The efforts of US President Bill Clinton to use his last few months in office to bring about a diplomatic triumph in the Middle East have been dogged by failure.

In July he won points for patience and determination when he shut himself away in his Camp David retreat with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. The summit broke new ground, but ended in failure.

The Camp David talks ended in failure

Once the momentum had been lost, Israelis and Palestinians reverted to their usual habit of blaming one another for the impasse.

At the end of September it was considered a modest success when Mr Barak invited the Palestinian leader to his home for dinner.

Hitherto the two men had viewed one another with mistrust. Now it looked as if the ice was beginning to melt, and the two sides set themselves the goal of achieving a comprehensive agreement by the middle of October.

But only a few days later violent clashes between Israelis and Palestinians erupted in the West Bank and Gaza, quickly spreading to Arab areas of Israel itself.

Amid graphic images of stone-throwing, tyre-burning and, above all, the killing of 12-year-old Muhammad al-Durrah, it looked as if the peace process was drowning in blood.

Arab involvement

The violence, the worst in at least four years, carries with it obvious echoes of the Intifada - the Palestinian uprising of the late 1980s.Then and now, television images of well-armed Israeli soldiers firing at young Palestinian demonstrators damaged Israel in the eyes of world opinion.

Some of the violence does seem spontaneous rather than orchestrated

But one important difference this time is that many of the clashes have involved members of Yasser Arafat's security forces. Another difference is that the violence has spread to Israel's Arab minority.

In the past the so-called Israeli Arabs have been relatively quiescent. Now they have taken to the streets to show their solidarity with their brethren in Gaza and the West Bank.

Bad publicity: Heavily armed Israeli troops in Ramallah

This is deeply troubling to the Israelis, who now fear that the Arabs in their midst - about 20% of Israel's population - are becoming dangerously "Palestinianised".

World leaders such as President Jacques Chirac of France have been quick to accuse Israel of using excessive force. Stung by the charge, Israeli officials retort that Yasser Arafat has given a green light to the violence, even while pretending to calm the situation down.

But the evidence is far from clear-cut. Such is the anger and frustration among ordinary Palestinians, who have derived little or no benefit from the peace process, that some of the violence does seem spontaneous rather than orchestrated. It is unlikely that Mr Arafat is fully in control of the situation.

But at the same time he is a beneficiary of the bloodshed, regardless of whether he is or is not manipulating the situation.

Dilemmas

After the unsuccessful Camp David summit, international opinion was not particularly supportive of him, despite his tireless efforts to drum up support even in the most unlikely capitals. Now the tide has turned in his favour. Israel is once again seen as a brutal occupying power. The Arab world is temporarily united in castigating Israeli behaviour.

Shades of the Intifada in 2000

It is a victory of sorts. But it may not last. Mr Arafat faces at least two dilemmas from which he may find it hard to escape.

The first is that the violence plays into the hands of his principal domestic opponent, the militant Islamic group Hamas. Hamas has always maintained that armed struggle is the only way to deal with Israel, and that negotiation leads nowhere.

The Palestinian leader's other dilemma is that, in his heart of hearts, he knows that his dream of an independent Palestinian state, with East Jerusalem as its capital, can only be achieved at the negotiating table - not on the streets of Jerusalem or Jaffa or Ramallah.