Clearcutting has been the dominant harvesting method in British Columbia (representing 95% of the total area harvested annually). However forest managers are increasingly recommending the use of alternative silvicultural systems and harvest methods, including various types of partial cutting, to meet ecological and social objectives. In this study we compared harvesting productivity and harvesting costs between treatments through detailed and shift level time studies in 300-350 year-old Interior Cedar-Hemlock stands in British Columbia, Canada. Recommendations for improving operational planning/layout and the implementation of clearcut and partial cutting silvicultural systems were made. Harvesting costs varied in the ground-based clearcut treatments from $10.95/ - $15.96/ and $16.09/ - $16.93/ in the group selection treatments. The ground-based group retention treatment had a cost of $13.39/, while the cable clearcut had a cost of $15.70/. An understanding of the traditional and alternative wood products that could be derived from the harvested timber was imperative to increasing the amount of merchantable volume and reducing the corresponding harvesting costs. Stand damage was greatest in the group selection treatments; however, mechanized felling showed an increase in stand damage over manual felling while grapple skidding showed a decrease in skidding damage compared to line skidding.

Social and scientific changes, i.e., global warming, desertification, pollution, biodiversity, bioenergy, plant variety protection, biotechnology, timber demand, reforestation in North Korea, and etc., were reviewed for new strategy of forest tree breeding in Korea. Diversified breeding goals, globalization of breeding target species, multidisciplinary research approaches, manpower networking, establishment of new administrative and research units in KFS and KFRI were proposed. Principles suggested for new tree breeding strategy are: 1) multi-disciplinary approach in settlement of objectives, breeding methods, and etc., 2) expansion of target trees including foreign species, 3) fulfillment of both domestic and international demands for forest tree breeding, 4) establishment of breeding program well-grounded on genetic resources conservation, 5) acknowledgement of breeding products (i.e., variety, technique, gene, and etc.) as goods, and 6) provision of more research opportunities for young scientists. Lastly, ongoing tree breeding project in Indonesia and NTFP R&D Center at the College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University were introduced as examples of desirable breeding projects based on target species diversification, multidisciplinary approach, and manpower networking.

Level and distribution of genetic diversity in seven populations of Albizia lucida Benth. in eastern region of the Indian sub-continent were estimated using ISSR markers. Relatively higher level of genetic diversity within populations was observed in seven populations of A. lucida (mean of 0.38). From the result of AMOVA, majority of genetic diversity was allocated within populations (96.2%) resulting in a moderate degree of population differentiation. The observed distribution pattern of I-SSR variant among the populations was coincided with the typical pattern of long-lived woody tree species. Genetic relationships among the populations, reconstructed by UPGMA method, revealed two genetic groups. The population of Anugul and Bargarh turned out to be the most closely related despite a distance location between them. These formations will be of great value in the development of conservation plans for species exhibiting high levels of genetic differentiation due to fragmentation, such as indication of conservation unit size, which populations should be chosen as priority in conservation plans and which samples should be introduced in areas with a low number of individuals of A. lucida.

The present study was conducted to analyze the soil environment of planted areas around Sudokwon Landfill Site, and drew conclusions as follows. Among the physical properties of soil, bulk density ranged between 1.11~1.59 , which was higher than the average bulk density (1.05 ) of the B layer of forest soil in Gyeonggido, Korea. This is probably because of treading by heavy equipment used to prepare the ground for planting, and measures should be taken to improve bulk density for the growth of the root system of trees. Among the chemical properties of soils, the organic matter content was only 1/5~1/10 of 30 , the adequate level for landscape planting. In addition, cation exchange capacity (CEC) ranged between 1~3 , which was much lower than 6 , the least capacity for landscape planting. Therefore, these problems need to be solved.

Progeny tests of Abies holophylla were established with 32 open-pollinated families at Hwaseong and Gangneung in 1994. Growth characteristics (height, DBH and volume index) were measured at the age of 15, showing that Gangneung site showed in general better performance than Hwaseong site. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the growth characteristics showed that there was a significant difference among families in Gangneung but not in Hwaseong, and Hwaseong site showed that DBH and volume index were statistically different among replications. At Gangneung site, family replication interaction was significant in DBH and volume index. Based on the combined analysis of both sites, all characteristics except height showed highly significant differences between sites and among families. On the other hand, family replication interaction was not significant, implying that growth pattern of families could be similar at Gangneung and Hwaseong. Individual heritabilities () at Gangneung were 0.485 in height, 0.611 in DBH and 0.538 in volume index, and the values of at Hwaseong were 0.121 in height, 0.054 in DBH and 0.080 in volume index, respectively. Based on both sites, was estimated as 0.204 in height, 0.326 in DBH and 0.238 in volume index. Individual heritabilities (0.054~0.611) were lower than family heritabilities (0.089~0.723) for all growth characteristics. Realized gain was estimated to be 2.5% in height, 9.2% in DBH and 23.6% in volume. When inferior families (about 50% of all families) are genetically thinned from a seed orchard, genetic gain would be 9.55% in height, 17.0% in DBH and 46.8% in volume.

The first pruning works of planted trees on forest area carry out when tree height reached at 6 meters. And the second works carry out when it grow to 12~13 meters of tree height. Pruning works are necessary for producing straight log without knar by tool or machine. Generally, the mechanized pruning works Self-propelled pruning machine, chain pruning saw and other tools are used in mechanized pruning works. However, manual pruning saw which is usually using pruning tool was for this study. To investigate the pruning works efficiency, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida which were distributed in Kangwon-Do was surveyed. Height of surveyed the trees were 10~16 meters and its pruning works range were 6.2~6.7 meters of tree height. As results, pruning works efficiency of Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida were 3.14 min/tree, 5.06 min/tree and 4.44 min/tree, respectively. Also, possible pruning works of man-day for Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida was 104, 64, and 81 trees, respectively.

Extracellular enzyme activities of Fomitopsis palustris were determined by the particle sizes, culture periods and concentrations of wood particle substrate which was mixture of 4 domestic coniferous woods, such as Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepsis, Pinus koraiensis, and Pinus rigida. The results showed that the culture conditions had an effect on the secretion of most of the extracellular enzymes from Fomitopsis palustris in the mixed wood particle substrate. :The optimal culture conditions for enzyme activities were 80~100 mesh in wood particle size, 7.5% in concentrations of wood substrate, and 4~8 weeks in culture period.