Qatar

Nowhere near as religious as its neighbour, Saudi Arabia, nor as bling-obsessed as nearby United Arab Emirates, Qatar has astutely observed the paths other Gulf states have chosen, and then cherry-picked what seems to work best.

This careful approach has led the country to almost unimaginable success. Since Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani took power in 1995 (ousting his father in a bloodless coup), Qatar has expanded its economy, mainly based on gas and oil, to the point where the nation has the second-highest GDP per capita in the world, just behind Liechtenstein. This wealth is fairly evenly distributed amongst nationals too: you will be hard pressed to find an impoverished or even working class Qatari, as the government provides most citizens with such generous benefits that some need not be employed at all.

Those who do work can still not feed the country’s hungry economy, and so the majority of the country’s small population are expatriate workers. Most seem content in Qatar (or rather, the capital, Doha, which is the temporary home for almost all) as salaries are comparatively high and conditions are generally good: healthcare, education, and sometimes even housing are free, while water, gas, electricity and some foodstuffs are subsidized by the state. However, strict health laws require that all incoming workers are screened for communicable diseases, including HIV and AIDS, and those infected are barred from entering. Islamic codes must also be followed, so that public displays of affection are frowned upon, homosexuality is taboo and, while alcohol can be consumed, drunk driving is harshly penalized.

The Emir recently allowed a new constitution that permits the election of municipal governors, and Qatar was one of the first Gulf countries to extend voting rights to women. Nonetheless, the reforms resulted only in a weak Consultative Assembly rather than a Parliament, and political parties are still illegal. There is no freedom of assembly, and freedom of association is sharply circumscribed. In addition, Qatar, like most Gulf states, uses the kafala (‘sponsorship’) visa system, which means that employers have a great deal of power over their employees’ work permits. This can make it difficult for workers to change employers, even abusive ones, and without their employer’s permission, such workers are also unable to leave the country.

Furthermore, society is sharply divided into male and female realms and roles, with both sexes wearing traditional dress in the abaya (for women) and the thobe (for men). Women sometimes cover not only their hair with a black scarf, but their faces as well, including their eyes, and older women from the coastal areas can often be seen in a gold mask called a battula. Several public places, such as spas, hairdressers or gyms, have areas that are gender segregated.

Culturally, Qatar is friendly to the West, but certainly not dominated by it. Al Jazeera was created here to give the Arab world a liberal, global voice, and there are a large variety of local newspapers, many of them in English. There is no doubt that Qatar is making a concerted attempt to lead the Gulf states in terms of culture: Doha boasts architecture by some of the world’s leading names, including Zaha Hadid and IM Pei, who designed the impressive Museum of Islamic Art, and further galleries and museums are being planned.

Due to urban planning, dust storms and incredibly hot summers when temperatures can reach as high as 50oC, Doha is as addicted to the car and to air conditioning as Los Angeles. Subsidized petrol means that most people can easily afford to drive, but this has also led to incredible traffic jams, despite the small population. Water is scarce and Qatar is counting on energy-intensive desalination plants for future supplies.

Jill Goldberg

Qatar Fact File

Leader

Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani

Economy

GDP per capita: $103,500 (Saudi Arabia $20,700, UK $36,600).

Monetary unit

Riyal

Main exports

Crude oil and natural gas. Oil and gas supply 85% of export earnings, and 70% of government revenues. Proven oil reserves of 15 billion barrels would last for 37 years at the current levels of production, while this tiny country has 14% of the world’s total proven reserves of natural gas. Lower oil prices in 2009 may slow economic investment somewhat.

Infant mortality 12 per 1,000 live births (Saudi Arabia 20, UK 5). Healthcare is free and in general the oil wealth has allowed for one of the most comprehensive welfare systems in the world.

Environment

Sustainability is a strange concept in a country with such wealth from fossil fuels. Carbon emissions per capita: 79 tonnes (35th highest).

Culture

More than half the population are expatriate workers, many of them from Lebanon, Syria, and Southeast Asia. Native Qataris are descended from Bedouin from Najd with a small contingent of Iranian origin.

Religion

Most Qataris are Sunni Muslims who follow the conservative Wahhabi doctrine.

Very good among Qatari citizens, but variations among expatriate workers. *1998* ★★★

Life expectancy

76 years (Saudi Arabia 73, UK 79). *1998* ★★★★

Literacy

90%. Significantly up from 79% since it was last profiled. Education is free and primary enrolment averages 94%. *1998* ★★★

Position of women

High literacy and education rates, though little role in public life. The first to be given the vote in the Gulf region. *1998* ★★★

Freedom

Nowhere near as repressive as many of its neighbours. No significant domestic opposition. A new constitution has just come into effect, but political parties are still illegal, and there is no freedom of assembly. *1998* ★★★

Sexual minorities

As in any country under Sharia law, homosexuality is illegal. Sodomy between consenting adults carries a penalty of up to five years, but the law is rarely enforced.

NI Assessment (Politics)

The Emir is focused on making the country an educational and cultural centre in the Middle East and has invested in public infrastructure and the welfare state much more effectively than did his father. He may be the closest modern equivalent to a Benevolent Despot on the 18th-century European model but this is the 21st century: he needs to continue setting an example to the rest of the Gulf by extending democratic reform.

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