Thursday, August 2, 2012

The Biggest Maritime Disaster In History – the Wilhelm Gustloff

30 January 1945 – nine hours after leaving port,
and seventy minutes after being hit, the huge ship, theWilhelm Gustloff, slipped
under the waves and sunk. A small fleet of ships and boats
arrived on the scene, and managed to pluck a few from the icy waters and
rescued many of those on the lifeboats. Over a thousand were rescued but… an
estimated 9,343 people died, half of them children – six times the 1,517 that
died on the Titanic. It remains the biggest maritime disaster in history.

We have all heard of the Titanic. A century after that fateful night, the disaster remains within our
global consciousness. Even before James Cameron’s epic 1998 film, we knew of
the iceberg, the “women and children first”, the band that played on. But how
many of us have even heard of the Wilhelm Gustloff?

The ship was named after the
assassinated leader of the Swiss Nazi Party (yes, Switzerland in the 1930s had
its own Nazi Party), murdered in his own home in February 1936 (Wilhelm
Gustloff, pictured). The ship, the Wilhelm
Gustloff, weighing 25,000 tons and almost
700 feet in length, was an impressive sight, and could carry almost 2,000
passengers and crew. Launched in 1937, it began its life as a luxury cruise
liner for the German workers of Hitler’s Third Reich, and, to the outbreak of
the Second World War, had sailed over fifty cruises.

For the first year of the war the Wilhelm
Gustloff served as a hospital ship before
being held in dock in the port of Gotenhafen (modern-day Gdynia) on the Baltic
coast where, until early 1945, it served as barracks for U-boat trainees.

The Wilhelm
Gustloff, along with any other
serviceable ship in the area, was pressed into service to aid the evacuation of
German civilians. With forty-eight hours notice before departure, the scenes in
frozen Gotenhafen were of panic as people, frantic for a place, fought on the
dock and surged to board the ship.

By the time it left, on 30 January, 10,582 people (40% of whom were
children) had crammed onto a ship designed for less than 2,000. Of the three designated military escorts, two
broke down, leaving one torpedo boat to accompany the huge liner. The ship had
four captains who argued over the best course to take – shallow or deep waters,
a straight line for speed or zig-zags to help avoid detection. Poor visibility,
heavy snow and freezing temperatures further hampered progress.

When the captains were informed of a German minesweeper convoy coming
towards them, they decided, after much argument, to switch on the navigation
lights to avoid colliding into the convoy, but by doing so the ship also became
visible to a Soviet submarine lurking nearby.

The submarine fired three torpedoes, each hitting its target. The
ensuing scenes of panic cannot be imagined. Most of the lifeboats had frozen
onto their davits, leaving only a few useable. As the ship listed to one side,
there were people trapped below decks, others crushed in the stairways, more
falling into the freezing waters, children drowned in lifejackets too big.
People fought and clubbed each other to get onto the few lifeboats, whilst many
jumped to their deaths.

The
sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff on 30 January 1945 remains the greatest maritime
disaster to ever have taken place. But why, when the tragic story of theTitanic is
so known to us, does the Wilhelm Gustloff remain a forgotten catastrophe...