The
short question that arises for consideration in this appeal is whether the
application filed by the appellants under Section 19 of the Administrative
Tribunals Act, 1985(hereinafter referred to as the Act) could be rejected by
the Central Administrative Tribunal as not maintainable.

The
facts giving rise to the question referred to above are these:- The
establishment of the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports is divided into
four separate zones, viz., eastern western, southern and northern and the
employee of each of the said zones have combined seniority list. The present
appeal concerns the appellants working in the western zone which comprises the
establishments at Bombay, Ahmedabad, Gandhidam, Rajkot, Bhopal and Goa. Each of the zone comprises of
posts of Lower Division Clerks, Upper Division Clerks, Section Heads,
Controllers, etc (for short LDCs, UDCs, etc.). The LDCs are the lowest category
from which the promotions are available to the post of udcs, from which
promotion is made as Licensing Assistants and thereafter as Section Heads. From
to post of Section Heads, the employees are eligible to be promoted to the post
of Controllers. The seniority lists are maintained cadrewise.

The
promotion to the post of UDC is made on the basis of seniority roll, whereas
promotion to Licensing Assistants, Section Head and Controllers are made on the
basis of selection i.e. seniority-cum-merit. The appellant before us were
appointed as LDCs. In due course they wee promoted as UDCs, Licensing
Assistants, Section Heads and Controllers.

As
Controllers they were promoted on ad-hoc basis. They working in the western
zone which is headed by the Joint Chief Controller of Imports and Exports.
Subsequently, it was found that some of the officers who were promoted and were
transferred in new offices were reluctant to join in the new place of posting
and as such, since the year 1978 a policy was adopted for seeking options as to
wether they are ready to go on transfer in case they are promoted or they would
like to stay at the place of present posting foregoing their promotions. The
officers who have given their options to go out to new place of posting in case
of promotion, they were given promotions in preference to the claims of their
seniors.

In the
year 1983, one PS Jhon and other who were affected by the seniority list
published on 13.10.81 and were working at Ahmedabad filed a Civil Application
No.1533/83 before the Gujarat High Court making grievance that the respondents never asked
for their options for going to the new place of posting in case of their
promotions. The said application was transferred to the Ahmedabd Bench of the
Central Administrative Tribunal where it was numbered as Transfer Application
No. 263/86. The Tribunal by its judgment dated August 14, 1987 held that the
promotion made on the basis of options without resorting to the recruitment
rules in terms of quota laid down and the procedure for filling it up is valid
as long as it is ad-hoc and such ad- hoc promotions do not deprive seniority of
those who have not given their options for going out to the new place of
posting. The tribunal was further of the view that the employers are free to
allow the juniors who have given their options to continue to enjoy promotion
on ad-hoc basis, but the orders conferring regular promotions to such promotee
cannot be upheld in so far as it affects the seniority of those who have not
given their options. The officers who have not given their options have the
right to promotions in their own turn of seniority. In view of the decision
rendered by the Central Administrative Tribunal referred to above, the
respondents prepared and circulated four draft seniority lists inviting
objections, if any. Subsequently, a number of review petitions were filed for
reviewing the judgment given by the Tribunal in T.A. No. 263/86, but the said
applications were rejected. After the review petitions were rejected, the
present appellants filed an application under Section 19 of the Act before the
Central Administrative Tribuna, Gujarat, at Ahmedabad. Relying upon a Full Bench decision of the Tribunal, in Jhon
Lucas and others vs. Additional Chief Mechanical Engineer decided on 2.11.87,
the Tribunal held that the persons who were not a party to a decision but are
affected by the decision of the tribunal are not entitled to file an
application under Section 19 of the Act, but can only file a review petition seeking
review of the decision adversely affecting them.

Consequently
the appellants' application was rejected summarily. The appellants have now
come up to this Court.

As
stated earlier, the appellant has challenged the impugned seniority list
prepared on the basis of the decision rendered by the Cereal Administrative
Tribunal, Ahmedabad on Transfer Application No.263 of 1986 dated 14.8.1987, by
means of an application under Section 19 of the Act wherein there was no prayer
for setting aside the judgment dated 14.8.1987 of the Administrative Tribunal.
It is true that the judgment given by the Central Administrative Tribunal, Ahmedabad
in T.A. No.263/86 would have come in the way of the appellant. Often in service
matters the judgments rendered either by the Tribunal or by the Court also
affect other persons, who are not parties to the cases. It may help on class of
employees and at the same time adversely affect another class of employees. In
such circumstances the judgments of the courts or the tribunals may not be
strictly judgments in personam affecting only to the parties to the cases, they
would be judgments in rem. In such a situation, the question arises;

what
remedy is available to such affected persons who are not parties to a case, yet
the decision in such a case adversely affect to their rights in the matter of
their seniority. In the present case, the view taken by the Tribunal that the
only remedy available to the affected persons is to file a Review of the
judgment which affects them and not to file a fresh application under Section
19 of the Act. Section 22(3)(f) of the Act empowers the Tribunal to review its
decisions. Rule 17 of the Central Administrative Tribunal (Procedure and Rules)
(hereinafter referred to as "the Rules") provides that no application
for review shall be entertained unless it is filed within 30 days from the date
of receipt of the copy of the order sought to be reviewed. Ordinarily, right of
review is available only to those who are party to a case. However, even if we
give wider meaning to the expression "a person feeling aggrieved"
occurring in Section 22 of the Act whether such person aggrieved can seek
review by opening the whole case decided by the Tribunal. The right of review
is no t a right of appeal where all questions decided are open to challenge.
The right of review is possible only on limited grounds, mentioned in Order 47
of these Code of Civil Procedure. Although strictly speaking the Order 47 of
the Code of Civil Procedure may not be applicable to the tribunals but the
principles contained therein surely have to extended. Otherwise there being no
limitation on the power of review it would be an appeal and there would be no
certainty of finality of a decision. Besides that, the right of review is
available if such an application is filed within the period of limitation. The
decision given by the Tribunal, unless reviewed or appealed against, attains
finality. If such a power to review is permitted, no decision is final, as the
decision would be subject to review at any time at the instance of party
feeling adversely affected by the said decision. A party in whose favour a
decision has been given can not monitor the case for all times to come. Public
policy demands that there should been to law suits and if the view of the
tribunal is accepted the proceedings in a case will never come to an end. We,
therefore, find that a right of review is available to the aggrieved persons on
restricted ground mentioned in Order 47 of the Code of Civil Procedure if filed
within the period of limitation.

The
Tribunal rejected the application of the appellant merely on the ground that
the appellant was seeking setting aside of the judgement rendered by the
Central Administrative Tribunal, Ahmedabad in the case of P.S. John (supra) in
T.A. No.263/86. It is here that the Tribunal apparently fell in error. No doubt
the decision of the tribunal in the case P.S. Jhon was against the appellant
but the application filed by the appellant under Section 19 of the Act has to
be dealt with in accordance with law.

Consistency,
certainty and uniformity in the filed of judicial decisions are considered to
be the benefits arising out of the "Doctrine of Precedent". The
precedent sets a pattern upon which a future conduct may be based. One of the
basic principles of administration of justice is, that the cases should be
decided alike. Thus the doctrine of precedent is applicable to the Central
Administrative Tribunal also. Whenever an application under Section 19 of the
Act is filed and the question involved in the said application stands concluded
by some earlier decision of the Tribunal, the Tribunal necessarily has to take
into account the judgment rendered in earlier case, as a precedent and decide
the application accordingly. The Tribunal may either agree with the view taken
in the earlier judgment or it may dissent. If it dissents, then the matter can
be referred to a larger bench/full bench and place the matter before the
Chairman for constituting a larger bench so that there may be no conflict upon
the two Benches. The large Bench, then, has to consider the correctness of
earlier decision in disposing of the later application. The larger Bench can
over-rule the view taken in the earlier judgment and declare the law, which
would be binding on all the Benches (See Jhon Lucas (supra). In the present
case, what we find is that tribunal rejected the application of the appellants
thinking that appellants are seeking setting aside of the decision of the
tribunal in Transfer Application No. 263 of 1986. This view taken by the
Tribunal was not correct. The application of the appellant was required to be
decided in accordance with law.

For
the aforesaid reasons, the order of the Administrative Tribunal dated 14.8.1987
passed in O.A. No. 47 of 1990 is set aside and the case is sent back to the
Tribunal for decision on merits preferably within three months from the date of
receipt of the copy of the Judgment.