BQ1000 Firing Schedule

Plainsman Electric Bisque Firing Schedule

This is for potters firing periodic electric kilns.

Hold at the first step as long as you need to to make sure all water is expelled. This could be an hour for light ware or ten hours for heavy ware. Turning your ventilation fan on will create some draft in the kiln to carry away the water vapor (if you do not have a ventilation system, then you can prop the lid during early stages for heavy loads). Although 250F is higher than the boiling point and we approach it quickly, this has not been found to fracture ware. Holding it at any temperature lower than that will not expel all the water.

Good ventilation is important up to, or even well past red heat, to maintain an oxidation atmosphere to remove crystal water and organics and avoid reducing any iron present (which could black core and flux the clay in the next firing). If you do not have a ventilation system consider slowing down the rate of climb for step 2 if bisque ware shows variation in colors (indicating incomplete oxidation).

Step 3 slows the climb during the last 100F approach to final temperature (about cone 05). This is a good idea to help even out temperature. Fire hotter if your ware is absorbent enough to glaze without difficulty (higher is always better because it burns out more carbon and crystal water). If ware is not strong enough to withstand handling during glazing you need to bisque hotter. If glazes are not going on thick enough it could be because ware is too dense (bisque fired too hot, e.g. dense terra cotta or fritware). But, consider whether its specific gravity and thixotropy are right. If they are the glaze will go on thick enough even if bisque ware is dense.

Hold the temperature longer if the kiln is densely packed.

When ware is thin and of even cross section (and leaves step one completely dry), the rate of climb from 120C to 945C can be quite fast (up to 500F/hr should be fine). If ware is thicker, slow it down.

Many people slow down the climb around 550C to avoid quartz inversion failures, but we have found this is not an issue in bisque firings. Others slow down the cool through this range also, but since bisque ware it porous we have not found cracking an issue with free-falling temperature.

Step

°C

°F

Hold

Time

1

170°C/hr to 120C

306°F/hr to 248F

60min

1:43

3

60°C/hr to 1000C

108°F/hr to 1832F

15min

16:38

4

Freefall°C/hr to 30C

0°F/hr to 86F

16:38

2

170°C/hr to 945C

306°F/hr to 1733F

22:01

Start temperature assumed: 25°C or 75°F

Related Information

Can you bisque fire at cone 02? Yes. But why? How?

The buff stoneware mug on the right was bisque fired at cone 02, the one on the left at cone 06. The cone 02 mug was immersed in the clear glaze for 1 second and allowed to dry. The other was glazed on the inside first, allowed to dry, then glazed on the outside with a 1 second dip. Of course, the cone 02 one took longer to dry. In spite of this, the glaze is thicker and more even on the one bisque fired to cone 02. How is the possible? The secret is the thixotropy of the glaze. When that is right, a one second dip will give the same thickness and evenness whether dry or bisque, 06 or 02. Why bisque fire to cone 02? To get a glazed surface free of pinholes on some stoneware clays.

How much does clay shrink when bisque fired?

Not much. These mugs were exactly the same height before a bisque firing to cone 06. The clay is a porcelain made from kaolin, feldspar and silica.

A once-fire mug vs. a bisque-fired mug

The mug on the right was bisque fired and then glazed, the one on the left was glazed in the green (dry) state using our standard meet-two-colors-at-the-rim glazing method. This method lends itself well to single fire glazing. Notice the glaze did not go on as thick on the once-fired piece (extra attention is needed to make sure it gets on thick enough without cracking the piece). In addition, there are a few pinholes whereas the bisqued piece is flawless. Single firing ware requires extra attention to firing, climbing to a point just before the glaze begins to melt and soaking there to enable hydrates and carbon to escape.

Bisque-glazing vs. green-glazing in medium temperature porcelain

The mug on the left was bisque fired and then glazed, the one on the right was glazed in the green (dry) state. The glazes are the same inside and out but the porcelain one the right is based on New Zealand kaolin (vs. American kaolin on the left). Three secrets for success for the one on the right were: It was glazed inside and out in two operations with a drying phase between, it was heated to about 150F before each application and it was fired with a soaking period (at about 1900F) on the way up to top temperature (cone 6).

How much does the size of a piece change when it is bisque fired? Glaze fired?

Three mugs. Dry. Bisque fired. Glaze fired. Notice the shrinkage at each stage (these were the same size in the dry state).

How much gas escapes firing from cone 03 & 04?

These were fired to cone 03 (upper) and 04 (lower). At cone 03 the loss in weight is 4.54%, at 04 it is 4.45%. That is 0.08% difference. If a mug weighs 250 grams, that is only 0.21 grams. Does not sound like much. But wait. Air weighs 0.001225g/cc. While this is not the exact weight of the gases escaping during firing it suggests that around 170cc of gases need to bubble up through the glaze if the piece was bisque fired at cone 04 and glaze fired to cone 03.

A dried terra cotta mug on the left, bisque fired to cone 06 on the right

These were fired to cone 06, about 1800F. Of course, there is normally some shrinkage so the bisque piece would be a little smaller. Even though the matrix is very porous and is under developed, the iron in the body is already beginning to impose its color.

A crack on the bottom of a bisque fired mug

The stresses that created it were likely already present in the dried ware.

Bisque temperature can be lower than you think

These bowls are made from a talc:ball clay mix, they are used for calcining Alberta and Ravenscrag Slips (each holds about one pound of powder). The one on the right was bisque fired to cone 04 (about 1950F). The one on the left was fired to only 1000F (540C, barely red heat), yet it is sintered and is impervious to water (strong enough to use for our calcining operations). That means that there is potential, in many production situations, to bisque a lot lower (and save energy). Primitive cultures made all their ware a very low temperatures. Tin foil melts at 660C (1220F) yet can be used on campfires for cooking (so the temperatures of primitive wares would have been low indeed).

Clay Cracking During DryingThe best way to avoid drying cracks when making ceramics or pottery is to avoid doing the things that cause it. Do not just blame the clay, anything can technically be dried.