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Brass Instruments  An instrument is considered to be in the brass family if  the source of disturbance for the sound is a  i.e. the lips buzz in the mouthpiece to excite sound waves in the air inside  Sound of a brass instrument is affected by sound source (_____), resonances (___________), and radiation (_____)

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Feedback  Can control pitch of lip reed  by changing  Hard to do with precision.  Even harder to maintain.  Once lips have started the air vibrating  the pressure variations in the air  This is called positive feedback.

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Air Column Resonances  The lip end of a brass instrument  is a  The cylindrical tube of a brass instrument WOULD resonate at freq’s  Where  v = speed of sound in air  L = length of tube  n = only odd integers  BUT…..

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Bell Effect  Adding a bell and mouthpiece  makes the instrument longer,  ________ all the resonant freq’s.  But the high freq resonances are affected more,  so the resonances get

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 Can play B 3 b, F 4, and B 4 b on trumpet  by exciting different  of the same  These are the open notes of three different registers  higher registers have weaker overtones  Bugle can only play these notes. Registers

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 Trombone can play whole chromatic scale  by changing the length of the tube.  Slide a piece of tube out making it  To go one semitone lower, the length of the tube should increase by  1/18 its current length.  The lower you go, the  fig 11.11 Slides

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 There are seven positions for trombone slide  Position 7 gives you E 2  in the lowest  Positions 6-1 let you go up 1-6 semitones.  What if you wanted to go up 7 semitones?  That’s a  Can play that in 7 th position  Using slide in 2 nd register,  then in upper register.  gets you all the way up to B 3 b Seven Positions

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 Trumpet can play whole chromatic scale  Pressing a valve brings an additional piece of tube into the airway  making it  One valve makes it one  brings in extra 5.9% (about 1/18) of tube length.  Another makes it two  brings in extra 12.2 % of tube length.  Yet another makes it three  brings in extra 18.9% of tube length. Valves

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 With only three valves, how do you go down more than 3 semitones?  one + three =  two + three =  one + two +three =  7 semitones is a  can be played in  Four semitones is more than  logarithmic, not linear.  Third valve tubing may have a slide, so it can be adjusted. Or you can adjust lip freq. Three Valves

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Brass Demo  Listen to timbre. Observe spectrum.  Play in different registers.  What technique is used?  What intervals can be played with same slide or valve position?  (expect 2 nd, 3 rd & 4 th harmonics; factors of 3/2 or a perfect fifth and of 2 or an octave)  Change of timbre with register  Play chromatic scale using slide/valves.  which slide positions are closer together? Why?