having a working understanding of how sounds are represented alphabetically

sufficient practice in reading to achieve fluency with different kinds of texts

sufficient background knowledge and vocabulary to render written texts meaningful and interesting

control over procedures for monitoring comprehension and repairing misunderstandings

continued interest and motivation to read for a variety of purposes

Reading skill is acquired in a relatively predictable way by children who have normal or above-average language skills; have had experiences in early childhood that fostered motivation and provided exposure to literacy in use; get information about the nature of print through opportunities to learn letters and to recognize the internal structure of spoken words, as well as explanations about the contrasting nature of spoken and written language; and attend schools that provide effective reading instruction and opportunities to practice reading.

Disruption of any of these developments increases the possibility that reading will be delayed or impeded. The association of poor reading outcomes with poverty and minority status no doubt reflects the accumulated effects of several of these risk factors, including lack of access to literacy-stimulating preschool experiences and to excellent, coherent reading instruction.

In addition, a number of children without any obvious risk factors also develop reading difficulties. These children may require intensive efforts at intervention and extra help in reading and accommodations for their disability throughout their lives.

So much is put on the school about the outcome of reading ability. Yet, as your research proves, the parent plays a much more important role in determining the future reading abilities of a child. Of course if we take action as educators to overcome the odds with the students, it has been proven that even children from the worst of reading neglect can succeed.

So much is put on the school about the outcome of reading ability. Yet, as your research proves, the parent plays a much more important role in determining the future reading abilities of a child. Of course if we take action as educators to overcome the odds with the students, it has been proven that even children from the worst of reading neglect can succeed.