Water-soluble star-like poly(vinyl alcohol)/C60 and poly{[poly(ethylene glycol) acrylate]-co- (vinyl acetate)}/C60 nanohybrids are prepared by grafting macroradicals onto C60 and are assessed as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. The photophysical and biological properties of both nanohybrids highlight key characteristics influencing their overall efficiency. The macromolecular structure (linear/graft) and nature (presence/absence of hydroxyl groups) of the polymeric arms respectively impact the photodynamic activity and the stealthiness of the nanohybrids. The advantages of both nanohybrids are encountered in a third one, poly[(Nvinylpyrrolidone)- co-(vinyl acetate)]/C60, which has linear grafts without hydroxyl groups, and shows a better photodynamic activity. [less ▲]

Over the last decade, polymer micelles attracted an increasing interest in drug pharmaceutical research because they could be used as efficient drug delivery systems. Micelles of amphiphilic block ... [more ▼]

Over the last decade, polymer micelles attracted an increasing interest in drug pharmaceutical research because they could be used as efficient drug delivery systems. Micelles of amphiphilic block copolymers are supramolecular core-shell type assemblies of tens of nanometers in diameter. An accumulation of polymer nanocarriers to solid tumours is possible due to the EPR effect. Even if micelles get a high stability in aqueous media, the dissociation of micelles is not always preserved when they are injected in the blood compartment. This work aims at reporting on the design of reversibly cross-linked micelles based on PEO-b-PCL copolymers by introducing disulfide bridges in the micelle core to provide higher stability. Different kinds of macromolecular architectures are employed to study their impact on the micelles and their biological behavior. These new functional copolymers were all successfully micellized, reversibly cross-linked and are stealthy, which show the efficiency of the developed cross-linking process and offer a set of nanocarriers to be tested further, as shown on the first biological tests. [less ▲]

Evaluation of the biocompatibility of pH-triggered targeting micelles was performed with the goal of studying the effect of a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) coating on micelle stealth properties. Upon ... [more ▼]

Evaluation of the biocompatibility of pH-triggered targeting micelles was performed with the goal of studying the effect of a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) coating on micelle stealth properties. Upon protonation under acidic conditions, pH-sensitive poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) blocks were stretched, exhibiting positive charges at the periphery of the micelles as well as being a model targeting unit. The polymer micelles were based on two different macromolecular architectures, an ABC miktoarm star terpolymer and an ABC linear triblock copolymer, which combined three different polymer blocks, i.e. hydrophobic poly(E-caprolactone), PEO and P2VP. Neutral polymer micelles were formed at physiological pH. These systems were tested for their ability to avoid macrophage uptake, their complement activation and their pharmacological behavior after systemic injection in mice, as a function of their conformation (neutral or protonated). After protonation, complement activation and macrophage uptake were up to twofold higher than for neutral systems. By contrast, when P2VP blocks and the targeting unit were buried by the PEO shell at physiological pH, micelle stealth properties were improved, allowing their future systemic injection with an expected long circulation in blood. Smart systems responsive to pH were thus developed which therefore hold great promise for targeted drug delivery to an acidic tumoral environment. [less ▲]

Stealth macromolecular platforms bearing alkyne groups and poly(ethylene oxide) brushes were synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The anchoring of Gd3+-chelates bearing an azide group was then carried out by the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (“click”) reaction in mild conditions, leading to macrocontrast agents for MRI applications. The gadolinium complex is hidden in the PEO shell that renders the macrocontrast agents free of any cytotoxicity and stealth to proteins of the immune system. Relaxometry measurements have evidenced an improved relaxivity of the macrocontrast agent compared to ungrafted gadolinium chelate. Moreover, this relaxivity is further enhanced when the spacer length between the Gd3+-chelate and the polymer backbone is shorter, as the result of its decreased tumbling rate. These novel products are therefore promising candidates for MRI applications. [less ▲]

New hydrosoluble magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) macrocontrast agents are synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization of poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether acrylate (PEOMA) with an acrylamide bearing a ligand for gadolinium, followed by the complexation of Gd3+. This convenient and simple grafting through approach leads to macrocontrast agents with a high relaxivity at high frequency that is imparted by the restricted tumbling of the Gd3+ complex caused by its attachment to the polymer backbone. Importantly a very low protein adsorption is also evidenced by the hemolytic CH50 test. It is the result of the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) brush that efficiently hides the gadolinium complex and renders it stealth to the proteins of the immune system. Improved contrast and long blood circulating properties are thus expected for these macrocontrast agents. [less ▲]

Azido-functional amphiphilic macromolecules based on a biodegradable aliphatic polyester (poly-epsilon-caprolactone, PCL) and a bioeliminable hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block have been used in ... [more ▼]

Azido-functional amphiphilic macromolecules based on a biodegradable aliphatic polyester (poly-epsilon-caprolactone, PCL) and a bioeliminable hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block have been used in order to build micellar drug delivery systems. Such azido groups being able to react by alkyne-azide 1,3 Huisgens cycloaddition (a click reaction) have been used further in order to cross-link the micelles via redox-sensitive disulfide bridges. This reversible cross-linking allows to prevent micelles dissociation at high dilution upon injection and to trigger their dissociation in more reductive environment, such as the cytosol. Copolymers having three different architectures, i.e. able to crosslink either the core or the shell of core-shell-corona system have been used to investigate their micellization, cross-linking and cross-linking reversibility. The stealthiness of these micelles crosslinked in the hydrophobic segment has also been studied in vitro. [less ▲]

New micellar macrocontrast agents with improved contrast at high frequencies were designed by grafting a gadolinium based contrast agent onto functional stealth micelles formed by poly(ethylene oxide)-b ... [more ▼]

New micellar macrocontrast agents with improved contrast at high frequencies were designed by grafting a gadolinium based contrast agent onto functional stealth micelles formed by poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEO-b-PCL) in water. As evidenced by relaxometry measurements and the hemolytic CH50 test, the new contrast agents are of interest as MRI blood pool agents. [less ▲]

In the present work, a method is proposed to assemble pH-responsive, flower-like micelles that can expose a targeting unit at their periphery upon a decrease in pH. The micelles are composed of a novel ... [more ▼]

In the present work, a method is proposed to assemble pH-responsive, flower-like micelles that can expose a targeting unit at their periphery upon a decrease in pH. The micelles are composed of a novel biotinylated triblock copolymer of poly(-caprolactone)-block-poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PCL-b-PEO-b-P2VP) and the non-biotinylated analogue. The block copolymers are synthesized by sequential anionic and ring-opening polymerization. The pH-dependent micellization behaviour in aqueous solution of the triblock copolymers developed is studied using dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and fluorimetric measurements. The shielding of the biotin at neutral pH and their availability at the micelle surface upon protonation is established by TEM and surface plasmon resonance with avidin and streptavidin-coated gold surfaces. The preliminary stealthy behavior of these pH-responsive micelles is examined using the complement activation (CH50) test. [less ▲]

This work focused on the preparation and the aqueous solution properties of hybrid polymeric micelles consisting of a hydrophobic poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) core and a mixed shell of hydrophilic poly ... [more ▼]

This work focused on the preparation and the aqueous solution properties of hybrid polymeric micelles consisting of a hydrophobic poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) core and a mixed shell of hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and pH-sensitive poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP). The hybrid micelles were successfully prepared by the rapid addition of acidic water to a binary solution of PCL34-b-PEO114 and PCL32-b-P2VP52 diblock copolymers in N,N-dimethylformamide. These micelles were pH-responsive as result of the pH-dependent ionization of the P2VP block. The impact of pH on the self-assembly of the binary mixture of diblocks—thus on the composition, shape, size and surface properties of the micelles—was studied by a variety of experimental techniques, i.e., dynamic and static light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, Zeta potential, fluorescence spectroscopy and complement hemolytic 50 test. [less ▲]

This paper reports on the preparation, characterization and stealthiness of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (magnetite Fe3O4) with a 5 nm diameter and stabilized in water (pH 6.5) by a shell of water ... [more ▼]

This paper reports on the preparation, characterization and stealthiness of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (magnetite Fe3O4) with a 5 nm diameter and stabilized in water (pH 6.5) by a shell of water-soluble poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chains. Two types of diblock copolymers, i.e., poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(ethylene oxide), PAA–PEO, and poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(acrylate methoxy poly(ethyleneoxide)), PAA–PAMPEO, were prepared as stabilizers with different compositions and molecular weights. At pH 6.5, the negatively ionized PAA block interacts strongly with the positively-charged nanoparticles, thus playing the role of an anchoring block. Aggregates of coated nanoparticles were actually observed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hydrodynamic diameter was in the 50–100 nm range and the aggregation number (number of nanoparticles per aggregate) was lying between several tens and hundred. Moreover, the stealthiness of these aggregates was assessed “in vitro” by the hemolytic CH50 test. No response of the complement system was observed, such that biomedical applications can be envisioned for these magnetic nanoparticles. Preliminary experiments of magnetic heating (10 kA/m; 108 kHz) were performed and specific absorption rate varied from 2 to 13 W/g(Fe). [less ▲]