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1 1. What are the conditions for obtaining a divorce? (for example, the possibility of divorce by mutual consent; condition of separation) There are three types of divorce: divorce by mutual consent, which in turn includes two distinct types: divorce by joint request and divorce applied for by one of the spouses and accepted by the other; divorce on the grounds of irretrievable breakdown of the marriage; divorce on the grounds of fault. 1. Quelles sont les conditions pour obtenir un divorce? (par exemple la possibilité de divorcer par consentement mutuel; condition de séparation) Il existe trois cas de divorce : le divorce par consentement mutuel qui comprend lui-même deux formes distinctes : le divorce sur demande conjointe ou le divorce demandé par un époux et accepté par l'autre ; le divorce pour rupture de la vie commune ; le divorce pour faute. 2. What are the grounds for divorce? (for example, fault; irretrievable breakdown of the marriage, separation) Divorce by joint request may be applied for by the spouses when they agree on the principle of breakdown and all its consequences. In this case, they are not required to intimate the grounds for the divorce and must only submit to the judge a draft agreement stipulating the terms of their agreement. Divorce applied for by one of the spouses and accepted by the other presupposes that the two spouses acknowledge that there are factors that make it impossible for them to continue to live together. Unlike divorce by joint request, the consequences of this type of divorce are settled by the judge. Any divorce thus granted produces the same effects as divorce on the grounds of shared fault. Divorce on the grounds of irretrievable breakdown of marriage requires either that the spouses must have been de facto separated for six years or that the mental faculties of one of the spouses is so seriously impaired that there is no possibility for the spouses to live together or, according to the most reasonable forecasts, resume life together in future. Fault-based divorce can be requested by one of the spouses for acts attributable to the other spouse where such acts constitute a serious or repeated violation of marital duties and obligations and render the continuation of life together intolerable. 2. Quels sont les motifs d'un divorce? (par exemple faute ; échec irréversible du mariage, séparation) Le divorce sur requête conjointe peut être demandé par les époux lorsqu'ils s'entendent sur le principe de la rupture et toutes ses conséquences. Dans ce cas, ils n'ont pas à faire connaître la cause du divorce et doivent seulement soumettre au juge un projet de convention précisant les termes de leur accord. Le divorce demandé par un époux et accepté par l'autre suppose la reconnaissance, par les deux conjoints, de faits rendant intolérable le maintien de la vie commune, les conséquences du divorce étant, contrairement au divorce sur requête conjointe, réglées par le juge. Le divorce ainsi prononcé produit les effets d'un divorce aux torts partagés.

2 Le divorce pour rupture de la vie commune est conditionné par l'existence, depuis six ans, soit d'une séparation de fait des époux, soit d'une altération des facultés mentales d'un des conjoints si grave qu'aucune communauté de vie ne subsiste plus entre les époux et ne pourra, selon les prévisions les plus raisonnables, se reconstituer à l'avenir. Le divorce pour faute peut être demandé par un époux pour des faits imputables à l'autre lorsque ces faits constituent une violation grave ou renouvelée des devoirs et obligations du mariage et rendent intolérable le maintien de la vie commune. 3. What are the legal consequences of a divorce as regards: a) the personal relations between the spouses (for example the family name)? The obligations with regard to fidelity, cohabitation and assistance come to an end when the court decision to grant the divorce becomes res judicata, i.e. there is no longer any possibility of appeal. Each of the spouses is thereafter free to remarry on condition, in principle, that the wife waits for 300 days from the dissolution of the previous marriage. However, this period starts from the date of the decision authorising the spouses to live separately or, in the event of a joint request, approving the temporary agreement concluded by the spouses. Furthermore, this period does not apply if the divorce is granted on the grounds of irretrievable breakdown of marriage. Following the divorce, each of the spouses forfeits the right to use the name of the other spouse. However, this principle does not apply if the divorce was granted on the grounds of irretrievable breakdown of marriage at the husband s request. In other cases, the wife can continue to use the name of her husband, either with the agreement of the latter or with the authorisation of the judge, if she can put forward reasons why this is particularly important for herself or for the children. b) the division of property of the spouses? Divorce leads to the dissolution of the matrimonial ties and the division of property The spouse against whom the divorce is exclusively granted forfeits any marital donations and benefits granted by the other spouse. When the divorce is granted on the grounds of shared fault, either of them may revoke these provisions. When the divorce is granted at the joint request of the spouses, they are maintained, except in the case of révocation conventionnelle??? of the spouses. In the event of a divorce on the grounds of irretrievable breakdown of marriage, the defendant spouse retains ipso jure such donations and benefits. In the event of a divorce by joint request, the agreement of the spouses to the liquidation of their financial interests determines the granting of the divorce. In other types of divorce, the spouses may agree to this liquidation before the divorce is granted, but they are not obliged to do so. In this case, the liquidation takes place later. c) the minor children of the spouses (for example, parental authority and maintenance obligations)? Divorce has no particular consequences on the rules as regards the exercise of parental authority, which is in principle therefore retained jointly by both parents. Nonetheless, the judge may decide to entrust the exercise of parental authority to one of the parents if this is dictated by the interest of the child. Each of the parents must continue to contribute towards the child s maintenance and education. This contribution takes the form of maintenance paid by one of the parents to the other, but it may also take the form, wholly or partially, of direct payment of the expenses incurred for the child. Finally, it can be paid in the form of a right of use and habitation. d) the obligation to pay maintenance to the other spouse? In principle, divorce ends the duty of assistance, except where the divorce is granted on the grounds of breakdown of marriage. This duty is maintained for the benefit of the spouse who did not request the divorce, who can at any time request that the other spouse pay maintenance support which will be revised according to the variations in the needs and resources of the former spouse.

5 En cas de demande en divorce pour rupture de la vie commune, la demande reconventionnelle en séparation de corps est interdite. 6. What are the legal consequences of legal separation? Can it be converted into a divorce? Is it a necessary condition for granting the divorce? - Effects of legal separation Legal separation ends the duty of cohabitation, but the duties of assistance and fidelity continue. Similarly, the wife may continue to use her husband s name. At a financial level, the duty to support the other spouse is maintained and maintenance support may be awarded, although any attribution of fault cannot be taken into account. However, as in the case of a divorce the judgement entails the dissolution and liquidation of the matrimonial relationship. The inheritance rights are maintained, except in the event of a spouse separated from bed and board on the grounds of his/her exclusive fault. - Conversion of legal separation into divorce At the request of one of the spouses, a judgement handed down for legal separation can be converted ipso jure into a divorce if the legal separation has lasted three years. In this case, the judge grants the divorce and rules on its consequences. If the legal separation was granted upon joint request, it can be converted into a divorce only by a further joint request. Legal separation cannot under any circumstances be a condition for the granting of a divorce. 6. Quels sont les effets juridiques de la séparation de corps? Peut-elle être convertie en divorce? Est-elle une condition nécessaire pour prononcer le divorce? - Effets de la séparation de corps. La séparation de corps met fin au devoir de cohabitation mais les devoirs d'assistance et de fidélité demeurent. De même, la femme conserve l'usage du nom de son conjoint. Sur le plan patrimonial, le devoir de secours est maintenu et permet l'octroi d'une pension alimentaire sans que l'attribution des torts puisse être prise en compte. En revanche, le jugement emporte la dissolution et la liquidation du régime matrimonial, comme en matière de divorce Les droits successoraux sont maintenus sauf pour l'époux séparé de corps à ses torts exclusifs. - Conversion d'une séparation de corps en divorce A la demande d'un époux, un jugement de séparation de corps est converti de plein droit en jugement de divorce quand la séparation de corps a duré trois ans. Le juge prononce alors le divorce et statue sur ses conséquences. Quand la séparation de corps a été prononcée sur demande conjointe, elle ne peut être convertie en divorce que par une nouvelle demande conjointe. En aucun cas, la séparation de corps n'est une condition du prononcé du divorce.

6 7. What does the term marriage annulment mean in practice? The annulment of the marriage, which presupposes a judgement, retroactively annuls all the effects of the marriage as if it had never existed. It differs from dissolution of the marriage, in particular by divorce, which affects only the future. 7. Que signifie la notion annulation de mariage dans la pratique? L'annulation du mariage, qui suppose un jugement, a pour effet d'effacer rétroactivement tous les effets du mariage comme si celui-ci n'avait jamais existé. Elle s'oppose à la dissolution de l'union, notamment par divorce, qui produit des effets seulement pour l'avenir. 8. What are the conditions for marriage annulment? The grounds for annulment of the marriage differ depending on whether it involves a decree nisi (where a vitiation of consent or failure to secure the authorisation of the person who should have authorised the marriage is invoked) or a decree absolute (in the case of nonfulfilment of a public policy requirement). - Decree nisi There are two possibilities: vitiation of consent (mistaken identity or violence) failure to secure the authorisation of the persons whose authorisation was necessary. The request can be made only by a limited number of persons: the spouse whose consent was vitiated or who was legally incapable when the marriage was contracted; the persons who should have consented to the marriage. - Decree absolute There are six possibilities: total failure to secure consent, impuberty, bigamy, incest, lack of competence of the registrar of births, marriages and deaths and clandestinity. The request may be made by any person who has an interest in taking action. 8. Quels sont les motifs d'une annulation du mariage? Les motifs d'annulation du mariage sont différents selon qu'il s'agit d'une nullité relative (lorsqu'il est invoqué un vice du consentement ou un défaut d'autorisation des personnes qui auraient dû autoriser le mariage) ou d'une nullité absolue (qui sanctionne l'inobservation d'une condition d'ordre public). - Cas de nullité relative. Ils sont au nombre de deux : le vice du consentement que constitue l'erreur sur la personne et la violence le défaut d'autorisation des personnes dont l'autorisation était nécessaire.

7 La demande ne peut émaner que de certaines personnes limitativement énumérées : l'époux dont le consentement a été vicié ou qui était juridiquement incapable au moment de la célébration du mariage ; les personnes qui auraient dû consentir à l'union. - Cas de nullité absolue. Il en existe six : le défaut total de consentement, l'impuberté, la bigamie, l'inceste, l'incompétence de l'officier de l'état civil et la clandestinité. La demande peut émaner de toute personne ayant un intérêt à agir. 9. What are the legal consequences of marriage annulment? These effects are identical in the case of a decree nisi and a decree absolute. The personal and financial effects of the marriage are annulled, since the matrimonial ties are deemed never to have existed. For example, if one of the spouses has died, annulment of the marriage will deprive the other of any inheritance rights. However, this principle can be attenuated if one of the spouses or both was/were acting in good faith at the time of the marriage. In this case, the putative marriage remains null and void, but it is treated as if it were simply dissolved. Consequently, all the civil, personal and financial effects prior to the granting of the annulment are maintained. As regards children, the annulment of the marriage of their parents has no legal effects and their situation is handled as in divorce cases. 9. Quels sont les effets juridiques de l'annulation du mariage? Ces effets sont identiques qu'il s'agisse d'une nullité relative ou d'une nullité absolue. Les effets tant personnels que patrimoniaux du mariage sont effacés puisque le lien matrimonial est censé n'avoir jamais existé. Par exemple, si l'un des époux est décédé, l'annulation du mariage privera l'autre de tout droit successoral. Une atténuation de ce principe est cependant possible lorsque l'un des époux ou les deux était, au moment du mariage, de bonne foi. Dans ce cas, le mariage «putatif» reste nul mais il est traité comme s'il était simplement dissous. En conséquence, tous les effets d'ordre civil, personnel ou pécuniaire, produits avant le jugement d'annulation, sont maintenus. A l'égard des enfants, l'annulation du mariage de leurs parents est sans effet juridique et leur situation est réglée comme en matière de divorce. 10. Are there alternative non judicial means for solving issues relating to the divorce without going to court? Divorce and its consequences must be settled by a court decision. However, if the parties agree, mediation can be organised during the divorce proceedings. This measure is entrusted to a natural person or to an association that is responsible for hearing the parties, weighing up their points of view and helping them find a solution to their dispute. Following such mediation, parties who have reached an agreement can submit their agreement to the judge for approval.

8 10. Y a t-il des moyens alternatifs extra-judiciaires pour résoudre des questions relatives au divorce sans faire appel à la justice? Le divorce et ses conséquences sont nécessairement réglées par jugement. Cependant, si les parties l'acceptent, une médiation peut être organisée pendant la procédure de divorce. Cette mesure est confiée à une personne physique ou à une association afin d'entendre les parties, confronter leur point de vue et les aider à trouver une solution au conflit qui les oppose. A l'issue de cette médiation, les parties qui sont parvenues à s'entendre peuvent soumettre leur accord à l'homologation du juge. 11. Where should I lodge my application (petition) for divorce/legal separation/marriage annulment? Which formalities must be respected and which documents should I attach to my application? A) Divorce applications These applications take the form of a request submitted by a lawyer or a clerk of the court of first instance. The territorially competent court is: o the place where the family resides; o if the spouses have separate residences, the court of the place of residence of one of the spouses with whom any minor children are living; o in other cases, the court of the place of residence of the spouse who did not take the initiative to submit the request; o in the case of a joint request, depending on the choice of the spouses the competent court can be the court of the place of residence of either spouse. In all divorce cases, the spouses must give all the information required for their identification and their health insurance fund and information relating to the services and organisations that provide them with payments, pensions or any other benefits. In the case of a divorce requested by a spouse and accepted by the other, the request must be accompanied by a personal statement in which the defendant endeavours to describe the marital situation in objective terms without seeking to qualify the acts or to impute blame to either party. In the case of a divorce by joint request, the request must not indicate the grounds for the divorce. It must include in the annex an interim agreement whereby for the duration of the proceedings the spouses define the arrangements for their reciprocal situation and that of the children and a draft definitive agreement governing all the arrangements for the effects of the divorce, indicating, where necessary, the notary responsible for liquidating the matrimonial regime. In the case of a divorce on the grounds of irretrievable breakdown of the marriage, the request must specify the means whereby, during the proceedings and after the dissolution of the marriage, the husband will discharge his duty of assistance and meet his obligations with regard to the children. B) The annulment of the marriage is requested before the court of first instance of the place of residence of the defendant. This takes the form of a summons served by a bailiff. 11. Où dois-je adresser ma demande du divorce/séparation du corps/annulation du mariage? Quelles sont les formalités à respecter et quels documents doivent être joints à la demande? A) La demande en divorce Celle-ci prend la forme d'une requête déposée par un avocat au greffe du tribunal de grande instance. Le tribunal territorialement compétent est :

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