From: Oxford Public International Law (http://opil.ouplaw.com). (c) Oxford University Press, 2015. All Rights Reserved.date: 21 January 2019

Subject(s):

Responsibility of states — Circumstances precluding wrongfulness — Diplomatic protection — Lex specialis — Sovereignty — Customary international law — General principles of international law — Countermeasures — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

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Since 1945, international law has witnessed a process of intense functional specialization. So much so that the proliferation of new legal regimes has recently sparked a vivid debate on the alleged fragmentation of international law. As international law has extended to subject areas as diverse as environmental protection, human rights, and international trade, numerous international instruments contain tailor-made rules on the legal consequences of breach. The Articles on State Responsibility adopted by the International Law Commission in 2001 open the door to...

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