Introduction to AutoCAD 2011- P11

Introduction to AutoCAD 2011- P11

Introduction to AutoCAD 2011- P11: The purpose of writing this book is to produce a text suitable for students
in Further and/or Higher Education who are required to learn how to
use the computer-aided design (CAD) software package AutoCAD
2011. Students taking examinations based on CAD will find the contents
of the book of great assistance.

Nội dung Text: Introduction to AutoCAD 2011- P11

304 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
Fig. 15.18 The View Manager dialog
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4. In the Select Color dialog drag the slider as far upwards as possible to
change the colour to white (255,255,255). Then click the dialog’s OK
button. The Background dialog reappears showing white in the Color
Fig. 15.19 The and Preview fields. Click the Background dialog’s OK button.
Advanced Render
Settings dialog 5. The New View/Shot Properties dialog reappears showing current
highlighted in the Views list. Click the dialog’s OK button.
6. The View Manager dialog reappears. Click the Set Current button,
followed by a click on the dialog’s OK button (Fig. 15.18).
7. Enter rpref at the command line. The Advanced Render Settings
palette appears. In the palette, in the Render Context field click the
arrow to the right of Window and in the popup menu which appears
click Viewport as the rendering destination (Fig. 15.19).
8. Close the palette and save the screen with the new settings as the
template 3dacadiso.dwt. This will ensure renderings are made in the
workspace in which the 3D model was constructed to be the same
workspace in which renderings are made – on a white background.
First example – Rendering (Fig. 15.28)
1. Construct a 3D model of the wing nut shown in the two-view projection
(Fig. 15.20).
2. Place the 3D model in the 3D Navigation/Top view, Zoom to 1 and
with the Move tool, move the model to the upper part of the AutoCAD
drawing area.
3. Click the Point Light tool icon in the Render/Lights panel
(Fig. 15.21). The warning window (Fig. 15.22) appears. Click Turn off
Default Lighting in the window.

306 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
Enter light name : enter Point01
right-click
Enter an option to change [Name/Intensity/
Status/shadoW/Attenuation/Color/eXit]
: right-click
Command:
5. There are several methods by which Distant lights can be called. By
selecting Default Distant Light from the Generic Lights palette
(Fig. 15.29), with a click on the Distant icon in the Render/Lights
panel, by entering distantlight at the command line.
No matter which method is adopted the Lighting – Viewport Lighting
Mode dialog (Fig. 15.22) appears. Click Turn off default lighting
(recommended). The Lighting - Photometric Distant Lights dialog
then appears (Fig. 15.23). Click Allow distant lights in this dialog and the
command line shows:
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Fig. 15.23 The Photometric Distant Lights dialog
Command: _distantlight
Specify light direction FROM or [Vector]:
enter .xy right-click
of pick a point below and to the left of the model
(need Z): enter 400 right-click
Specify light direction TO : enter .xy
right-click
of pick a point at the centre of the model (need Z):
enter 70 right-click
Enter an option to change [Name/Intensity/Status/
shadoW/Color/eXit] : enter n right-click
Enter light name : enter Distant01
right-click

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Enter an option to change [Name/Intensity/Status/
shadoW/Color/eXit] : right-click
Command:
6. Place another Distant Light (Distant2) at the front and below the
model FROM Z of 300 and at the same position TO the model.
7. When the model has been rendered if a light requires to be changed in
intensity, shadow, position or colour, click the arrow at the bottom right-
hand corner of the Render/Lights panel (Fig. 15.24) and the Lights
in Model palette appears (Fig. 15.25). Double-click a light name in
the palette and the Properties palette for the elected light appears into
Fig. 15.24 The arrow
at the bottom of the which modifications can be made (Fig. 15.25). Amendments can be
Render/Lights panel made as thought necessary.
Notes
1. In this example the Intensity factor has been set at 0.5 for lights.
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This is possible because the lights are close to the model. In larger
size models the Intensity factor may have to be set to a higher figure.
2. Before setting the Intensity factor to 0.5, Units need setting to OO
in the Drawing Units dialog (see Chapter 1).
Fig. 15.25 The Lights in Model and Properties palettes
Assigning a material to the model
1. Open the Materials Browser palette, with a click on the Materials
Browser icon in the Render/Materials panel. From the Autodesk
Library list in the palette, select Metals. When the icons for the metals

308 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
appear in the right-hand column of the palette, double-click Brass
Polished. The icon appears in the Materials in this document area of
the palette (Fig. 15.26).
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Fig. 15.26 The Material Browser and the rendering
2. Click Assign to Selection in the right-click menu of the material in the
Materials Browser palette, followed by a click on the model, followed
by a left-click when the model has received the assignment.
3. Select Presentation from the Render Presets menu in the sub Render/
Render panel (Fig. 15.27).
Fig. 15.27 Setting the form of rendering to Presentation

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4. Render the model (Fig. 15.28) using the Render Region tool from the
Render/Render panel and if now satisfied save to a suitable file name
(Fig. 15.29).
20
R45 5
300
R40
60 15 R50 70 20
10
15
R15 Holes Ø8 Ø80
Holes Ø10
130
5 10 Fig. 15.29 Second
20
example – Rendering
100
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15 100 170
15
165
Fig. 15.28 Second example – Rendering – orthographic projection
Note
The limited descriptions of rendering given in these pages do not
show the full value of different types of lights, materials and rendering
methods. The reader is advised to experiment with the facilities
available for rendering.
Second example – Rendering a 3D model (Fig. 15.29)
1. Construct 3D models of the two parts of the stand and support
given in the projections (Fig. 15.28) with the two parts assembled
together.
2. Place the scene in the ViewCube/Top view, Zoom to 1 and add
lighting.
3. Add different materials to the parts of the assembly and render the
result.
Fig. 15.28 shows the resulting rendering.

310 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
Third example – Rendering (Fig. 15.33)
Fig. 15.30 is an exploded, rendered 3D model of a pumping device from
a machine and Fig. 15.31 is a third angle orthographic projection of the
device.
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Fig. 15.30 Third example – Rendering
free orbit
Example – Free Orbit (Fig. 15.32)
Place the second example in a Visual Styles/Conceptual shading.
Click the Free Orbit button in the View/Navigate panel (Fig. 15.32). An
orbit cursor appears on screen. Moving the cursor under mouse control
allows the model on screen to be placed in any desired viewing position.
Fig. 15.33 shows an example of a Free Orbit.
Right-click anywhere on screen and a right-click menu appears.
producing hardcopy
Printing or plotting a drawing on screen from AutoCAD 2011 can be
carried out from either Model Space or Paper Space.
First example – printing (Fig. 15.36)
This example is of a drawing which has been acted upon by the Visual
Styles/Realistic shading mode.

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Fig. 15.32 The Free Orbit tool from the View/Navigation panel
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Fig. 15.33 Example – Free Orbit
1. With a drawing to be printed or plotted on screen click the Plot tool
icon in the Output/Plot panel (Fig. 15.34).
2. The Plot dialog appears (Fig. 15.35). Set the Printer/Plotter to a
printer or plotter currently attached to the computer and the Paper Size
to a paper size to which the printer/plotter is set.
3. Click the Preview button of the dialog and if the preview is OK
(Fig. 15.36), right-click and in the right-click menu which appears,
click Plot. The drawing plots producing the necessary ‘hardcopy’.

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Fig. 15.34 The Plot icon in the Output/Plot panel
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Fig. 15.35 The Plot dialog
Second example – multiple view copy (Fig. 15.37)
The 3D model to be printed is a Realistic view of a 3D model. To print a
multiple view copy:
1. Place the drawing in a Four: Equal viewport setting.
2. Make a new layer vports of colour cyan and make it the current layer.

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Enter viewport configuration name or [?]
: right-click
Specify first corner or [Fit] : right-click
Command:
The drawing appears in Paper Space. The views of the 3D model appear
each within a cyan outline in each viewport.
4. Turn layer vports off. The cyan outlines of the viewports disappear.
5. Click the Plot tool icon in the Output/Plot toolbar. Make sure the
correct Printer/Plotter and Paper Size settings are selected and click
the Preview button of the dialog.
6. If the preview is satisfactory (Fig. 15.37), right-click and from the
right-click menu click Plot. The drawing plots to produce the required
four-viewport hardcopy.
saving and opening 3D model drawings
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3D model drawings are saved and/or opened in the same way as are
2D drawings. To save a drawing click Save As… in the File drop-down
menu and save the drawing in the Save Drawing As dialog by entering a
drawing file name in the File Name field of the dialog before clicking the
Save button. To open a drawing which has been saved click Open… in the
File drop-down menu, and in the Select File dialog which appears select a
file name from the file list.
There are differences between saving a 2D and a 3D drawing, in that when
3D model drawing is shaded by using a visual style from the Home/View
panel, the shading is saved with the drawing.
camera
Example – Camera shot in room scene
This example is of a camera being used in a room in which several chairs,
stools and tables have been placed. Start by constructing one of the chairs.
Constructing one of the chairs
1. In a Top view construct a polyline from an ellipse (after setting pedit to 1),
trimmed in half, then offset and formed into a single pline using pedit.
2. Construct a polyline from a similar ellipse, trimmed in half, then
formed into a single pline using pedit.

316 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
3. Extrude both plines to suitable heights to form the chair frame and its
cushion seat.
4. In a Right view, construct plines for the holes through the chair and
extrude them to a suitable height and subtract them from the extrusion
of the chair frame.
5. Add suitable materials and render the result (Fig. 15.38).
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Fig. 15.38 Stages in constructing a chair
Constructing one of the stools
1. In the Front view and working to suitable sizes, construct a pline
outline for one-quarter of the stool.
2. Extrude the pline to a suitable height.
3. Mirror the extrusion, followed by forming a union of the two mirrored
parts.
4. In the Top view, copy the union, rotate the copy through 90 degrees,
move it into a position across the original and form a union of the two.
5. Add a cylindrical cushion and render (Fig. 15.39).

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Pline for
extrusion
Extrusion After Mirror Seat added and
and Union rendered
Fig. 15.39 Stages in constructing a stool
Constructing one of the tables
1. In the Top view and working to suitable sizes, construct a cylinder for
the tabletop.
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2. Construct two cylinders for the table rail and subtract the smaller from
the larger.
3. Construct an ellipse from which a leg can be extruded and copy the
extrusion 3 times to form the four legs.
4. In the Front view, move the parts to their correct positions relative to
each other.
5. Add suitable materials and render (Fig. 15.40).
Fig. 15.40 A Conceptual shading of one of a table
Constructing walls, doors and window
Working to suitable sizes, construct walls, floor, doors and window using
the Box tool (Fig. 15.41).

318 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
Fig. 15.41 A Conceptual style view of the walls, floor, doors and window
Using a camera
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Inserting the furniture
In the Top view:
1. Insert the chair, copy it 3 times and move the copies to suitable
positions.
2. Insert the stool, copy it 3 times and move the copies to suitable
positions.
3. Insert the table, copy it 3 times and move the copies to suitable
positions (Fig. 15.42).
Fig. 15.42 Top view of the furniture inserted, copies and places in position

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Adding lights
1. Place a 59 W 8 ft fluorescent light central to the room just below the
top of the wall height.
2. Place a Point light in the bottom right-hand central corner of the room
(Fig. 15.43).
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Fig. 15.43 Two lights placed in the room
Placing a camera
1. Place the scene in the Front view.
2. Select Create Camera from the Render/Camera panel or from the
View drop-down menu (Fig. 15.44). The command line shows:
Command: _camera
Current camera settings: Height=0 Lens
Length=80 mm
Specify camera location: pick a position
Specify target location: drag to end of the cone
into position
Enter an option [?/Name/LOcation/Height/Target/
LEns/Clipping/View/eXit] : enter
le (LEns) right-click
Specify lens length in mm : enter 55
right-click

320 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
Enter an option [?/Name/LOcation/Height/Target/
LEns/Clipping/View/eXit] : n
Enter name for new camera : right-click
-accepts name (Camera1)
Enter an option [?/Name/LOcation/Height/Target/
LEns/Clipping/View/eXit] : right-click
Command:
And the camera will be seen in position (Fig. 15.45).
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Fig. 15.44 Selecting Create Camera from the View drop-down menu
Fig. 15.45 The camera in position

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3. At the command line enter view.
The View Manager dialog appears (Fig. 15.46). In the Views list click
Camera1, followed by a click on the Set Current button, then the OK
button. A view of the camera view fills the AutoCAD drawing area.
4. If not satisfied with the scene it can be amended in several ways from
the Camera/Swivel command (View drop-down menu) and its right-
click menu (Fig. 15.47).
The camera view (Conceptual) after amendment and before render is
shown in Fig. 15.48.
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Fig. 15.46 Selecting Camera1 from the View Manager
Fig. 15.47 Selecting Camera/Swivel from the View drop-down menu

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Fig. 15.48 The camera view (Conceptual) after amendment and before render
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Other features of this scene
1. A fair number of materials were attached to objects as shown in the
Materials Browser palette associated with the scene (Fig. 15.49).
Fig. 15.49 The materials in the scene as seen in the Materials palette

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2. Changing the lens to different lens lengths can make appreciable
differences to the scene. One rendering of the same room scene taken
with a lens of 55 mm is shown in Fig. 15.50 and another with a 100 mm
lens is shown in Fig. 15.51.
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Fig. 15.50 The rendering of the scene taken with a 55 mm lens
Fig. 15.51 The rendering of a scene taken with a 100 mm lens camera