Alyssa Gabbay

R. Boucharlat

an ancient site some 40 km south of the Persepolis. Its Persian name (“place of the footprints”) was explained to the 19th-century visitor as due to “the curious marks in the rocks, which are said to be the foot-prints of Ali’s horse.” The date generally accepted is the Achaemenid or the post-Achaemenid period.

D. Gershon Lewental

an engagement during the mid-630s CE in which Arab Muslim warriors overcame a larger Sasanian army and paved the way for their subsequent conquest of Iran. The battle took place at a small settlement on the frontier of Sasanian Iraq.

Minou Foadi

Gad G. Gilbar

Big merchants (tojjār-e bozorg), reached the height of their influence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They made a major contribution to the country’s economic growth and had a significant impact on key political developments in the late Qajar period.

Shireen Mahdavi

Shireen Mahdavi

Persian cuisine is an art that has evolved through centuries of refinement, culminating in the Qajar period and continuing in present-day Iran. Qajar cuisine has its origins in Iran’s ancient empires, particularly that of the Sasanians.

Eden Naby

(The voice of truth), a monthly publication of the mainly French Catholic Lazarist Mission in Urmia which ran from 1897 to 1915. It was the second periodical to appear in Urmia wholly published in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, after Zahrire d-bahra (1849-1918).

Dietrich Huff

The rocky plateau stretching in an east-west direction above the river bend was fortified against the adjoining mountainside by a traverse wall that ran up from the northern and southern cliffs to a semi-circular bastion on the spine of the crest. There are rubble stonewalls along the northern and southern precipices with fort structures on outcrops.

Cross-Reference

Hengameh Fouladvand

Matisse, Picasso, and Persian miniature paintings inspired Qandriz’s early figurative work. He chose, as a critic commented, “mystical symbols to combine traditional and modern elements into his abstract designs.” Imaginary elements and heavenly figures, reminiscent of spiritual quests, are characteristics of Qandriz’s early paintings.

Jaʿfar Šojāʿ Keyhāni

Carol Prunhuber

Qāsemlu became interested in politics in the early 1940s, when the Allied forces invaded Iran and the nascent Kurdish nationalist movement was revived during the occupation of the two Azerbaijan provinces by the Soviet forces.