Boxer Rebellion: “Boxers” was a name that foreigners gave to a Chinese secret society known as the Yihequan (“Righteous and Harmonious Fists”). The group practiced certain boxing and calisthenic rituals in the belief that this made them invulnerable. It was thought to be an offshoot of the…

lacquerwork: Chinese carved lacquer: The red lacquer (tihong), so well known and justly appreciated, was coloured with cinnabar (red mercuric sulfide). Other colours include a deep and a lighter olive green, buff, brown, black, and purple (aubergine).

pottery: Provincial and export wares: The stoneware of Yixing in Jiangsu province was known in the West as Buccaro, or Boccaro, ware and was copied and imitated at Meissen, Germany; at Staffordshire, England; and in the Netherlands by Ary de Milde and others. Its teapots were much valued in 17th-century Europe, where tea…

Charles Stark Draper: The Instruments Laboratory (I-Lab), which he founded in 1934, became a centre for both academic and commercial research, a combination that was not unusual at the time. It was through the I-Lab that Draper established a relationship with the Sperry Gyroscope Company (now part of Unisys…

I-lan, shih (municipality) and seat of I-lan hsien (county), northeastern Taiwan, the centre of the only sizable alluvial basin on the island’s mountainous eastern coast. The basin itself was largely formed as the delta of the Cho-Shui River and is about 30 miles (50 km) from north to south. I-lan

I-lan, county (hsien, or xian), northeastern Taiwan. It is bordered by New Taipei City special municipality to the north, T’ao-yüan (Taiyuan) special municipality and Hsin-chu (Xinzhu) county to the west, T’ai-chung (Taizhong) special municipality and Hua-lien (Hualian) county to the south, and the

I-lan: In the northeast, the I-lan River has formed a fertile triangular basin where paddy rice, sugarcane, peanuts (groundnuts), and sweet potatoes are grown. Sulfur, manganese, mica, copper, talc, marble, and iron ore are worked or mined. The major industries include rice, sugar, and sawmilling; fish processing; and fertilizer, cement,…

Noam Chomsky: Rule systems in Chomskyan theories of language: …what Chomsky calls an “I-language”—“I” for internal, individual, and intensional (that is, described by a grammar). But they also speak to other desiderata of a natural science: they are much simpler, and they are much more easily accommodated to another science, namely biology.

Yili, (Chinese: “Ceremonies and Rituals”) the “Book of Ritual,” a collection of Chinese rituals probably compiled during the Western Han dynasty (206 bce–8 ce) and listed, along with two other ritual texts (Liji, “Record of Rites”; Zhouli, “Rites of Zhou”), among the Confucian classics. Its subject

Ili River, river in western Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, China, and southeastern Kazakhstan. It is 870 miles (1,400 km) long and drains the basin between the Tien Shan range to the south and the Borohoro (Poluokenu) Mountains to the north. Both ranges are extremely high. The drainage basin

battlefield medicine: …is the bionic hand called i-Limb, which became available to amputees in 2007. The prosthetic has five fully and independently functional fingers and is controlled by a computer chip connected to electrodes that detect electrical signals from surviving arm muscles.

Manchu: …it is evident that the Yilou, the Tungus ancestors of the Manchu, were essentially hunters, fishers, and food gatherers, though in later times they and their descendants, the Juchen and Manchu, developed a primitive form of agriculture and animal husbandry. The Juchen-Manchu were accustomed to braid their hair into a…

I-n-Salah, oasis town, central Algeria, in the Sahara on the southern edge of the arid Tadema?t Plateau. At the crossing of ancient trans-Saharan caravan routes, it was once an important trade link between northern and central Africa but has declined in modern times owing to high transportation

Kuldja, city, western Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, China. It is the chief city, agricultural market, and commercial centre of the Ili River valley, which is a principal route from the Xinjiang region into Central Asia. The valley is far wetter than any other part of Xinjiang and has rich

Yibin, city, southeastern Sichuan sheng (province), China. It is situated at the southwestern corner of the Sichuan Basin at the junction of the Min and the Yangtze rivers; above Yibin the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) is called the Jinsha River. Surrounded on three sides by two rivers and with the

I-Thou, theological doctrine of the full, direct, mutual relation between beings, as conceived by Martin Buber and some other 20th-century philosophers. The basic and purest form of this relation is that between man and God (the Eternal Thou), which is the model for and makes possible I-Thou

granite: These result in I-type granitoids, derived from igneous protoliths and containing moderate amounts of Al2O3 and high amounts of Na2O, and S-type granitoids, derived from sedimentary protoliths and containing high amounts of Al2O3 and relatively low amounts of Na2O. Amphibole and pyroxene are more common in I-type granitoids,…

granite: These result in I-type granitoids, derived from igneous protoliths and containing moderate amounts of Al2O3 and high amounts of Na2O, and S-type granitoids, derived from sedimentary protoliths and containing high amounts of Al2O3 and relatively low amounts of Na2O. Amphibole and pyroxene are more common in I-type granitoids,…

electronic voting: I-voting:
As use of the Internet spread rapidly in the 1990s and early 21st century, it seemed that the voting process would naturally migrate there. In this scenario, voters would cast their choices from any computer connected to the Internet—including from their home. This type…

Yiyang, city, northern Hunan sheng (province), southeast-central China. The city is situated approximately 47 miles (75 km) northwest of Changsha (the provincial capital) on the Zi River, to the south of Dongting Lake, on the main highway from Changsha to Changde farther to the northwest. An

I. F. Stone: From the outset I.F. Stone’s Weekly (1953–67; I.F. Stone’s Bi-Weekly, 1967–71) had an influence far greater than the size of its readership. Among early subscribers were Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell, and Eleanor Roosevelt. The newsletter, staffed only by Stone and his wife, was researched, written, and edited by…

Cullinan diamond: …about 100 smaller ones by I.J. Asscher and Company of Amsterdam, famed for their cutting of the Excelsior diamond, which until the discovery of the Cullinan had been the largest known diamond. The stones cut from the Cullinan diamond, all flawless, are now part of the British regalia. The largest…

FireWire, high-speed computer data-transfer interface used to connect personal computers, audio and video devices, and other professional and consumer electronics. The American computer and electronics company Apple Inc. led the initiative for adoption of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics

I.M. Pei: Pei &amp; Associates (later Pei Cobb Freed &amp; Partners), in 1955. Among the notable early designs of the firm were the Luce Memorial Chapel, Taiwan; the Mesa Laboratory of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, which, located near mountains, mimics the broken silhouettes of the surrounding peaks;…

Singer Company, corporation that grew out of the sewing-machine business founded in the United States by Isaac M. Singer. The company was incorporated in 1863 as the Singer Manufacturing Company, taking over the business of I.M. Singer & Company, which had been formed to market the sewing machine

nervous system: Potassium channels: IA channels are opened by depolarization following hyperpolarization. By increasing the interval between action potentials, they help a neuron to fire repetitively at low frequencies.

auxin: …naturally occurring auxin is ?-indolylacetic acid (IAA), which is formed either from the amino acid tryptophan or from the breakdown of carbohydrates known as glycosides. This hormone affects plants by its action on chemical bonds of carbohydrates comprising plant cell walls. The process permits the cells to be irreversibly…

International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), track-and-field organization of national associations of more than 160 countries. It was founded as the International Amateur Athletic Association at Stockholm in 1912. In 1936 the IAAF took over regulation of women’s international

Barry Diller: The following year USAI became IAC/InterActiveCorp, which operated such Web sites as Ask.com and the online dating service Match.com. In 2010 Diller stepped down as CEO, though he continued as chairman.

America's Cup: …yacht was designated as the International America’s Cup Class (IACC)—75 feet (23 m) in overall length—to race over an eight-leg 22.6-mile (36.4-kilometre) course. The 1995 event was run over a six-leg, 18.55-nautical-mile (34.4-kilometre) course. It was won by the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron, only the second victory by a…

Iacchus, minor deity associated with the Eleusinian Mysteries, the best known of the ancient Greek mystery religions. On the day preceding the commencement of the mysteries, Iacchus’ name was invoked with the names of the earth goddess Demeter and her daughter Kore (Persephone) during the p

Cymbeline: …conversation with a villainous Italian, Iachimo, Posthumus finds himself drawn unwisely into betting Iachimo that Imogen’s fidelity to her marriage is unassailable. Journeying to England, Iachimo furtively obtains from the sleeping Imogen a token that he uses to convince Posthumus of her infidelity. Posthumus sends a servant to kill Imogen,…

Lee Iacocca, American automobile executive who was president (1978–92) and chairman of the board (1979–92) of Chrysler Corporation, credited with reviving the foundering company. He notably secured the largest amount of federal financial assistance ever given to a private corporation at that time.

Lee Iacocca, American automobile executive who was president (1978–92) and chairman of the board (1979–92) of Chrysler Corporation, credited with reviving the foundering company. He notably secured the largest amount of federal financial assistance ever given to a private corporation at that time.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), autonomous intergovernmental organization dedicated to increasing the contribution of atomic energy to the world’s peace and well-being and ensuring that agency assistance is not used for military purposes. The IAEA and its director general, Mohamed

Ezer Weizman: …the founding officers of the Israel Air Force (IAF), a branch of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). In 1958 Weizman was appointed commander in chief of the IAF and set out to transform and modernize it, particularly its strategy and tactics. His meticulous training and detailed preparation laid the foundation…

Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), a network of faith organizations from a variety of religious denominations in primarily low-income communities across the United States, Canada, and Europe. Its mission is to help ordinary citizens participate in the public arena in order to improve conditions in

Abdullah II: Domestic policy: …Abdullah sought to restrain the Islamic Action Front, the political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan and the country’s largest opposition group, and pushed electoral reforms that were intended to increase voting based on platform rather than personal or tribal interests.

Pakistan: Imran Khan’s premiership: …credit for the attack, the Indian Air Force conducted air strikes in Pakistan for the first time in five decades. Though India claimed it had destroyed a large training camp belonging to the militant group, Pakistan denied that any such camp had existed and said India had struck an empty…

Iago, fictional character, the villain of William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello (written 1603–04). One of Shakespeare’s most intriguing and plausible villains, Iago frequently takes the audience or reader into his confidence, a device that encourages close observation of his skillful manipulations

Iacchus, minor deity associated with the Eleusinian Mysteries, the best known of the ancient Greek mystery religions. On the day preceding the commencement of the mysteries, Iacchus’ name was invoked with the names of the earth goddess Demeter and her daughter Kore (Persephone) during the p

gnosticism: Apocryphon of John: …being, a ruler (archon) named Ialdabaoth, who is a dark caricature of the creator God of Genesis and the demiurge of Platonism. Wisdom, the lowest entity in the realm of perfection, creates Ialdabaoth in an unauthorized attempt to produce a likeness of herself. Ialdabaoth in turn creates the material cosmos…

Ialomi?a, jude? (county), southeastern Romania, occupying an area of 1,719 square mi (4,453 square km). Its eastern border is marked by the northward-draining Danube River and the Borcea and Ialomi?a rivers flow northeastward through the lowlands. Strachina and Fundata lakes are located in the

Ialomi?a River, river, rising on Mount Omu in the Mun?ii Bucegi, part of the Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathians), central Romania, and flowing southward and eastward for 250 miles (400 km) to join the Lower Danube just west of H?r?ova. The upper Ialomi?a Valley receives much water from the

William Nordhaus: …economic climate system, later called integrated assessment models (IAMs), that incorporated basic theories and results from physics and chemistry and showed how the global economy and climate would evolve under different assumptions about the pace and mechanisms of global warming and the additional climate policies (e.g., carbon taxes or emission…

Iamb, metrical foot consisting of one short syllable (as in classical verse) or one unstressed syllable (as in English verse) followed by one long or stressed syllable, as in the word ?be|cause′ . Considered by the ancient Greeks to approximate the natural rhythm of speech, iambic metres were used

Iambe, French satiric verse form consisting of alternating lines of 8 and 12 syllables. The total number of lines is variable. Greek writers, especially Archilochus, used iambics as a vehicle for satire, but the name came into use as a French form in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when

Alexandrine, verse form that is the leading measure in French poetry. It consists of a line of 12 syllables with major stresses on the 6th syllable (which precedes the medial caesura [pause]) and on the last syllable, and one secondary accent in each half line. Because six syllables is a normal

tetrameter: Iambic tetrameter is, next to iambic pentameter, the most common metre in English poetry; it is used in the English and Scottish traditional ballads, which are usually composed of four-line stanzas of alternating iambic tetrameter and trimeter.

Iamb, metrical foot consisting of one short syllable (as in classical verse) or one unstressed syllable (as in English verse) followed by one long or stressed syllable, as in the word ?be|cause′ . Considered by the ancient Greeks to approximate the natural rhythm of speech, iambic metres were used

Iamblichus, Syrian philosopher, a major figure in the philosophical school of Neoplatonism and the founder of its Syrian branch. Though only his minor philosophical works have survived, the basic elements of Iamblichus’ system can be understood from the references to his teachings in the writings

It is impossible to be an author in Edinburgh without being conscious of the many previous generations of writers for whom the city has provided sustenance and inspiration. The visitor who arrives in Edinburgh by train emerges from Waverley Station (named after Sir Walter Scott’s first novel) onto

piracy: MP3 and P2P networks: For example, Janis Ian, an American Grammy Award winner, wrote a famous essay in 2002 about her experiences with increased sales of her songs after MP3 versions began circulating around the Internet.

ICANN: …maintain ultimate stewardship of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), which coordinates some of the key technical underpinnings of the Internet, such as managing the DNS root. IANA also controls specific TLDs, such as .arpa. ICANN manages IANA under contract with the DOC’s National Telecommunications and Information Administration, to which…

Iao Valley: Iao Needle, a volcanic monolith 2,250 feet (686 metres) high, soars nearly straight up from the valley floor. A 6-acre (2.5-hectare) section of the valley featuring the Iao Needle is designated a state park and a national natural landmark. A bronze tablet at the base…

Iao Valley, valley, Maui county, northwestern Maui island, Hawaii, U.S. Situated on the eastern slope of Puu Kukui Mountain, it lies just north of Wailuku. Formed by erosion of the caldera whose volcano created the island’s western peninsula, Iao Valley comprises a deep, narrow gorge 5 miles (8 km)

Native American: The outplacement and adoption of indigenous children: …of America in launching the Indian Adoption Project (IAP), the country’s first large-scale transracial adoption program. The IAP eventually moved between 25 and 35 percent of the native children in the United States into interstate adoptions and interstate foster care placements. Essentially all of these children were placed with Euro-American…

Joseph Napolitan: In 1968 he cofounded the International Association of Political Consultants (IAPC); the next year, he founded the American Association of Political Consultants (AAPC). Both organizations were created with the goals of organizing the field and setting professional standards, and they became the two primary organizations for political consultants in the…

Iapetus, outermost of Saturn’s major regular moons, extraordinary because of its great contrast in surface brightness. It was discovered by the Italian-born French astronomer Gian Domenico Cassini in 1671 and named for one of the Titans of Greek mythology. Iapetus has a radius of 718 km (446 miles)

Appalachian orogenic belt: …the shores of the opening Iapetus Ocean. Subduction of the Iapetus led to its destruction and the collision of different continental blocks and island arcs. Those collisions gave rise to three Appalachian orogenies: the Taconic in the Middle Ordovician (about 472 million years ago); the Acadian in the Middle to…

Appalachian orogenic belt: …the shores of the opening Iapetus Ocean. Subduction of the Iapetus led to its destruction and the collision of different continental blocks and island arcs. Those collisions gave rise to three Appalachian orogenies: the Taconic in the Middle Ordovician (about 472 million years ago); the Acadian in the Middle to…

Messapic language: …spoken by tribes (Messapii and Iapyges) living in the southeastern part of Italy in pre-Roman and early Roman times. Messapic inscriptions date from the 6th to the 1st century bc. The language is believed to be related to the extinct Illyrian languages that were spoken on the east side of…

Dido: …purchased from a local chieftain, Iarbas, a piece of land on which she founded Carthage. The city soon prospered, and Iarbas sought Dido’s hand in marriage. To escape from him, Dido constructed a funeral pyre, on which she stabbed herself before the people. Virgil, however, in his Aeneid, reshaped this…

styrene: The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists styrene as possibly carcinogenic (cancer-causing) in humans. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services classifies styrene as a known carcinogen.

Westmeath, county in the province of Leinster, central Ireland. It is bounded by Counties Cavan (north), Meath (east), Offaly (south), Roscommon (west), and Longford (northwest). Mullingar, in central Westmeath, is the county town (seat). The western boundary of Westmeath is the lower part of Lough

Dublin: Transportation: Irish Railways (Iarnród éireann), a subsidiary of Córas Iompair éireann (CIE), the national transport company, provides suburban services and intercity connections with the rest of the country and Northern Ireland. City bus services provide extensive service. Dublin’s international airport is just north of the city…

von Neumann machine: …and John von Neumann—in “Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instrument” (1946). Although many researchers contributed ideas directly or indirectly to the paper, von Neumann was the principal author, and it is frequently cited as the birth certificate of computer science.

accounting: The move toward international accounting standards: …1973 and succeeded by the IASB in 2001; and arms of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and of the European Economic Community.

accounting: The move toward international accounting standards: …114 professional accounting bodies; the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), which was founded in London in 1973 and succeeded by the IASB in 2001; and arms of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and of the European Economic Community.

Ia?i, city, northeastern Romania. It is situated on the Bahlui River near its confluence with the Prut River in the Moldavian plain, 8 miles (13 km) west of the border with Moldova and 200 miles (320 km) northeast of Bucharest. There were recognizable settlements at the site in the 7th century. The

Ia?i, jude? (county), northeastern Romania, bounded on the east by Moldova. The southward-flowing Prut River marks the county’s eastern border with Moldova, and the Siret River drains the hilly terrain of the county to the south. Ia?i county was a part of feudal Moldavia. Ia?i city is the county

Treaty of Jassy, (Jan. 9, 1792), pact signed at Jassy in Moldavia (modern Ia?i, Romania), at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92; it confirmed Russian dominance in the Black Sea. The Russian empress Catherine II the Great had entered the war envisioning a partition of the Ottoman

Iasion, in Greek mythology, according to Homer and Hesiod, Cretan youth loved by Demeter, the corn goddess, who lay with him in a fallow field that had been thrice plowed. Their son was Plutus, the wealth within the soil. According to Apollodorus, Iasion attempted to ravish the goddess and was

Iasion, in Greek mythology, according to Homer and Hesiod, Cretan youth loved by Demeter, the corn goddess, who lay with him in a fallow field that had been thrice plowed. Their son was Plutus, the wealth within the soil. According to Apollodorus, Iasion attempted to ravish the goddess and was

transportation economics: Transportation regulation and deregulation: …fares are established by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), a cartel (or organization) of all the world’s air carriers. Cartels known as conferences also regulate the rates charged by ocean liners that carry cargo on a regular basis. Each conference is made up of member lines that serve certain…

Oceanic art and architecture: The Sepik River regions: The Sawos and the river-dwelling Iatmul, who historically derive from the Sawos, worked in styles totally different from those of the people to the north. Their ceremonial houses were long rectangular structures, with upper stories elevated on posts often carved with ancestral faces and figures. The gables were not of…

disease: Major distinctions: …the disease is classed as iatrogenic. Finally, the disease may be caused by some agent external to the organism, such as a chemical that is a toxic agent. In this case the disease is noncommunicable; that is, it affects only the individual organism exposed to it. The external agent may…

Santorio Santorio: …an early exponent of the iatrophysical school of medicine, which attempted to explain the workings of the animal body on purely mechanical grounds, and he adapted several of Galileo’s inventions to medical practice, resulting in his development of a clinical thermometer (1612) and a pulse clock (1602).

International Astronomical Union (IAU), senior body governing international professional astronomical activities worldwide, with headquarters in Paris. It was established in 1919 as the first of a series of international unions for the advancement of specific branches of science. Its professed

International Association of Universities (IAU), nongovernmental educational organization founded in 1950 to promote cooperation at the international level among the universities of all countries as well as among other bodies concerned with higher education and research. Membership consists of

death: Ancient Egypt: …was the haty, the word ib referring to the heart as a metaphysical entity embodying not only thought, intelligence, memory, and wisdom, but also bravery, sadness, and love. It was the heart in its sense of ib that was weighed in the famous judgment scene depicted in the Ani papyrus…

armour: Modern body armour systems: …replaced the PASGT with the Interceptor Body Armor, or IBA, system. The IBA consists of an “outer tactical vest” made from layered Kevlar, which provides protection against shell fragments and most handgun bullets as large as 9 mm, and two ceramic “small arms protective inserts,” or SAPI plates, which can…

British Broadcasting Corporation: …commercial channel operated by the Independent Television Authority (later the Office of Communications [Ofcom]) in 1955. A second commercial channel commenced broadcasting in 1982. The BBC’s radio monopoly ended with the government’s decision to permit, starting in the early 1970s, local commercial broadcasts.

percussion instrument: Idiophones: …shaped like a temple, the iba like a closed horseshoe. Sacred to the Egyptian goddess Hathor, the iba was played only by women, and after Hathor’s metamorphosis into the goddess Isis it remained sacred to Isis.

Ibadan, capital city of Oyo state, Nigeria, located on seven hills (average elevation 700 feet [200 metres]) about 100 miles (160 km) from the Atlantic coast. It is one of the most populous cities in the country. Ibadan’s beginnings are shrouded in mystery; they were recorded only in oral

Ibadan: The University of Ibadan (1948) and a technical institute are located in the city, and there are many specialized institutions. The university library maintains the largest collection of books in the country. There is also a branch of the National Archives on the university campus.

Beni Isguene: …the 11th century by the Ibā?īyah, a Berber Muslim heretical sect originally from Tiaret. Beni Isguene’s town walls were restored in 1860, and according to tradition it is a sacred town. Strangers are not allowed in Beni Isguene during the midday prayers that last about four hours; nor are they…

Beni Isguene: …the 11th century by the Ibā?īyah, a Berber Muslim heretical sect originally from Tiaret. Beni Isguene’s town walls were restored in 1860, and according to tradition it is a sacred town. Strangers are not allowed in Beni Isguene during the midday prayers that last about four hours; nor are they…

baseball: Amateur baseball: …worldwide are represented by the International Baseball Federation (IBAF), which was formed by American Leslie Mann in 1938. The organization, headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, has hosted a Baseball World Cup since 1938.

Ibagué, city, central Colombia, on the eastern slopes of the Andean Cordillera Central (Central Mountains). Founded as San Bonifacio de Ibagué in 1550 on the site of an Indian village, it was moved to its present location, on a plain 4,216 feet (1,285 metres) above sea level, because of Indian

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