Transportation and the Environment:
An Annotated Bibliography

US Department of Transportation,
The National Transportation Library

4. Hazardous Materials Issues

Our society benefits from the chemical, nuclear, electrical and
petroleum industries, which require hazardous materials in their
production and also produce hazardous wastes. Although the
probability of an accidental release while transporting hazardous
materials is very low, there is justifiable concern that hazardous
materials be transported in the safest manner possible, since a
release can be catastrophic for a community and the environment.
Accidental releases with catastrophic results do in fact occur, as
is evidenced by the July 14, 1991 spill of a herbicide into the,
Sacramento River, when a tank car ruptured during a derailment in
Dunsmuir CA. Issues currently being addressed are equipment
reliability, alternative routings, modal choice, and the adequacy
of emergency response.
1. Code of Federal Regulations 49, Parts 100 to 177, Subchapter
C - Hazardous Materials Regulations.
2. "Environmental Impacts of a Modal Shift," M. William
Newstrand, Marine and Intermodal Transportation: Freight
Movement and Environmental Issues, Transportation Research
Record, No. 1333, Transportation Research Board, National
Research Council, pp. 9-12, Washington, DC, 1992.
This paper compares water transportation with rail and
trucks. The author theoretically transfers cargo from
four regularly scheduled vessel movements to rail and
trucks, then calculates the effects upon fuel
consumption, exhaust emissions, accidents, and other
effects of the modal shift. This analysis attempts to
demonstrate some of the potential environmental costs of
a modal shift from water. Modal impact factors used for
the analysis are somewhat dated and the emission factor
was an aggregate. The modal impact factors used indicate
that water transportation is the most fuel efficient and
produces the least amount of emissions on a ton-mile
basis. Modal impact factors also indicate trucks
obtained 60 ton-miles per gallon compared with 204 ton-
miles per gallon for rail. While emissions measured by
pounds per gallon are about twice as high for rail as for
trucks, when measured on a ton-mile basis, rail produces
.0034 pounds per ton-mile and trucks produce .0052 pounds
per ton-mile.
3. Cargo Tank Rollover Protection, National Transportation Safety
Board, Special Investigation Report Hazardous Materials
Accident Report, Washington, DC, 1992.
As a result of several cargo tanker accidents on the
highways, NTSB conducted this investigation on cargo tank
rollover protection. The safety issues discussed are:
the adequacy of DOT regulations concerning the design and
performance of rollover protection devices, the
effectiveness of cargo tanker design and construction
oversight, and the adequacy of accident reporting and
data collected by DOT.
4. Proposals For the Road Traffic, Training of Drivers of
Vehicles Carrying Dangerous Goods: Regulations 1991, Health
and Safety Commission, London, England, 1991.
This document contains proposals for regulations for the
training of drivers of road vehicles carrying dangerous
goods, including explosives and radioactive materials.
The regulations are necessary to implement in England the
provisions of a European Directive imposing requirements
for training, examinations, and certification.
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5. Assessing the Risk of Transporting Hazardous Materials by
Aircraft: A Case Study, M.J.Davis and L.A. Haroun, Argonne
National Lab., IL, 1991.
This risk assessment involves the transport of PCBs by
aircraft.
6. Freight Transportation: Truck, Rail Water, and Hazardous
Materials, Transportation Research Record, No. 1313,
Transportation Research Board, National Research Council,
Washington, DC, 1991.
Includes several articles. The most informative are:
"State and Local Issues in Transportation of Hazardous
Materials: Toward a National Strategy," M. Abkowitz, P.
Alford, A. Boghani, J. Cashwell, E. Radwan and P. Rothberg,
pp. 49-54.
This paper presents findings of a recent conference whose
objective was to identify effective methods for managing
hazardous materials transportation within the evolving
national system. The conference was organized into five
major themes: community preparedness and response;
evaluating and communicating risk; routing and citing
considerations; data collection and information
management; and inspection and enforcement.
"Benefit-Cost Evaluation of Using Different Specification Tank
Cars to Reduce the Risk of Transporting Environmentally
Sensitive Chemicals," C.P.L. Barkan, T.S. Glickman and A.E.
Harvey. pp. 33-43.
This paper presents an analytical approach to quantifying
the benefits and costs of transporting specific chemicals
in tank cars. The results indicate that reduced
liability would result from using a specific type of tank
car, which more than offsets the increased capital and
operating costs required.
7. "A Probability Model To Assess the Risk of Railroad Accidents
Involving Radioactive Material," H.B. Spraggins, J. Ozment,
and P. Fanchon, Transportation Research Forum, Journal of the
Transportation Research Forum, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1991.
This paper identifies issues relevant to rail route risk
analysis and presents a probability model of a train
accident involving nuclear materials via movement by
mixed train or dedicated train.
8. Hazardous Materials on Board, C. Hild, Alaska Sea Grant Coll.
Program, Fairbanks, 1991.
This book contains sections on the introduction to
hazardous materials, common hazardous materials, confined
spaces, personal protective equipment, hazardous spills
on board, label and law, and references.
9. Motor Carriers of Hazardous Materials: Who Are They? How Safe
Are They?, L.N. Moses and I. Savage, Northwestern University
Department of Economics, 1991.
Using a database of 13,000 government audits of motor
carriers, this paper investigates whether trucking firms
that haul hazmat differ from firms that do not haul
hazmat. The investigation found that the haulers of
hazmat were larger and less safe than non-hazmat
carriers.
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10. Overturn of a Tractor-Semitrailer (Cargo Tank) With the
Release of Automotive Gasoline and Fire, Carmichael,
California February 13, 1991, National Transportation Safety
Board, Hazardous Materials Accident Report, Washington, DC,
1991.
This report reviews the overturn of a cargo tanker and
the subsequent fire. It discusses the following safety
issues: the lack of DOT standards concerning manhole
covers on motor vehicle tanks, the adequacy of California
highway standards, the effectiveness of the carrier's
evaluation of driver training and performance, and the
lack of post-accident toxicological testing.
11. "Purchasing Hazardous Waste Transportation Service: Federal
Legal Considerations," J.M. Sharp, R.A. Novack, M.A. Anderson,
American Society of Transportation and Logistics
Transportation Journal, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 4-14, December
1991.
This paper attempts to acquaint the purchaser of hazmat
transportation with environmental statutes and gives a
framework for compliance with these laws.
12. "Highway Transportation of Hazardous Materials," TranSafety,
Incorporated, Road Work Safety Report, Vol. 1, No. 6, December
1991.
This study attempts to analyze the existing exposure and
accident data pertaining to highway transportation of
hazmat and summarizes the present knowledge and practices
related to highway safety, design, traffic operations,
and incident management.
13. "Some Hazmat Facts," TranSafety, Incorporated, Transafety
Reporter, Vol. 9, No. I 1, November 199 1.
The paper discusses a Federal Highway Administration
report, "Present Practices of Highway Transportation of
Hazardous Materials".
14. "Factors of Risk Assessment For Transporting High-Level
Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel by Dedicated Train vs Regular
Train," in Proceedings of the Thirty-third Annual Meeting,
Transportation Research Forum, New Orleans, Louisiana, October
31, November 2, 1991.
This paper identifies some of the risk concerns of the
directive involving dedicated and regular train movement
of nuclear materials and presents a model of risk which
could be used to assess those risks.
15. Hazardous Materials: 1990 Transportation Uniform Safety Act-
Status of DOT Implementing Actions, U.S. General Accounting
Office, Washington, DC, November 1991.
This report discusses the status of DOT's implementation
of The Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety
Act of 1990 (HMTUSA).
16. lnspection Programs Improvements Are Under Way to Help Detect
Unsafe Tankers, U.S. General Accounting Office, Washington,
DC, October 1991.
This report was prepared in response to Congressional
inquiry concerning the Coast Guard's inspection program
for tankers carrying oil and other hazardous cargo. This
report indicates that the Coast Guard has begun to
improve its inspection program.
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17. "Technical Committee on Road Tunnels," XIX World Road
Congress, Marrakesh. Permanent International Association of
Road Congress, Paris, France, September 2228, 1991.
This is a committee report which treats several topics
including an analysis of risk resulting from the transit
of hazardous materials.
18. Transportation Safety: Information Strategy Needed For
Hazardous Materials, U.S. General Accounting Office,
Washington, DC, September 1991.
This report was conducted to determine whether key
initiatives to improve longstanding hazardous materials
information shortcomings were successful, and whether any
strategy guides DOT in directing the information
management and technology resources devoted to its hazmat
mission. Findings: DOT is unable to use information
effectively to evaluate activities or support safety
accruing from its inspections and enforcement activities;
and DOT has no directives outlining Department-wide
Hazmat information management responsibilities.
19. "Second Toxic Spill in Two Weeks Brings SP, Railroads Under
Scrutiny," Traffic World, No. 6, Vol. 227, August 5, 1991.
This article discusses the two recent accidents on the SP
involving hazardous materials and the transportation of
hazmat by rail.
20. Proceeding of Hazmat Transport '91, A National Conference on
the Transportation of Hazardous Materials and Wastes,
Northwestern University, Evanston Transportation Center,
Evanston, Illinois, June 17-19, 1991.
This volume documents the proceedings of a national
conference on the transportation of hazardous materials
and waste, held at Northwestern University. The
conference was a neutral forum at which many viewpoints
were aired and original research findings presented. The
following papers were given at the conference:
"The Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety
Act of 1990: The U.S. Department of Transportation
Perspective," Travis P. Dungan, Administrator, Research
and Special Programs Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation.
This is a summary of the requirements of the statute as
it relates to DOT and an overview of hazmat
transportation.
"The Rail Perspective on Hazardous Materials
Transportation," James A. Hagen, Chairman of Conrail.
This paper addresses the key issues of hazmat
transportation by rail, in particular, Conrail.
"Behind Human Error Accidents," John K. Lauber, National
Transportation Safety Board.
This paper describes several accidents from the viewpoint
of operator performance and professional standards,
management commitment to safety, and operator training
and human factors outside the vehicle.
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"Data Requirements for the Development of a Quantitative
Risk Assessment Model for Rail Transportation of
Hazardous Materials," Christopher P.L. Barkan, Manager,
Environmental and Hazardous Materials Research Division,
Association of American Railroads.
This paper states that while rail has a relatively good
safety record, it is in the interest of the public and
industry that improvements in hazmat transportation
safety be as effective and efficient as possible. To
that end, Barkan discusses the efforts of the rail, tank
car and chemical industries, which are working to develop
a quantitative risk assessment model for rail
transportation of hazmat.
"The Law and Economics of Hazardous Materials
Transportation: Regulating Harm by Administrative Agency
and by Tort Liability," Thomas S. Ulen and Charles
Kolstad.
This paper discusses the authors' views on how best to
achieve the socially optimal amount of precaution, while
regulating the transportation of hazmat.
"U.S. Department of Transportation Report on Mandated
Studies and Regulatory Procedures to Date," Alan I.
Roberts, Associate Administrator for Hazardous Materials
Safety, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and
Special Programs Administration.
This paper discusses the status of DOT legislatively
mandated studies and regulatory procedures.
21. Flows of Selected Hazardous Materials By Rail, F. Beier, et
al. U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special
Programs Administration, Volpe National Transportation Systems
Center, Final Report for September 1987-April 1991,
Washington, DC, May 1991.
This study looks at rail traffic in 1986 and is designed
to characterize the flow of selected hazardous materials
and show their geographical distribution.
22. Transportation of Hazardous Materials by Rail, National
Transportation Safety Board, Washington, DC, Adopted May 16,
1991.
For this study, the Safety Board conducted a study of 45
selected railroads.
23. "New Hazmat Regulation," Railway Age, pp. 44-45, April 1991.
This article questions the cost-benefit from new hazmat
regulations in light of a record which is characterized
as good.
24. "Revitalizing the Circuitry," Hazardous Cargo Bulletin, Vol.
12, No. 1, January 1991.
This article presents highlights of papers presented on a
conference on tank containers entitled Tank Frans 90 in
Berlin on October 17-19, 1990. Papers were presented on
the topic and other issues, such as quality control, tank
cleaning, transport of dangerous substances through the
Channel Tunnel, road vs rail, liability, and safety.
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25. "Critics say federal hazmat data bank is useful, but falls
short of filling need," Traffic World, p. 64, March 11, 1991.
This article finds that the Hazardous Materials
Information Exchange does provide useful information.
However, this data bank is just a good beginning, and it
should include additional information, i.e., information
on worst-case accident scenarios.
26. Transportation Research.Record No. 1245, Transportation
Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC,
1990.
Includes several articles. The most informative are:
Comparison of Risk Measures for the Transport of
Dangerous Commodities by Truck and Rail," by F.F.
Saccomanno, J.H. Shortreed, M. Van Aerde, and J. Higgs,
pp.1-13.
In this paper, the risks of transporting dangerous
commodities by trick and by rail are expressed by four
constituent elements: accident rates; spill probabilities
in an accident situation; hazard areas for different
classes of damage; and expected impacts on population and
environment along a specified road or rail corridor. The
findings indicate that regardless of the material being
shipped or the underlying transportation conditions,
trucks reflect higher accident rates than rail; for most
tanker systems, the probability of release in an accident
situation is higher on rail than truck; the expected
impacts for damage to population and property associated
with rail transport of dangerous goods are lower than for
trucks.
"Characteristics of Accidents and Incidents in Highway
Transportation of Hazardous Materials," by D.W. Harwood,
E.R. Russell and J.G. Viner, pp. 23-33.
This paper focuses on the role of traffic accidents as a
cause of severe hazardous materials incidents.
Conclusions: about 99% of fatalities and 96% of injuries
involving trucks carrying hazardous materials are not
related to the hazmat release. Approximately II % of
hazmat incidents that occur on public highways are caused
by traffic accidents, and about 99% of the fatalities and
injuries in accidents involving hazmat-carrying trucks
result from the physical collision.
"Minimizing Derailments of Railcars Carrying Dangerous
Commodities Through Effective Marshaling Strategies," by
F.F. Saccomanno and S. El-Hage, pp.34-51.
This paper presents a procedure for establishing and
evaluating the effectiveness of alternative marshaling
and buffering strategies for positioning special
dangerous commodity cars.
"Bicriterion Routing Scheme for Nuclear Spent Fuel
Transportation," by Shin-Miao Chun and Paul Der-Ming
Cheng, pp. 60-64.
The objective of this paper is to develop an automated
system to evaluate the trade-off between transportation
cost and potential population at risk under different
nuclear spent fuel transportation strategies. The
authors believe that by combining sophisticated
algorithms with graphical representation of the network,
the methodology allows the trade-offs among non-inferior
paths to be understood more quickly and more fully.
24
27. Transportation of Hazardous Material 1990, Transportation
Research Record, No. 1264, Transportation Research Board,
National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1990.
Includes several articles, the most informative are:
"Evaluating Routing Alternatives for Transporting Hazardous
Materials Using Simplified Risk Indicators and Complete
Probabilistic Risk Analyses," by William R. Rhyne; "Truck
Accident Rate Model for Hazardous Materials Routing," by D.W.
Harwood, J.6. Viner and E.R. Russell; "Fatality Risk Curves
for Transporting Chlorine and Liquefied Petroleum Gas by Truck
and Rail," by F.F. Saccomanno, J.H. Shortreed, and R. Mehta;
"Restricting Hazardous Materials Routes on the Nation's
Railroads: Some Considerations for Regulatory Analysis," by
T.S. Glickman.
28. Planning for Future Waste Storage and Transport Requirements,
G.M. Holter, M.R. Shay and D.L. Stiles, Battelle Pacific
Northwest Labs., Richland, WA, 1990.
This paper discusses that any planning should take into
account the storage and transport capabilities that will
be required to properly manage the wastes, from the point
of generation through to their ultimate disposal.
29. Radioactive and Hazardous Materials Transportation: What Local
Officials Are Telling Us, J.A. Walker, G.E. Ruberg, and S.H.
Denny, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg,
VA, 1990.
This paper summarizes the results of a 1989 meeting of US
Department of Energy representatives with over twenty
local officials from cities and counties around the
country.
30. "Modeling Equity of Risk in the Transportation of Hazardous
Materials," R. Gopalan, K.S. Kolluri, R. Batta and M.H.
Karwan, Operations Research, Vol. 38. No. 6. November-
December 1990.
This paper develops and analyzes a model to generate an
equitable set of routes for hazardous material shipments.
Its objective is to determine a set of routes that will
minimize the total risk of travel and spread the risk
equitably among the zones of the geographical region in
which the transportation network is embedded.
31. Present Practices of Highway Transportation of Hazardous
Materials, D.W. Harwood and E.R. Russell, Midwest Research
Inst., Kansas City, MO, May 1990.
This report summarizes the art of safe management of
hazardous materials transportation by highway.
32. Proceedings of the National Conference on Hazardous Materials
Transportation, St. Louis, Missouri, concerned with "State and
Local Issues in Transportation of Hazardous Waste Materials:
Towards a National Strategy," May 14-16, 1990.
This volume documents the proceedings of a national
conference on the transportation of hazardous materials
held in St. Louis, Missouri, May 14-16, 1990. The
following papers were given at the conference:
25
"Evaluation of Hazardous Material Transportation By Rail,"
W.H. Oderwaid, M.A. Sontag.
This paper describes the application of the data bases
utilized in the model, along with an explanation of the
function and philosophy of the Princeton Transportation
Network Model. This model is used by shippers, receivers, and
manufacturers to evaluate current and proposed rail routings.
"Flows of Hazardous Materials Through States By Rail," R.C.
Hannon and P. Zebe.
This paper presents information on the tonnages of hazardous
materials passing through each of the contiguous 48 states and
DC by rail.
"Computer-Assisted Risk Assessment of Dangerous Goods
Transportation for Haute-Normandie," S. Lassarre, K. Fedra,
and E. Weigkricht.
This is software based on a geographical information system to
manage, treat and represent statistical and geographical data
related to the evaluation of risk of transport on a road
network in a 600 sq. km. area in France.
"StatGen/StateNet and DOT Guidelines: Tools for Highway
Routing of Hazardous Materials," J.W. Cashwell, J.D. Brogan,
and C.M. Erickson.
This presentation discusses the latest update of the
StateGen/StateNet model, its structure and routing algorithm,
which contains the codified USDOT Guidelines for Highway Route
Controlled Quantity Shipments of Radioactive Materials.
"Societal-Individual Risks for Hazmat Transport," F.F
Saccomanno, J.H. Shortreed.
This paper considers the risks associated with the transport
of hazmat by truck and rail from two perspectives: society in
general and the individuals residing adjacent to the route.
"A Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Approach for Selected
Routes: A Case Study of Hazardous Waste Transportation in
Arizona," K.D. Pijawka, A.E. Radwan, and J. A. Soesilo.
This study's objective was to provide an approach to selecting
routes to a proposed hazardous waste treatment and storage
facility, based on a risk and vulnerability assessment.
"A Community-Focused Routing and Citing Model for Hazardous
Materials and Wastes," G. List and P. Mirchandani.
This is a model that shippers, carriers, and policy-makers can
use to analyze routing problems for hazmat or routing and
siting problems for wastes.
"Assessing Community Safety for Hazardous Materials
Transport," C-K. Chiang, E.J. Cantifli, and S.T. Ying.
This paper describes a computer model developed to assess the
safety of a community through which hazmat will be
transported. The model is predictive and can be used even in
the absence of a past history of incidents.
26
"Canadian Database Development as a Support Tool To Transport
Risk Assessment," D. A. Learning.
This paper provides details on the databases the Risk
Management Branch has available to assess accident trends and
exposure to dangerous goods, and introduces a costing model
under development to further enhance risk management.
"Hazardous Materials Data: A Federal Perspective," R.C.
Hannon.
This paper discusses the evolution and current status of the
Hazardous Materials Incident Report System maintained by RSPA.
"Risk Management in the Transportation of Dangerous Goods--the
Influence of Public Perception--a Discussion," M.K. Matthews.
This paper discusses an example of how public perception of
risk can unduly influence the proper response to effective
risk management in the transportation of dangerous goods.
"Dangerous Goods Emergency Response: The Western Australian
Experience," K. Price.
This paper is a general overview of the experience of the
State of Western Australia in the management of hazmat
transportation.
"State Legislative Concerns Relative to Federal Hazardous
Materials Transportation Regulations," J.B. Reed.
This paper indicates that states have asserted their authority
in regard to regulations of hazmat transport where they
believe there are inadequate or declining Federal efforts.
States' interests include, inspection, enforcement, emergency
response and routing.
33. Hazardous Materials Flow By Rail, U.S.Department of
Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration,
Final Report, Washington, DC, March 1990.
This report is a quantitative overview of the movement of
hazardous materials by rail in the U.S. The data used is
a hazardous materials rail waybill sample developed at
TSC from the 1983 Waybill Sample.
34. Collision and Derailment of Montana Rail Link Freight Train
with Locomotive Units and Hazardous Materials Release, Helena,
Montana February 2, 1989, National Transportation Safety
Board, Railroad Accident Report, Washington, DC, December 6,
1989.
This report reviews the accident on Montana Rail Link and
discusses various related safety issues, i.e., train
operations, maintenance of airbrake system in extreme
cold weather, oversight of employee preparedness, tank
car performance, and documentation of hazmat shipments.
35. Guideline for Applying Criteria to Designate Routes for
Transporting Hazardous Materials, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration,
Final Report, Washington, DC, July 1989.
These guidelines were prepared to assist state and local
officials in analysis of alternate routes to be used by
highway vehicles transporting hazmat.
27
36. Transport of Radioactive Material by Air, Proposal for a
Revision of the Regulation, C Devillers, and C. Ringot, CEA
Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Fontenary-aux-Roses (France),
January 1989.
This paper states that the regulations should be modified
in such a way that the packages used for the air
transport of radioactive material presenting a high level
of potential danger be designed to fulfill their safety
function for a large fraction of the conditions likely to
be encountered in an aircraft accident.
37. In-Flight Fire, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-83, N56 Nashville,
Tennessee, February 3, 1988, National Transportation Safety
Board, Hazardous Materials Incident Report, Washington, DC,
September 13, 1988.
This report reviews an in-flight fire involving
undeclared and improperly packaged hazmat and the
procedures followed by the crew and airline.
38. Basic Facts About the Transport of Packaged Radioactive
Products, Amersham International Ltd. (England), 1987.
This pamphlet details the regulations that apply to
transport of radioactive materials and outlines the
precautions to be taken, along with what should be done
if a package of radioactive materials is damaged and how
packages of radioactive materials can be recognized.
39. Truck Transportation of Hazardous Materials - A National
Overview, Dominic J. Maio, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Research and Special Programs Administration, Transportation
Systems Center, Final Report, Washington, D.C., December 1987
This report's objective was to provide regulators and
policy-makers with: an estimate of the national volume of
hazardous chemicals and petroleum products transported in
trucks, a profile of the truck fleet that carries hazmat,
and a geographical distribution of this transport
activity.
40. Handling and Management of Hazardous Materials and Waste, by
Theodore H. Allegri, Sr., Chapman and Hall, New York, 1986.
Discusses the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act which
authorized the EPA to perform specific functions to assess and
manage hazardous wastes, including the setting of standards
for the transportation of hazardous wastes. Enumerates
federal regulations concerning the loading and unloading of
hazardous materials.
41. "Institutional issues affecting the transport of hazardous
materials in the United States: Anticipating strategic
management needs," S.A. Cames, Oak Ridge, TN, Hazardous
Materials, No. 13, 1986.
This article attempts to discuss the complex and dynamic
institutional environment in which hazardous materials
are transported. The article summarizes the
institutional environment in which hazardous materials
are transported and identifies related institutional
issues.
42. Transportation of Hazardous Materials, U.S. Congress, Office
of Technology Assessment, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC, July 1986.
This study was requested by the Senate Committee on
Science, Commerce, and Transportation to determine
whether major safety problems exist in the transportation
of hazardous materials that should be addressed through
legislation, and whether appropriate technology exists
that could improve this essential portion of our nation's
commerce. OTA's study is a comprehensive assessment of
the regulations, information systems, container safety,
and training for emergency response and enforcement.
43. Transportation of Hazardous Materials: State and Local
Activities, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, March 1986.
This report is in response to a Senate request that OTA
undertake a study of the transportation of hazardous
materials. This study summarizes Federal programs and
identifies three major areas of state and local
government concern: prevention and enforcement
activities; emergency response and training; and planning
and data gathering. It outlines related issues,
describes methods by which jurisdictions are responding
to these issues, and documents the concerns that the
Federal government could address.
44. Barge Collisions, Rammings and Groundings: An Engineering
Assessment of the Potential for Damage to Radioactive Material
Transport Casks, B.L. Hutchison, Glosten Associates, Inc.
Seattle, WA, January 1986.
This study was performed to gain insight into each of
these types of accidents, with particular attention to
those processes that possess potential for causing
structural damage to the casks.
45. "What's New in Hazardous Material Transportation?", Traffic
Management, pp. 78-83, Volume 24, No. 11, November 1985.
This article discusses current issues in hazmat
transportation, i.e. uniformity of regulations and
federal pre-emption, DOT's role in the hazmat program,
and international regulations. This article suggests
that uniformity of regulations and federal pre-emption is
necessary, in addition to more leadership at DOT, to
protect the interests of US shippers from foreign
regulators.
46. Transportation of Radioactive and Hazardous Materials: A
Summary of State and Local Legislative Requirements for the
Period Ending December 31, 1984 N.P. Knox, L. F. Goins and
P.T. Owen, John Ludwigson (ed.), U.S. Department of Energy,
Information Research and Analysis Information Resources
Organization, Oak Ridge, TN, September 1985.
This report summarizes 513 adopted US state and local laws
that affect the transportation of radioactive materials.
47. Transportation of Hazardous Material: Planning and Accident
Analysis, Transportation Research Record No. 977,
Transportation Research Board, National Research Council,
Washington, DC, 1984.
Includes several articles, the most informative is:
"A Survey of Foreign Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety
Research Since 1978," by M.E. Wright and T.S. Glickman, pp.
39-43.
This is a survey of truck, rail, and air transportation
concerning vehicle and container technology, emergency
response technology, traffic flow and accident information,
risk assessment, and policy analysis regarding operations,
emergency planning, and regulations.
48. Assessing the Release and Costs Associated With Truck
Transport of Hazardous Wastes, Office of Solid Waste,
Environmental Protection Agency, l984.
This study estimates the release from and the costs of
the truck transport of hazardous waste. This report
contains these estimates for bulk and container
shipments. Perhaps the most important result of this
study is that the release rates associated with
transporting hazardous wastes by truck appear to be as
large as the potential releases at treatment and disposal
sites.
49. "Derailments and Release of Hazardous Materials," by Theodore
S. Glickman and Donald B. Rosenfield, Management Science,
Volume 30, Number 4, pp. 257-277, April 1984.
Models were used to assess the risks of hazardous
materials releases in train derailments. The results of
a model indicated that: the chances are high (95%) that
no one will be killed when a derailment release accident
takes place.
50. Community Teamwork: Working Together to Promote Hazardous
Materials Transportation Safety. A Guide for Local Officials,
Cambridge Systematics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, May 1983
This Guide is designed to provide ideas on how to develop
a hazardous materials transportation safety program at
the most economical cost.
51. "The Ten Most Critical Issues in Hazardous Materials
Transportation," Transportation Research Circular,
Transportation Research Board, National Research Council,
Number 219, Washington, DC, July 1980.
While somewhat dated, this paper identifies ten major
issues associated with the transportation of hazardous
materials. Most of the issues presented in this 1980
paper are still major issues today.
52 Regulation of the Movement of Hazardous Cargoes, David M.
Baldwin, National Cooperative Highway Research Program,
Transportation Research Board, National Research Council,
Washington, DC, May 1980.
These guidelines were prepared to assist State and local
officials in analysis of alternate routes to be used by
highway vehicles transporting hazmat.
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