The partnership between humans and animals dates back to the first domestication of animals in the Stone Age, as long as 9,000 years ago. But never have animals provided such dedicated and particular help to humans as they do today in the form of trained service, or assistance, to people with disabilities. These animals, usually dogs, help people accomplish tasks that would otherwise be prohibitively difficult or simply impossible. Service animals are not pets but working animals doing a job; thus, legislation such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) in the United States and the Disability Discrimination Act (1995) in the United Kingdom makes service animals exempt from rules that prohibit animals from public places and businesses.

The most familiar service animals are guide dogs who help visually impaired people move about safely. Systematic training of guide dogs originated in Germany during World War I to aid blinded veterans. In the late 1920s Dorothy Harrison Eustis, an American dog trainer living in Switzerland, heard of the program and wrote a magazine article about it. The publicity led her to her first student, Morris Frank, with whose help she established a similar training school in the United States in 1929, the Seeing Eye (now located in New Jersey).

Guide-dog puppies are often bred for the purpose by the various organizations that train dogs. German shepherds, Labrador retrievers, and Labrador-golden retriever crosses are the most widely used breeds because of their calm temperaments, intelligence, natural desire to be helpful, and good constitutions. Puppies spend their first year with foster families who socialize them and prepare them for later training by teaching them basic obedience skills. At the age of approximately 18 months, guide dogs enter formal training, which lasts from about three to five months. During this period the dogs learn to adjust to a harness, stop at curbs, gauge the human partner’s height when traveling in low or obstructed places, and disobey a command when obedience will endanger the person.

In recent years, hearing dogs have become increasingly common. These dogs, usually mixed-breed rescues from animal shelters, are trained to alert their human partners to ordinary sounds such as an alarm clock, a baby’s cry, or a telephone. The dogs raise the alert by touching the partner with a paw and then leading him or her to the source of the sound. They are also trained to recognize danger signals such as fire alarms and sounds of intruders—again, by touching with a paw and then lying down in a special “alert” posture, at which time the human partner can take appropriate action.

Dogs can be trained for a great variety of assistance purposes. For example, Great Plains Assistance Dogs Foundation trains several categories of assistance animals, including service dogs, who help people who use wheelchairs and other mobility devices; hearing dogs; seizure-alert or -response dogs, who help persons with seizure disorders by activating an electronic alert system when symptoms occur (some can even predict the onset of a seizure); and therapeutic companion dogs, who provide emotional support for people in hospices, hospitals, and other situations in which loneliness and lack of stimulation are continual problems. There are many programs that train and certify pet animals, especially dogs and cats, as “therapy animals” who visit such institutions and bring much-welcomed companionship to patients.

Animals are also used in programs such as animal-assisted therapy (AAT). In the words of the Delta Society, AAT is a “goal-directed intervention” that utilizes the motivating and rewarding presence of animals, facilitated by trained human professionals, to help patients make cognitive and physical improvements. For example, an elderly patient in a nursing home might be given the task of buckling a dog’s collar or feeding small treats to a cat, activities that enhance fine motor skills. Goals are set for the patients, and their progress is measured.

Dogs and cats are not the only animals who can assist humans with disabilities. Capuchin monkeys—small, quick, and intelligent—can help people who are paralyzed or have other severe impairments to their mobility, such as multiple sclerosis. These monkeys perform essential tasks such as turning on lights and picking up dropped objects. One of the more unusual assistance animals is the guide horse. An experimental program in the United States trains miniature horses to guide the visually impaired in the same way that guide dogs do. The tiny horses may be an alternative for people who are allergic to dogs or who have equestrian backgrounds and are more comfortable with horses.

Certain dogs and other animals have special skills similar to those of the seizure-assistance dogs, such as the ability to detect a diabetic’s drop in blood sugar and alert the person before danger occurs. The sometimes uncanny natural abilities of animals can benefit humans in many ways. Reputable organizations that train assistance animals also take steps to ensure that the animals are cherished and lead rewarding, enjoyable, and healthy lives. When the animals’ helping careers are over, provision is made for their well-deserved retirement.

How Can I Help?

Partners in Independence: A Success Story of Dogs and the Disabled
Ed Eames and Toni Eames (2nd ed., 2004)

Beyond dogs that guide the visually impaired there exists a panoply of other types of assistance dogs. They can alert epileptics to an impending seizure, open doors and retrieve objects for people who have limited mobility, or alert the hearing impaired to sounds and other environmental cues, making possible a greater level of independence and activity for people with disabilities of all kinds. The authors (who are legally blind) are educators and frequent contributors to dog publications who themselves benefit from partnership with such animals.

Partners in Independence is an upbeat and inspiring work on assistance dogs and the humans whose lives they benefit. It treats many facets of the subject, including the disability rights movement, caring for and traveling with assistance animals, the history of the assistance dog movement, and becoming a trainer. Stories on the experiences of individuals with their animal helpers enrich the narrative.

Comments

Hello, I am looking for information on service/assistance animals other than dogs and horses.

Is there anything that describes the kind of training and tasks a service cat or bird (or other animal) can do? Where are the schools for these animals?

Thank you.

Eve Lippold

Written by Gordon Lagrow on December 19, 2007.

Is there a limit to the number of service animals a person may have? I have a dog/cat and a bird. My dog is a service animal while my cat/bird are emotional support animals. Together they give me a reason to get out of bed everyday!

My landlords says he allows 2 pets only and that I have 3 so one must now go!

Written by Pami Perry on December 22, 2007.

the law says you can have two service animal one that just stays in your home and does not go out in public the other one goes out in public.
and you do not have to pay a pet deposited but must have a doctor note to have your cat as emotionl suppot animal and show landlord. and cat must be trained to a harness and leash and must go to do it job outside can’t use a cat box to do it job other wise it’s not a service animal. cat must be trained just like you train your service dog, other wise it not a service cat and must have a scarf or vest on cat blue or green and the medical alert animal patch on or just service animal patch go to pup’parel on-line to order your patches and cat must be clicker trained also or landlord can make you find another home for your cat if not trained right.there is know place that I know of that traines cat or birds you have to self-train your own. I’m a author and I’m working on a book now about service dogs.
I hope this well help you.

Written by d on February 9, 2008.

The above poster is incorrect.

Service animals are not pets; rules for pets do not apply to them. You may have as many as you require.

Written by Shane Eddie on February 20, 2008.

Mr. or Mrs. Pami perry whatever you said is all a lie. the only truthful thing you said was you can only have 2 sevice pets but you only and if you get 2 they should both be able to go outside and you don’t leave the other one inside cause if you just leave it inside you might as well get one service dog and one house pet.

Written by MarcÃ­lio B. Gome on February 20, 2008.

IÂ´d like to know if there is something about cats at working.

Written by Jack on March 8, 2008.

Not true, it depends if you bought the dog trained or if you self trained.
some training place were you by the service dog ask you if you have any other animals and if you say yes they will not let you get a service dog from them. they want it just to be you and your service dog so you can bond to just the dog.

If you self-train you can have as many pets as you like along with the service dog.

The lady name pami was right you can have two service dogs one that just stay home. because not all service dog like to be out in public and don’t do good but at home they will alert you and do the task at home. she just didn’t word it right.

A friend of mine her one dog did not like working outside the home only at home, so he stay home she got another dog for when she goes out in public.

Please get your story rigth before posting please!

Written by diana on March 10, 2008.

hi i also have to service animals the town said i need to get ride of one just kill it thay told my i am so confused pleaes help diana

I just read your January 22nd, issue on service animals. I am a teacher in Ontario and this area of knowledge is a new addition to our curriculum expectations. I found your article wonderfully informative and will certainly share such with my students, however being in grade 1 and 2 I was wondering if you were at all familiar with any picture books or short books that told stories about such animals so that I could integrate into my literacy program as well. Any advice or direction would be greatly appreciated.
Valika

I would check the websites of some of the guide-dog societies and the Delta Society (see the links we gave above); they usually have online stores that sell books. Even though it may be a bit difficult to find books specifically about service animals, I would think that story books for children should be easier to find than books for adults. If I find other leads on this, I’ll post them here.

I am Deaf,defend dogs for the deaf in sign language communication for dogs

Written by Mrs. allison on July 27, 2008.

Your local library will have books on service animals in the jr. nonfiction section. There are several books avaliable.
It is impossible to know what the law about how many service animals you can have is without knowing where the poster lives. Laws differ from country to country and from state to state.

Written by amilcar lopez on September 29, 2008.

this inspired me!

Written by Bill skaer on November 4, 2008.

Are there any rules or etiquette requiring that I have may service animal with me at ALL times. I didn’t take him out one day because of the weather and a co-worker who works with service animals gave me a bad time about it. I have the dog for anxiety issues.

Written by pat harris on November 21, 2008.

I found out that 36 dogs was killed due to some kind of disease here in Jacksonsonville Arkansas. I love my dog and do wish him to be a vic. what do Ido?

Written by Pami on November 28, 2008.

Yes, You can use a service Cat, Just like you would a service dog. Most people that use a cat use a savannah cat you can go online to find out more about these cats. Why they use this type of cat is because they are the size of some dogs, and can walk good on a leash and harness, and you can train them to do the same things you would train a service dog to do for you. They are not use for people that use a wheelchair. Also they fit into a service dog vest with patches on go online to Pup’parel to buy vest and patches.
She has a cat patch that you can have her put down on it Service Cat or Service Animal also you can us the bar patches that say service animals. It also best to put the patch on that say Access Required By Law on vest, so it will be easier to go out in public and ride the public buses. You need some type of patch that says do not pet on top of vest. All cats must have a monthly bath just like service dog do they must be keeped clean and brush to be out in public. Also she has service dog law card.
Go online to ADI and make a copy of the part that says any spices can be a service animal carry this in the cats vest pocket, so you can show people that don’t think Service Cats are a real service animal. Keep the law card also in pocket.
All places that you rent from must let you have your Service cat and you don’t have to pay a pet deposit, under the law!
All service cats must have a cat license on and you don’t have to pay for it because it a service animal but cat must be full trained first before it gets it free. Pup’parel also has Service Animal ID Badges, 100% better to have your cat wear one when out in public It helps people know it a real service animal. If you don’t see the service animal ID badge up on her website yet. Email the website or call.
GOOD LUCK IN TRAINING YOUR SERVICE CAT!!!

Written by Pami on November 29, 2008.

This is for Bill Skaer Yes you need to have your service dog with you at all times when out in public or you did not need a service dog. The only time the dog is not to go out in public if the service dog is sick or is not behaving out in public then you need to take the dog home and do some more training.
Service Puppy in training are under a different rule. They don’t go out all the time. But a fully train service dog needs to be with you 24/7
If you don’t want to take the service dog out because of bad weather that is not good enough the dog needs to be with you. How do you know you are not going to have a anxiety when you don’t have your Service Dog with you.
Where you work could say no you can’t bring your Service Dog with you anymore because you don’t need it all the type.
I know a website that has Service Dogs raincoats vest for service dogs go online to Pup’parel also you would need to have three patches on raincot one on each side of raincoat. and some type of do not pet patch on top of raincoat have them sew the patches on.
If you can’t buy this or take your dog to work on bad weather days then you just have a pet!
Then stop saying it a Service Dog it puts a bad name on people that really do have a true Service Dog that take their Service Dog with them 24/7
I can see why your co-worker think this way.
I hope you will start doing this! or don’t have a service dog anymore. Also the website is coming out with Service animal ID badges email the website and ask to see the ID badge they made for Taffy. This will show people that your service dog is a true service dog.

Written by jamie on February 11, 2009.

How do you find out who can write for a service animal?

Written by Elizabeth on March 2, 2009.

I live in wisconsin and my husband (quadraplegic), myself (physically) and i have 2 mentally disabled children. How do you decide and advovate for more then one service animal because my service dog just can’t do it all!!!!!!

Written by Tom on April 1, 2009.

We need to get a law pass in each state were people that self-train their own service dog would have to have some type of uniform on so the public will know its not a pet and people just would not come up and pet your dog!
I have a service dog and at one type I nerver put a uniform on my SD, but now I do and it makes it so easy and people know now she a true service dog not just a pet! Some people say they can afford to by a uniform and three patches for vest, there are lot of place online that give out grants to help people out. Why not try this what do you have to loose.

Written by Cheryl on June 21, 2009.

Recently I met a woman with a service cat who detects seizures. My concerns are many for this particular situation, so I’m hoping some of you can enlighten me. She doesn’t crate the cat but instead carries it around. She doesn’t even crate it while driving. Being an animal advocate and more importantly, animal lover, this is very disturbing to me. I was also informed that this woman takes the cat to a local bar and the cat just sits on the ground next to her chair. This is disturbing in so many ways. I understand she needs this cat to assist her but there has to be boundries. What about animal rights and endangerment?

Written by Pietro on June 26, 2009.

Pami….. FYI: The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA, the Federal act passing laws for disabled Americans, states that you “may not be asked for special certification or ID cards for the animal and may not be asked about his [your] disability” by any person operating and establishment.

People who subscribe to the thought of needing special “ID’s” for their service animals are compromising the rights of us all.

Written by Billie on July 14, 2009.

Hi, my son has autism, the only thing that we have found that calms (keeps him from screaming, hitting, and uncontrolable rocking) him down is a siamese cat we received about 3 months ago for our breeding program. His dr recomended that I look in to getting her trained as a service cat for him. Can anyone tell me how to go about training her? I train cats for shows, so I’ve already got her harness trained and leash broke. Working on bag training and soicalization now. So whats next.

Written by roxanne on July 29, 2009.

i have been denied access to some services because i have a cat and not a dog yet my cat allows me the freedom to go places the only reason i want the id is to avoid such messy situations if it was a dog i would have no problem

Written by Pami on August 2, 2009.

This is for Roxanne, Under the American With Disabilities Act. You can have a Service cat. Go online and put down service cats or service animals.
make a copy of the law size it down also so you can carry it in your pocket or your service cats vest.]
To buy service cat vest go online and go to the Therapy Cat patch and were it shows you can write other words for patch just let them know you want it to say in bright orange print Service Cat
Also buy two Access Required By Law Patches on for each side of the vest. Ask Lisa to sew them all only please! Also buy the two hand no text that means don’t pet for the top of the vest the Access Required By Law Patches put up by the Two hand with no text on the right and left side on top of vest.
By ADA You don’t have to have any thing on your cat if its a service cat. But it will make it so much easier in the long one. Also carry the service dog law card it will say not every service animal is a dog. Also make sure you have a bright leash and collar you also can buy them from Pup’parel just let her know what color and what you want both to say on it.
If she don’t have the collar and Leash up yet then call or email her and ask when they will be out so you can buy them.
Pass this infor to other people you know that have a service cat as well.
IF the places keep say you are not allowed in with your service cat after you have the vest and patches on or even without them on. You Can sue the place for $61 thousand dollars or more. Make sure you get the person name and manger name and the name of the place it happen. also you can call your TV news reporter and let them know they are breaking the law as well. Call your local newspaper and let them know also this will help you out! write your Mayor and let them know were it happen and also go to your town meeting and let them know also. All Public Buses must let your service cat on without being in a crate. Don’t let them get away with breaking the law. If they keep saying NO you can’t have a service cat with you then keep standing there and tell to call the cops and you will be in the wrong not me. That goes for any place that says NO service cats also have them call the cops!

Written by GEORGE on October 5, 2009.

I HAVE A SELF TRAINED SERVICE DUTCH BANTAM CHICKEN. HE GOES EVERYWHERE WITH ME AND GIVES ME THE CONFIDENCE TO GO PLACES. “MELVIN” IS MY GUARDIAN. HE FOLLOWS ME EVERYWHERE INDOORS AND OUTDOORS AND LOVES TO RIDE IN THE TRUCK. WHEN HE IS IN MY ARMS HE ALERTS ME IF ANYONE COMES NEAR US. HE SLEEPS IN BED EVERY NIGHT. HE WEARS A HARNESS AND WALKS ON A LEASH AND POTTIES ON COMMAND. I TAKE HIM TO THE NURSING HOME THAT MY MOTHER IS IN….. THEY LOVE HIM!
….I AM TIRED OF SAYING “HE IS BETTER THAN PROZAC”….CAN YOU HELP ME OUT?
THANK YOU.

Written by Maxine Moore on October 20, 2009.

this was very inspirational!
i learned a lot from this site,
and finished many questions for my report!
i would just like to say thank you to the people for this site!

I think that ispretty cool animals . can also help humans by helping them with illnesses

Written by Amanda on May 18, 2010.

I have seizures ranging from grand-maul to absents and I have noticed that before I have a seizure my Belgian d’Uccle Bantam (chicken) pecks at my shirt and clucks loudly. Not only alerting myself but my friends and family as well. Now when he goes off they go on stand by in case its a grand-maul. Unfortunately I can only rely on this at home or in places where animals are okay, that being some public parks. I was wondering if there was a way I can get him registered.

Written by Kirsta on July 16, 2010.

I am owner training a service cat and YOU DO NOT NEED CERTIFICATION! You do not need any certain color of vest. You do not need a vest AT ALL. You can have more than one service animal and No if it is qualified as a service animal it must be able to go out in public because then someone can question your need for that service animal if you do not need it outside of home therefore they can say that your service animal is just a pet. Which it is! You all need to read the ADA those are the requirments and the only things you need for a service animal. You do not need any registration either! ALL you need is an animal that is well behaved and trained to do TASKS which is the defintion in the ADA for an service animal. Just alerting is NOT a service animal. You all obviously have no ettiquette on the subject of service dogs or service animals. Or you are some sord of person who has helped with a dog program for service dogs which means you do not know a thing about what you are talking about. If you want to know more about service dogs that is the TRUTH. Go to Psychdog.org

Written by Kirsta on July 27, 2010.

The new ADA says no more service cats only dogs!

Written by Kirsta on July 27, 2010.

Terribly sorry theres a loo pole.
In the NPRM, the Department used the term “common domestic animal” in the service animal definition and excluded reptiles, rabbits, farm animals (including horses, miniature horses, ponies, pigs, and goats), ferrets, amphibians, and rodents from the service animal definition. 73 FR 34508, 34553 (June 17, 2008). However, the term “common domestic animal” is difficult to define with precision due to the increase in the number of domesticated species. Also, several State and local laws define a “domestic” animal as an animal that is not wild.

The Department is compelled to take into account the practical considerations of certain animals and to contemplate their suitability in a variety of public contexts, such as restaurants, grocery stores, hospitals, and performing arts venues, as well as suitability for urban environments. The Department agrees with commentersÂ´ views that limiting the number and types of species recognized as service animals will provide greater predictability for public accommodations as well as added assurance of access for individuals with disabilities who use dogs as service animals. As a consequence, the Department has decided to limit this ruleÂ´s coverage of service animals to dogs, which are the most common service animals used by individuals with disabilities.

[…] Service Animals Help Humans Live Fuller Lives – Advocacy For AnimalsJan 22, 2007 … The most familiar service animals are guide dogs who help visually …. I know of that traines cat or birds you have to self-train your own. … […]

"Service Animal" Scammers (New Yorker): An increasing number of your neighbors have been keeping company with their pets in human-only establishments simply by claiming that the creatures are their licensed companion animals and are necessary to their mental well-being.