Texas State Updates: Medical Care

New study proposes strategy
for improving medical care

Dr. Kelly Haskard-Zolnierek

Research done by a team that included Kelly Haskard-Zolnierek, an assistant professor in the Texas State Department of Psychology, has developed a strategy that can help patients stick to their prescribed medicines, achieving better long-term results.

Haskard-Zolnierek worked with researchers from the University of California, Riverside, and La Sierra University in Riverside on the Information-Motivation-Strategy model. The three-pronged approach was developed after analysis of findings from more than 100 large-scale studies and meta-analyses conducted between 1948 and 2009.

A report on the model appears in the journal Health Psychology Review.

The World Health Organization has estimated that in developed countries, 50 percent of patients with chronic disease do not stick to prescription regimens, and the number is worse in developing countries.

The study’s authors – Haskard-Zolnierek, Robin DiMatteo of UC Riverside, and Leslie Martin of La Sierra University – estimated that non-adherence costs the U.S. health care system between $290 billion and $300 billion a year and wastes an estimated 275 million medical visits per year.

“When regimens are more complex and intrusive, patients are more prone to forget what they are supposed to do and are less likely to be able to carry out the directives that they do recall. Patients carry out prescribed regimens less effectively when they view their health problem as less severe,” the authors wrote in their paper, “Improving Patient Adherence: A Three-factor Model to Guide Practice.”

The model identifies three categories to guide providers and patients toward adherence:

Information: Many patients are incapable of understanding the health information they receive. Recommendation for clinicians: Communicate information effectively to patients. Build trust and encourage patients to participate in decision-making and to be partners in their own health care. Ask patients to share why and how they will carry out their treatment recommendations. Listen to patients’ concerns and give them full attention.

Motivation: Patients only follow treatments they believe in. Motivating patients to follow treatment recommendations is important. Recommendation: Help patients to believe in the efficacy of the treatment. Elicit, listen to and discuss any negative attitudes toward treatment. Determine the role of the patient’s social system in supporting or contradicting elements of the regimen. Help the patient commit to adherence and to believe that they are capable of doing it. Be aware of and sensitive to patient’s cultural beliefs and practices, and view treatment through a cultural lens to make sure that recommendations do not conflict with cultural norms.

Strategy: Concrete barriers represent a common set of obstacles to adherence, such as the cost of medications, unreliable transportation to make appointments, mental health issues and complex treatment regimens. Patients need a workable strategy to follow treatment recommendations. Recommendation: Help overcome practical barriers that make it difficult for patients to effectively carry out a course of action. Identify individuals who can provide concrete assistance. Identify resources to provide financial aid or discounts. Provide written instructions/reminders. Sign a behavioral contract. Offer links to support groups. Provide electronic reminders or follow-up phone calls.

The model emphasizes doctor-patient relationships for effectively informing, motivating and making strategy with patients. It also is a useful tool for targeting patient needs, focusing on elements that are essential to achieving individual patient adherence and ultimately optimizing health outcomes, the researchers wrote.

“Nonadherence is a complex problem and addressing it requires the efforts of both patients and clinicians, as well as all members of the health care team and the individuals who are part of patients’ everyday lives,” they said.