Golden Spiral

Hi,
First of all, wonderful site. Love it.
I've been studying the polar coordinates section hoping to expand my knowledge on the equiangular spiral. The interactive tools are great, though I'm having a hard time to derivate the exact mathematical solution to why the resulting function for the golden spiral is
r = ae^(b(theta))

Setting up the Golden Spiral using GeoGebra

Now if we graph our function on ordinary rectangular coordinate axes in GeoGebra, we get the following exponential curve. Note that r increases at an ever-increasing rate (it gets steeper) as t increases.

But to see a spiral, we need to graph the curve using polar coordinates.

To convert the polar form (which we've got) to rectangular form (which we need for the graph) in Geogebra, we need to set up and graph the following function:

a(t) = (r(t) cos(t), r(t) sin(t))

Let's substitute a few important values to see what this expression means. Starting at t = 0, we get the starting point of the curve:

a(0) = (r(0) cos(0), r(0) sin(0))

= (1×1, 0×0)

= (1, 0)

So it means we start 1 unit from the origin along the positive x-axis. You can see the starting point in the following graph of the spiral.

Next, we rotate a quarter turn and find at t = π/2,

a(π/2) = (r(π/2) cos(π/2), r(π/2) sin(π/2))

= (1.618×0, 1.618×1)

= (0, 1.618)

Note that we are now 1.618 units from the origin up the y-axis. That is, φ = 1.6180 times the distance we started from.

Another rotation of a quarter turn brings us to t = π, where:

a(π) = (r(π) cos(π), r(π) sin(π))

= (-2.618×1, -2.618×0)

= (-2.618, 0)

We are now 2.618 units away from the origin along the negative x-axis, or φ = 1.6180 times the distance from the origin we were at the last quarter turn.

Note:

φ2 = 2.6180

We could work out our next position, along the negative y-axis, by just multiplying this last value by φ = 1.6180, giving us:

φ3 = 4.23606...

So the spiral will cut the y-axis at (0, -4.236).

One more quarter turn will bring us to φ4 = 6.85410... units along the positive y-axis, that is (6.854, 0).

We can see these values are correct on our spiral graph above.

If we keep going, we'll get a spiral as follows (this is 2 complete revolutions, or 4π = 720°):

As an aside, since in this problem

cot b = 0.30635

then

b = arccot 0.30635 = 1.274 radians or around 73°

This is the angle our spiral arms make with a line from the center of the spiral. You can see on the graph above each spiral arm makes an angle of 73° with the x-axis (and y-axis, or any line from the center).

Approximating the Golden Spiral using arcs of a circle

We can obtain a spiral that looks quite similar to the Golden Spiral by using arcs of circles that increase in size by the Golden Ratio, as follows.

We start with a 1×1 square and draw an arc, center C, through 2 corners such that the sides of the square are tangent to the arc (that is, they touch once only).

Next, we place a square with side length φ = 1.6180 above our first square and construct another circular arc, center E, as before:

Our next square goes on the left and has sides φ2 = 2.6180 = 1 + φ.

We continue the pattern (we've gone another complete round) and get a spiral which looks quite a lot like our Golden Spiral from before.

How close is our approximation?

Wikipedia's article on Golden Spiral has an image which claims the above spiral and the Golden Spiral are very close in shape.

Here's that image:

The caption for the image states:

Approximate and true golden spirals: the green spiral is made from quarter-circles tangent to the interior of each square, while the red spiral is a golden spiral, a special type of logarithmic spiral. Overlapping portions appear yellow. The length of the side of a larger square to the next smaller square is in the golden ratio.

Can we re-create this ?

In the image below, the red curve is first part of the Golden Spiral we constructed above, whereas the green curve is based on the quarter-turn approximation we were just working on.

The point F is the "right most" point on the spiral, which will be my starting point for the quarter-turn arc. The point J is the highest point of this portion of the spiral.

Point A is the intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines passing through F and J respectively and this will be the center of my arc.

Now, the arc GF is not at all close to the related portion of the spiral FJ.

Let's do another step and see if the next part is any better.

As you can see, it's worse (as expected, since we have moved further away from the origin and the spiral arm is getting bigger).

Clearly, this is never going to work.

However, in my earlier Golden Spiral I was using:

r(t) = e0.30635t

The constant a, had value 1.

If we want our approximating arcs to be a good fit for the actual Golden Spiral, we need to use a value of (probably not surprisingly)

a = φ = 1.618103399..

This gives us the following curves, similar to the graph in Wikipedia.

The red curve is the Golden Spiral,

r(t) = 1.618013 e0.30635t

The green curve is the collection of circular arcs.

The side length of the squares are shown and we can see they are approximately in the ratio 1.618013...

Golden Spiral in the media

In the Season 4 episode "Masterpiece" (2008) of the CBS-TV crime drama "Criminal Minds," the agents of the FBI Behavioral Analysis Unit are confronted by a serial killer who uses the Fibonacci number sequence to determine the number of victims for each of his killing episodes. In this episode, character Dr. Reid also notices that locations of the killings lie on the graph of a golden spiral, and going to the center of the spiral allows Reid to determine the location of the killer's base of operations.