Description

Theory and Methods in Archaeology and Prehistory

Written for complete beginners in a narrative style, Ancient Lives is aimed at introductory courses in archaeology and prehistory that cover archaeological methods and theory, as well as world prehistory.

The first half of Ancient Lives covers the basic principles, methods, and theoretical approaches of archaeology. The second half is devoted to a summary of the major developments of human prehistory: the origins of humankind and the archaic world, the origins and spread of modern humans, the emergence of food production, and the beginnings of civilization.

Teaching and Learning Experience

Personalize Learning - MyAnthroLab delivers proven results in helping students succeed, provides engaging experiences that personalize learning, and comes from a trusted partner with educational expertise and a deep commitment to helping students and instructors achieve their goals.

Improve Critical Thinking - The first half of the book covers the basic principles, methods, and theoretical approaches of archaeology. The second half is devoted to a summary of the major developments of human prehistory: the origins of humankind and the archaic world, the origins and spread of modern humans, the emergence of food production, and the beginnings of civilization

Engage Students — Through a superior illustration program and an honest appraisal of career prospects in archaeology, Ancient Lives encourages students to think like an anthropologist.

Note: MyAnthroLab does not come automatically packaged with this text. To purchase MyAnthroLab, please visit www.MyAnthroLab.com or you can purchase a valuepack of the text + MyAnthroLab (VP ISBN-10: 0205212751, VP ISBN-13: 9780205212750).

Table of Contents

In This Section

1.) Brief Contents

2.) Comprehensive

Brief Contents

Part I Archaeology: Studying Ancient Times

Chapter 1 Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory

Chapter 2 The Record of the Past

Chapter 3 Acquiring the Record

Chapter 4 How Did People Live?

Part II Ancient Interactions

Chapter 5 Individuals and Interactions

Chapter 6 Studying the Intangible

Chapter 7 Explaining the Past

Part III The World of the First Humans

Chapter 8 Human Origins

Chapter 9 African Exodus

Part IV Modern Humans Settle the World

Chapter 10 The Great Diaspora

Part V The First Farmers and Civilizations

Chapter 11 The Earliest Farmers

Chapter 12 The First Civilizations

Chapter 13 Early Asian Civilizations

Part VI Ancient America

Chapter 14 Maize, Pueblos, and Mound Builders

Chapter 15 Mesoamerican Civilizations

Chapter 16 Andean Civilizations

Part VII On Being an Archaeologist

Chapter 17 So You Want to Become an Archaeologist

Contents

Preface

Author’s Note

About the Author

Comprehensive Contents

Part I Archaeology: Studying Ancient Times

SPECIAL FEATURE: CONSERVATION OF SITES AND FINDS

Chapter 1 Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory

How Archaeology Began

The Discovery of Early Civilizations

DISCOVERY: Austen Henry Layard at Nineveh

The Antiquity of Humankind

The Origins of Scientific Archaeology

Archaeology and Prehistory

Prehistory and World Prehistory

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: A Short Guide to Archaeological Diversity

Major Developments in Human Prehistory

Why Are Archaeology and World Prehistory Important?

Mysteries of the Past

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Pseudoarchaeology, or You, Too, Can Be an Armchair Indiana Jones

The Powerful Lure of the Past

Archaeology and Human Diversity

Archaeology as a Political Tool

Archaeology and Economic Development

Garbology

Who Needs the Past?

SITE: Inyan Ceyaka Atonwan, Minnesota

Summary

Key Terms and Sites

Critical-Thinking Questions

Chapter 2 The Record of the Past

The Goals of Archaeology

Constructing Culture History

DISCOVERY: The Folsom Bison Kill Site, New Mexico

Reconstructing Ancient Lifeways

SITE: Sounds of the Past

Explaining Cultural Change

The Process of Archaeological Research

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: An Archaeologist’s Ethical Responsibilities

Research Design

Data Acquisition

Analysis

Interpretation

Publication and Curation

What Is Culture?

The Archives of the Past: The Archaeological Record

Preservation Conditions

A Waterlogged Site: Ozette, Washington

A Dry Site: Puruchucho-Huaquerones, Peru

Cold Conditions: Nevado Ampato, Peru

Volcanic Ash: Cerén, El Salvador

DISCOVERY: Tragedy at Cerén, El Salvador

Context

Time and Space

The Law of Association

The Law of Superposition

Summary

Key Terms and

Critical-Thinking Questions

Chapter 3 Acquiring the Record

DISCOVERY: Recording the Behistun Inscription, Iran

How Do You Find Archaeological Sites?

Accidental Discoveries

Deliberate Survey

Settlement Patterns and Settlement Archaeology

Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

SITE: Teotihuacán, Mexico

How Do You Dig Up the Past?

The Ethical Responsibilities of the Excavator

Research Design and Problem-Oriented Excavation

Koster

Types of Excavation

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Archaeological Sites

Excavation as Recording

How Old Is It?

Relative Chronology

Chronometric Dating

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Dating the Past

Summary

Key Terms and Sites

Critical-Thinking Questions

Chapter 4 How Did People Live?

Technologies of the Ancients

Stone

Bone, Antler, and Ivory

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Classifying Artifact Types

Wood 88

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Lithic Analysis

Clay (Ceramics)

Metals and Metallurgy

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Ceramic Analysis

Basketry and Textiles

SITE: Ancient Wine at Abydos, Egypt

Subsistence: Making a Living

Animal Bones

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Studying Ancient Subsistence

Plant Remains

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Flotation Methods

Fishing and Fowling

Reconstructing Ancient Diet

Summary

Key Terms and Sites

Critical-Thinking Questions

Part II Ancient Interactions

SPECIAL FEATURE: MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY SINCE 1798

Chapter 5 Individuals and Interactions

An Individual: Ötzi the Ice Man

Social Ranking

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: The Law Code of Hammurabi of Babylon, 1760 B.C.

SITE: The Sepulcher of the Maya Lord Pacal, Palenque, Mexico

Gender: Men and Women

Grinding Grain at Abu Hureyra, Syria

The Engendered Past 1

Ethnicity and Inequality

Ideologies of Domination

Artifacts, Social Inequality, and Resistance

Trade and Exchange

DISCOVERY: War Casualties at Thebes, Egypt

Types of Exchange and Trade

Sourcing

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Obsidian Sourcing

A Unique Portrait of Ancient Trade: The Uluburun Ship

Summary

Key Terms and Sites

Critical-Thinking Questions

Chapter 6 Studying the Intangible

A Framework of Common Belief

DISCOVERY: Shang Oracle Bones, China

Ethnographic Analogy and Rock Art

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Copying South African Rock Paintings

The Archaeology of Death

Artifacts: The Importance of Context

Artifacts and Art Styles

SITE: The Shrine at Phylakopi, Greece

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: The Ancient Maya World through Glyphs

Sacred Places

Astroarchaeology and Stonehenge

Southwestern Astronomy and Chaco Canyon

Summary

Key Terms and Sites

Critical-Thinking Questions

Chapter 7 Explaining the Past

Culture History

Constructing Culture History

Synthesis

A Hierarchy of Archaeological Units

Descriptive Models of Cultural Change

Inevitable Variation

Cultural Selection

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: A Hierarchy of Archaeological Entities

Invention

Diffusion

Migration

Analogy

DISCOVERY: A Tale of Two Maya Women: Waka, Guatemala

Archaeology by Observation and Experiment

Ethnoarchaeology

Experimental Archaeology

Explaining Cultural Change

Cultural Systems and Cultural Processes

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

Processual Archaeology

People, Not Systems

SITE: Guilá Naquitz Cave, Mexico

Cognitive-Processual Archaeology

The Issue of Complexity

Change and No Change

Summary

Key Terms and Sites

Critical-Thinking Questions

Part III The World of the First Humans

SPECIAL FEATURE: THE PRE-MODERN WORLD

Chapter 8 Human Origins

The Great Ice Age (c. 2.5 Million to 15,000 Years Ago)

Early Primate Evolution and Adaptation

The Primate Order

"Coming Down from the Trees"

The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution (7 Million to 1.5 Million Years Ago)

The Earliest Known Hominin: Toumaï, Sahelanthropus tchadensis

What Is Australopithecus?

Ardipithecus ramidus

Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Potassium-Argon Dating

All Kinds of Australopithecines (3 Million to 2.5 Million Years Ago)

Gracile Australopithecines: Australopithecus africanus

Robust Australopithecines: A. aethiopicus, A. boisei, and A. robustus

Australopithecus garhi

Early Homo: Homo habilis (2.5 Million to 2 Million Years Ago)

A Burst of Rapid Change?

Who Was the First Human?

The Earliest Human Technology

Hunters or Scavengers?

SITE: Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

Plant Foraging and Grandmothering

The Earliest Human Mind

The Development of Language

The Earliest Social Organization

Summary

Key Terms and Sites

Critical-Thinking Questions

Chapter 9 African Exodus

Ice Age Background

Homo ergaster in Africa

Homo erectus (c. 1.9 Million to c. 200,000 Years Ago)

Radiating out of Africa

Homo erectus in Asia

The Lifeway of Homo erectus

Hand Axes and Choppers

Language

Archaic Homo sapiens (c. 400,000 to 130,000 Years Ago)

Archaic Homo sapiens: Homo heidelbergensis

SITE: A 400,000-Year-Old Hunt at Schöningen, Germany

The Neanderthals (c. 200,000 to 30,000 Years Ago)

The Origins of Modern Humans (c. 180,000 to 150,000 Years Ago)

Continuity or Replacement?

Molecular Biology and Homo sapiens

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: DNA and Prehistory

Ecology and Homo sapiens

Out of Tropical Africa

Summary

Key Terms and Sites

Critical-Thinking Questions

Part IV Modern Humans Settle the World

SPECIAL FEATURE: THE SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS TO 12,000 YEARS AGO

Chapter 10 The Great Diaspora

The Late Ice Age World (50,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)

DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Radiocarbon Dating

The Peopling of Southeast Asia and Australia (c. 50,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)