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On the night of July 15, 2016, social media celebrity Qandeel Baloch was drugged and then strangled to death in her parent's home in Multan. Baloch's brother confessed to her murder in the name of their family's "honour". He allegedly acted in response to the "shameful” pictures and risque videos the 26-year-old had been posting on her social media pages.

On June 8, 2016, Zeenat Rafiq was set ablaze in Lahore and left to die, allegedly by her own mother. The 18-year-old was killed for marrying the man of her choice against her family’s will.

These two instances make up one of nearly 1,000 women killed in the name of ‘honour’ every year in Pakistan, according to the Honour Based Violence Awareness website. Honour killing predates modern society and is not unique to any religion. Here, the Herald looks through the annals of time to understand the evolution of this inhumane practice.

1780 BCE

Babylon (modern-day Iraq) is governed by the Code of Hammurabi, a set of rules enacted by King Hammurabi which later become a way of life. Under the code, the sexuality of women is made the property of her husband. If caught in the act of adultery, she is tied to her lover and cast into water to drown. A husband can save his wife but has to save her lover as well.

17 BCE

Augustus, known as the first Emperor of Rome, introduces the Leges Juliae (Julian Laws) under which the Lex Julia de Adulteriis (adultery as a public and private crime) is enforced. Under this law, the male head of the family can legally kill his wife or daughter on the allegation of adultery.

510 CE

Sati, the practice of self-immolation by widows, is first attributed to the city of Eran, the area now known as Madhya Pradesh in Central India. Widows are encouraged to die alongside their husbands’ funeral pyre to purge themselves of their ‘sins’ and ensure their husbands’ salvation.

Pre-7th Century

Prior to the Islamic civilisation in the Arabian Peninsula, the proverb ‘the burial of daughters is a noble deed’ resonates throughout the nomadic tribes. Newborn females are often buried alive so that they don’t grow up to become a potential source of disgrace to the clan.

17th Century

Karo kari is the practice of killing, under the pretext of sexual transgression, those who have disgraced the clan. Its etymology is traced to Sindh, and its first-ever recorded incident is one during the Talpur reign, but instances of karo kari have been recorded in areas across the country.

20th Century

Pursuant to Article 111 of the Iraqi Penal Code, introduced in the 1990s by Saddam Hussein, the law exempts men who kill their female relatives in defense of their family’s honour from prosecution and punishment. Simultaneously, India sees an increase in female foeticide, especially in states like Haryana and Punjab.

2004

The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2004 is introduced to the Pakistan Penal Code, preventing a person accused of honour killing from availing the provisions of ‘pardon’ and ‘blood money’. Yet, this results in no decrease in documented incidents of honour killings in the following years. Later in 2014 , the Anti-Honour Killings Laws are introduced to address the gaps within previous legislation and to bring more culprits to justice.

This was originally published in the Herald's July 2016 issue under the headline "Pride and Patriarchy". To read more subscribe to the Herald in print.

Mrec Large

Comments (7) Closed

No one should be allowed to kill any women in the name of honour..such kind of cases should be delt by governments.

Syed Moinuddin, CanadaJul 19, 2016 09:43pm

NO reasons, honor or no honor justifies taking a life.This brutal and barbaric practice should be dealt with laws, and by any civilized society.

InsaanJul 19, 2016 09:46pm

Wrong interpretation of Code of Hammurabi! In the code, the general interpretation says:
"If the "finger is pointed" at a man's wife about another man, but she is not caught sleeping with the other man, she shall jump into the river for [the sake of her] husband."
Even then it was only a test to validate the claim, if she managed to float or come out then she was accepted as innocent. The code was neither about honor nor about claim to other (male or female) sexuality.

lafangaJul 19, 2016 09:57pm

So the practice has no basis in Islam whatsoever yet its is associated with Islam by Western countries. In fact there are more honor killings in India among Hindus than anyone else yet no one mentions India.

prafullaJul 20, 2016 10:34am

Only illiteracy & lack of awareness make people to attempt honour killing, specially in Punjab & Haryana. I still donot understand how anybody can kill their own sister or daughter under influence of poor society? I have observed places where females are considered more powerful than males, such practices are never done.

JayadevanJul 20, 2016 10:36am

@lafanga, Islam is as Islam does. That includes ISIS. And Edhi. Your argument will not wash. You either take the entire package and try to clean it up, or you abandon it.

SQJul 20, 2016 10:37am

Christian Europe was not exempt from honor killings either where the act of adultery committed by a woman was considered 'low treason' and the husband was fully justified if he killed his wife after discovering it. Honor killings are shrouded in everything, depending on which excuse is conveniently available - religion, culture, norms, values, family's dignity - but the truth behind them is only one: when a woman asserts herself and her rights, she challenges men and their notion of 'ownership' of the women of their family. Hence, she must be silenced. Western women were able to change this notion when they became cognizant of it. We're still in denial, hence suffering.