José de Santa Rita Durão, (born 1722?, Cata Prêta, Brazil—died Jan. 24, 1784, Lisbon, Port.), Brazilian epic poet, best known for his long poem Caramúru. Durão was a pioneer in his use of the South American Indians as subjects of literature.

After an education at the Jesuit college in Rio de Janeiro, Durão obtained the degree of doctor of theology (1756) at the University of Coimbra, Portugal. Two years later he entered the Gratian convent of the Order of St. Augustine, where he offended his superiors by his openly expressed regard for the Jesuits, who had been expelled from Portugal and Brazil in 1759. He was forced in consequence to leave the country, and after detention in Spain as a spy (1762–63) he went to Rome, where he acted as a papal librarian and associated with the Roman literati. In 1778 he returned to Portugal as professor of theology at Coimbra but soon retired to the Gratian convent and became its prior.

In 1781 he published in Lisbon his epic Caramúru: Poema épico do descubrimento da Bahia (“Caramúru: Epic Poem of the Discovery of Bahia”), a poetic treatment in 10 cantos, frankly fictitious, of the discovery of Bahia (northeastern Brazil) by Diogo Álvares. Caramúru (“Dragon of the Sea”) is the name bestowed on Diogo Álvares by the Indians. The poem is notable for its descriptions of South American scenery and Indian life and the love it expresses for Brazil. Embittered by its failure to win immediate recognition, Durão burned most of his other works.