Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinária
Disbudding and castration are two routine interventions in cattle practice. Both
can cause severe pain and cause poor welfare. Through plasma cortisol levels and
behaviour evaluation we measured pain caused by different disbudding and castration
methods. We also studied the efficacy of several anaesthesia and analgesia protocols.
The main conclusions are:
- Cortisol together with behaviour assessment is very useful in detecting ca...

In newly planted orchards, special attention must be paid to fertilization to build up the permanent
structure of the trees so that high yield and fruit quality can be reached later on. Nitrogen (N) plays a
major role in the fertilization plan, although few studies have assessed its use efficiency in young nonbearing
trees, especially in field conditions. In this work, 1–3 years old ‘Rocha’ pear trees, grafted on
quince BA29, were planted in a Mediterranean region, and fertigated ...