"[Ibn al-Haytham] followed Ptolemy's bridge building ... into a grand synthesis of light and vision. Part of his effort consisted in devising ranges of experiments, of a kind probed before but now undertaken on larger scale."—H. Floris Cohen (2010):p.59

[Ibn al-Haytham] (Alhacen) De Aspectibus, see for example Book I, [6.38] "And all these points become clear with experimentation." Smith 2001:[6.38]p.367

[Ibn al-Haytham] (Alhacen) De Aspectibus, see for example Book I, [6.36] "And if this phenomenon is experimentally scrutinized with great care, the result will be found to be what we have claimed." Smith 2001:[6.36]p.366

↑"The historian ... requires a very broad definition of "science" — one that ... mawill help us to understand the modern scientific enterprise. We need to be broad and inclusive, rather than narrow and exclusive ... and we should expect that the farther back we go [in time] the broader we will need to be." — David Pingree (1992), "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science" Isis83 554–63, as cited on p.3, David C. Lindberg (2007), The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context, Second ed. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7

↑"Progress or Return" in An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss. (Expanded version of Political Philosophy: Six Essays by Leo Strauss, 1975.) Ed. Hilail Gilden. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1989.

↑Strauss and Cropsey eds. History of Political Philosophy, Third edition, p.209.

↑"... [A] man knows a thing scientifically when he possesses a conviction arrived at in a certain way, and when the first principles on which that conviction rests are known to him with certainty—for unless he is more certain of his first principles than of the conclusion drawn from them he will only possess the knowledge in question accidentally." — Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics6 (H. Rackham, ed.) Aristot. Nic. Eth. 1139b

↑Smith, A. Mark (June 2004), "What is the History of Medieval Optics Really About?", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society148 (2):p.189

↑ 14.014.1Grant, Edward (2007). A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. str. 62–67. ISBN978-0-521-68957-1.

↑Alhacen had access to the optics books of Euclid and Ptolemy, as is shown by the title of his lost work A Book in which I have Summarized the Science of Optics from the Two Books of Euclid and Ptolemy, to which I have added the Notions of the First Discourse which is Missing from Ptolemy's Book From Ibn Abi Usaibia's catalog, as cited in (Smith 2001):91(vol.1),p.xv

↑The translator, Gerard of Cremona (c. 1114–87), inspired by his love of the Almagest, came to Toledo, where he knew he could find the Almagest in Arabic. There he found Arabic books of every description, and learned Arabic in order to translate these books into Latin, being aware of 'the poverty of the Latins'. —As cited by Charles Burnett (2001) "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century", pp. 250, 255, & 257, Science in Context14(1/2), 249–288 (2001). DOI: 10.1017/0269889701000096

Crease, Robert P. (2011). World in the Balance: the historic quest for an absolute system of measurement. New York: W.W. Norton. str. 317. ISBN978-0-393-07298-3.

di Francia, Giuliano Toraldo (1976). The Investigation of the Physical World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-29925-X Originally published in Italian as L'Indagine del Mondo Fisico by Giulio Einaudi editore 1976; first published in English by Cambridge University Press 1981.