Ramezanzadeh was arrested a few hours after the 2009 disputed presidential election. Shortly before his arrest, Ramezanzadeh released a historic speech posted on the opposition web sites and distributed throughout Iran and all over the world. He was in solitary confinement for 4 months and sentenced to 6 years jail. He is among the Iranian activists for the ethnic groups rights and the head of the Iranian Kurdish Reformists.

1.
Mohammad Khatami
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Seyyed Mohammad Khatami is an Iranian scholar, Shia theologian, and reformist politician. He served as the fifth President of Iran from 3 August 1997 to 3 August 2005 and he also served as Irans Minister of Culture from 1982 to 1992. He was a critic of former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejads government. Little known until that point, Khatami attracted global attention during his first election to the presidency when he captured almost 70% of the vote, Khatami had run on a platform of liberalization and reform. Khatami is known for his proposal of Dialogue Among Civilizations, the United Nations proclaimed the year 2001 as the United Nations Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations, on Khatamis suggestion. On 8 February 2009, Khatami announced that he would run in the 2009 presidential election, on 16 March, he announced he was withdrawing from the race in favor of his long-time friend and adviser, former Prime Minister of Iran, Mir-Hossein Mousavi. In January 2010, Mohammad Khatami stated that he was not in the position to accept the award, Khatami was born on 29 September 1943, in the small town of Ardakan, in Yazd Province. Khatami holds the title of Sayyid, which means that he is a patrilineal descent from Muhammad. He married Zohreh Sadeghi, daughter of a professor of religious law. They have two daughters and one son, Leila, Narges, and Emad, Khatamis father, the late Ayatollah Ruhollah Khatami, was a high-ranking cleric and the Khatib in the city of Yazd in the early years of the Iranian Revolution. Like his father, Khatami rose to prominence when he became an Ayatollah. Khatamis brother, Mohammad-Reza Khatami, was elected as Tehrans first member of parliament in the 6th term of parliament and he also served as the secretary-general of Islamic Iran Participation Front for several years. Mohammad Reza is married to Zahra Eshraghi, granddaughter of Ruhollah Khomeini who is a feminist human rights activist, Khatamis eldest sister, Fatemeh Khatami, was elected as the first representative of the people of Ardakan in 1999 city council elections. Mohammad Khatami is not related to Ahmad Khatami, a hardline cleric and he studied there for seven years and completed the courses to the highest level, Ijtihad. After that, he went to Germany to chair the Islamic Centre in Hamburg from 1978 to 1980 and he is also a member and chairman of the Central Council of the Association of Combatant Clerics. Besides his native language Persian, Khatami speaks Arabic, English, running on a reform agenda, Khatami was elected president on 23 May 1997, in what many have described as a remarkable election. Despite limited television airtime, most of which went to conservative Speaker of Parliament and favored candidate Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri, even in Qom, the center of theological training in Iran and a conservative stronghold, 70% of voters cast their ballots for Khatami. He was re-elected on 8 June 2001 for a second term, the day of his election,2 Khordad,1376, in the Iranian calendar, is regarded as the starting date of reforms in Iran

2.
Gholam-Hossein Elham
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Gholam-Hossein Elham is an Iranian politician who held several posts during the term of the former President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad. Elham was born in western Iran in 1959 and he holds a PhD in criminology from Tarbiat Modares University. Elham was a member of the Guardian Council from 2003 to 2008 and he served as government spokesperson during the first term of the former President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad. He was appointed minister of justice upon the death of Jamal Karimi-Rad and he was in office until 2009 when Morteza Bakhtiari replaced him in the post. Elham served as Ahmedinejads representative to the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcastings supervisory council, elhams spouse, Fatemeh Rajabi, is a journalist known for her support for Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and also for her fierce criticism of former-presidents Akbar Rafsanjani and Mohammad Khatami. Council for Spreading Mahmoud Ahmadinejads Thoughts Media related to Gholam-Hossein Elham at Wikimedia Commons Official website

3.
Kurdistan Province
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The province of Kurdistan is 28,817 km² in area which encompasses just one-fourth of the Kurdish inhabited areas of Iran or Iranian Kurdistan. It is located in the west of Iran, in Region 3, and bound by Iraq on the west, the capital of Kurdistan Province is the city of Sanandaj. Other counties with their cities are Marivan, Baneh, Saqqez, Qorveh, Piranshahr, Bijar, Kamyaran, Dehgolan, Diwandarreh. The mountainous lands of this area first encouraged Iranian-speaking tribes to settle in this region after their immigration to Iran. It was from here where the first plan to overthrow the Assyrian Empire began, leading to their defeat in 612 BCE, during the next few hundred years, the area of present-day Kurdistan Province became the arena of conflict between various invaders, including the Mongols and Timurids. Its steady decline began in the 16th century, when sea traffic replaced the famous Silk Road and it remained the capital for nearly one-and-a-half centuries, until, in 1372 CE, the government moved to Hassanabad fort,6 km south of Sanandaj. Around 14th century, people from Ardalan tribe established themselves in Sinne as the rulers of this region, according to Sharafnama written by Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi, the earliest known leader of the tribe, Bawa Ardalan, was a descendant of Ahmad bin Marwan, who ruled in Diyarbakır. He settled down among the Gorani people in Kurdistan and toward the end of the Mongol period took over the Şare Zor region and he is considered to be the founder of the Ardalan principality. The territories of Zardiawa, Khanaqin, Kirkuk, and Kifri, the capital city of the principality was first in Sharazor, but was moved to Sinne later on. During the reign of Shah Ismail I, the founder of Safavid dynasty, when Soleiman Khan Ardalan came to power in 1630 CE, the throne was transferred to Sanandaj, and, from then on, the rulers contributed to the flourishing and development of the area. The Ardalan Dynasty continued to rule the region until the Qajar monarch Nasser-al-Din Shah ended their rule in 1867 CE, Kurdistan Province is a mountainous region that can be topographically divided into a western and an eastern section at Sanandaj. As a result of its elevation and mountains, Kurdistan province has many rivers, lakes, glaciers and caves, consequently, Kurdistan has always attracted a large number of tourists and fans of mountaineering, ski and water-sports. The Zarrineh River,302 km long, is one of the longest rivers of this province and its banks offer great opportunities for recreation and the rivers plentiful water renders itself ideal for water sports. This river runs northwards and ultimately pours into Lake Urmia, the Sirvan River is another prominent river in this province. It runs over a distance, eventually to join the Tigris in Iraq. The banks of river are remarkably attractive. The Simineh River is also an important river in this province, a large number of marine species and birds live on the banks of the provinces numerous rivers which they seem to find ideal habitats. Lake Zarivar is the most beautiful water-way of the province, which lies at the feet to high mountains, the lake has a maximum depth of 50 m and an average depth of 3 m

4.
Mohammad Reza Rahimi
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Mohammad Reza Rahimi is an Iranian politician who was first vice president from 13 September 2009 until 3 August 2013. His previous posts included governor of the Kurdistan province and vice president for parliamentary affairs, on 15 February 2015, Rahimi was convicted of corruption and is currently jailed in Evin Prison. He was allegedly head of the Fatemi Circle, Rahimi was born into a Kurdish Shiite family on 11 January 1949 in a village, Serishabad, in Irans Kurdistan province. He received a law degree from Tehran University, Rahimi also claims to hold a Ph. D. from Oxford University but no record of his name has been found in the university and also this claim has been vastly disputed by many Iranian sources. Rahimi is considered to be the second high-ranking member of Ahmadinejads administration to have lied about receiving a PhD from Oxford University and he has also claimed to have a Ph. D. from Belford University, characterized as just one of hundreds of diploma mills easily accessible online. Alef, an Iranian site that belongs to Ahmad Tavakkoli, published documents purporting to show fraudulent documents created by Rahimi, Rahimi worked as a public prosecutor in Qorveh and Sanandaj. He headed the city council of Sanandaj, too, during this period, he taught law at the school of law at Tehran Azad University and served as head of the school for a short time. Rahimi was elected as member of the Parliament of Iran from his province of birth Kurdistan in Legislative election of 1980 as a member of Islamic Republican Party and he was in Parliament until 1992 when he resigned from his seat. He held many positions when he was a MP such as head of arts commission, Rahimi was not in Khatamis list of governors. During his governorship, he firstly met Mahmoud Ahmedinejad and he was active in Presidential campaign of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad during 2005 presidential election. Ahmadinejad named Rahimi as his vice president for legal and parliamentary affairs in 2008 and he was acting president of Iran from 20 April 2011 to 1 May 2011 when president Ahmadinejad boycotted his official duties. He run for the presidency of Iran in the 2013 elections, after the election of Hassan Rouhani as the president, his term ended as first vice president. Based on the claims of at least two members of the Iranian Parliament, Rahimi was the head of a band that became known as Fatemi Circle. This circle had an office in Fatemi street in Tehran, naderan, a member of Majlis who is close to Ahmad Tavakkoli, has criticized the judicial system for not arresting him. Motahari, another member of Majlis, has asked Ahmadinejad to cooperate with judicial system on this issue, in January 2015, Iran’s judiciary announced that Rahimi has been sentenced to 5 years in prison and an equivalent of $1 million fine. On 1 September 2014, Rahimi was sentenced to a prison term, the sentence needs to be finalized by a Court of Appeal for details of the indictment to be revealed. On 21 January 2015, Irans supreme court sentenced Rahimi to five years and 91 days in prison, Rahimi was also ordered to pay a compensation equivalent to 28.5 billion rials. Rahimi stated that the Talmud teaches how to destroy non-Jews so as to protect an embryo in the womb of a Jewish mother and he stated his proof is that there is not one single Zionist who is an addict

5.
Bijar
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Bījār is a city in and capital of Bijar County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2011 census, its population was 47,926, with an elevation of 1,940 metres, Bijar is called the Roof of Iran. Bijar is known internationally for its elegant and ancient carpet and rug designs, the term bijar could be a variation of bajar and the complete name of the city is Bijar-e Garrus. Among other suggested etymology for bijar are bid-zar which is linguistically unlikely, historically, Bijar has been part of Garrus administration unit. Before the creation of Zanjan province by the Pahlavi regime, the region of Garrus covered Suhreward, the birthplace of Shahab al-Din Suhrewardi. The city was mentioned in the 15th century as a village belonging to Shah Ismail the first ruler of the Safavid dynasty, during World War I it was besieged and occupied by Russian, British, and Ottoman troops. The historical fort of Qam Cheqay in valley of kings probably dates back to the Median era, the castle has been used until the Sasanid era and it is an example of ancient architecture of Kurdistan. Another historical building, Emamzadeh Aqil, located in Hasan Abad 45 km east of Bijar is one of the remaining Saljugi buildings, the square building with the collapsed dome has been home to Islamic religious texts written in Kufi script. Bijars bazaar, with its design is one of the attractions of the city. The roofed bazaar built in the Qajar era is much younger than the Safavid era old bazaar of Sanadaj, the bazaar of Bijar consists of a main north-south roofed pathway and an eastern section and a western section. The Iranian Peyam Nur university has opened a branch in Bijar-e Garrus, prominent politicians and army officers in Iranian army have come from Bijar. Amir Nezam Garrusi was born in Bijar to a Kabudvand family, as the colonel of Garrus regiment, he accompanied Muhammad Ali Shahs unsuccessful Harat campaign. As a diplomat in Paris, he had dinners with the Napeleon, general Garrusi later joined the forces for the 1880 suppression of Kurdish uprising by the Naqshibandi Shaikh Obeidulah. He also played a part in murdering Cewer Agha, the predecessor of Simko. Dr. Ramezanzadeh, the spokesman of Khatami government has family connections to Bijar, Mr Shahriari, a prominent Iranian TV personality comes from Bijar. In June 2008, 21-year-old Hana Abdi, former student of Payam Nur University of Bijar, according to Mr Sharif, her attorney, Iranian revolutionary court has charged her with threat against national security

6.
Iran
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Iran, also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East, with 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the worlds 17th-most-populous country. It is the country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The countrys central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, Tehran is the countrys capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is the site of to one of the worlds oldest civilizations, the area was first unified by the Iranian Medes in 625 BC, who became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great, under the Sassanid Dynasty, Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world for the next four centuries. Beginning in 633 AD, Arabs conquered Iran and largely displaced the indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism by Islam, Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. During the 18th century, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, through the late 18th and 19th centuries, a series of conflicts with Russia led to significant territorial losses and the erosion of sovereignty. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a monarchy and the countrys first legislative body. Following a coup instigated by the U. K. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution, Irans rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and 11th-largest in the world. Iran is a member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC. Its political system is based on the 1979 Constitution which combines elements of a democracy with a theocracy governed by Islamic jurists under the concept of a Supreme Leadership. A multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, most inhabitants are Shia Muslims, the largest ethnic groups in Iran are the Persians, Azeris, Kurds and Lurs. Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis, meaning land of the Persians. As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, however, Persis was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the end of the Zagros Mountains. In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably

7.
Islamic Iran Participation Front
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The Islamic Iran Participation Front is a reformist political party in Iran. It is sometimes described as the most dominant member within the 2nd of Khordad Front, according to Muhammad Sahimi, it is the largest political party in Iran, with thousands of members, tens of thousands of activists and sympathizers, and offices in most cities and towns. It has a platform and program for running the country. Founded in late 1998, the motto of the IIPF is Iran for all Iranians. While still backing Islam, the religion of Iran, the party is among the evangelizers of democracy in Iran. Some members of the front however belong to different factions and ideologies and it was led by former Secretary-General of the party, Mohammad Reza Khatami before the election of Mohsen Mirdamadi as new Secretary-General in 9th congress. In spring of 2005, this party supported Mostafa Moin in the election together with its unofficial daily Eqbal which was disestablished in July 2005. The decision center of the party is the Central Council, which has thirty members

8.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website

9.
KU Leuven
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The Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, also known as KU Leuven or University of Leuven, is a Dutch-speaking university in Leuven, Flanders, Belgium. The University of Leuven was founded at the centre of the town of Leuven in 1425. Since the fifteenth century, Louvain, as it is often called by French speaking Belgians, has been a major contributor to the development of Catholic theology. It is considered the oldest Catholic university still in existence, with 55,484 students in 2014–2015, the KU Leuven is the largest university in Belgium and the Low Countries. In addition to its campus in Leuven, it has satellite campuses in Kortrijk, Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Ostend, Geel, Diepenbeek, Aalst, Sint-Katelijne-Waver. The university now offers several programs in English. KU Leuven is consistently considered to be within the top 100 universities of the world, the KU Leuven is a strongly research-oriented university. Among its many accolades is to be reckoned among the top universities of Europe and its current 2015-2016 QS World University Ranking position is 82nd. KU Leuven Institute of Philosophy current ranks 24th in the world, in 2016, KU Leuven was ranked first on the Reuters list of Europes most innovative universities. KU Leuven Law School currently ranks 26th in the world, most courses, however, are taught in Dutch. The KU Leuven is a member of the Coimbra Group as well as of the LERU Group, since August 2013, the university has been led by Rik Torfs who replaced former rector Mark Waer. The Belgian archbishop, André-Joseph Léonard is the current Grand Chancellor, the KU Leuven is dedicated to Mary, the mother of Jesus, under her traditional attribute as Seat of Wisdom, and organizes an annual celebration on 2 February in her honour. On that day, the university awards its honorary doctorates. The seal used by the university shows the statue of the Sedes Sapientiae, Leuven. Despite its Catholic origin, the university students from different faith communities. For the history of the university see Catholic University of Leuven. Pieter De Somer became the first rector of the KU Leuven, in 1972, the KU Leuven set up a separate entity, Leuven Research & Development, to support industrial and commercial applications of university research. It has led to numerous spin-offs, such as the technology company Metris, on 11 July 2002, the KU Leuven became the dominant institution in the KU Leuven Association

10.
Persian language
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Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi, is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and it is mostly written in the Persian alphabet, a modified variant of the Arabic script. Its grammar is similar to that of many contemporary European languages, Persian gets its name from its origin at the capital of the Achaemenid Empire, Persis, hence the name Persian. A Persian-speaking person may be referred to as Persophone, there are approximately 110 million Persian speakers worldwide, with the language holding official status in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. For centuries, Persian has also been a cultural language in other regions of Western Asia, Central Asia. It also exerted influence on Arabic, particularly Bahrani Arabic. Persian is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-European family, other Western Iranian languages are the Kurdish languages, Gilaki, Mazanderani, Talysh, and Balochi. Persian is classified as a member of the Southwestern subgroup within Western Iranian along with Lari, Kumzari, in Persian, the language is known by several names, Western Persian, Parsi or Farsi has been the name used by all native speakers until the 20th century. Since the latter decades of the 20th century, for reasons, in English. Tajiki is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by the Tajiks, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Persian as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century. Native Iranian Persian speakers call it Fārsi, Farsi is the Arabicized form of Pārsi, subsequent to Muslim conquest of Persia, due to a lack of the phoneme /p/ in Standard Arabic. The origin of the name Farsi and the place of origin of the language which is Fars Province is the Arabicized form of Pārs, in English, this language has historically been known as Persian, though Farsi has also gained some currency. Farsi is encountered in some literature as a name for the language. In modern English the word Farsi refers to the language while Parsi describes Zoroastrians, some Persian language scholars such as Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, and University of Arizona professor Kamran Talattof, have also rejected the usage of Farsi in their articles. The international language-encoding standard ISO 639-1 uses the code fa, as its system is mostly based on the local names. The more detailed standard ISO 639-3 uses the name Persian for the dialect continuum spoken across Iran and Afghanistan and this consists of the individual languages Dari and Iranian Persian. Currently, Voice of America, BBC World Service, Deutsche Welle, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty also includes a Tajik service and an Afghan service. This is also the case for the American Association of Teachers of Persian, The Centre for Promotion of Persian Language and Literature, Persian is an Iranian language belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages

11.
Kurds
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The Kurds are culturally and linguistically closely related to the Iranian peoples and, as a result, are often themselves classified as an Iranian people. A recent Kurdish diaspora has also developed in Western countries, primarily in Germany, the Kurdish language refers collectively to the related dialects spoken by the Kurds. It is mainly spoken in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria. Kurdish holds official status in Iraq as a national language alongside Arabic, is recognized in Iran as a regional language, the Kurdish languages belong to the northwestern sub‑group of the Iranian languages, which in turn belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. According to Mackenzie, there are few features that all Kurdish dialects have in common. And the fact that this reflects the sense of ethnic identity and unity of the Kurds. The number of Kurds living in Southwest Asia is estimated at close to 30 million, Kurds comprise anywhere from 18% to 20% of the population in Turkey, possibly as high as 25%,15 to 20% in Iraq, 10% in Iran, and 9% in Syria. Kurds form regional majorities in all four of these countries, viz. in Turkish Kurdistan, the Kurds are the fourth largest ethnic group in West Asia after the Arabs, Persians, and Turks. The total number of Kurds in 1991 was placed at 22.5 million, with 48% of this number living in Turkey, 18% in Iraq, 24% in Iran, and 4% in Syria. Recent emigration accounts for a population of close to 1.5 million in Western countries and this groups population was estimated at close to 0.4 million in 1990. The land of Karda is mentioned on a Sumerian clay-tablet dated to the 3rd millennium B. C. This land was inhabited by the people of Su who dwelt in the regions of Lake Van. Other Sumerian clay-tables referred the people, who lived in the land of Karda, as the Qarduchi and the Qurti. Many Kurds consider themselves descended from the Medes, an ancient Iranian people, the claimed Median descent is reflected in the words of the Kurdish national anthem, We are the children of the Medes and Kai Khosrow. The Kurdish languages form a subgroup of the Northwestern Iranian languages like Median, some researchers consider the independent Kardouchoi as the ancestors of the Kurds. The term Kurd, however, is first encountered in Arabic sources of the seventh century, the Kurds have ethnically diverse origins. During the Sassanid era, in Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan, after initially sustaining a heavy defeat, Ardashir I was successful in subjugating the Kurds. In a letter Ardashir I received from his foe, Ardavan V, the usage of the term Kurd during this time period most likely was a social term, designating Northwestern Iranian nomads, rather than a concrete ethnic group

12.
Spokesperson
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A spokesman is someone engaged or elected to speak on behalf of others. Celebrity spokesmen such as local and national sports stars or television/film stars are often chosen as spokespeople for commercial advertising. Unlike an individual giving a personal testimonial, it is the job of a spokesman to faithfully represent and advocate for the organizations positions, as a result, spokesmen are generally selected from experienced, long-time employees or other people who are known to support the organizations goals. A corporation may be represented in public by its executive officer, chairman or president, chief financial officer. In addition, on a level and for more routine announcements, the job may be delegated to the corporate communications or investor relations departments. In the particle physics community, large collaborations of physicists elect one spokesmen or leader of the collaboration, the spokesman in such cases is the lead scientist of the collaboration, not a public speaker. Brand ambassador Press agent Press secretary Press service

13.
Muhammad Khatami
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Seyyed Mohammad Khatami is an Iranian scholar, Shia theologian, and reformist politician. He served as the fifth President of Iran from 3 August 1997 to 3 August 2005 and he also served as Irans Minister of Culture from 1982 to 1992. He was a critic of former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejads government. Little known until that point, Khatami attracted global attention during his first election to the presidency when he captured almost 70% of the vote, Khatami had run on a platform of liberalization and reform. Khatami is known for his proposal of Dialogue Among Civilizations, the United Nations proclaimed the year 2001 as the United Nations Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations, on Khatamis suggestion. On 8 February 2009, Khatami announced that he would run in the 2009 presidential election, on 16 March, he announced he was withdrawing from the race in favor of his long-time friend and adviser, former Prime Minister of Iran, Mir-Hossein Mousavi. In January 2010, Mohammad Khatami stated that he was not in the position to accept the award, Khatami was born on 29 September 1943, in the small town of Ardakan, in Yazd Province. Khatami holds the title of Sayyid, which means that he is a patrilineal descent from Muhammad. He married Zohreh Sadeghi, daughter of a professor of religious law. They have two daughters and one son, Leila, Narges, and Emad, Khatamis father, the late Ayatollah Ruhollah Khatami, was a high-ranking cleric and the Khatib in the city of Yazd in the early years of the Iranian Revolution. Like his father, Khatami rose to prominence when he became an Ayatollah. Khatamis brother, Mohammad-Reza Khatami, was elected as Tehrans first member of parliament in the 6th term of parliament and he also served as the secretary-general of Islamic Iran Participation Front for several years. Mohammad Reza is married to Zahra Eshraghi, granddaughter of Ruhollah Khomeini who is a feminist human rights activist, Khatamis eldest sister, Fatemeh Khatami, was elected as the first representative of the people of Ardakan in 1999 city council elections. Mohammad Khatami is not related to Ahmad Khatami, a hardline cleric and he studied there for seven years and completed the courses to the highest level, Ijtihad. After that, he went to Germany to chair the Islamic Centre in Hamburg from 1978 to 1980 and he is also a member and chairman of the Central Council of the Association of Combatant Clerics. Besides his native language Persian, Khatami speaks Arabic, English, running on a reform agenda, Khatami was elected president on 23 May 1997, in what many have described as a remarkable election. Despite limited television airtime, most of which went to conservative Speaker of Parliament and favored candidate Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri, even in Qom, the center of theological training in Iran and a conservative stronghold, 70% of voters cast their ballots for Khatami. He was re-elected on 8 June 2001 for a second term, the day of his election,2 Khordad,1376, in the Iranian calendar, is regarded as the starting date of reforms in Iran

14.
University of Tehran
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The University of Tehran, also known as Tehran University and UT, is Irans oldest modern university. It is also Irans most prestigious university and it is almost always ranked as the best university in Iran in national and international rankings. It is also the premier knowledge producing institute among all OIC countries, the university offers 111 bachelors degree programs,177 masters degree programs, and 156 Ph. D. programs. Many of the departments were absorbed into the University of Tehran from the Dar al-Funun established in 1851, the main campus of the University is located in the central part of the city. The main gate of the University with its design and modern architecture is the logo of the University and in a more general sense. The University is one of the attractions, hosting many international and cultural events attracting academia. The major festive of Friday Prayers of the capital is held at the University’s main campus every Friday, Tehran University consistently makes the number one choice of qualifying applicants among all other universities of Iran. Sadiq considered the letter an invitation to outline a comprehensive scheme for the establishment of a University, in January 1933, during the cabinet meeting, the subject was brought up. It is a pity that this city lags far behind other countries of the world. His words had a impact on everyone in the meeting, resulting in the acceptance of the proposal. By the orders of Rezā Shāh, the compound of Jalaliyeh garden was selected, Jalaliyeh garden was located in the north of the then Tehran between Amirabad village and the northern trench of Tehran. This beautiful garden, full of orchards was founded in the early 1900s during the years of Nasir ad- Din Shah. The influences of early 20th century modernist architecture are today readily visible on the campus grounds of the University. The University of Tehran officially inaugurated in 1934, the Amir-abad campus was added in 1945 after American troops left the property as World War II was coming to an end. The university admitted women as students for the first time in 1937, in 1935, the formerly males-only university opened its doors to women as part of the countrys sweeping universal education policy. With over 13,000 current students, TUMS remains the best medical school in Iran, at present, UT comprises 40 faculties, institutes, as well as centers of research and education. The university consists of seven campuses, The Central Pardis Campus, amir Abad Campus is where most of the dormitories are located. The University of Tehran hosts many cultural and academic activities on the national and international levels, UT enjoys the cooperation of foreign countries in holding international conferences, seminars and workshops

15.
Doctorate
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There are a variety of doctoral degrees, with the most common being the Doctor of Philosophy, which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to the scientific disciplines. The term doctor derives from the Latin docere meaning to teach, the doctorate appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach Latin at a university. Its roots can be traced to the church in which the term doctor referred to the Apostles, church fathers. The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved to the Catholic church, the Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 guaranteed the access—at that time largely free of charge—of all able applicants. This right remained a bone of contention between the authorities and universities that were slowly distancing themselves from the Church. The right was granted by the pope to the University of Paris in 1213 where it became a universal license to teach, according to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150. The so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum of the Middle Ages included only theology, law, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany in the 17th century. The term philosophy does not refer solely to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning. In most of Europe, all fields were traditionally known as philosophy, the doctorate of philosophy adheres to this historic convention, even though the degrees are not always for the study of philosophy. D. University doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild, the traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of Masters of Arts was seven years, matching the apprenticeship term for other occupations. Originally the terms master and doctor were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the masters degree, University degrees, including doctorates, were originally restricted to men. The use and meaning of the doctorate has changed over time, for instance, until the early 20th century few academic staff or professors in English-speaking universities held doctorates, except for very senior scholars and those in holy orders. After that time the German practice of requiring lecturers to have completed a research doctorate spread, universities shift to research-oriented education increased the doctorates importance. Today, a doctorate or its equivalent is generally a prerequisite for an academic career. Professional doctorates developed in the United States from the 19th century onward, the first professional doctorate to be offered in the United States was the M. D. The MD became the standard first degree in medicine during the 19th century, the MD, as the standard qualifying degree in medicine, gave that profession the ability to set and raise standards for entry into professional practice. The modern research degree, in the shape of the German-style Ph. D. was first awarded in the U. S. in 1861, in the UK, research doctorates initially took the form of higher doctorates, introduced from 1882 onwards. The PhD spread to the UK from the US via Canada, following the MD, the next professional doctorate, the Juris Doctor, was established by Chicago University in 1902

16.
Belgium
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Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie

17.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records

18.
Politics of Iran
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The politics of Iran take place in a framework of a theocracy in a format of syncretic politics that is guided by an Islamic ideology. Iran has a president, parliament, Assembly of Experts. According to the constitution all candidates running for these positions must be vetted by the Guardian Council before being elected, in addition, there are representatives elected from appointed organizations to protect the states Islamic character. The early days of the government were characterized by political tumult. In November 1979 the American embassy was seized and its occupants taken hostage, the eight-year Iran–Iraq War killed hundreds of thousands and cost the country billions of dollars. S. Government and some others have accused Iran of sponsoring, emigration has lost Iran millions of entrepreneurs, professionals, technicians, and skilled craftspeople and their capital. For this and other reasons Irans economy has not prospered, the Islamic Republic Party was Irans ruling political party and for years its only political party until its dissolution in 1987. After the war, new reformist/progressive parties had started to form, after the election of Mohammad Khatami in 1997, more parties started to work, mostly of the reformist movement and opposed by hard-liners. This led to incorporation and official activity of other groups. After the war ended in 1988, reformist and progressive candidates won four out of six presidential elections in Iran, the Iranian Government is opposed by several armed terrorist groups, including the Mojahedin-e-Khalq, the Peoples Fedayeen, and the Kurdish Democratic Party. For other political parties see List of political parties in Iran and these are the most recent elections that have taken place. The military and the Corps of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution are charged with defending Irans borders, Irans fiscal year goes from March 21 to March 20 of the following year. Once approved by Majlis, the bill still needs to be ratified by the Guardian Council, the bill will be sent back to the parliament for amendments if it is voted down by the Guardian Council. The Expediency Council acts as arbiter in any dispute. Following annual approval of the budget by Majlis, the central bank presents a detailed monetary and credit policy to the Money. Thereafter, major elements of these policies are incorporated into the economic development plan. The 5-year plan is part of Vision 2025, a strategy for sustainable growth. A unique feature of Irans economy is the size of the religious foundations whose combined budgets make up more than 30% that of the central government

National Budget Expenditures for Social and Economic Purposes, Fiscal Year 2004. Government spending as percent of total budget was 6% for health care, 16% for education and 8% for the military in the period 1992–2000 and contributed to an average annual inflation rate of 14 percent in the period 2000–2008.