56 >, .... ....OJ> y., , ;4 .. t. .o:::." ..:. t f It J: i (1' I U II U II It:.' I: ,>t 111,ilUUIIUtttt..I. I tit It.' U U II II I}(IIJII :.11 'I rJ ø n ß it II 1,1 II It II II i. I>.. t. 11 If q n II It I,l l ' I . "I I " I . ,' ,., .. f .1 II U II II It I. t, ., , I I , ftt< ?f'r " '" v ......'f..ù.Jf.' "" r;.. , "- , ." .,.' i. Landmark*.... .( . . . Alive with Weddings, Anniversaries, Birthdays, Confinnations, Bar Mitzvahs, Retirements, Milestones, Premieres, Presentations, De-briefmgs, Board Meetings, Forums, Openings, Press Parties, Friendships, Sales Conferences, Showings, Celebrations, Honoring Banquets, Parties, Tea Dances, Graduations, Unveilings, Charity Balls, Public Proclamations, Secret Meetings, Happy & Solemn Occasions, Holidays, Honeymoons. Maybe a tryst or two. Let us help you make your special event a landmark. If you are a perfectionist, you'll like ours. He'll make your occasion historic.. Please call hnn: F. Bart Moore, Perfectionist Director, PLaza 9-7010. ). f .,. ø + r . #. Fifth Avenue at 59th Street New York, New York 10019 * rhe Plaza, opened m 1907, has been designateda Landmark of New York by the New }órk Communzty Trust. ' social c:Luthority that doe" not contain hi111. An external wilJ displaces the will of the individual, appropriating somt portion of his eXIstence.. To the extent that one's existence belongs to anoth- er-to an individual or to an institu- , 1 ' , tlon-one s wants are no onger one s own, even if the) are experienced as 111atters of personal urgency and de- sire. F'or that Inatter, a man who is ap- parently content despite sub111ission to an external authority affords evidence that his wants e111erge fro111, dnd c:lre created b), the state of alienation.. Al- though modern societ} has avoided 111any of the failures that Marx predicted, it has brought an al- ienation 1110re intense and perva- SIve than he could have conceived. \Ve can gli111pse the sources of this alienation in countries that are enacting our past.. An ofÌÌ.cia] of the Indian govern111ent describes his par- ticipation in the construction of a new steel mill: "Each one of us was helping build the future-a future one could ahnost see, touch, and fee1.... One also felt that the plant now had l life and personality of its own-quite apart fro111 the 111en who worked for it-a being that de111anded the best from us and also rewarded us with that rare feeling, d sense of fulfi11111ent." In India, this panegyric is idé.:-tlistic, while in A111erica it would be regarded as nonsense No executive vice-president of I.B.M. would praise his C0111puter 1 '" d d " 1 . p ant as an In epen ent persona Ity that "demanded the best" fro111 hi111. Because the rule of the 111achine is far 1110re extensive in A111erica than in In- di.:l, such a state111ent is inad111issible.. '[he condition of alienc:ltion has little to do with happiness or despair. One is no less a servant if one accepts, or even e111braces, the conditIons of servi- tude.. Such acceptance 111eans that the power that coerces has been absorbed into the structure of the spirit-trans- forll1ed into an aspect of individual identity. Marx aSSU111es that elnerging new forces 111ust coexist in transitory strug- gle with the dominant interests of the 1 eceding present. That clash is revolu- / tion, its outco111e predestined by the eco- k nOInic shifts that have produced it. But )- alienation i111plies sOInething far more J unexpected: outmoded beliefs and in- stitu tions can influence the d0111inan t classes to act against their own inter- ests--can, indeed, cause the entire so- cict) to underlnine and perhaps destroy itself.. History is replete with exa111ples. l)espite changed conditions of warfare and trade, the Greek city-states re- tdined their devotIon to InInI-independ- encc until they all went down-oli- fr <ft r $ 1; ).. ( JANUAR.Y 2, 8, I 9 7 + g l rchs, tt ('ldesIl1en, philosophers, a rti- c:lns, and SL1 ve . The ndtion-state and the idcc:l of l1c:ltionLllis111 were neCeSS ll) to the early developITIent of \Vestern capittllisrn. In our own centur), the capItalists of Europe .-lS well "'is the workers twice ravaged their societies, and finc:111y cast away their econOIl1IC sUpre111c:lC) in thoughtless obedience to nationalistIc doctrines, although the changed techniques of 111,lSS productIon, con lln1ption, and trade had already stripped aWc:l) the economic justification for their behavior. Even dfter the Sec- ond \V orld \Var, the Europeans en- gaged in bitter and costly strug- gles to retain colonies whose eco- n0111ir role was obsolete. rrhe\ .I wasted their substance at the c0111111and of a territorial i111peri- aJi"111 that was actually inin1ical to the " 1 . f d . " new re atHH1S 0 pro uctIon. j\ny doubt lbout thi'ì should he diminished b} the exa111ple of Germd.ny and J a- pan, which have flourisht.:d L1rgel) he- cause past structures were destro} ed. In Ollr own cOllntr), the Wc:1r in Vietnanl is yet .JJlother exa111ple of the way 1n which the alienation of a d0111inant class can influence it to eng.-lge in self-uluti- la tion . T IlE function of society is to or- gc:lnize the material conditions of existence. Material conditions dl e those conditions which c:lre not subjective l'he} consist of all re la tionships extf>f- nal to the individuc:d, not on1\ with ./ work or consuI11ption but with the en- viron111ent and with other humc:ln be- ings. EconolTIic reLltions dOIninate the organi7 ltion of those 111ateridl condi- tiün . The port} ayal of the lnodern eco- nOlnic process which follows i<; offered not ,1S .:-In did to ècono111ic analysis but as a description of the conditions of life withIn societv. Ii" 0 I the necessities and .I the guiding interests of that econo111ic plocess are Î1nposed upon thf> individual ,1S circu111stance, value, ànd desire.. A Llter discussion win Inove fron1 the gen- el al concept of c:l1ienation to the con- crete structures that are its cause, and to the varied ways in which individuab and groups arL 111ade to forfeit a por- tIon of their existence. Phrases such " h . 1 ' d " " b as t e 111Iltary 1111n , ureaucratIc 1 ." d " . " Inenta Ity, an organIZatIon 111an are not metaphors but description of fact.. Still, those expressions of alienation are anI) sYlnptoms and outward forlTIs of an oppression that cannot be readily perceived, because we can no longer distinguish our own win froITI the will to which we havL sublnÎtted. Marx thought that changed econo111ic rela- tions would, of theIr own force, restore social existence to consciousness dnd