Friday, January 10, 2014

The Shocking Truth About Medication Errors

Let’s
say a physician writes a prescription for Colchicine and accidentally orders
“10.0 mg,” when he should have ordered “1.0 mg.” That’s a tiny decimal error, a
mistake even the best doctor could make. But it can be catastrophic for the
patient. The higher dose could cause Colchicine poisoning, similar to arsenic
poisoning: burning in the mouth and throat, excruciating abdominal pain.
Internal organs would melt away and death would likely occur within 24 to 72
hours.

The
ease with which even the best doctors can make gruesome errors is why hospitals
set up elaborate systems to check and double check orders before drugs are
given to patients. Some hospitals are better at this checking than others.
Medication errors happen all the time, an estimated one million each year,
contributing to 7,000 deaths. On average there is one medication error every
day for every inpatient. Let’s take a closer look at what’s contributing to
these preventable errors.

Hospitals Are In The Technological Dark Ages

According
to recent research, the best known way for hospitals to protect patients from
errors is by adopting technology called computerized physician order entry
(CPOE). The physician (or other authorized prescriber) enters orders for a
patient on a computer that contains patient information such as key lab values,
clinical condition, allergies, etc. The computer checks the safety and appropriateness
of the order and sends it electronically to the pharmacy. In the Colchicine
example, a good CPOE system would alert the physician to the misplaced decimal
in the order, and the best systems would prevent the order from being written
in the first place. In my mind, one of the greatest advances of CPOE is that it
eliminates the need for pharmacists to decipher physician handwriting. I’ve
often wondered how they do that.

The
research suggests errors decline by as much as 85 percent when hospitals
implement CPOE, yet the pace of adoption in the hospital industry is
agonizingly slow. To jump start progress, the federal government used economic
stimulus funds starting back in 2009 to incentivize hospital investment in CPOE
and electronic medical records (EMRs). That improved the pace of change, but
still, most hospitals are in the Dark Ages when compared to other industries
like airlines or retail.

My
nonprofit, Leapfrog, finds that only about a third of the hospitals that
voluntarily report to our survey meet our standard for full implementation of
CPOE. Even for that minority of hospitals that adopt CPOE, the system doesn’t
always work as advertised. Like all technology, CPOE must be continually tested
and modified. That’s not always happening.

We
know this because Leapfrog offers a CPOE test developed by experts at the
nonprofit patient safety innovator TMIT, which allows hospitals (for free) to test
whether their systems actually prevent common medication errors. Unfortunately,
we find among hospitals taking the test that about 50 percent of the time the
CPOE systems fail to properly alert to problem orders, even though some of
those orders, if administered to a real patient, could cause death. Believe it
or not, the TMIT evaluation is the only such test of decision support systems
available to hospitals today — at least that we know of. The good news is that
when hospitals repeat the test after a few months, they almost always improve,
proving that the process of testing and monitoring is the key to the safety of
CPOE systems.

Three Ways To Fix The Problem

It
is imperative that several things happen to protect consumers from medication
errors. First, stakeholders must come together, lay out the best practices for
implementing CPOE and make it available to all of the nation’s hospitals
immediately. Today, many hospitals rely on their vendors for instruction and
full implementation.But vendors’ interests
do not always make patient safety a top priority — that’s the job of the
hospital. Hospitals need more tools and collaboration to successfully adopt
this technology.

Second,
taxpayer money invested in health care should hold hospitals accountable for
preserving the safety of patients. This sounds so obvious it hardly needs to be
stated, except, well, it needs to be stated – because it’s not the case today.
Despite our repeated pleadings and those of our purchaser members, the
administration’s current criteria for paying hospitals to install CPOE doesn’t
require the hospitals to test and monitor the safety of their CPOE systems.
This is a mind-boggling oversight, suggesting it is more important to your
government that hospitals have whizz bang technology than prove the technology
actually works for the patient.

The
giant federal agency that funds Medicare, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services (CMS), will tie some of its payments to hospitals to their safety
record — which is a good thing, required by ObamaCare. But, as purchaser and
consumer advocates complained in a letter to CMS, there is no plan to include
medication errors in the criteria for determining how safe hospitals are. This
makes little sense, since medication errors are far and away the most common
errors hospitals make.

Finally,
employers and other purchasers should favor hospitals that have a monitored
CPOE system. That means they should tilt toward these hospitals in benefits
design and contracting. In addition to the harm done to your employees when
CPOE systems are not in place or are deployed badly, errors are also costly to
purchasers. And it’s purchasers — not hospitals — that pay most of the price
tag for those errors. Purchasers can actually estimate how much they are paying
for the privilege of harming employees using the free tool available here.

The Real Reason Hospitals Don’t Invest In The
Right Technology

The
fact that hospitals can usually pass the cost of errors to purchasers is
precisely the reason adoption of CPOE stalls. Hospitals are much speedier and
technologically savvy when their profits are threatened.

Think
that’s a wee bit too cynical? A report in last week’s issue of the foremost
hospital industry trade publication, Modern Healthcare, detailed a range of new
tech wizardry hospitals are using to collect payment from their patients. My
favorite was a hospital system highlighted for its ePay portal, “recently
enhanced… adding future payment scheduling, mobile alerts and payments and
enhanced messaging services. “Hospitals in that system haven’t yet found the
time to adopt CPOE, despite considerable pressure from purchasers to do so.
Apparently, it’s hard to protect your patients from errors when there are so
many bills to collect.

In
fairness, hospitals respond to health care financing incentives from the
government, as well as the private sector, and those incentives rarely reward
hospitals for doing the right thing. To their immense credit, many hospitals
competently deploy CPOE and electronic health records (EHRs) whatever the
financial benefit. Next it is up to us — as citizens, patients and payers — to
focus our attention and our market power on those hospitals, the ones that put
their patients’ health and well-being first.