Needle nematodes (above) prefer sandy soils and can cause destruction of the fibrous root system of the biofuel crops. Dagger nematodes (below) have been discovered in Miscanthus and switchgrass plants used for biofuels. “Nematodes are a part of our soil systems,” says researcher Tesfamariam Mekete. “However, when it comes to potential crops for biofuel production, we simply don’t know which nematodes are present in these crops and at what levels.” (Courtesy: U. Illinois)

U. ILLINOIS—Researchers have discovered widespread occurrence of plant-parasitic nematodes in Miscanthus and switchgrass, two plants used for biofuels.

“Diseases and pests have the potential to cause significant constraints on biomass production, putting the crops at risk for reductions in biomass yield and quality,” says Tesfamariam Mekete, a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Illinois. “Of the many pests and diseases, plant-parasitic nematodes are of great economic importance because they can directly influence plant biomass and predispose plants to attack by other soil-borne pathogens.”

The 2008-09 nematode survey included samples from 37 Miscanthus and 48 switchgrass plots in Illinois, Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, South Dakota, and Tennessee.

“Nematodes are a part of our soil systems,” says Mekete. “However, when it comes to potential crops for biofuel production, we simply don’t know which nematodes are present in these crops and at what levels.”

All sample sites had at least two nematode species that have been reported to reduce biomass in most monocotyledon hosts. The damaging population thresholds for these nematodes to Miscanthus and switchgrass are still unknown. However, the population densities encountered may present a potential risk to biofuels production when compared with threshold densities reported on other monocotyledon hosts, Mekete adds.

Researchers discovered lesion (Pratylenchus), dagger (Xiphinema), needle (Longidorus), lance (Hoplolaimus), stunt (Tylenchorhynchus), spiral (Helicotylenchus), and ring (Criconema) in Miscanthus and switchgrass. These nematodes have previously been reported to cause damage to several plant species such as corn, bent grass, switchgrass, and turf grasses.

“The high levels of nematodes found in our survey and the damage symptoms observed in infected roots suggest parasitism may contribute to the decline of biomass production,” Mekete explains.

Needle nematodes, discovered at high levels in the sandy soils of Havana, Ill., and in Georgia caused visible stunting of lateral roots and destruction of the fibrous root system. Mekete’s team hopes to do further research in Havana to study the interaction between this nematode and biomass yield.

Researchers are now studying damage thresholds of lesion, root-knot, and needle nematodes to Miscanthus and switchgrass under greenhouse conditions. Future studies will include host suitability and population dynamics of the most prevalent nematodes associated with these perennial grasses.

In addition to discovering information on the distribution, presence, abundance and identification of these nematodes, researchers also developed species-specific DNA tests to help identify nematodes so future research can focus on developing control tactics.

Portions of this research have been published in GCB Bioenergy. The work was funded by the Energy Biosciences Institute at the University of Illinois.