Abstract

Numerous top-down resource estimates have indicated that shale deposits hold enormous volumes of methane globally. Until recently detailed delineations of shale gas resources and their production have occurred exclusively in North America. The driving forces and enabling conditions behind the rapid exploitation of shale gas resources in North America are assessed to determine if these are transferable to the rest of world. No two shale deposits are created equal and the mere existence of shale does not guarantee gas production. A formation may hold too little oil or gas - or it may not be brittle enough for fracking to work effectively. The challenge is to find so-called "sweet spots", i.e., plays with high flow rates, once stimulated.

The amount of shale gas that can be commercially produced under current and future market conditions is determined by the quantity and thermal maturity of a shale's organic content, by regional technology cost and by regional gas price levels. The shale gas rushes in North America have caused a precipitous drop in North American natural gas wellhead prices - from some 11 $/GJ to, temporarily, less than 3 $/GJ. A review of the economics of shale gas production indicates that (a) the resource appraisal process for conventional gas resources is unsuitable for unconventional gas resources, (b) field development requires continuous (on-the-go) investment in fracking to stimulate well pressure, and (c) depressed US gas prices currently fail to cover full finding and development costs. Unless well technology improves and completion costs decline rapidly, the maturation speed of technically recoverable shale gas resources to proved reserves will be further delayed. Time value of money effects undermine the commercial availability of shale gas, particularly in regions where ineffective permitting procedures and slow societal acceptance tend to put additional negative pressure on shale field development.