Foreign Currency Derivatives
Financial management of the MNE in the 21st century involves financial derivatives. These derivatives, so named because their values are derived from underlying assets, are a powerful tool used in business today. These instruments can be used for two very distinct management objectives:
Speculation – use of derivative instruments to take a position in the expectation of a profit Hedging – use ...view middle of the document...

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Foreign Currency Futures
Contract specifications are established by the exchange on which futures are traded. Major features that are standardized are: Contract size Method of stating exchange rates Maturity date Last trading day Collateral and maintenance margins Settlement Commissions Use of a clearinghouse as a counterparty
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Foreign Currency Futures vs. Forward contracts
Foreign currency futures contracts differ from forward contracts in a number of important ways: Futures are standardized in terms of size while forwards can be customized Futures have fixed maturities while forwards can have any maturity (both typically have maturities of one year or less) Trading on futures occurs on organized exchanges while forwards are traded between individuals and banks Futures have an initial margin that is market to market on a daily basis while only a bank relationship is needed for a forward Futures are rarely delivered upon (settled) while forwards are normally delivered upon (settled)
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AUD/USD futures example
A person got in the long position in the prior trade for one contract. F (prior) = 0.8964

F (last) = 0.8946

Beg. Balance

Profit/loss

Ending Balance

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AUD/USD futures example
Alternative 1: Physical delivery

Alternative 2: “A round turn”

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Foreign Currency Options
A foreign currency option is a contract giving the option purchaser (the buyer) the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a given amount of foreign exchange at a fixed price per unit for a specified time period (until the maturity date). There are two basic types of options, puts and calls.
A call is an option to buy foreign currency A put is an option to sell foreign currency
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Foreign Currency Options
The buyer of an option is termed the holder, while the seller of the option is referred to as the writer or grantor. Every option has three different price elements:
The exercise or strike price – the exchange rate at which the foreign currency can be purchased (call) or sold (put) The premium – the cost, price, or value of the option itself The underlying or actual spot exchange rate in the market

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Foreign Currency Options
An American option gives the buyer the right to exercise the option at any time between the date of writing and the expiration or maturity date. A European option can be exercised only on its expiration date, not before....

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