Parashat Vayishlach 5773, 2012:How to Encounter Eisav Rabbi David Etengoff Dedicated to the sacred memories of my mother, Miriam Tovah bat Aharon Hakohen, father-in-law, Levi ben Yitzhak, sister-in-law, Ruchama Rivka Sondra, sister, Shulamit bat Menachem, Shifra bat Chaim Alter, and Yehonatan Binyamin ben Mordechai Meir Halevi, and the refuah shlaimah of Yosef Shmuel ben Miriam and Moshe Reuven ben Chaya. Jacob sent angels ahead of him to his brother Esau, to the land of Seir, the field of Edom. And he commanded them, saying, “So shall you say to my master to Esau, ‘Thus said your servant Jacob, I have sojourned with Laban, and I have tarried until now. And I have acquired oxen and donkeys, flocks, man-servants, and maidservants, and I have sent to tell [this] to my master, to find favor in your eyes.’” The angels returned to Jacob, saying, “We came to your brother, to Esau, and he is also coming toward you, and four hundred men are with him.” (Sefer Bereishit 32:4-7, this and all Tanach and Rashi translations, The Judaica Press Complete Tanach) These four pasukim (verses) begin our parasha. They are, perhaps, the best example of the old British idiom, “out of the frying pan into the fire,” that can be found in the annals of World History. Yaakov had just spent 20 long years with his reprehensible and duplicitous father-in-law, Lavan. The Haggadah of Passover clearly tells us that Lavan was far more than a liar and a cheat. Instead, he sought nothing less than the destruction of our nascent nation: Go and learn what Lavan the Aramean sought to do to our father Yaakov. In truth, Pharaoh issued a decree [of death] solely against the males. Lavan, however, desired to totally destroy everything [i.e. Yaakov’s entire family]. As it is stated: “The Aramean desired to destroy my father…”(Translation my own) Thus, when Lavan declared in Sefer Bereishit 31:43: “The daughters are my daughters, and the sons are my sons, and the animals are my animals, and all that you see is mine…” he was giving far more than a review of family relationships and livestock ownership. Instead, he was denying the independent spiritual and physical existence of B’nai Yaakov (the children of Yaakov). Now, in our parasha, Yaakov is about to meet his great and formidable nemesis – his biological brother, Eisav. What thoughts and feelings must have been racing through his mind on the cusp of this encounter? Beyond a reasonable doubt, Yaakov knew and keenly felt the famous words of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai: “It is a well-known fact that Esau hated Jacob…” (Sifrei Bamidbar 69) Therefore, the Torah tells us in no uncertain terms: “Jacob became very frightened and was distressed.” (Sefer Bereishit 32:8) Indeed, Rashi (1040-1105) notes that Yaakov’s fear was clear and direct: “He [Yaakov] was frightened lest he be killed [Bereishit Rabbah 75:2, Midrash Tanchuma, Vayishlach 4]…” Thus, in the following verse, Yaakov split his family into two camps, with the hope that at least one would survive. Once again, Rashi gives us “the story behind the story”: the remaining camp will escape: Against his [Eisav] will, for I will wage war with him. He (Jacob) prepared himself for three things: for a gift, for war, and for prayer. For a gift, [as Scripture says] (verse 22): “So the gift passed on before him.” For prayer, [as Scripture says] (verse 10): “G-d of my father Abraham…” For war, [as Scripture says]: “the remaining camp will escape.” - [from Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Vayishlach 6] Rashi’s famous, midrashically-based comment contains the essence of Yaakov’s three-part strategy for confronting Eisav: “doron, milchamah, and tefilah” (“gift, war, and prayer”). At first, he tried to propitiate Eisav through gifts of tribute and largesse. At the same time, Yaakov called upon Hashem in heartfelt and soul-wrenching prayer. Moreover, he prepared himself to physically wage war against Eisav in case these first two modalities were ineffective. Our Sages have noted that the Yaakov-Eisav encounter has been a theme of each and every Galut (Diaspora) encounter between the Jewish people and the non-Jewish world. This has particularly been the case whenever “Eisav” has stood as a physical, spiritual, and existential threat to our people. As our Sages so aptly stated: “Maaseh Avot siman l’banim” – the actions of the forefathers foreshadow those of future generations. We survive until this day solely because we have learned from Yaakov how to confront and overpower the countless “Eisavs” that have attempted to destroy us. As my rebbi and mentor, Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik zatzal (1903-1993), stated so beautifully: [In the case of Yaakov and Eisav,] The impossible and absurd had triumphed over the possible and logical: heroism, not logic, won the day. Is this merely the story of one individual’s experience? Is it not in fact the story of Knesset Israel [the Congregation of Israel], an entity which is engaged in an “absurd” struggle for survival thousands of years? (“Catharsis,” Tradition, Volume 17, Spring 1978, page 41) Rabbi Isaiah ben Avraham Ha-Levi Horowitz zatzal (1565-1630), known as the Shlah Hakodesh after the name of one of his major works, has a fascinating and novel approach regarding the application of Yaakov’s tripartite strategy when dealing with our modern “Eisavs.” He notes that doron, milchamah, and tefilah are essential elements in our relationship to Hashem – particularly when we call upon Him to save us from “Eisav’s” swift sword. He reinterprets doron (gift) as tzedaka (charity), and milchamah (war) as doing teshuvah (returning to the proper path of observing the Torah), whereas tefilah (prayer) maintains its normative meaning: Just like he [Yaakov] occupied himself with gifts, prayer, and war, so, too, should we comport ourselves with the sons of Eisav…In addition, in order to ensure a powerful foundation and the continued existence of Diaspora Jewry, we need to prepare ourselves via gifts, prayer, and war in the service of the Creator – May He be Blessed – so that He will save us. [In our time,] these three things represent teshuvah, tefilah, and tzedaka. Doron refers to tzedaka, tefilah is understood in the standard manner, and milchamah is teshuvah… In addition, the Shlah Hakodesh views tzedaka, tefilah, and teshuvah as being the derech hachaim (the most efficacious method) of dealing with the “sons of Eisav” in the pre-Messianic era, so that our meritorious actions may bring Mashiach Tzidkeinu (the one true righteous Messiah): These approaches will remain in place until the verse “Now, let my master go ahead before his servant, and I will move [at] my own slow pace, according to the pace of the work that is before me and according to the pace of the children, until I come to my master, to Seir.” [33:14] This will take place in the time of the Messiah as it says: “And saviors shall ascend Mt. Zion to judge the mountain of Esau, and the L-rd shall have the kingdom.” [Sefer Ovadiah 1:21] The coming of the Messiah is the direct result of the merits that will accrue on behalf of these three actions [i.e. tzedaka, tefilah, and teshuvah] With G-d’s help, may we have the courage, wisdom, and understanding to wrestle with the “Eisavs” of our time by employing the time-tested approaches of teshuvah, tefilah, and tzedaka. May we ever have the spiritual strength and power to employ this derech hachaim in order to successfully navigate the many challenges of Galut, so that we may witness the arrival of the Mashiach soon and in our days. V’chane yihi ratzon. Shabbat Shalom Past drashot may be found at my blog-website: http://reparashathashavuah.org The email list, b’chasdei Hashem, has expanded to hundreds of people. I am always happy to add more members to the list. If you have family or friends you would like to have added, please do not hesitate to contact me via email rdbe718@gmail.com. *** My new audio shiurim for Women on Tefilah: Haskafah and Analysis may be found at: http://tinyurl.com/8hsdpyd*** I have posted 164 of Rabbi Soloveitchik’s English language audio shiurim (MP3 format) spanning the years 1958-1984. They are available here: http://tinyurl.com/82pgvfn. **Follow new postings on my Twitter accounts: @theRavZatzal and @Torahtech613. *** Interested in 21st Century Jewish Education? See my new blog: http://21stcenturyjewisheducation.org

Parashat Vayatze 5773, 2012“May You Build a Ladder to the Stars” Rabbi David Etengoff Dedicated to the sacred memories of my mother, Miriam Tovah bat Aharon Hakohen, father-in-law, Levi ben Yitzhak, sister-in-law, Ruchama Rivka Sondra, my sister, Shulamit bat Menachem, Shifra bat Chaim Alter, Yehonatan Binyamin ben Mordechai Meir Halevi, and the refuah shlaimah of Yosef Shmuel ben Miriam and Moshe Reuven ben Chaya. What is a ladder? Dictionary.com suggests the following definition: “An often portable structure consisting of two long sides crossed by parallel rungs, used to climb up and down.” In other words, a ladder is something that usually helps you to go higher and to go somewhere where you have not been. We encounter the Hebrew word for ladder, sulam, once in Tanach, in one of the opening verses of this week’s parasha: “And he [Yaakov] dreamt. And behold, there was a ladder (sulam) firmly placed upon the ground and its top reached to the heavens. And behold, angels of G-d went up and down upon it.” (Sefer Bereishit 28:12) One of the classic commentators found in nearly every edition of the Mikraot Gedolot (Pentateuch with Classic Commentators) is the 14th century Torah scholar Rabbi Yaakov ben Asher, popularly known as “the Tur” after the title of his halachic magnum opus. His Torah commentary is called Baal HaTurim. A master of using Gematria (numerical value of the Hebrew letters) to elucidate the meaning of the Torah text, he presents several different gematriot for the word sulam. All are fascinating and filled with meaning. I would like, however, to focus upon one of them. Rabbeinu Yaakov first points out that the word “sulam” is the numerical equivalent of kol (voice). He then quotes the first volume of the Zohar, section 266, where the following idea is presented: “The voice of the righteous (Tzadikim) in prayer is the ladder upon which the angels ascend.” Shortly thereafter he continues and states: “Therefore, everyone who has true intention and heartfelt dedication (kavanah) in his prayers has a ladder whose rungs are complete and upon which the angels will be able to ascend.” According to the Zohar, it appears that Tzadikim, by definition, have the ability to imbue their tefilah (prayer) with kavanah. Their prayers are so powerful and so meaningful to HaKadosh Baruch Hu (the Holy One Blessed Be He) that they serve as the vehicle whereupon the angels themselves can travel up to heaven. Usually we feel in our heart of hearts that we cannot achieve such lofty levels, that we can never become true Tzadikim. In fact, it is probably the antithesis of being a Tzadik to even imagine that you could ever become one. After all, such grandiose thoughts usually lead one to become a “legend in his own mind”- surely the opposite of an authentic Tzadik. The Tur, however, teaches us a beautiful lesson. He teaches us that every person, and not just the Tzadik, has the potential and the ability to “build a ladder to the stars.” Our ladders, as long as they are composed of earnest prayers imbued with authentic kavanah, are no less significant and no less important than those of the Tzadikim. Our prayers, too, can serve as the medium whereby the angels transport themselves before Hashem. Even if we cannot be Tzadikim, we can nonetheless emulate their manner of prayer and their dedication to the Master of the Universe. May it be His will and our most deeply felt desire that we will be able to pray to Hashem with complete dedication and kavanah. May we serve Him with all of our hearts, intellect, and being. In that way, may we, too, enable the angels of Hashem to travel heavenward on our ladders of prayer. Shabbat Shalom Past drashot may be found at my blog-website: http://reparashathashavuah.org The email list, b’chasdei Hashem, has expanded to hundreds of people. I am always happy to add more members to the list. If you have family or friends you would like to have added, please do not hesitate to contact me via email rdbe718@gmail.com. *** My new audio shiurim for Women on Tefilah: Haskafah and Analysis may be found at: http://tinyurl.com/8hsdpyd*** I have posted 164 of Rabbi Soloveitchik’s English language audio shiurim (MP3 format) spanning the years 1958-1984. They are available here: http://tinyurl.com/82pgvfn. **Follow new postings on my Twitter accounts: @theRavZatzal and @Torahtech613. *** Interested in 21st Century Jewish Education? See my new blog: http://21stcenturyjewisheducation.org