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The possibility that violent non-state actors (VNSAs), including terrorists and criminals, might employ chemical or biological (CB) weapons has understandably attracted much attention in both policy and government circles. This is primarily a result of credible evidence of terrorist interest in these weapons and demonstrated terrorist willingness and capability, albeit thus far via conventional means, to inflict mass casualties. Much valuable research has been conducted in the areas of state possession of CB weapons, the vulnerability of industrial and commercial facilities to attack or infiltration, the technical capabilities required to construct CB weapons and preparations for dealing with the consequences of a large-scale chemical or biological attack. In contrast, the characteristics, decision-making and behaviors of the potential perpetrators themselves have thus far received far less attention.

Today, we are attempting to manage chaos. With the end of the Cold War, a number of troubling developments in the world have been unleashed, especially the proliferation of WMD. Biological weapons are an increasing threat ...

It generally is assumed that the threat of a U.S. nuclear strike deterred the intentional use of chemical and biological weapons by Iraq during the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Evidence suggests that this assumption might be ...

Over the course of the last 60 years, the international community built a weapons of mass
destruction (WMD) nonproliferation regime aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear, biological
and chemical weapons. The Nuclear ...