@article{HesSarSma1994,
Author = {Hesselroth, Ted and Sarkar, Kakali and Smagt, Patrick van der and Schulten, Klaus},
Title = {Neural network control of a pneumatic robot arm},
Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics},
Year = {1994},
Volume = {24},
Number = {1},
Pages = {28--38},
Month = {January},
Doi = {10.1109/21.259683},
Keywords = {brml
machine-learning
movement},
Abstract = {A neural map algorithm has been employed to control a five-joint pneumatic robot arm and gripper through feedback from two video cameras. The pneumatically driven robot arm (SoftArm) employed in this investigation shares essential mechanical characteristics with skeletal muscle systems. To control the position of the arm, 200 neurons formed a network representing the three-dimensional workspace embedded in a four-dimensional system of coordinates from the two cameras, and learned a three-dimensional set of pressures corresponding to the end effector positions, as well as a set of 3x4 Jacobian matrices for interpolating between these positions. The gripper orientation was achieved through adaptation of a 1x4 Jacobian matrix for a fourth joint. Because of the properties of the rubber-tube actuators of the SoftArm, the position as a function of supplied pressure is nonlinear, nonseparable, and exhibits hysteresis. Nevertheless, through the neural network learning algorithm the position could be controlled to an accuracy of about one pixel (3 mm) after two hundred learning steps and the orientation could be controlled to two pixels after eight hundred learning steps. This was achieved through employment of a linear correction algorithm using the Jacobian matrices mentioned above. Applications of repeated corrections in each positioning and grasping step leads to a very robust control algorithm since the Jacobians learned by the network have to satisfy the weak requirement that the Jacobian yields a reduction of the distance between gripper and target.}
}
@COMMENT{Bibtex file generated on 2018-10-9 with typo3 si_bibtex plugin. Data from https://brml.org/people/smagt/ }