Management Test

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the process of determining, through observation and study, the relevant information relating to the nature of a specific job. Need to do this to select the right people.

Job Analysis

identify tasks, duties, response, and performance expectations

Job Description

knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics a person needs to bee successful on a job

job specification

Part 1 of a Job Analysis - contains basic information about each employee including (skills, qualifications, salary and job history, company data, capacity of individual, special preferences) Want to have the right people in the right position in the right time
Question: Where are we now?

Skills Inventory

Part 2 of a Job Anaylsis - Question: Where do we want to go? Attempts to determine future HR needs

Forecasting

Part 3 of a Job Analysis - Final Phase, Transitional activities, current trend(downsizing)

Transitition

prohibits wage discrimination on the basis of sex - all else equal - women must make the same as men

the right of all people to work and to advance on the bases of merit, abilit, and potential.

equal employement opportunity

protects people between 40 and 70 - no mandatory retirement at age 65

Age Discrimination in Employment Act

prohibits discrimination in hiring of individuals with disabilities by federal agencies and federal contractors.

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

gives indiviuals with disabilities sharply increased access to services and jobs. - protects people with disabilities - organizations must accomodate people with disabilities as long as it doesnt make a hardship

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990

permits women, minorities, persons with disabilities, and persons who are religious minorities to have a jury trial and sue for punitive damages of up to 300K if they can prove they are victims of intentional hiring or workplace discrimination

Civil Rights Act 1991

Enables qualified employees to take prolonged unpaid leave for family and health related reasons without fear of losing their jobs

Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)

providing preferential treatment for one group(minority) over another group(majority) rather than merely providing equal opportunity.

Reverse Discrimination

provide a sample of behavior that is used to draw inferences about the future behavior or performance of an individual

tests

measure a person's capacity or potential ability to learn - IQ test

Aptitude Test

measure the job related knowledge possessed by a job applicant

job knowledge test

measure how well the applicant can do a sample of work to be performed

proficiency test

designed to determine how a person's interests compare with the interests of successful people in a specific job

interest test

measure a person's strength, dexterity, and coordination - must be necessary for the job

psychomotor test

attempt to measure personality characteristics

psychological tests

lie detector - record physical changes in the body as the test subject answers a series of questions

polygraph tests

extent to which a test predicts a specific criterion

test validity

consistency or reproducibility of the results of a test

test reliability

most valid type of interview - conducted using a prederemined outline

structured interview

a variation of the structured interview - the interviewer prepares the major questions in advance but has the flexibility to use such techniques as probing to help assess the applicant's strengths and weaknesses

semi-structured interviews

a variation of the structured interview - uses projective techniques to put the prospective employee in action situations that might be encountered on the job

situational interview

a variation of the structured interview - what did you do in your past that shows how you would do it in the future - or show that you might have learned from mistakes

the practice of periodically roatiting job assignments within the organization

job rotation

upgrading the job by adding motivator factors

job enrichment

developed by Victor Vroom - employee beliefs about the relationship among effort, performance, and outcomes as a reslut of performance and the value of employees place on the outcomes determine their level of motivation

expectancy approach

employees belief that his or her effort will lead to the desired level of performance

expectancy

emplyees belief that attaining the desired level of performance will lead to the desired rewards

a potential error in performance appraisials - grouping of ratings at the positive end of the scale instead of spreading them throught the scale

leniency

a potential error in performance appraisials - occcurs when performance appraisal statistics indicate that most employees are evaluated similaly as doing average or above average work

central tendancy

a potential error in performance appraisials occurs when perfornace evaluations are based on work performed most recently, generally work performed one to two months before evaluation

recency

a potential error in performance appraisials - a positive or negative characteristic and generalize

halo/ horn effect

a potential error in performance appraisials - 3 other things that can cause errorss

Personal Preference

prejudices

biases

relative term that means different things to different people

quality

4 most important areas for quality

1. loss of buisness

2. liability

3. costs

4. productivity

pioneered in Japan, schedules materials to arrive and leave as they are needed

Just in time inventory control (JIT)

integrating different cultures and backgrounds

diversity

reasons for creating diverse workforce (4)

employee population is increasingly diverse

customer population is increasingly diverse

retaining top talent means recruiting individuals from all backgrounds

increasing diversity minimizes the risk of litigation

the ability to produce more of a good than another producer with the same quantity of inputs

absolute advantage

producers should produce goods they are most efficient at producing and purchase from others the goods they are less efficient at producing

law of comparative advantage

goods and services that are sold abroad

exports

goods and services purchased abroad

imports

difference between the value of the good a country exports and the value of the goods it imports

balance of trade

export more than import (China)

trade Surplus

import more than export(U.S.) although we are the largest importer and exporter

trade deficit

government imposed taxes charged on goods imported into a country

tariff

restrictions on the quantity of a good that can enter a country

quotas

a total ban on the import of a good from a particular country

embargo

a region within which trade restictions are reduced or eliminated

free trade area

Lewins Three Step Model for Change

1. Unfreezing - new technological change- institute it

2. New Alternative - present and sell

3. Refreezing - reward for using

Six reasons for resisting change

1. fear of unkown

2. economics

3. fear of skills loosing value

4. threats to power

5. additional work

6. threats to interpersonal relations

an organization that is committed to creating, aquiring, and transforming knowledge

the learning organization

Three broad areas that are expected to affect management in the 21st century

1. Technological growth

2. Virtual Management

3. Ethical and Social responsibilities

increases productivity, decreases costs, ability to hire best talent regardless of location, quickly solve problems with dynamic teams, more easily leverage both static and dynamic staff, improves the work environment, better balance of personal and professional lives, provides competitive advantage

benefits of virtual management

leaders must move to a trust method, new forms of communication and collaboration required, management must enable learning culture, staff re-education may be required, it can be difficult to monitor employee behavior

challenges of virtual management

a set of moral principles or values that govern behavior

ethics

occurs when an individual takes a backward looking or relective perspective to determine whether the ethical situation at hand is related to a similar case and or the rules governing it

rule based style ( formalism)

occurs when an individual takes a forward looking perspective and compares the perceieved choice alternatives and their consequences on key judging criteria

cost/benefit style (utilitarianism)

Three distict schools of thought for social responsibility

profit maximization

trusteeship management

social involvement

makes it illegal for companies to monopolize trade

the sherman act

makes it illegal to charge different prices to different wholesale customers