Monday, March 7, 2016

The Coin in the Fish’s Mouth

Jesus, as a practicing Jew, was
aware of his annual financial obligation to the Jerusalem Temple. This annual
tribute is nicely illustrated in the parable of the coin in the fish’s mouth.

Each year, Jewish officials
requested that the annual Temple contribution at the beginning of the Hebrew
month of Adar, preceding Passover. On the fifteenth day of Adar, tables of the
money changers were set up through the Holy Land to receive these
contributions. Talmudic traditions mention various cities in Galilee where
lists of those who had given were gathered and transferred to Jerusalem.

After 10 days, on the twenty-fifth
of Adar, the money-changers terminated their local collections and continued
their operations only in the immediate area of the Jerusalem Temple.

Virtually all Jews, including
those who had expressed reservations about the current state of the Temple and
its system of sacrifices, also sent their contributions to the Temple. Matthew
17:24-27 (NIV) tells the story of how Jesus and his disciples were solicited
and gave their contribution to the collectors of the Temple tribute:

24 After Jesus and
his disciples arrived in Capernaum, the collectors of the two-drachma temple
taxcame to Peter and
asked, “Doesn’t your teacher pay the temple tax?”

25 “Yes, he does,” he
replied.

When Peter came into the house, Jesus was the
first to speak.“What
do you think, Simon?”he
asked.“From whom do the
kings of the earth collect duty and taxes—from their own children or from
others?”

26 “From others,”
Peter answered.

“Then the children are exempt,”Jesus said to him.27 “But so that we
may not cause offense,go to
the lake and throw out your line. Take the first fish you catch; open its mouth
and you will find a four-drachma coin. Take it and give it to them for my tax
and yours.”

This
story of the coin in the fish’s mouth is never verified beyond this telling—in
other words, we don’t know if this is a true story, partially true, based on a
legend, or a parable intended to otherwise enlighten readers. If a coin really
was found in a fish’s mouth, however, it seems clear from Matthew’s report that
it would have been a shekel of Tyre since that was the singular coin accepted
as payment of the annual half-shekel Temple tribute for both Jesus and for
Peter the fisherman.

Shekels and half-shekels of Tyre (together with fewer Seleucid tetradrachms and didrachms often struck in Tyre, Sidon, or Antioch) were certainly
the most commonly circulated silver coins in the ancient Holy Land from the
first century BC to the time of the Jewish War Against Rome, which ended in 70 AD.

Tyre shekel struck 103/102 BC at Tyre. The
obverse depicts the god Melquart, a Tyrian version of Herakles, and the reverse
depicts an eagle with a club to left, the club is a mintmark of Tyre. The reverse
inscription, in Greek, contains the date, and proclaims, “[money of] Tyre, the
Holy and Inviolable.” (photo courtesy cngcoins.com)

It is also known, as discussed
above, that during this period, the Tyre silver shekels and half-shekels
were the only coins accepted as payment of the annual tribute to the
Jerusalem Temple of one half shekel per Jewish adult male.

Ya’akov Meshorer theorizes that
there were two basic issues of Tyrian silver coins. The first issue was struck
in Tyre from 126/5 BC until 19/18 BC and the second issue was struck in or near
Jerusalem, from 18/17 BC until 79/60 AD. This is possible, though other
numismatists have argued that the second issue, which is cruder in style and
manufacture than the first, may not have been minted at Tyre, but was probably
minted somewhere other than Jerusalem.

Tyre shekel minted during the life of Jesus,
in 10/11 AD. Meshorer believed that the Tyre shekels and half-shekels
minted after 18/17 BC were struck in Jerusalem. Others believe that the coins
may not have been minted at Tyre, but were probably not struck in Jerusalem.
(photo by David Hendin)

Whether struck in Tyre or farther
south, it is clear that the silver coins of ancient Tyre were well known in the
ancient world for their weight and quality of silver. The Talmud makes it a point to explain that
“Silver, whenever mentioned in the Pentateuch, is Tyrian silver.” (Tosephta
Kethuboth 13,20)

Because of
this quotation, backed up by the obviously large quantity of the coins
originally minted, it is quite clear that many New Testament stories, such as
the coin in the fish’s mouth mentioned above, the 30 pieces of silver paid to
Judas for his betrayal of Jesus (Matthew 26: 14-15), and the large silver coins
used to bribe the soldiers who had fled from their watch at the Holy Sepulcher
on Easter morning (Matthew 28:11) each most likely involved the shekels and the half-shekels of Tyre.