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3 COPYRiGHT 1967 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS This book published simultaneously in the United States of Amenca and in Canada Copynght under the Berne Convention All nghts reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the permission of Charles Scnbner's Sons Printed in the United States of Amenca LIbrary of Congress Catalog Card Number

6 Introduction Henry Ernest Dudeney (the last name is pronounced with a long "u" and a strong accent on the first syllable, as in "scrutiny") was England's greatest maker of puzzles. With respect to mathematical puzzles, especially problems of more than trivial mathematical interest, the quantity and quality of his output surpassed that of any other puzzlist before or since, in or out of England. Dudeney was born at Mayfield, in Sussex, on April 10, 1857, the son of a local schoolmaster. His father's father, John Dudeney, was well known in Sussex as a shepherd who had taught himself mathematics and astronomy while tending sheep on the downs above Lewes, a town fifty miles south of London. Later he became a schoolmaster in Lewes. Henry Dudeney, himself a self-taught mathematician who never went to college, was understandably proud to be the grandson of this famous shepherd-mathematician. Dudeney began his puzzle career by contributing short problems to newspapers and magazines. His earliest work, published under the pseudonym of "Sphinx," seems to have been in cooperation with the American puzzlist, Sam Loyd. For a year and a half, in the late 1890's, the two men collaborated on a series of articles in Tit-Bits, an English penny weekly. Later, using his own name, Dudeney contributed to a variety of publications including The Week(y Dispatch, The Queen, Blighty, and Cassell's Magazine. For twenty years his puzzle page, "Perplexities," which he illustrated, ran in The Strand Magazine. This was a popular monthly founded and edited by George Newnes, an enthusiastic chess player who had also started and formerly edited Tit-Bits. The Canterbury Puzzles, Dudeney's first book, was published in It was followed by Amusements in Mathematics (1917), The World's Best Word Puzzles (1925), and Modern Puzzles (1926). Two posthumous collections appeared: Puzzles and Curious Problems (1931) and A Puzzle-Mine (undated). The last book is a mixture of mathematical and word puzzles that Dudeney had vii

7 viii Introduction contributed to Blighty. With few exceptions, it repeats puzzles contained in his earlier books. The World's Best Word Puzzles, published by the London Daily News, contains nothing of mathematical interest. Dudeney's first two books have, since 1958, been available to American and British readers as paperback reprints. Modern Puzzles and Puzzles and Curious Problems, in many ways more interesting than the first two books because they contain less familiar puzzles, have long been out of print and are extremely hard to obtain. The present volume includes almost the entire contents of those two books. Readers familiar with the work of Sam Loyd will notice that many of the same puzzles appear, in different story forms, in the books of Loyd and Dudeney. Although the two men never met in person, they were in frequent correspondence, and they had, Dudeney once said in an interview, an informal agreement to exchange ideas. Who borrowed the most? This cannot be answered with finality until someone makes a careful study of the newspaper and magazine contributions of both men, but it is my guess that most "Of the borrowing was done by Loyd. Dudeney never hesitated to give credits. He often gives the name or initials of someone who supplied him with a new idea, and there are even occasional references to Loyd himself. But Loyd almost never mentioned anyone. Mrs. Margery Fulleylove, Dudeney's only child, recalls many occasions on which her father fussed and fumed about the extent to which his ideas were being adapted by Loyd and presented in America as the other puzzlist's own. Loyd was a clever and prolific creator of puzzles, especially in his ability to dramatize them as advertising novelties, but when it came to problems of a more mathematically advanced nature, Dudeney was clearly his superior. There are even occasions on record when Loyd turned to Dudeney for help on difficult problems. Geometrical dissections-cutting a polygon into the smallest number of pieces that can be refitted to make a different type of polygon-was a field in which Dudeney was unusually skillful; the present volume contains many surprising, elegant dissections that Dudeney was the first to obtain. He was also an expert on magic squares and other problems of a combinatorial nature, being the first to explore a variety of unorthodox types of magic squares, such as prime-number squares and squares magic with respect to operations other than addition. (There is an excellent article by Dudeney, on magic squares, in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.) In recreational number theory he was the first to apply "digital roots" -the term was probably coined by him-to numerous problems in which their application had riot

8 Introduction ix been previously recognized as relevant. (For a typical example of how digital roots furnish a short cut to an answer otherwise difficult to obtain, see the answer to Problem 131 in this volume.) Dudeney was tall and handsome, with brown hair and brown eyes, a slightly aquiline nose, and, in his later years, a gray mustache and short chin whiskers. As one would expect, he was a man of many hobbies. "He was naturally fond of, and skilled at games," his wife Alice wrote in a preface to Puzzles and Curious Problems, "although he cared comparatively little for cards. He was a good chess player, and a better problemist. As a young man he was fond of billiards, and also played croquet well." In his elderly days he enjoyed bowling every evening on the old bowling green within the Castle Precincts, an area surrounding the ruins of an old castle in Lewes. The Dudeneys owned a two hundred-year-old house in this area, where they were living at the time of Dudeney's death on April 24, (In Alice Dudeney's preface this date erroneously appears as 1931.) Mrs. Fulleylove recalls, in a private communication, that her father's croquet lawn, "no matter how it was rolled and fussed over, was always full of natural hazards. Father applied his mathematical and logical skill to the game, with special reference to the surface of our lawn. He would infuriate some of our visitors, who were not familiar with the terrain, by striking a ball in what appeared to be the wrong direction. The ball would go up, down, around the hills and through valleys, then roll gaily through the hoop... " Alice Dudeney speaks of her husband as a "brilliant pianist and organist," adding that, at different times, he was honorary organist of more than one church. He was deeply interested in ancient church music, especially plain song, which he studied intensively and taught to a choir at Woodham Church, Surrey. Mrs. Fulleylove tells me that her father, as a small boy, played the organ every Sunday at a fashionable church in Taunton, Somerset. He was a faithful Anglican throughout his life, attending High Church services, keenly interested in theology, and occasionally writing vigorous tracts in defense of this or that position of the Anglican church. As a little girl, Mrs. Fulleylove sometimes accompanied her father to his London club for dinner. She remembers one occasion on which she felt very proud and grown-up, hoping the waiter and other guests would notice her sophistication and good manners. To her horror, her father, preoccupied with some geometrical puzzle, began penciling diagrams on the fine damask tablecloth. In his later life, Mrs. Fulleylove writes, her father lost interest in all

9 x Introduction composers except Richard Wagner. "He had complete transpositions for the piano of all Wagner's works, and played them unceasingly-to the great grief of my mother and myself, who preferred the gentler chamber music. "The house at Littlewick, in Surrey," Mrs. Fulleylove continues, "where we lived from 1899 to 1911, was always filled with weekend guests, mostly publishers, writers, editors, artists, mathematicians, musicians, and freethinkers." One of Dudeney's friends was Cyril Arthur Pearson, founder of the Daily Press and of C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd., a publishing house that brought out Dudeney's Modern Puzzles. Other friends included Newnes and Alfred Harrnsworth (later Lord Northcliffe), another prominent newspaper publisher. "Father provided me, by degrees, with a marvelous collection of puzzle toys, mostly Chinese, in ebony, ivory, and wood...," Mrs. Fulleylove recalls. "He was a huge success at children's parties, entertaining them with feats of legerdemain, charades, and other party games and stunts... "We had a mongrel terrier that I adored. His name, for some obscure reason, was Chance. One day father fell over the dog's leash and broke his arm. His comment, made without anger, was a quotation: 'Chance is but direction which thou canst not see.' " In an interview in The Strand (April, 1926) Dudeney tells an amusing stol)' about a code message that had appeared in the "agony column" of a London newspaper. A man was asking a girl to meet him but not to let her parents know about it. Dudeney cracked the code, then placed in the column a message to the girl, written in the same cipher, that said: "Do not trust him. He means no good. Well Wisher." This was soon followed by a code message from the girl to "Well Wisher," thanking him for his good advice. Alice Dudeney, it should be added, was much better known in her time than her husband. She was the author of more than thirty popular, romantic novels. A good photograph of her provides the frontispiece of her 1909 book, A Sense of Scarlet and Other Stories, and her biographical sketch will be found in the British Who Was Who. "A Sussex Novelist at Home," an interview with her that appeared in The Sussex County Magazine (Vol. I, No. I, December 1926, pp. 6-9), includes her picture and photographs of the "quaint and curious" Castle Precincts House where she and her husband then lived. Dudeney himself tried his hand on at least one short story, "Dr. Bernard's Patient," (The Strand, Vol. 13, 1897, pp ). Aside from his puzzle features, he also wrote occasional nonfiction pieces, of which I shall mention only two: "The Antiquity of Modern Inventions" (The Strand, Vol. 45, 1913,

10 Introduction xi p. 389 f) and "The Psychology of Puzzle Crazes" (The Nineteenth Century, a New York periodical, Vol. 100, December 1926, p. 868 D. I have rearranged and reclassified the puzzles that appear in this collection, but only minimally edited the text. British words such as "petrol" have been changed to their American equivalents; long paragraphs have been broken into shorter ones to make for easier reading; and in problems about money American currency has been substituted for British. Some of Dudeney's money problems, so dependent on the relationships between British coins that they cannot be formulated with American currency, have been omitted. In the few cases where duplicate problems, with only trivially different story lines, appeared in the two books I have chosen the version I considered best and left out the other. Titles for problems remain unaltered so that those who may wish to check back to the former appearance of a puzzle can do so easily. The illustrations reproduce the original drawings (some of them done by Mrs. Fulleylove when she was a young girl), enlarged and occasionally retouched to make them clearer. I have added several footnotes to the puzzles and in the answer section appended a number of comments that are bracketed and initialed. Some of these additions correct errors or point out how an answer has been improved or a problem extended by later puzzle enthusiasts. I hope no one will suppose that these comments reflect in any way on Dudeney's genius. The greatest of mathematicians build on the work of predecessors, and their work in turn is the foundation for the work of later experts. The mathematical-puzzle field is no exception. Dudeney was one of its greatest pioneers, perhaps the greatest, and it is a tribute to him that he was able to invent problems of such depth that decades would pass before others would find ways of improving his answers. It is Mrs. Fulleylove who is mainly responsible for the book now in the reader's hands. We were in touch first by correspondence; then in 1966, when she took up residence in a New York City suburb, she informed me that she had obtained world reprint rights for Modern Puzzles and Puzzles and Curious Problems. Would I be interested, she asked, in editing them into a single book? I replied that I would indeed. Enthusiasts of recreational mathematics will rejoice in the appearance of this long inaccessible material, the cream of Dudeney's later years. They will find the book a rich source of unusual problems, many of them leading into fascinating regions that have yet to be fully explored.

11 xii Introduction For much of the information in my notes I am indebted to Victor Meally, Dublin County, Ireland. Although he is mentioned often in the notes, there are many places where I followed his excellent and generously given advice without referring to him. I also wish to thank Harry Lindgren, Canberra, Australia; Thomas H. Q'Beirne, Glasgow; and C. C. Verbeek, the Hague, for other valuable suggestions. Martin Gardner HASTINGS-aN-HUDSON, N.Y.

12 "Amusement is one of the fields of applied mathematics." w. F. WHITE A SCRAP BOOK OF ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS.

13

14 Arithmetic & Algebraic Problems

15

16 Arithmetic & Algebraic Problems 1. CONCERNING A CHECK A man went into a bank to cash a check. In handing over the money the cashier, by mistake, gave him dollars for cents and cents for dollars. He pocketed the money without examining it, and spent a nickel on his way home. He then found that he possessed exactly twice the amount of the check. He had no money in his pocket before going to the bank. What was the exact amount of that check? 2. DOLLARS AND CENTS A man entered a store and spent one-half ofthe money that was in his pocket. When he came out he found that he had just as many cents as he had dollars when he went in and half as many dollars as he had cents when he went in. How much money did he have on him when he entered? 3. LOOSE CASH What is the largest sum of money-all in current coins and no silver dollars-that I could have in my pocket without being able to give change for a dollar, half dollar, quarter, dime, or nickel? 4. GENEROUS GIFTS A generous man set aside a certain sum of money for equal distribution weekly to the needy of his acquaintance. One day he remarked, "If there are five fewer applicants next week, you will each receive two dollars more." Unfortunately, instead of there being fewer there were actually four more persons applying for the gift. "This means," he pointed out, "that you will each receive one dollar less." How much did each person receive at that last distribution? 3

17 4 Arithmetic & Algebraic Problems 5. BUYING BUNS Buns were being sold at three prices: one for a penny, two for a penny, and three for a penny. Some children (there were as many boys as girls) were given seven pennies to spend on these buns, each child to receive exactly the same value in buns. Assuming that all buns remained whole, how many buns, and of what types, did each child receive? 6. UNREWARDED LABOR A man persuaded Weary Willie, with some difficulty, to try to work on a job for thirty days at eight dollars a day, on the condition that he would forfeit ten dollars a day for every day that he idled. At the end of the month neither owed the other anything, which entirely convinced Willie of the folly of labor. Can you tell just how many days' work he put in and on how many days he idled? 7. THE PERPLEXED BANKER A man went into a bank with a thousand dollars, all in dollar bills, and ten bags. He said, "Place this money, please, in the bags in such a way that if I call and ask for a certain number of dollars you can hand me over one or more bags, giving me the exact amount called for without opening any of the bags." How was it to be done? We are, of course, only concerned with a single application, but he may ask for any exact number of dollars from one to one thousand. 8. A WEIRD GAME Seven men engaged in play. Whenever a player won a game he doubled the money of each of the other players. That is, he gave each player just as much money as each had in his pocket. They played seven games and, strange to say, each won a game in turn in the order of their names, which began with the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, and G.

18 Money Puzzles 5 When they had finished it was found that each man had exactly $1.28 in his pocket. How much had each man in his pocket before play? 9. DIGGING A DITCH Here is a curious question that is more perplexing than it looks at first sight. Abraham, an infirm old man, undertook to dig a ditch for two dollars. He engaged Benjamin, an able-bodied fellow, to assist him and share the money fairly according to their capacities. Abraham could dig as fast as Benjamin could shovel out the dirt, and Benjamin could dig four times as fast as Abraham could do the shoveling. How should they divide the money? Of course, we must assume their relative abilities for work to be the same in digging or shoveling. 10. NAME THEIR WIVES A man left a legacy of $1, to three relatives and their wives. The wives received together $ Jane received $10.00 more than Catherine, and Mary received $10.00 more than Jane. John Smith was given just as much as his wife, Henry Snooks got half as much again as his wife, and Tom Crowe received twice as much as his wife. What was the Christian name of each man's wife? II. MARKET TRANSACTIONS A farmer goes to market and buys a hundred animals at a total cost of $1, The price of cows being $50.00 each, sheep $10.00 each, and rabbits 50 each, how many of each kind does he buy? Most people will solve this, if they succeed at all, by more or less laborious trial, but there are several direct ways of getting the solution. 12. THE SEVEN APPLEWOMEN Here is an old puzzle that people are frequently writing to me about. Seven applewomen, possessing respectively 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140

19 6 Arithmetic & Algebraic Problems apples, went to market and sold all theu apples at the same price, and each received the same sum of money. What was the price? 13. A LEGACY PUZZLE A man left legacies to his three sons and to a hospital, amounting in all to $1, If he had left the hospital legacy also to his first son, that son would have received as much as the other two sons together. If he had left it to his second son, he would have received twice as much as the other two sons together. If he had left the hospital legacy to his third son, he would have received then thrice as much as the first son and second son together. Find the amount of each legacy. 14. PUZZLING LEGACIES A man bequeathed a sum of money, a little less than $1,500.00, to be divided as follows: The five children and the lawyer received such sums that the square root of the eldest son's share, the second son's share divided by two, the third son's share minus $2.00, the fourth son's share plus $2.00, the daughter's share multiplied by two, and the square of the lawyer's fee all worked out at exactly the same sum of money. No dollars were divided, and no money was left over after the division. What was the total amount bequeathed? 15. DIVIDING THE LEGACY A man left $ to be divided between his two sons Alfred and Benjamin. If one-third of Alfred's legacy be taken from one-fourth of Benjamin's, the remainder would be $ What was the amount of each legacy? 16. A NEW PARTNER Two partners named Smugg and Williamson have decided to take a Mr. Rogers into partnership. Smugg has 116 times as much capital invested in the business as Williamson, and Rogers has to pay down $2,500.00, which sum shall be divided between Smugg and Williamson, so that the three partners shall have an equal interest in the business. How shall the sum be divided?

20 Money Puzzles POCKET MONEY "When I got to the station this morning," said Harold Tompkins, at his club, "I found I was short of cash. I spent just one-half of what I had on my railway ticket, and then bought a nickel's worth of candy. When I got to the terminus I spent half of what I had left and ten cents for a newspaper. Then I spent half of the remainder on a bus and gave fifteen cents to that old beggar outside the club. Consequently I arrive here with this single nickel. How much did I start out with?" 18. DISTRIBUTION Nine persons in a party, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, did as follows: First A gave each of the others as much money as he (the receiver) already held; then B did the same; then C; and so on to the last, K giving to each of the other eight persons the amount the receiver then held. Then it was found that each of the nine persons held the same amount. Can you find the smallest amount in cents that each person could have originally held? 19. REDUCTIONS IN PRICE "I have often been mystified," said Colonel Crackham, "at the startling reductions some people make in their prices, and wondered on what principle they went to work. For example, a man offered me a motorcycle two years ago for $1,024.00; a year later his price was $640.00; a little while after he asked a level $400.00; and last week he was willing to sell for $ The next time he reduces I shall buy. At what price shall I purchase if he makes a consistent reduction?" 20. HORSES AND BULLOCKS A dealer bought a number of horses at $ each, and a number of bullocks at $ each. He then discovered that the horses had cost him in all $33.00 more than the bullocks. Now, what is the smallest number of each that he must have bought?

21 8 Arithmetic & Algebraic Problems 21. BUYING TURKEYS A man bought a number of turkeys at a cost of $60.00, and after reserving fifteen of the birds he sold the remainder for $54.00, thus gaining 1O a head by these. How many turkeys did he buy? 22. THE THRIFTY GROCER A grocer in a small business had managed to put aside (apart from his legitimate profits) a little sum in dollar bills, half dollars, and quarters, which he kept in eight bags, there being the same number of dollar bi1ls and of each kind of coin in every bag. One night he decided to put the money into only seven bags, again with the same number of each kind of currency in every bag. And the following night he further reduced the number of bags to six, again putting the same number of each kind of currency in every bag. The next night the poor demented miser tried to do the same with five bags, but after hours of trial he utterly failed, had a fit, and died, greatly respected by his neighbors. What is the smallest possible amount of money he had put aside? 23. THE MISSING PENNY Here is an ancient puzzle that has always perplexed some people. Two market women were selling their apples, one at three for a penny and the other at two for a penny. One day they were both called away when each had thirty apples unsold: these they handed to a friend to sell at five for 2. It will be seen that if they had sold their apples separately they would have fetched 25, but when they were sold together they fetched only 24. "Now," people ask, "what in the world has become of that missing penny?" because, it is said, three for l and two for l is surely exactly the same as five for 2. Can you explain the little mystery? 24. THE RED DEATH LEAGUE The police, when making a raid on the headquarters of a secret society, secured a scrap of paper similar to the one pictured.

22 Money Puzzles 9 "That piece of paper," said the detective, throwing it on the table, "has worried me for two or three days. You see it gives the total of the subscriptions for the present year as $3,007.37, but the number of members (I know it is under 500) and the amount of the subscription have been obliterated. How many members were there in the Red Death League, and ~ THE "ED DEATH LEAGUE what was the uniform subscription?" Of course, no fraction of a cent is permitted. 25. A POULTRY POSER Three chickens and one duck sold for as much as two geese; one chicken, two ducks, and three geese were sold together for $ What was the price of each bird in an exact number of dollars? 26. BOYS AND GIRLS Nine boys and three girls agreed to share equally their pocket money. Every boy gave an equal sum to every girl, and every girl gave another equal sum to every boy. Every child then possessed exactly the same amount. What was the smallest possible amount that each then possessed? 27. THE COST OF A SUIT "Hello, old chap," cried Russell as Henry Melville came into the club arrayed in a startling new tweed suit, "have you been successful in the cardroom lately? No? Then why these fine feathers?" "Oh, I just dropped into my tailor's the other day," he explained, "and this cloth took my fancy. Here is a little puzzle for you. The coat cost as much as the trousers and vest. The coat and two pairs of trousers would cost $ The trousers and two vests would cost $ Can you tell me the cost of the suit?"

23 10 Arithmetic & Algebraic Problems 28. A QUEER SETILING UP Professor Rackbrane told his family at the breakfast table that he had heard the following conversation in a railway carriage the night before. One passenger said to another, "Here is my purse: give me just as much money, Richard, as you find in it." Richard counted the money, added an equal value from his own pocket, and replied, "Now, John, if you give me as much as I have left of my own we shall be square." John did so, and then stated that his own purse contained $3.50, while Richard said that he now had $3.00. How much did each man possess at first? 29. APPLE TRANSACTIONS A man was asked what price per 100 he paid for some apples, and his reply was as follows: "If they had been 4 more per 100 I should have got five less for $1.20." Can you say what was the price per loo? 30. PROSPEROUS BUSINESS A man started business with a capital of $2,000.00, and increased his wealth by 50 per cent every three years. How much did he possess at the expiration of eighteen years? 31. THE BANKER AND THE COUNTERFEIT BILL A banker in a country town was walking down the street when he saw a five-dollar bill on the curb. He picked it up, noted the number, and went to his home for luncheon. His wife said that the butcher had sent in his bill for five dollars, and, as the only money he had was the bill he had found, he gave it to her, and she paid the butcher. The butcher paid it to a farmer in buying a calf, the farmer paid it to a merchant who in turn paid it to a laundry woman, and she, remembering that she owed the bank five dollars, went there and paid the debt. The banker recognized the bill as the one he had found, and by that time it had paid twenty-five dollars worth of debts. On careful examination he dis-

24 Age Puzzles 11 covered that the bill was counterfeit. What was lost in the whole transaction, and by whom? 32. THEIR AGES If you add the square of Tom's age to the age of Mary, the sum is 62; but if you add the square of Mary's age to the age of Tom, the result is 176. Can you say what are the ages of Tom and Mary? 33. MRS. WILSON'S FAMILY Mrs. Wilson had three children: Edgar, James, and John. Their combined ages were half of hers. Five years later, during which time Ethel was born, Mrs. Wilson's age equalled the total of all her children's ages. Ten years more have now passed, Daisy appearing during that interval. At the latter event Edgar was as old as John and Ethel together. The combined ages of all the children are now double Mrs. Wilson's age, which is, in fact, only equal to that of Edgar and James together. Edgar's age also equals that of the two daughters. Can you find all their ages? 34. DE MORGAN AND ANOTHER Augustus De Morgan, the mathematician, who died in 1871, used to boast that he was x years old in the year x 2 Jasper Jenkins, wishing to improve on this, told me in 1925 that he was a2 + b2 in a4 + b4 ; that he was 2m in the year 2m2; and that he was 3n years old in the year 3n4 Can you give the years in which De Morgan and Jenkins were respectively born? 35. "SIMPLE" ARITHMETIC When visiting an insane asylum, I asked two inmates to give me their ages. They did so, and then, to test their arithmetical powers, I asked them to add the two ages together. One gave me 44 as the answer, and the other gave 1,280. I immediately saw that the first had subtracted one age from the other, while the second person had multiplied them together. What were their ages?

25 12 Arithmetic & Algebraic Problems 36. ANCIENT PROBLEM Here is an example of the sort of "Breakfast Problem" propounded by Metrodorus in 310 A.D. Demochares has lived one-fourth of his life as a boy, one-fifth as a youth, one-third as a man, and has spent thirteen years in his dotage. How old is the gentleman? 37. FAMILY AGES A man and his wife had three children, John, Ben, and Mary, and the difference between their parents' ages was the same as between John and Ben and between Ben and Mary. The ages of John and Ben, multiplied together, equalled the age of the father, and the ages of Ben and Mary multiplied together equalled the age of the mother. The combined ages of the family amounted to ninety years. What was the age of each person? 38. MIKE'S AGE "Pat O'Connor," said Colonel Crackham, "is now just one and one-third times as old as he was when he built the pig sty under his drawing-room window. Little Mike, who was forty months old when Pat built the sty, is now two years more than half as old as Pat's wife, Biddy, was when Pat built the sty, so that when little Mike is as old as Pat was when he built the sty, their three ages combined will amount to just one hundred years. How old is little Mike?" 39. THEIR AGES Rackbrane said the other morning that a man on being asked the ages of his two sons stated that eighteen more than the sum of their ages is double the age of the elder, and six less than the difference of their ages is the age of the younger. What are their ages? 40. BROTHER AND SISTER A boy on being asked the age of himself and of his sister replied: "Three years ago I was seven times as old as my sister; two years ago I was

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Fry Instant Phrases The words in these phrases come from Dr. Edward Fry s Instant Word List (High Frequency Words). According to Fry, the first 300 words in the list represent about 67% of all the words

GEOMETRIC DISSECTIONS JAPHETH WOOD Abstract. We explore the theme of area with some classic geometric dissections. 1. Introduction A geometric dissection is a decomposition of one shape into finitely many

NMC Sample Problems: Grade 5 1. Wonjung is riding a bike at the speed of 300 m/min. This speed equals to cm/sec. What number should be in the box? (a) 50 (b) 300 (c) 500 (d) 3000 5000 2. Which of the following

Club Accounts. 2011 Question 6. Anyone familiar with Farm Accounts or Service Firms (notes for both topics are back on the webpage you found this on), will have no trouble with Club Accounts. Essentially

27 November 2011 voaspecialenglish.com Georgia O'Keeffe, 1887-1986: Her Paintings Showed Her Love for the American Southwest Detail from "Blue and Green Music," 1921 (You can download an MP3 of this story

? What s New?? In Monopoly : The Mega Edition? MONEY Each player begins with $2500, including a crisp new $1000 bill, in addition to the standard five each $1 s, $5 s, $10 s, six each $20 s, and two each

LESSON Rounding to Hundreds Multiple-Digit Addition with Regrouping As always, add the units first. A student may become so proficient at adding multiple digit numbers that he can add from the left, but

Version 01 7540004661 Part 1 Addition Survive Math 5 Part 1 Addition Survive Math 5 Addition and Subtraction i This content is Copyright 2005 Open School BC, all rights reserved. Open School BC content

The Three-Store Problem A Lesson with Fifth Graders by Marilyn Burns From Online Newsletter Issue Number 18, Summer 2005 The December 2003 issue of Teaching Children Mathematics (volume 10, number 4) contained

Doonfoot Primary School Helping your child with Spelling at Home Information for Parents Introduction Being able to spell words correctly is one of the most important writing skills that your child can

Exercises 7.3.1 Five chickens eat 10 bags of scratch in 20 days. How long does it take 18 chickens to eat 100 bags of scratch? 7.3.2 Suppose a is jointly proportional to b and c. If a = 4 when b = 8 and

Game 9 Race to 20 140 Time 20 minutes Materials dice, 1 per pair of students double ten-frame (Reproducible D), 1 per student counters, 25 each of two colors per student Extension dice with a small sticker

6.42/8.62J Mathematics for Computer Science Srini Devadas and Eric Lehman May 3, 25 Lecture otes Expected Value I The expectation or expected value of a random variable is a single number that tells you

2009-8-18 0 Insurance and Gambling Eric Hehner Gambling works as follows. You pay some money to the house. Then a random event is observed; it may be the roll of some dice, the draw of some cards, or the

1. Nancy has a collection of quarters and pennies. She has nine fewer pennies than six times the number of her quarters. If she has $4.56, how many of each type of coin does she have? Let x be number of

. How many sides does each polygon have? th Grade Summer Mathematics Review #. What is the rule for this function machine? A. Pentagon B. Nonagon C. Octagon D. Quadrilateral. List all of the factors of

Grade One Shopping Overview Students share the book Just Shopping with Mom, by Mercer Mayer, to learn about shopping and counting money. They complete activities on examining coupons and shopping for bicycle

Project 16 - PLAYING THE STOCK MARKET FOR GAIN OR LOSS Introduction: We hear of people who invest in stock and make a fortune. We do not hear much about the people who buy stock and lose money, sometimes

A Trip to Cambridge By Iina Lahti A beautiful sunny day in July; I m walking on a street in the middle of a city, being surrounded by stunning old buildings. Colleges and churches seem to be in every corner,

1 The Road to Castle Dracula My name is Jonathan Harker. I am a lawyer and I live in London. About seven years ago, some strange and terrible things happened to me. Many of my dear friends were in danger

LINA AND HER NURSE. SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNI0 N, 200 MULBERRY-STREET, N. Y. LINA AND HER NURSE. SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION, 200 MULBERRY-STREET, NEW YORK. LINA AND HER NURSE. L INA lived away in that land of the East

Mental Questions 1. What number is five cubed? KS3 MATHEMATICS 10 4 10 Level 8 Questions Day 1 2. A circle has radius r. What is the formula for the area of the circle? 3. Jenny and Mark share some money

Money & Finance I. UNIT OVERVIEW & PURPOSE: The purpose of this unit is for students to learn how savings accounts, annuities, loans, and credit cards work. All students need a basic understanding of how

Bodies Bingo Make bingo cards with activities or jokes in the spaces. Each person goes up to another one and tells the joke or does the activity with the other person. Activities can include hopping, laughing,

1. Mehmet already left when you arrived. a. be b. had c. just d was 1. I working until you came. a. am b. will be c. had been d. won t 1. The landlord just rented the apartment when I got there. a. almost

Annette Keen Jake arrives at Euston station in London. It is a holiday weekend and it is his first time away from Manchester. Jake is eighteen years old and he lives with his family. Now he is in London.

DAY 1 Mental questions 1 Multiply seven by seven. 49 2 How many nines are there in fifty-four? 54 9 = 6 6 3 What number should you add to negative three to get the answer five? 8 4 Add two point five to

Bass Photo Company Founded: 1897 Location: 308 South New Jersey Street (1897 ). Central Indiana in the late nineteenth century was a center of the hardwood industry in the Midwest and home to a large number

The 4 Ways You Can Sell Your Home When A Realtor Can t Do The Job Table Of Contents: 1. Selling Your Home Fast. 2. Home Selling Guidelines 3. Is It A Good Idea To Sell The Home Yourself? 4. Marketing Your

General training instructions 1. Each child first answers a question on the booklet, then they go on to discuss the answers and explain in a small group. 2.Then each group will write down their solution(s)

UNTOLD MAP SECRETS The Guide for online marketing newbies Are you a MyAdvertisingPays member? Great! Do you know that you can earn money by using the advertising system of MyAdvertisingPays but you have

The theory of the six stages of learning with integers (Published in Mathematics in Schools, Volume 29, Number 2, March 2000) Stage 1 Free interaction In the case of the study of integers, this first stage

The present perfect verb tense is a little difficult in English it is used in several different ways, and there are lots of rules to remember. This lesson will teach you everything you ever wanted to know

The London Independent Girls Schools Consortium Mathematics Sample Questions Group I and Group 2 Mathematics papers are each 1hour and 15minutes long. No calculators or rulers are allowed; girls are allowed

1 Summer Math Reinforcement Packet Students Entering into 2 nd Grade Our first graders had a busy year learning new math skills. Mastery of all these skills is extremely important in order to develop a

3 The 3 Biggest Mistakes Investors Make When It Comes To Selling Their Stocks and a simple three step solution to consistently outperform the market year after year after year. 2 Dear friend and fellow

A BAD BET Mr. and Mrs. Bates had been married for forty years. In those forty years they had never had a fight, much less an argument. They were a happy couple because they always agreed on everything.

MATH COMPUTATION Part 1 TIME : 15 Minutes This is a practice test - the results are not valid for certificate requirements. A calculator may not be used for this test. MATH COMPUTATION 1. 182 7 = A. 20

LESSON 7 Managing the Trump Suit General Concepts General Introduction Group Activities Sample Deals 170 Lesson 7 Managing the Trump Suit GENERAL CONCEPTS Play of the Hand Drawing trumps Playing the trump

These tests contain questions ranging from Level to Level. They get progressively more difficult. Children should have five seconds to answer questions in each test and ten seconds to answer questions.

KEY ENGLISH TEST for Schools PAPER 1 Reading and Writing Sample Paper Time 1 hour 10 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so. Write your name, Centre

Summary and context This unit looks at a recount text in a form that is not often used in schools a police report. It enables pupils to consolidate skills previously covered in recount work and apply them

Christmas activity file Here are the top ten Christmas activities 2009 1 Christmas trees A game to be played in pairs or threes. Time: approx 10-15 minutes. This game is for students from the A1:2 to B1

The Muslim taxi driver was talkative that day as he picked me up from our house at the Virginia Theological Seminary. First, he marveled at the flock of birds across the field. Then he said with authority,

Lotto Master Formula (v.) The Formula Used By Lottery Winners I. Introduction This book is designed to provide you with all of the knowledge that you will need to be a consistent winner in your local lottery

NUMBERS AND THE NUMBER SYSTEM Pupils should be taught to: Know the number names and recite them in order, from and back to zero As outcomes, Year 1 pupils should, for example: Join in rhymes like: One,

Real Life Methods Part of the ESRC National Centre for Research Methods Toolkit #02 Putting on an exhibition about your research Hazel Burke, Real Life Methods, University of Manchester July 2008 About

BOOK 3, PART 2, LESSON 4 FOLLOWERS OF JESUS ARE SERVANTS THE BIBLE: Acts 6:2 4, Romans 12:10, Romans 12:10a THEME: God gave Jesus followers the power to carry on the work Jesus had begun. They gathered

In Person Mobile Website Selling Script In Person Cold Call or Appointment 1. PERSONAL INTRODUCTION Upon Entering Business Crack a BIG SMILE on your face Good Morning (or Good Afternoon) I am looking for

Simple Present, Simple Past and Present Perfect Tenses This is a list of. I will read the base form, the simple past tense and the past participle of the verb. Then, I will read the verb in three sentences,

Worksheet Episode 6 UNIT 1 intermediate Watch the video without sound, and then tick the people, things and actions you see in the sequence. 1. a dog 11. two coloured balls 21. a baseball bat 2. people

100 Brain Teasers 1. There is a bus traveling to Hay River full of people and no one gets off the bus throughout the journey. When the bus gets to Hay River however, not a single person is left the bus.

Possible Stage Two Mathematics Test Topics The Stage Two Mathematics Test questions are designed to be answerable by a good problem-solver with a strong mathematics background. It is based mainly on material

GLOSSARY stock market the stock exchange; the buying and selling of stocks or shares (small parts in the ownership of a public company) * Dora decided to enter the stock market by buying stock in three