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CHAPTER 1: POPULATION GROWTH 1.

1 Introductory observations:
Human Population growth is the change in human population over time. The term often refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the Earth. It is known that population growth and economic development are effecting the environment. The interplay between population growth, resource

depletion/environmental damage has been debated much. There are those who think that high population growth causes stress on environment, and there are those who put less blame on population and more blame on economic development, industrial and agricultural practices that result in environmental damage. The fact is that both population growth and unsustainable economic development are cause for concern especially in developing countries. There is relationship between population growth and environmental damage. We may recall famous Erlich Equation: I=P*A*T I= Impact on environment P=Population A=Affluence (consumption) T=Technology coefficient Steve Jones, head of the biology department at University College London, has said, "Humans are 10,000 times more common than we should be, according to the rules of the animal kingdom, and we have agriculture to thank for that. Without farming, the world population would probably have reached half a million by now." The world‘s population has significantly increased in the last 50 years, mainly due to medical advancements and substantial increases in agricultural productivity.

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The recent rapid increase in human population over the past two centuries has raised concerns that humans are beginning to overpopulate the Earth, and that the planet may not be able to sustain present or larger numbers of inhabitants. The population has been growing continuously since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1400; at the beginning of the 19th century, it had reached roughly 1,000,000,000 (1 billion). Increases in medical technology have led to rapid population growth on a worldwide level. Current projections show a steady decline in the population growth rate, with the population expected to reach between 8 and 10.5 billion between the year 2040 and 2050. In May 2011, The United Nations increased the medium variant projections to 9.3 billion for 2050 and 10.1 billion for 2100.

The scientific consensus is that the current population expansion and accompanying increase in usage of resources is linked to threats to the ecosystem The Inter Academy Panel Statement on Population Growth, which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994, called the growth in human numbers "unprecedented", and stated that many environmental problems, such as rising levels of atmospheric carbon

dioxide, global warming, and pollution, were aggravated by the population expansion. At the time, the world population stood at 5.5 billion, and low-bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050, a number that current estimates show will be reached around 2022. India‘s population has crossed one billion mark. We are adding one more Australia in terms of POPULATION World reached: One billion in 1804 Two billion in 1927 Three billion in 1960 Four billion in1974 Five billion in 1987 Six billion in 2000 population It is expected to reach Seven billion in 2013 Eight billion in 2028 Nine billion in 2054

population each year. Have we devised programmers developmental that are

commensurate with this increase? If not, population factor alone would have significant contribution toward degradation of environment and

resource depletion. More people mean more pressure on resources, more consumption of energy, more production of wastes, including greenhouse gases-all having adverse effects
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on environment. Though population growth has slowed down, it has to be stabilized at still lower level.

1.2 Meaning of human population:
The human population refers to the total human inhabitants of a specified area, such as a city, a country, a continent or the world, at a given time. In simple words, Total number of people living in a area at a given time is called its population.

1.3 Meaning of human population growth:

(Estimated size of human population from 10,000 BCE–2000 CE.)

Population growth is the change in a population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals of any species in a population using "per unit time" for measurement. In biology, the term population growth is likely to refer to any known organism, but this article deals mostly with the application of the term to human populations in demography. In demography, population growth is used informally for the more specific

term population growth rate and is often used to refer specifically to the growth of the human population of the world.

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1.4 Determinants of Population growth:
Population growth is determined by four factors, births (B), deaths (D), immigrants (I), and emigrants (E). Using a formula expressed as: ∆P≡B-D+I-E In other words, the population growth of a period can be calculated in two parts,   natural growth of population (B-D) mechanical growth of population (I-E)

Mechanical growth of population is mainly affected by social factors, e.g. the advanced economies are growing faster while the backward economies are growing slowly even with negative growth.   Exponential population growth-dN/dT=rN Logistic population -d

1.5 concept of Population growth rate:
In demographics and ecology, population growth rate (PGR) is the fractional rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases. Specifically, PGR ordinarily refers to the change in population over a unit time period, often expressed as a percentage of the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period. This can be written as the formula:

(where P is the total population, B is the number of births, D is the number of deaths, I is the number of immigrants, and E is the number of emigrants). This formula allows for the identification of the source of population growth, whether due to natural increase or an increase in the net immigration rate. Natural increase is an increase in the native-born population, stemming from a higher birth rate, a lower death rate, or a combination of the two. Net immigration rate is the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants. The most common way to express population growth is as a ratio, not as a rate. The change in population over a unit time period is expressed as a percentage of the population at the beginning of the time period. That is:

A positive growth ratio (or rate) indicates that the population is increasing, while a negative growth ratio indicates the population is decreasing. A growth ratio of zero

indicates that there were the same numbers of people at the two times -- net difference between births, deaths and migration is zero. However, a growth rate may be zero even when there are significant changes in the birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and age distribution between the two times. Equivalently, percent death rate = the average number of deaths in a year for every 100 people in the total population. A related measure is the net reproduction rate. In the absence of migration, a net reproduction rate of more than one indicates that the population of women is increasing, while a net reproduction rate less than one (sub-replacement fertility) indicates that the population of women is decreasing.

1.6 Excessive growth and decline:
Population exceeding the carrying capacity of an area or environment is

called overpopulation. It may be caused by growth in population or by reduction in capacity. Spikes in human population can cause problems such as pollution and traffic congestion, these might be resolved or worsened by technological and economic changes.
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the world's population hardly increased.8 Demographic transition
The theory of demographic transition held that.
1. since a finite amount of land was incapable of supporting an endlessly increasing population. and intellectuals such as Thomas Malthus and physiocratic economists predicted that mankind would outgrow its available resources.
1. plagues and high infant mortality. However. and the decreased need of children in industrialized settings. populations have grown slowly despite high birth rates. due to the populationreducing effects of war. the growing desire of many women in such settings to seek careers outside rearing and domestic work. By the beginning of the 19th century. The latter factor stems from the fact that children perform a great deal of work in small-scale agricultural societies. the world population had grown to a billion individuals. and works less in industrial ones. after the standard of living and life expectancy increase. Between these two extremes sits the notion of the optimum population.Conversely. which made it possible to create bigger markets and armies.7 History of concern:
Concern about human population growth is relatively recent in origin. it has been cited to explain the decline in birth rates in industrializing regions. it has been observed that after a certain level of development the fertility increases again. Mercantilists argued that a large population was a form of wealth. family sizes and birth rates decline.
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. remaining under 250 million. Factors cited in the old theory included such social factors as later ages of marriage. Throughout history. During the 750 years before the Industrial Revolution. This means that both the worry the theory generated about aging populations and the complacency it bred regarding the future environmental impact of population growth are misguided. such areas may be considered "under populated" if the population is not large enough to maintain an economic system. as new data has become available.

49 o Asia (excluding Middle East) . In strongly patriarchal nations.65 between 1950 and 2005.38 to 2. the projected world number of children born per woman for 2050 would be around 2.5.75 to 2. the number of children born per woman decreased from 5.6. Honorary Research Fellow at the University.
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. instead of having a demographic transition.41 o North America .09) and Sub-Saharan Africa (2. so the population still rises as the more numerous younger generation approaches maturity. "Demographic entrapment" is a concept developed by Maurice King.6.61) would then have numbers greater than 2. and exports too little to be able to import food.3.87 to 2. He claims that for example many sub-Saharan nations are or will become stuck in demographic entrapment.37 o Sub-Saharan Africa .43 o Middle East & North Africa .5.02 to 2.Another version of demographic transition is proposed by anthropologist Virginia Abernethy in her book Population Politics. a high standard of living tends to result in population Many countries have high population growth rates but lower total fertility rates because high population growth in the past skewed the age demographic toward a young age. Only the Middle East & North Africa (2.47 to 1.05.66 o South America .2. For the world as a whole. This will cause starvation.6.99 o Oceania . where she claims that the demographic transition occurs primarily in nations where women enjoy a special status.05.66 to 1. no possibility of migration. who posits that this phenomenon occurs when a country has a population larger than its carrying capacity.30 o Central America .3. A breakdown by region is as follows: o Europe . where she claims women enjoy few special rights.7 to 5.53 Excluding the observed reversal in fertility decrease for high development.99 to 3.85 to 2.

STAGE Birth rates fall but population continues to grow because there are 3: a large number of people in the reproductive age group due to the high fertility of the previous generations. Population is stable but higher than in stage one. India is currently at the third stage. This often leads to a spurt in population. STAGE Death rates fall steeply as deaths from preventable causes are 2: reduced by better food supply and improved public health.
This transition from a stable population with high mortality and high fertility to a stable population with low mortality and low fertility is called demographic transition. STAGE Countries achieve a stable population once again with low birth 4: and low death rates but at a higher level of social and economic development. It defines four clear stages of population growth that nations often traverse in tandem with their socio-economic development.
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. STAGE Typically seen in less developed countries where birth rates are 1: high but a large number of people die of preventable causes leading to a stable population. poor social development and limited access to health and contraceptive services. "Demographic transition" is a model that describes population change over time. but birth rates remain high due to high fertility.

91 billion by 2050. Four out of every five people in the world live in the developing world. the world population passed the six billion mark. in Billion
o World population is projected to cross the 7 billion mark in 2013. the 8 billion mark in 2028.5 billion 1985 4. The chart below shows past world population data back to the Year one and future world population projections through the year 2050. It is projected to grow to 8.1 World Population: Some Facts
The world population was 6. is estimated at 6. the 9 billion mark in 2054. up from the present 81%. In 1999. The developed world has reached a stage where the number of births equal to the
number of deaths.5 billion 2009 6. for mid-year 2010. Latest official current world population WORLD POPULATION GROWTH Year Population 1 200 million 1000 275 million 1500 450 million 1650 500 million 1750 700 million 1804 1 billion 1850 1.6 billion 1927 2 billion 1950 2.
2.8 billion 2011 7 billion 2025 8 billion 2043 9 billion 2083 10 billion
estimate.3 billion 1970 3.7 billion 1975 4 billion 1980 4.2 billion 1900 1.Chapter-2 GLOBAL POPULATION SCENARIO
The world population has grown tremendously over the past two thousand years.
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. This gives a negligible population growth rate of 0. according to the United Nations Population Fund.85 billion 1990 5.3 billion 1995 5.472.2% and a stable population in terms of numbers.852. are estimated to be growing at the rate of 1.5% per year.823.7 billion 1999 6 billion 2006 6.30 billion in 2003. on the other hand. the developing world will have 88% of the world's population.55 billion 1955 2. The developing countries.8 billion 1960 3 billion 1965 3. By 2050.
World Population Growth.

o World population nearly stabilizes at just above 10 billion after 2200. Bangladesh and Indonesia.
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. Pakistan. By 2050. This is the shortest period of time in world history for a billion people to be added. It took 123 years to reach 2 o billion in 1927. 33 years to reach 3 billion in 1960.o It has taken just 12 years for the world to add this most recent billion people (6 billion). African and Latin American countries and most of this growth is taking place in the urban areas of these countries. six countries account for half of the world‘s annual growth of 77 million: India.
Population Growth in More and Less Developed Countries
The increase in world population growth is mainly contributed by less developed regions which include majority of Asian. o World population did not reach one billion until 1804. 14 years to reach 4 billion in 1974 and 13 years to reach 5 billion in 1987. Nigeria. China. nearly 90 percent of the world‘s population will be living in less developed nations Today. India alone accounts for about a fifth of the world‘s total population growth.

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.

Women of Childbearing Age (15-49). according to the UN. World Scenario
The number of women of childbearing age more than doubled between 1950 and 1990: from 620 million to over 1. Their numbers are expected to reach over 2 billion by the middle of this century. even if levels of childbearing continue to decline.3 billion.
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. The growing population of women in their childbearing years and their male partners will contribute to the future world population growth.

o In 2000-2005. the population of the more developed regions will remain mostly unchanged. An exception is the United States population. In the medium variant. o Almost all growth will take place in the less developed regions. where today's 5. the average world fertility was 2.
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. global fertility is projected to decline further to 2.05 children per woman. at 1.0. By contrast.2 billion.2. Current United Nations predictions estimate that the world population will reach 9.8 billion in 2050.5 down to 2. o According to the United Nations' World Population Prospects report: o The world population is currently growing by approximately 74 million people per year. about half the level in 1950-1955 (5 children per woman). and some predictions putting the population in 2050 as high as 11 billion. with the population reaching 9 billion in 2040.2 Projections of world population growth
o According to projections. assuming a decrease in average fertility rate from 2.0 billion around 2050. which is expected to increase 44% from 305 million in 2008 to 439 million in 2050.3 billion population of underdeveloped countries is expected to increase to 7. the world population will continue to grow until at least 2050.65 children per woman.

Croatia. Italy. Portugal. Because deaths are projected to exceed births in the more developed regions by 73 million during 2005-2050. Nigeria 259
million. it is expected to be 66 years in 2045-2050. population growth in those regions will largely be due to international migration. Mexico 132 million. o Global life expectancy at birth.4 billion.6 billion people.o During 2005-2050. o Birth rates are now falling in a small percentage of developing countries. Bangladesh 258
million. o The population of 51 countries or areas. o By 2050 (Medium variant). the net number of international migrants to more developed regions is projected to be 98 million. Philippines 141 million. and China. where life expectancy today is just under 50 years.
million. United States 439 million. listed according to the size of their contribution to population growth. Japan and most of the successor States of the former Soviet Union. Pakistan. while the actual populations in many developed countries would fall without immigration. These countries include Austria. Italy. India will have 1. Sweden. is expected to keep rising to reach 75 years in 2045-2050. In the more developed regions. which is estimated to have risen from 46 years in 1950-1955 to 65 years in 2000-2005. Bangladesh. Pakistan 309 million. China would be higher still in this list were it not for its One Child Policy. Qatar. Nigeria. Canada. United Arab Emirates and United Kingdom. is expected to be lower in 2050 than in 2005. including Germany. Egypt 125 million. o During 2005-2050. o In 2000-2005. Ethiopia. Japan
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. Russia 109 million. United States. Ethiopia185 million. Vietnam 120 million. Brazil 245
Democratic 189 million. Uganda. Singapore. Among the least developed countries. China 1. net migration in 28 countries either prevented population decline or doubled at least the contribution of natural increase (births minus deaths) to population growth. Indonesia 280 million. Germany. nine countries are expected to account for half of the world's projected population increase: India. Democratic Republic of the Congo. the projected increase is from 75 years today to 82 years by mid-century. Denmark. Spain.

2.3 Demographics of India:
Census Year 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Population (in millions) 361.9 billion 5. Uganda 93
million.6(%) 24. Kenya 85 million and
Asia Europe
United Kingdom 80 million. Iran 100
million. Recent extrapolations from available figures for population growth show that the population of Earth will stop increasing around 2070. in the 21st century. population will reach Africa 1.8 (%) 21.3 (%) 17.1 Decadal growth (%) 13.8 (%) 24.3(%) 21.6 1210. Tanzania 85 million.6(%)
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. after a readjustment of the Third World and sanitation of the tropics.103
million.2 683.4 1028.2 548. In 2050.3 846.6 (%) 23.1 439.2 billion 674 million
Turkey 99
million. o Walter Greiling projected in the
Latin America & 765 million Caribbean North America 448 million 1950s that world population would reach a peak of about nine billion. and then stop to grow.

53 billion people by the end of 2030. Indonesia.605 (1.210. while China is on the top with over 1. Pakistan and Japan (1-214 billion). India's Population in 2001 Population of India in 1947 1.64% as compared to the previous which was 21. o In just 10 years India has added 181 million which is total population of Brazil.7 million) 586.500.12% in 2001.5 million) 940 females per 1.58%. o With the population growth rate at 1. there are about 51 births in India in a minute.700.5% of the world's population. o For the first time after 1921.350.193. India is predicted to have more than 1. with 1. Brazil.35 billion) people.4% of the world.21 billion) 623.044.422 (1.000 (623. o India‘s population is almost equal to the combined population of US.422 (1.193.Current Population of India in 2011 Total Male Population in India Total Female Population in India Sex Ratio Age structure 0 to 25 years
1. India‘s population growth rate has declined to 17. which means one out of six people on this planet live in India while china is home for 19.210. Although.000 (586. Bangladesh.21 billion) people is the second most populous country in the world. o The figures show that India represents almost 17.000 males
50% of India's current population
Currently. the crown of the world's most
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.02 billion 350 million
o India.

53.
o Least populated state.000 population (2009 est. o The birth rate (child births per 1.480 towns and urban agglomerations.22 births/1.000 population. India is all set to surpass china‗s position by 2030. 67. o Most populated states   Uttar Pradesh with 199. China's 'One Child Policy' in 1978. Some of the reasons for India's rapidly growing population are poverty. The family planning program yielded some noticeable results. the contraceptive usage more than tripled and the fertility rate more than halved. has brought tremendous results for the latter.6 million populations which is 16% of India‘s population. o About 72. rapid decline in death rates or mortality rates and immigration from Bangladesh and Nepal. o Most populated among union territories is Delhi with 1.4 deaths/1.2% of the population lives in some 638. India started taking measures to stem the growth rate quite early. The policy claims to
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.Sikkim with 607688 population.4 million which is 9% if India‘s population Punjab. Alarmed by its swelling population. Haryana and Chhattisgarh together make up 2% of total Indian population.000 villages and the rest 27. The efforts did produce positive results.15 deaths/1. high fertility rate. illiteracy.000 people per year) is 22. however. Whereas India has missed almost all its targets to bring the rate of population growth under control.populous country is on China's head for decades.8% in about 5. In fact India by launching the National Family Planning program in 1952 became the first country in the world to have a population policy.000 live births (2009 estimated). 2008) and Infant mortality rate is 30. In 19652009. o Fertility rate is 2.72 children born/woman (NFHS-3.) while death rate (deaths per 1000 individuals per year) is 6. o sex ratio improved from 933 in 2001 to 940 in 2011. 235. bringing down significantly the country's fertility rate. failed to achieve the ultimate goal and the population of India since getting independence from Britain in 1947 increased almost three times. Maharashtra with 112.
More than 50% of India's current population is below the age of 25 and over 65% below the age of 35.

have prevented between 250 and 300 million births from 1978 to 2000 and 400 million births from 1979 to 2010.
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1)Availability of land: land is the most vital resource as it will be used for crops and other biological materials needed for food. more consumption of energy. health care. at a given time and place are ‗resources‘. intact. Rapid population growth can affect both the overall quality of life and the degree of human suffering on Earth.
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. Recent technological innovations helped a lot in solving the problems of resource depletion at a faster rate. In the poorest countries. so our effects are felt on one quarter of the land. Large percentages of earth‘s surface is covered by water. Many countries lack adequate supplies of basic materials needed to support their current population. including green house gases-all having adverse effects on environment. fiber and associated materials. Natural components like land.5% 0f the earth‘s land area. energy-or even man himself-are considered as resources as well as resource creating factors. dedicated to agriculture. While humans ourselves occupy only 0. water. massive efforts are needed to keep social and economic conditions from deteriorating further. and used for human habitation. minerals.1 More pressure on available resources: All means of satisfying human needs.Chapter-3 Implications of human population growth
More people mean more pressure on resources. any real advances in well-being and the quality of life are negated by further population growth. medicine. Thus ‗resources‘ are means for attaining individual and social welfare. forests. technology and education. 3. The world's current and projected population growth calls for an increase in efforts to meet the needs for food. A global concern has been whether the present rate of global population growth will be sufficient to meet up the resource needs for mankind‘s survival and comfort? Thus there lies the quest for sustainable use of resources to meet up the ever increasing needs of human populations. fodder. under conversion. water. wildlife. more production of wastes.

remains intact. densely populated cities will use vertical farming to grow food inside skyscrapers.India has a total land area of 2. and there are concerns that the remaining reserves are greatly overestimated. Thus. desertification. at least half of cultivable land is already being farmed. for example. 8. such as the United Arab Emirates and particularly the Emirate of Dubai have constructed large artificial islands. like the Netherlands.707 square kilometers). As such. The World Resources Institute states that "Agricultural conversion to croplands and managed pastures has affected some 3.3 billion [hectares] — roughly 26 percent of the land area. less than one quarter. per capita availability of land in the country is 0.5 % of the world. erosion." Forty percent of the land area is under conversion and fragmented. agriculture and industry.98 hectares in china.15% in frozen ice form and the remaining 0. All totaled. and urban sprawl. However. the building of hydroelectric dams. which reclaim land from the sea to increase their total land area.41% hectares in the USA. the population of India is concentrated in well watered plains. who point out that the Earth's population of roughly 6. As a result the fresh water reserve depletes day by day too. in the United States (about 269. available useful land may become a limiting factor.48 hectare as against 4.7
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. creating further problems.8 billion people could comfortably inhabit an area comparable in size to the state of Texas. but supports a population of 17.65% remains as fresh water either on surface or as ground water. the impact of humanity extends over a far greater area than that required simply for habitation. The development of energy sources may also require large areas. The requirement of clean water is about 2. deforestation. By most estimates. Furthermore. Usable land may become less useful through salinization. The notion that space is limited has been decried by skeptics. Available fresh water resources are very limited.2% water lies in oceans as salt water. while 2. agriculture has displaced one-third of temperate and tropical forests and one-quarter of natural grasslands.000 square miles or 696. Some countries. or have created large dam and dike systems. primarily in the Arctic and the deserts.43 hectare in USSR and 0. The demand for fresh water has increased day by day and will increase with the rapid growth of population.4%of the world total. Some scientists have said that in the future. 2)Inadequate fresh water: water is the most vital resource for life approximately 97.

oil. coal.. of which over 90% obtained from conventional sources. India has more than 22 types of minerals in considerably high quantity. estimated annual energy availability lies somewhat between 2.000 MW. say.. Some countries. natural gas or nuclear materials. industry and household requirements are considerably to be more prominent than rural areas. thus the global requirement is about purpose. like Saudi Arabia.
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. 4) Depletion of mineral resources: a variety of both metals and non metals were exploited by the mankind over centuries. only for drinking use as well as sewage
Inadequate fresh water for drinking water
treatment and effluent discharge. As per estimates made by Geological Survey of India.50. 3)More consumption of energy resources: more people mean more consumption of energy resources like fossil fuels. The relative energy requirement in urban and rural areas from various sources varies distinctly. use energyexpensive desalination to solve the problem of water shortages. Optimists counter that fossil fuels will be sufficient until the development and implementation of suitable replacement technologies—such as hydrogen or other sources of renewable energy—occurs.. ". In his 1992 book Earth in the Balance. as well as other fossil fuels. sewage." Approximately half of the oil produced in the United States is refined into gasoline for use in internal combustion engines.liter per day. and agricultural waste by using thermal depolymerization have been discovered. it ought to be possible to establish a coordinated global program to accomplish the strategic goal of completely eliminating the internal combustion engine over.. If the current rate of exploitation continues and if there is no further new exploration of deposit then our mining activity might be completed by 2020.. Al Gore wrote. M. Population optimists have been criticized for failing to take into account the depletion of the petroleum required for the production of fertilizers and fuel for transportation. In most cases. For instance in urban area transport. they are already mined out partially. In addition energy consumption pattern also changes with time.
6 billion cu. Methods of manufacturing fertilizers from
garbage. a twenty-five-year period. viz. In India.

Malnutrition is one of the most common effects of these problems. the
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. A 2001 United Nations report says population growth is "the main force driving increases in agricultural demand" but "most recent expert assessments are cautiously optimistic about the ability of global food production to keep up with demand for the foreseeable future (that is to say. France. mental disorders and damage to vital organs. the observed figures for 2007 show an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world. In recent decades the US alone supplied almost half of world grain exports. Canada. The gap between the rich and the poor has increased due to population growth. almost half of all children under age of 5 suffer from malnutrition. The poorest people in developing countries do not get adequate calories to develop their health properly. every year. However. Most poor children and adults suffer from severe vitamin and mineral deficiencies. 923 million in 2007 versus 832 million in 1995. Some scientists argue that there is enough food to support the world population. particularly if sustainability is taken into account. but critics dispute this. The rich people are exploiting more resources than poor people. Australia. price rise. until approximately 2030 or 2050)".supply 90% of grain exports. malnutrition..competition for resources. There are millions of starving people throughout the world. Yemen and Israel import more than 90%.2 Social implications of human population growth: 1)Food Scarcity: The population growth leading to population explosion causes severe economic disparities and gives birth to . As per estimates. And just 6 countries Argentina. and mass starvation. Egypt and Iran rely on imports for 40% of their grain supply. Thailand and the USA . assuming declining population growth rates.3. In Ethiopia. hunger. These deficiencies cause failure of senses. Many countries rely heavily on imports however. from 5 to 20 million people die of starvation across the world.

For example.02 billion in 2009. that while the number of undernourished people in the developing countries has declined by about three million. The number of people who are overweight has surpassed the number who are undernourished. FAO's projections suggest that the proportion of hungry people in developing countries could be halved from 1990-92 levels to 10% by
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. Furthermore. and their distribution is not necessarily a zero-sum game. there would be greater famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents. "There are an estimated 800 million undernourished people and more than a billion considered overweight worldwide. not overpopulation.932 to 2. Global perspective about growing need for food Growth in food production has been greater than population growth." The U.S. grain production increased by over 250%. daily Calorie consumption in poor countries increased from 1. In a 2006 news story. due to the Revolution and the fact that more and more land is appropriated each year from wild lands for agricultural purposes. a smaller proportion of the populations of developing countries is undernourished today than in 1990–92: 17% against 20%. as the Green
Revolution transformed agriculture around the world. The amounts of natural resources in this context are not necessarily fixed.The world population has grown by about four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution and most believe that. to 1. However. As world population doubled from 3 billion to 6 billion. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations states in its report The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2006. others question these statistics. From 1950 to 1984. Food per person increased during the 1961-2005 period.more recent FAO estimates point out to an even more dramatic increase. This suggests that Third World poverty and famine are caused by underdevelopment. without the Revolution. World food production per person was considerably higher in 2005 than 1961. MSNBC reported. the worldwide production of food had steadily increased up until 1995. and the percentage of people in those countries who were malnourished fell from 45% to 18%. has one of the highest rates of obesity in the world.650.

3 billion people. The fungus has spread from Africa to Iran. the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) warned.5 million people in 2000-02 from 170." As of 2008. There is more food available and still more could be produced without excessive upward pressure on prices. Growing populations. world price sat over $100 a barrel. and more people are malnourished in sub-Saharan Africa this decade than in the 1990s. What is lacking is sufficient political will to mobilize those resources to the benefit of the hungry. food and water by 2030. namely peak oil. In sub-Saharan Africa. global population growth. and may already be in Afghanistan and Pakistan. according to the UK government chief scientist. and growing consumer demand in China and India Food riots have recently taken place in many countries across the world. peak grain and peak fish. The knowledge and resources to reduce hunger are there. peak phosphorus. leaving millions to starve. An epidemic of stem rust on wheat caused by race Ug99 is currently spreading across Africa and into Asia and is causing major concern. He said food reserves are at a 50-year low but the world requires 50% more energy. the number of malnourished people grew to 203. peak water. according to UNU's Ghana-based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa. according to a report released by the Food and Agriculture Organization. The FAO also states "We have emphasized first and foremost that reducing hunger is no longer a question of means in the hands of the global community. The world will have to produce 70% more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.2015. the price of grain has increased due to more farming used in bio fuels. It is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain food security in a world beset by a confluence of "peak" phenomena. loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development. A virulent wheat disease could destroy most of the world's main wheat crops. falling energy sources and food shortages will create the "perfect storm" by 2030.4 million 10
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. if current trends of soil degradation and population growth continue the continent might be able to feed just 25% of its population by 2025. Africa In Africa. The world is richer today than it was ten years ago. Hunger and malnutrition kill nearly 6 million children a year. climate change.

and shrink in times of scarcity. due to over extraction of groundwater in the North China plain. according to recent government data.4% of people in sub-Saharan Africa were living in extreme poverty. Asia One survey says that nearly half of India's children are malnourished. Some human populations throughout history support this theory. This shows that when one limits their scope to the population living within a given political
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. More recent data indicate China's grain production peaked in the mid 1990s. which also have the highest access to food. China. Italy.years earlier says The State of Food Insecurity in the World report. Proponents of this theory argue that every time food production is increased. 46. Russell Hoffenberg and author Daniel Quinn propose that like all other animals. In 2001. Population increased after the Neolithic Revolution and an increased food supply. In fact. suffers from an obesity epidemic. Other Countries Nearly half of India's children are malnourished. including Germany. human populations predictably grow and shrink according to their available food supply – populations grow in an abundance of food. Japan may face a food crisis that could reduce daily diets to the austere meals of the 1950s. the world's most populous country. Virginia Abernethy. This was followed by subsequent population growth after subsequent agricultural revolutions. believes a senior government adviser. Alan Thorn hill. According to a 2004 article from the BBC. a professor from Cornell University. The United Nations projects that the population of 51 countries or areas. Japan and most of the states of the former Soviet Union. Critics of this idea point out those birth rates are lowest in the developed nations. the population grows. is expected to be lower in 2050 than in 2005. Population as a function of food availability Thinkers such as David Pimentel. some developed countries have both a diminishing population and an abundant food supply. Populations of hunter-gatherers fluctuate in accordance with the amount of available food.

Additionally.clearly other factors are at work: contraceptive access. Additionally. as is the net quantity of human food produced . human populations do not always grow to match the available food supply. The water tables are falling in scores of countries (including Northern China.
26
. if technology is not used. on the global scale the world population is increasing. Egypt. Only Pakistan remains self-sufficient. cultural norms and most importantly economic realities differ from nation to nation. Mexico. Other countries affected include Pakistan. and Mexico. it will also soon turn to the world market for grain. such as China or India.boundary. the US. Four of these already import a large share of their grain. Desalination is also considered a viable and effective solution to the problem of water shortages. But with a population expanding by 4 million a year. China has developed a grain deficit.000 years. That some countries demonstrate negative population growth fails to discredit the theory. there is a second tier of smaller countries with large water deficits — Algeria. Most of the 3 billion people projected to be added worldwide by mid-century will be born in countries already experiencing water shortages. Food scarcity As a result of water deficits Water deficits. Food moves across borders from areas of abundance to areas of scarcity. and Pakistan. may soon do the same in larger countries. which are already spurring heavy grain imports in numerous smaller countries. since the human development of agriculture. After China and India.a pattern that has been true for roughly 10. Even with the over pumping of its aquifers. and India) owing to widespread over drafting beyond sustainable yields. this hypothesis is not so simplistic as to be rejected by a single case study. as in Germany's recent population trends . Iran. This over drafting is already leading to water scarcity and cutbacks in grain harvest. many of these countries are major exporters of food. This effect has contributed in driving grain prices upward. One suggested solution is for population growth to be slowed quickly by investing heavily in female literacy and planning services. Nevertheless. Iran.

It has been observed by ecologists the world over that powerful people and
27
. Some countries of the world have nearly stabilized their population but their life style has become consumption based. demographic trends and welfare incentives are primary causes of poverty. Lives in developing countries represent a picture of misery. Many of these countries have entered the second stage of Demographic Transition in which a high birth and reduced death rates along with a rising life expectancy accelerates the population growth. Increasing crowd in cities is aggravating the problem of pollution and insanitation leading to the spread of epidemics. poverty has caused drug dependence. famine. We may take the example of United States of America. drinking water. They often suffer from malnutrition. and Eastern Europe. Semi-urban lands and cultivable lands near cities have already gone under construction of houses. Though. areas around monuments. epidemics and war. Green lands in urban areas and even sea beeches have been reclaimed for housing and industrial purposes. and health services. 3) Poverty: Conditions of having insufficient resources or income are called as poverty. drink more water. In developed countries. inadequate education and employment. generate more waste etc. Asia. and mental illness. need more medicines for cure. disease outbreaks. are being seriously encroached. crime. it is not overpopulated. and parks etc. Latin America. housing. inability to meet the cost of living.2) Overcrowding: There is limited habitable place on the earth. unequal distribution of resources. make more noise. hunger and poverty. They always struggle for shelter and clothing. The world‘s poorest people are found in Africa. create more pollution. need more houses to live. wear more clothes. The overpopulation has caused severe stress on land which has further stressed forests and agricultural areas. it consumes about 40% of resources of the world alone and produces not less than 21 % of the world‘s carbon dioxide which is a green-house gas. In its extreme form. People are migrating towards cities in search of jobs and cities are becoming overcrowded. 4) Increasing Consumption: It is a simple truth that more people consume more food. poverty is the lack of the basic human needs like food. Overpopulation. Even government lands like railway platforms. degradation of environment. clothing.

Hospitals and even roads are some common social facilities that are facing heavy stresses due to population explosion. Thus. All these social facilities are often heavily polluted due to careless practices of human beings. this condition is the by-product of the explosion of population. Most of our monuments and old government buildings are being badly encroached by people who after sometime try to become owners of those areas. Community Halls. they build temporary houses on those places and start keeping their families there. Play Grounds. They take shelter on pavements. Bus Stops. Railway Junctions. column or statue of
historical importance built-in the past to remind future generations about a famous person or event. the population growth and the changing pattern of consumption are responsible for the severe stress on environment. According to United Nations the world‘s richest 20% of population consumes about 86% of resources of the world. 6) Stress on Common Social Facilities: We need facilities and facilities both on home front and on social front. Thus. One can see long lines of people standing for hours for their works. abandoned railway buildings and on spaces left around historical monuments. Parks. Some of them start business works on those places and gradually a colony of such persons is established. 20% of the world‘s population lives in developed and richest countries. There is heavy traffic on roads round the clock. People who migrate from rural areas and work in cities often face difficulties and most of them spend their nights as homeless. there may be a great rush and competition for availing facilities causing severe stresses on those facilities. So is happening with most of our uncared monuments today.
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.developed nations consume more resources than weak and poor people and developing or under developing countries. increase in the rate of consumption at one end is causing an increase in hunger and crime at the other end. More people require more use of available facilities. This is illegal and criminal attitude. But facilities may be limited. Gradually. So. Merely. 5) Encroachment on Monuments : A monument is a building. However.

and new viruses that infect humans. discharge of raw sewage and solid waste disposal. excessive air and water pollution. many people in our societies have lost civic sense. However. including overcrowded living
conditions. Some persons draw most of the supply water through electric pumps and all the other inhabitants of the area go without water. High rates of infant mortality are caused by poverty. starvation and diseases. or non-existent health care. the poor are more likely to be exposed to infectious. It has excessive load of work on bodies providing civic services.
3. It results in human threats including the evolution and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria diseases.
 
Low life expectancy in countries with fastest growing populations Unhygienic living conditions for many based upon water resource depletion. rich countries with high population densities do not have famine.3 Health implications of human population growth
Population growth leads to malnourishment. However. waste disposal. Some of them drop their domestic wastes (including plastics) into drains or throw away garbage on roads.7) Stress on Common Civic Services: Services provided by municipalities or municipal corporations to civilians are called as civic services. On the other hand. those services have become unable to perform properly. care of animals (dogs and cattle) on roads. community health care.

Intensive factory farming to support large populations.

Increased chance of the emergence of new epidemics and pandemics For many environmental and social reasons.g. basic education etc. water supply. Rich countries with high population densities have low rates of infant mortality. Over population has caused severe stress on civic services. Those services include cleanliness.

Starvation. malnutrition or poor diet with ill health and diet-deficiency diseases (e. As a result.

High infant and child mortality. this problem can be
29
. rickets). maintenance of drainage systems. malnutrition and inadequate. inaccessible.

water. The Ecological Impacts of population growth includes . land and water. overuse and misuse of physical resources increased manifold due to the growth of human population. more fertilizers and more pesticides. Thus growth of population leads to pollution of air. ponds and green belts. more consumption of fossil fuels and more pollution of air. It also requires more means of transport. More agricultural production demands two things – (i) (ii) more cultivable land. Advanced agriculture requires utilization of more water. As it has been told earlier.impacts of population growth on Physical and Biological components of the natural environment. and all aspects. air. More population means more space to construct houses and availability of more consumer goods. Thus ecology relates to environment and ecological impacts of population means impacts of population on environment and its various components.reduced
with
the
adoption
of
sewers. more population means more mouths to eat food which requires more agricultural production. its infant mortality rate fell substantially.
For
example.living and non-living. soil and minerals. The utilization. land and water.
after Karachi. of their environment is called as Ecology.
Pakistan installed sewers. o Impacts of Population Growth on the Physical Environment Physical environment means – non living environment or the land. and Advanced agriculture. Application of fertilizers and pesticides makes the soil infertile. Different types of pollutions are causing a number of problems in the physical environment that are further affecting the biological
30
. Clearing of forests has its own serious impacts and the environment on the whole gets imbalanced.4 Environment and ecological implications of human population growth
The scientific study of inter-relationships among organisms and between organisms.
3. More cultivable land has been made available by clearing forests and by reclaiming wet lands.

Intensive agriculture and mining have also caused large scale destruction of habitats. Human Population has stressed most of the biological systems. Some of those reasons are forest fires and Jhooming. As for biological environment. These destructive activities of human being have driven away many species of wild animals and have caused extinction up to considerable level. Let us have some glimpses of these imbalanceso For expanding cultivable land. Since most of the components of the physical components are under serious threat due to population explosion. forests have been cleared on large scales.
31
. There are other reasons of forest destruction also. Therefore from above discussion it is clear that population growth leads to deforestation. Thus habitats of varieties of birds. Frequent water crises often lead to migration of people and animals to other places thus causing overload on the resources of those areas. Illegal timber trade by timber mafias and local pressure for fire wood have further depleted our forest resources. hence most of the natural processes have been altered seriously that have caused serious imbalances in ecosystems. Vast varieties of plants and animals have been killed due to water crises. depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution. o Frequent water crises in many parts of the world caused failure of agriculture leading to hunger and starvation.environment seriously. has already caused and still it is causing serious impacts on the global environment. And. o Impacts of population growth on biological environment The population explosion of earlier days and of present day also. and other animals have been destroyed through human activities. Ecosystem is the smallest unit of the biosphere. Forests have also been cleared for setting up of industries and for urbanisation. all the biological components are bound to suffer the consequences. It is also called as slash and burn cultivation. comprising flora and fauna as well as biological diversity. Jhooming is the practice of growing crops after clearing forest land by burning the vegetation.

o Poaching and killing of wild animals and illegal trade in their body parts have already caused extinction of several species of animals. rising temperatures.5 degrees Celsius in the next century. and policy options for improvement. they cause massive ecological damage by the wasteful. The already densely populated developing countries contribute to over 95% of the population growth and rapid population growth could lead to environmental deterioration. The ecological impact of rising oceans would include increased flooding. Bio. their food production and essential water supplies. however. o Habitat destruction and overexploitation of resources etc. shrinking forests. Developed countries are less densely populated and contribute very little to population growth. coastal erosion. collapsing fisheries. unnecessary and unbalanced consumption the consequences of which could adversely affect both the developed and the developing countries. loss of plant and animal species. if current greenhouse gas emission trends continue. the mean global surface temperature will rise from 1 to 3. Global warming due to increasing use of fossil fuels (mainly by the developed countries) could have serious effects on the populous coastal regions in developing countries. o Generation of waste due to increasing consumer culture and population explosion is causing spread of serious epidemics and deaths of people in many parts of the world. the present review will only briefly touch upon some of the important ecological consequences of demographic transition. Patterns of precipitation
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. fragmentation of land holding. The review on "Promotion of sustainable development: challenges for environmental policies" in the Economic Survey 1998-99 had covered in detail the major environmental problems. induced by population growth has caused serious depletion of biodiversity in many parts of the world. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has projected that. The panel's best estimate scenario projects a sea-level rise of 15 to 95 centimeters by 2100. and salivation of aquifers and coastal crop land and displacement of millions of people living near the coast.diversity is the species richness in a particular area and its depletion causes serious losses of a number of factors that are vital for running up of ecosystems. In many developing countries continued population growth has resulted in pressure on land.

High level of biomass burning causing large-scale indoor pollution.are also likely to change. Degradation of coastal and other aquatic ecosystems from domestic sewage. could substantially alter the relative agricultural productivity of different regions. The country‘s mangrove areas have reduced from 700. pesticides. high use of chemical fertilizers pesticides and weedicides. which combined with increased average temperatures. adverse effect on species diversity: Conversion of habitat to some other land use such as agriculture. Increase in agricultural area. Rapid population growth. fertilizers and industrial effluents. Slower population growth in developing countries and ecologically sustainable lifestyles in developed countries would make reduction in green house gas emission easier to achieve and provide more time and options for adaptation to climate change. water stagnation. urban development. Some of the major ecological adverse effects reported in India include: Severe pressure on the forests due to both the rate of resource use and the nature of use. Greenhouse gas emissions are closely linked to both population growth and development.000 ha to 453. Increase in commercial activities such as mining and unsustainable resource extraction.000 ha in the last 50 years. developmental activities either to meet the growing population or the growing needs of the population as well as changing lifestyles and consumption patterns pose major challenge to preservation and promotion of ecological balance in India. The per capita forest biomass in the country is only about 6 tons as against the global average of 82 tons. Intense grazing by domestic livestock Poaching and illegal harvesting of wildlife. soil salinity and low productivity. Encroachment on habitat for rail and road construction thereby fragmenting the habitat. forestry operation. Some 70-80 % of fresh water marshes and lakes in the Gangetic flood plains have been lost in the last 50 years. soil erosion. Tropical deforestation and destruction of mangroves for commercial needs and fuel wood.
33
.

It is imperative that the environmental sustainability of all developmental projects is taken care of by appropriate inputs at the planning. improved employment
34
. Disturbance from increased recreational activity and tourism causing pollution of natural ecosystems with wastes left behind by people. life styles. Increasing water requirement leading to tapping deeper aquifers which have high content of arsenic or fluoride resulting health problems. These countries have been able to exploit the dynamics of demographic transition to achieve economic growth by using the human resources as the engine driving the economic development. changing technologies. implementation. several of the East Asian countries have been able to achieve economic prosperity and improvement in quality of life in spite of population growth. rising income levels.Over fishing in water bodies and introduction of weeds and exotic species. This has been attributed to the increase in productivity due to development and utilization of innovative technologies by the young educated population who formed the majority of the growing population. increasing consumption pattern will all have adverse impact on environment. Diversion of water for domestic. Because of these. The early Malthusian view was that population growth is likely to impede economic growth because it will put pressure on the available resources. result in reduction in per capita income and resources. monitoring and evaluation stages.
3. Contrary to the Malthusian predictions. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992) acknowledged population growth. in turn. Ensuring that there is no further deterioration depends on choices made by the population about family size. will result in deterioration in quality of life.5 Economic implications of human population growth
Population growth and its relation to economic growth has been a matter of debate for over a century. industrial and agricultural uses leading to increased river pollution and decrease in self-cleaning properties of rivers. environmental protection and equity. it might be possible to initiate steps to see that the natural carrying capacity of the environment is not damaged beyond recovery and ecological balance is to a large extent maintained. Availability of appropriate technology and commitment towards ensuring sustainable development is increasing throughout the world. this.

while in more developed regions the urban share has grown from 61 per cent to 76 per cent. underutilization of labor : as there is large number of population. By 2030. Urbanization is projected to continue well into the next century. as with the same income sources one has to spent more as number of people increases in family     unproductive investment Slow growth of Per Capita Income: per capita income will be less if there is population growth.
35
. India shares this global trend toward urbanization (Figure 8).1 billion people will live in cities. Poverty and inflation are aggravated by bad government and bad economic policies. then this leads to adopt poor means of life.  adverse effect on quality of life: population growth leads to lower standard of living as more income is needed to fulfill the demands or daily needs of more members in the family but if there is less income and family is large in size. Many countries with high population densities have eliminated absolute poverty and keep their inflation rates very low. Following are the adverse effects of population growth on the Indian Economy:  Adverse effects on savings: with population growth.  Poverty coupled with inflation in some regions and a resulting low level of capital formation.
3. it is expected that nearly 5 billion (61 per cent) of the world's 8. it is not possible to make optimal utilization of human resource Unemployment: with the increase in population there is more pressure on employment services and it is not possible to give employment to large number of humans.6Urbanization
The proportion of people in developing countries who live in cities has almost doubled since 1960 (from less than 22 per cent to more than 40 per cent). there will be low savings.with adequate emoluments has promoted saving and investment which in turn stimulated economic growth.

Urbanization is associated with improved access to education. Like many other demographic changes.Globally. these result in increase in age at marriage. The ever
36
. reduction in family size and improvement in health indices. As people have moved towards and into cities. information has flowed outward. more than 10 per cent of the world's population will live in these cities (1. employment. of these five in India). In 1960. Better communication and transportation now link urban and rural areas both economically and socially creating an urban-rural continuum of communities with improvement in some aspects of lifestyle of both. Cities and towns have become the engines of social change and rapid economic development. It is projected that there will be 26 mega cities by 2015. India‘s urban population has doubled from 109 million to 218 million during the last two decades and is estimated to reach 300 million by 2000 AD. the number of cities with 10 million or more inhabitants is increasing rapidly. the number of mega cities had grown to 17(13 in developing countries). urbanization has both positive and negative effects. By 1999.7% in 1950). (18 in Asia. only New York and Tokyo had more than 10 million people. and most of these new "mega cities" are in developing regions. health care. As a consequence cities are facing the problem of expanding urban slums.

These in turn result in poverty. sewerage and solid waste disposal are far from adequate. There is substantial under employment among these people. higher contraceptive use. housing. water supply. appreciated and sought. For instance. smaller healthier families and lead to more rapid population stabilization. and prevent them from breaking out of the shackles of poverty. including reproductive health. and fewer unwanted pregnancies. Increasing automobiles add to air pollution. coupled with poor waste disposal facilities result in rapid environmental deterioration. offices and industries. radio and television programmers that discuss gender equity. increasing waste generation at home. family size preference and family planning options are now reaching formerly isolated rural populations. points of reference. This can create demand for services for mothers and children. awareness about the glaring inequities in close urban setting may lead to social unrest.increasing reach of mass media communicates new ideas. it is estimated that 320 million people are still living below the poverty line in rural India.7 Rural population and their development
Over seventy per cent of India‘s population still lives in rural areas. Agriculture is the largest and one of the most important sectors of the rural economy and contributes both to economic growth and employment. All these have adverse effect on ecology and health. Its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product has declined over the last five decades but agriculture still remains the source of livelihood for over 70 per cent of the country‘s population. the number of rural poor has in fact increased due to the population growth. Urban population growth has outpaced the development of basic minimum services. Poverty persists in urban and per-urban areas. This phenomenon has affected health care. and available options are becoming more widely recognized.
3. In States like
37
. in many ways. There are substantial differences between the states in the proportion of rural and urban population (varying from almost 90 per cent in Assam and Bihar to 61 per cent in Maharashtra). But the rapid growth of urban population also poses some serious challenges. Though poverty has declined over the last three decades. A large proportion of the rural work force is small and consists of marginal farmers and landless agricultural laborers. Poor tend to have larger families which puts enormous burden on their meager resources. both wages and productivity are low.

but with the growing aspirations of the younger. In India. prevents the development thus creating a vicious circle. vocational training and technical education are taken up on a large scale in order to generate productive employment in rural areas. water withdrawal is estimated to be twice the rate of aquifer recharge. In this context. awareness and better standard of living among the growing younger age group population would create the required consciousness among them that smaller families are desirable. achieve substantial decline in the family size and improve quality of life. as a result
38
. Low productivity of small land holders leads to poverty. There are ongoing efforts to improve these. It is estimated that currently 430 million (8% of the global population) are living in countries affected by water stress. Uttar Pradesh. may not wish to do manual agricultural work. resulting in increasing pressure on land and resulting land fragmentation. population growth rates are much lower than in many other States. by 2020 about one fourth of the global population may be facing chronic and recurring shortage of fresh water.8Water supply :
In many parts of developed and developing world. In States like Rajasthan. it will be possible to enable them to attain their reproductive goals. The entire gamut of existing poverty alleviation and employment generation programs may have to be restructured to meet the newly emerging types of demand for employment. lack of awareness. Those who are getting educated specially beyond the primary level.
3. low energy intake and under nutrition.Tamil Nadu where replacement level of fertility has been attained. because of poor connectivity. in turn. Bihar and Madhya Pradesh population is growing rapidly. inadequate and poorly functional infrastructure. it is imperative that programmers for skill development. They would like better opportunities and more remunerative employment. and this. if all the felt needs for health and family welfare services are fully met. Rural poor have inadequate access to basic minimum services. Greater education. water demand substantially exceeds sustainable water supply. educated population these efforts may prove to be inadequate to meet the increasing needs both in terms of type and quality of services. but the population density is high and so there is a pressure on land. In most of the states non-farm employment in rural areas has not grown very much and cannot absorb the growing labor force.

agricultural technology improvement may not be able to ensure further increase in yield per hectare. There is very little arable agricultural land which remains unexploited and in many areas. in the next five decades. both lack of water and water logging could have adverse impact on India's food production. Food grain production has increased from 50. a movement towards making water harvesting. the food and nutrition security could become critical in many parts of the world especially in the developing countries and pockets of poverty in the developed countries.
3. It is a matter of concern that while the cereal production has been growing steadily at a rate higher than the population growth rates. Consequently there has been a reduction in the per capita availability of pulses (from 60. food production has kept pace with the population growth.82 in 1950-51 to 200. excessive use of water has led to water logging and increasing salinity in some parts of the country. tapping deeper aquifers have resulted in larger population groups being exposed to newer health hazards such as high fluoride or arsenic content in drinking water. Eventually. Thus. It is. Simultaneously. therefore. storage and its need based use part of every citizens life should be taken up.7 grams in 1951 to 34 grams per day in 1996) and coarse grains. improvement in purchasing power and changing dietary habits (shift to animal products) may further add to the requirement of food grains. In India one of the major achievements in the last fifty years has been the green revolution and self-sufficiency in food production. Evolution of global and national food security systems has improved access to food.
39
.). imperative that research in biotechnology for improving development of food grains strains that would tolerate salinity and those which would require less water gets high priority.88 million tons in 1998-99 (Prov.9Food security
Technological innovations in agriculture and increase in area under cultivation have ensured that so far.water tables are falling by one to three meters every year. It is estimated that the global population will grow to 9 billion by 2050 and the food production will double. the coarse grain and pulse production has not shown a similar increase. At the other end of the spectrum.

so there is substantial decline in per capita pulses consumption among poorer segment of population. Rising cost of pulses had a beneficial effect also. Over the last three decades the rising cost of pulses has made Kesari Dal more expensive than wheat or rice and hence it is no longer given to labourers as wages for work done. Coarse
40
. This in turn could have an adverse impact on their protein intake. One of the benefits of this change is virtual elimination of pellagra which was widely prevalent among low income group population in Deccan Plateau whose staple food was sorghum. Till eighties in central India wages of landless laborerswere given in the form Kesari Dal which was cheaper than cereals or coarse grains. Over years the coarse grain production has remained stagnant and per capita availability of coarse grain has under gone substantial reduction.Over the last five decades there has been a decline in the per capita availability of pulses. The pulse component of the ―Pulses and Oil Seeds Mission‖ needs to receive a major thrust in terms of R&D and other inputs. During the last few years the country has imported pulses to meet the requirement. so that essential pulse requirement of growing population is fully met. there has been a shift away from coarse grains to rice and wheat consumption even among poorer segment of population. Consumption of staple diet of Kesari Dal led to crippling disease of neuro lathyrism. There has been a sharp and sustained increase in cost of pulses. as a result the disease has virtually disappeared from Central India.

3. Another area of concern is the lack of sufficient focus and thrust in horticulture. Kwashiorkor. States like Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh have initiated some efforts in this direction. low-literacy. sanitation and health care.as only the most needy are likely to access these coarse grains. There has been substantial reduction in moderate and severe under nutrition in children and some improvement in nutritional status of all segments of population.10 Nutrition:
At the time of independence the country faced two major nutritional problems. availability of vegetables especially green leafy vegetables and yellow/red vegetables throughout the year at affordable cost both in urban and rural areas has remained an unfulfilled dream. Kwashiorkor. multipronged strategy to combat the major nutritional problems and to improve nutritional status of the population. lathyrism. beri beri and blindness due to severe Vitamin-A deficiency have become rare. marasmus.
41
. The country adopted multi-sect oral. may not only substantially bring down the subsidy cost without any reduction in calories provided but also improve "targeting" . The other was chronic energy deficiency due to poverty.grains are less expensive than rice and wheat. because of this. they can thus provide higher calories for the same cost as compared to rice and wheat. goitre. Health and nutrition education emphasizing the importance of consuming these inexpensive rich sources of micronutrients will not result in any change in food habits unless there is harnessing and effective management of horticultural resources in the country to meet the growing needs of the people at affordable cost. similar efforts need be taken up in other states also. blindness due to Vitamin-A deficiency and anaemia were major public health problems. During the last 50 years considerable progress has been achieved. one was the threat of famine and acute starvation due to low agricultural production and lack of appropriate food distribution system. Famines no longer stalk the country. marasmus. beri beri. pellagra. poor access to safe-drinking water. Coarse grains which are locally produced and procured if made available through TPDS at subsidized rate. these factors led to wide spread prevalence of infections and ill health in children and adults.

4. vegetables and other foodstuffs needed to fully meet the requirement of growing population. 2.However. Ensuring adequate agricultural production of cereals. identify individuals/families with severe forms of CED and provide them assistance to overcome these problem. Operational strategy to improve the dietary intake of the family and improve nutritional status of the rapidly growing adult population would include: 1. Exploring feasibility of providing subsidized coarse grains to families Below Poverty Line (BPL) Operational strategies to improve health and nutritional status of the growing numbers of women and children include:
42
. it is a matter of concern that milder forms of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) and micronutrient deficiencies continue to be widely prevalent in adults and children. 3. it is essential that appropriate strategies are devised to improve food and nutrition security of families. In view of the fact that population growth in India will continue for the next few decades. Improving in purchasing power through employment generation and employment assurance schemes. Providing subsidized food grains through TPDS to the families below poverty line. pulses.

b) improve dietary intake to these children through the mid-day meal. if no improvement after 2 months refer to physician for identification and treatment of factors that might be responsible for lack of improvement. children and mothers. Intensive health education for improving the life style of the population coupled with active screening and management of the health problems associated with obesity. 6) Monitor for improvement in the identified undernourished infants. growth monitoring and health care. a) screen by weighment to identify children with moderate and severe under nutrition b) provide double quantity supplements through ICDS. 2) 0-6 months infants . adequate antenatal intrapartum and neonatal care. c) screening for nutrition and health problems and appropriate intervention.4 times a day – appropriate help in ensuring this through family/community/work place support.vegetable based supplement fed to them at least 3 . 5) Primary school children: a) weigh and identify those with moderate and severe chronic energy deficiency. 7) Nutrition education on varying dietary needs of different members of the family and how they can be met by minor modifications from the family meals. c) immunization and health care.screening to identify women with weight below 40 Kgs and ensuring that they/ their preschool children receive food supplements through Integrated Child Development Services Scheme (ICDS).
43
.5 age group. unless there is specific reason supplementation should not be introduced before 6 months (d) immunization. 4) Children in the 0 . b) get appropriate cereal pulse .1) Pregnant and lactating women .Nutrition education for (a) early initiation of lactation (b) protection and promotion of universal breast feeding (c) exclusive breast feeding for the first six months. 3) Well planned nutrition education to ensure that the infants and children do a) continue to get breasted.

the government has put policies in place that regulate the number of children allowed to a couple. stickers) needs to be produced and distributed throughout the communities such as at local places of worships. Some leaders and environmentalists (such as Ted Turner) have suggested that there is an urgent need to strictly implement a China44
. use strict measures to reduce birth rates. brochures." Such prompts work to introduce the problem so that social norms are easier to implement. local food markets. women have no right to deny their husbands sex unless they are ill. some nations. Certain government policies are making it easier and more socially acceptable to use contraception and abortion methods.Chapter-4 Mitigation measures
While the current world trends are not indicative of any realistic solution to human population growth during the 21st century. there are several mitigation measures that have or can be applied to reduce the adverse impacts of population growth. like the People's Republic of China.‖ All of these examples use principles of social psychology to show how a strong correlation to the damage to the planet caused by the rapid population growth. Population growth is an issue that threatens the state of the environment in the mentioned ways in previous chapter and therefore societies must make a change in order to reverse some of the environmental effects brought on by current social norms.1 Birth regulations Population growth is related to the issue of birth control. Other societies have already begun to implement social marketing strategies in order to educate the public on overpopulation effects. In societies like China. sporting events. 4. schools and at car parks (taxis / bus stands). An example of a country whose laws and norms are hindering the global effort to slow population growth is Afghanistan. All of these mitigations are ways to implement social norms. fact sheets. Religious and ideological opposition to birth control has been cited as a factor contributing to overpopulation and poverty. ―The approval by Afghan President Hamid Karzai of the Shia Personal Status Law in March 2009 effectively destroyed Shia women‘s rights and freedoms in Afghanistan. A variety of print materials (flyers. Under this law. "The intervention can be widespread and done at a low cost. and can be denied food if they do.

and to make birth-control devices like
male/female condoms. with 86% of these deaths occurring in the sub-Saharan Africa region and
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. The actual cost of the credits would only be a fraction of the actual cost of having and raising a child. pills and intrauterine devices easily available. marketable birth license plan" he calls "birth credits. Arth has proposed a "choice-based. political opponents and ignorant men were also believed to have been sterilized. for example.2 Education and empowerment One option is to focus on education about overpopulation.like one-child policy globally by the United Nations. family planning. This program is still remembered and criticized in India. affordable means and services to determine the size and spacing of their families. Worldwide. Urban designer Michael E. and birth control methods. late Prime Minister of India. so these credits could not be hoarded by speculators. An estimated 350 million women in the poorest countries of the world either did not want their last child. and the market would determine what the license fee for each additional child would cost.000 women die annually of complications from pregnancy and abortion. Indira Gandhi. which hampered Government program for decades." Birth credits would allow any woman to have as many children as she wants. because this would help control and reduce population gradually. so the credits would serve more as a wake-up call to women who might otherwise produce children without seriously considering the long term consequences to themselves or society. men with two children or more had to submit to sterilization. and is blamed for creating a public aversion to family planning. but many unmarried young men. but they lack access to information. then the first child would be free. implemented a
forced sterilization program in the 1970s. Officially. Extra credits would expire after a certain time. nearly 40% of pregnancies are unintended (some 80 million unintended pregnancies each year). If that allotment was determined to be one child. 4. In the developing world. some 514. as long as she buys a license for any children beyond an average allotment that would result in zero population growth (ZPG). do not want another child or want to space their pregnancies.

and Isaac Asimov. many because of malnutrition or preventable diseases. almost half of pregnancies were unintended. In Mining the Sky. in 2001.[242] In the United States. Venus is the paradise planet". dollars) for the program.[243] Egypt announced a program to reduce its overpopulation by family planning education and putting women. Gerard O'Neill suggested building space habitats that could support 30.South. based on the concept that breathable air is a lifting gas in the dense Venusians
atmosphere. The government has set aside 480 million Egyptian pounds (about 90 million U. Marshall Savage (1992. K. suggesting this could happen within a few centuries.S. It may be possible for other parts of the Solar System to be inhabited by humanity at some point in the future. 4. Many authors. Geoffrey Landis of NASA's Glenn Research Center in particular has pointed out that "[at] cloud-top level. even afford a gravitation almost exactly as strong as that on Earth (see colonization of Venus). and Neptune. Venus would. as one could construct aerostat habitats and floating cities there easily. "the
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. Freeman Dyson (1999) favors the Kuiper belt as the future home of humanity. famous inventor of the futuristic concept of molecular nanotechnology. According to Clarke. Arthur C.000 times the carrying capacity of Earth using just the asteroid belt and that the Solar System as a whole could sustain current population growth rates for a thousand years. Lewis suggests that the resources of the solar system could support 10 quadrillion (1016) people. with the majority in the asteroid belt. like also Saturn. Uranus. have argued that shipping the excess population into space is not a viable solution to human overpopulation. has suggested in Engines of Creation that colonizing space will mean breaking the Malthusian limits to growth for the human species. Additionally. John S. 1994) has projected a human population of five quintillion throughout the Solar System by 3000. 8 million infants die. It was announced in June 2008 by the Minister of Health and Population Hatem el-Gabali. especially from lack of access to clean drinking water. Clarke. in the upper layers of their atmospheres.3 Extraterrestrial settlement In the 1970s. including Carl Sagan. Eric Drexler.

with most of the inhabitants being the direct descendants of the original colonists
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. The problem for these authors is not the lack of resources in space (as shown in books such as Mining the Sky. A hypothetical extraterrestrial colony could potentially grow organically.population battle must be fought or won here on Earth‖. However. Gerard O'Neill's calculations show that Earth could offload all new population growth with a launch services industry about the same size as the current airline industry. but the physical impracticality of shipping vast numbers of people into space to "solve" overpopulation on Earth.

. there will be substantial improvement in human development and economic development. achieve the desired family size and enable the country to achieve population stabilization rapidly. program implementers and the people during the next two decades will have to be in achieving the synergy so that India can achieve rapid population stabilization. it will be possible for them to meet all their needs. Demographic transition does not occur in isolation. For India the current phase of the demographic transition is both a challenge and an opportunity. health transition and reproductive health transition. If there is synergy between these transitions.Chapter-5 Conclusion
Demographic transition is a global phenomenon. the transitions can be completed rapidly.
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. The focus of planners. Over the last five decades the country has built up a massive healthcare infrastructure for delivery of FW services to the population in the Government. Simultaneously. aware and likely to make optimal use of available facilities. education transition. If the population now has ready access to good quality services at affordable cost. There is universal awareness about the need for these services. there are ongoing economic transition. India is currently in the phase of demographic transition during which where it will be possible for the country to accelerate the pace of decline in fertility. The challenge is to ensure human development and optimum utilization of human resources. In the next two decades the population growth will be mainly among the young adults who will be more literate. All these affect human development. population growth is inevitable in the initial phases of the transition. private and voluntary sectors. The RCH program envisages wider range of services and improvement in quality of services provided. The opportunity is to utilize available human resources to achieve rapid economic development and improvement in quality of life. improvement in economic social and human development.