kept “President Joseph Smith’s Journal” in four small memorandum books. The paper in book 1 is blue, while the paper in books 2–4 is white. In the first two books, the paper was printed with seventeen blue lines and extra space for page headers, whereas the paper for book 3 was printed with nineteen blue lines and no header space. The first eight gatherings of paper for book 4 were printed with sixteen blue lines and header space, while the last nine gatherings were printed with nineteen blue lines and no header space. The four volumes have 147, 160, 142, and 190 free leaves, respectively, and were sewn with all-along sewing. The leaves in books 1–3 were trimmed to measure 6 × 3¾ inches (15 × 10 cm), while the paper in book 4 measures 6¼ × 3¾ inches (16 × 10 cm). Books 2–4 have matching red-speckled stain on the page edges. All four books were bound with a tight-back case binding and have brown leather over pasteboards. Books 1–3 measure 6¼ × 4 × ¾ inches (16 × 10 × 2 cm); book 4 measures 6⅜ × 4 × ¾ inches (16 × 10 × 2 cm). The outside covers of book 1 feature an embossed pattern around the borders. The cover of book 4 is red and features a gold pattern around the borders on the front and the back.

inscribed most of the journal entries in these memorandum books with a quill pen in ink that is now brown, although he also used blue ink for several entries. The volumes also include inscriptions written in graphite, some of which are contemporaneous and some that are later redactions. Richards paginated the first 114 of the 285 inscribed pages in book 1—discounting the title page that precedes the pagination—and the first 20 of the 309 inscribed pages in book 2. There is no pagination in books 3–4. In book 2, pages 11, 17, and 20–21 feature illustrations of celestial observations.

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

-era plural marriages. A few revisions, additions, or notes are penciled in throughout the volumes. There are also several use marks throughout the volumes—probably made when the journal entries were later revised for inclusion in the “History of Joseph Smith” published in Mormon newspapers in the mid-nineteenth century.1

This serialized history drew on the journals herein beginning with the 4 July 1855 issue of the Deseret News and with the 3 January 1857 issue of the LDS Millennial Star.

The spines of the volumes are now labeled with blue-colored paper stickers that probably date from the early Utah period.2

The labels on the spines of the four volumes read respectively as follows: “Joseph Smith’s Journal—1842–3 by Willard Richards” (book 1); “Joseph Smith’s Journal by W. Richards 1843” (book 2); “Joseph Smith’s Journal by W. Richards 1843–4” (book 3); and “W. Richards’ Journal 1844 Vol. 4” (book 4). Richards kept JS’s journal in the front of book 4, and after JS’s death Richards kept his own journal in the back of the volume.

Each of the four volumes also bears the mark of a square sticker removed from the upper right-hand corner of the outside front cover. Finally, a “Historian’s Office Archives” self-adhesive paper sticker appears in the front inside cover or on the first flyleaf of each book.

identified himself as the scribe for the journal on the title pages of books 1 and 4. Because Richards kept the journals for JS and kept his own journal in the back of book 4 after JS’s death, the books may have been among “Drs [Richards’s] private books & Papers” listed in the 1846 inventory of church records made in Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

Johnson, Jeffery O. Register of the Joseph Smith Collection in the Church Archives, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City: Historical Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1973.

These archival records and the physical evidence of archival stickers indicate continuous institutional custody and authenticity.

kept for JS is divided into four physical books. The transcript and annotation here are for book 4, covering 1 March through 22 June 1844. The transcript and annotation for the other three books are also available on this website; book 1 covers 21 December 1842 through 10 March 1843, book 2 covers 10 March through 14 July 1843, and book 3 covers 15 July 1843 through 29 February 1844.

The labels on the spines of the four volumes read respectively as follows: “Joseph Smith’s Journal—1842–3 by Willard Richards” (book 1); “Joseph Smith’s Journal by W. Richards 1843” (book 2); “Joseph Smith’s Journal by W. Richards 1843–4” (book 3); and “W. Richards’ Journal 1844 Vol. 4” (book 4). Richards kept JS’s journal in the front of book 4, and after JS’s death Richards kept his own journal in the back of the volume.

Johnson, Jeffery O. Register of the Joseph Smith Collection in the Church Archives, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City: Historical Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1973.

17 July 1814–4 Dec. 1879. Bookkeeper, clerk. Born at Charnock Moss, Penwortham, Lancashire, England. Son of Thomas Clayton and Ann Critchley. Married Ruth Moon, 9 Oct. 1836, at Penwortham. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Heber...

This was the second time Richards kept JS’s journal; he had also kept it between 13 December 1841 and 29 June 1842 before leaving for Richmond, Massachusetts, to bring his family to Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

, Illinois. During Richards’s absence, Clayton kept JS’s journal, inscribing entries, as Richards had done, in the large Book of the Law of the Lord, which also contained records of donations for the Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

. Clayton continued keeping the journal—JS’s first Nauvoo journal—even after Richards returned to Nauvoo on 30 October 1842, probably because, as temple recorder, Clayton was the custodian of the Book of the Law of the Lord.2

When Richards resumed keeping JS’s journal on 21 December 1842, he began using a much smaller memorandum book. This second Nauvoo journal was kept by Richards through 22 June 1844 and eventually comprised four such memorandum books.

Several pieces of evidence indicate that these four memorandum books were considered volumes of the same journal rather than separate journals themselves. For example, whereas JS’s journals kept during the 1830s were recorded in bound books or notebooks labeled with different titles—such as “Sketch Book” or “The Scriptory Book”3

’s memorandum books bear virtually identical titles, with the fourth explicitly identified as “vol 4”. Similarly, that books 2 and 3 lack titles suggests that each was simply a continuation of the previous book. This suggestion is made even stronger in book 2, in which the first entry commences at 4:00 p.m. on 10 March,4

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and established as territory, 1812. Missouri Compromise, 1820, admitted Missouri as slave state, 1821. Population in 1830 about 140,000; in 1836 about 240,000; and in 1840 about 380,000. Latter-day Saint ...

Became part of Northwest Territory of U.S., 1787. Admitted as state, 1818. Population in 1840 about 480,000. Population in 1845 about 660,000. Plentiful, inexpensive land attracted settlers from northern and southern states. Following expulsion from Missouri...

’s office from temple recorder and scribe to JS’s “private se[c]retary & historian,” as well as the transfer of the journal out of the Book of the Law of the Lord, may have influenced what events Richards recorded in the memorandum books. At least some of the material Richards, as JS’s private secretary, included in this journal—such as the detailed record of a medical malpractice suit over which JS presided—probably would have received much less emphasis had Richards, in the capacity of temple recorder and scribe, been keeping JS’s journal in the book that also contained records of donations for the temple. Similarly, although the ledger-size Book of the Law of the Lord likely remained in the recorder’s office and most journal entries were probably made there, each of the memorandum books was small enough that Richards could easily carry it with him, allowing him to record many of JS’s activities closer to the actual event—both temporally and spatially—than was possible earlier.

’s new title of historian was significant as well. On 1 December 1842, he began working on the “History of Joseph Smith” that was being serially published in the Times and Seasons, and by August 1843 he was drawing on JS’s earlier journals for that history.6

employed various techniques in keeping the journal. For a few entries, he made lightly penciled notes and returned later with a quill pen to expand the entry. In other entries, the morning or afternoon portion of an entry was written in one ink and the evening portion of the entry in a different ink that matches that of the following entry. These changes in writing media and in other aspects of the inscribed text indicate that many entries—or parts of entries—were made on the very day of the events they described. The textual evidence in other entries indicates that they were written several days after the date they bear. Still other entries are a hybrid. Richards’s notes of sermons and legal proceedings, for example, bear evidence of both contemporaneous inscription and later revision. In some instances, Richards left blank spaces and even blank lines, apparently intending to add details later. Hurried note taking often resulted in missing words, informal abbreviations, inconsistent spelling, and poorly formed characters. Richards revisited some difficult passages to mend or rewrite characters, revise spelling and punctuation, and add interlineations. Some of the blanks were filled while others were left standing. Richards’s notes include both immediate emendations, such as wipe-erasures made while his ink was still wet, as well as later revisions, such as knife-erasures of words written in ink that had dried. The various ways in which Richards wrote and revised entries resulted in the journal’s uneven texture but also contribute to its wealth of immediately recorded information and clarifying additions.

settled somewhat into a pattern of generally recording the events of one day on one page—some pages largely empty and others filled with cramped writing—with weather reported at the bottom of the page. He made an entry for almost every day during the last year and a half of JS’s life. The journal ended when JS left Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

on 22 June 1844, five days before he was killed at the jailhouse at Carthage

Located eighteen miles southeast of Nauvoo. Settled 1831. Designated Hancock Co. seat, Mar. 1833. Incorporated as town, 27 Feb. 1837. Population in 1839 about 300. Population in 1844 about 400. Site of acute opposition to Latter-day Saints, early 1840s. Site...

kept for JS is divided into four physical books. The transcript and annotation here are for book 4, covering 1 March through 22 June 1844. The transcript and annotation for the other three books are also available on this website; book 1 covers 21 December 1842 through 10 March 1843, book 2 covers 10 March through 14 July 1843, and book 3 covers 15 July 1843 through 29 February 1844.

—— Council passed an ordinance concerni[n]g Libels and for other purposes.433

Following a lengthy preamble condemning the “body of degraded men that have got up a press in Nauvoo” to destroy the city’s charter and Mormon inhabitants, the new law stated that anyone convicted before the mayor or the municipal court of attempting to “excite the prejudice of the Community” against any citizens of Nauvoo through false statements, libel, slander, or bribery “shall be fined, in any sum not exceeding five hundred dollars, or imprisoned six months, or both, at the discretion of said Mayor or Court.” (Nauvoo City Council Minute Book, 10 June 1844, 210–211.)

Nauvoo City Council Minute Book / Nauvoo City Council. “A Record of the Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Nauvoo Handcock County, State of Illinois, Commencing A.D. 1841,” ca. 1841–1845. CHL. MS 3435.

also issued an order to me to dest[r]oy the Nauvoo Expositor establis[h]ment. as a nuisanc[e]434

Under a provision in the Nauvoo charter, if the city council declared the press of the Nauvoo Expositor a nuisance, they could “prevent and remove” it. Arguing that the paper’s publishers intended to “raise a mob” against Nauvoo by publishing lies, JS told the council that he considered the paper “a greater nuisance than a dead carcase” and that “he would rather die to morrow and have the thing smashed, than live and have it go on.” Other members of the city council spoke in the same vein, with the exception of Benjamin Warrington, who wanted the council to declare the paper a nuisance only if fining the publishers for libel failed to dissuade them from using their paper to attack JS and the church. The city council passed a resolution designating “the printing office from whence issues the ‘Nauvoo Expositor,’” as well as all copies of the paper in the office, a “public nuisance.” The resolution also instructed JS as mayor “to cause said printing establishment and papers to be removed without delay, in such manner as he shall direct.” (“Of the Legislative Powers of the City Council,” Times and Seasons, 15 Jan. 1841, 2:285; “To the Public,” Nauvoo Neighbor, Extra, 17 June 1844; “To the Public,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 19 June 1844, [2]–[3]; Nauvoo City Council Rough Minute Book, 10 June 1844, 26–31; Nauvoo City Council Minute Book, 10 June 1844, 211.)

Nauvoo City Council Minute Book / Nauvoo City Council. “A Record of the Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Nauvoo Handcock County, State of Illinois, Commencing A.D. 1841,” ca. 1841–1845. CHL. MS 3435.

JS ordered Nauvoo city marshal John P. Greene “to destroy the printing press from whence issued the Nauvoo Expositor, and pie the Type of the said printing establishment in the streets and burn all the Expositors and libellous hand bills found in said establishment.” JS further instructed Greene to “demolish the house” if Greene encountered any resistance and to arrest anyone who threatened him, the mayor, or other city officials. (JS, Order to Nauvoo City Marshal, 10 June 1844, JS Collection, CHL.)

14 Jan. 1800–28 July 1845. Soldier, police captain. Born in Paris, Oneida Co., New York. Son of Jonathan Dunham. Married Mary Kendall. Moved to Rushford, Allegany Co., New York, by 1830. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and ordained...

repo[r]ted. that. he had removd the press. type— & pinteed [printed] pape[r]s— & fixtures into the street & fired them. this was done by because of the Libellus character of the paper.— in slanderi[n]g the Municipality of the city

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

Large, two-story, Greek Revival frame structure located on northeast corner of Water and Main streets. Built to meet JS’s immediate need for larger home that could also serve as hotel to accommodate his numerous guests. JS relocated family from old house ...

— & I gave them a short address told them they had done right. that they had executed my orders— requi[re]d of me by the city council that if I would never submit to have another Libellous publication in establishd in the.— city

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

. that I cared not how ma[n]y pape[r]s there were in the city if they would pr[i]nt the truth. but would submit to no Libe[l]s— or slanders from them.—— the speech was loudly greeted by 3 cheers— 3. times.— the posse dispe[rs]ed all in good order——

1820–after 1850. Attorney, merchant. Born in Tate, Clermont Co., Ohio. Son of Elias Higbee and Sarah Elizabeth Ward. Moved to Fulton, Hamilton Co., Ohio, by 1830. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1832. Moved to Jackson Co., Missouri...

—— Council passed an ordinance concerning Libels and for other purposes.433

Following a lengthy preamble condemning the “body of degraded men that have got up a press in Nauvoo” to destroy the city’s charter and Mormon inhabitants, the new law stated that anyone convicted before the mayor or the municipal court of attempting to “excite the prejudice of the Community” against any citizens of Nauvoo through false statements, libel, slander, or bribery “shall be fined, in any sum not exceeding five hundred dollars, or imprisoned six months, or both, at the discretion of said Mayor or Court.” (Nauvoo City Council Minute Book, 10 June 1844, 210–211.)

Nauvoo City Council Minute Book / Nauvoo City Council. “A Record of the Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Nauvoo Handcock County, State of Illinois, Commencing A.D. 1841,” ca. 1841–1845. CHL. MS 3435.

also issued an order to me to destroy the Nauvoo Expositor establishment. as a nuisance434

Under a provision in the Nauvoo charter, if the city council declared the press of the Nauvoo Expositor a nuisance, they could “prevent and remove” it. Arguing that the paper’s publishers intended to “raise a mob” against Nauvoo by publishing lies, JS told the council that he considered the paper “a greater nuisance than a dead carcase” and that “he would rather die to morrow and have the thing smashed, than live and have it go on.” Other members of the city council spoke in the same vein, with the exception of Benjamin Warrington, who wanted the council to declare the paper a nuisance only if fining the publishers for libel failed to dissuade them from using their paper to attack JS and the church. The city council passed a resolution designating “the printing office from whence issues the ‘Nauvoo Expositor,’” as well as all copies of the paper in the office, a “public nuisance.” The resolution also instructed JS as mayor “to cause said printing establishment and papers to be removed without delay, in such manner as he shall direct.” (“Of the Legislative Powers of the City Council,” Times and Seasons, 15 Jan. 1841, 2:285; “To the Public,” Nauvoo Neighbor, Extra, 17 June 1844; “To the Public,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 19 June 1844, [2]–[3]; Nauvoo City Council Rough Minute Book, 10 June 1844, 26–31; Nauvoo City Council Minute Book, 10 June 1844, 211.)

Nauvoo City Council Minute Book / Nauvoo City Council. “A Record of the Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Nauvoo Handcock County, State of Illinois, Commencing A.D. 1841,” ca. 1841–1845. CHL. MS 3435.

JS ordered Nauvoo city marshal John P. Greene “to destroy the printing press from whence issued the Nauvoo Expositor, and pie the Type of the said printing establishment in the streets and burn all the Expositors and libellous hand bills found in said establishment.” JS further instructed Greene to “demolish the house” if Greene encountered any resistance and to arrest anyone who threatened him, the mayor, or other city officials. (JS, Order to Nauvoo City Marshal, 10 June 1844, JS Collection, CHL.)

14 Jan. 1800–28 July 1845. Soldier, police captain. Born in Paris, Oneida Co., New York. Son of Jonathan Dunham. Married Mary Kendall. Moved to Rushford, Allegany Co., New York, by 1830. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and ordained...

reported. that. he had removd the press. type— & pinteed [printed] papers— & fixtures into the street & fired them. this was done because of the Libellus character of the paper.— in slandering the Municipality of the city

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

Large, two-story, Greek Revival frame structure located on northeast corner of Water and Main streets. Built to meet JS’s immediate need for larger home that could also serve as hotel to accommodate his numerous guests. JS relocated family from old house ...

— & I gave them a short address told them they had done right. that they had executed my orders— required of me by the city council that I would never submit to have another Libellous publication in establishd in the.— city

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

. that I cared not how many papers there were in the city if they would print the truth. but would submit to no Libels— or slanders from them.—— the speech was loudly greeted by 3 cheers— 3. times.— the posse dispersed all in good order——

1820–after 1850. Attorney, merchant. Born in Tate, Clermont Co., Ohio. Son of Elias Higbee and Sarah Elizabeth Ward. Moved to Fulton, Hamilton Co., Ohio, by 1830. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1832. Moved to Jackson Co., Missouri...

Following a lengthy preamble condemning the “body of degraded men that have got up a press in Nauvoo” to destroy the city’s charter and Mormon inhabitants, the new law stated that anyone convicted before the mayor or the municipal court of attempting to “excite the prejudice of the Community” against any citizens of Nauvoo through false statements, libel, slander, or bribery “shall be fined, in any sum not exceeding five hundred dollars, or imprisoned six months, or both, at the discretion of said Mayor or Court.” (Nauvoo City Council Minute Book, 10 June 1844, 210–211.)

Nauvoo City Council Minute Book / Nauvoo City Council. “A Record of the Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Nauvoo Handcock County, State of Illinois, Commencing A.D. 1841,” ca. 1841–1845. CHL. MS 3435.

Under a provision in the Nauvoo charter, if the city council declared the press of the Nauvoo Expositor a nuisance, they could “prevent and remove” it. Arguing that the paper’s publishers intended to “raise a mob” against Nauvoo by publishing lies, JS told the council that he considered the paper “a greater nuisance than a dead carcase” and that “he would rather die to morrow and have the thing smashed, than live and have it go on.” Other members of the city council spoke in the same vein, with the exception of Benjamin Warrington, who wanted the council to declare the paper a nuisance only if fining the publishers for libel failed to dissuade them from using their paper to attack JS and the church. The city council passed a resolution designating “the printing office from whence issues the ‘Nauvoo Expositor,’” as well as all copies of the paper in the office, a “public nuisance.” The resolution also instructed JS as mayor “to cause said printing establishment and papers to be removed without delay, in such manner as he shall direct.” (“Of the Legislative Powers of the City Council,” Times and Seasons, 15 Jan. 1841, 2:285; “To the Public,” Nauvoo Neighbor, Extra, 17 June 1844; “To the Public,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 19 June 1844, [2]–[3]; Nauvoo City Council Rough Minute Book, 10 June 1844, 26–31; Nauvoo City Council Minute Book, 10 June 1844, 211.)

Nauvoo City Council Minute Book / Nauvoo City Council. “A Record of the Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Nauvoo Handcock County, State of Illinois, Commencing A.D. 1841,” ca. 1841–1845. CHL. MS 3435.

JS ordered Nauvoo city marshal John P. Greene “to destroy the printing press from whence issued the Nauvoo Expositor, and pie the Type of the said printing establishment in the streets and burn all the Expositors and libellous hand bills found in said establishment.” JS further instructed Greene to “demolish the house” if Greene encountered any resistance and to arrest anyone who threatened him, the mayor, or other city officials. (JS, Order to Nauvoo City Marshal, 10 June 1844, JS Collection, CHL.)