five kingdom classification by whittaker

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Monera

Monera (mÉ™ËˆnÉªÉ™rÉ™| ) is a now-obsolete taxonomic group in biological classification originally understood as one of five biological kingdoms. The kingdom Monera included most organisms with a prokaryoticcell organization (that is, no nucleus). For this reason, the kingdom was sometimes called Prokaryota or Prokaryotae

History

Traditionally the natural world was classified as animal, vegetable, or mineral as in Systema Naturae. After the discovery of microscopy, attempts were made to fit microscopic organisms into either the plant or animal kingdoms. In 1866 Ernst Haeckel proposed a three kingdom system which added the Protista as a new kingdom that contained most microscopic organisms. One of his eight major divisions of Protista was called Moneres. Haeckel's Moneres included known bacterial groups such as Vibrio. Haeckel's Protista kingdom also included eukaryotic organisms now classified as Protist. It was later decided that Haeckel's Protista kingdom had proven to be too diverse to be seriously considered one .

Although it was generally accepted that one could distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes on the basis of the presence of a nucleus, mitosis versus binary fission as a way of reproducing, size, and other traits, the monophyly of the kingdom Monera (or for that matter, whether classification should be according to phylogeny) was controversial for many decades. Although distinguishing between prokaryotes from eukaryotes as a fundamental distinction is often credited to a 1937 paper by Ã‰douard Chatton (little noted until 1962), he did not emphasize this distinction more than other biologists of his era. Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel believed that the bacteria (a term which at the time did not include blue-green algae) and the blue-green algae had a single origin, a conviction which culminated in Stanier writing in a letter in 1970, "I think it is now quite evident that the blue-green algae are not distinguishable from bacteria by any fundamental feature of their cellular organization". Other researchers, such as E. G. Pringsheim writing in 1949, suspected separate origins for bacteria and blue-green algae. In 1974, the influential Bergey's Manual published a new edition coining the term cyanobacteria to refer to what had been called blue-green algae, marking the acceptance of this group within the Monera.

In 1969, Robert Whittaker published a proposed five kingdom system for classification of living organisms. Whittaker's system placed most single celled organisms into either the prokaryotic Monera or the eukaryotic Protista. The other three kingdoms in his system were the eukaryotic Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae. Whittaker, however, did not believe that all his kingdoms were monophyletic.

In 1977, a PNAS paper by Carl Woese and George Fox demonstrated that the archaea (initially called archaebacteria) are not significantly closer in relationship to the bacteria than they are to eukaryotes. The paper received front-page coverage in The New York Timesand great controversy initially, but the conclusions have since become accepted, leading to replacement of the kingdom Monera with the two kingdomsBacteria and Archaea. However, Thomas Cavalier-Smith has never accepted the importance of the division between these two groups, and has published classifications in which the archaebacteria are part of a subkingdom of the Kingdom Bacteria.

Summary

From Yahoo Answers

Question:How can I differentiate between the 5 kingdoms-
Animal
plant
protista
fungi
monera
I could say single cell prokaryotes for monera and eukaryotic single cells for protista etc.
What are some good ways to know the kingdoms by? Thanks! I have a test and classification is just one part of it so I want some easy rules to remember...

Question:My Microbiology wants us to know the answer to this question except I can not find it in my book! I know what the 5 kingdoms are, I just need to know what the system is for, and what are the reasons for doing it.
thanks in advance for your help!!!!!

Answers:The five kingdom classification system is a part of taxonomy- the subfield of biology that studies the relationships of living things. Originally taxonomy was just a listing system to give each species a unique name but after evolution began to be broadly understood, biologists realized that it could be used to group organisms into relatedness order as well. Things that had more homologous features are more closely related. To a certain extent taxonomy is still concerned with assigning newly discovered organisms a proper name but that is a minor focus compared to the identifying appropriate relationships.
This has led to new tools and levels of classification. For example, the five kingdom model has been largely replaced by the 3 domain model. Also taxonomy is developing newer methods referred to as cladistics which includes more molecular and genome sequence data as well as physical features.

Question:I think my book wants
1. Bacteria and archea were group together under the same kingdom
2. eukaryotes and protozoans were placed under the same kingdom

Answers:Under the 5 kingdom system, archaebacteria and eubacteria were both grouped under the same kingdom, called Monera. Archaebacteria have different lipids and lack peptidoglycan in their cell membranes, which prompting the splitting of Monera into two kingdoms.
Protozoans are eukaryotes, so I see no problem with that. Protozoan usually refers to a protist, which had its own kingdom under the 5 kingdom system. However, there is a problem with the kingdom protista, both under the 5 kingdom system and today's 6. Protista is basically the kingdom that contains anything that isn't classified as an animal, plany, fungi, or bacteria. It is a highly diverse group, and many of the organisms in it have very little relation to each other. Some protists are unicellular, others are multicellular, some are autotrophic, others are heterotrophic...you get the picture.

The Kingdom of Life :The Five Kingdom Classification System was developed by RH Whittaker and Lynn Margulis. The classifications are: Kingdom Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, Protista, and Monera. This Five Kingdom systems is evidence for a common ancesotor for all life because it acknowledges heredity as an major force in evolution. Kingdom Monera is made up of unicellular prokaryotes that lack membrane bound organelles and a membrane bound nucleus. Bacteria, the first organisms on earth, make up this kingdom. The bacteria can be heterotrophic, where it cannot make its own nutrients and instead obtains its nutrients from other organisms. Or, it can be autotrophic where it can produce its nutrients through phototrophs, which use light, or chemoautotrophs, which metabolize things like sulfur, salt, and iron. Kingdom Protista are eukaryotic with membrane bound organelles, a nucleus, and are mostly unicellular. Although some are multicellular for example, seaweed. Some Protista are good and others can be bad like some pathogens. Kingdom Fungi are sessile, unicellular and multicellular heterotrophs. Many fungi obtain nutrient molecules by extracellular digestion. They secrete enzymes that hydrolize cellulose into smaller components such as glucose. The small molecules follow a concentration gradient into the fungal cells then are metabolized. Many fungi live in symbiotic relationships which can be both beneficial, parasitic, or harmful. Many fungi are decomposers as well. Kingdom Animalia is made up of ...