02885cam a22002897 4500001000700000003000500007005001700012008004100029100002000070245011700090260006600207490004200273500001600315520157300331530006101904538007201965538003602037690010002073690010102173690008202274700002502356700002002381710004202401830007702443856003802520856003702558w13000NBER20150303201040.0150303s2007 mau||||fs|||| 000 0 eng d1 aBurda, Michael.10aTotal Work, Gender and Social Normsh[electronic resource] /cMichael Burda, Daniel S. Hamermesh, Philippe Weil. aCambridge, Mass.bNational Bureau of Economic Researchc2007.1 aNBER working paper seriesvno. w13000 aMarch 2007.3 aUsing time-diary data from 25 countries, we demonstrate that there is a negative relationship between real GDP per capita and the female-male difference in total work time per day -- the sum of work for pay and work at home. In rich northern countries on four continents, including the United States, there is no difference -- men and women do the same amount of total work. This latter fact has been presented before by several sociologists for a few rich countries; but our survey results show that labor economists, macroeconomists, the general public and sociologists are unaware of it and instead believe that women perform more total work. The facts do not arise from gender differences in the price of time (as measured by market wages), as women's total work is further below men's where their relative wages are lower. Additional tests using U.S. and German data show that they do not arise from differences in marital bargaining, as gender equality is not associated with marital status; nor do they stem from family norms, since most of the variance in the gender total work difference is due to within-couple differences. We offer a theory of social norms to explain the facts. The social-norm explanation is better able to account for within-education group and within-region gender differences in total work being smaller than inter-group differences. It is consistent with evidence using the World Values Surveys that female total work is relatively greater than men's where both men and women believe that scarce jobs should be offered to men first. aHardcopy version available to institutional subscribers. aSystem requirements: Adobe [Acrobat] Reader required for PDF files. aMode of access: World Wide Web. 7aD13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation2Journal of Economic Literature class. 7aJ16 - Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination2Journal of Economic Literature class. 7aJ22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply2Journal of Economic Literature class.1 aHamermesh, Daniel S.1 aWeil, Philippe.2 aNational Bureau of Economic Research. 0aWorking Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research)vno. w13000.4 uhttp://www.nber.org/papers/w1300041uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13000