Introduction

Inventions are borne of necessity, firstly, ultimately via discovery, and finally delivered as technology. Discovery, however, is tempered by ‘controlling’ factors, introduced by outside influences, such as dogma, war, and last but not least economic and political philosophy, tempered by social and psychologic mores, independent of the cognitive ability of the inventor.

The progression of knowledge is therefore dependent upon “novelty of fact” discovery, necessity, and the acumen of the individuals associated with the innate progression of the developmental process.

Change and Advancement are also borne of necessity, also via discovery, tempered by reality and the improvement of perception and models, which are also subject to change, as knowledge progresses. Case in point is the development of the computer and the information derived from its growing influence upon mankind. But for our purposes, we will examine merely the formal advancement of astronomy and the optics associated with its discovery.

Sir Isaac Newton stated that he was able to see further, because he was standing upon the shoulders of giants who came before him. I might also add that we are able to see even further because we are also standing upon the shoulders of four of the most gifted astronomers in human history, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, George Ellery Hale, Edwin Hubble.

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In order to distinguish and to recognize the infinite within the finite of "Creation" it is necessary to view such realities in "Powers of Ten"