Abstract: Photographs document the the scene of the 1916 Preparedness Day parade bombing and events which followed. Other photos relate
to the 1933 Mooney case including courtroom scenes, photos of Mooney, various legal figures, etc.

Languages Represented: Collection materials are in English

Physical Location: Many of the Bancroft Library collections are stored offsite and advance notice may be required for use. For current information
on the location of these materials, please consult the Library's online catalog.

Information for Researchers

Access

Collection is available for use.

Publication Rights

Materials in this collection may be protected by the U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). In addition, the reproduction
of some materials may be restricted by terms of University of California gift or purchase agreements, donor restrictions,
privacy and publicity rights, licensing and trademarks. Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by copyright beyond
that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be
commercially exploited without permission of the copyright owner. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user.

All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the
Head of Public Services, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley 94720-6000. See:
http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/reference/permissions.html .

Digital representations of selected original pictorial materials are available in the list of materials below. Digital image
files were prepared from selected Library originals by the Library Photographic Service. Library originals were copied onto
35mm color transparency film; the film was scanned and transferred to Kodak Photo CD (by Custom Process); and the Photo CD
files were color-corrected and saved in JFIF (JPEG) format for use as viewing files.

Related Collections

Title: Carl Hoffman Papers

Identifier/Call Number: BANC MSS C-B 377

Title: Thomas J. Mooney Papers

Identifier/Call Number: BANC MSS C-B 410

Title: Photographs from the Thomas J. Mooney Papers

Identifier/Call Number: BANC PIC 1945.003-PIC

Title: Tom Mooney's Pamphlets

Identifier/Call Number: xF869.S3.9.M87 T63

Indexing Terms

The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the library's online public access catalog

The Photographs Regarding the 1916 Preparedness Day Parade Bombing were transferred from the Carl Hoffman Papers (BANC MSS
C-B 377), which were purchased in 1947.

Scope and Content

The Photographs Regarding the 1916 Preparedness Day Parade Bombing collection contains 31 photographs taken between 1916 and
1933 which document the scene of the San Francisco bombing and many of the individuals and activities associated with the
bombing, trials, and subsequent investigations and attempts at retrial and pardon. Pictured in the collection are Tom Mooney;
Warren K. Billings; Frank C. Oxman, a star witness who submitted perjured testimony against Mooney; Justice John Preston;
District Attorney Matthew Brady; Mooney's attorney Bourke Cochran; investigating attorneys Frank P. Walsh and John F. Finerty;
Labor leader Ed Nockels; Frederick J. Koster, president of The San Francisco Chamber of Commerce and their anti-labor Law
and Order Committee; reporters H.R. Hill, Arthur Brisbane and James T. Williams; San Francisco Police Chief Gus White; San
Francisco Police Captain Charles Goff; and family members of both Mooney and Billings. Many of the photographs were taken
on the occasion of Mooney's return to San Francisco Jail from San Quentin Prison in 1933 to stand trial on an undismissed
indictment related to the 1916 bombing.

The collection also includes a clipping from a 1930 San Francisco Post Examiner issue picturing the pardon hearing for Warren
K. Billings.

The collection consists almost entirely of press photographs, many of them taken by International News Photos, Inc. The only
identified photographers are C.V. Estey and Howard Robbins.

Background Note

During a 1916 Preparedness Day parade in San Francisco, a bomb exploded which killed 10 people and injured 40 others. Following
the subsequent investigation, 5 persons--Tom Mooney, Warren Billings, Rena Mooney (Tom's wife), Israel Weinberg and Edward
D. Nolan--were indicted for murder. Tom Mooney, the first to stand trial, was convicted and sentenced to death. Billings was
then convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Rena Mooney and Israel Weinberg were acquitted, while Nolan was never brought
to trial. Though all incriminating evidence against the defendants was eventually found to have been falsified, the State
Supreme Court declared itself powerless to grant a retrial and referred the decision to California Governor William Dennison
Stephens. After mounting national and international protest against the convictions, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson appointed
a Mediation Commission to investigate the case. After the Commission discredited the verdicts, Stephens commuted Mooney's
death sentence to life imprisonment. Repeated appeals over the years for executive clemency or to reopen the matter before
the Supreme Court all failed until, in 1939, Governor Culbert L. Olson pardoned Mooney and reduced Billings sentence. Billings
was finally pardoned in 1961.

As the Preparedness movement and its many nationwide demonstrations--such as the San Francisco Preparedness Day Parade--sought
to bolster support for the United States' entry into World War I, responsibility for such a bombing was quickly attributed
to the more extreme factions of the labor movement, whose pacifist, anarchistic, or otherwise anti-patriotic sympathies made
them obvious suspects. Prior to their arrests for the bombing, Mooney and Billings were militant trade unionists. Their leadership
involvement in recent strikes and other labor agitation had earned the enmity of the local public utilities officials and
the politicians whose interests sided with these corporations. Mooney and Billings--along with the other defendants, who also
had ties with the labor movement--were thus immediately singled out as the culprits. The investigation of the bombing was
directed by District Attorney Charles M. Fickert--a staunch opponent of the labor movement and close ally of the powerful
United Railroads after his dismissal of graft indictments against its officials--and private detective Martin Swanson--who
had many times earlier, on behalf of many of the local public utilities corporations, failed to convict Mooney and Billings
for other militant labor activities which threatened these corporations. Overwhelming evidence, some of it surfacing immediately
after Mooney's trial and conviction, eventually proved that all incriminating evidence used to establish the original indictments
was fabricated and that all key testimony used against the defendants was perjured. In time, nearly all parties involved in
the original trials --including the presiding justice, the chief of police, a key prosecuting attorney and the trial jurors--demanded
the pardoning of Mooney and Billings. Among the many reasons the Preparedness Day bombing affair has come to be considered
one of the great travesties and embarrassments of American jurisprudence is that--despite consideration of all evidence--the
judicial, legislative and executive branches of California repeatedly failed to adequately redress the injustices suffered
by the defendants.

Scene of bomb explosion at the corner of Steuart and Market streets, during the Preparedness Parade, Saturday, July 22, 1916.
One marcher in the parade was killed and seven spectators were killed and forty injured. [Duplicate of No. 02828.]
BANC PIC 1905.02829--A

[Unidentified men, including police officers, inspect site of bomb explosion. Corner of Steuart and Market Streets, San Francisco.
During Preparedness Day Parade, July 22, 1916.]
BANC PIC 1905.02830--PIC

Tom Mooney & H.R. Hill, Post Enquirer reporter at S.F. [i.e. San Francisco] Jail, May 19, 1933, on occasion [of] Mooney's
return from San Quentin for trial before Louis Ward on old indictment in bomb murders other than the one on wh [i.e. which]
he was or
BANC PIC 1905.02845--PIC

Full caption: San Quentin, California. Thomas J. Mooney was convicted of murder in connection with the bomb explosion during
the Preparedness Parade in 1916, and is serving a life sentence in San Quentin. He has served about fifteen years and will
be tried on May 22nd on an old indictment which was never dismissed. The above photo taken today by the prison photographer
at San Quentin Prison shows (front row sitting) left to right: John F. Finerty, Tom Mooney and Frank P. Walsh. Standing: left
to right, Ed Nockels, labor leader and Leo Gallagher, conferring with Mooney. [1933. Photograph by International News Photos,
Inc.]

Full caption: Police keep Mooney crowd on move. San Francisco, California. Thomas J. Mooney was convicted of murder in connection
with the bomb explosion during the Preparedness Parade in 1916, and is serving a life sentence in San Quentin. He has served
about fifteen years and will soon be tried on an old indictment which was never dismissed. The above photo is scene taken
during proceedings for a new Mooney trial. police keep the crowds on the move to avoid demonstrations. [1933. Photograph by
International News Photos, Inc.]

Part of throng that gathered for Mooney trial. San Francisco, California. Thomas J. Mooney was convicted of murder in connection
...
BANC PIC 1905.02850--PIC

Full caption: Part of throng that gathered for Mooney trial. San Francisco, California. Thomas J. Mooney was convicted of
murder in connection with the bomb explosion during the Preparedness Parade in 1916, and is serving a life sentence in San
Quentin. He has served about fifteen years and will soon be tried on an old indictment which was never dismissed. Photo shows
portion of crowd of 3000 that gathered in Portsmouth Square here today as the way was being paved to bring the famous prisoner
to trial May 22nd on an old indictment. Mounted police keep the milling throngs moving and broke up demonstration. [1933.
Photograph by International News Photos, Inc.]

Full caption: Mooney family hears trial date set. San Francisco, California. Left to right above are shown: Mrs. Belle Hammerberg,
Mrs. Mooney's sister; Madeleine Wieland, Billing's [i.e. Warren K. Billings'] cousin; Mrs. Mary Mooney, mother; John Mooney,
brother and Anna Mooney, sister of Thomas J. Mooney. Photo was taken during proceedings in court here today for a new Mooney
trial on May 22nd. Thomas J. Mooney was convicted of murder in connection with the bomb explosion during the Preparedness
Parade in 1916, and is serving a life sentence in San Quentin. He has served about fifteen years and will be tried on an old
indictment which was never dismissed. [1933. Photograph by International News Photos, Inc.]

Full caption: District Attorney Brady and Frank P. Walsh. San Francisco, California. Thomas J. Mooney was convicted of murder
in connection with the bomb explosion during the Preparedness Parade in 1916, and is serving a life sentence in San Quentin.
He has served about fifteen years and will be tried on May 22nd on an old indictment which was never dismissed. Photo shows
District Attorney Matthew Brady (left) and Frank P. Walsh (right), Defense Attorney. [1933. Photograph by International News
Photos, Inc.]

Full caption: Left] Warren K. Billings on stand in high court hearing on pardon plea. Note the prisoner's almost civilian
garb in which he appeared at quiz. [Right] View of dramatic setting in which Billings told his remarkable story of his connection
with the labor movement and the events which led to his conviction on charge of being responsible for the preparedness day
bomb in San Francisco 14 years ago. Billings is seen perched on a high stool with his back against a steel studded door, surrounded
by the justices. [Warren K. Billings; Justice Langdon, Justice Curtiss, Justice Schenk, Justice Seawell, Chief-Justice Waste,
Court Reporter, Justice John Preston, Warren K. Billings. Clipping from San Francisco Post Examiner. 1930. Photographs by
Howard Robbins. Glued to No. 02856a. Group picture duplicate of No. 02856, O2856a.]