Filament Explained - 3D Printing Materials

If you are just starting with 3D printing it can be daunting when you hear about all the different materials to print with. Everything from PLA, ABS, PET, TPE, Nylon, etc. It's important to understand what all of these materials are, how they print, settings required, and what types of prints you can make.

I'm going to try to explain good filaments for beginners, what are more advanced filaments, and some unusual filaments for printing specific things like gears, cell phone cases, support structure, etc. I will also explain the difficulties of printing with things like nylon, including temperatures you need to be able to print with just to consider buying nylon filament.

Results from all the filament i tested in past reviews.

Another view.

Most printers will say in their specifications that their printable materials are PLA, ABS, ... If you are just starting out you will think "Great, i can print TPU...What the heck is TPU?"
While doing my filament reviews i received samples from several different filament companies. One of the best info sheets that came with filament was from eSun. They included this with their roll:

Filament, description, and uses.

More filament stacked up.

This is great for quickly explaining the baseline settings for filament and an example of what each filament can print.
As far as popularity, you can see that PLA and ABS make up the majority, but it is my opinion that PETG will only continue to grow.

So going into more detail on each filament type:

PLA

This is by far the most popular filament people print with. It is easy to print with, forgiving, versatile and works under a wide range of settings. PLA is very rigid, it does not bend before it breaks, it just shatters. There are also PLA's with additives in it like carbon fiber, wood, steel. Although with some of those additives you need a special steel nozzle because it can wear out.
Exteruder Temp = 190 - 220deg C
Heated Bed Temp = none or 50deg C

Close up view.

Shiny PLA filament

Great for clean crisp parts like these structural 3D printer parts for a fan shroud.

Strong yet brittle.

ABS

This is the second most popular filament that people use. Unlike PLA, ABS is more pliable. It will bend and deform before breaking. However there are some reports that printing with ABS produces hazardous gasses, because of the melting plastic. So it is recommended to use an enclosure and vent.
Extruder Temp = 235
Heated Bed Temp = 90

The most popular toy in history is made of ABS. It's injection molded but still the same material, which goes to show the strength of ABS plastic.

PET / PETG

This is quickly becoming more popular because of its combination of features between PLA and ABS. PETG is the same material as plastic bottles. It has a great look when you buy a Clear colored filament. It is ductile like ABS but easy to print with like PLA. It can be very stringy though and printing can be a bit trickier with settings like reduced speed and increased retraction. This comes in several proprietary names like E3D's Edge filament, FormFutura's HDglass filament, ColorFabb's nGen filament...
Extruder Temp = 230-250
Heated Bed Temp = 65-85

Parts like this come out very clean yet incredibly strong.

You can get great colors and shinyness with PETG, perfect for vases and decorative prints.

Again, very shiny and semi-transparent parts.

Nylon / Nylon Bridge

Nylon is an extremely strong filament, probably twice as strong as any other filament in this list. However it is difficult to print with and not every printer is capable of printing nylon. That is because of the extremely high temps required. The extruder temperature needs to be up somewhere around 300deg C and most 3D printers max out at 250deg C. Another issue with nylon is that if it is left out it will absorb water and start popping while printing. Therefore you need to dry this filament out in the oven and keep it in a dry airtight place. Beyond that you will need to print at slow speeds, like 30mm/s, and only have the cooling fan on while trying to bridge.
Extruder Temp = 250-300
Heated Bed Temp = 70

Perfect for parts that require high strength or will experience heavy wear. Nylon is almost double the strength of other material in this list.

TPE / TPU

This filament is specifically for bendable rubber-like parts. For example cell phone cases. It can be difficult to print with because it needs a large retraction to control the oozing. You will have to really experiment with the settings to get it to print without having it curl up and cover the nozzle.
Extruder Temp = 220
Heated Bed Temp = 40
The most popular of this filament is NinjaFlex.

It can be tricky to print with, requiring modifications to make a solid connection from your extruder to the hotend.

But perfect filament for printing things like cell phone cases, which need to bend and flex and absorb impact.

PVA

PVA is specifically used for printing support for parts. It is used with printers that have dual extruders. The reason it is only used for support is because PVA dissolves in water. That means that you can print complex/elaborate parts like honeycomb cubes, which would be impossible to print without support. And if you used just 1 filament it would also be impossible to get in and remove the filament once it is printed.
Extruder Temp = 180
Heated Bed Temp = 45

Here is an example where PVA is necessary. This model requires support, but it would take forever to remove the support once it's printed.

Several hours into it's water bath and the PVA is dissolving away.

Finished part with all support gone.

Again, another print that would be impossible without support, but removing the support would destroy the print

Hips

This is similar to PVA in that it is used for support, but this dissolves in a limestone solvent.
Extruder Temp = 220
Heated Bed Temp = 55

Felty / FeltLay

This filament is used when someone wants to print porous objects like filters and sponges. It is a 2 part material where one part is later dissolved.
Extruder Temp = 230
Heated Bed Temp = 40

Foam / LayFomm

Again, similar to Felty, this is for printing porous objects, but this creates more of a rubbery sponge like object.
Extruder Temp = 220
Heated Bed Temp = 50

Beyond all of these there are even more filaments that people print with such as resin, XT Copolyester, TPC, FPE, Jelly ...

Cheese-Wiz

Cheese and crackers in under 1 hour.

Concrete

Pour an entire house in a day.

So you can see that there's lots of different filaments for all sorts of uses, from bendable cell phone cases to very strong gear parts. Most people won't really care about the odd-ball stuff, but might be interested in trying.

8/07/2017

Previously i wrote about selecting a good cheap beginner printer, tips and tricks i learned, and programs and tools i use. This time i wanted to go more into depth about settings.

3D Printer SETTINGS - Know How to Setup Cura, Simplify3D

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QInDraFNqyMWhenever you are reading a message board where people are discussing 3D printing, "what are your settings?" will most assuredly come up...multiple times. And for good reason. Learning and understanding settings is the most important factor in getting good prints.
Now just because you have the perfect settings for your printer and for that particular filament, doesn't mean you are going to get a perfect print. There are some differences between the $1,500 printers and the $200 printers. But the goal is to get the best prints you can with the printer you have.
Kind of like Chase Jarvis' quote, when asked what is the best camera. "The best camera, is the one that you have with you."
In a previous post/video i wrote about the concept of going from a 3D file, bringing that into your editing/slicer program, giving it some setting information, then sending it to print. I won't go over that again, but i will bring up some of the most popular 3D printing programs:

Now the MonoPrice Select Mini comes with a MicroSD card and on that card comes a version of Cura 15.04.06. You can also download past versions of Cura or the most current at the time i write this, which is Version 2.3.

But i think that Cura v15.04.06 is a great program to start off with. It's not overwhelming with every imaginable setting possible, it has just 2 pages of settings and lets you adjust the most important ones. Once you get familiar with all the settings on this version of Cura, you can then move onto the other programs and learn even more. Usually that comes about when you get issues with something you print, go online and read that you need to change some number in some obscure setting that isn't on the old Cura.
For example i had a problem with a particular filament, i was getting blobs at the end of each shell row. I fixed it by using the new Cura 2.3 settings and select Comb and Pre-Retract the filament a certain distance before ending. Those two settings aren't very common and not possible on the old Cura.
Another option that i will quickly mention is Simplify3D. This program is $150, but does give many options and settings for various things. I find myself using it more and more, although the new Cura 2.3 also has these similar settings. So all things being equal i would suggest saving your money, but i do recommend trying different programs and use the one that you like best.

Anyway back to Cura v15.04.06.
Let me start by saying, it's important to save your profiles as you go along. Right away save these settings, call them something like "Baseline PLA (date).ini" This way, as you go along you will constantly have different versions of settings. So if you change something and it totally screws up, or prints really bad, you can go back and load up a previous setting that you know works.
For example once i went in and checked a box that i thought would print the outer shell more smoothly. It was suppose to gradually increase the Z-axis as it went along. But what it also did was skip printing the infill and support. I couldn't figure out what happened and had to go back and check everything i had done to figure it out. It would have been easier to just reload a profile that i knew worked.
For a detailed explanation of every Cura setting and what they all do you can watch the video at the top.
Here's a quick summary of each one

Cura BASIC - Tab 1

Quality (slow for a detailed part, fast for lower quality)
Layer Height = 0.2 0.1 for fine
Shell Thickness = 1.2 factor of nozzle
Retraction - always check
Fill (how strong of a part you need it to be)
Bottom/Top Thickness = 1.2 same as shell
Fill Density = 20% for toys, 50 for heavy duty stuff, 70 for stuff that needs to be real strong
Speed and Temperature (very important for quality of prints)
Print Speed = 20 for super fine prints, 40 for most stuff, 60 for real fast prints (this will be defined more in detail later in the menu)
Printing Temperature = look on the side of your spool. PLA = 190-210. PETG = 230-250.
Support (bed adhesion and overhangs)
Support Type - Everything (it prints supports for all overhangs) I use Line type of support.
Platform Adhesion Type - Brim (usually 5 rows is fine, gives me a chance to make sure the filament is flowing well and helps for bed adhesion.
Filament
Diameter = 1.75 you never have to change this
Flow = 100 never change this either (although on page 2 i increase the flow for the 1st layer)

GCode

Here's what the GCode that is produced looks like. The top is all the settings you select (as well as mixed in the code), the bottom is the X, Y, and Z coordinates.

And here are those GCode files loaded up into the printer ready to print.

Again for a more in depth explanation of everything and typical settings, watch the video. And again, these are just the most basic settings, once you learn these, then you can get into the more advanced 3D printing design software and adjust things even more. But these basic settings have to be right before moving onto more complex stuff.
Hopefully this helps you to understand things a little more and get better prints.