Facebook Inc. published on Tuesday new details on how it conducts research using the personal information it collects on Facebook users, amid a flurry of efforts to create privacy and ethical standards for corporate research involving human data.

Facebook collects data on roughly 1.6 billion people, including “likes” and social connections, which it uses to look for behavioral patterns such as voting habits, relationship status and how interactions with certain types of content might make people feel. In June 2014,...