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The capital and largest city of the island commonwealth of Puerto Rico, San Juan is a major Caribbean port and tourist resort. It is located on a well-protected harbor on the island’s northern coast. The oldest city under the United States flag, it occupies a small island separated from the remainder of Puerto Rico by San Juan Bay and Condado Lagoon to the south. The smaller island is connected to the shores of the bay by bridges, a causeway, and ferryboats.

Partially surrounded by walls, the historic Old San Juan district has been restored to a large extent, and it retains much of its original Spanish flavor. Narrow cobblestone streets are common in this section. San Juan Gate is the only remaining gate in the city walls. East of the old city is the Capitol, where the Puerto Rican legislature meets. In the 20th century the city expanded rapidly. The modern city extends to the east end of the island and continues south of San Antonio Channel and Condado Lagoon to the residential districts of Santurce, Condado, Ocean Park, Río Piedras, and Miramar. Cataño and Hato Rey are the chief industrial districts. The majority of the commonwealth government offices are in the newer section of the city.

San Juan has several gardens and parks, including Luis Muñoz Rivera Park, and a large sports stadium. Among the sites of historic interest is the San Juan Cathedral, which was begun in 1521 and was rebuilt in 1540 and again in 1802. It is the burial place of Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León. The San José Church, which dates from 1532, is the oldest church in continuous use in the Western Hemisphere. Other San Juan landmarks are the 16th-century Casa Blanca (“White House”) and La Casa del Libro, a rare-book library. La Fortaleza was built as a fortress in 1533 and now houses the governor’s mansion. It is the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Western Hemisphere.

The main campus of the University of Puerto Rico, with its medical campus and other facilities, is located in San Juan. The city’s other educational institutions include the University of the Sacred Heart and a campus of the Inter-American University of Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico Museum of Art opened in Santurce in 2000. Santurce is also the site of the annual Casals Festival of classical music, founded by cellist Pablo Casals. Other notable annual events in San Juan are the San Sebastian Street Festival in January and the San Juan Bautista (“St. John the Baptist”) Festival in June.

San Juan’s pleasant and mild tropical climate, beaches, and gambling casinos attract a large number of tourists. Tourism is vital to the local economy. San Juan’s fine luxury resort hotels are among the largest and best in Latin America. San Juan is also Puerto Rico’s financial capital and has many corporate offices of U.S. banks. The majority of the financial institutions are concentrated in the Hato Rey district. After World War II, San Juan’s industries expanded rapidly. The city is the largest industrial and processing center of Puerto Rico. Industries include petroleum and sugar refining, brewing, and rum distilling. Cement, pharmaceuticals, metal products, tobacco, and clothing are also produced in San Juan.

Transportation facilities are excellent. The port of San Juan is one of the busiest in the Caribbean. The harbor has modern docking and warehouse facilities. San Juan’s international airport, located just outside Old San Juan, is also among the busiest in the Caribbean. As the city grew, traffic congestion became a serious problem. In an effort to reduce automobile use, the first line of a regional rapid-transit rail system opened in 2004.

The original settlement of San Juan was founded by Juan Ponce de León in 1508 on the main island. In 1521 it was moved to two nearby rocky islets. The settlement was first known as Puerto Rico, meaning “Rich Port,” and the mainland as San Juan Bautista (“St. John the Baptist”). Over the centuries the two place-names were reversed. Massive fortifications were begun in 1533 to protect the settlement’s strategic location. San Felipe del Morro castle (also called El Morro) and San Cristóbal fort are part of the San Juan National Historic Site, which is administered by the U.S. National Park Service. These two massive fortresses, one at each end of Old San Juan, are among the city’s chief tourist attractions today. Together with La Fortaleza, they form a UNESCO World Heritage site.

During the early 16th century, San Juan was the point of departure for Spanish expeditions to charter or settle unknown parts of the New World. The city successfully withstood several attempts by the British and the Dutch to seize Puerto Rico from the Spanish. The British seized the city for a brief period in 1598, and the Dutch did so in 1625. The British tried again in 1797 but were defeated.

San Juan remained the seat of government when Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory in 1898. It remained as capital when, in 1952, Puerto Rico became a commonwealth of the United States. By 1980 the San Juan metropolitan area had grown to include about one-third of Puerto Rico’s total population. That proportion has since increased to about two-thirds of the population. Population (2010 census), city, 381,931; San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo Metro Area, 2,478,905.

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