Introduction to AutoCAD 2011- P12

Introduction to AutoCAD 2011- P12

Introduction to AutoCAD 2011- P12: The purpose of writing this book is to produce a text suitable for students
in Further and/or Higher Education who are required to learn how to
use the computer-aided design (CAD) software package AutoCAD
2011. Students taking examinations based on CAD will find the contents
of the book of great assistance.

Nội dung Text: Introduction to AutoCAD 2011- P12

334 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
9. Make layer Chimney current and construct a 3D model of the
chimney (Fig. 16.13).
10. Make the layer Roofs current and construct outlines of the roofs
(main building and garage) (see Fig. 16.14).
Fig. 16.13 First
example – Realistic
view of a 3D model of
the chimney
Fig. 16.14 First example – Realistic view of the roofs
11. On the layer Bay construct the bay and its windows.
chapter 16
Assembling the walls
1. Place the screen in the ViewCube/Top view (Fig. 16.15).
2. Make the layer Walls current and turn off all other layers other than
Windows.
3. Place a window around each wall in turn. Move and/or rotate the walls
until they are in their correct position relative to each other.
4. Place in the ViewCube/Isometric view and using the Move tool, move
Fig. 16.15 Set screen
the walls into their correct positions relative to each other. Fig. 16.16
to ViewCube/Top view shows the walls in position in a ViewCube/Top view.
Fig. 16.16 First example – the four walls in their correct positions relative to each other in a
ViewCube/Top view

Building drawing 335
5. Move the roof into position relative to the walls and move the chimney
into position on the roof. Fig. 16.17 shows the resulting 3D model in a
ViewCube/Isometric view (Fig. 16.18).
Fig. 16.18 Set screen
to a ViewCube/
Isometric view Fig. 16.17 First example – a Realistic view of the assembled walls, windows, bay, roof and chimney
chapter 16
the garage
On layers Walls construct the walls and on layer Windows construct the
windows. Fig. 16.19 is a Realistic visual style view of the 3D model as
constructed so far.
Fig. 16.19 First example – Realistic view of the original house and garage

336 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
Second example – extension to 44 Ridgeway Road
Working to a scale of 1:50 and taking dimensions from the drawing Figs
16.5 and 16.6 and in a manner similar to the method of constructing the 3D
model of the original building, add the extension to the original building.
Fig. 16.20 shows a Realistic visual style view of the resulting 3D model.
In this 3D model floors have been added – a ground and a first storey floor
constructed on a new layer Floors of colour yellow. Note the changes in
the bay and front door.
chapter 16
Fig. 16.20 Second example – a Realistic view of the building with its extension
Third example – small building in fields
Working to a scale of 1:50 from the dimensions given in Fig. 16.21,
construct a 3D model of the hut following the steps given below.
The walls are painted concrete and the roof is corrugated iron.
In the Layer Properties Manager dialog make the new levels as follows:
Walls – colour Blue
Road – colour Red
Roof – colour Red
Windows – Magenta
Fence – colour 8
Field – colour Green

Building drawing 337
Following the methods used in the construction of the house in the first
example, construct the walls, roof, windows and door of the small building
in one of the fields. Fig. 16.22 shows a Realistic visual style view of a 3D
model of the hut.
1.0 m
0.8 m
2.3 m
2.1 m
1.5 m 1.2 m 0.85 m
1.0 m
3.0 m 4.5 m
Fig. 16.21 Third example – front and end views of the hut
chapter 16
Fig. 16.22 Third example – a Realistic view of a 3D model of the hut
Constructing the fence, fields and road
1. Place the screen in a Four: Equal viewports setting.
2. Make the Garden layer current and in the Top viewport, construct an
outline of the boundaries to the fields and to the building. Extrude the
outline to a height of 0.5.
3. Make the Road layer current and in the Top viewport, construct an
outline of the road and extrude the outline to a height of 0.5.
4. In the Front view, construct a single plank and a post of a fence and
copy them a sufficient number of times to surround the four fields
leaving gaps for the gates. With the Union tool form a union of all the
posts and planks. Fig. 16.23 shows a part of the resulting fence in a
Realistic visual style view in the Isometric viewport. With the Union
tool form a union of all the planks and posts in the entire fence.
5. While still in the layer Fence, construct gates to the fields.
6. Make the Road layer current and construct an outline of the road.
Extrude to a height of 0.5.

338 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
Fig. 16.23 Third example – part of the fence
Note
When constructing each of these features it is advisable to turn off those
layers on which other features have been constructed.
chapter 16
Fig. 16.24 shows a Conceptual view of the hut in the fields with the
road, fence and gates.
Fig. 16.24 Third example – the completed 3D model
Completing the second example
Working in a manner similar to the method used when constructing the
roads, garden and fences for the third example, add the paths, garden area

Building drawing 339
and fences and gates to the building 44 Ridgeway Road with its extension.
Fig. 16.24 is a Conceptual visual style view of the resulting 3D model.
material attachments and rendering
Second example
The following materials were attached to the various parts of the 3D model
(Fig. 16.25). To attach the materials, all layers except the layer on which
the objects to which the attachment of a particular material is being made
are tuned off, allowing the material in question to be attached only to the
elements to which each material is to be attached.
chapter 16
Fig. 16.25 Second example – the completed 3D model
Default: colour 7
Doors: Wood Hickory
Fences: Wood – Spruce
Floors: Wood – Hickory
Garden: Green
Gates: Wood – White
Roofs: Brick – Herringbone
Windows: Wood – White
The 3D model was then rendered with Output Size set to 1024  768
and Render Preset set to Presentation, with Sun Status turned on. The
resulting rendering is shown in Fig. 16.26.
Third example
Fig. 16.27 shows the third example after attaching materials and rendering.

340 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
Fig. 16.26 Second example – a rendering after attaching materials
chapter 16
Fig. 16.27 Third example – 3D model after attaching materials and rendering
ReviSion noTeS
1. There are a number of different types of building drawings – site plans, site layout plans,
floor layouts, views, sectional views, detail drawings. AutoCAD 2011 is a suitable CAD
program to use when constructing building drawings.
2. AutoCAD 2011 is a suitable CAD program for the construction of 3D models of buildings.

Chapter 17
Three-dimensional
space
Aim of this chApter
The aim of this chapter is to show in examples the methods of manipulating 3D models
in 3D space using tools – the UCS tools from the View/Coordinates panel or from the
command line.
345

346 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
3D space
So far in this book, when constructing 3D model drawings, they have been
constructed on the AutoCAD 2011 coordinate system which is based upon
three planes:
The XY Plane – the screen of the computer.
The XZ Plane at right angles to the XY Plane and as if coming towards
the operator of the computer.
A third plane (YZ) is lying at right angles to the other two planes (Fig. 17.1).
YZ
Pla
Y e ne
lan
XYP
,0
0,0
ne
Pla
XZ
X
Z
Fig. 17.1 The 3D space planes
chapter 17
In earlier chapters the 3D Navigate drop-down menu and the ViewCube
have been described to enable 3D objects which have been constructed on
these three planes to be viewed from different viewing positions. Another
method of placing the model in 3D space using the Orbit tool has also
been described.
the User coordinate system (Ucs)
The XY plane is the basic UCS plane, which in terms of the ucs is known
as the *WORLD* plane.
The UCS allows the operator to place the AutoCAD coordinate system in
any position in 3D space using a variety of UCS tools (commands). Features
of the UCS can be called either by entering ucs at the command line or by
the selection of tools from the View/Coordinates panel (Fig. 17.2). Note

Three-dimensional space 347
Fig. 17.2 The View/
Coordinates panel
Fig. 17.3 The drop-down menu from World in the panel
that a click on World in the panel brings a drop-down menu from which
other views can be selected (Fig. 17.3).
If ucs is entered at the command line, it shows:
Command: enter ucs right-click
Current ucs name: *WORLD*
Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/
Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis] :
chapter 17
And from these prompts selection can be made.
the variable UcsfoLLoW
UCS planes can be set from using the methods shown in Figs 17.2 and
17.3 or by entering ucs at the command line. No matter which method is
used, the variable UCSFOLLOW must first be set on as follows:
Command: enter ucsfollow right-click
Enter new value for UCSFOLLOW : enter 1
right-click
Command:
the UCS icon
The UCS icon indicates the directions in which the three coordinate axes
X, Y and Z lie in the AutoCAD drawing. When working in 2D, only the

348 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
X and Y axes are showing, but when the drawing area is in a 3D view all
three coordinate arrows are showing, except when the model is in the XY
plane. The icon can be turned off as follows:
Command: enter ucsicon right-click
Enter an option [ON/OFF/All/Noorigin/ORigin/
Properties] :
To turn the icon off, enter off in response to the prompt line and the icon
disappears from the screen.
The appearance of the icon can be changed by entering p (Properties) in
response to the prompt line. The UCS Icon dialog appears in which changes
can be made to the shape, line width and colour of the icon if wished.
Types of UCS icon
The shape of the icon can be varied partly when changes are made in the
UCS Icon dialog but also according to whether the AutoCAD drawing
area is in 2D, 3D or Paper Space (Fig. 17.4).
chapter 17
Fig. 17.4 Types of UCS icon
examples of changing planes using the Ucs
First example – changing UCS planes (Fig. 17.6)
1. Set UCSFOLLOW to 1 (ON).
2. Make a new layer colour Red and make the layer current. Place the
screen in ViewCube/Front and Zoom to 1.
3. Construct the pline outline (Fig. 17.5) and extrude to 120 high.
4. Place in ViewCube/Isometric view and Zoom to 1.
5. With the Fillet tool, fillet corners to a radius of 20.

Three-dimensional space 349
15
0
15
°
120
160
15
Fig. 17.5 First example – Changing UCS planes – pline for extrusion
6. At the command line:
Command: enter ucs right-click
Current ucs name: *WORLD*
Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/
Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis] :
enter f (Face) right-click
Select face of solid object: pick the sloping
face – its outline highlights
Enter an option [Next/Xflip/Yflip] :
right-click
Regenerating model.
Command:
And the 3D model changes its plane so that the sloping face is now on
chapter 17
the new UCS plane. Zoom to 1.
7. On this new UCS, construct four cylinders of radius 7.5 and height − 15
(note the minus) and subtract them from the face.
8. Enter ucs at the command line again and right-click to place the model
in the *WORLD* UCS.
9. Place four cylinders of the same radius and height into position in the
base of the model and subtract them from the model.
Fig. 17.6 First 10. Place the 3D model in a ViewCube/Isometric view and set in the
example – Changing Home/View/Conceptual visual style (Fig. 17.6).
UCS planes
Second example – UCS (Fig. 17.9)
The 3D model for this example is a steam venting valve – a two-view third
angle projection of the valve is shown in Fig. 17.7.
1. Make sure that UCSFOLLOW is set to 1.
2. Place in the UCS *WORLD* view. Construct the 120 square plate at
the base of the central portion of the valve. Construct five cylinders for
the holes in the plate. Subtract the five cylinders from the base plate.

350 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
Octagon edge length 40
25
SQ 120
SQ 80
90
Hole Ø70
35
R20
10 40 Sq head bolts M10
Holes Ø10 60
20
10
10
40
60
Hole Ø30
R5 R10
Fig. 17.7 Second example UCS – The orthographic projection of a steam venting valve
3. Construct the central part of the valve – a filleted 80 square extrusion
with a central hole.
4. At the command line:
Command: enter ucs right-click
chapter 17
Current ucs name: *WORLD*
Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/
Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis] :
enter x right-click
Specify rotation angle about X axis :
right-click
Command:
and the model assumes a Front view.
5. With the Move tool, move the central portion vertically up by 10.
6. With the Copy tool, copy the base up to the top of the central portion.
7. With the Union tool, form a single 3D model of the three parts.
8. Make the layer Construction current.
9. Place the model in the UCS *WORLD* view. Construct the separate
top part of the valve – a plate forming a union with a hexagonal plate
and with holes matching those of the other parts.
10. Place the drawing in the UCS X view. Move the parts of the top into
their correct positions relative to each other. With Union and Subtract
complete the part. This will be made easier if the layer 0 is turned off.

Three-dimensional space 351
11. Turn layer 0 back on and move the top into its correct position relative
to the main part of the valve. Then with the Mirror tool, mirror the
top to produce the bottom of the assembly (Fig. 17.8).
12. While in the UCS X view construct the three parts of a 3D model of
the extrusion to the main body.
13. In the UCS *WORLD* view, move the parts into their correct position
relative to each other. Union the two filleted rectangular extrusions and
Fig. 17.8 Second the main body. Subtract the cylinder from the whole (Fig. 17.9).
example UCS – step 14. In the UCS X view, construct one of the bolts as shown in Fig. 17.10,
11  rendering
forming a solid of revolution from a pline. Then construct a head to
the bolt and with Union add it to the screw.
15. With the Copy tool, copy the bolt 7 times to give 8 bolts. With Move,
and working in the UCS *WORLD* and X views, move the bolts
into their correct positions relative to the 3D model.
16. Add suitable lighting and attach materials to all parts of the assembly
and render the model.
17. Place the model in the ViewCube/Isometric view.
Fig. 17.9 Second 18. Save the model to a suitable file name.
example UCS – steps 19. Finally move all the parts away from each other to form an exploded
12 and 13  rendering view of the assembly (Fig. 17.11).
5
Third example – UCS (Fig. 17.15)
20
1. Set UCSFOLLOW to 1.
Fig. 17.10 Second 2. Place the drawing area in the UCS X view.
chapter 17
example UCS – pline
for the bolt 3. Construct the outline (Fig 17.12) and extrude to a height of 120.
4. Click the 3 Point tool icon in the View/Coordinates
panel (Fig. 17.13):
Command: _ucs
Current ucs name: *WORLD*
Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/
Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis] : _3
Specify new origin point : pick point
(Fig. 17.14)
Specify point on positive portion of X-axis: pick
point (Fig. 17.14)
Specify point on positive-Y portion of the UCS XY
plane : enter .xy right-click
of pick new origin point (Fig. 17.14) (need Z):
enter 1 right-click
Fig. 17.11 Second Regenerating model
example UCS Command:

352 Introduction to AutoCAD 2011
R15 Fig. 17.14 shows the UCS points and the model regenerates in this new
3 point plane.
90
60 R35
Fig. 17.12 Third
example UCS – outline
for 3D model
Fig. 17.13 The UCS, 3 Point icon in the View/Coordinates panel
point on positive -Y portion of the UCS XY plane
new origin point
point on positive portion of X-axis
chapter 17
Fig. 17.14 Third example UCS – the three UCS points
5. On the face of the model construct a rectangle 80  50 central to the
face of the front of the model, fillet its corners to a radius of 10 and
extrude to a height of 10.
6. Place the model in the ViewCube/Isometric view and fillet the back
Fig. 17.15 Third edges of the second extrusion to a radius of 10.
example UCS 7. Subtract the second extrusion from the first.
8. Add lights and a suitable material, and render the model (Fig. 17.15).
Fourth example – UCS (Fig. 17.17)
1. With the last example still on screen, place the model in the UCS
*WORLD* view.
2. Call the Rotate tool from the Home/Modify panel and rotate the model
through 225 degrees.

Three-dimensional space 353
3. Click the X tool icon in the View/Coordinates panel (Fig. 17.16):
Fig. 17.16 The UCS X tool in the View/Coordinates panel
Command: _ucs
Current ucs name: *WORLD*
Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/
Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis] : _x
Specify rotation angle about X axis
: right-click
Regenerating model
Command:
Fig. 17.17 Fourth
4. Render the model in its new UCS plane (Fig. 17.17).
example
chapter 17
Saving UCS views
If a number of different UCS planes are used in connection with the
construction of a 3D model, each view obtained can be saved to a different
name and recalled when required. To save a UCS plane view in which a
3D model drawing is being constructed enter ucs at the command line:
Current ucs name: *NO NAME*
Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/
Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis] :
enter s right-click
Enter name to save current UCS or [?]: enter New
View right-click
Regenerating model
Command:
Click the UCS Settings arrow in the View/Coordinates panel and the
UCS dialog appears. Click the Named UCSs tab of the dialog and the
names of views saved in the drawing appear (Fig. 17.18).