1907 Central Michigan Normalites football team

The 1907 Central Michigan Normalites football team represented Central Michigan Normal School, later renamed Central Michigan University, as an independent during the 1907 college football season. Football was reinstated after one year's absence, and Ralph Thacker, who had played fullback for Olivet College the prior year, was named coach of the football team. Bruce Stickles was selected as the team captain,[1] although the Central Michigan football media guide reports that the 1907 football team compiled a 2–4 record, including a loss to Alma College, [2] the contemporaneous newspaper report on the Alma game reports it as a victory for Central by a 13 to 0 score.[3] Accordingly, it appears that the correct record of the 1907 football team was 3–3.

1.
Central Michigan Chippewas football
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The Central Michigan Chippewas are a college football program in Division I FBS, representing Central Michigan University. CMU currently has the 27th highest overall winning percentage of programs currently playing in NCAA Division I, the Chippewas have played in five bowl games in the last seven years, drawing 60,624 fans in the 2007 Motor City Bowl. CMU has played a total of eight games, winning six. All have occurred in the past seven years, recent Chippewa All-Americans include Antonio Brown and Eric Fisher. For the 2009-10 season, CMU finished in the Top 25 in the nation in the AP Poll and USA Today Coaches Poll. The Central Michigan football program had two starters in the 2012 Pro Bowl, fifth most of any college program in the nation. Central Michigan had four players play in Super Bowl XLV. Central Michigan has the largest on-campus stadium in the Mid-American Conference, the Sporting News has named Kelly/Shorts Stadium the finest football facility in the Mid-American Conference and the best game day atmosphere in the MAC. The East End of the once again hosts the CMU Student section backing the football team. CMU drew a capacity crowd of 35,127 fans for the Central Michigan–Michigan State game televised on ESPNU and has hosted schools from the ACC, Big Ten, future opponents at home include schools from the Big Ten, ACC, Big 12, Pac-12 and Mountain West conferences. This addition will be custom-built into Kelly/Shorts Stadium, newer upgrades include a video scoreboard standing six stories and featuring two video replay boards—one facing into the stadium and a second board facing outside the stadium by tailgating areas. NFL-quality permanent lighting has been installed for television and future ESPN night games, the traditional greeting of FIRE UP CHIPS. Heard amongst Chippewa fans, students and alumni around the nation can also be heard on game day, the Chippewa nickname is used with the consent and support of the nearby Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe, who have a positive relationship with the university. The CMU football helmet logo has evolved from a Chippewa Indian spear, the CMU pre-game entrance signals the beginning of another great Chippewa football contest by filling the stadium with the name itself, loud and clear, OO-WAH. The Fight Song, The Fighting Chippewa, can be heard after a Chippewa score, FIGHT, Central down the field, FIGHT for victory, FIGHT, fellows never yield, Were with you, oh varsity. Onward with banners bold, to our colors well be true, FIGHT for Maroon and Gold, Central Michigan has won sixteen conference championships including seven Mid-American Conference Championships, the most of any MAC team since entering the conference in 1975. Many notable coaches have contributed to CMUs culture, the Chippewas won the 1974 NCAA Division II National Championship by defeating Delaware 54–14. * Jeff Quinn coached in 2006 Motor City Bowl and Steve Stripling coached in 2010 GMAC Bowl These archrivals first met in 1907 and have faced one another annually since 1943, WMU leads the series overall 47–37–2

2.
Central Michigan University
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Central Michigan University is a public research university located in Mount Pleasant in the U. S. state of Michigan. Established in 1892, Central Michigan University is one of the largest universities in the state of Michigan and it has more than 20,000 students on its Mount Pleasant campus and 7,000 students enrolled online at more than 60 locations worldwide. The universitys neuroscience program was ranked first in the nation by the Society for Neuroscience and CMU has also established a College of Medicine, CMU competes in the NCAA Division I Mid-American Conference in six mens and ten womens sports. Central Michigan University is governed by a Board of Trustees, whose eight members are appointed by the Governor of Michigan, the Board of Trustees appoints and reviews the President of Central Michigan University, currently George E. Ross. The president administers the policies set by the board and serves ex officio on the board as a non-voting member and it names facilities and groups and accepts gifts from large donors, among several other duties and powers it possesses. Members of the Board of Trustees serve without compensation, but are reimbursed by the university for expenses related to their official capacity, such as travel. CMU has eight divisions, The College of Business Administration The College of Communication and Fine Arts The College of Education and Human Services The Herbert H. Park Library which holds one million books and can seat up to 2,655 patrons at a time, the school owns and operates the Brooks Astronomical Observatory. The Central Michigan University College of Graduate Studies provides over 70 graduate degree programs at the Masters, Specialist, Harold Abel Endowed Lecture Series in the Study of Dictatorship, Democracy and Genocide. Focuses on the impact of events such as the Holocaust and mass murders in Africa, Southeast Asia. Named in honor of former CMU President Harold Abel, Philip A. Hart and William G. Milliken Endowed Speaker Series for Integrity in Politics. Senator Philip Hart and Michigan Governor William Milliken, focuses on intellectual discussions for future leaders both in the military and across the campus and community. Named in honor of Army Colonel William Nolde, the last official casualty of the Vietnam War. Focuses on bringing world-class mathematicians to campus, speakers include Fields Medal winners Terrence Tao, Sir Timothy Gowers, and Cédric Villani and Abel Prize winners S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan and Louis Nirenberg. Named in honor of mathematics professor Richard Fleming, the schools athletics programs are affiliated with NCAA Division I. For football, the school is in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, almost all Central Michigan teams compete in the Mid-American Conference, the one exception is the womens lacrosse team, newly elevated from club to full varsity status for the 2016 season. CMUs football team won the second NCAA Division II national championship in 1974 by defeating the University of Delaware 54 to 14, the team was voted national champion in the Associated Press College Division poll. The Chips have also been national runner-up twice, in 1958 the mens swimming and diving team was runner-up to North Central College at the second annual NAIA national meet, which was held in Muncie, Ind

3.
1907 college football season
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The 1907 IAAUS football season saw the increased use of the forward pass, which had been legalized the year before. Football remained a game, despite the debrutalization reforms. However, there were no injuries reported among the major colleges. The Yale Bulldogs, unbeaten with a record of 10-0-1, had the best record, the Helms Athletic Foundation, founded in 1936, declared retroactively that Yale had been the best college football team of 1907. Yale and Penn both claim 1907 as a championship season. While Yale was named as champion by 6 different entities, Penn was not named champion by any, penns claim to the championship is only by the university itself. The rules for American football in 1907 were significantly different than the ones of a century later, however, because of problems with the rules at that time, which penalized the offense for an incomplete pass, there were predictions that the forward pass would be scrapped. Attempting a pass in 1907 was still a business, because an incomplete attempt would result in stiff penalties—15 yards back from the spot from which the pass was thrown on first or second down. If the defense committed a foul, the 15 yard penalty didnt apply to the offense, in addition, a pass could not be caught in the end zone, nor more than 20 yards beyond the line of scrimmage. The Big Nine Conference, still known as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives. Iowa became a joint member of the Big 9 and the Missouri Valley conferences, the Princeton Tigers and Yale Bulldogs had both been unbeaten in 1906, and played to a 0-0 tie at seasons end, giving both teams a 9-0-1 record. Among other schools that would later be described as the Ivy League, elsewhere in the East, the United States Naval Academy Midshipmen and the Carlisle Indian School were expected to do well. In the South, the Vanderbilt Commodores and the Sewanee Tigers of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association were considered contenders, Carlisle opened its season early with a 40-0 win over Lebanon Valley on September 21, and Brown beat New Hampshire, 16-0. Colgate, which would later be a contender, lost to Niagara, 11-6, on September 28, Pennsylvania beat North Carolina in a driving rain at Philadelphia, 27-0. Princeton crushed Stevens Tech 47-0, while Harvard was held to a touchdown in a 5-0 win over Bowdoin, Brown beat Massachusetts 5-0, and Fordham and Rutgers played to a 5-5 tie. Yale opened its season on Wednesday afternoon, October 2, with a 25-0 win over Wesleyan. The same day, Harvard beat Maine, 30-0, Navy tuned up with a 26-0 win over St. Johns College of Maryland, Pennsylvania beat Villanova 16-0 and Carlisle rolled over Susquehanna, 91-0. At West Point, the United States Military Academy opened its season with a 23-0 win over Franklin & Marshall

4.
Olivet College
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Olivet College is a coeducational, private liberal arts college located in Olivet, Michigan, United States,29 miles south of Lansing and 125 miles west of Detroit. It is affiliated with the United Church of Christ and the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches, the original land for the college was to be in present-day Ingham County, approximately twenty-five miles from where the college stands. Shipherd decided that powers from above must be drawing the horse back to this site and he then chose to name it Olivet, however, after the biblical Mount of Olives. Shortly after the founding of the college, John Shipherd succumbed to malaria, abolitionist beliefs, along with a coeducational experience, led the state legislature to deny a charter for the college until thirteen years after the first courses were offered. Some Olivetians believe that the charter was denied because of competition with Michigan College. The first courses began in December 1844, because President Reuben Hatchs petition for a charter was denied, Olivet became the Olivet Institute, and remained a two-year school until chartered in 1859. The 20th century saw Olivet College become an arts school. Olivet offers 28 programs that lead to a degree and a masters degree of Business Administration in Insurance. Along with Albion College and Michigan State University, Olivet founded the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association in 1888, the MIAA is the nations oldest collegiate conference. Volleyball will become a varsity sport in 2015–16, competing in the Midwest Collegiate Volleyball League. Women basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, and volleyball. Olivet College has an FCC-Licensed Non-Commercial Educational student-run radio station, broadcasting in the Olivet area at 89.1 MHz FM with the callsign WOCR, the broadcast is also available for people outside the studio range online at. Students can volunteer for a shift from 7, 30am to midnight Monday through Friday to broadcast music, campus events, news. Comet Football and Basketball is also often broadcast live from the game site

5.
Alma College
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Alma College is a private, liberal arts college located in Alma, Michigan, United States. The enrollment is approximately 1,400 students, and the college is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges, the colleges 13th President, Dr. Jeff Abernathy, assumed leadership in June 2010. Alma College offers five degrees in 41 majors, academic programs that typically produce the most graduates are Business Administration, Biology, Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Health Science, Education, English, and History. Students are encouraged to participate in learning and study abroad opportunities designed to enhance classroom learning. The Colleges stated mission is to prepare graduates who think critically, serve generously, lead purposefully, publications that have recognized Alma College include the 2013 Fiske Guide to Colleges and The Princeton Reviews 2013–14 Best in the Midwest. The College was founded by Michigan Presbyterians in 1886, and received funding from lumber magnate Ammi Wright, for whom Wright Hall on campus, while still maintaining a close relationship with the Presbyterian Church, Alma College offers an environment that welcomes students of all religious backgrounds. Alma utilizes a 4-4-1 academic calendar with 14-week terms in the fall and winter, the intensive Spring Term in May provides an opportunity for innovative course patterns, travel classes, research and internships during an ideal season. Almas small size affords its students a variety of opportunities not commonly available at larger universities, for example, Alma is one of the few colleges of its size to offer a real cadaver laboratory for pre-med students, giving them an advantage in the medical school application process. Many students are able to write a thesis, or create a senior project in the arts. The College has a Nationally Competitive Scholarship Committee, designed to help juniors and seniors apply for funding opportunities for graduate and this has produced winners of the Fulbright, Gates-Cambridge, Truman, and Udall Scholarships, as well as finalists for the Marshall and Rhodes Scholarships. Since 2003,45 students have received nationally competitive scholarships and fellowships, in addition, the Presidential Honors Program is an intellectual community centered on collaborative research and a conscious commitment to the liberal arts. The Alma Commitment, offered for the first time to the entering fall 2013 class, if a student meets program requirements but is not able to graduate in four years, the college will pay the tuition cost for the student’s ninth term. In February 2014, the College received state approval to offer the Bachelor of Science in Nursing, or BSN, in addition to traditional majors, students may opt to create a Program of Emphasis. Students work with faculty mentors to create their own major by taking courses from a variety of departments and combining them with internships, some recent POEs have included Anthropology, Foreign Service and Nonprofit Management. Alma College’s all-time 34 “outstanding delegation” awards are the most of any college or university in the 92-year history of the conference, the Huffington Post has called Alma Colleges MUN team a superpower. Alma College is located in a setting, the city of Alma having slightly fewer than 10,000 residents. Its primary academic buildings, built with a red motif, are centered around a large square, McIntyre Mall. West of this mall is picturesque Dunning Memorial Chapel, the majority of buildings are located on North Campus, that is, the area north of Superior Street

6.
Ferris State Bulldogs
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The Ferris State Bulldogs are the athletic teams that represent Ferris State University, located in Big Rapids, Michigan, in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sporting competitions. The Bulldogs compete as members of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference for 14 of 15 varsity sports, the Bulldogs have been members of the GLIAC since 1972. Year in and year out, nearly 400 student-athletes have the opportunity to compete for the Bulldogs on a regional and national level for conference titles, ferris’ men’s club ice hockey won the American Collegiate Hockey Association Division 2 national title in 1994. This sports complex hosts university and high school competitions as well as community sports programs, in the national championship match at the Frozen Four the Bulldogs lost 4–1 to Boston College in the title contest at the Tampa Bay Times Forum. The season came to a close with a 26–12–5 overall record and included a trip to the Frozen Four, prior to the 2011–12 season, the programs best season performance in the NCAA Division I was the 2002/03 campaign with a school-best 31–10–1 overall record. Unfortunately even though they had success in the regular season that did not result in post-season success. In the best seasons Ferris State football ever had they went 1-2 in the postseason, Ferris State had a great four year run but ultimately came short of their promised and predicted multiple national championships after getting beat by two conferences foes in the playoffs

7.
Big Rapids, Michigan
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Big Rapids is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 10,601 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Mecosta County. The city is located within Big Rapids Township, but is politically independent, Big Rapids was settled in 1855 by George French and his brother Zera. It became the seat of Mecosta County in 1859, the village was platted in 1859. It was incorporated as a city in 1869, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.48 square miles, of which 4.36 square miles is land and 0.12 square miles is water. Like most of the central Michigan area, it lies on the ancient sea bed and has a sandy subsoil which lies above an iron ore base. The Muskegon River runs through Big Rapids, passing both Ferris State University and the middle school on its way to Lake Michigan. Numerous small lakes are within a few miles of the city, US131 M-20 B-96 Indian Trails provides daily intercity bus service between Grand Rapids and Petoskey, Michigan. The southbound bus stops in Big Rapids at 2,35 pm, effective Friday, August 1,2014 Indian Trails no longer provides service through the Ferris State Racquet & Fitness Center. Temporarily, buses stop in the Save-A-Lot parking lot across the street from the Racquet & Fitness Center, the buses stop on the east end of the parking lot near the road. This is a location as Indian Trails continues to work toward a more permanent location. The Save-A-Lot store will be a pick-up and drop-off location only, call Indian Trails 292-3831 for ticket information. Public dial-a-ride bus service is provided by the Big Rapids Dial-A-Ride, roben-Hood Airport Located two miles north of the Big Rapids business district provides services to businesses and general aviation throughout the Midwest. Gerald R. Ford International Airport is the nearest international airport, the Fred Meijer White Pine Trail, a 92-mile multi-use trail from Grand Rapids to Cadillac, MI, passes through Big Rapids. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,601 people,3,330 households, the population density was 2,431.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,623 housing units at a density of 831.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 88. 0% White,6. 8% African American,0. 7% Native American,1. 5% Asian,0. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 4% of the population. 36. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.88

8.
Mount Pleasant, Michigan
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Mount Pleasant is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Isabella County, located in Central Michigan. The population was 26,016 at the 2010 census, part of the city is located within the Isabella Indian Reservation, the base of the federally recognized Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation. This is the site of the Tribes Soaring Eagle Casino, the city is home to the main campuses of Central Michigan University, one of the largest universities in the state with 20,000 students at Mount Pleasant, and Mid Michigan Community College. The student population nearly doubles the population of the city during the academic year, until the mid-19th century, this area was occupied by historical bands of the Ojibwa people, known by English speakers as the Chippewa. Under the Treaty of 1855, the Ojibwa bands from the Saginaw, Swan Creek, many non-natives soon moved to Mount Pleasant, predicting prosperous relations with the natives. The village and future city developed, in 1875, a devastating fire started at the Fancher Building on the north corner of Broadway and Main streets. It moved east down Broadway, destroying several buildings, seven years later another fire would damage buildings on the south side of Broadway. In 1879 the first library was established in Mt. Pleasant, known as The Library, Literary, and Musical Association of Mount Pleasant, its first books were made up of the personal book collections of the board members. In 1890, W. A. Jordan started Mount Pleasant Business College, expanding in 1892, the school changed its name to Central Michigan Normal School and Business Institute, the beginnings of what is now Central Michigan University. On January 3,1893, the U. S. government opened an Indian boarding school called the Mount Pleasant Indian Industrial School, Indian children were encouraged to give up their cultural ways and assimilate to European-American culture. The school operated for 40 years, closing in 1933, since the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the role of such schools has been re-evaluated and the damage done to children by such efforts has been acknowledged. Various Native American groups have taken action to help people reconcile their experiences, on July 17,2009, the White Bison Wellbriety Journey for Forgiveness made a stop in the Mount Pleasant community to recognize this part of the citys history. The Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation has purchased the school from the state of Michigan. In 1928, large quantities of oil were discovered in the Mt. Pleasant area, a farm owned by the Lilly family was the first to strike, producing hundreds of barrels a day. Although oil resources eventually diminished, this legacy is represented in the Mt. Pleasant city seal, Mt. Pleasant High Schools mascot, the Oiler, also refers to the citys history of oil production. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 7.83 square miles. The Chippewa River runs through the city, Mount Pleasant is located approximately 61 miles north of Lansing, Michigans state capital, along US127. As of the census of 2010, there were 26,016 people,8,376 households, the population density was 3,361.2 inhabitants per square mile

9.
Eastern Michigan University
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Eastern Michigan University is a comprehensive, co-educational public university located in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Ypsilanti is 35 miles west of Detroit and eight miles east of Ann Arbor, the university was founded in 1849 as Michigan State Normal School. Today, the university is governed by an eight-member Board of Regents whose members are appointed by the Governor of Michigan for eight-year terms, the school belongs to the Mid-American Conference and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Since 1991 EMU athletics has gone by the name Eagles, then in 1994, Swoop was officially adopted by the university as the schools mascot. The universitys site is composed of an academic and athletic campus spread across 800 acres, EMU has a total enrollment of more than 23,000 students. The university was founded in 1849 and opened its doors in 1853 as Michigan State Normal School, Michigan State Normal School was the first in Michigan and the first normal school created outside the original 13 colonies. One hundred and twenty-two students started classes March 29,1853, adonijah Welch served as Michigan State Normal Schools first principal. Michigan created an educational system modeled on that of Germany. The normal schools were to train teachers for schools, which were being established rapidly in new towns in the state. In 1899, the became the Michigan State Normal College when it created the first four-year curriculum for a normal college in the nation. Normal began the 20th century as Michigans premier teacher-preparatory school and had become the first teacher-training school in the United States to have a degree program. Just like many universities during World War I, the Great Depression and World War II. With the additions of departments and the large educational enrollment after WWII, in 1959 the school became a university gaining the title Eastern Michigan University after establishing the Graduate School. In the early 1970s, international student exchange schemes were organised, in 2005, the Honors Program became the Eastern Michigan University Honors College. More recently, extended programs were added such as Continuing Education, the Centers for Corporate Training, today the universitys total student population averages about 23,000, of whom roughly 5,000 are graduate students. Most programs are undergraduate or masters level, although the university has programs in Educational Leadership, Technology. EMU former-President Susan W. Martin, Ph. D, other institutions of higher education established by law having authority to grant baccalaureate degrees shall each be governed by a board of control which shall be a body corporate. The board shall have general supervision of the institution and the control and it shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the institution under its supervision

10.
Ancestry.com
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Ancestry. com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States, as of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over 2 million paying subscribers. User-generated content tallies to more than 70 million family trees, and subscribers have added more than 200 million photographs, scanned documents, and written stories. Ancestrys brands include Ancestry, AncestryDNA, AncestryHealth, AncestryProGenealogists, Archives. com, Family Tree Maker, Find a Grave, Fold3, Newspapers. com, and Rootsweb. Under its subsidiaries, Ancestry. com operates foreign sites that provide access to services and these include Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe and Asia. In 1990, Paul B. Allen and Dan Taggart, two Brigham Young University graduates, founded Infobases and began offering Latter-day Saints publications on floppy disks, in 1988, Allen had worked at Folio Corporation, founded by his brother Curt and his brother-in-law Brad Pelo. Infobases chose to use the Folio infobase technology, which Allen was familiar with, Infobases first products were floppy disks and compact disks sold from the back seat of the founders car. In 1994, Infobases was named among Inc. magazines 500 fastest-growing companies and their first offering on CD was the LDS Collectors Edition, released in April 1995, selling for $299.95, which was offered in an online version in August 1995. Ancestry officially went online with the launched Ancestry. com in 1996, with its roots as a genealogy newsletter started in 1983 by John Sittner, and became an established publishing company in 1984. Ancestry was relaunched as a magazine in January 1994, and went online in 1996, on January 1,1997, Infobases parent company, Western Standard Publishing, purchased Ancestry, Inc. publisher of Ancestry magazine and genealogy books. Western Standard Publishings CEO was Joe Cannon, one of the owners of Geneva Steel. In July 1997, Allen and Taggart purchased Western Standards interest in Ancestry, at the time, Brad Pelo was president and CEO of Infobases, and president of Western Standard. Less than six months earlier, he had been president of Folio Corporation, in March 1997, Folio was sold to Open Market for $45 million. The first public evidence of the change in ownership of Ancestry Magazine came with the July/August 1997 issue and that issues masthead also included the first use of the Ancestry. com web address. More growth for Infobases occurred in July 1997, when Ancestry, Inc. purchased Bookcraft, Infobases had published many of Bookcrafts books as part of its LDS Collectors Library. Pelo also announced that Ancestrys product line would be expanded in both CDs and online. Alan Ashton, an investor in Infobases and founder of WordPerfect, was its chairman of the board. Allen and Taggart began running Ancestry, Inc. independently from Infobases in July 1997, included in the sale were the rights to Infobases LDS Collectors Library on CD

11.
Open access
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Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use. These additional usage rights are granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses. There are multiple ways authors can provide access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it in a repository where it can be accessed for free, such as their institutional repository and this is known as green open access. Some publishers require delays, or an embargo, on when an output in a repository may be made open access. Several initiatives provide an alternative to the American and English language dominance of existing publication indexing systems, including Index Copernicus, SciELO and Redalyc. A second way authors can make their work open access is by publishing it in such a way that makes their research output immediately available from the publisher. This is known as open access, and within the sciences this often takes the form of publishing an article in either an open access journal. Pure open access journals do not charge fees, and may have one of a variety of business models. Many, however, do charge an article processing fee, widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s and early 2000s fueled the open access movement, and prompted both the green open access way and the creation of open access journals. Conventional non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, some non-open access journals provide open access after an embargo period of 6–12 months or longer. The Budapest statement defined open access as follows, There are many degrees, despite these statements emerging in the 2000s, the idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term open access was formally coined. Computer scientists had been self-archiving in anonymous ftp archives since the 1970s, the Subversive Proposal to generalize the practice was posted in 1994. Gratis OA refers to online access, and libre OA refers to free online access plus some additional re-use rights. The Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin definitions had corresponded only to libre OA, the re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific Creative Commons licenses, these almost all require attribution of authorship to the original authors. Open access itself began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of Internet, the momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA. Electronic publishing created new benefits as compared to paper publishing but beyond that, rather than applying traditional notions of copyright to academic publications, they could be libre or free to build upon. The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers, Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to

12.
Kelly/Shorts Stadium
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Kelly/Shorts Stadium is an American football stadium in Mount Pleasant, Michigan. It serves as the field for the Central Michigan University Chippewas. The stadium opened in 1972 and holds 32,255 spectators and it is located on the southeast part of campus, along with most of the other athletic facilities. The stadium was originally named Perry Shorts Stadium in honor of R. Perry Shorts, a Saginaw banker who was a 1900 graduate and a generous donor. In June 1983, the CMU Board of Trustees voted to rename the facility Kelly/Shorts Stadium in honor of Kenneth Bill Kelly, a $28 million expansion project following the 1997 season added 10,000 seats to the stadium, increasing its capacity to 30,199. A two-tiered press box, locker room, and nine guest suites also were included in the expansion project. The original artificial turf, the first to be used in the state of Michigan, has been replaced three times, most recently in 2016 when it was changed from Astroturf to FieldTurf. Permanent lights were installed before the 2006 season, making it the last stadium in the Mid-American Conference to do so. CMUs locker room, training room and equipment room are located in the north end zone. The IAC houses the Dick Enberg Academic Center, coaches offices, weight room, meeting rooms, CMUs Hall of Champions, the stadium has also been used as a site for other events, including high school football playoff games, concerts, and graduation ceremonies

The Central Michigan Chippewas football statistical leaders are individual statistical leaders of the Central Michigan …

Antonio Brown is the Chippewas' career leader in receptions, and his three seasons at Central Michigan are the three highest single seasons on the receptions list. He also holds the single-game record in receptions.