System later became like the American system (4 year term with Direct vote). Renewable once

Governs with a cabinet called Government of the Federation”

Cabinet can be changed without senate approval

Vice pres must be from different part of country than pres.

Goodluck Jonathan is current pres. (his wife’s name is patience)Legislative BranchElections and Political PartiesPeople's Democratic Party (Centrist; took 70% of the vote in 2007 election)All Nigeria's People Party (moderately conservative)

Parliamentary democracy with constitutional monarchy

Unitary Administration

Prime Minister and Cabinet

MultipartyBicameral Houses of Parliament (House of Lords + House of Commons)

Dominant Party = Labour and Conservative PartiesBicameral Diet (House of Councilors + House of Representative

Dominated by Chinese Communist Party192219451979195518681689Independence of IrelandBritish empire starts to unravelJapanese SurrenderDemocratization and demilitarization of JapanLiberal Democratic Party victoryLaid groundwork to become global economic powerMargaret Thatcher victoryPrivatization and free market reforms (Thatcherism)Bill of Rights (Britain)Confirmed supremacy of Parliament over the monarchMeiji RestorationMarked new era of modernization194919571991197819171911Communist Revolution in ChinaBeginning of communist eraSputnik LaunchFueled competition with U.S.Deng Xiaopong takes power(Economic) Reformers take chargeDissolution of Soviet UnionEmergence of the “new” RussiaNationalist RevolutionEnd of imperial dynasties and European dominationRussian RevolutionsDismantled tsarist autocracyTurning Points in HistoryTurning Points in HistoryPM Powers1. Appoint members of cabinet and other senior members of government2. Power of appointment (cabinet + can reorganize gov. departments)1. Power to call elections to the House of Commons (at least once every 5 years)3. Also sets national political agenda, oversees military, appoints ambassadors, manages crises, and leads his/her party. Japan's PM- Shinzo AbeBritain's PM- David CameronExecutive PowersPresidential Powers (Vladimir Putin)1. Issue decrees2. Power of appointment3. Call elections4. Power of veto (can be overturned with 2/3 vote in Duma)5. Martial law and state of emergency (needs approval of Federation Council)*State Council, Executive Office, Security Council, and Russian Federation, and PM aid executive branchPresidential Powers (Xi Jiping)1. Power to appoint (State Council, departmental ministers, chairs of legislative committees, and China's foreign ambassadors)

2. Power to declare state of emergency

3. Power to declare warPriemer (Currently Li Keqiang)2nd most important person in China after leader of the party.

Main powers include: introducing legislation, and approving bills going through Parliament.House of CommonsContains 650 Members of Parliament and a shadow cabinet.

5 Major Roles – to represent, to make laws, to keep the PM accountable, to be a forum for national debate, and to act as a recruitment pool for members of government.House of Councillors242 members serving fixed six-year terms

Most it can do is to delay the passage of legislation.House of RepresentativesChooses the PM, passes laws, passes the budget, makes treaties, and can override an upper house veto with a 2/3 majority.

Must approve decisions by president to declare martial law or a state of emergency

Schedules presidential elections and has power to initiate impeachment proceedings against the president

Confirms presidential nominations to the Constitutional and Supreme CourtState Duma450 members elected for maximum five-year terms

Must confirm president’s choice for PM, approve all gov. ministers, and can introduce motions of no confidence in government.National People's CongressMembers are elected for five-year terms

Discuss and endorse decisions already made by the party

Meets only for on session of 2-3 weeks each year

Delegates are only indirectly elected by the people (voters elect local congresses, which elect county congresses, which elect provincial congresses, which elects the NPC)Standing CommitteeElected by NPC, Committee meets twice per month and consists of about 150 members, including a chairman (considered 3rd most important person in the Chinese political system).Powers include:Power to declare/enforce martial law, and oversee NPC electionsAppoint/remove members of the State CouncilServe as the interim NPC when Congress is not in sessionSupervise the work of the State Council and Supreme People’s Court.Russian Federal AssemblyChina's Legislative BranchBritain's ElectionsMulti-party with Labour party, and Conservative/Tories party. Liberal Democrats = small, moderate center party.Local ElectionsScottish and Welsh use combination of winner-take-all (single-member plurality system) and PR.

Northern Ireland uses a type of PR known as single transferable vote.European Parliament ElectionProportional representation (adopted in 1991)General ElectionSingle-member plurality systemJapan's ElectionsNo primaries; official election campaigns are restricted to 30 days

Multi-party with Liberal Democratic Party dominant since 1955 (Democratic Party of Japan broke away from LDP in 1992-1993)House of Councillors146 members elected by single-member plurality system, 96 by PR.House of Representatives180 members elected using PR and 300 by the single-member system.Russia's ElectionsNo primaries; the candidate who wins more than 50% of the vote is declared electedState DumaOriginally, half the members were elected using single-member plurality, while the other half were elected using PR based on party lists. Now PR has been used since 2005.Multi-party with 4 major groups of parties-Left-Wing Anti-Reformist Parties (Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF).Left-Wing Reformist Parties (Russia’s Choice, Fair Russia)Centrist Parties (United Russia (Putin’s party))Nationalist Parties (Liberal Democratic Party (LDPR), which—despite its name—is a neo-fascist party)Political PartiesLocal ElectionsPutin appoints top regional leaders, who would then be confirmed locally (2005).China's Party System“Multi-Party” system in theory. Dominant party = Chinese Communist Party. Falun Gong over 70 million followers in China.ElectionsChinese directly vote ONLY in the election of delegates to county and district congressesNational CongressMeets once every 5 years, and confirms elected members to Central Committee.Central CommitteeMust approve the policies of the leadership, and confirm members of the Politburo and of the Standing Committee of the Politburo.Central SecretariatAppointed by Standing Committee of Politburo, members meet twice weekly

Key role in developing policies, and evaluate choices for appointments to senior party, state, and military positions.PolitburoConsists of key members of the State Council, selected local party chiefs, and senior members of the party

Ultimate party power in China (initiates and discusses party policy).Standing Committee of the PolitburoMeets at least weekly, and constitute the most powerful and senior group of individuals in the Chinese political system.National Party (CCP) 5 Major BodiesFederal

Bicameral Legislature

MultiparrtyPresidential Republic

President (single 6 yr term)Parliamentary republic

Prime minister and cabinetMexicoIndia1947200019101848India Independence and PartitionNew constitution PRI Loses Presidential ElectionThe end of PRI dominanceMexican-American WarMexico loses half its territory to U.S.Mexican RevolutionA new constitutional order emergesPresidencialismoCan appoint cabinet members, leadership of Congress, and heads of state-owned banks and industrial enterprisesControls party nominations for Congress + state governorsCan introduce bills to Congress and decide how a law passed by Congress is enforcedPower to use armed forces for security, and to assume emergency powersCan regulate foreign investment in Mexico, as well as the supply of newsprint to the press, and the revision of primary school textbooksCouncil of MinistersPresidentPretty much just confirms everything the PM doesPrime MinisterRajya Sabha (Council of States)Upper house of legislature

Fixed termsLok Sabha (House of the People)Five year termsSenateCannot serve more than one term at a timeChamber of DeputiesConsecutive terms in either chamber are forbidden and both rely heavily on the executive branch for information and policy ideasIndiaMexicoMexico Presidential ElectionStraight winner-take-all contest

One of the longest lame duck periods in the worldFederal Congressional ElectionsParty majority in states and Federal District of Mexico City wins 2 seats from each electoral district2nd Party wins the third seatRemaining 32 Senators are elected through PRState and Local ElectionsHeld for nearly 2,500 municipal governments3 Main Sets of ElectionsSenateChamber of Deputies300 seats decided on basis of winner-take-all single-member districts200 decided by PRPolitical PartiesNational Action Party (PAN): Pro-clerical, pro-American, and pro-business

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI): Much like the Japanese Liberal Democratic Party

State Election: 5-year intervals and contested by national and regional partiesPolitical Party PhasesCongress Dominant (1947-1967): Revolved around the Indian National Congress (similar to Japanese Liberal Democrats)