The Authors Guild, Inc. et al v. Hathitrust et al

Filing
172

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND & STOCKTON LLP
Joseph Petersen (JP 9071)
Robert Potter (RP 5757)
1114 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10036
Telephone: (212) 775-8700
Facsimile: (212) 775-8800
Email: jpetersen@kilpatricktownsend.com
Joseph M. Beck (admitted pro hac vice)
W. Andrew Pequignot (admitted pro hac vice)
Allison Scott Roach (admitted pro hac vice)
1100 Peachtree Street, Suite 2800
Atlanta, Georgia 30309-4530
Telephone: (404) 815-6500
Facsimile: (404) 815-6555
Email: jbeck@kilpatricktownsend.com
Attorneys for Defendants
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
THE AUTHORS GUILD, INC., ET AL.,
Case No. 11 Civ. 6351 (HB)
Plaintiffs,
v.
HATHITRUST, ET AL.,
Defendants.
REPLY MEMORANDUM OF LAW IN SUPPORT OF
DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR COSTS AND ATTORNEYS’ FEES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
INTRODUCTION. ..............................................................................................................1
II.
ARGUMENT. ......................................................................................................................1
A.
An Award of Fees Would Advance the Purposes of the Copyright Act. ................1
B.
An Award of Fees Is Supported By the Objective Unreasonableness of
Plaintiffs’ Claims. ....................................................................................................3
1.
2.
Orphan Works Project..................................................................................6
4.
Section 108...................................................................................................6
5.
III.
Associational Standing.................................................................................5
3.
C.
Plaintiffs’ Positions on Fair Use Were Objectively Unreasonable. .............4
Uses for the Print-Disabled. .........................................................................7
The Amount of Fees Requested is Reasonable. .......................................................8
CONCLUSION. .................................................................................................................10
i
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Cases
Baker v. Urban Outfitters, Inc.,
431 F. Supp. 2d 351 (S.D.N.Y. 2006)................................................................................. 3
Blanch v. Koons,
485 F. Supp. 2d 516 (S.D.N.Y. 2007)............................................................................. 2, 3
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.,
510 U.S. 569 (1994) ........................................................................................................ 1, 4
Diamond v. Am-Law Publ’g Corp.,
745 F.2d 142 (2d Cir. 1984)............................................................................................ 2, 3
Eagle Servs. Corp. v. H2O Indus. Servs., Inc.,
532 F.3d 620 (7th Cir. 2008) .............................................................................................. 2
Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.,
510 U.S. 517 (1994) .................................................................................................... 1, 2, 3
Hnot v. Willis Grp. Holdings Ltd.,
No. 01 Civ. 6558, 2008 WL 1166309 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 7, 2008) ................................... 9, 10
J.S. Nicol, Inc. v. Peking Handicraft, Inc.,
No. 03 Civ. 1548, 2008 WL 4613752 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 17, 2008) ..................................... 10
Matthew Bender & Co. v. West Publishing Co.,
240 F.3d 116 (2d Cir. 2001)................................................................................................ 4
Rodriguez v. McLoughlin,
84 F. Supp. 2d 417 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)................................................................................... 9
Statutes
17 U.S.C. § 108(f)(4) ...................................................................................................................... 6
Other Authorities
6 William F. Patry, Patry on Copyright § 22:210 (2012) ............................................................... 4
Peter Jaszi, 505 and All That—The Defendant’s Dilemma,
55 Law & Contemp. Probs. 107 (1992) .............................................................................. 4
ii
I.
INTRODUCTION.
Whether or not the facts of this case were “novel,” the law supporting the Libraries’ fair
use position was clear. Transformative uses such as those made by the Libraries consistently
have been held to be fair since the Supreme Court decided Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.,
510 U.S. 569 (1994). On the critical fourth factor, Plaintiffs admitted they could not identify
“any specific, quantifiable past harm” (Op. at 20) and instead offered only rank speculation of
future harm. Their assertion that Section 108 trumped Section 107 was legally frivolous.
Plaintiffs filed claims on behalf of associations that lacked statutory standing (a point
they “repeatedly sidestepped or obfuscated” (Op. at 5 n.7)), and on behalf of individuals,
including an officer of Plaintiff Authors Guild, who admitted they were not familiar with the
Libraries’ uses. They also asserted unripe claims based on hypothetical facts and arguments
barred by settled law. In short, Plaintiffs’ claims were objectively unreasonable.
Putting this aside, the Libraries’ defense also advanced the purposes of the Copyright Act
by providing guidance to other users of copyrighted works. For these reasons and others
discussed below, the Libraries should be awarded their attorneys’ fees.
II.
ARGUMENT.
A.
An Award of Fees Would Advance the Purposes of the Copyright Act.
Plaintiffs argue that in bringing their unmeritorious claims they “helped to delineate the
respective rights of creators and the users of their work.” (Pls.’ Br. at 1, 3.) But as the Supreme
Court explained in Fogerty, “a successful defense of a copyright infringement action may further
the policies of the Copyright Act every bit as much as a successful prosecution of an
infringement claim by the holder of a copyright.” Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 517, 527
(1994). The Libraries’ defense furthered the purposes of the Copyright Act by providing the
clarity that other users need to make similar uses for the public good.
Plaintiffs argue that a fee award could deter rights holders from asserting colorable
claims. (Pls.’ Br. at 3.) This “chilling effect” argument was used for years to justify the “dual
standard” that prevailing plaintiffs were presumptively entitled to fees while prevailing
defendants were required to show that the claims were frivolous or brought in bad faith. Fogerty,
510 U.S. at 521 n.6, 525. But the Supreme Court in Fogerty unanimously held that such a
chilling effect, if it exists at all, could not justify treating plaintiffs and defendants differently. Id.
at 525-27 (rejecting the one-sided view set forth in Diamond v. Am-Law Publ’g Corp., 745 F.2d
142, 148 (2d Cir. 1984), among other cases). Instead, “defendants who seek to advance a variety
of meritorious copyright defenses should be encouraged to litigate them to the same extent that
plaintiffs are encouraged to litigate meritorious claims of infringement.” Id. at 527.
Users of copyrighted works often need this encouragement more than rights holders
because users lack the same incentives. As Judge Posner has noted:
The successful assertion of a copyright confirms the plaintiff’s possession of an
exclusive, and sometimes very valuable, right, and thus gives it an incentive to
spend heavily on litigation. In contrast, a successful defense against a copyright
claim, when it throws the copyrighted work into the public domain, benefits all
users of the public domain, not just the defendant; he obtains no exclusive rights
and so his incentive to spend on defense is reduced and he may be forced into an
unfavorable settlement.
Eagle Servs. Corp. v. H2O Indus. Servs., Inc., 532 F.3d 620, 625 (7th Cir. 2008). Here, Plaintiffs
are eight international organizations and twelve successful authors seeking to establish new
revenue streams for their own books and millions of books they purport to represent. They have
substantial financial incentives to file lawsuits despite the potential litigation costs. The nonprofit Libraries, on the other hand, have nothing to gain other than improving the public’s access
to these works and making them findable, which benefits the public and rights holders alike.1
1
The Libraries do not suggest that every defendant is similarly situated. For example, the defendant in Blanch v.
Koons, 485 F. Supp. 2d 516 (S.D.N.Y. 2007), a decision relied upon by Plaintiffs, was an appropriation artist who
2
Bona fide fair users of copyrighted works particularly need incentives equal to those
afforded plaintiffs because any evidence of market harm under the important fourth factor is
often exclusively within the rights holder’s control. In fact, Plaintiffs acknowledge that other
entities have shied away from digitizing in-copyright books for search because of the risks (Pls.’
Br. at 2), not to mention the burden of unreimbursed attorneys’ fees incurred in prevailing. As a
result, the critical balancing function served by fair use is undermined.
Substantial infrastructure investments were required for the Libraries to make the fair
uses for which they were sued—expenses that are not borne by the rights holders. If the
prevailing Libraries are denied reimbursement of legal fees, other non-profits—fearful of
million-dollar-plus litigation expenses—simply may not risk investing in similar fair uses that
would benefit the public. On the other hand, reimbursing the Libraries some of their attorneys’
fees will encourage others to invest and engage in fair uses that provide an equally “invaluable
contribution to the progress of science and cultivation of the arts.” (Op. at 22.)
B.
An Award of Fees Is Supported By the Objective Unreasonableness of
Plaintiffs’ Claims.
As Plaintiffs note, district courts in this Circuit have defined objective unreasonableness
to include claims that are without merit or otherwise lacking in a legal or factual basis. (Pls.’ Br.
at 9.) A court has wide latitude in applying this standard, and an award of fees “lies within the
sole and rather broad discretion of the Court.” Baker v. Urban Outfitters, Inc., 431 F. Supp. 2d
351, 357 (S.D.N.Y. 2006). But objective unreasonableness does not and cannot mean only
frivolousness or bad faith, which was the prior standard rejected by the Supreme Court in
Fogerty. See Fogerty, 510 U.S. at 521 & n.8 (rejecting prior Second Circuit standard applied in
Diamond, 745 F.2d at 148, which required defendants to show that the plaintiff’s claims were
incorporated other artists’ works in his artwork for commercial gain, and some of his artwork had previously been
found infringing. Id. at 518. The defendant’s posture there was thus very different from the Libraries’ in this case.
3
“objectively without arguable merit”); see also 6 William F. Patry, Patry on Copyright § 22:210
(2012) (noting that the standard for objective unreasonableness as applied by some courts could
easily be confused with the pre-Fogerty standard); Peter Jaszi, 505 and All That—The
Defendant’s Dilemma, 55 Law & Contemp. Probs. 107, 121 (1992) (noting that “an uncritical
application of the even-handed approach is likely to perpetuate, rather than fundamentally alter,
the pervasive plaintiff bias of the American law of copyright attorney’s fees”).
1.
Plaintiffs’ Positions on Fair Use Were Objectively Unreasonable.
This Court’s ruling demonstrates the objective unreasonableness of Plaintiffs’ positions
on fair use, particularly on the first and fourth fair use factors.
For the first factor, the Libraries relied upon multiple analogous cases involving mass
copying for search purposes (namely, Kelly, Perfect 10, and iParadigms) that each found the use
in question, like the Libraries’ uses, significantly transformative. Plaintiffs’ opposition brief
mentioned these cases only once in their first-factor discussion, and then only in a footnote.
Plaintiffs instead relied upon cases that were “easily distinguishable.” (Op. at 17 n.24.) Plaintiffs’
failure to challenge seriously as a matter of law the transformative nature of the Libraries’ uses is
itself evidence of the objective unreasonableness of Plaintiffs’ claims, especially given the
importance of transformative use to a finding of fair use.2 Campbell, 510 U.S. at 579.
Plaintiffs’ arguments claiming market harm under the fourth factor also were objectively
unreasonable, consisting only of speculation, as the Court found. (Op. at 20.) For instance:
(a)
Based on the unsupported statement of one witness, Plaintiffs contended that each
Library use resulted in a lost sale. But Plaintiffs could not identify a single entity paying for fulltext search or access for print-disabled individuals. (Op. at 19.)
2
In contrast, in Matthew Bender & Co. v. West Publishing Co., 240 F.3d 116 (2d Cir. 2001), which Plaintiffs cite,
the non-prevailing party had already secured a favorable ruling on the same issue in the Eighth Circuit. The Second
Circuit deemed their efforts to press the same arguments to be objectively reasonable as a matter of law. Id. at 123.
4
(b)
Plaintiffs’ Daniel Gervais speculated that CCC could license the Libraries’ uses.
But that speculation was contradicted by CCC’s own testimony (as well as the Libraries’
expert, Professor Bernt Hugenholtz). (Op. at 21.)
(c)
Plaintiffs’ only evidence of possible security breaches was by an economist who
acknowledged that he was neither familiar with the Libraries’ security protocols nor
qualified to give an opinion on them. (Op. at 19.)
(d)
Plaintiffs vigorously pressed these arguments despite admitting in interrogatory
responses that they could not identify “any specific, quantifiable past harm.” (Op. at 20.)
Plaintiffs argue that the “fact-driven and notoriously unpredictable” nature of fair use
warrants denying fees. (Pls.’ Br. at 16.) Under Plaintiffs’ logic, courts would never award fees to
defendants in fair use cases, which certainly would not serve the primary purpose of the
Copyright Act to “promote the Progress of Science.”
Plaintiffs further ask that the Libraries be denied fees because they were aware of the risk
that they might be sued. (Pls.’ Br. at 2, 17.) But that risk is no different than for any other
defendant who seeks to assert a meritorious defense in the face of a threat—there is always a risk
of being sued when using a copyrighted work without express permission. Essentially, Plaintiffs
argue that defendants should presumptively be denied fees in copyright cases, restating the dual
standard explicitly rejected by the Supreme Court in Fogerty.
2.
Associational Standing.
The procedural vehicle Plaintiffs chose for asserting their claims was unreasonable.
Plaintiffs did not need to assert rights in millions of unidentified works in order to reach a ruling
on fair use. Yet when pressed on their lack of statutory standing under the Copyright Act to
assert these claims, the associational Plaintiffs offered no response whatsoever despite multiple
opportunities. (Op. at 5 n.7 (noting that “Plaintiffs have repeatedly sidestepped or obfuscated”
5
the issue).) Plaintiffs argue that merely asserting a prima facie case of copyright infringement as
to some of the works is sufficient to demonstrate an objectively reasonable claim. (Pls.’ Br. at 11
n.3.) If so, then under Fogerty’s even-handed approach, the converse must also be true:
Plaintiffs’ failure to assert a prima facie case with respect to millions of works (for which
Plaintiffs lack standing) is also sufficient to demonstrate objective unreasonableness.
3.
Orphan Works Project.
Defendants had not, prior to the filing of this lawsuit (and still have not), identified one
single work as an “orphan work” that will be made available to patrons through the Orphan
Works Project (“OWP”). That fact was plain on the face of the pleadings themselves, as this
Court recognized in granting the Libraries’ motion for judgment on the pleadings. As a result,
the Court held that Plaintiffs’ claims were not ripe for adjudication because they sought “a ruling
on the OWP as it will exist” at some undetermined time. (Op. at 11 (emphasis in original).) As
the Court also noted, the “mere possibility” that one of the Plaintiffs’ works might be identified
as an orphan work and made available in the future is not enough. (Id. at 11-12.)
An award of fees here—where Plaintiffs knowingly brought unripe infringement claims
based on unknown works, then vigorously pursued them despite suspension of the project—
would properly give pause to over-aggressive plaintiffs making similarly unripe claims. At the
same time, an award in this case would not deter any future plaintiff with a truly ripe claim—and
standing to assert it—from pursuing a justiciable case.
4.
Section 108.
Plaintiffs’ position that Section 108 of the Copyright Act precluded the Libraries from
relying on fair use was not only objectively unreasonable, but frivolous. The statute itself clearly
belies Plaintiffs’ baseless position: “Nothing in this section . . . in any way affects the right of
fair use as provided by section 107 . . . .” 17 U.S.C. § 108(f)(4).
6
Moreover, Plaintiffs were equally unreasonable and frivolous in asserting—without any
analysis or case support—that Section 108 in effect preempted the Libraries’ defenses under the
First Amendment and every other provision of the Copyright Act. (Pls.’ Mot. for Partial J. on the
Pleadings at 1, 23.) The Court agreed with the Libraries on every Section 108 argument that the
Court addressed, including the Libraries’ arguments on § 108(f)(4) and § 108(g). (See Op. at 1213 & n.15.) The Court saw no need to address Plaintiffs’ other Section 108 arguments, as the
HDL “unquestionably fits within the definition of fair use.” (Op. at 22 n.32.)
Plaintiffs’ motion was all the more unreasonable in light of the millions of unidentified
works that Plaintiffs claimed to be at issue. To argue—as they did—that none of the Libraries’
activities with respect to any of the (unidentified) works at issue were justified by any provision
of the Copyright Act or the First Amendment was patently unreasonable.
5.
Uses for the Print-Disabled.
The relief Plaintiffs sought would have prevented print-disabled library patrons from
having access to library holdings on par with that of their non-print-disabled peers (and would
have denied the potential to expand this access to other university communities). Plaintiffs’ offer
“to work with Intervenors to establish a system that grants the blind the access they seek” (Pls.’
Opp. to Defs.’ MSJ at 20) rings hollow in light of the following:
(a)
Plaintiffs’ assertion that access for the print-disabled does not require the
digitization of works unless there is first a print-disabled patron’s request. (Pls.’ Opp. to Defs.’
MSJ at 20.) But a sighted patron is free to browse a library collection without first identifying the
works they need and making a specific request.
(b)
Plaintiffs’ statement that print-disabled individuals could have asked permission
of all of the rights holders whose works comprise the HDL. This Court called that argument
“border[ing] on the ridiculous.” (Op. at 18 n.25.)
7
(c)
Plaintiffs’ deposition testimony disclaiming any concern as to how print-disabled
individuals might be able to access their works:
Q:
“So, you do not believe the print disabled should have access to those works?”
A:
“No.”
(Petersen MSJ Decl. (ECF No. 111), Ex. U (Cummings Dep. 56:23-57:3, May 22, 2012).)
Q:
“But you have no understanding of how a U.S. student . . . with a print disability
would obtain access to your works.”
A:
“No. Why should I?”
(Id., Ex. V (Rønning Dep. 80:21-25, May 29, 2012).)
Plaintiffs admit that the Libraries’ uses for the print-disabled benefit society (Pls.’ Opp.
to Defs.’ MSJ at 42) and that uses for the print-disabled had no effect on the market for
Plaintiffs’ works.3 Plaintiffs’ argument that “exceed[ing] the allowances of Section 121”
precludes reliance on fair use (id.) is just as unreasonable and frivolous as their similar argument
about Section 108, supra.
C.
The Amount of Fees Requested is Reasonable.
Plaintiffs concede the reasonableness of the billable rates charged by Libraries’ counsel
(Pls.’ Br. at 21) and instead argue that the amount of time spent by Libraries’ counsel is
unreasonable because it is greater than that spent by Plaintiffs’ counsel on this case. However,
while Plaintiffs had at least six years to prepare for this litigation—counting back to Plaintiff
Authors Guild’s decision to bring suit against Google—the Libraries and their counsel had to
invest considerable time gathering facts and conducting expedited research in anticipation of a
threatened preliminary injunction motion. Further, although Plaintiffs were able to and did rely
on the same expert testimony previously submitted by Plaintiff Authors Guild in its litigation
3
“Plaintiff[s] [are] not claiming that any revenue or other earnings of any kind were generated or are expected to be
generated in whole or part by reproduction or distribution of copies of Plaintiff[s’] work(s) ‘for use by the blind or
other persons with disabilities.’” (Petersen MSJ Decl. (ECF No. 111), Exs. A - Q (Responses to Request No. 11).)
8
against Google, the Libraries had to spend significant time and resources searching for,
identifying, and obtaining the testimony of experts to support their defense.
In addition, Plaintiffs brought overly broad infringement claims in this case, requiring
substantial analysis by the Libraries’ counsel. For example, Plaintiffs’ refusal to narrow—or
even identify—all of the works encompassed by their claims unnecessarily complicated the case
and increased the time spent by Libraries’ counsel in all stages, including discovery. Further, the
Libraries’ counsel did not bill the Libraries for all of the hours spent in their defense (having
written off substantial sums prior to billing), and the Libraries’ motion does not seek recovery of
all of the time that was actually billed (which includes at least $135,000 not reflected in the
Libraries’ fee application) or otherwise invested in this case (including countless unbilled hours
by the Libraries’ in-house university attorneys).4
Contrary to Plaintiffs’ assertions, “block billing is not automatically disfavored by courts
in this district.” Hnot v. Willis Grp. Holdings Ltd., No. 01 Civ. 6558, 2008 WL 1166309, at *6
(S.D.N.Y. Apr. 7, 2008) (denying request for an across-the-board fee reduction based on block
billing because there was no evidence that fee applicants’ bills were unreasonable); Rodriguez v.
McLoughlin, 84 F. Supp. 2d 417, 425 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) (denying request for a reduction based on
block billing where the Court did not find the hours spent on the case to have been overstated).
Indeed, block billing is “a generally accepted billing practice” and such bills “comply with the
Second Circuit’s requirement of specificity” because they “specify the date, hours expended, and
4
Plaintiffs claim that any amount the Libraries recover from insurers or indemnitors should be considered in
determining whether to award the Libraries fees. (Pls.’ Br. at 23.) But Plaintiffs cite no authority for their position.
Logically, and as a matter of fairness, the existence of insurance coverage or indemnification agreements with third
parties has no bearing on whether an award of fees is appropriate under the statute or whether the amount of fees
sought is reasonable. If the award of attorneys’ fees is otherwise appropriate, Plaintiffs have no standing to claim
that they should benefit to the detriment of a third party indemnitor or insurer because the Libraries had the foresight
to obtain such coverage. To avoid any misunderstanding, however, the Libraries expressly represent that they will
not seek indemnification from any insurance company or any third party for any attorneys’ fees recovered from
Plaintiffs, and to the extent they already have received insurance benefits or indemnification, such payments will be
reimbursed.
9
nature of the work done.” Hnot, No. 01 Civ. 6558, 2008 WL 1166309, at *6 (citation omitted).
Courts generally order reductions for block billing “only where there was evidence that the hours
billed were independently unreasonable or that the block-billing was mixing together tasks that
were not all compensable, or not all compensable at the same rate.” Id.; accord J.S. Nicol, Inc. v.
Peking Handicraft, Inc., No. 03 Civ. 1548, 2008 WL 4613752, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 17, 2008)
(“[T]his Court will not make an across-the-board reduction, because in general, the time entries
are entirely reasonable in context and are for comparable services.”). Here, as in Hnot, where an
across-the-board fee reduction was denied, Plaintiffs “do not identify a single block-billed entry
that contains tasks that are themselves unreasonable or duplicative.” No. 01 Civ. 6558, 2008 WL
1166309, at *6. Therefore, a reduction of fees is not warranted.
III.
CONCLUSION.
For the foregoing reasons and those stated in their opening memorandum, the Libraries
respectfully reiterate their request for the Court to exercise its broad discretion to grant the
Libraries’ motion for attorneys’ fees and costs in the amount requested.
DATED: December 6, 2012
New York, New York
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Joseph Petersen
Joseph Petersen (JP 9071)
Robert N. Potter (RP 5757)
KILPATRICK TOWNSEND & STOCKTON LLP
1114 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10036
Telephone: (212) 775-8700
Fax: (212) 775-8800
Email: jpetersen@kilpatricktownsend.com
Joseph M. Beck (admitted pro hac vice)
W. Andrew Pequignot (admitted pro hac vice)
Allison Scott Roach (admitted pro hac vice)
1100 Peachtree Street, Suite 2800
Atlanta, Georgia 30309-4530
Telephone: (404) 815-6044
Facsimile: (404) 815-6555
10
Email: jbeck@kilpatricktownsend.com
Attorneys for Defendants
11

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