Personalized prediction predicts a user's preference for a large number of items through user-specific as well as content-specific information, based on a very small amount of observed preference scores. In a sense, predictive accuracy depends on how to pool the information from similar users and items. Two major approaches are collaborative filtering`and content-based filtering. Whereas the former utilizes the information on users that think alike for a specific item, the latter acts on characteristics of the items that a user prefers, on which two