Carbon has a property of catenation. It can make a large chain with addition of other carbons.

A carbon atom can share 2, 4 or 6 electrons with other carbons & can form single, double or triple bond.

For a carbon atom, it is not possible to make more than 3 bonds with adjacent carbon atom because carbon atoms complete its octet from overlapping which consists directional property.

2. DEGREE OF CARBON

No. of carbon attached to carbon atom is called degree of carbon there are for types: –

Primary carbon (1° carbon)

Secondary carbon (2° carbon)

Tertiary carbon (3° carbon)

Quaternary carbon (4° carbon)

3. DEGREE OF HYDROGENDegree of carbon on which that hydrogen attached. there are three types

Primary hydrogen (1° hydrogen)

Secondary hydrogen (2° hydrogen)

tertiary hydrogen (3° hydrogen)

Ex. How many 1°, 2° & 3°H atoms are present in

(A) 3,0,5 (B) 3,5,0

(C) 4,3,0 (D) 0,5,3

4. DEGREE OF ALCOHOLDegree of carbon on which alcohol atom attached.There are three types.

Primary alcohol (1° alcohol)

Secondary alcohol (2° alcohol)

tertiary alcohol (3° alcohol)

5. DEGREE OF AMINEThey are named according to the number of carbons attached to nitrogen.there are three types.

Primary Amine (1° Amine)

Secondary Amine (2° Amine)

tertiary Amine (3° Amine)

6. CHIRAL CARBON OR ASYMMETRIC CARBON ATOMChiral carbon or asymmetric carbon atom is a carbon atom that is attached to four different types of atoms for groups of atoms

7. OLEPHENIC AND ACETYLENIC BONDS

Olephenic bond :

Alkenes are also called olefins because they form oily liquids on reaction with chlorine gas. An alkene consists of at least one double bond. This double bond is known as the olefinic bond.

Ex. CH3CH=CH2 Propane

Acetylenic bonds :Acetylene, also called ethane, the simplest and best known member of the hydrocarbon series containing one or more pairs of carbon atoms linked by triple bonds, called acetylenic bond.

EX CH ≡ CH Ethyne

8. VINYLIC CARBON ALLYLIC CARBON AND BENZYLIC CARBON

Vinylic Carbon : Vinylic carbon is a carbon that is involved in a double bond with another carbon. It is sp2 hybridized. Vinylic carbon makes a double bond with another carbon which is also sp2 hybridized. Both carbons involved in this bond are vinylic carbons.

ALLYLIC CARBON :Allylic carbon can be described as the carbon atom that is adjacent to the double bond. This carbon atom is the nearest to the double bond, but it is not a part of the double bond.The carbon atoms in the double bond are sp2 hybridized. But the allylic carbon is sp3 hybridized. It is bonded to the sp2 hybridized carbon atom through a single bond.

BENZYLIC CARBONA benzylic carbon is a saturated carbon that is directly attached to a benzene ring

GOC

HOMOLYTIC BOND FISSION

HOMOLYSIS

The bond cleavage in which each bonded atom gets their own contribution

Cleavage takes place due to

HELP (H = Heat, E = Electricity,

L = light, P = Peroxide)

Favoured when E.N. difference is less or zero.

Cleavage favoured in non-polar solvent.

HETROLYTIC BOND FISSION

It is formed when the electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms is more

Formation is favoured by polar solvent

+ve charge of the solvent attracts the –ve pole of compound and the –ve pole of the solvent attracts +ve pole of compound and the bond breaks.

INTERMEDIATES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Free Radical

Carbocation

Carbanion

1

Lone Pair

0

0

1

2

Bond pair

3

3

3

3

Unpaired e-

1

x

x

4

Bond Angle

1200

1200

1070

5

Hybridisation

Sp2

Sp2

Sp3

6

Shape

Trigonal planer

Trigonal planer

Pyramidal

7

Magnetic Property

Paramagnetic

Diamagnetic

Diamagnetic

8

Stability order (As per inductive effect)

30>20>10

30>20>10

10>20>30

9

e- rich /deficient /poor

ED(Deficient)

ED

ER(Rich)

10

Reactivity order

10>20>30

10>20>30

30>20>10

11

+I/-I (stabilized)

+I

+I

-I

ELECTRONIC DISPLACEMENT EFFECT

The displacement of electrons within the same molecule is known as electronic displacement. These effects affect the stability of a species or compound and it also affect the acidic & basic strength.

Electronic Displacement Effect is divided into two parts:

(1)Permanent effect (2) Temporary effect

(1) Permanent effect:

Inductive effect

Mesomeric (resonance) effect

Hyperconjugation

(2) Temporary effect:

Electromeric effect

Inductomeric effect

I. Induction effect:

It is an effect in which permanent polarization arises due to partial displacement of σ-electron along carbon chain or partial displacement of sigma-bonded electron toward more electronegative atom in carbon chain.

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