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3,032,583
Unite States Patent 0 ice
Patented May 1, 1962
2
1
carbonyl also takes place during the reaction, the catalyst
is formed directly from nickel, without passing through
3,032,583
PROCESS FOR OBTAINING ALPHA-BETA, DELTA
EPSILON UNSATURATED ESTERS
Gian Paolo Chiusoli, Novara, and Sergio Merzoni, Milan,
Italy, assignors to Montecatini Societa Generale per
nickel carbonyl.
.
Nickel with acetylene probably forms complexes of
the following type:
00
I’Industria Mineraria e Chi-mica, Milan, Italy, a cor
poration of Italy
No Drawing. Filed Dec. 16, 1960, Ser. No. 76,144
Claims priority, application Italy Sept. 29, 1960
11 Claims. (Cl. 260—486)
10 in which a CO group can be replaced by a thiourea mole
cule. The thiourea, freed by decomposition of the com
plex, forms addition compounds with NiCl2 and HCl.
This invention is an improvement in processes for re
acting allyl derivatives with acetylene, carbon monoxide,
Thiourea is not used in stoichiometric amounts. Suit
and water or alcohols, to produce alph-beta, delta-ep
able proportions are readily determined experimentally.
silon, unsaturated carboxylic compounds.
This application is directed to an improvement in the 15 The preferred range is 0.1 to 0.5 mol per mole of chlo
inventions described in Chiusoli applications Serial No.
The amount of thiourea required from the reaction
765,739, ?led October 7, 1958; and Serial No. 862,067,
with Raney nickel is higher than with nickel from the
?led December 28, 1959. ‘
'
‘system iron-nickel chloride for the reason that Raney
, In said processes carbon monoxide is derived partially
from nickel carbonyl which is introduced in amount 20 ‘nickel ‘contains active hydrogen which is‘ eliminated by
reactivation with thiuorea.
su?icient to maintain the reaction. The reaction is rep
roderivative.
‘
.
‘
"
resented schematically as follows:
However it’ has been found that the use of both
'
thiourea and metals can be considerably lowered by neu
tralising the hydrochloric acid freed during the reaction.
25
-As neutralising agents sodium, potassium, calcium and
‘magnesium hydroxides and carbonates and similar are
wherein R is hydrogen or a methyl or its homologues,
useful. Care must be taken to maintain the pH of the
and R’ is H or an alkyl radical. The reaction holds
mixture under 7 in order to avoid reactions of alkali
also in the case where R is‘ phenyl. It also holds with
with allylic chlorides and iron and nickel chlorides.
primary chloroderivatives that» are substituted at the
30
The transformation of nickel into nickel chloride var~
double bond with alkyls, secondary chloroderivatives,‘
ies according to. the reactivity of the chloroderivative
compounds which are polyfunctional in respect to the
allyl group, or compoundscontaining non-reactive sub
It’ takes place in proportions lower than the stoichiometric
amount needed in order to transform the chlorine of the
stituents bound to the alkyl sub-sub'stituents.
_
transformed chloroderivative into nickel chloride.
The present invention relates to a new method of exe
cution of the reaction of allyl chloroderivatives with 35 ‘Although the method can be used also in the afore
'mentioned more general cases, it is most advantageous
acetylene and carbon monoxide without need for re
in the preparation of esters from primary chloroderiva
course to use of nickel-carbonyl. Instead, subdivided
tives containing up to 20 carbon atoms, of the type:
nickel is employed in the presence of thiourea.
This is surprising since the use of subdivided nickel, 40
alone or in the presence of sul?des which promote the
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are hydrogen, or methyl, or higher
formation of nickel carbonyl in situ, produces very poor
homologues, such as ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl. The
results. In contrast, the use of thiourea, which with
aliphatic alcohols used preferably contain 1 to 5 carbon
allyl chloroderivatives readily forms the corresponding
atoms. The most convenient temperature range is be
pseudothiouronium salts:
45 tween —10° and +50° C., and preferably between 10°
and 30° C. A dilution in the reaction solution higher
than 8 parts of solvent per part of chloroderivative is
makes it possible to obtain satisfactory yields.
The advantage of_this method is evident when it is
preferable.
.
.
The products obtained belong to the same class of
considered that the preparation of nickel carbonyl re 50 2,5-‘dienic esters of the aforementioned main applications.
quires a separate plant, Whereas'divided nickel can be
It should however be noted that the increase in the
prepared economically by many methods. It has been
amount of thiourea and depending on the nature of the
found that Raney nickel, the nickel obtained by decom
chloroderivative, and on the reaction conditions, and in the
position of nickel formate, the nickel obtained by re
thermal treatment during the separation of the products,
duction of nickel hydroxide with hydrogen, and the nickel 55 can result in the formation (due to the isomerizing ac
formed in the system comprised of subdivided iron and
tivity of the thiourea), not only of compounds contain
nickel chloride, can be employed satisfactorily. In the
ing the double bond conjugated with the carboxy group
latter case, it is satisfactory to use nickel chloride in pro
in the cis form, but also of a small amount of product
portions lower than 20% in respect to the iron, which
in the trans form and with conjugated double bonds.
displaces nickel continuously from the nickel chloride 60 '. Tautomerism is a typical property of these products.
formed during the reaction. The iron is obtained with
For example the 2,5 heptadienoic ester is easily accom
out any di?iculty by reduction of oxides, or by grinding
panied by the tautomer 3,5 to an extent of l0_15%.
of common metal iron followed by sieving on a 16,000
This is not harmful, since one of the main uses of
mesh sieve. When using the latter iron, operation under
this class of products is connected with their transforma
. inert gas is preferable, since said iron is pyrophoric. The 65 tion into conjugated products, thus making them suitable
nickel or iron consumed'in the reaction is less than
‘for the use as drying oils. Another use is by hydro
genation to saturated esters to be employed, for instance,
stoichiometric, to an extent depending on the reacting
chloroderivative.
The execution of the synthesis is extremely facile.
in the ?eld of plasticizers, said hydrogenation occurring
fact indicates that, although the formation of nickel
placed in the reaction vessel.
equally well on the isomers. The alcohol whose ester
Moreover, it becomes feasible to operate at temperatures 70 is desired and the subdivided nickel, as such or in the
form of a mixture with divided or powdered iron, are
very much lower than those with nickel carbonyl. This
‘
8,082,588
4
3
The reactor is washed with nitrogen while agitating.
The excess of Raney nickel is ?ltered. The ?ltrate
is placed in a ?ask and, by heating on a water-bath, is
Nickel or iron are added in amounts higher than that
consumed by the reaction. The excess is ?ltered off at
the end of the reaction. A stream of carbon monoxide
product.
and acetylene is passed through the solution while the
water. An oily layer is separated and collected in ethyl
latter is brought to the desired temperature of reaction
ether. The residual liquid contains 7.7 g. of nickel in
the salt form. Upon salting out with the same volume
of a saturated aqueous calcium chloride solution, an
upper layer is separated from the distillate. The upper
by heating or cooling.
The ratios of acetylene to carbon monoxide vary de
pending on the needs of the reaction, i.e. depending on
distilled to remove the alcohol together with a little crude
The distillation residue is taken up again with
the more or less catalytic character connected with the 10 layer is collected in ethyl ether by shaking in a separat
reactivity of each chloroderivative. By working in a
closed cycle, the acetylene/carbon monoxide ratio is ad
justed, on the basis of the analysis of the gases, depend
ing funnel, and is added to the preceding extract.
ot- the reaction. gases, so as to maintain a concentration
with nitrogen, the suspension is agitated, and bubbling
The two mixed ether extracts are distilled on an oil
bath by ?rst separating the distillation heads up to 100°
C. and then, at 63—66° C. (34 mm. Hg), a fraction of
ing on the reaction consumption. For the sake'of ease
of execution in the laboratory, the Examples 1-7 re 15 25 g. containing the methyl ester of 2,5-hexadienoic acid
separates.
ported below were carried out without recycling the
Example 2
gases, while maintaining a 1:1 ratio, which generally
avoids the stopping of the reaction due to defect of
400 ml. of methanol and 30‘ ml. of wet Raney nickel
acetylene, or any excessive formation of side products
are placed in a IOOO-ml. glass ?ask provided with ther
due to the excess of acetylene. The process can be 20 mometer, agitator, inlet pipe for the gases, re?ux con
carried out also (see Example 9 below) with recycling
denser and separating funnel. The apparatus is ?ushed
more suitable for the reaction. A mixture of chloro
of carbon monoxide and acetylene (CO flow rate 3 liters
derivative and thiourea in alcohol is introduced slowly
per hour, CZHZ ?ow rate 3 l./h.) is started.
into the reaction vessel while controlling the temperature. 25 . When the temperature of the suspension is stabilized
Thiourea can be introduced ?rst. The duration of the
at 20° C., the dropping of ‘the following solution is started,
addition depends on the reactivity of the chloroderiva
in the dropping funnel:
tive.
40 g. of 96% methallylchloride
The reaction is generally complete within a few hours.
24 g. of thiourea
Thev gas is then removed by a stream of nitrogen, the 30
150 ml. of methanol
nickel and iron excess being then ?ltered off ‘and the
alcohol distilled together with the non-converted product,
The dropping is regulated so that the solution falls into
with duplication products of the allyl radical of the
the ?ask Within 6 hours. The passage of CO and C2H2
chloroderivative and with small amounts of esters which
is continued for about 30 minutes after the end of
in some cases distill easily with water, if this is present 35 dropping. The gases are then removed by a stream of
in the ‘alcohol. The recovery can be carried out by
nitrogen.
salting out the distillate with a saturated calcium chlo
By operating as in Example 1, a fraction of 34 g. con
ride solution. The oily layer is taken up again with
taining the methyl ester of 5-methyl-2,5~hexadienoic acid
a little water, decanted or collected in ether, washed with
(boiling point 65-69° C./l8 mm. Hg) is obtained; 3
water, dried and distilled. The distillation is preferably 40 grams of nickel appear to be transformed into chloride.
carried out under vacuum, which facilitates obtaining the
Example 3
esters,
In order to accomplish isomerisation to conjugated
400 ml. of methanol, 15 g. of subdivided iron and 5 g.
dienic acid the products are treated to re?ux with alkali,
of NiCl2.H2O are placed in a 1000 ml. glass ?ask provided
e.g. aqueous NaOH, following the known art. In order
with thermometer, agitator, re?ux condenser and sepa
to obtain hydrogenated compounds the products are 45 rating funnel. After ?ushing with nitrogen, the suspen
cataly-tically hydrogenated at room temperature over
sion is agitated, and bubbling of CO and C2H2 (CO'?ow
Raney nickel or Pd catalysts by known methods.
rate 3 liters per hour; C2H2 flow rate 3 l./h.) is started.
The examples reported hereinbelow illustrate pre
While keeping the suspension at 30° C., a solution con
ferred embodiments of the present invention, and are 50 sisting of:
not intended to limit its scope.
40 g. of methallylchloride
Example 1
24 g. of thiourea
150 ml. of methanol
400 ml. of methanol and 30 ml. of wet Raney nickel
arepplaced in a, 1-liter S-necked glass ?ask provided with 55 is added dropwise within 5 hours, from the dropping
funnel. After 6 hours the gases are removed by a stream
thermometenagitator, inlet tube for the gases, re?ux
of nitrogen. By operating as in the preceding examples,
condenser and separatory funnel. The apparatus is
35 g. containing the methyl ester of 5-methyl-2,5-hexai
?ushed with nitrogen, the suspension is agitated and
dienoic acid(boiling point 65-69” C./l8 mm. Hg) are ob
bubbling of carbon monoxide and acetylene (CO ?ow
rate 3 liters per hour; C2H2 ?ow-rate 31 liters per hour) 60 tained. 3.5 g. of iron and 0.75 g. of nickel are found in
the form of chlorides.
is started; the temperature of the suspension is adjusted
Example 4
to —-10° C. by a cooling bath, which also maintains this
temperature during the reaction.
A 14 g. of thiourea and 20 ml. of wet Raney nickel
When the reaction temperature is reached, dropwise
are placed in a 1000 ml. ?ask provided with thermometer,
addition of the following solution is started:
65 agitator, gas inlet tube, re?ux condenser and separating
tunnel, containing400 ml. of methyl alcohol; a tempera
40 g. of allyl chloride
ture increase of 10‘? C. takes place. After flushing with
8 g. of thiourea, and
nitrogen, the suspension is agitated, and bubbling of CO
180 ml. of methanol
and CZHZ (CO ?ow rate of 3 liters per hour; C2H2 ?ow
The dropwise addition is carried out through a dropping 70 rate 3 l./h.) is started. The suspension iskept at 10° C.
funnel, regulated so that the solution falls into the flask
and a solution containing
within about 6 hours.
At the end of said addition the
40 g. of crotyl chloride, and
flow of CO and C2H2 is continued for about 30 minutes
180 ml. methanol
and then, when the reaction is completed, the gases are
removed by a stream of nitrogen.
75 is dropped from the separating funnel within 5 hours.
3,032,583
5
taining the methyl ester of -2,5-heptadienoic acid (boiling
point 72-75 ° C./20 mm. Hg) are obtained.
6
distilled, the residue is treated wtih water acidi?ed with
sulfuric acid and collected in ether. After drying on sodi
By operating as in the preceding examples, 40 g. con
um sulfate and distilling, 39.2 g. of distillate at 65-69"
5.6 g. of
C./ 18 mm. Hg, containing 5-methyl-2,5-hexadienoic acid
methyl ester are obtained, the residue amounting to 3.2 g.
nickel appear to be transformed into chloride.
Example 5
Example 9
400 ml. of methanol, 15 g. of divided iron and 5 g. of
NiCl2.6H2O are placed in the ?ask of the preceding ex
800 ml. of methanol, 10 g. of NiCl2.6H2O, 7 g. of
iron powdered and sieved on a 16,000-mesh sieve, 4 g. of
amples. After ?ushing with nitrogen, the suspension is
agitated, and bubbling of CO and CzHz (CO ?ow rate 3 10 thiourea and 6.5 g. of MgO are introduced into the ?ask
of the preceding example. The reaction is carried out
liters per hour, CzHz flow rate 3 l/h.) is started. The
at 30° C. with 30 g. of methallyl chloride, and the gases
suspension is kept at 20° C. and a solution consisting of
are recycled by a circulation pump. The cycle is kept
40 g. of crotyl chloride
under a pressure of 20 ml. water above the atmospheric
16 g. of thiourea
15 pressure. After careful ?ushing with nitrogen, carbon
180 ml. of methanol
monoxide and then acetylene are introduced, the acety
lene concentration being gradually increased from the iniis dropped from the separating funnel Within 5 hours.
tial 33% to 60% after 6 hours.
After 6 hours the gases are removed by a stream of
, The mixture is discharged and ?ltered. The distilla
nitrogen. By proceeding as in the preceding examples,
31 g. containing the methyl ester of 2,5-heptadienoic acid 20 tion residue is taken up with water acidi?ed with sulfuric
acid and is collected in ether. After drying on sodium
(boiling point 72—-75° C./ 20 mm. Hg) are obtained.
sulfate and distilling, 32 g. containing 5-methyl-2,5- hexa
Example 6
dienoic acid methyl ester are obtained at 65-690 C./ 18
mm. Hg. The residue amounts to 2.7 g.
400 ml. of methanol and 30 ml. of wet nickel obtained
by reducing nickel hydroxide in aqueous phase at 100
120° C. under 50 atms. are introduced into the ?ask of
the preceding examples. After ?ushing with nitrogen,
the suspension is agitated, and bubbling of CO and CZHZ
25
Example 10
800 ml. of methyl alcohol, 7 g. iron pulverized and
sieved on a 16,000-mesh sieve, 10 g. of nickel chloride
hexahydrate, 4 g. of thiourea and 21 g. of
(CO ?ow rate 3 liters per hour, C2H2 flow rate 3 l./h.)
is started. Temperature is kept at 30° C. and a solution 30
consisting of
30 g. of crotyl chloride
10 g. of thiourea, and
180 ml. of methanol
is dropped from the separating funnel within 5 hours.
After 6 hours the gases are removed by a stream of nitro
are placed in the ?ask of Example 8. 4 l./h. of CO and
4 l./h. of C2H2 are then introduced at 30° C. for 6 hours,
and 40 g. of crotyl chloride in 100 ml. of methanol are
dropped from the separating funnel within 5 hours.
After ?ltration, the alcohol is evaporated, the distilla
tion residue is taken up again with acidi?ed water, the
gen. By operating as in the preceding examples, 16 g.
oily layer is collected in ether, and is then dried on cal
containing the methyl ester of 2,5-heptadienoic acid (boil
cium chloride and distilled. At 72—77° C./20 mm. Hg,
ing point 72—75° C./20 mm. Hg) are obtained. 4 g. 40 a fraction, 43.7 g., containing methyl 2,5-heptadienoate,
nickel have been transformed into the chloride.
is obtained. The distillation residue amounts to 2.1 g.
It is stated above that the main uses for the products
Example 7
are isomerization into conjugated products having known
100 ml. of methanol and 7 ml. of wet Raney nickel
technological uses, and also through hydrogenation to
are placed in a 500 ml. ?ask provided with a thermome
45 produce esters of the corresponding saturated acids, hav
ter, agitator, gas inlet tube, re?ux condenser and sepa
ing known uses in the arts as plasticizers.
rating funnel. After ?ushing with nitrogen, the suspen
For instance, the 5-methy1-2,5-hexadienoic acid and its
sion is agitated, and bubbling of CO and C2H2 (CO ?ow
esters are isomerized to 5-methyl—2,4-hexadienoic acid
rate 2 liters per hour, C2H2 ?ow rate 2 l./h.) is started.
upon heating or by saponi?cation with sodium hydroxide.
The suspension is kept at 20° C. while a solution consist 50 The corresponding S-phenyl compounds are similarly
ing of:
isomerized to 3,5-dienes.
The 2,4-acid esters undergo characteristics Diels-Alder
13.5 g. of 5,5-dimethyl-2-hexenyl chloride
condensation reactions. For instance, they can be utilized
4.0 g. of thiourea, and
in vthe manner described in British Patent 569,113, namely
100.0 g. of methanol
is dropped from the separating funnel within 5 hours. 55 by condensation with castor oil, to make modi?ed drying
oils. US. Patents 2,420,694 and 2,382,297 (Example 7)
After 6 hours the suspension is ?ushed with nitrogen.
are also in point.
By operating as in the preceding examples, 10 g. of methyl
Another employment of the acids prepared by our proc
ester of 8,8-dimethyl-2,S-nonandienoic acid (boiling point
97—-l00° C./8 mm. Hg) are obtained.
were transformed into chloride.
Example 8
2.5 g. of nickel
ess is to prepare copolymers with butadiene, which are
60 useful for the production of resins.
Hydrogenation processes similar to those described in
Chiusoli application Serial No. 765,734, ?led October
7, 1958, can be used.
800 ml. of methanol, 10 g. of NiCl2.6H2O, 7 g. of iron,
Moreover, many general uses for esters of fatty acids
pulverized and sieved under carbon dioxide on a 16,000
mesh sieve, 4 g. of thiourea and 15 g. of basic magnesium 65 are known, as evidenced by the text, Kirt-Othmer, Ency
clopedia of Chemical Technology.
carbonate (MgCO3)4.Mg(OH)2.5H2O, are placed in a
We claim:
?ask provided with a mechanical agitator, a re?ux con
1. A process for preparing an alpha-beta, delta-epsilon,
denser, a separating funnel and a gas inlet tube. After
diene carboxylic acid ester, comprising reacting an allyl
flushing with nitrogen and carbon monoxide, a stream
of 4 l./h. CO and of 4 l./h. C2H2 is introduced at 30° 70 chloroderivative containing up to 20 carbon atoms, of
the formula:
C. for 6 hours. At the same time from the separating
funnel 40 g. of 98% commercial methallyl chloride mixed
with 100 ml. of methanol are dropped from the separat
in which the R, R1, and R2 groups are taken from the
ing funnel for 5 hours.
The mixture is discharged and ?ltered. The ?ltrate is 75 class consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and homologues
8
enoic acid, comprising reacting allyl chloride with an
alkanol having up to ?ve carbon atoms, acetylene, and
carbon monoxide in the presence of ?nely divided nickel
of methyl; with acetylene, carbon monoxide, and an ali
phatic alcohol containing up to ?ve carbon atoms, at
—10° to +50” C., in the presence of metallic nickel and
thiourea.
2. The process of claim 1, the nickel being Raney
nickel.
hexadienoic acid, comprising reacting methallyl chloride
3. The process of claim 1, the alcohol being an alkanol.
4. The process of claim 1, the nickel being provided
with an alkanol having up to ?ve carbon atoms, acetylene,
and carbon monoxide in the presence of ?nely divided
and thiourea.
9. A process of making an alkyl ester of 5-methyl-2-,5
nickel and thiourea.
by a mixture of subdivided iron and nickel chloride, the
10. A process of making an alkyl ester of 2,5-hepta
said mixture being present in the reaction mixture.
10
5. The process of claim 1, the hydrochloric acid devel
oped in the process being neutralized as it forms.
6. The process according to claim 1, characterized in
that the nickel needed for the reaction is obtained by
reduction of nickel hydroxide in the liquid phase with 15
hydrogen.
dienoic acid, comprising reacting crotyl chloride with an
alkanol having up to ?ve carbon atoms, acetylene, vand
carbon monoxide in the presence, of ?nely divided nickel
and thiourea.
11. A process of making an alkyl ester of 8,8-dimethyl
2,5-nonandienoic acid, comprising reacting 5,5-dimethyl
2-hexenyl chloride with an alkanol having up to ?ve
7. The process accordingv to claim 4, 'wherein the ?nely
carbon atoms, acetylene, and carbon monoxide in the
divided iron is obtained by grinding metal iron followed
presence of ?nely divided nickel and thiourea.
by sieving on 16,000-mesh sieve.
8. A process of making an alkyl ester of 2,5-hexadi 20
No references cited.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE
CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION
Patent No. 3,032,583
'
May 1, 1962
Gian Paolo Chiusoli et a1.
It is hereby 065%edthat error appears in the above numbered plat
ent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should read as
corrected below.
4‘
In the heading to ‘the printed specificationI III-Tire 9,
for "Sept. 29I
1960" read -— Dec.
18l
1959 -—.
'
Signed and sealed this 18th day of September 1962.
(SEAL)
Attest:
ERNEST w. SWIDER
DAVID L- LADD
Attesting Officer
Commissioner of Patents