Whenever the government of the United States shall
break up, it will probably be in consequence of a false direction having been given to publick opinion. This is the weak point
of our defenses, and the part to which the enemies of the system will direct all their attacks. Opinion can be so perverted
as to cause the false to seem the true; the enemy, a friend, and the friend, an enemy; the best interests of the nation to
appear insignificant, and trifles of moment; in a word, the right the wrong, and the wrong the right.

During political campaigns, polls dominate the news. Here’s a guide to interpreting them rationally.

1. Take polls conducted more than six weeks before an election with
a sack, not a grain, of salt.As Alexis de Tocqueville noted in 1840, Americans “find it a tiresome
inconvenience to exercise political rights which distract them from industry. When required to elect representatives, to support
authority by personal service, or to discuss public business together, they find they have no time.”

Then, as now, many citizens don’t really make up their minds about how they will vote on any but the most
publicized races until shortly before the election. So early polls are prone to volatile top-of-the-head responses. Such polls
are like nailing Jello to a wall.

2. Expand the margin of error at least by half, if not double.The results
of scientific polls are often presented as “a snapshot” of public opinion at a particular time with an exact percentage
of the population favoring something or someone and a precise margin of error.

But polling experts caution that the margin of error only measures one reason why the survey results
may differ from true public opinion--sampling error. Further, this error margin rests on a small mountain of assumptions that
are never met in the real world. A poll is never a “snapshot.” It’s merely an estimate. Not
a photo, but a drawing.And it’s based on probability, not certainty.

When the gap between candidates--or sides of a ballot issue--is equal to or smaller than the margin of error,
the poll can't really say who is ahead. In fact, unless the gap is twice as large as the margin of error, there is at least
a small chance that the race is too close to call. (That's because each side's estimate has a margin of error around it.)

Because there are so many reasons a poll may be off, if possible, average results of similar polls rather than
relying on a single survey, suggests Prof. Steven Chaffee, an experienced academic pollster at the University of California,
Santa Barbara.

3.Consider the source. If those who conduct or pay for the poll have something
to gain from the outcome, exercise extreme caution. Results of a candidate’s own polls are notoriously unreliable. Warren
Mitofsky, who directed polls for CBS News for 27 years, says news media shouldn’t even report results from partisan
polls. Put the most trust in polls conducted by well-known firms and paid for by news media.

“The biggest problem I see is partisan polls being taken as factual information,” cautions Mark Baldassare,
senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California and president of the polling firm Baldassare Associates. Partisan
pollsters will ask a question multiple times, but only report the most favorable response, he explains. And they will use
“push polling” in which respondents are read a hypothetical or negative campaign charge and then asked how they
feel. “I see it all the time,” he adds.

4.Read any poll not based on a random sample with extreme caution.Many
websites and newspapers conduct polls in which visitors are invited to “vote” on a question. Once you vote, you
can see the results. Even when thousands have registered their opinions, such polls do not necessarily indicate opinions of
the public at large. Only polls in which everyone has an equal chance of being selected permit such a projection.

5.Look at the wording of questions.The Field Poll found that a shorter description of a ballot initiative in the March primary was rejected by a large
majority of respondents while a longer description of the same proposition was approved by a large majority. Even subtle
differences in wording can have major effects.

6.Beware of sub-group comparisons.The margin of error reported in most
news stories only applies to the entire sample, yet reporters often compare the positions of groups within the sample, such
as Republicans and Democrats, males or females, Latinos, Anglos, Asian-Americans and African Americans, etc. The smaller the
group, the less accurate the estimation.

7.Look at the number polled. If fewer than 600 persons respond to a political
poll, it may not merit your attention. The margin of error will be large enough that only big differences in opinion can be
estimated.

Polling is counter-intuitive. Accuracy generally depends on the size of the sample interviewed, not the ratio of the sample
to the population at large. A random survey of 1,500 persons can estimate the opinion of hundreds of millions of Americans
within a few percentage points of reality. But a similar poll of 300 in a town of 5,000 will have an error margin almost 12
points wide.

·the response rate--those who completed the interview with the pollster divided by the total of those who cooperated
plus those who couldn’t be reached and those who refused. (If this ratio dips much below 50%, the poll is not really
scientific and margins of error become meaningless.)