We can’t begrudge a business for making money — that’s the basis of capitalism, baby. But we can get annoyed when businesses decide to make or save money in ways that are clearly not in the best interest of us, the customer. Or when businesses show us their really unattractive, penny-pinching side, because no one wants to see that.

1. The Amazing List of Sony Proprietary Failures

Sony is a great company that has made some pretty great devices, but ye Gods are they greedy. For example, if you went to the store and bought yourself a shiny new PlayStation Vita, you’d be stuck paying about $100 for a 64GB memory card. If you wanted to pay less for a different card, then tough tits, because you literally had no other options. The Vita only works with proprietary, Sony-made memory cards. These cards just so happen to cost a crapload more than what a regular memory card costs, for no real reason other than “screw you, customer.”

This isn’t a new thing with Sony either — when they released the first PSP, you could only use Sony-created memory cards that cost way more than regular ones. When they released the PSP Go, they straight-up added $50 to the sale price for no other reason than to give stores a bigger profit margin. The PSP itself only worked with UMD disks, a format made only by Sony that no one wanted to support.

2. Paying Producers 29 Pence When They Asked for 30

Milk is one of those things virtually everyone needs to buy at least once a week, so you’d expect that the people producing it have a pretty sweet deal, since they pretty much have guaranteed sales every week. Right?

Well not in England, where dairy farmers found themselves being squeezed by some of the biggest supermarkets. The farmers were asking for 30 pence a liter, a figure they stated was the absolute minimum they could live on. Some stores, despite the fact they were making tons of profit anyway, only raised the amount they’d give farmers to 29 pence. You may notice this is exactly one penny less than the farmers asked for, a penny they could easily take from their own profits. But screw that — it’s easier to just pay the farmers a tiny bit less than what they need, and watch them struggle. Struggle makes milk taste sweeter, you know.

3. Selling a Product as Free-Range, Even Though It Isn’t, Simply to Charge More

Free-range eggs are supposed to give the chicken laying your toast toppers the best possible life, mainly so you don’t have to feel guilty about eating their unborn young. They cost a little more, but it’s worth it for the well-being of the chickens, or it would be if people didn’t use the label to milk people for as much money as they could without caring about the chickens at all.

In Australia, due to incredibly lax laws regarding what actually constitutes “free range,” the EcoEgg company was able to label their eggs as free-range while keeping their chickens in deplorable conditions that were the exact opposite of what people paying their mark-up would expect. This allowed them to sell the eggs for as much as double the price of eggs from caged hens, while treating them almost as badly. You have to admit, that’s an impressive level of douchebaggery right there.

In a tough economy, you kind of expect companies to make cutbacks. One way to do so is by making portions smaller. However, you’d hope they’d at least be honest about it, or at the very least not lie about it.

Well, you’re reading the wrong list if you expect that. In the business world, there’s something known as the grocery shrink ray, which is basically a way of shrinking products without you realizing they’ve been shrunk. Dozens of companies have tried this in some way, shape, or form over the last few years. Tactics involve making boxes that are slightly taller yet slightly thinner, scooping out the bottom of a jar so you can put less product in it, and a host of other tactics specifically designed to make sure you don’t notice that you’re being sold less and less food for the exact same amount of money.

Seriously, go look in your cupboard right now. We can guarantee there’s something in there that’s smaller, thinner, or taller than a similar product you bought last year. And you paid a whole bunch more for the privilege.

5. Verizon Bans Tethering, So People will Pay More for Data Plans

Without getting too technical, tethering is the act of using your phone as a portable modem, thus allowing you to access the Internet without using a broadband connection. Pay attention to that last part in particular, because when you tether your phone there’s one thing you’re not doing: paying for a broadband connection.

Verizon, using its corporate clout, spearheaded a campaign to stop tethering apps, arguing that you using your UNLIMITED DATA PLAN that you were paying your dollars for, to use data in an unlimited fashion, wasn’t fair on them. Because Verizon doesn’t make enough money, evidently.

However, Verizon eventually relented, and agreed that stopping people from downloading tethering apps wasn’t fair. So it agreed to let people with unlimited data plans tether and use the data all they wanted, so long as they paid extra for “mobile broadband service.” You know, even though their plan already included UNLIMITED DATA. This basically means that Verizon could charge customers twice if it detects they using the their phone’s data plan to access the Internet in a way they don’t approve of.

6. Wal-Mart Bought Every American Flag It Could Just After 9/11

We think it’s safe to say that the events of 9/11 brought out the patriotic side of a lot of people, and when a person feels a little patriotic, it’s understandable that they’d want to do so with an American flag. If that’s your thing, go right ahead and wave that sucker proudly.

With that in mind it would take a really shady company to take advantage of such a tragic event. Oh, hey there’s Wal-Mart right on cue. Just after 9/11, Wal-Mart noticed that there was a huge spike in sales of American flags and things emblazoned with American Flags — t-shirts, mugs, dogs, etc. Seeing a gap in the market, and absolutely embracing the spirit of good ‘ol American capitalism, Wal-Mart bought every singleAmerican flag in the country, effectively cornering the entire market before anyone else could react.

7. Orbitz Charges Apple Users More, Just Because They Can

If you happen to be reading this article from a Mac computer, then congratulations on your purchasing power. We’re not being sarcastic — people who own Macs supposedly have more money than those who don’t. Or at least according to Orbitz they do.

The vacation-hawking site was recently found to be employing software that would detect whether or not a person was browsing their site from a Mac. If they were, the site would show the user more expensive places and listings first.

The site defended the move by saying their Mac customers often spent more money, so by showing these customers more expensive listings first, Orbitz was merely cutting out the middleman, and potentially making a ton of extra money to boot.

8. Ikea Makes Their Store Harder to Navigate to Make You Buy More Stuff

Ikea being like Narnia is a joke so tired we could barely bring ourselves to dress like a lion and hide in their wardrobes last Halloween. We still did of course, but our heart wasn’t in it.

Now, you’re probably thinking it’s just those crazy Swedish folks and their inferior, non-American floor layouts that are the problem. Alas no — they’re actually designed that way on purpose. You see, the average Ikea store is specifically designed to make moving around the store as confusing as possible, the idea being that the longer you spend in the store, the more likely you are to go, “Oh my god, have you seen how cheap these lamps are? We must buy 30 of them and turn our living room into a disco!”

Yes, Ikea is happy to inconvenience millions of customers, and make countless more think they’re lost and never going to see sunlight again, just to make them spend as much money as possible on crap they’ll never be able to put together anyway.

9. The Airline That Removed a Single Olive to Save $40,000, and the One That Removed Toilets to Make Space

The story goes that American Airlines removed a single olive from every salad served in first class to save money. That alone isn’t a big deal, because who’s going to miss one measly olive? But the annoying part is that there are hundreds of alternate ways an airline could save money. Simply washing the planes saves hundreds of dollars on fuel because it makes the plane weigh less. But no, it’s easier to just take away that olive. It’s not like those people are paying thousands of dollars for the privilege of flying first class, is it?

But whereas American Airlines wants to annoy their richest passengers, Ryan Air has no qualms about annoying everybody. This is the only explanation we can think of for why they decided to remove all but one of their toilets, thus allowing them to cram more people onto a place where one bad stomach is going to result in everyone soiling themselves at 30,000 feet. Wow; those guys have “not caring about your customers” down to an art form. It’s kind of beautiful, in a we-want-to-punch-them-in-the-face kind of way.

10. McDonald’s Saves Money by Using Less Cheese

The McDouble is one of McDonald’s staple menu items. We’d comment on it being quite telling that one of their most popular items today is their most popular item from a decade ago, if we weren’t super annoyed at the next sentence.

Pretty much the whole reason the McDouble exists is because the company wanted to take the ever-popular Double Cheeseburger off of the Dollar Menu, presumably because it was no longer cost-effective. After removing it and putting it on the regular menu with an inflated price, the McDouble took its place. The McDouble was essentially the exact same burger, minus a slice of cheese.

Now, we can fully understand why McDonald’s did this, but we have an issue. Why not just take off that single slice of pickle everyone throws away, and save money that way? Seriously McDonald’s, how could you miss that?

When it comes to high speed travel, Asia is the future. Compared to the slowly-chugging automotive dystopia of the USA, the region of Asia-Pacific is a fast paced wonderland. The Usain Bolt of this endless race? China. By an extremely fast country mile.

Starting in the early years of the 21st Century, China began to build high speed track. And build. And build. Fast forward at near hyperspeed to 2017, and the country is a vast network of bullet trains hurtling millions of passengers over distances we’d usually consider “impossible.” While Japan may have started the locomotive speed boom in Asia, it’s China that has made it its own. And, as China tends to do, they’ve also made it bigger, crazier and more fascinating than anybody else.

1. It Wouldn’t Work Anywhere Else in the World

After all this, you might be thinking that China’s high speed railways sound kinda neat, like something maybe we should all be aiming to copy. Good luck with that. China’s crazy bullet train network is only possible due to the country’s very specific set of circumstances. Try and replicate its success anywhere else in the world, and you’ll most likely fail.

The major factor is cost. China’s economy is booming, and the state is happy to shoulder the entire cost, allowing unprofitable lines to keep running. There’s also how much it costs to build. The World Bank estimates China spends a maximum of $23 million per km of high speed rail. In Europe, the minimum cost would be $25 million, with a possible high of $39 million. Try and build it somewhere like between San Francisco and LA, and it hits $56 million. The reason for the difference? Cheap Chinese labor, for one, but also the price of land. In the US and Europe, you have to pay a fair price to buy private land for infrastructure building. In China, the state just confiscates whatever it feels like.

As a result, most other countries are cancelling or scaling back their high speed rail programs considerably. We might dream of being able to travel Chinese style all over the world, but the sad fact is that we’re probably doomed to an eternity of crawling along at snail-like speeds.

2. Most of the Network is Operating at a Crippling Loss

Remember how we said China had more high speed rail than anywhere else on Earth? Well, we didn’t say it was profitable. Although more track keeps on being built, new stations opened, and new towns connected to the network, China’s bullet trains are nowhere near as lucrative as you might assume. In fact, only 6 lines are turning a profit. The rest are losing money hand over fist.

These are operating profits, mind, meaning they don’t include the construction cost. All six are clustered in the east, linking massive megacities, with the most profitable of all being the Beijing-Shanghai route. As for the rest of the country? Well, the Beijing-Tianjin line roughly breaks even, but all the others are financial black holes. The Guangzhou-Guizhou line, for example, owes interest payments of 3 billion Yuan a year ($450 million), all while making only a third of that in ticket sales. Of the 12,500 miles of track already laid, only about 3,100 of it either brings in enough cash or stimulates the local economy enough to justify the cost.

This means the Chinese state is shouldering an insane debt burden. The China Railway Corporation currently owes over 4 trillion Yuan, which TheEconomist calls equivalent to about 6 percent of GDP.

3. There Have Been Terrifying Crashes

China’s bullet trains are famously safe and smooth, to the point where passengers barely feel like they’re moving at all. That being said, crashes are not unheard of. Considering the speed these trains move at, you better believe that such accidents are nothing short of terrifying.

In 2011, a freak lightning strike managed to hit a train just outside the city of Wenzhou, shorting it out. Passengers were unharmed, but the train stalled. As the driver tried to get it restarted, a second train plowed into the back of it at high speed. Four carriages were sent hurtling off the viaduct into the water below. When emergency services reached the scene, 40 people were dead and 200 injured. Gruesomely, new corpses kept tumbling out the train during the rescue operation, creating a macabre scene for witnesses.

To be absolutely fair to China, this isn’t the only bullet train crash that has happened around the world. In 2013, a Spanish train left the tracks at over 100 mph, killing 80.

4. The Guy Behind China’s Bullet Train Got Purged, Hard

With all its crazy buildings, hi-tech madness and super wealthy businesspeople, it can be easy to forget China is actually an authoritarian Communist state. That means purges that can target anyone and leave them sentenced to hard labor. One high profile victim is Liu Zhijun, the guy behind the country’s high speed rail network.

Zhijun used to be known as the father of China’s rail lines. He was made Minister of Railways in early 2003, just as China was embarking on its high speed dream. Under his watch, the Railways Ministry used every trick in the book to get extra funding and political support. He ran his department like a personal fiefdom, growing it in size and power until it was rivaled only by the military. Five years after taking office, Zhijun had opened China’s first high speed line. By 2011, he’d set up the system we’re talking about right now.

Unfortunately, Zhijun’s apotheosis coincided with the meteoric rise of Xi Jinping. The new ruler unleashed an anti-corruption drive in 2013 that saw Zhijun swept up over bribes and kickbacks. This being China, he was sentenced to death, later commuted to life imprisonment.

5. The Railways Ministry has Got Involved in Some Crazy Projects

Although it was officially disbanded and folded in the Transport Ministry in 2011, China’s state rail department still has a reputation for getting involved in some crazy engineering projects. Just as railway engineers in Victorian Britain embarked on awe-inspiring stuff like the Forth Bridge, 21st Century China is getting involved in some equally visionary projects. The difference is, China’s projects go right through practical and into borderline insane.

To take just one example: in 2015, Beijing announced it wanted to connect China to Nepal by rail. No problem, except Nepal is a mountainous country that’s not easily accessible from the Chinese side. So China decided to build a rail link that would tunnel right the way through Mount freakin’ Everest. Two years later, the project hasn’t started, but is still under active consideration.

But even this pales beside China’s craziest scheme yet. In 2014, Beijing decided it wanted to build a line connecting China to the United States. The proposed high speed track would be the longest rail line in the world, cross four countries (China, Russia, the US and Canada), and include the world’s longest undersea train tunnel connecting Russia to Alaska. Even at high speed, the journey would take two days to complete.

6. The Difference from Before is Insane

Go back in time just 20 years and hop a train in China. What would you expect to find? No high speed rail, clearly, but maybe a system that was already noticeably modernizing? A rail network that might be in need of a serious upgrade, but was at least essentially solid?

Well, prepare your time traveling past self for one heck of a shock. China’s trains in the mid to late 90s weren’t just slower. They were slow. How slow? Try an average speed of 37 mph.

No, we didn’t miss a zero out there. Chinese trains in the dying years of the 20thCentury were awful. Most major cities weren’t connected, and the idea of even a good sized town having its own rail line was almost unheard of. What few trains there were ran painfully slowly, and were so overcrowded they’d make rush hour on the Tokyo commute look roomy.

7. China has More High Speed Track than the Rest of the World Combined

We mentioned earlier that China’s love affair with high speed rail eclipses that of even Japan. It’s worth reiterating just how deep this love affair runs. China has the largest high speed rail network in the world, with over 12,500 miles of track. That isn’t just more than the country with the next biggest system (Japan). It’s not even more than the next five countries combined. It’s more the entire rest of the planet. If you were to lay every single non-Chinese piece of high speed rail back to back, you’d still have less than China does.

And China ain’t slowing down. There are plans to lay another 9,320 miles of track by 2025. Looking at maps of the country’s infrastructure plans, the entire eastern region is going to become a network of squiggly, high speed lines, as dense as any normal rail network in another country. Even Hainan island off the south coast is ringed by a high speed line. Hainan, for the record, is barely bigger than Maryland.

The result has already been the creation of incredible megacities, as people in Shenzhen can commute to Guangzhou, a distance of nearly 85 miles in as little as 30 minutes.

8. It’s Absurdly Popular

Since China’s trains are so fast and so cheap, you’d probably expect them to also be popular. You’d be even more right than you already think you are. China’s high speed services don’t just attract crowds. They attract the biggest crowds you’ve ever seen. In 2016, the number of passengers was calculated at a staggering 1.5 billion.

That’s more than the number of people who actually live in China, a country not exactly known for having a modest population. To put it another way, given the estimated global population of 7.5 billion, 20 percent of all humans in the world ride on China’s high speed rail in a single year. That means that if aliens randomly abducted five people from across the globe and interrogated them, they’d find at least one of them had ridden China’s bullet trains.

To be clear, we’re just using these numbers as an illustration. Even a super-authoritarian state like China can’t log every single person using its trains, and many people are presumably counted multiple times for different trips. Still, even if no one’s buying a season ticket and logging endless individual journeys, 1.5 billion is still a crazy number. Crazier still is that it’s only going to get bigger.

9. It’s Ridiculously Cheap

Given the fantastic speeds Chinese trains can hit – nearly half the speed of a flight, without all the waiting around and egregious security checks – you might expect them to be pricey. Not so. While China’s rails don’t quite fulfil the Communist promise of travel for the poorest of the poor, they’re still well within the affordable bracket for most commuters.

Take our crazy-fast Beijing-Shanghai line from the last entry. Wanna guess how much a second class seat will set you back? 553 Yuan, or around 80 bucks. Wanna guess how much our shorter, NYC to Atlanta journey costs with Amtrak? $122, plus the soul of your firstborn child. OK, we made that last bit up. But that’s still an extra $40 for a service that takes over three times longer to get you not quite so far.If you’re catching the regular commuter line, things are even cheaper. The 24 kilometer Changle to Weifang line in Shandong Province is 4.5 Yuan, or $0.67. You better believe a lot of people ride these lines. In the same way that the shape of America’s cities was dictated by the arrival of the car, creating the suburbs, China’s cities are now shaped by the bullet train.

10. It’s Really, Really Fast

OK, that was a lie. But one with a serious purpose: to illustrate just how mind-blowingly fast China’s trains are capable of going. Two of the threefastest commercial trains in the world can be found in China, both in Shanghai. Of these, the Shanghai Maglev is the fastest, topping out at 267 mph. When not carrying passengers, it can hit 311 mph. While impressive, it’s not the fastest ever. Japan’s experimental bullet train has peaked at 366 mph. But Japan’s bullet train won’t be online till 2027, while Shanghai citizens have already been hitting these mind-melting speeds for over ten years.

Of course, it’s one thing to hear big numbers, it’s another to actually process them. So here’s an example. The Beijing-Shanghai line will take you 819 miles in slightly under five hours. That’s further than the distance from New York to Atlanta, in less than the time it takes you to binge watch a new Netflix mini-series.

Back then, the smart money would’ve been on China becoming a car nation, like the USA. The Communist Party had other ideas. And when the Party sets its mind to something in China, it tends to get done.

Now that we are well into the new Millennium society has begun to recognize serious concerns with issues that kids have to deal with today. Some issues have always been there but are now coming to the eyes of the public to find solutions. Other issues are new trends as society begins to adapt to a faster pace of life. Below are the top 10 issues facing our youth today.

1. Erosion of National Pride/Identity

If every year the Olympics were held, this probably wouldn’t be a problem. This list is indicative of the fact that America (like any nation) has problems. The issue at hand is collective though amongst the people affected about how to deal with them. Unfortunately most folks tend to focus on their self and not the whole. We see these problems as affecting “them” and not “me/us” When we hear that America’s children are the fattest among Western nations, this doesn’t sting. When we learn that America’s children lay educationally behind other industrialized nations, we don’t cringe.

2. Poverty

The federal poverty level is $22,050 for a family of four. This equates to 21% of all children (15 million children) are considered in poverty. Just to cover basic expenses for a family of four you would need to have a salary of $45,000. This means that nearly 50% of our children are living in poverty. Half of those kids receive no government assistance because their parents earned more than $22,050 that year. According to the National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP), that poverty is the single greatest threat to children’s well-being.

Poverty impedes learning and contributes to social and behavioral problems. And guess what? There is no income to counteract these problems. Mommy cannot afford a tutor or Daddy cannot afford a counselor. There is a huge opportunity for society to stop being so materialistic and in turn poverty wouldn’t be such an issue because most children will all have the same things –things they need instead of what they want. This would decrease violence in schools because fewer kids would be teased.

3. Shifting Economy

America used to sustain itself with making its own products through manufacturing and then turning around and selling those products. The economy is shifting to more of a service industry versus a manufacturing industry. In order to cut costs and keep product prices down companies are forced to outsource manufacturing to other countries. Other countries can produce products at much lower labor costs. Some companies have even begun to outsource call center jobs to keep labor costs down. Not only is America now having lower paying service jobs than the average blue-collar job with a sustainable income but our economy is now a global economy.

For example, what happens in Japan or Iraq can drastically alter prices for our stock exchanges, gas/oil, and many other products. What exactly does this mean for our youth? The youth cannot graduate or even dropout of school without going through the pains of a low-income job. The jobs offered with no experience pay very little with very little room for pay increases. In fact, the competition to get a promotion can be fierce. In the past, your high school senior could graduate and go work at the local factory for the rest of his or her life and make a good living. They would not necessarily need to have a college education to survive. In fact, youth today will graduate from college with multiple degrees and still cannot find work that pays enough to sustain a decent lifestyle.

4. Education Disparity

Education is important. Few people would dispute this well regarded fact. A good education (in comparison with a bad one) will provide a child with an increased chance of taking advantage of opportunities to be successful in life. Unfortunately, some people have it better than other. This is not an issue of just one school being better than another school. Rather we are talking about whole classes of American children being denied a proper education that will prepare them to compete in a job market with their peers and have the same access to the American Dream.

Disparity in educational quality is delineated by race and financial status. If you live in a poor neighborhood or are a minority, there is a good chance that the schools you attend are lacking many necessities. While Asians and Whites enjoy high graduating rates, African American and Latinos continue to lag behind. Not surprisingly, because job opportunities are lessen for dropouts, these two groups have the highest incarceration rates.

5. Obesity

Our kids are fat and getting fatter. Recent numbers show that 20% of American children are obese. Not chubby –OBESE! Video games, TV, the internet and fast food are partly to blame. Kids are spending more time sitting in front of a TV/computer screen than running around outside. This sedentary lifestyle has consequences.

Socially, it’s no secret that overweight kids are going to be subject to ridicule from their peers – it’s sad, but nevertheless true. This can result in such issues as low self-esteem, depression, etc. Then there are the health concerns. High blood pressure, diabetes and other maladies that is associated with obesity. Psychologically and physically, obesity is an issue that can be resolved with a simple increase in activity and awareness.

6. Materialism

We live in a society that promotes materialism and so we perpetuate this particular malady by instilling

bad habits into our children. We teach our children that the measure of success and happiness in life is how much stuff you have. Kids naturally want things –especially if their friends have something similar. Unfortunately, there seems to be little restraint on accompanying guidance as we go about this.

Essentially, we provide our kids with whatever they want that is within our financial ability to do so. The concept of “earning” what you get or the idea that something “you don’t need” seem to have been lost and discarded. Is there really any wonder why the average adult is $15,000 in debt at any given time? We have a mentality of getting what we want and when we want it that has been ingrained in us since childhood. The unfortunate result is that there are devastating consequences for such continued behavior later in life.

7. Violence in Schools

A child’s education is the foundation from which he or she will be able to go forth out into the world and build a life. Schools play a major role in this endeavor, and therefore it is reasonable to expect that these places of learning would be safe havens for the children while they are preparing for adulthood. Unfortunately, this is not always the case.

In many instances, especially in low income, urban settings, schools can be a war zone. We are not talking about minor bullying, but rather serious violence. Consider that in the last decade 284 kids were murdered due to school violence – these were shootings, stabbings, fighting and suicides. Growing up is tough enough without having to be worried about being killed while going to math class.

8. Growing up too Fast

There was a time when kids enjoyed being kids. Today, even at the earliest of ages, children are partaking in adult activities with serious consequences. Similar to what we see with alcohol and drugs, sex is a very popular and portrayed subject matter. The movies, TV, the internet, essentially everywhere a kid turns he or she is bombarded with sexual suggestions.

In fact, there are entire TV series marketed directly to kids dealing with sex – the egregious being The Secret Lives of an American Teenager and Teen Mom, to name two. Music is a culprit as well. Songs have always had sexual innuendos, but at least “back in the day” you had to be old enough to understand them. Today, it’s all about “How low can you go” and “baby let me sex you up.” Kids are having sex as early as 10 and 11, with teen pregnancies increasingly on the rise. The concept of childhood is literally being wiped out.

9. Drug/Alcohol Abuse

There was a time in cinematic history where virtually every actor/actress was portrayed on screen with a cigarette in hand. Smoking, it was implied, was cool. As a result everyone was doing it, including kids. Well, as awareness to the danger of smoking increased, “cool” images of smoking disappeared. Unfortunately, the same can’t be said about drugs and alcohol. These vices are staples in everyday media. Simply, drinking and using drugs is shown as being cool.

10. Single Parent Households

The numbers bear the tale. 21% of high school seniors say they get high and 41% of the same group report drinking alcohol. Our kids are literally moving around in an intoxicated daze. Immature behavior is then amplified due to being under the influence. Drunk driving, poor grades and attendance, anti-social and violent behavior and the list goes on.

The problems begin at home. Since the 1950s, the number of single parent homes has consistently increased to the point of catastrophe. Today, 14 million single parents are responsible for 28 million children. Raising a child is difficult enough in a two parent home, especially in tough economic conditions.

The situation is even direr when there is only one parent. Economically, a single parent is likely to bring less income home. This equates to fewer opportunities for such vital necessities as education. Trying to make ends meet also takes time – time that is spent away from children who need a parent’s guiding/influence. Absent a parent’s diligent guidance, children become subject to higher dropout rates, higher risk of dangerous sexual behaviors and pregnancies, higher chances of drug and alcohol abuse –etc. It truly takes a village to raise a child.

Slavery is a controversial subject that really shouldn’t be controversial at all, as we all know it to be wrong. However, despite the fact that all countries in the world have formally outlawed it, it still persists in record numbers. This is because slavery will often change its name, hiding its true form in order to skirt the law. Humanity is making a concerted effort in modern days to wipe out slavery, but it is extremely pervasive. It has existed in society as long as recorded history, and many of the reasons it’s able to thrive are not well known. The common myths about slavery can make it harder to fight the problem, and deal with the core issues that cause humans to do such evil to each other.

1. The Slaves In Nicer Southern Houses Were Not Well Treated, Nor Happy With Their Lot

One of the most common claims repeated over and over by slavery apologists is the lie that the slaves in the nicer houses were “well treated” and overall were better off being slaves and happy with their lives. Now, there is a certain amount of brainwashing where people are taught to be as happy with their lot as possible, and it was certainly preferable to working in the fields, but that doesn’t mean that black household servants were well treated members of the family who didn’t have anything to fear. Slaves in households may not have had to do the brutal, hard work of the fields, but a single mistake or infraction could lead to horrible punishments, and vicious whippings in front of everyone.

Despite these truths, tour directors at slave exhibits have been asked, sometimes aggressively, by patrons to explain to them how good black people really had it in households, and how well treated they were, and how much better off they were with slavery. As you can imagine, they are not asking so much as demanding, but the tour directors won’t have it. The truth is that even the ones with the kinder owners still had to deal with the possibility their loved ones would be cruelly sold off at a moment’s notice, and they had no freedom and no choice at all. No matter how much some people try to twist the concept in their minds, there is no situation in which people are happy that they and their children are held in slavery.

2. Not All Illegal Immigrants Realized They Were Illegal, Until Their Traffickers Told Them

Many people are under the impression that those who end up illegally in other major countries have done so on purpose. However, this is not always the case. Human traffickers – also known as slavers – have a very clever and nasty trick they use on vulnerable people in poor countries. They will tell them that they have a job opportunity in another country and that they can get them to the country and get them all the legal documentation they need to work. Once they arrive at the country of origin, the trap is sprung. Either there were no documents in the first place, the documents are destroyed by the trafficker after arriving, or just kept as a threat by the trafficker.

Regardless, the immigrant is now told that they have to basically work for the trafficker as a slave and do whatever they are told, or the trafficker will out them to the police for being there with no documentation, leaving them completely on their own to face first arrest and then deportation. To make matters worse, this is usually done by men to young ladies, who they can physically threaten and coerce. The woman cannot go to the police because she is afraid they will realize she has no documents, and the woman has no one to turn to, being a stranger in a strange land. Also, this doesn’t just happen to women for sexual purposes, it is also a common way around the world to gain control of large amounts of male slave labor, both for manual labor and sexual services.

3. The Claim That “Slavery Is Illegal In All Parts Of The World” Is Very Misleading

Many people will tell you that slavery is illegal in all parts of the world, as if that is some kind of celebration. However, the truth is that slavery has not only gone underground, but is still functioning in many places in the world as strong as ever – it is just disguised in different names, or in clever legal speak to fool you into thinking the problem has gone away. No country has legally sanctioned official slavery anymore, but there are many countries today that have economies that basically survive on what amounts to slave labor of the vast majority of their citizens.

Many of the smaller countries in Africa, especially along the Ivory Coast, suffer from this issue. While slavery may be officially outlawed on the books, children are still forced into labor at a young age, and put through brutal conditions – their only pay is being kept alive to work until they cannot work anymore. There are many situations like this around the globe, where the governments of countries take slavery off the books legally, but turn a blind eye to practices that amount to the same by any definition of the word. Until some of the more exploitative countries start passing more basic fair labor and workers’ rights laws, and start enforcing laws against child labor, the problem will not go anywhere and their people will continue to be horribly mistreated.

4. Contrary To Popular Belief, Slavery Is Legal In The United States (For Incarcerated Prisoners)

Many people believe that slavery is illegal in the United States, but this isn’t, strictly speaking, true. The 13th amendment outlaws slavery, but while it lists a lot of protected groups, it conveniently leaves out incarcerated prisoners. This was specific language back in the day that those in the old South were very deliberately wanting, because they needed a way to keep as much slave labor as possible – their economy was built on it and ran on it. So, they decided if they could still use prisoners for free labor, they could make all kinds of laws that specifically targeted black people, punish them for minor infractions, and then put them right back to work for free.

In the United States today, this currently plays out on a large scale in the United States criminal justice system. Prisons are not designed well for rehabilitation and have high recidivism rates, leading to most criminals being in and out for life. Many prisons today are also operated by private companies, who use the inmates for labor to make a profit, paying the inmates either nothing or next to nothing for all of their hard work. These companies try to make deals with states to send a certain amount of prisoners, so they can keep their cells full, and maximize their slave labor force. Unfortunately, this ends up having a racial component, as a very large percentage of people in prison are young black men, who tend to be targeted as suspicious by law enforcement.

5. Pirates Were More Likely To Free And Assimilate Slaves Into Their Crew Than Keep Them As Property

When most people think of pirates, they think of the surliest and saltiest sea dogs, who take property, kidnap innocent people from ships, rape women, pillage towns, and generally cause havoc. However, much of this is due to propaganda against pirates back in the day, to make their reputation look worse to the public. While pirates did indeed raid vessels, and would certainly go after merchant ships they could get their hands on, their targets more often than not ended up being military vessels. They also ended up raiding a lot of slave ships.

While there are occasions they would choose to sell the slaves, or dump them overboard, most would actually give slaves they came across a chance to join their crew, and were surprisingly race blind when it came to how they structured their societies. Pirates all worked together and preferred not to use slaves at all. They felt that slaves were likely to do shoddy work, or attempt sabotage, so if you weren’t going to just kill the prisoners outright, it would be better to see if you could assimilate them into the crew. More paid crewmen were always useful and former slaves tended to be hard workers looking to prove themselves. It is said that the infamous pirate captain Edward “Blackbeard” Teach had 40% former slaves as his crew, showing a very different side to pirates than most people tend to think of at first.

6. Slavery Has Not Always Meant The Same Thing Through History (In Some Cultures Slaves Had Rights)

Today when we think of the word slave, we think of someone who has no property at all and nothing that actually belongs to them. They are a slave until someone frees them, or finds a way to rescue them – they have no way to pull themselves out through legal means. They are unable to ever own any of their labor, and belong to a master who can sell them, use them, or discard them as they please. However, in many ancient cultures such as the Aztecs or the Babylonians, slavery was a much different arrangement, and wasn’t the kind of full ownership we think of today.In some cultures in the ancient world, slaves could live in their own homes, buy their own food, got partial wages from their work, and could own property. In some cultures, there were hierarchies where slaves actually owned other slaves. In cultures like the Aztecs and the Babylonians, you could actually make extra money outside of your enslavement and eventually buy your own freedom, something that most would imagine to be an impossibility for someone held in bondage. However, that doesn’t necessarily mean things were always easy for a slave in the ancient world. For example, a disobedient slave in Aztec culture could be sold for a high price as a sacrifice if he was publicly proven to be disobedient enough three times.

7. The Common Claim That “Only A Small Percentage Of Southerners Owned Slaves” Is Simply Untrue

One of the most common lies told is that the Civil War wasn’t about slavery, it was about states’ rights. This is, of course, hogwash, as the South’s own constitution literally states that the secession is because of slavery, and because they think they are superior to black people and have the right to own them as property. It is very clearly stated in black and white, and yet the myth persists, largely aided by a ludicrous argument that “only a very small percentage of rich landowners owned slaves.” However, the truth is that close to 50% of Southern households did own slaves depending on the state, and certainly not just the big plantations. Most small farmers had a few slaves, and those who didn’t own one aspired to slave ownership.

Owning slaves back then was like owning a car: lower middle class and up tended to have them, and everyone else wanted them. It is also ludicrous to say that those who didn’t own slaves didn’t have a vested interest in the system either. They lived in a region where the economy ran entirely on slavery, and everyone aspired to be a rich slave-owner. Southerners were enthusiastically fighting in the Civil War, and they were fighting for the right to own black people and use and abuse them as property.

8. Jewish Slaves Did Not Build The Pyramids

Many people who take very literal interpretations of the bible are convinced that Jewish slaves built the pyramids. Even the biblical evidence for this is more scant than many people actually realize, and yet the myth persists. This is likely because it is featured in so many books, movies, games, and other popular culture that it would be almost impossible to remove from the human consciousness at this point, but there is simply no evidence to back it up.There is no archeological evidence that any Jewish people lived anywhere near the area around the time that the pyramids were being built. Worse yet for the claim is that even more recent evidence has shown that the builders who helped construct the pyramids were actually highly skilled and very well paid laborers. Even if Jewish people were in the area at the time, and helping make the pyramids, and the archeological evidence pointing to it is just missing, the idea of them being slaves or being mistreated doesn’t fit the evidence. The builders of the pyramids, as far as archeologists can tell, were basically well paid experts who enjoyed what they did.

9. The Irish Were Not Slaves In The Early United States

One of the most commonly repeated memes about slavery, often quoted by people trying to shout down black people who complain about racism, is the claim that Irish were also slaves in early America, and that they “got over it” and so should black people. This claim is a huge misrepresentation of the truth, although there are certain shades of truth to it. Where people get the myth from is that a lot of the early Irish who came to America were actually extremely poor, and needed money to get passage to the colonies and a chance at a better life. In order to afford this, they would sign contracts for periods of often about seven years or so, promising to work for that person to repay the money they put up to get them across the ocean. These people were known as indentured servants, a term many of you have probably heard before.

Some people confuse this with slavery, but it is very distinct in that while the person temporarily owns your labor, they do not own you – basically you are repaying a debt. At the time, slavery was a very specific definition that involved having no rights as a human being, and even your children being slaves as well. In indentured servitude, there was never any such thing as inherited slavery. The Irish did not have it great at first, indentured servants were not very well treated, but it was not slavery. And it was in no way similar to the horrors African Americans faced as slaves in the early colonies.

10. Many Abolitionists Were Actually Quite Racist Themselves

One of the most common beliefs is that abolitionists were saintly anti-racists who believed that we should live in a kumbaya world where everyone is equal. The truth is a lot more depressing. While a lot of abolitionists did indeed believe that slavery was morally wrong – most did, and were disgusted by the practice – many were actually incredibly racist. Even most of the most strident abolitionists believed that black people were inferior to white people, and would never be able to properly integrate into white society. Many of them believed that once the black people were freed, that they should be sent back to Africa.

Lincoln himself in a speech arguing with Stephen Douglas stated that black people were inferior, and would never properly integrate with white people. While he believed that slavery was wrong, he also believed that black people should be either sent back to Africa, or better yet, given their own island somewhere – as they would now also be so far removed from other Africans in terms of culture and language. While Lincoln may have been against slavery for moral reasons, that doesn’t mean that he thought black people were his equals.

]]>https://top10besttips.com/10-myths-misconceptions-slavery.html/feed0This Is The 10 Most Beautiful City Parks In The United Stateshttps://top10besttips.com/10-beautiful-city-parks-united-states.html
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In the midst of the teeming bustle of a city, there is nothing better than time spent in a city-park oasis, getting away from it all in a cool green expanse. But these days, there's a whole lot more to America's great city parks than a swing set and an open field - if it doesn’t have a botanical garden, a zoo with exotic animals, or a natural wonder of some sort, well, no one is complaining, but it can't count itself among America's very best city parks. Lucky for you, we've looked all over the country and ranked the 10 coolest spots to kick back and relax, catch a great concert, and hike or bike the best trails. Because there's more than Central Park in this world - so much more.

1. Prospect Park, New York

Where: Brooklyn, New York City

What: Designed by Fredrick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux who also designed Central Park, Prospect Park is perhaps not as well known as Central Park but the 585 acres of this leafy urban escape are well worth exploring. Before the parks existence the Battle of Long Island took place on its site during the American Revolution, look out for plaques dedicated to the battle.

The best bits: There are plenty of places for picnicking in this glorious urban park as well as designated barbeque areas. Long Meadow, almost a mile long is perfect for relaxing, taking a stroll or watching the world go by.

Horse riding is a popular pastime here with a 3.5-mile bridal track to explore. Prospect Park Zoo is a popular venue with children. Summers here are full of fishing and peddle boating on the lake whilst winters are all about wrapping up warm, ice skating and sledding down the park’s hills.

Don’t miss the Grand Army Market on Sundays from May to October, featuring the work of local artists and handmade crafts. Green Market is open all year round and is the place to purchase organic and free-range goods.

2. Grant Park, Chicago

Where: Central Business District, Chicago

What: Nicknamed Chicago’s ‘front yard’, Grant Park has 319 acres of green space to discover. Situated alongside Lake Michigan it was first named Lake Park and renamed in 1901 in honour of Ulysses S. Grant. The park has been used for many large events and was the venue for President Obama’s Election Day victory speech in 2008.

The best bits: Part of the Chicago Lakefront Trail runs through the park and along the waterfront, making it perfect for a stroll in the sunshine. The spectacular Buckingham Fountain, one of the worlds largest is found here and attracts crowds from April to October with its exciting water displays.

For the young and young at heart Skate Plaza skateboard and BMX park has ramps and grinding rails in nearly two acres of open space. For art head to Millennium Park home to impressive sculptures and artwork and for culture Museum Campus. Shedd Aquarium, Adler Planetarium and Field Museum of Natural History all make for an interesting day out.

A park wouldn’t be complete without gardens and Grant Park is certainly not short of green spaces. Laurie Garden is filled with beautiful lavender and the rose gardens are a nice place for a picnic.

3. Golden Gate Park, San Francisco

Where: West of downtown San Francisco

What: William Hammond Hall and John McLaren designed and developed the 1017 acres of land in the 1800’s turning it from sand dunes into what it is today. Around 13 million visitors flock to the park each year, making it the fifth most visited park in America.

The best bits: This city escape is beautiful, marvel at beautiful blooms, waterfalls and the impressive display of orchids in the Conservatory of Flowers; built in 1879 it is the oldest building the park. The Japanese Tea Garden adds a touch of oriental charm to the landscape with an impressive five-storey pagoda and colourful gardens full of wisteria and azalea.

Have a camera at the ready for the field full of bison at the western end of the park, also at that end climb to the top of Strawberry Hill for glorious views of San Francisco, the Golden Gate Bridge and Mt. Tamalpais. The Beach Chalet is a popular spot on the edge of the park for breakfast, lunch, dinner or a glass of wine with views of the Pacific Ocean.

An interesting attraction is the two windmills that were once used to pump water to the city. There is a tulip garden near to the North Windmill making for a great photo opportunity. If the weather is not so good visit the Golden Gate Park Aquarium to see an array of aquatic life including sharks, stingray, coral reefs.

4. Discovery Green, Houston

Where: Downtown Houston

What: Opened to the public in 2008, this modern park was developed after the city of Houston acquired land in 2002. A public-private partnership was then born as philanthropists worked together with Houston city council and the public to design the park.

The best bits: Views of the city skyline can be enjoyed with a picnic on Jones Lawn, with two acres of green space in the centre of the park there’s plenty of spots to relax. Stroll along The Brown Foundation Promenade and admire the one hundred year old oak trees that line the trail.

Catch an evening performance at the Anheuser-Busch Stage, this outdoor concert venue is surrounded by Houston’s cityscape, it’s a majestic evening when the sunsets and the skyline illuminates. Hire a Kayak or Stand Up Paddleboard in May and June on Kinder Lake, located on the northern side of the park it is over an acre in size.

For more aquatic fun Gateway Fountain is the perfect place for little ones to keep cool in the summer, water fountains shoot out from the ground creating a fun and attractive feature. If keep fit is your thing McNair foundation Jogging Trail is popular with locals, the scenic track meanders alongside Kinder Lake.

5. Boston Common & Public Gardens, Boston

Where: Downtown Boston

What: The oldest public park in America, Boston Common was bought to life in 1634, the Public Gardens were developed later on in 1837. The park has witnessed many major historical events from Civil War troops gathering on the grounds to Martin Luther King Jr. delivering one of his famous speeches.

The best bits: At the start of the Freedom Trail this city park can be enjoyed all year round. The Frog Pond is great for families to splash around in during the summer months and fun for gliding around on the ice once the pond freezes over in the winter.

Enjoy summer concerts at The Parkman Bandstand or head over to the Public Gardens for a ride on a swan boat. First Night Boston, one of the oldest New Year’s Eve events in America takes place in and around the common, fireworks and an ice show held draw huge crowds to welcome in the New Year.

6. Patterson Park, Baltimore

Where: Southeast Baltimore

What: Created in 1827 and named after Baltimore businessman William Patterson the park has an interesting history including during the Battle of Baltimore in 1812 when Hampstead Hill played a key role in helping U.S. forces defend their territory from the British. The 137 acres of land has earned the nickname ‘Best Backyard in Baltimore’ and it’s easy to see why.

The best bits: Climb the spiral staircase of Patterson Park Pagoda; constructed in 1891 the observation tower has marvelous views of downtown Baltimore from the top. Go for a refreshing dip in the swimming pool during the summer months or for something a bit different attend an aqua zumba class.

An indoor ice skating rink allows for year round activities including ice hockey and broomball as well as ice-skating sessions. Reserve a pavilion for a picnic, kick a ball around on one of the park’s sports fields, or try a spot of fishing on the Boat Lake.

There are some fantastic annual events and festivals held in the park, the Kinetic Sculpture Race is one not to miss. Human powered works of art have to overcome obstacles such as the mud pit and Pagoda challenge in this eight-hour extravaganza.

7. Audubon Park, New Orleans

Where: West of New Orleans city centre

What: Named after artist John James Audubon the City of New Orleans bought the land the park sits on in 1871 and was developed by landscape architect John Charles Olmsted.

The best bits: The scenic location of Audubon Park located next to the Mississippi River make it a popular city escape with locals and tourists alike. Jump on a street car and picnic along the riverbank, walk, jog or cycle along the 1.8 mile running trail and admire the huge oak trees as you go. The park has plenty of attractions such as a zoo, aquarium and golf course.

The Audubon Clubhouse is a lovely place to have lunch, dine outside on the veranda and watch the world go by. Riding stables offer private and group lessons and the outdoor Whitney Young pool is a great place to escape the heat.

8. Balboa Park, San Diego

Where: Downtown San Diego

What: Balboa Park first took shape in 1892, Kate Sessions planted 100 trees per year in exchange for land within the park for her nursery. She became known as ‘the mother of Balboa Park’. The Park is named after Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, a Spanish explorer and the first European to have discovered the Pacific Ocean.

The best bits: This stunning city park overlooks the ocean, covers 1,200 acres and has fifteen museums to discover including the San Diego Natural History Museum and the Air and Space Museum. There are plenty of gardens for strolling and don’t miss the Botanical Building home to tropical plants, palms and colourful flower displays.

The park is very well thought out and even caters for four legged friends with designated dog parks. The world famous San Diego Zoo is found in Balboa, renowned for its conservation work the zoo houses the rare giant panda. Cafes and restaurants mean the park can be enjoyed day and night, after watching a performance at The Old Globe have a margarita at The Prado.

9. Central Park, New York

Where: Central Manhattan, New York City

What: Central Park is North America’s first public park and arguably one of its most well known was designed by Fredrick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux after winning a design competition in 1858. It opened to the public in the same year and in 1962 the 843 acres of greenery became a National Historic Landmark.

The best bits: This vast and varied park has a huge array of natural and man-made attractions. There are two ice rinks, the Wollman and Lasker for winter fun and seven lakes in total. Fish at Harlem Meer, dine at the Loeb Boathouse restaurant overlooking the lake or rent a rowing boat.

For nostalgic fun the Central Park Carousel is one of the largest merry -go-rounds in America, it was opened in 1951 and has 58 horses. There are an abundance of green spaces for relaxing in the sunshine or chill out and watch the world go by in a shady spot.

The Great Lawn, Strawberry Fields and Sheep Meadow are all popular spots. Keeping fit in Central Park is easy with tennis and volleyball courts, baseball fields and running trails, the six mile Park Drive is good for jogging.

Open-air theatre productions and music concerts can often be enjoyed on a summers evening. With so much to see and do it is easy to why millions of visitors flock here each year.

10. Forest Park, St. Louis

Where: St. Louis, Missouri

What: Known as the ‘heart of St. Louis’ Forest Park was opened in 1876 and hosted the summer Olympics in 1904. It has a huge 1371 acres to explore, woodlands with 45,000 trees, lakes and lagoons, it is a wonderful urban escape.

The best bits: This awesome park has it all, not only is it a beautiful green space to relax and escape the hustle and bustle of the city it also has plenty of attractions. The Saint Louis Zoo is free to visit and has over 18,000 animals including lions, tigers and elephants.

Saint Louis Science Center houses the McDonnell Planetarium, it holds stargazing events and a planetarium show, watch over 9000 stars twinkling on an 80 foot ceiling display. To get back to nature Kennedy Forest and Kennedy Woods have walking and hiking trails for exploring and getting lost in.

A golf course, tennis courts and ice rink are there for the sporty and the impressive 75-foot waterfall known as Flegal Falls is a popular spot for picnics. The annual Great Forest Park Balloon Race is not to be missed; the hot air balloon race is in its 44th year, the three-day event includes the majestic Balloon Glow, watch as the sunsets and hundreds of balloons lit up brightly by their burners.

Use this list to plan your next getaway to one of the most historic places in the United States. To determine the best spots in America for history buffs, U.S. News considered the storied pasts, preserved landmarks, notable monuments and tourist-friendly services in each city – as well as votes from users. For those who love nothing more than discovering a new place through it's past, we've complited a list of the top 10 Best Historic Destinations in the USA

1. St. Augustine, Florida

Founded by the Spanish in 1565 St. Augustine is the oldest European-founded city in the United States (continuously inhabited) and its historical charm clearly highlights this proud fact. Entire streets are lined by buildings constructed in the 17th and 18th century and the large Spanish forts of Castillo de San Marcos, in the city, and Fort Matanzas, a few miles down the coast, are reminders of the importance of this city on the northern frontier of Spanish America.

The city also claims to have the oldest house in the United States, now a much-publicized private museum run by the St. Augustine Historical Society and open to the public. These claims are always debatable but the house is worth the visit for those interested in history. The house, also known as the Gonzalez-Alvarez House, dates to 1723 which clearly would not make it the oldest unless you add the qualifier of an original, European-built structure.

But the Fairbanks House in Dedham, Massachusetts has a more solid claim to this title, dating to 1637. Still, the houses of Acoma and Taos Pueblo in New Mexico outdated all by a couple hundred years at least.

Whether historic or not, all buildings in Santa Fe, New Mexico are built according to the adobe-hacienda code.

2. Santa Fe, New Mexico

It took a few tries to get this city permanently established in 1608 by the Spaniards but the good location was no secret to the Pueblo Indians who had occupied the area from 1050 to 1150. The historical integrity of the city is noticed immediately as all the buildings, including the Walmarts are built to code in the unique hacienda-adobe style.

Many of the buildings you see are original, especially in the downtown area, or at least built over the foundations of originals. San Miguel Chapel, constructed in 1610, is reputed to be the oldest church structure in the United States. The Governors Palace is another outstanding historical feature of the city and is easily located in the historic downtown area.

The Paul Revere House in Boston, c. 1680. Reputedly the oldest house in the city.

3. Boston, Massachusetts

Boston traces its beginnings to 1630 when Puritan colonists from England. Its long pedigree, at least by American standards, carries over into the city’s historic buildings and neighborhoods. Old cemeteries, such as the Old Granary and Copps Hill Burial Grounds, are seen from busy sidewalks and beautiful colonial architecture is dwarfed by modern skyscrapers, such as the Old State House which dates to 1713 and is considered the oldest public building in the city.

The best way to experience Boston’s history is to follow the Freedom Trail which is free and well marked along the city’s sidewalks. The Trail starts near the State House, another architectural marvel designed by Charles Bulfinch in 1798, and winds its way through the North End and across the Charles River to the Bunker Hill Battlefield monument.

Along the way you will also notice the King’s Chapel, built between 1749 and 1754 by Peter Harrison. This stone building has a long history, first established in 1688, the current structure was built over the older wooden building.

The State House, Annapolis, Maryland, c. 1772

4. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Similar to many colonial cities, Philadelphia’s beginnings were marked by false starts. The official founding of the city as we know it today began with William Penn’s 1682 ambitious grid-lay out that still marks the modern foundation of the city’s planning.

However, a little know fact is that there were colonists who inhabited parts of what is today’s Philadelphia as early as 1637 with the arrival of the Swedes who established a colony along the Delaware south of the Schuylkill River. The Dutch arrived soon after and by 1655 gained administrative control of the region.

Today’s best known reminder of this early period is manifested in the still extant Gloria Dei (Old Swedes) Church founded in 1677. It remains the oldest church in the state of Pennsylvania. The city’s history needs no special introduction. Its central location midway between north and south made it an early capital of the United States from 1790-1800.

Before this it was the major meeting place of the various Continental Congresses and it was in Philadelphia where the greatest of American documents were penned and put into law: the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution. Beyond the lettered history that this city fostered, the number of extant historical buildings in Philadelphia is astonishing and it even eclipses Boston in this regard.

Vintage historic buildings from the colonial period, for instance, are located in so many areas of the city – in places that were established as separate towns and villages before they were merged with the growing urban metropolitan area. Germantown, Chestnut Hill, and Manayunk, for instance, all have blocks of houses and buildings that are well-preserved.

In this respect, the city’s architectural and breadth scope is unique. In addition there are dozens of old colonial mansions that dot the hills above the Schuylkill, such as Lemon Hill (c. 1800), a federal-style mansion, and Strawberry Mansion (c. 1789) to name a few. The old plantations on which these houses sat became the foundations of Fairmount Park.

Whole blocks of vintage row homes can still be seen in Society Hill and even older row homes, which date to the early 18th century, can be found along Elfreth’s Alley. The Georgian style Independence Hall (1732-1753), which once served as the capitol on the United States, is the centerpiece of the city’s old quarter and a block or two away are some classic Greek Revival buildings that are now preserved as part of the Independence National Historical Park.

5. Charleston, South Carolina

No discussion of America’s historic cities is complete without mention of Charleston. Established in 1670, although a little northwest of the present location, today’s city was built starting in 1680 and named for the King of England and was known as Charles Town. Its cosmopolitan status was established early and it was the 5th largest city in North America in 1690, a mere twenty years after its settlement.

It became well-known for trade and a hub of the rice and indigo markets that South Carolina cultivated. At the beginning of the 19th century it had the largest and wealthiest Sephardic Jewish community in North America. Consequently there are a number of Jewish temples in the city that date to colonial times and are among the oldest in the country.

Well known is the Orthodox synagogue and KahalKadosh Beth Elohim Temple that dates to 1749. Huguenots and Roman Catholic communities also have a long history in this city that showed an unusual amount of tolerance for religious beliefs. The city’s streets and parks are not much changed from these colonial days.

Beautiful Georgian homes still line many of the streets and walking the streets is like walking into old colonial America. Spires from the various churches in the city punctuate the skyline and many date to colonial days. Not to be missed is The Battery, the public park that is situated against the waterfront.

Another interesting sight in the city is The Citadel, or the Military College of South Carolina, and its one-of-a-kind checkerboard courtyards among its barracks. State-funded, it was established in 1842. Finally don’t forget to take a chartered ferry to Fort Sumter which guards the bay. It was here that the first shots of the Civil War were fired as Confederate soldiers attempted to take this Federal stronghold in April 1861.

Colonial Legislature (Capitol). Historic Williamsburg, Virginia.

6. Williamsburg, Virginia

Founded around 1699 Williamsburg grew out of the failed experiment at Jamestown, the first colonial capital of Virginia. Jamestown’s poor location along a swampy bottom-land waterfront made maintenance of this well-known settlement dubious from the start in 1607. Poor fresh water sources, Indian attack, awful humidity, and finally Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 contributed to its demise less than a century after its iconic founding in 1607.

Williamsburg quickly filled this void as it was located a mere 7 miles away. Originally known as Middle Plantation, Williamsburg’s location was considered more suitable because it sat on high ground on a narrow neck of land between the York and James Rivers – better for defense against Indian attack or the Spanish.

It also had better fresh water sources located away from the brackish backwater that easily infested and infected Jamestown. Middle Plantation had been around since 1632 but the need to move the colonial capital and the newly established College of William and Mary (c. 1693) underwrote the renaming of Williamsburg (after King William III), complete with newly laid out set of streets.

Today’s Wiliamsburg bears all the hallmarks of the original planned capital. The exquisite Governor’s Palace and Colonial Legislature (capitol) are perhaps the showpieces of what you see today: an ultra-scrubbed historical Disneyland called ‘Historic Williamsburg’. Few of the showpiece buildings, such as the capitol and Governor’s Residence are originals. Those burned down long ago.

What you see today was rebuilt, albeit faithfully, by the Rockefeller Foundation, and remains a private theme-park for the historically-minded. Even the famous Wren Building at the College of William and Mary burned down a couple times and the version one sees today dates to after the Civil War. The Bruton Parish Church building, on the grounds of Historic Williamsburg, is open free-of-charge, and dates to 1715.

It remains an active Episcopal parish. The College of William and Mary, the South’s only institution of higher learning for some time, and the second oldest college in the United States after Harvard eventually pumped out three US presidents: Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler. Other famous alum include Chief Justice John Marshall and Henry Clay along with 16 signers of the Declaration of Independence.

Looking down one of New Orleans old quarter streets towards the business dictrict in a pre-Katrina photograph.

7. New Orleans, Louisiana

Surprisingly most of the famous historic architecture you seen in this unique city is of Spanish pedigree despite its more common association with the French. New Orleans was founded in 1718 by the French Mississippi Company but was ceded to Spain in 1763. The buildings from the French Quarter, or Vieux Carre, were built during the Spanish occupation.

By 1801 the city found itself back in French hands only to be sold by Napoleon to the United States in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. The French Quarter is not to be missed for its unusual architecture and cultural backdrop. Worth seeing in the area is the Chalmette Battlefield, site of the Battle of New Orleans between the United States and Great Britain.

Also not to miss in the city is the Garden District, an incredible collection of historical homes which began around 1832 and a hallmark of the city’s burgeoning prosperity brought about by the commercial traffic along the Mississippi River. The Garden District is bounded by St. Charles Ave., 1st Street, Magazine Street, and Toledano Street, and has arguably the nation’s best and most concentrated collections of antebellum mansions.

The Concepcion Mission in San Antonio, Texas, c. 1731, part of the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park.

8. San Antonio, Texas

Unlike most of the other cities and towns listed here San Antonio, along with Santa Fe, is not a coastal city. Established in 1718 around the Alamo Mission, the future location of the city was first visited by the Spaniards in 1691. The Spaniards established a mission, known as San Antonio de Valero (the Alamo) here by 1718 because they sought to establish a presence in the region as a bulwark against colonial France.

Not coincidentally New Orleans, founded by the French, was established the same year. The most famous of the city’s sights can be seen in a long, well-planned day. The River Walk, Alamo, the Spanish Governor’s Palace, and the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park are the best preserved historic sites in the city and should not be left out of any itinerary.

Antebellum mansion, Savannah, Georgia.

9. Savannah, Georgia

This is the state’s oldest city established in 1733 by General James Oglethorpe. Its streets, laid-out in a perfect grid, represent an excellent example of early colonial city-planning. The city’s downtown is one of the largest National Historic Landmark districts. The city’s squares, numbering 22, are what make it unique.

When the city was laid-out in 1733 it was designed around four open squares, anticipating room for growth and expansion of the grid. By 1851 the city had expanded to as many as 24 squares but since then three have been demolished in urban revival schemes. Of those three, one was restored in 2010. The squares are actually parks shaded by oak and palmettos, and many have fountains and monuments. It’s really a unique arrangement.

Forsyth Park is a 30 acre park established in the 1840s and contains a beautiful water fountain built in 1858. Of the city’s park, this is perhaps the best know. It also has Confederate monument which is in the center of the park. Not to be missed is River Street, which has a number of old 19th century cotton warehouses that have been refurbished into shops and restaurants.

Nearby Fort Pulaski, a national monument in of the National Park Service, is a masonry fort that overlooks the mouth of the Savannah River on Tybee Island. Construction of this moated fort was completed in 1847 and it sustained heavy damage by Union forces during the Civil War, when it was temporarily occupied by Confederate soldiers.

10. Richmond, Virginia

Richmond has the history but what remains from its colonial past needs some extra effort to find. Its connection with the Civil War, too, would be more obvious if parts of the city had not been burned to the ground in the closing days of that watershed event. Today’s city got its start as a modest but not unimportant fortified settlement along the James River in 1612.

The settlement was informally known as Fort Henrico and was established to provide shelter and protection from the Powhatan Nation and built at the farthest navigable point along the river, the Fall line. Fort Henrico was destroyed and most of its inhabitants killed by the Powhatans during the First Anglo-Powhatan War (1609-1612).

It was not until 1737 that the modern city of Richmond was surveyed and incorporated in 1742. It was named after Richmond, England, which overlooks the Thames. The view of the James was very similar to the view of the Thames from Richmond, hence the naming of the city. Richmond was further enhanced in stature when the capital was moved there from Williamsburg in 1780.

The state capitol completed in 1788 and co-designed by Thomas Jefferson still stands as a remarkable example of Classic Revival architecture. It was inspired by the Maison Carree in Nimes, France, a building visited by Jefferson during his tenure as U.S. Minister to France. Even older is St. Johns Episcopal Church built in 1741, a great example of colonial architecture.

It was here that, according to tradition, Patrick Henry uttered his famous “give me liberty, or give me death!” The history of this city continues like a layer cake with colorful personalities such as Edgar Allen Poe contrasting with industrious people such as Maggie L. Walker. The city was also the second and final capital of the Confederacy (unless you count Danville, Virginia) but not before it saw Governor Thomas Jefferson flee on horseback from the British who sought him as a treasonous high-value-target during the War of Independence.

Not to miss in the Richmond area are the numerous historic plantation houses between the city and the peninsula. Among the most unique, and closer to Norfolk than Richmond, is Bacon’s Castle (c. 1665), one of the few remaining examples of Jacobean architecture outside of England.

Old Scottish Rite Temple, often mistaken for former state capitol building. Guthrie, Oklahoma. c.1919.

Vitamin B complex is a compound made up of eight different water-soluble B vitamins that together work as an energy booster as they help convert food into energy. They are also needed for proper growth and development, and are essential for your blood cells, hormones and nervous system.

Each of the B vitamins is either a cofactor (generally a coenzyme) for key metabolic processes or is a precursor needed to make one. Plus, each plays important roles in the body’s function, and a deficiency of any of them can hugely impact your health.

The eight vitamins in the B complex compound are:

Thiamine (B1): This antistress vitamin helps protect the immune system by assisting in formation of new cells in the body. Though its deficiency is rare, an inadequate amount of thiamine can cause Wernicke’s encephalopathy, a neurological disorder.

Riboflavin (B2): This works as an antioxidant by fighting free radicals in the body. Also, it prevents heart disease and restricts premature aging. It is also essential for red blood cell production. Its deficiency can lead to skin disorders, hair loss, liver issues and anemia.

Niacin (B3): This helps improve blood circulation as well as the ‘good’ high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level in the body. It also aids the body’s production of several hormones. Its deficiency can result in pellagra, which can cause dermatitis, insomnia, weakness and diarrhea.

Pantothenic acid (B5): This helps generate energy by breaking down fats and carbohydrates. Also, it helps the body produce hormones like testosterone. Although vitamin B5 deficiency is uncommon, it can result in acne.

Pyridoxine (B6): This helps regulate homocysteine levels, an amino acid associated with heart disease. It also helps the body produce hormones, which promote an elevated mood. Its deficiency is linked to inflammation in the body as well as neurological problems.

Biotin (B7): This is the beauty vitamin responsible for healthy hair, skin and nails. It also helps control high blood glucose levels. During pregnancy, it is important for normal fetal development. Its deficiency in infants may cause impaired growth and neurological disorders.

Folate (B9): Also known as folic acid, this is crucial for good memory and healthy brain development. It also helps keep depression at bay. During pregnancy, it supports fetal development and prevents neurological defects. A deficiency of this vitamin can result in anemia.

Cobalamin (B12): This vitamin assists vitamin B9 in producing red blood cells. It also helps in creating hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in your blood. Its deficiency can cause macrocytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy and memory loss as well as cognitive impairments.

There are several vitamin B complex supplements that can help ensure that you get enough of the eight B vitamins that the body needs to function. At the same time, there are many foods that can provide your body with this cluster of important vitamins.

Here are the 10 best food sources for vitamin B complex.

1. Fish

Despite the fact that fish are not capable of forming vitamin B12 in their bodies, they are one of the richest sources of it. Fish have the capability of concentrating the vitamins in their cells that is formed by the action of bacteria.

Sardines, mackerel, shellfish and salmon are some varieties that are loaded with heavy concentration of B vitamins and other nutrients.

2. Beef Liver

Beef liver is one of richest sources of B vitamins. It is loaded with most of the B vitamins including B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9 and B12.

In fact, an average slice (68 grams) of beef liver serves more than half of the daily requirement of B9, B6 and B12. While folate (B9) helps prevent birth defects, B6 produces serotonin for mood regulation and proper sleep, and B12 helps in the formation of red blood cells.

It also provides 179 percent of the adult male and 212 percent of the adult female’s recommended daily allowance of riboflavin (B2).

3. Chicken

Available year-round, chicken is an exceptionally good source of B complex vitamins. Also packed with protein and minerals, chicken is definitely a nutritional punch for your body.

Cooked or roasted chicken breast serves as an excellent source of niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5) and vitamin B6, which are all required for effective metabolism in the body.

Four ounces of chicken breast provides 72 percent of niacin, 10.6 percent of pantothenic acid and 32 percent of vitamin B6, as per the recommended daily values of these nutrients.

4. Eggs and Dairy

Fried, scrambled, poached or boiled eggs are a great source of B vitamins. In fact, every single B vitamin can be found in eggs. Egg yolks are an excellent source of vitamin B12, which helps in the production of red blood cells. Eggs also contain niacin, vitamin B6, biotin. These are responsible for regulating metabolism, boosting immunity, and cell growth.

Additionally, milk and milk products are also a rich source of thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2) and vitamin B12. Other B vitamins like B3, B5, B9 and B6 are also present, but in traces.

One glass of semi-skimmed milk (200 ml) provides 100 percent of vitamin B12, 15 percent of thiamine, 45 percent of riboflavin, 3 percent of niacin, 9.3 percent of folate and small amounts of pyridoxine, as per an adult’s recommended daily intake.

5. Beans

Beans are an excellent source of important B complex vitamins. The many varieties including kidney beans, black beans, red beans, black-eyed peas, cannellini beans, chickpeas, lima beans and pinto beans are all rich in thiamin, niacin, folate, and riboflavin.

These vitamins help in converting food into energy, reducing inflammation and boosting good cholesterol.

Folate and vitamin B6 content in beans helps in lowering the risks of cardiovascular disease.

One cup of cooked beans serves for 90 percent of the RDA of folate and 10 percent of RDA of thiamine (B1), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5) and pyridoxine (B6).

6. Fortified Soy Milk

A good source of vitamin B12, soy milk is a healthy alternative for vegans and people who are allergic to or intolerant of lactose.

Since vitamin B12 is mostly found in animal products, soy milk is particularly helpful for vegans and vegetarians. Also, as it is extracted from plants, it contains absolutely no lactose, is free of cholesterol and low in saturated fats.

The body needs vitamin B12 for healthy nerve functioning and a healthy metabolism. Apart from B12, soy milk also contains small amounts of other B vitamins including B1, B2, B3, B5 and B9.

Just 1 cup of fortified soy milk provides 50 percent of vitamin B12, 30 percent of riboflavin (B2) and 15 percent of folate (B9), as per their recommended daily values.

Along with B vitamins, soy milk is an excellent source of high-quality protein and isoflavones, plant chemicals that help lower the ‘bad’ low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.

Tempeh, a fermented soy product, is also a good source of B vitamins for your health. If you are vegan, you can also opt for nutritional yeast to help increase your vitamin B, especially vitamin B12 intake.

7. Oats

Whole grains like oatmeal, a staple breakfast item, are another good source of vitamin B complex.

Oatmeal contains a number of B vitamins including B6, which plays a role in nerve communication in your brain. Other B vitamins in it are B1, B2, B3 and B9.

Just 1 cup of oatmeal provides 15 percent of the recommended daily amount of thiamine (B1), 3.2 percent of the recommended daily amount of niacin (B3) and 3.5 percent of the recommended daily amount of folate (B9).

A regular breakfast of oatmeal helps lower the risk of heart disease, cancer, diabetes and obesity.

As eating plain oatmeal daily can get boring, you can add chopped fruits or nuts to improve the flavor and boost your meal’s nutrient content. You can also include other whole grains like whole wheat, quinoa and millets in your daily diet.

8. Nuts and Seeds

Nuts and seeds are a rich source of many important B complex vitamins, such as niacin (B3), thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), pantothenic acid (B5), folate (B9) and vitamin B6.

All these vitamins work as cofactors or coenzymes during metabolic processes in the body.

Eating 1.5 ounces (42 grams) of nuts everyday is very helpful in reducing the risk of various cardiovascular disorders. Chestnuts, pistachios, pecans, sunflower seeds, flaxseeds, and hemp seeds are good sources of B vitamins.

9. Spinach

Exceptionally beneficial for health, spinach is one of the best sources of B vitamins. It contains a few members of the B-vitamin family, with the most prevalent being B9 or folate. In 1 cup of raw spinach, you can get 15 percent of the daily recommended value. Vitamin B9 aids in the formation of tissues and proper functioning of cells, as well as the production of DNA.

Other B vitamins in spinach are B2, B6 and B7. It is also high in protein, calcium, iron, magnesium and potassium.

This wonderful green leafy vegetable is packed with antioxidants and anticancer properties. It helps in lowering cholesterol and blood pressure levels as well as improving bone health.

You can add spinach to your salads, soups, omelets or other dishes. This versatile food also goes well in mixed vegetable juice or a green smoothie. It can also be cooked lightly and eaten as a side dish or added to soups and other dishes.

10. Bananas

As per the National Institute of Health, an adult requires 1.5 milligrams of vitamin B6 each day and a banana provides one-third of it in just one swoop. This vitamin aids in the production of neurotransmitters that regulate sleep and mood. For women, B6 may reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms.

Other B vitamins in bananas are B1, B2, B3, B9 and B7. In addition, bananas also contain a good amount of potassium, manganese, vitamin C, fiber and copper.

Have a look at different natural beauty products and you will be amazed to see one common ingredient in several of the products. The ingredient is aloe vera, which is a common plant in home gardens in many parts of the world.

Aloe vera has so many medicinal properties that ancient Egyptians called it the “plant of immortality.”

Even today, the use of aloe vera is very wide and extensive in the beauty industry.

The gel inside aloe vera leaves is loaded with several nutrients, minerals and vitamins that are good for the skin and hair. This herb is safe to use externally and internally.

Here are the top 10 beauty benefits of aloe vera.

1. Prevents Premature Aging Signs

Aging signs like wrinkles, fine lines and sagging skin are bound to appear with age, but at times these signs appear earlier. You can prevent premature aging signs by including aloe vera in your beauty regimen due to its high antioxidant content.

Aloe vera gel penetrates keep into the skin to keep it moisturized. Being a rich sourch of nutrients like vitamins A, B, C and E, it nourishes your skin. Also, the gel contains polysaccharides that stimulate skin regeneration.

A 2013 study published in Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine reports that fresh aloe vera gel in varied concentrations showed improvement of the skin’s visco elastic and hydration properties, which are important for fighting premature aging signs. The study sheds light on the synergistic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and ultraviolet (UV) protective properties of the herbal plant.

To keep your skin young, it is important to exfoliate on a weekly basis. To make an exfoliating mask:

Blend 1 teaspoon of fresh aloe vera gel.

Mix 1 teaspoon of ground oatmeal and ½ teaspoon of olive oil in it.

Apply this mixture on your face and neck area.

Allow it to sit for 30 minutes.

Then, with wet hands, gently scrub off the paste.

Finally, rinse your face and neck with cold water.

Use this mask once a week.

2. Keeps Skin Moisturized

Being a great natural moisturizer, aloe vera keeps the skin well hydrated and enhances its elasticity. Well-hydrated and moisturized skin looks healthy and smooth.

It easily penetrates into the skin when applied topically and also helps restore the pH balance of the skin. Plus, aloe vera does not give a greasy look, making it a good option for those who have oily skin.

A 2006 study published in Skin Research and Technology reports that freeze-dried aloe vera extract is effective at improving skin hydration, possibly through a humectant mechanism. Consequently, it may be used in cosmetic products for the treatment of dry skin.

Peel off the outer layer of an aloe vera leaf with a sharp knife and gently scoop out the gel.

Massage the gel on your face, neck and other body parts.

Do it daily before going to bed.

3. Reduces Acne

Aloe vera is a natural antibacterial agent that helps fight the bacteria responsible for acne. It also stimulates the growth of new cells.

Plus, it has healing and anti-inflammatory properties that help the skin heal quickly and reduces skin inflammation.

A 2014 study published in the Journal of Dermatological Treatment found aloe vera to be very effective for the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris.

Apply fresh aloe vera gel directly on the affected areas a few times a day.

Fill an ice cube tray with aloe vera gel and freeze it. Rub a frozen cube on your acne to soothe the inflammation. Repeat 2 or 3 times a day.

Alternatively, mix 1 teaspoon of aloe vera gel with ½ teaspoon each of honey and lemon juice. Apply it on the acne-affected area. Allow it to sit for about 15 minutes, then rinse it off with water. Do this twice daily.

Along with treating acne, this natural herb is used to effectively heal chronic skin problems, such as psoriasis and eczema.

4. Treats Sunburns

The soothing and anti-inflammatory properties of aloe vera help treat skin sunburn. Plus, the gel helps retain the skin’s moisture level, which is important for healing sunburned skin.

Aloe vera is even effective at getting rid of an unwanted suntan.

A 2008 study published in Skin Pharmacology and Physiology notes that aloe vera gel displayed some anti-inflammatory effects and is useful in the topical treatment of inflammatory skin conditions, such as UV-induced erythema.

Apply freshly extracted aloe vera gel directly on the sunburned area and allow it to dry on its own. There is no need to rinse it off. The gel quickly penetrates into the skin and does not have a greasy feel.

Alternatively, mix 2 tablespoons of aloe vera gel and the juice of half a lemon. Massage it on the sunburned skin in circular motions. Leave it on for about 15 minutes, then rinse it off with cold water.

5. Minimizes Stretch Marks

Ugly stretch marks can steal away the beauty of your skin. Though it is difficult to get rid of stretch marks completely, you can minimize their visibility to a great extent with aloe vera.

Aloe vera can help restore the skin’s elasticity and repair skin damage.

Mix together equal amounts of aloe vera gel and rose water.

Apply it on the stretch marks and massage gently in circular motions for a couple of minutes.

Keep it on for 15 to 20 minutes.

Finally, rinse it off with cool water.

Do this twice daily.

6. Works as a Natural Makeup Remover

Commercial makeup removers can be full of harmful chemicals that can be damaging to your skin. Instead, you can use aloe vera as a natural makeup remover.

The slippery nature of the gel can easily collect makeup residue and leave your skin clean. It even gives the skin a radiant glow.

7. Promotes Hair Growth

In addition to skin, aloe vera gel is good for your hair health. It can help promote hair growth.

It also removes dead cells from your scalp that can clog your hair follicles and result in dandruff. Plus, aloe vera can help maintain the pH balance of your scalp, which is needed for healthier hair.

A 2010 study published in the Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research reports that the enzyme content of aloe vera prevents hair loss by protecting the scalp against many diseases. It also aids in the reduction of dandruff.

Mix aloe vera gel and castor oil in the ratio of 2:1.

Gently massage the mixture onto your scalp.

Leave it on overnight.

The next morning, wash your hair with a gentle shampoo.

Do this twice a week.

8. Heals Minor Burns, Wounds and Insect Bites

The anti-inflammatory and antiseptic nature of aloe vera makes it effective against minor wounds, small cuts, bruises and insect bites.

A 2007 study published in Burns found aloe vera to be an effective intervention used in burn wound healing for first- to second-degree burns.

A recent 2016 study published in the Annals of Plastic Surgery reports that topical application of aloe vera improved the biochemical, morphological and biomechanical characteristics of the healing cutaneous wounds in rats. This treatment option may be valuable in clinical practice.

Cut open an aloe vera leaf to extract the gel.

Put the gel in the refrigerator for 10 to 15 minutes.

Apply it directly onto the affected area.

Repeat 2 or 3 times a day.

9. Treats Cracked Feet

Cracked feet can take away the beauty of your feet. To bring that beauty back, you can always rely on aloe vera.

Aloe vera has moisturizing and antibacterial properties, which make it an excellent treatment for dry and cracked heels. Plus, it helps get rid of dead skin cells and aids in skin cell regeneration.

Mix together 4 tablespoons of aloe vera gel and ½ cup each of oatmeal and gram flour.

Rub the paste all over your cracked feet and massage gently.

Allow it to sit for 10 minutes.

Rinse it off with warm water.

Use this foot mask 1 or 2 times a week to prevent and treat cracked feet.

10. Lightens Dark Lips

Aloe vera can also be used to lighten your lips and make them soft and supple. It helps get rid of dead skin cells and rejuvenates the soft skin of your lips with its soothing properties.

Rub aloe vera gel regularly on your lips to lighten and soften them.

For a weekly treatment, mix 1 tablespoon of coarsely powdered rice with enough aloe vera gel to make a paste. Rub this homemade scrub on your lips gently for 5 minutes, then rinse it off with cold water. Use this lip scrub once a week.

In fact, grapefruit is known as the “fruit from the paradise” due to its unique health-promoting as well as disease-preventing properties.

Refreshing and delicious, grapefruits are rich in vitamin C, a powerful antioxidant. They also contain vitamin A, potassium, folate, thiamin, vitamin B6, calcium, iron, copper, phosphorus and magnesium, as well as several phytonutrients and flavonoids.

This fruit is also very low in calories.

Grapefruits are the kind of nutritional powerhouse that can benefit your body in many ways.

Here are the top 10 health benefits of grapefruits.

1. Aids Weight Loss

Naturally packed with vitamin C, fiber and water, grapefruits are good for people trying to lose weight. The vitamin C content improves the function of your metabolic system and also regulates fat metabolism, thus aiding in fat-burning.

The fiber and water content of grapefruits even aids in reducing hunger pangs. This fruit can also help absorb and reduce the starch and sugar in the body.

A 2006 study published in the Journal of Medicinal Food reports that half of a fresh grapefruit eaten before meals was associated with significant weight loss. In metabolic syndrome patients, the effect was also seen with grapefruit products.

A 2011 study published in Nutrition & Metabolism found that enjoying a pre-meal snack of grapefruit, grapefruit juice or water is an effective weight loss strategy for obese adults.

In your weight loss diet, do not forget to include a glass of grapefruit juice or half of a fresh grapefruit before your meals.

2. Stabilizes Blood Sugar

The American Diabetes Association recommends grapefruit for people suffering from diabetes. This low-glycemic food does not cause a spike in blood sugar after its consumption.

The flavonoid known as naringenin in grapefruits increases the body’s sensitivity to insulin and also helps maintain a healthy body weight.

A 2010 study published in the Cardiovascular Journal of Africa found that grapefruit, by virtue of its rich flavonoid content, is beneficial in the management of degenerative diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disorders.

Diabetic people should include half of a large grapefruit daily in their diet to help manage their blood sugar level.

Note: Grapefruit is not suitable for people taking certain medications like statins and calcium channel blockers.

3. Protects Against Cancer

Grapefruit helps reduce the risk of cancers of the stomach, colon, bladder, breast and esophagus.

The rich antioxidant property of grapefruits combats free radicals, harmful substances that cause damage to cells in the body and are ultimately responsible for deadly diseases like cancer.

A 2006 study published in the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry found grapefruits help repair damaged DNA in human prostate cancer cells. Naringenin stimulates DNA repair in these cancer cells and protects the body from developing cancer.

Another study published in Carcinogenesis in 2006 suggests that consumption of grapefruit or limonin may help suppress colon cancer development. The isolated citrus compounds naringin and limonin would protect against azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci by suppressing proliferation and elevating apoptosis through anti-inflammatory activities.

4. Reduces Risk of Kidney Stones

By drinking grapefruit juice daily, you can even reduce the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones.

The high amount of citric acid in grapefruits aids in deterring stone formation and even helps break up small stones that are forming. Citric acid makes urine less favorable for the formation of stones.

A 2003 study published in the British Journal of Nutrition found that women who drank ½ to 1 liter of grapefruit, apple or orange juice daily increased their urinary pH value and citric acid excretion. This is turn reduces the risk of forming calcium-oxalate stones.

Not just kidney stones, grapefruits are good for overall kidney health. A study published in PLOS ONE in 2011 reports that the abundant flavonoid aglycone, naringenin, possesses hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects. This helps in the treatment of dyslipidemia, diabetes and hepatitis C virus infection.

5. Protects Heart Health

Being rich in vitamin C, grapefruits are even good for your heart health.

A 2015 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that those who ate the most fruits and vegetables had a 15 percent lower risk of developing heart disease. Those having the highest vitamin C levels in their blood plasma had even more reduced rates of heart disease.

The high potassium content in grapefruits works as a vasodilator, which means it helps the blood vessels and arteries relax. This in turn reduces blood pressure and lessens the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

A 2012 study published in Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association reports that eating higher amounts of a compound in citrus fruits, especially oranges and grapefruits, may lower ischemic stroke risk. In fact, women who ate high amounts of grapefruit had a 19 percent lower risk of ischemic stroke as compared to women who consumed the least amount.

Just eating one grapefruit a day can help lower LDL cholesterol levels by 15.5 percent and triglycerides by 27 percent, according to a 2006 study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

The soluble fiber in grapefruits prevents cholesterol from entering your bloodstream during digestion, which in turn inhibits hardening of the arteries and lowers the risk of several cardiovascular conditions and high blood pressure.

7. Boosts Immunity

Grapefruits aid in improving immunity and reducing the problem of frequent infections and common colds.

The vitamin C in grapefruits works as powerful natural antioxidant and scavenges harmful free radicals. This in turn helps the body develop resistance against pathogens that cause common colds and other infectious diseases. It even helps shorten the duration and lessen the symptoms of infectious diseases.

Vitamin C even helps in the maintenance of healthy connective tissue and aids in early wound healing.

Grapefruits also aid in reducing inflammation in the body, making it helpful for people suffering from conditions like asthma, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

8. Improves Skin Health

As this citrus fruit is rich in vitamin C, it is also good for your skin health. Vitamin C is essential for producing healthy collagen helps keep your skin plump and smooth.

Plus, the mild acidic nature of grapefruits helps fade spots from your skin by reducing excess production of skin pigment.

The potassium in grapefruits protects the skin against harmful ultraviolet (UV) sunrays, which in turn reduces premature aging signs like wrinkles and age spots.

Drink fresh grapefruit juice on a regular basis to enjoy good skin.

To exfoliate your skin, make a mask with the juice of ½ grapefruit, 1 tablespoon of honey and ½ cup of ground oatmeal. Apply it on your face, allow it to dry and thenscrub off the maskwith wet hands. Use this maskonce a week.

9. Fights Gum Disease

Vitamin C is essential for healthy gums, which help keep our teeth firmly in place. As grapefruits are a good source of vitamin C, they play a key role in fighting gum disease.

A healthy gum line is important for strong teeth.

A 2005 study published in the British Dental Journal found that daily consumption of grapefruits reduced gum bleeding among those who suffer from gum disease. This was due to the increase in their vitamin C levels, which aids in the repair of gums.

Simply include 1 to 2 grapefruits a day in your diet to prevent and even reverse damage caused by gum disease.

10. Cleanses the Liver

Being a good source of vitamin C and other antioxidants, grapefruits also aid the cleansing and detoxifying of the liver. Glutathione, a powerful antioxidant, neutralizes free radicals and helps in the detoxification of heavy metals from the liver.

The phytonutrients known as limonoids in grapefruits help in the excretin of toxic compounds from the liver by making them more water-soluble.

Plus, the flavonoid compound known as naringenin helps the liver to burn fat rather than store it. Fat accumulation in the liveris one of the main causes of fatty liver disease.

Feeling depressed once in a while is normal when it is related to loss, life’s struggles or an injured self-esteem.However, when intense sadness and feelings of being helpless, hopeless and worthless become a part of your life and prevent you from functioning normally, you may be suffering from clinical depression, a common but serious mood disorder.

Depression can cause severe symptoms that affect how you feel, think and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating or working. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, depression affects one in 10 Americans.

Dealing with depression is not easy for the person as well as their family members and friends. However, there is no need to suffer in silence. You can turn to different therapies, medications, meditation, physical exercise and even diet to help combat the condition.

Many foods have been scientifically proven to lift a person’s mood, and you should include them in your diet to help ease your depression in a safe and natural manner. Foods containing nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, tryptophan, vitamin D or B vitamins, have a direct impact on mood.

These foods even boost the effectiveness of antidepressants and also help prevent relapses of depression in the long run.

Here are top 10 foods to eat to fight depression.

1. Green Tea

Tea consumption, especially green tea, is associated with a significantly reduced risk for depression. Bursting with antioxidants and amino acids, green tea can help you overcome depression in a natural way.

A 2009 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition shows that more frequent consumption of green tea was associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in the older population living in the community.

A 2014 study published in Public Health Nutrition even shows that higher green tea consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms. When compared with participants consuming just one cup of green tea per day, those consuming more than four cups per day had a 51 percent significantly lower prevalence of depressive symptoms after adjustment for potential confounders.

Theanine, the amino acid component of both green and black tea, is highly beneficial in psychiatric conditions. This amino acid has psychoactive properties that reduce stress and increase dopamine levels in the brain.

A 2014 study published in Nutritional Neuroscience highlights the positive neurobiological effects of the green tea constituent theanine and its potential role in the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and bipolar disorder.

2. Almonds

Another good food for fighting depression is almonds, mainly due to their high magnesium content. Magnesium influences production of serotonin, a “feel-good” brain chemical. This mineral also affects overall energy production.

In fact, a low magnesium level in the body is linked to depression and other mood disorders.

A 2006 study published in Medical Hypotheses found that magnesium deficiency is the cause of most major depression and related mental health problems. Magnesium-rich foods can help treat the depression symptoms to a great extent.

Another beneficial nutrient in almonds is selenium, which can help decrease depressive symptoms. Selenium plays a role in producing thyroid hormones to combat decreased thyroid functioning that is positively associated with depressive symptoms.

Additionally, almonds are a good source of zinc, a mineral that can protect brain cells from free-radical damage and boost neurotransmitter production and functioning.

Snacking on about 23 almonds daily will allow you to see positive changes in your mood. You can enjoy almonds as a healthy snack and also mix them with your favorite low-fat yogurt or choice of fruit.

3. Salmon

Cold-water fish like salmon are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which help fight depression.

People with depression usually have low intake of omega-3 fatty acids, which support normal brain functioning by reducing inflammation.

The two main types of omega-3 fatty acids found in salmon are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Both EPA and DHA are found in very high concentrations in brain tissue and play an important role in nerve function and mood regulation.

A 2004 study published in Lipids in Health and Disease reports that there is enough epidemiological, laboratory and clinical evidence to suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may play a role in certain cases of depression.

A 2009 study published in CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics reports that omega-3 fatty acids were more effective than a placebo for depression in both adults and children.

Another study published in Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity in 2014 reports that although there are many effective treatments for depression, dietary recommendations suggesting proper intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can result in substantial benefits.

Salmon is also good for overall health, as it improves circulation and reduces your overall risk of heart disease.

Along with salmon, other cold-water fish like tuna, sardines and anchovies are also rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

4. Dark Chocolate

Dark chocolate may increase serotonin levels in the body, which has qualities nearly identical to antidepressants. Also, it contains carbohydrates in the form of sugar, which signals the body to produce more serotonin.

In addition, dark chocolate slows down the production of stress hormones, which in turn reduces anxiety.

A 2011 study published in the ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry found that trainee nurses who consumed 50 grams of dark chocolate for three days had fewer symptoms of anxiety, stress and depression. This study suggests that dark chocolate may have a more prominent role in improving emotional and mood generally.

Another 2012 study published in the Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry found that cancer patients who consumed 50 grams of dark chocolate for three days had fewer depression and anxiety symptoms.

Dark chocolate consumption may even reduce the effects of chronic fatigue syndrome, due to its flavonoid content.

To help treat your depression, satisfy your cravings with a sweet treat of 1 to 1½ ounces of dark chocolate a day.

5. Eggs

This popular breakfast food packed with protein and other nutrients is another effective food for fighting depression.

Eggs are a good source of zinc, an essential micronutrient that is needed by the body to boost neurotransmitter production and functioning.

By eating foods rich in zinc like eggs, you can fight zinc deficiency as well as depression and possibly other disorders.

Along with zinc, eggs are one of the few foods that contain vitamin D, the deficiency of which is linked to depression and other mental health problems.

A 2013 study published in the British Journal of Psychiatry reports that low vitamin D concentration is associated with depression, and highlights the need for an increase in vitamin D for the prevention and treatment of depression.

In addition, eggs are rich in vitamin B12, which helps form red blood cells and maintain a healthy nervous system.

When it comes to eating eggs, you can try hard-boiled eggs, omelets, scrambled eggs and so on.

6. Bananas

Whenever you feel low or depressed, simply eat 1 or 2 bananas.

Bananas contain high amounts of tryptophan, which is known for raising the body’s serotonin level. This is just one mood-boosting component in bananas.

Also, it aids in producing tyrosine, the building block for norepinephrine and dopamine, two important neurotransmitters that can influence mood.

They also contain four other B vitamins: thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3) and folate (B9).

Insomnia, another common symptom of depression, can be treated with bananas. The tryptophan in them can help you fall asleep more easily.

Hence, try to eat a banana followed by a glass of warm milk shortly before going to bed to enjoy better sleep.

7. Avocados

The high levels of omega-3 fatty acids in avocados make them an awesome choice for people suffering from depression. Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), might increase the volume of gray matter in the parts of the brain responsible for regulating emotions.

Avocados also contain potassium, which is important for mental health and brain function. It aids transporting serotonin, a neurotransmitter that promotes feelings of well-being and happiness. In fact, a low potassium level can contribute to confusion, mood swings and depression.

A 1992 article published in Neuropsychobiology reported a relationship between sodium, magnesium and potassium in depressed patients.

In addition, the monounsaturated fat in avocados in the form of oleic acid can improve your mood, and help treat depression and postpartum depression.

Avocados are also rich in tryptophan, an amino acid that helps reduce stress and induce relaxation.

Aim to eat ½ or 1 avocado daily, by including it in your salads or smoothies.

8. Blueberries

Blueberries are full of antioxidants that support proper brain functioning and improve cognitive function. They are very effective against depression.

In a recent 2016 study by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, researchers conducted a series of studies in rats and found that eating blueberries could help reduce the genetic and biochemical drivers behind depression and suicidal tendencies associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Eating blueberries can also trigger the growth of new brain cells. In fact, the flavonoids found in blueberries help dopamine neurons in the brain survive much longer.

Also, blueberries contain mood-boosting nutrients like B-complex as well as selenium, zinc and potassium. All these nutrients have a positive effect on neurologic and brain health.

9. Spinach

When it comes to superfoods for fighting depression, dark leafy greens like spinach cannot be ignored.

Spinach is filled with nutrients, such as folic acid, magnesium, and zinc, which are important for brain health and fighting depression symptoms. These nutrients also ensure the proper functioning of the nerves and muscles.

Folic acid elevates a low mood and reduces fatigue. In fact, people who have low folic acid in the body are likely to experience depression symptoms, such as fatigue and apathy.

The folate in spinach aids serotonin regulation, which plays a major role in determining mood and regulating social behavior. Folate is also known to boost the effectiveness of antidepressants.

Magnesium, another nutrient in spinach, is needed for maintaining a proper serotonin level in the body. A low magnesium level can cause a drop in serotonin, leading to depression.

Try to eat more spinach by using it as a salad or green smoothie ingredient or adding it to your hot meals.

10. Asparagus

This versatile green veggie is also beneficial for people suffering from depression. Asparagus helps raise low folic acid levels that are linked to depression.

A 2002 study published in the BMJ states that folic acid is important in the nervous system at all ages, and its deficiency is linked to depression and dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, as well as vascular disease.

Asparagus also contains B vitamins, which are important for boosting mood. A 2005 study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology reports that it is important to consider folic acid and vitamin B12 for treatment of depression.

Plus, asparagus contains tryptophan, which increases serotonin in the brain and helps prevent depression and anxiety. A 2009 study published in the World Journal of Biological Psychiatry states that tryptophan works as an evolutionarily conserved signal to brain serotonin.

It is time to consider adding more asparagus to your home-cooked dishes to ward off negative thoughts and feelings.