Chapter 4123:1-5 Workshops and Factories

The purpose of this chapter of the Administrative Code is to
provide reasonable safety for life, limb, and health of employees. In cases of
practical difficulty or unnecessary hardship, the Ohio bureau of workers'
compensation may grant exceptions from the literal requirements of the rules of
this chapter to permit the use of other devices or methods when, in the opinion
of the bureau, the equivalent protection is thereby secured.

The specific requirements of this chapter are requirements upon
an employer for the protection of such employer's employees and no others and
apply to all workshops and factories subject to the Workers' Compensation Act
(sections 4123.01 to
4123.99 of the Revised Code).
Specific requirements of other chapters of the Administrative Code adopted by
the Ohio bureau of workers' compensation shall apply to the particular industry
covered by any such other chapter, and, to the extent of conflict between this
chapter and such other chapter, the latter shall govern, but in all other
respects this chapter shall be deemed to apply and the other to be a supplement
of this chapter.

Installations or constructions built or contracted for prior to
the effective date (shown at the end of each rule) of any requirement shall be
deemed to comply with the provisions of these requirements if such
installations or constructions comply either with the provisions of these
requirements or with the provisions of any applicable specific
requirement which was in effect at the time contracted for or built.

(6)
"Angle of repose":
the greatest angle above the horizontal plane at which unexcavated material
will lie without sliding.

(7)
"Anti-repeat": the part of the clutch/brake control system designed to limit a
mechanical power press to a single stroke if the tripping means is held on the
operating position. Anti-repeat requires release of all tripping mechanisms
before another stroke can be initiated. Anti-repeat is also called "single
stroke reset" or "reset circuit."

(9)
"Approved storage
facility (magazine)": a facility for the storage of explosive materials covered
by a license or permit issued under authority of the appropriate governmental
agencies.

(10)
"Bearer": a
horizontal member of a scaffold upon which the platform rests and which may be
supported by ledgers.

(11)
"Blast
area": the area in which explosives loading and blasting operations are being
conducted.

(12)
"Blaster": a person
qualified to be in charge of and responsible for the loading and firing of a
blast.

(13)
"Blasting agent": any
material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used for blasting, but
not classified as explosives, and in which more of the ingredients are
classified as an explosive provided the finished (mixed) product cannot be
detonated with a no. 8 test blasting cap when unconfined.

(31)
"Counterbalance": the mechanism that is used to balance or support the weight
of the connecting rods, slide, and slide attachments on a power
press.

(32)
"Coupler": a device for
locking together the component parts of a tubular metal scaffold.

(33)
"Cutting-off wheels": organically bonded
wheels designed for use with power-driven equipment for a multitude of
operations variously known as cutting, cutting-off, grooving, slotting, coping,
jointing, etc.

(34)
"Danger zone":
the point of operation where a known hazard exists.

(35)
"Deenergized": free from any electrical
connection to a source of potential different from that of the earth.

(36)
"Designated employee": an employee
selected or assigned by the employer or the employer's representative as being
qualified to perform specific duties.

(37)
"Detonating cord": a flexible cord
containing a center core of high explosives and used to initiate other
explosives.

(38)
"Detonator": any
device containing a detonating charge that is used for initiating detonation in
an explosive; the term includes, but is not limited to, electric blasting caps
of instantaneous and delay types, blasting caps for use with safety fuse,
detonating cord delay connectors, and non-electric instantaneous and delay
blasting caps.

(39)
"Dielectric": a
nonconductor of electric current which will not absorb moisture, such as
fiberglass, or equivalent.

(40)
"Die setting": the process of placing or
removing dies in or from a power press, and the process of adjusting the dies,
other tooling, and safeguarding means to cause them to function properly and
safely.

(41)
"Die shoe": a plate or
block upon which a die holder is mounted. A die shoe functions primarily as a
base for the complete die assembly, and, when used, is bolted or clamped to the
bolster plate or the face of the slide.

(42)
"Dockboard (bridge plate)": a movable
plate (usually metal) for bridging the gap between motor vehicle or freight car
and a dock or loading platform.

(43)
"Energized": anything connected to an
electrical source having a greater potential than that of the earth.

(44)
"Excavation": any
man
made cavity or depression in the earth's surface, including its sides,
walls, or faces, formed by earth removal and producing unsupported earth
conditions by reason of the excavation. If installed forms or similar
structures reduce the depth-to-width relationship, an excavation may become a
trench.

(46)
"Explosive": any
chemical compound or mixture that is intended for the purpose of producing an
explosion.

(47)
"Exposed to
contact": the location of the material or object which, during the course of
operation, is accessible to an employee in performance of the employee's
regular or assigned duty.

(48)
"Face of slide": the bottom surface of the slide to which the punch or upper
die of a power press is generally attached.

(49)
"Factor of safety": the ratio between
the ultimate breaking stress and the working stress of the material, structure,
or device. For example, the term "factor of safety of four" means that the
material, structure, or device shall be constructed of such strength that the
maximum load will be one-fourth the designed ultimate breaking load. Where
other factors of safety appear, they shall apply in the same manner. The
standard of "The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)" shall be
used in determining the strength of material except as otherwise provided
herein.

(50)
"Feed rolls":
in-running rolls which perform no other function than to feed material to the
point of operation.

(51)
"Feeding":
the process of placing or removing material within or from the point of
operation. This may be done automatically, semi-automatically, or
manually.

(52)
"Fire-resistance
rating": the measured time in hours or fractions thereof that the material or
construction will withstand fire exposure, as determined by fire tests
conducted in conformity with recognized standards.

(53)
"Fire-resistive construction": a method
of construction which prevents or retards the passage of hot gases or flames as
defined by the fire-resistance rating.

(54)
"Flanges": collars, discs, or plates
between which grinding wheels are mounted and are referred to as adaptor,
sleeve, or back-up type.

(55)
"Floor hole": an opening measuring less than twelve inches but more than one
inch in its least dimension in any floor, pavement, or yard.

(56)
"Floor opening": an opening measuring
twelve inches or more in its least dimension, in any floor, platform, pavement,
or yard.

(57)
"Foot control (part
revolution clutch press)": the foot-operated control mechanism designed to be
used with a clutch or clutch/brake control system.

(58)
"Foot pedal (full revolution clutch
press)": the foot-operated lever designed to operate the mechanical linkage
that trips a full revolution clutch.

(59)
"Forging": the product of work on metal
formed to a desired shape by impact or pressure in hammers, forging machines
(upsetters), presses, rolls, and related forming equipment.

(60)
"Forging presses": a class of forging
equipment wherein the shaping of metal between dies is performed by mechanical
or hydraulic pressure.

(61)
"Full
revolution clutch (mechanical power press)": a type of clutch that, when
tripped, cannot be disengaged until the crankshaft has completed a full
revolution and the press slide a full stroke.

(62)
"Fumes": small solid particles formed by
the condensation of vapors of solid materials.

(63)
"Gas": a formless fluid which tends to
occupy an entire space uniformly at ordinary temperatures and
pressures.

(64)
"Gate" or "movable
barrier device": a movable barrier arranged to enclose the point of operation
before a power stroke can be started.

(65)
"Grab bars": individual handholds placed
adjacent to or as an extension above ladders for the purpose of providing
access beyond the limits of the ladder.

(66)
"Gravity hammers": A class of forging
hammer wherein energy for forging is obtained by the mass and velocity of a
freely falling ram and the attached upper die. Examples: board-type drop
hammers and air-lift hammers.

(a)
"Ground connection": the
equipment used in establishing a path between an electric circuit or equipment
and earth. A ground connection consists of a ground conductor, a ground
electrode, and the earth which surrounds the electrode.

(c)
"Grounded
effectively": connected to earth through a ground connection or connections of
sufficiently low impedance and having sufficient current-carrying capacity to
prevent the building up of voltages which may result in undue hazard to
connected equipment or to employees.

(68)
"Grounding conductor": a conductor which
is used to connect the equipment or the wiring system with a grounding
electrode or electrodes.

(69)
"Guard": the covering, fencing, railing, or enclosure which shields an object
from accidental contact. (See also "safety guard.")

(a)
"Bump cap or hat": a thin-shelled plastic
headgear worn to provide protection to the head from bumps or lacerations but
does not meet the requirements for protective helmets.

(b)
"Crown straps": that part of the
suspension which passes over the head.

(c)
"Hair enclosure": a hat or cap (other
than a protective helmet or bump cap) or a hairnet specifically designed to
protect the wearer from entanglement in moving parts of machines, equipment, or
from exposure to sparks, hot metal, or ignition.

(d)
"Protective helmet": a rigid headgear
also known as a safety or hard hat, or as a safety or hard cap, that is worn to
provide protection for the head, or portions thereof, against impact, flying
articles, or electric shock, or any combination thereof, and which is held in
place by a suitable suspension.

(e)
"Suspension": the internal cradle of a protective helmet or bump cap which
holds it in place on the head and is made up of the headband and crown
straps.

(76)
"Hood": that
part of an exhaust system into which the contaminated air or dust, fumes, mist,
vapor, or gas first enters.

(77)
"Hot line (live line) tools": those tools which are especially designed for
work on energized high voltage conductors and equipment.

(78)
"Inch": an intermittent motion imparted
to the slide (on mechanical power presses using part revolution clutches) by
momentary operation of the inch operating means.

(79)
"Kickouts": accidental release or
failure of a shore or brace used in trenching.

(a)
"Extension ladder": a portable ladder,
adjustable in length. It consists of two or more sections traveling in guides
or brackets so arranged as to permit length adjustment. Its size is designated
by the sum length of the sections measured along the side rails.

(b)
"Extension trestle ladder": a
self-supporting portable ladder, adjustable in length, consisting of a trestle
ladder base and a vertically adjustable single ladder, with an effective means
for locking the ladders together. The size is designated by the length of the
trestle ladder base.

(c)
"Fixed
ladder": a ladder permanently attached to a structure, building, or equipment.

(i)
"Ladder cage": an enclosure which
encircles the climbing space of the ladder and is securely fastened to the side
rails of the ladder or to the structure.

(ii)
"Ladder well": a permanent complete
enclosure around a fixed ladder, which is securely fastened to the walls of the
well.

(d)
"Individual-rung ladder": a fixed ladder, each rung of which is individually
attached to a structure, building, equipment, or manhole.

(e)
"Platform stepladder": a modification of
a portable stepladder with a working platform provided near the top.

(f)
"Rail ladder": a fixed ladder consisting
of side rails joined at regular intervals by rungs or cleats and fastened in
full length or in sections to a building, structure, or equipment.

(g)
"Sectional ladder": a portable ladder,
nonadjustable in length, consisting of two or more sections so constructed that
the sections may be combined to function as a single ladder. Its size is
designated by the overall length of the assembled sections.

(h)
"Side-rolling ladder": one from which an
employee getting off at the top must step attachments to a guide rail, which is
generally fastened to shelving, the plane of the ladder being also its plane of
motion.

(i)
"Side-step ladder": one
from which an employee getting off at the top must step sideways in order to
reach the landing.

(j)
"Single
ladder": a portable, nonadjustable ladder consisting of only one
section.

(k)
"Stepladder": a
self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, having flat steps or
treads and a hinged back. Its size is designated by the overall length of the
ladder measured along the front edge of the side.

(l)
"Through ladder": one from which an
employee getting off at the top must step through the rails in order to reach
the landing.

(m)
"Trestle ladder":
a self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of two
sections hinged at the top to form equal angles with the base. The size is
designated by the length of the side rails measured along the front
edge.

(81)
"Lanyard": a
flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap, which generally has a
connector at each end for connecting the body belt or body harness to a
deceleration device, lifeline, or
anchorage.

(82)
"Leading
wire": an insulated wire used between the electric power source and the
electric blasting cap circuit.

(83)
"Ledger (stringer)": a horizontal scaffold member which extends from post to
post and which supports the putlogs or bearer forming a tie between the
posts.

(84)
"Lifeline": a
component consisting of a
flexible line for connection to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically
(vertical lifeline), or for connection to anchorages at both ends to stretch
horizontally (horizontal lifeline) and which serves as a means for connecting
other components of a personal fall arrest system to the
anchorage.

(85)
"Limit
switch": a device on a manlift for the purpose of cutting off the power to the
motor and applying the brake to stop the carrier in the event that a loaded
step passes the terminal landing.

(91)
"Off-hand grinding": the grinding of any material or part which is held in the
operator's hand.

(92)
"Operator":
any employee assigned or authorized to work at the specific
equipment.

(93)
"Part revolution
clutch": a type of clutch that can be disengaged at any point before the
crankshaft has completed a full revolution and the press slide a full
stroke.

(94)
"Pinch, nip, or shear
point": the point or points at which it is possible to be caught between the
moving parts of a machine, or between the material and the moving part or parts
of a machine.

(95)
"Pitch": the
included angle between the horizontal and the ladder measured from the opposite
side of the ladder from the climbing side.

(96)
"Platform": a working space for
employees elevated above the surrounding floor or ground.

(97)
"Point of operation": the area where
material is actually positioned and work is being performed during any
process.

(98)
"Polishing wheels":
wheels designed for use with power-driven equipment to apply a luster or polish
to materials.

(99)
"Portable
explosive-actuated fastening tool": a tool which depends upon an explosive
charge to propel or discharge a stud, pin, or fastener, for the purpose of
impinging it upon, affixing it to, or penetrating another object or material.

(a)
"High-velocity tool": a tool or machine
which, when used with a load, propels or discharges a stud, pin, or fastener at
velocities in excess of three hundred feet per second.

(b)
"Low-velocity tool": a tool or machine
which, when used with a load, propels or discharges a stud, pin, or fastener at
velocities not in excess of three hundred feet
per second.

(101)
"Presence sensing
device": a device that creates a sensing field or area and deactivates the
clutch control of a power press when an operator's hand or any part of his body
is within such field or area.

(102)
"Press": a powered machine that shears, punches, forms, or assembles metal or
other material by means of cutting, shaping, or by combination dies attached to
slides. A press consists of a stationary bed or anvil, and a slide (or slides)
having a controlled reciprocating motion toward and away from the bed surface,
the slide being guided in a definite path by the frame of the press.

(103)
"Primed cartridge": a cartridge of
explosives to which a detonator has been attached as a means of
firing.

(104)
"Protective shield or
guard": a device, attached to the muzzle end of a portable explosive-actuated
fastening tool, which is designed to confine flying particles.

(105)
"Pull-out device": a mechanism attached
to the operator's hands and connected to the upper die or slide of a power
press, that is designed, when properly adjusted, to withdraw the operator's
hands as the dies close when the operator's hands are inadvertently within the
point of operation.

(a)
"Air-purifying respirator": a
respirator with an air-purifying filter, cartridge, or
canister that removes specific air contaminants by passing ambient air through
the air-purifying element. These include:

(i)
"Mechanical-filter respirator": a respirator which provides respiratory protection
against particulate matter, such as nonvolatile dust, mists, or metal
fumes.

(ii)
"Chemical-cartridge
respirator": a respirator
equipped with a filter, sorbent, or catalyst, or combination of these items,
which removes specific contaminants from the air passing through the
air-purifying element.

(b)
"Supplied-air respirator":
an atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the source
of breathing air is not designed to be carried by the user.

(c)
"Self-contained breathing apparatus":
an atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the source
of breathing air is designed to be carried by the user.

(115)
"Safety belt" or
" body belt": a strap with means both for
securing it around the waist and for attaching it to a lanyard, lifeline, or
deceleration device.

(116)
"Safety block": a prop that, when inserted between the upper and lower dies of
a power press or between the bolster plate and the face of the slide, prevents
the slide from falling of its own dead weight.

(117)
"Safety guard (grinding wheel)": a
device designed to restrain the pieces of a grinding wheel in the event the
wheel is broken in operation.

(118)
"Safety harness" or "body harness": a design of straps which may be
secured about the employee in a manner that will distribute the fall arrest
forces over at least the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders with means
for attaching it to other components of a personal fall arrest
system.

(b)
"Mobile work platform": generally a fixed work
level, one frame high, on casters or wheels, with bracing diagonally from
platform to vertical frame.

(c)
"Roof car": a
structure for the suspension of a working platform, providing for its
horizontal movement to working positions.

(d)
"Roof car
suspended platform": equipment to provide access to the exterior of a building
consisting of a suspended power-operated working platform, a roof car, and the
operating and control devices.

(e)
"Roof-powered
platform": the working platform of a roof car suspended platform having the
raising and lowering mechanism located on a roof car.

(f)
"Self-powered platform": a working platform, of a roof car suspended platform,
having the raising and lowering mechanism located on the working
platform.

(g)
"Swinging scaffold": a power- or manually operated
platform suspended by two or more lines and independent of the building except
for attachment at the roof or parapet.

(h)
"Tube and coupler
scaffold": an assembly consisting of tubing which serves as posts, bearers,
braces, ties, and runners, a base supporting the posts, and special couplers
which serve to connect the uprights and to join the various members.

(i)
"Tubular welded frame scaffold": a sectional panel, or frame metal scaffold
substantially built up of prefabricated welded sections which consist of posts
and horizontal bearer with intermediate members. Panels or frames shall be
braced with diagonal or cross braces.

(j)
"Two-point
suspension scaffolds": a scaffold suspended from overhead supports, the
platform of which is supported by stirrups or hangers at two points to permit
raising or lowering.

(120)
"Securely fastened": the object or
thing referred to shall be substantially fixed in place.

(125)
"Sheet pile": a
pile, or sheeting, that may form one of a continuous interlocking line, or a
row of timber, concrete, or steel piles, driven in close contact to provide a
tight wall to resist the lateral pressure of water, adjacent earth, or other
materials.

(126)
"Sides," "walls,"
or "faces": the vertical or inclined earth surfaces formed as a result of
trenching or excavation work.

(127)
"Single-stroke mechanism (mechanical power press)": an arrangement used on a
full revolution clutch to limit the travel of the slide to one complete stroke
at each engagement of the clutch.

(128)
"Slide": the main reciprocating member
of a power press. A slide is also called a ram, plunger, or platen.

(129)
"Sling": an assembly which connects the
load to the material handling equipment.

(130)
"Split-rail switch": an electric limit
switch operated mechanically by the rollers of manlift steps. It consists of an
additional hinged or "split" rail, mounted on the regular guide rail, over
which the step rollers pass. It is springloaded in the "split" position. If the
step supports no load, the rollers will "bump" over the switch; if a loaded
step should pass over the section, the split rail will be forced straight,
tripping the switch and opening the electrical circuit.

(131)
"Standard guard railing": a substantial
barrier, constructed in accordance with paragraph (E) of rule
4123:1-5-02 of the
Administrative Code.

(b)
"Intermediate rail": the lateral member
or members of a standard guard railing, installed at intervals of no more than
twenty-one inches.

(132)
"Steam hammers": a type of drop hammer where the ram is raised for each stroke
by a double-action steam cylinder and the energy delivered to the workpiece is
supplied by the velocity and weight of the ram and attached upper die driven
downward by steam pressure. Energy delivered during each stroke may be
varied.

(133)
"Stop control": an
operator control on a mechanical power press designed to immediately deactivate
the clutch control and activate the brake to stop slide motion.

(134)
"Stripper": a mechanism or die part on
a power press for removing the parts or material from the punch.

(135)
"Stud, pin, or fastener (as used in
portable fastening tools)": a fastening device specifically designed and
manufactured for use in portable explosive-actuated fastening tools.

(136)
"Substantial (referring to material
things)": constructed of such strength, or of such materials, and of such
workmanship that the object will withstand the wear, usage, or shock for which
it is designed.

(137)
"Sweep
device": a single or double arm (rod) attached to the upper die or slide of a
power press and designed to move the operator's hands as the dies close when
the operator's hands are inadvertently within the point of operation. (Their
use on power presses is prohibited.)

(139)
"Toeboard": a
vertical barrier erected along exposed edges of a floor opening, platform,
runway, ramp, or scaffold to prevent falls of material.

(140)
"Travel" (manlifts): the distance
between the centers of the top and bottom pulleys.

(141)
"Traveling cable": a cable made up of
electrical or communication conductors or both, and providing electrical
connection between the working platform and the roof car or other fixed
point.

(142)
"Trench (when used as
a noun)": a narrow excavation made below the surface of the ground. In general,
the depth is greater than the width, but the width of a trench at the bottom is
no greater than fifteen feet.

(143)
"Trench boxes (safety cages, trench shields)": a shoring system composed of
steel plates and bracing, welded or bolted together, which can be moved along
as work progresses and protects employees from movement of earth and
cave-ins.

(144)
"Trench jack": a
screw or hydraulic-type jack used as cross bracing in a trench shoring
system.

(145)
"Turnover bar": a bar
used in die setting to turn manually the crankshaft of a mechanical power
press.

(149)
"Upsetting machines (forging machines,
headers)": a type of forging equipment in which the main forming energy is
applied horizontally to the workpiece which is gripped and held by prior action
of the dies.

(a)
"Dilution ventilation": ventilation
provided to reduce the concentration of air contaminants in the atmosphere of
all or part of the place of employment.

(b)
"General ventilation": ventilation of the
general atmosphere in the place of employment.

(c)
"Local exhaust ventilation": that type of
ventilation in which suction is applied at the point of generation or escape of
air contaminants.

(151)
"Wales (stringers)": the horizontal members of a shoring system with sides
bearing against the uprights or earth.

(152)
"Wall and chute openings": openings in
any wall or partition from which there is a drop of more than four feet and
which are thirty inches or more in height and eighteen inches or more in width
through which an individual may inadvertently fall. Windows shall not be
considered wall openings except when located at the foot of any flight of
stairs or at any platform on stairs. Where windows or openings are filled in
with glass block, metal frame with sash bars, or wire mesh types, they shall
not be considered wall openings.

(153)
"Wall hole": an opening less than
thirty inches but more than one inch high, of unrestricted width, in a wall or
partition, such as a ventilation hole or drainage scupper.

This rule coves the guarding of floor and wall openings and
holes. It shall not apply to industrial grating holes nor to the working face
of floor openings which are occupied by elevators, dumbwaiters, conveyors,
machinery, piping or containers; the loading and unloading areas of automotive
truck and railroad docks, or platforms, scaffolds, pits and trenches which are
occupied for the purpose of providing access to a product, facility or process
equipment while being worked upon.

(ii)
A fixed,
hinged floor hole cover of substantial strength and construction. While the
cover is not in place, the floor hole shall be attended by an employee
designated by the employer or shall be guarded by a removable standard
railing.

(b)
Every floor
hole into which employees cannot accidentally walk (on account of fixed
machinery, equipment, or walls) shall be protected by a cover that leaves no
openings more than one inch wide. The cover shall be securely held in place to
prevent tools or materials from falling through.

(i)
Wall openings shall be guarded by
standard railings and toeboards, or with doors or gates or substantial screens
which shall extend to a minimum height of forty-two inches measured from the
floor or platform level.

(ii)
When
the top of the wall openings, protected by a railing, prevents installation of
standard guard railing, the top rail shall be not be more than ten inches below
the top of the wall opening.

Where there is a hazard of materials falling through a wall
hole, and the lower edge of the near side of the hole is less than four inches
above the floor, and the far side of the hole more than five feet above the
next lower level, the hole shall be guarded by a toeboard, or an enclosing
screen either of solid construction, or as specified in rule
4123:1-5-99 of the
Administrative Code.

The area at the discharge end of chutes shall be guarded if
employees are required to work in, or pass through the area. If the chute
discharges into a bin, conveyor, truck, railroad car, or other container,
guarding shall not be required, but warning signs of conspicuous and easily
read style shall be posted to warn employees when there is a hazard from
falling, flying, moving or sliding objects.

(a)
Sides of such vats,
soaking pits, and tanks, containing injurious chemicals or other materials,
shall extend to a height of not less than thirty-six inches above the working
floor level or shall be guarded by standard guard railing. Employees shall not
be required to work over such vats, soaking pits and tanks except on elevated
runways, platforms and walkways (see paragraph (D)(1) of this rule).

(b)
This shall not apply to open vats,
soaking pits and open tanks designated as restricted areas where product is
handled by conveyor or cab-controlled overhead crane.

Galvanizing tanks shall have a minimum height of thirty inches.
At such height the wall thickness or bench shall be no less than thirty-two
inches in width. For each increase in height of one inch the wall thickness or
bench may be reduced by four inches (see appendix to this rule).

(a)
Elevated platforms, runways and walkways
four feet or more above floor or ground level shall be guarded with standard
railings and toeboards. All elevated runways, platforms and walkways,
regardless of height, located over or adjacent to water, machinery, open vats,
open soaking pits or open tanks shall be provided with standard railing and
toeboards.

(b)
When the requirement
prescribed above would result in an impairment of the work being performed,
alternative protection may be provided for employees. Such alternative
protection shall provide safety equivalent to or greater than that required in
paragraph (D)(1)(a) of this rule.

Openings for drainage, ventilation, etc. in floors, elevated
runways, platforms and walkways four feet or more above floor or ground level
where employees are required to work below, shall not be greater than one inch
in width.

Runways used exclusively for special purposes, such as oiling,
shafting, or filling tank cars, may have the railing on one side omitted where
operating conditions necessitate such omission, provided the falling hazard is
minimized by using a runway of not less than eighteen inches wide.

A standard guard railing shall be constructed as a substantial
barrier, securely fastened in place, and free from protruding objects, such as
nails, screws and bolts, to protect openings or prevent accidental contact with
some object, which barrier shall consist of a top rail not less than forty-two
inches above the working level, and unless the space between the top rail and
the working level is covered with substantial material, an intermediate rail.
Minimum material requirements shall be:

Top rail and intermediate railings shall be at least
one and one half inch nominal diameter pipe, or two by two by three eighths
inch angle structural steel, or other metal shapes
of equivalent bending strength with posts spaced not more than eight feet on
centers.

For wood railings, the posts shall
be of at least two
inch
by four inch
stock spaced not to
exceed six feet ; the top and
intermediate rails shall be of at least two inch by four inch stock. If top
rail is made of two right-angle pieces of one inch by four inch stock, posts
may be spaced on eight foot centers, with two inch by four inch intermediate
rail.

A standard toeboard shall be four inches nominal in vertical
height from its top edge to the level of the floor, platform, runway, or ramp.
It shall be securely fastened in place and with not more than one fourth inch
clearance above floor level. It may be made of any substantial material either
solid or with openings not over one inch in greatest dimension.

Where material is piled to such height that a standard toeboard
does not provide protection, paneling from floor to intermediate rail, or to
top rail shall be provided.

Every flight of stairs having four or more risers shall be
equipped with standard stair railings or standard handrails as specified in the
following, the width of the stair to be measured clear of all obstructions
except handrails:

(a)
On stairways
less than forty-four inches wide having both sides enclosed, at least one
handrail, preferably on the right side descending;

(b)
On stairways less than forty-four inches
wide having one side open, at least one stair railing on the open
side;

(c)
On stairways less than
forty-four inches wide having both sides open, one stair railing on each
side;

(d)
On stairways more than
forty-four inches but less than eighty-eight inches wide, one handrail on each
enclosed side and one stair railing on each open side;

(e)
On stairways eighty-eight or more inches
wide, one handrail on each enclosed side, one stair railing on each open side,
and one intermediate stair railing located approximately midway of the
width.

(a)
Four or more risers between landings
shall be considered a flight of stairs.

(b)
This does not apply to steps over a
conveyor or to a working platform in connection with production lines or
process units where access is for the performance of work, and the steps are
not considered a passageway for general travel.

Handrails shall be free of protruding nails or screws and not
less than thirty inches, nor more than thirty-four inches in height measured
vertically above the line in the top surface of the tread over the face of the
riser.

All ladders shall be substantially constructed of wood, metal
or other equivalent material . Ladders must be
able to support at least four times the maximum intended load, except
extra-heavy-duty type one "A" metal or plastic ladders, which must be able to
sustain 3.3 times the maximum intended load.

All wood parts shall be free
from sharp edges and splinters; sound and
free from accepted visual inspection from shake, wane, compression failures,
decay, or other irregularities. Low density wood shall not be
used.

Metal side rails shall be parallel or shall vary uniformly in
separation along the length (tapered) of the ladder or shall flare at the base.
The design of the side rails shall be such that the ladder will conform to the
specific safety requirements of this code.

Wood rungs, steps or treads shall be sound material free from
knots, shakes, cross grain, large checks or decay. All rungs, steps or treads
shall have a uniform spacing which shall not exceed twelve inches on
center.

Metal rungs, steps or treads shall have a uniform spacing which
shall not exceed twelve inches on center. Metal rungs, steps or treads to side
rail connections shall be so constructed as to conform to the factor of safety
specified in paragraph (C)(1) of this rule.

(i)
All portable ladders shall be equipped
with safety shoes, metal spikes or spurs. Safety shoes shall be surfaced with
cork, carborundum, rubber or other material with equivalent coefficient of
friction.

(ii)
This does not apply
to step ladders, lashed ladder or hook ladders.

Portable metal or conductive ladders shall not be used near
energized conductors or equipment except as may be necessary in specialized
work, such as in high voltage substations where non-conductive ladders might
present a greater hazard than conductive ladders. Conductive or metal ladders
shall be prominently marked as "Conductive."

Extension ladders shall be equipped with two automatic locks of
malleable iron or equivalent material attached to the side rails of the upper
extension and of such construction as to make the extension ladder equal in
strength to a ladder constructed of continuous side rails.

(b)
Where a single rung support holds an
entire rung of the upper extension and the support is attached to both side
rails of the lower section, two automatic locks shall not be
required.

(i)
Adjacent sections shall be jointed
by means of a groove in the bottom end of each rail of the upper of the two
sections setting firmly over extensions outside the side rails, of the topmost
rung of the next lower section and, at the same time, a groove in the top end
of each rail of the lower of the two sections setting firmly over the bottom
rung, inside the side rails, of the section next above.

(ii)
The distance between the two rungs
(topmost rung of one section, bottom rung of the section next above) mentioned
in paragraph (C)(5)(b)(i) of this rule shall not be less than one
foot.

(iii)
The fit between rail
grooves and rungs mentioned in paragraph (C)(5)(b)(i) of this rule shall be
such as to provide a good fit without binding or unnecessary play.

(iv)
The grooved ends of the sections shall
be reinforced with a metal plate of not less than eighteen-gauge (manufacturing
standard) material properly secured thereto, and a rivet adjacent to the
groove, extending through the depth of the rail, or the equivalent
thereof.

When ladders are used to ascend to heights exceeding twenty
feet, landing platforms shall be provided for each thirty feet of height or
fraction thereof, except that where no cage, well, or ladder safety device is
provided, landing platforms shall be provided for each twenty feet of height or
fraction thereof. Each ladder section shall be offset from adjacent sections.
Where installation conditions (even for a short, unbroken length) require that
adjacent sections be offset, landing platforms shall be provided at each
offset.

(i)
Where an employee must
step a distance greater than twelve inches from the centerline of the rung of a
ladder to the nearest edge of structure or equipment, a landing platform shall
be provided. The minimum step-across distance shall be two and one-half inches.
(See figure in paragraph (C)(6)(a)(i) of this rule.)

(ii)
All landing platforms shall be equipped
with standard guard railings and toeboards, so arranged as to give safe access
to the ladder. Platforms shall be no less than twenty-four inches in width and
thirty inches in length.

(iii)
One
rung of any section of ladder shall be located at the level of the landing
laterally served by the ladder. Where access to the landing is through the
ladder, the same rung spacing as used on the ladder shall be used from the
landing platform to the first rung below the landing.

The side rails of through or side-step ladder extensions shall
extend three and one-half feet above any landing or other walking surface. For
through ladder extensions, the rungs shall be omitted from the extension and
shall have not less than eighteen nor more than twenty-four inches clearance
between rails. For side-step or offset fixed ladder sections at landings, the
side rails and rungs shall be carried to the next regular rung beyond or above
the three-and-one-half-foot minimum. (See figure in paragraph (C)(6)(b) of this
rule.)

Grab bars shall be spaced by a continuation of the rung spacing
when they are located in the horizontal position. Vertical grab bars shall have
the same spacing as the ladder side rails. Grab bars' diameters shall be the
equivalent of the round-rung diameters.

Ladder safety devices may be used on ladders in lieu of cage
protection. No landing platform is required in these cases. All ladder safety
devices such as those that incorporate life belts, friction brakes, and sliding
attachments shall meet the design requirements of the ladder which they
serve.

Where counterweighted hatch covers are provided they shall open
a minimum of sixty degrees from the horizontal. The distance from centerline of
rungs or cleats to the edge of the hatch opening on the climbing side shall be
not less than twenty-four inches from offset wells or thirty inches for
straight wells. There shall be no protruding potential hazards within
twenty-four inches of the centerline of rungs or cleats; any such hazards
within thirty inches of the centerline of the rungs or cleats shall be fitted
with deflector plates placed at an angle of sixty degrees from the horizontal
as indicated in the figure in paragraph (C)(6)(e) of this rule.

(i)
The pitch of fixed
ladders shall come in the range of seventy-five degrees and ninety degrees with
the horizontal. (See figure in paragraph (C)(6)(f)(i) of this rule).

(ii)
Fixed ladders within the pitch range of sixty to seventy-five degrees with the
horizontal are permitted only where it is found necessary to meet conditions of
installation. Lesser pitch ranges are not permissible.

(iii)
Ladders having a pitch in excess of
ninety degrees with the horizontal are prohibited.

(i)
Entrance into a manhole shall be by steps
that are cast or mortared into the walls of riser or conical top sections or by
portable ladder. Portable ladders shall conform to the requirements of
paragraphs (C)(1) and (C)(2) of this rule.

(ii)
Manhole steps that are cast or mortared
into the walls of riser or conical top sections shall meet the following
requirements:

(a)
For steps, appurtenances and
fastenings, the minimum design live load shall be a single concentrated load of
two
hundred pounds.

(b)
The distance between rungs, cleats,
and steps shall not exceed twelve inches and shall be uniform throughout the
length of the ladder. Rungs on an individual rung ladder shall be so designed
that the foot cannot slide off the end.

(c)
When dissimilar types of materials are
used in the steps, appurtenances and fastenings, the materials shall be treated
to prevent deleterious effects.

(d)
The portion of the step projecting into the riser or cone opening shall be free
of any hazardous sharp edges, burrs, or projections.

(e)
Ferrous metal steps not painted or
treated to resist corrosion shall have a minimum cross-sectional dimension of
one inch.

The cage shall not extend less than twenty-seven or more than
twenty-eight inches from the centerline of the rungs of the ladder and shall
not be less than twenty-seven inches in width. Vertical bars shall be at a
minimum spacing of forty degrees around the circumference of the cage. This
will give a maximum spacing of approximately nine and one-half inches, center
to center. The inside of the cage shall be clear of projections.

The bottom of the cage shall extend down the ladder to a point
not less than seven nor more than eight feet above the base of the ladder, with
bottom flared not less than four inches, or the portion of the cage opposite
the ladder shall be carried to the base. (See figure in paragraph
(C)(6)(j)(iii) of this rule.)

Ladder wells shall have a minimum clear width of fifteen inches
measured each way from the center-line of the ladder. Smooth-walled wells shall
be a minimum of twenty-seven inches from the centerline of the rungs, steps or
treads to the well wall on the climbing side of the ladder. Where obstructions
on the climbing side of the ladder exist, there shall be a
minimum clearance of thirty inches from the centerline of the rungs, steps or
treads.

Flat steps shall be inset in the side rails one-eighth inch and
secured with not less than two 6-d nails at each end, or the equivalent
thereof. They shall be reinforced with angle braces or a three-sixteenths-inch
steel rod.

(a)
The
width between the side rails at the base of the trestle ladder and base
sections of the extension trestle ladder shall be not less than twenty-one
inches for all ladders and sections up to and including six feet. Longer
lengths shall be increased at least one inch for each additional foot of
length. The width between the side rails of the extension sections of the
trestle ladder shall be not less than twelve inches.

(b)
The tops of the side rails of the trestle
ladder and of the base section of the extension trestle ladder shall be
beveled, or of equivalent construction and shall be provided further with a
metal hinge to prevent spreading.

(c)
A metal spreader or locking device to
hold the front and back sections in an open position, and to hold the extension
section securely in the elevated position shall be a component of all extension
trestle ladders and all trestle ladders over twelve feet in length.

(d)
Rungs shall be parallel and level. On the
trestle ladder, or on the base sections of the extension trestle ladder, rungs
shall be spaced not less than eight inches or more than eighteen inches apart;
on the extension section of the extension trestle ladder, rungs shall be spaced
not less than six inches or more than twelve inches apart.

(i)
Trestle ladders
or extension sections or base sections of extension trestle ladders shall be
not more than twenty feet in length.

(ii)
The minimum distance between side rails
of the trestle or extension sections or base sections at the narrowest point
shall be not less than twelve inches. The width spread shall be not less than
one inch per foot of length of side rail.

(a)
The minimum width between side rails at
the platform shall not be less than fifteen inches.

(b)
The back legs and side rails shall extend
at least twenty-four inches above the platform and shall be connected with a
top member to form a three-sided rail, or equivalent construction shall be
provided.

(c)
The wood parts of a
combined wood and metal platform functioning as a spreader shall not be
depended upon to contribute to the spreading or locking action.

Planks used in scaffolds shall be a minimum width of nine
inches and a minimum thickness of two inches, scaffold grade, and shall be
straight, close grained and free of visible defects, such as large knots, decay
and shakes. Wooden materials of different sectional dimensions of equal
strength or other material of equal strength may be used.

(i)
Standard guard railing and toeboards
shall be provided on the unprotected sides of all stationary scaffolds which
are ten feet or more above the ground or supporting area, or that are over or
immediately adjacent to water, machinery or sources of danger.

(ii)
Standard guard railing and toeboards
shall not be required on ladder scaffolds.

(iii)
When it is not practicable to install
and use standard guard railing for employee protection on a scaffold, as
required by this paragraph, safety harness which are properly secured to a
lanyard and lifeline or a safety net properly installed, may be used instead of
standard guard railings.

Scaffolds shall be provided with a screen between the toeboard
and the guardrail, extending along the entire opening, consisting of no.
eighteen gauge U.S. standard wire one-half inch mesh or the equivalent, where
persons are required to work or pass under the scaffolds. At a minimum, side
screens shall be as high as the maximum height of material to be stored or
piled on the scaffold. Side screens on scaffolds shall consist of no. eighteen
gauge U.S. standard wire one-half inch mesh or the equivalent.

Scaffold planks shall extend over their end supports not less
than six inches nor more than eighteen inches extending across the entire
bearer from pole to pole. The scaffold planks shall be laid tightly with no
opening greater than one inch, through which tools or materials can
fall.

Manually propelled mobile work platforms (ladder stands) and
rolling platforms (towers) shall support at least four times the designed
working load. The assembled components of all mobile work platforms (ladder
stands) and rolling platforms (towers) shall provide a factor of safety of not
less than four. Exposed surfaces shall be free from sharp edges, burrs, or
other projecting parts.

(i)
The maximum work
platform height shall not exceed four times the minimum or least base dimension
of any mobile work platform (ladder stand) or rolling scaffold (tower). Where
the basic mobile unit does not meet this requirement, outrigger frames shall be
provided to meet this least base dimension, or it shall be securely fastened to
prevent tipping.

(ii)
The minimum
work platform width for any work level shall not be less than twenty inches for
mobile scaffolds (towers). Ladder stands shall have a minimum step width of
sixteen inches.

(iii)
The
supporting structure for the work platform shall be rigidly braced, using
substantial cross bracing or diagonal bracing with rigid platforms at each work
level.

(v)
The work platform of rolling scaffolds
(towers) shall be the full width of the scaffold, except for necessary
openings. Work platforms shall be securely fastened in place. All planking
shall be two-inch scaffold grade lumber or equivalent.

(vi)
Work platforms ten feet or more above
the ground or floor shall have a standard guardrail with an intermediate rail
and toeboard.

(vii)
A climbing
ladder or stairway shall be provided for access and egress, and shall be
secured safely to or built into the scaffold and so located that its use will
not tip the scaffold. A landing platform shall be provided at intervals not to
exceed thirty feet.

Scaffolds shall be braced by cross braces and/or diagonal
braces for securely fastening vertical members together laterally. The cross
braces shall be of a length that will automatically square and align vertical
members so the erected scaffold is always plumb, square, and rigid.

Spacing of panels or frames shall provide a factor of safety of
not less than four. The frames shall be placed one on top of the other with
coupling or stacking pins which shall provide positive vertical alignment of
the legs.

The width of a sectional folding ladder scaffold shall not
exceed four and one-half feet. The maximum length of a sectional folding ladder
scaffold shall not exceed six feet six inches for a six-foot-long unit, eight
feet six inches for an eight-foot-long unit or ten feet six inches for a
ten-foot-long unit.

Steps shall be uniformly spaced, and sloped, with a rise of not
less than nine inches, nor more than ten inches and a depth of not less than
seven inches. The slope of the steps section shall be a minimum of fifty-five
degrees and a maximum of sixty degrees measured from the horizontal.

Only the manufacturer of the scaffold or its qualified designee
shall be permitted to erect or supervise the erection of scaffolds exceeding
fifty feet in height above the base, unless such a structure is approved in
writing by a licensed professional engineer, or erected in accordance with
instructions furnished by the manufacturer.

(1)
When constructed of wood, the chair seat
shall be no less than twelve inches by twenty-four inches by one-inch
thickness, reinforced by cleats on the underside to prevent splitting. A chair
of the same size may be constructed of material of equal strength.

(2)
Seat slings shall be of no less than
five-eighths-inch diameter, first grade manila rope, or its equivalent, which
shall be reeved through the four seat holes so as to cross each other on the
underside of the seat.

(3)
Seat
slings shall be of no less than three-eighths-inch wire rope when an employee
is conducting a heat-producing process, such as gas or arc welding.

(4)
The employee shall be protected by a
safety belt and lifeline in accordance with paragraph (I)(6) of rule
4123:1-5-17 of the
Administrative Code. The attachment point of the lifeline to the structure
shall be appropriately changed as the work progresses.

(6)
The roof irons or hooks shall be of
proper size and design, securely installed and anchored. Tiebacks of
three-quarters-inch manila rope, or its equivalent, shall serve as an
additional means of anchorage, which shall be installed as nearly as possible
at right angles to the face of the building and shall be
securely fastened to a chimney.

(1)
Swinging scaffold platforms shall be no
less than twenty inches and no more than thirty-six
inches wide overall. The platform shall be securely fastened to the
hangers by U-bolts or by other equivalent means.

(2)
The hangers of swinging scaffolds shall
be capable of sustaining four times the rated load.

(3)
When hoisting machines are used on
swinging scaffolds, machines shall be of an approved design.

(4)
The roof irons
or hooks shall be of proper size and design securely installed and anchored.
Tiebacks of three-quarters-inch manila rope, or the equivalent, shall serve as
an additional means of anchorage, which shall be installed as nearly as
possible at right angles to the face of the building and shall be secured to a
structurally sound portion of the building .

(5)
Swinging
scaffolds shall be suspended by wire, synthetic fiber, or natural fiber ropes
capable of supporting no less than six times the rated load. All other
components shall be capable of supporting no less than four times the rated
load.

(6)
Only treated or protected
fiber rope or its equivalent shall be used for or near any work involving the
use of corrosive chemicals.

(7)
The
sheaves of all blocks shall fit the size and type of rope used.

(8)
No more than two employees shall be
required to be on a two-point suspension scaffold designed for a working load
of five hundred pounds. No more than three employees shall be required to be on
a two-point suspension scaffold designed for a working load of seven hundred
fifty pounds.

(9)
The employer shall provide an approved
safety belt or harness and lifeline for each employee working on a swinging
scaffold in compliance with paragraph (I)(6) of rule
4123:1-5-17 of the
Administrative Code.

(10)
When two or more scaffolds are used they shall not be
bridged one to another unless they are designed to be bridged, the bridge
connections are articulated, and the hoists are properly sized. If bridges are
not used, passage may be made from one platform to another only when the
platforms are at the same height and are abutting.

(11)
Each swinging scaffold shall be securely
fastened to the building or structure at each work location to prevent it from
swaying. Window cleaners' anchors shall not be used for this purpose. Tie-in
anchors designed for the rated load of the scaffold may be used.

(12)
The platform of every swinging scaffold
shall be capable of sustaining four times the rated load.

(13)
All swinging scaffolds shall have
standard guardrails and toeboards on all unprotected sides of platforms
more than ten feet above the ground.

(14)
The free ends of fall lines from
scaffolds shall be guarded to prevent tangling or snagging.

This rule applies to mechanical power transmission apparatus
and facilities to transmit power to operating equipment or machine tools. This
rule shall not be construed as being applicable to power transmission
facilities located within the frame or the equipment and exposure is necessary
to its operation or adjustment.

Horizontal belts and pulleys seven feet or less above floor or
platform shall be guarded as follows:

(a)
Where both runs of horizontal belts
are seven feet or less from floor level, the guard shall extend to at least fifteen inches above
the belt or to a standard height,
except that where both runs of a horizontal belt are forty-two inches or less
from the floor, the belt shall be fully enclosed in accordance with rule
4123:1-5-99 of the
Administrative Code. Note: In power or power development plants a
standard guard railing may be used in lieu of this requirement.

(b)
If lower part of belt is seven feet or
less above platform or floor level and upper part of belt more than seven feet
above platform or floor level, the lower part of belt and pulley shall be
guarded on bottom, sides, and ends, to a height of seven feet above floor or
platform level. Guarding shall be in accordance with rule
4123:1-5-99 of the Administrative Code.

(c)
Horizontal overhead belts more than seven
feet above floor or platform shall be guarded for their entire length under the
following conditions:

(i)
If located over
passageways or work places and traveling eighteen hundred feet or more per
minute;

(ii)
If center to center
distance between pulleys is ten feet or more;

(a)
A set or train of gears is two or more
power-driven gears that move and intermesh. This does not apply to adjusting
gears which do not normally revolve and are not power operated, or to adjusting
gears which require access to the gears for manual
manipulation.

All or any part of a set or train of gears seven feet or less
above floor or platform level shall be completely guarded or have a band guard
around the face of the gear with the side flanges extending inward beyond the
root of the teeth. Where there are openings of more than two and one-half
inches between arm or through web, the entire gear shall be guarded. Guarding
shall be in accordance with rule 4123:1-5-99 of the Administrative Code
and shall be securely fastened in place.

(a)
All
exposed parts of horizontal shafting seven feet or less from floor or working
platform, excepting runways used exclusively for oiling or running adjustments,
shall be protected by a stationary casing enclosing shafting completely or by a
trough enclosing sides and top or sides and bottom of shafting as location
requires.

(b)
Shafting under bench
machines shall be enclosed by a stationary casing, or by a trough at sides and
top or sides and bottom as location requires. The sides of the trough shall
come within at least six inches of the underside of table, or if shafting is
located near the floor, within six inches of the floor. In every case the sides
of the trough shall extend at least two inches beyond the shafting or
protuberance.

Shaft couplings shall be so constructed as to present no
hazard from bolts, nuts, setscrews will, however, be permitted where they are
covered with safety sleeves or where they are used parallel with the shafting
and are countersunk or else do not extend beyond the flange of the coupling.

Revolving face plates and chucks shall be cylindrical with no
projecting parts on the rim unless such projecting parts are guarded. This does
not apply to those face plates and chucks revolving less than five revolutions
per minute.

Flywheels located so that any part is seven feet or less above
floor or platform shall be guarded in accordance with the requirements of
paragraphs (E)(8)(a) to (E)(8)(d)(i)(c) of this rule:

(a)
With an enclosure of sheet, perforated,
or expanded metal, or woven wire;

(b)
With standard guard railings placed not
less than fifteen inches nor more than twenty inches from rim. When flywheel
extend into a pit or is within twelve inches of the floor, a standard toeboard
shall also be provided.

(c)
When
the upper rim of a flywheel
protrudes through a working floor, it shall be
entirely enclosed or surrounded by a standard guard railing and toeboard.

(i)
For flywheels with smooth rims five feet
or less in diameter, where the preceding methods cannot be applied, the
following may be used:

(a)
A disc attached to
the flywheel in such manner as to cover the spokes of the wheel on the exposed
side and present a smooth surface and edge, at the same time providing means
for periodic inspection;

(b)
An
open space, not exceeding four inches in width, may be left between the outside
edge of the disc and the rim of the wheel if desired, to facilitate turning the
wheel over;

(c)
Where a disc is
used, the keys or other dangerous projections not covered by disc shall be cut
off or covered.

(ii)
Paragraph (E)(8) of this rule does not apply to flywheels with solid web
centers.

Where overhead conveyors carry material with a clearance of
seven feet or more above the floor level, and cross designed walkways or roads,
or pass over areas where employees are normally at work, a substantial barrier
shall be installed to catch falling material.

In addition to the requirements of paragraph (C)(1)(a) of this
rule, the auger of screw conveyors shall be operated with covers secured in
place. Covers shall be solid or of wire mesh, in accordance with rule
4123:1-5-99 of the
Administrative Code, and covers designed for regular removal shall be
interlocked so that removal will disconnect power source.

Pinch points created by travel of conveyor belts over or around
end, drive and snubber, or take-up pulleys of chain conveyors running over
sprocket wheels shall be guarded or a means shall be provided at the pinch
point to disengage the belt or chain from the source of power.

Means shall be provided at each machine, within easy reach of
the operator, for disengaging it from its power supply. This shall not apply to
rolling departments of iron and steel mills nor to electrical power generation
or conversion equipment.

The employer shall furnish and the employees shall use a device
to lock the controls in the "off" position or the employer shall furnish and
the employees shall use warning tags when machines are shut down for repair,
adjusting, or cleaning.

Portable machinery mounted upon trucks or bases shall be
securely fastened thereto, and such truck or base shall be so locked or blocked
as to prevent movement or shift while such machine is in operation.

Counterweights exposed to contact shall be guarded, or secured
with safety chain or wire rope so the counterweight shall not descend to a
level less than eight feet above the floor or working level, where employees
are required to perform their assigned duties or where employees are required
to pass through in the performance of their assigned duties.

Portable electric tools and equipment shall be provided with a
means of grounding or shall be protected by a system of double insulation.
Where such approved system is employed, the equipment shall be distinctively
marked.

Tools of the high-velocity type shall have the following
characteristics:

(a)
The muzzle end
of the tool shall have a protective shield or guard at least three and one-half
inches in diameter, mounted perpendicular to and concentric with the barrel,
and designed to confine any flying fragments or particles that might otherwise
create a hazard at the time of firing.

(b)
Where a standard shield or guard cannot
be used, or where it does not cover all apparent avenues through which flying
particles might escape, a special shield, guard, fixture, or jig, designed and
built by the manufacturer of the tool being used, which provides this degree of
protection, shall be used as a substitute.

(c)
The tool shall be so designed that it
cannot be fired unless it is equipped with a standard protective guard or
shield, or a special shield, guard, fixture or jig.

(i)
The firing mechanism shall be so designed
that the tool cannot fire during loading or preparation to fire, or if the tool
should be dropped while loaded.

(ii)
The firing of the tool shall be
dependent upon at least two separate and distinct operations of the operator,
with the final firing movement being separate from the operation of bringing
the tool into the firing position.

(e)
The tool shall be so designed as not to
be operable other than against a work surface, and unless the operator is
holding the tool against the work surface with a force at least five pounds
greater than the total weight of the tool.

(f)
The tool shall be so designed that it
will not operate when equipped with the standard guard indexed to the center
position if any bearing surface of the guard is tilted more than eight degrees
from contact with the work surface.

(g)
The tool shall be so designed that
positive means of varying the power are available or can be made available to
the operator as part of the tool, or as an auxiliary, in order to make it
possible for the operator to select a power level adequate to perform the
desired work without excessive force.

(h)
The tool shall be so designed that all
breeching parts will be reasonably visible to allow a check for any foreign
matter that may be present.

Tools of the low-velocity piston type shall have the following
characteristics:

(a)
The muzzle end
of the tool shall be designed so that suitable protective shields, guards,
jigs, or fixtures, designed and built by the manufacturer of the tool being
used, can be mounted perpendicular to the barrel. A standard spall shield, when
supplied, shall be utilized with each tool.

(i)
The tool shall be designed so that it
shall not in ordinary usage propel or discharge a stud, pin, or fastener, while
loading or during preparation to fire, or if the tool should be dropped while
loaded.

(ii)
Firing of the tool
shall be dependent upon at least two separate and distinct operations of the
operator, with the final firing movement being separate from the operation of
bringing the tool into the firing position.

(c)
The tool shall be so designed as not to
be operable other than against a work surface, and unless the operator is
holding the tool against the work surface with a force at least five pounds
greater than the total weight of the tool.

(d)
The tool shall be so designed that
positive means of varying the power are available or can be made available to
the operator as part of the tool, or as an auxiliary, in order to make it
possible for the operator to select a power level adequate to perform the
desired work without excessive force.

(e)
The tool shall be so designed that all
breeching parts will be reasonably visible to allow a check for any foreign
matter that may be present.

Instructions to operators in order to teach them the use of
portable explosive-actuated fastening tools shall include, but shall not be
limited to, the following items:

(1)
Before using a tool, the operator shall inspect it to determine to his
satisfaction that it is clean, that all moving parts operate freely, and that
the barrel is free from obstruction.

(2)
When a tool develops a defect during use,
the operator shall immediately cease to use it, until it is properly repaired.

(3)
Tools shall not be loaded
until just prior to the intended firing time. Neither loaded nor empty tools
are to be pointed at any employee, and hands should be kept clear of the open
barrel end.

(4)
No tools shall be
loaded unless being prepared for immediate use, nor shall an unattended tool be
left loaded.

(5)
In case of a
misfire, the operator shall hold the tool in the operating position for at
least thirty seconds. He shall then try to operate the tool a second time. He
shall wait another thirty seconds, holding the tool in the operating position;
then he shall proceed to remove the explosive load in strict accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions. Misfired cartridges should be placed carefully
in a metal container filled with water, and returned to the supervisor for
disposal.

(6)
The tool shall never
be left unattended in a place where it would be available to unauthorized
persons.

(8)
Driving
into materials easily penetrated shall be avoided unless such materials are
backed by a substance that will prevent the pin or fastener from passing
completely through and creating a flying missile hazard on the other side.

(a)
Fasteners shall not be driven directly
into materials such as brick or concrete closer than three inches from the
unsupported edge or corner, or into steel surfaces closer than one-half inch
from the unsupported edge or corner, unless a special guard, fixture, or jig,
is used.

(b)
Exception:
Low-velocity tools may drive no closer than two inches from an edge in concrete
or one-fourth inch in steel.

(c)
When fastening other materials, such as a two- by four-inch wood section, to a
concrete surface, it is permissible to drive a fastener of no greater than
seven-thirty-seconds-inch shank diameter not closer than two inches from the
unsupported edge or corner of the work surface.

(10)
Fasteners shall not be driven through
existing holes unless a positive guide is used to secure accurate alignment.

(11)
No fastener shall be driven
into a spalled area caused by an unsatisfactory fastening.

(13)
All
tools shall be used with the correct shield, guard, or attachment recommended
by the manufacturer.

(14)
Any tool
found not in proper working order shall be immediately removed from service.
The tool shall be inspected at regular intervals and shall be repaired in
accordance with the manufacturer's specifications.

All explosive charges (cartridges and shells) to be used in
portable explosive-actuated tools shall be marked by color, in accordance with
table 4123:1-5-06(E) to this rule, "Identification of
Cased Loads," to designate the strength of the charge.

Table 4123:1-5-06(E)

IDENTIFICATION OF CASED LOADS

Color Identification

Power Level

Case Color

Load Color

Nominal Velocity (= 45 f.p.s.)

1

Brass

Gray

300

2

Brass

Brown

390

3

Brass

Green

480

4

Brass

Yellow

570

5

Brass

Red

660

6

Brass

Purple

750

7

Nickel

Gray

840

8

Nickel

Brown

930

9

Nickel

Green

1020

10

Nickel

Yellow

1110

11

Nickel

Red

1200

12

Nickel

Purple

1290

Note: The nominal velocity applies to 3/8-inch diameter
350-grain ballistic slug fired in a test device and has no reference to actual
fastener velocity developed in any specific size or type of tool.

All hand tools and hand-held portable powered tools and other
hand-held equipment whether furnished by the employee or the employer shall be
maintained in a safe condition, free of worn or defective parts.

All portable power-driven saws with blades more than two inches
in diameter shall be equipped with guards above and below the base plate shoe.
The upper guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the
minimum arc required to permit the base to be tilted for bevel cuts. The lower
guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc
required to allow proper retraction and contact with the work. When the tool is
withdrawn from the work, the lower guard shall automatically and instantly
return to covering position. The requirements of this paragraph do not apply to
circular saws used in the meat industry for meat-cutting purposes.

Safety guards used on right angle head or vertical portable
grinders shall have a maximum exposure angle of one hundred eighty degrees, and
be located so as to be between the operator and wheel during use. The top half
of the wheel shall be enclosed at all times.

All pneumatically powered portable tools shall be equipped with
an automatic shutoff valve ("dead-man" control) so arranged as to close the air
inlet valve when the pressure of the operator's hand is removed. Each tool
shall be equipped with a retainer where accidental ejection is possible.

All electrically powered portable tools with exposed
noncurrent-carrying metal parts shall be grounded. Portable tools protected by
an approved system of double insulation, or its equivalent, need not be
grounded. Where such an approved system is employed the equipment shall be
distinctively marked.

Hand-held, power-driven woodworking tools shall be provided
with a dead-man control, such as a spring actuated switch, valve, or equivalent
device, so that the power will be automatically shut off whenever the operator
releases the control.

(a)
All hand-held powered circular saws
having a blade diameter greater than two inches, electric, hydraulic or
pneumatic chain saws, and percussion tools without positive accessory holding
means shall be equipped with a constant pressure switch or control that will
shut off the power when the pressure is released. All hand-held gasoline
powered chain saws shall be equipped with a constant pressure throttle control
that will shut off the power to the saw chain when the pressure is
released.

(b)
All hand-held powered
drills, tappers, fastener drivers, horizontal, vertical and angle grinders with
wheels greater than two inches in diameter, disc sanders with discs greater
than two inches in diameter, belt sanders, reciprocating saws, saber, scroll,
and jig saws with blade shanks greater than a nominal one-fourth inch, and
other similarly operating powered tools shall be equipped with a constant
pressure switch or control, and may have a lock-on control provided that
turnoff can be accomplished by a single motion of the same finger or fingers
that turn it on.

(c)
All other
hand-held powered tools, such as, but not limited to, platen sanders, grinders
with wheels two inches in diameter or less, disc sanders with discs two inches
in diameter or less, routers, planers, laminate trimmers, nibblers, shears
saber, scroll, and jig saws with blade shanks a nominal one-fourth of an inch
wide or less, may be equipped with either a positive "on-off" control, or other
controls as described by paragraphs (H)(2)(a) and (H)(2)(b) of this
rule.

(1)
Except for portable
pneumatically powered fastener tools authorized in paragraph (L)(2) of this
rule, two separate and independent releases are required before any such tool
activates. They are:

(a)
A device on the
muzzle that prevents activation except during the time the tool is held firmly
against the work surface.

(b)
A
trigger or similar device that prevents activation except during the time it is
held in depressed or active position by the operator.

(2)
Fastener tools that do not meet the
requirements of paragraph (L)(1) of this rule may be used if they comply with
all of the following requirements.

(a)
The
tool may only be actuated by compressed air with a driving piston having an
area no greater than one square inch, with an operating air pressure of no more
than one hundred pounds per square inch gauge and with a driving velocity no
greater than seventy-five feet per second as measured at the muzzle.

(b)
The tool may only accommodate fasteners
of the wire staple or pin types with a cross sectional area no greater than
.00177 square inches.

(c)
The tool
may drive only one fastener each time the trigger or operating lever is
depressed.

(3)
The
operator of the tool shall be furnished the personal protective equipment
required in paragraph (D) of rule
4123:1-5-17 of the
Administrative Code. Such protection shall also be furnished for any other
employees required to work in the immediate area and who are exposed to the
hazards of the operation.

(4)
When
not in use the tool shall be disconnected from the compressed air
hose.

All portions of the saw blade or band blade shall be enclosed
or guarded, except for the working portion of the blade between the bottom of
the guide rolls and the table. Bandsaw wheels shall be fully enclosed. The
outside of periphery of the enclosure shall be solid. The front and back of the
band wheels shall be either enclosed by solid material, or by wire mesh, or
perforated metal. Such mesh or perforated metal shall be not less than 0.037
inch (U.S. gage no. twenty), and the openings shall be not greater than
three-eighths inch.

A hood-type guard shall be provided that will cover the exposed
portion of the saw blade. When in use the hood type guard shall automatically
adjust itself to the thickness of and remain in contact with the material being
cut when the stock encounters the saw, or may be a fixed or manually adjusted
guard, provided the space between the bottom of the guard and the material
being cut does not exceed three-eighths inch at any time.

The hood-type guard shall be so designed as to prevent a
kickback, or a separate attachment that will prevent a kickback shall be
provided. Anti-kickback devices shall be effective for all thicknesses of
material that are cut.

A spreader shall also be provided and securely fastened at the
rear of the saw in alignment with the saw blade, except where a roller wheel is
provided at the back of the saw. The spreader shall be slightly thinner than
the saw kerf and slightly thicker than the saw disc to prevent material from
squeezing the saw.

A hood-type guard shall be provided but need not rest upon the
table nor upon the material being cut, but shall extend to a line not more than
three-eighths of an inch above the plane formed by the bottom of the top feed
rolls. This distance (three-eighths inch) may be increased to three-fourths
inch, provided the lead edge of the hood is extended to be not less than five
and one-half inches in front of the nip point between the front roll and the
work.

A spreader shall be provided and fastened securely at the rear
of the saw in alignment with the saw blade, except where a roller wheel is
provided at the back of the saw. The spreader shall be slightly thinner than
the saw kerf and slightly thicker than the saw disc to prevent material from
squeezing the saw.

A hood-type guard shall be provided that will cover the exposed
portion of the saw blade. When in use the hood-type shall automatically adjust
to the thickness of and remain in contact with the material being cut when the
stock encounters the saw, or may be a fixed or manually adjusted hood or guard,
provided the space between the bottom of the guard and the material being cut
does not exceed three-eighths of an inch at any time.

A device shall be installed which shall return the saw
automatically to the back of the table when released at any point of its
travel. A device shall be installed which shall be designed to prevent a
rebound of the saw blade.

A spreader shall be provided and securely fastened at the rear
of the saw in alignment with the saw blade, except where a roller wheel is
provided at the back of the saw. The spreader shall be slightly thinner than
the saw kerf and slightly thicker than the saw disc and shall be placed not
more than one-half inch from the ends of the saw teeth.

The requirements of this paragraph are also applicable to
sliding cutoff saws mounted above the table.

(a)
Each swing cutoff saw shall be provided
with a hood that will completely enclose the upper half of the saw at the arbor
end, and the point of operation at all positions of the saw. The hood shall be
constructed in such a manner and of such material that it will protect the
operator from flying splinters and broken saw teeth. Its hood shall be so
designed that it will automatically cover the lower portion of the blade, so
that when the saw is returned to the back of the table the hood will rise on
top of the fence, and when the saw is moved forward the hood will drop on top
of and remain in contact with the table or material being cut.

(b)
Each swing cutoff saw shall be provided
with an effective device to return the saw automatically to the back of the
table when released at any point of its travel. Such a device shall not depend
for its proper functioning upon any rope, cord or spring. If there is a
counterweight, the bolts supporting the bar and counterweight shall be provided
with cotter pins; and the counter-weight shall be prevented from dropping by
either a bolt passing through both the bar and counterweight, or a bolt put
together through the extreme end of the bar, or, where the counterweight does
not encircle the bar, a safety chain attached to it.

(c)
Limit chains or other equally effective
devices shall be provided to prevent the saw from swinging beyond the front or
back edges of the table, or beyond a forward position where the gullets of the
lowest saw teeth will rise above the table top.

Inverted swing cutoff saws shall be provided with a hood that
will cover the part of the saw that protrudes above the top of the table or
above the material being cut. It shall automatically adjust itself to the
thickness of and remain in contact with material being cut.

The upper hood shall completely enclose the upper portion of
the blade down to a point that will include the end of the saw arbor. The upper
hood shall be constructed in such a manner and of such material that it will
protect the operator from flying splinters, broken saw teeth, etc., and will
deflect sawdust away from the operator. The sides of the lower exposed portion
of the blade shall be guarded to the full diameter of the blade by a device
that will automatically adjust itself to the thickness of the stock and remain
in contact with stock being cut to give maximum protection possible for the
operation being performed.

Ripping and ploughing shall be against the direction in which
the saw turns. The direction of the saw rotation shall be conspicuously marked
on the hood. In addition, a permanent label not less than one and one-half
inches by three-fourths inch shall be affixed to the rear of the guard at
approximately the level of the arbor, reading as follows: "Danger: do not rip
or plough from this end."

A device shall be installed which shall return the saw
automatically to the back of the table when released at any point of its
travel. A device shall be installed which shall be designed to prevent a
rebound of the saw blade.

Manual-feed jointers and planers with horizontal head shall be
equipped with a cylindrical cutting head, the knife projection of which shall
not exceed one-eighth inch beyond the cylindrical body of the head.

The opening in the table shall be as small as productive
operation of the jointer permits. The clearance between the edge of the rear of
the table and the cutter head shall not
be more
than one-eighth inch.

Each wood jointer with vertical head shall have either an
exhaust hood or other guard so arranged as to guard completely the revolving
head, except for a slot of such width as may be required for the application of
the material to be jointed.

Where an exhaust system is used, the guards shall form part or
all of the exhaust hood and shall be constructed of metal of a thickness not
less than that specified in paragraph (D)(1)(a) or (D)(1)(b) of this
rule.

Surfaces of planers used in sizing multiple pieces of material
simultaneously shall be provided with sectional in-feed rolls having sufficient
yield in the construction of the sections to provide feeding contact pressure
on the stock, over the permissible range of variation in stock thickness for
which the machine was designed.

Counterweights exposed to
contact shall be guarded, or secured with safety chain or wire rope so the
counterweight shall not descend to a level less than eight feet above the floor
or working level, where employees are required to perform their assigned duties
or where employees are required to pass through in the performance of their
assigned duties.

Drum sanders shall have a guard so arranged as to enclose the
revolving drum, except such portion of the drum above the table (if table is
used) as may be required for the application of the material to be finished.
Where an exhaust system is used, the hood of the exhaust system shall be
construed as comprising all, or part, of the guard.

Disc sanders shall have a guard so arranged to enclose the
periphery and back of the revolving disc, except such portion of the face of
the disc above the table (if table is used) as may be required for the
application of the material to be finished. Where an exhaust system is used,
the hood of the exhaust system shall be construed as comprising all, or part,
of the guard.

(i)
The cutting heads of each wood shaper,
hand-fed panel raiser or other similar machine, not automatically fed, shall be
guarded. The diameter of circular shaper guards shall be not less than the
greatest diameter of the cutter.

(ii)
When single cutter knives in shaper
heads are used, the shaper heads shall be balanced.

Tenoners shall have all cutting heads or saws guarded. An
exhaust hood may comprise part or all of the guard. If such a guard is
constructed of sheet metal, the material used shall be not less than
one-sixteenth inch in thickness, and if cast iron is used, it shall be not less
than three-sixteenths inch in thickness.

Sides of vats and soaking pits shall extend to a height of not
less than thirty-six inches above the working floor level. When loading or
unloading operations are performed from the sides and/or ends of vats and
soaking pits, standard guard railing and toeboards shall be installed.

Drag saws shall be so located as to give at least four feet
clearance for passage when the saw is at extreme end of stroke or if such
clearance is not obtainable, the saw and its driving mechanism shall be
guarded.

The requirements of this rule pertain to mechanical power
presses. Excluded from the requirements of this rule are press brakes (when
used for bending, see paragraph (F) of this rule), hydraulic and pneumatic
power presses, bulldozers, hot bending and hot metal presses, forging presses
and hammers, riveting machines and similar types of fastener applicators. For
guarding of these excluded machines, see rule
4123:1-5-11 of the
Administrative Code.

Friction brakes provided for stopping or holding the slide
movement shall be inherently self-engaging by requiring power or force from an
external source to cause disengagement. Brake capacity shall be sufficient to
stop the motion of the slide quickly and capable of holding the slide and its
attachments at any point in its travel.

If the single-stroke mechanism is dependent upon spring action,
the spring(s) shall be of the compression type, operating on a rod or guided
within a bore or tube and designed to prevent interleaving of the spring coils
in event of breakage.

A two-hand trip shall have the individual operator's hand
controls protected against unintentional operation and have the individual
operator's hand controls arranged by design and construction and/or separation
to require the use of both hands to trip the press and use a control
arrangement requiring concurrent operation of the individual operator's hand
controls.

If pedal return springs are provided they shall be of the
compression type, operating on a rod or guided within a bore or tube, and
designed to prevent interleaving of spring coils in event of breakage.

A red color stop control shall be provided with the
clutch/brake control system. Momentary operation of the stop control shall
immediately deactivate the clutch and apply the brake. The stop control shall
override any other control, and reactuation of the clutch shall require use of
the operating (tripping) means which has been selected.

A means of selecting "off," "inch," "single stroke," and
"continuous" (when the "continuous" function is furnished) shall be supplied
with the clutch/brake control to select type of operation of the press.

(ii)
The two-hand control system shall permit
an adjustment which will require concurrent pressure from both hands during the
die closing portion of the stroke.

(iii)
The two-hand control system shall
incorporate an anti-repeat feature.

(iv)
The control system shall require the
operator to release all hand controls before an interrupted stroke can be
resumed.

(v)
Where two-hand trip
controls are used on multiple-station presses, there shall be a separate set of
controls for each designated employee. Controls shall be activated and
deactivated in sets of two. The clutch/brake control system shall prevent
actuation of the clutch if all operating stations are bypassed.

(vi)
The starting of a continuous run shall
require a separate action by the operator in addition to the setting for
continuous stroking of the press before actuation of the operating controls
will result in continuous stroking.

(vii)
If foot control is provided, the
selection method between foot or hand control shall be separate from the
stroking selector and shall be designed so that the selection may be supervised
by the employer.

(ix)
Clutch/brake
control systems shall automatically deactivate in the event of failure of power
or pressure supply for clutch engaging or failure of air supply. Reactivation
shall require restoration of normal power or air and the use of the tripping
mechanisms.

(x)
Turnover bar
operation shall be performed only when the power source is
deenergized.

All mechanical power press controls shall incorporate a type of
drive motor starter that will disconnect the drive motor from the
power source in the event
of control voltage or power source failure, and require operation of the
motor start button to restart the motor when voltage conditions are restored to
normal.

When required by paragraph (D)(5) of
this rule, the control system shall operate so that a failure within the system
does not prevent the normal stopping action from being applied to the press
when required, but shall prevent initiation of a successive stroke until the
failure is corrected. The failure shall be detectable by a simple test, or
indicated by the control system. This requirement does not apply to those
elements of the control system which have no effect on the protection against
point of operation injuries.

When required by paragraph (D)(5) of this rule, the brake
monitor shall:

(a)
Automatically
prevent the activation of a successive stroke if the stopping time or braking
distance deteriorates to a point where the safety distance being utilized does
not meet the requirements set forth in paragraphs (D)(3)(c)(v) and
(D)(3)(g)(iii) of this rule.

The brake monitor used with the type B gate or movable barrier
device shall be installed in a manner to detect slide top-stop overrun beyond
the limit established by the employer.

(b)
Indicate when the performance of the
braking system has deteriorated to the extent described in paragraph (C)(12)(a)
of this rule; and

(a)
It shall be the responsibility of the
employer to provide and require the usage of "point of operation guards" or
properly applied and adjusted "point of operation devices" on every operation
performed on a mechanical press. (See table 4123:1-5-10(D) to this
rule.)

(b)
The requirement of
paragraph (D)(1)(a) of this rule shall not apply when the point of operation
opening is one-fourth inch or less. (See table 4123:1-5-10 (D) to this
rule.)

(i)
When
used, an interlocked press barrier guard shall be attached to the press frame
or bolster plate and shall be interlocked with the press clutch control so that
the clutch cannot be activated during normal production unless the guard
itself, or the hinged or movable sections of the guard are in position to
conform to the requirements of table 4123:1-5-10(D) to this rule.

(ii)
The hinged or movable sections of an
interlocked press barrier guard shall not be used to actuate the press during
manual feeding. The guard shall prevent opening of the interlocked section and
reaching into the point of operation prior to the die closure or prior to the
cessation of slide motion. See paragraph (D)(3)(b) of this rule regarding
manual feeding through interlocked press barrier devices.

(e)
When used, the adjustable barrier guard
shall be securely attached to the press bed, bolster plate, or die shoe, and
shall be adjusted and operated in conformity with table 4123:1-5-10(D) to this
rule and the requirements of this paragraph.

(f)
A point of operation enclosure which does
not meet the requirements of paragraphs (D)(2)(a) to (D)(2)(e) of this rule and
table 4123:1-5-10(D) to this rule shall be used only in conjunction with point
of operation devices.

(i)
Preventing and/or
stopping normal stroking of the press if the operator's hands are inadvertently
placed in the point of operation; or

Table 4123:1-5-10(D)

STRIKE OLD

Distance of opening from point
of operation hazard (inches)

Maximum width of opening (inches)

1/2 to 1-1/2

1/4

1-1/2 to 2-1/2

3/8

2-1/2 to 3-1/2

1/2

3-1/2 to 5-1/2

5/8

5-1/2 to 6-1/2

3/4

6-1/2 to 7-1/2

7/8

7-1/2 to 12-1/2

1-1/4

12-1/2 to 15-1/2

1-1/2

15-1/2 to 17-1/2

1-7/8

17-1/2 to 31-1/2

2-1/8

This diagram shows the accepted safe
openings between the bottom edge of a guard and feed table at various distances
from the danger line (point of operation)

The clearance line marks the distance
required to prevent contact between guard and moving parts.

The minimum guarding line is the
distance between the infeed side of the guard and the danger line which is
one-half inch from the danger line.

The various openings are such that for
average size hands an operator's fingers will not reach the point of
operation.

After installation of point of
operation guards and before a job is released for operation a check should be
made to verify that the guard will prevent the operator's hands from reaching
the point of operation.

(ii)
Preventing the operator from inadvertently reaching into the point of operation
or withdrawing his hands if they are inadvertently located in the point of
operation, as the dies close; or

(iii)
Preventing the operator from
inadvertently reaching into the point of operation at all times; or

(iv)
Requiring application of both of the
operator's hands to machine operating controls and locating such controls at
such a safety distance from the point of operation that the slide completes the
downward travel or stops before the operator can reach into the point of
operation with his hands; or

(v)
Enclosing the point of operation before a press stroke can be initiated and
maintaining this closed condition until the motion of the slide has ceased;
or

(vi)
Enclosing the point of
operation before a press stroke can be initiated, so as to prevent an operator
from reaching into the point of operation prior to die closure or prior to
cessation of slide motion during the downward stroke.

(b)
A gate or movable barrier device shall
protect the operator as follows:

(i)
A type A
gate or movable barrier device shall protect the operator in the manner
specified in paragraph (D)(3)(a)(v) of this rule; and

(ii)
A type B gate or movable barrier device
shall protect the operator in the manner specified in paragraph (D)(3)(a)(vi)
of this rule.

(c)
A
presence sensing point of operation device shall protect the operator as
provided in paragraph (D)(3)(a)(i) of this rule, and shall be interlocked into
the control circuit to prevent or stop slide motion if the operator's hand or
other part of his body is within the sensing field of the device during the
down-stroke of the press slide.

(i)
The
device shall not be used on machines using full revolution clutches.

(ii)
The device shall not be used as a
tripping means to initiate slide motion.

(iii)
The device shall be constructed so that
a failure within the system does not prevent the normal stopping action from
being applied to the press when required, but does prevent the initiation of a
successive stroke until the failure is corrected. The failure shall be
indicated by the system.

(iv)
Muting (bypassing of the protective function) of such device, during the
up-stroke of the press slide, is permitted for the purpose of parts ejection,
circuit checking and feeding.

(v)
The safety distance (D )s from the sensing
field to the point of operation shall be greater than the distance determined
by the following formula:

(f)
A holdout or
restraint device shall protect the operator as specified in paragraph
(D)(3)(a)(iii) of this rule and shall include attachments for each of the
operator's hands. Such attachments shall be securely anchored and adjusted in
such a way that the operator is restrained from reaching into the point of
operation. A separate set of restraints shall be provided for each operator if
more than one is required on a press.

(g)
The two-hand control device shall protect
the operator as specified in paragraph (D)(3)(a)(iv) of this rule.

(i)
When used in press operations requiring
more than one operator, separate two-hand controls shall be provided for each
operator and shall be designed to require concurrent application of all
controls to activate the slide. The removal of a hand from any control button
shall cause the slide to stop.

(ii)
Each two-hand control shall meet the construction requirements of paragraph
(C)(5)(e) of this rule.

(iii)
The
safety distance ( Ds ) between each two-hand
control device and the point of operation shall be greater than the distance
determined by the following formula:

Ts = stopping time of the press
measured at approximately ninety degree position of crankshaft rotation
(seconds).

(h)
The two-hand trip device shall protect the operator as specified in paragraph
(D)(3)(a)(iv) of this rule.

(i)
When used in
press operations requiring more than one operator, separate two-hand trips
shall be provided for each operator, and shall be designed to require
concurrent application of all operators to activate the slide.

(ii)
Each two-hand trip shall meet the
construction requirements of paragraph (C)(5)(e) of this rule.

(iii)
The safety distance ( Dm ) between the two-hand trip
and the point of operation shall be greater than the distance determined by the
following formula:

Tm = the maximum time the press takes for the die
closure after it has been tripped (seconds).

For full revolution clutch
presses with only one engaging point, Tm is equal to
the time necessary for one and one-half revolutions of the crank shaft. For
full revolution clutch presses with more than one engaging point,
Tm shall
be calculated as follows:

Tm = [1/2 + (one divided by number of
engaging points per revolution)] x time necessary to complete one revolution of
the crankshaft (seconds).

Hand-feeding tools are intended for placing and removing
materials in and from the press. Hand-feeding tools are not a point of
operation guard or protection device and shall not be used in lieu of the
guards or devices required in this paragraph.

Where the operator feeds or removes parts by placing one or
both hands in the point of operation, and a two-hand control, presence sensing
device, type B gate, or movable barrier (on a part revolution clutch) is used
for safeguarding:

(a)
The employer
shall use a control system and a brake monitor which comply with paragraphs
(C)(11) and (C)(12) of this rule;

(b)
The control of air clutch machines shall
be designed to prevent a significant increase in the normal stopping time due
to a failure within the opening valve mechanism, and to inhibit further
operation if such failure does occur, where a part revolution clutch is
employed.

The employer shall furnish and require the use of hand tools
for freeing and removing stuck work or scrap pieces from the dies, so that no
employee need reach into the point of operation for such purposes.

The employer shall provide means for handling scrap from roll
feed or random length stock operations. Scrap cutters used in conjunction with
scrap handling systems shall be safeguarded in accordance with paragraph
(D) of
this rule.

The hazard created by a guide post (when it is located in the
immediate vicinity of the operator) when separated from its bushing by more
than one-fourth inch shall be considered as a point of operation hazard and be
protected in accordance with paragraph (D) of this rule.

If unitized tooling is used, the opening between the top of the
punch holder and the face of the slide, or striking pad, shall be safeguarded
in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (D) of this
rule.

Provision shall be made in both the upper and lower shoes for
securely mounting the die to the bolster plate and slide. Where clamp caps or
setscrews are used in conjunction with punch stems, additional means of
securing the upper shoe to the slide shall be used.

(a)
The ram shall be blocked when dies are
being changed or other work is being done on the hammer. Blocks or wedges shall
be made of material, the strength and construction of which shall meet or
exceed the specifications and dimensions shown in table
4123:1-5-11(C) to this rule.

(b)
Tongs shall be of sufficient length to
enable the employee to keep himself in the clear in case of kickback and the
tongs shall not have sharp handle ends.

(c)
Oil swabs, or scale removers, or other
devices to remove scale, shall be provided. These devices shall be long enough
to enable an employee to reach the full length of the die without placing hands
or arms between the dies.

Steam hammers shall
be provided with a quick closing emergency valve in the admission
pipe line at a convenient location. This valve shall be closed
and locked in the off position while the hammer is being adjusted, repaired, or
serviced, or when the dies are being changed.

The steam hammer cylinder shall be constructed with a
self-draining arrangement, or a quick-acting type drain cock shall be provided,
which should be piped to a sump or drain pipe. If it discharges into the air,
it shall be located so as not to endanger employees.

On mechanically-operated hammers where only one hand is used
for holding the material, a safety stop, dog, or catch shall be provided which
shall prevent the hammer from coming down until such device has been released
and held out of the way by the other hand; or a hand lever instead of the foot
treadle shall be provided for tripping the hammer.

On hollow spindle lathes, cutting-off machines or any machine
used on bar stock, pipe tubing, etc., where the material is revolved by power,
substantial troughs or guards shall be provided which will prevent the operator
or other employees from coming in contact with the projecting unused portion of
the revolving material.

Machines with reciprocating tables shall have the openings
guarded; guards shall also be provided at each end and the sides of the table
if the clearance of the table, which includes the work being machined and its
chuck does not exceed twenty-four inches.

(a)
All hopper fed machinery, such as
rotaries, die machines, and extruders, shall have the entire opening protected
with substantial grid type guards to prevent access of the employee's hands
into the danger zone, or the hopper shall be extended high enough to prevent
entry into moving parts. The guards shall be permanently attached to the
hopper. If the hopper is removable, it shall be provided with an interlock
device so that the machine cannot operate when the hopper is removed.

Power driven tumblers, rattlers, drums, barrels, containers, or
similar machines that rotate, spin, or rock shall be guarded on an area or
individual basis. The guard shall be interlocked with the drive mechanism so
that the machine cannot operate unless the guard or enclosure is in place.

(a)
Means shall be provided to protect
employees exposed to contact with nip points created by power driven in-running
rolls, rollover platen, or other flat surface material being wound over roll
surface.

(a)
All power driven knives or cutting
blades, such as reciprocating knives, endless band knives, flying knives,
slicer blades, and similar cutting machines, where exposed to contact, shall be
guarded except for the necessary working portion of the blade while being used.

Every hydraulic or pneumatic (air-powered) press shall be
constructed, or shall be guarded, to prevent the hands or fingers of the
operator from entering the danger zone during the operating cycle. Acceptable
methods of guarding are:

(2)
"Gate guard" - a
movable gate operated with a tripping device to interpose a barrier between the
operator and the danger zone and to remain closed until the down stroke has
been completed;

(3)
"Two-hand
control" - an actuating device which requires the simultaneous use of both
hands outside the danger zone during the entire closing cycle of the press;

(4)
Pull guard - attached to hands
or wrists and activated by closing of press so that movement of the ram will
pull the operator's hands from the danger zone during the operating cycle;

(5)
Restraint or hold-back guard -
with attachments to the hands or wrists of the operator to prevent hands or
fingers entering the danger zone during the operating cycle;

(6)
Other practices, means or methods which
will provide safeguards, preventing the hands or fingers of the operator from
entering the danger zone during the operating cycle and which are equivalent in
result to one of the types specified above.

The safety guard shall cover the spindle end, nut, and flange
projections. The safety guard shall be mounted so as to maintain proper
alignment with the wheel, and the strength of the fastenings shall exceed the
strength of the guard, except:

(i)
Safety guards on all operations where the work provides protection to the
operator, may be so constructed that the spindle end, nut, and outer flange are
exposed; and where the nature of the work is such as to entirely cover the side
of the wheel, the side covers of the guard may be omitted; and

(ii)
The spindle end, nut and outer flange
may be exposed on machines, designed as portable saws, when used with abrasive
wheels.

(i)
On off-hand grinding machines (see
appendix to this rule) work rests shall be used to support the work. They shall
be of rigid construction and designed to be adjustable to compensate for wheel
wear. Work rests shall be kept adjusted to a maximum opening of one-eighth inch
to prevent the work from being jammed between the wheel and the rest. The
employer shall instruct the employee to securely clamp the work rest after each
adjustment. The employer shall also instruct the employee not to adjust the
work rest with the wheel in motion.

(ii)
The work rest shall be used to support
the work wherever practicable.

(iii)
Wherever the nature of the work
requires contact with the wheel below the horizontal plane of the spindle, work
rests need not be used.

(i)
Safety guards as
specified in paragraph (D)(2)(a)(i) of this rule, applies to paragraphs
(D)(2)(a) to (D)(2)(j) of this rule;

(ii)
Band type guards as specified in
paragraph (D)(2)(k) of this rule; and

(iii)
Special "revolving cup guards" which
mount behind the wheel and turn with it. They shall be made of steel or other
material with strength enough to withstand the shock of the bursting wheel and
shall enclose the wheel sides upward from the back for one-third of the wheel
thickness. The mounting features shall conform with all requirements of
paragraph (D) of this rule. It is necessary to maintain clearance between the
wheel side and the guard. This clearance shall not exceed one-sixteenth
inch.

The maximum exposure angles specified in paragraphs (D)(2)(a)
to (D)(2)(h) of this rule shall not be exceeded. Visors or other
accessory equipment shall not be included as a part of
the guard when measuring the guard opening, unless such equipment has strength
equal to that of the guard.

(i)
The angular exposure of the grinding
wheel periphery and sides for safety guards used on machines known as bench and
floor stands shall not exceed ninety degrees or one-fourth of the periphery.
This exposure shall begin at a point not more than sixty-five degrees above the
horizontal plane of the wheel spindle (see figures 12-1 and 12-2 to this rule,
and paragraph (D)(2)(i) of this rule).

(ii)
Where the nature of the work requires contact with the wheel below the
horizontal plane of the spindle, the exposure shall not exceed one hundred
twenty-five degrees (see figures 12-3 and 12-4 to this rule).

The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery
and sides for safety guards used on cylindrical grinding machines shall not
exceed one hundred eighty degrees. This exposure shall begin at a point not
more than sixty-five degrees above the horizontal plane of the wheel spindle
(see figures 12-5 and 12-6 to this rule, and paragraph (D)(2)(i) of this
rule).

The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery
and sides for safety guards used on cutting-off machines and on surface
grinding machines which employ the wheel periphery shall not exceed one hundred
fifty degrees. This exposure shall begin at a point not less than fifteen
degrees below the horizontal plane of the wheel spindle (see figures 12-7 and
12-8 to this rule).

The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery
and sides for safety guards used on machines known as swing frame grinding
machines shall not exceed one hundred eighty degrees, and the top half of the
wheel shall be enclosed at all times (see figures 12-9 and 12-10 to this
rule).

The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery
and sides for safety guards used on grinders known as automatic snagging
machines shall not exceed one hundred eighty degrees and the top half of the
wheel shall be enclosed at all times (see figures 12-9 and 12-10 to this
rule).

Safety guards of the type described in paragraphs (D)(2)(c) and
(D)(2)(d) of this rule, where the operator stands in front of the opening,
shall be constructed so that the peripheral protecting member can be adjusted
to the constantly decreasing diameter of the wheel. The maximum angular
exposure above the horizontal plane of the wheel spindle as specified in
paragraphs (D)(2)(c) and (D)(2)(d) of this rule shall never be exceeded, and
the distance between the wheel periphery member at the top shall never exceed
one-fourth inch (see figures 12-13, 12-14, 12-15, 12-16, 12-17 and 12-18 to
this rule).

(i)
See figures 12-31 and 12-32 and table
12-J to this rule for minimum basic thickness of peripheral and side members
for various types of safety guards and classes of service.

(ii)
If operating speed does not exceed eight
thousand surface feet per minute cast iron safety guards, malleable iron guards
or other guards as described in paragraph (D)(2)(j)(iii) of this rule shall be
used.

(iii)
Cast steel, or
structural steel safety guards as specified in figures 12-31 and 12-32 and
table 12-J to this rule shall be used where operating speeds of wheels are
faster than eight thousand surface feet per minute up to a maximum of sixteen
thousand surface feet per minute.

(iv)
For cutting-off wheels sixteen inches
diameter and smaller and where speed does not exceed sixteen thousand surface
feet per minute, cast iron or malleable iron safety guards as specified in
figures 12-31 and 12-32 to this rule, and in table 12-J to this rule shall be
used.

(v)
For cutting-off wheels
larger than sixteen inches diameter and where speed does not exceed fourteen
thousand two hundred surface feet per minute, safety guards as specified in
figures 12-22 and 12-23 to this rule and in table 12-A to this rule shall be
used.

(vi)
For thread grinding
wheels not exceeding one inch in thickness cast iron or malleable iron safety
guards as specified in figures 12-31 and 12-32 to this rule and in table 12-J
to this rule shall be used.

(i)
The bands shall be
of steel plate or other material of equal or greater strength. They shall be
continuous, the ends being either riveted, bolted, or welded together in such a
manner as to leave the inside free from projections.

(ii)
The inside diameter of the band shall
not be more than one inch larger than the outside diameter of the wheel, and
shall be mounted as nearly concentric with the wheel as practicable.

(iii)
The band shall be of sufficient width
and its position kept so adjusted that at no time will the wheel protrude
beyond the edge of the band a distance greater than that indicated in figure
12-24 and table 12-B to this rule or the wall thickness (W), whichever is
smaller.

(i)
Type 1 cutting-off wheels are to be
mounted between properly relieved flanges which have matching bearing surfaces.
Such flanges shall be at least one-fourth the wheel diameter;

(ii)
Type 27A cutting-off wheels are designed
to be mounted by means of flat, not relieved, flanges having matching bearing
surfaces and which may be less than one-third but shall not be less than
one-fourth the wheel diameter (see figure 12-19 to this rule for one such type
of mounting);

(iii)
There are three
general types of flanges: straight relieved flanges (see figure 12-27 to this
rule); straight unrelieved flanges (see figure 12-25 to this rule); and adaptor
flanges (see figures 12-28 and 12-29 to this rule);

(iv)
Regardless of flange type used, the
wheel shall always be guarded. Blotters shall be used in accordance with
paragraph (D)(3)(f) of this rule.

(i)
Both flanges, of any type, between which
a wheel is mounted, shall be of the same diameter and have equal bearing
surface. Exceptions are set forth in the remaining requirements of this
rule.

(ii)
Type 27 and type 28
wheels, because of their shape and usage, require specially designed adaptors.
The back flange shall extend beyond the central hub or raised portion and
contact the wheel to counteract the side pressure on the wheel in use. The
adaptor nut which is less than the minimum one-third diameter of wheel fits in
the depressed side of wheel to prevent interference in side grinding and serves
to drive the wheel by its clamping force against the depressed portion of the
back flange. The variance in flange diameters, the adaptor nut being less than
one-third wheel diameter, and the use of side pressure in wheel operation
limits the use to reinforced organic bonded wheels. Mounts which are affixed to
the wheel by the manufacturer shall not be reused. Type 27 and type 28 wheels
shall be used only with a safety guard located between wheel and operator
during use (see figure 12-19a to this rule).

(i)
Straight relieved flanges made according
to table 12-F to this rule and figure 12-27 to this rule shall be recessed at
least one-sixteenth inch on the side next to the wheel for a distance as
specified in table 12-F to this rule.

(ii)
Straight flanges of the adaptor or
sleeve type (see table 12-G to this rule and figures 12-28 and 12-29 to this
rule) shall be undercut so that there will be no bearing on the sides of the
wheel within one-eighth inch of the arbor hole.

The driving flange shall be securely fastened to the spindle
and the bearing surface shall run true. When more than one wheel is mounted
between a single set of flanges, wheels may be cemented together or separated
by specially designed spacers. Spacers shall be equal in diameter to the
mounting flanges and have equal bearing surfaces.

(i)
Tables 12-D and 12-F to this rule and
figures 12-25 and 12-27 to this rule show minimum dimensions for straight
relieved and unrelieved flanges for use with wheels with small holes that fit
directly on the machine spindle. Dimensions of such flanges shall never be less
than indicated and should be greater where practicable.

(ii)
Tables 12-E and 12-G to
this rule and figures 12-26, 12-28 and 12-29 to
this rule show minimum dimensions for straight adaptor flanges for use with
wheels having holes larger than the spindle. Dimensions of such adaptor flanges
shall never be less than indicated and should be greater where
practicable.

(iii)
Table 12-H to
this rule and figure 12-30 to this rule show minimum dimensions for straight
flanges that are an integral part of wheel sleeves which are frequently used on
precision grinding machines. Dimensions of such flanges shall never be less
than indicated and should be greater where practicable.

All flanges shall be maintained in good condition. When bearing
surfaces become worn, warped, sprung, or damaged they shall be trued, refaced,
or replaced. When refacing or truing, care shall be exercised to make sure that
proper relief and rigidity is maintained as specified in paragraphs (D)(3)(b)
and (D)(3)(e) of this rule, and they shall be replaced when they do not conform
to these requirements and table 12-D to this rule, figure 12-25 to this rule,
table 12-E to this rule, figure 12-26 to this rule, table 12-F to this rule,
figure 12-27 to this rule, and table 12-H to this rule, figure 12-30 to this
rule. Failure to observe these requirements might cause excessive flange
pressure around the hole of the wheel. This is especially true of wheel-sleeve
or adaptor flanges.

Immediately before mounting, all wheels shall be closely
inspected and sounded by the employer or a designated employee (ring test) to
make sure they have not been damaged in transit, storage, or otherwise. The
spindle speed of the machine shall be checked before mounting of the wheel to
be certain that it does not exceed the maximum operating speed marked on the
wheel. Wheels shall be tapped gently with a light nonmetallic implement, such
as the handle of a screwdriver for light wheels, or a wooden mallet for heavier
wheels. If they sound cracked (dead), they shall not be used. This is known as
the "ring test."

(i)
Wheels must be
dry and free from sawdust when applying the ring test, otherwise the sound will
be deadened. It should also be noted that organic bonded wheels do not emit the
same clear metallic ring as do vitrified and silicate wheels.

(ii)
"Tap" wheels about forty-five degrees
each side of the vertical centerline and about one or two inches from the
periphery as indicated by the spots in figure 12-20 and figure 12-21 to this
rule. Then rotate the wheel forty-five degrees and repeat the test. A sound and
undamaged wheel will give a clear metallic tone. If cracked, there will be a
dead sound and not a clear ring.

Grinding wheels shall fit freely on the spindle and remain free
under all grinding conditions. A controlled clearance between the wheel hole
and the machine spindle (or wheel sleeves or adaptors) is essential to avoid
excessive pressure from mounting and spindle expansion. To accomplish this, the
machine spindle shall be made from a nominal (standard) size to plus .002 inch.
A wheel which must be forced on a spindle shall not be used.

(C)
General requirements for motor vehicles
and mobile mechanized equipment.

(1)
A safety
tire rack, cage, or equivalent protection shall be provided and used when
inflating, mounting, or dismounting tires installed on split rims or rims
equipped with locking rings or similar devices.

(2)
Machinery, equipment, or parts thereof,
being supported by slings, hoists, or jacks shall be substantially blocked or
cribbed. Bulldozer blades, scraper blades, end-loader buckets, dump bodies, and
similar equipment shall be either fully lowered or blocked when being repaired
or not in use.

(3)
Equipment parked
on inclines shall have the brakes set, and the blade, bucket, etc., fully
lowered if the equipment is unattended (out of sight or more than twenty-five
feet from the operator).

(4)
All
cab glass shall be safety glass or equivalent with the vision unimpaired by its
condition.

(5)
All equipment which
can contact power lines shall also comply with the requirements of paragraph
(D) of rule
4123:1-5-23 of the
Administrative Code.

(6)
At
locations where gasoline is being transferred to the fuel tank of any
machinery, a notice shall be posted by the employer stating specifically that
the engine shall be shut down and that no smoking or open flames be permitted
during the transfer.

(7)
All motor
vehicles operating within the confines of the owner's property shall be
equipped with an audible or visual warning device, in an operable condition,
activated at the operator's station.

(1)
All haulage vehicles loaded by means of
cranes, power shovels, loaders, or similar equipment shall have a substantial
cab shield or canopy to protect the operator from shifting or falling
materials.

(2)
High lift rider
trucks shall have a substantial overhead guard as protection against falling
objects, constructed in a manner that does not interfere with visibility.
Openings shall not exceed six inches in one of the two dimensions, width or
length, and shall extend over the operator under all normal truck operations,
including forward tilts.

(a)
Where materials
being handled are of such dimensions that objects could fall through the above
protection, then substantial guarding, such as expanded metal, woven wire, or
similar materials, shall be used in addition to the above (see rule
4123:1-5-99 of the
Administrative Code).

(b)
Exception: Where headroom conditions are such that overhead protection cannot
be used because of clearance, means of limiting the lift height shall be
provided and the load shall not extend above the operator's head.

(3)
In stacking or tiering
operations, where the load extends above the backrest and may endanger the
operator, load backrest extensions shall be provided and used.

(c)
Where trucks are
designed to permit the interchange of front-end attachments, each attachment
shall be marked to identify it and show its approximate weight and capacity,
together with instructions to consult truck nameplate for combination capacity
at maximum elevation with load laterally centered.

(d)
Trucks shall not be altered so that the
relative positions of the various parts are different from what they were when
originally received from the manufacturer, nor shall they be altered either by
the addition of extra parts not provided by the manufacturer or by the
elimination of any parts, except as provided in paragraph (F)(1)(e) of this
rule. Additional counterweighting of fork trucks shall not be done unless
authorized by the truck manufacturer.

(e)
Trucks originally approved for the use of
gasoline for fuel may be converted to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuel;
provided the conversion meets the manufacturer's specifications.

(f)
Moving parts that represent a hazard to
the operator in the normal operating position shall be guarded.

(g)
Employees shall not be required to
operate any truck that is not equipped with an adequate, properly maintained
braking system.

(h)
Only employees
who have been trained and are authorized by their employer shall be
permitted to operate a powered industrial
truck.

(a)
The
location or atmosphere shall be classified, as to whether it is hazardous or
nonhazardous, prior to trucks being used therein.

(b)
Only approved power-operated trucks
designated as "EX" may be used in atmospheres containing explosive or
flammable concentrations of liquids, gases, or vapors, such as, but not limited
to, acetylene, butadiene, or hydrogen.

(c)
Under the following described conditions
trucks may be used only if designed and built specifically for use therein (see
appendix to this rule for "Summary Table on use of Industrial Trucks in Various
Locations"):

(i)
Atmospheres containing
explosives or flammable concentrations of metal dust, such as aluminum,
magnesium, and their alloys, or other metals of similarly hazardous
characteristics;

(ii)
Atmospheres
containing explosives or flammable concentrations of dust in grain processing
operations, such as starch plants, malting plants, and other occupancies of
similar nature;

(a)
Where general lighting
is less than two lumens per square foot, auxiliary directional lighting shall
be provided on the truck.

(b)
Adequate ventilation shall be provided in enclosed areas as required in rule
4123:1-5-18 of the
Administrative Code (see also the current edition of "Threshold Limit Values
(TLVs) for Chemical Substances in the Work Environment" adopted by the
"American Conference of Governmental Hygienists (ACGIH)."

Lift trucks equipped with vertical only, or vertical and
horizontal travel controls using a lifting carriage or forks for lifting of
personnel shall:

(a)
Have a platform
with standard guardrails, intermediate rail, and toeboards, and
protect ent a hazard, all securely fastened to
the lifting carriage or forks;

(b)
Have controls whereby personnel on the platform can shut off power to the truck
and the platform, provided that such controls shall not be required if there is
a truck operator in attendance at the truck controls at all times when the
platform is raised; and

(c)
Have
overhead protection on the work platform where the employee is exposed to
falling objects.

(1)
Wheel chocks shall be
provided and employees instructed to place them under the rear wheels to
prevent highway-type trucks and trailers from rolling while they are being
loaded or unloaded by powered industrial trucks. Equivalent protection may be
provided instead of wheel chocks.

(2)
Wheel stops or other recognized
protective devices shall be provided and used to prevent railroad cars from
moving while they are being loaded or unloaded by powered industrial
trucks.

(3)
Positive protection
shall be provided to prevent railroad cars from being moved while dockboards or
bridge plates are in position.

The term "overhead electric traveling crane" shall mean a crane
consisting of a bridge mounted on trucks which runs on rails and the hoisting
mechanism mounted on a trolley which moves transversely across the bridge, and
may be controlled from a cab or from remote or pendant controls.

A
crane shall be provided with bumpers or other automatic means providing
equivalent effect, unless the crane travels at a slow rate of speed and has a
faster deceleration rate due to the use of sleeve bearings, or is not operated
near the ends of bridge and trolley travel, or is restricted to a limited
distance by the nature of the crane operation and there is no hazard of
striking any object in this limited distance, or is used in similar operating
conditions.

The bumpers shall be capable of
stopping the crane (not including the lifted load) at an average rate of
deceleration not to exceed three ft/s/s when traveling in either direction at
twenty percent of the rated load speed.

A trolley shall be provided with
bumpers or other automatic means of equivalent effect, unless the trolley
travels at a slow rate of speed, or is not operated near the ends of bridge and
trolley travel, or is restricted to a limited distance of the runway and there
is no hazard of striking any object in this limited distance, or is used in
similar operating conditions.

The bumpers shall be capable of
stopping the trolley (not including the lifted load) at an average rate of
deceleration not to exceed 4.7 ft/s/s when traveling in either direction at 1/3
of the rated load speed.

Open cabs shall be provided with standard guard railing, and
toeboard, and gate. If the opening height is inadequate for a standard guard
railing, a chain or angle iron shall be used to guard the opening.

(1)
The term "electric jib crane" shall mean
a crane designed for lifting or lowering a load within the scope of a
horizontal circle spanned by a rotating arm or jib equipped with a stationary
or traveling hoist block.

(1)
The term "electric gantry
crane" shall mean a crane with the bridge mounted on structural legs which may
be mobile on rails or stationary. One leg may be at ground level, the other may
be elevated or both legs may be at ground level.

A crane shall be provided with bumpers
or other automatic means providing equivalent effect, unless the crane travels
at a slow rate of speed and has a faster deceleration rate due to the use of
sleeve bearings, or is not operated near the ends of bridge and trolley travel,
or is restricted to a limited distance by the nature of the crane operation and
there is no hazard of striking any object in this limited distance, or is used
in similar operating conditions

The bumpers shall be capable of
stopping the crane (not including the lifted load) at an average rate of
deceleration not to exceed three ft/s/s when traveling in either direction at
twenty percent of the rated load speed.

A trolley shall be provided with
bumpers or other automatic means of equivalent effect, unless the trolley
travels at a slow rate of speed, or is not operated near the ends of bridge and
trolley travel, or is restricted to a limited distance of the runway and there
is no hazard of striking any object in this limited distance, or is used in
similar operating conditions.

The bumpers shall be capable of
stopping the trolley (not including the lifted load) at an average rate of
deceleration not to exceed 4.7 ft/s/s when traveling in either direction at 1/3
of the rated load speed.

(A)
Equipment such as slings, hoisting or
haulage lines, wire rope, natural or synthetic fiber rope, chain, metal mesh
and synthetic web, and attachments used to handle material or equipment shall
be used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.

(B)
Equipment shall be removed from service
when there is evidence of a defect, damage, or distortion which may weaken such
equipment.

(C)
All such equipment
shall not be loaded in excess of its
recommended safe working load as prescribed on the identification markings by
the manufacturer.

(D)
Employees shall not be required to work or pass under suspended loads, nor
shall the crane operator be required to carry a suspended load over
employees.

(E)
Manila rope and
other fiber rope shall not be used when handling acid- or caustic-contaminated
material or objects.

(F)
Eyes in
wire rope slings shall not be formed by using knots. Eyes in wire rope slings
for general repetitive use shall not be formed by using wire rope clips. For
special purpose unusual lifts, wire rope clips may be used to fabricate wire
rope slings, provided the wire rope clips' manufacturer's recommendations are
followed. When a newly installed rope has been in operation for an hour, all
nuts on the clip bolts shall be re-tightened.

(G)
The use of chain as a sling or choker in
erection of steel is prohibited.

(H)
The sheave diameter shall be no less than
that recommended in the manufacturer's specifications for the size of rope
used. Sheaves or pulleys with eccentric bores, or with cracked hubs, spokes, or
flanges shall be repaired or removed from service.

Compressed gas cylinders shall be legibly marked, for the
purpose of identifying the gas content, with either the chemical or the trade
name of the gas. Such marking shall be by means of stenciling, stamping, or
labeling and shall not be readily removed.

(i)
Oxygen cylinders in storage shall be
separated from fuel-gas cylinders or combustible materials (especially oil or
grease), a minimum distance of twenty feet or by a noncombustible barrier at
least five feet high, having a fire resistance rating of at least one-half
hour.

(ii)
Cylinders, when not in
use, shall be protected from any heat-radiating objects or open flame which
could cause the cylinders to rupture or could cause the fusible plug to melt.

(i)
All cylinders with a water weight
capacity of over thirty pounds shall be equipped with means of connecting a
valve protection cap or with a collar or recess to protect the valve.

(ii)
Employees shall be
responsible for using valve protection caps when cylinders are moved from place
to place or put in storage.

(iii)
Where carriers are provided for moving cylinders which are connected for use,
capping shall not be required but employees shall be responsible for seeing
that cylinder valves are closed and pressure is released from regulators, hoses
and torches.

Any length of hose in which a flashback has occurred and burned
in the hose shall be taken out of service. Flash-back
protection shall be provided by an approved device that will prevent flame from
passing into the fuel-gas system.

(i)
Hose connections for oxygen and fuel gas
shall be distinguished from each other. Hose connections shall be clamped or
otherwise securely fastened in a manner that will withstand, without leakage,
twice the pressure to which they are normally subjected in service, but in no
case less than three hundred pounds per square inch.

(ii)
Hose couplings shall be of the type that
cannot be unlocked or disconnected by means of a straight pull without rotary
motion.

No connections for portable control devices such as push
buttons to be carried by the operator shall be connected to an alternating
current circuit of higher than one hundred twenty volts. Exposed metal parts of
portable control devices operating on circuits above fifty volts shall be
grounded by a grounding conductor in the control cable.

The operator shall report any equipment or defect or safety
hazard to his supervisor and the use of the equipment shall be discontinued
until its safety has been assured. Repairs shall be made only by authorized
qualified personnel.

Cables with damaged insulation or exposed bare conductors shall
be replaced. Joining lengths of work and electrode cables shall be done by the
use of connecting means specifically intended for the purpose. The connecting
means shall have insulation adequate for the service conditions.

Stored energy or capacitor discharge type of resistance welding
equipment and control panels involving high voltage (over five hundred fifty
volts) shall be insulated and protected by complete enclosures, all doors of
which shall be provided with interlocks and contacts wired into the control
circuit (similar to elevator interlocks). Such interlocks or contacts shall be
so designed as to interrupt power and short circuit all capacitors when the
door or panel is open. A manually operated switch or positive device shall be
installed, in addition to the mechanical interlocks or contacts, as an added
safety measure assuring absolute discharge of all capacitors.

All press welding machine operations, where there is a
possibility of the operator's fingers being under the point of operation, shall
be guarded by the use of a device such as an electronic eye safety circuit,
two-hand controls or protection similar to that prescribed for power press
operations (see rule 4123:1-5-10 of the Administrative Code).

Means shall be provided at each machine, within easy reach of
the operator, for disengaging it from its power supply. This shall not apply to
rolling departments of iron and steel mills nor to electrical power generation
or conversion equipment.

The secondary of all welding transformers used in multi-spot,
projection, and seam welding machines shall be grounded. This may be done by
permanently grounding one side of the welding secondary current circuit, or a
center tapped grounding reactor connected across the secondary or the use of a
safety disconnect switch in conjunction with the welding control are acceptable
alternatives. Safety disconnect shall be arranged to open both sides of the
line when welding current is not present.

All portable welding guns, transformers and related equipment
that is suspended from overhead structures, I-beams, trolleys, etc., shall be
equipped with safety chains or cables. Safety chains or cables shall be capable
of supporting the total shock load in the event of failure of any component of
the supporting system.

When trolleys are used to support portable welding equipment,
with a forged steel clevis for the attachment of safety chains, each clevis
shall be capable of supporting the total shock load of the suspended equipment
in the event of trolley failure.

Butt welding machines shall be equipped with a hood to control
flying flash. In cases of high production, where materials may contain a film
of oil and where toxic elements and metal fumes are given off, ventilation
shall be provided in accordance with rule 4123:1-5-18 of the Administrative Code.

No welding, cutting, or work utilizing a torch shall be
performed on used drums, barrels, tanks, or other containers until they have
been cleaned and purged of materials which when subjected to heat might produce
flammable or toxic vapors.

The employer shall provide eye protection for all employees
engaged in the operations listed in paragraph (D)(2) of this rule and exposed
to an eye hazard. Eye protection shall also be provided for any other employees
in the immediate area and who are exposed to the hazards of the operations
listed. It shall be the responsibility of the employee to use the eye
protection provided by the employer (see appendix to this rule for eye and face
protector selection guide).

(a)
Eye protection shall be provided to
employees performing the following operations:

(i)
When using hand tools or mechanical
equipment to cut, chip, drill, clean, buff, grind, polish, shape, or surface
masonry, brick, concrete, plaster, stone, plastics, or other hardened
substances. This also covers demolition work where the material listed are part
of the operation;

(ii)
Where acids,
sand, or shot blast are used in building cleaning operations;

(iii)
Welding, brazing, soldering, or cutting
operations involving the use of gas flames or electric arc. (See appendix to
this rule);

(iv)
Where portland
cement is taken from an elevated bin, hopper or similar structure by a
chute;

(v)
All spray paint
operations where the operator's eyes are exposed to paint mist in the
atmosphere;

(vi)
All sand or shot
blast operations where the operator's eyes are exposed to the
blasting;

(vii)
The opening or
closing of the tap holes of cupolas or melting furnaces;

(viii)
In the handling of molten metal,
molten glass, and molten plastic;

(ix)
Metal and plastic chipping, cutting,
cleaning, grinding, conditioning, or machining where there is danger of flying
particles;

(b)
This
rule does not apply where a shield or exhaust equipment provides adequate eye
protection for employees otherwise exposed to the hazards covered in paragraphs
(D)(2)(a)(i) to (D)(2)(a)(xvii) of this rule.

(1)
Where there are air contaminants as
defined in rule
4123:1-5-01 of the
Administrative Code, the employer shall provide respiratory equipment approved
for the hazard. It shall be the responsibility of the employee to use the
respirator or respiratory equipment provided by the employer, guard it against
damage and report any malfunction to the employer. Note: See appendix to this
rule for basic guides for the selection of respirators.

(2)
This requirement does not apply where an
effective exhaust system (see rule 4123:1-5-18 of the Administrative Code) or where other means of equal
or greater protection have been provided.

(i)
Whenever employees are required to be
present where the potential hazards to their head exists from falling or flying
objects, or from physical contact with rigid objects, or from exposures where
there is a risk of injury from electric shock, employers shall provide
employees with suitable protective headgear.

(i)
A hat, cap or net shall be
provided where there is danger of hair entanglement in moving parts of
machinery or equipment, or where there is exposure to means of ignition. It
shall be designed to enclose all loose hair and be adjustable to accommodate
all head sizes. Material used for a hair enclosure shall be durable, fast-dyed,
nonirritating to the skin, and capable of withstanding frequent cleaning. It
shall not be reissued from one employee to another unless it has been
thoroughly sanitized.

(ii)
Hair
enclosures used in areas where there is exposure to sparks, hot or molten
metals, or ignition from heat, flames, or chemical reaction shall be made of
materials that are nonburning or flame retardant and do not melt.

Employees exposed to continuous noise levels of ninety or more
decibels (dBA) slow response shall be provided with approved ear protection.
(If variations in noise level involve maxima at intervals of one second or
less, the noise is considered continuous.) If ear plugs that require fitting
are provided, they shall be fitted to the individual employees by a competent
person.

(I)
Protection of
the body and exposed parts and other protective equipment.

(1)
All persons required to work in such a
manner that their clothing may become wet with acids caustics or other
injurious liquids shall be provided with such gloves, aprons, coats, jackets,
sleeves, or other garments made of rubber, or other materials impervious to
such liquids as are required to keep their clothing dry. Aprons shall extend
well below the top of boots to prevent such liquid from splashing into the
boots. Provision of dry clean cotton clothing along with rubber shoes or short
boots and an apron impervious to such liquids shall be considered a
satisfactory substitute where small parts are cleaned, plated, or acid-dipped
in open tanks and rapid work is required.

(2)
Facilities for quick drenching or
flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within the work area, where
employees are exposed to injurious corrosive materials. Where plumbing is not
available and where storage batteries of the enclosed type with explosion-proof
vents are serviced exclusively, portable, self-contained eyewash equipment may
be provided in lieu of the quick drenching or flushing facilities. Where
portable self-contained eyewash equipment is used in lieu of drenching or
flushing facilities, it shall be capable of delivering to the eye no less than
1.5 liters ( 0.4 gallons) per minute for a minimum of fifteen
minutes.

(a)
Where employees are required to climb
poles or trees, the employer shall provide climbers, the
appropriate gaffs (spurs). Pole gaffs shall measure at
least one and seven-sixteenth inches ( 36.5
mm) on the
underside. Tree gaffs shall measure no more than three
and one half inches ( 88.9 mm) nor less than two and one-fourth inches ( 57.2
mm) on the underside.

(a)
Lifelines, safety belts or
harnesses and lanyards shall be provided by the employer, and it shall be the
responsibility of the employee to wear such equipment when exposed to hazards
of falling where the operation being performed is more than six feet above the
ground or above a floor or platform, except as otherwise specified in this
chapter, and when required to work on stored material in silos, hoppers, tanks,
and similar storage areas. Lanyards and vertical lifelines shall have a minimum
breaking strength of five thousand pounds. Anchorage used for attachment of personal fall arrest
equipment shall be independent of any anchorage being used to support or
suspend platforms and capable of supporting at least five thousand pounds per
employee attached.

(b)
Where
the lifeline may be subjected to cutting or abrasion, a minimum
seven-eighths-inch wire core manila rope, or equivalent, shall be provided. For
all other lifeline applications, a minimum of three-fourths-inch manila rope,
or equivalent, shall be provided.

(c)
Safety belt, harness, or strap lanyards
shall be a minimum of one-half inch nylon, or equivalent, with a maximum length
to provide for a fall of no more than six feet. The lanyard shall have a
breaking strength of no less than five thousand
pounds.

(a)
Safety nets shall be provided when
workplaces are more than twenty-five feet above the ground, water, or
other surface where the use of ladders, scaffolds, catch platforms, temporary
floors, safety lines, or safety belts is impractical.

(b)
Where safety net protection is required
by this rule, operations shall not be undertaken until the net is in place and
has been tested.

(c)
Nets shall
extend outward from the outermost projection of the work surface in accordance
with the following table to this rule and shall be installed as closed under
the work surface as practical but in no case more than thirty feet below such
work surface with the exception of bridge construction where only one level of
nets is required. Nets shall be hung with sufficient clearance to prevent the
falling employee's contact with the surface or structures below. Such clearance
shall be determined by impact load testing.

Table

Vertical distance from working level to horizontal
plane of the net.

Minimum required horizontal distance of net from the
edge of the working surface.

Up to five feet

eight feet

More than five feet up to ten feet

ten feet

More than ten feet

thirteen feet

(d)
The mesh size of nets shall not exceed six inches. All new nets shall meet
accepted performance standards of seventeen thousand five hundred foot-pounds
minimum impact resistance as determined and certified by the manufacturer, and
shall bear a label of proof test. Edge ropes shall provide a minimum breaking
strength of five thousand pounds.

(e)
Forged steel safety hooks or shackles
shall be used to fasten the net to its supports. Attachment of safety nets to
the working platform is prohibited.

(f)
Connections between net panels shall
maintain the full strength of the net.

(a)
Where employees are working over or near
water, and where the depth or current of the water creates a danger of
drowning, the employer shall provide U.S. coast guard-approved life jackets or
buoyant work vests for each employee.

(b)
Ring buoys with no less than ninety feet
of line attached shall be provided and readily available for emergency rescue
operations. Distance between ring buoys shall not exceed
two
hundred feet.

(c)
At least one lifesaving skiff shall be
immediately available at locations where employees are working over or adjacent
to water.

(d)
In cribs and
cofferdams where employees are exposed to danger of falling inside of the
enclosure containing water, a life raft shall be provided.

The employer shall provide barriers and effective warning
devices such as flasher lights, "Men Working" signs, cones, flares, lanterns,
flags and reflectors, for the protection of employees when work is performed in
congested areas and where employees are exposed to traffic hazards or other
working conditions where a hazard may exist.

When toxic materials are generated in hazardous concentrations
during their application, drying, or handling, they shall be minimized or
eliminated by at least one of the methods described in paragraph (C) of this
rule.

Exhaust ductwork shall be sized in accordance with good design
practice which shall include consideration of fan capacity, length of duct,
number of turns and elbows, variation in size, volume, and character of
materials being exhausted.

The outlet from every separator or (collector) shall discharge
the air contaminants collected by the exhaust system, in such manner that the
discharged materials shall not re-enter the working area in hazardous
concentrations.

Air supply openings or inlets through which air enters the
building or room in which the local exhaust system is in operation shall be
isolated from any known source of contamination from outside of the
building.

Floor openings for both the up and down runs shall be no less
than twenty-eight inches nor more than thirty-six inches in width for a
twelve-inch belt; no less than thirty-four inches nor more than thirty-eight
inches for a fourteen-inch belt; and no less than thirty-six inches nor more
than forty inches for a sixteen-inch belt and shall extend no less than
twenty-four inches, nor more than twenty-eight inches from the face of the
belt.

The clearance between the floor or mounting platform and the
lower edge for the conical guard above it required by paragraph (C)(3) of this
rule shall be no less than seven feet six inches. Where this clearance cannot
be obtained no access to the manlift shall be provided and the manlift runway
shall be enclosed where it passes through such floor.

The landing space adjacent to the floor openings shall be free
from obstructions and kept clear at all times. This landing space shall be no
less than two feet in width from the edge of the floor opening used for
mounting and dismounting.

Where there is a travel of fifty feet or more between floor
landings, one or more emergency landings shall be provided so that there will
be a landing (either floor or emergency) for every twenty-five feet or less of
manlift travel.

(i)
Emergency landings
shall be accessible from both the up and down runs of the manlift and shall
give access to the ladder required in paragraph (C)(8) of this rule.

(ii)
Emergency landings shall be completely
enclosed with a standard railing and toeboard.

(iii)
Platforms constructed to give access to
bucket elevators or other equipment for the purpose of inspection, lubrication
and repair may also serve as emergency landings under this rule. All such
platforms will then be considered part of the emergency landing and shall be
provided with standard guard railings and toeboards.

The cone shall be made of no less than "No. 18 U.S. Gauge"
sheet steel or material of equivalent strength or stiffness. The lower edge
shall be rolled to a minimum diameter of one-half inch and the interior shall
be smooth with no rivets, bolts or screws protruding.

In lieu of the fixed guards specified in paragraph (C)(3)(a) of
this rule, a floating type safety cone may be used, such floating cones to be
mounted on hinges no less than six inches below the underside of the floor and
so constructed as to actuate a limit switch should a force of two pounds be
applied on the edge of the cone closest to the hinge. The depth of this
floating cone shall not exceed twelve inches.

Such rails or guards shall be no less than forty-two inches in
height on the up-running side and sixty-six inches in height on the
down-running side. Rails or guards shall be located no more than one foot from
the edge of the floor opening.

At the bottom landing the clear area shall be no smaller than
the area enclosed by the guardrails on the floors above, and any wall in front
of the down-running side of the belt shall be no less than forty-eight inches
from the face of the belt. This space shall not be encroached upon by stairs or
ladders.

A mounting platform shall be provided in front or to one side
of the up-run at the lowest landing, unless the floor level is such that the
following requirement can be met: the floor or platform shall be at or above
the point at which the upper surface of the ascending step completes its turn
and assumes a horizontal position.

To guard against employees walking under a descending step, the
area on the down side of the manlift shall be guarded in accordance with
paragraph (C)(4) of this rule. To guard against an employee getting between the
mounting platform and an ascending step, the area between the belt and the
platform shall be protected by a guardrail.

A top clearance shall be provided of no less than eleven feet
above the top terminal landing. This clearance shall be maintained from a plane
through each face of the belt to a vertical cylindrical plane having a diameter
two feet greater than the diameter of the floor opening, extending upward from
the top floor to the ceiling on the up-running side of the belt. No
encroachment of structural or machine supporting members within this space will
be permitted.

An emergency grab bar or rail and platform shall be provided at
the head pulley when the distance to the head pulley is over six feet above the
top landing, otherwise only a grab bar or rail is to be provided to permit the
rider to swing free should the emergency stops become inoperative.

A fixed metal ladder accessible from both the up and down run
of the manlift shall be provided for the entire travel of the manlift. Such
ladder shall be in accordance with paragraph (C)(6) of rule
4123:1-5-03 of the
Administrative Code, except that a safety cage shall not be provided,
notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (C)(6) of rule
4123:1-5-03 of the
Administrative Code.

Both runs of the manlift shall be illuminated at all times when
the lift is in operation. An intensity of no less than one foot candle shall be
maintained at all points. (See paragraph (C)(2)(c) of this rule for
illumination requirements at landings).

Lighting of manlift runways shall be by means of circuits
permanently tied in to the building circuits (no switches), or shall be
controlled by switches at each landing. Where separate switches are provided at
each landing, any switch shall turn on all lights necessary to illuminate the
entire runway.

Brakes provided for stopping and holding a manlift shall be
inherently self-engaging, by requiring power or force from an external source
to cause disengagement. The brake shall be electrically released, and shall be
applied to the motor shaft for direct-connected units or to the input shaft for
belt-driven units. The brake shall be capable of stopping and holding the
manlift when the descending-side is loaded with two hundred fifty pounds on
each step.

The belt shall be of hard-woven canvas, rubber-coated canvas,
leather, or other material meeting the strength requirements of paragraph
(D)(1)(b)(iii) of this rule and having a coefficient of friction such that when
used in conjunction with an adequate tension device it will meet the brake test
specified in paragraph (D)(1)(a) of this rule.

The width of the belt shall be no less than twelve inches for a
travel not exceeding one hundred feet, no less than fourteen inches for a
travel greater than one hundred feet but not exceeding one hundred fifty feet
and sixteen inches for a travel exceeding one hundred fifty feet.

The strength of the belt shall be no less than one thousand
five hundred pounds per inch of belt width for belts having a distance between
pulley centers not in excess of one hundred feet, and one thousand eight
hundred pounds per inch of belt width for belts having a distance between
pulley centers of over one hundred feet but not in excess of two hundred feet;
for over two hundred feet, two thousand four hundred fifty pounds per inch of
belt width.

Belts shall be fastened by a lapped splice or shall be
butt-spliced with a strap on the side of the belt away from the pulley.

(a)
For lapped splices, the overlap of the
belt at the splice shall be no less than three feet where the travel of the
manlift does not exceed one hundred feet and no less than four feet, if the
travel exceeds one hundred feet. Where butt splices are used the straps shall
extend no less than three feet on one side of the butt for a travel not in
excess of one hundred feet and four feet for a travel in excess of one hundred
feet.

(b)
For twelve-inch belts,
the joint shall be fastened with no less than twenty special elevator bolts,
each of a minimum diameter of one-fourth inch. These bolts shall be arranged as
to cover the area of the joint effectively.

(c)
The minimum number of bolts for a belt
width of fourteen inches shall be no less than twenty-three and for a belt
width of sixteen inches, the number of bolts shall be no less than
twenty-seven.

The upper or working surfaces of the step shall be of a
material having inherent nonslip characteristics (coefficient of friction no
less than 0.5 ) or shall be covered completely by a nonslip tread securely
fastened to it.

No step shall be provided unless there is a corresponding
handhold above or below it meeting the requirements of paragraph (D)(4) of this
rule. If a step is removed for repairs or permanently, the handholds
immediately above and below it shall be removed before the lift is again placed
in service.

Handholds attached to the belt shall be provided and so
installed that they are no less than four feet nor more than four feet eight
inches above the step tread. These shall be so located as to be available on
both up and down run of the belt.

The grab surface of the handhold shall be no less than four and
one-half inches in width, no less than three inches in depth and provide two
inches of clearance from the belt. Fastenings for handholds shall be located no
less than one inch from the edge of the belt.

No handhold shall be provided without a corresponding step. If
a handhold is removed permanently or temporarily, the corresponding step and
handhold for the opposite direction of travel shall also be removed before the
lift is again placed in service.

Two separate automatic stop devices shall be provided to cut
off the power and apply the brake when a loaded step passes the upper terminal
landing. One of these shall consist of a split-rail switch or equivalent
mechanically operated by the step roller and located no more than six inches
above the top terminal landing. The second automatic stop device may consist of
any of the following:

(i)
A split-rail
switch placed six inches above and on the side opposite the first limit
switch.

After the manlift has been stopped by a stop device it shall be
necessary to reset the automatic stop manually. The device shall be so located
that a person resetting it shall have a clear view of both the up and down runs
of the manlift. It shall not be possible to reset the device from any step or
platform.

Such signs shall be of letters no less than two inches in
height and of a color having high contrast with the surface on which it is
stenciled or painted (white or yellow on black or black on white or
gray).

At the top floor an illuminated sign shall be displayed bearing
the following wording: "Top floor - get off". The sign shall be in block
letters no less than two inches in height. This sign shall be located within
easy view of an ascending passenger and no more than two feet above the top
terminal landing.

In addition to the sign required by paragraph (D)(8)(b)(i) of
this rule, a red warning light of no less than forty-watt rating shall be
provided immediately below the upper landing terminal and so located as to
shine in the passenger's face.

(c)
A visual or audible warning system shall
be provided to alert passengers and others in the vicinity when a manlift is
started or re-started.

A conspicuous sign having the following legend, "Authorized
Personnel Only", shall be displayed at each landing. The sign shall be of block
letters no less than two inches in height and shall be of a color offering high
contrast with the background color".

(1)
Only authorized
personnel, trained in their use, shall be permitted to use manlifts.

(2)
When riding a manlift, the passenger
shall stand squarely on the step, face the belt and grip the handhold securely.
Jumping on the step, yanking on the handhold or engaging in horseplay of any
kind is
prohibited.

(3)
No freight,
packaged goods, pipe, lumber or construction materials of any kind shall be
handled on any manlift.

(4)
No
tools, except those which will fit entirely within a pocket in usual working
clothes shall be carried on any manlift.

(5)
Before starting or re-starting the
manlift, it shall be necessary to alert all passengers on the manlift and all
others in its vicinity.

All manlifts shall be inspected by a competent designated
person at intervals of no more than thirty days. Limit switches shall be
checked weekly. Manlifts found to be unsafe shall not be operated until
properly repaired.

(1)
The horizontal speed of a roof car shall
be no more than fifty feet per minute.

(2)
A roof car may not be moved horizontally
unless means are in place to prevent the car from moving outside the areas
provided for roof car travel.

(3)
The roof car shall be designed and installed in such a manner as to remain
stable and upright under every loading condition.

(4)
A roof car shall be so positioned and
anchored to the structure as to ensure that the working platform is placed and
retained in proper position for vertical travel.

(5)
The operating device controlling movement
of a roof car shall be of the continuous pressure weatherproof electric type
and shall be located on the roof car, the working platform, or both. If located
on both, such operating devices shall be interlocked so that control is
possible only from one at a time.

(6)
The operating device controlling movement
of a roof car shall not be operable until the working platform is at its
uppermost position for travel and is not in contact with the building face or
fixed vertical guides in the face of the building, and until all protective
devices and interlocks are in a position for movement.

(7)
If the access to the roof car at any
point of its travel is not over the roof area, standard guardrails with
self-closing, self-locking gates shall be provided on the roof car.

(3)
The vertical speed of a working platform
suspended by four or more hoisting ropes shall be no more than seventy-five
feet per minute.

(4)
The vertical
speed of a working platform suspended by less than four hoisting ropes shall be
no more than thirty-five feet per minute.

(5)
The working platform shall be no less
than twenty-four inches wide.

(6)
The working platform shall be provided with toeboards and with permanent
guardrails no less than thirty-six inches high, and no more than forty-two
inches high at the front (building side). At the rear, and on the sides, a
standard guardrail and toeboard shall be provided. An intermediate guardrail
shall be provided around the entire platform between the top guardrail and the
toeboard.

(8)
Where access gates are provided, they shall be self-closing and self-locking.

Such gates are required where access to the working platform is
not over the roof area.

(9)
A means shall be provided to prevent inadvertent horizontal movement of the
working platform.

(10)
The
operating device controlling vertical movement of the working platform shall be
located on the working platform and shall be of the continuous pressure
weatherproof electric type.

(11)
The operating device controlling vertical movement shall be operable only when
all electrical protective devices and interlocks on the working platform are in
normal operating position, and the roof car is at an established operating
point.

(12)
On roof-powered
platforms, an emergency electric operating device shall be provided near the
hoisting machine for use in the event of failure of the traveling cable system.
This emergency device shall be mounted in locked compartment and shall have a
legend mounted thereon reading: "For Emergency Operation Only. Establish
Communication With Personnel On Working Platform Before Use." A key for
unlocking the compartment housing the emergency operating device shall be
mounted in a break-glass receptacle located near the device.

(1)
Each hoisting rope shall be made of wire
and shall be no less than five-sixteenths-inch diameter.

(2)
Working platforms shall be suspended by
no less than two ropes with a safety factor of ten as calculated under the
following formula:

F = S × N÷W

Where

S = manufacturer's rated breaking strength of one rope

N = number of ropes under load

W = maximum static load on all ropes with the platform and its
rated load at any point of its travel

(3)
Where winding drums are used, the rope
shall be wound in level layers.

(4)
Winding drums shall have no less than three turns of rope remaining when the
working platform is at its lowest possible point of travel.

(5)
Where the working platform is suspended
by more than two ropes, the nondrum ends of the ropes shall be provided with
individual shackle rods which will permit individual adjustment of rope
lengths.

(6)
The lengthening or
repairing of wire ropes by splicing is prohibited.

(7)
More than one reverse bend in the length
of seven wire rope lays is prohibited.

(8)
Wire rope shall not be used if, in any
length of eight diameters, the total number of visible broken wires exceeds ten
percent of the total number of wires, or if the rope shows other signs of
excessive wear, corrosion, or defect.

(1)
Electrical protective devices and
interlocks shall be of the weatherproof type.

(2)
When a traveling cable storage reel is
used, an electric contact shall be provided and so connected that it will cause
the relay for vertical travel to open if the tension on the traveling cable
exceeds safe limits.

(3)
An
automatic overload device shall be provided to cut off electrical power to the
circuit in all hoisting motors for travel in the up direction, should the load
applied to the hoisting ropes at either end of the working platform exceed one
hundred twenty-five per cent of its normal tension with rated load as shown on
the manufacturer's data plate on the working platform.

(4)
An automatic device shall be provided for
each hoisting rope which will cut off electrical power to the hoisting motor or
motors in the down direction and will apply the brakes if any hoisting rope
becomes slack.

(5)
Upper and lower
directional limit devices shall be provided to prevent the travel of the
working platform beyond the normal upper and lower limits of travel.

(6)
Directional limit devices, if driven from
the hoisting machine by chains, tapes, or cables, shall incorporate a device to
disconnect the electric power from the hoisting machine and apply both the
primary and secondary brakes in the event of failure of the driving
means.

(7)
On platforms with four
or more ropes, final terminal stopping devices for the working platform shall
be provided as a secondary means of preventing the working platform from
over-traveling at the terminals.

(8)
Emergency stop switches shall be provided
in or adjacent to each operating device.

(9)
Electrical cord strain relief anchors and
grip or equivalent means shall be provided to prevent the electrical cord from
pulling on the receptacle.

(A)
No
employee shall be required to enter into any confined space unless a confined
space entry procedure, incorporating one of the following, is used (see
appendix to this rule for recommended entry procedures):

(1)
Air sampling shall be performed by
qualified, trained personnel prior to and periodically during occupancy to
determine that the atmosphere within the confined space contains an adequate
quantity of oxygen (nineteen per cent), and any known or expected harmful
atmospheric contaminants have been diluted to safe concentrations.

(2)
A supplied-air respirator or
self-contained breathing apparatus is provided and used.

(B)
When the confined space has been exposed
to, contained, or is likely to have combustible gases within its confines (such
as sewage treatment plants), it shall not be entered unless the atmosphere
contains a concentration of less than ten per cent of the lower explosive
limit .

(C)
Appropriate control measures, which may consist of forced or natural
ventilation, use of personal protective equipment, a combination of these, or
other effective control techniques, shall be instituted if tests under
paragraph (A)(1) or (B) of this rule indicate that the atmosphere in the space
to be entered contains:

(1)
Any concentration
of flammable vapor or gas ten per cent or greater of the lower explosive limit;
and/or,

(2)
A hazardous
concentration of any known or expected toxic contaminants;

(D)
Means of safe entry and exit shall be
provided for entering or leaving a manhole, vault or other similar underground
area.

(E)
Where electrical
equipment is used in confined spaces subject to combustible atmospheres, the
permanent fixtures to which the lamp socket and plugs are attached shall be the
type approved for that location. All extension cords shall be made of heavy
duty cord. All lamps shall be guarded.

(A)
Unless the electrical conductors or
equipment to be worked on are isolated from all possible sources of voltage or
are effectively grounded, the employer shall provide protective equipment
approved for the voltage involved, such as rubber gloves with protectors,
rubber sleeves, hot line tools, line hose, line guards, insulator hoods,
blankets, and access boards. Employees shall be instructed in the use of such
tools and equipment and, when working on or when working within contact
distance of an energized conductor, shall use such tools and equipment.

(B)
Effective grounding devices
shall be provided when work is performed on deenergized circuits or equipment.
Employees shall be instructed in the use of such grounding devices.

(C)
Protective devices and equipment shall be
stored in a clean, dry compartment or box that will protect such equipment from
punctures, snags, or moisture.

(3)
Assure that the conductor is guarded from accidental contact and an employee is
designated to act as signalman to direct the operator in the movement of the
equipment, or

(4)
Assure that an
insulated boom or an insulated type guard about the boom or arm of the
equipment and a dielectric insulator link between the load and the block are
installed and an employee is designated to act as signalman to direct the
operator in the movement of the equipment.

(1)
The
requirements of this paragraph apply only to the electric utility and clearance
tree-trimming industries.

(2)
No
employee shall be required to approach or take any conductive object closer to
any electrically energized power conductors and equipment than prescribed in
table 4123:1-5-23(E) to this rule unless:

(a)
The employee is insulated or guarded from
the energized parts (insulating gloves rated for the voltage involved shall be
considered adequate insulation); or

(b)
The energized parts are insulated or
guarded from the employee and any other conductive object at a different
potential; or

(1)
The
requirements of this paragraph apply only to the telecommunications industry.

(2)
No employee shall be required
to approach or take any conductive object closer to any electrically energized
power conductors and equipment than prescribed in table
4123:1-5-23(F) to this rule unless:

(a)
The employee is insulated or guarded from
the energized parts (insulating gloves rated for the voltage involved shall be
considered adequate insulation); or

(b)
The energized parts are insulated or
guarded from the employee and any other conductive object at a different
potential; or

*NOTE: For 345-362kv. 500-552kv. and 700-765kv. the minimum
working distance and the minimum clear hot stick distance may be reduced
provided that such distances are not less than the shortest distance between
the energized part and a grounded surface.

Table 4123:1-5-23(F)

Approach Distances to Exposed Energized Overhead Power Lines
and Parts

Voltage range (phase to phase, RMS)

Approach distance (inches)

300 V and less

(1)

Over 300V, not over 750V

12

Over 750V not over 2kV

18

Over 2kV, not over 15kV

24

Over 15kV, not over 37kV

36

Over 37kV, not over 87.5 kV

42

Over 87.5 kV, not over 121kV

48

Over 121kV, not over 140kV

54

1 Avoid contact.

(G)
The requirements of paragraph (E) of this
rule shall not apply to employees in insulated vehicle-mounted elevating and
rotating work platforms.

When, upon examination, evidence reveals a pole to be unsafe
for climbing, employees shall not be required to climb such pole beyond the
point where the unsafe condition begins, until the pole has been substantially
reinforced.

(a)
If the aerial
device is capable of alternative configurations, these configurations,
including the rated capacity in each situation, shall be stated on the
operating instruction plate(s). Examples of alternative configurations
requiring such a description on operating instruction plate(s) are as follows:

(v)
As a personal carrying device only vs. as
a personnel carrying and material handling device.

(b)
If the rated capacity of an alternative
configuration is related to an angle which a boom makes with the horizontal,
then a means shall be provided by which the operator can determine if the boom
is at a safe angle, using permanent and legible characters where marking is
necessary.

Each aerial device when mounted on a vehicle and used in a
specific configuration, shall be capable of sustaining a static load one and
one-half times its rated capacity when the vehicle is on a firm and level
surface.

Each aerial device, when mounted on a vehicle and used in a
specific configuration, shall comprise a unit capable of sustaining a static
load one and one-third times the rated capacity for that specific configuration
in every position in which the load can be placed within the definition of the
specific configuration, when the vehicle is on a slope of five degrees downward
in the direction most likely to cause overturning. If having the outriggers
extended to a firm footing is a part of the definition of the configuration,
then outriggers shall be extended to provide maximum leveling for the purpose
of determining whether the unit meets the stability requirements. If other
facilities, such as means of turntable leveling are provided to minimize the
effect of sloping terrain, then those facilities shall be utilized for the
purpose of determining whether the unit meets the stability requirement.

Operating instruction plates shall be provided and attached to
all aerial devices. The plate or plates shall be located in a readily
accessible area, shall be clearly visible, and shall state the following: make,
model and manufacturer's serial number; rated capacity; platform height,
manufacturer's recommended operating pressure of pneumatic and hydraulic
systems; caution and restrictions of operation; operating instructions and
manufacturer's rated line voltage. Alternative configurations (see paragraph
(A)(1) of this rule) shall require in addition to the above: chart, schematic
or scale showing capacities of all combinations in their operating position,
and caution and restrictions of operation of all alternate or combinations of
alternate configurations.

The load, in calculating the capacity rating, shall be the
platform load and supplemental loads which may be affixed directly to the boom.
The capacity rating shall be designated with boom or booms extended to the
maximum horizontal reach attainable throughout full rotation of its pedestal.
Capacities of the equipment in other positions must be specified
separately.

The basic structural elements of the aerial device which
support the platform shall be designed such that the yield point of the
materials used for any such elements shall not be exceeded with three times the
rated load(s) on the aerial device. The same structural factor of safety shall
apply to the platform.

Articulating boom and extensible platforms, specifically
designed as personnel carriers, shall have both platform (upper) and lower
controls. Upper controls shall be in or beside the platform within easy reach
of the operator. Lower controls shall provide for overriding the upper
controls. All controls shall be guarded or shall be of such type that they
cannot be accidentally actuated. They shall be plainly marked as to their
function.

Where the elevation of the boom or operation of the
outriggers is accomplished by means of
a hydraulic cylinder assembly, a pneumatic system
or an electrically operated system, pilot operated check valves or other
appropriate "fail safe" devices shall be provided to prevent free fall of the
boom or collapse of the outriggers in the event of power failure.

Each platform shall be provided with a guardrail no more than
forty-five inches and no less than thirty-nine inches above the floor of the
platform, an intermediate rail, and a toeboard, or its equivalent, around the
periphery.

All critical components of hydraulic or pneumatic systems shall
withstand a pressure of no less than four times the normal operating pressure
of the system. Critical components are those in which a failure would result in
a free fall or free rotation of the boom. All noncritical components shall have
a bursting safety factor of two.

(a)
The insulated boom and
platform shall be constructed of an insulating material which will meet the
test requirements specified and shall be of dielectric material which will not
absorb moisture (fiberglass or equivalent). All components bridging the
insulated portions of the boom structure shall have an equivalent electrical
insulating value.

Test electrodes shall be permanently located on the inside and
outside surfaces of the insulated portion of the boom. Insulated units under
sixty-nine kilovolts do not require permanent test electrodes. These electrodes
shall be two to six inches from the metal portion of the lower end of the
insulated upper boom. All hydraulic and air lines bridging the insulated
portion of the boom shall have metallic couplings adjacent to the test
electrodes. Couplings shall be insulated from the metal portion of the boom and
electrically connected to the test electrodes.

(c)
When insulated booms and platforms are
not used in proximity to electrical conductors, the requirements of paragraphs
(C)(6)(a) and (C)(6)(b) of this rule do not apply.

Employees of the electric utility and telecommunications
industries and their contractors and subcontractors shall not be required to
transfer from an aerial basket to any object or structure, or from any object
or structure to an aerial basket, while the aerial basket is elevated above the
ground. This does not apply to operations where the aerial basket is extended
over a flat surface and where the hazard of falling has been eliminated.

(1)
Utility companies
and municipally owned utilities shall be contacted and advised of proposed work
prior to the start of actual excavation. Prior to opening an excavation, effort
shall be made to determine whether underground installations, i.e., sewer,
telephone, water, fuel, electric lines, etc., will be encountered and, if so,
where such underground installations are located.

(2)
An employee shall not be required to use
mechanical digging or trenching equipment within three feet of an energized
underground electrical conductor whose location is known, unless the conductors
are protected by concrete ducts or equivalent protection.

(3)
Where trenches or excavations are made in
locations adjacent to backfilled trenches or excavations or where trenches or
excavations are subjected to vibrations from any source, such as railroad or
highway traffic or the operation of machinery, additional precautions by way of
shoring and bracing shall be taken to prevent slides or cave-ins.

(4)
Undercutting of the exposed faces of
trenches or excavations is prohibited unless the exposed faces of such
undercutting are supported by one or more of the methods prescribed for the
support of exposed faces of trenches.

(a)
Excavated material or other material
shall be retained a minimum of twenty-four inches from the top edge of the
trench or excavation.

(b)
As an
alternative to the clearance prescribed in paragraph (A)(5)(a) of this rule,
the employer shall use effective barriers or other effective retaining devices
in lieu thereof in order to prevent excavated or other materials from falling
into the trench or excavation.

(1)
The exposed faces of all trenches more
than five feet high shall be shored, laid back to a stable slope, or some other
equivalent means of protection shall be provided where employees may be exposed
to moving ground or cave-ins. (See table 26-1 to this rule.)

(2)
Sides of trenches in unstable or soft
material, five feet or more in depth, shall be shored, sheeted, braced, sloped,
or otherwise supported by means of sufficient strength to protect the employees
working within them. (See table 26-1 and table 26-2 to this rule.)

(3)
Sides of trenches in hard compact soil,
including embankments, shall be shored or otherwise supported when the trench
is more than five feet in depth and eight feet or more in length. In lieu of
shoring, the sides of the trench above the five-foot level
may be
sloped to preclude collapse, but shall not be steeper than a one-foot rise to
each one-half-foot horizontal.

(4)
Materials used for sheeting and sheet piling, bracing, shoring, and
underpinning, shall be in good serviceable condition, and timbers used shall be
sound and free from large or loose knots, and shall be designed and installed
so as to be effective to the bottom of the trench.

(a)
Minimum requirements for trench bracing
and shoring shall be in accordance with table 26-2 to this rule. The vertical
planks in the bracing system shall extend at least to the top of the trench
face.

(b)
Braces and diagonal
shores in a wood shoring system shall not be subjected to compressive stress in
excess of values given by the following formula:

S = 1300 - 20L ÷ D

Maximum ratio: L ÷ D = 50

Where: L = length, unsupported, in inches.

D = least side of the timber in inches.

S = allowable stress in pounds per square inch of cross
section.

(6)
When employees are required to be in trenches four feet deep or more, an
adequate means of exit, such as a ladder or steps, shall be provided and
located so as to require no more than twenty-five feet of lateral
travel.

(7)
When bracing or shoring
of trenches is required, such bracing and shoring shall be carried along with
the excavation.

(8)
Cross braces or
trench jacks shall be placed in true horizontal position, be spaced vertically,
and be secured to prevent sliding, falling, or kickouts.

(9)
Portable trench boxes, safety cages or
sliding trench shields may be used for the protection of employees in lieu of a
shoring system or sloping. Where such trench boxes or shields are used, they
shall be designed, constructed, and maintained in a manner which will provide
protection equal to or greater than the sheeting or shoring required for the
trench and shall extend at least to the top of the trench face.

(10)
Backfilling and removal of trench
supports shall progress together from the bottom of the trench. Jacks or braces
shall be released slowly, and, in unstable soil, employees shall clear the
trench before pulling out the jacks or braces with ropes.

(1)
The walls and faces of all excavations in
which employees are exposed to danger from moving ground shall be guarded by a
shoring system, sloping of the ground, or some other equivalent means. (See
table 26-1 and table 26-2 to this rule.)

(3)
Excavations sloped to the angle of repose
shall be flattened when an excavation has water conditions, silty materials,
loose boulders, and areas where erosion, deep frost action, and slide planes
appear.

(5)
Materials used
for sheeting, sheet piling, cribbing, bracing, shoring, and underpinning shall
be in good serviceable condition, and timbers shall be sound, free from large
or loose knots, and of proper dimensions. (See table 26-2 to this rule for
proper dimensions.)

(6)
Excavations
below the level of the base of the footing of any foundation or retaining wall
are prohibited, except in hard rock, unless the wall is underpinned and
appropriate precautions are taken to ensure the stability of adjacent
walls.

(7)
If it is necessary to
place or operate power shovels, derricks, trucks, materials, or other heavy
objects on a level above and near an excavation, the side of the excavation
shall be sheet-piled, shored, braced or sloped as necessary to resist the extra
pressure due to such super-imposed loads.

(8)
When mobile equipment is utilized or
allowed adjacent to excavations, substantial stop logs or barricades shall be
installed.

(9)
Where employees or
equipment are required to cross over excavations, walkways or bridges with
standard guardrails shall be provided.

The employer shall post notices in prominent locations in which
lasers are being operated. (For examples see appendix to this rule.)

(C)
Beam shutters or caps shall be
utilized, or the laser turned off, when laser transmission is not actually
required. When the laser is left unattended for a substantial period of time,
such as during lunch hour, overnight, or at change of shifts, the laser shall
be turned off.

(1)
Employees whose occupation or assignment requires exposure
to laser beems shall be furnished suitable laser safety goggles which will
protect for the specific wavelength of the laser and be of optical density
(O.D.) adequate for the energy involved. The table below lists the maximum
power or energy density for which adequate protection is afforded by glasses of
optical densities from five through eight.

Loads shall be balanced and securely fastened. Tag lines where
used shall be of a length that will not permit their being drawn up into the
rotors. Pressed sleeve, swedged eyes, or equivalent means shall be used for all
freely suspended loads to prevent hand splices from spinning open or cable
clamps from loosening.

All electrically operated cargo hooks shall have the electrical
activating device so designed and installed as to prevent inadvertent
operation. In addition, the cargo hooks shall be equipped with an emergency
mechanical control for releasing the load. Hooks shall be tested prior to each
day's operation to determine that the release functions properly, both
electrically and mechanically.

The employer shall instruct the aircrew and ground personnel on
the signal systems to be used and shall review the system with the employees in
advance of hoisting the load. This applies to both radio and hand signal
systems. Hand signals, where used, shall be as shown in illustration 28-1 to
this rule, "Helicopter Hand Signals."

There shall be constant reliable communication between the
pilot and a designated employee of the ground crew who acts as a signalman
during the period of loading and unloading. Where hand signals are used the
signalman shall be clearly distinguishable from other ground personnel.

(2)
Smoking, firearms,
(except firearms carried by guards), matches, open flame lamps, and other fire,
flame, heat or spark-producing devices are prohibited in or within fifty feet
of explosive magazines or while explosives are being handled, transported or
used.

(4)
Before a charge is detonated, employees
shall be instructed to leave the blasting area.

(5)
Blasting operations in the proximity of
overhead power lines, communications lines, utility services, or other services
and structures, the blaster shall notify the appropriate representatives of
such utilities at least twenty-four hours in advance of blasting, specifying
the location and intended time of such blasting. Verbal notice shall be
confirmed with written notice.

(6)
Signs shall be posted warning against the use of mobile radio transmitters on
all roads within one thousand feet of blasting operations where
electric blasting caps are used.

(7)
All blasting operations shall be
suspended and employees removed from the blasting area during the approach and
progress of an electrical storm.

(8)
Empty boxes, paper, and fiber packing
materials which have previously contained explosive materials shall be disposed
of in a safe manner, or reused in accordance with the department of
transportation's hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR parts
177-180).

(9)
Containers of
explosives shall not be opened in any magazine or within fifty feet of any
magazine. In opening kegs or wooden cases, no sparking metal tools shall be
used; wooden wedges and either wood, fiber or rubber mallets shall be used.
Nonsparking metallic slitters may be used for opening fiberboard
cases.

(10)
Explosive materials
that are obviously deteriorated or damaged shall not be used and shall be
disposed of in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation.

Any vehicle used to transport explosives on the job site shall
have a nonsparking floor and side members and shall be equipped with a fully
charged fire extinguisher of not less than ten-ABC rating. Blasting caps
or electric blasting caps shall not be transported over the highways on the
same vehicles with other explosives, unless packaged, segregated, and
transported in accordance with the department of transportation's hazardous
materials regulations (49 CFR parts 177-180).

(3)
All explosives stored
on the job site shall be stored in approved storage facilities. All brush and
combustible materials shall be kept clear of the magazine to a distance of no
less than twenty-five feet.

(1)
All drill holes shall be sufficiently
large to admit freely the insertion of the packages of explosive
materials.

(2)
Tamping shall be
done only with wooden rods or plastic tamping
poles without exposed metal parts, except that nonsparking metal
connectors may be used for jointed poles. Violent tamping is prohibited. Primed
cartridges shall not be tamped.

(3)
No holes shall be loaded except those to be fired in the next round of
blasting.

After loading, all remaining explosives shall be immediately
returned to the magazine.

(4)
Drilling shall not be started until all
remaining butts of old holes are examined with a wooden rod for unexploded
charges, and, if any are found, they shall be refired before work
proceeds.

(5)
Drill holes which
have contained explosives or blasting agents shall not be made
deeper.

(6)
No loaded holes shall
be left unattended. (E) Initiation of explosive charges.

(a)
When fuse is used, the blasting cap shall
be securely attached to it with a standard ring type cap crimper. All primers
shall be assembled no less than fifty feet from any magazine.

(b)
Primers for use in blasting shall be made
up only as required for each round of blasting.

(c)
No blasting cap shall be inserted in the
explosive materials without first making a hole in the cartridge for the cap
with a wooden punch of proper size or standard cap crimper.

(d)
If there are any misfires while using cap
and fuse, all employees shall be required to remain away from the charge for at
least an hour. If electric blasting caps are used and a misfire occurs, this
waiting period may be reduced to thirty minutes.

(a)
Blasters, when testing circuits to loaded
holes, shall use only blasting galvanometers or other instruments which have
been designed and approved for the purpose.

(b)
Only the employee making the final check
on the wire connections shall fire the shot. All connections shall be made from
bore hole back to the source of firing current, and the leading wires shall
remain shorted and not be connected to the blasting machine or other source of
current until the charge is to be fired.