Justification by grace through faith "The one who is righteous will live by faith" (Romans 1:17)Sola fides; sola scriptura - "faith alone; Scripture alone"

Eucharistrejected doctrine of transubstantiation How did we get here?Protestant Reformation was one major change that led to modernity Peace of Westphalia 1545-1563 1648 Council of Trent 2 overlapping reform movements in the 16th century Catholic Reformation - internal reforms

Counter-Reformation - in response to the Protestant Reformation Catholic Reformation Reforms already begun by Francis and Dominic (13th century)New religious orders: Society of Jesus (Jesuits), Capuchins, Discalced CarmelitesPope Paul III (1534-1549): internal reform Ended practices of simony (selling church offices) and indulgences Counter-Reformation Clarified doctrinal issues at the Council of Trent (1545-1563)Upheld transubstantiation of the EucharistClarified Roman Catholic view of justification in response to the Protestant ReformersDefined 'sacramentals'Declared the Vulgate the official version of the BibleEstablished seminaries Catholic Spiritual Revival Spiritual - Spanish mysticismTeresa of Avila and John of the CrossArtistic - Baroque art The Enlightenment ca. 1700 1962-65 Vatican II Religious Wars after Reformation (1524-1648) Ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648)Established 2 important precedents that contributed to modern thought: 1. Cuius regio, eius religio = "whose realm, his religion"Each prince/king is free to choose the official religion of his land2. Freedom of conscience/religious freedom for individualsRegardless of the religion of the local prince, individuals are free to choose their religious tradition Caravaggio's "Conversion of St. Paul" (1601) Bernini's "St. Teresa in Ecstasy"(1646) From gothic cathredral... Middle Ages Catholic Reformation ...to Baroque expressivism 11th century/Medieval From iconography... Baroque art ...to Baroque realism/humanism Second Vatican Council (Vatican II): 1962-65 Convened by Pope John XXIII21 ecumenical council (Nicea was the 1st)Pastoral council; as opposed to doctrinal2 defining characteristics: 1. Dialogue - with those outside the Church 'Aggiornamento' - bringing up to dateOpen the windows of the Church to let fresh air in 2. Solidarity Context of Vatican II: Pre-history Intellectual trends of modernity: 1. Scientific revolution (17th century)Isaac Newton (1687) - the world functions according to its own natural laws 2. The Enlightenment (18th century)Rationalism - human reason has the power to grasp realityEmphasized reason, science, rights, religious toleration, progress, and freedomFrench Revolution (1789-99) as culmination of rationalism Context of Vatican II: 20th century "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" First Vatican Council (Vatican I): 1869-70Established papal infallibilityIncreased centralization of the papacyExtreme rejection of modernityModernity = "the synthesis of all heresies" (Pius X) 1. 'Ressourcement' (Fr.) - "return to the sources"Attention to the early Church models

2. The Liturgical MovementDesire to simplify the Mass and make it more understandableEmphasis on the community as the gathered body of ChristWorship should inform all aspects of Christian life (Liturgy --> Ethics)

3. Biblical StudiesRenewed openness to use modern methods of textual interpretation on the BibleLinguistic, historical, archaeological, literary methodsAppreciation for Jesus as a 1st century Jew 3 major shifts between Vatican I and II: 1) Ressourcement 2) The Liturgical Movement 3) Biblical Studies } Vatican II: The Fruits of Development 5 major developments from Vatican II: 1) Reform of the Liturgy 2) Church as the people of God 3) Ecumenical movement and Inter-religious dialogue 4) Dialogue with the secular world 5) Deepening Theology of Revelation } 1) Reform of the Liturgy Tridentine MassPriest said Mass in LatinCommunion rails - separate priest and laityPassive role for laity in MassEucharist as sacred, but distant (Benediction - look, but don't touch) Post-Vatican II MassMass in the vernacular (local language of the people)Active participation of the laity in worshipEucharist as the "source and summit of Christain life" 3) Ecumenical Movement and Inter-religious Dialogue Sought to re-affirm positive relationships with 3 groups: 1) Other Christians (Eastern, Protestant, etc.) 2) Jews 3) World religions 1) Other Christian ChurchesGoal = unity among all ChristiansE.G. 1999 "Joint Declaration on Justification" between Lutherans and CatholicsProtestants: from "schismatics and heretics" to "our separated brethren"

2) JewsGrowing appreciation for the common ancestry of Jews and Christians, and for Jesus as a Jew himselfTridentine Good Friday Mass: "Let us pray also for the faithless Jews: that Almighty God might remove the veil from their hearts so that they too may acknowledge Jesus Christ as Lord" Post 2008 Good Friday Mass: "Let us also pray for the Jews: That our God and Lord may illuminate their hearts, that they acknowledge Jesus Christ is the Savior of all men." 3) World ReligionsUpholds Jesus Christ as the fullness of revelation, and declares that other religions "often reflect a ray of that Truth which enlightens all people"Respect for all that is good in any religion or philosophy 2) Church as the People of God From Church as the hierarchy of Pope, Bishops, Priests to... Church as the whole People of God (1 Cor 12:12-14)Church as:MysterySacrament or sign of God's unity with all humankind through Christthe Holy People of GodGoverned by a college of bishops, with Pope as "first among equals"Reflected a more Biblical/ancient ecclesiology 4) Dialogue with the Secular World Modernism = heresy A Church in solidarity with the modern worldGaudium et SpesEngages the "joys and hopes, the griefs and the anxieties" of the modern world (par. 1)Addressed to all humanity, not just the ChurchChurch can learn from modern world (par. 7)Upholds Christ as the answer to modern seeking/questioning (par. 10)Church engages in the struggle for justice and the common good 2 Defining Characteristics of Vatican II = Solidarity and Dialogue 5) Theology of Revelation Bible as the Revealed Word of God is:A historical documentWritten by humans with human languageContains all that God revealed as necessary for human salvationIncarnational view of ScriptureScripture and TraditionTrent rejected the Protestant 'sola scriptura'Vatican II affirmed an integral connection between Scripture and Tradition "The tradition which comes from the apostles develops in the Church with the help of the Holy Spirit. For there is a growth in the understanding of the realities and the words which have been handed down...as the centuries succeeded one another, the Church constantly moves forward toward the fullness of divine truth until the words of God reach their complete fulfillment in her [the Church]"- Dei Verbum, par. 8 Distinguishing Characteristics of post-Vatican II Church: Solidarity and Dialogue Jesus Christ as the answer Full divine, fully humanSalvation through solidarity with human suffering in historyLow Christology ? of human existence Vatican II: Gaudium et Spes A pilgrim Church made up of the whole people of God