Cognitive function

Cognitive function is the process of perceiving or comprehending ideas. Research studies indicate that type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are associated with cognitive impairment.

This doesn’t mean that everyone with diabetes will have reduced cognitive ability but statistically, the risk of cognitive impairment is higher.

A meta-analysis of studies carried out in the Netherlands showed that type 1 diabetes is associated with slower mental speed and reduced mental flexibility but not learning or memory. No clear link was found between cognitive ability and control or duration of type 1 diabetes.

In type 2 diabetes, memory deficiencies are more common, along with reduced mental speed and executive function (the ability to organise and manage tasks).

Better diabetes control and fewer complications are linked with lower cognitive impairment. [55]

Hypoglycemia and cognitive dysfunction

The impact of hypoglycemia on cognitive dysfunction has been studied but the Dutch meta-analysis found no clear association between long term cognitive impairment and episodes of severe hypoglycemia. [54]

In the short term, such as during or straight after a period of hypoglycemia, low blood glucose can have a pronounced effect on our ability to carry out tasks.

For this reason, people with low blood glucose levels should not carry out potentially dangerous activities such as driving or operating certain machinery.

Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s is caused by damage to the nerves, brain cells and neurotransmitters in the outer layer of the brain, cerebral cortex.

The fact that outer layer of the brain is affected first draws some parallels to neuropathy which initially affects the extremities such as the hands and the feet.

Alzheimer’s has in fact been dubbed as ‘diabetes of the brain’ as a higher risk of Alzheimer’s has been found in people with insulin resistance.

Alzheimer’s can be treated with medications such as:

Donepezil

Galantamine

Rivastigmine

These medications help to slow down deterioration of the brain.

The NHS encourages people with Alzheimer’s to exercise their brain and cognitive stimulation programmes involving problem solving may be prescribed.