American Farmers Say They Feed The World, But Do They?

When critics of industrial agriculture complain that today's food production is too big and too dependent on pesticides, that it damages the environment and delivers mediocre food, there's a line that farmers offer in response: We're feeding the world.

It's high-tech agriculture's claim to the moral high ground. Farmers say they farm the way they do to produce food as efficiently as possible to feed the world.

Charlie Arnot, a former public relations executive for food and farming companies, now CEO of the Center for Food Integrity, says it's more than just a debating point. "U.S. farmers have a tremendous sense of pride in the fact that they've been able to help feed the world," he says.

That phrase showed up, for instance, a few weeks ago at a big farm convention in Decatur, Ill. The seed and chemical company DuPont set up a wall with a question printed at the top in big, capital letters: "How are you making a difference to feed the world?"

Kip Tom, who grows corn and soybeans on thousands of acres of Indiana farmland, says he's very aware of the fact that the world has more and more people, demanding more food. Yet there are fewer and fewer farmers, "and it's the duty of those of us who are left in the business, us family farmers, to help feed that world."

That means growing more food per acre, he says, which requires new and better technology: genetically engineered seed, for instance, or pesticides.

And this is why the words "feed the world" grate on the nerves of people who believe that large-scale, technology-driven agriculture is bad for the environment and often bad for people.

Margaret Mellon, a scientist with the environmental advocacy group Union of Concerned Scientists, recently wrote an essay in which she confessed to developing an allergy to that phrase. "If there's a controversy, the show-stopper is supposed to be, 'We have to use pesticides, or we won't be able to feed the world!' " she says.

Mellon says it's time to set that idea aside. It doesn't answer the concerns that people have about modern agriculture — and it's not even true.

Growing more grain isn't the solution to hunger anyway, she says. If you're really trying to solve that problem, there's a long list of other steps that are much more important. "We need to empower women; we need to raise incomes; we need infrastructure in the developing world; we need the ability to get food to market without spoiling."

It seemed that this dispute needed a referee. So I called Christopher Barrett, an economist at Cornell University who studies international agriculture and poverty.

"They're both right," he says, chuckling. "Sometimes the opposite of a truth isn't a falsehood, but another truth, right?"

It's true, he says, that bigger harvests in the U.S. tend to make food more affordable around the world, and "lower food prices are a good thing for poor people."

For instance, Chinese pigs are growing fat on cheap soybean meal grown by farmers in the U.S. and Brazil, and that's one reason why hundreds of millions of people in China are eating much better than a generation ago — they can afford to buy pork. So American farmers who grow soybeans are justified in saying that they help feed the world.

But Mellon is right, too, Barrett says. The big crops that American farmers send abroad don't provide the vitamins and minerals that billions of people need most. So if the U.S. exports lots of corn, driving down the cost of cornmeal, "it induces poor families to buy lots of cornmeal, and to buy less in the way of leafy green vegetables, or milk," that have the key nutrients. In this case, you're feeding the world, but not solving the nutrition problems.

Arnot, from the Center for Food Integrity, recently did a survey, asking consumers whether they think the U.S. even has a responsibility to provide food to the rest of the world. Only 13 percent of these consumers strongly agreed.

In focus groups, many people said that if feeding the world means more industrial-scale farming, they're not comfortable with it.

This is not a message farmers like to hear. "It is a real sense of frustration for farmers that 'feeding the world' is no longer a message that resonates with the American public," Arnot says.

He tells farm groups that they'll have to find another message. They'll need to show that the way they grow food is consistent with the values of American consumers.

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Transcript

STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:

Next, let's listen to a debate over the way our food gets produced. Some consumers do not like the environmental side effects of large-scale industrial style farming. Farmers say they have to be efficient in order to feed the world.

But as NPR's Dan Charles reports, that argument may be losing some of its power.

DAN CHARLES, BYLINE: Charlie Arnot says American farmers feel a sense of global mission. He's a former public relations executive for food and farming companies.

CHARLIE ARNOT: U.S. farmers have a tremendous sense of pride in the fact that they've been able to help feed the world.

CHARLES: Arnot is a now head of a group called the Center for Food Integrity.

If you travel in farming circles in the Midwest, you often hear that phrase - Feed the World. It was there a few weeks ago, at a big farm convention in Decatur, Illinois. The company, DuPont, had set up a wall with a question printed at the top, in big capital letters: HOW ARE YOU MAKING A DIFFERENCE TO FEED THE WORLD?

The company invited people to answer that question and thousands of them did. They wrote things like, raising cattle, growing corn and beans, plant as much as possible.

Kip Tom, who grows corn and soybeans on thousands of acres of Indiana farmland, says he's very aware of the fact that the world has more and more people, demanding more food - but fewer and fewer farmers.

KIP TOM: And it's the duty of those of us who are left in the business, us family farms out here, to help feed that world.

CHARLES: We'll need to grow more food per acre, he says. And to do this, we'll need new and better technology, including genetically engineered seeds; new pesticides.

But this claim, that large-scale, technology-heavy agriculture is necessary and moral, really grates on the nerves of people who believe that this kind of farming is bad for the environment and often bad for people - Margaret Mellon, for instance, with the Union of Concerned Scientists, an environmental advocacy group.

MARGARET MELLON: If there's a controversy, the showstopper is supposed to be, well, we have to use pesticides otherwise we won't be able to feed the world.

CHARLES: Mellon says American farmers should just stop saying this. It doesn't answer people's concerns about modern agriculture, she says, and it's not even true.

And growing more grain isn't the answer anyway, she says. If you're really trying to help the hungry, there are so many other things to do that are much more important.

MELLON: We need to empower women; we need to raise incomes; we need infrastructure in the developing world; we need the ability to get food to market without spoilage.

CHARLES: I felt like this dispute needed a referee. So I called Christopher Barrett, an economist at Cornell University, who studies international agriculture and poverty.

CHRISTOPHER BARRETT: They're both right. Sometimes the opposite of a truth isn't a falsehood, but another truth, right?

CHARLES: It's true, he says, bigger harvests in the U.S. can make food more affordable around the world.

BARRETT: Lower food prices are a good thing for poor people, full stop.

CHARLES: Chinese pigs are growing fat on cheap soybean meal grown by farmers in the U.S. and Brazil, and that's one reason why hundreds of millions of people in China are eating much better than a generation ago. They can afford to buy pork. So, yes, American farmers can say that they help feed the world.

But Margaret Mellon is right too, Barrett says. The big crops that Americans export to the rest of the world - corn and soybeans - they aren't great, nutritionally speaking. They don't have the vitamins and minerals that billions of people really need.

So if the U.S. exports lots of corn, driving down the cost of corn meal?

BARRETT: It induces poor families to buy lots of corn meal and to buy less in the way of leafy green vegetables or milk.

CHARLES: You're feeding the world, but making it less healthy.

Charlie Arnot from the Center for Food Integrity recently did a survey, asking consumers whether they think the U.S. even has a responsibility to provide food to the rest of the world. Only 13 percent of them strongly agreed. Many people said, if feeding the world means more industrial-scale farming, we don't want it. This is not a message farmers like to hear.

ARNOT: It's a real sense of frustration for farmers, that feeding the world' is no longer a message that resonates with the American public.

CHARLES: Charlie Arnot tells farm groups, you'll have to find another message, something that convinces consumers that the way you grow food is consistent with their values.