*451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of two perfect and indivisible but distinct natures in Christ, and recognizing [[Church of Jerusalem]] as patriarchate; Attila the Hun defeated at [[w:Battle of Chalons|Battle of Chalons]].

+

*451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of two perfect and indivisible but distinct natures in Christ, and recognizing [[Church of Jerusalem]] as patriarchate;

−

*452 [[Proterios of Alexandria]] convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of [[John the Forerunner]].

+

* 451 The city of Lutetia (Gallo-Roman Paris) is spared from Attila's Huns due to the ministrations of St. [[Genevieve of Paris]]; Attila the Hun defeated at [[w:Battle of Chalons|Battle of Chalons]], last major military operation of the Western Roman Empire, where the Christian allied forces under Roman general Aetius defeated Attila and his Hunnic host, allowing [[Introduction to Orthodox Christianity|Christianity]] and western civilization to continue to flourish;<ref group="note">Allied with the Romans under General Flavius Aetius ("Last of the Romans") were the Christian Visigoths of King Theodoric, the Alans under Sangiban, Salian Franks, Burgundians, Saxons, Armoricans and Sarmatians.<br>Allied with the Hunnic army of Attila ("The Scourge of God") were the Gepids under their king Ardaric, an Ostrogothic army led by the brothers Valamir and Theodemir (the father of the later Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great), Vandals, Thuringians, Scythians, and Alamanni; the [[w:Ripuarian Franks|Ripuarian Franks]] fought on both sides as some of them lived outside the Empire.<br>This was the first major battle since the death of [[Constantine I]] where a predominantly Christian force faced a predominantly [[pagan]] opponent. This factor was very much apparent to the contemporaries, who often mention [[prayer]] playing a factor in this battle (e.g., [[w:Gregory of Tours|Gregory of Tours]]' story of the prayers of Aetius' wife saving the Roman's life in ''Historia Francorum'' 2.7).</ref> uprising of Armenian Christians reacting to the pro-[[w:Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] policy of Sassanid Persian king [[w:Yazdegerd II|Yazdegerd II]]; Armenia was guaranteed religious freedom after the [[w:Battle of Avarayr|Battle of Avarayr]].

−

*452 Attila the Hun invades northern Italy, but is convinced to withdraw from Ravenna by Pope [[Leo the Great]]; [[Venice]] founded by fugitives from Attila's army.

+

*ca.451-480 Flight of the [[w:Nine Saints|Nine Saints]] ([[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]) from Byzantine Syria, following the [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]]; first translation of the Greek [[Septuagint]] into the [[w:Ge'ez language|Ge'ez language]] (i.e. the Ethiopian Bible), becoming the official Bible of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] as well as of the [[w:Beta Israel|Ethiopian Jewish community]].<ref group="note">Charles Bryant-Abraham (PhD), and The Hon. Knight de Bryan (OAA). ''"[http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/ethiopianorthodoxchurchofjerusaleml.pdf An Interview with the Venerable Getahun Atlaw, Archdeacon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, Israel]."'' Courtesy of the Augustan Society.</ref><ref group="note">The Ethiopian Jews ''([[w:Beta Israel|Beta-Israel]], Falashas)'' are the only Jewish community in the world today who accept the [[Septuagint]] (minus Ecclesiasticus). (''[http://www.bibliahebraica.com/the_texts/septuagint.htm Septuagint].'' BiblicaHebraica.org, BiblicaGreece.org.)</ref>

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*452 [[Proterius of Alexandria]] convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of [[John the Forerunner]]; Attila the Hun invades northern Italy, but is convinced to withdraw from Ravenna by Pope [[Leo the Great]]; [[Venice]] founded by fugitives from Attila's army.

*466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates bishop of Mtskheta to rank of [[Catholicos]] of Kartli, rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]; death of [[Shenouda the Archimandrite|Shenouda the Great]], abbott of White Monastery in Egypt, considered the founder of [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Christianity]].

*466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates bishop of Mtskheta to rank of [[Catholicos]] of Kartli, rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]; death of [[Shenouda the Archimandrite|Shenouda the Great]], abbott of White Monastery in Egypt, considered the founder of [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Christianity]].

+

*471 Death of Patr. [[w:Gennadius of Constantinople|Gennadius of Constantinople]].

*ca.471 Patriarch [[Acacius of Constantinople]] was first called ''"Oikoumenikos"'' (Ecumenical).

*ca.471 Patriarch [[Acacius of Constantinople]] was first called ''"Oikoumenikos"'' (Ecumenical).

*482 Byzantine emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] issues ''[[Henoticon|Henotikon]]'' in an attempt to reconcile the differences over the Christology of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]].

*482 Byzantine emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] issues ''[[Henoticon|Henotikon]]'' in an attempt to reconcile the differences over the Christology of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]].

−

*484 [[Acacian Schism]].

+

*484 The ''Catholicos-Patriarch of the Church of the East'' [[w:Babowai|Babowai]] (457–484) was executed by Sassanid king Peroz I, for his pro-Byzantine leanings, for which he was often in conflict with other members of the anti-Byzantine Church of the East (i.e. such as [[w:Barsauma|Barsauma]]); [[Synod of Beth Lapat]] is convened under the Metr. of Nisibis [[w:Barsauma|Barsauma]], declaring [[Nestorianism]] as the official theology of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], permanently separating the Assyrian church from the Byzantine church, pleasing the Zoroastrian Persian kings, who were at constant war with the now Christian [[Byzantine Empire]].

−

*484 Founding of [[Holy Lavra of St. Savas (Jerusalem)|Mar Sabbas Monastery]] by [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]; [[Synod of Beth Lapat]] in Persia declares [[Nestorianism]] as official theology of [[Assyrian Church of the East]], effectively separating the Assyrian church from the Byzantine church.

*489 Emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] closes [[w:School of Nisibis|Nestorian academy in Edessa]], which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the spiritual center of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].

*489 Emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] closes [[w:School of Nisibis|Nestorian academy in Edessa]], which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the spiritual center of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].

+

*ca.490 Apparition of the [[Archangel Michael]] on Mount [[w:Gargano|Gargano]] in southern Italy, to Bishop Laurence of [[w:Bishop of Siponto|Siponto]], in memory of which the famous [[w:Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo|Monastery of the Archangel]] was founded.

*490 [[Brigid of Kildaire]] founds monastery of Kildare in Ireland.

*490 [[Brigid of Kildaire]] founds monastery of Kildare in Ireland.

−

*494 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] delineates relationship between church and state in his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor [[Anastasius I]].

+

*494 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] delineates relationship between church and state in his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor [[Flavius Anastasius|Anastasius I]].

*496 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] dedicates [[February 14]] to [[Valentine of Terni]] in the West, banning the pre-Christian Roman festival of Lupercalia; Bp. [[Remigius of Rheims]] baptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity.

*496 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] dedicates [[February 14]] to [[Valentine of Terni]] in the West, banning the pre-Christian Roman festival of Lupercalia; Bp. [[Remigius of Rheims]] baptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity.

*529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of [[Monte Cassino]] and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]] burned down in Samaritan revolt of 529; death of [[Theodosius the Great]].

+

*529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of [[Monte Cassino]] and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]] burned down in Samaritan revolt of 529; death of [[Theodosius the Great]]; Second Council of Vasio (Vaison-la-Romaine), [[November 5]], (''Consilium Vasense II''), attended by 12 Bps. presided over by [[w:Caesarius of Arles|Caesarius of Arles]].

*589 [[Council of Toledo]] adds [[Filioque]] to [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt to combat [[Arianism]].

*589 [[Council of Toledo]] adds [[Filioque]] to [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt to combat [[Arianism]].

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*635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], a monk from [[Iona]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity.

*635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], a monk from [[Iona]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity.

*636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by Muslim Arabs after [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]].

*636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by Muslim Arabs after [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]].

−

*638 Muslim Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem.

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*638 Muslim Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem.

−

*640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]].

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*639 Christian monastery built in Ch'ang-an, capital of China.

+

*640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]]; death of [[Gallus of Switzerland|Gallus]] (Gall), enlightener of Switzerland.

*641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs.

*641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs.

*642 Muslim conquest of Egypt; Arabs invade [[w:Nubia#Christian_Nubia|Christian Nubia]] for the first time.

*642 Muslim conquest of Egypt; Arabs invade [[w:Nubia#Christian_Nubia|Christian Nubia]] for the first time.

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*662 Death of [[Maximus the Confessor]].

*662 Death of [[Maximus the Confessor]].

*663 Emperor [[Constans II]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declares the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative.

*663 Emperor [[Constans II]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declares the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative.

−

*664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, adopting Roman calendar and tonsures in Northumbria; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York; death of [[Cedd]].

+

*664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, adopting Roman calendar and tonsures in Northumbria; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York; death of [[Cedd]].

*668 [[Theodore of Tarsus]] appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.

*668 [[Theodore of Tarsus]] appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.

*669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe.

*669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe.

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*672 The First Synod of Hertford called by [[Theodore of Tarsus]], adoption of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon.

*672 The First Synod of Hertford called by [[Theodore of Tarsus]], adoption of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon.

*673 The Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Monothelitism]].

*673 The Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Monothelitism]].

−

*680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming [[Christology]] of [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [[Sergius of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of Monothelitism.

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*680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming [[Christology]] of [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [[Sergius I of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius I of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of Monothelitism.

*680 [[w:First Bulgarian Empire|First Bulgarian Empire]] established after a successful war with Byzantium.

*680 [[w:First Bulgarian Empire|First Bulgarian Empire]] established after a successful war with Byzantium.

*682 Foundation of [[Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] in England.

*682 Foundation of [[Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] in England.

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*694 Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] defeated by [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], who became fully independent afterwards.

*694 Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] defeated by [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], who became fully independent afterwards.

*698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at [[Synod of Aquileia]], bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome.

+

*698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at [[Synod of Aquileia]], bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome; persecution of Christians in China under Empress Wu's strong pro-Buddhist policies (China had declared Buddhism the state religion in 691).

*ca. 700 Death of [[Isaac of Syria]].

*ca. 700 Death of [[Isaac of Syria]].

*705 Long period of fighting begins between Trebizond in eastern Asia Minor and the Arabs.

*705 Long period of fighting begins between Trebizond in eastern Asia Minor and the Arabs.

*709 Bp. [[w:Aubert of Avranches|Aubert of Avranches]] founds the monastery of [[w:Mont Saint-Michel|Mont Saint-Michel]], after the [[Archangel Michael]] appeared him in 708, instructing him to build a church on the rocky islet; [[w:Mont Saint-Michel|Mont Saint-Michel]] becomes popular and prestigious as a centre of pilgrimage.

*710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967.

*710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967.

*711 Umayyad Islamic invasion of Spain.

*711 Umayyad Islamic invasion of Spain.

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*800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem.

*800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem.

*801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]].

*801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]].

+

*802-803 ''[[w:Lex Saxonum|Lex Saxonum]]'' is issued by Charlemagne at the Council of Aachen, officially determining the laws of the Saxons and other tribes.

*803 [[Council of Clovesho II]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples.

*803 [[Council of Clovesho II]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples.

+

*809 Heretical [[w:Council of Aachen|Council of Aachen]] decreed belief in [[Filioque]] as necessary for salvation.

*810 Pope Leo III refused permission for the [[Filioque]] to be inserted in the Creed.

*810 Pope Leo III refused permission for the [[Filioque]] to be inserted in the Creed.

* Heiska, Nina. ''[https://oa.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/915/theecono.pdf?sequence=1 The Economy and Livelihoods of the Early Christian Monasteries in Palestine].'' Master of Arts Thesis. University of Helsinki: Institute for Cultural Studies, Archaeology. November 2003 '' (Period covered: AD 324-636)''

The History of the Church is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of Jesus Christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic Holy Tradition of the Orthodox Church.

451 The city of Lutetia (Gallo-Roman Paris) is spared from Attila's Huns due to the ministrations of St. Genevieve of Paris; Attila the Hun defeated at Battle of Chalons, last major military operation of the Western Roman Empire, where the Christian allied forces under Roman general Aetius defeated Attila and his Hunnic host, allowing Christianity and western civilization to continue to flourish;[note 1] uprising of Armenian Christians reacting to the pro-Zoroastrian policy of Sassanid Persian king Yazdegerd II; Armenia was guaranteed religious freedom after the Battle of Avarayr.

452 Proterius of Alexandria convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of John the Forerunner; Attila the Hun invades northern Italy, but is convinced to withdraw from Ravenna by Pope Leo the Great; Venice founded by fugitives from Attila's army.

482 Byzantine emperor Zeno I issues Henotikon in an attempt to reconcile the differences over the Christology of Chalcedon.

484 The Catholicos-Patriarch of the Church of the EastBabowai (457–484) was executed by Sassanid king Peroz I, for his pro-Byzantine leanings, for which he was often in conflict with other members of the anti-Byzantine Church of the East (i.e. such as Barsauma); Synod of Beth Lapat is convened under the Metr. of Nisibis Barsauma, declaring Nestorianism as the official theology of the Assyrian Church of the East, permanently separating the Assyrian church from the Byzantine church, pleasing the Zoroastrian Persian kings, who were at constant war with the now Christian Byzantine Empire.

663 Emperor Constans II is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; Constans II declares the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative.

664 Synod of Whitby held in northern England, adopting Roman calendar and tonsures in Northumbria; Ionian monk Wilfrid appointed as Archbishop of York; death of Cedd.

698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at Synod of Aquileia, bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the Schism of the Three Chapters and return to communion with Rome; persecution of Christians in China under Empress Wu's strong pro-Buddhist policies (China had declared Buddhism the state religion in 691).

732 Muslim invasion of Europe stopped by Franks at Battle of Tours, establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the Byzantine Empire.

733 Byzantine Emperor Leo the Isaurian withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to Pope Gregory III of Rome's support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm.

734 Egbert becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning.

747 The Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Patriarch ; Council of Clovesho I adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of St. Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the Rogation Days.

754 Iconoclastic Council held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor Constantine V Copronymus, condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of the monasteries.

787 Seventh Ecumenical Council held in Nicea, condemning iconoclasm and affirming veneration of icons; two councils held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield.

800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the Holy Sepulchre to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the Western Rite Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem.

802-803 Lex Saxonum is issued by Charlemagne at the Council of Aachen, officially determining the laws of the Saxons and other tribes.

803 Council of Clovesho II abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the Western Rite amongst the English speaking peoples.

ca. 839 First Rus'-Byzantine War, where the Rus attacked Propontis (probably aiming for Constantinople) before turning east and raiding Paphlagonia.

Notes

Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.

The division of Church History into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events.

This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the Orthodox Church, though a number of non-Orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy or for reference.

Notes

↑Allied with the Romans under General Flavius Aetius ("Last of the Romans") were the Christian Visigoths of King Theodoric, the Alans under Sangiban, Salian Franks, Burgundians, Saxons, Armoricans and Sarmatians.Allied with the Hunnic army of Attila ("The Scourge of God") were the Gepids under their king Ardaric, an Ostrogothic army led by the brothers Valamir and Theodemir (the father of the later Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great), Vandals, Thuringians, Scythians, and Alamanni; the Ripuarian Franks fought on both sides as some of them lived outside the Empire.This was the first major battle since the death of Constantine I where a predominantly Christian force faced a predominantly pagan opponent. This factor was very much apparent to the contemporaries, who often mention prayer playing a factor in this battle (e.g., Gregory of Tours' story of the prayers of Aetius' wife saving the Roman's life in Historia Francorum 2.7).