When the relative pronouns"who(m)",
"which" or "that" (in object case) are omitted
the relative clause becomes a contact clause.

Use "that" with a
preposition at the end of the relative clause.

You can easily find out whether
a relative pronoun is an object because it is normally followed
by another subject + verb.

"Whose" can be
used for the possession of persons, "of which" is
used to express a part of a thing.

While "whose" precedes
the relative clause, "of which" follows the referential word
in the relative clause."The
woman whosename I always forget has called.""The
little town in Corwall the name of which I always forget will be
our next summer destination."The construction with
"noun + of which" is often regarded a bit clumsy, especially
if the referential noun is a longer expression.Therefore more and more
often "whose" replaces "of which" when talking
about things.

Competing structures:

The
lady with the green hat is my sister.

complementary
structures:

Which
of these...... ...... ....... ? ( interrogative pronoun "Which"
to make a choice )The
first/last to go. (infinitive after "the first/the last/superlatives")

confusing:

That
boy over there is my son. ( demonstrative pronoun "that")He
said that he had no time. ( conjunction "that")

No punctuation

interlingual:

There
are different relative pronouns according to persons as subjects/objects
to which they relate

compared
with non-personal subjects/objects (animals or things) in English vs.relative
pronouns according to gender in German (der, die, das)

The
verb agrees with the noun related to:

This
is one of thecrimesthat have
become known lately.

Situations

Which is which? Make
a choice.What is a....? Give a
definition.

b)
non-defining relative clauses

Form

related wordpart of main clause

relative pronoun + subject (S)

part of relative
clause

2nd part of
main clause

Explanation
or rule

My dad,

who(S)

is 95 years old,

has worked all his life.

The
yellow sentence is the main clause.

His BMW,

which (S)

is an old German brand,

is one of his three cars.

Those
words in black are the relative pronouns.

Dad's friend,

whosewife

died in 2000,

drives an Opel, too.

They
refer /relate to the previous
word.

That BMW,

the engine of
which

has run 200.000 km,

is all his pride.

Together
with the words in red they form the relative
clauses

Dad's friend,

whoI

meet only once a year,

drives his veteran car in summer.

"who/whose/who(m)"relate
to persons or people.

This car,

which he

loves,

had a crash last week.

"which"and"whose/...of
which" relate to things and animals."that" is not
used in non-defining relative clauses

His car,

in which he

drove so many km,

was totally damaged.

When a preposition is
used together with

The rests,

for which the police

called a junk dealer,

were found in the ditch.

the relative pronoun "who(m),
which" the prepositionis put in front or
at the end of the relative clause

Dad's friend,

who he

visited at the hospital,

was not hurt very much.

If the relative pronoun
"who(m) / which" is used in object
case it can't be left out.

This bent,

where many people

died,

is secured by traffic lights.

"where" relates
to a certain place

At night,

whenmost accidents

happen,

the road is blocked now.

"when" relates
to a certain time

Non-Defining relative clauses areseparated by commas.

Functions/Use

Non-defining relative clauses do not help us to identify someone
or something. They give additional, interesting information which is not
essential to the meaning of the sentence. The information given in the non-defining relative clauses can be
accompanied (really or virtually) by the phrase "by the way". The commas
have a similar function to brackets.

Non- defining relative clauses are mostly used in written English.

Curriculum

Form 7/8:

President Bush, who had
won the election by a few votes, worried about
the US dollar.

New York Stock exchange, which is one of the most
important markets, hopes for tremendous profits.

Form 9/10:

Revision and remedial work

Difficulties

intralingual:

"who" (subject case), "who / whom" (object case).
"whose" (possessive case) are used for persons, "which" for
things and "where" for places, "when" for times. No"that"
is used in non-defining relative clauses.

Relative pronouns can't be omitted.

The non-defining relative clauses must be separated from the main clause
by commas.

Non-defining relative clauses are used to decorate a statement.

Prepositions usually precede the relative pronoun in written,
formal English.

The preposition can go at the end of the clause in spoken
English.
"We went to the old English pub "Swan", into
which we had never been." (written, formal English)
"We went to the old English pub "Swan", which
we had never been into." (spoken English)

The relative pronoun "which" at the beginning of a non-defining
relative clause, can refer to all the information contained in the

previous main part of the sentence, rather than to the preceding referential
word.
"She is studying Latin in evening courses, which
many people hate." (Many people hate studying,
hate Latin, hate evening courses.)