16. As lived Kiev (textbook)

- What the housing problem? Why is it always existed? As
solved and solved it?

- What other problems associated with
housing?

We live in Kiev. In one
beautiful cities on earth. It is for our hometown. But for each of us is
city in the first place - our apartment is our home, our yard. Modern living kievlyanin
mainly in the flat-rise building that grow before our eyes.
However, as the flat type accommodation appeared only in the late nineteenth century. What a
Accommodation Kiev was in ancient times?

Almost to the end
last century historians is about imagined look like houses
the inhabitants of ancient Kyiv. As their constructed of wood or other
short-lived materials, they are deemed to be lost. Therefore, most
historians and archaeologists were convinced that the majority lived Kiev
napivzemlyankah in small houses or clay or wood. But
70's Twentieth century. When laid underground at the hem, were made
sensational findings. At a depth of 12.10 m (!) Were dug targets
outside the ancient city. They were wooden and very well preserved, often
together with objects of house use. They seemed zakonservuvav river silt.
Due to the huge floods were recorded almost 4-meter layer of it.
Such a paradox here: for the then Kiev - grief, but for today's historians -
happiness. These findings led review idea of the shape of ancient Kyiv.

Source 1

(A) Excavations at the hem in 1972 Lower part
Housing frame

Us consider

-you think of a tree
built?

-How skriplyuvaly logs?

-Who lived in these houses?

(B) Commercial frame

Us consider

-you think what
serve this building?

-Compare with source 1 (a);
or different construction technique?

Glossary

Blockhouse - Way of the walls of buildings, structures of logs
or bars that lay horizontal rows, and in the corners and places of crossing
connecting vrubkamy.

Thus, the ancient Kyiv was mainly
wood. We built from solid pine logs, carefully cultivating their only
with axes. Between decks laid down - for insulation. Majority
were two-storeyed buildings: ground floor and economic, the second - residential.
Interestingly, between the houses were wooden bridges - not to go through the mud.
Some streets were laid out the same wooden decks. Tai streets were
quite wide - 3-6 pm

In the houses must have been
Stove with oven. Average house - even the small comprised of several
buildings and was surrounded oak fence. In many homes were
different things - pottery, various items of house use,
wood, bone, iron, lamps, jewelry, coins, etc..

Wealthy people of - and boyars
wealthy merchants - built the "mansion", which took over two floors. A roof covered with
tesom, tile, sheet lead. In the window glass or mica inserted. Palaces
princes, as historians suggest, could be constructed of brick (plinthoi) or
natural stone. Sanctuary poorest inhabitants of Kyiv was buried in
housing land like dugouts. During natural disasters and other difficulties such
dugouts were temporary shelter many townsmen.

Attacks enemies, natural disasters, fires, unfortunately, were often
phenomenon in the passersby. In the annals mentioned, including the fire at the hem in 1111,
1145, 1161, 1169, 1751, 1811, respectively. Especially scary was a fire
1811, which lasted three days. It not only destroyed almost all buildings
(About 2 thousand buildings), but also led to the deaths of many thousands
people. As mentioned witness those events Zakrevsky M., "The division was a great and
sad ruins, covered with ashes and a heap of brick, stone walls occasionally sticking and
chimneys, which had not collapse. " Suffered from fires and the Upper City and
Pechersk.

Working in pairs (groups)

- Using the description (text), identify which facilities
presented in the source 2.

- Who (which representatives of social groups) lived in them;
why housing is built this way?

"Houses in this city luxury, high and built of logs,
that vystruhani inside and outside.

Us consider

-what can you say about housing
Kiev XVI-XIX Art.?

-Does it significantly
dwellings of ancient Kyiv?

-Bring your mind,
comparing the relevant sources.

So, until XVIII-XIXArt. Accommodation Kiev
fundamentally little changed. Designs of houses were so
successful and adapted to local conditions, which depicted a century
century. And the lifestyle and occupation of Kiev not changed very much. Although
of course, were and change - have become more extensive use of clay (it daubed
wooden frame), some large houses of wealthy families already built with bricks.

Most buildings were rectangular
form. Usually from one room and porch.

Accommodation Kiev wealthy few roofs,
decorated with architectural details that made them folk artists. (House
Artemyhy at the hem (source 3 (c)).

The basis of the same city building, still
were family estates. Kyiv tradition in many of them were not only
farm buildings, but city and garden. Their fruit went to the family table.

В XVIII-XIXArt. in Kiev, which became the center
province, live or feel the need to have many rich and Residences
noble families. Not surprising, since in this major city is there are two imperial
Residences - Klovsky Mariyiyinskyy and palaces. They live the king or members of
Imperial family when visiting Kyiv. For such families build rich
Mansions - large stone buildings.

Source 4

(A) of the Mariinsky Palace

(B) House Commander of Kiev Military District

(C) House of Peter

Us consider

- More
these structures differ from conventional Kiev houses?

- For
whom they were built?

In the second half of XIX century. Kiev began in "construction
fever, associated with rapid development of industry. In the city, mainly in
center, erected comfortable tenement houses for the wealthy townsmen. On
the first floor is placed offices of various banks and institutions
film and photographic studio, shops.

However, many people who came to Kyiv to
work in industry, needed housing. There are beginning to
build so-called profitable houses - for different categories of employers. Their
owners might give room to the apartment and rentals. Thus, the notion of "flat" in
the modern sense emerged relatively recently - in late XIX -
early twentieth century. Most Kiev, still lived in their houses.

The area of apartment houses in the second half profit XIX-
beginningXXArt. divided into: small (3-4room)
total area of 80 square meters., medium (6-7kimnatni) total
area of 120 square meters. and large (7-10kimnatni) the total area of 180-200Apt. Cheap City
apartments for workers and low-income population consisted with 1-2 rooms
and kitchen with total area of 30-50 square meters. c. The prices depend on area
arrangement, locations and averaged 80-200 rubles
annually. In the suburbs the same apartment cost twice cheaper.

In the standard version of the income apartment building
consisted of the following mandatory premises: office, living room, dining room and bedroom.
For larger apartments existed as children's rooms and rooms for servants,
more bedrooms, large apartments - library, boudoir, a room for guests.
Kitchen adjoined to the "black" staircase, its dimensions were 8-16 square meters.
Many apartments have bathroom with toilet. In the flats could be
also hall, lobby, mezzanine, pantry, loggias and balconies. In many apartments -
rooms for servants.

Early XXArt.
Most buildings have central steam heating. In kitchens installed
wood-burning oven later - with gas and electric brass cabinets.

Source 5

(A)From the description of a house in L. Ginzburg
st. Nicholas. House is preserved in its place now - the hotel
"Ukraine".

"Built
in 1900 For a very rich look of it is sometimes called Kiev
Paris. Occupied an area about one thousand square meters. He had 8 floors (6
main, basement and attic) and two commercial extensions. Was built
Stone (bricks), height about 40 m. the building was richly decorated
modeling and sculpture. On the upper floors were magnificent grand staircase, and near
them was an elevator - one of the first in the city (it cost the owner
11 thousand 500 rubles - huge money at the time). In general, building
cost over 500 thousand! It was equipped with electricity, steam heating, water. Each apartment had one or two
water closet, bathroom, kitchen. All have parquet floors, the walls
expensive wallpaper, stucco, gilding. The yard was closed, it led Fishnet
iron gate. He was asphalted, it was built under the Commercial
premises.

(B) returns home

Us consider

-Why the late XIX - early XXArt. unfolded mass construction?

-How do you understand what "profitableand house?

-Who lived in those buildings?

(C) N. Nosov, A children's writer. From the story "Secret of the bottom
well "

"? House, in
where the father rented an apartment, five-story was not as I expected
(Or more precisely as I wanted), and one story, besides some
gray, a poor, sad-looking. There were several apartments. Having to
small, three steps, porch, you fall into the wooden porch with a cold
latticed window on the wall to the ceiling? From the porch door led directly to
kitchen where the wall clave left his side a large oven
with a huge black, open-wide open mouth. In front of the mouth was
window that went out, but not in the yard, and porch. Consequently, even in the kitchen
in a very sunny day was twilight. From the kitchen door leading to single rooms with
single window that looked out into the street. "

(D)A. Konchalovsky, D. Malakov. From
book "Kyiv Mikhail Bulgakov"

"Chepurnyy,
typical two-storey house in Kyiv Kudriavskyi lane? Comfortable
five-room apartments located on the second floor. It led from the street
Staircase in one march. In the front office went out the window, living room and bedroom
parents. In the living room, like all intelligent families at that time, stood a piano,
Provided here all family holidays, name days, Christmas trees. From the second bedroom door
led into a room of children. Child windows, dining room and kitchen out to a small
Green podvir'yachko where cascading steep wooden staircase.

(E) A. Makarov,
kyyevoznavets

"End
Nineteenth century. in Kiev were 12 so-called nichlizhok at 1280 places, including
thousands of places in two shelters and Nicholas Theodore Tereschenkos. Tereschenkovskaya
shelters operated free of charge. They were comfortable and clean. In the other was
5 cents per night. This is described as "flat kopiychanu" policeman of that time:
"? In the three rooms I saw 58 people lying on the floor, side by side
so dense that it was difficult to bend the legs, not even posteleno straw.
The air in the room was humid, sultry, fetid.

Us consider

-Why so much accommodation described
differ from each other?

-Inhabited by those who could not afford
rent an apartment?

Kiev legend.

During construction fever customers and architects sought
build extraordinary homes. like to compete - whose house is the most abundant
and original. It became fashionable to build homes similar to medieval
castles in the so-called Gothic style. Of course, it was only imitation - more
or less successful. A medieval castles in the common man is always called
association with ghosts, grim legends. Probably because each of these houses
obrostav legends.

The most famous of these houses - the house of Richard "on
St. Andrew's downhill. It was built by order of the Kiev businessman
D. Orlov earlyXXArt. Orlov died shortly after
building and moved to new house owners. And the city began to spread immediately
RumorsThat dwells in the house of evil forces.
Indeed, in, apartments often heard horrible sounds in chimneys and ventilation
tubes, especially in windy weather. Apparently, soon home owners
ruined it, but found daredevil who dokopavsya to the real reason
terrible sound. It was one of the inhabitants - a professor of history S. Golubev. He
found that the thing was? eggshell. Contractor angered workers
(Probably paid less than agreed) and they kept the little shell
hole in the chimney. When the wind rose, they buzzed terribly?

Maybe
Yet there is something in these legends? At least, Richard House a few years ago

was purchased, restored it, was intended to be a hotel. Butso
and for some reason did not. Rumor has it that he has several times changed owners.

Help

Vladislav
V. Gorodetsky (1863-1930 biennium)

- Prominent architect

End
XIX - early XX century. Kyiv has covered this "construction boom". We built
hotels, churches of different denominations, schools, sports facilities, cottages,
markets, theaters and many other buildings. Each of these buildings was a unique
Each was built with its own individual project, and suffered a
sophistication and elegance. Many famous architects have made a lot of effort
building a architectural masterpieces. One of them was Vladislav V.
Gorodetsky. By birth a Pole, born in the family estate in Sholud'ky on
Vinnichchine. But most of his life in Kiev - a city where
architect devoted the best years of his life.

The first
Horodetskyi object built in Kiev was a shooting gallery on a wooden
Lukyanovke. Exquisite taste of the artist was immediately seen by Kiev elite.
Order a variety of architectural objects follow one after another. Buildings
built in Kiev on projects Gorodetsky difficult to even enumerate. Most
known of these is the Historical Museum (now the National Art Museum),
Karaims'ka kenasa Street Fifth Ave, Church of St. Nicholas, where the first
was used reinforced concrete floors.

But the most famous architect of Kiev citizens for their "House of
chimeras. On all sides of the house is decorated with sculptures of Naiad, dolphins,
lizards and other fanciful images made of high quality cement.
Apparently, this was a favorite artist's creation, as he settled in this house
occupying the best apartments of ten rooms.

With this
house connected with another well-known Kiev legend - you can still hear.
Ostensibly a customer of the house was a merchant, whose daughter mad
through unhappy love. And visions of this poor girl's architect described in
as "chimeras". In fact, Gorodetsky tried to portray their trophies,
obtained on a hunt in Africa. It was an artist in another passion -
hunting. Repeatedly won various awards hunting. Furthermore
hunting for spaces of the Far East to Africa. Very often brought different
exotic exhibits are transferred to museums and live animals Kiev zoo.

Hard
imagine that in addition to designing buildings in Gorodetsky enough time yet
and the design of furniture, jewelry, stained glass, stone carvings.

For
Gorodetsky Kyiv became friends and favorite cities, but a Civil War
and the changes it brought to his life architect decided to go abroad
to Poland, which also ceased its activities. After all, it gets even
contracts in Iran, where the station building, theater, hotel, palace of the Shah.

January 3
1930 Vladislav Gorodetsky dies. He was buried at the Roman Catholic
cemetery in the capital Tehran, Iran. Kiyani, honoring outstanding achievements
architect, called the street where he lived Gorodetsky his name.

During Soviet rule, which proclaimed itself the power
Workers and peasants, workers and took care of most poor
population. Therefore 20-30-ies of XX century. family workers and
officials in poselyaly once luxurious apartments and more wealthy townsmen.
But one family, but in several. These apartments were called "communal".
Here's how Mark Golub recalls kievlyanin such housing: "In
mid 30's our family was one of eight residential rooms of large apartment
where there were also hallway, corridor, two bathrooms? The kitchen stove was great, but
never been stoked - it stood 8 "kerosynok" - the number of rooms
and families who occupy them. All lived in apartment 25. ? All Years
I do not remember any scandal, neighbors lived together and helped each other,
that in fact it was not typical of "communal".

Inconvenience of living together and forced to share
using the bathroom or toilet often led to conflicts between residents.
Although it was a different way - between neighbors on "komunaltsi" installed great
relationship. Everything depended on the people.

Housing problem faced particularly acute after the war.
Many houses were destroyed Kiev. Had to settle where the need. As
mentioned kievlyanin L. Grin, "One family
housing where previously wipers kept his farm, and where in the trash
carried buckets? Also lived in the attic? Pigeons bred straight dudes "in their
home. We lived four years in the basement. And our police precinct a
time lived in their work - directly in the office. " In the postwar years, not
housing and had many thousands of workers who came to Kyiv for restoration
cities, factories, mills.

Rozpytayemo
expert.

(A)M. Kalnytskyy about
Kyiv housing workers beginning XXArt.

Where they lived.

"The problem
homeless local workers resolved differently. Most primitive
option would stay in employer employee directly (in this
position were about 17% of respondents). In fact, it is meant to hold in
boss dirty corner house, during which the owner was not ashamed of even graze
vtrydoroha. "At boss apartments – discussed in
analysis of questionnaires, – agree
people completely overwhelmed by poverty, who have lost all their cultural needs by
endless work. Arriving at this apartment, the worker is sent to all
service to the host, everything falls lower and lower, and if it somehow
able phenomenally popular and unpopular with the yoke of these conditions into a lumpen-proletariat, working hours
interrupted only by deeply awful.

The vast
Most craft workers lived in hired apartments. But the concept
"Flat" here needs to be clarified. Of these, only percent Soroka (mainly
for married workers) are really separate apartments – mostly one-room, the rest rented
rooms, and even half the room, nook or bed. They lived, of course, in
terrible crush, but there was no other choice – had to save. Cheapest – literally a few cents per night or very
gift – spared casual
shelters, but they were little, so eager to get there long lines yet occupied
dark.

It would seem
that time "building fever" in Kiev, had filled the housing market and lead
prices of small apartments with acceptable even for low-income population.
Actually turned out differently. Because of hectic nature of construction work
and spared expensive materials, so that homeowners in the pursuit of "juice"
maintained very high tariffs. As testified statistics, expensive housing
Kyiv took the first places in the world.

Monthly rental of single-room apartment with kitchen
kievlyaninu get along at an average of 12.8 rubles. For room he had already put
15.24 rub.,

Results
survey showed that 70% of all family income does not exceed
600 rub. per year, ie 50 rubles. per month. And the average wage
skilled-worker husband was 445 rubles a year. 11 kopecks. Lion
share of these amounts eaten so-called basic needs – housing, food, clothing.

(B)With
memories Oleg Anisimov, 2002

"One day 25 years ago? I was in classical komunaltsi where
11 rooms inhabited (huddled) 11 families. Clearly, the toilet was
11 (!) Bulbs on the walls like garlands on the tree was decorated with New Year
11 circles for the toilet? "

Let us consider:

- What
communal apartments where they were and why?

- How consisted relations between neighbors in komunaltsi? Of
which it depended?

- Why not sharp enough housing in the postwar years? As
had to solve the problem?

- What do you
opinion, should have been done to ensure people flat?

In 50-ies Twentieth century., At the initiative of then
leader of the country Khrushchev began mass construction of cheap, maximum
simplified housing. These houses were called "Chruschev. The component elements
new, mostly five-story buildings, made of special
plants - plant. Then ready design
transported by special vehicles construction sites, where they quickly
collect houses. Sometimes spending a few months or even weeks.
Accommodation provided free of charge according to the queue. But his course Kievites
had to wait many years, sometimes for life. Over time, an apartment can be
buy - so-called co-operative apartment.

But excessive construction led to the savings that
? Kitchen was so small that family members of four had
dine at a time. ? Bathroom been combined with a toilet? low ceilings. What there
say, for some, and pass in the kitchen was narrowish. However, these modest buildings
helped the country to solve the housing problem. Today in Kiev, operating more than
2000 "Krushchevka. The first inhabitants of these houses, people are elderly,
no mention of historical events and everyday life of days in the past, past life ... "

(B)Mark
DoveJournalist.

"Today it is home? does not meet modern
requirements. But do not forget, when and under what conditions it appears. In addition,
should be considered another very important factor: the construction of these houses
It was envisaged that they will be used 50, most 70 years, then
replace them new homes. That's the deadline? "

Let us consider:

- What is a "neighborhood"? What are the benefits of such development?

- How do you think, why the apartment was so small?

- What is the "problem Krushchevka? Invite as her
can be solved?

Source 6

(A) Typical "hruschovki"

(B)T. Tsymbal, Ukrainian trains
television, with memories

"What
happiness - our family gets a separate apartment! We can not enjoy the their
tiny "mansion": quartic albeit small, but private bathroom,
kitchen! Dad maystruye sliding door in the room to increase space. My
husband live in a large 40-meter room on the communal
Pushkinskaya. His mother no circumstances wants to move to center
neighborhood. It does not attract even a separate apartment. Ahow can I
I will walk on dacha? "- she asked."

Let us consider:

- Why so happy people, getting a new apartment?

- Why do not all want to leave their homes in the city center?

- What are the advantages and disadvantages of such housing?

In 70 to 80 years Twentieth century. there are new
neighborhoods with multi-building with an elevator, spacious rooms and
additional rent. Construction of prefabricated parts, as in previous
times, gave many the opportunity to build new housing. But it needed all
more and more.

Source 7

Modern
homes

Let us consider:

- The different buildings and new "hruschovki? Is
fundamental differences?

- In what house you live? Do you like your
House and flat? Why?

Accommodation Kiev changed, changed living conditions. A
as society at home poznachavsya Kiev? Try to make representation
about it, considered separate things and everyday scenes from different periods.
Compare shown below with modern everyday things the same purpose.

"While the yskrennyuyu
gratitude dobrosovestnыm contributor for housing and utilities services, and
those in the cityKiev svыshe 558 thousand, which nearly 61 sostavlyayut% From all
platelschykov for housing and utilities services.Obraschaemsya, first of debtor k, s
nemedlenno a request and pay debts in the future to pay for
housing and utilities services svoevremenno obъeme and in full. Otherwise case,
k debtor will upotreblenы predusmotrennыe existing applicable law
events for return of Dolgov "».

Us consider

- Which raises the problem source? Why it exists in different
times?

- Why pay rent? Where the money go?

- What services should be provided for them?

- Find out whether the rent paid by your family?

Source 10

From the report of the Kiev press

In Kiev 8
September 2008 celebrated a birthday at home. This house is not
better and no worse than others. Not the latest, and oldest. Just home,
house whose inhabitants suddenly discovered that his anniversary - 50 years.
In the yard, the street Kikvidze, 2 set tables, the hostess brought food,
Journalists and invited guests of honor. The feast began with toast,
memories, with songs and plans?

In
the past with great respect the birthday homes.
The facade of the house wrote his first birthday. Over time, this tradition was
lost. So it decided to revive pecheryany noted Birthday
his house and around it was clear that the holiday is for them real. Very
I would like to know about this idea and other people of organized too small
(Good) holidays in their backyards in our difficult time.

A poet
Peter Osadchuk house residents gave some of their new books from
Entitled "family legacy". He? Rejoiced together with owners and holidays
encouraged to make these annual celebrations.

Idea
everyone enjoyed the famous poet, therefore, be continued. And if you celebrate
On the last day of his birth house?

Let us consider:

- When the house was built-birthday? What you can about
it say?

- Why tenants staged a holiday?

- Do you like this idea? Why?

- Would you like to celebrate your birthday
house?

For discussion

- Which depended on the choice of housing and depends Kiev?

- Why is a modern city, mostly multi?

- Is it possible to solve the "housing problem"?

- How different modern appliances
devices from the past? What is their advantage?

Submit
parents

-Make a description of your apartment.

-Find out when the
build your home.

-Discuss in the state
hold your house? Do you like cleanliness in the entrance way neat cabin
lift? From depends on the attractiveness of your home?