Typology. Of the word-group in english and ukrainian

The word-group in both languages
consists of two or more
grammatically connected notional
parts of speech expressing some
content. Word-groups in English
and Ukrainian may be free or
idiomatically bound.

The elements of notional word-groups can
be joined either syndetically by means of
prepositions or conjunctions (books for
reading, читати по черзі) or asyndetically
by means of intonation (easy-reading books,
писати швидко). English has a greater
asyndetic potential if compared with
Ukrainian because of its analytical
character.

predicative, uniting the subject and the predicate.
Such word-groups (I go, Ми читаємо) build up
the basis of a sentence;
we observe objective connections in see a book,
малювати картину;
attributive connection unites a substance with its
attribute expressed by an adjective or a noun (a
puny creature, цікава новина);
adverbial connection is subdivided into primary
and secondary.

The primary adverbial
connection is established
between the verb and its
adverbial modifiers of
various standings (to talk
seriously, to get with
happiness, говорити
голосно, йти з
радістю).
The secondary
adverbial connection
is established between
the non-verbal kernel
expressing a quality
and its adverbial
modifiers of various
standings (wonderfully
interesting, very much
at ease, дуже весело).

simple, or elemental
word-groups which
consist of two
components connected
with the help of one
grammatical means
(synthetic or analytical):
this book, to see her,
cotton shirt; ці книжки,
гарно читати, зайти у
фойє.
complicated, i. e.
with two ways of
grammatical
connection: writing
and reading letters,
to see Mike driving
a car, довгі
речення для тебе
для аналізу.

SUBORDINATE WORDGROUPS (I)
They consist of a head component, which is
the nucleus of a word-group, and one of
more adjuncts \ complements \ subordinate
elements and are treated closed (small
children, to love her, very nice, we all, two
of the guys, well enough, afraid to answer,
гра акторів, вартий нагороди, дехто з
учнів, мало часу, дуже весело, легко на
душі).

SUBORDINATE WORDGROUPS (II)
Types of
connection
Agreement
the subordinate
element gets the
same
grammatical
meaning as the
kernel one (this
book, велике
щастя).
Government
the grammatical
meaning of the kernel
element demands
from the subordinate
one particular form
(to be fond of sth,
читаю роман).
Adjoinment
the elements are
joined without
changing their
forms (to go
quickly,
можливість
аналізувати).

Any coherent connection of words
according to a definite syntactic
pattern with some communicative
purpose related to reality is
considered to be a sentence. It is
the main communicative language
unit.

The sentence is aimed at rendering some
information. Such information exchange proves
the role of communication as one of sentence
indicators.
Predication establishes a certain grammatical
combination of words. Sentence semantics
presents the unity of nominative and predicative
aspects.
Modality is the ground for expressing the
speaker’s attitude towards the content of an
utterance.

They split into affirmative and negative statements of real,
wishful and conditional modality (The door opened. He
made no remark. Раптом вона заплакала. Він не
заперечував цього). If negation stands in front of the
predicate it bears the general meaning of negation (She
doesn’t want to leave. Він не прийшов на зустріч).
Though certain elements of a sentence may be negated as
well (She studies not at the University. Він навчається не
в Києві). Mind that English has no double negation: She
never admitted her mistakes. Вона ніколи не визнавала
своїх помилок.

They possess a common communicative function
and the corresponding kinds: general questions in
English start with an auxiliary, modal or linking
verb followed by the subject, whereas in
Ukrainian – with any part of the sentence (Did you
do that? Ти це зробив?). Structural identity is
observed in disjunctive\tag-questions consisting of
an affirmative or negative statement followed
respectively by a negative and affirmative
question-tag (She is fond of music, isn’t she? Ти
боїшся, чи не так?).

Alternative questions are characterized in
both languages by isomorphic features. The
beginning of these sentences presents a
general question (Is it a pen or a pencil? Ви
любите кіно або театр?). Special
questions are opened with an interrogative
pronoun or adverb, which may be
proceeded by prepositions, particles or
interjections (What did you do yesterday?
Що вона зробила?).

Allomorphic is the use of prepositions
in the final position in English (What
do you depend upon?). Rhetorical
questions have a modal meaning,
which does not contain any new
information for a speaker. So they need
no answers (Who should I blame?
Невже ти цього не чув?).

indefinite personal, where the doer of an action is
not identified (Нам подали на стіл обід). In
English the predicate in the sentences conveying
the same idea is expressed in the Passive Voice
form (We were served coffee);
generalized personal, where any person may be
the doer of the action (Хліб сіль їж, а правду
ріж. Працювали весь день). In the English
equivalent sentences the subject may be expressed
by one, we, you (One can enjoy the show. You
can’t be happy about it);

impersonal, where the doer of an action
can’t be reconstructed (Завечоріло.
Прохолодно. Мені боляче. На столі
олівці). In the corresponding English
sentences most often we use the formal
subject It / There, or change the structure of
the sentence (Twilight set in. It is getting
cold. It gives me much pain. There are
pencils on the table).

simple
It has only one
predicative link
between the subject
and the predicate (She
is in the garden. Він
сьогодні не пішов у
гості).
composite
It can have more than
one link of such a
kind. Hence, it
contains two clauses.

If the links between clauses are coordinate,
we deal with a compound sentence. Clauses
may be joined by means of copulative and
adversative conjunctions, or asyndetically in
both languages (Вона не хотіла йти на
концерт, але ми її умовили. He was very
excited and his friends were excited as
well). In English the causal conjunction for
unites coordinate clauses (She came in time
for we used to ask her about it not once).

If one of the clauses in a composite sentence
governs another one, they are linked
subordinately. Such a sentence is called complex.
Depending upon the function of a subordinate
clause in the whole sentence, clauses fall into:
subject (What was important for him was
absolutely necessary for us. Хто чесно бореться,
(той) завжди перемагає);
predicative (She was as if frightened to death.
Вона не така, щоб нічого не робити по дому);

object (He knew that she was faithful to him. Я
хотів, щоб у мене було більше вільного часу);
attributive (The house, which was built not far
from the town, was quite big. Оце та станція,
на якій я зійшов минулого разу);
adverbial clauses:
a) of place (He is happy to be at home where he can
find his true friends. Вони пішли туди, де ми їх
не чекали),
b) of time (When you are free, I am always busy. Я
чекав на них, доки не пішов дощ),

Simple (The fog is thinning. She is very
nice. Четвертий переміг. “Але” –
сполучник);
Phrasal (To ask him again is a mistake);
Clausal (Who has done it is to be found.
Того, хто це зробив, буде покарано);
Complex [only in English] (She is
supposed to win).

impersonal – describes various states of nature,
things, characteristics of environment, denoting
time, distance (It is spring);
introductory – introduces the notional subject (It
is impossible to deny it. There was a silence for a
moment);
emphatic - in emphatic constructions (It is he,
who did it).