Background:

Ruins of a Roman village located in the
central Golan heights. The village, identified as Sogana, was fortified by Josephus Flavius
during the Jewish revolt against the Romans (67AD).

Location:

The site is located on the south side of road #87 (Katzerin
to BethSaida). It is easily accessed
form this road. The ancient village is situated on the
Yehudiye creek, and is close to the Zavitan creek on its north
side.

History:

Middle Bronze period

Around the site is a large number of Dolmens
(prehistoric megalith tombs), indicating that this area was
populated during the early middle bronze period (about 30 Century BC). The
tombs may have been of nomad tribes who buried their dead in central
holy places such as the area of Yehudiye.

Hellenistic and early Roman

The area of the southern
Golan heights saw a dramatic increase in the number of Jewish
villages in the end of the 1st Century BC, at the times of King Herod,
from virtually none - to 20 or more villages. The reason was due the
fact that King Herod received the area from Augustus Caesar and
relocated Jewish settlers to this area in order to populate his new
territories. This site was probably one of the Jewish villages that
were established at this time. A number of carved stones with Jewish
symbols - including a five-branched menorah - were found in the
village, which may have been part of a synagogue.

The villages were based on
agriculture: fruits, sheep and crops. They were established in sites
with sources of water (natural springs), since the Golan heights are
like a desert and the summer is very hot and dry.

Revolts against the Romans

During the great revolt
against the Romans (66-74AD) some of the Jewish villages
participated in the revolt. According to Josephus Flavius, the
commander of the Galilee army, he fortified three sites with walls
and towers - Sogana, Salukiya and Gamla. Here, at Sogana, the walls
are visible on the south and the west sides, and traces of a tower
are on the south side.

The Romans destroyed
Gamla but spared the other two villages after they surrendered
without a fight.

Other revolts (131-135AD,
351AD) also caused severe damages to the villages, but they rebuilt
and continued to prosper.

Byzantine ("Mishna" and "Talmud" periods)

The ancient Jewish village reached its peak in the
Byzantine periods (4th-6th C AD) as most of the other villages in the Holy
Land.

Persian/Arab

The Jewish villages were demolished in
the 6th C AD after the Persian and Arab invasions.

Ottoman

During the 19th-20th C AD (Ottoman
period) new Arab settlers, mostly Torkmens, resettled in the site. They reused
the hewn stones and architectural elements from the ancient villages in order
to build or rebuild their new houses. Within the ruins of the Byzantine
village the new settlers established a new Arab village called Yehudiyeh (and
later renamed Arabiyeh), which existed until 1967.

6 day war

Before the war the Syrians attempted to
divert the sources of water from the Sea of Galilee, and their canal passed
2KM south to the site. After the war (1967), which resulted in the
conquest of the Golan heights by Israel, the villagers (about 100) left to
Syria, and the village is since vacant. It is today a starting point for hikes
to the Yehudiye and Zavitan creeks, the most popular hiking routes in the
Golan heights.

Identification:

According to scholars, the site may have been the village of
Sogane or Sogana (see references below). This
identification is based on the existence of a wall, which Josephus constructed
on the eve of the Roman attempt to crush the Jewish revolt. The Arabic name -
Yehudiye - preserved the fact that this village was once a Jewish village.

Photos:

(a) Aerial views:

An aerial view, as captured from a quad copter from the
north side, is seen in this photo. The village is located on a
ridge, with a deep valley on its south side.

Click on the photos to view in higher
resolution...

A closer view of the west side of the site:

(b) The village:

The photo shows the west side of the village, from the
ground level at its north-west side. The site is
located in a large nature reserve park - the Yehudiye Forest.

The following photo shows a closer view of the north side of the
village. The houses date to the 19thC, but were built on the basis of the
stones and houses of the Roman-era village.

The next photo takes a closer look into the village.
Notice the cattle between the abandoned houses.

This is the main north-south street between the houses. There are several dozens of houses built on both sides of the
road.

(c) The west walls:

Josephus Flavius fortified the city during 67-68AD, as a
preparation of the Romans attacks during the great revolt. The
village's weak points were on west side, seen below, where he added
a wall. Parts of the wall can be seen along the hillside of the
village.

(d) The east side:

On the east side of the village is the deep
Yehudiye valley, which is a natural defense that did not require any
fortifications. The panoramic photo below shows how deep the valley is, as
seen from the village (looking towards the east).

Click on the photos to view in higher
resolution...

The houses were built along the edge of the
cliff. All the houses, which were rebuilt in the 19th C using the earlier
stones, have similar designs, such as seen below: a small rectangular house with
an inner set of arches which holds a wooden roof.

(e) Ancient Synagogue:

Within the village there are a
number of large stones that may have been parts of a synagogue: columns, bases,
doorpost and even a hewn stone with an inscription of a 5-branch
candelabrum.

(f) Inside the houses:

The interior design of all the Ottoman-period houses is common and simple: a small
rectangular house, divided with a set of arches which held the wooden roof.

The stones, most of them reused from the original Roman houses, were laid one
on top of each other. A mixture of mud, hay and fragments of Roman ceramics held
them together.

In one or two sides of the walls there are is a built-in stove,
where the meals were cooked.

References:

(a) Josephus Flavius, War 2: chapter 20: 6

In this text the historian Josephus, the commander of the Galilee
Jewish army during the revolt (67-68AD), tells about the
fortifications he prepares in the area of Golan (Gaulonitis),
including the walls he built in Sogane/Sogana (Yehudiye).

"Josephus also, when he had settled
these rules for determining causes by the law, with regard to the
people's dealings one with another, betook himself to make
provisions for their safety against external violence; and as he
knew the Romans would fall upon Galilee, he built walls in proper
places ... in Gaulonitis he fortified Seleucia, and Sogane,
and Gamla".

(b) Josephus Flavius, War 4: chapter 1: 1

In this text Josephus
tells us that Sogana surrendered to the Romans. King Agrippa II,
which sided with the Romans during the revolt, saved it from the fate of
its sister village Gamla which
was destroyed after a fierce siege.

"Now all those Galileans who, after
the taking of Jotapata, had revolted from the Romans, did, upon the
conquest of Taricheae, deliver themselves up to them again. And the
Romans received all the fortresses and the cities, excepting
Gischala and those that had seized upon Mount Tabor; Gamala also,
which is a city ever against Tarichem, but on the other side of the
lake, conspired with them. This city lay Upon the borders of
Agrippa's kingdom, as also did Sogana and Scleucia. And these
were both parts of Gaulanitis; for Sogana was a part of that
called the Upper Gaulanitis, as was Gamala of the Lower; while
Selcucia was situated at the lake Semechouitis, which lake is thirty
furlongs in breadth, and sixty in length; its marshes reach as far
as the place Daphne, which in other respects is a delicious place,
and hath such fountains as supply water to what is called Little
Jordan, under the temple of the golden calf, where it is sent into
Great Jordan. Now Agrippa had united Sogana and Seleucia by
leagues to himself, at the very beginning of the revolt from the
Romans; "

Amit, Webmaster Rotem's
sister, in front of one of the houses on the east side.