Effect of Different Compounds on Midgut α-Amylase Activity of the Mediterranean Flour Moth, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lep., Pyralidae)textarticle2014perIn this investigation, effects of different compounds were evaluated on midgut alpha-amylase activity in male and female fifth in stars of the Mediterranean flour moth. Enzyme specific activity measured using a specific diagnostic kit for alpha-amylase. Total protein in enzyme samples was determined by Bradford's method. The effects of different degrees of ethanol (0, 25, 50, 75, 85, and 95%) and different concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mM of NaCl, EDTA, Tris, magnesium nitrate, and potassium phosphate were studied on larval midgut alpha-amylase. The effect of ethanol on enzyme activity was significantly different in male and female larvae and maximum enzyme inhibition occurred by 96% alcohol. Enzyme activity was significantly different in various concentrations of NaCl and it was decreased as NaCl concentration increased. Enzyme activity decreased with increasing SDS concentration and the most activity was observed in male and female larvae at the concentration of 1 mM. The concentration of 5 mM had the lowest activity levels. The effect of different concentrations of EDTA on enzyme activity in female larvae was significantly different but there was no significant difference in males. Different concentrations of Tris, showed a significant effect on enzyme activity of both sexes and enzyme activity decreased due to the increasing of Tris concentration. There was a significant difference among enzyme activities in different concentrations of magnesium nitrate, and enzyme activity decreased when the concentration increased. Enzyme activities in different concentrations of potassium phosphate showed a significant difference and increased due to the increase of concentration from 1 up to 5 mM. Having good understanding about the mode of action of different compounds on alpha-amylases can help us to identify the enzyme inhibitors and their application in pest control.Applied Researches in Plant ProtectionUniversity of Tabriz2383-18552

20141525http://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_581_ee8cf972bd407d03cd3044e275ef50b2.pdfIdentification, Molecular and Phylogenetic Analyses of Grapevine yellow speckle viroid-1 from the Northwest Region of Irantextarticle2014perTotally, 137 grapevines samples were collected from vineyards in East and West Azerbaijan and Ardabil provinces of Iran and tested for molecular characterization and study on the secondary structure of Grapevine yellow speckle viroid-1 (GYSVd-1). Total nucleic acid was extracted from leaves and first-strand cDNA synthesized using random hexamer primer. PCR fragments corresponding to full length GYSVd-1 were amplified by the use of specific primers and cloned in pGEM-T-easy for sequencing. Results showed that the Iranian isolates were 367-368 nt in length, and accordingly seven new GYSVd-1 variants were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that variant 6 was identical to the type 1 of GYSVd-1, whereas the other six variants together with some other isolates and variants of GYSVd-1 formed a distinct clad, which named as GYSVd-1 type 4. These variants were most different from other isolates in variable and left terminal domains of their secondary structure. This is the first report of grapevine infection with GYSVd-1 from Ardabil and East Azarbaijan provinces.Applied Researches in Plant ProtectionUniversity of Tabriz2383-18552

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20142739http://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_582_9d8f5176014083092c6b1169d65e606b.pdfEfficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora asBiological Control of Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanicaUnder Laboratory Conditionstextarticle2014perAntagonism of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) on plant – parasitic nematodes (PPNs) has gained interest over the recent years. Therefore, the efficacy of live and dead infective juveniles of entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinarwith concentrations of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 IJs/ml in 24 well plates was evaluated on egg hatching inhibition and second stage juveniles (J2) mortality of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica Treub in concentrations of 50 eggs, 50 larvae and a combination of 50 eggs and larvae. The experimental design was split plot with six treatments and four replications. The whole experiments were replicated twice. The data recorded after 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours showed that both live and dead entomopathogenic nematodes have significant difference on root knot second stage juveniles (J2) mortality and egg hatching inhibition. The highest mortality was achieved in 100 IJs/ml and after 120 hours and the most inhibition of hatching in concentration of 100 IJs/ml and after 48 hours. Concerning the mixture of 50 eggs and larvae, the results indicated that the effect of live juveniles of H. bacteriophora on second stage juveniles (J2) mortality have no significant difference among the various time treatments.Applied Researches in Plant ProtectionUniversity of Tabriz2383-18552

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2014101114http://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_583_f4ccb0ee42c2fd35e153ea6156b68eed.pdfPotential of Actinomycetes in Biological Control of Citrus Nematode and Some Pathogenic Fungi in in vitro conditiontextarticle2014perCitrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans has worldwide distribution and is one of the causal agents of dieback disease in citrus orchards. The infection by the nematode in association with secondary fungal pathogens affects plant growth adversely. In order to evaluate antagonistic effects of actinomycetes in control of the nematode and secondary pathogens, 30 infested soil samples were collected from rhizosphere of citrus trees in east of Guilan and west of Mazandaran provinces, Iran. As a result, 20 strains of actinomycetes were isolated using selective culture media and their effects on egg hatching and juvenile mortality of the nematode were evaluated. In another experiment, actinomycetes efficacy on plant pathogenic fungi including Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Penicilium digitatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Pestaliopsis spp. Colletotrichum gleosporeides were also tested. The results of the first experiment revealed that eight actinomycets isolates having good antagonistic capacity, reduced egg hatching during seven days and caused juvenile mortality in four days. In the second experiment, six isolates showed the ability of control against plant pathogenic fungi. Streptomyces sp. IGM05 strain had the maximum ability in control of the plant pathogenic fungi while Streptomyces sp. IGM17 reduced egg hatching rate up to 37.2% and juvenile mortality rate to 52.4% and exhibited the highest potential of antagonism.
Applied Researches in Plant ProtectionUniversity of Tabriz2383-18552

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20144151http://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_584_b3d99c1875530140ff2fe518f786a514.pdfMorphological and Molecular Characterization of Fungal Species Associated with Olive Fruit Rot Disease in Zanjan Province, Irantextarticle2014perFruit rots are among the most important diseases of olive in Zanjan province, Iran. Despite the incidence of the disease in the region, the fungal species involved in occurrence of the disease largely remain unknown. The aim of present study is to characterize fungal species associated with olive fruit rot in Zanjan province based on morphological and molecular data. For this purpose, olive fruit samples showing fruit rot symptoms were collected from olive orchards in Zanjan province, during the September and October 2011. Pure cultures were established using a single spore technique. Fungal isolates were identified using morphological characteristics as well as sequence data of ITS-rDNA region. The results revealed Alternaria alternata species complex as the dominant species amongst the fungal groups involved in olive fruit rot in this region with a frequency of 37 percent. The identity of Alternaria isolates were further analysed based on sequence data from the rpb2 and gpd genes. The phylogeny inferred using sequence data from rpb2 gene culstred olive isolates in A. alternata species complex clade. The other fungal species identified in this study include Acremonium implicatum, Arthrinium phaeospermum, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aureobasidium pullulans, Botrytis cinerea, Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium sp., F. nygamai, F. proliferatum, Penicillium expansum, Trichoderma harzianum and Truncatella angustata. Most of the species represent new records for Iran. With the identification of fungal species associated with olive fruit rot, it will be possible to practice suitable management strategies for this disease.Applied Researches in Plant ProtectionUniversity of Tabriz2383-18552

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20145366http://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_585_1fb02719171f65c07fde553af241b6ef.pdfIdentification of Vegetative Compatibility Groups and Clonal Lineages of Fusarium solani, the Causal Agent of Bean Root Rot in Zanjan, Irantextarticle2014perVegetative compatibility groups of 42 isolates of Fusarium solani, the causal agent of root rot, isolated from different bean cultivation regions of Zanjan province, Iran were determined using nit mutants. The phenotype of nit mutants was detected according to their developmental characters in minimal medium (MM) containing different nitrogen sources and nitM was found as the most abundant nit mutant. Complementary experiments were conducted among the self-compatible isolates and accordingly the isolates were grouped in 16 VCGs, with four single-isolate and 12 multi-isolate VCGs. There were bridging isolates, the isolates compatible with two or more VCGs, among multi-isolate groups. There was no correlation between vegetative compatibility groups and geographic origin of the isolates. To identify clonal lineages, one primer (OPA-13) among eight RAPD primers, amplified appropriate and polymorphic DNA patterns. Polymerase Chain Reaction was successful for 26 out of 42 isolates. The results of molecular data analysis showed high diversity among the isolates and according to these results 13 clonal lineages were identified among 26 isolates (similarity coefficient: 75%). Each clonal lineage included only one single or multi-member haplotype. There was no correlation between haplotypes and VCGs.Applied Researches in Plant ProtectionUniversity of Tabriz2383-18552

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20146783http://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_586_722d5d33831ce9e8a639eb5ba29b175a.pdfResistance Components of Canola, Brassica napus L. Genotypes to Cabbage Aphid
Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)textarticle2014perCabbage aphid is a key pest of canola. Resistance of 21 canola genotypes to cabbage aphid was studied in a completely randomized block design in the field and greenhouse during 2006-2008. In each year, two separate experiments, each with three replications, were performed under natural infestation and no-infestation conditions in the field. Infestation index and functional reduction of grain yield were evaluated in the field experiment to compare the tolerance of the genotypes. In order to evaluate greenhouse tolerance, the genotypes were planted in pots at two sets of completely randomized design. One set of plants of each genotype was infested with insects while another set were kept insect-free to be used as control for the same genotype. Reduction of stem length and damage indices were recorded. To evaluate antibiosis effect of genotypes, intrinsic rate of increase of cabbage aphids were estimated on each genotype in a completely randomized design with 10 replications. Results showed that infestation index rate was different among genotypes, years and sampling times. The genotype ‘Opera’ had the lowest infestation index (4.23). Combined analysis of variance for traits of grain yield loss and its components indicated significant differences among genotypes. Damage indices and stem length reduction of genotypes were significantly different in the greenhouse. Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) also was significantly different among the genotypes in the greenhouse. ‘Okapi’ with rm= 0.21 female/female/day had the lowest intrinsic rate of increase. In conclusion, ‘Okapi’ and ‘Opera’ genotypes should the highest plant resistance index, 23.58 and 19.78, respectively.Applied Researches in Plant ProtectionUniversity of Tabriz2383-18552