This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE
Proceedings Volume 7511, including the Title Page, Copyright
information, Table of Contents, the Conference Committee listing, and introduction.

An instantaneous polarized phase-shifting interferometer (IPSI) with an optical image combiner is designed to form a
one-shot surface profile measurement system. The interference images are captured simultaneously by using one CCD
camera. Digital image correlation (DIC) method is applied effectively to correct the position mismatch among the
images. Test of the measurement system on flat mirror, tilted mirror and wafer are given. An average error between
0.07μm~0.09μm can be achieved, and the maximum error is about 0.2μm.

A composite RGB fringe projection and processing method is presented to simultaneously obtain 3D shape and color
information of objects from one-shot acquisition. Three fringe sets with optimum fringe numbers are coded into the red,
green and blue channels of a digital light projector to generate one composite RGB fringe pattern. The deformed fringes
on an object surface are recorded by a three-chip color CCD camera from a different viewpoint. Fourier transform
analysis is applied to the obtained fringe patterns in each color channel to retrieve the wrapped phase maps. Absolute
phase across the full-field is calculated from the three obtained wrapped phase maps on a pixel-by-pixel basis using the
optimum three-frequency method. Color data are also extracted from the same composite RGB fringe pattern image, so
there is an exact one-to-one correspondence between the absolute phase and color data. Only one RGB fringe image is
required to calculate the shape and color information, thus the proposed method can measure dynamic objects.
Experimental results on static and moving objects having discontinuities and/or isolated surfaces show the validity of the
proposed method for measuring the shape and color information.

In this paper, the aberration measurement technique using aerial image sensor (AIS) is further derived, and the influence
of partially coherent illumination on the performance of this technique is analyzed comprehensively in practice. The AIS
based technique detects the intensity of the aerial image to obtain the wavefront aberration on each sampling point of the
exit pupil using a set of 36 binary gratings with different pitches and orientations. The simulation work conducted by the
lithographic simulator PROLITH has demonstrated that the aberration measurement errors grow with the partial coherent
factor increasing. Two effects of the partially coherent illumination are proposed to interpret such influence that causes
the measurement errors.

An optical system of digital holography based on 4f system for microstructure measurement is studied. Fresnel off-axis
hologram generated by a magnified image of microstructure is recorded with a CCD, and the magnified reconstructed
image can be obtained by the angular spectrum method. The quantitative phase information of the microstructure under
test is obtained. A theoretical analysis is performed in detail and the experiment done, and the experimental results are
also given. The research shows that the method presented in this paper can be applied to micro-object imaging and its
quantitative measurement.

In this paper, the aberration measurement technique using aerial image sensor (AIS) is further discussed, and an
approach to optimize the pupil sampling scheme for this technique is proposed. The accuracy of this technique heavily
relies on the pupil sampling scheme as it has a significant impact on the random error propagation of the Zernike
coefficients. We formulate the optimization problem using a continuous function and using the gradient information to
search the solution space. We also employ the regularization framework using penalty functions to restrain the
complexity of the sampling scheme. The simulation work has demonstrated that the pupil sampling scheme obtained by
the proposed optimization approach are more suitable than those by the trial and error method.

Gyrotropic, magnetically-hard hexaferrite materials, are very promising candidates to operate as quasi-optical nonreciprocal
devices at high frequencies (> 90GHz), with the consequent advantage of obviating the need for requiring
extra biasing magnets and avoiding low temperature demagnetization. In this paper, a THz TDS system is used to make
measurements on a thin (2.02 mm thickness) hexaferrite plate for both parallel and perpendicular polarisation of the
pump beam. From these data, the intrinsic circular-polarisation transmittances of both senses of polarisation are
computed and these are analysed to determine the magneto-optical constants of the hexaferrite plate over the range of
200 GHz to 1THz.

The aim of this paper is to promote the accuracy of the quantity for spectral irradiance of standard lamps at transferring,
optimize the calibration uncertainty of ultraviolet irradiance, analyze and solve the problem which will effect the
measuring course of ultraviolet irradiance, and provide reliable calibration standard for application areas. The main
contents include: 1. Put forward a new three segment fitting function of spectral irradiance of standard lamp and an
optimizing method for non-linear parameter. Compare relative errors of different curve fitting methods by a new
successive error analysis method. The relative deviation of the new curve fitting function is: 0.27% between 250nm and
2500nm which is acceptable comparing to the uncertainty of national primary standard of spectral irradiance lamp. 2.
Through a new designed measurement system for cosine response property of UV radiometers, we do some measuring
experiments to 21 kinds of UV radiometers and calculate the relative deviation of each UV meters. By measuring
experiments we can understand the cosine response property of UV radiometers exactly and do cosine compensation
accordingly. 3. Design and fulfill an experimental system to reflect the measuring errors of UV radiometers when
measuring sources and calibrated sources are mismatched. Calculate the spectral mismatch correction factor and spectral
matching characteristic factor to modify the measuring data.

In this particular research authors have made an effort to investigate the relationships between linear and angular
elemental errors through a pragmatic way and analyzing them. Correlation between the errors was considered by the case
study of the coupling mechanism between the joint kinematic angular and straightness errors of a prismatic joint of a
machine tool, and was validated through measurement. The laser interferometer was employed in conjunction with its
optics under controlled environmental conditions for validation purposes. Prismatic joint of a 5-axis grinding machine
was used for error characterization and its quantification by establishing the relevance between linear (straightness) and
angular (pitch and yaw) errors. Results exhibited a quite agreement to the relationship while compensation factor added
with the methodology. It was investigated whether the methodology is beneficial for reducing the elements of parametric
calibration which provides an efficient characterization and error evaluation, or is just better for an estimation and quick
check of a machine tool error.

Proc. SPIE 7511, The effects of water quality on the measurement results of nanoparticles' effective diameter and polydispersity by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy, 75110A (20 November 2009); doi: 10.1117/12.840121

The impurities in solution affect the measurement results of effective diameter and polydispersity of nanoparticles by
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. The purification of solution should be taken adequate concern to reflect the real
characteristics of measured nanoparticles. The impurities in ultrapure water of three manufacturers were observed by
differential interference microscope, Nikon Eclipse ME600. Based on the micrographs results, one of the equipments
was chosen to manufacture water, and the water was purified into three different purification stages. The micrographs
and background scattering light intensity of the three kinds of water were analyzed, and then the three kinds of water
were used to measure standard particle nominated 90nm, and the measurement angle was from 50° to 130°. The
measurement results indicate that water with high quality being used to measure nanoparticles can get stronger scattering
intensity and lower value of polydispersity, and it is suitable for measurement with high precision. Impurities in water
would weaken the light intensity scattered by measured nanoparticles and affect the measurement results of effective
diameter and polydispersity. When laser power was relative lower, the effective diameter increased as angle. So the
impurities in solution and the laser power should be paid special attention. Suggestions about choosing different stages of
water purification for measurement with different precision are also given, when the equipment of water purification is
determined. The effects of floc in ultrapure water on the measurement of nanoparticles still need study in future.

A halogen lamp and an acousto-optic tunable filter are used to construct a sinusoidal wavelength-scanning
interferometer with the scanning width of 210 nm. A linear wavelength-scanning with the scanning width of 220
nm is utilized to determine amplitudes of three different interference signals produced from multiple-reflection
lights by front and rear surfaces of a thin film. Amplitudes of time-varying phases produced by a sinusoidal
wavelength-scanning and constant phases in the interference signals are estimated by minimizing a difference
between detected signals and theoretical ones. From the estimated values, the positions of the front and rear
surface of the thin film with a thickness of about 460 nm are measured with an error less than 4 nm.

A fiber interferometric vibration measurement system which is based on demodulating the phase of a fiber Michelson
interferometer which is made with a fiber 3dB-coupler is presented. In the work, the system employed the characteristics
of fiber Brag gratings (FBGs) to interleave two fiber Michelson interferometers which share almost the same part of the
main optical path. One of the fiber interferometers is used to stabilize the system, employing an electronic feedback loop
to drive a piezoelectric actuator to tune the optical path of the reference beam in order to keep the interferometer in
quadrature state. By this way, the low frequency drifts in the phase of the interferometric signals which are resulted from
environmental disturbances are compensated for. The other one is used to perform the measurement task. By employing
the characteristics of 3dB-coupler, the interferometric signals from the two outputs of the 3dB-couper are 180º out of
phase. The two interferometric signals are input into an electronic processor and convert into currents, which are linear to
the power of the optical interferometric light. The signals are collected by NI USB-5132 acquisition card and processed
by a program in a personal computer. The measurement system is configured with fiber and fiber components which are
integrated together. As the cutoff frequency of the feedback loop is 1.5Hz, the measurement system is capable of
measuring vibration with frequencies bigger than 1.5Hz and the amplitude of the measured vibration is not limited.

The dynamic interferometry is used to overcome the problem of the vibration and the air turbulence present in the testing
process of concave aspherical mirror, whose aperture is extra large, and optical path is extra long. Aiming to 4.5m
aperture concave mirror, two schemes have been designed: offner refractive and reflective compensators. The analytical
model of the theoretical error analysis under the dynamic interferometry condition has been built. According to the result
we can come to a conclusion that using the method of dynamic interferometry, the accuracy of measuring can be reached
within λ/80. The optical testing path of mirror with multiple segments has been designed in the end. Results of this paper
could provide references for the design, processing, assembling and testing technologies of large or extra large optical
system.

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) as a special type of optical fibers have a wide range of applications
including fiber lasers, amplifiers, telecom components, fiber-optic sensors of various kinds and
quantum optics. Chromatic dispersion (CD), which is one of the PCFs' most important parameters,
plays key roles in its performance and the device which is made of it. Due to the diversity of PCFs'
structure and study of its relevant devices, the precision measurement of PCFs' CD is particularly
important. Based on the analysis of CD measurement method, a set of experimental system for
measuring PCFs' CD value was developed by using white-light Michelson interferometry. The
maximum CD is 1000ps/nm using this system. The algorithms of extracting the CD from the
interference spectra were studied. Experiments were carried out to measure the PCFs' CD value based
on the CD measurement system. The experimental results show that: the CD value of PCF is
-25.8634 ps/(nm • km) at 1300nm wavelength.

An oral cavity inspecting system is designed and developed to inspect the detail of teeth. The inspecting system is
composed of microscopic imaging part, illuminating part, image capture and processing, display part. The two groups of
cemented lenses were optimized to minimize the optical aberration and the collimated beam light is gotten between the
two lenses. A relay lens is adopted to allow the probe to access the oral cavity depth. The illumination optic fiber is used
and the brightness and color temperature can be adjustable. The illumination fiber end surface is oblique cut and the
optimum angle is 37°. The image of teeth is imaged on CMOS and captured into computer. The illumination intensity
and uniformity were tested and the proper parameter is set. Foucault chart was observed and the system resolution is
higher than 100lp/mm. The oral inspecting system is used to test standard tooth model and patho-teeth model. The tooth
image is clear and the details can be observed. The experimental results show that the system could meet dental medical
application requirements.

A new method for accurate measurement of content of textile mixture based on Fourier transform near infrared
spectroscopy is put forward. The near infrared spectra of 56 samples with different cotton and polyester contents were
obtained, in which 41 samples, 10 samples and 5 samples were used for the calibration set, validation set and prediction
set respectively. The wavelet transform (WT) was utilized for the spectra data compression. From the linear and
nonlinear perspective, multivariable linear regression (MLR) model based on the Lambert - Beer's law and back
propagation (BP) neural network model based on WT were developed. It indicates that the prediction accuracy of
WT-ca3-BP network model is 2% for calibration sample and 4% for validation sample, which is much higher than the
MLR model and is suitable for the prediction of unknown samples. On the basis of not changing the structure of the
WT-ca3-BP network model, calibration and validation samples were utilized fully to be re-set to new calibration samples,
which upgraded this model. The upgraded WT-ca3-BP network model was applied to predict unknown samples.
Experimental results show that this approach based on Fourier transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy can be used to
quantitative analysis for textile fiber.

Unexpected mechanical vibrations can significantly degrade the otherwise high accuracy of phase-shifting interferometer
(PSI). Because the data acquisition takes place over time, sensitivity to vibration is as a function of the frequency, the
phase, the amplitude of vibrations, the smoothness of test surface and the slope coefficient of reference plane. A complete,
nonlinear, continuing mathematical model of PSI with well defined longitudinal and transverse vibrations is presented.
The approach to quantifying vibration is using the discrete sum formula instead of the continuing integral model.
Computer simulations are performed over a range of vibration frequencies and amplitudes for 4,7,11 and 15 frames
phase-shift algorithms. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the methods to increase the accuracy of PSI is to
choose more phase steps and higher speed CCD camera and PSI with small slope coefficient of reference surface and
good smooth test surface has low sensitivity to transverse vibration. Finally programs basing on the phase-shifting
interference theory are given to imitate the process of obtaining interferogram with vibrations. After intensity signal is
processed through PSI algorithm and phase unwrapping algorithm, the sensitivity of PSI to vibration is achieved and
described by the difference of the computer phase and test phase. The results of numerical simulation are supported by
several examples on dummy experimental platform.

It is very important to measure the vibration amplitude and the dynamic deformation of the object
so Electrical Speckle Pattern Interferometry technique has developed rapidly in recent years because of
its Non Destructive Testing (NDT) methodology. A dynamic Electrical Speckle Pattern Interferometry
technique was described in the paper. The Spatial Phase-shift System was implemented through four
CCD cameras. The object light interferes with the given phase shifting value of reference light at the
baget of each CCD camera. The vibration amplitude and the dynamic deformation can be measured by
the phase detecting method. The error of the influence of the disturbance of the air, the influence of the
changing temperature, and the influence of the vibration of the environment can be eliminated. The
image matching and image emendation technology were used for the images of four CCDs to optimize
the result of the measurement. The Space Phase-shift System was promoted by the transient vibration
and dynamic deformation system.

This paper presents a method for on-line measuring photoresist grating profiles during the development process by detecting the diffraction efficiencies of surface-relief photoresist gratings on transparent substrates. A He-Ne laser of 594.1 nm wavelength is employed as the monitoring light source. Firstly, the groove depth of a grating is determined from the minimum value of the monitoring curve of the 0th-order transmission intensity. Then, with the groove depth known, the duty cycle of the grating is measured from the -1st-order transmission intensity. The feasibility of our method has been demonstrated through fabrication of many rectangular photoresist gratings of 1200, 2200, and 3000 lines/mm on glass substrates. Good agreement between the on-line, real-time measured results and the scanning electron microscopy results is obtained.

Most manufacturing machine tools are utilized for mass production or batch production with high accuracy at a
deterministic manufacturing principle. Volumetric accuracy of machine tools depends on the positional accuracy of the
cutting tool, probe or end effector related to the workpiece in the workspace volume. In this research paper, a
methodology is presented for volumetric calibration of machine tools by on-line measurement of an artifact or an object
of a similar type. The machine tool geometric error characterization was carried out through a standard or an artifact,
having similar geometry to the mass production or batch production product. The artifact was measured at an arbitrary
position in the volumetric workspace with a calibrated Renishaw touch trigger probe system. Positional errors were
stored into a computer for compensation purpose, to further run the manufacturing batch through compensated codes.
This methodology was found quite effective to manufacture high precision components with more dimensional accuracy
and reliability. Calibration by on-line measurement gives the advantage to improve the manufacturing process by use of
deterministic manufacturing principle and found efficient and economical but limited to the workspace or envelop
surface of the measured artifact's geometry or the profile.

In light of the difficulties to directly measure plume gas concentration by existing methods, the paper proposed an
inversion algorithm based on multivariate regression analysis. We first of all built up a multivariate regression model of
plume gas concentration by dividing the plume into several homogeneous layers along the observation direction. Then a
group of discrete spectral data was sampled out from plume infrared radiation curve at the intervals of certain wave
numbers. Thus the spectroscopic data without atmospheric attenuation could be obtained when the discrete spectral data
was divided by the atmospheric transmittances at corresponding wave numbers. After that, we worked on the
temperature profile of the plume, figuring out the average temperature of each layer of plume through integration
according to the outcomes of plume layering. At the same time, supported by the High Resolution Temperature Gas
Spectral Database (HITEMP), we also computed out the average absorption coefficient of each layer of plume. Thereby,
the triplicity of the spectroscopic data without atmospheric attenuation, the average temperature of each layer of plume
and the average absorption coefficient of each layer of plume, as the input parameters for the multivariate regression
model of plume gas concentration, could finally enable us to work out the concentration distribution of the plume gas
along the observation direction by least squares method which, however, only took into consideration the effect of vapor
and carbon dioxide. The comparison with the concentration distribution acquired through numerical computation of
plume flow field proves the feasibility of the inversion algorithm.

The polarization properties of scattered light are being exploited to determine the optical and physical information of
small particles. In this paper, a scatterometer is developed for simultaneously measuring the Mueller scattering matrix
elements as functions of the scattering angle. The scatterometer uses an electro-optic modulator to modulate the
polarization state of the incident light, and uses two photomultipliers provided with different polarization optics to
consist multichannel polarization-state detector. The instrument takes advantage of combination of the polarizationmodulation
technique and division-of -amplitude photopolarimeter, which make for a compact design and substantial
increase in measurement throughput and speed. The methods of calibration and alignment using the polarizationmodulated
light are established, with which the instrument is calibrated precisely. The methods of data processing and
error analysis of the measured Mueller matrix elements are developed. A hybrid experimental/theoretical approach to
study the light scattering properties of smoke particles is also presented.

Infrared Thermography is a Nondestructive Testing and Evaluating (NDT&E) technique. it is an effective technique
for quantitative prediction of defect depth and defect area, an analysis of depth measurement based on theoretical
one-dimensional solution of pulsed thermography is used, assuring the depth of defects by calculating break time that the
Logarithmic time evolution of the health area begins to deviate from that of the defective area. Several back-drilled
flat-bottom holes which located at three different depths in the aluminum plate are used as simulated defects. Meanwhile,
other two coating samples buried with nine defects are also detected. The experimental results of the infrared
thermography can demonstrate the capability to predict the depth of defects. The advantages and disadvantages of this
method are also outlined.

An external-cavity laser diode that performs static wavelength scanning is proposed. It eliminates problems such as
repeatability and tuning rate that arise due to mechanical movements induced in the external cavity of conventional
systems because it requires no mechanical elements. Experiments have revealed that the scanning range and tuning rate
are 1.3 nm and 1 kHz, respectively.

Numerical simulations of light scattering by irregularly shaped bacteria are carried out using the T-matrix method. A
previously developed T-matrix code for the study of light scattering by randomly oriented non-spherical particles is used
for the current purpose and it is validated against Mie-theory using coccus. Simplified particle shapes of spheroids and
cylinders for simulating scattering by irregularly shaped bacteria are studied. The results for the angular distributions of
the scattering matrix elements of B.Subtilis at wavelength 0.6328μm are presented. Their dependence on shape and
model are discussed. Analysis suggests that spheroids perform better than cylinders for B.Subtilis. Calculations of the
scatter matrix elements to determine bacteria sizes as well as shapes may be an accurate method and may be used to
determine what the bacteria are.

Atmospheric turbulence increases bit error rate and degrades beams quality for wireless laser communication links as
laser light propagation in the turbulent atmosphere, and atmospheric refractive index structure constant is an important
parameter for statistics of atmospheric turbulence. Characteristics of atmospheric turbulence in the atmosphere varies
randomly and the experiments in the real atmosphere are expensive, so it is an important way to simulate atmospheric
turbulence in laboratory for investigation on laser beams propagation in through the atmosphere. The structure parameter
of the atmospheric turbulence in laboratory was measured based on measurement of angle-of-arrival (AOA) fluctuations
of centroids as laser beam through the simulated-turbulence. The results shows a good agreement with the previous result
measured by thermal method, the strength of simulated-turbulence was 1000 times stronger than that in the real
atmosphere. The characteristics of turbulence varies temporally with air temperature and wind velocity, and statistics of
atmospheric turbulence was presented for various air temperature and wind velocity along the propagation path.

A method to encode and decode the spatial position using polarization is proposed. Birefringent wedge and photoelastic
modulator (PEM) are used to encode and modulate the laser with a polarizer and an analyzer. The state of polarization
(SOP) of laser beam changes gradually along the gradient direction of birefringent wedge. The spatial polarization
encoding beam is transmitted by a beam expander to form a spatial encoding field. A part of laser carrying the
information of spatial position in the field is received by detector. With signal processing, the harmonic terms of detected
intensity are obtained to realize the single channel decoding. With the single channel spatial polarization encoding and
decoding method, the problem of incorporating automatic gain control (AGC) between separate channel signals can be
overcome and the precision of decoding is improved by its rotation-invariant feature, and the results of decoding vary
linearly with retardation in the range of ±180°. In experiments, the relationship between decoding spatial position and the
true value of position is linear. Usefulness of the method is verified.

The main production method of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) is microbial fermentation. In this paper, to monitor
and to control the fermentation process of BCAA, especially its logarithmic phase, parameters such as the color of
fermentation broth, culture temperature, pH, revolution, dissolved oxygen, airflow rate, pressure, optical density, and
residual glucose, are measured and/or controlled and/or adjusted. The color of fermentation broth is measured using the
HIS color model and a BP neural network. The network's input is the histograms of hue H and saturation S, and output is
the color description. Fermentation process parameters are adjusted using fuzzy reasoning, which is performed by
inference rules. According to the practical situation of BCAA fermentation process, all parameters are divided into four
grades, and different fuzzy rules are established.

To answer the new challenge in project R & D on multiple subjects engineering optics, system design and essential
methods applied to structure effective system. Base on system engineering theory, traditional optical design optimization
is developed. General global optimization, which based on central optics system integrated with up-to-date
comprehensive modules and methods in created way, is presented and supported by abundant results of research and
development. Advantages such as system intellect, response ability, research periods and compatibility for renew
situations demonstrate validity and potential.

Due to the residual chromatic aberration of lens in star tracker, the position accuracy of the star image decrease with the
increase of the field of view (FOV). The spectral distribution characteristics of guide star catalog including about 4600
stars are analyzed statistically, and the function model of stellar spectrums is established in this paper. The centroid
position for each of the guide star images is a function of its color type and the radial distance to the center of the FOV.
The principle of calibration of the centroid error is to make the weighted polynomial, and use a least square fitting
approach to obtain the best values of the position errors compensatory parameters for star image considered in a wide
field of view (FOV) and with different color temperature. As an example, at the 2.5 DEGREES (FOV) star position
errors for Spectral types F, G and K are 10.80μm, 6.5174μm and 4.3479μm respectively. The star position RMS error is
reduced from 1.06 pixels to 0.13 pixels, after implementing the spectral compensation scheme for the lens system of a
star tracker.

Used digital speckle correlation method (DSCM) to measure is researched. The experiment is
designed and the laser irradiates a PZT which is driven by some signal to obtain the dynamic speckle
patterns. The dynamic speckle patterns are shot by CCD, then the DSCM is used to process the sequential
images and also the experiment is simulated. The movement of reflection target is controlled by PZT which
is driven by the different model signal. When the reflection target is moving, the dynamic speckle patterns
are shot by CCD, the sequential images are stored in computer through an image board. Then the digital
speckle correlation method is used to process the sequential images. There are three output parameters after
the images correlation calculation: (xi ,yi) and α that represent for position and moving direction of the
object, Initial (xi ,yi) is (0,0). (&utri;xi , &utri;yi) represents pixel difference in coordinates of two adjacent images. α is the angle specifying the direction of the object's motion relative to the x-axis: αε[00,900]. Varying the
speed of the aluminum plate, variant values of (&utri;xi ,&utri;i) are obtained and varying the direction of
numeric control caterpillar track, variant values of α were obtained. From the obtained displacement and
the collected frequency, the vibration frequency was obtained. The experimental results show the DSCM
can confirm the frequency and displacement of vibration, and have a good agreement with the simulation
results, and the results show the digital speckle correlation method can be used to measure vibation.

Along with modern science and technology development, Optical precise instrument, especially in space applied optical
precise instrument, all set the very high request in the surface quality and the processing precision aspect, and have
already achieved a nanometer precision to the surface roughness Ra request. Therefore this paper puts forward to use
self-reacting machining method, process for floating polish, as well as measure and analyze the shape, appearance,
roughness of work-piece surface. Through comparing proof with the work-piece surface condition that the grinding
processing method of tradition gets: in from meet processing condition take off , the plasticity region processing that can
be stabilized and realize brittleness optical material gets very good processing surface quality. Under the experiment
condition of this paper, can get Ra 2-3nm processes mirror surface in shorter time.

Low-level-light (LLL) sight-glass measurement technologies based on multiple environmental testing conditions are
always concerned by military equipments manufacturers. The article puts forward the concrete steps and method of
vibration environmental testing measurement according to military optical equipments environments testing standards.
Using vibration theory and mathematical modeling analysis, vibration modal of LLL aiming sight-glass based on
vibration testing conditions is constructed and analyzed. In order to study dynamic characteristic of vibration system,
coordinates of the physical model are converted to modal coordinates. By means of equating system modal, vibration
modal is impacted by damping coefficient. Emulating the system under the damping coefficientξ from 0.1 to 1 and
natural frequency n
ωn is 89, the results indicate that damped systems is influenced by coordinates conversion of transfer
function. The structure with less damping usually can be regarded as the proportional damping system otherwise can be
considered as the general damping system.

A novel method for small roll angle measurement based on auto-collimation and moiré fringe is presented. A right-angle
prism is used as an indicator of small roll angle around the optical axis, and a CCD is used to collect moiré fringes that
are generated by scale grating image which is reflected by prism and index grating. Any small roll angle of the prism will
change the include angle of the grating pair and meanwhile induce a change in the moiré fringe period. The relationship
between roll angle and period of moiré fringes is established. The period data is obtained by image processing. The
experimental result certifies that the principle of small angle measurement method based on auto-collimation and moiré
fringe is correct and feasible. The measuring error is smaller than 0.2" within 7' range compared with 0.2" autocollimator.

With the rapid development of industry, accurate detection of liquid turbidity has attracted more and more attention, and
been widely applied to many industries. According to the Mie scattering and the Rayleigh scattering law, this paper
presents a novel design of laser liquid turbidimeter which uses the method of determining the turbidity by means of
detecting the 90° scattered light. The entire detection system mainly consists of a 650nm red laser source, a light receiver
(OPT101) and photoelectric conversion devices, an A/D converter, a data processing and controlling unit, a screen
display device (LCD) and a power supply module. This turbidimeter is proved to be an intelligent instrument, which
makes the process of measuring greatly simplified by displaying the result of turbidity in a digital form directly. It
operates normally at a temperature range from 0 oC to 50 oC . From 0 NTU to 1000 NTU, the measuring ranges can
be adjusted in accordance with the situation of samples automatically, and a single measurement takes about 1.608 ms. A
high precision of 0.001 NTU is realized in our experiments. After repeated measurements, an average error of ±2.2% is
obtained, and the repeatability is less than 1%. Moreover, two measuring modes are provided, one can store and view the
measuring records repeatedly, while the other can be used for batch testing with an additional alarm device. This
turbidimeter possesses a good practicality either in laboratory measurement or in industrial and environmental
inspection.

A series of dynamic light scattering (DLS) experimental systems basing on photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) are
brought forth for measuring the size of nanometer particles and the corresponding measuring results are shown. The
results obtained through these experimental systems are all compared with the results obtained by instrument of
Brookhaven. Mono-disperse and double disperse nanometer particle solutions systems are both studied. The light source
is the diode laser with the single transverse mode and its wavelength is 532 nm. It is the avalanche photon diode (APD)
instead of the traditional photomultiplier tube (PMT) is selected as the detector for its high quantum efficiency. The
scattering light transmits in a closed channel. The experimental systems are designed in two different kinds. The first
kind of experimental system is a system without fiber. The second kind of experimental system introduces one fiber for
transmission of scattering light. In these two kinds of experimental system, the influences of the polarization state of the
incident laser are investigated. The photon counting board is a product of self designed and the dynamic software
correlation system is introduced instead of the traditional hardware digital correlator for lower costs. The size of the
nanometer particles is computed by the famous CONTIN and NNLS programs.

The parameter of laser beam is to evaluate the characteristics of the laser beam from quality. Laser
beam analysis apparatus in this paper is use knife-edge method to get the laser beam quality. This
machine move knife-edge line with laser beam cross section, which on the mechanical platform.
Light detector measure the transmission power of laser beam. The sensor's analog signal input the
A /D converter, then change digital corresponding signals. The instrument's measure system can
calculated the parameter of the laser beam though the power and the position of the power that be
measured.
The knife-edge in the measure system must be sure has good quality, thinning enough, and
must be perpendicular to the direction of the axis laser beam, or it will impact on measurement
accuracy. During the measure process, in order to decrease the measurement error we must
carefully rotating micrometer screw device. It mainly because the response speeds of light detector
and A/D converter is not fast enough.
In waist position, laser power density is relatively high, so the situation should be based on
the actual choice of laser power to prevent the knife-edge will not burn.
At last using the MATLAB to carry out the simulation analysis, the method is proved that it
can accurately recover the complicated energy distribution, and the system is proved that it can
improve the measurement accuracy effectively and can get parameter of laser beam goodly.
Key words: knife-edge method, laser beam quality, MATLAB, energy distribution, laser beam
analysis apparatus, natural density filter

Measuring the thin film thickness by modern interferometry has advantages of the whole test, high precision and
non-contact measurement, the kernel of which is to obtain necessary surface shape and parameter by processing
interferogram with reasonable algorithms. The pre-treatment of the interferogram is the most crucial and a basal part,
which includes the edge identification of based on Mathematical Morphology, regional extension based on the 2-D FFT
and unwrapped and wrapped phase based on the non-weighted least squares algorithm for DCT. At the result, surface
distribution can be obtained, which lays the groundwork for getting the thin films thickness correctly. In this paper, the
image collection of the SiO2 film and the pretreatment of interferogram is performed. The result indicates that it is
basically consistent to the result tested by Zygo interferometer.

A new structure of SixNy thin film transverse thermal conductivity measuring by comparative method is introduced.
And by using finite element software ANSYS we emulated the effect to thermal distribution by the factors of heatpower,
length & width of suspending beam, and the thermal conductivity. This method, with no limitation of
measuring in vacuum, is simply structured and easily operated.

The industrial parts' dimensions are the important characteristics for their eligibility evaluation; typically, the multiple
cameras system is the preferred technology that fitting the inspection, especially for on-line testing, but the cameras
calibration, images matching, etc. are necessary when put in practice, also, multiple cameras system is either too costly
or impractical sometimes. A novel dimensions inspection technology based on single-image for planar industrial parts is
presented. The technology described here uses single-image taken by a camera in arbitrary pose, and requires four
scale-bars with known distances sticking on the planar industrial part, the four known distances are used to correct the
single-image to normal, and the part's dimensions are obtained by triangulation comparability from the normal image.
The utilities of this method are its low-cost, simplicity, ease of implementation and camera calibration needless. The
technology is being used in the real-time inspection of precision machining for the evaporator tubes plate of nuclear
boiler, applications show that the method is effective, and the typical dimensions accuracy is 0.05 mms if the testing
range is about 0.5ms by 0.5ms per-time.

This paper attempts to explore the feasibility of a system based on laser Doppler technique which has been established to
realize remote dynamic measurement of high velocity deformation parameters of explosion vessel. It aims at developing
a stable and reliable non-contact instrument with high precision for the measuring of explosion on site. Doppler signal's
SNR is very low in remote measurement of explosion vessel, a moving solid object with high velocity. To enhance
signal intensity, restrain noise and extract weak Doppler signal is the key to realizing remote measurement with high
precision. Both optical structure optimizing and digital signal processing used to solve the arduous problem above will
be discussed in this paper. The test results prove that the relative error of the instrument is less than 1% in measuring
displacement.

In optic communication systems, the nonlinear effect of the optical fiber is of great importance. There are several
methods measuring optical fiber nonlinear coefficient. A novel method measuring optical fiber nonlinear coefficient is
proposed, which is based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer fabricated with 3×3 coupler, polarization controller and so
on. According to cross phase modulation (XPM), when two optical waves are injected into the same optical fiber, the
phase of one optical wave will be changed because of the other one. So a sinusoidal phase signal will be generated
through coupling a sinusoidal modulated high-power laser into one arm of the interferometer, and then the three outputs
of the interferometer will contain the sinusoidal phase signal. According to the characteristic of the 3×3 coupler, the
phase difference between the three outputs is 2π / 3 . Through mathematics disposition of the three outputs of the
interferometer, a couple of orthogonal signals can be yielded. Then the amplitude of the sinusoidal phase signal can be
demodulated accurately by arctan method. The length of the optical fiber and the power of the laser can be measured
easily, according to expression about the nonlinear phase shift induced by XPM, the optical fiber nonlinear coefficient of
certain wavelength will be calculated. The optical fiber nonlinear effect is simulated by the software optisystem, and the
process measuring the optical fiber nonlinear coefficient is analyzed in detail based on the schematic design.

A line-scan imaging system is used in the dynamic deformation measurement of a human arm when the muscle is
contracting and relaxing. The measurement principle is based on the projection grating profilometry, and the measuring
system is consisted of a line-scan CCD camera, a projector, optical lens and a personal computer. The detected human
arm is put upon a reference plane, and a sinusoidal grating is projected onto the object surface and reference plane at an
incidence angle, respectively. The deformed fringe pattern in the same line of the dynamic detected arm is captured by
the line-scan CCD camera with free trigger model, and the deformed fringe pattern is recorded in the personal computer
for processing. A fast Fourier transform combining with a filtering and spectrum shifting method is used to extract the
phase information caused by the profile of the detected object. Thus, the object surface profile can be obtained following
the geometric relationship between the fringe deformation and the object surface height. Furthermore, the deformation
procedure can be obtained line by line. Some experimental results are presented to prove the feasibility of the inspection
system.

High accuracy is required in surface testing of 90nm nodal point lithography projecting lens. By comparing various
aspheric surface testing methods, we adopt Offner null compensator to test the aspheric surface in the point diffraction
interferometer at last. In this paper, an Offner compensator is presented on the base of the third order aberration theory to
test concave aspheric surface, the optical construction parameters of which is determined by introducing equal-quantities
spherical aberration to compensate all orders of aspheric coefficients. The field of view of the system is 0.02º; the
structure layout of the compensator is a meniscus positive lens combined with a Plano-convex positive lens. The design
results indicate that: primary and high order aberrations are balanced well, MTF exceeds diffraction limit,
root-mean-square (RMS) of wave front error <λ/167. The F-number of the system can achieve F/1.64. By the analysis of
the process of aspheric surface testing with the designed system, a loosen distribution of the tolerance was presented
based on the accuracy of measuring apparatus.

The spectral responsivity measurement theoretical outline was demonstrated. Absolute spectral responsivity of the
Silicon trap detector is calibrated with laser intensity stabilizer, closed loop refrigeration cryogenic radiometer. Seven
wavelength laser beams of 476.1nm, 488nm, 514.7nm, 568nm, 632.8nm, 647.1nm and 1064nm, are chosen for the
calibration experiments. Relative spectral responsivity of the cavity pyroelectric detector is calibrated in the band from
600nm to 15μm. Absolute spectral responsivity of the pyroelectric detector is transferred at 1064nm. The absolute and
relative measurement uncertainty is evaluated. Results demonstrated that the absolute spectral responsivity of the Silicon
trap detector and the cavity pyroelectric detector is 0.3954A/W, whose uncertainty is better than 0.04%, and 5.4E-7A/W,
whose uncertainty is better than0.4%, respectively, at 1064nm. The pyroelectric detector absolute spectral responsivity
uncertainty is better than 5% in other wavelength.

Visual principle point is a key photogrammetry parameter while the position change of it can only indirectly be estimated
by the inverse calculation of the ground control point presently. To get the exact position change of the visual principle
point an on-orbit monitoring system of three-line array camera is proposed. The system is composed of light source part
and photoelectric detecting part that move along with the lens and the line array CCD respectively. The position change
of the visual principle point can be derived by the position change of the two light spots. This system will not change the
structure of the camera and influence the function of it. Experimental system is built up and ground test results prove the
feasibility of the monitoring system and show the accuracy of it is better than 1μm.

The biological warfare agent (BWA) is a kind of terrible threat during the war or raid from the terrorist. Last decade, the
interest in utilizing ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence (UV-LIF) LIDAR to detect the bioaerosol cloud has risen in
order to measure the distribution of the bioaerosol particle. The UV-LIF LIDAR system can remotely detect and classify
the bioaerosol agents and it is an active detecting system. As the infrared absorbing in the atmosphere is less, the range
of infrared remote sensing is very far. The infrared laser at 1064 nm wavelength firstly begins to work in the UV-LIF
LIDAR system and the aerosol cloud can be detected at very long range through the elastic backscattering signal from
aerosol irradiated by infrared laser. But the category of aerosol can't be identified yet. If the infrared elastic
backscattering level exceeds a threshold, UV laser at 355 nm wavelength will be triggered and induce the fluorescence.
The excitated spectra of fluorescence can be used for discrimination of different aerosol species and particle
concentration. This paper put forward for a UV-LIF LIDAR system model and the principle of the model is described
summarily. Then the system parameters are presented and the simulation and analysis of the infrared elastic
backscattering and laser-induced fluorescence are made, which is based on these parameters. Raman backscattering
signal of Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere generally is taken to reduce measuring error, so the article also simulates this
Raman backscatter signal at 387 nm wavelength. The studies above may provide some valuable instructions to the design
of a real UV-LIF LIDAR system.

The effect of beacon Anisoplanatism needs to be considered in analyzing the error of the adaptive optical system.
Therefore, thermal blooming anisoplanatic effect of the Gaussian beam is analyzed numerically and theoretically. Wavefront
distortion of the Gaussian beam caused by thermal blooming anisoplanatic effect is expanded by the Zernike
polynomials. The Zernike coefficient and the fitting error are obtained by numerical calculations. The comparisons
between the Zernike coefficients indicate that the defocus item is the most important to the angular anisoplanatic error.
Based on the Wave-front distortion caused by the thermal blooming angular anisoplanatic effect, the defocus coefficient
of the Zernike polynomials is obtained theoretically. The result of the angular anisoplanatic error calculated by
theoretical formula is consistent with the outcome of the numerical calculation, and the result also indicates that the
angular anisoplanatic error is the function of the caliber size and varies as the square of the anisoplanatic angle. The
square relation of angle anisoplanatism is consistent with the result obtained by the turbulence angular anisoplanatic
effect.

A simulated annealing-simplex downhill hybrid algorithm is presented to solve the problems of ellipsometric data
inversion. Basing on Monte Carlo technique of simulated annealing algorithm, the hybrid algorithm uses simplex
downhill algorithm to get the local optimization and avoids the local optimization to get the global optimization by
Metropolis accepting principle, then the global optimum ellipsometric data are obtained quickly. A typical model with
single-layer absorbing film was dealt with by the hybrid algorithm and the simulated annealing algorithm respectively in
numerical simulation experiments. The results show that the hybrid algorithm is feasible, credible and ascendant in
ellipsometric data inversion. Furthermore, with the same testing conditions and inversion precision, the hybrid algorithm
can save time with two quantity degrees, so it will be found more applications in practice.

Based on the analyze of the infrared object detection mechanism, a new physical quantifier --detectability, which is
used to describe how difficult it is to detect an object, has been defined. The change of flying velocity influence the
radiation characteristic; the change of flying altitude also influence the radiation characteristic of the object ,the radiation
characteristic of atmosphere background, the most effect view of detector for the object, atmospheric transmittance of the
path and so on. Based on the large number of calculation, the article analyses the rule of the influence and change, the
influence that the flying altitude and velocity to infrared band detectability. The analyzing result show that when the
flying velocity of target enhances 0.5 Mach, the work range will enhance 5 kilometers for the same infrared detector. The
detectability of an object will increase as the flying altitude increasing until reach the 8 kilometers; at the altitude of 8 to
10 kilometers the detectability reaches the max, when the altitude overrun 10km the detectability of an object will reduce
as the altitude increase.

Magnet chip is a kind of industrial work piece widely used in electronic equipment. Manual examination is still the main
method for its surface quality test and cannot meet the demand of high efficiency and accuracy. A universal online image
acquisition method was proposed based on asynchronous reset of CCD. The fast trigger, precision placement, movement
blur and image definition were resolved. (1)A focused optical fiber was used in optoelectronic sensor to generate trigger
signal timely when work piece moved through the little optical spot. (2)Precision hardware time-delay and asynchronous
reset pulse generation circuits were designed. The image was acquired only when work piece moved into the designed
position. (3) The image acquisition was fulfilled by hardware interrupt mode. The maximal processing time could be
designed to ensure the normal acquiring flow. (4) Quantitative relation between position accuracy and speed, time-delay
error, CCD resolution and imaging region was deuced. Relation between moving blur and speed, exposure time was also
decided. (5)The entire time sequence of asynchronous reset was designed. (6) Testing system was designed. The position
accuracy achieved 0.1mm when moving speed reached 100mm/s. Moving blur was limited in less one pixel size.
Experiments showed the system can meet the demand of real and online measurement of magnet chip surface quality.

A novel approach and system based on parabolic mirror is proposed for measuring a surface's bidirectional reflectance
distribution function (BRDF) rapidly and accurately. In virtue of a truncated paraboloid with reflecting film on the
interior surface, the angular distribution of surface optical reflectance in tri-dimensional space is transformed into a twodimensional
planar image, which is collected by a CCD camera and goes though a followed angular mapping and data
processing correspondingly, a fast measurement of in plane and out of plane reflectance distribution is realized within a
few minutes. Furthermore, the laser beam is reflected by parabolic mirror to irradiate the sample surface in various
incidence angles. Primary measurements and analysis of surface reflectance of varied substance along with various
machining process are carried out with this system. Results indicates that this novel measurement system, compare with
conventional ones, can avoid the measuring errors generated by the fluctuation of laser's power and the sensitivity of the
detector, as well as dramatically shorten the acquisition time. In addition, a compact and portable configuration eases the
measurement procedure consumedly.

The error of retrieving the aerosol backscattering ratio with partial Raman spectrum is calculated in present paper. A
new method is presented for reducing the error. One low-level and one high-level spectrum line are chose to make up a
new pseudo-line independent on the temperature. Finally, aerosol backscattering coefficient ratio profiles of the
atmosphere were obtained from the signals of a rotational Raman Lidar in our lab. The results show that Tropospheric
aerosol backscattering coefficient ratio can be retrieved by using the new rotational Raman pseudo-line without
considering the relation between aerosol extinction and backscattering.

Interferometry is one of the effective approaches for characterizing dispersive optical components. The foundation is
partial coherence theory. A derivation of partial coherence theory relating to the characterization of dispersive medium is
presented here by combining with the measurement of CFBG (Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating), a dispersive fiber optic
component with wide application in the compensation of the dispersion in optical telecommunication system. In the
derivation the dispersion property, generally neglected in conventional partial coherence theory, is taken into account. It
will make sense for instructing the measurement, research and investigation employing interferometric system in which
dispersive medium is involved.