“Five hundred years ago, Christopher Columbus sailed across a vast ocean and opened a new chapter in human history, for better or worse,” says Stephen Petranek. “I believe we are on the verge of a much greater age of discovery. We’re going to become a two-planet species.”

The TED audience did not leave this statement unchallenged. For many people in the audience and watching online, Christopher Columbus is no hero, and colonization is not automatically an idea worth spreading. Discussion raged after this talk; watch for a blog post soon that deeply questions this drive to colonize.

But an audacious statement is not out of character for Petranek, who gave the talk “10 ways the world could end.” And he does not muddle words: “We are going to Mars. Not just astronauts, but thousands of people are going to colonize Mars. Soon.”

The first obvious question: why?

Not just because our planet is in peril but because “exploration is in our DNA,” he says. “Think what happened when John F. Kennedy said we were going to put man on the moon — he inspired an entire generation to dream. Think how inspired we will be when humans land on Mars. Perhaps for the first time we’ll look back at Earth and remember how precious life on the home planet is.”

Mars is 25,000,000 miles away. It will take settlers eight months to get there — and only if they launch on one precise day that happens every two years, when Mars and Earth align.

So, how long until the first humans colonize Mars?

Some pundits say 2050; NASA says 2040. “But I think the first humans will land on Mars in 2027.” Why that year? Because Elon Musk of SpaceX is determined to make it happen by 2025, and Petranek wants to give him a couple of years flex time.

“Ten years ago, we were all saying it would be 50 years before we have a decent electric car,” says Petranek. “So it’s a good bet that the man who revolutionized the automobile industry and created a rocket company can get us there … Governments no longer control this game. Private companies are leaping into space and they will be happy to take you to Mars.”

Biggest question: Can we actually live on Mars?

Absolutely says Petranek. For life, we need water (and not only is Mars’ soil 60% water, but there are huge reserves of water underground and in glaciers), oxygen (which a device called Moxie can reverse-engineer from CO2), food (which we can grow using hydroponics), shelter (for starters, inflatable homes; in the long term, buildings of brick made from Martian soil), and clothing (and we’ll need pressurized suits, of course). Petranek predicts that eventually, we will terraform Mars and make it more like earth by warming it up. “The technology to do this already exists,” he says.

“We’ll be left with the problem of creating a breathable atmosphere, and that could take a thousand years,” says Petranek. “But human beings are smart and incredibly adaptable.”

Petranek thinks that, with SpaceX prepping its “Mars Colonizers,” which will each carry 80 people to Mars, that there will be about 50,000 people on Mars by 2050. “Somebody will open a restaurant, someone will start an iron foundry, some idiot will start a reality TV show, there will be hotels, there will be bars,” he says. “It will be the most disruptive event of our lifetime — and the most exciting.”

“We could end up with a species of humans on earth that is slightly different than the species on Mars,” he says.

Can real food be cooked on Mars? Thanks to the work of artist, biologist and space scientist Angelo Vermeulen (watch his TED talk), the answer may one day be yes.

When the Universities of Cornell and Hawai’i put out a call for participants for their NASA-funded HI-SEAS Mars simulation, investigating the feasibility of real food on Mars, Vermeulen — known for his Biomodd art installations creating symbiotic relationships between plants and computers — landed the crew commander position. The HI-SEAS crew has now been in training for months and, on April 15, they’ll enter the simulation habitat itself — located in Hawaii — for four months.

Vermeulen will be blogging about his experience from within the simulation for the TED Fellows blog. In the meantime, we ask him about the mission, what it means to be a space crew commander and why boredom in isolation isn’t actually a problem.

What will the HI-SEAS simulation be investigating and teaching us?

The Mars simulation we’re setting up is called Hawaii Space Exploration Analog & Simulation or HI-SEAS. It’s primarily a food study. One of the main problems during long-term space travel is so-called menu fatigue. It’s basically astronauts getting tired of their food and losing appetite. By the way astronauts do not eat out of tubes and do not swallow food pills. That’s an old persistent cliché which is still in a lot of people’s minds. It’s almost an archetype of astronaut life. However this dates to the ’50s and ’60s, and has been long abandoned. The food that astronauts currently eat is pretty good, but it’s all pre-prepared. It’s add-water-and-heat, and you have your meal. But even those meals, even when they try to make variations, after a couple of months people get tired of that, and so they start to eat less. As a consequence they might also perform less, and jeopardize the mission.

For example, in the Mars-500 experiment — an isolation study of 500 days near Moscow, a collaboration between Europe and Russia — food became the item that people constantly talked about. Food is absolutely crucial to the psychology of your crew, and you need to handle that carefully.

One of the solutions could be to allow the crew to cook. Because cooking empowers you over your food. You can make endless variations, and there’s an interesting bonus: it improves social cohesion. You talk about food, you share food. It’s a basic human thing. The reason that space agencies have been holding it off are twofold. First of all, current human space exploration is done in microgravity conditions — like in the ISS — and as such cooking has hardly been possible. One needs a good deal of gravity to cook meals. In HI-SEAS we’re talking about simulating life on the surface of Mars, not about traveling to Mars. And since there’s a decent amount of gravity on Mars (38% of Earth’s gravity), you can do your regular cooking.

So what you’re doing is not for people in a space vehicle.
No, it’s not for the transit phase. It’s for an actual stay on a planetary surface, such as Mars, but also the Moon. The second reason space agencies have been holding off cooking is because it takes more time, water and energy, and all of those things are extremely precious in outer space. A pre-prepared meal is indeed way more efficient. But it’s a tradeoff: if your crew becomes unhappy and starts to perform less, you might want to invest a little bit by allotting more time and resources for preparing food.

We are actually the first crew in the history of space exploration to be allowed to cook properly. Obviously we’re not real astronauts, we’re simulating astronaut life. But still. This is the very first, very thorough study of the potential of cooking. That’s the baseline research — that’s why we’re funded.

While we’ll spend most of our time researching food in different ways, there is a second layer of research, and that’s our personal research. Each crew member had to define his own or her own research program.

Normally in space exploration you’re strictly an operator, and you do what you’re told. But in HI-SEAS, we get a higher level of autonomy, and being able to define your own research is a clear example of that. In my case, I chose to research the potential of remote operated gardening — basically gardening using robots over long distances in a separate location. It’s the first step to semi-autonomy where robots can start taking care of crops, partially by themselves.

The personal research programs vary a lot. Roboticist and crew engineer Simon Engler will investigate the use of rovers when we’re doing so-called EVAs or explorations outside of the habitat. Crew biologist Yajaira Sierra Sastre is doing research on bacteria and nano-materials. She’s more specifically researching the use of antimicrobial garments. We’re testing NASA’s Advanced Clothing System for that purpose.

You’ll have a lab?

We have a lab, yeah. Crammed with all the other stuff in a 36’ diameter dome. The last layer of research is opportunistic research, very characteristic for space exploration. This means that other institutes, agencies, and researchers use the opportunity of the HI-SEAS isolation campaign to run research on us. We’re glad to help out because the more publications we can churn out after HI-SEAS, the better for science, for progress, and for future funding.

So while you’re there, what will the space conditions simulation be like? Will you be wearing suits, or will the atmosphere be different?

Inside the hab we’ll wear regular clothing. Once we want to go outside of the hab, we have to go through an airlock and wear space suits. They’re not real space suits — those are multi-million-dollar devices — but we’ll be wearing suits that simulate space suits, inhibiting our movements, with a glass helmet, and so on. We’re trying to get as close to the real experience of living on Mars. Essentially we’ll be subjected to restrictions that you would also experience in space exploration missions.

If you’re growing food on Mars, the environmental conditions will be very different and you’ll have to work around that by using shielded greenhouses for example. Here I have to add something about my personal research project. In fact I cannot access the food that I’m growing in the remote-operated farm.

Why not?

Because the food study is focusing on shelf stable ingredients. These are ingredients that don’t need refrigeration and that can be kept at room temperature for multiple years. Moreover we’re only using food that is relatively light. And then you end up with things like flour, rice, honey, and lots of freeze-dried ingredients. And that’s what we have to work with during the 4 months of the study. Mixing in fresh vegetables would obviously confound the study, and therefore I can’t harvest my own robot-grown plants. We can grow sprouts though, and this will be the closest we get to fresh food.

And you’re crew commander. What are your responsibilities, and why do you think you were chosen for this role?

Crew commander is a central role in isolation and space missions in general. It’s a bit like the captain on a ship, quite a comparable role. But with this difference: in space missions you’re dealing with highly trained, highly accomplished people. As a commander in such a situation, you simply can’t start the day by delivering orders to everybody. That’s not how it works. You’re much more of a facilitator and mediator.

The reason I was offered the role of crew commander was because of my experience in community building in complex conditions, such as in Biomodd and other projects. I worked in the Philippines for a long time, in a volcanic disaster zone in Indonesia, and in many other places around the world, always with the goal of building communities around challenging art/science projects. Last year I’ve created a new Biomodd version in New York City with a heterogeneous group of collaborators with culturally, socially and professionally very different backgrounds. In this way I have quite some experience keeping groups together, and that definitely helped.

How has doing this research changed your perspective?

It’s changed my perspective on designing spaceships. Every engineer that works on spaceships should go through a similar isolation experience. Through physically living in a confined off-grid space with people, you come to realize so many things. A lot of assumptions actually seem to be wrong. A classic one: most people think when you go into an isolation study, you’ll be bored for sure. It’s a universal thing, people ask me this question all the time. However, it’s rather the contrary, you hardly have enough time. The crew gets up at seven, and almost every day we work until 10. By then we’re all pretty exhausted. We have to almost enforce a day off, like on Sundays, otherwise we would just keep on experimenting and doing research. So boredom is really not an issue at all.

In the photo, you’re taking soil samples in a spacesuit, doing extra-vehicular activities. If the mission is about cooking, why do you need to do this?

It’s to increase the fidelity of the mission. If you’re doing a food study that’s supposed to be useful for a stay on Mars, you have to do all the things you would actually do when you were there. Or at least try to get as close as possible to that kind of life. Otherwise the results wouldn’t be really relevant.

But would you personally like to be shot into space?

I wouldn’t mind.

Angelo will be blogging for the TED Fellows blog on a regular basis from within the HI-SEAS simulation. Stay tuned for transmissions!

]]>http://blog.ted.com/spatzle-in-space-fellows-friday-with-angelo-vermeulen/feed/12AngeloVermeulen_HI-SEAS_04mmechinita8 fascinating talks about Mars, including a new one from Bill Nye the Science Guyhttp://blog.ted.com/8-fascinating-talks-about-mars-including-a-new-one-from-bill-nye-the-science-guy/
http://blog.ted.com/8-fascinating-talks-about-mars-including-a-new-one-from-bill-nye-the-science-guy/#commentsTue, 16 Oct 2012 17:57:58 +0000http://blog.ted.com/?p=63922[…]]]>

In today’s thrilling TED-Ed lesson, Bill Nye the Science Guy admits that he has S.O.D., otherwise known as Sundial Obsessive Disorder. But there is a good reason for it — a sundial helped Nye’s father escape from a prison camp in China during World War II, launching a lifelong obsession that Nye eventually picked up himself.

At an event several years ago, Nye caught a glimpse of a device — called a “photometric calibration target” — that would soon be on its way to Mars on the outside of the Spirit and Opportunity rovers. The device was essentially a test pattern for cameras — a metal post with gray rings around it — that would allow them to gauge the color of the Martian sky. Nye had an “aha” moment. These devices could easily be turned into sundials, charting the progression of time on the red planet.

Because of Nye’s suggestion, a sundial has now been on Mars.

To hear the amazing story of how Nye’s father escaped from prison camp, and how exactly this Martian sundial works, watch Nye’s wonderful talk. And after the jump, watch seven more talks about Mars.

Joel Levine: Why we need to go back to MarsThe surface of Mars was not what was expected, says atmospheric scientist Joel Levine in this talk from TEDxNasa. Levine explains the tantalizing hints of past life — including craters of ice and evidence of ancient oceans — and why we need more research on the planet.

Penelope Boston says there might be life on MarsCave scientist Penelope Boston believes that there is a 25 to 50 percent chance that the Mars Rovers didn’t find life on Mars because said life is inhabiting deep caves. At TED2006, she gives ideas on where — and how — we should continue the search.

Cynthia Breazeal: The rise of personal robotsThe first robot landed on Mars in 1997. So how is it possible that we don’t have them in our homes and offices yet? In this talk from TEDWomen, Cynthia Breazeal explains her work in teaching robots to interact with human beings.

Charles Elachi on the Mars RoversNASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab has become the stuff of legends. At Serious Play 2008, director Charles Elachi tells behind-the-scenes stories and shows rarely seen footage recorded by the Mars Rover project.

Stephen Petranek counts down to ArmageddonWhat will bring on the end of the world, and what is our best chance for surviving it? In this talk from TED2002, Stephen Petranek describes how we could go about “terraforming” Mars — a process that could take hundreds of years.

Jon Nguyen: Tour the solar system from homeJon Nguyen is the Visualization Software Engineer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. In this talk from TEDxSanDiego, he demos a tool that allows anyone to explore the solar system in detail — even take a trip to Mars — using data provided by spacecrafts in orbit.

Burt Rutan sees the future of spaceIn this talk from TED2006, spacecraft designer Burt Rutan admits that Mars was not quite as interesting as space enthusiasts had hoped. But he believes that is in part because NASA used robots for the mission to the planet and explored only the deserts. A call for entrepreneurs to pick up the slack in government funding for space exploration.

]]>http://blog.ted.com/8-fascinating-talks-about-mars-including-a-new-one-from-bill-nye-the-science-guy/feed/1BillNye_2012-embedkatetedThe scene in New York as the Curiosity rover landedhttp://blog.ted.com/the-scene-in-new-york-as-the-curiosity-rover-landed/
http://blog.ted.com/the-scene-in-new-york-as-the-curiosity-rover-landed/#commentsMon, 06 Aug 2012 18:00:50 +0000http://blog.ted.com/?p=61416[…]]]>

New York’s Times Square regularly fills up for great public events, the crowd chanting and cheering. Rarely, however, do they chant, “Science! Science! Science!” as they did last night. An extraordinary number of people came out at 1:31am to watch the landing of Curiosity, NASA’s new Mars rover.

The TED Blog decided it would be fun to watch live as Curiosity touched down, and indeed it was. The crowd of several hundred, braving a freak rainshower, watched expectantly for an hour before the landing, listening to a broadcast on NASA apps on their phones as the live feed from the control room played on a big screen above the square.

The landing of Curiosity has been long awaited — weeks of buildup, and of course many years of planning. (Watch the director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at NASA, Charles Elachi, describe the mission in 2008.) The people gathered were clearly excited, and indeed broke into small bursts of applause as successful middle stages of the complex descent procedure were completed.

And then, when the control room found out the landing was successful and erupted with cheers, the crowd joined in, and then began a second chant, “NASA! NASA! NASA!” — another first for Times Square.

Curiosity is, of course, one part of a long and rich tradition of exploring other planets. Below, some TEDTalks and TEDxTalks about Mars and the rest of the solar system.

]]>http://blog.ted.com/the-scene-in-new-york-as-the-curiosity-rover-landed/feed/3Times Square watches Curiosity rover landBenLIMG_3047Times Square watches Curiosity rover landFirst image from CuriosityCountdown to the Mars landing tonight!http://blog.ted.com/countdown-to-the-mars-landing-tonight/
http://blog.ted.com/countdown-to-the-mars-landing-tonight/#commentsMon, 06 Aug 2012 01:01:19 +0000http://blog.ted.com/?p=61400[…]]]>Tonight at 10:31:30 pm PDT, the rover Curiosity will land on Mars. And if you haven’t yet watched the astonishing way it’ll get down to the surface, just watch this:

Why go to Mars? In 2008, Charles Elachi, director of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab, asked that question at the Serious Play conference — and answered with great footage of early Mars rovers and “some of the fun things we’re doing on Mars“: