The
Human Rights Committee, established under article 28 of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,

Meeting on 16 July 1996,

Having concluded its
consideration of communication No. 523/1992 submitted to the Human Rights
Committee by Mr. Clyde Neptune under the Optional Protocol to the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,

Having taken into account all
written information made available to it by the author of the communication
and by the State party,

Adopts the following:

VIEWS UNDER ARTICLE 5, PARAGRAPH
4, OF THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL

1. The author of the
communication is Clyde Neptune, a Trinidadian citizen at the time of
submission of the communication awaiting execution at the State Prison of
Port-of-Spain. He claims to be a victim of violations by Trinidad and Tobago
of articles 9, 10 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights. In December 1993, the author's death sentence was commuted
to life imprisonment, following the Privy Council's judgment in Pratt and
Morgan.

FACTS AS PRESENTED BY THE AUTHOR

2.1 On 17 November 1985,
the author was arrested for the murder of one Whitfield Farrel. On 25 May
1988, the author was convicted of the charge against him by the
Port-of-Spain Assizes Court and sentenced to death.

2.2 The evidence relied on
during trial was that a police patrol on duty had seen the victim running
out of a bar with something looking like blood on his chest. The author then
came out with a knife in his hand; he first started to walk fast, then began
running, before he was caught up with by the police. The author allegedly
confessed having stabbed Farrel, in retaliation for stabs Farrel had
inflicted on him two months before. Farrel later died in hospital from his
wounds.

2.3 The author, in an
unsworn statement from the dock, states that the victim had, three months
before the incident, stolen his boots and that, when asked to return the
boots, he had stabbed the author with a knife. On 17 November 1985, when
queuing up at a chicken outlet, the author was again attacked by the man. He
tried to defend himself with his fists, upon which the man produced a knife.
The author held the man's hand in order to prevent him from inflicting stab
wounds, in such a way that the knife pointed to the man's chest. During the
fight both of them tripped, the author falling on the victim and stabbing
him with the knife by accident.

2.4 According to the
author, he could not have run at the time of the crime, since he had
sustained broken legs in a motorbike accident six months before the
incident. The author asked his legal-aid lawyer to obtain his medical
records from the hospital, but the lawyer allegedly refused to do so. The
author contends that the legal-aid lawyer who was assigned to his case asked
him for money, and since he did not have any, never visited him again to
discuss the case.

THE COMPLAINT

3.1 The author claims that
his right to a fair trial was denied since the judge was, at the time of the
crime, the head of the department of public prosecution and directed the
police to charge him with murder. His legal-aid lawyer refused to raise this
issue. The judge, who was about to be transferred to another court,
allegedly issued an order that, whichever court he would be transferred to,
the author would have to appear before him. In addition to this, the hearing
of the case, scheduled to start on 1 October 1987, was adjourned on 18
occasions, of which 17 times at the request of the prosecutor, because the
only witness could not be traced. The hearing finally started on 20 May
1988. The author has remained in pre-trial detention since his arrest, in
November 1985.

3.2 The author further
complains that he and his fellow inmates are subjected to inhuman conditions
of detention at the State Prison. He states that prisoners are kept all day
in their cells, measuring 9 feet by 6 feet. Once every two to three weeks,
the prisoners, handcuffed, are taken outside for half an hour. The author
submits that he is becoming blind due to lack of natural light. Only two
visits per week, of 15 minutes each and with a prison officer staying in the
proximity, are allowed. The family has to provide the prisoners with airmail
letter forms, for which they then have to ask the prison authorities, and
which they do not always receive. Allegedly, most of the letters are
suppressed. The relatives further have to buy food and toiletries from the
prison authorities in order to provide their imprisoned relatives with them.
Dental care and medication have to be paid. Meals are composed, for
breakfast and for supper, of bread, butter, jam and black coffee, and for
lunch, of rice, peas, half-rotten potatoes and rotten chicken or rotten
fish. Since the bread is half-baked and meals do not contain any oil, most
prisoners suffer from constipation. A doctor visits the prisoners only once
a month and the commissioner of prisons about twice a year. Prisoners are
regularly beaten.

3.3 The author submits
that, since he was removed from death row in December 1993, he shares a 9 x
6 feet cell with six to nine other prisoners. In the cell are only three
beds, and a bucket for urinating. The food is rotten and filthy, and he is
allowed only one visit per month. He adds that the prison officer in charge
has threatened to kill him because he filed complaints about the situation
in prison.

3.4 As to the requirement
of exhaustion of domestic remedies, the author states that the Court of
Appeal has not yet decided on his case. Three months after his conviction a
legal-aid lawyer, who had already represented him before the Assizes Court,
was assigned to him in order to represent him again before the Court of
Appeal. The author refused this lawyer. Three or four months later, a second
lawyer agreed to represent him on a legal-aid assignment. On 8 August 1989,
however, this lawyer told the author that he would only represent him
against remuneration. Consequently, the author found a third lawyer, who was
willing to represent him on a legal-aid basis. Since 18 September 1989, the
author has repeatedly been asking the authorities to assign him this third
lawyer, and has several times asked the other lawyer to notify the legal-aid
board that he is only willing to represent the author on a private basis. On
14 May 1990, however, the second lawyer wrote the author that he would
examine his papers, which he had received from the registry of the Court of
Appeal. The author therefore claims that his right to legal assistance of
his own choosing has been denied. Subsequently, the author contacted a
fourth lawyer, who reportedly will represent him before the Court of Appeal.
In July 1993, the author was informed by the legal-aid authorities that his
appeal was scheduled for hearing not later than November 1993. In a letter
dated 29 January 1995, the author states, however, that his appeal has still
not been heard.

THE COMMITTEE'S ADMISSIBILITY
DECISION

4.1 During its fifty-third
session, the Committee considered the admissibility of the communication. It
noted with concern the lack of cooperation from the State party, which had
not submitted any observations on admissibility.

4.2 The Committee
ascertained, as required under article 5, paragraph 2(a), of the Optional
Protocol, that the same matter was not being examined under another
procedure of international investigation or settlement.

4.3 The Committee
considered inadmissible the author's claim that he had an unfair trial
because the judge had been the initial prosecutor in his case and had
brought the charges against him, because the author has failed to
substantiate this allegation for purposes of admissibility.

4.4 As regards the
author's claim that the circumstances of his detention were degrading, the
Committee considered that, in the absence of information from the State
party about effective domestic remedies available to the author and noting
the author's claim that he had been threatened with death for making
complaints, it was not prevented by article 5, paragraph 2(b), of the
Optional Protocol from examining the complaint.

4.5 The Committee
considered that the application of domestic remedies with regard to the
length of proceedings against the author and of the pre-trial detention was
unreasonably prolonged and that the Committee was therefore not prevented by
article 5, paragraph 2(b), of the Covenant from examining whether the
communication might raise issues under articles 9, paragraph 3, and 14,
paragraphs 3(c) and 5, of the Covenant.

5. Consequently, on 16
March 1995, the Human Rights Committee declared the communication admissible
in so far as it might raise issues under articles 9, paragraph 3, 10 and 14,
paragraphs 3(c) and 5, of the Covenant.

ISSUES AND PROCEEDINGS BEFORE
THE COMMITTEE

6. In a letter of 24
November 1995, counsel for the author states that he has been informed that
the author's appeal was dismissed by the Court of Appeal on 3 November 1995.

7. The deadline for the
submission of the State party's observations under article 4, paragraph 2,
of the Optional Protocol expired on 1 November 1995. On 10 November 1995,
the State party requested a one-month extension of the deadline. No further
submission has been received from the State party, in spite of a reminder
addressed to it on 17 January 1996. The Committee regrets the absence of
cooperation on the part of the State party and recalls that it is implicit
in article 4, paragraph 2, of the Optional Protocol that a State party must
furnish the Committee, in good faith and within the imparted deadlines, with
all the information at its disposal. In the absence of information from the
State party, due weight must be given to the author's allegations, to the
extent that they have been substantiated.

8. Accordingly, the
Human Rights Committee has considered the present communication in the light
of all the information made available to it by the parties, as provided in
article 5, paragraph 1, of the Optional Protocol.

9.1 The Committee notes
that the author's claims that he is sharing a 9 by 6 feet cell with six to
nine fellow prisoners, that there are only three beds in the cell, that
there is not enough natural light, that he was aired only half an hour once
every two/three weeks and that the food is inedible have remained
uncontested. The Committee finds that the conditions of detention as
described by the author are not compatible with the requirements of article
10, paragraph 1, of the Covenant, which stipulates that prisoners and
detainees shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent
dignity of the human person.

9.2 The Committee also
notes that the author was arrested on 17 November 1985, that the trial
against him started on 20 May 1988, after numerous adjournments, and that
the author was kept in pre-trial detention throughout this period. The
Committee finds that, in the absence of any explanation by the State party
and in the light of the author's claim that the reason for the adjournments
was that the prosecution could not find the main witness, the delay in
bringing the author to trial is incompatible with articles 9, paragraph 3,
and 14, paragraph 3(c), of the Covenant.

9.3 The author has further
indicated that he expressed his wish to appeal his conviction, immediately
after the Assizes Court's judgement of 25 May 1988. It appears from the
information before the Committee that seven years and five months elapsed
before the Court of Appeal heard and dismissed his appeal. In the absence of
any explanation by the State party justifying the delay, the Committee finds
that such a long period between conviction and the hearing of the appeal
cannot be deemed compatible with the provisions of article 14, paragraph
3(c), read together with paragraph 5.

10. The Human Rights
Committee, acting under article 5, paragraph 4, of the Optional Protocol to
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is of the view
that the facts before it disclose a violation of articles 9, paragraph 3,
10, paragraph 1, and 14, paragraphs 3(c) and 5, of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

11. Pursuant to article 2,
paragraph 3(a), of the Covenant, Mr. Neptune is entitled to an effective
remedy. The Committee has noted that the State party has commuted the
author's death penalty to life imprisonment. In view of the fact that the
author has spent over 10 years in prison, of which five and a half years on
death row, the Committee considers that the appropriate remedy would be the
author's early release, and, pending release, the immediate improvement of
the circumstances of Mr. Neptune's detention. Moreover, in order to avoid
similar violations in the future, the Committee recommends to the State
party to improve the general conditions of detention.

12. Bearing in mind that,
by becoming a State party to the Optional Protocol, the State party has
recognized the competence of the Committee to determine whether there has
been a violation of the Covenant or not and that, pursuant to article 2 of
the Covenant, the State party has undertaken to ensure to all individuals
within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized
in the Covenant and to provide an effective and enforceable remedy in case a
violation has been established, the Committee wishes to receive from the
State party, within 90 days, information about the measures taken to give
effect to the Committee's Views.