The early history of Sweden before the 10th century is uncertain. As with the case of Denmark, it is impossible to distinguish
myth from fact, assuming that there is any fact, in the narratives contained in
early primary sources. The lists of kings of Sweden in the earliest sources
are completely different from each other, and any attempt to reconcile them
appears futile[1].
The names of these semi-legendary kings have not been copied into this
document. It is probable that some of the confusion results from competing
kings ruling in different parts of the country at the same time. It is likely
that Gotland, Uppsala and Vermeland/Raumarik in the west each had its own
monarchs, although there appears to be no proof in primary sources that this
speculation is correct. This uncertainty in the early king lists leads to
difficulties in the numbering of the later kings. For example, there is
considerable confusion over the numbering of the different kings named Erik prior to the accession of the king who is generally known as Erik XII in 1344. In this
document, these earlier kings named Erik have not been assigned numbers.

An outline genealogy of the first dynasty
of Swedish kings, who ruled in the 10th and 11th centuries, can be
reconstructed from available primary sources (see Chapter 1). After the
extinction in the male line of this first dynasty in 1060, the Swedish throne
was assumed by Stenkil Ragnvaldson whose connection with the preceding dynasty
appears tenuous. His father is recorded in Heimkringsla, written nearly
two centuries later although possibly based on earlier sources which no longer
survive, as “Jarl” in Västergötland in the south of Sweden (see Chapter 2.A).
Stenkil is described in different sources as “nepos” of the previous
king Emund or as his son-in-law. There is no way of judging which of these
hypotheses might be correct. It is also possible that there was no family
relationship at all, but that a connection was invented by later chroniclers to
emphasise continuity between the two dynasties. As will be seen below, few
primary sources have been found which confirm the family relationships in the
dynasty of kings founded by Stenkil.

In the late 11th and 12th centuries, three
new dynasties of Swedish kings emerged, none of which appears to have been
related to the others (Chapter 2.B, C and D). Power switched between these
dynasties throughout the period. The impression is that, during the 10th to
12th centuries, different nobles established themselves in different parts of
the country which was later unified into Sweden, and that during this period
there was little united government. One explanation may simply be
geographical. For example, developments around Uppsala in eastern central Sweden would have had limited access westwards across the mountain ranges which form the backbone of
the Scandinavian peninsula. There may also have been limited communication
with groupings established further south because of the chain of lakes which
lies across central Sweden south of a latitudinal line drawn from Eskilstuna in the east to Karlstad in the west. These geographical limitations would also
have discouraged contact with neighbouring countries further to the west and
south. The Swedes would not have had easy access to the ripe pickings in the
British Isles and along the mainland European coast from Friesland to the
northern Iberian peninsula, which provided such tempting prizes for their
Viking neighbours in Norway and Denmark. Sweden´s focus would more naturally
have been directed eastwards to southern Finland and western Russia, with contact in those areas being motivated by trade rather than plunder. Dating also
presents a problem during this period. Insufficient sources have been found to
indicate that the precise dates attributed to most of these kings in
secondary works are reliable. In addition, few matrimonial alliances are
recorded during this period between the Swedish kings and other ruling families
apart from with their neighbours in Norway and Denmark, which suggests relative
isolation and a rather stunted level of development as a unified national
entity.

Greater stability and continuity in the
rulers of Sweden can be observed from the mid-13th century with the accession
of King Valdemar of the Folkingaätten dynasty (see Chapter 3). From this time,
matrimonial alliances with foreign dynasties multiplied, including connections with
families who ruled in northern Germany and Poland as well as with the other
Scandinavian monarchies. Inheritance of the crown settled within the same
family, although a shortage of male heirs among the Norwegian, Danish as well
as Swedish royal families resulted in temporary personal unification of some or
all of the Scandinavians thrones. The Swedish and Norwegian crowns were united
from 1319 to 1344 and from 1362 to 1363, the Danish and Norwegian thrones from
1381 to 1387, and all three were combined from 1389 to 1448.

Sources for early Swedish history are
sparse. Snorre´s Heimkringsla series of Sagas[2] and Morkinskinna[3] include some information relating to Swedish kings. However, the
factual accuracy of these works is debatable, especially relating to events
before the 12th century. This question is discussed more fully in the
introduction to the document NORWAY KINGS. Adam of Bremen[4] and Saxo Grammaticus[5]
both include some information relating to Sweden. There appear to be no
surviving contemporary Swedish-produced sources to complement this foreign
documentation, another factor pointing to the under-development of the
territory at that time. The first volume of the Diplomatarium Suecanum
presents Swedish charters from 817 to 1285[6]. However, the compilation includes only about thirty documents
dated to before the mid-12th century, and none of these include any relevant
information relating to the Swedish kings or their families. It is somewhat
surprising that even Papal documentation addressed to Swedish bishops does not
name the Swedish kings. Even after the mid-12th century, the charters contain
little relevant genealogical detail, in contrast to similar documents produced
in other European countries.

According to Heimskringla of Snorre Sturleson[7],
the early kings of Sweden were as follows. There is little reason to be
confident about the order and dating of these kings. If their names are
correct, it would appear to extend the known history of the Swedish kings back
to the early 9th century.

1.BJÖRN [I] "Ironside" .

2.ERIK [I] Björnson .

3.ERIK [II] Raefilson .

4.BJÖRN [II] . Reigned at Uppsala.

5.EMUND . Reigned in the south.

a)ERIK [III] Emundson (-[880/85]). Snorre records
that "Eirik Eymundson king of Sweden" conquered Vermaland and
areas to the north to Svinasund, calling the territory "West Gautland",
and appointed Hrane Gauzke as jarl[8]. Snorre records the death of King Eirik Eymundson when King Harald
had been "ten years king of all Norway"[9]. As the dating of the accession of King Harald
"Hårfagre/Harfagri/Fairhair" is itself open to doubt, this is of
little use in calculating the precise date of death of King Erik.

i)BJÖRN [III] Erikson . Snorre names
Bjorn as son of Eirik Eymundson when recording that he was "king of
Svithjod for fifty years"[10].

(a)ERIK [IV] . Snorre names "Eirik the Victorious and Olaf, the
father of Styrbjorn" as the sons of Bjorn Eriksson[11].

(b)OLOF . He was Olof Bjarnarson according to the 13th century Knytlinga
Saga[12]. Snorre
names "Eirik the Victorious and Olaf, the father of Styrbjorn"
as the sons of Bjorn Eriksson[13].

(1)[STYRBJÖRN
[Björn] "den Starke/the Strong" (-killed in battle [Fyrisvellir] near
Uppsala [985]). He was the son of Olof Bjarnarson according to the 13th
century Knytlinga Saga[14].
(see below).]

6.ERIK Arsael . [1001].

Adam of Bremen names "Ring cum
filiis Herich et Edmund" as kings "apud Sueones",
specifying that "Anund, Bern, Olaph" were among his
predecessors[15].
As can be seen, there is no way to reconcile the reconstruction according to
Adam of Bremen, combined with Saxo Grammaticus, with the list in Heimskringla
until the accession of Erik "Segersäll/the Victorious" King of Sweden,
dated to the mid-980s.

1.ANUND .

2.BJÖRN .

3.OLOF .

4.RING . Adam of Bremen names "Ring cum filiis Herich et Edmund"
as kings "apud Sueones", specifying that "Anund, Bern, Olaph" were among his predecessors[16]. The paragraph is undated but precedes one dealing with events in
936. Two children:

a)EMUND .

b)ERIK. Three children:

i)EMUND Erikson . Adam of Bremen records that "Emund filius Herici"
reigned in Sweden[17],
the paragraph being undated but following the one which records the succession
of Emperor Otto III in 983.

ii)BJÖRNErikson . [Two] children:

(a)[STYRBJÖRN
[Björn] "den Starke/the Strong" (-killed in battle [Fyrisvellir] near
Uppsala [985]). He was the son of King
Björn according to Saxo Grammaticus[18]. He was the son of Olof Bjarnarson according to the 13th
century Knytlinga Saga[19].
At Jomsburg. According to Saxo Grammaticus, he was robbed of his
kingdom by Erik, son of his uncle Olof, and sought help from Harald I King of
Denmark who put him in charge of the garrison at Wolin. Saxo Grammaticus
records that Styrbjörn was killed in battle while trying to regain his throne[20]. m as her first husband, TYRE Haraldsdatter,
daughter of HARALD I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" King of Denmark & his [first wife Gunhild ---] (-18 Sep [1000]). She married secondly (divorced) as his
[---] wife, Burislaw Prince of the Wends,
and thirdly (Tønsberg 998) as his third wife, Olav I Trygveson King of Norway.]

(b)[GYRITHA of Sweden. Gyritha and her alleged marriage is
only referred to in Saxo Grammaticus, which says that King Styrbjörn
granted King Harald his sister in marriage after seeking his help after being
deposed[21]. m ([984/85]) as his [third] wife, HARALD I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" King of Denmark,
son of GORM "den Gamle/the Old" King of Denmark & his wife Tyre
"Danebod" (before 935-Jomsborg 1 Dec [986/87], bur Roskilde
Cathedral).]

iii)OLOF Erikson . One child:

(a)ERIK (-[994/95]). According to Saxo
Grammaticus[22],
Erik was the son of Olof and deposed his cousin Styrbjörn in [984/85],
succeeding as ERIK "Segersäll/the Victorious" King of
Sweden.

ERIK,
son of [OLOF Erikson King of Sweden] & his wife --- (-Uppsala [994/95]). Snorre names "Eirik the Victorious and Olaf, the father of Styrbjorn" as the sons of Bjorn Eriksson[23]. According to Saxo Grammaticus[24], Erik was the son of Olof and deposed his cousin Styrbjörn in
[984/85], succeeding as ERIK "Segersäll/the Victorious" King
of Sweden. Adam of Bremen records that "rex Sueonum Hericus"
invaded Denmark and expelled King Svend[25]. He also records that King Erik was converted to Christianity and
baptised in Denmark but may have relapsed into paganism on returning to Sweden[26]. According to Snorre, he died "in a sickbed at Uppsala 10 years after the death of Styrbjörn"[27], and in another passage that his wife was a widow in 994[28].

m (before [985]) as her first husband, SIGRID "Storråda/the Haughty",
daughter of "Skoglar" TOSTE & his wife ---. Snorre names Sigrid
as daughter of "Skoglar" Toste and refers to her marriage to
"the Swedish king, Eirik the Victorious"[29]. Saxo Grammaticus names "Syritha" as mother of
"Erici filius Olavus"[30]. The Fagrskinna names Sigrid, mother of King Olof, as daughter of Skoglar-Tosta[31]. Morkinskinna
names "Sigridr en stórráda" as mother of “the lady
Ástrídr…sister of two kings, Knútr the Great and Óláfr the Swede” who
married “Jarl Úlfr sprakaleggr”[32]. According to Snorre[33], she was a widow in 994. She married secondly ([1000]) Svend I "Tveskæg/Forkbeard"King of Denmark. Adam of Bremen records the marriage of Svend King of Denmark and "Herici relictam, matrem Olaph"[34]. If it is correct that Sigrid was the mother of Olav, it
necessarily places her first marriage to King Erik before [985] at the latest,
assuming that King Olof's daughter Ingigerd was born in [1000/03] as shown
below.

King Erik & his
wife had [two] children:

1.OLOF ([before 985]-[1022]). Adam of Bremen
names Olav as son of King Erik & his (unnamed) wife who later married Svend
King of Denmark[35]. Snorre
names "Olaf the Swede" as the son of "the Swedish
king, Eirik the Victorious" and his wife Sigrid[36]. According to Saxo Grammaticus, after his father's death, he
returned to Sweden [from Denmark] with "his
mother Syritha, and stayed there exercising his sovereignty under his mother's
tutelage"[37]. He succeeded as OLOF I
"Skotkonung/under-King" King of Sweden.

2.[HOLMFRID. Snorre records the betrothal
of "Svein, a son of Earl Hakon, and Earl Eirik's brother" and
"Holmfrid, a daughter of King Olaf the Swedish king", although
it is chronologically more probable that she was the sister rather than
daughter of King Olav[38].
If this is correct, it is not certain that Sigrid was her mother. mSVEN Haakonsson
Ladejarl of Norway, son of Jarl HAAKON Sigurdsson "the Mighty" &
his wife Thora Skagadatter (-1016).]

OLOF, son of ERIK
"Segersäll/the Victorious" King of Sweden & his wife Sigrid
"Storråda/the Haughty" ([before 985]-[1022]).
Adam of Bremen names Olav as son of King Erik & his (unnamed) wife who
later married Svend King of Denmark[39]. Snorre names "Olaf the Swede" as the son of
"the Swedish king, Eirik the Victorious" and his wife Sigrid[40]. According to Saxo Grammaticus, after his father's death, he
returned to Sweden [from Denmark] with "his
mother Syritha, and stayed there exercising his sovereignty under his mother's
tutelage"[41]. He succeeded as OLOF I
"Skotkonung/under-King" King of Sweden. Adam of Bremen
records that King Olof invaded Denmark and expelled King Svend, but allowed him
to return to his kingdom because "matrem suam habuerit"[42]. He converted to Christianity and was baptised as "JACOBUS"[43].

mESTRED of the Obotrites,
daughter of ---. Adam of Bremen names "filiamque Sclavorum Estred
nomine de Obodritis" as wife of "Olaph rex Sueonum"[44].

Mistress (1): EDLA, daughter of ---, from
Vinland. Snorre names "Edla, a daughter of an earl of Vindland"
as the concubine of King Olof[45].

King Olof & his wife had two children:

1.INGIGERD Olafsdottir ([1000/03]-10 Feb 1050). Snorre
names "the king's daughter Ingegerd" when recording that she
was used as intermediary to effect a reconciliation between her father and Olav
Haraldson King of Norway, and that her marriage to the Norwegian king was
proposed[46].
Adam of Bremen names "filius Iacobus et filia Ingrad" as the
children of "Olaph rex Sueonum" and his wife Estred,
specifying that Ingrad married "rex sanctus Gerzlef de Ruzzia"[47]. Morkinskinna names “Queen Ingigerdr the daughter of King Óláfr the Swede” as wife of “King Yaroslav [of] Russia”[48]. Her birth date range is estimated based from the birth of her
oldest child in 1020, and her youngest known child in [1036]. Snorre records
the betrothal of "Ingegerd the king's daughter" and "King
Jarisleif…from Russia"[49]. The Historia Norwegie records the marriage of "sororem
Olaui Sueonensis…Margaretam" and "rex Iarezlafus de Ruscia"
at her brother's instigation, after her betrothal to Olav of Norway was
terminated[50].
It is more probable that she was the daughter rather than sister of King Olof
if it is correct that she had ten children by her husband. She is referred to as IRINA
in Russian sources[51].
The Primary Chronicle records the death of "the Princess wife of
Yaroslav" 10 Feb [1048/50][52]. m (1019) as his second wife, IAROSLAV I Vladimirovich Grand
Prince of Kiev, son of VLADIMIR Grand
Prince of Kiev & his first wife Rognoda of Polotsk ([978]-20 Feb 1054).

2.ANUND JAKOB (-[1052]). Adam of Bremen names
"filius Iacobus et filia Ingrad" as the children of "Olaph
rex Sueonum" and his wife Estred, in a later passage clarifying that
the son was "Anund…dictus est Iacobus"[53]. He succeeded his father in [1022] as ANUND JAKOB King of
Sweden. m as her first husband, GUNHILD Svensdatter,
daughter of Jarl SVEN Haakonsson & his wife Holmfrid of Sweden (-1060 or
after). The primary source which confirms her first marriage
has not yet been identified. Adam of Bremen refers to
the marriage of "rex iuvenis Suein" and "consanguineam
a Suedia", the king being threatened with excommunication by the
Archbishop of Bremen and papal letters, his wife being named "Gunhild
[vel Giuthe] reginam" in a later passage which records that after her
separation she devoted herself to charitable activities on her estates[54]. Her parentage is referred to in Knytlinga
Saga[55]. Snorre records that "Gunhild, Earl Svein's other daughter"
was married to "the Danish king Svein Ulfson"[56]. She married secondly (1052) as his first wife, Svend II King of Denmark.

King Olof had three
illegitimate children by Mistress (1):

3.ASTRID. Snorre names "Emund,
Astrid, Holmfrid" as the children of King Olof by his concubine Edla,
specifying that Astrid was brought up in West Gautland in the house of Egil[57]. Adam of Bremen records that the wife of Olav King of Norway was "rege Sueonum…filiam"[58]. The Historia Norwegie records that Olav married "soror
Margarete" after his betrothal to the latter was terminated by her
marriage to "rex Iarezlafus de Ruscia"[59]. Snorre records the marriage of King Olav and "Astrid,
daughter of the Swedish king Olaf"[60]. Her marriage was arranged to appease Swedish opposition to King
Olav II's recently assumed rule. She remained in Sweden with her daughter when
her husband left for Russia[61]. m (Feb 1019) OLAV
II King of Norway, son of HARALD "Grenske" King of
Vingulmark, Vestfold and Agder & his wife Asta Gudbransdatter (maybe
posthumously 995-killed in battle Stiklestad 29 Jul 1030, bur in a sandbank in
the river at Trondheim, transferred to St Clement's church which later became
Trondheim Cathedral).

4.HOLMFRID . Snorre names "Emund, Astrid, Holmfrid" as the
children of King Olof by his concubine Edla[62].

5.EMUND (-1060). Snorre names "Emund,
Astrid, Holmfrid" as the children of King Olof by his concubine Edla,
specifying that Emund was sent to Vindland to be fostered by his mother's
relations where "he for a long time neglected his Christianity"[63]. Adam of Bremen names "Emund" as son of "rex
Olaph…a concubina"[64].
He succeeded in [1052] as EMUND Slemme "den Gamle/the Old" King
of Sweden. m [firstly] ---. The name of Emund's first wife is
not known. [m secondly as her second
husband, ASTRID Njalsdotter, widow of RAGNVALD Ulfsson Jarl of Västergötland,
daughter of NJAL --- & his wife ---. The primary
source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been
identified. Her supposed second marriage to Ragnvald may be nothing more than
a guess based on Adam of Bremen recording that "nepos
eius [=rex Sueonum Emund] Stinkel" succeeded on the death of Emund[65].] King Emund & his [first] wife had [two] children:

a)ANUND (-before 1056). The primary source which confirms his parentage
has not yet been identified.

b)[daughter . According to Europäische
Stammtafeln[66],
Stenkil married the unnamed daughter of King Emund. The
primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. It is
possible that the marriage is uncorroborated in contemporary documentation but
was assumed by later genealogists to explain Stenkil's succession as king.
However, the accession could have been justified solely on the basis of his
being the king's stepson, although it is not impossible that it was also
confirmed by subsequent marriage to his predecessor's daughter, if indeed he
had one[67]. mSTENKIL Ragnvaldson, son of RAGNVALD Jarl of
Västergötland & his wife Ingeborg of Norway (-1066). He succeeded his
father-in-law in 1060 as STENKIL King of Sweden.]

"Skoglar" TOSTE, son of ---. In Svithjod. Snorre records
that Harald "Grenske" was welcomed in Svithjod by "Toste…often
in battle…therefore called Skoglar-Toste" and lived five years with
him[68].

m ---. The name of Toste's wife is not known.

Toste & his wife had two children:

1.ULF ---. According to Snorre[69], he was the brother of Sigrid "Storråda/the Haughty". m ---. The name of Ulf's wife is not known. Ulf
& his wife had one child:

a)RAGNVALD Ulfsson. Snorre names "Earl Ragnvald, Ulf's son" when recording his [first] marriage[70]. Jarl in Västergötland. Snorre records that Ragnvald accompanied
Ingegerd to Russia and was installed as Earl of Ladoga[71]. m firstlyINGEBORG Trygvesdatter,
daughter of TRYGVE Olavsson of Norway & his wife Åstrid Eiriksdatter.
Snorre records the marriage of "Ingebjorg, Trygve's daughter, King Olaf's sister" and "Earl Ragnvald, Ulf's son"[72]. m secondly [as her first
husband,] ASTRID Njalsdotter, daughter
of NJAL --- & his wife ---. The primary source
which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. [She married secondly as his second wife, Emund
Slemme "den Gamle/the
Old" King of Sweden. Her supposed
second marriage to Ragnvald may be nothing more than a guess based on Adam of Bremen recording that "nepos eius [=rex Sueonum
Emund] Stinkel" succeeded on the death of Emund[73].] Jarl Ragnvald & his first wife had two children:

2.SIGRID "Storråda/the Haughty" .
Snorre names Sigrid as daughter of "Skoglar" Toste and refers to her
marriage to "the Swedish king, Eirik the Victorious"[76]. Saxo Grammaticus names "Syritha" as mother of
"Erici filius Olavus"[77]. The Fagrskinna names Sigrid, mother of King Olof, as daughter of Skoglar-Tosta[78]. Morkinskinna
names "Sigridr en stórráda" as mother of “the lady
Ástrídr…sister of two kings, Knútr the Great and Óláfr the Swede” who
married “Jarl Úlfr sprakaleggr”[79]. m firstly ([before 985]) ERIK "Segersäll/the
Victorious" King of Sweden, son of [EMUND Erikson King
of Sweden] (-Uppsala [994/95]). m secondly([1000]) as his second wife, SVEND I "Tveskæg/Forkbeard"King of Denmark, son of HARALD I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" King of Denmark & his first wife
Gunhild([960]-Gainsborough 3
Feb 1014, bur in England, later removed to Roskilde).

STENKIL Ragnvaldson,
son of RAGNVALD Ulfsson Jarl in Västergötland & his second wife Astrid Njalsdotter (-1066). The primary source which confirms his
parentage has not yet been identified. Adam of Bremen names "nepos an
privignus regis…Stinkil" when recording that he repulsed the legates
of the Archbishop of Bremen, in the subsequent passage clarifying that he was
"nepos eius [=rex Sueonum Emund] Stinkel" when recording that
he succeeded on the death of Emund[80]. The reference to "nepos" would be consistent
with Stenkil having been King Emund's stepson. He succeeded in 1060 as STENKIL
King of Sweden. Adam of Bremen records the death of "in Sueonia rex Stinkel" and that after this "duobus Hericis" fought each other
for the kingdom[81],
the passage undated but following the record of the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Snorre records that "Steinkel, the Swedish king, died about the
same time as the two Haralds fell" and was succeeded by "Hakon"[82].

m ---. The identity of King Stenkil's wife is not known. According
to Europäische Stammtafeln[83], she was ---Emundsdottir, daughter of
EMUND Slemme "den Gamle/the Old" King of Sweden & his first wife
---. The primary source on which this is based has not
yet been identified. It is possible that the marriage is uncorroborated in
contemporary documentation but was assumed by later genealogists to explain
Stenkil's succession as king. It is also possible that it is no more than a
guess based on Adam of Bremen recording that "nepos
eius [=rex Sueonum Emund] Stinkel" succeeded on the death of Emund[84], as “nepos” could presumably cover son-in-law. The accession could have been justified solely on the basis of
Stenkil´s being the king's stepson, although it is not impossible that it was
also confirmed by subsequent marriage to his predecessor's daughter, if indeed
he had one[85].

King Stenkil &
his wife had [two] children:

1.[HALSTEN Stenkilsson.
The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
He succeeded in [1070] as HALSTEN King of Sweden. Snorre records that
"Steinkel, the Swedish king, died about the same time as the two
Haralds fell" and was succeeded by "Hakon"[86], but does not specify the family relationship between the two.] m ---. The name of Halsten's wife is not known.
Halsten & his wife had two children:

a)FILIP Halstensson (-1118). The primary source which
confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded as FILIP
King of Sweden. m as her second
husband, INGEGÄRD
of Norway, widow of OLUF I “Hunger” King of Denmark, daughter
of HARALD III "Hardråde" King of Norway & his wife Ielisaveta
Iaroslavna of Kiev. Snorre names "one Maria, the other Ingegerd"
as the daughters of King Harald & his wife[87]. Snorre records the marriage of "Olaf, the Danish
King Svein's son" and "Ingegerd, a daughter of King Harald and sister of King Olaf of Norway"[88]. The primary source which confirms her second
marriage has not yet been identified.

b)INGE Halstensson
(-[1125]). The primary source which confirms his
parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded as INGE II King of
Sweden. After his death, Magnus Nielsson of Denmark was chosen as king of Sweden [Västergötland] in 1129[89]. m firstlyRAGNHILD,
daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her
marriage has not yet been identified. St Ragnhild of Telje is identified in
some sources as queen of King Inge II[90]. m secondly as her first husband, ULVHILD
Haakonsdotter, daughter of HAAKON Finsson & his wife --- (-before
1143). Fagrskinna names
“Úlfhildr dróttning, dóttir Hákonar Finnssunar Hárekssunar or Þjóttu”
as mother of “Karl konungs”, adding that she had first married “Nikolás
Danakonungr”, secondly “Ingi Sviakonungr Hallsteinssunr” and thirdly
“Sverkir konungr Kolssunr”[91]. She married secondly, as his second wife,
Niels King of Denmark
(-murdered 25 Jun 1134). Her second marriage is referred to by Saxo
Grammaticus who states that "Ulvildam Noricam", wife of
"Nicolaus", was secretly abducted by Sverker I King of Sweden but their "connection
was accepted as a marriage"[92].

2.INGE Stenkilsson
(-[1111]). Snorre names Inge as son of Stenkel when
recording that he succeeded Hakon as king[93]. He lived in Russia before being recalled to Sweden to become king, although the primary source on which this statement is based has not yet been
identified. He succeeded in 1080 as INGE I King of Sweden. Orkneyinga Saga records that “King
Ingi Steinkelsson” was deposed because of his Christianity and replaced by
“another king who still adhered to the pagan rites, the queen´s brother
Svein, nicknamed the Sacrificer”, adding that Inge “was forced into
exile and went to West Gotaland, but eventually managed to trap Svein inside a
house and burnt him there” before resuming control[94]. m firstlyHELENA, daughter of ---.
Her marriage is confirmed by a charter dated 1194/95 which names “Cristinæ
Reginæ…filia…Ingonis Suevorum Regis et Helena Reginæ”[95]. Presumably Helena originated in Russia where her husband
allegedly lived before 1080. She is first named in Abbot William's genealogy
of the Danish kings written in [1193][96]. Her possible Russian or Byzantine origin, and whether the series
of Greek names were introduced into the Swedish royal family through her
influence, is discussed by M. Sjöström[97]. m secondlyMAER, sister of BLOT-SVEN [later King of
Sweden]. She is the wife attributed to King Inge in the Sagas, but as
"Maer" means "the maiden" she may be identical with his
first wife shown above[98].
However, Sjöström suggests that Queen Helena´s religious donations indicate
that this is unlikely to be correct because Blot-Sven is recorded in primary
sources as a heathen[99]. King Inge & his first wife had four children:

b)MARGRETA "Fredkulla/peace-bringing woman" (-4 Nov [1130], bur Roskilde). Snorre records that the marriage of
"King Inge's daughter Margaret" and King Magnus was agreed at
"Konghelle on the Gaut river" under the agreement which
settled disputes between the kings of Norway, Denmark and Sweden[104]. Saxo records that her first marriage took place after the peace
meeting between the three Scandinavian kings at Gotaalv in 1101, hence her
nickname[105].
Snorre names "Queen Margaret, a daughter of King Inge, who had before
been married to King Magnus Barefoot" as the wife of "the
Danish king Nikolas, a son of Svein Ulfson"[106]. m firstly ([1101]) MAGNUS III "Berrføtt/Barfod/Barfot/Barefoot"
King of Norway, illegitimate son of OLAV III "Kyrre/the
Gentle" King of Norway & his mistress --- (-killed in battle in
Ireland 24 May 1103). m secondly
([1105]) as his first wife, NIELS King
of Denmark, illegitimate son of SVEND II King of Denmark & his mistress --- (-murdered Schleswig 25 Jun 1134).

c)KATARINA. The primary
source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not so far been
identified. mBJØRN "Jernside/Ironside"
of Denmark, son of HARALD "Kesja" Regent of Denmark & his wife Ragnhild of Norway (-drowned 1134).

d)RAGVALD Ingesson . His parentage is given in the Fagrskinna genealogy[107]. Snorre names "Ragnvald, who was the son of the Swedish King Inge Steinkelson" when recording his daughter's marriage[108]. Claimant to the throne. Under-King in Västergötland. He was
killed when he arrived uninvited at the ting at Karlaby[109]. m ---. The name of
Ragvald's wife is not known. Ragvald & his wife had one child:

i)INGRID Ragvaldsdotter
(-after 1161). Her first marriage is confirmed
by Snorre naming "Magnus…and…Ragnvald" as sons of "Queen
Ingerid and Henrik Halte…a son of the Danish king Svein Sveinson"[110]. According to Saxo Grammaticus, her first marriage was arranged by
her paternal aunt Margareta Queen of Denmark to improve relations between the
Swedish and Danish royal families[111]. She deserted her first husband, allegedly with a lover, but she
was recaptured at Ålborg and brought home[112]. Snorre records the marriage of King Harald and "Ingerid,
a daughter of Ragnvald, who was the son of the Swedish King Inge Steinkelson"[113].
Morkinskinna records
that Harald married “Ingirídr, Rognvaldr´s daughter”[114]. Snorre records that Queen Ingerid married
"Ottar Birting…a lendermen and a great chief, and of a Trondheim family" after the death of King Harald, but that he was killed "north
in the merchant town"[115]. Snorre records that "Queen Ingerid had a son to Ivar Sneis…called Orm [nicknamed]…King-brother", and afterwards married "Arne of Stodreim, who was from this called King's-mate", their
children being "Inge, Nikolas, Philip of Herdla, and Margaret who first married Bjorn Buk and afterwards Simon Karason"[116]. m firstlyHENRIK "Skadelår/the Limper" of Denmark, son
of SVEND Svensson of Denmark & his wife --- (-killed in battle near Fotevig
4 Jun 1134). m secondly ([Jun 1134/36])
HARALD "Gille" King of Norway,
illegitimate son of MAGNUS III King of Norway & his mistress --- (-murdered
Bergen 14 Dec 1136). m thirdly (1136)
OTTARR Birting (-murdered [1146/47]). [m][fourthly] IVAR Sneis
. The source cited above suggests that Ingrid and Ivar Sneis were not
married. m [fourthly/fifthly] ARNE Ivarsson "Kongsmag", at Stodreim in Norway (-after 1161).

1.RAGVALD "Knaphövde" . Claimant to the throne. Under-King in
Västergötland. He was killed when he arrived uninvited at the ting at
Karlaby[117].

1.BLOT-SVEN, son of --- (-after 1099). He succeeded as BLOT-SVEN King of
Sweden. Orkneyinga Saga records that “King Ingi Steinkelsson” was deposed because of
his Christianity and replaced by “another king who still adhered to the
pagan rites, the queen´s brother Svein, nicknamed the Sacrificer”, adding
that Inge “was forced into exile and went to West Gotaland, but eventually
managed to trap Svein inside a house and burnt him there” before resuming
control[118].
m
---. The name of Blot-Sven's wife is not known. Blot-Sven & his wife had
[one possible child]:

a)[CECILIA. The origin of Jedvard's wife is not known.
According to Brenner[119],
she was the daughter of Blot-Sven King of Sweden, but this does not appear to
be based on a contemporary primary source. mJEDVARD,
son of ---.]

2.MAER. She is the wife attributed to King Inge in the Sagas, but as "Maer" means "the maiden" she may be
identical with his first wife shown above[120]. However, Sjöström suggests that Queen Helena´s religious
donations indicate that this is unlikely to be correct because Blot-Sven is
recorded in primary sources as a heathen[121]. m as his second wife, INGE I Stenkilson King of Sweden, son of
STENKIL Ragnvaldsson King of Sweden & his wife --- Emundsdottir (-[1111]).

SVERKER, son of --- (-murdered 24/25 Dec 1156).
Sverker's parentage is not known. According to Saxo Grammaticus, he was "of
modest origins"[122].
Under King in Östergötland. He was installed as SVERKER I King of Sweden
in [1133/34] in succession to Magnus Nielsson of Denmark.

[m firstly
as her third husband,] ULVHILD
Haakonsdotter, widow first of INGE
II Halstensson King of Sweden and secondly of NIELS King of Denmark, daughter of
HAAKON Finsson & his wife --- (-before 1143). Her second marriage is
referred to by Saxo Grammaticus who states that "Ulvildam
Noricam", wife of "Nicolaus", was secretly abducted
by King Sverker but their "connection was accepted as a marriage"[123]. Fagrskinna
names “Úlfhildr dróttning, dóttir Hákonar Finnssunar Hárekssunar or Þjóttu”
as mother of “Karl konungs”, adding that she had first married “Nikolás
Danakonungr”, secondly “Ingi Sviakonungr Hallsteinssunr” and thirdly
“Sverkir konungr Kolssunr”[124].

m secondly (after 1143) as her third husband, RYKSA [Swantosława]
of Poland, widow firstly of MAGNUS I "den Stærke/the Strong" King of Denmarkand secondly of [VOLODAR], daughter of BOLESŁAW III
"Krzywousty/Wrymouth" Prince of Poland & his second wife Salome
von Berg-Schelklingen ([1116/17]-after 25 Dec 1155).
The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Rikissam"
as the only daughter of "dux Vergescelaus de Polonia" and his
wife Agnes, specifying that "primo fuit regina Suecie", that
by her second husband "regi Russie nomine Musuch" she was
mother of "Sophiam reginam Dacie et Rikissam", the latter
marrying "imperatoris Castelle Alfunso"[125]. This appears to be a confused account which contradicts other
sources in many aspects. She was known as RIKISSA
in Sweden. Her third marriage is confirmed by Knytlíngasaga which
records that [her son] “Knúti konúngi” fled to ”Sörkvir konúngr átti
Rikizu, módur Þeirra
Knúts konúngs ok Súffiu” after being defeated by
King Svend III[126].
The marriage is also confirmed by the Liber Census Daniæ which records
that the estate of [her son by King Sverker] “Bulizlaus” was inherited
by his sister Sofia Queen of Denmark [Ryksa’s daughter by her second husband][127].

King Sverker I
& his first [wife] had four children:

1.JOHAN Sverkersson (-murdered [1153/54]). The primary source which confirms his
parentage has not yet been identified. He appears to have been his father's
designated heir but was killed (by peasants?) some years before his father's
death[128].

2.KARL Sverkersson
(-murdered Visingsö 12 Apr [1166], bur Alvastra Abbey).
His parentage is stated by Saxo Grammaticus[129]. He succeeded in 1161 as KARL I King of Sweden. m (1163) KRISTIN
Stigsdatter [Hvide], daughter of STIG Tokesen "Hvitaleder/White
leather" [Hvide] & his wife Margrete Knudsdatter of Denmark. Snorre names (in order) "the Danish king Valdemar…and daughters Margaret,
Christina and Catherine" as the children of "Canute Lavard"
& his wife, recording that Margrete married "Stig Hvitaled"
and that their daughter was "Christina, married to the Swedish king,
Karl Sorkvison, and their son was king Sorkver"[130]. Fagrskinna
names (in order) “Valdimarr konungr ok Kristin ok Katerin or Margareta”
as children of “Knútr lávardr, bródir Eiriks eimuna” and his wife,
noting that Margrete married “Stigr hvitaledr”, father of “Nikoláss
ok Kristinar er átti Karl konungr Sverkissunr”[131]. Morkinskinna records that “Karl Sørkvisson king of the
Swedes” married “Kristín” daughter of “Stígr hvítaledr” and
his wife Margret[132].
King Karl & his wife had
one child:

a)SVERKER Karlson (-killed in battle Gestilren 17 Jul 1210, bur Alvastra Abbey). Snorre names "king Sorkver" as
son of "the Swedish king, Karl Sorkvison" & his wife[133]. Fagrskinna
names “Sverkir konungr, fadir Jóans konungs” as son of “Kristinar er
átti Karl konungr Sverkissunr”[134]. He succeeded in 1196 as SVERKER II "den
yngre/the younger" King of Sweden. The Saga of King Sverre records
the accession of "Sorkvi Karlsson" after the death of
"King Knut of Sweden"[135]. “Swerco filius Karoli Regis rex Sweorum” donated property
to the monks of Nydala by charter dated to [1196/1210][136]. The Icelandic Annals record the battle in 1208 between "Svercherum
Caroli filius" and "Ericum Canuti filium, Suecorum reges"[137]. Deposed 1208. m firstlyBENGTE Ebbesdatter [Galen], daughter of EBBE
Sunesen [Galen] from Knardrup & his wife ---. The
primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been
identified. m secondlyINGEGÄRD
Birgersdotter, daughter of BIRGER Bengtsson "Brosa" Jarl in Sweden & his wife Brigida of Norway (-after 1210). Snorre names (in order) "Ingegerd…married
to the Swedish king Sorkver [and] a second daughter…Kristin and a third Margaret" as the daughters of "Earl Birger Brose" & his wife[138]. King Sverker II & his first wife had two children:

i)KARL Sverkersson
(-murdered in the mountains near Trondheim 1198).
The Saga of King Sverre records the marriage of "Karl son of
King Sorkvi" and "Ingibiorg daughter of King Sverri"[139]. mINGEBORG Sverresdatter of
Norway, daughter of SVERRE King of Norway & his first wife Astrid Rösdatter.

iii)[KARL Sverkersson
(-1213). The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1213 of "Carolus
Svercheri filius"[141].
If King Sverker was his father, Karl must have been from the king´s second
marriage, after the death of his older half-brother of the same name.]

iv)JOHAN Sverkersson (1201-Visingsö 10 Mar 1222, bur Alvastra Abbey). Snorre names
"King Jon" as the son of "the Swedish king Sorkver"
and his wife Ingegerd[142].
Morkinskinna names “King
Jón” as son of “King Sørkvir”[143]. The Saga of King Sverre records the death
of "Earl Birgi Brosa" in the same year as Sverre King of Norway [in 1202], commenting that "the Swedes then took Jon son of King Sorkvi…one year old"[144].
Fagrskinna names “Sverkir
konungr, fadir Jóans konungs” as son of “Kristinar er átti Karl konungr
Sverkissunr”[145].
He succeeded in 1216 as JOHAN I King of Sweden,
crowned [1219]. The Icelandic Annals record the succession in 1216 of "Johannes
Svercheri filius" who reigned for six years[146]. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1222 of "Johannes
Sverkeri filus rex Suecorum"[147].

3.[INGEGÄRD]
(-1172, bur Vreta Abbey). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not
yet been identified. m (1156) KNUD III Magnussen Joint King of Denmark, son
of MAGNUS I "den Stærke/the Strong" King of Denmark & his wife Ryksa [Swantosława] of Poland ([1129]-murdered Roskilde 9 Aug 1157).

4.INGEGÄRD (-1204). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not
yet been identified. Prioress at Vretakloster 1164.

King Sverker I
& his second wife had one child:

5.BURISLAV (-before 1173). His parentage is indicated by the following
document: the Liber Census Daniæ records that the estate of “Bulizlaus”,
son of King Sverker, was inherited by his [half-]sister Sofia Queen of Denmark[148]. Contender for the throne [1168/73].

King Sverker had
one [illegitimate] son by an unknown mistress:

6.KOL. The primary source which confirms his
parentage has not yet been identified.

m ---. The name and origin of Jedvard's wife is not known.
According to Brenner[149],
she was Cecilia, daughter of Blot-Sven
King of Sweden, but this does not appear to be based on a contemporary primary
source.

Jedvard & his wife had two children:

1.ERIK Jedvardsson
(-murdered [near Uppsala] 18 May 1159, bur Uppsala Church). His father's name is confirmed by the Saga of King
Sverre which records the marriage of King Sverre to "Margret
daughter of Eirik the Saint son of Jutvard and King of the Swedes" and
states that "King Eirik rests in a shrine at Upsala in Sweden"[150].
He succeeded in 1156 as ERIK"den helige" King of Sweden. mKIRSTIN of Denmark,
daughter of BJØRN Jernside of Denmark & his wife Katarin Ingesdottir of Sweden. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not so far been
identified. King Erik & his wife had four children:

a)KNUT Eriksson (-Autumn
[1195] or 8 Apr 1196). The Saga of King
Sverre names "Margret daughter of Eirik the Saint son of Jutvard
and King of the Swedes" as sister of "Knut King of the Swedes"
when recording her marriage to Sverre King of Norway[151]. He succeeded in 1167 or 1172 as KNUT King of Sweden.

b)MARGARETA Eriksdotter
([1155]-1209). The Saga of King Sverre
records the marriage of King Sverre to "Margret daughter of
Eirik the Saint son of Jutvard and King of the Swedes" the year after King Magnus was killed [1185][152].
m (1185) as his second wife, SVERRE Sigurdsson King of Norway,
possible illegitimate son of SIGURD Haraldsson Mund King of Norway & his
mistress Gunhild --- ([1152]-Bergen 9 Mar 1202, bur Bergen, Christ's Church).

c)KATARINA Eriksdotter. The
primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been
identified. mNILS Blaka .

i)[HOLMGER Filipsson
. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been
identified. m ---. The name of
Holmger's wife is not known. Holmger & his wife had [one possible son]:

(a)[KNUT
(-1234). The primary source which confirms his
parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded in 1229 as KNUT King of
Sweden. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1234 of "Kanutus
longus rex"[154].]
m as her first wife, HELENA, daughter of PEDER Strangesen [Ulfeldt] & his
wife ---. The primary source which confirms her
parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. King Knut & his wife
had two children:

(1)HOLMGER Knutsson (-murdered 1248). The primary source which confirms his parentage
has not yet been identified.

(2)FILIP Knutsson (-murdered 1251). The primary source which confirms his parentage
has not yet been identified.

2.JOAR Jedvardsson (-[1170/90]). “…J. patruus domini Regis K…” witnessed a
charter dated to [1167/99] under which “Kanutus…Sweorum rex” donated
property to the monks of Juleta kloster[155]. The primary source which confirms his name has not yet been
identified.

KNUT Eriksson, son
of ERIK “den helige” King of Sweden & his wife Kirstin of Denmark (-Autumn
[1195] or 8 Apr 1196). The Saga of King
Sverre names "Margret daughter of Eirik the Saint son of Jutvard and
King of the Swedes" as sister of "Knut King of the Swedes"
when recording her marriage to Sverre King of Norway[156]. He succeeded in 1167 or 1172 as KNUT King of Sweden. “Kanutus…Sweorum
rex atque Gothorum” donated property to the monks of Wiby by charter dated to
[1167/85][157].
“K…Sweorum rex filius Herjcjs itjdem regis” donated property to Nydala
kloster by charter dated to [1167/99], witnessed by “Byrgo Sweorum et
Guttorum dux…Philippus frater meus, Magnus et Karolus fratres ducis…”[158]. The Saga of King Sverre records the death "in the autumn"
of "King Knut of Sweden"[159], dateable from the context to [1195]. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1195 of "Canutus Erici filius, rex Svecorum"[160].

m ---. The primary source which confirms her
name has not yet been identified, although her brother was named Knut and was a
magnate in Sweden[161].

King Knut & his wife had [five]
children:

1.JON (-murdered 1205). The primary source which confirms his parentage
has not yet been identified.

2.JOAR (-murdered 1205). The primary source which confirms his parentage
has not yet been identified.

3.KNUT (-murdered 1205). The primary source which confirms his parentage
has not yet been identified.

4.ERIK Knutson (-Visingsö 10 Apr 1216). The Icelandic Annals record the battle in 1208 between "Svercherum Caroli filius"
and "Ericum Canuti filium, Suecorum reges", adding that Erik
ruled for nine years[162].
He succeeded [1208/10] as ERIK King of Sweden. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1216 of "Ericus Canuti filius rex Svecorum"[163]. m (1210) RIKISSA of Denmark, daughter of
VALDEMAR I "den Store" King of Denmark & his wife Sofia --- (-8
May 1220, bur Ringsted Church). Fagrskinna names “Knútr konungr ok Valdimarr konungr ok Rikiza dróttning”
as children of King Valdemar I and his wife, adding that “Rikizu dróttning”
married “Eirikr konungr i SviÞjód Knútssunr”[164]. The Icelandic Annals record the marriage
in 1210 of "Ericus Canuti filius rex Suecorum" and "Richizzam
filiam Valdemari, sororem Valdemari senioris Danorum regis"[165]. The Annales Ryenses record the death in 1221 of "Rikæcæ
regina"[166].
The burial records of Ringsted record the burial of "Kanutus filius
Waldemari primi rex Danorum ac Sclavorum Pomeraneorum ac totius Holtzatie, sed
et dux Estonie" and "soror sua Rikizæ regina uxor Erici regis
Suetie" who died "VIII Id Mai" in 1210[167]. King Erik & his wife had three children:

a)INGEBORG Eriksdotter (-1254). Her marriage is
confirmed by a charter dated 4 Nov 1246 in which “Ericus…rex Swethie”
names “domino Birgero genero nostro”[168]. The primary source which confirms her name
has not yet been identified. m ([1235]) BIRGER Magnuson
Jarl, Regent of Sweden, son of MAGNUS "Minnesköld" [Folkungaätten]
& his second wife Ingrid [Ylva] ([1200]-20/21 Oct 1266, bur Varnhem
Abbey).

c)ERIK Eriksson (posthumously 1216-12 Feb 1250). The
primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He
succeeded in 1222 as ERIK "Läspe/the Lisper" King of Sweden,
deposed 1229, and again 1234-50. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1222
of "Johannes Sverkeri filus rex Suecorum" and the succession
of "Ericus Erici filius" who ruled for 27 years[169]. The Annales Ryenses record the death in 1250 of "Ericus
rex Sueciæ"[170].
The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1250 of "Ericus Erici filius
Svionum rex"[171].
m (Fyrisäng near Uppsala [1243/44]) KATARINA Sunasdotter,
daughter of SUNE Folkesson & his wife Helena Sverkersdatter of Sweden (-Gudhem Convent 1252). “Katerina…Regina Swechorum” donated property to
Gudhems Kloster by charter dated 11 Jun 1250 which names “dominus Suno…pater
noster”[172].

5.[KATARINA]. The
primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been
identified. m firstlyPETER Larsson . m secondlyMAGNUS Knutsson
"Broka", son of KNUT Birgersson Jarl in Sweden [Folkungaätten] &
his wife ---.

m firstly ([1235]) INGEBORG of Sweden,
daughter of ERIK Knutsson King of Sweden & his second wife Richeza of
Denmark ([1212]-17 Jun 1254). Her marriage is confirmed by a charter dated 4
Nov 1246 in which “Ericus…rex Swethie” names “domino Birgero genero
nostro”[176].
The primary source which confirms her name has not yet
been identified.

m secondly (1261) as her second husband, MECHTILD von Holstein,
widow of ABEL King of Denmark,
daughter of ADOLF IV Graf von Holstein und Stormarn
& his wife Hedwig zur Lippe (1225-1288, bur Varnhem
Abbey). The Annales Stadenses record the
marriage "1237 VII Kal Mai" of "dux Abel" and
"filiam comitis Adolfi de Scowenborch", naming her "Mechtildem"
and recording her second marriage to "ducem Sueciæ" in a later
passage[177].
The Icelandic Annals record the marriage in 1261 of
"Bergerus Sveciæ dux" and "Mathildam reginam Daniæ"[178].

f)MARIANNA Valdemarsdotter . The primary
source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.
1299. m (Nyköping 1285) as his second
wife, RUDOLF von Diepholz,
son of --- (-1303 or after).

g)MARGARETA Valdemarsdotter .
The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.
Nun at Skänninge Convent 1288.

King Valdemar had one possible illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

h)[ERIK Valdemarsson
([1273]-). Brenner doubts his existence, saying he is likely confused with King Valdemar's legitimate son Erik[196].]

9.GREGERS
Birgersson or Frilloson [Folkingaättens oäkta gren] (-1276, bur
Uppsala). At Ängsjö. The Icelandic Annals record the death in
1276 of "Gregorius filius notus Birgeri comitis"[203]. He was ancestor of the Folkingaättens
Oäkta Gren family.

MAGNUS Ladulås
Birgersson, son of BIRGER Magnusson Jarl and Regent of Sweden
[Folkungaätten] & his first wife Ingeborg of Sweden ([1240]-Visingsö 18 Dec
1290, bur Stockholm, Riddarholm Church). He
succeeded in 1275 as MAGNUS I Ladulås King of Sweden. The Icelandic Annals record a peace agreement and meeting between "Magnum
Norvegiæ regem" and "Magnum Birgeri filium Sveonum regem"
in 1276[204].
The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1290 of "Magnus Svevorum rex
Birgeri filius"[205].

1.ERIK (-1279, bur Uppsala). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

2.BIRGER Magnusson (1280-[Sjælland] 31 May 1321, bur Ringsted Church). He succeeded his father in 1290 as BIRGER
King of Sweden. The Icelandic Annals record that "Haqvinus…rex
Norvegiæ" and "Birgerus rex Sveciæ, dux Ericus frater huius"
signed a peace agreement "ad ostium Solbergæ prope Gothalbim"
in 1302[206].
Deposed 1319. The burial records of Ringsted record "Birgerus rex
Suetie" who died "pridie Kal Jun" in 1321 and "uxor
sua Margareta filia regis Erici et Agnetis" who died "VI Non
Mar" in 1341[207].
m (Papal dispensation 23 Dec 1284, Stockholm 25 Nov 1298) MARGRETE of Denmark,
daughter of ERIK V "Klipping" King of Denmark & his wife Agnes von Brandenburg (-2 Mar 1341, bur Ringsted Church). Pope Martin IV issued a dispensation
for the marriage of "Birgero, filio Magni Sveciæ regis" and
"Margaretæ filiæ Erici regis Daniæ" for 4o
consanguinity dated 23 Dec 1284[208]. The Annales Lubicenses refer to the wife of "Birgerum
regem…Sweorum" as "sororem regis Danorum" when
recording that her husband's brothers "Ericus et Waldemarus duces"
captured her and her husband in 1305[209]. She was known as MÄRTA in Sweden. The burial records of Ringsted record "Birgerus rex Suetie" who
died "pridie Kal Jun" in 1321 and "uxor sua Margareta
filia regis Erici et Agnetis" who died "VI Non Mar"
in 1341[210].
King Birger & his wife had six children:

a)MAGNUS Birgersson (Stockholm Sep 1300-murdered Stockholm 1 Jun 1320, bur Stockholm, Riddarholms Church). He was probably chosen by his father as heir but was
imprisoned by supporters of his cousin and finally executed[211]. Magnus had [one possible] illegitimate daughter:

m firstly (divorced before 1302) --- Thurgilsdotter,
daughter of THURGIL Knudson Marshal of Sweden & his wife ---. The Annales Lubicenses
record that "marscalei [regis] filia" was wife of "Erico
duci" but divorced[226].

m secondly (Betrothed 1302, Oslo 29 Sep 1312) as her first husband, INGEBORG of Norway,
daughter of HAAKON V Magnusson King of Norway & his second wife Euphemia
von Rügen (1301-17 Jun after 1360). The Icelandic Annals record the betrothal
in 1302 of "dux Ericus" and "domicellam Ingiburgam
filiam Haqvini regis"[227]. The Annales Lubicenses refer to the wife of "Ericus
[dux]" as "filiam Haquini regis Norwegiæ"[228]. The Icelandic Annals record the marriage in 1311 of "Dux
Ericus in Suecia" and "domicellam Ingeburgam filiam Haqvini
regis"[229].
She married secondly (21 Jun 1327) Knut
"Porse" Duke of Sønderhalland and Estland (-30 May 1330). The Icelandic Annals record the marriage in 1326 of "Canutus Possius" and "dominam
ducissam Ingiborgam matrem Magni regis Norvegiæ"[230].

Erik & his
second wife had two children:

1.MAGNUS Eriksson (1316-drowned near Bergen 1 Dec 1374, bur Varnhem Abbey). The Icelandic Annals records the birth in 1316 of
"domicellus Magnus Minniskjöldus regis Haqvini ex filia nepos"[231]. He succeeded his uncle in 1319 as MAGNUS II King of Sweden,
and MAGNUS II King of Norway.
The Icelandic Annals record that "Domicellus Magnus Erici filius, regis
Haqvini de fila nepos" became "rex Norvegiæ Sveciæ atque
Gothiæ" in 1320[232].
He was deposed in 1344 as King of Norway. He abdicated in 1363 as King of
Sweden, remaining as regent of Norway. m
(Bohus [Tønsberghus] Castle 5 Nov 1335) BLANCHE
de Namur, daughter of JEAN Comte de Namur & his second wife Marie d'Artois [ Capet] (-Copenhagen Autumn 1363). A charter dated 24 Aug 1335 records that
Edward III King of England ordered ships to take “Blanchia de Namour
soror...comitis de Namour” to Norway for her marriage to “regem Norwegiæ”[233]. She was accused by the noblewoman Birgitta Birgersdotter (St Bridget of Vadstena) of having poisoned the latter's son, her innocence of the crime only
being proved at the end of the 18th century[234]. She lived at Tønsberghus castle in Norway from 1358, because of
the political situation in Sweden, and administered the fiefs of Vestfold and
Skienssysla[235].
King Magnus II & his wife had two children:

b)HAAKON Magnusson ([15] Aug 1340-Oslo [Aug/Sep] 1380, bur Oslo, Maria Church). His father designated him his heir in Norway, which was formally approved by the Norwegian estates. He succeeded his father in
1344 as HAAKON VI King of Norway.
He succeeded in 1362 as HAAKON I King of Sweden, deposed 1363. m (Copenhagen [9] Apr 1363) MARGRETHE of Denmark, daughter
of VALDEMAR IV King of Denmark & his wife Heilwig von Schleswig (1353-on
board ship Flensburg harbour 28 Oct 1412, bur Sorø Abbey, transferred 1413 to
Roskilde Church). She succeeded in 1387 as MARGRETHE I Queen of Denmark, 1388
as MARGRETHE I Queen of Norway and in 1389 as MARGRETHE Queen of Sweden.
King Haakon I & his wife had one child:

a)ALBRECHT von Mecklenburg ([1340]-Dobrenau
[31 Mar /1 Apr] 1412, bur Doberan). He was crowned ALBERT King of Sweden at Uppsala 18 Feb 1364.
He succeeded his father in 1379 as ALBRECHT III joint Herzog von Mecklenburg. Deposed as King of Sweden in 1389, he was imprisoned by Margrethe
Queen of Denmark from 24 Feb 1389 to 26 Sep 1395. Lord of Gotland 1397/1399.
He formally abdicated as King of Sweden in 1405.

1.ERICH
BOGISLAW von Pommern, son of WARTISLAW VII Duke of Pomerania & his
wife Marie von Mecklenburg ([1381]-Rügenwalde 1459 [after 4 Apr] bur Rügenwalde Marienkirche). He was adopted by Margrethe I King of
Denmark as her heir in Norway, following the death of her son King Olav IV, and succeeded in 1389 as ERIK III King
of Norway, although Queen Margrethe continued to rule as Regent. He
succeeded in 1396 as ERIK VII King of
Denmark, and in 1397 as ERIK XIII King of Sweden. Abdicated
1439.

1.CHRISTIAN von Oldenburg, son
of DIETRICH Graf von Oldenburg & his second wife Hedwig von Schleswig und
Holstein (Oldenburg Feb 1426-Copenhagen 21 May 1481 bur Roskilde Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1440 as CHRISTIAN XIVjoint Graf
von Oldenburg in Oldenburg und Delmenhorst. He was chosen to
succeed as CHRISTIAN I King of Denmark
and Norway, on the death without heirs in 1448 of King Christoffer III. He did
not immediately succeed in Sweden where Carl Knutsson Bonde was elected king.
He was crowned King of Norway in 1450. He was elected KRISTIAN I King of
Sweden in 1457, but his rule there was effective only for short periods
after 1463 despite King Christian's wife's vigorous pursuit of her claim to
Sweden as the "morning-gift" under the terms of her first marriage[240].

i)CHRISTIAN Prince of
Denmark (Nyborg 1 or 2 Jul 1481-Kalundborg 25 Jan
1559, bur Odense St Knuds Kirke). He succeeded
his father in 1513 as CHRISTIAN II King of Denmark
and Norway. KRISTIAN II King of Sweden 1520 to 1521. He was deposed in
1523.

b)SIGISMUND (Gripsholm, Sweden 20 Jun 1566-Warszawa 30 Apr 1632). He succeeded in 1587 as ZYGMUNT III King of Poland. He converted to
Roman Catholicism. He succeeded his father in 1592 as SIGISMUND King of
Sweden. He was deposed in Sweden 1599.

9.SOPHIE (29 Oct 1547-17 Mar 1611). m (4 Jul 1568) MAGNUS von Sachsen-Lauenburg, son of FRANZ I Herzog von Sachsen-Lauenburg & his wife Sibylle
von Sachsen ([1544/46]-Ratzeburg 14 May 1603, bur Ratzeburg Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1571 as MAGNUS II Herzog von Sachsen-Lauenburg, until
1574 when his father resumed power, and again on his father's death in 1581.

CARL Prince of Sweden, son
of GUSTAF I King of Sweden & his second wife Margareta Eriksdotter [Leijonhufvud]
(Stockholm 4 Oct 1550-Nyköping 30 Oct 1611, bur Strengnas Cathedral). Duke of Södermanland, Nerike and Värmland. Regent
of Sweden 1592. Ruling Prince of Sweden 1598. He succeeded in 1604 as CARL
IX King of Sweden.

ADOLF FRIEDRICH Herzog
von Holstein-Eutin, son of CHRISTIAN AUGUST
Herzog von Holstein-Eutin & his wife Albertine Friederike Markgräfin von
Baden-Durlach (Gottorf 14 May 1710-Stockholm 12 Apr 1771). Herzog von Holstein-Eutin and Bishop of
Lübeck 16 Sep 1727. He renounced the bishopric and secular principality of
Lübeck in 1750. He was adminstrator of the duchy von Holstein-Gottorp
1739-1745 during the minority of his cousin Karl Peter Ulrich. He was elected
successor to the crown of Sweden 3 Jul 1743 by the Swedish Diet. He succeeded 5
Apr 1751 as ADOLF FREDERIK King of Sweden.