Cardiac Autoantibodies from Patients
Affected by a New Variant of Endemic
Pemphigus Foliaceus in Colombia, South
America
Ana Maria Abreu-Velez, Michael
S. Howard, Zhe Jiao, Weiqing Gao, Hong
Yi, Hans E. Grossniklaus, Mauricio
Duque-Ramírez & Samuel C. Dudley
Journal of Clinical
Immunology
ISSN 0271-9142
J Clin Immunol
DOI 10.1007/s10875-011-9574y
1 23
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Author's personal copy
J Clin Immunol
DOI 10.1007/s10875-011-9574-y
Cardiac Autoantibodies from Patients Affected by a New
Variant of Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus in Colombia,
South America
Ana Maria Abreu-Velez & Michael S. Howard & Zhe Jiao & Weiqing Gao & Hong Yi &
Hans E. Grossniklaus & Mauricio Duque-Ramírez & Samuel C. Dudley Jr.
Received: 3 May 2011 / Accepted: 12 July 2011
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
Abstract Several patients affected by a new variant of
endemic pemphigus foliaceus in El Bagre, Colombia (El
Bagre-EPF) have experienced a sudden death syndrome,
including persons below the age of 50. El Bagre-EPF
patients share several autoantigens with paraneoplastic
pemphigus patients, such as reactivity to plakins. Further,
paraneoplastic pemphigus patients have autoantibodies to
the heart. Therefore, we tested 15 El Bagre-EPF patients and
15 controls from the endemic area for autoreactivity to heart
A. M. Abreu-Velez (*) : M. S. Howard
Georgia Dermatopathology Associates,
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
Z. Jiao
Department of Cardiology, Emory University Medical Center,
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
W. Gao : H. E. Grossniklaus
Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University Medical Center,
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
H. Yi
Robert P. Apkarian Integrated Electron Microscopy Core,
Emory University Medical Center,
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
M. Duque-Ramírez
Chief Cardiac Electrophysiology Las Americas Clinic,
Chief Cardiology General Hospital of Medellin,
and Chief Section of Cardiology, CES,
Medellin, Colombia
S. C. Dudley Jr.
Chief Section of Cardiology,
University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) Medical Center,
Chicago, USA
tissue using direct and indirect immunofluorescence, confocal
microscopy, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and
immunoelectron microscopy utilizing heart extracts as antigens. We found that 7 of 15 El Bagre patients exhibited a
polyclonal immune response to several cell junctions of the
heart, often colocalizing with known markers. These
colocalizing markers included those for the area composita of the heart, such as anti-desmoplakins I and II;
markers for gap junctions, such as connexin 43; markers
for tight junctions, such as ezrin and junctional adhesion
molecule A; and adherens junctions, such pan-cadherin.
We also detected colocalization of the patient antibodies
within blood vessels, Purkinje fibers, and cardiac
sarcomeres. We conclude that El Bagre-EPF patients
display autoreactivity to multiple cardiac epitopes, that
this disease may resemble what is found in patients with
rheumatic carditis, and further, that the cardiac pathophysiology of this disorder warrants further evaluation.
Keywords Heart . area composita . plakins . cell junctions .
endemic pemphigus foliaceus . autoimmunity
Abbreviations
BMZ
EPF
El Bagre-EPF
ICS
IB
DIF
IIF
TTS
IEM
Basement membrane zone
Endemic pemphigus foliaceus
El Bagre endemic pemphigus foliaceus
Intercellular staining between
keratinocytes
Immunoblotting
Direct immunofluorescence
Indirect immunofluorescence
Transverse tubule system
Immunoelectron microscopy
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H&E
ARVC
Hematoxylin and eosin
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular
cardiomyopathy
Introduction
We have described a new variant of endemic pemphigus
foliaceus in Colombia (El Bagre-EPF) with strong
autoreactivity to numerous plakin molecules, including
desmoplakins I and II (DP I–II), envoplakin, and
periplakin [1–3]. Autoreactivity was also detected to
desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) and desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), as well
as to collagen type XVII [1–3]. We observed that selected
El Bagre-EPF patients experienced a sudden death
syndrome, occurring in about 14% of the patients younger
than 50 years [1–3]. The sudden death events occurred
with no prodromic symptoms, except for rapid syncope
and generalized weakness for approximately 10 min.
Based on data that El Bagre-EPF patients share several
autoantigens with patients affected with (1) paraneoplastic
pemphigus (PNP) [4–6] and (2) paraneoplastic multiorgan
syndrome [4–6] (including multiple plakin molecules
present in cardiac tissue that are known to be antigens
detected by El Bagre-EPF sera) [1–6], we tested for
autoreactivity of El Bagre-EPF serum to the heart. We
utilized cardiac tissue from multiple animal species,
including rat, mouse, chipmunk, lamb, human, cow, pig,
and chicken as antigen sources. We tested 15 El Bagre-EPF
patient sera and 15 control sera from the endemic area,
using direct and indirect immunofluorescence (DIF and
IIF), immunohistochemistry (IHC), confocal microscopy
(CFM), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histology, immunoblotting (IB), and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM).
Methods
Subjects of Study We studied 15 patients who fulfilled the
diagnosis of El Bagre-EPF. A clinical stage with histopathologic correlation was obtained, as described elsewhere [1–
3, 7]. The 15 cases fulfilled the following criteria: (a)
patients displayed clinical features described for El BagreEPF [1–3, 7]; (b) patients lived in the endemic area; (c)
patients’ serum displayed ICS between keratinocytes and to
the BMZ of the skin by either DIF or IIF, specifically using
fluorescein isothiocyante (FITC)-conjugated monoclonal
antibodies to human IgG4, or to total IgG in skin as
described elsewhere [1–3]; (d) patient serum was positive
by IB for reactivity against Dsg1, as well as for plakin
molecules as previously described [1–3]; (e) patient serum
immunoprecipitated a concanavalin A affinity-purified
bovine tryptic 45 kDa fragment of the Dsg1 protein [8];
and (f) patient serum yielded a positive result using an
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) when
screening for autoantibodies to pemphigus foliaceus (PF)
antigens [9]. For all the above determinations, serum from a
well-characterized EPF patient from Brazil and three
patients with sporadic PF were used as positive controls.
We also tested 15 controls from the endemic area matched
by age, sex, and work activities. A human assurance review
board approved the studies.
Skin Samples for Diagnosing El Bagre-EPF Disease Following local anesthesia, skin biopsies were taken from
affected areas. Written consents were obtained from all
patients, and Institutional Review Board permission from
the Hospital Nuestra Señora de El Carmen, in El Bagre,
Colombia was obtained.
Heart Tissue from Three Patients with El Bagre-EPF We
obtained tissue from three patient necropsies and embedded
part in optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound and
part in 10% formalin, following appropriate consent.
DIF and IIF To identify the presence of autoantibodies in
skin biopsies and heart tissues, we prefixed the samples with
3.5% paraformaldehyde, cut tissue at 4 μm thicknesses,
washed, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100, and blocked
with 3% goat serum. Next, we incubated the tissues with the
serum and/or the commercial antibodies used as markers. The
tests were performed as previously described. For cell
junction colocalizations, we used Connexin 43 for gap
junctions (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), DP I–
II for the area composita (Serotec, Bavaria, Germany and
Progen Biotechnik, Heidelberg, Germany), as well as
Dsg1 and Dsg3 (Invitrogen). Pan-cadherin was utilized
for desmosomes (Abcam, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA).
For tight junctions, we used junctional adhesion molecule
A (JAM-A) and ezrin (Invitrogen). For blood vessels, we
utilized ICAM-1/CD54 (Lab Vision Corporation, Fremont,
CA, USA). For sarcomeric colocalization, we used anti-αsarcomeric actin (Sigma Aldrich). Lastly, to study neural
structures, we used the antibody to anti-glial fibrillary
acidic protein (GFAP) conjugated with Cy3 (Sigma
Aldrich). All sections were examined with a Nikon Eclipse
50i microscope (Japan). Some slides were counterstained
with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). Autofluorescence of lipofuschin A in the
heart was taken into consideration in the analysis of the
DIF, IIF, and CFM data.
Semiquantitative Image Analysis and Confocal Microscopy
Imaging To further study the possible reactivity and
colocalization of patient autoantibodies with cardiac nerves,
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blood vessels, desmosomes, adherens and tight junctions,
area composita, and sarcomeric fibers, we utilized confocal
microscopy. Each photoframe included an area of approximately 440×330 μm. Fluorescent areas of each cell
junction type were measured. A binary overlay was created
automatically by a set threshold of 50 on a 255-point gray
scale. We utilized a Nikon microscope with an EZC1
thumbnailer. All digital images were transferred to a tagged
image file.
IHC To colocalize patient autoantibodies, we also utilized
IHC with a dual endogenous peroxidase blockage and an
Envision dual link, according to Dako specifications. We
tested for anti-human IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE, complement/
C1q, complement/C3c, complement/C3d, albumin, fibrinogen, kappa, lambda, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD20, CD31, CD34,
CD45, CD57, CD68, mast cell tryptase (MCT), alpha-1 antitrypsin, HLA DP/DQ/DR, von Willenbrand factor, D2-40,
matrix metalloproteinase 9, serotonin, class II MHC,
myeloid/histiocyte antigen, HAM 56, calcitonin, p53, cyclin
D1, myeloperoxidase, Ki-67 antigen, chromogranin A,
vimentin, desmin, S-100 proteins, GFAP, neuron-specific
enolase, myelin basic protein, anti-neurofilament, and
protein gene product 9.5 (PPG 9.5) (all from Dako). Tests
were performed as previously described [7, 10].
IEM This was performed as previously described [10].
Mouse and Rat Heart Preparations for DIF, IIF, and
CFM Hearts were excised under ether anesthesia and fixed
by perfusion of 2% paraformaldehyde with 0.01 mol/L PBS
(via the coronary arteries) for 5 min. Hearts were then
transversely sectioned and gradually infiltrated with TissueTek OCT compound (Sakura Finetek, Japan). The specimens were then frozen and stored at −70°C until use.
IB For IB, we utilized beef, mouse, and rat hearts. As
controls, we used antibodies against DP I, DP II, Dsg1, and
Dsg3, as previously described [1–6]. IB was performed
utilizing an ECL set (SuperSignal West Pico chemioluminiscent substrate Western blotting kit) (Pierce) on 4% and
7% precasted gels (Invitrogen) [1–6]. Samples were
separated by both 4% and 7% SDS-PAGE according to
the Laemmli method [1–6]. Gels were transferred onto a
nitrocellulose membrane.
Results
Our results showed a heterogeneous pattern of polyclonal
autoreactivity that we subdivided based on the patterns and
structures identified as positive. Human heart from the El
Bagre-EPF necropsies showed the strongest reactivity by
DIF and IIF; however, beef, mouse, rat, pork, veal, and
chipmunk hearts were also positive, confirming that the
cardiac immunoreactivity was directed against conserved
molecules in multiple species. Chicken tissue was the least
reactive. The most common observed pattern of reactivity
was directed against the transverse tubule system (TTS). In
addition, we found reactivity to gap, adherens, desmosomal, and tight junctions based on colocalization with the IIF,
DIF, and CFM studies. We also found positivity to the area
composita, blood vessels, and nerves, including the
Purkinje system. We further detected a sarcomeric type of
autoreactivity in one third of the El Bagre-EPF patients.
The autoantibodies were polyclonal, as determined by
CFM, DIF, IIF, and IHC (see Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5).
The human heart necropsy tissue from El Bagre-EPF
patients revealed infiltration of some antigen-presenting
cells, as determined by both H&E and IHC staining for S100, myeloid/histoid, and HAM 56 markers (Figs. 1, 2, and
3). The IHC studies failed to confirm any B or T
lymphocytic infiltration within the heart. Some paucicellularity of neural elements was also noted. Figure 1g shows
fibrolipomatous replacement of about 15% of the right
ventricular myocardium, which resembles some of the
pathologic changes present in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). The necropsy findings
thus provide initial evidence that El Bagre-EPF autoantibodies contributed to the fibrolipomatous replacement. In
addition, we confirmed El Bagre-EPF disease alterations by
IHC within the autopsy cardiac tissue, utilizing the
following markers: monoclonal mouse anti-human HLA
DPDQDR antigen, polyclonal rabbit anti-human alpha-1
anti-trypsin, monoclonal mouse anti-human CD117/c-Kit,
monoclonal mouse anti-human mast cell tryptase, polyclonal rabbit anti-human fibrinogen, polyclonal rabbit
complement/C1q polyclonal rabbit anti complement, polyclonal rabbit anti-human albumin, polyclonal rabbit antihuman IgE, polyclonal rabbit anti-human IgM, and IgG.
We observed a compartmentalization of vinculin, as well
as the strong presence of myeloperoxidase, MCT, and
alpha-1 anti-trypsin, indicating active damage to the cardiac
tissue. Masson’s trichrome, Verhoeff elastin, and H&E
staining displayed a loss of collagen, elastin, and interstitial
tissue. No necrosis or apoptosis was appreciated, although
some p53 staining was observed. Figure 1 shows the most
common patterns of autoreactivity detected in the sera of
the El Bagre-EPF patients, including TTS involvement. We
found that 7/15 of El Bagre patients displayed a polyclonal
response to TTS, with the strongest reactivity observed with
anti-human fibrinogen (7/7), followed by anti-human IgG
(6/7), anti-human complement/C3c (6/7), and anti-human
albumin (5/7). In few cases, we found reactivity using antihuman IgM. We also found reactivity in 1/15 controls from
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the endemic area. The TTS reactivity was symmetrically
distributed and was observed against all species investigated. Of interest, in the only control from the USA (a
smoker with a history of two myocardial infarctions and
a high serum cholesterol level), we detected strong
deposits of autoantibodies to the TTS, specifically with
FITC-conjugated anti-human fibrinogen and anti-human
IgM antibodies.
The second most common pattern of reactivity was
reactivity to blood vessels and the area composita of the
heart, demonstrated by colocalization with ICAM-1/CD54
and DP I and II, respectively. In Fig. 1a, we used FITCconjugated anti-human fibrinogen antibody to highlight
intercellular reactivity (white dots, red arrow). The round
structures (blue arrow) seem to be a series of TTS “virtual
spaces”. Figure 1b shows positivity against the TTS in
proximity to the area composita using FITC-conjugated
anti-human IgG antibody. Figure 1c shows two types of
reactivity using FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG antibodies: one is observed against round structures and the
second directed against smaller cell junctions. Figure 1e
shows a CFM image, demonstrating the reactivity to the
TTS utilizing FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG antibody.
Figure 1j shows an IEM picture of positive staining against
heart mitochondria in a patient with El Bagre-EPF (blue
arrows). The other reactivity (small black dots) is against
the cell junctions. Figure 1k shows a diagram (with
reproduction permission from reference [11]) displaying a
model of the TTS. In Fig. 1g–i, some direct pathologic
alterations found in the heart necropsies from El Bagre-EPF
using H&E, Masson’s trichrome, and Verhoeff elastin are
shown.
Figure 2 shows reactivity to the area composita of the
heart, a common pattern observed in El Bagre-EPF patients.
The reactivity was seen utilizing anti-human fibrinogen (7/7)
followed by anti-human IgG (5/7), anti-human complement/
C3c (5/7), and anti-human albumin (5/7). In these cases, all
the sera precisely colocalized with the antibody to DP I–II
from Progen. Some reactivity overlapped between the area
composita, the TTS, and other cell junctions. Figure 2a shows
a CFM image demonstrating this overlap. The white arrows
show the autoreactivity (green dots), utilizing FITCconjugated anti-human IgG. In Fig. 2b, the confocal
colocalization data of Fig. 2a indicate that the two antibodies
to DP I–II from Progen (red staining) colocalize precisely
with the patient antibodies (green staining). Panels d and g of
Fig. 2 show tissue fracture electron microscopy images,
displaying a series of cell junctions that are currently
considered the area composita (white arrows) (reproduced
with permission from the Journal of Cell Science, volume
10, pages 211 and 227, 1979; original Figures 9 and 10,
from reference [12]). In Fig. 2h, an IEM ultraphotograph of
the heart shows an El Bagre-EPF patient serum labeled with
Fig. 1 a Anti-human fibrinogen antibody conjugated with FITC
highlight the intercellular reactivity to the area composita of the heart
(blue light arrow). b Positivity against rounded structures in proximity to
the TTS using FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG antibody (green
reactivity) (red arrow). c Two types of reactivity using FITCconjugated anti-human IgG antibodies: one is observed against the
larger round structures (reactivity in green; red arrow) and another
directed against smaller structures (yellow arrow). d The same antibody
as in c, showing reactivity to the TTS (green staining) (red arrow) and to
the smaller structures (white arrow). e a CFM image demonstrating the
reactivity to the TTS (green staining; red arrows) using FITC-conjugated
anti-human IgG antibody. f Similar to e but at lower magnification. The
red arrow shows the reactivity to the TTS, and the white arrow shows
the reactivity to the smaller, round structures (faint yellow staining). In
addition, in g (Masson’s trichrome), h (H&E), and i (Verhoeff elastin),
we show some representative pictures of the loss of collagen and elastin
fibers and some replacement with lipomatous tissue, respectively (blue
arrows). j IEM highlighting positive staining against the heart
mitochondria in a patient with El Bagre-EPF (blue arrows). The other
reactivity (small black dots) is against cell junctions. k A model of
myocardial fibers, the components of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and
their relationship with the TTS
10 nm gold-conjugated protein A present in several parts of
the heart, i.e., the area composita, the desmosomes, the
adherens junctions, and an area that resembles either gap or
tight junctions. Figure 2i demonstrates positive El BagreEPF patient IHC stained with complement/C1q, indicating
an immune response within the heart.
In Fig. 2, we detected reactivity to sarcomeric fibers,
colocalizing the myosin antibody with anti-human IgG
(5/7), anti-human complement/C3c (4/7), and anti-human
IgM (2/7). In addition, we tested by IHC some pathological markers that could indicate direct damage and/or
inflammation to the hearts from necropsies of El BagreEPF patients. Indeed, we detected positivity to MCT,
alpha-1 anti-trypsin, myeloid/histoid cells, CD68, HAM
56, and to anti-human IgG, IgM, IgE, kappa, lambda,
fibrinogen, and myeloperoxidase. Thus, our data support
the concept of active antigen-presenting cells and a
polyclonal immune response directed against heart tissue.
In addition, we were able to see reactivity to several heart
nerve fibers (including Purkinje fibers), whose nature
was confirmed by exact colocalization with antibodies to
desmoplakins 1 and 2.
Figure 4 shows reactivity to gap and tight junctions,
utilizing anti-human fibrinogen (5/7), anti-human IgG (6/
7), anti-human complement/C3c (4/7), and anti-human
albumin (1/7) antibodies. In Fig. 4a, a CFM image shows
positive staining to the Purkinje fibers with one El BagreEPF serum. In Fig. 4e, we show positive reactivity to the
lateral area of the myocytes where the mitochondria are
located. In addition, we were able to demonstrate by IHC
from El Bagre-EPF patient necropsy tissue positive
staining to anti-human HLA DPDQDR and to antihuman HAM 56. In Fig. 4g, we show a representative
immunoblot of heart tissue extract. In the heart IB, the
blue arrows at the right show (in descending order)
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reactivity against 300, 250, 210, 190, 133, 120, and
97 kDa molecules in the sera from 7/15 El Bagre-EPF
patients. The large blue arrow highlights a triplet of
positive antigens, aggregated in the 210-kDa region. One
control from the endemic area also showed positive
staining to an antibody of 250 kDa. The positive bands
observed in the El Bagre-EPF sera comigrated with the
antibodies to the DP I–II controls at 250 and 210 kDa,
respectively. Further, the 210- and 190-kDa bands
comigrated with PNP sera bands corresponding to
periplakin and envoplakin, respectively. Interestingly, we
also noted that selected Progen commercial antibodies
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Fig. 2 a Confocal image showing positivity against the area composita
of the heart. The white arrows show green dots representing FITCconjugated anti-human IgG antibody autoreactivity. The blue arrows
show autoreactivity (yellow staining) to the TTS. The nuclei are
counterstained in purple with DAPI. b CFM colocalization of the a
peaks of fluorescence, indicating that the antibodies to DP I–II (red
staining) colocalize with the patient antibodies (green staining; blue
arrow). The faint blue peaks represent the DAPI nuclear counterstaining. c IHC showing positive staining of one El Bagre-EPF patient
necropsy heart with anti-human IgE antibody (blue arrows; dark
staining). e DIF showing colocalization of antibodies to Connexin 43
in red (white arrow) with an El Bagre-EPF patient serum (green
staining; light yellow arrow). d, g Pictures from tissue fracture electron
microscopy of the area composita (white arrows). f IHC showing
positive staining within the heart using anti-human fibrinogen antibody
(blue arrows). h An IEM photograph of the heart showing El BagreEPF serum labeled with 10 nm gold-conjugated protein A antibodies,
reacting with multiple heart structures including the area composita
(maroon arrow; black dots), an interface area of the desmosomes and
adherens junctions (red arrows), and an area that resembles either gap
and/or tight junctions (green arrow) (100KX). i An IHC stain of El
Bagre-EPF patient heart, staining positive with complement/C1q
precisely matched the molecular weights of several of
our El Bagre-EPF serum bands following immunoblotting. Specifically, precise matches were noted between
our El Bagre-EPF serum bands and Progen antibody
bands for velo-cardio-facial syndrome (ARVCF), desmoplakins I and II, and plakophilin 4 (p0071). A correlation
p value of less than 0.05 was found vis-a-vis the matches
of all of these bands. In addition, a 10% SDS-PAGE
electrophoresis displayed bands of 90, 55, 45, and 34 kDa,
specifically detected in El Bagre-EPF patients (data not
shown). In Fig. 4h, a CFM image also displays positive
staining to ICAM-1/CD54, colocalizing with the El BagreEPF autoantibodies.
Minor reactivity to the tight junctions of the heart
(colocalizing with both ezrin and JAM-A) was also
observed; reactivity was noted utilizing anti-human
fibrinogen (4/7), anti-human IgG (3/7), and anti-human
complement/C3c (4/7).
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Figure 5 summarizes the multiple patterns of reactivity
detected using El Bagre-EPF sera against heart tissue. We
faced difficulty in elucidating these patterns because pattern
overlap was observed. One example was desmosomal and/
or gap junction signals overlapping with parts of the area
composita. Figure 5a shows a sarcomeric pattern of
reactivity and an autoreactivity to the area composita
colocalizing with DP I–II. Figure 5b shows a cardiomyocyte from a necropsy of one El Bagre-EPF patient,
combining Nomarski differential interference contrast
confocal microscopy (NDIC) data, collected simultaneously with a classic CFM image. Most of the time, the
El Bagre-EPF patient sera reactivity seemed to overlap
with multiple cell junctions, especially with the area
composita. In contrast, the antibodies to the sarcomere
detected in the El Bagre-EPF serum seemed only to
colocalize with myosin antibodies. Indeed, we were able
to differentiate by immunoelectron microscopy the reactivity to the cell junctions versus reactivity to the muscle
fibers (see Fig. 5f).
Discussion
The purpose of our study was to demonstrate the presence
of autoantibodies to heart tissue in patients affected by El
Bagre-EPF and their possible implications in the occurrence
of sudden death in these patients. We detected multiple
patterns of polyclonal reactivity to several parts of the heart;
the most commonly observed pattern was directed against
the TTS.
Other autoreactivity was found against the blood vessels
and area composita of the heart. Of interest was the fact that
the El Bagre-EPF reactivity was very similar to that
obtained utilizing antibodies to DP I and DP II, ARVCF,
desmoplakins I and II, and plakophilin 4 (p0071) from
Progen. Other patterns of autoreactivity were found to gap
junctions, adherens junctions, tight junctions, and overlapping areas of these structures. We further demonstrated
colocalization of the patient antibodies with blood vessels,
cardiac sarcomeres, and Purkinje fibers. We were able to
demonstrate relevant pathological and immunological damage
in cardiac tissue from necropsies of three El Bagre-EPF
patients, indirectly indicative that heart tissue is being altered
by the immune response to this organ. As previously
demonstrated in patients with paraneoplastic pemphigus, we
found strong reactivity to cardiac tissue, possibly due to the
high content of plakins within this organ [1–6]. Skin and heart
tissues are subject to shear mechanical stress, thus
necessitating both stress resistance and mechanical
flexibility [5]. Many intercellular connecting structures
in the skin and heart such as the gap and adherens
junctions, desmosomes, and recently described area
composita resist these forces and display remarkable
ultrastructural conservation in multiple species vis-a-vis
the skin and heart [13]. The area composita represents a
special, muscle-specific type of adherens junction, connecting cardiac myocytes; it assists in force transmission
during contraction of the mammalian cardiac intercalated
disks [14, 15].
Mutations in desmosomal proteins may lead to inherited
cardiocutaneous syndromes such as Naxos disease/
MIM601214, and Carvajal syndrome/MIM605676 (caused
by complete deficiencies and/or mutations in plakoglobin, desmoplakin, or desmogleins) [16–19]. Thus, the
skin and palmoplantar syndromes associated with cardiac
alterations could be etiologically related [16, 19]. Notably, patients affected by Brazilian endemic pemphigus
foliaceus, as well as by El Bagre-EPF, often present
clinically with some degree of palmoplantar keratoderma
and often exhibit genetic consanguinity and clustering
[10, 20, 21].
In addition, other studies have indicated that cell
junctions and their constituent molecules play a role in
inherited cardiomyopathies such as ARVC [22, 23]. One
study suggested that ARVC represents a disease of the
intercalated disks and desmosomes of the heart [22, 23]. In
our future research, we aim to compare pathologic and
immunologic profiles in patients affected by El Bagre-EPF,
ARVC, and other cardiocutaneous syndromes.
We suggest that the sudden death syndrome seen in some
of the El Bagre-EPF patients may be due to the presence of
autoantibodies against the cardiac Purkinje system and
desmosomes and, further, possibly manifested due to their
indirect role in maintaining physiologic conductivity via
modulation of gap junctions [24].
It has been shown that bullous pemphigoid antigen 1
(BPAG1) (also one of the El Bagre-EPF antigens) is a
member of the plakin family, with cytoskeletal linkage
properties [25–27]. Mutations in BPAG1 may cause sensory
neuron degeneration and skin fragility in mice [25–27].
Alternative splicing within the BPAG1 locus produces
multiple protein isoforms from specific cytoskeletal linkage
domains, altering the predominant isoforms in neurons and
muscles [25–27]. Based on this information and our
findings, we suggest that autoantibodies in El Bagre-EPF
patients may affect the conductance system in the heart. We
recently described autoantibodies to the nerves and mechanoreceptors in patients affected by this disorder (Abreu
Velez et al., manuscript submitted). The presence of
autoantibodies to Purkinje cells in this study may also help
explain the sudden death syndrome, as shown in patients
with damage to these fibers experiencing atrioventricular
heart block, and or arrhythmias [28, 29]. It is known that
Ca++ enters the myocyte via Na+–Ca++ transport exchange,
with the interior of the myocyte becoming positively
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charged and resulting in Ca++ influx and Na+ efflux.
Studies have suggested that this transporter is located in
the TTS and in the sarcolemma. Several El Bagre-EPF
antigens are calcium dependent, including desmogleins 1
and 3 [8]. The TTS allow rapid propagation of excitation
into the cell interior and is complex and reticular in nature
[30–33]. Of interest, this system has received minimal
attention recently, with many studies of the system found
in older literature. Nevertheless, one recent study has
shown that the voltage-gated K+ channel Kv4.2 localizes
predominantly to the TTS of rat myocytes and may
interface with other channels [34]. Of note, the conduction
system of the heart is also calcium dependent [13]. In our
study, we were able to demonstrate colocalization of
patient El Bagre-EPF autoantibodies with several cell
junctions of the heart, as well as against blood vessels,
nerves, and the TTS. As a clinical correlation, we were
able to study one electrocardiogram (EKG) from one El
Bagre-EPF patient who displayed positive autoantibodies
to the heart; the EKG evaluation was within normal limits.
Further EKG and electrophysiological studies are warranted, given our results.
Also of note, cases of pemphigus vulgaris have been
reported with extensive thrombosis of deep veins,
pulmonary veins, and cardiac chambers, complicated by
myocardial infarction [35, 36]. Preceding the therapeutic
steroid era, the Brazilian literature reported alterations in
the hearts at autopsy from patients affected by fogo
selvagem [20]. In our current study, we document
significant disease autoantigenicity in autopsy tissue from
three El Bagre-EPF patients. We cannot rule out the
possibility that the sudden deaths of these patients may
have resulted from vascular thrombosis. Other explanations of the sudden deaths might include neural conductance problems such as atrioventricular heart block and/or
arrhythmias or abnormalities present within their cardiac
cell junctions [28, 29].
In regard to our positive antibodies to heart mitochondria, a review of 23 cases of pemphigus vulgaris noted
some alterations in the mitochondria, the site of
NADH2–cytochrome c reductase activity [37]. In addition, apoptolysis in pemphigus vulgaris seems to be a
complex process initiated by at least three classes of
autoantibodies directed against desmosomal, mitochondrial, and other keratinocyte self-antigens [38].
Another theory to explain the presence of heart
autoantibodies in El Bagre-EPF arises from the example
of group A Streptococcus infection, where the host
immunologic response to bacterial antigens cross-reacts
with various target organs (including the heart), due to
molecular mimicry [12]. In fact, autoantibodies reactive
against the heart have been found in patients with
rheumatic carditis [12]. Currently, this mechanism cannot
Fig. 3 IHC and IIF of a heart from one El Bagre-EPF patient
necropsy. a Anti-human IgG-positive IHC staining to the area
composita of the heart (blue arrows; brown staining). b Positive
IHC staining using anti-human HAM 56 antibody (brown staining;
blue arrows). c Positive IHC staining against several areas of the heart
using anti-human complement/C1q (blue arrows). d Positive IHC
staining of the sarcomere using anti-human IgG (blue arrows). e IIF
showing similar sarcomeric staining using anti-human IgG (white
arrows). f Positive IHC staining of the heart using anti-human IgM
(blue arrows). g Anti-human kappa light chains stained strongly
positive (blue arrows). h Positive IHC staining for myeloperoxidase
(brown staining; blue arrows). i DIF showing positive staining along
intermyocyte junctions (white arrows). j Positive IHC staining for
mast cell tryptase (brown staining; blue arrows). k IIF showing the
area composita, highlighted in red using Texas red-conjugated anti-DP
I–II and positivity to a long linear structure (yellow staining; yellow
arrows), utilizing FITC-conjugated anti-human IgM antibody. The
linear structure was also faintly positive with DP I and DP II
antibodies, precisely colocalizing with El Bagre-EPF autoantibodies
against the Purkinje fibers. The nuclei are counterstained in light blue
with DAPI. l Same as k but at lower magnification
be ruled out in the pathophysiology of El Bagre-EPF; an
unknown environmental antigen could play a similar
antigenic role.
Previous studies have shown a significant role for
autoantibodies in selected cardiac diseases [11, 39, 40].
Further, anti-cardiac autoantibodies have been identified
not only in the sera of patients with heart diseases, but
also in low titers in some healthy individuals [11, 39, 40].
Further, the complete role of these antibodies in the
development of autoimmune heart disease has not been
fully elucidated. Highlighting one example, anti-myosin
autoantibodies are present in multiple heart diseases,
including myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, Chagas’
disease, Kawasaki disease, rheumatic fever, and ischemic
myocardium. The pathogenic role(s) of anti-myosin autoantibodies in these diverse cardiac diseases is currently not
well defined. Similarly, the clinical implications of the
cardiac autoantibodies in El Bagre-EPF disease remain to
be determined. Antibody cross-reactivity could play a role
in the pathophysiology of these diseases; myosin autoantibodies have been previously documented as cross-reacting
with the β-adrenergic receptor [11, 39, 40].
Indeed, a large necropsy study with 56 patients
affected by pemphigus before the steroid era supports
our data. The authors described several lesions in the
hearts of these patients, including multiple cardiovascular
alterations seen at different anatomic levels of the heart.
The most common were pericarditis, lipid degeneration
of the vessels, parenchymatosis of the heart walls,
chronic endocarditis of the valves including verrucous
endocardioathasis, dark atrophy of the cordis (atrophia
brunea cordis), chronic myocarditis, and atherosclerosis
of some vessels [41]. Proposed future studies include
correlations of (1) El Bagre-EPF disease EKG data and (2)
presence of anti-cardiac antibodies with both the likeli-
Author's personal copy
J Clin Immunol
hood of sudden death in these patients and with pertinent
cardiac enzyme fluctuations.
In conclusion, we note that (1) both skin as well as
muscle (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac) have desmosomes
and complex cell junctions; (2) skin and muscle have
different isoforms of plakins and desmogleins; (3) several
syndromes display impairment of these molecules in both
skin and heart, and the genes affected in these disorders
encode proteins such us plakoglobin, plakophilin, desmogleins, desmocollin, and desmoplakin, which are also
pemphigus and paraneoplastic pemphigus antigens; (4)
patients affected by multiorgan paraneoplastic syndromes
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J Clin Immunol
Fig. 4 a CFM image showing positive staining to the Purkinje fibers
(yellow bead-like dot staining) from one El Bagre-EPF patient serum
(white arrows). b IHC from El Bagre-EPF patient necropsy heart
staining positive to anti-human HLA DPDQDR antibody (brown
staining; blue arrows). c Same as a at lower magnification. d CFM
colocalization of the fluorescent peaks of the a/c data, showing that
antibodies to Connexin 43 (red staining) colocalize precisely with the
patient antibodies (green staining; white arrow). The blue peaks
represent DAPI nuclear counterstaining. In e, we found positive
reactivity to the lateral area of the myocytes (where mitochondria are
located) using one El Bagre-EPF patient serum (white arrows). f IHC
from El Bagre-EPF patient necropsy heart, displaying positive staining
to anti-human HAM 56 (brown staining; blue arrows). g An IB of
heart tissue extract. The blue arrows at the right show (in descending
order) reactivity against 300, 250, 210, 190, 133, 120, and 97 kDa
molecules in the sera from El Bagre-EPF patients. The large blue
arrow highlights a triplet of positive antigens, aggregated in the 210kDa area. One control from the endemic area also showed positive
staining to an antibody of 250 kDa. h CFM image showing positive
staining in heart tissue to ICAM-1/CD54 (red staining; light blue
arrows). The yellow/green staining represents reactivity of the patient
autoantibodies using FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG antibodies
(white arrows). Nuclei are again counterstained with DAPI (dark blue
staining)
share similar autoantibodies with El Bagre-EPF patients
(such as those to plakins); (5) both the skin and heart are
subject to significant shear mechanical stress and thus
need to provide flexible mechanical resistance; and (6)
both skin and heart are rich in several specialized neural
structures that are essential to survival of the species. We
suggest that multiple cell junctions are targets of El
Bagre-EPF antibodies. Further studies will be needed to
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J Clin Immunol
Fig. 5 a DIF autoreactivity to the area composita (green reactivity using
FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG antibody from one El Bagre-EPF
patient) (yellow arrows), colocalizing precisely with DP I–II polyclonal
antibodies (red staining; red arrow). The white arrows demonstrate dot
staining to homogeneous large dense bodies (green staining). b Cardiac
myocytes from a necropsy of one El Bagre-EPF patient, evaluated using
NDIC. The blue arrow shows positivity to part of the TTS (yellow
staining). The red arrows show reactivity to sarcomeric fibers (yellow
staining), and the white arrow shows positivity to a gap junction
(orange staining). c CFM image displaying positive yellow dot staining
between the myocytes to their intercalated disks (red arrows) and to
several areas in the sarcolemma of the cardiac myocytes (yellow
staining; white arrows). d Positivity using FITC-conjugated anti-human
fibrinogen antibody to the area composita (green staining; yellow
arrows) and to the TST area (yellow staining; black arrow). Please note
the colocalization of ICAM/CD54 (red staining, white arrows). e A
negative control stain (the fuchsia arrows show the yellowish,
physiological staining of lipofuscin). Finally, in f, an IEM ultraphotograph of heart tissue showing El Bagre-EPF patient serum autoreactivity
(using 10 nm gold-conjugated protein A labeling) to several structures
of the heart, including the area composita (maroon arrows) (black dots),
the sarcoplasmic muscle (red arrow), junctions between the desmosomes and the adherens junctions (green arrow), and to an area that
resembles either gap and/or tight junctions (blue arrow) (100 kV)
address the specific pathogenic effects of these antibodies in
both in vitro and in vivo models and the reasons for their
diverse polyclonality. In addition, further testing is needed to
identify specific neural pathologic sequelae of this disorder,
including possible damage to Purkinje cells and other neural
elements of the cardiac conduction system.
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J Clin Immunol
Funding Sources This study was supported by Georgia Dermatopathology Associates, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (MSH). The El Bagre-EPF
samples were collected through previous grants from the University of
Antioquia, the Embassy of Japan in Colombia, the Mineros de Antioquia
SA, DSSA, the Hospital Nuestra Senora del Carmen, all in Medellin,
Colombia, South America (AMAV). H & E, IHC, DIF, IIF, and IEM
studies were funded by Georgia Dermatopathology Associates (MSH and
AMAV). Confocal studies were performed with funds from the
Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University Medical Center,
Atlanta, Georgia, USA (HG) (NIH NEI EY06360) and P01 HL058000
from (SCD).
Conflict of Interest
13.
14.
15.
None.
16.
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