A state of isopolity existed when the citizenship
of one city was made equivalent to that of another and vice-versa. In the present
text such an agreement is struck between Pergamon and the Aeolian city of Temnos,
the citizens of each becoming full citizens of the other. The arrangement was
apparently initiated by Pergamon (where also the inscription was found). The
Pergamene decree is followed on the stone by a joint resolution of the two cities,
which is written in the Aeolic dialect used at Temnos.

Boule and demos [decided); proposal of the strategoi:
[whereas the) demos of the Temnitans is in fact affectionately disposed
towards the demos of the Pergamenes, with good fortune, be it resolved
by the boule and the demos, to dispatch two envoys who, arriving
(in Temnos), shall declare the goodwill towards them, and who shall address
them to the effect that both cities decree isopolity; and, if this seems suitable
to the Temnitans, for those dispatched to conclude (an agreement) about this
as fully-empowered (representatives). Chosen were Apollonides, son of Apelles,
and H[... ] son of Hermippos. With good fortune, resolved by the Temnitans and
Pergamenes, (at Temnos) the prytanis being the one after [Herak]leides, son
of Ditas, in the month Heraion, in [Pergamon] the prytanis being Aristokrates,
son of Hiera[... ), in the month Heraion: for Temnitans to have citizenship
in Pergamon and for Pergamenes (to have citizenship) (in Temnos], sharing in
what the other [citizens share in], and for [the Temnitan] in Pergamon and the
Pergamene in Temnos to have the right of owning land and house; and for the
Temnitan to pay [taxes in Pergamon, as much as the] Pergamene pays, and for
the Pergamene (to pay taxes) [in Temnos, as much as the] Temnitan pays - -.]

60. PRAXIKLES' LOAN TO ARKESINE

Syll.3 955
late 4th-early third century

Sometime around 300 the city of Arkesine on
Amorgos borrowed three talents from a certain Praxikles of Naxos. The present
inscription contains the terms of the loan. The interest (10%) is not in the
least unusual, but the provisions about security are striking. The document
is eloquently discussed by Tarn (in J.B. Bury et al., The Hellenistic Age
[Cambridge 1923] 108 ff.; cf. below, #note 186#) and provides a fair indication
of the uncertainty of the times.

[Good Fortune.] At Naxos in the month Hekatombaion, the aisymnetai being...
enes and Sostratos; at Arkesine in the month Miltophorion, the [arch]on being
Ktesiphon. Praxikles son of Polymnestos lent to the city of the Arkesineans
three talents of Attic silver, guaranteed for Praxikles against all risks, at
interest of five obols per mina per month, the daneistai, Protomachos
and Dio... es, having gone on public mission (to Naxos) according to the decree
which Stesagoras proposed.

Mortgaged to Praxikles is all the public property of the city and the private
property belonging to the Arkesineans and those dwelling in Arkesine, that within
the land and that overseas.

The treasurers who collect the revenues of the Arkesineans will pay the interest
each year. If they do not pay, let those who do not pay be liable to Praxikles
for 150 per cent of the money owed from their own private resources, (this money
to be recoverable) by all manner of execution, just as if consequent upon final
court decision in accordance with the symbolon of the Naxians and the Arkesineans;
and let this money not be to the credit of the city against the loan, but let
the city pay the interest. If (the city) does not pay, let the interest which
it does not pay be subject to interest, payable to Praxikles, along with the
principal sum at the same annual rate of interest.

They will pay back the principal sum within six months from the time Praxikles
or whomever Praxikles sends demands it.

Whenever they pay the interest or the principal sum, they will pay (it) in Naxos
to Praxikles, or to whomever Praxikles orders, in Attic or Alexandrian coin,
which the city uses, [guaranteed against all risk], whole, genuine, uncut (?),
undamaged, free of all imposts wherever Praxikles orders.

If they do not pay back the money according to the
written terms, the Arkesineans agree and covenant to owe to Praxikles six talents;
and it shall be permitted to Praxikles, free from all penalty, to exact this
money by all manner of execution from the public property of the Arkesineans,
and from the private property of the Arkesineans and those dwelling in Arkesine,
both the whole amount from one individual and from all alike, in whatever way
he can, just as from the losers of a final court decision in (before) the umpire
city in accordance with the symbolon of the Naxians and Arkesineans. And whatever
Praxikles seizes or exacts is not to be to the credit of the Arkesineans toward
the repayment of the money they owe. And the Arkesineans also release from penalty
and from liability to court action any who exact the money at Praxikles' behest.
If any of the Arkesineans or of those dwelling in Arkesine obstructs the exactors
or interferes with the exaction in any way or under any pretext whatever, let
him pay as penalty to Praxikles a talent of silver, and [let him be liable for
exaction] of this money, just as if he had lost a final court decision to Praxikles
in (before) the umpire city in accordance with the symbolon, and let this money
not be to the credit of the city toward the repayment of the loan. And if any
injury or expense arises in the exaction of the money, let this be (the responsibility)
of the city of the Arkesineans, and let the city pay back this money along with
the rest of the loan.

The Arkesineans agree that nothing shall have precedence over this contract,
neither law nor decree nor resolution nor strategos nor any other magistrate
who renders a decision at odds with what is written in this contract nor anything
else at all by any device or under any pretext whatsoever, but that this contract
is to be valid wherever the lender or those acting on his behalf produce (it).

The Arkesineans agree to have this contract inscribed
at Arkesine in the public archive [and in the] sanctuary of Hera on a stone
stele within sixty days from the time when the daneistai announce, otherwise
they are to owe. . ., in accordance with the contract deposited with Eurykles
[and) Prax[ikles].

185. An ad hoc committee chosen to deal with
the arrangements for this loan.

186. Not only is everything owned by all the citizens of
Arkesine pledged as security to Praxikles but also everything owned by the metics
(resident aliens) as well. This may be related to the provision about overseas
property, as Tarn suggests (op.cit. 110): “For metics were often traders and
ship-owners; and the right given to Praxicles to seize metics' property as well
as citizens' property really means the right to seize any ship belonging to
any inhabitant of Arcesine without enquiring as to the owner's status. If he
insisted on this right, he must have thought that his security over property
in Arcesine itself might become valueless; and only one thing could make it
valueless, a revolution and cancellation of debts.” At issue, however, may be
Arkesinean holdings on the small islands nearby.

187. Symbola were conventions between individual
Greek cities that could provide for judicial procedures in cases involving citizens
of both places, for regulation of commercial transactions and the like (cf.
P. Gauthier, Symbola [Nancy 1972]). The symbolon here at issue provided
for arbitration of (at least certain kinds of) court cases before another city
(the “umpire city” of the inscription).

61. THE DELIANS HONOR PHILOKLES, KING OF THE SIDONIANS

Syll.3 391
ca. 280

The temple of Apollo on Delos, the funds of
which were regularly put out at interest (cf. no. 130) to individuals as well
as to larger public bodies, had lent a sum to the League of the Islanders. In
order to secure repayment, about which there had apparently arisen some question,
the Delians appealed to Philokles, Ptolemy II's man in the Aegean, and thus,
at least indirectly, to Ptolemy himself. Their démarche bore fruit, which is
indicative of Ptolemy's relation to the League and, not least, of his desire
to maintain order and his own influence in the area.

Resolved by the boule and the demos;
Mnesalkos, son of Teles[archides] spoke: Whereas Philokles, King of the Sidonians,
has in former times continually displayed all good-will and zeal towards the
sanctuary and the Delians, and now, after an embassy was dispatched to him about
the money which the Islanders owed to the Delians, he took all care that the
Delians should recover the loans, [Just as King] Ptolemy ordered, and that there
should be no [delays and postponements] of the repayment (of the money) to the
Delians - - - (to) [Bacch]on the nesiarch: so in order that all who come [to
Delos] may know that the demos of the Delians knows how [to return] thanks
to those who benefit the sanctuary and the Delians, [be it resolved by the demos]
to praise Philokles, King of the Sidonians, [on account of his piety towards
the temple] and his virtue [towards the demos of the Delians, and] to
crown him with a gold crown [of 1000 drachmas, and] for the sacred herald to
proclaim in the theater at the (festival of the) Apollonia that the demos
of the Delians crowns Philokles, King of the Sidonians, with a gold crown of
1000 drachmas, on account of his piety towards the sanctuary and his virtue
towards [the] demos of the Delians; and to [sacrifice] the savior- offerings
on behalf of Philokles in Delos to Apollo [and Artemis and Leto] and Zeus the
Savior and Athena the Savior; and for the treasurer to provide [the] expense
out of the revenues - -.

62. ATHENS HONORS HERAKLEIDES OF CYPRIAN SALAMIS

Syll.3 304
325/4

Besides giving an indication of the importance
for Athens of imported grain, particularly that from the Black Sea area, this
decree provides some insight into the workings of the Athenian council and assembly.
The dossier here contains five distinct elements, passed in the following order
(but inscribed in the order in which they are translated below). (A) is a decree
of the assembly instructing the council to prepare and to submit to the assembly
a proposal for honoring Herakleides. (B) is the council's response to this instruction.
(C) is the decree then passed by the assembly, providing for the honorific crown
as well as for the embassy to Herakleia. (A), (B), and (C) together constitute
a set of resolutions adopted after Herakleides' provision of grain at a reduced
rate in 330/29 but prior to his contribution of money for grain in 328/7. (D)
is the council's probouleuma issued in response to this later gesture,
and (E) is the corresponding and all-embracing resolution of the assembly, which
adds designation as proxenos and benefactor to the honorific crown and
also provides for the recording on stone of the whole dossier.

E.

Gods. In the archonship of Antikles; in the fifth prytany, that of (the tribe)
Aigeis, for which Antiphon son of Koroibos, of (the deme) Eleusis was secretary,
on the eleventh (of the month), the thirty-fourth (day) of the prytany; of the
prohedroi Philyllos of (the deme) Eleusis put the question to the vote;
Demosthenes son of Demokles, of (the deme) Lamptrai spoke: Whereas Herakleides
of Salamis continues to act out of love of honor towards the demos of
the Athenians and to do whatever good he can, and previously, during the grain
shortage, he gave 3000 medimnoi of wheat at five drachmas (the medimnos),
the first of the merchants who sailed in; and then, when the contributions were
being made, he contributed 3000 drachmas for the purchase of grain, and in
other respects he continues to act with good-will and love of honor towards
the demos, be it resolved by the demos: to praise Herakleides
son of Charikleides, of Salamis, and to crown him with a gold crown for his
good-will and zeal towards the demos of the Athenians; and for him to
be a proxenos and benefactor of the demos of the Athenians, both
himself and his descendants, and for them to have the right of owning land and
house according to the law; and for them to serve on campaigns and pay the property-tax
levies along with the Athenians. (Resolved) for the secretary of the prytany
to have this decree and the other praises he has received inscribed on a stone
stele and to have it set up on the Acropolis; and for the treasurer to provide
thirty drachmas for the inscription of the stele from the (monies) spent by
the demos for decree-related matters.

C.

Telemachos son of Theangelos, of (the deme)
Acharnai spoke: Whereas Herakleides of Salamis gave grain to the demos
at five drachmas (the medimnos), the first of the merchants who sailed in, in
the archonship of Aristophon, be it decreed by the demos: to praise Herakleides
son of Charikleides, of Salamis, and to crown him with a gold crown for his
zeal towards the demos of the Athenians; whereas he was forced to land
by the Herakleotai, as he was sailing to Athens, and had his sails taken away
by them, (resolved) to choose one man from all the Athenians as ambassador to
go to Herakleia and Dionysios and ask that he return Herakleides' sails and
that, for the future, he do wrong to none of those sailing to Athens, and (to
say that) in doing this he will do what is right and will not fail to obtain
anything of what is right from the demos [of the Athenians]; and (resolved)
for the treasurer of the demos to give to the ambassador chosen travelling
expenses of fifty drachmas from the monies spent by the demos for decree-related
matters. Chosen as ambassador was Thebagenes of (the deme) Eleusis.

A.

Telemachos son of Theangelos, of (the deme)
Acharnai spoke: Be it decreed by the demos: that the boule form
a probouleuma and introduce it at the next assembly, concerning Herakleides,
in what manner he will receive such good as he can at the hands of the demos
of the Athenians.

B.

Kephisodotos son of Eucharides, of (the deme)
Acharnai, spoke: Concerning the matters about which the demos has enjoined
the boule to form a probouleuma about Herakleides the Salaminian,
be it resolved by the boule: Whereas Herakleides, having sailed into
Athens with a cargo of grain, gave 3000 medimnoi to the demos
at five drachmas each, the prohedroi to whom it falls by lot to preside
at the next assembly are to bring Herakleides before the demos and deal
with the matter, and they are to put before the demos a proposal of the
boule, (namely) that the boule resolves: To praise Herakleides
son of Charikleides, of Salamis, and to crown him with a gold crown of 500 drachmas;
and that it be possible for him to receive such good as he can at the hands
of the demos, in order that others as well will act from love of honor,
knowing that the boule honors and crowns those who do.

D.

Phyleus son of Pausanias, of (the deme) Oinoi,
spoke: Whereas Herakleides of Salamis, having sailed into Athens with a cargo
of grain in the archonship of Aristophon, gave to the demos 3000 medimnoi
at five drachmas (the medimnos), and for this reason the demos voted
that the boule was to form a probouleuma and bring it before the
demos, as to how he may receive such good as he can from the hands of
the demos of the Athenians, and then, in the archonship of Euthykritos,
he contributed to the demos 3000 drachmas for the purchase of grain,
be it resolved by the boule: That the prohedroi to whom it falls
by lot to preside at the statutory assembly are to bring Herakleides before
the demos and deal with the matter and they are to put before the demos
the proposal of the boule, (namely) that the boule resolves: To
praise Herakleides son of Charikleides, of Salamis, and to crown him with a
gold crown of 500 drachmas; and for it to be possible for him to receive from
the demos such good as he seems to be worthy of, in order that others
as well may wish [readily to benefit the] boule and the demos,
seeing that those who act from love of honor [... toward the boule and
the] demos [ - ].

Notes:

188. 325/4. On the serious grain shortage at
Athens in the early 320's compare Demosthenes 34.39; 42.20, 3 1; and no. 3.

189. This occurred during the archonship of
Aristophon, 330/29; cf. text at note 191.

190. This took place in the archonship of Euthykritos,
328/7; cf. text at note 193.

191. 330/29.

192. The tyrant of Herakleia, on the northern
coast of Asia Minor, about 150 miles east of Byzantium.

193. 328/7.

63. A SAMIAN GRAIN LAW

Syll.3 976
2nd century

This decree of the island city of Samos gives
the detailed arrangements for the administration of a grain fund set up by the
contributions of numerous citizens of the city. Overall direction was placed
in the hands of a board of two wealthy men (“those elected to be in charge of
the grain supply”). The money for the fund was collected by the curators, of
which one was elected by each of the chiliastyes (the units into which
the two Samian tribes were divided), and the curators (also wealthy men: the
words with which the surviving portion of the inscription opens refer to the
candidates for this position) were responsible for lending out this money and
paying the proceeds over to the board of two. The latter then turned the accumulated
proceeds over to the elected grain-buyer (another wealthy man), who actually
purchased the grain. The grain bought was then distributed gratis, under the
supervision of the board of two, at the rate of two measures a month for each
citizen for as many months as the grain thus acquired lasted. Such, in outline,
is the procedure laid down. The decree provides also for the appointment of
the relevant officials as well as for various sanctions against financial misconduct
at the different stages of the process. (Cf. in general, Hands, Charities
and Social Aid 89-115, and particularly 95 ff.)

--- of the wealthiest. Let them make the appointment in the month Kronion at
the second of the assemblies. Let the prytaneis convoke the assembly
[in the] theater, and let them order those attending the assembly to sit by
chiliastys, making signs and setting off a place for each of the chiliastyes.
Whosoever disobeys and does not sit with his own chiliastys, let them
fine him a native stater. If he says he has been unjustly fined, let him register
a plea, and let the judgment take place in the city court within twenty days.
Let both the putting forward (of names) and the election be done by the members
of the chiliastyes themselves. At this assembly let the chiliastyes
examine also the securities and the guarantors: and let the prytaneis
enter in the public records whatever securities and whichever guarantors they
approve. Similarly, let them enter in the public records the curators who are
appointed. When the voting is about to take place, let the city's herald utter
a prayer, that it may be well for those who vote for the ones who they believe
will best supervise the funds. Let the ones appointed exact the interest from
the borrowers, and let them make it over to the men elected to be in charge
of the grain supply. And let the latter buy the grain deriving from the five
per cent tax levied from the district of Anaia, paying to the goddess a price
not less than the five (drachmas) and two obols that the demos formerly
assigned. The money left over, if the demos does not resolve to buy grain,
they are to keep until others have been appointed to be in charge of the grain
supply; then they are to make it over to them. If the demos does resolve
to buy grain, let them make the money over immediately to the grain-buyer who
has been elected. Let the latter buy the grain from the land of Anaiitis in
whatever way he believes will turn out most profitably for the city, unless
it seems to the demos more profitable to buy the grain from somewhere
else. Otherwise, let the matter be handled in whatever way the demos
resolves. Every year let the prytaneis in office for the month Arternision
bring this matter forward, giving public notice beforehand. Let the demos
every year, at the first of the elections after the appointment of the elected
magistrates, designate two men, one from each tribe, to be in charge of the
grain supply, each of these having property worth not less than three talents.
Let these, after receiving the interest from the curators, pay the price of
the grain and any other expense that may arise, and let them also measure out
the grain. And let the demos at the, same assembly appoint a grain-buyer,
having property worth not less than two talents. And, if it seems good, let
the money from the interest be lent out, if any wish, after giving sufficiently
valuable securities and providing guarantors, to buy earlier and arrange the
grain supply more profitably. Let the men elected to be in charge of the grain
supply accept the guarantors at their own risk. Let them measure out all the
purchased grain to the resident citizens by chiliastys, giving to each
two measures a month as a gift. Let them begin the distribution in the month
Pelusion, and thereafter let them measure out for as many months as the grain
holds out. Let them not measure out grain to one on behalf of another, unless
someone is ill. Let them conduct the distribution from the first to the tenth
(of the month), but until the thirtieth for those who are abroad, if they come.
Let them render an account each month to the office of the public auditor of
those who received grain, recording it by chiliastys and adding the names
of the recipients. Let the members of the chiliastyes have the power
to appoint the same curator for five years in succession. If any of the borrowers
does not pay back the money, either the whole sum or a part of it, let the chiliastys
surrender the security; and if there is a surplus, let the chiliastys
pay it to the one who gave the security. If there is a deficiency, let the chiliastys
exact it from the guarantor. Let the chiliastys give the interest accruing
to those elected to be in charge of the grain supply. If it does not pay, let
the members of the chiliastys not receive the grain distribution due
to them until they fulfill their obligation. If any of the elected curators,
after taking the money which he is supposed to put out at interest, does not
put it out at interest but wrongfully holds it himself, let him owe to the city
(a fine of) 10,000 drachmas; similarly, if he does not pay the interest to the
men elected to be in charge of the grain supply, let him owe an equal amount
as penalty and let the public auditors register his property as forfeit to the
chiliastys against the money which he ought to have paid; and, besides
the penalty, let him be registered as atimos, and let him be atimos until
he pays. And let the members of the chiliastys, who appointed the curator
who did not pay the money, not receive the grain distribution due to them. If
[the] members of the chiliastys wish to pay the money, either all of
them or some of them in proportion, which the curator or the borrower did not
pay to the city, let them have the power to do so, and when they have paid let
them receive their grain distribution from the time they paid. Let no one have
the power to use this money or the interest deriving from it for any purpose
other than the free distribution of grain. If any prytanis brings forward a
measure, or any speaker proposes, or any epistates puts the question,
to the effect that it should be used or transferred for any other purpose, let
each one (of them) owe (a fine of) 10,000 drachmas; similarly, if any treasurer
or curator or any of those elected to be in charge of the grain supply or any
grain-buyer gives or lends it for any purpose other than the free distribution
(of grain).

(There follows here a long list [occupying
128 lines] of those who provided money for the grain fund with an indication
of the amount given by each. The individual contributions were from 50 to 1000
drachmas.)

Notes:

194. This particularly fertile area was on the mainland of
Asia Minor, directly to the east of Samos. As it was temple land under Samian
control, the money paid for grain would not in fact be altogether lost to the
city (cf. Hands, op.cit. 95).

195. Le., deprived of civic rights.

64. DECREE FOR BOULAGORAS OF SAMOS

SEG I 366 ca.
240

This honorific decree from Samos gives fair
indication of the fragility of the public finances of Greek cities and of the
extent to which they could, and did, become precariously dependent for their
welfare upon their most wealthy citizens (cf. in this connection 13).
Besides assuming responsibilities within the city, which required time and money,
Boulagoras provided the money needed for a theoria to Alexandria and effectively
constituted by himself the city's grain fund (cf. 63), as well as providing
a source of interest-free loans to some of the less fortunate. He undertook,
moreover, an embassy to King Antiochus (most likely Antiochus II, although Hierax
has been suggested), who had made gifts of Samian properties in the Ananitis
to some of his high-ranking subordinates. This area was of the greatest importance
to Samos (cf. its role as a source of grain in 63), and foreign control
there likely accounts for much of the financial and alimentary difficulty experienced
by the city. Later, when possession of the Anaitis was secure, it was possible
to establish the permanent mechanism for bringing grain to the city which is
set out in no. 63.

Resolved by the boule and the demos, proposal of the prytaneis,
concerning [(the matters) which] Hippodamas son of Pantonaktides initially raised,
(namely) that Boulagoras son of Alexis, having rendered many services to the
demos as a whole and individually to many of the citizens, might be praised
and crowned as the boule and demos may decide: Whereas Boulagoras,
in previous times, when properties were commandeered in the territory of Anaiitis,
which was then subject to Antiochus the king, and the citizens who had their
holdings taken away had recourse to the demos and requested an embassy
to Antiochus, in order that they might retrieve what was theirs, appointed ambassador,
and going initially to Ephesus and when Antiochus marched off accompanying him
as far as Sardis, exercised all eagerness and zeal - standing against, during
his embassy, the most illustrious of Antiochus' friends, who happened to be
in possession of the commandeered (properties) - that the demos, recovering
the holdings commandeered at that time, might restore them to those from whom
they had been taken away; and he brought letters about these matters from Antiochus
to our city and to his. garrison-commander in Anaia and to the dioiketes, thanks
to which those who were then deprived regained possession of their own property
and no one in Antiochus' service subsequently undertook to commandeer the property
of citizens; and, often chosen by the demos as proegoros in the public
court cases, he was constantly vigorous and zealous and brought about many useful
and beneficial things for the city; and, elected director of the gymnasium by
the people according to the law, on account of the deficiency of the gymnasiarch,
he supervised the good-conduct of the ephebes and the youths fairly and nobly;
and in the present year, when it was time for the dispatch of the theoroi
to Alexandria, knowing that the demos set the greatest importance by
the honors of King Ptolemy and his sister Queen Berenike, since limited funds
were available for their crowns and for the sacrifices, which the theoroi
must needs perform in Alexandria, while for the travelling expenses of the architheoros
and the theoroi, by whom the crown had to be delivered and the sacrifices
performed, there was no (money) at all nor any place whence at the time it might
be got, wishing that nothing be lacking from the honors previously decreed for
the king and the queen and their parents and ancestors, he promised to advance
the money required for these things from his own resources, (a sum) not much
less than 6000 drachmas; and when a shortage of grain beset the city and the
citizens, due to the urgency of the need, appointed three commissions to buy
grain, he showed no lack of zeal and love of honor, but in the case of the first
commission he advanced all the money to be put out at interest, according to
what the demos decreed, in the case of the second he promised the same
amount as those who contributed the most, and in the case of the third he not
only provided all the money to be lent out from his own resources, but also,
when the grain was brought into the city and the grain-buyer had contracted
a loan on it, he came before the assembly and promised, since there was no source
whence the money would be repaid, to pay off the loan for the city as well as
the interest and all the other expenses, and he did this quickly and reimbursed
the lender without making any contract with the city for this money or requiring
guarantors to be appointed for him, but considering more important the common
good and that the demos might live in prosperity; and in all other matters
he continues to show himself zealous and kind both to the demos in general
and individually to each of the citizens, [giving] the best [counsel] and reconciling
those with differences and lending without interest from his own resources to
many of those who are in difficulties; in order, then, that we may be clear
in honoring good men and in urging many of the citizens to the same attitude,
be it resolved by the demos: to praise Boulagoras son of Alexis for his
virtue and his good-will toward the citizens, and to crown him with a gold crown
at the tragedies during the Dionysia, and for the agonothetes to look after
the announcement; and for the exetastai to have this decree inscribed on a stone
stele and set up in the sanctuary of Hera; and for the treasurer of the sacred
funds to provide the expense from the money he has on hand from fines. Present
were Hyblesios, Herodotos, Monimos, Demetrios.

Notes:

196. The supervision of the gymnasium involved
not only looking after the training of the youths of the city but also the provision
of the oil used for the athletic part of the program. It was thus a financial
burden, and this presumably explains the difficulty encountered by the gymnasiarch,
whose responsibility this was.

197. Ptolemy III Euergetes and Berenike.

198. On the mechanics involved in these operations,
cf. in general 63, where the procedure is, by contrast, a permanent one.

199. It may be noted that in none of these
three cases does Boulagoras permanently part with money. He rather allows the
city to use his capital for a time. The same is true in the case of the theoria
to Alexandria.

65. POLYTHROOS PROVIDES FOR EDUCATION AT TEOS

Syll.3 578
2nd century

The city of Teos here deals with a gift made
for the purpose of education in essentially the same way as Miletos dealt with
Eudemos' gift in Syll.3 577. Some differences, however, are
apparent. Besides the greater variety of instructors to be hired, it may be
particularly noted that the education of girls is here provided for and that
a wider range of children's ages is apparently at issue than was the case at
Miletos. The oldest of them share at least part of the ephebes' curriculum,
and indeed some of the income from the gift is to be used to pay certain instructors
of the ephebes.

[Resolved - - - and, after the] selection of
[the] gymnasiarch, for a paidonomos to be appointed not less than 40
[years) of age; and, in order that the freeborn children may be educated as
Polythroos, son of Onesimos, taking forethought, announced to the demos
and gave for this purpose 34,000 drachmas, establishing a most noble reminder
of his love of glory, for there to be appointed each year at the elections of
magistrates, after the selection of the secretaries, three grammar-masters to
teach the boys and the girls; to pay to the one elected for the first level
600 drachmas a year, to the one for the second level 550 drachmas, to the one
for the third level 500 drachmas; for two gymnastics-masters to be appointed,
and for wages of 500 drachmas a year to be given to each of them; for a lyre-
or harp-player to be appointed and for the one elected to be paid a wage of
700 drachmas a year; lie will teach music and lyre- or harp-playing to the children
fit to be chosen for the first level [and] to the ones a year younger than these,
and music to the ephebes; let the paidonomos decide as to the ages of
these children; and, if we have an intercalary month, to pay the wage that falls
due for the month; let the paidonomos and the gymnasiarch pay the arms
instructor and the instructor in archery and spear-throwing, after referring
(the matter) to the demos; let these teach the ephebes and the ones for
whom instruction in music is (here) scheduled; let pay of 250 drachmas be given
to the instructor in archery and spear-throwing, and 300 drachmas to the arms-instructor;
the arms-instructor will teach for a period of not less than two months; in
order that the children and the ephebes may be carefully trained in their lessons,
for the paidonomos and the gymnasiarch to supervise carefully as is laid
down for each of them according to the laws; if -he grammar-masters dispute
among themselves about the number of children, let the paidonomos decide
(the matter), and, as he arranges, let -hem obey; for the grammar-masters to
hold the recitations that are to take place in the gymnasium, and the music-instructor
(those that are to take place) in the bouleuterion; [ - ] if they do
not pay the fine, let it be permitted [to compel] them; regarding the arms-master
and the instructor in archery and spear-throwing let it be done as is written
above; if the treasurer now in office or those in office at any time (in the
future) do not pay the money according to what is written, or anyone else, whether
magistrate or private citizen, speaks or acts or proposes or puts to the vote
or proposes a law contrary to this or cancels this law in any way or on any
pretext whatsoever, to the effect that the money should be touched or expenditure
not made from it for the purposes directed by this law or that it be allocated
for [any] other (purpose) and not for what is enjoined in this law, let such
actions be invalid and let the treasurers next in office allocate to the account
(set up) according to this law an equal sum of money from the revenues of the
city, and in other respects let it be carried out according to this law; may
he be utterly ruined, himself and his entire family, who says or does anything
contrary to this law, and let him be (regarded as) a temple-robber, and let
there be carried out against him all that is written in the laws about the temple-robber;
and let each of those who does anything against this law about this money, or
who fails to do what is enjoined, owe to the city 10,000 drachmas, let anyone
who wishes bring a case against him, both by private and by public action, both
after the presentation of the monthly account and at any time he wishes; let
it not be possible to dismiss one of these cases by reference to the required
period of time or by any other means whatsoever; let the one convicted pay a
fine of double (the sum involved), and let half of this belong to the city,
sacred to Hermes and Herakles and the Muses, and let it be deposited in the
aforementioned account, and let half belong to the one who obtains the conviction;
let the public examiners see to the completion of these cases, as of the other
public cases; let the timouchoi, whoever are in office, proclaim, in
addition to the (regular) imprecation, that he is to be utterly ruined, himself
and his entire family, who touches the money given by Polythroos son of Onesimos
for the education of the freeborn children in any way or on any pretext whatsoever,
or who assigns (the money) for anything else and not for what is provided for
in the law, or who does not carry out what is prescribed by the law; if the
treasurers do not lend out the money according to the written provisions or
do not pay what [according to this] law is due to those elected to be in charge
of the lessons, let each of them owe to the city 2000 drachmas; let anyone who
wishes bring a case against him - - - let the one convicted pay a fine of double
(the sum involved), and

Notes:

200. It is clear from what follows that the
oldest group is quite close to the military age.

201. These two instructors were presumably
already on hand to teach the ephebes. Since their appointment is not provided
for in the present decree, the approval of the demos must be obtained
before they can be paid out of the proceeds of Polythroos' gift.

202. This evidently refers to a regulation
according to which it was not possible to challenge accounts after a certain
period of time had elapsed.

66. ILION HONORS THE PHYSICIAN OF ANTIOCHUS I

Ilion 34 (OGIS 220)
275-268/7

This decree of the city of Ilion was prompted
by two letters addressed to the city, one from Antiochus himself and one from
Antiochus' deputy in Asia Minor, Meleager (cf. no. 18). There must be presumed
to have been also a third, sent by Antiochus to Meleager. All of this suggests
that Metrodoros was to be rewarded for healing the king (saving his life?) in
a good many cities of the Seleucid realm.

Whereas King Antiochus has sent to us (to say)
that, having been wounded in the neck in the battle, he was safely healed by
Metrodoros the physician, (and whereas) Meleager the strategos, thinking
of what is in the interest of the city, has also sent (to us) about him, be
it resolved by the boule and the demos to praise Metrodoros son
of Timokles, of Amphipolis, for his virtue and his good-will towards the Kings
Antiochus and Seleucus and towards the demos, and for him to be (declared)
proxenos and benefactor of the city; and for there to be granted to him
citizenship and the right of owning land and the right to approach the boule
and the demos first after the sacred matters; and to permit him to [enter
into] whatever tribe and phratry he may wish - -.

Notes:

203. For this governor of the Hellespontine
satrapy, cf. 18. (It is, however, not impossible that this is another
Meleager and that the kings at issue are Antiochus III and his son, the future
Seleucus IV).

204. Seleucus was the elder son of Antiochus
I and was associated with his father as king from 275 to 268/7 (cf. Chiron
5 [1975] 61) at least. From 266 on the co-regent was the king's younger son,
Antiochus (the future Antiochus II) who succeeded to the position after the
death of his brother (for suspicion of treachery?).

67. EUMENES I AND PERGAMON

RC 23 (OGIS 267 I) and OGIS
267 II ca. 260-245

This inscription contains a letter addressed
by Eumenes to the city of Pergamon and the Pergamene decree passed in direct
response. The city clearly maintained itself institutionally as a democracy,
but its relation to the ruler is equally clear, particularly from the Pergamene
decree. A board of five strategoi constituted the chief magistracy -
the wide extent of their competence emerges from the Pergamene resolution -
and these five were appointed each year by Eumenes. The Pergamene decree indicates
the existence at Pergamon of a cult in honor of Eumenes, with the epithet Euergetes
(“the benefactor”).

RC 23

[Eumenes son of Philetairos to the demos
of the Pergamenes], greeting. [Palamandros, Skymnos, Metrodoros, Theotimos,
Phi]liskos, the strategoi [who served in the year when... was priest],
appear [to have filled] their office [well on all occasions]. They have performed
justly [the other duties of the office and in the matter of finance they have
not only] managed profitably for the demos and for the gods [all the]
city's and the sacred revenues of their year but they have sought out obligations
overlooked by the previous magistrates and by sparing no one who had held back
anything they have restored (these sums) to the city. They have cared also for
the repair of the offerings in the temples. As they have brought these matters
into good order, future strategoi also following their example may easily
manage the common affairs. Considering then that it is not just to slight such
officials, so that those subsequently appointed may try to preside properly
over the demos, we have ourselves determined to crown them at the Panathenaia
and we thought it best to write you about them, so that in the intervening time
you might consider the matter and honor them as you think they deserve. Farewell.

OGIS 267 II

The demos decided; Archestratos son of Hermippos spoke:
Whereas the strategoi appointed by Eumenes - Palamandros, Skymnos, Metrodoros,
Theotimos, Philiskos - have conducted their office well, be it resolved by the
demos: to praise Eumenes on account of the fact that on every occasion
he takes thought for what is good for the demos and honors and crowns
those of the citizens who join him in contributing to these things, wishing
to make the magistrates appointed more eager to take thought for sacred and
civic affairs. And in order that the demos may be clear in its support
for Eumenes with regard to these men, be it resolved by the demos: to
crown them at the Panathenaia with a gold crown on account of their virtue and
their good-will toward Eumenes and the demos; and let the treasurers
appointed for a year always give them a sheep at the Eumeneia, and let them
take it and sacrifice it to Eumenes Euergetes, in order that the demos
may be clear to all in its gratitude. (Resolved also) to have the letter from
Eumenes and the decree inscribed on a stone stele and set up in the agora, and
for the treasurers in office during the priesthood of Arkeon to provide the
expense for the stele and the inscription.