Introduction to Mathematical Mdlg Using Discrete Dynamical by F. Marotto

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Two counter-rotating screws with matching profiles provide positive displacement and a wide operating range. Typical use is natural gas gathering. Photo: Mycom/Mayekawa mfg. • Axial blade and fin type compressors with up to 15 wheels provide high volumes at relatively low pressure differential (discharge pressure 3-5 times inlet pressure), speeds of 5000-8000 rpm, and inlet flows up to 200,000 m3/hour. Applications include air compressors and cooling compression in LNG plants. Axial rotor photo: Dresser Rand 49 • Larger oil and gas installations use centrifugal compressors with 310 radial wheels, 6000–20000 rpm (highest for small size), up to 80 MW load at discharge pressure of up to 50 bars and inlet volumes of up to 3 500,000 m /hour.

The pressure is often reduced in several stages, in this instance three stages are used to allow the controlled separation of volatile components. The idea is to achieve maximum liquid recovery and stabilized oil and gas and to separate water. A large pressure reduction in a single separator will cause flash vaporization leading to instability and safety hazards. The retention period is typically 5 minutes, allowing the gas to bubble out, water to settle at the bottom and oil to be taken out in the middle.

Dry completion means that the well is onshore or on the topside structure on an offshore installation. Subsea wellheads are located under water on a special sea bed template. The wellhead has equipment mounted at the opening of the well to regulate and monitor the extraction of hydrocarbons from the underground formation. This also prevents oil or natural gas leaking out of the well, and prevents blow-outs due to high pressure formations. Formations that are under high pressure typically require wellheads that can withstand a great deal of upward pressure from the escaping gases and liquids.