Extending inland halfway
across the Balkan Peninsula and covering a large eliptical area of 237,499
square kilometers (91,699 sq. mi.), Romania occupies the greater part of
the lower basin of the Danube River system and the hilly eastern regions
of the middle Danube basin. It lies on either side of the mountain systems
-- the Carpathians and the Transylvanian Alps -- that form, with the Balkan
Mountains, the natural barrier between the two Danube basins.

About 89% of the people
are ethnic Romanians, a group that--in contrast to its Slav or Hungarian
neighbors--traces itself to Latin-speaking Romans who in the second and
third centuries CE conquered and settled among the ancient Dacians, a Thracian
people. As a result, the Romanian language, although containing elements
of Slavic, Turkish, and other languages, is a Romance language related to
French and Italian.

The dwindling Jewish
community in Romania numbers about 14,000 out of a total population of 23.5
million. This population is mostly Ashkenazic Jews, but at one time many
Sephardim lived with in Romania's borders. Today the major centers are in
Bucharest, Iasi, Cluj and Oradea. Jewish life is also fostered in some smaller
communities, and relics of the past are preserved in locations where there
are no longer any Jews. The Federation of Jewish Communities is the main
coordinating body for Jewish activities, and its publications and symposia
are well covered by the Romanian media. It publishes a monthly, Realitatea
Evreiasca.

Early History as
Part of the Ottoman Empire

From the Middle Ages
to the modern times the Romanians lived in three distinct but neighbouring
principalities: Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania. Located in an area
of intersection of the borders of several powerful kingdoms and empires,
their territory became an area of dispute and, at the same time, of cultural
confluence. In the second half of the 14th century a new threat against
the independent Romanian lands emerged: the Ottoman Empire. After first
setting foot on European soil in 1354, the Ottoman Turks began their rapid
expansion on the continent.

The whole Balkan Peninsula
became a Turkish-ruled territory, Constantinople was captured by Mohammed
II (1453), Suleiman the Magnificent captured the city of Belgrade (1521),
and the Hungarian kingdom disappeared following the battle of Mohacs (1526).
Therefore, Wallachia and Moldavia were surrounded and they had to recognize
for over three centuries the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.

The end of the 17th
century and the beginning of the 18th century brought about changes in the
politics of Central and Eastern Europe. The Ottoman Empire failed to capture
Vienna in 1683 and following that, the Hapsburg Empire began its expansion
to the southeast of Europe. The Austrian-Turkish peace treaty of Karlowitz
(1699) sanctioned the annexation of Transylvania and its organization as
an autonomous principality to Hapsburg Austria (since 1765 great principality),
ruled by a governor. The Ottoman Empire, in an attempt to defend its old
position, introduced in Moldavia (1711) and Wallachia (1716) the "Phanariot
regime," (until 1821), under which the Sublime Porte appointed in the
two principalities Greek voivodes recruited from the Phanar district of
Istanbul and considered faithful to the Turks. That was a time when the
Ottoman political control and economic exploitation increased and corruption
spread;

Many wars were fought
by Austria and Russia against the Ottoman Empire (1710-1711, 1716-1718,
1735-1739, 1768-1774, 1787-1792, 1806-1812, 1828-1829, 1853-1856): those
battles took place on Romanian soil, always accompanied by a foreign military
occupation, which was often maintained long after the war proper was over.
Thus the Romanian lands endured not only through devastation and irrecoverable
losses, but also through population displacements and painful territory
amputations.

Romania proclaimed
its independence from the Ottoman Empire on May 9, 1877, and participated
alongside Russia in the war against the Turks. In 1881 Romania became a
kingdom, an event that marked of the country both domestically and internationally.
The continual threat posed by Russia determined the leadership of the country
to enter into an alliance with the Central Powers in 1883. With the achievement
of national independence, Romanians in neighboring territories still under
foreign domination began to look to Bucharest for inspiration.

Modern History

The peace treaty of
1829 signed at Adrianople (today Edirne) ended the Russian-Turkish conflict
of 1828-1829, which had broken out in the final stage of the war for national
liberation fought by the Greeks; this treaty greatly weakened the Ottoman
suzerainty.

Figure
1. Map of Ottoman Turkey in Europe (Circa 1885)

In the first half of
the 19th century, the Romanian principalities began to distance themselves
from the Islamic Ottoman world and tune into the spiritual space of Western
Europe. Ideas, currents, attitudes from the West were more than welcome
in the Romanian world, which was undergoing an irreversible process of modernization.
An awareness that all Romanians belong to the same nation was generalized,
and the union into one single independent state became the ideal of many
Romanians. The modern Romanian nation was founded in the winter of 1862;
its capital was chosen to be Bucharest.

Sephardic Romania

Documents demonstrate
Spanish Jews in Wallachia as early as 1496. These most likely stemming as
a result of the Iberian diaspora, and the acceptance into (Ottoman) Romania
and other Bakan states by Sultan Beyazid II.

In 1718 the first Hahambasi
(Betalel Cohen) the son of Rabbi Naftali Cohen, Sultan Mustafa III's protege,
was appointed by Romanian Prince Alexandre Ipsilanti. These Hahambasi would
be in charge of all the Jews in the entire country. His office was in Jassy,
but he still had juristdiction of Jews in the southern territories of Wallachia.
This cheif Rabbi had officers spread through out the Romanian state called
vekil Hahambasi, which were located in major cities. The office of
the Hahambasi lasted until 1834 when it dissolved. Instead of the Prince
making a Rabbi the Hahambasi, it was now up to the Jewish people to elect
their own spiritual leader. In losing the title of Hahambasi, future spiritual
leaders also lost the rights (and protections) that came along with it.

Most of the original
Jewish population of Romania arrived from Turkey and the Balkans and was
made up of Sephardim. However, by the nineteenth century, the majority of
the Jewish population of Romania was made up of Ashkenazim, the result of
waves of Yiddish speaking immigrants from Galicia and Russia.

Transylvania was on
a trade route between the orient and the west, and northern and southern
Europe. Because of this, the first Jews arrived on these trade routes to
Transylvania from Turkey and the Balkans. The first Jewish community was
in Alba Julia, which has records of Jewish residency as early as 1591. At
one time an independent state, Transylvania was later incorporated as part
of Hungary, and then the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Jews continued to migrate
to Transylvania in small numbers throughout the seventeenth to nineteenth
centuries, even though there were residency restrictions until 1848.

The number of Jews
in historic Transylvania jumped from two thousand in 1766, to thirty thousand
in 1880. Timosoara, a city bordering the Balkan states in the Banat region
of Transylvania, was first settled by Turkish Sephardim, prior to German
culture becoming dominant in later centuries. In 1762, both Sephardi and
Ashkenazi synagogues were built in Transylvania, with many Sephardic Jews
known to be living in various towns such as Dej, Carei and Cluj. For many
years small Sephardic communities of Ladino speakers functioned in the port
towns of the Danube and in Southern Dobrudja.

Figure
3. Map of Romania as it was in 1897 CE with locations significant
to Sephardic Jewish populations.

Click
image to Enlarge

Romania's Jewish population
entered the principalities in the 1800s, moving south out of the Russian
Empire: for that reason the northern province of Moldavia became center
of Jewish life. In 1803 there were only 15,000 Jews in Moldavia, but by
1859 there were 118,000; and in 1899 there were 197,000. Fewer Jews lived
in Wallachia: 4,000 in 1831; in 1859 the figure was 9,000; and in 1899,
the total reached 61,000. Another 75,000 Romanian Jews emigrated in the
period 1881-1914, mostly to the United States.

Family Surname Variants

Many Jews of Romania
absorbed the naming practices of their community; this is not unlike elsewhere
throughout history. Many of the Jews took the typical Romanian suffixes
of -escu, -eanu and -aru and Romanianized their original traditional surnames.

Surname
Suffix

Romanianized
Jewish Surnames

-escu

Avramescu,
Isacescu, Iocabescu

-eanu

Aroneanu,
Ocneanu, Podoleanu, Focsaneanu (from the town of Focsani)

-aru

Ciubotaru
(bootmaker), Fainaro (miller), Sticlaru (glazier)

The various Sephardic-specific
surnames of Romania demonstrated the multi-ethnic roots of the Sephardim.
This includes the names: Aftakion, Alcaly, Alfanderi, Behar, Graniani, Medina,
Mitani, Nahmias, Papo, and Semo. These representing Spain, Italy, Greece,
Turkey, and the Arabic countries.

The Holocaust and
Beyond

In the summer of 1940
Romania succumbed to German pressure and transferred Bessarabia and part
of Bukovina to the Soviet Union, northern Transylvania to Hungary, and southern
Dobrudja to Bulgaria (the territory that remained being called Old Romania).
Anti-Semitism flared, and in 1941 many pogroms occured. Jewish homes were
looted, shops burned, and many synagogues desecrated, including two that
were razed to the ground (the Great Sephardi Synagogue [Kahal Grande] and
the old bet ha-midrash). Some of the leaders of the Bucharest community
were imprisoned in the community council building, and worshipers were ejected
from synagogues by force.

Over 264,000 Jews perished
in Nazi death camps during World War II. Most of the survivors fled postwar
communism and emigrated to Israel or the United States. Only 14,000 Jews,
most aged over 60, live in Romania today.