Labor history is often missing from textbooks, but some schools are finding creative ways to teach economic justice

Gaby Goldman, left, and Leah Nano, cast as hospital managers, try to hammer out an agreement with the union on the organization’s policies on social media and drug testing. Photo: Caroline Preston/The Hechinger Report

This story is part of Map to the Middle Class, a Hechinger Report series on how schools are preparing young people for the future of work.

SKOKIE, Ill. — The young woman in the black sweatshirt was indignant. Across the negotiating table, a stern, occasionally sharp-tongued adversary refused to budge — first on wages and now on the organization’s social media policy. “We’re a hospital,” said the woman with marked intensity. “Don’t you agree that our first responsibility is to our patients?”

A cluster of young people nearby hotly debated the fairness of random drug tests for employees. Over in a far corner, a third group traded opinions on whether to accept management’s proposal to offer new hires 401(k)s instead of pensions. “It’s just for new employees,” said one young man, clad in a purple T-shirt. “But we have to think about solidarity,” replied a young woman in clear-framed glasses.

The speakers weren’t impassioned union representatives or managers concerned with the bottom line. They were juniors at Niles West High School, an economically diverse school serving approximately 2,500 students in the Chicago suburbs. The collective bargaining simulation was organized by the DePaul University Labor Education Center, which runs the exercises in roughly 10 high schools a year to introduce students to economic justice and the negotiating power of unions. For most of the students, it was the first time they were exposed to what unions do — not to mention their first encounter with terms like “HR,” “401(k)” and “union security.”

Lessons like these help students gain critical thinking skills and give them an opportunity to learn about workers’ rights and labor history, subjects that are often missing from classroom discussions, educators say. And, with a stackofstudiessuggestingthat the decline of unionized labor since the 1970s has deepened America’s economic inequality, some say teaching teens about organizing might offer a chance of preserving the country’s middle class.

Union membership has fallen since its peak in the 1950s and today includes just 10.7 percent of American workers.

“Many of the gains made by the labor movement, people just take for granted,” said Matthew Hardy, communications director for the California Federation of Teachers (CFT), which hopes to introduce labor history and bargaining exercises in five school districts this fall. “From things like workplace safety laws, to child labor laws, to vacations, holidays, civil rights, Medicare, Social Security, you name it — these didn’t appear out of thin air.… Working people standing together did that.”

CFT, which represents roughly 120,000 educators, is lobbying for $2.7 million in state funds for a three-year pilot that would incorporate labor history in civics, economics and history classes, along with simulationslike those run by the DePaul center.

Students aren’t likely to learn much about how labor unions have shaped economic and social policy if they stick to traditional textbooks, according to a report by the Albert Shanker Institute, a pro-labor group named for the longtime leader of the American Federation of Teachers. The 2011 study of four popular US history textbooks found that coverage of the labor movement was “spotty, inadequate, or slanted.”

“Textbooks tend to be tilted to the perspectives of the Rockefellers and the DuPonts and the Morgans, and don’t do a fair job in terms of representing the conditions that working people were toiling under, or the often-difficult struggles they had to engage in to establish basic rights,” said Leo Casey, the Shanker institute’s executive director.

Roughly 70 Niles West students spent four hours on a recent Friday learning how to negotiate on workplace issues. Photo: Caroline Preston/The Hechinger Report

Striking workers, for example, are often portrayed as menacing and violent. In its treatment of politics during the mid-20th century, the Houghton Mifflin Harcourt textbook The Americans downplays the concerns of steel and railroad workers about their wages and celebrates President Harry Truman for threatening to draft striking workers into the Army. Truman, the book declares, refused to let organized labor “cripple the nation.”

But the textbooks mostly minimize or ignore the role of unions. One reason for this, according to Casey, is the outsize influence of Texas on the country’s textbook market. The state’s Board of Education meddles more than most in the process of approving textbooks, and looks unfavorably on progressive social movements. As a result, publishers have tended to gear their textbooks toward pleasing this deep-pocketed buyer.

Adam Sanchez found this to be the case when he started teaching U.S. history, first in Portland, Oregon, and later at the Harvest Collegiate High School, a small public school in New York City. “You might have some mention of the labor movement in a chapter on industrialization or, in a decent textbook, they might talk about the labor movement a bit in the 1930s,” he said. “But really it is totally ignored.”

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Eager to help plug these gaps, Sanchez began drafting course materials on labor for Rethinking Schools, a publisher that co-launched the Zinn Education Project to develop curriculums on workers, women, people of color and social movements. Some 75,000 teachers to date have signed up to download its materials, including the lessons on labor, said Deborah Menkart, co-director of the Zinn project.

Sanchez’s favorite lesson (not one he authored) is the “Organic Goodie Simulation.” In the exercise, the teacher owns a “goodie

Jessica Cook, director of the DePaul University Labor Education Center, uses the collective bargaining simulations to encourage students to think about the future of work. Photo: Caroline Preston/The Hechinger Report

machine” and pits the students — divided into employed and unemployed — against one another. The teacher tries to drive down workers’ wages by offering lower-paying jobs to the unemployed, who face starvation because they can’t afford enough “goodies.” Eventually, some students recognize that it’s in their collective interest to organize, and they may strike or seize the goodie machine. “It’s an interesting flip of the typical classroom,” said Sanchez. “This is a lesson that rewards rebellion, and it’s often the rebellious classes that do well.”

At Niles West, 70 students bustled into a large classroom just past 8 a.m. on a recent Friday for the start of the simulation. In preparation for the exercise, they’d received handouts on the fictional Getswelle Hospital and its protracted labor negotiations with the nurses’ union. After being cast as union members or managers, they were assigned “coaches,” who included a Service Employees International Union researcher and an organizer with a local mechanics union. The DePaul center strives for verisimilitude: It even brought in two mediators from the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the government agency that helps resolve worker-manager conflicts.

At table one, Hana Frisch, the young woman in the clear-framed glasses, took the lead in negotiating for the union. Her opening bid: Wage increases of 7 percent the first year, then 4.5 percent and 4 percent in years two and three. Frisch’s counterpart on the management side, Lily Gussis, returned to an earlier union proposal on employee health care. The hospital was willing to shoulder a slightly higher share of insurance costs, she said.

The two groups hustled back to their corners. Management hammered out a counter-proposal on wage increases. The nurses’ union began to consider overtime pay. “Any Rolling Stones fans out there?” asked Jerry Hughes, a retired federal mediator and coach for the union side. “You can’t always get what you want, but you get what you need. That’s the whole point of collective bargaining. You go for what you want to get what you need.”

Steve Grossman, a social studies teacher at Niles West and the DePaul center’s associate director, said that few high schoolers know anything about unions before the simulation. He tells them to seek the best deal for their side, but it also has to be a fair deal. If the union tricks management into accepting exorbitant wages, for example, that’s in no one’s interest. “The kids understand why — the hospital might go out of business,” he said. At the end of the exercise, Grossman asks students to consider what the contract might have looked like if they’d had no right to bargain. “It’s kind of like a switch goes off,” he said.

“Textbooks tend to be tilted to the perspectives of the Rockefellers and the DuPonts and the Morgans and don’t do a fair job in terms of representing the conditions that working people were toiling under, or the often-difficult struggles they had to engage in to establish basic rights”

Leo Casey, Albert Shanker Institute

At least two states have tried to ensure that students receive an introduction to labor history. In 2009, Wisconsin passed a law incorporating the “history of organized labor and the collective bargaining process” into the state’s social studies standards. The rollout of those lessons has been slow, but the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction released a draft of the new social studies standards in January.

In 2015, Connecticut approved legislation requiring the state board of education to distribute course materials on labor history and law, collective bargaining, and workplace rights. The labor-backed bill proved controversial, however, with critics alleging that it was simply a way for unions — which today represent just 10.7 percent of U.S. workers — to reach young people in order to attract future members.

“I don’t think there’s anybody here that will deny that our education system does indoctrinate our kids,” State Rep. Charles Ferraro, a Republican, said in a hearing on the legislation. “It does give me pause as to why this bill was supported by unions primarily …. I don’t see how this particular bill is gonna give a fair, balanced approach in teaching our children.” Some teachers, meanwhile, objected to what they described as the legislation’s top-down approach and said decisions about what to teach were best left to them.

The law ultimately passed only after compromise language was added that mandated making information available on “the history and economics of free market capitalism and entrepreneurialism” as well.

Labor historians and progressive educators shrug off accusations that they’re trying to indoctrinate students. “There’s a lot about free market capitalism that’s already out there,” said Steve Kass, president of the Greater New Haven Labor History Association, which supported the bill. “The idea with this was to rebalance the scale.”

In some places, groups affiliated with unions have tried to educate young people about collective action by helping them organize around perceived injustices in their own lives. AiKea, an offshoot of Unite Here Local 5, in Honolulu, helps teens operate “justice clubs” in their schools. Students successfully campaigned for funding for air conditioning in classrooms and against a dress code they felt was sexist. “Schools can be a great way to inspire young people and teach about economic justice,” said Lisa Grandinetti, 22, who was active with AiKea while a student at Mililani High School, in Honolulu, and now works for the group. But, she said, because of over testing and standardization “that’s not what they are doing now.”

Muhammad Afzal, a junior at Niles West High School, speaks on behalf of his team of managers as part of the DePaul University Labor Education Center’s collective bargaining simulation. Photo: Caroline Preston/The Hechinger Report

In Illinois, there’s no requirement that high schoolers learn about labor history, but the state recently started making students pass civics in order to graduate. Jessica Cook, director of the DePaul University Labor Education Center, said she hopes this will prompt more teachers to incorporate the bargaining simulations into their lesson plans.

Over pizza toward the end of the four-hour session at Niles West, Cook told the students: “If there’s one thing I hope you take away from this, it’s that it’s easier to have a voice in your working conditions when you’re together.”

Gussis, the student who’d played the role of manager, said she could see herself as a union member. She aspires to work in theater and said that unions like Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists help safeguard artists’ rights. The labor simulation was the one of the first occasions she could think of in which she’d used negotiating skills. “There are those times when you go up to your teacher to negotiate your grades. If you get an 88.5, your teacher might say you could write an argument for why you should get an A.”

Over at the far end of the room, Leah Nano and her friend Gaby Goldman were reflecting on the pressures they’d felt as managers. “You have to make not just your employees happy but your bosses and the patients,” said Nano, who is interested in musical theater and business. “Sometimes I forgot it was a simulation.”

Muhammad Afzal, a Niles West junior, said he hopes to be a nuclear engineer and will probably wind up working for a big corporation. The bargaining simulation, he said, helped him consider how he might negotiate for better pay and working conditions when he’s older. “I learned about how to communicate and how, if you’re more civil, you get a better deal,” he said. Before this day, he said, “I didn’t realize there was a system [for this] where you try to be fair.”

This story was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education.

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Caroline Preston is a senior editor. She previously worked as a features editor with Al Jazeera America's digital team and a senior reporter with The… See Archive

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Caroline Preston's piece "Can educating kids about unions prepare them for the future of work?" highlights how little the teaching about the American labor movement and its history is lacking in our schools and cites a variety of programs to integrate the study of labor into our nation's classrooms.

She cites a study by the Albert Shanker Institute, done in collaboration with the American Labor Studies Center, entitled "American Labor in U.S. History Textbooks: How Labor’s Story is Distorted in High School History Textbooks" that states that "labor’s role in American history—and labor’s important accomplishments, which changed American life forever—are misrepresented, downplayed or ignored."

What the piece lacks, however, is a reference to the myriad of curriculum resources available on the Internet that provide teachers with an abundance of excellent teaching materials that can assist teachers who are looking for lesson plans and supplementary items to enrich their instruction. Perhaps the single best resource is the web site of the American Labor Studies Center (www.labor-studies.org). In addition to a variety of lessons, it includes a bibliography, biographies, labor songs, simulations, videos and an extensive list of labor links.

There is no shortage of high quality curriculum resources on teaching about the labor movement. There is generally a lack of awareness of them by teachers. That is why theAmerican Labor Studies Center was created.

- from Paul F. Cole, Mar 08, 2018

Excellent think tank initiative. May I add that future employees with disabilities, whether visible/invisible, not be afraid to assert their civil rights as a protected class not to be harassed, intimidated, subjected to a hostile work environment, etc., simply because of the cultural bias by the employer against those employees with disabilities, who are treated as if "incompetent". When an employee with a disability is retaliated against by the employer, for requesting a "reasonable accommodation", and the employer then gets to decide what is "reasonable" dismissing the affected employee's practical recommendation, that employee must pay an attorney (if one will take the case), to assert/protect their rights in the workplace. Many times persons/co-workers not having the occasion to interact with an employee, are thoughtless and go out of their way to "test" the employee with the disability, out of curiosity or even fear of becoming like the employee with the disability. May I add that during labor education, that future employees/managers not presume that they will not be held accountable for unlawful abuse of their positions against co-workers with disabilities, for whatever reason. My manager stated on or about April 28, 2016, that he ".could never have my disability..." I am hearing impaired due to illness since age 5, a widow with Veteran's status, and I have re-financed my property to pay my attorneys, because the bureaucrats ( and I am one), can not or choose not to relate to the matter of reasonable accommodation as worthy. Therefore, for me and I hope others, it is so worth this fight that the employee with the request gets to decide what is reasonable and not the employer. So to the future workers, this fight's for you. Bernadette Pasqua v. New Jersey Department of Transportation.

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