from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia

Etymologies

A learned 17th-century coinage, mono- +‎ theism, from (μονός (monós, "one")) and (θεός (theós, "god, deity") + -ισμός (-ismos)) The term parallels the earlier polytheism, atheism (the simplex theism being slightly later). The earliest known use is by Henry More, ca. 1660, in explicit juxtaposition with both atheism and polytheism. (Wiktionary)

Examples

For all that the tradition of argument within monotheism is a long and noble one, for all that the emphasis on wisdom, justice and mercy is there, I think this lynchpin of monotheism -- this idea of a supreme moral authority, a God who makes the law, who owns the law, whose law is defined in terms of sin, dictated to us through scripture, and derived from faith -- this is the keystone of that rival tradition, I think.

I think, he says, I need new terms here entirely because, yes, not all monotheism is universalist and predicated on the faith/doubt, win/lose scenario of Pascalus's Christianity (as your example of Judaism illustrates), not all polytheism is of that Graeco-Roman nature (as your example of Hinduism points out), and the atheism I'm talking about really includes antitheist and agnostic outlooks in its focus on doubt.

And the violence done to Hinduism and Buddhism, for instance, by including them either under your "a toast to Ares!" model of polytheism or the South Park ( "the winners are ... the Mormons!") model of monotheism, is incalculable.

That authoritarian tendency within monotheism does its best to restrict a quite natural impulse to question the rules, justifying this on the basis that any such challenge is a lack of faith, a challenge to scripture, a sin in and of itself, because it challenges the supremacy of God's moral authority -- i.e. their constraint morality.