Though I’ve been working on charter issues for more than a decade now, I went into this project knowing relatively little about rural charters. It turns out that this is partially because there are so few of them. There are a mere 785 rural charter schools, and only 111 of them are in the most remote rural areas.

High-performing charters have accomplished great things for many, many inner-city kids, so my colleagues and I wondered whether they could do the same in rural areas. The need is certainly great.

There are 11 million students in rural public schools, and kids in rural America are more likely than their peers in any other geography to live in poverty. Only 27 percent of rural high-school graduates go on to college, and just one in five rural adults has earned a bachelor’s degree.

But bringing chartering to these communities is knottier than I imagined. First, “rural” defies a simple definition. As one scholar put it, the term includes “hollows in the Appalachian Mountains, former sharecroppers’ shacks in the Mississippi Delta, desolate Indian reservations on the Great Plains, and emerging colonia along the Rio Grande.”

Second, since so many of these areas are sparsely populated, a new-schools strategy faces numerous obstacles, such as enrolling enough students, acquiring facilities, and recruiting teachers and administrators.

Third, it’s often the case that a rural district-run school is the largest employer in the area, the hub of local activities, and one of the few visible public investments for miles. As a result, the existing district school is woven tightly into the community’s fabric. New charters are often seen through narrowed eyes.

But our survey of the entire nation and in-depth study of five states gave us reason for encouragement. There are numerous examples of successful rural charters, from KIPP’s cluster in the Mississippi Delta to the Upper Carmen Charter School in Idaho. There have been heartening instances where chartering enabled a community—threatened by a consolidation effort—to maintain a local school, preserving the community and its heritage.

The paper is sprinkled with facts that I found fascinating, often surprising, and occasionally frustrating.

Very, very few CMOs operate in rural areas.

Of the nation’s 10 most rural states, seven have no charter law

States without one of the nation’s 50 largest cities are much likelier to lack a charter law, and when they do have one, it’s likelier to be rated poorly by both NAPCS and CER.

Some state charter laws have provisions that make starting a rural charter impossible or close to it

Rural charters get substantially less funding than district-run schools and face high costs related to transportation and buildings

The report makes a number of recommendations related to teacher preparation and certification, technology, charter caps, funding, and transportation. There are clearly a number of policies that states ought to revisit.

But a big takeaway from this project is that better policy alone won’t expand the public-school options available to rural kids. Charter advocates need to better understand rural communities—their strengths, challenges, hopes, and fears. And given the enormous differences among rural communities, different approaches are going to be needed for deciding if, when, where, and how a new charter school should emerge.