The Politics of Non-state Social Welfare

Across the world, welfare states are under challenge (or were never developed extensively in the first place) while non-state actors increasingly provide public goods and basic welfare. In many parts of the Middle East and South Asia, sectarian organizations and political parties supply basic services to ordinary people more extensively and effectively than governments. In sub-Saharan Africa, families struggle to pay hospital fees, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) launch welfare programs as states cut subsidies and social programs. Likewise, in parts of Latin America, international and domestic NGOs and, increasingly, private firms are key suppliers of social welfare in both urban and rural communities. Even in the United States, where the welfare state is far more developed, secular NGOs and faith-based organizations are critical components of social safety nets. Despite official entitlements to public welfare, citizens in Russia face increasing out-of-pocket expenses as they are effectively compelled to seek social services through the private market.In The Politics of Non-state Social Welfare, a multidisciplinary group of contributors use survey data analysis, spatial analysis, in-depth interviews, and ethnographic and archival research to explore the fundamental transformation of the relationship between states and citizens. The book highlights the political consequences of the non-state provision of social welfare, including the ramifications for equitable and sustainable access to social services, accountability for citizens, and state capacity. The authors do not assume that non-state providers will surpass the performance of weak, inefficient, or sometimes corrupt states but instead offer a systematic analysis of a wide spectrum of non-state actors in a variety of contexts around the world, including sectarian political parties, faith-based organizations, community-based organizations, family networks, informal brokers, and private firms.Contributors: Scott Allard, University of Chicago; Jennifer N. Brass, Indiana University; Melani Cammett, Brown University; Linda Cook, Brown University; Ian Gough, London School of Economics; Michael Jennings, School of Oriental and African Studies; Anirudh Krishna, Duke University; Pauline Jones Luong, University of Michigan; Lauren M. MacLean, Indiana University; Alejandra Mizala, University of Chile; Alison Post, University of California, Berkeley; Ben Ross Schneider, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

AcknowledgmentsIntroductionMelani Cammett and Lauren M. MacLean1. Mapping Social Welfare Regimes beyond the OECDIan Gough2. The Political Consequences of Non-state Social Welfare: An Analytical FrameworkMelani Cammett and Lauren M. MacLeanPart IStates, Non-state Social Welfare, and Citizens in the Developing World3. Empowering Local Communities and Enervating the State? Foreign Oil Companies as Public Goods Providers in Azerbaijan and KazakhstanPauline Jones Luong4. The Politics of "Contracting Out" to the Private Sector: Water and Sanitation in ArgentinaAlison E. Post5. Blurring the Boundaries: NGOs, the State, and Service Provision in KenyaJennifer N. Brass6. Bridging the Local and the Global: Faith-Based Organizations as Non-state Providers in TanzaniaMichael Jennings7. Sectarian Politics and Social Welfare: Non-state Provision in LebanonMelani Cammett8. The Reciprocity of Family, Friends, and Neighbors in Rural Ghana and Côte d'IvoireLauren M. MacLean9. The Naya Netas: Informal Mediators of Government Services in Rural North IndiaAnirudh KrishnaPart IIThe Politics of Non-state Social Welfare in Emerging Markets and the Industrialized World10. Private Provision with Public Funding: The Challenges of Regulating Quasi Markets in Chilean EducationAlejandra Mizala and Ben Ross Schneider11. "Spontaneous Privatization" and Its Political Consequences in Russia’s Postcommunist Health SectorLinda J. Cook12. State Dollars, Non-state Provision: Local Nonprofit Welfare Provision in the United StatesScott W. AllardConclusionMelani Cammett and Lauren M. MacLean

The Politics of Non-state Social Welfare

"The Politics of Non-state Social Welfare begins to fill a major gap in the welfare literature. Almost all of the previous literature on welfare provision in developing countries has focused on relations between citizens and the state. This book offers the first comprehensive examination of how citizens and states are affected by the growth of NGOs, sectarian organizations, informal brokers, and other types of non-state actors. The authors of the case study chapters offer in-depth

accounts of such providers, drawing on extensive fieldwork. In introductory and concluding chapters, Melani Cammett and Lauren M. MacLean elaborate and assess a series of carefully nuanced propositions about variations in the inclusiveness, accountability, and sustainability of the services provided by non-state actors and the conditions in which they complement or undermine the role of the state."

- Robert Kaufman, Distinguished Professor of Political Science, Rutgers University

Melani Cammett

Melani Cammett is Associate Professor of Political Science at Brown University. She is the author of Compassionate Communalism: Welfare and Sectarianism in Lebanon and coeditor of The Politics of Non-state Social Welfare, both from Cornell. She is also the author of Globalization and Business Politics in Arab North Africa.

On the basis of years of research into the varying welfare distribution strategies of Christian, Shia Muslim, and Sunni Muslim political parties in Lebanon, Cammett shows how and why sectarian groups deploy welfare...