The NGO Service Delivery Program (NSDP), a USAID-funded programme, is the largest NGO programme in Bangladesh. Its strategic flagship activity is the essential services package through which healthcare services are administered by NGOs in Bangladesh. The overall goal of the NSDP is to increase access to essential healthcare services by communities, especially the poor. Recognizing that the poorest in the community often have no access to essential healthcare services due to various barriers, a study was conducted to identify what the real barriers to access by the poor are. This included investigations to further understand the perceptions of the poor of real or imagined barriers to accessing healthcare; ways for healthcare centres to maximize services to the poor; how healthcare providers can maximize service-use; inter-personal communication between healthcare providers and those seeking healthcare among the poor; and ways to improve the capacity of service providers to reach the poorest segment of the community. The study, carried out in two phases, included 24 static and satellite clinics within the catchment areas of eight NGOs under the NSDP in Bangladesh, during June-September 2003. Participatory urban and rural appraisal techniques...

In response to World Bank critiques in 2007, the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare declared that HIV-related stigma was a barrier to the participation of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the implementation of HIV prevention Targeted Interventions. Taking a deeper view of HIV-related stigma as an historically inflected process of devaluation, this paper details the history and transformation of NGO involvement in the HIV epidemic from 1986 through economic liberalisation in the 1990s up to the recently concluded National AIDS Control Program (NACP II, 1999-2006). It additionally examines findings from interviews and participant observation of NGO workers (N=24) from four Targeted Intervention NGOs in Delhi funded under NACP II. Analysis reveals that a ‘second wave’ of HIV-related NGO involvement has mushroomed in the past two decades, affording NGO workers multiple pathways to credibility in the Indian response to the epidemic. Contradictions embedded in the overlap of these pathways produce stigma, reflecting ‘adverse incorporation.’ Drawing upon noteworthy exceptions to this trend from the ‘first wave’ of Indian HIV-related NGOs, the paper calls for NGO participation as an explicitly political project of addressing the social inequalities that shape stigma as well as vulnerability to illness writ large.

We constructed a phagemid consisting of the whole genome of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteriophage NgoΦ6 cloned into a pBluescript plasmid derivative lacking the f1 origin of replication (named pBS::Φ6). Escherichia coli cells harboring pBS::Φ6 were able to produce a biologically active phagemid, NgoΦ6fm, capable of infecting, integrating its DNA into the chromosome of, and producing progeny phagemids in, a variety of taxonomically distant Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria sicca, Pseudomonas sp., and Paracoccus methylutens. A derivative of pBS::Φ6 lacking the phage orf7 gene, a positional homolog of filamentous phage proteins that mediate the interaction between the phage and the bacterial pilus, was capable of producing phagemid particles that were able to infect E. coli, Haemophilus influenzae, N. sicca, Pseudomonas sp., and Paracoccus methylutens, indicating that NgoΦ6 infects cells of these species using a mechanism that does not involve the Orf7 gene product and that NgoΦ6 initiates infection through a novel process in these species. We further demonstrate that the establishment of the lysogenic state does not require an active phage integrase. Since phagemid particles were capable of infecting diverse hosts...

The author presents two descriptive
models of nongovernmental organizations and poses mormative
questions about public polcy toward nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs). In situations in which optimal
government intervention in a distorted or inequitable
economy employs an NGO-like body, he considers which kinds
of NGO might be used. First, in many developing countries
NGOs participate in the delivery of what are essentially
private goods--in particular, health care and education. In
an economy without NGOs, there may be good redistributive
and efficiency reasons for the government to provide these
goods in kind. But if direct government provision of such
services is ineffective or inefficient, when is contracting
out to an NGO-like institution preferable to using a
traditional for-profit firm? (Another way to frame this is
to ask: What is the optimal taxation and regulation of
private providers of publicly financed services?) NGOs also
provide useful real and financial links with external
donors. They are used to provide services the government
favors and donors are willing to fund. In this model...

In September 2000, 189 United Nation member states agreed to the establishment of the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs). These goals are 8 targets chosen to address many areas that affect the lives of the world 's poorest
people and are one step, in many, that seek to improve the lives of people living in underdeveloped countries. Apart
from supporting these goals, most countries in the developed world have created and managed an overseas aid
program targeting countries they believe need their financial and development assistance. As part of this program,
countries choose to channel part of this financial support through NGOs. While those finances are by no means the
largest section of their program, government donors have highlighted the unique skills of NGOs in contributing to
their aid programs and therefore provide some level of funding to utilise these skills.
Over many years of providing funding, governments have continually changed the way they fund NGOs in an effort to
improve the effectiveness of the support that is given, make funding more appropriate to the NGO sector and strive to
create best practices in the field of development assistance. Due to the differences in country demographics, politics,
economic progression...

The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) were developed by the United Nations (UN) in 2000 with the aim of reducing world poverty by 2015. In particular, MDG 5, 'Improved Maternal Health', is a concern for Papua New Guinea (PNG). Despite substantial foreign aid
from Australia in the last decade, PNG is still a far way off from achieving MDG 5, suggesting that merely increasing funding is not a solution. Indeed, the situation in PNG has deteriorated, with its maternal mortality ratio almost doubling from 370 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1996 to 733 per 100,000 in 2006.1 Attention must be paid to maternal
health services by non-government organisations (in this case, Australian, Papua New Guinean or partnered projects) as they are independent actors who can deliver aid in places and ways that governments cannot. This report focuses on NGOs as their efforts receive less public attention when compared to more extensive government aid reviews. The need for Australia to review its NGO maternal aid efforts in helping PNG is highlighted by the preliminary fact that the MDGs are UN targets which Australia as a UN member is obliged to achieve. Clearly, the failure of current efforts to improve maternal health in PNG
is the primary motivation for review. However other reasons include Australia's traditional duty as PNG's closest neighbour and largest foreign aid donor. Furthermore...

Every day in Parliament House and across Australia, politicians hear a wide range of policy proposals from a variety of non-government organisations (NGOs). Yet little research has been performed into why politicians decide to ignore or support NGO policy campaigns. This lack of transparency creates difficulty for NGOs seeking to deliver policy campaigns that earn politicians' support. The opaque policy process is complicated by a historically troubled relationship between Australian politicians and NGO campaigners, which, although often genial on the surface, can in reality lack openness and honesty. Despite the importance of NGOs for a strong democracy,
Australian politicians have previously excluded NGOs from the policy process. This exclusion can undermine the public's perception of politicians' accountability, and discourage popular engagement with the policy process. Pressure Politics confronts a need for greater transparency in the Australian political system by clarifying the expectations, limitations and considerations of politicians, political advisers and
campaigners when engaging in the policy process. This research could empower all parties to better accommodate each others' needs and concerns, enabling a more constructive relationship. Forty-one structured interviews were conducted with politicians...

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
play an increasingly important role in development
assistance, but little systematic evidence is available
about their objectives and choices in developing countries.
The authors develop two stylized accounts of NGO motivation:
one in which donor contracts determine location decisions,
and another in which altruistic motivations are the
principal determinants. The authors then use data from the
1995 and 2000 rounds of the Bangladesh Households and Income
and Expenditure Survey to analyze location decisions of NGO
programs established between those two sample years. The
data show that net change in a community's NGO program
was unrelated to the community's need and that NGOs
were ready to establish new programs in new areas without
being concerned of duplicating the efforts of other NGOs.
The findings suggest that contracts with donors, implicit or
explicit, probably play a crucial role in determining the
incentives that affect NGO program location choices.

Throughout the world, governments are
moving from being exclusively service delivery organizations
and toward improving their public health sector management
and stewardship capacity. To diversify service provision,
the Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW)
is striving to develop its capability to become active
service purchasers in partnership with NGOs and private
(for-profit) providers. This report is divided into four
chapters. Chapter 1 is an overview of the current role of
NGOs in the Bangladesh health sector and maps the NGOs HNP
service provision. Chapter 2 reviews the lessons learnt from
the national NGO contracting experiences. Chapter 3
describes the performance of selected NGO contracting models
and draws lessons learnt using specific criteria related to
legal framework and governance aspects, bidding and
selection process, flexibility of contracts, supervision and
regular monitoring and evaluation, service quality, the
accessibility of the poor to services, user satisfaction,
and opinions of NGO facility personnel. The findings of the
comparative advantage analysis are shown for NGOs...

eLISA/NGO is a new gravitational wave detection proposal with arm length of
10^6 km and one interferometer down-scaled from LISA. Just like LISA and
ASTROD-GW, in order to attain the requisite sensitivity for eLISA/NGO, laser
frequency noise must be suppressed to below the secondary noises such as the
optical path noise, acceleration noise etc. In previous papers, we have
performed the numerical simulation of the time delay interferometry (TDI) for
LISA and ASTROD-GW with one arm dysfunctional by using the CGC 2.7 ephemeris.
The results are well below their respective limits which the laser frequency
noise is required to be suppressed. In this paper, we follow the same procedure
to simulate the time delay interferometry numerically. To do this, we work out
a set of 1000-day optimized mission orbits of the eLISA/NGO spacecraft starting
at January 1st, 2021 using the CGC 2.7 ephemeris framework. We then use the
numerical method to calculate the residual optical path differences in the
second-generation TDI solutions as in our previous papers. The maximum path
length difference, for all configurations calculated, is below 13 mm (43 ps).
It is well below the limit which the laser frequency noise is required to be
suppressed for eLISA/NGO. We compare and discuss the resulting differences due
to the different arm lengths for various mission proposals -- eLISA/NGO...

NGO aid is still widely believed to be superior to official aid (ODA). However, the incentives of NGOs to excel and target aid to the poor and deserving are increasingly disputed. We contribute to the emerging literature on the allocation of NGO aid by performing panel Tobit estimations for Swiss
NGOs. The analysis offers new insights in two major regards: First, we cover the allocation of both self-financed and officially co-financed aid for a large panel of NGOs and recipient countries. Second, by classifying each NGO according to its financing structure, we address the unresolved question of
whether financial dependence on the government impairs the targeting of NGO aid. It turns out that NGOs mimic the state as well as NGO peers. Officially refinanced NGOs are more inclined to imitate the allocation of ODA. However, the degree of financial dependence does not affect the poverty
orientation of NGO aid and the incentives of NGOs to engage in easier environments. The allocation of self-financed aid differs in several respects from the allocation of officially co-financed aid, including the role of financial dependence for imitating the state and herding among NGOs.

Fonte: Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, London School of Economics and Political SciencePublicador: Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, London School of Economics and Political Science

This paper uses household, school, and test score data from Bangladesh to compare and contrast the effectiveness of NGO-run and state-run schools in the provision of primary education. I study how the entry of NGOs in primary education has affected educational outcomes of girls and examine the mechanisms which account for the relative performance of NGO versus state schools in improving female educational outcomes. The results show that the entry of NGO schools has significantly increased girls’ enrollment as compared to boys. Constructing cohorts from cross-sectional data using year of birth and year of NGO school establishment, I show that cohorts which were exposed to NGO schools have higher probability of enrollment and the effect operates mainly through girls. The two most prominent characteristics of NGO schools that encourage girls’ enrollment are the high percentage of female teachers and having Parent-Teacher Associations (PTAs). NGO schools show strong effects in improving children’s test scores.

Fonte: The London School of Economics and Political Science, Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related DisciplinesPublicador: The London School of Economics and Political Science, Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines

This paper uses household, school, and test score data from Bangladesh to compare and contrast the effectiveness of NGO-run and state-run schools in the provision of primary education. I study how the entry of NGOs in primary education has affected educational outcomes of girls and examine the mechanisms which account for the relative performance of NGO versus state schools in improving female educational outcomes. The results show that the entry of NGO schools has significantly increased girls’ enrollment as compared to boys. Constructing cohorts from cross-sectional data using year of birth and year of NGO school establishment, I show that cohorts which were exposed to NGO schools have higher probability of enrollment and the effect operates mainly through girls. The two most prominent characteristics of NGO schools that encourage girls’ enrollment are the high percentage of female teachers and having Parent-Teacher Associations (PTAs). NGO schools show strong effects in improving children’s test scores.

Fonte: South African Journal of SciencePublicador: South African Journal of Science

Tipo: Artigo de Revista CientíficaFormato: text/html

Publicado em 01/01/2012EN

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Globally, literature on the performance of development non-governmental organisations (NGOs) has increased. However, little is known regarding the distinctive characteristics of academic articles on factors influencing NGO performance. In a recent systematic review of research, published in English-language academic journals between 1996 and 2008, factors influencing NGO performance were investigated. From the 31 journal articles that met the inclusion criteria, this study examined the salient characteristics of NGO performance research in terms of, (1) the number of publications, (2) publication outlets (journals and journal cluster), (3) author collaboration (sole or joint authors), (4) author affiliation, (5) study location, (6) study period, (7) study topics and (8) method and sources of information. Findings showed a steady increase in the number of articles, published in a wide array of journals with over half of the articles published in development studies journals. Of the 31 articles, 21 were sole authored. Data were mainly sought from NGO directors, programme staff and donors; comparatively fewer studies collected data from beneficiaries. Studies were mainly conducted in developing countries, whilst most authors were affiliated to institutions in developed countries. Of the 13 authors who conducted studies in Africa only 3 were affiliated to an institution in Africa. This study confirmed the continued need for increased research on factors influencing NGO performance; revealed the low seeking of beneficiaries' perspectives in NGO performance research despite the rhetoric of participatory development; and revealed the low number of published researchers in Africa and minimal collaborative efforts between 'Northern' and 'Southern' researchers in this field.