Both areas have lost more than 2.5 percent of their jobs since 2006, and both are saddled with exceptionally high unemployment rates for workers between the ages of 16 and 34.

The 10 factors in the study’s formula were 10-year population growth, five- and one-year employment growth, per capita income, five-year income growth, share of total population in the 18-34 age range, unemployment rate for the 16-34 age group, share of householders in the 18-44 age range who earn more than $150,000 a year, share of 18- to 34-year-olds with college degrees, and median rent.