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Typosquatting, also called URL hijacking, a sting site, or a fake URL, is a form of cybersquatting, and possibly brandjacking which relies on mistakes such as typos made by Internet users when inputting a website address into a web browser. Should a user accidentally enter an incorrect website address, they may be led to any URL (including an alternative website owned by a cybersquatter).[1]

The typosquatter’s URL will usually be one of five kinds, all similar to the victim site address (e.g. example.com):

A common misspelling, or foreign language spelling, of the intended site: exemple.com

A misspelling based on typos: examlpe.com

A differently phrased domain name: examples.com

A different top-level domain: example.org

An abuse of the Country Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD): example.cm by using .cm, example.co by using .co, or example.om by using .om. A person leaving out a letter in .com in error could arrive at the fake URL’s website.

Once in the typosquatter’s site, the user may also be tricked into thinking that they are in fact in the real site, through the use of copied or similar logos, website layouts or content. Spam emails sometimes make use of typosquatting URLs to trick users into visiting malicious sites that look like a given bank’s site, for instance.

Motivation

There are several different reasons for typosquatters buying a typo domain:

In order to try to sell the typo domain back to the brand owner

To monetize the domain through advertising revenues from direct navigation misspellings of the intended domain

To redirect the typo-traffic to a competitor

To redirect the typo-traffic back to the brand itself, but through an affiliate link, thus earning commissions from the brand owner’s affiliate program.

As a phishing scheme to mimic the brand’s site, while intercepting passwords which the visitor enters unsuspectingly[2]

To harvest misaddressed e-mail messages mistakenly sent to the typo domain

To block malevolent use of the typo domain by others

To express an opinion that is different from the intended website’s opinion

Examples

Many companies, including Verizon, Lufthansa, and Lego, have garnered reputations for aggressively chasing down typosquatted names. Lego, for example, has spent roughly US$500,000 on taking 309 cases through UDRPproceedings.[3]

Celebrities have also frequently pursued their domain names, from singers to star athletes. Prominent examples include Basketball player Dirk Nowitzki’s UDRP of DirkSwish.com[4] and actress Eva Longoria’s UDRP of EvaLongoria.org.[5]

Since 2006, a typosquatted variant of Google called ‘Goggle.com’ has existed, but it now redirects to google.com.[6] Another example of corporate typosquatting is yuube.com, targeting YouTube users by having it programmed to redirect to a malicious website or page.[7] Similarly, www.airfrance.com has been typosquatted by www.arifrance.com, diverting users to a website peddling discount travel.[8] Other examples are Equifacks.com (Equifax.com), Experianne.com (Experian.com), and TramsOnion.com (TransUnion.com); these three typosquatted sites were registered by comedian John Oliver for his show Last Week Tonight.[9]

Some users were trying to visit the popular internet-based game Agar.io may misspell the said URL as agor.io. Visiting this site will produce a jumpscare or screamer of the popular creepypasta Jeff the Killer, which flashes rapidly and produces a loud noise.

However, on April 17, 2006, controversial evangelist Jerry Falwell failed to get the U.S. Supreme Court to review a decision allowing Christopher Lamparello to use www.fallwell.com. Relying on a plausible misspelling of Falwell’s name, Lamparello’s gripe site presents misdirected visitors with scriptural references that are intended to counter the fundamentalist preacher’s scathing rebukes against homosexuality. In Lamparello v. Falwell, the high court let stand a 2005 Fourth Circuit finding that “the use of a mark in a domain name for a gripe site criticizing the markholder does not constitute cybersquatting.”

WIPO resolution procedure

Under the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP), trademark holders can file a case at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) against typosquatters (as with cybersquatters in general).[8] The complainant has to show that the registered domain name is identical or confusingly similar to their trademark, that the registrant has no legitimate interest in the domain name, and that the domain name is being used in bad faith.[8]