This chapter uses a knowledge typology to describe different characteristics of lost knowledge and their impacts on business performance. It shows how increased retirements interact with recruiting ...
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This chapter uses a knowledge typology to describe different characteristics of lost knowledge and their impacts on business performance. It shows how increased retirements interact with recruiting problems and increased mid-career turnover to threaten workforce capabilities. Five knowledge retention barriers are described, which undermine efforts to address aging workforce challenges.Less

Diagnosing the Strategic Impacts of Lost Knowledge

David W. DeLong

Published in print: 2004-09-16

This chapter uses a knowledge typology to describe different characteristics of lost knowledge and their impacts on business performance. It shows how increased retirements interact with recruiting problems and increased mid-career turnover to threaten workforce capabilities. Five knowledge retention barriers are described, which undermine efforts to address aging workforce challenges.

Melissa T. Brown

Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics

This book explores how the U.S. military branches have deployed gender and, in particular, ideas about masculinity to sell military service to potential recruits. Military service has strong ...
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This book explores how the U.S. military branches have deployed gender and, in particular, ideas about masculinity to sell military service to potential recruits. Military service has strong historical ties to masculinity, but conscription ended during a period when masculinity was widely perceived to be in crisis and women’s roles were expanding. The central question the book asks is whether, in the era of the all-volunteer force, masculinity is the underlying basis of military recruiting appeals and if so, in what forms It also asks how women fit into the gendering of service. Based on an analysis of more than 300 print advertisements published between the early 1970s and 2007, as well as television commercials and recruiting Websites, the book argues that masculinity is still a foundation of the appeals, but each branch deploys various constructions of masculinity that serve its particular personnel needs and culture, with conventional martial masculinity being only one among them. While the Marines rely almost exclusively on a traditional, warrior form of masculinity, the Army, Navy, and Air Force draw on various strands of masculinity that are in circulation in the wider culture, including economic independence and breadwinner status, dominance and mastery through technology, and hybrid masculinity which combines egalitarianism and compassion with strength and power. The inclusion of a few token military women in recruiting advertisements has become routine, but the representations of service make it clear that men are the primary audience and combat their exclusive domain.Less

Enlisting Masculinity : The Construction of Gender in US Military Recruiting Advertising during the All-Volunteer Force

Melissa T. Brown

Published in print: 2012-02-29

This book explores how the U.S. military branches have deployed gender and, in particular, ideas about masculinity to sell military service to potential recruits. Military service has strong historical ties to masculinity, but conscription ended during a period when masculinity was widely perceived to be in crisis and women’s roles were expanding. The central question the book asks is whether, in the era of the all-volunteer force, masculinity is the underlying basis of military recruiting appeals and if so, in what forms It also asks how women fit into the gendering of service. Based on an analysis of more than 300 print advertisements published between the early 1970s and 2007, as well as television commercials and recruiting Websites, the book argues that masculinity is still a foundation of the appeals, but each branch deploys various constructions of masculinity that serve its particular personnel needs and culture, with conventional martial masculinity being only one among them. While the Marines rely almost exclusively on a traditional, warrior form of masculinity, the Army, Navy, and Air Force draw on various strands of masculinity that are in circulation in the wider culture, including economic independence and breadwinner status, dominance and mastery through technology, and hybrid masculinity which combines egalitarianism and compassion with strength and power. The inclusion of a few token military women in recruiting advertisements has become routine, but the representations of service make it clear that men are the primary audience and combat their exclusive domain.

This chapter looks at one of the impresario's chief responsibilities, the recruiting and hiring of suitable singers. Impresarios drew on complex networks built up with some of the leading families ...
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This chapter looks at one of the impresario's chief responsibilities, the recruiting and hiring of suitable singers. Impresarios drew on complex networks built up with some of the leading families throughout Italy, including the Medici in Florence and the Marquis Bentivoglio of Ferrara; various agents as well as diplomats in cities such as Rome, Turin, and Vienna were also called into service. During the mid-17th century, singers of many types looked towards opera as a way of earning extra income. Most of the male singers, whether castrati or not, were also active as church or court singers. Many of the leading prima donnas were recruited from Rome with increasingly high salaries. In some cases, the impresarios and singers (such as Anna Renzi) drew up detailed contracts in order to protect both parties. The complex negotiations necessary to recruit the best singers are described in a case study concerning the highest paid singer at the time in Venice, Giulia Masotti.Less

SINGERS

Beth L. GlixonJonathan E. Glixon

Published in print: 2006-01-05

This chapter looks at one of the impresario's chief responsibilities, the recruiting and hiring of suitable singers. Impresarios drew on complex networks built up with some of the leading families throughout Italy, including the Medici in Florence and the Marquis Bentivoglio of Ferrara; various agents as well as diplomats in cities such as Rome, Turin, and Vienna were also called into service. During the mid-17th century, singers of many types looked towards opera as a way of earning extra income. Most of the male singers, whether castrati or not, were also active as church or court singers. Many of the leading prima donnas were recruited from Rome with increasingly high salaries. In some cases, the impresarios and singers (such as Anna Renzi) drew up detailed contracts in order to protect both parties. The complex negotiations necessary to recruit the best singers are described in a case study concerning the highest paid singer at the time in Venice, Giulia Masotti.

Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics

Chapter 3 provides background material on the Army’s culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Army advertising sometimes showcases traditional ...
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Chapter 3 provides background material on the Army’s culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Army advertising sometimes showcases traditional warrior masculinity, featuring weaponry and soldiers who test themselves, but makes other masculine appeals as well, like acquiring a good trade that allows economic independence, building character and self-confidence, and gaining technological prowess. The Army has also created ads that combine martial imagery with the language of business, creating a bridge between the older forms of masculinity with which Army service had been associated and newer, business-world forms of masculinity that are gaining prominence in civilian society. The chapter gives a brief history of women in the Army and examines their portrayal in recruiting advertisements. The Army has presented women the most frequently of any of the services and has gone the furthest in framing them as normal, unexceptional members of the institution, though they are never associated with combat or weaponry.Less

The Army

Melissa T. Brown

Published in print: 2012-02-29

Chapter 3 provides background material on the Army’s culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Army advertising sometimes showcases traditional warrior masculinity, featuring weaponry and soldiers who test themselves, but makes other masculine appeals as well, like acquiring a good trade that allows economic independence, building character and self-confidence, and gaining technological prowess. The Army has also created ads that combine martial imagery with the language of business, creating a bridge between the older forms of masculinity with which Army service had been associated and newer, business-world forms of masculinity that are gaining prominence in civilian society. The chapter gives a brief history of women in the Army and examines their portrayal in recruiting advertisements. The Army has presented women the most frequently of any of the services and has gone the furthest in framing them as normal, unexceptional members of the institution, though they are never associated with combat or weaponry.

Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics

Chapter 4 provides background material on the Navy’s culture and recruiting history, with some emphasis on the role of race, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting advertisements. Navy ...
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Chapter 4 provides background material on the Navy’s culture and recruiting history, with some emphasis on the role of race, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting advertisements. Navy recruiting appeals have tended to shift back and forth between a focus on career and benefits—first presented in terms of masculine pride in work that is physically and mentally challenging and later shifting to an emphasis on professional careers, personal success, and advanced technology, aligning the Navy with the high-status careers of the information age and its emerging dominant models of masculinity—and a focus on adventure and the traditional benefits of life at sea, like excitement, challenge, and travel. The chapter also gives a brief history of women in the Navy and examines their portrayal in recruiting materials. While recruiting materials have made token references to female sailors, women often represent the pleasures of travel and shore leave.Less

The Navy

Melissa T. Brown

Published in print: 2012-02-29

Chapter 4 provides background material on the Navy’s culture and recruiting history, with some emphasis on the role of race, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting advertisements. Navy recruiting appeals have tended to shift back and forth between a focus on career and benefits—first presented in terms of masculine pride in work that is physically and mentally challenging and later shifting to an emphasis on professional careers, personal success, and advanced technology, aligning the Navy with the high-status careers of the information age and its emerging dominant models of masculinity—and a focus on adventure and the traditional benefits of life at sea, like excitement, challenge, and travel. The chapter also gives a brief history of women in the Navy and examines their portrayal in recruiting materials. While recruiting materials have made token references to female sailors, women often represent the pleasures of travel and shore leave.

Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics

Chapter 5 provides background material on the Marine Corps’ culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Over the course of the all-volunteer force, ...
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Chapter 5 provides background material on the Marine Corps’ culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Over the course of the all-volunteer force, Marine Corps advertising has consistently emphasized elitism and sent the message that the Marines will demand that a recruit prove his worth, but once he has, he’s part of an exclusive warrior brotherhood. The Marines offer a rite of passage into manhood. Based on their structure and personnel needs, the Marines need to use only one version of masculinity—traditional warrior masculinity—in their appeals. The chapter also gives a brief history of women in the Marines and examines their portrayal in recruiting materials. The Marines have the smallest percentage of women of any of the services. Marine recruiting advertisements rarely show women and make no attempt to use gender-inclusive language. The few Marine ads that feature women are published only in magazines aimed at women.Less

The Marine Corps

Melissa T. Brown

Published in print: 2012-02-29

Chapter 5 provides background material on the Marine Corps’ culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Over the course of the all-volunteer force, Marine Corps advertising has consistently emphasized elitism and sent the message that the Marines will demand that a recruit prove his worth, but once he has, he’s part of an exclusive warrior brotherhood. The Marines offer a rite of passage into manhood. Based on their structure and personnel needs, the Marines need to use only one version of masculinity—traditional warrior masculinity—in their appeals. The chapter also gives a brief history of women in the Marines and examines their portrayal in recruiting materials. The Marines have the smallest percentage of women of any of the services. Marine recruiting advertisements rarely show women and make no attempt to use gender-inclusive language. The few Marine ads that feature women are published only in magazines aimed at women.

Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics

Chapter 6 provides background material on the Air Force’s culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Air Force advertising has emphasized job training ...
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Chapter 6 provides background material on the Air Force’s culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Air Force advertising has emphasized job training and specifically offered respect and advancement to blue-collar, mechanically inclined young men, reinforcing a working-class masculinity. Air Force recruiting has also made advanced technology a central draw; through association with this technology, the Air Force offers the masculine rewards of mastery, dominance, and control. In recent years, the Air Force has offered recruits not direct physical excitement, but the vicarious thrills of video games, which provide extreme experiences through the mediation of technology. The chapter also gives a brief history of women in the Air Force and examines their portrayal in recruiting advertisements. The Air Force has the largest percentage of women, but its advertising has mainly targeted technically inclined young men; women have been only a token presence.Less

The Air Force

Melissa T. Brown

Published in print: 2012-02-29

Chapter 6 provides background material on the Air Force’s culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Air Force advertising has emphasized job training and specifically offered respect and advancement to blue-collar, mechanically inclined young men, reinforcing a working-class masculinity. Air Force recruiting has also made advanced technology a central draw; through association with this technology, the Air Force offers the masculine rewards of mastery, dominance, and control. In recent years, the Air Force has offered recruits not direct physical excitement, but the vicarious thrills of video games, which provide extreme experiences through the mediation of technology. The chapter also gives a brief history of women in the Air Force and examines their portrayal in recruiting advertisements. The Air Force has the largest percentage of women, but its advertising has mainly targeted technically inclined young men; women have been only a token presence.

Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics

Chapter 7 takes up the question of how the gendered constructions of military service developed by each branch are altered by the context of actual war fighting. It examines how the Iraq War and ...
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Chapter 7 takes up the question of how the gendered constructions of military service developed by each branch are altered by the context of actual war fighting. It examines how the Iraq War and Afghanistan War have affected each branch’s ability to recruit and how each has responded to the conflicts in their recruiting materials. In a departure from earlier wartime recruiting practices, recruiting advertisements continued to offer the same range of inducements used throughout the course of the all-volunteer force and make only limited, mostly indirect references to the conflicts at hand. Combat imagery, disconnected from the conflicts, is used to denote a masculine realm of challenge, excitement, and brotherhood. Within the recruiting ads, women’s roles are carefully contained. Even as the wars have expanded their military roles and placed some women in combat, the depictions of women continue to segregate them from any markers of war.Less

Recruiting a Volunteer Force in Wartime

Melissa T. Brown

Published in print: 2012-02-29

Chapter 7 takes up the question of how the gendered constructions of military service developed by each branch are altered by the context of actual war fighting. It examines how the Iraq War and Afghanistan War have affected each branch’s ability to recruit and how each has responded to the conflicts in their recruiting materials. In a departure from earlier wartime recruiting practices, recruiting advertisements continued to offer the same range of inducements used throughout the course of the all-volunteer force and make only limited, mostly indirect references to the conflicts at hand. Combat imagery, disconnected from the conflicts, is used to denote a masculine realm of challenge, excitement, and brotherhood. Within the recruiting ads, women’s roles are carefully contained. Even as the wars have expanded their military roles and placed some women in combat, the depictions of women continue to segregate them from any markers of war.

Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics

Chapter 8 highlights the similarities in the constructions of gender produced by the branches and the emerging masculine models they mine—professional forms, masculinity tied to technology, hybrid ...
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Chapter 8 highlights the similarities in the constructions of gender produced by the branches and the emerging masculine models they mine—professional forms, masculinity tied to technology, hybrid masculinity that combines toughness with compassion and egalitarianism—as well the more traditional warrior type. Some of the trends identified in recruiting materials across the services include inattention to international events, the absence of references to duty or citizenship, the increasing role of technology, and the expectation that young men continue to seek adventure. The chapter compares each service’s approach to recruiting women and draws conclusions about the intersections of race and gender in recruiting advertisements. The chapter also argues that although most Americans believe they can ignore the military in the era of the all-volunteer force, when it comes to popular culture and ideas about gender, the military is not a thing apart from society, and it reflects on some of the implications of military recruiting materials for wider conceptions of masculinity and of military service.Less

Conclusion

Melissa T. Brown

Published in print: 2012-02-29

Chapter 8 highlights the similarities in the constructions of gender produced by the branches and the emerging masculine models they mine—professional forms, masculinity tied to technology, hybrid masculinity that combines toughness with compassion and egalitarianism—as well the more traditional warrior type. Some of the trends identified in recruiting materials across the services include inattention to international events, the absence of references to duty or citizenship, the increasing role of technology, and the expectation that young men continue to seek adventure. The chapter compares each service’s approach to recruiting women and draws conclusions about the intersections of race and gender in recruiting advertisements. The chapter also argues that although most Americans believe they can ignore the military in the era of the all-volunteer force, when it comes to popular culture and ideas about gender, the military is not a thing apart from society, and it reflects on some of the implications of military recruiting materials for wider conceptions of masculinity and of military service.

This chapter explores how emerging activist groups develop an organizational character as they wrestle with issues of belonging, membership, and recruitment. It explains how activist groups decide ...
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This chapter explores how emerging activist groups develop an organizational character as they wrestle with issues of belonging, membership, and recruitment. It explains how activist groups decide who they are able to recruit and who they want to recruit, as well as how they create expectations for what members are expected to do. The chapter shows how an early emphasis on recruiting fades away as groups adjust their goals to their existing membership size and become wary of newcomers. The chapter ends with a comparison of a civil liberties and anti-war group that started as a single group with considerable overlap among members. Members of one group developed a sense of responsibility and commitment that sustained them through difficult times. In the other, members played an increasingly minor role in shaping the group=s direction and it quickly lost momentumLess

Who Belongs?

Kathleen M. Blee

Published in print: 2012-02-14

This chapter explores how emerging activist groups develop an organizational character as they wrestle with issues of belonging, membership, and recruitment. It explains how activist groups decide who they are able to recruit and who they want to recruit, as well as how they create expectations for what members are expected to do. The chapter shows how an early emphasis on recruiting fades away as groups adjust their goals to their existing membership size and become wary of newcomers. The chapter ends with a comparison of a civil liberties and anti-war group that started as a single group with considerable overlap among members. Members of one group developed a sense of responsibility and commitment that sustained them through difficult times. In the other, members played an increasingly minor role in shaping the group=s direction and it quickly lost momentum