One of the most difficult tasks for a startup founder is deciding what to do. Where should the tiny number of people working on a brand new company spend their time? Choosing wisely can place your company on the road to success. Spending too much time on the wrong things can condemn the startup to an early death. How do you know whether you are making the right decisions in time for your company to not die?

Usually, my answer to founder questions such as “how should I be spending my time?” is spectacularly simple. Choose a key metric to track and focus exclusively on making that metric grow. When deciding what to do, choose the activity that you believe will directly result in increased growth of your chosen metric.

This is simple and sometimes enlightening. Although making those decisions is still never easy. That is one of the reasons startups are so difficult. Even choosing which metric on which to focus is often the subject of great debate. It is best to pick a metric you are pretty sure you know how to increase. But it is equally important that that metric matter. And by “matter”, I mean its growth will be a good objective measure of how your company is doing, for example by an investor.

There is also a special case where you are trying to decide what to build. Usually you are concerned with metrics around how many users you have and how engaged they are with your product. For simplicity I call the former b for breadth and the latter d for depth. This leads to a rudimentary but surprisingly helpful way to think about how to prioritize product decisions. If c is the cost of building a feature (in whatever unit, engineer days, time to completion, etc., you like), then you can create a simple ranking with the equation:

(b * d) / c

b tells you how many of your users, current or new, will be impacted by a new feature, d describes how important that feature will be to the average user, and c gives you how hard it is to build the feature. The application of this simple formula tends to arrive at a blindingly obvious conclusion: first build the features that affect lots of users as profoundly as possible, and which you can build quickly and cheaply. It is surprising how profoundly hidden the obvious can be and how enlightening it can be to bring it into focus.

Naturally, it can be difficult or impossible to accurately estimate each of the above variables. However, who cares? This is a startup and most decisions will be made using your gut. Make your best guesses and when in doubt, talk to your customers.

There is a bit more to say about the breadth and depth of your product. In a company’s earliest days, it is important to place more priority on d in order to ensure that you have product/market fit. It is useless to try to grow or scale before finding 100 users who really love your product. Only then should you refocus on b and grow your user base in order to get the data you need (from your customers) to determine where to build depth.

None of this is to say a simple formula can replace great common sense and better product sense. It will turn no one into a Steve Jobs. But it does help one think in an organized fashion in the presence of many different possibilities, and can even help resolve impassioned arguments over “what the hell do we do next?!”.

Thanks to Sam Altman and Karen Lien for providing helpful comments on earlier versions of this post.

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62 responses

Awesome post!
The formula has really helped us in office hours. I wrote a quick response about how exactly we think about measuring breadth and depth:
https://medium.com/@hauspoor/breadth-and-depth-...
Hope it's helpful to anyone looking to use this formula!

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Elliott Hauser

Great post Geoff. Sharing with our companies!

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Mar Hershenson

Russell Smith
upvoted this post.

Well put, you made it simple to implement

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Ray

Thanks, it was short, simple to understand and right to the point.

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Mohammad S. Babaei

Excellent post, it's too easy for startups to run around chasing anything that moves in an attempt at feeling productive. Grounding, love it!

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Mai-li

Such an essential startup success factor and great practical tool! Being lean,mean and resource constrained places a premium on making smart choices. A natural tendency for driven entrepreneurs is to keep pushing full steam ahead on all cylinders. The key is to make sure that you're getting the most out of all the energy your expending and that requires focus. You want to get out the door with an MVP so you can start honing your product offering and garnering invaluable user feedback and market validation through iterative development. Some times all it takes to stay agile, yet directed as you navigate this sharp learning curve, is to keep asking "Is this a must-have or a nice-to-have?" and know WHY.
- www.linkedin.com/in/michelleblankphd