The best-known playwright of this period is Agha Hashr (1876–1935), a poet-dramatist of flamboyant imagination and superb craftsmanship. Among his famous plays are Sita Banbas, based on an incident from the Ramayana; Bilwa Mangal, a social play on the life of a poet, whose blind passion for a prostitute results in remorse; and Aankh ka Nasha (“The Witchery of......

...grandson of Genghis Khan, was appointed by his brother Mangu Khan, the fourth great khan of the Mongols, to extend Mongol power in Islāmic areas. Hülegü destroyed the fortress of the Assassins (a militant Islāmic sect) in 1256 at Alāmut in north central Iran. He then defeated the caliph’s army and captured and executed al-Mustaʿṣim, the la...

...grandson of Genghis Khan, was appointed by his brother Mangu Khan, the fourth great khan of the Mongols, to extend Mongol power in Islāmic areas. Hülegü destroyed the fortress of the Assassins (a militant Islāmic sect) in 1256 at Alāmut in north central Iran. He then defeated the caliph’s army and captured and executed al-Mustaʿṣim, the la...

...grandson of Genghis Khan, was appointed by his brother Mangu Khan, the fourth great khan of the Mongols, to extend Mongol power in Islāmic areas. Hülegü destroyed the fortress of the Assassins (a militant Islāmic sect) in 1256 at Alāmut in north central Iran. He then defeated the caliph’s army and captured and executed al-Mustaʿṣim, the la...

ancient archaeological site in southwestern Palestine, located southwest of Lachish (Tel Lakhish) in modern Israel. Excavation of the site, carried out in 1890 by Sir Flinders Petrie and in 1892–94 by F.J. Bliss, revealed that the first occupation began about 2600 bc. More important, however, Petrie’s work there was the first stratigraphic excavation in Palestine. Recog...

member of a pre-Christian Jewish sect of uncertain origin, noted for uncompromising observance of Judaic Law. The Hasideans joined the Maccabean revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucids (2nd century bc) to fight for religious freedom and stem the tide of paganism. They had no interest in politics as such, and they later withdrew from the Maccabean cause as soon as they had regained t...

member of a pre-Christian Jewish sect of uncertain origin, noted for uncompromising observance of Judaic Law. The Hasideans joined the Maccabean revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucids (2nd century bc) to fight for religious freedom and stem the tide of paganism. They had no interest in politics as such, and they later withdrew from the Maccabean cause as soon as they had regained t...

(from Hebrew ḥasid, “pious one”), a 12th- and 13th-century Jewish religious movement in Germany that combined austerity with overtones of mysticism. It sought favour with the common people, who had grown dissatisfied with formalistic ritualism and had turned their attention to developing a personal spiritual life, as reflected in the movement’s great work, ...

charismatic founder (c. 1750) of Ḥasidism, a Jewish spiritual movement characterized by mysticism and opposition to secular studies and Jewish rationalism. He aroused controversy by mixing with ordinary people, renouncing mortification of the flesh, and insisting on the holiness of ordinary bodily existence. He was also responsible for divesting Kabbala (esoteric Jewish......

The concept of hasina among the Merina (Hova) of central Madagascar is very similar to that of mana. It demonstrates the same aristocratic root character as the word mana, which is derived from the Indonesian manang (“to be influential,......

a late 18th- and 19th-century intellectual movement among the Jews of central and eastern Europe that attempted to acquaint Jews with the European and Hebrew languages and with secular education and culture as supplements to traditional Talmudic studies. Though the Haskala owed much of its inspiration and values to the European Enlightenment, its roots, character, and development were distinctly J...

a late 18th- and 19th-century intellectual movement among the Jews of central and eastern Europe that attempted to acquaint Jews with the European and Hebrew languages and with secular education and culture as supplements to traditional Talmudic studies. Though the Haskala owed much of its inspiration and values to the European Enlightenment, its roots, character, and development were distinctly J...

American film and television director, cinematographer, and special-effects artist best known for his work in the adventure and science-fiction genres, with films such as The War of the Worlds (1953) and The Naked Jungle (1954)....

March 14, 1930Enid, Okla.Sept. 7, 2008El Paso, TexasAmerican college basketball coach who helped bring racial integration to college basketball when in 1966 he started five African American players on his Texas Western College team, and the squad defeated the all-white University of Kentuck...

March 14, 1930Enid, Okla.Sept. 7, 2008El Paso, TexasAmerican college basketball coach who helped bring racial integration to college basketball when in 1966 he started five African American players on his Texas Western College team, and the squad defeated the all-white University of Kentuck...

town, southern Bulgaria. It lies in the northeastern foothills of the Rhodope Mountains. Founded about 1385 at the outset of the Ottoman period, it is located on the Sofia-Istanbul road and is connected by rail with the Belgrade–Sofia–Istanbul trunk rail line. Its populace includes many refugees from Macedonia and Aegean Thrace. Industries include the production of...

Another of the service’s most-storied riders was “Pony Bob” Haslam, holder of the record for the longest and fastest run in the history of the Pony Express. That much-celebrated run in May 1860 began at Friday’s Station on the southwest shore of Lake Tahoe and took Haslam east on his normal route to Buckland’s Station (though without the benefit of a relief horse...

April 1, 1905Fremantle, AustraliaJan. 9, 1993Perth, AustraliaAustralian politician who , was a respected Cabinet minister and the first serving party politician to be named (1969) governor-general of Australia. Hasluck, who was from a family of Salvation Army officers, obtained a master...

dynasty of ancient Judaea, descendants of the Maccabee family. The name derived (according to Josephus, in The Antiquities of the Jews) from the name of their ancestor Hasmoneus (Hasmon), or Asamonaios. In 143 (or 142) bc Simon Maccabeus, son of Mattathias (and brother of Judas Maccabeus), succeeded his brother Jonathan as leader of the M...

dynasty of ancient Judaea, descendants of the Maccabee family. The name derived (according to Josephus, in The Antiquities of the Jews) from the name of their ancestor Hasmoneus (Hasmon), or Asamonaios. In 143 (or 142) bc Simon Maccabeus, son of Mattathias (and brother of Judas Maccabeus), succeeded his brother Jonathan as leader of the M...

...hills with his five sons and waged a guerrilla war against the Syrians, being succeeded by his son Judas Maccabeus. Because, according to Josephus, Mattathias’ great-great-grandfather was called Hasmoneus, the family is often designated Hasmonean rather than Maccabee. ...

...ultimately led Islamic extremists to issue a fatwa, or death sentence, against him and those who espoused his ideas; this prompted Khaled to move to France. In Algeria younger artists, including Cheb Hasni, Cheb Nasro, and Cheb Tahar, filled the void created by Khaled’s departure. In 1994, however, the raï community was jolted by the murder in Oran of Cheb Hasni by a militant Isla...

...by thick woody skins and a ripening season different from that of the others. Cultivation of the West Indian, the most tropical in character, is limited in the United States to southern Florida. Hass avocado, the most popular cultivar in the United States, is a Mexican-Guatemalan hybrid....

Jan. 23, 1919Vienna, AustriaJune 16, 2012ViennaAustrian marine biologist and underwater filmmaker who brought footage of marine life and watery frontiers to worldwide audiences as one of the pioneers of deep-sea exploration. In addition to featuring his wife and fellow sea explorer, Lotte, ...

Jan. 23, 1919Vienna, AustriaJune 16, 2012ViennaAustrian marine biologist and underwater filmmaker who brought footage of marine life and watery frontiers to worldwide audiences as one of the pioneers of deep-sea exploration. In addition to featuring his wife and fellow sea explorer, Lotte, ...

town, northeastern Syria. The town lies on the banks of the Khābūr River (a tributary of the Euphrates) at its confluence with the Jaghjaghah. Under the Ottoman Empire it lost its importance, but it revived with the settlement there of Assyrian refugees from Iraq during the French mandate of Syria after 1932. Now an important road junction near the Turkish and Iraq...

town, northern Pakistan. The town is a textile and communications centre that is connected by the Grand Trunk Road and by rail with Peshawar and Rawalpindi. It has government colleges affiliated with the University of the Punjab. The Buddhist site of Hasan Abdal, just east of the town, dates from the 2nd century bc and has given the town its modern name. Pop. (1998) 37,789....

sultan of Morocco (1873–94), whose policy of internal reforms brought his country a degree of stability previously unknown and who succeeded in preserving the independence of that North African nation....

...of these operations are uncertain, but they must have occurred before 688 when Zuhayr ibn Qays himself was killed in an attack on Byzantine positions in Cyrenaica. The second Arab army, commanded by Ḥassān ibn al-Nuʿmān, was dispatched from Egypt in 693. It faced stiff resistance in the eastern Aurès Mountains from the Jawāra Berbers, who were commanded...

...at urban centres throughout the country. Its leading institutions include Muḥammad V University in Rabat, the country’s largest university, with branches in Casablanca and Fès; the Hassan II Agriculture and Veterinary Institute in Rabat, which conducts leading social science research in addition to its agricultural specialties; and Al-Akhawayn University in Ifrane, a public...

July 18, 1927Luna, Rajasthan, British IndiaJune 13, 2012Karachi, Pak.Pakistani singer who used his haunting baritone to bring ghazal singing to a wide audience and recorded thousands of songs written in Urdu verse. Born to a family of professional musicians, Hassan learned his craft ...

Somali religious and nationalist leader (called the “Mad Mullah” by the British) who for 20 years led armed resistance to the British, Italian, and Ethiopian colonial forces in Somaliland. Because of his active resistance to the British and his vision of a Somalia united in a Muslim brotherhood transcending clan divisions, Sayyid Maxamed is seen as a forerunner of modern Somali natio...

Somali faction leader. He received military training in Italy and the U.S.S.R. and served in posts under Mohamed Siad Barre (1978–89) before overthrowing him in 1991. He became the dominant clan leader at the centre of the Somalian civil war. Losing the interim presidency to another factional leader, Aydid continued warring on rival clans. When UN and U.S. troops arrived ...

Gibraltarian politician who spent more than 40 years in government; he was especially noted for his leadership in resisting Spain’s claims to the British colony and for instilling a sense of Gibraltarian identity in the colony’s inhabitants (b. Aug. 21, 1915--d. July 1, 1997)....

In Moorish society the nobles consisted of two types of lineages: ʿarabs, or warriors, descendants of the Banū Ḥassān and known as the Ḥassānīs, and murābiṭ—called “marabouts” by the French and known in their own language as ......

Arabic is the official language of Mauritania; Fula, Soninke, and Wolof are recognized as national languages. The Moors speak Ḥassāniyyah Arabic, a dialect that draws most of its grammar from Arabic and uses a vocabulary of both Arabic and Arabized Amazigh words. Most of the Ḥassāniyyah speakers are also familiar with colloquial Egyptian and Syrian Arabic due to the......

...elsewhere. The pyrrhic dance of ancient Greece served as an exercise of military training until late antiquity, when it degenerated into popular professional entertainment. The hassapikos, or butchers’ dance, of Turkey and ancient and modern Greece—now a communal social dance—was in the Middle Ages a battle mime with swords performed by the butchers’ guild, wh...

German nationalist and political leader who turned the General German League (Allgemeiner Deutscher Verband), founded in 1891, into the militantly nationalistic and anti-Semitic Pan-German League (Alldeutscher Verband) in 1894....

Norwegian physical chemist and corecipient, with Derek H.R. Barton of Great Britain, of the 1969 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work in establishing conformational analysis (the study of the three-dimensional geometric structure of molecules)....

...the addition of acids or bases resulting from physiological processes, are known as physiological buffers. The chemical expression developed by Henderson, and modified by the Danish biochemist Karl Hasselbach, to describe these systems, now known as the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, is of fundamental importance to biochemistry....

...kept the team in Seattle. Allen hired Mike Holmgren as head coach and general manager in 1999. In 2000 the team drafted running back Shaun Alexander and the following year traded for quarterback Matt Hasselbeck, who, along with All-Pro offensive lineman Walter Jones, formed the core of the most successful team in Seahawks’ history....

...of the Protestant Reformation, the order was nearly destroyed when its houses were suppressed and confiscated. The modern Sisters of the Most Holy Savior of St. Bridget, founded at Rome in 1911 by Mother Elisabeth Hasselblad, were recognized by the Holy See in 1942 as an offshoot of the ancient order. Its members are contemplatives whose prayer life is directed to the reunion of all......

The island was sighted in 1810 by Frederick Hasselborough, an Australian sealer, who named it for Lachlan Macquarie, then governor of New South Wales. Hasselborough noted at the time the presence of a wrecked ship “of ancient design,” presumably Polynesian. The island was a centre for seal hunting until 1919. It has no permanent human population, but a meteorologic and geologic......

church organized in the United States by Norwegian and Swedish immigrants in 1860 in Jefferson Prairie, Wisconsin, as the Scandinavian Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Tufve Nilsson Hasselquist, an ordained minister in the Church of Sweden, was the first president. It took its name from Confessio Augustana, the Latin name for the Augsburg Confession, written in 1530 by German Lutheran......

capital of Limburg province, Flanders Region, northeastern Belgium. It lies along the Demer River near the Albert Canal, northwest of Liège. For centuries it has been a centre of administration, a market town, and a home of distilleries; the gin called Hasselt Spirit is still produced there. After coal mining began (1917) in the Kempenland (Campine) to ...

Aug. 28, 1913Geelong, Victoria, AustraliaJune 16, 1993Bateman’s Bay, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralian cricketer who , was one of his country’s finest batsmen for more than two decades and was Don Bradman’s successor (1949) as captain of the Australia Test side. Hass...

major oilfield, east-central Algeria. The field lies in the Grand Erg (sand dunes) Oriental of the Sahara. The Hassi Messaoud oilfield, discovered in 1956, has a generally north-south axis, and the reservoirs are sandstones of the Paleozoic Era. In 1979 Hassi Messaoud’s oil refinery was expanded, increasing its production capacity to about 9,500,000 barrels annually. In the early 1980s the...

town, containing one of the world’s major natural-gas fields (discovered in 1956), north-central Algeria. It lies 37 miles (60 km) northwest of Ghardaïa. It is also an intermediate stage on the natural-gas and oil pipelines running from Hassi Messaoud to the northern Algeria coastal cities of Arzew, Algiers, and Skikda....

an artificially produced element belonging to the transuranium group, atomic number 108. It was synthesized and identified in 1984 by West German researchers at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung [GSI]) in Darmstadt. On the basis of its position in the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to have chemical properties simil...

...in 1918 with a dissertation on poet Heinrich Heine. Also in 1918 he founded a literary journal, Der Spiegel. His first historical novel was Die hässliche Herzogin (1923; The Ugly Duchess), about Margaret Maultasch, duchess of Tirol. His finest novel, Jud Süss (1925; also published as Jew Süss and Power), set in 18th-century Germany,...

Aug. 15, 1910Stockholm, Swed.June 7, 2002Los Angeles, Calif.Swedish-born actress who , appeared in a wide variety of moderately successful (often villainous) roles in European and American films, beginning with Tystnadens hus (1933) in her native Sweden. In 1942 she moved to Hollywoo...

Aug. 15, 1910Stockholm, Swed.June 7, 2002Los Angeles, Calif.Swedish-born actress who , appeared in a wide variety of moderately successful (often villainous) roles in European and American films, beginning with Tystnadens hus (1933) in her native Sweden. In 1942 she moved to Hollywoo...

ancient Mesopotamian town located south of modern Mosul in northern Iraq. Excavated in 1943–44 by the Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities, Hassuna was found to represent a rather advanced village culture that apparently spread throughout northern Mesopotamia. At Hassuna itself, six layers of houses were uncovered, each progressively more substantial. Large clay vessels sunk into the ground we...

...houses were uncovered, each progressively more substantial. Large clay vessels sunk into the ground were used for grain storage, and bread was baked in domed ovens. Characteristic of the so-called Hassuna period (c. 5750–c. 5350 bc) was a large, oval dish with a corrugated or pitted inner surface that was probably used as a husking tray. Husking-tray fragments...

...“Sāmarrāʾ ware,” which seems to have been brought in or made by craftsmen who originally migrated from what is now Iran. These levels, occupied during the so-called Hassuna-Sāmarrāʾ period (c. 5350–c. 5050 bc), are identified with a culture restricted to the area of the middle Tigris and Euphrates rivers....

Egyptian diplomat who was secretary-general of the Arab League (1952–72) and a skillful mediator, particularly during the international crisis that ensued after Egyptian Pres. Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956 and during the difficulties surrounding the independence of Kuwait in 1961....

Egyptian diplomat who was secretary-general of the Arab League (1952–72) and a skillful mediator, particularly during the international crisis that ensued after Egyptian Pres. Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956 and during the difficulties surrounding the independence of Kuwait in 1961....

...the close of the 2nd century bc, the Romans found the Greek-style phalanx suitable for fighting in the plains of Latium. The basic weapon for this formation was a thrusting spear called the hasta; from this the heavy infantry derived its name, hastati, retaining it even after Rome abandoned the phalanx for the more flexible legion....

...of a so-called “black cabinet,” were advisers to Roosevelt. Among them were the educator Mary McLeod Bethune, who served as the National Youth Administration’s director of Negro affairs; William H. Hastie, who in 1937 became the first black federal judge; Eugene K. Jones, executive secretary of the National Urban League; Robert Vann, editor of the Pitts...

...of present-day Delhi. The Kuru-Pancala, still dominant in the Ganges–Yamuna Doab area, were extending their control southward and eastward; the Kuru capital had reportedly been moved from Hastinapura to Kaushambi when the former was devastated by a great flood, which excavations show to have occurred about the 9th century bce. The Mallas lived in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Avan...

...confederation of English Channel ports in southeastern England, formed to furnish ships and men for the king’s service. To the original five ports—Sandwich, Dover, Hythe, New Romney, and Hastings—were later added the “ancient towns” of Winchelsea and Rye with the privileges of “head ports.” More than 30 other towns in the counties of Kent and Sus...

city, seat (1857) of Dakota county, southeastern Minnesota, U.S. It lies on the Mississippi River where it is joined by the St. Croix River, about 20 miles (30 km) southeast of St. Paul. Part of the city extends across the Mississippi into Washington county. Sioux Indians were early inhabitants of the ar...

city, seat (1878) of Adams county, south-central Nebraska, U.S. The city lies along the West Fork Big Blue River, about 100 miles (160 km) west of Lincoln. Pawnee were living in the area when it was visited by explorers John C. Frémont and Kit Carson in 1842. Founded in 1872 at the junction of the Burlington and Missouri River and the St. Joseph and Denver City railroads,...

March 24, 1927Salisbury, Md.Aug. 6, 2014Lexington, Mass.American biochemist who precipitated new pathways of antibiotic development through his bioluminescence research, identifying (1970, along with Ken Nealson) a bacterial signaling mechanism that provided evidence for ...

...Philip Schaff, a Swiss-born American church historian, prepared the abridged English edition (1882–84) from which The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge stems. James Hastings, a Scottish clergyman, was responsible for no fewer than four encyclopaedic works in this field: A Dictionary of the Bible (1898–1904); A Dictionary of Chris...

March 24, 1927Salisbury, Md.Aug. 6, 2014Lexington, Mass.American biochemist who precipitated new pathways of antibiotic development through his bioluminescence research, identifying (1970, along with Ken Nealson) a bacterial signaling mechanism that provided evidence for ...

Victoria’s constitutionally dangerous political partisanship contributed to the first two crises of her reign, both of which broke in 1839. The Hastings affair began when Lady Flora Hastings, a maid of honour who was allied and connected to the Tories, was forced by Victoria to undergo a medical examination for suspected pregnancy. The gossip, when it was discovered that the queen had been....

More-complex magnifiers, such as the Steinheil or Hastings forms, use three or more elements to achieve better correction for chromatic aberrations and distortion. In general, a better approach is the use of aspheric surfaces and fewer elements....

...occurs in various plutonic igneous rocks, including diorites, quartz diorites, and granodiorites. It also occurs as phenocrysts in andesite lavas that contained enough water for amphiboles to form. Hastingsite is found in granites and alkali-rich intrusives such as syenites. The alkali amphiboles riebeckite and arfvedsonite are found most commonly in granites, syenites, nepheline syenites, and....

...are skilled people who remain in direct contact with the animals for many years. The handlers take care of all the elephants’ needs, and the bond between man and beast becomes very strong. Hastividyarama, an age-old handbook for elephant tamers, spells out prescribed training procedures in detail and is still used today in some parts of Asia. Commanded by its mahout, the......

Meanwhile, McAlmon published his short-story collection A Hasty Bunch himself in 1922. That, his contacts with fellow expatriate writers in Paris, and a large gift of money from his father-in-law, a shipping tycoon, led to McAlmon’s Contact Editions books, which began to appear in 1923. These included works by himself and Bryher; Williams’s Spring and All; Ernest Heming...

Sherman tried his hand at swordplay with Adventures of Don Juan (1949), which proved to be a fine vehicle for Errol Flynn. The Hasty Heart (1949), an adaptation of John Patrick’s play, was set in a military hospital during World War II; it starred Richard Todd, Patricia Neal, and Ronald Reagan. Backfire (1950) was a....

...as infinitely detailed descriptions of the protagonist’s activities. Thus, they provide much scope for display of the author’s ingenuity and inventiveness. An American mock-epic, Joel Barlow’s The Hasty Pudding (written 1793), celebrates in three 400-line cantos his favourite New England dish, cornmeal mush....