The metabolic pathway that uses glucose for energy production with requiring oxygen, sometimes referred to as the lactic acid system, or anaerobic glucose system, it produce lactic acid as a by-product.

Golgi Tendon Organ

A sensory organ within a tendon that, when stimulated, causes an inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force

Vasodilation

Increase in the diameter of blood vessels. dilation of blood vessels (especially the arteries) leading to increase blood flow to a part of a body.

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of the opening of blood vessels caused by contraction of the smooth muscle cells in the walls of the vessels.

Systolic blood pressure

The pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls during ventricular contractions

Diastolic blood pressure

The pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls when the heart relaxes between contractions

Overload Principle

Increase the intensity, frequency and duration beyond what is normally produced; Must overload the muscle to build strength; It is progressive: once adaptation to overload occurs, parameters must be increased again

Venous return

The amount of blood returned to the heart by the veins

Specificity of training

A key concept of periodization that states that for an individual to become proficient at any given movement, that movement must be trained and practiced; a specific demand (i.e., exercise) made on the body will result in a specific response by the body

Motor neurons

Nerve cells that conduct impulses from the CNS to the periphery signaling muscles to contract; neurons that carry outgoing information from the CNS to the muscles and glands

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons

Acetylcholine

a neurotransmitter that is a derivative of choline; released at the end of nerve fibers in the somatic AND parasympathetic nervous systems and is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses in the body

Neuromuscular Junction

the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies

Myofibrils

Contractile protein in a muscle fiber

Contractile

capable of contracting or being contracted

Actin

one of the contractile proteins in a myofibril

Myosin

the commonest protein in muscle, contractile proteins in a myofibril

Contractile Proteins

Actin and Myosin are what kind of proteins

Sarcomeres

The repeating unit of a muscle fiber

Sarcolemma

The membrane surrounding the sarcomeres which is the functional unit of muscle fibers

Sarcoplasm

the cytoplasm of a striated muscle fiber

Cytoplasm

the cell substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus, containing the cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton, and various particles.

Sarcoplasmic reticulation

The form of endoplasmic reticulation where calcium is stored to be used for muscle activation; located in striated muscle fibers

Sliding filament theory

The Theory of how muscles generate force, how Actin and Myosin proteins and ATP interact to cause muscle contraction

Cross-bridge

The bridge between myosin and Actin; when myosin heads attach to actin during contraction (step 2 in contraction cycle)

Concentric

A contraction that involves the muscle exerting force, shortens and overcomes force

Eccentric Contraction

A contraction in which a muscle exerts force, lengthens, and is overcome by a resistance

Isometric Contraction

A contraction in which a muscle exerts force, but does not change in length

Motor unit

a motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it stimulates

Hypertrophy

an increase in cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to progressive resistance (strength) training

Nervous Inhibition

is both psychological and physiological, Beliving that you cannot lift a weight causes lack of confidence which physiologically reduces our ability to lift

Dehydration

depletion of bodily fluids, a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance

Elasticity

Recoverable elongation of connective tissue; the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed

Muscle Spindles

Fibers in muscle tissues which protect against too much stress. Bouncing stretches are not good. Slow stretch to induce tightness and hold 10-15 sec. 4 reps.