These skulls were photographed
by Robert Connolly on his trip around the world during which he was collecting
materials about ancient civilizations. The discovery of unusual skulls was
thus an unintended "spinoff" of his efforts. Robert Connolly published
his photographs on a CD-ROM, titled "The Search For Ancient Wisdom",
Cambrix, 1-800-992-8781, in 1995.

The data about the skulls is incomplete, and that
makes the correct assessment of their age, context with other hominids, as well
as placement of their origin extremely difficult. Some of the skulls are very
distinct, as if they belong to entirely different species, remotely similar to
genus Homo. The first thing that attracts attention is the size and shape of the
cranium in all the specimens. There are 4 different groups represented in the
pictures. As a matter of convenience, I labeled them "conehead",
"jack-o-lantern" or "J" and "M" based on the
shape of the skull, except the first and possibly earliest type of skull, which
I call "premodern".

When some of these pictures (the first two) were
posted on CompuServe more than year ago, the majority of people assumed that
they represented an example of binding of the head, well known to be in fashion
in ancient Nubia, Egypt and other cultures. The problem with this theory is
that the inside of the cranium of the mentioned skulls, although elongated and
with a back sloping, flattened forehead, have the same capacity as normal human
skulls; the only difference is the shape achieved by frontal and side
deformations. They are actually more similar to the first type of skull
(premodern) with the rounded back, than the conehead type. The cone-shaped
types of skull are not found amongst the usual skull-binding samples.

The first skull presents problems of its own. The
frontal part of the skull seems to belong to an individual of the
pre-Neanderthal family, but the lower jaw, though more robust than modern human
type, has a modern shape and characteristics. The shape of the cranium does not
have any comparison with the Erectus, Neanderthal types, nor the modern human
type. Some minor Neanderthal characteristics are present, as is the occipital
ridge on the bottom back of the skull and the flattened bottom of the cranium,
other characteristics point more tovards Homo Erectus. The angle of the cranial
bottom is, though, unusual. We cannot exclude the possibility of a deformed
individual in this case, but it is highly unlikely that the angle of the
frontal part would require a modification of the lower jaw in the process of
growing to resemble modern human types with their projected chin rim. The
answer seems to be that the skull belongs to a representantive of an unknown
premodern human or humanoid type.

As is obvious from the comparison with a modern
human skull, the cranial capacity lies within the modern human range. This is
not surprising, since the late Neanderthals and early modern humans
(Cro-Magnon) had larger cranial capacities (both roughly 1600 ccm to 1750 ccm)
than modern humans (av. 1450 ccm). The decrease of the cranial capacity (sudden
at that -- the specimens of modern humans after about 10500 BCE have smaller
craniums) is a puzzling matter, but that's another story.

No less puzzling is what a representative of a
premodern human type is doing on the South American continent. According to the
orthodox anthropology, this skull simply does not exist, because it cannot be.
Textbooks' oldest date of appearance of humans in North America is about 35000
BCE and much later for South America, based on the diffusion theory
assumptions. The only accepted human types entering the continent are of the
modern anatomy. There are some other sources that place all types of human
genus in both Americas at much earlier dates based on numerous anomalous finds,
but the academe sticks to its preconceived notions, no matter what. It's safer.

Premodern

The "premodern" skull
and the following three specimens were found in the Paracas region of Per˙. It
does not necessarily mean that they are related. There is some possibility that
the "premodern" is in fact a precursor of the "conehead"
type, but since we do not have any dating analysis at hand, we may only speculate
in this regard.

The "conehead" type is very unusual
because of the cranial shape. Here we have three specimens, which exclude the
possibility of random or artificial deformation (the already mentioned Nubian
deformations had quite a number of individual variations). They have individual
characteristics within the range of overall morphology. There is no doubt that
they are closely related and possibly represent quite a distinct branch of the
genus Homo, if not an entirely different species.

The comparison of the C1 with a modern human
skull has slight inaccuracies, caused by a degree of distortion when rotating
the skull shape into position. As is obvious from C2 and C3, the angle of the
bottom part of the cranium does not deviate from normal. However, the general
proportions are correct.

Figure C1

The enormity of the cranial vault
is obvious from all three pictures. By interpolation, we can estimate the
minimum cranial capacity at 2200 ccm, but the value can be as high as 2500 ccm.
The shape of the skull may be a biological response--a survival of the species
mechanism--to increase the brain mass without the danger of relegating the
species to extinction and keeping a viable biological reproduction intact.
However, since we do not see the representatives of the "conehead"
type in modern population, something prevented the type becoming as widespread
as it is in the case of present-day moderns.

Figure C2

Figure C3

The "J" type of skull
presents different sets of problems. It is an equivalent of the modern type of
skull in all respects, with only several factors out of proportion. Less
significant is the size of eye sockets which are about 15% larger than in
modern populations. More significant is the enormity of the cranial vault. The
estimated cranial capacity ranges between minimum of 2600 ccm to 3200 ccm.

Again, the age of the specimen is unknown and so
far I am not aware of other specimens of this type. The variation on a theme
may be the "M" type of skull which is even more bizarre than all the
previous skulls.

Type "J"

The "M" type of skull
is incomplete, as the lower part of the facial area is concerned. What is
apparent from the remnants of the facial portion is that the characteristics
are entirely within the range of a normal human skull. The cranial vault, on
the other hand, is the largest amongst the displayed specimens. Also, the two
protruding "lobes" are highly anomalous. The cranial capacity can be
estimated safely above 3000 ccm mark.

Type "M"

Both "J" and
"M" types are bordering on biological impossibility. The only
explanation I can imagine for the specimens to be naturally born is if the neoteny
(the ability of the species to prolong the growth period before maturing) of
both groups had been expanded beyond the range for a modern type of human, for
the skull to grow to such a size. That may also mean the average life span of
these specimens may have been substantially longer than the average for the
modern human type.

Any conjectures that what these specimens
represent are simply deformations or pathological cases can be hardly
substantiated. Anomalous types of growth or shapes appear from time to time in
the modern human population, however, these occurences are still within the
range of the given species.The largest skull documented in the medical
literature had the cranial capacity of 1980 ccm, however, the shape of the
skull was normal. Also, it is necessary to keep in mind that any pathological
growth of the cranium has dire consequences for the afflicted individual at the
early stage of the development, practically without exception. Nature is very
unforgiving in this respect. All the specimens presented here were mature
individuals.

The capacity of the cranial vault (and thus the
brain mass) and intelligence is not necessarily indicated by the other. The
individual with the largest skull, already mentioned above, was a retarded man,
while Anatole France with his 1100 ccm was quite a brilliant writer.