this process allows scientists to determine thesequence of N-bases in DNA.

5)

Recombinant DNA–

scientists can cut DNA from two sources withthe same restriction enzyme and combine them. This is used ingenetic engineering. This process has been used to create humanproteins used to treat disease, create pest-resistant crops, and formany other purposes.

6)

Copying DNA–

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has beendeveloped that makes many copies of a small amount of DNA. SeeFig 13-8 p325.

Evolution

•Charles Darwin–

proposed that organisms (species or populations)change over time

•Occurs by Natural Selection–

“survival of the fittest”

•Lines of evidence

1) fossils (geologic time)

2) Homologous Structures–

same basic structure formed from

same embryonic tissue

3) Analogous Structures–

same

basic functions due to same

environmental pressures

4) Vestigial Structures–

structures

that have lost function ex) appendix

5) Embryology–

embryos of various

species appear identical

6) Biochemistry–

DNA and protein amino acid sequence comparisons

•Adaptive radiation–

an ancestral

species radiates or diverges into many

species. Ex) Galapagos Finches

•Origin Ideas

Urey and Miller simulated Earth’s early environment and createdorganic compounds like amino acid

Endosymbiont theory–

eukaryotic

cells formed when prokaryotic cells began

to live together permanently

Homologous

Vestigial

Classification

•

Carolus Linnaeus–

developed 7 categories of classification

•Also developed binomial nomenclature–

naming using the genus and speciesnames to refer to an organism

•Classification tools include dichotomous keys–

a series of paired statementsthat lead to the name of an organism

1a) Object has no sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Go to 2

1b) Object has sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Go to 3

2a) Object is oblong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oval

2b) Object is symmetrical . . . . . . . . . . . circle

3a) Object has 3 sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . triangle

3b) Object has 4 sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Go to 4

4a) Object has 4 equal sides . . . . . . . . . . square

4b) Object doesn’t have 4 equal sides . . rectangle

Kingdoms

•

http://www.ric.edu/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm

•How are organism placed into their kingdoms?

1) Cell type, complex or simple

2) Their ability to make food

•3) The number of cells in their body

•Five Kingdom System

Monera–

all prokaryotic includes the bacteria

Protista–

most are unicellular, eukaryotic, and aquatic

Fungi–

all eukaryotic heterotrophs that act as decomposers

Plantae–

all eukaryotic autotrophs

Animalia–

all eukaryotic heterotrophs that must eat otherorganisms for food

•In Six Kingdom system the Kingdom Monera has been divided intothe Archaebacteria and the Eubacteria

Archaebacteria–

are extremists that live in hot, acidic, saline, orother harsh environments

Eubacteria are “true” bacteria that come in 3 shapes

1) round (coccus)

2) rod (bacillus)

3) spiral (spirillus)

Plants

•Plant cell structure–

cell walls, large vacuole, chloroplasts

•Photosynthesis

•Classification–

4 groups

1) Nonvascular–

no true roots/stems/leaves–

ex) mosses (Bryophytes)

2) Seedless vascular plants–

Ferns

3) Vascular with seeds in cones–

Gymnosperms (pines, fir, spruce)

4) Vascular with seeds in fruits–

Angiosperms–

flowering plants

•Types of Vascular Tissue

A) Xylem–

transports water from roots to leaves

B) Phloem–

transports sugars from leaves to roots

Reproductive Life Cycle–

called Alternation of Generations

•Tropisms–

growth responses to stimuli–

often controlled by hormones likeauxins and gibberellins

Phototropism Gravitropism Thigmotropism

Animals

•Modes of reproduction

•Animal cell structure–

no cell wall, small vacuoles, no plastids,centrioles

•Classification–

2 main groups

Vertebrates Invertebrates

Phylum Chordata

9 Phyla

3 classes of fish

Arthropods–

insects (6 legs)

Amphibians

(exoskeleton)-

arachnids (8 legs)

Reptiles

-

crustaceans

Aves (birds)

Mollusks–

have shell created by

Mammals

structure called mantel

Human Anatomy–

Look through the chapters in your book regardinganatomy.

* Neurons

* Heart

* Kidneys

Animal Behavior–

responses that allow an organism to respond tostimuli

1) Innate Behavior–

instincts, inherited, inborn behaviors

ex) circadian rhythms–

daily patterns of activity–

including

feeding behaviors-

nocturnal

ex) annual rhythms–

yearly patterns of activity–

including

courtship, estivation, hibernation, migration

2) Learned Behavior–

based on experience

ex) imprinting–

recognition of parents

ex) Trial and error learning

ex) Conditioning (Pavlov’s dog)–

learning by association

3) Social Behavior–

division of labor as in a termite or ant colony

Biologists

•Robert Hooke–

discovered and named the cell with crudemicroscope

•Anton van Leeuwenhoek

-

saw “wee little beasties” living cells forthe first time

•Gregor Mendel–

is the father of genetics–

discovered the basicpatterns of inheritance in pea plants

•Charles Darwin–

is the father of evolution theory–

proposed thatorganisms that are most fit or best adapted to their environment aremore likely to survive–

called Natural Selection

•James Watson and Francis Crick–

discovered the double helixstructure of DNA by examining an x-ray made by RosalindFranklin and Maurice Wilkins

•Charles Drew–

associated with our understanding of the ABOblood groups and transfusion

•Carolus Linnaeus–

binomial nomenclature and classification oforganisms

•Rachel Carson–

wrote “Silent Spring” bringing to public attentionthe dangers of pesticides particularly DDT–