what is the vertebral formula for the dog?

c7 t13 l7

what is the vertebral formula for the horse?

C7 T13 L6-7

What is anticlinal vertebra?

has the most vertically oriented spine (t11 in dogs)all spines cranial to it are inclined caudally/ all spines caudal to it are inclined cranially

55

what are the parts of the nuchal ligament?

funicular (cord)lamellar (sheet)

56

which species does not have a nuchal ligament?

cat

57

what are the components of the intervertebral disc

annulusnucleus

58

what are the 2 parts of the costovertebral joints?

head of rib with caudal and cranial costal facets of adjacent vertebrae (ball and socket type joints)-tubercle of rib with the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra

59

what are the cutaneous muscles?

platysma (covers neck and face)cutaneous trunci (covers the side of trunk)cuaneous omobrachialis (continuation of the cutaneous trunci muscle over the shoulder in horses and ruminantsPreputial muscle(present in carnivores, ruminants and pigs

Inspiration

61

Breathing:-ribs are drawn caudally-decreases the transverse diameter and volume of the thorax-internal intercostals, caudal serratus dorsalis and the diaphragm, external abdominal oblique work in experation

Expiration

62

flexors of the the spine, is ventral to the transverse processes of the vertebrae.

hypaxial muscles

63

extensors of the spine and dorsal to the transverse processes of the vertebrae