A magician performing at a birthday party stands inside a circle of 15 kids. He's going to choose a volunteer
and he wants each kid to have the same chance of getting
chosen, fair enough. Now we have three methods
by which he can do it. Let's just think about whether
each of these methods are fair, where each kid does have the same chance of getting chosen. If they don't lead to each kid having the same chance of getting chosen, think about why that is the case. So, method one, the magician starts with the birthday boy and moves clockwise, passing out 100 pieces of
paper numbered one through 100. He cycles around the circle until all the pieces are distributed. He then uses a random number generator to pick an integer, one through 100, and chooses the volunteer
with that number. So just think about what's happening. So there are 15 kids in a circle. So there's one, two, three,
four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. I planned that out amazingly well, I didn't think I would be
able to fit exactly 15, but it worked out. So 15 kids in a circle,
and then he's going to hand out pieces of paper. So he's going to give
one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight,
nine, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. This person is going to get
pieces of paper one and 16. Now this person is
going to get two and 17. You're going to keep going
round and round and round until all 100 pieces of paper
are going to get distributed. Now, something to think about
is whether every child here is going to get the same
number of pieces of paper. I encourage you to pause this
video and think about that. If we just keep cycling
around all the way to 100, does each child get the same
number of pieces of paper? Well just think about it. In order to get the same
number of pieces of paper, 100 has to be divisible by 15, and we know 100 isn't divisible by 15. 15 goes into 100 six times. Six times 15 is 90, and
you have a remainder of 10. So what's going to happen is all 15 kids are going to get six pieces of paper, and then another 10 of the 15 are going to get a seventh piece of paper. So they're not all getting an equal number of pieces of paper. So even though he's
randomly picking an interger between one and 100 some
of the students are going to have a higher chance
than the other ones. The 10 that have seven
pieces of paper are going to have a higher chance
than the other five who only have six pieces of paper. So I would say method one is not fair. Let me write this down. Not fair. Sometimes life isn't fair, but in this case it's not
fair where we define fair as the same chance of getting chosen. That's because they all
have different numbers of pieces of paper. All of the students are not
equally likely to get picked. Let's look at method two. The magician starts with the birthday boy and moves counterclockwise
passing out 75 pieces of paper numbered one through 75. He cycles around the circle until all the pieces are distributed. He then uses a random number generator to pick an integer between one through 75 and chooses the volunteer
with that number. So I encourage you to pause this video and think about whether
this one, method two, whether that one is fair. Well method two is the same as method one except for instead of
using 100 pieces of paper, we're using 75 pieces of paper. So think about, is 75 divisible by 15? And 75 is, five times 15 is 75. So in this situation,
each student is going to get five pieces of paper. Each gets five pieces of paper. So they all have an equally
likely chance of getting picked, and he's using a random
number generator to pick them. So they all have an equally likely chance. I would say method two is, indeed, fair. They all have the same
chance of getting chosen. Now think about method three. The magician starts with the birthday boy and moves clockwise, passing out 30 pieces of paper numbered one through 30. So they're all going
to get the same number of pieces of paper. They're all going to get
two pieces of paper each. 15 children getting two pieces of paper each would be 30 pieces of paper. So that looks reasonable so far. He cycles around the circle until all the pieces are distributed. Everyone gets two pieces. He gives number one to the birthday boy, number two to the next kid and so on, so that all seems reasonable. Kind of consistent with method two except instead of 75 it's 30, and obviously 75 was overkill. Even here this is overkill, he just really needs 15 pieces of paper. He then counts the number
of windows in the room and chooses the volunteer
with that number. So the question here is, is the number of windows in the room, is it random and is it evenly distributed? So maybe, maybe you can make a case depending on what building it's in, and someone's house, it's somewhat random on how many windows that
house happens to have, the house that's happening
to host the birthday party, but it's not going to
be evenly distributed. I don't know, there's probably some, if you were to sit and
plot all of the houses that had a birthday party, you'd probably see that it's more likely that they'd have 10
windows than one window, and definitely more likely that they have 10 windows than, let's say, 30 windows, or even maybe 15 windows even. So it's not going to
be evenly distributed. Every house has a somewhat
different number of windows, and the house that's
happening to host the party seems to be somewhat random, but it's not going to be
evenly distributed here. I would say it's not a
kind of a really good random number generator because
it's not evenly generated. So I would say method three is not fair. The number of windows is not a really good random number generator. A good random number
generator, we would want, say, number one through
75 where any of these have an equally likely
chance of getting picked. It's somewhat random, the number of windows that building has, but they're not all equally likely.