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2 James fortenJames Forten – free African American opposed to having freed people moving back to Africabecame a successful sailmaker“Here I have dwelt until I am nearly sixty years of age, and have brought up and Philadelphia’s free educated a family Yet some ingenious gentlemen have recently discovered that I am still an African; that a continent three thousand miles, and more, from the place where I was born, is my native country. And I am advised to go home Perhaps if I should only be set on the shore of that distant land, I should recognize all I might see there, and run at once to the old hut where my forefathers lived a hundred years ago.”

3 Abolitionists Speak Out1820s – more than 100 antislavery societesAdvocate for resettlement of blacks in AfricaFree blacks consider America their home.“We are natives of this country. We only ask that we be treated as well as foreigners.”Whites joined in the fight for abolition

4 William Lloyd Garrison and David WalkerStarted newspaper The LiberatorPushed for immediate emancipationFounded New England Anti-Slavery Society and the national American Anti-Slavery SocietySome white supported abolition but hated GarrisonHe attacked the government and churches for not disapproving of slaveryDavid Walker1829 -Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World – urged blacks to fight for freedoms rather than just waitMany free blacks joined anti-slavery societies1850 – most of the 434,000 free blacks in the South had jobsDay laborers, artisansNorth – only low paying jobs available

5 Frederick Douglass Born into slavery, but taught to read and write1838- job in Baltimore but had to give up his earningsEscaped to New York and used the identity of a free black sailorTeamed up with Garrison gave speechesStarted The North Star newspaper“I appear before the immense assembly this evening as a thief and a robber,” he would say. “I stole this head, these limbs, this body from my master and ran off with them.”Frederick Douglass

6 Life Under Slavery 1810-1830 Rural Slavery1.2 million slaves to 2 million slaves1830 – majority born in America and spoke EnglishRural SlaveryMen, women, and children worked dawn to duskOften whipped if they don’t work fast enough

7 Urban SlaveryCotton wealth appealed to Southern whites who started farmingLess white laborers for mining and lumberNeeded slaves to fill jobs in mills and on ships2.8 million slaves living rurally400,000 living in citiesSlave owners hired out their slaves to factory ownersUrban slaves were away from owners more

8 Nat Turner’s RebellionBorn into slaver in 1800 in VirginiaAugust 1831 – Turner led 80 people to escapeKilled almost 60 white people before being caught by troopsTurner hid for several weeks but was eventually found, tried, and hanged.Whites killed 200 blacks to retaliate

9 Slave owners Defend slaveryTurner’s rebellion led to Virginia Governor John Floyd calling for gradual abolition in the stateMotion for abolition was denied by a voteBacklash from RevoltsPushed for tighter control on African Americans – known as slave codesNo preaching gospel unless a “respectable” slaveholder was presentCan’t own gunsCan’t purchase alcoholCan’t assemble in publicCan’t testify in courtCan’t Own propertyCan’t learn to read and writeCan’t work independently as carpenters or blacksmiths

10 Proslavery DefensesUsed Bible passages to show that servants have to obey their mastersAbolitionists continue to campaign for emancipationSouthern representatives secured a gag rule which deprived people of their right to have their opinions heardRepealed in 1844