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Page from the October 7, 1854, edition of the Illustrirte Zeitung with black-and-white offset print reproductions of the exteriors of synagogues in Frankfurt am Main and Leipzing. Above, the synagogue of the Israelitische Religionsgesellschaft in the Schützenstraße in Frankfurt am Main, built by J. W. Renk. Below, the Große Gemeindesynagoge (Great Community Synagogue), also known as the Temple and the Alte Synagoge (Old Synagogue), built by Otto Simonson.

Black-and-white offset print reproduction of actress Rachel Félix, known as Mademoiselle Rachel, in costume as the title character in Jean Racine's tragedy Phèdre. Published in the September 22, 1855, edition of Ballou's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion.

Black-and-white offset print reproduction with a portrait of actress Rachel Félix, known as Mademoiselle Rachel, as well as a compilation of scenes from her performances in Andromaque, Horace, and Adrienne Lecouvreur. The print accompanies an obituary published after her death on January 3, 1858. Published in the January 16, 1858, edition of L'Illustration, journal universel.

Black-and-white offset print reproduction of the exterior of the Hauptsynagoge (Main Synagogue) on Hans-Sachs-Platz in Nuremberg. From a drawing by J. Löser. Published in the July 10, 1875, edition of the Illustrirte Zeitung.

Black-and-white offset print reproduction of the exterior of the Alte Synagoge (Old Synagogue) in Heilbronn. From a photograph by L. Hartmann. Published in the September 29, 1877, edition of the Illustrirte Zeitung.

Caricature by Joseph Ferdinand Keppler published in the December 25, 1878, edition of Puck. The associated article reads : "It is to be regretted that Mr. Hilton is as unsuccessful as a dry-goods man and a hotel keeper as he notoriously was as a jurist. But the fact remains. He took it upon himself to insult a portion of our people, whose noses had more of the curvilinear from of beauty than his own pug, and he rode his high hobby-horse of purse-proud self-sufficiency until he woke up one day to find that the dry-goods business was waning—growing small by degrees and beautifully less. Then Mr. Hilton arouses himself. He turns his great mind from thoughts of the wandering bones of Stewart; he brings the power of his gigantic brain to bear upon the great question. ‘How shall I revive trade?’ He remembers that he had insulted the Jews. Aha! we’ll conciliate them. So out of the coffers that A. T. Stewart filled he gropes among the millions, and orders the trustees of a few Hebrew charities to bend the pregnant hinges of their knees at his door, and receive a few hundred dollars. But in this country the Jew is not ostracized. He stands equal before the law and before society with all his fellow-citizens, of whatever creed or nationality. And the Jew has stood up like a Man and refused to condone the gross and uncalled-for insults of this hap-hazard millionaire, merely because he flings the offer of a thousand dollars in their faces. All honor to the Jews for their manly stand in this instance. Trampled upon, scourged, banished as they have been for centuries under the ban of religious persecution, at last they find a land in which they have rights equal with all their fellow-countrymen. They have in this instance asserted their rights, and have dared to maintain their self-respect. It is the verdict of all thinking men that in everything he has done, from the Grand Union Hotel, and the Women’s Home, down to Stewart’s grave, Hilton has been a magnificent failure—and the Jews have won a grand success."

Caricature by Leon Barritt published in the March 1881 edition of the New England Pictorial. The associated article reads : "From an American point of view the opposition to the Jews, which has lately been revived in Germany, seems to be due partly to a survival of the unchristian spirit of medieval Christianity, but more immediately to the hatred which thrift always inspires in the unthrifty. The military ardor which has converted Germany into a great camp has drafted the flower of German youth into army barracks, and diverted the best energy of the people from productive pursuits. At the same time it has impoverished the masses by indirect heavy taxes to support the military establishment, and still heavier indirect taxes in cutting off the supply of productive labor. Though many Jewish youth in Germany have proved the native courage of the race on recent battlefields, the more peaceful instincts of the race have led them to seek in commerce and in the professions the distinction which the Christian youths have looked for in military and official positions. And now the cry is that the Jews monopolize the sources of wealth, and that they crowd the professions and other pursuits of peace and profit. The charge is doubtless largely true, but that fact is as much to the honor of the Jews as it is to the dishonor of those whose lower civilization has allowed them to be distanced in the competitions of peaceful industry, intelligence, persistence and thrift. If the physically and numerically weaker race can distance their stronger and more numerous competitors in the arts of peace, the fact must be taken as evidence that mind counts for more than stature, and thrift and labor for more than military ardor, in the free conflicts of modern civilization."

Black-and-white offset print reproduction with a portrait of financier and philanthropist Sir Moses Montefiore. From a painted portrait by George Richmond. Published in the October, 20, 1883, edition of Harper's Weekly.

Black-and-white offset print reproduction of Talmudist David de Jahacob Lopez Cardozo giving a sermon in the Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam on July 22, 1866. After an oil painting by Jacob-Emile-Edouard Brandon. Published in the May 18, 1887, edition of L'Illustration.

Caricature by Charles Jay Taylor published in the August 8, 1888, edition of Puck. The text reads : --Ben and Levi: "You can haf dose clodings sheap, und we treat you mit a drink und a cigar! --Workingman: "Bah! You've been using those old togs for a sign for over twenty-five years. I'm going down to Cleveland's Free-Wool Emporium!"

Black-and-white offset print reproduction of the interior of the Türkischer Tempel (Turkish Temple) in the Zirkusgasse in Vienna. From a drawing by Johann Nepomuk Geller. Published in the December 8, 1888, edition of the Illustrirte Zeitung.

Black-and-white offset print reproduction of French army officer Alfred Dreyfus with his lawyer Edgar Demange during his 1899 trial for treason. Published in the September 2, 1899, edition of Harper's Weekly.

Black-and-white offset print reproduction with a portrait of French army officer Alfred Dreyfus during his 1899 trial for treason, from a sketch by Dr. Benoit Cimino. Published in the August 26, 1899, edition of Harper's Weekly.

Black-and-white engraving of the celebration of Purim at the Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam in 1712. Engraving by William Forrest after an engraving by Bernard Picart. From The faiths of the world; an account of all religions and religious sects, their doctrines, rites, ceremonies, and customs, published Edinburgh: A. Fullarton & Co.

Black-and-white engraving of the Portuguese Synagogue, New Synagogue, and Great Synagogue in Amsterdam during the celebration of the Feast of Tabernacles (Sukkot). Engraving by Caspar Jacobsz Philips after a drawing by Pieter Wagenaar, Jr. From Oude en tegenwoordige staat en geschiedenis van alle godsdiensten by William Hurd, published Amsterdam: M. de Bruyn, 1781-1791.

Black-and-white engraved portrait of philosopher Moses Mendelssohn. Engraving by Johann Gotthard Müller after a painting by Johann Christoph Frisch. Dedicated to King Frederick William II of Prussia by the Jüdische Freischule Berlin.

Hand-colored engraving of the 1790 contest between boxer Daniel Mendoza and his former mentor Richard Humphries. Originally published in London on October 9, 1790, by S. W. Fores. From the 1904 edition of The reminiscences of Henry Angelo, Volume 2.

Black-and-white etched caricature of merchant Jacob Franco (1762-1817), member of a prominent Sephardic family in England. Described as "Mr. Franco, a gentleman then well known on the turf, of Jewish descent, which is indicated by the pigs." Caricature by James Gillray. Published May 25, 1800, by Hannah Humphrey, 27 St. James's Street.

Hand-colored etched caricature of merchant Jacob Franco (1762-1817), member of a prominent Sephardic family in England. Described as "Mr. Franco, a gentleman then well known on the turf, of Jewish descent, which is indicated by the pigs." Caricature by James Gillray. Published May 25, 1800, by Hannah Humphrey, 27 St. James's Street.

Hand-colored etched satirical portrait of Pellegrin Treves (1733-1817), who served as postmaster general and was a friend of the Prince Regent. Etching by Richard Dighton. Published by Dighton, Charing Cross, November 20, 1801.

Black-and-white engraved map of Amsterdam, with a key including the Portuguese Synagogue and Great Synagogue. From Le guide d'Amsterdam, ou Description de ce qu'il y a de plus intéressant, published Amsterdam: C. Covens.

Hand-colored engraving of financiers gathered at the Royal Exchange in London. Several Jewish figures are present in the scene, including Sir Moses Montefiore in conversation with Nathan Mayer Rothschild. Drawn and engraved by Isaac Robert Cruikshank and George Cruikshank, published London: Sherwood, Neely & Jones. From Life in London or, the Day and Night Scenes of Jerry Hawthorn, esq., and his elegant friend, Corinthian Tom, accompanied by Bob Logic, the Oxonian, in their rambles and sprees through the Metropolis by Pierce Egan.

Text of a song entitled "Victory Hymn of a Straussian," written in reaction to the appointment of theologian David Friedrich Strauss to the University of Zurich in 1839. The text, in Swiss German, reads : "Äh e chli heidnisch / Möchtid mer werde / Chönntid dänn türggisch / Läben uf Erde! / Ach e chli jüdisch / Möchtid mer sÿ / Swärid dänn gwüß / Käni Zinsli meh chlÿ!" In English, the text reads : "Oh, a bit heathen / We want to become / We could then like the Turkish (Muslims) / Live on Earth! / Oh, a bit Jewish / We want to be / Then certainly / No more would any interest (from lending money) be small!"

Black-and-white lithograph of the interior of the Hamburg Temple (Israelitischer Tempel) in the Poolstraße, which was inaugurated on September 5, 1844. Lithograph by Peter Suhr after a drawing by Carl Alexander Lill.

Black-and-white offset print reproduction of the exterior and interior of the Hamburg Temple (Israelitischer Tempel) in the Poolstraße, on the occasion of the inauguration on September 5, 1844. Published in the Illustrirte Zeitung.

Mezzotint of Rabbi Nathan Marcus Adler, Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the British Empire. Engraving by George Zobel after a painting by Kempf. London: Published February 4, 1852, by Messrs. Jones & Co., 1 Blomfield Rd. Maida Hill.

Black-and-white pencil drawing of the old Hauptsynagoge (Main Synagogue) in Frankfurt am Main. This building was demolished in 1854 and replaced by a new Main Synagogue on the Börnestraße. Signed by the artist B. Bovet.