and ethical issues that accompany DNA testing, using human stories to sharpen her reports. 2010 Michael Moss and members of The New York Times staff for relentless reporting on contaminated hamburger and other safety issues. List of prizes, medals, and awards Winners of the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, Winners of the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism

13.
Hartford Courant
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The Hartford Courant is the largest daily newspaper in the U. S. state of Connecticut, and is often recognized as the oldest continuously published newspaper in the United States. A morning newspaper serving most of the north of New Haven and east of Waterbury. It reports regional news with a chain of bureaus in smaller cities, beginning in 2000, it was owned by Tribune Company, which later combined the papers management and facilities with those of Tribune-owned WTIC-TV in Hartford. In 2014, the newspapers were spun off to corporate parent Tribune Publishing, the Connecticut Courant began as a weekly on October 29,1764, started by Thomas Green. The word courant, borrowed from the French, was a name for English-language newspapers. The daily Hartford Courant traces its existence back to the weekly, thereby claiming the title Americas oldest continuously published newspaper, joseph Roswell Hawley, a leading Republican politician and former governor of the state, in 1867 bought the newspaper, which he combined with the Press. Under his editorship, this became the most influential newspaper in Connecticut, emile Gauvereau became a reporter in 1916, and the managing editor in 1919. His energetic and often sensational news policies affronted Charles Clark, the owner, Clark fired him when he refused to stop a series of stories about the exploitation of fake medical diplomas. Herbert Brucker was the most prominent editor in the 20th century, the Courant was purchased in 1979 by Times Mirror, the Los Angeles Times parent company. The first years of ownership are described by a former Courant reporter in a book titled Spiked. One criticism was that the new owners were interested in awards. A series of articles about sexual abuse by the head of a worldwide Catholic order, published since February 1997, in 2000, Times Mirror and the Courant became part of the Tribune Company, one of the worlds largest multimedia companies. Ironically, along the way, the Courant also acquired the Valley Advocate group of alternative weeklies started by two disgruntled Courant staff members in 1973, under new ownership, it is co-owned with two local television stations, Fox affiliate WTIC-TV and The CW affiliate WCCT-TV. The Courant is the most recent American newspaper to win the Society for News Designs Worlds Best Designed Newspaper award. In late June 2006, the Tribune Co. announced that Courant publisher Jack W. Davis Jr. would by replaced by Stephen D. Carver, vice president and general manager of Atlanta, Ga. TV station WATL. In March 2009, Tribune replaced Carver with Richard Graziano, who was given a role as Courant publisher. Shortly after that, the Courants two highest ranking editors were let go, after 2010, Courant has offered early retirement and buyout packages to reduce staff as it continues to experience declines in advertising revenue. There have also been layoffs and reduction in pages, newsroom staff peaked in 1994 at close to 400 staff, down to 175 staff by 2008, and 135 staff in 2009

14.
Hubble Space Telescope
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The Hubble Space Telescope is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. Although not the first space telescope, Hubble is one of the largest and most versatile, with a 2. 4-meter mirror, Hubbles four main instruments observe in the near ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared spectra. Hubbles orbit outside the distortion of Earths atmosphere allows it to take extremely high-resolution images, Hubble has recorded some of the most detailed visible light images ever, allowing a deep view into space and time. Many Hubble observations have led to breakthroughs in astrophysics, such as determining the rate of expansion of the universe. The HST was built by the United States space agency NASA, the Space Telescope Science Institute selects Hubbles targets and processes the resulting data, while the Goddard Space Flight Center controls the spacecraft. Space telescopes were proposed as early as 1923, Hubble was funded in the 1970s, with a proposed launch in 1983, but the project was beset by technical delays, budget problems, and the Challenger disaster. When finally launched in 1990, Hubbles main mirror was found to have been ground incorrectly, the optics were corrected to their intended quality by a servicing mission in 1993. Hubble is the telescope designed to be serviced in space by astronauts. After launch by Space Shuttle Discovery in 1990, five subsequent Space Shuttle missions repaired, upgraded, the fifth mission was canceled on safety grounds following the Columbia disaster. However, after spirited public discussion, NASA administrator Mike Griffin approved the fifth servicing mission, the telescope is operating as of 2017, and could last until 2030–2040. Its scientific successor, the James Webb Space Telescope, is scheduled for launch in 2018, the history of the Hubble Space Telescope can be traced back as far as 1946, to the astronomer Lyman Spitzers paper Astronomical advantages of an extraterrestrial observatory. In it, he discussed the two advantages that a space-based observatory would have over ground-based telescopes. First, the resolution would be limited only by diffraction, rather than by the turbulence in the atmosphere. Second, a telescope could observe infrared and ultraviolet light. Spitzer devoted much of his career to pushing for the development of a space telescope, space-based astronomy had begun on a very small scale following World War II, as scientists made use of developments that had taken place in rocket technology. An orbiting solar telescope was launched in 1962 by the United Kingdom as part of the Ariel space program, oAO-1s battery failed after three days, terminating the mission. It was followed by OAO-2, which carried out observations of stars and galaxies from its launch in 1968 until 1972. The continuing success of the OAO program encouraged increasingly strong consensus within the community that the LST should be a major goal

15.
Primate
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A primate is a mammal of the order Primates. In taxonomy, primates include two distinct lineages, strepsirrhines and haplorhines, Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests, many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment. Most primate species remain at least partly arboreal, with the exception of humans, who inhabit every continent except for Antarctica, most primates live in tropical or subtropical regions of the Americas, Africa and Asia. Based on fossil evidence, the earliest known true primates, represented by the genus Teilhardina, an early close primate relative known from abundant remains is the Late Paleocene Plesiadapis, c. Molecular clock studies suggest that the branch may be even older. The order Primates was traditionally divided into two groupings, prosimians and anthropoids. Prosimians have characteristics more like those of the earliest primates, and include the lemurs of Madagascar, lorisoids, simians include monkeys, apes and hominins. Simians are divided into two groups, catarrhine monkeys and apes of Africa and Southeast Asia and platyrrhine or New World monkeys of South, catarrhines consist of Old World monkeys, gibbons and great apes, New World monkeys include the capuchin, howler and squirrel monkeys. Humans are the only extant catarrhines to have spread successfully outside of Africa, South Asia, New primate species are still being discovered. More than 25 species were described in the decade of the 2000s. Considered generalist mammals, primates exhibit a range of characteristics. Some primates are primarily terrestrial rather than arboreal, but all species possess adaptations for climbing trees, locomotion techniques used include leaping from tree to tree, walking on two or four limbs, knuckle-walking, and swinging between branches of trees. Primates are characterized by large brains relative to other mammals, as well as a reliance on stereoscopic vision at the expense of smell. These features are developed in monkeys and apes and noticeably less so in lorises. Three-color vision has developed in some primates, most also have opposable thumbs and some have prehensile tails. Many species are dimorphic, differences include body mass, canine tooth size. Primates have slower rates of development than other similarly sized mammals and reach maturity later, depending on the species, adults may live in solitude, in mated pairs, or in groups of up to hundreds of members. The relationships among the different groups of primates were not clearly understood until relatively recently, for example, ape has been used either as an alternative for monkey or for any tailless, relatively human-like primate

16.
Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting
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This Pulitzer Prize has been awarded since 1942 for a distinguished example of reporting on national affairs. In its first six years, it was called the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting - National,1942, Louis Stark of The New York Times for his distinguished reporting of important labor stories during the year. 1943, No award given 1944, Dewey L. Fleming of The Baltimore Sun For his distinguished reporting during the year 1943,1945, James Reston of The New York Times for his news dispatches and interpretive articles on the Dumbarton Oaks security conference. 1947, Edward T. Folliard of The Washington Post for his series of articles published during 1946 on the Columbians, Inc. 1948, Nat S. Finney, Minneapolis Tribune, for his stories on the plan of the Truman administration to impose secrecy about the affairs of federal civilian agencies in peacetime. 1949, C. P. Trussel, New York Times,1950, Edwin O. Guthman, The Seattle Times, for his series on the clearing of Communist charges of Professor Melvin Rader, who had been accused of attending a secret Communist school. Mr. Lewis received the support of his newspaper in championing an American citizen, without adequate funds or resources for his defense. 1956, Charles L. Bartlett, Chattanooga Times, for his original disclosures that led to the resignation of Harold E. Talbott as Secretary of the Air Force. 1958, Clark Mollenhoff, Des Moines Register and Tribune, for his persistent inquiry into labor racketeering,1960, Vance Trimble, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, for a series of articles exposing the extent of nepotism in the Congress of the United States. 1961, Edward R. Cony, Wall Street Journal, for his analysis of a transaction which drew the attention of the public to the problems of business ethics. 1962, Nathan G. Caldwell and Gene S.1964, Merriman Smith, United Press International,1965, Louis M. Kohlmeier Jr. Wall Street Journal, for his enterprise in reporting the growth of the fortune of President Lyndon B. Johnson and his family. 1966, Haynes Johnson, Washington Evening Star, for his coverage of the civil rights conflict centered about Selma, Ala. 1967, Stanley Penn and Monroe Karmin, The Wall Street Journal,1968, Howard James, Christian Science Monitor, for his series of articles, Crisis in the Courts. 1969, Robert Cahn, Christian Science Monitor, for his inquiry into the future of our national parks and the methods that may help to preserve them. 1970, William J. Eaton, Chicago Daily News, for disclosures about the background of Judge Clement F. Haynesworth Jr. in connection with his nomination for the United States Supreme Court. 1971, Lucinda Franks and Thomas Powers, United Press International, for their documentary on the life and death of 28-year-old revolutionary Diana Oughton,1972, Jack Anderson, syndicated columnist, for his reporting of American policy decision-making during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971. 1974, Jack White, Providence Journal and Evening Bulletin, for his initiative in exclusively disclosing President Nixons Federal income tax payments in 1970 and 1971. 1974, James R. Polk, Washington Star-News, for his disclosure of alleged irregularities in the financing of the campaign to re-elect President Nixon in 1972,1975, Donald L. Barlett and James B

17.
The Kansas City Star
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The Kansas City Star is a newspaper based in Kansas City, Missouri, in the United States. Published since 1880, the paper is the recipient of eight Pulitzer Prizes, the Star is most notable for its influence on the career of President Harry Truman and as the newspaper where a young Ernest Hemingway honed his writing style. It was also central to government-mandated divestiture of radio and television outlets by newspaper concerns in the late 1950s, Kansas City Star is also the name of a song by the musician Roger Miller, released in 1965. The paper, originally called The Kansas City Evening Star, was founded September 18,1880, by William Rockhill Nelson, Morss quit the newspaper business within a year and a half because of ill health. At the time there were three daily competitors – the Evening Mail, The Kansas City Times and the Kansas City Journal. Competitor Times editor Eugene Field wrote this about the new newspaper, Twinkle, twinkle, little Star Bright and gossipy you are and he purchased the Kansas City Evening Mail in 1882. The paper name was changed to The Kansas City Star in 1885, Nelson started the Weekly Kansas City Star in 1890 and the Sunday Kansas City Star in 1894. In 1901 Nelson also bought the morning paper The Kansas City Times, Nelson announced the arrival of the 24 Hour Star. President Harry S. Truman worked two weeks in August 1902 in the mailroom, making $7.00 the first week, the paper was first printed on the second story of a three-story building at 407–409 Delaware. In 1881 it moved 14 W. 5th Street, in 1882 it moved to 115 W. 6th. In 1889 it moved to 804–806 Wyandotte, in 1911 it moved into its Jarvis Hunt-designed building at 18th and Grand. Nelson provided in his will that his newspaper was to support his wife and daughter, Ernest Hemingway was a reporter for the Star from October 1917 to April 1918. Pete Wellington with changing a wordy high-schoolers writing style into clear, throughout his lifetime he referred to this admonition from The Star Copy Style, the papers style guide, Use short sentences. Nelsons wife died in 1921, his daughter Laura Kirkwood died in a Baltimore hotel room in 1926 at the age of 43, lauras husband Irwin Kirkwood, who was editor of the paper, led the employee purchase. Kirkwood in turn died of an attack in 1927 in Saratoga Springs, New York. Stock in the company was distributed among other employees. Virtually all proceeds from the sale and remains of Nelsons $6 million personal fortune were donated to create the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art on the site of Nelsons home, both papers were purchased by the employees in 1926 following the death of Nelsons daughter. Editor Roy A. Roberts was to make the newspaper a major force in Kansas politics, Roberts joined the paper in 1909 and was picked by Nelson for the Washington bureau in 1915

18.
United States Department of Agriculture
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Approximately 80% of USDAs $140 billion budget goes to the Food and Nutrition Service program. The largest component of the FNS budget is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, after the resignation of Thomas Vilsack on January 13,2017 and the departure of President Barack Obama from office on January 20,2017, the acting Secretary of Agriculture is Michael Young. Activities in this include the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, which provides healthy food to over 40 million low-income. The USDA also is concerned with assisting farmers and food producers with the sale of crops and it plays a role in overseas aid programs by providing surplus foods to developing countries. This aid can go through USAID, foreign governments, international bodies such as World Food Program, the Agricultural Act of 1949, section 416 and Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, also known as Food for Peace, provides the legal basis of such actions. The USDA is a partner of the World Cocoa Foundation, early in its history, the economy of the United States was largely agrarian. Officials in the government had long sought new and improved varieties of seeds, plants. In 1837 Henry Leavitt Ellsworth, a Yale-educated attorney interested in improving agriculture, became Commissioner of Patents and he began collecting and distributing new varieties of seeds and plants through members of the Congress and agricultural societies. In 1839, Congress established the Agricultural Division within the Patent Office and allotted $1,000 for the collection of agricultural statistics, Ellsworth was called the Father of the Department of Agriculture. In 1849, the Patent Office was transferred to the newly created Department of the Interior, in the ensuing years, agitation for a separate bureau of agriculture within the department or a separate department devoted to agriculture kept recurring. Lincoln called it the peoples department, in the 1880s, varied advocacy groups were lobbying for Cabinet representation. Business interests sought a Department of Commerce and Industry, and farmers tried to raise the Department of Agriculture to Cabinet rank, finally, on February 9,1889, President Grover Cleveland signed a bill into law elevating the Department of Agriculture to Cabinet level. In 1887, the Hatch Act provided for the funding of agricultural experiment stations in each state. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 then funded cooperative extension services in each state to teach agriculture, home economics, with these and similar provisions, the USDA reached out to every county of every state. During the Great Depression, farming remained a way of life for millions of Americans. The Department of Agricultures Bureau of Home Economics, established in 1923, published shopping advice and recipes to stretch family budgets and make food go farther. USDA helped ensure that continued to be produced and distributed to those who needed it, assisted with loans for small landowners. The Department of Agriculture was authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2015 of $139.7 billion, the Washington Post reports that he said There are days when I have literally nothing to do, he recalled thinking as he weighed his decision to quit

19.
Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting
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This Pulitzer Prize has been awarded since 1942 for a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs, including United Nations correspondence. In its first six years, it was called the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting - International,1942, Laurence Edmund Allen, Associated Press, for reporting on the British Mediterranean Fleet. 1943, Ira Wolfert, North American Newspaper Alliance, for a series of articles on the battle of the Solomon Islands,1944, Daniel De Luce, Associated Press, for his distinguished reporting during the year 1943. 1945, Mark S. Watson, The Baltimore Sun, for distinguished reporting from Washington, London,1946, Homer Bigart, New York Herald Tribune, for distinguished war reporting from the Pacific. 1947, Eddy Gilmore, Associated Press, for his correspondence from Moscow in 1946,1948, Paul W. Ward, Baltimore Sun, for his series of articles published in 1947 on Life in the Soviet Union. 1949, Price Day, Baltimore Sun, for his series of 12 articles entitled, Experiment in Freedom, India,1950, Edmund Stevens, Christian Science Monitor, for his series of 43 articles written over a three-year residence in Moscow entitled, This Is Russia Uncensored. 1951, Keyes Beech, Homer Bigart, Marguerite Higgins, Relman Morin, Fred Sparks,1952, John M. Hightower, Associated Press, for the sustained quality of his coverage of news of international affairs during the year. 1953, Austin Wehrwein, Milwaukee Journal, for a series of articles on Canada. 1954, Jim G.1955, Harrison E. Salisbury, New York Times, for his series of articles. The perceptive and well-written Salisbury articles made a contribution to American understanding of what is going on inside Russia. This was principally due to the wide range of subject matter. 1956, William Randolph Hearst Jr. J. Kingsbury-Smith and Frank Conniff, International News Service,1958, Staff of the New York Times, for its distinguished coverage of foreign news, which was characterized by admirable initiative, continuity and high quality during the year. Rosenthal, New York Times, for his perceptive and authoritative reporting from Poland, mr. Rosenthals subsequent expulsion from the country was attributed by Polish government spokesmen to the depth his reporting into Polish affairs, there being no accusation of false reporting. 1964, Malcolm W. Browne of the Associated Press and David Halberstam of the New York Times, for their reporting of the Vietnam War. 1965, J. A.1966, Peter Arnett, Associated Press,1967, R. John Hughes, Christian Science Monitor, for his thorough reporting of the attempted Communist coup in Indonesia in 1965 and the purge that followed in 1965-66. 1968, Alfred Friendly, Washington Post, for his coverage of the Middle East War of 1967,1969, William Tuohy, Los Angeles Times, for his Vietnam War correspondence in 1968. 1970, Seymour M. Hersh, Dispatch News Service, for his disclosure of the Vietnam War tragedy at the hamlet of My Lai. 1971, Jimmie Lee Hoagland, Washington Post, for his coverage of the struggle against apartheid in the Republic of South Africa,1972, Peter R. Kann, Wall Street Journal, for his coverage of the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971

20.
Gulf War
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The Iraqi Armys occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council. US President George H. W. Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia, an array of nations joined the coalition, the largest military alliance since World War II. The great majority of the military forces were from the US, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US$32 billion of the US$60 billion cost, the war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by the US network CNN. The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm. The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991 and this was followed by a ground assault on 24 February. This was a victory for the coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait. The coalition ceased its advance, and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the campaign started. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel. The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself, Gulf War, a problem with these terms is that the usage is ambiguous, having now been applied to at least three conflicts, see Gulf War. The use of the term Persian Gulf is also disputed, see Persian Gulf naming dispute, with no consensus of naming, various publications have attempted to refine the name. Other language terms include French, la Guerre du Golfe and German, Golfkrieg, German, Zweiter Golfkrieg, French, most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the wars operational phases. Operation Desert Storm was the US name of the conflict from 17 January 1991. Operation Desert Sabre was the US name for the offensive against the Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations from 24–28 February 1991, in itself. Operation Desert Farewell was the given to the return of US units and equipment to the US in 1991 after Kuwaits liberation. Operation Granby was the British name for British military activities during the operations, Opération Daguet was the French name for French military activities in the conflict. Operation Friction was the name of the Canadian operations Operazione Locusta was the Italian name for the operations, in addition, various phases of each operation may have a unique operational name. The US divided the conflict into three campaigns, Defense of Saudi Arabian country for the period 2 August 1990, through 16 January 1991

21.
Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing
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The Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Journalism. It has been awarded since 1979 for an example of feature writing giving prime consideration to high literary quality and originality. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner, in its first 35 years to 2013, the Feature Writing Pulitzer was awarded 34 times, none was given in 2004 and 2014, and it was never split. Gene Weingarten alone won it twice, in 2008 and 2010,1979, Jon D. Franklin, Baltimore Evening Sun, for Mrs. Kellys Monster, an account of brain surgery. 1980, Madeleine Blais, Miami Herald, for Zepps Last Stand,1981, Teresa Carpenter, Village Voice, for Death of a Playmate, her account of the death of actress-model Dorothy Stratten. 1982, Saul Pett, Associated Press, for an article profiling the federal bureaucracy, robertson, The New York Times, for Toxic Shock, her memorable and medically detailed account of her struggle with toxic shock syndrome. 1984, Peter Mark Rinearson, The Seattle Times, for Making It Fly, his 29, 000-word account of the development, manufacture,1985, Alice Steinbach, The Baltimore Sun, for her account of a blind boys world, A Boy of Unusual Vision. 1987, Steve Twomey, The Philadelphia Inquirer, for his profile of life aboard an aircraft carrier. 1988, Jacqui Banaszynski, St. Paul Pioneer Press and Dispatch, for her series about the life. 1989, David Zucchino, The Philadelphia Inquirer, for his richly compelling series,1990, Dave Curtin, Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, for a gripping account of a familys struggle to recover after its members were severely burned in an explosion that devastated their home. 1991, Sheryl James, St. Petersburg Times, for a series about a mother who abandoned her newborn child and how it affected her life. 1992, Howell Raines, The New York Times, for Gradys Gift, an account of the childhood friendship with his familys black housekeeper. The Washington Post, for his examination of his daughters murder by a violent man who had slipped through the criminal justice system. 1994, Isabel Wilkerson, The New York Times, for her profile of a fourth-grader from Chicagos South Side and for two stories reporting on the Midwestern flood of 1993. 1995, Ron Suskind, The Wall Street Journal, for his stories about inner-city honor students in Washington, D. C. and their determination to survive and prosper. These articles would become his first book A Hope in the Unseen 1996, Rick Bragg, The New York Times. 1997, Lisa Pollak, The Baltimore Sun, for her portrait of a baseball umpire who endured the death of a son while knowing that another son suffers from the same deadly genetic disease. Henderson, The Wall Street Journal, for his portrait of a druggist who is driven to violence by his encounters with armed robbery,2000, J. R.2001, Tom Hallman, Jr

22.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946

23.
Anna Quindlen
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Anna Marie Quindlen is an American author, journalist, and opinion columnist. Her New York Times column, Public and Private, won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 1992 and she began her journalism career in 1974 as a reporter for the New York Post. Between 1977 and 1994 she held several posts at The New York Times and her semi-autobiographical novel One True Thing was made into a film in 1998, starring Meryl Streep and Renée Zellweger. Anna Quindlen was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Prudence and her father was Irish American and her mother was Italian American. Quindlen graduated in 1970 from South Brunswick High School in South Brunswick, New Jersey and she is married to prominent New Jersey attorney Gerald Krovatin whom she met while in college. Their sons Quindlen Krovatin and Christopher Krovatin are both published authors, and daughter Maria is an actress/comedian/writer, Anna Quindlen left journalism in 1995 to become a full-time novelist. In 1999, she joined Newsweek, writing a bi-weekly column until announcing her semi-retirement in the May 18,2009 issue of the magazine, Quindlen is known as a critic of what she perceives to be the fast-paced and increasingly materialistic nature of modern American life. Much of her personal writing centers on her mother who died at the age of 40 from ovarian cancer and she has written five novels, two of which have been made into movies. One True Thing was made into a film in 1998 for which Meryl Streep received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. Black and Blue and Blessings were made into movies in 1999 and 2003 respectively. Quindlen participates in LearnedLeague under the name QuindlenA, in 1994, her semi-autobiographical novel was published, titled One True Thing. The book focuses on the relationship between a woman and her mother who is dying from cancer. In real life, Quindlens mother, Prudence Quindlen, died in 1972 while in her 40s from ovarian cancer, at the time Quindlen was a college student, but would come home to take care of her mother. In 1998, a film of the name was released. The movie starred Meryl Streep and Renée Zellweger as Kate and Ellen Gulden, fictional versions of Prudence, Streep was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance. Writing in The New Republic, critic Lee Siegel cited Quindlen as an example of the monsters of empathy who self subjugate and domesticate and assimilate every distant tragedy. True to her niche, Siegel wrote, Quindlen attacked with scathing indignation actions that no sane Times reader would ever defend, in 1999, Villanova University invited Anna Quindlen to deliver the annual commencement address. But once the announcement was made, a group of students planned a protest against Quindlen’s positions on reproductive rights

24.
Pulitzer Prize for Criticism
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The Pulitzer Prize for Criticism has been presented since 1970 to a newspaper writer who has demonstrated distinguished criticism. Recipients of the award are chosen by an independent board and officially administered by Columbia University, the Pulitzer Committee issues an official citation explaining the reasons for the award. The Criticism Pulitzer has been awarded to one person annually except in 1992 when it was not awarded—43 prizes in 44 years 1970–2013, no person has won it twice. 1970, Ada Louise Huxtable, The New York Times, for distinguished criticism during 19691971, Harold C

25.
Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing
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The Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Journalism. Thus it is one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, the program has also recognized opinion journalism with its Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning from 1922. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner, one person ordinarily wins the award for work with one newspaper or with affiliated papers, and that was true without exception between 1936 and 1977. In the early years, several newspapers were recognized without naming any writer, several times from 1977, two or three people have shared the award for their work with one paper. In its first 97 years to 2013, the Editorial Writing Pulitzer was awarded 89 times, in nine years there was no award given and there were two prizes in 1936. 1927, F. P. Chase, Atlantic News-Telegraph, for an editorial titled,1935, no award given 1936, Felix Morley, The Washington Post, for distinguished editorial writing during the year 1936, George B. The Gainesville Sun, for his editorials in support of the desegregation of Floridas schools. Bethlehem Globe-Times, for his campaign to reduce racial tensions in Bethlehem 1973

26.
Lexington Herald-Leader
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The Lexington Herald-Leader is a newspaper owned by The McClatchy Company and based in the U. S. city of Lexington, Kentucky. According to the 1999 Editor & Publisher International Yearbook, the Herald-Leaders paid circulation is the second largest in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, the newspaper has won the 1986 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting, the 1992 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing and the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning. The publisher is Rufus Friday, and Peter Baniak is the editor, the Herald-Leader was created by a 1983 merger of the Lexington Herald and the Lexington Leader. The story of the Herald begins in 1870 with a known as the Lexington Daily Press. In 1895, a descendant of paper was first published as the Morning Herald. Meanwhile, in 1898 a group of Fayette County Republicans began publication of an afternoon paper named the Kentucky Leader. In 1937, the owner of the Leader, John Stoll, the papers continued as independent entities for 46 years. Despite the common ownership, the two papers had different editorial stances, the Herald was moderately liberal while the Leader was conservative, the two newspapers published a combined Sunday edition. In 1973, both were purchased by Knight Newspapers, which merged with Ridder Publications to form Knight Ridder the following year, a decade later, in 1983, the Herald and Leader merged to form todays Lexington Herald-Leader. In 1985, publisher Creed Black allowed reporters to publish a series of articles which exposed corruption within the University of Kentuckys Wildcats mens basketball team. From 1979 to 1991, the paper was edited by John Carroll, on July 11,2001, the paper reduced four positions due to declining advertising revenue and higher newsprint costs. Long-time columnists Don Edwards and Dick Burdette took voluntary early retirements but are still published occasionally as contributing writers, the job eliminations were a cumulation of efforts that started in May when the workforce was reduced by 15 positions. The stories, written by Linda B. Blackford and Linda Minch, received international attention and it also received an annual professional award by the Kentucky chapter of the Special Libraries Association. On June 27,2006, the McClatchy Company purchased Knight Ridder for approximately $4 billion in cash and it also assumed Knight Ridder debt of $2 billion. McClatchy sold 12 Knight Ridder papers, but the Herald-Leader was one of 20 retained, the Herald-Leaders new office and production plant facility was completed in September 1980 at a cost of $23 million. It was a 158,990 square feet structure that featured 14 Goss Metro offset presses that had the capacity to produce 600,000 newspapers in a typical week, the plant is on a 6-acre lot at the corner of East Main Street and Midland. The $23 million cost was divided into $7,804,000 for architecture, $750,000 for interiors and $8,500,000 for production equipment and presses. In June 2016, it was announced that the Herald-Leader would cease its operations in Lexington

27.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall

28.
Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning
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The Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartoon is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Journalism. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner, in its first 92 years to 2013, the Editorial Cartooning Pulitzer was awarded 87 times, none was given in five years and it was never split. Many cartoonists won it more than once. 1935, Ross A. Lewis, Milwaukee Journal, for Sure, Ill Work for Both Sides 1936, no award given 1937, C. D. Batchelor, New York Daily News, for Come on in, Ill treat you right. Berryman, Evening Star, for Where Is the Boat Going, goldberg, New York Sun, for Peace Today 1949, Lute Pease, Newark Evening News, for Who Me. The award is given for distinguished body of the work of Mr. Fitzpatrick in both 1954 and his entire career. Mauldin, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, for I won the Nobel Prize for Literature, oliphant, The Denver Post, for They Wont Get Us To The Conference Table. 2016, Jack Ohman of The Sacramento Bee for cartoons that convey wry, rueful perspectives through sophisticated style that combines bold line work with subtle colors, through 2013, seventeen people have won the Editorial Cartooning Pulitzer twice and five of them have won it three times. Nelson Harding won the prize consecutively in 1927 and 1928 and this book chronologically states the awards, displays the artwork, and then describes the cartoon, Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. Political Caricatures on Global Issues, Pulitzer Prize Winning Editorial Cartoons

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Signe Wilkinson
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Signe Wilkinson is an editorial cartoonist best known for her work at the Philadelphia Daily News. She served as president of the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists from 1994-1995, in 2005 she published a collection of her work entitled One Nation, Under Surveillance. In 2007, Wilkinson began a daily comic strip, Family Tree. She decided to end the strip on 27 August 2011, in 2011, Wilkinson received a Visionary Woman Award from Moore College of Art & Design. Signe Wilkinsons website GoComics - Family Tree Appearances on C-SPAN

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Philadelphia Daily News
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The Philadelphia Daily News is a tabloid newspaper that serves Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The newspaper is owned by Philadelphia Media Network which also owns Philadelphias other major newspaper The Philadelphia Inquirer, the Daily News began publishing on March 31,1925, under founding editor Lee Ellmaker. By 1930, the circulation exceeded 200,000. In 1954, the newspaper was sold to Matthew McCloskey and then again in 1957 to publisher Walter Annenberg. In 1969, Annenberg sold the Daily News to Knight Ridder, in 2006 Knight Ridder sold the paper to a group of local investors. The Daily News has won the Pulitzer Prize three times and it is currently published as an edition of The Philadelphia Inquirer. The Philadelphia Daily News began publishing on March 31,1925, in its early years, it was dominated by crime stories, sports and sensationalism. By 1930, daily circulation of the morning paper exceeded 200,000, Circulation dropped over the years, and by 1954, the money-losing paper was sold to Matthew McCloskey, a contractor and treasurer of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party. In December 1956, the financial condition was so bad that McCloskey got permission from the unions for a 90 percent cut in the workforce. In 1957, McCloskey sold the paper to Walter Annenberg, publisher of The Philadelphia Inquirer, Annenberg killed off the Daily News Sunday edition and made the tabloid into an afternoon paper. In 1969, Annenberg sold both papers to Knight Newspapers Inc. which eventually became Knight Ridder following a merger, under the new ownership, the Daily News returned to morning publication and aimed to be taken more seriously. The papers journalists have won the Pulitzer Prize three times, the paper continues to struggle financially. It was surpassed in circulation, but not readership, by the free daily Metro, when the sale of Knight Ridder to The McClatchy Company was announced in March 2006, there were rumors that McClatchy would close the Daily News. However, in May, before the sale was finalized, it was announced that the Inquirer, a local group led by advertising executive Brian Tierney and co-founder of the Toll Brothers homebuilding firm, Bruce Toll. The deal became official on June 29,2006, the group intended to strengthen the online presence of both papers, and began an extensive ad campaign. Falling circulation and ad revenue caused Philadelphia Media Holdings to make the Daily News into an edition of The Philadelphia Inquirer. Without making any changes to the Daily News, making it part of The Inquirer would combine the circulation numbers of both papers by the Audit Bureau of Circulation. The idea was to make the more attractive to advertisers

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Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography
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The Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography is one of the American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for journalism. From 2000 it has used the breaking news name but it is considered a continuation of the Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography, there were 33 Spot News Photography prizes awarded in 32 years including two in 1977. 1968, Rocco Morabito, Jacksonville Journal, for his photograph of telephone linemen,1969, Edward T. Adams, Associated Press, for his photograph, Saigon Execution. 1970, Steve Starr, Associated Press, for his news photo taken at Cornell University, Campus Guns. 1971, John Paul Filo, Valley Daily News/Daily Dispatch, of the Pittsburgh suburbs of Tarentum and New Kensington,1972, Horst Faas and Michel Laurent, Associated Press, for their picture series, Death in Dacca. 1973, Huynh Cong Ut, Associated Press, for his photograph, The Terror of War,1974, Anthony K. Roberts, a freelance photographer of Beverly Hills, California, for his picture series, Fatal Hollywood Drama, in which an alleged kidnapper was killed. 1975, Gerald H. Gay, Seattle Times, for his photograph of four exhausted firefighters,1976, Stanley Forman, Boston Herald-American, for his sequence of photographs of a fire in Boston on July 22,1975. 1977, Neal Ulevich, of the Associated Press, for a series of photographs of disorder,1978, John H. Blair, a special assignment photographer for United Press International, for a photograph of Tony Kiritsis holding an Indianapolis broker hostage at gunpoint. 1979, Thomas J. Kelly III, Pottstown Mercury, Pennsylvania,1980, Anonymous, Ettelaat, United Press International, for Firing Squad in Iran. In 2006, the identity was revealed to be Jahangir Razmi. Price, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, for his photographs from Liberia,1982, Ron Edmonds, Associated Press, for his coverage of the Reagan assassination attempt. 1983, Bill Foley, Associated Press, for his series of pictures of victims,1984, Stan Grossfeld, Boston Globe, for his series of photographs which reveal the effects of war on the people of Lebanon. 1985, Photography staff, Register, Santa Ana, California,1986, Carol Guzy and Michel duCille, Miami Herald, for their photographs of the devastation caused by the eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia. 1987, Kim Komenich, San Francisco Examiner, for his coverage of the fall of Ferdinand Marcos. 1988, Scott Shaw, Odessa American, for his photograph of the child Jessica McClure being rescued from the well into which she had fallen. 1989, Ron Olshwanger, a photographer, for a picture published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of a firefighter giving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to a child pulled from a burning building. 1990, Photo staff of the Oakland Tribune, California, for their photographs of devastation caused by the Loma Prieta earthquake of October 17,1989. The Oakland Tribune team consisted of Tom Duncan, Angela Pancrazio, Pat Greenhouse, Reginald Pearman, Matthew Lee, Gary Reyes, Michael Macor, Ron Riesterer, Paul Miller, Roy H. Williams

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Associated Press
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The Associated Press is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which stories to the AP. Most of the AP staff are members and are represented by the Newspaper Guild, which operates under the Communications Workers of America. As of 2007, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television, the photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The AP operates 243 news bureaus in 120 countries and it also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, as part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essentials. Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters, some historians believe that the Tribune joined at this time, documents show it was a member in 1849. The New York Times became a member shortly after its founding in September 1851, initially known as the New York Associated Press, the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press, which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, when the AP was founded, news became a salable commodity. The invention of the press allowed the New York Tribune in the 1870s to print 18,000 papers per hour. During the Civil War and Spanish–American War, there was a new incentive to print vivid, Melville Stone, who had founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, served as AP General Manager from 1893 to 1921. He embraced the standards of accuracy, impartiality, and integrity, the cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper, who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and, the Middle East. He introduced the telegraph typewriter or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914, in 1935, AP launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave AP a major advantage over other media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually AP had its network across the whole United States, in 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival United Press International, AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations, it created its own radio network in 1974

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Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians

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Communism
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Communism includes a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include Marxism, anarchism, and the political ideologies grouped around both. The primary element which will enable this transformation, according to analysis, is the social ownership of the means of production. Likewise, some communists defend both theory and practice, while others argue that historical practice diverged from communist principles to a greater or lesser degree, according to Richard Pipes, the idea of a classless, egalitarian society first emerged in Ancient Greece. At one time or another, various small communist communities existed, in the medieval Christian church, for example, some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and their other property. Communist thought has also traced back to the works of the 16th-century English writer Thomas More. In his treatise Utopia, More portrayed a society based on ownership of property. In the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in England, criticism of the idea of private property continued into the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, through such thinkers as Jean Jacques Rousseau in France. Later, following the upheaval of the French Revolution, communism emerged as a political doctrine, in the early 19th century, Various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership. But unlike many previous communist communities, they replaced the emphasis with a rational. Notable among them were Robert Owen, who founded New Harmony in Indiana, in its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions. Foremost among these critics were Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels, in 1848, Marx and Engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet The Communist Manifesto. The 1917 October Revolution in Russia set the conditions for the rise to power of Lenins Bolsheviks. The revolution transferred power to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, in which the Bolsheviks had a majority, the event generated a great deal of practical and theoretical debate within the Marxist movement. Marx predicted that socialism and communism would be built upon foundations laid by the most advanced capitalist development, Russia, however, was one of the poorest countries in Europe with an enormous, largely illiterate peasantry and a minority of industrial workers. Marx had explicitly stated that Russia might be able to skip the stage of bourgeois rule, the moderate Mensheviks opposed Lenins Bolshevik plan for socialist revolution before capitalism was more fully developed. The Great Purge of 1937–1938 was Stalins attempt to destroy any possible opposition within the Communist Party and its leading role in the Second World War saw the emergence of the Soviet Union as a superpower, with strong influence over Eastern Europe and parts of Asia. The European and Japanese empires were shattered and Communist parties played a role in many independence movements

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Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography
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The Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography is one of the American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for journalism. It recognizes a distinguished example of photography in black and white or color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs. One Feature Photography Pulitzer has been awarded annually from 1968 without exception,1968, Toshio Sakai, United Press International, for his Vietnam War combat photograph, Dreams of Better Times. 1969, Moneta Sleet Jr. of Ebony magazine, for his photograph of Martin Luther King Jr. s widow and child,1970, Dallas Kinney, Palm Beach Post, for his portfolio of pictures of Florida migrant workers, Migration to Misery. 1971, Jack Dykinga, Chicago Sun-Times, for his dramatic and sensitive photographs at the Lincoln,1972, David Hume Kennerly, United Press International, for his dramatic photographs of the Vietnam War in 1971. 1973, Brian Lanker, Topeka Capital-Journal, for his sequence on child birth, as exemplified by his photograph,1974, Slava Veder, Associated Press, for his picture Burst of Joy, which illustrated the return of an American prisoner of war from captivity in North Vietnam. 1975, Matthew Lewis, Washington Post, for his photographs in color and black,1976, Photographic staff of the Louisville Courier-Journal and Times, for a comprehensive pictorial report on busing in Louisvilles schools. 1977, Robin Hood, Chattanooga News-Free Press, for his photograph of a disabled veteran,1978, J. Ross Baughman, Associated Press, for three photographs from guerrilla areas in Rhodesia. 1979, Staff photographers of the Boston Herald American, for coverage of the blizzard of 1978. 1980, Erwin H. Hagler, Dallas Times Herald, for a series on the Western cowboy,1981, Taro Yamasaki, Detroit Free Press, for his photographs of Jackson State Prison, Michigan. 1982, John H. White, Chicago Sun-Times, for excellent work on a variety of subjects. Dickman, Dallas Times Herald, for his photographs of life. 1985, Stan Grossfeld, Boston Globe, for his series of photographs of the famine in Ethiopia,1986, Tom Gralish, The Philadelphia Inquirer, for his series of photographs of Philadelphias homeless. Peterson, Des Moines Register, for his photographs depicting the shattered dreams of American farmers,1988, Michel duCille, Miami Herald, for photographs portraying the decay and subsequent rehabilitation of a housing project overrun by the drug crack. 1989, Manny Crisostomo, Detroit Free Press, for his series of photographs depicting student life at Southwestern High School in Detroit, turnley, Detroit Free Press, for photographs of the political uprisings in China and Eastern Europe. 1991, William Snyder, The Dallas Morning News, for his photographs of ill,1992, John Kaplan, Block Newspapers, Toledo, Ohio, for his photographs depicting the diverse lifestyles of seven 21-year-olds across the United States. 1993, Staff of Associated Press, for its portfolio of images drawn from the 1992 presidential campaign,1995, Staff of Associated Press, for its portfolio of photographs chronicling the horror and devastation in Rwanda. 1996, Stephanie Welsh, a free-lancer, for her shocking sequence of photos, published by Newhouse News Service,1997, Alexander Zemlianichenko, Associated Press, for his photograph of Russian President Boris Yeltsin dancing at a rock concert during his campaign for re-election

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Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
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The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, as the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, it was one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily a total of three, in 31 years under the Novel name, the prize was awarded 27 times, in its first 69 years to 2016 under the Fiction name,62 times. In 11 years, no novel received the award and it has never been shared by two authors. Three writers have won two each in the Fiction category, Booth Tarkington, William Faulkner, and John Updike. Ernest Hemingway was selected by the 1941 and 1953 juries, but the former was overturned and no 1941 award was given

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A Thousand Acres
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A Thousand Acres is a 1991 novel by American author Jane Smiley. It won the 1992 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, the National Book Critics Circle Award for fiction in 1991 and was adapted to a 1997 film of the same name. The novel is a retelling of Shakespeares King Lear and is set on a thousand-acre farm in Iowa that is owned by a family of a father. It is told through the point of view of the oldest daughter, larry Cook is an aging farmer who decides to incorporate his farm, handing complete and joint ownership to his three daughters, Ginny, Rose, and Caroline. When the youngest daughter objects, she is removed from the agreement, the plot also focuses on Ginnys troubled marriage, her difficulties in bearing a child and her relationship with her family. There are many similarities between King Lear and A Thousand Acres, including plot details and character development. For example, some of the names of the characters in the novel are reminiscent of their Shakespearean counterparts. Larry is Lear, Ginny is Goneril, Rose is Regan, the role of the Cooks neighbors, Harold Clark and his sons Loren and Jess, also rework the importance of Gloucester, Edgar and Edmund in King Lear. The novel maintains major themes present in Lear, namely, gender roles, appearances vs. reality, generational conflict, hierarchical structures, madness, and the powerful force of nature

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Jane Smiley
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Jane Smiley is an American novelist. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1992 for her novel A Thousand Acres, born in Los Angeles, California, Smiley grew up in Webster Groves, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis, and graduated from Community School and from John Burroughs School. She obtained a BA in literature at Vassar College, then earned an MA, MFA, while working towards her doctorate, she also spent a year studying in Iceland as a Fulbright Scholar. Smiley published her first novel, Barn Blind, in 1980, and won a 1985 O. Henry Award for her short story Lily and her best-selling A Thousand Acres, a story based on William Shakespeares King Lear, received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1992. It was adapted into a film of the title in 1997. In 1995 she wrote her sole television script, produced for an episode of Homicide and her novella The Age of Grief was made into the 2002 film The Secret Lives of Dentists. Her essay Feminism Meets the Free Market was included in the 2006 anthology Mommy Wars by Washington Post writer Leslie Morgan Steiner, appears in the anthology Knitting Yarns, Writers on Knitting, published by W. W. Norton & Company in 2013. In 2001, Smiley was elected a member of The American Academy of Arts and she participates in the annual Los Angeles Times Festival of Books in association with UCLA. She won the PEN USA Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006, jonathan Franzen, author of The Corrections, considers Smileys book The Greenlanders to be greatly underappreciated and among the best works of contemporary American fiction. Smiley is currently at work on a trilogy of novels about an Iowa family over the course of generations, the first novel of the trilogy, Some Luck, was published in 2014 by Random House. Jane Smiley collected news and commentary