Kaldar Cave is a key archaeological site that provides evidence of the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic
transition in Iran. Excavations at the site in 2014¿2015 led to the discovery of cultural remains generally
associated with anatomically modern humans (AMHs) and evidence of a probable Neanderthalmade
industry in the basal layers. Attempts have been made to establish a chronology for the site.
These include four thermoluminescence (TL) dates for Layer 4, ranging from 23,100 ± 3300 to
29,400 ± 2300 BP, and three AMS radiocarbon dates from charcoal samples belonging to the lower part
of the same layer, yielding ages of 38,650¿36,750 cal BP, 44,200¿42,350 cal BP, and 54,400¿46,050 cal
BP (all at the 95.4% confidence level). Kaldar Cave is the first well-stratified Late Palaeolithic locality to
be excavated in the Zagros which is one of the earliest sites with cultural materials attributed to early
AMHs in western Asia. It also offers an opportunity to study the technological differences between the
Mousterian and the first Upper Palaeolithic lithic technologies as well as the human behaviour in the
region. In this study, we present a detailed description of the newly excavated stratigraphy, quantified
results from the lithic assemblages, preliminary faunal remains analyses, geochronologic data,
taphonomic aspects, and an interpretation of the regional paleoenvironment.