State Energy Data System CSV File Documentation Consumption Estimates The State Energy Data System (SEDS) comma-separated value (CSV) files contain consumption estimates shown in the tables located on the SEDS website. There are four files that contain estimates for all states and years. Consumption in Physical Units contains the consumption estimates in physical units for all states; Consumption in Btu contains the consumption estimates in billion British thermal units (Btu) for all states.

State policy and legislative outlook for biogas and fuel cells. Presented by Norma McDonald, Organic Waste Systems, at the NREL/DOE Biogas and Fuel Cells Workshop held June 11-13, 2012, in Golden, Colorado.

State Energy Data System CSV File Documentation Price and Expenditure Estimates The State Energy Data System (SEDS) comma-separated value (CSV) fles contain the price and expenditure esti- mates shown in the tables located on the SEDS website. There are three fles that contain estimates for all states and years. Prices contains the price estimates for all states and Expenditures contains the expenditure estimates for all states. The third fle, Adjusted Consumption for Ex- penditure Calculations

Environmental and energy security concerns related to petroleum use for transportation fuels, together with recent growth in U.S. proved reserves and technically recoverable natural gas resources, including shale gas, have sparked interest in policy proposals aimed at stimulating increased use of natural gas as a vehicle fuel, particularly for heavy trucks.

This report describes measures employed by state governments and by the federal government to advance the production and use of ethanol fuel in the United States. The future of ethanol as an alternative transportation fuel poses a number of increasingly-important issues and decisions for California government, as the state becomes a larger consumer, and potentially a larger producer, of ethanol.

Tax Incentives of 1992, allows owners of qualified over a 10-year period. Qualified wind wind turbines (indexed for inflation). - The federal Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC), established by the Energy Policy Act renewable energy facilities to receive tax credits for each kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity generated by the facility power projects are eligible to receive 2.3 cents per kWh for the produc - tion of electricity from utility-scale dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.

Laws and Incentives: 2013 Year in Review Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Laws and Incentives: 2013 Year in Review to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Laws and Incentives: 2013 Year in Review on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Laws and Incentives: 2013 Year in Review on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Alternative Fuel and Advanced

Laws and Incentives: 2014 Year in Review State Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Laws and Incentives: 2014 Year in Review to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Laws and Incentives: 2014 Year in Review on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Laws and Incentives: 2014 Year in Review on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Alternative Fuel and Advanced

Laws and Incentives: 2015 Year in Review State Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Laws and Incentives: 2015 Year in Review to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Laws and Incentives: 2015 Year in Review on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Laws and Incentives: 2015 Year in Review on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Alternative Fuel and Advanced

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane) Vehicle and Equipment Incentive - Propane Council of Texas Propane vehicle incentives are available to private fleets with three or more vehicles that have not previously used propane as motor fuel. New dedicated propane vehicles and aftermarket conversions are eligible for an incentive equal to the incremental cost, up to $7,500. Each fleet is limited to $15,000 in total incentive awards. Additionally, an incentive up to $1,000 is available for each new or

Renewable Fuel Retailer Tax Incentive A licensed retail motor fuel dealer may receive a quarterly incentive for selling and dispensing renewable fuels, including biodiesel. A qualified motor fuel dealer is eligible for up to $0.065 for every gallon of renewable fuel sold and up to $0.03 for every gallon of biodiesel sold, if the required threshold percentage is met. The threshold is determined by calculating the percent of total gasoline sales that is renewable fuel or biodiesel. For renewable

Scaling Incentive Program Hopper Scaling Incentive Program August 30, 2011 by Francesca Verdier For projects that haven't yet scaled their codes to 683 or more nodes (which is the level at which a job is considered "big" on hopper) NERSC is offering scaling incentives, mostly focused on the use of OpenMP. For some codes, adding OpenMP directives will allow you to scale up and run bigger science problems. For users accepted in the Scaling Incentive Program: First, you'll need to

Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Parking Incentive Programs The California Department of General Services (DGS) and California Department of Transportation (DOT) must develop and implement AFV parking incentive programs in public parking facilities operated by DGS with 50 or more parking spaces and park-and-ride lots owned and operated by DOT. The incentives must provide meaningful and tangible benefits to drivers, such as preferential spaces, reduced fees, and fueling infrastructure. Fueling

THE HYDROGEN TAX INCENTIVE ACT OF 2008 Establishing the Infrastructure Foundation for the Hydrogen Economy Background The proposed hydrogen tax credit supports the market introduction of hydrogen for use in fuel cells and internal combustion engines in nearer-term applications, including forklifts, stationary power generation, buses, and early automotive field trials. A key challenge for these early commercialization opportunities is the upfront cost of hydrogen fueling infrastructure and the

Investments in customer-owned grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) energy systems are growing at a steady pace. This is due, in part, to the availability of attractive economic incentives offered by public state agencies and utilities. In the United States, these incentives have largely been upfront lump payments tied to the system capacity rating. While capacity-based ''buydowns'' have stimulated the domestic PV market, they have been criticized for subsidizing systems with potentially poor energy performance. As a result, the industry has been forced to consider alternative incentive structures, particularly ones that pay based on long-term measured performance. The industry, however, lacks consensus in the debate over the tradeoffs between upfront incentive payments versus longer-term payments for energy delivery. This handbook is designed for agencies and utilities that offer or intend to offer incentive programs for customer-owned PV systems. Its purpose is to help select, design, and implement incentive programs that best meet programmatic goals. The handbook begins with a discussion of the various available incentive structures and then provides qualitative and quantitative tools necessary to design the most appropriate incentive structure. It concludes with program administration considerations.

Incentive - Propane Education Foundation of Florida Incentives for the purchase or conversion of propane commercial mowers are available to public and private entities that have not previously used propane as a fuel. New and converted propane commercial mowers are eligible for $1,000. Multi-state marketers are limited to ten incentives per company annually, and independent dealers are limited to five incentives annually. Applicants must submit a pre- and post-purchase survey and additional

Alternative Fuel Excise Tax Credit NOTE: This incentive was retroactively extended multiple times, most recently through December 31, 2016, by Public Law 114-113, 2015. A tax incentive is available for alternative fuel that is sold for use or used as a fuel to operate a motor vehicle. A tax credit in the amount of $0.50 per gallon is available for the following alternative fuels: compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas (propane),

The purpose of this study was to examine the benefits to be gained from increased powerplant productivity and to validate and demonstrate the use of incentives within the regulatory process to promote the improvement of powerplant productivity. The system-wide costs savings to be gained from given productivity improvement scenarios are estimated in both the short and long term. Numerous reports and studies exist which indicate that productivity improvements at the powerplant level are feasible and cost effective. The efforts of this study widen this focus and relate system-wide productivity improvements with system-wide cost savings. The initial thrust of the regulatory section of this study is to validate the existence of reasonable incentive procedures which would enable regulatory agencies to better motivate electric utilities to improve productivity on both the powerplant and system levels. The voluntary incentive format developed in this study was designed to facilitate the link between profit and efficiency which is typically not clear in most regulated market environments. It is concluded that at the present time, many electric utilities in this country could significantly increase the productivity of their base load units, and the adoption of an incentive program of the general type recommended in this study would add to rate of return regulation the needed financial incentives to enable utilities to make such improvements without losing long-run profit. In light of the upcoming oil import target levels and mandatory cutbacks of oil and gas as boiler fuels for electric utilities, the use of incentive programs to encourage more efficient utilization of coal and nuclear base load capacity will become far more inviting over the next two decades.

This presentation provides a brief review of regulatory issues and Federal programs regarding alternative fuel use in automobiles. A number of U.S. DOE initiatives and studies aimed at increasing alternative fuels are outlined, and tax incentives in effect at the state and Federal levels are discussed. Data on alternative fuel consumption and alternative fuel vehicle use are also presented. Despite mandates, tax incentives, and programs, it is concluded alternative fuels will have minimal market penetration. 7 refs., 5 tabs.

California Laws and Incentives Listed below are incentives, laws, and regulations related to alternative fuels and advanced vehicles for California. Your Clean Cities coordinator at your local coalition can provide you with information about grants and other opportunities. You can also access coordinator and other agency contact information in the points of contact section. Laws and Incentives View All Search Icon of a state map on a computer monitor California Information Find information about

North Carolina Laws and Incentives Listed below are incentives, laws, and regulations related to alternative fuels and advanced vehicles for North Carolina. Your Clean Cities coordinator at your local coalition can provide you with information about grants and other opportunities. You can also access coordinator and other agency contact information in the points of contact section. Laws and Incentives View All Search Icon of a state map on a computer monitor North Carolina Information Find

Oregon Laws and Incentives Listed below are incentives, laws, and regulations related to alternative fuels and advanced vehicles for Oregon. Your Clean Cities coordinator at your local coalition can provide you with information about grants and other opportunities. You can also access coordinator and other agency contact information in the points of contact section. Laws and Incentives View All Search Icon of a state map on a computer monitor Oregon Information Find information about alternative

Texas Laws and Incentives Listed below are incentives, laws, and regulations related to alternative fuels and advanced vehicles for Texas. Your Clean Cities coordinator at your local coalition can provide you with information about grants and other opportunities. You can also access coordinator and other agency contact information in the points of contact section. Laws and Incentives View All Search Icon of a state map on a computer monitor Texas Information Find information about alternative

Alternative Fuel Mixture Excise Tax Credit NOTE: This incentive was retroactively extended multiple times, most recently through December 31, 2016, by H.R. 2029. An alternative fuel blender that is registered with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) may be eligible for a tax incentive on the sale or use of the alternative fuel blend (mixture) for use as a fuel in the blender's trade or business. The credit is in the amount of $0.50 per gallon of alternative fuel used to produce a mixture

Project Financing » Energy Incentive Programs Energy Incentive Programs Most states offer energy incentive programs to help offset energy costs. The Federal Energy Management Program's (FEMP) Energy Incentive Program helps federal agencies take advantage of these incentives by providing information about the funding-program opportunities available in each state. FEMP is authorized by statute to develop guidelines for the implementation of utility incentive programs authorized under 42 U.S.C. §

This fact sheet describes the federal incentives available as of April 2013 that encourage increased development and deployment of wind energy technologies, including research grants, tax incentives, and loan programs.

Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit NOTE: This incentive originally expired on December 31, 2013, but was retroactively extended through December 31, 2016, by H.R. 2029. Fueling equipment for natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (propane), liquefied hydrogen, electricity, E85, or diesel fuel blends containing a minimum of 20% biodiesel installed between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2016, is eligible for a tax credit of 30% of the cost, not to exceed $30,000. Permitting and inspection

Income Tax Credit NOTE: This incentive was retroactively extended multiple times, most recently through December 31, 2016, by H.R. 2029. A taxpayer that delivers pure, unblended biodiesel (B100) into the tank of a vehicle or uses B100 as an on-road fuel in their trade or business may be eligible for an incentive in the amount of $1.00 per gallon of biodiesel, agri-biodiesel, or renewable diesel. If the biodiesel was sold at retail, only the person that sold the fuel and placed it into the tank

Heavy-Duty Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Purchase Vouchers The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) is providing incentives for alternative fuel trucks and buses and diesel emission controls. Incentives are released on a staggered schedule and include: Vouchers for public, private, and non-profit fleets for 80% of the incremental cost, up to $60,000, for the purchase or lease of all-electric Class 3 through 8 trucks operating 70% of the time and garaged in

Experiment to Find the Right Mix of Incentives | Department of Energy Buildings: Financing and Incentives: Spotlight on Michigan: Experiment to Find the Right Mix of Incentives Better Buildings: Financing and Incentives: Spotlight on Michigan: Experiment to Find the Right Mix of Incentives Better Buildings: Financing and Incentives: Spotlight on Michigan: Experiment to Find the Right Mix of Incentives. Spotlight on Michigan (618.46 KB) More Documents & Publications Spotlight on Michigan:

Department of Energy Financial Incentives and Program Resources Transportation Efficiency Financial Incentives and Program Resources While transportation efficiency policies are often implemented under local governments, national and state programs can play supportive roles in reducing vehile miles traveled. Find financial incentives and program resources below. DOE Resource Clean Cities: Related Financial Opportunities. Other Resource Improving Travel Efficiency at the Local Level: An ACEEE

Federal Incentives for Water Power Federal Incentives for Water Power This factsheet lists some of the major federal incentives for water power technologies available as of April 2014. Federal Incentives for Water Power (3.62 MB) More Documents & Publications Federal Incentives for Wind Power Deployment Recovery Act Incentives for Wind Energy Equipment Manufacturing Qualified Energy Conservation Bond (QECB) Update: New Guidance from the U.S. Department of Treasury and the Internal Revenue

laws-incentives Go Generated_thumb20140130-31746-1vt8b52 Regulation Additions by Regulation Type Generated_thumb20140130-31746-1vt8b52 Trend of state enactments listed by regulation type from 2002-2013 Last update January 2014 View Graph Graph Download Data Generated_thumb20140128-29009-1lwk08e Incentive and Law Additions by Fuel/Technology Type Generated_thumb20140128-29009-1lwk08e Trend of state incentive and law enactments listed by the targeted technology or fuel type from 2002-2013 Last

betterbuildings.energy.gov/neighborhoods 1 June 2012 Financing and Incentives Key Takeaways ■■ Maintain a base level of demand in the absence of rebates by providing mul- tiple customer financing options ■■ Create a sense of urgency and drive customer demand with incentive deadlines ■■ Design incentives to achieve specific goals The Better Buildings Neighborhood Program is a U.S. Energy Department program that is improving lives and communities across the country through energy

Department of Energy Technical Qualification Program Accreditation Incentives Memorandum, Technical Qualification Program Accreditation Incentives The National Nuclear Security Admin istration (NNSA) Technica l Qualification Program (TQP) was established as a process to ensure Federal technical employees possess the necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform their assigned duties and responsibilities. The TQP enhances the ability of the NNSA and Department of Energy (DOE) to

Nebraska Energy Incentive Programs, Nebraska Updated April 2015 In 2013 Nebraskan utilities budgeted over $15 million to promote demand side management in the state. What public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs are available in my state? Nebraska has no public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs. What utility energy efficiency programs are available to me? Omaha Public Power District (OPPD) offers a number of incentive programs: ECO 24/7 provides whole-building commissioning and

Wyoming Energy Incentive Programs, Wyoming Updated February 2015 Wyoming utilities budgeted over $6 million in 2013 to promote energy efficiency and load management in the state. What public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs are available in my state? Wyoming has no statewide public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs. What utility energy efficiency programs are available to me? PacifiCorp/Rocky Mountain Power has consolidated its incentives for commercial, industrial, and

Renewable Fuels Production Incentive Renewable fuels produced from renewable feedstocks, such as ethanol, hydrogen, biodiesel, and biofuel, may qualify for an income tax credit equal to $0.20 per 76,000 British thermal units (BTUs) of renewable fuels sold for distribution in Hawaii. The facility must produce at least 15 billion BTUs of its nameplate capacity annually to receive the tax credit and may claim the tax credit for up to five years, not to exceed $3,000,000 annually. Qualifying

Local Incentive Search Widget: DSIRE New Local Incentive Search Widget: DSIRE August 15, 2011 - 11:43am Addthis Andrea Spikes Former Communicator at DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory The Energy Savers mailbox gets requests for the latest in tax credits, appliance rebates, and other energy efficiency incentives on a regular basis. So when the Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE) released its new incentive search widget, we were thrilled to post it on the

Federal Incentives for Wind Power Deployment Federal Incentives for Wind Power Deployment This factsheet lists some of the major federal incentives for wind power deployment as of September 2014. Federal Incentives for Wind Power Deployment.pdf (150.34 KB) More Documents & Publications Federal Incentives for Water Power Aggregating QECB Allocations and Using QECBs to Support the Private Sector: A Case Study on Massachusetts Qualified Energy Conservation Bond (QECB) Update: New Guidance from

Advanced Technology Vehicle (ATV) Manufacturing Incentives Through the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, ATV and ATV components manufacturers may be eligible for direct loans for up to 30% of the cost of re-equipping, expanding, or establishing manufacturing facilities in the United States used to produce qualified ATVs or ATV components. Qualified ATVs are light-duty or ultra-efficient vehicles that meet specified federal emission standards and fuel economy requirements.

and Idle Reduction Grants The North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Division of Air Quality provides grants for the incremental cost of original equipment manufacturer alternative fuel vehicles, vehicle conversions, and implementing idle reduction programs. Funding is not currently available for this incentive (verified August 2016). For more information see the Diesel Emission Reductions Grants website. Point of Contact Phyllis Jones Environmental Engineer North

Ethanol Infrastructure Grants The South Dakota Governor's Office of Economic Development administers the Ethanol Infrastructure Incentive Program, providing grants to offset the cost of installing ethanol blender pumps and underground storage tanks (UST) for ethanol at retail fueling stations throughout the state. Awardees may receive up to $29,054 per blender pump. Additionally, awardees may receive up to $40,000 per station for the installation of a UST that allows for the use of ethanol

of Energy Motivate Homeowner Action With Updated DOE Incentives Database Motivate Homeowner Action With Updated DOE Incentives Database Is customer motivation a barrier to marketing upgrades in your community? You can find ideas for incentives faster with DOE's updated Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE). In addition to pinpointing opportunities in a variety of formats (e.g., dynamic maps, charts, tables), the database includes a search tool that filters

Services » Incentives and Financing for Energy Efficient Homes Incentives and Financing for Energy Efficient Homes Financial incentives and financing programs can help with the cost of making energy efficient home improvements and installing renewable energy systems, such as solar electricity. | Photo courtesy of Dennis Schroeder/NREL. Financial incentives and financing programs can help with the cost of making energy efficient home improvements and installing renewable energy systems, such as

A disclosed fuel injector provides mixing of fuel with airflow by surrounding a swirled fuel flow with first and second swirled airflows that ensures mixing prior to or upon entering the combustion chamber. Fuel tubes produce a central fuel flow along with a central airflow through a plurality of openings to generate the high velocity fuel/air mixture along the axis of the fuel injector in addition to the swirled fuel/air mixture.

Arizona Energy Incentive Programs, Arizona Updated February 2015 What public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs are available in my state? Arizona's restructuring law provides for a systems benefits charge (SBC) to fund energy efficiency programs. The SBC is collected through a non-bypassable surcharge on electricity bills. Although some of these funds have been devoted to renewable energy programs, in 2013 Arizona utilities budgeted over $160 million to promote energy efficiency and load

Arkansas Energy Incentive Programs, Arkansas Updated June 2015 Arkansas utilities collectively budgeted over $80 million for energy efficiency programs in 2014. What public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs are available in my state? Arkansas has no public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs; however, the Arkansas Public Services Commission requires utilities to include provisions for demand-side resources through an energy efficiency resource standard (EERS). What utility energy

Colorado Energy Incentive Programs, Colorado Updated June 2015 2007 legislation enabled the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) to establish a multi-year energy savings goal for electric utilities in the state. Reduction targets are set to 1.35% of sales in 2015 and increase to 1.68% in 2020. Utilities file their plans to work toward targets annually. The companies collectively budgeted over $110 million in 2014 to promote energy efficiency and load management in the state. What

Hawaii Energy Incentive Programs, Hawaii Updated April 2015 What public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs are available in my state? The statewide Hawaii Energy Efficiency Program is run under contract to the PUC and administers all initiatives funded by the state's Public Benefits Fee. Through these programs, along with the remaining utility-administered initiative (see below), over $30 million was budgeted in 2013 for energy efficiency programs. Hawaii Energy Efficiency offers

Louisiana Energy Incentive Programs, Louisiana Updated June 2015 Louisiana utilities collectively budgeted over $5 million for energy efficiency programs in 2014. What public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs are available in my state? Louisiana has no public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs; however, in 2013 the Louisiana Public Service Commission (LSPC) created a framework for voluntary energy efficiency programs. Investor-owned electric utilities began offering programs in

Ohio Energy Incentive Programs, Ohio Updated July 2015 Ohio's 2008 law establishing an energy efficiency resource standard (EERS) was overturned by the state legislature in 2014. However, many utilities continue to offer energy efficiency programs. Ohio utilities budgeted almost $190 million in 2014 across their various offerings to promote customer energy efficiency. What public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs are available in my state? Ohio's 1999 electricity restructuring law

Texas Energy Incentive Programs, Texas Updated September 2015 What public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs are available in my state? The Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUCT) oversees a set of statewide "standard offer" and market transformation programs that are available to customers in each of the investor-owned utilities' service territories. The programs are funded through a systems benefits charge on transmission and distribution services and are administered by the

Washington Energy Incentive Programs, Washington Updated February 2015 What public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs are available in my state? Washington has no public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs. However, the state's utilities budgeted over $215 million in 2013 to promote increased energy efficiency in the state. Additional resources were allocated through the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA), Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), and Northwest Power and

This report is the first product of an ongoing project to monitor the efforts of states to remove regulatory barriers to, and provide financial incentives for, utility investment in demand-side management (DSM) resources. The project was commissioned by the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) in response to growing interest among regulators for a comprehensive survey of developments in this area. Each state report beings with an overview of the state`s progress toward removing regulatory barriers and providing incentives for DSM. Information is organized under five headings: status; IRP regulations and practice; current treatment of DSM, directions and trends; commission contact person. Where applicable, each overview is followed by one or more sections that report on specific incentive proposals or mechanisms within the state. Information on each proposal or mechanism is organized under eight headings. A notation on each page identifies the utility or other group associated with the proposal or mechanism. The eight headings are as follows: status; background; treatment of cost recovery; treatment of lost revenues/decoupling; treatment of profitability; other features; issues, and additional observations.

This report is the first product of an ongoing project to monitor the efforts of states to remove regulatory barriers to, and provide financial incentives for, utility investment in demand-side management (DSM) resources. The project was commissioned by the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) in response to growing interest among regulators for a comprehensive survey of developments in this area. Each state report beings with an overview of the state's progress toward removing regulatory barriers and providing incentives for DSM. Information is organized under five headings: status; IRP regulations and practice; current treatment of DSM, directions and trends; commission contact person. Where applicable, each overview is followed by one or more sections that report on specific incentive proposals or mechanisms within the state. Information on each proposal or mechanism is organized under eight headings. A notation on each page identifies the utility or other group associated with the proposal or mechanism. The eight headings are as follows: status; background; treatment of cost recovery; treatment of lost revenues/decoupling; treatment of profitability; other features; issues, and additional observations.

During the 1970s a number of different exploration and production incentive programs were put in place in Canada, in particular in the Province of Alberta, Canada's principal oil- and gas-producing province. The DOE/RA is evaluating Canadian incentives for oil and gas exploration, and this study is intended to provide information that will help guide DOE/RA in determining the applicability of Canadian incentive programs in US energy policy. The study describes and documents the fiscal structure in which the Canadian oil industry operates. The incentive features of pricing policy, taxation policy, and provincial royalty systems are discussed. A principal focus of the study is on one of the most important of Canada's specific incentive programs, the Alberta Exploratory Drilling Incentive Credit Program (EDICP). The study describes and evaluates the effect of the EDICP on increased oil and gas exploration activity. Similarly, the study also reviews and evaluates other specific incentive programs such as the Alberta Geophysical Incentive Program, Frontier Exploration Allowances, and various tar sand and heavy oil development incentives. Finally the study evaluates the applicability of Canadian incentives to US energy policy.

As a policy tool, state tax incentives can be structured to help states meet clean energy goals. Policymakers often use state tax incentives in concert with state and federal policies to support renewable energy deployment or reduce market barriers. This analysis used case studies of four states to assess the contributions of state tax incentives to the development of renewable energy markets. State tax incentives that are appropriately paired with complementary state and federal policies generally provide viable mechanisms to support renewable energy deployment. However, challenges to successful implementation of state tax incentives include serving project owners with limited state tax liability, assessing appropriate incentive levels, and differentiating levels of incentives for technologies with different costs. Additionally, state tax incentives may result in moderately higher federal tax burdens. These challenges notwithstanding, state tax incentives that consider certain policy design characteristics can support renewable energy markets and state clean energy goals.The scale of their impact though is directly related to the degree to which they support the renewable energy markets for targeted sectors and technologies. This report highlights important policy design considerations for policymakers using state tax incentives to meet clean energy goals.

2009, the U.S. had 29,440 MW of installed wind power capacity. continued > Tax incentives The federal government uses several tax-based policy incentives to stimulate the deployment of wind power. The Department of the Treasury's Internal Revenue Service administers these incentives. The federal renewable energy Production Tax Credit (PTC), established by the Energy Policy Act of 1992, allows owners of qualified renewable energy facilities to receive tax credits for each kilowatt-hour (kWh)

3 Tax Incentives of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (1) New Homes --Extends tax credits for efficient new homes to December 31, 2009. Envelope Improvements to Existing Homes --Reinstates 10% tax credit for building shell, HVAC and windows to include installations during 2009. Commercial Buildings --Extends tax deductions for efficiency upgrades in commercial buildings to December 31, 2013. Note(s): Source(s): 1) Tax incentives detailed are extensions to incentives found in the

On December 13, 2012, the Deputy Secretary issued the attached memorandum to the Heads of All Departmental Elements addressing how the Department can attain optimal alignment of contract incentives. The memorandum and its attachment establish two primary principles—align contractor with taxpayer interests and structure contracts so contractors bear the responsibility for their actions—and provide amplifying guidance to ensure the Department consistently applies the principles. The Office of Acquisition and Project Management will assist programs with implementation by providing applicable contract clauses to ensure consistency in implementation and use.

This report reviews recent DSM shareholder incentive designs and performance at 10 US utilities identifies opportunities for regulators to improve the design of DSM shareholder incentive mechanisms to increase the procurement of cost-effective DSM resources. We develop six recommendations: (1) apply shared-savings incentives to DSM resource programs; (2) use markup incentives for individual programs only when net benefits are difficult to measure, but are known to be positive; (3) set expected incentive payments based on covering a utility`s {open_quotes}hidden costs,{close_quotes} which include some transitional management and risk-adjusted opportunity costs; (4) use higher marginal incentives rates than are currently found in practice, but limit total incentive payments by adding a fixed charge; (5) mitigate risks to regulators and utilities by lowering marginal incentive rates at high and low performance levels; and (6) use an aggregate incentive mechanism for all DSM resource programs, with limited exceptions (e.g., information programs where markups are more appropriate).

In Italy most of the technologies for producing power from bio-sources, as well as from other non-conventional renewable Energy Sources (RES), are rather mature, but their exploitation is still not completely convenient from the economic point of view. It depends on many factors, such as designing of plants, selection of energy conversion system and components, selection of installation site, size of market still too limited, high production costs of the technologies and lack of adequate financial supports. In the early nineties, in the attempt to overcome this situation, the Italian Government issued a series of measures addressed mainly to the power production from RES. This gives a short description of the regulations in force and some details about an important incentive tool (CIP 6/92 and relative decrees) for RES power plants installation. In particular, it indicates the possible power plant typologies, the criteria to assimilate the fossil fuel plants to RES ones, the present prices of electricity transferred into the grid and the methodology for updating the prices. Furthermore, the paper gives some data concerning submitted proposals, plant operation planning and their geographic distribution according to different bio-sources typologies.

The newly restructured natural gas industry is providing greater opportunities for independent energy producers searching to match fuel supply contracts with project needs. Order No. 636's unbundling of the services offered by pipelines completed the deregulation of the gas industry started by the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978, which began a phased deregulation of wellhead natural gas prices. Traditionally, the pipelines aggregated gas from numerous producers, transported it, stored it if necessary and sold it to a local distribution company or major customer, such as an electric generator. Order No. 636 separates pipeline transportation, sales and storage services and provides open access to pipelines. Customers are now subject to balancing requirements, scheduling penalties and operational flow orders, but there are new flexibilities in purchase and receipt of gas. The capacity release provisions allow those with excess transportation capacity entitlements to market that capacity. The order also favors the straight fixed-variable rate design which increases demand charges by including all fixed charges, including a pipeline's return and taxes, in the demand component of the rate. Under the previous modified fixed-variable methodology, a pipeline's fixed-cost recovery and earnings depended at least in part on maintaining throughput. Critics say the change will reduce the pipelines' incentive to operate efficiently and to market gas aggressively to power generators.

Under certain circumstances, HUD incentives allow public housing capital funds and extra energy savings from energy conservation measures to be allocated by the housing authority toward needed repairs and other eligible expenses. The rate reduction incentive allows public housing authorities to retain either 50% or 100% of the savings from a renewable-energy related reduced utility rate.

4 5th Edition Fuel Cell Technologies Office December 2014 (This page intentionally left blank) Section title Unt utaerest in pos eum quo con et i About this Report The information contained in this report was collected from public records and websites, particularly Fuel Cells 2000's State Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Database and North Carolina Solar Center's Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Effciency (DSIRE). Information was also gathered via direct contact with state and industry

Presentation for Dec. 17, 2008 hydrogen bimonthly informational call and meeting series for state and regional initiatives. nha_webinar_steve_medwin_pres.pdf (226.04 KB) More Documents & Publications Full Fuel-Cycle Comparison of Forklift Propulsion Systems An Evaluation of the Total Cost of Ownership of Fuel Cell-Powered Material Handling Equipment The Hydrogen Tax Incentive Act of 2008 Energy

Access the recording and download the presentation slides from the Fuel Cell Technologies

4 5th Edition Fuel Cell Technologies Office December 2014 (This page intentionally left blank) Section title Unt utaerest in pos eum quo con et i About this Report The information contained in this report was collected from public records and websites, particularly Fuel Cells 2000's State Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Database and North Carolina Solar Center's Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Effciency (DSIRE). Information was also gathered via direct contact with state and industry

It was widely believed that the development of unconventional natural gas (coalbed methane, gas shales, and tight gas) would die once US Sec. 29 credits stopped. Quieter voices countered, and hoped, that technology advances would keep these large but difficult to produce gas resources alive and maybe even healthy. Sec. 29 tax credits for new unconventional gas development stopped at the end of 1992. Now, nearly three years later, who was right and what has happened? There is no doubt that Sec. 29 tax credits stimulated the development of coalbed methane, gas shales, and tight gas. What is less known is that the tax credits helped spawn and push into use an entire new set of exploration, completion, and production technologies founded on improved understanding of unconventional gas reservoirs. As set forth below, while the incentives inherent in Sec. 29 provided the spark, it has been the base of science and technology that has maintained the vitality of these gas sources. The paper discusses the current status; resource development; technology; unusual production, proven reserves, and well completions if coalbed methane, gas shales, and tight gas; and international aspects.

Cap-and-trade environmental markets, where the commodities are tradable pollution rights, are being introduced in several closely watched applications as a potentially more cost-effective way of cleaning up the environment than direct or command-and-control (CAC) regulation. In this study, we examine the evidence on control cost savings provided by price and transactions data from the first few years of activity in two markets designed to reduce atmospheric pollution. Some observers of both markets have argued that prices for tradable permits lower than expected, and transactions fewer than expected, are evidence that the markets are not achieving the hoped for savings. It was found, on the contrary, that observed prices point toward more flexible and improved pollution control choices and that the number of transactions has been steadily increasing as market incentives are incorporated into enterprise decisions. These new markets during their first few years are generating, according to our estimates, control cost savings in the neighborhood of one to two billion dollars annually. However, there is evidence that the markets have not yet reached their full potential. In the course of this study, several obstacles to market performance were found that are worthy of attention by policy makers. 13 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.

Incentives for Energy Efficiency State Incentives for Energy Efficiency It is easy to take energy prices for granted when they are low and stable. During the summer of 2000, however, they were anything but low, and have steadily increased. This situation is posing some challenges for state policymakers. Those challenges are the more imposing because the price of several energy commodities has been deregulated, so that state policymakers often have very little control over the price of energy.

The deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems has grown rapidly over the last decade, partly because of various government incentives. In the United States, those established in California are among the largest and longest-running incentives. Building on past research, this report addresses the still-unanswered question: to what degree have the direct PV incentives in California been passed along from installers to consumers? This report addresses this question by carefully examining the residential PV market in California and applying both a structural-modeling approach and a reduced-form regression analysis to estimate the incentive pass-through rate. The results suggest an average pass-through rate of direct incentives of nearly 100%, but with regional differences among California counties. While these results could have multiple explanations, they suggest a relatively competitive market and well-functioning subsidy program. Further analysis is required to determine whether similar results broadly apply to other states, to other customer segments, to all third-party-owned PV systems, or to all forms of financial incentives for solar.

The conclusions of this presentation are: (1) Fuel cells operating on bio-gas offer a pathway to renewable electricity generation; (2) With federal incentives of $3,500/kW or 30% of the project costs, reasonable payback periods of less than five years can be achieved; (3) Tri-generation of electricity, heat, and hydrogen offers an alternative route to solving the H{sub 2} infrastructure problem facing fuel cell vehicle deployment; and (4) DOE will be promoting bio-gas fuel cells in the future under its Market Transformation Programs.

Present federal tax incentives apply to certain types of biomass-derived diesel fuels, which in energy policy and tax laws are described either as renewable diesel or biodiesel. To understand the distinctions between these diesel types it is necessary to understand the technologies used to produce them and the properties of the resulting products. This fact sheet contains definitions of renewable and biodiesel and discusses the processes used to convert biomass to diesel fuel and the properties of biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels.

Fossil fuels -- coal, oil, and natural gas -- built America`s historic economic strength. Today, coal supplies more than 55% of the electricity, oil more than 97% of the transportation needs, and natural gas 24% of the primary energy used in the US. Even taking into account increased use of renewable fuels and vastly improved powerplant efficiencies, 90% of national energy needs will still be met by fossil fuels in 2020. If advanced technologies that boost efficiency and environmental performance can be successfully developed and deployed, the US can continue to depend upon its rich resources of fossil fuels.

The purpose of the analysis is to identify and quantify Federal incentives that have increased the consumption of coal, oil, natural gas, and electricity. The introductory chapter is intended as a device for presenting the policy questions about the incentives that can be used to stimulate desired levels of energy development. In the theoretical chapter federal incentives were identified for the consumption of energy as Federal government actions whose major intent or result is to stimulate energy consumption. The stimulus comes through changing values of variables included in energy demand functions, thereby inducing energy consumers to move along the function in the direction of greater quantity of energy demanded, or through inducing a shift of the function to a position where more energy will be demanded at a given price. The demand variables fall into one of six categories: price of the energy form, price of complements, price of substitutes, preferences, income, and technology. The government can provide such incentives using six different policy instruments: taxation, disbursements, requirements, nontraditional services, traditional services, and market activity. The four major energy forms were examined. Six energy-consuming sectors were examined: residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, transportation, and public. Two types of analyses of incentive actions are presented in this volume. The generic chapter focused on actions taken in 1978 across all energy forms. The subsequent chapters traced the patterns of incentive actions, energy form by energy form, from the beginning of the 20th century, to the present. The summary chapter includes the results of the previous chapters presented by energy form, incentive type, and user group. Finally, the implications of these results for solar policy are presented in the last chapter. (MCW)

Opportunity fuels - fuels that can be converted to other forms of energy at lower cost than standard fossil fuels - are discussed in outline form. The type and source of fuels, types of fuels, combustability, methods of combustion, refinery wastes, petroleum coke, garbage fuels, wood wastes, tires, and economics are discussed.

In contemplating a regulatory approach, the challenge for regulators is to develop a model that provides incentives for utilities to engage in socially desirable behavior. In this primer, we provide guidance on this process by discussing (1) various models of economic regulation, (2) problems implementing these models, and (3) the types of incentives that various models of regulation provide electric utilities. We address five regulatory models in depth. They include cost-of-service regulation in which prudently incurred costs are reflected dollar-for-dollar in rates and four performance-based models: (1) price-cap regulation, in which ceilings are placed on the average price that a utility can charge its customers; (2) revenue-cap regulation, in which a ceiling is placed on revenues; (3) rate-of-return bandwidth regulation, in which a utility`s rates are adjusted if earnings fall outside a {open_quotes}band{close_quotes} around equity returns; and (4) targeted incentives, in which a utility is given incentives to improve specific components of its operations. The primary difference between cost-of-service and performance-based approaches is the latter sever the tie between costs and prices. A sixth, {open_quotes}mixed approach{close_quotes} combines two or more of the five basic ones. In the recent past, a common mixed approach has been to combine targeted incentives with cost-of-service regulation. A common example is utilities that are subject to cost-of-service regulation are given added incentives to increase the efficiency of troubled electric-generating units.

A fuel pin for a liquid metal nuclear reactor is provided. The fuel pin includes a generally cylindrical cladding member with metallic fuel material disposed therein. At least a portion of the fuel material extends radially outwardly to the inner diameter of the cladding member to promote efficient transfer of heat to the reactor coolant system. The fuel material defines at least one void space therein to facilitate swelling of the fuel material during fission.

A fuel pin for a liquid metal nuclear reactor is provided. The fuel pin includes a generally cylindrical cladding member with metallic fuel material disposed therein. At least a portion of the fuel material extends radially outwardly to the inner diameter of the cladding member to promote efficient transfer of heat to the reactor coolant system. The fuel material defines at least one void space therein to facilitate swelling of the fuel material during fission.

A fuel pin for a liquid metal nuclear reactor is provided. The fuel pin includes a generally cylindrical cladding member with metallic fuel material disposed therein. At least a portion of the fuel material extends radially outwardly to the inner diameter of the cladding member to promote efficient transfer of heat to the reactor coolant system. The fuel material defines at least one void space therein to facilitate swelling of the fuel material during fission.

Vehicle Charging Stations | Department of Energy 3: October 5, 2015 Incentives for the Installation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Fact #893: October 5, 2015 Incentives for the Installation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations SUBSCRIBE to the Fact of the Week Many state governments are providing incentives for the installation of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), also known as an electric vehicle charging station. The most common type of incentive is a state tax credit, but

| Department of Energy Incentives Quicker and Easier with DSIRE Open Data and Website Find Energy Incentives Quicker and Easier with DSIRE Open Data and Website March 3, 2015 - 4:16pm Addthis The updated Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency helps homeowners and businesses find incentive programs that can reduce or defray installation or purchase costs of technologies like photovoltaic systems. | Photo by Dennis Schroeder, National Renewable Energy Laboratory The

The AFDC provides search capabilities for many different models of both light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. Engine and transmission type, fuel and class, fuel economy and emission certification are some of the facts available. The search will also help users locate dealers in their areas and do cost analyses. Information on alternative fuel vehicles and on advanced technology vehicles, along with calculators, resale and conversion information, links to incentives and programs such as Clean Cities, and dozens of fact sheets and publications make this section of the AFDC a valuable resource for car buyers.

. Comparatively, the organic waste recycling sector is less driven by market mechanisms. Competition from chemical fertilizers and fossil fuels is fierce and hinders the development of market opportunities for compost and renewable energy. Nevertheless commercial production of compost and biogas from organic municipal waste is formalized and benefiting from policy incentives.

Fuels DOE would invest $52 million to fund a major fleet transformation at Idaho National Laboratory, along with the installation of nine fuel management systems, purchase of additional flex fuel cars and one E85 ethanol fueling station. Transportation projects, such as the acquisition of highly efficient and alternative-fuel vehicles, are not authorized by ESPC legislation. DOE has twice proportion of medium vehicles and three times as many heavy vehicles as compared to the Federal agency

The research program analyzed the Federal incentives used to stimulate nuclear, hydro, coal, gas, oil, and electricity production in order to supply what was learned to the selection of an incentives strategy to induce new energy production from renewable resources. Following the introductory chapter, Chapter 2 examines the problem of estimating effects from a theoretical perspective. Methods of quantifying and identifying the many interactive effects of government actions are discussed. Chapter 3 presents a generic analysis of the result of Federal incentives. Chapters 4 through 9 deal with incentives to energy forms - nuclear, hydro, coal, oil, gas, and electricity. Chapter 10 summarizes the estimated results of the incentives, which are presented in terms of their quantity and price impacts. The incentive costs per million Btu of induced energy production is also discussed. Chapter 11 discusses the parity issue, that is an equivalence between Federal incentives to renewable resources and to traditional energy resources. Any analysis of incentives for solar needs will profit from an analysis of the costs of solar incentives per million Btu compared with those for traditional energy forms. Chapter 12 concludes the analysis, discussing the history of traditional energy incentives as a guide to solar-energy incentives. 216 references, 38 figures, 91 tables.

York Energy Incentive Programs, New York Updated September 2015 Between its public-purpose-funded programs and programs offered directly by utilities, New York budgeted nearly $900 million in 2014 to promote gas and electric efficiency in the state. What public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs are available in my state? In 1998, as part of its electricity restructuring, the New York State Public Service Commission (PSC) designated the New York State Energy Research and Development

Washington DC Energy Incentive Programs, Washington DC Updated October 2015 What public-purpose-funded energy efficiency programs are available in the District of Columbia? In 2008, the Council of the District of Columbia passed the Clean and Affordable Energy Act (CAEA), establishing the DC Sustainable Energy Utility (DCSEU), whose mission is to provide energy assistance to low-income residents and support energy efficiency and renewable energy programs. The DCSEU, funded by the Sustainable

2 Tax Incentive of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Envelope Improvements to Existing Homes (1) --Increases existing tax credit to 30% of costs up to $1,500 to upgrade building envelope to be compliant with codes for new construction. Upgrades to building shell, HVAC system, and windows and doors may qualify. Improvements must be installed between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010. Renewable Energy Production Tax Credits --Tax credit to 30% of costs for installation of

The paper consists of viewgraphs from a conference presentation. A comparison is made of opportunity fuels, defined as fuels that can be converted to other forms of energy at lower cost than standard fossil fuels. Types of fuels for which some limited technical data is provided include petroleum coke, garbage, wood waste, and tires. Power plant economics and pollution concerns are listed for each fuel, and compared to coal and natural gas power plant costs. A detailed cost breakdown for different plant types is provided for use in base fuel pricing.

This article examines the various sides of the debate over whether financial incentives should be offered those utilities with aggressive conservation programs as part of their load management scheme. The author feels that the desire of some of the utilities to operate as pure businesses instead of as public service companies that have obligations to their community and society beyond the obligations of ordinary business will lead to the surrender of an ideal where electric utilities are public service corporations obligated to do the right thing.

4 Tax Incentives of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 Appliance Manufacturers --Refrigerator manufactures receive a $75 credit for each unit sold that uses 15-19.9% less energy than required by the 2001 Federal minimum efficiency; $125 for 20-24.9% less; and $175 for at least 25% less. --Clothes washer manufacturers receive a $100 credit for each unit sold that meeting the 2007 ENERGY STAR criteria. --Dishwasher manufacturers receive a $3 credit per percentage of energy savings greater than the

5 Tax Incentives of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 New Homes --Builders who build homes that use 50% less energy for space heating and cooling than the IECC 2003 are eligible for a $2,000 tax credit per home. --Manufactured housing builder that either uses 30% less energy than this reference code or that meet the then-current ENERGY STAR criteria are eligible for $1,000 tax credit per home. At least 10% of energy savings must be obtained through building envelope improvements. Envelope

Electric Vehicle Purchases | Department of Energy 1: September 21, 2015 Comparison of State Incentives for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Purchases Fact #891: September 21, 2015 Comparison of State Incentives for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Purchases SUBSCRIBE to the Fact of the Week In addition to a Federal government tax credit up to $7,500, consumers who purchase plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) may also receive state government incentives which vary by state. Shown below are state incentives that

There are two types of the so-called low emission sources in Cracow: over 1,000 local boiler houses and several thousand solid fuel-fired stoves. The accomplishment of each of 5 sub-projects offered under the American-Polish program entails solving the technical, financial, legal and public relations-related problems. The elimination of the low emission source requires, therefore, a joint effort of the following pairs: (a) local authorities, (b) investors, (c) owners and users of low emission sources, and (d) inhabitants involved in particular projects. The results of the studies developed by POLINVEST indicate that the accomplishment of the projects for the elimination of low emission sources will require financial incentives. Bearing in mind the today`s resources available from the community budget, this process may last as long as a dozen or so years. The task of the authorities of Cracow City is making a long-range operational strategy enabling reduction of low emission sources in Cracow.

Propane Vehicle and Equipment Incentive - Tennessee Propane Gas Association (TNPGA) Private fleets with three or more vehicles are eligible for $1,000 toward each new propane vehicle or qualified propane vehicle conversions. Additionally, an incentive up to $1,000 is available for each new or converted propane commercial mower operated by landscapers, parks departments, school districts, universities, businesses, or farmers. TPERC will award incentives on a first-come, first-served basis.

Vehicle and Mower Incentive - Louisiana Liquefied Petroleum Gas Commission Propane vehicle incentives are available to public and private fleets. New propane vehicles are eligible for $1,500, and propane vehicle conversions are eligible for up to $800. Additionally, $1,500 is available for each new propane commercial mower and up to $800 for each converted propane commercial mower. Each recipient is limited to four incentive awards, up to $5,000, per year. Recipients must participate in case

Microgrids can provide an avenue for increasing the amount of distributed generation and delivery of electricity, where control is more dispersed and quality of service is locally tailored to end-use requirements. Much of this functionality is very different from the predominant utility model to date of centralized power production which is then transmitted and distributed across long distances with a uniform quality of service. This different functionality holds much promise for positive change, in terms of increasing reliability, energy efficiency, and renewable energy while decreasing and carbon emissions. All of these functions should provide direct cost savings for customers and utilities as well as positive externalities for society. As we have seen from the international experience, allowing microgrids to function in parallel with the grid requires some changes in electricity governance and incentives to capture cost savings and actively price in positive externalities. If China can manage to implement these governance changes and create those incentive policies, it will go beyond the establishment of a successful microgrid demonstration program and become an international leader in microgrid deployment.

The hybrid taxis are able to achieve about twice the gas mileage of a conventional taxi while helping cut gasoline use and fuel costs. Tax credits and other incentives are helping both company owners and drivers make the switch to hybrids.

Increasing the energy efficiency of motor vehicles is critical to achieving national energy goals of reduced petroleum dependence, protecting the global climate, and promoting continued economic prosperity. Even with fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions standards and various economic incentives for clean and efficient vehicles, providing reliable and accurate fuel economy information to the public is important to achieving these goals. This white paper reviews the current status of light-duty vehicle fuel economy in the United States and the role of the Department of Energy (DOE) Clean Cities Program in disseminating fuel economy information to the public.

A fuel injector comprises first and second housing parts, the first housing part being located within a bore or recess formed in the second housing part, the housing parts defining therebetween an inlet chamber, a delivery chamber axially spaced from the inlet chamber, and a filtration flow path interconnecting the inlet and delivery chambers to remove particulate contaminants from the flow of fuel therebetween.