From the book

From the book

Tips for shooting great video

With your camcorder of choice in hand, it’s time to venture out and shoot videos. If you’re new to videography, following
these tips will help you create better videos. If you’re an old hand, think of this list of shooting axioms as a way to snap
out of your routine and juice things up a bit:

Get a closing shot.

Get an establishing shot.

Shoot plenty of video.

Adhere to the rule of thirds.

Keep your shots steady.

Follow the action.

Use trucking shots.

Find unusual angles.

Lean forward or backward.

Get wide and tight shots.

Shoot matched action.

Get sequences.

Avoid fast pans and snap zooms.

Shoot cutaways.

Use lights.

Grab good sound bites.

Get plenty of natural sound.

Plan your shoot.

Get a closing shot

Your closing images are what stick in people’s minds. You should be constantly on the lookout for that one shot or sequence
that best wraps up your story.

Get an establishing shot

An establishing shot sets a scene in one image. Although super-wide shots work well (aerials in particular), consider other
points of view: a shot from the cockpit of a race car, a close-up of a scalpel with light glinting off its surface, or a shot
of paddles dipping frantically in roaring white water. Each grabs the viewer’s attention and helps tell your story.

Shoot plenty of video

Videotape is cheap and expendable, and with tapeless cameras that record to compact flash media and hard drives, storage space
is usually ample and can always be reused. Shoot a lot more raw footage than you’ll put in your final production. Five times
as much is not unusual. Giving yourself that latitude might help you grab shots you would have missed otherwise.

Adhere to the rule of thirds

It’s called the rule of thirds, but it’s more like the rule of four intersecting lines. When composing your shot, think of your viewfinder as being crisscrossed
by two horizontal and two vertical lines. The center of interest should fall along those lines or near one of the four intersections,
not the center of the image.

Consider all those family photos where the subject’s eyes are smack dab in the center of the photo. Those are not examples
of good composition.

Another way to follow the rule of thirds is to look around the viewfinder as you shoot, not just stare at its center. Check
the edges to see whether you’re filling the frame with interesting images. Avoid large areas of blank space.

Keep your shots steady

You want to give viewers the sense they’re looking through a window or, better yet, are there with your subjects on location.
A shaky camera shatters that illusion.

When possible, use a tripod. The best “sticks” have fluid heads that enable you to make smooth pans or tilts.

If it’s impractical to use a tripod, try to find some way to stabilize the shot: Lean against a wall, put your elbows on a
table, or place the camcorder on a solid object.

Follow the action

This might seem obvious, but keep your viewfinder on the ball (or sprinter, speeding police car, surfer, conveyor belt, and
so on). Your viewers’ eyes will want to follow the action, so give them what they want.

One nifty trick is to use directed movement as a pan motivator. That is, follow a leaf’s progress as it floats down a stream,
and then continue your camera motion past the leaf—panning—and widen out to show something unexpected: a waterfall, a huge
industrial complex, or a fisherman.

Use trucking shots

Trucking or dolly shots move with the action. For example, hold the camera at arm’s length right behind a toddler as she motors
around the house, put the camera in a grocery cart as it winds through the aisles, or shoot out the window of a speeding train.

Find unusual angles

Getting your camcorder off your shoulder, away from eye level, leads to more interesting and enjoyable shots. Ground-level
shots are great for gamboling lambs or cavorting puppies. Shoot up from a low angle and down from a high angle. Shoot through
objects or people while keeping the focus on your subject.

Lean forward or backward

The zoom lens can be a crutch. A better way to move in close or away from a subject is simply to lean in or out. For example,
start by leaning way in with a tight shot of someone’s hands as he works on a wood carving; then, while still recording, lean
way back (perhaps widening your zoom lens as well) to reveal that he is working in a sweatshop full of folks hunched over
their handiwork.

Get wide and tight shots

Our eyes work like medium-angle lenses. So, we tend to shoot video that way. Instead, grab wide shots and tight shots of your
subjects. If practical, get close to your subject to get the tight shot rather than use the zoom lens. Not only does it look
better, but also the proximity leads to clearer audio.

Shoot matched action

Matched action keeps the story flowing smoothly while helping illustrate a point.

Consider a shot from behind a pitcher as he throws a fastball. He releases it, and then it smacks into the catcher’s glove.
Instead of a single shot, grab two shots: a medium shot from behind the pitcher showing the pitch and the ball’s flight toward
the catcher, and a tight shot of the catcher’s glove. It’s the same concept for an artist: Get a wide shot of her applying
a paint stroke to a canvas, and then move in for a close shot of the same action. You’ll edit them together to match the action.

Get sequences

Shooting repetitive action in a sequence is another way to tell a story, build interest, or create suspense. A bowler wipes
his hands on a rosin bag, dries them over a blower, wipes the ball with a towel, picks up the ball, fixes his gaze on the
pins, steps forward, swings the ball back, releases it, slides to the foul line, watches the ball’s trajectory, and then reacts
to the shot.

Instead of simply capturing all this in one long shot, piecing these actions together in a sequence of edits is much more
compelling. You can easily combine wide and tight shots, trucking moves, and matched action to turn repetitive material into
attention-grabbing sequences.

Avoid fast pans and snap zooms

Fast pans and zooms fall into MTV and amateur video territory. Few circumstances call for such stomach-churning camera work.
In general, it’s best to minimize all pans and zooms. As with a shaky camera, they remind viewers they’re watching TV.

If you do zoom or pan, do it for a purpose: to reveal something, to follow someone’s gaze from his or her eyes to the subject
of interest, or to continue the flow of action (as in the floating leaf example). A slow zoom in, with only a minimal change
to the focal length, can add drama to a sound bite. Again, do it sparingly.

Keep on rolling along

Don’t let this no-fast-moves admonition force you to stop rolling while you zoom or pan. If you see something that warrants
a quick close-up shot or you need to pan suddenly to grab some possibly fleeting footage, keep rolling. You can always edit
around that sudden movement later.

If you stop recording to make the pan or zoom or to adjust the focus, you might lose some or all of whatever it was you were
trying so desperately to shoot. You will also miss any accompanying natural sound.

Shoot cutaways

Avoid jump cuts by shooting cutaways. A jump cut is an edit that creates a disconnect in the viewer’s mind. A cutaway—literally, a shot that cuts away from the current shot—fixes jump cuts.

Cutaways are common in interviews where you might want to edit together two 10-second sound bites from the same person. Doing
so would mean the interviewee would look like he or she suddenly moved. To avoid that jump cut—that sudden disconcerting shift—you
make a cutaway of the interview. That could be a wide shot, a hand shot, or a reverse-angle shot of the interviewer over the
interviewee’s shoulder. You then edit in the cutaway over the juncture of the two sound bites to cover the jump cut.

The same holds true for a soccer game. It can be disconcerting to simply cut from one wide shot of players on the field to
another. If you shoot some crowd reactions or the scoreboard, you can use those cutaways to cover up what would have been
jump cuts.

Use lights

Lights add brilliance, dazzle, and depth to otherwise bland and flat scenes. Consider using an onboard camcorder fill light
and—if you have the time, money, patience, or personnel—a full lighting kit with a few colored gels.

In a pinch, do whatever you can to increase available light. Open curtains, turn on all the lights, or bring a couple of desk
lamps into the room. Keep in mind one caveat: Low-light situations can be dramatic, and flipping on a few desk lamps can destroy
that mood in a moment.

Grab good sound bites

Your narrator presents the facts. The people in your story present the emotions, feelings, and opinions. Don’t rely on interview
sound bites to tell the who, what, where, when, and how. Let those bites explain the why.

In a corporate backgrounder, have the narrator say what a product does, and let the employees or customers say how enthusiastic
they are about that product.

Your narrator should be the one to say, “It was opening night, and this was her first solo.” Let the singer, who is recalling
this dramatic moment, say, “My throat was tight, and my stomach was tied in knots.”

In general, even though your interviews might take forever, use only short sound bites in your final production. Use those
bites as punctuation marks, not paragraphs.

Exceptions for idiosyncratic characters

These admonitions are not carved in stone. Some characters you’ll videotape are so compelling, quirky, or humorous that your
best bet is to let them be the primary narrator. Then you’ll want to consider what scenes you can use to illustrate their
commentary. You don’t want to fill your entire video with a “talking head.”

Get plenty of natural sound

Think beyond images. Sound is tremendously important. Listen for sounds you can use in your project. Even if the video quality
is mediocre, grab that audio.

Your camcorder’s onboard microphone is not much more than a fallback. Consider using additional microphones: shotgun mics
to narrow the focus of your sound and avoid extraneous noise, lavalieres tucked out of sight for interviews, and wireless
mics when your camera can’t be close enough to get just what you need.

Plan your shoot

When you consider a video project, plan what you need to shoot to tell the story. Whether you’re videotaping your kid’s soccer
championship match, a corporate backgrounder, or a medical procedure, you’ll need to plan your shoot to ensure success. Know
what you want your final video project to say, and think of what you need to videotape to tell that story.

Even the best-laid plans and most carefully scripted projects might need some adjusting once you start recording in the field.
No matter how you envision the finished project, be willing to make changes as the situation warrants.