Figure 2.

Presentation of a randomized trial protocol for consideration by a patient. This presents
an idealized sequence of invitation, factual evaluation, ethical valuation, decision,
and randomization. Note that factual evaluation contrasts benefits and risks of usual
care versus the expected benefits and risks of the trial after pooling all arms, and
that the decision point always comes before randomization and hence is independent
of the relative expectations for the different arms of the trial.