aquaporin-2

DEFINITION:

Also called WCH-CD, this water channel makes the principal cells of the inner medullary collecting duct in the kidneys more permeable to water. Lack of functional aquaporin-2 gene leads to a rare form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

water channel

DEFINITION:

A channel in the plasma membrane of plant and animal cells that permits passage of water molecules; chemical substances such as vasopressin cause the opening of new channels and increase permeability.

apical plasma membrane

DEFINITION:

Indicating the apex of the plasma membrane.

collecting duct

DEFINITION:

See under duct.

epithelial cells

DEFINITION:

Cells that cover the surface of the body and line its cavities.

basolateral

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to the base and the sides.

localization

DEFINITION:

1. The determination of the site or place of any process or lesion. 2. Restriction to a circumscribed or limited area. 3. Prelocalization.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

inner medullary collecting duct

DEFINITION:

The distal part of the renal tubule, including the loop of Henle, lying within the medulla.

IMCD

DEFINITION:

Inner medullary collecting duct.

in vitro

DEFINITION:

Within a glass; observable in a test tube; in an artificial environment.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

antidiuretic

DEFINITION:

1. Suppressing the rate of urine formation.

2. An agent that suppresses urine formation.

mediated

DEFINITION:

Accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium.

vasopressin V(2) receptor

DEFINITION:

The molecular structure within a cell or on the surface to which the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin, binds.

V2R

DEFINITION:

Vasopressin-2 receptor.

IMCD

DEFINITION:

Inner medullary collecting duct.

immunohistochemistry

DEFINITION:

See immunohistochemical .

kidneys

DEFINITION:

A pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

Sprague-Dawley rats

DEFINITION:

A strain of albino rats developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company, widely used in experimental work because of their calmness and ease of handling.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

localization

DEFINITION:

1. The determination of the site or place of any process or lesion. 2. Restriction to a circumscribed or limited area. 3. Prelocalization.

administration

DEFINITION:

1. The act of dispensing.

2. Application, as of a salve, medicine, etc.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

immunohistochemistry

DEFINITION:

See immunohistochemical .

IMCD

DEFINITION:

Inner medullary collecting duct.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

diffuse

DEFINITION:

1. Not definitely limited or localized; widely distributed.

2. To pass through or to spread widely through a tissue or structure.

cytoplasmic

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to or contained in the cytoplasm.

localization

DEFINITION:

1. The determination of the site or place of any process or lesion. 2. Restriction to a circumscribed or limited area. 3. Prelocalization.

apical

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to or located at the apex.

basolateral membrane

DEFINITION:

See under membrane.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

redistribution

DEFINITION:

1. The alteration of distribution of.

2. The act of spreading to other areas.

connecting tubule

DEFINITION:

See under tubule.

cortical collecting duct

DEFINITION:

Also known as the "cortical collecting tubule," the more proximal parts of the renal tubule, lying within the cortex.

outer medullary collecting duct

DEFINITION:

See medullary collecting duct .

IMCD

DEFINITION:

Inner medullary collecting duct.

basolateral

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to the base and the sides.

localization

DEFINITION:

1. The determination of the site or place of any process or lesion. 2. Restriction to a circumscribed or limited area. 3. Prelocalization.

redistribution

DEFINITION:

1. The alteration of distribution of.

2. The act of spreading to other areas.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

V2R

DEFINITION:

Vasopressin-2 receptor.

mediated

DEFINITION:

Accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium.

redistribution

DEFINITION:

1. The alteration of distribution of.

2. The act of spreading to other areas.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

cytoplasmic vesicles

DEFINITION:

Small bladders or sacs contained in the cytoplasm.

apical

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to or located at the apex.

basolateral plasma membrane

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to the base and sides or situated at the base and sides of the plasma membrane.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

vasopressin

DEFINITION:

1. One of two octapeptide hormones formed by the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), the other being oxytocin. It stimulates the contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arterioles, raising the blood pressure. It promotes contraction of the intestinal musculature and increases peristalsis, and also exerts some contractile influence on the uterus. It also has a specific effect on the epithelial cells of the distal portion of the uriniferous tubule, augmenting resorption of water independently of solutes, resulting in concentration of urine and dilution of blood serum. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma.

2. [USP], A pharmaceutical preparation of the same principle, prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of healthy domestic animals used for food by man; used mainly as an antidiuretic in the treatment of acute or chronic diabetes insipidus, administered intramuscularly as a test of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial-renal function in distinguishing central from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; it may also be used to stimulate smooth muscle tissue, especially to induce vasoconstriction in the presence of hemorrhage. Called also antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

cell membrane

DEFINITION:

Plasma membrane.

cell

DEFINITION:

1. Any one of the minute protoplasmic masses that make up organized tissue, consisting of a nucleus which is surrounded by cytoplasm which contains the various organelles and is enclosed in the cell or plasma membrane. A cell is the fundamental, structural, and functional unit of living organisms.

2. A small, more or less closed space.

neuroglial cells - The cells of the supportive tissue of the central nervous system (neuroglia); these non-neural cells are of three kinds: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes (collectively termed macroglia) and microglia.

reticular cells - The cells forming the reticular fibers of connective tissue; those forming the framework of lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen are part of the reticuloendothelial system and under appropriate stimulation may differentiate into macrophages.

stem cell - 1. Any precursor cell.

2. A blood cell progenitor, or mother cell, having the capacity for both replication and differentiation, and giving rise to various morphologically recognizable precursors of different blood cell lines, such as the proerythrocyte and myeloblast, which cannot self-replicate and must differentiate into more mature daughter cells.

perimeter

DEFINITION:

1. A line forming the boundary of a plane figure.

2. An apparatus for determining the extent of the peripheral visual field on a curved surface.

membrane

DEFINITION:

A thin layer of tissue which covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ.

apical membrane - Pertaining to or located at the apex.

basolateral membrane - Pertaining to the base and sides.

plasma membrane - The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees.

postsynaptic membrane - The area of plasma membrane of a postsynaptic cell, either a muscle fiber or a neuron, that is within the synapse and has areas especially adapted for receiving neurotransmitters.

presynaptic membrane - Area of the plasma membrane of a presynaptic axon that is within the synapse and has sites (active zones) especially adapted for the release of neurotransmitters.

semipermeable membrane - A membrane that permits the passage of a solvent, such as water, but prevents the passage of the dissolved substance, or solute.

apical membrane

DEFINITION:

See under membrane.

basolateral membrane

DEFINITION:

See under membrane.

aquaporin-2

DEFINITION:

Also called WCH-CD, this water channel makes the principal cells of the inner medullary collecting duct in the kidneys more permeable to water. Lack of functional aquaporin-2 gene leads to a rare form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

protein

DEFINITION:

Any of a group of complex organic compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur, the characteristic element being nitrogen, and which are widely distributed in plants and animals. Proteins, the principal constituents of the protoplasm of all cells, are of high molecular weight and consist essentially of combinations of a-amino acids in peptide linkages. Twenty different amino acids are commonly found in proteins, and each protein has a unique, genetically defined amino acid sequence which determines its specific shape and function. They serve as enzymes, structural elements, hormones, immunoglobulins, etc., and are involved in oxygen transport, muscle contraction, electron transport, and other activities throughout the body, and in photosynthesis.

binding protein - any of a number of plasma proteins (See below) that bind to hormones of low solubility (chiefly the thyroid and steroid hormones), thus providing a transport system for them; some are specific for particular hormones, while others bind to any sparingly soluble hormones. Called also carrier protein or transport protein (See below).

carrier proteins - A binding protein (See above).

plasma proteins - The hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins (such as albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotensin and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins.

transport protein - binding protein (See above).

triggered

DEFINITION:

1. Initiated, actuated, or set off.

2. Fired by pulling a trigger.

hormone

DEFINITION:

A product of living cells that circulates in body fluids and produces a specific effect on the activity of cells remote from its point of origin; especially: one exerting a stimulatory effect on a cellular activity.

hypophysiotropic hormones - Hormones produced by the hypothalamus, usually releasing hormones (see below), which maintain the endocrine functions of cells of the adenohypophysis.

neurohormone - A hormone secreted by a specialized neuron into the bloodstream, the cerebrospinal fluid, or the intercellular spaces of the nervous system.

releasing hormones - Hormones elaborated in one structure that cause the release of hormones from another structure, such as those from the hypothalamus that act on the adenohypophysis. The term is applied to substances of established chemical identity, whereas substances of unknown chemical structure are called releasing factors .

cell

DEFINITION:

1. Any one of the minute protoplasmic masses that make up organized tissue, consisting of a nucleus which is surrounded by cytoplasm which contains the various organelles and is enclosed in the cell or plasma membrane. A cell is the fundamental, structural, and functional unit of living organisms.

2. A small, more or less closed space.

neuroglial cells - The cells of the supportive tissue of the central nervous system (neuroglia); these non-neural cells are of three kinds: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes (collectively termed macroglia) and microglia.

reticular cells - The cells forming the reticular fibers of connective tissue; those forming the framework of lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen are part of the reticuloendothelial system and under appropriate stimulation may differentiate into macrophages.

stem cell - 1. Any precursor cell.

2. A blood cell progenitor, or mother cell, having the capacity for both replication and differentiation, and giving rise to various morphologically recognizable precursors of different blood cell lines, such as the proerythrocyte and myeloblast, which cannot self-replicate and must differentiate into more mature daughter cells.

apical membrane

DEFINITION:

See under membrane.

cell membrane

DEFINITION:

Plasma membrane.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

cells

DEFINITION:

See definitions for "cell."

principal cells

DEFINITION:

1. The fundamental cells of an organ, which usually have a specific function.

2. The principal cells are the chief cells, i.e., the most abundant cells of the parathyroid glands, being polygonal epithelial cells with a granular cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei, arranged in plates or cords, and which are rich in glycogen: the clear cells are more numerous and have relatively large nuclei and clear cytoplasm with few granules, while the dark cells are smaller with smaller and darker nuclei and finely granular cytoplasm with many granules. Intermediate forms also exist.

kidney collecting duct

DEFINITION:

Also known as the tubulus renalis colligens , or renal collecting tubule: that structure of the kidney consisting of the arcuate renal tubule, straight collecting tubule, and papillary duct considered together.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

membranes

DEFINITION:

See definitions for "membrane."

kidney collecting duct

DEFINITION:

Also known as the tubulus renalis colligens , or renal collecting tubule: that structure of the kidney consisting of the arcuate renal tubule, straight collecting tubule, and papillary duct considered together.

principal cells

DEFINITION:

1. The fundamental cells of an organ, which usually have a specific function.

2. The principal cells are the chief cells, i.e., the most abundant cells of the parathyroid glands, being polygonal epithelial cells with a granular cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei, arranged in plates or cords, and which are rich in glycogen: the clear cells are more numerous and have relatively large nuclei and clear cytoplasm with few granules, while the dark cells are smaller with smaller and darker nuclei and finely granular cytoplasm with many granules. Intermediate forms also exist.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

concentrate

DEFINITION:

1. To bring to a common center; to gather together at one point.

2. To increase the strength by diminishing the bulk of, as of a liquid; to condense.

3. A drug or other preparation that has been strengthened by the evaporation of its non-active parts.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

body water balance

DEFINITION:

See fluid balance.

vasopressin

DEFINITION:

1. One of two octapeptide hormones formed by the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), the other being oxytocin. It stimulates the contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arterioles, raising the blood pressure. It promotes contraction of the intestinal musculature and increases peristalsis, and also exerts some contractile influence on the uterus. It also has a specific effect on the epithelial cells of the distal portion of the uriniferous tubule, augmenting resorption of water independently of solutes, resulting in concentration of urine and dilution of blood serum. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma.

2. [USP], A pharmaceutical preparation of the same principle, prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of healthy domestic animals used for food by man; used mainly as an antidiuretic in the treatment of acute or chronic diabetes insipidus, administered intramuscularly as a test of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial-renal function in distinguishing central from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; it may also be used to stimulate smooth muscle tissue, especially to induce vasoconstriction in the presence of hemorrhage. Called also antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

hormone

DEFINITION:

A product of living cells that circulates in body fluids and produces a specific effect on the activity of cells remote from its point of origin; especially: one exerting a stimulatory effect on a cellular activity.

hypophysiotropic hormones - Hormones produced by the hypothalamus, usually releasing hormones (see below), which maintain the endocrine functions of cells of the adenohypophysis.

neurohormone - A hormone secreted by a specialized neuron into the bloodstream, the cerebrospinal fluid, or the intercellular spaces of the nervous system.

releasing hormones - Hormones elaborated in one structure that cause the release of hormones from another structure, such as those from the hypothalamus that act on the adenohypophysis. The term is applied to substances of established chemical identity, whereas substances of unknown chemical structure are called releasing factors .

molecular sequence

DEFINITION:

See definition 3 under sequence.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

apical membrane

DEFINITION:

See under membrane.

kidney collecting duct cells

DEFINITION:

Kidney collecting duct cells are cells which are mainly located in the medulla of the kidney. In the kidney, the blood fluid is filtered into tubules (nephrons) where electrolytes, water, and many other components are reabsorbed or even secreted. Collecting duct cells are at the end of such nephrons. Here, water is reabsorbed from the urine, and therefore, urine becomes concentrated. Reabsorption of water in collecting duct cells is regulated by the V2 vasopressin receptor. Inactivating mutations of V2 vasopressin receptor result in a loss of water reabsorption in collecting duct cellsthe cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (Schöneberg).

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

membrane

DEFINITION:

A thin layer of tissue which covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ.

apical membrane - Pertaining to or located at the apex.

basolateral membrane - Pertaining to the base and sides.

plasma membrane - The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees.

postsynaptic membrane - The area of plasma membrane of a postsynaptic cell, either a muscle fiber or a neuron, that is within the synapse and has areas especially adapted for receiving neurotransmitters.

presynaptic membrane - Area of the plasma membrane of a presynaptic axon that is within the synapse and has sites (active zones) especially adapted for the release of neurotransmitters.

semipermeable membrane - A membrane that permits the passage of a solvent, such as water, but prevents the passage of the dissolved substance, or solute.

hormone

DEFINITION:

A product of living cells that circulates in body fluids and produces a specific effect on the activity of cells remote from its point of origin; especially: one exerting a stimulatory effect on a cellular activity.

hypophysiotropic hormones - Hormones produced by the hypothalamus, usually releasing hormones (see below), which maintain the endocrine functions of cells of the adenohypophysis.

neurohormone - A hormone secreted by a specialized neuron into the bloodstream, the cerebrospinal fluid, or the intercellular spaces of the nervous system.

releasing hormones - Hormones elaborated in one structure that cause the release of hormones from another structure, such as those from the hypothalamus that act on the adenohypophysis. The term is applied to substances of established chemical identity, whereas substances of unknown chemical structure are called releasing factors .

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

redistributing

DEFINITION:

1. Altering the distribution of.

2. Spreading to other areas.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

cell

DEFINITION:

1. Any one of the minute protoplasmic masses that make up organized tissue, consisting of a nucleus which is surrounded by cytoplasm which contains the various organelles and is enclosed in the cell or plasma membrane. A cell is the fundamental, structural, and functional unit of living organisms.

2. A small, more or less closed space.

neuroglial cells - The cells of the supportive tissue of the central nervous system (neuroglia); these non-neural cells are of three kinds: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes (collectively termed macroglia) and microglia.

reticular cells - The cells forming the reticular fibers of connective tissue; those forming the framework of lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen are part of the reticuloendothelial system and under appropriate stimulation may differentiate into macrophages.

stem cell - 1. Any precursor cell.

2. A blood cell progenitor, or mother cell, having the capacity for both replication and differentiation, and giving rise to various morphologically recognizable precursors of different blood cell lines, such as the proerythrocyte and myeloblast, which cannot self-replicate and must differentiate into more mature daughter cells.

cell membrane

DEFINITION:

Plasma membrane.

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

concentrate

DEFINITION:

1. To bring to a common center; to gather together at one point.

2. To increase the strength by diminishing the bulk of, as of a liquid; to condense.

3. A drug or other preparation that has been strengthened by the evaporation of its non-active parts.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

collecting duct cells

DEFINITION:

The cells of the renal collecting tubule: the arcuate renal tubule, straight collecting tubule, and papillary duct considered together.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

cell membrane

DEFINITION:

Plasma membrane.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

concentrate

DEFINITION:

1. To bring to a common center; to gather together at one point.

2. To increase the strength by diminishing the bulk of, as of a liquid; to condense.

3. A drug or other preparation that has been strengthened by the evaporation of its non-active parts.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

cell

DEFINITION:

1. Any one of the minute protoplasmic masses that make up organized tissue, consisting of a nucleus which is surrounded by cytoplasm which contains the various organelles and is enclosed in the cell or plasma membrane. A cell is the fundamental, structural, and functional unit of living organisms.

2. A small, more or less closed space.

neuroglial cells - The cells of the supportive tissue of the central nervous system (neuroglia); these non-neural cells are of three kinds: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes (collectively termed macroglia) and microglia.

reticular cells - The cells forming the reticular fibers of connective tissue; those forming the framework of lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen are part of the reticuloendothelial system and under appropriate stimulation may differentiate into macrophages.

stem cell - 1. Any precursor cell.

2. A blood cell progenitor, or mother cell, having the capacity for both replication and differentiation, and giving rise to various morphologically recognizable precursors of different blood cell lines, such as the proerythrocyte and myeloblast, which cannot self-replicate and must differentiate into more mature daughter cells.

apical

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to or located at the apex.

basolateral

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to the base and the sides.

membrane

DEFINITION:

A thin layer of tissue which covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ.

apical membrane - Pertaining to or located at the apex.

basolateral membrane - Pertaining to the base and sides.

plasma membrane - The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees.

postsynaptic membrane - The area of plasma membrane of a postsynaptic cell, either a muscle fiber or a neuron, that is within the synapse and has areas especially adapted for receiving neurotransmitters.

presynaptic membrane - Area of the plasma membrane of a presynaptic axon that is within the synapse and has sites (active zones) especially adapted for the release of neurotransmitters.

semipermeable membrane - A membrane that permits the passage of a solvent, such as water, but prevents the passage of the dissolved substance, or solute.

principal cells

DEFINITION:

1. The fundamental cells of an organ, which usually have a specific function.

2. The principal cells are the chief cells, i.e., the most abundant cells of the parathyroid glands, being polygonal epithelial cells with a granular cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei, arranged in plates or cords, and which are rich in glycogen: the clear cells are more numerous and have relatively large nuclei and clear cytoplasm with few granules, while the dark cells are smaller with smaller and darker nuclei and finely granular cytoplasm with many granules. Intermediate forms also exist.

kidney collecting duct

DEFINITION:

Also known as the tubulus renalis colligens , or renal collecting tubule: that structure of the kidney consisting of the arcuate renal tubule, straight collecting tubule, and papillary duct considered together.

connecting tubule

DEFINITION:

See under tubule.

vasopressin-2 receptor

DEFINITION:

The molecular structure within a cell or on the surface to which the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin, binds.

V2R

DEFINITION:

Vasopressin-2 receptor.

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

cell membranes

DEFINITION:

Plasma membranes

V2R

DEFINITION:

Vasopressin-2 receptor.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.

translocation

DEFINITION:

A structural chromosome aberration in which one segment of a chromosome is transferred to a nonhomologous chromosome, the result of breakage of both chromosomes with repair in abnormal arrangement.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

apical membrane

DEFINITION:

See under membrane.

oxytocin

DEFINITION:

1. An octapeptide, one of the major hormones made in the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, the other being vasopressin. It has uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting actions. It contributes to the second stage of labor. 2. The same oxytocic principle obtained synthetically or from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals, prepared in accordance with USP standards; it is administered intramuscularly or by intravenous infusion to induce active labor, increase the force of contractions in labor, contract uterine muscle after delivery of the placenta, control postpartum hemorrhage, and stimulate milk ejection.