How social networks reduce pollution sex

Tong and Lei noted that the problem is that more government micro accountability may reduce the pressure for democracy. Pollution-related illnesses result in direct medical costs, costs to healthcare systems and opportunity costs resulting from lost productivity and economic growth. These models were derived based on the historical-geographical emergence of such neighborhoods in major cities of North America, Europe, and Australia post-WWII Hubbard et al. Regarding studies on health effects of air pollution general, residence-based pollutant exposure models are limited by lack of temporal variability associated with daily activities, while longitudinal studies are often limited by spatially aggregated measures of exposure. Pollution and poverty Pollution is strongly linked to poverty. Furthermore, in a study where chronic infection of cystic fibrosis CF airway by P. Environmental Injustice and LGBT Geography Greater Houston is appropriate for this research because of its social diversity, as well as its persistent problems with air pollution. Cyclical fluctuations in sex hormones during the reproductive period of life increases the prevalence rates of atopic disease in women, though rates are lower compared to males during childhood and after menopause [6]. In this study, the CC strain reproduced the responses of disease severity commonly observed in humans during infection, suggesting that variations in morbidity and mortality are highly affected by host genetic factors [ ]. Gender differences in community-acquired pneumonia Increasing evidence suggests that sex hormones play a role in the expression of genes involved in the regulation of the immune system, which in turn can impact the individual susceptibility to infectious agents, and incidence of autoimmune diseases [ 13 , 14 ]. Animal models have been widely used in the field and have often provided insight into the physiological processes associated with the disease. Figure 6. An extensive quantitative literature has tested for distributive patterns of environmental injustice by applying spatial analytic and statistical techniques. Once these vehicles are electric, the system could still be used to ease congestion. However, HAP exposures are distributed differently for same-sex male versus same-sex female partner households. Although results vary across analyses, the vast majority of these studies have found that social groups at the disadvantaged poles of those axes of oppression experience disproportionate exposure to toxic pollution Chakraborty et al. Of particular relevance here is gender, a category that has received focus in the EJ literature. We may think of social media as playing a similar role in preparing the Chinese users for more radical moments of action. Theoretical frameworks for the sexual structure of cities with particular regard to the locational dimension of LGBT residence have been proposed. Additionally, applicable spatial data on sexual orientation for partner households are collected by the US Census Bureau and freely available to analysts interested in examining relationships between same-sex partnering and other variables of interest Baumle et al. You can read more about how 5G is crucial for the roll-out of autonomous cars in this GearBrain feature. Even though mouse-adapted strains are important to model seasonal H1N1 and H3N2 virus infections, certain influenza viruses cause disease in mice without prior adaptation [ ]. Click to view larger Figure 7. Effect of sex hormones in immune responses and lung development Currently, there is an increasing evidence for sex differences in incidence, morbidity, and mortality of lung diseases. Remarkably, physiological changes in male and female sex hormone levels estradiol, testosterone play important roles in human lung development, and differences in susceptibility to pulmonary infection are also present at an early age [ 44 — 47 ]. Many axes of social oppression have been examined, including race, class, and to a lesser extent, age, immigration status, and gender. The authors read some of the playful exchanges as granting social media users a certain freedom that is not bound by political sensitivities, although they could also be disruptive toward feminist causes by diluting their serious messages. Significant evidence suggest that production of sex steroids is also found in peripheral tissues of non-reproductive organs, such as the adrenal gland, heart, breast, and lung implying a dependency on the enzymes present in the organs [ , ].

However, little is known about how puberty affects lung diseases later in life and how the changes in estrogen levels contribute to the pathophysiology of pulmonary diseases. Please refer to the bottom of this webpage for further details. In contrast, postpubertal female mice express high levels of adaptive immune response genes, and expression of these genes occurs at lower levels in postpubertal male mice [ 60 ]. Interestingly, immunoglobulin E IgE serum levels are higher in males throughout life, but sex specific differences in allergen sensitivity are inconsistent [6]. A variety of species have been used as animal models of pneumonia. Many of the pollution control strategies that have been widely used and have proven cost-effective in middle- and high-income countries are now ready to be exported and adapted for use by cities and countries at every level of income. We hypothesize that this has led to the concentration of LGBT residents in urban environments that are simultaneously socially marginal and highly polluted, since NIMBYism is predicated on the banishment of all LULUs—including sources of toxic pollution—to marginal urban spaces. In terms of the locational dimension of LGBT residence in cities, Levine and Collins offered general models, each of which incorporates the strong tendency for gay neighborhoods to form in socially marginalized city spaces. Although often faced with such stiff regulations, in comparison to the rest of the Internet in China, social media platforms allow a significant degree of political dissent to flourish. In this context, studies have shown that anti-androgen flutamide can produce high levels of surfactant phospholipid in the male fetal lung, however, androgen dihydrotestosterone DHT blocks the synthesis of surfactant phospholipid in the female fetal lung [ 1 , ]. Therefore, the interpretation of research outcomes in a particular strain may not be applicable in other strains and molecular pathways in pneumonic mouse lungs may differ. Children face the highest risks and are the most vulnerable victims of pollution because small exposures to chemicals in utero and early childhood can result in lifelong disease, disability, premature death, as well as reduced learning and earning potential. Typically, Th1 cells are important in the clearance of intracellular pathogens, whereas Th2 cells are associated with responses to parasites. The area has garnered widespread attention because the proportion of male births in the Aamjiwnaang First Nation community near Sarnia declined significantly between and [17]. Neighborhoods with relatively high proportions of same-sex male partner households are associated with significantly greater exposure to cancer-causing HAPs while those with high proportions of same-sex female partner households are associated with less exposure. Solutions to controlling pollution are feasible, cost-effective and replicable. There is absolutely zero point in one autonomous vehicle getting from A to B as fast as possible if everyone else suffers. Internet companies are under constant pressure to preemptively nip any anti-authority sentiment in the bud, based on which the government would weigh its rewards and punishments. In all these species, innate immune mechanisms defend the airways from a wide array of infections that enter the lungs and cause pneumonia. These include increased inflammation, exacerbation of pre-existing inflammatory lung disease e.

However, HAP exposures are distributed differently for same-sex male versus same-sex female partner households. Solutions to controlling pollution are feasible, cost-effective and replicable. In this context, elevated levels of androgens, which are any hormones that primarily influence the growth and development of the male reproductive system, are found associated with slow fetal lung development [ — ]. Peace, justice and strong institutions ; highly toxic wastewater poisons soil and food supplies SDG 2: CD1 mouse strain [ 96 ]. Inbred laboratory mouse strains highly differ in their immune response patterns as a result of mutations and polymorphisms. This study provides initial empirical documentation of a previously unstudied pattern, and infuses current theoretical understanding of environmental inequality formation with knowledge emanating from the sexualities and space literature. Figure 6. While some studies in humans have suggested that estrogen may increase the risk of portopulmonary hypertension, others have shown that estrogen enhances pulmonary vascular remodeling [ ]. Lee, So, and Leung found, for example, that people who use Facebook to access political news were more likely to support the pro-democracy Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong in and were less satisfied and less trusting of the government. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health make six recommendations to raise global awareness of pollution, end neglect of pollution-related disease, and mobilise the resources and political influence that will be needed to effectively confront pollution. Despite anatomical differences, it is possible to recognize pathogen-specific virulence factors in epithelial surfaces of C.

Esarey and Qiang suggested that Chinese bloggers are able to discuss politically sensitive topics because they learn to bypass the Internet filters through alternative words, coded language, and satire. Susceptibility to experimental pneumococcal infection is strain dependent. Pneumonia in the laboratory: Differences in estrogen levels have been observed in lung maturation, preservation, and regeneration, alveoli development and surfactant synthesis suggesting an active role of estrogen in sexual dimorphism [ — ]. Insects have an advanced antimicrobial defense mechanism and a complex and conserved immune system [ 80 ]. However, little is known about how puberty affects lung diseases later in life and how the changes in estrogen levels contribute to the pathophysiology of pulmonary diseases. In this study, the CC strain reproduced the responses of disease severity commonly observed in humans during infection, suggesting that variations in morbidity and mortality are highly affected by host genetic factors [ ]. The CART analysis showed that allergies and occupational exposure classified the sample into the most homogenous groups of males and females. Government entities maintain official social media accounts which they utilize to engage with critics Lu, Effect of sex hormones in immune responses and lung development Currently, there is an increasing evidence for sex differences in incidence, morbidity, and mortality of lung diseases. Similar variations in morbidity and mortality were found in another study where scientists used CC animals to perform a quantitative trait locus mapping of host susceptibility to Klebsiella sp. Causal mechanisms for this remain unclear though experimental and clinical studies have corroborated this assertion and offer at least a partial explanation. Controlling pollution to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals Partnership and coordinated efforts to control pollution are key to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs due to the numerous ways that pollution affects communities around the globe. However, most pneumonia studies performed in animals are conducted in mammals because of their anatomical, genetic, and morphological similarities with humans. King, Pan, and Roberts found that social media posts critical of the government are not more likely to be censored than other content. However, treatments for pneumonia are standardized for both men and women indicating a general lack of understanding of sex-based differences. Click to view larger Figure 8. For example, the artist-activist Ai Weiwei uses Twitter to communicate with a Chinese audience. At present, there is not much information available on this issue relevant to the lung. The presence of this knowledge gap is surprising since there is a longstanding geographical literature focused on the marginalization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender LGBT people and the sociospatial formation of gay urban districts in the US and elsewhere across the world Adler and Brenner ; Brown ; Castells ; Hubbard , and a more recently emerging body of work focused on the sexuality of environmental domination and alternative queer ecologies Gandy ; Newman et al. By joining the dots, companies using city IoT data like Geospock can make links between seemingly unrelated datasets, helping a city to become smarter, greener, healthier and more efficient. Moreover, it is known that estrogen plays a complicated immunomodulatory role in humans and in animal models, suppressing inflammation in some states while enhancing it in others [ ]. Transdermal exposure pathways along with the irritant properties of pollution upon Int. Castells conceptualized the city as a highly unjust terrain of conflict where groups mobilize to harness collective resources in a context organized by and for the capitalist elite. Disparate residential exposures based on disadvantaged gender status e. The claim that pollution control stifles economic growth and that poor countries must pollute in order to grow is false. These models were derived based on the historical-geographical emergence of such neighborhoods in major cities of North America, Europe, and Australia post-WWII Hubbard et al. Regarding respiratory tract infections RTIs , women are more commonly affected by upper RTIs, such as sinusitis, tonsillitis, and otitis externa.

No poverty ; the impacts of pollution are sources of instability SDG Studies of hospital admissions standardized by age show significantly higher admission rates in Sarnia than both London and Windsor, which are also located in Southern Ontario [16], and residential levels of air pollution are associated with primary health care utilization [14]. Zhu et al. With a total population of about 5. In terms of the locational dimension of LGBT residence in cities, Levine and Collins offered general models, each of which incorporates the strong tendency for gay neighborhoods to form in socially marginalized city spaces. Internet companies are under constant pressure to preemptively nip any anti-authority sentiment in the bud, based on which the government would weigh its rewards and punishments. We hypothesize that this has led to the concentration of LGBT residents in urban environments that are simultaneously socially marginal and highly polluted, since NIMBYism is predicated on the banishment of all LULUs—including sources of toxic pollution—to marginal urban spaces. The earlier presence of surfactant in female neonatal lungs helps open the small airways and may contribute to their higher airflow rate observed [ 50 ]. Inbred laboratory mouse strains highly differ in their immune response patterns as a result of mutations and polymorphisms. Children face the highest risks and are the most vulnerable victims of pollution because small exposures to chemicals in utero and early childhood can result in lifelong disease, disability, premature death, as well as reduced learning and earning potential. There is absolutely zero point in one autonomous vehicle getting from A to B as fast as possible if everyone else suffers.

Similar variations in morbidity and mortality were found in another study where scientists used CC animals to perform a quantitative trait locus mapping of host susceptibility to Klebsiella sp. Author screengrabs. In a similar experiment, following pulmonary Klebsiella sp. Rodents are small, inexpensive, and highly reproductive. From an EJ perspective, a key implication of the sexualities and space literature is the enduring tendency for dominant groups to mobilize NIMBYism as a means to exclude LGBT people, businesses and institutions from their own heteronormative residential landscapes. Females have a lower risk of developing asthma in their childhood, equal risk during adolescence, and higher risk during early adulthood, which is attributed to smaller airway caliber and hormonal factors [7], while air pollution is known to exacerbate asthma [8]. Indeed, gay male neighborhoods have been known to exclude lesbians via escalating housing costs and by privileging masculine ideals and even feminine heterosexuality, while disempowering female homosexuality and other non-same-sex-male sexualities Casey ; Doan ; Taylor Click to view larger Figure Differences in estrogen levels have been observed in lung maturation, preservation, and regeneration, alveoli development and surfactant synthesis suggesting an active role of estrogen in sexual dimorphism [ — ]. A further 12 key strategies to reduce air, soil, water and occupational pollution are highlighted in the report. MacKinnon noted that the deletions are almost always made by Chinese social media companies, which must comply with government censorship directives in order to maintain their business licenses. Since studies in mice have become popular in scientific research, the creation of new studies benefit from the extensive literature available regarding genetic engineering, immunological responses to pathogens and host defenses. Our specific research aim is to test for disparities in exposure to hazardous air pollutants HAPs based on the census tract composition of same-sex partner households as well as the disaggregated composition of same-sex male and same-sex female partner households in the Houston—Sugar Land—Baytown, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area hereafter referred to as Greater Houston. Viruses can also lead to pneumonia. The authors read some of the playful exchanges as granting social media users a certain freedom that is not bound by political sensitivities, although they could also be disruptive toward feminist causes by diluting their serious messages. The latter is due to a mutation in the complement component 5 C5 , which plays a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases [ 93 , 94 ]. Recursive partitioning and regression modeling were utilized to examine the characteristics of sex and gender that contribute to the commonly observed stronger effect of air pollution on women. Poell, de Kloet, and Zeng likewise reported that social media users utilize mockery, parody, jokes, humor, symbols, and creative visuals to make sophisticated political critiques on social media. Animal models of infection are the simplest tool available to study sex differences due to high availability of castrated animals and hormonal replacement therapies. Laboratory mice are often very diverse in behavior and physiology due to a large variety of inbred, outbred, and transgenic strains produced. Additionally, social media comments can serve as a helpful early warning system for the government. From an EJ perspective, this supports the hypothesis that levels of exposure to urban pollution may vary between neighborhoods composed of relatively high concentrations of same-sex male versus same-sex female partner households, with gay male partnering likely associated with more acute environmental exposures due to increased clustering within polluted inner-city spaces.

The most effective strategies control pollution at its source. As measured by fatigue and pulmonary function, women are slightly more sensitive than men to effects of 2-propanol and m-xylene vapours, which are among volatile organic compounds VOCs released by petrochemical processing and combustion engine exhaust [5]. This is the first global analysis of all forms of pollution and its impact on health, economic costs, and the environmental and social injustice of pollution. Marsh continues: CD1 mouse strain [ 96 ]. Testosterone can be also transformed into estradiol via aromatase. On the other hand, studies indicate that negative outcomes from infectious pulmonary diseases in males is associated with testosterone-induced immunosuppression causing a decrease in T and B cell proliferation, and immunoglobulin and cytokine production after puberty [ 14 ]. The majority of inbred mouse strains are resistant to infection with L. This means if you live on a commuter road with slow moving traffic and trees, you're more likely to suffer from respiratory illness. The fact that the importance of sexuality to environmental degradation has been established by theorists and within the normative domain of EJ activism suggests that systematic empirical research on disparate environmental exposures based on sexual orientation is overdue. The development of male fetal lungs depends on the expression of the androgen receptors AR [ 46 ]. On the other hand, it is possible for researchers to adapt strains to mouse models. Pollution control solutions and strategies Pollution and health: Furthermore, these infections are more severe and show poorer outcomes and more complications in male than female individuals, leading to increased mortality, especially in CAP [ 21 ]. And while this work offers an important lens to augment perspectives on EJ and has informed the emerging movement for emancipatory queer ecologies, it has not yet catalyzed distributive EJ research. Our specific research aim is to test for disparities in exposure to hazardous air pollutants HAPs based on the census tract composition of same-sex partner households as well as the disaggregated composition of same-sex male and same-sex female partner households in the Houston—Sugar Land—Baytown, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area hereafter referred to as Greater Houston. Whether sex steroids play a role in modulating these differences is currently under investigation. A variety of species have been used as animal models of pneumonia.

In a recent study, scientists used the CC mouse model to determine whether the host genetic background could impact the risk of morbidity and mortality to pneumonia caused by infection with P. Prioritising and increasing investment in pollution cleanup and control presents an extraordinary opportunity to save lives and grow economies. The significance of the oscillations of hormonal levels consists in their contribution to the local level of any sex steroids. The majority of inbred mouse strains are resistant to infection with L. Our specific research aim is to test for disparities in exposure to hazardous air pollutants HAPs based on the census tract composition of same-sex partner households as well as the disaggregated composition of same-sex male and same-sex female partner households in the Houston—Sugar Land—Baytown, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area hereafter referred to as Greater Houston. Internet companies are under constant pressure to preemptively nip any anti-authority sentiment in the bud, based on which the government would weigh its rewards and punishments. For this reason, infections in the lung have primarily been studied in small mammalian species, predominantly rodents. Many of the pollution control strategies that have been widely used and have proven cost-effective in middle- and high-income countries are now ready to be exported and adapted for use by cities and countries at every level of income. Laboratory mice are often very diverse in behavior and physiology due to a large variety of inbred, outbred, and transgenic strains produced. In contrast, postpubertal female mice express high levels of adaptive immune response genes, and expression of these genes occurs at lower levels in postpubertal male mice [ 60 ]. Figure 6. In addition, zebrafish have a developed adaptive immune system and a high rate of conserved gene orthologs in humans [ 77 , 78 ]. One such company is called GeoSpock, a Cambridge-based firm which specializes in 'extreme-scale' spatial data and provides analytics, visualization and insights to its clients. Abstract Disparate residential hazard exposures based on disadvantaged gender status e. In all these species, innate immune mechanisms defend the airways from a wide array of infections that enter the lungs and cause pneumonia. Explore emerging causal links between pollution, disease, and sub-clinical impairment, for example between ambient air pollution and dysfunction of the central nervous system in children and the elderly Quantify the global burden of disease associated with chemical pollutants of known toxicity such as lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic, asbestos, and benzene Identify and characterise the adverse health outcomes caused by new and emerging chemical pollutants, such as developmental neurotoxicants, endocrine disruptors, novel insecticides, chemical herbicides, and pharmaceutical wastes Identify and map pollution exposures particularly in low- and middle-income countries Improve estimates of the economic costs of pollution and pollution-related disease Quantify the health and economic benefits of interventions against pollution and the costs of interventions. However, sex and gender differences in susceptibility to air pollution are expressed beyond the respiratory system.

Females were 1. Interestingly, immunoglobulin E IgE serum levels are higher in males throughout life, but sex specific differences in allergen sensitivity are inconsistent [6]. Pollution-related illnesses result in direct medical costs, costs to healthcare systems and opportunity costs resulting from lost productivity and economic growth. Using the case of the Slut Walk movement, which encompasses worldwide protests of rape culture that tends to place the blame on the victims, Zhang and Kramarae observed that social media offer a potential channel for Chinese citizens to join global cultural discourses and actions. See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Whether sex steroids play a role in modulating these differences is currently under investigation. The presence of this knowledge gap is surprising since there is a longstanding geographical literature focused on the marginalization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender LGBT people and the sociospatial formation of gay urban districts in the US and elsewhere across the world Adler and Brenner ; Brown ; Castells ; Hubbard , and a more recently emerging body of work focused on the sexuality of environmental domination and alternative queer ecologies Gandy ; Newman et al.
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Neighborhoods with relatively high proportions of same-sex male partner households are associated with significantly greater exposure to cancer-causing HAPs while those with high proportions of same-sex female partner households are associated with less exposure. There is also an emerging strand of work in the broader arena of EJ research that has explored the gendered and sexualized ideologies of socio-environmental domination, which shape imaginaries, state and corporate practices and activist resistance, and are entwined in the re production of unjust environmental formations Adamson et al.