19 F. 449 -

19 F1d 449

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Case Text

mE ROOKAWAY.

4:49

freighter, by the maritime law, though otherwise at common law, to demurrage and damages for the unreasonable detention of the vessel, though not expressly agreed upon. The Hermitage, 4: Blatchf. 474:; The Hyperion's Oargo, 2 Low. 93; Sprague v. West, Abb. Adm. 548. But in the present case, compensation for the vessel, while lying at the wharf with the cable on board, is not in the nature of damage for detention, but is a part of the express contract of the charter to pay for the vessel at the rate of :five dollars per day until arrival at Troy. The libelant is thersfore entitled to a decree for $1,474:.50, with interest from August 23, 1881, with costs.

THE: ROCKAWAY, etc.

THE

eto.

(District Court, 8. D. New York. January 15,1884
1.

2.

CoLLISION-A.NCHoRED VESSEL-PRESUMPTION.

Where a steamer in motion collides with a vessel properly anchored, the presumption of fault is upon the former.

SAME-RINGING BELJ,-SNOW.

There being no positive rule nor settled usage for a vessel at anchor to ring a bell in thick snow, held, such vessel is not in fault for not ringing a bell during a thick squall of snow of a few minutes' duration only.

3.

SAME-CASE STATED.

Where the ferry-boat R., running from Hunter's Point to Seventh street, New York, her usual course being near where the bark S. was anchored off Nineteenth street, was overtaken after leaving Hunter's Point by a sudden squall of thick snow, and on passing TwentJ·.third street was embarrassed by one of the ferry-boats of the Twenty-third street line crossing her bows, compelling her to stop and back, and while so doing, and being headed well towards the New York shore, she drifted down with a strong tide and ran afoul of\he S. at anchor, .the position of the latter being previously well known to the R, held, that the ferry-boat was in fault for not keeping further away from the known situation of the S.; held also, that under the circumstances it was not probable that the ringing of a bell would have been of any service to the R. in avoiding the collision, and that the H. accordingly was alone answerable.

In Admiralty. Shipman, Barlow, Larocque et Choate, for ferry company. Jas. K. Hill, Wing Shoudy, 'for the Survivor. BROWN, J. These cross-libels were filed to recover damages arising out of a collision, which took place in the East river, off Eighteenth street, a little after 7 o'clock in the evening of Sunday. December 26, 1880, between the brigantine Survivor and the ferry-boat Rockaway. The brig was a new vessel of 193 tons register, belonging at Windsor, Nova Scotia. She arrived at New York, loaded with potatoes, on the afternoon previous, by way of Long Island sound and the East river, and, after taken through Hell Gate by the pilot in charge, was v.19,no.6-29

4'50

FEJ>BBAL REPOBTEB.

on the usual anchorage ground, known as the Poor House fiats off Nineteenth street, about .450 yards from the New York shore. The brig Louisa Coipel was anchored just above and a little nearer thQlilhore. .The place of anchorage was at first disputed, but is fixed with: approximate accuracy by the pilot who anchored the Louisa Ooipel, who .states that she was anchored when he got in range of the shiIl"honse, at the navy·yard, as it opened along the line of the New York shore. This fixes the .position of the brigantine at about 450 YlLtds from the New York shore. On Sunday, the day of the collision, the wind was strong from the north-east, with occasional spits of snow. At about 5 P.M. both vessels threw out a second anchor, apprehending a stormy night, and paid out 20 additional fathoms of chain. This would have brought the brigantine between Eighteent.h and Nineteenth streets. The Rockaway, with her companion-boat, the Long Beach, was running from the ferry at the foot of Seventh street, New York, to Hunter's Point. Off Tenth street there is a.reefof rocks near the middle of the river. The usual course of the ferry-boats is to 'run between this reef and the New York shore until off Seventeenth street, and then make some· what across the river for Hunter's Point. When the weather is thick the boats. go near the docks as far as Seventeenth street and then steer by compass acrosS for Hunter's Point, and return in the same manner. At Seventeenth street the New York shore makes a sndden and deep bend' to the westward, forming a sort of bay with the flats abOve referred to. The harbor regulations forbid vessels to anchor within 300 yards of the shore. While the Survivor was thus at an. chor, the tide being strong ebb, the Rockaway, on one of her trips down the river fromHuI).ter's Point, ran afoul of the brigantine, causing damage to bothvesBels. The ferry-boat at the ,time was headed more or less foltha New York shore; was under slow headway through the wa.ter, and drifting down with the strong ebb-tide. As she did 80, the jib-boom of the Survivor ran through the second window from the frOnt of the forward cabin of the. Rockaway, on her port-side, and that side of the was carried away as far back as the wheel. house. The boats became entangled; the Rockaway swung ronnd with her head up river and upon the east or starboard-side of the Survivor, and was fast afoul from half an hour to anehour, when she was finally extricated through the aid of the Long Beach, which was approaching and very near at the time of the collision. The witnesses on behalf of the ferry-boat testify that when the Rockaway left her slip at Hunter's. Point the lights at Thirtieth street could be seen, ,but that a few moments afterwards, when she got out into the river,. a thick squall of snow set in, which hid the lights on both shores, as well as .the lights of the vesl:lels at anchor, BO that no light could be seen except at a very short distance; and that this snow squall and this condition of the weather continued until the collision. The pilot testifies that as he approached the crossing of

THE ROOKAWAY.

451

the Twenty-thil;dstreet ferryfrbin NewYQrk to 'Greenpoint, he blew signal whistles for this ferry, and received in reply two whistles from' the ferry-boat Martha, of that line, which he recognized, indicating that she' would cross his bow; that he immediately reversed his engine; that the Martha passed his bow very near to him; that he could only see her white light when she was close to him; that after she had pasaed, and while he was still drifting and backing, he ran afoul of the Survivor in the manner before described, not being able to see ber anchor light, which was set in her fore-stay, until close upon her. Thia testimony in regard to the ,state of the weather is substantiated by three other pilots, namely, the pilot of the' Long Beach, alldthe pilots of the Martha and Greenpoint, of the Twentythird street line. They all testify that on this trip lights could not be seen any considerable distance, so as to be of service in avoiding vessels, and that they sounded their fog-whistle, as customary in thick weather; The witnesses on behalf of the Survivor, including some who were disinterested, atate in general terma that the weather was not thick; that there was no snow to obstruct lights; that the lights on both shores were visible, and the lights of vessels visible ata good distance off. Such a conflict of evidence in regard to the weather is extremely embarrassing. But, upon a careful consideration of the testimony, and notwithstanding the able argument of counsel on the part of the company, I am not satisfied that the ferryboat has absolved herself from the sole responsibility for this collieion. 1. The brig was at anchor in a proper place, where she had a right to be, and with her light properly set. The pilot of the ferry-boat knew her precise position, and was bound to keep out of her way. The burden of proof in auch cases is upon the vessel under way to show by a clear preponderance of proof that the collision occurred without fault on her part, or through some fault of the other vessel. The Batavier, 2 Wm. Rob. 407; The John Adams, 1 Cliff. 404, 413 ; The . City of New York, 8 Blatchf. 194. 2. Even if the weather were as thick as the witneSses on the part' Of the Rockaway state, the latter must, nevertheless, be held in fault, because her pilot well knew where the Survivor' lay at anchor, and was bound to give her a good offing, there being nothing in the way of his doing so. Moreover, a statute of this st8ite requires steam-boats , navigating the East river to keep in the middle ont; and this statute was held by NELSON, J., in the case of The E. C. Scranton, 3 Blatchf. 50, to be binding upon the Williamsburgh ferry-boats. The Rockaway in deviating from this rule did so a t her own peril. The course of the Rockaway on this trip, by compass, as stated by the pilot, shows that no effort was made to keep in the middle of the river or to go much to the eastward of the Survivor. As respects her duty to keep away, the case is very similar to the case of The D. S. Gregory, 6 Blatchf. 528, in which NELSON, J., says; ,

459

FEDERAL REPORTER.

"It was the duty of the D. S. Grego}'y [in a thick fog] to take every reasonable precaution in her power to avoid the Talisman. In this, I think, she failed. She knew that the Talisman was anohored in her track the afternoon or evening before; and, as the Talisman did not change her po.sition down to the time of the colFsion, and the ferry-boat was passing her every trip she was making, the ferry-boat is chargeable with notice of her position, and should have been so navigated as to avoid her."

That case presented more difficulties from the surrounding shipping than the. present, and, nevertheless, the ferry-boat alone was held liable. 3. It is urged that the Survivor was in fault in not ringing a bell when the weather was so thick with snow that lights could not be seen. There was not then, and is not now, any express rule or regu· lation in force in this country requiring a vessel at anchor to ring a beH in snowy weather. The rule provides for cases oUog only. The new international rules of navigation provide for snow as in cases of fog; but these rules have not yet been adopted by congress. There was no proof of any usage or custom of the port for vessels at anchor to ring a bell in snowy weather. See The Bay State, 1 Abb. Adm. 235, 241, note. Without considering what may be the obligations of a vessel in this respect when anchored in the region where ferry-boats are in the known habit of passing, I have come to the conclusion that under the pecu. liar circumstances of this case there is not such satisfactory evidence or preponderance of proof on the part of the ferry-boat in regard to the condition of the weather for such a length of time as would justify me in holding the Survivor chargeable with negligence in not ringing a bell. The case is not one of the omission of a reasonable precau. tion to avoid the danger of a particular collision after that danger has become visible. The fault charged is that the Survivor did not commence to ring a bell when the weather, as is alleged, became thick, as a general measure of precaution, to enable ferry.boats and any other vessels to keep away from her. But the time during which this thick snow could have existed was extremely short; certainly not more than five or six minutes. N<;> bells were rung anywhere else, either upon other vessels, or upon the ferry slips, which are in the habit of using bells in thick weather to guide boats coming in. Some suspicion necessarily attaches also to the claim that so thick weather should come on so suddenly, continue until the collision, and disappear a minute or two afterwards; and the proof to sustain it ought to be clear and satisfactory. Although four pilots of ferry-boats do testify to this, there are uumerous circumstances in connection with the other direct evidence, which, contrary to my first impressions, have led me to hesitate, and at length to conclude, after much review, that the weather was not so thick for any such appreciable time as could constitute negligence in the brig for not ringing a bell. There must be some reasonable period allowed for observation, directions, and the execution of orders for such signals. A vessel at anchor, and

THE ECHO.

453

in a proper place, is not, I think, to be charged with extreme vigilance or watchfulness against collision with other vessels, nor held to be always prepared lor the instantaneous sounding of a. bell. Less vigilance is required of a vessel at anchor. The Lady Franklin, 9 Low. 220. The general absence of such ringing of bells as would be looked for if the weather was very thick is entitled to considerable weight, I think, as evidence that whatever thickness of weather existed was for so brief a period as not to have given occasion for bells to be rung, , in the exercise of ordinary prudence. In the several years that have elapsed since the collision it is not ililpossible, also, that the thickness of the weather may have become somewhat exaggerated in the recollection of the witnesses on the part of the rerry-boat; and some im· portant differences in their testimony and other circumstances of proved mistake have on the. whole satisfied me that, as the main tault was very clearly on the part of the ferry. boat, there is not sufficiently satisfactory evidence of negligence to make the Survivor also legally responsible for the collision. If, moreover, the weather was as thick as alleged, it is not evident, and scarcely appears probable, that, considering the heading, the backing, and the drifting of the Rockaway after the embarrassment caused her by the Martha's crussing her bows, she-wonld have received aid from a bell if rung from the Survivor. Her pilot had not lost his bearings; he knew the position of the Sur. vivor and Louisa Coipel, and must have known his own position very approximately from the Martha's course. He does not claim to have been misled by the absence of the bell, and I doubt that the bell, if rung, would have made any difference in the result. McCready v. Goldsmith, 18 How. 89, 92. In the case of Slocomb a reference may be taken to compute the damages to the Survivor, if the parties do not agree, and the cross-libel must be dismissed, with costs.

THE

ECHO,

etc.

(District Court, S. D. New York. January 21, 1884.
1.

COLLISION-NEGLIGENCE-BuRDEN OF PROOF-CUSTOM.

Where a boat properly moored receives damage from another colliding with her, tlle latter is presumptively liable for the damages, and the burden of proof· is upon her to clear herself from fault. The temporary use of a line or warp stretched llcross a narrow stream in the mooring and handling of vessels is not necessarily unlawful. Where a tug-boat coming down Newtown creek discovered slIch a line ahead of her, and IIpon backing to avoid it, ran into the Iibelllnt's bORt, held, that the burden of proof was upon the tug-boat to show that the line was used impropalso, tbat in view of the erly, or that any propel' signals were omitted;