Wharton School Professor Michael Useem says every leader has guiding principles. In his new book, The Leader’s Checklist, he offers 15 principles that are important when making difficult decisions.

In your new book, The Leader’s Checklist, you suggest leaders make a list of principles to review when making decisions. How does a checklist help a CIO, who has probably been leading a long time?

From watching many leaders in action, I’ve observed that they have a pretty good checklist mentally, but in practice they fail to apply it. It’s the knowing-doing gap.

It’s one thing to know the principles and express them verbally. But it’s a behavioral leap to translate those principles into what you actually do. It’s a fast-moving world, and you have to make significant decisions in moments of stress and complexity. A checklist that you review daily can trigger action. If you aren’t mindful of doing this day to day, you’re going to lose some of your edge. You will be less able to get people to stay focused.

Business decisions seem fraught in this shaky economy and at this politically charged moment. Do executives feel that?

When life is good and unchanging, the discretionary impact that leaders have is modest. The consequences of someone in a position of responsibility failing to lead right now are greater, whether that’s at a hospital, in a community, at the head of a business or a country.

Being very determined to know what your own checklist should be and having it ready to apply has become more vital.

Why shouldn’t a CIO stand back and let others lead the ­company?

CIOs, by virtue of the fact that they have “officer” in their title, inherently carry some responsibility for the whole company.

Managing information is front and center, but the role implicitly says that they have to worry about brand value, accounting each quarter and product development.

You dissect the Civil War surrender at Appomattox and last year’s rescue of ­miners in Chile. What can executives learn from these events?

These are extremely dramatic events greatly influenced by people who perhaps never expected to be involved in them.

At Appomattox, Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant assigns the task of cere­monial surrender to an amateur, a one-star general—Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain. He effects what becomes known as a respectful salute. Each side salutes the other, though four days earlier they were trying to kill each other. It was an act of reconciliation.

In Chile on Aug. 5, 2010, Laurence Golborne, the minister of mines, received a one-line message on his smartphone about a cave in the desert falling in. He’s a regulator; he doesn’t run any mines. He goes there and concludes that the owner doesn’t have the resources to get these guys, 2,000 feet down, out of rock twice the density of granite.

It looked impossible. Golborne decided, at considerable risk—if things went wrong, the national government would be blamed—to lead the task of getting the miners back to surface.

CIOs might see problems in the supply chain or with the handling of private information and lead change.

If you see problems that your expertise and experience could solve, even if you’re not in charge, sometimes you’re better positioned to solve them. You want to identify as a leader. You decide for yourself: In my lifetime I’m going to help other people get to a promised land. To lead is to make a difference in the lives of others.

Michael Useem is director of the Center for Leadership and Change Management at The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. Follow Senior Editor Kim S. Nash on Twitter: @knash99.

Kim S. Nash is an award-winning reporter who writes about how the people at big organizations move information to fix critical strategy problems. Sometimes they do it well, sometimes not. Tell her a good business tale at knash@cio.com.