ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the impacts of the care to the population displaced by violence on the health system and the challenges that this entails. METHODS This is a narrative review of the national and international literature in PubMed, SciELO, WHO/PAHO, and Bireme. Inclusion criteria were date of publication (from 2000), relation with the subject, and language (Spanish or English). We found 292 documents, of which 91 met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS The main challenges are the intersectoral, participatory, and integral approach (with emphasis on mental health and sexual and reproductive health), ensured accessibility to health services, the need for a reliable registration and information system of the population displaced by violence and its characteristics, and the addressing of the biopsychosocial problems of the different groups, especially women, persons with disabilities or infectious diseases, adolescents, children, ethnic minorities, older adults and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, and intersexual population. CONCLUSIONS The lack of political will to accept and see the internal displacement by violence and its importance as a humanitarian and public health problem is an obstacle to the adequate and timely care of the population displaced by violence in Mexico.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the impacts of the care to the population displaced by violence on the health system and the challenges that this entails. METHODS This is a narrative review of the national and international literature in PubMed, SciELO, WHO/PAHO, and Bireme. Inclusion criteria were date of publication (from 2000), relation with the subject, and language (Spanish or English). We found 292 documents, of which 91 met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS The main challenges are the intersectoral, participatory, and integral approach (with emphasis on mental health and sexual and reproductive health), ensured accessibility to health services, the need for a reliable registration and information system of the population displaced by violence and its characteristics, and the addressing of the biopsychosocial problems of the different groups, especially women, persons with disabilities or infectious diseases, adolescents, children, ethnic minorities, older adults and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, and intersexual population. CONCLUSIONS The lack of political will to accept and see the internal displacement by violence and its importance as a humanitarian and public health problem is an obstacle to the adequate and timely care of the population displaced by violence in Mexico.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the prevalence of late initiation of prenatal care and assess its association with the socioeconomic level of the pregnant woman. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study. Pregnant women from the urban area of Bucaramanga were included using sampling based on proportional affixation quotas according to the socioeconomic classification of the neighbourhood where they lived. Late initiation was considered to occur when prenatal care was started at 12 weeks or more of gestation. The association between late initiation and socioeconomic bracket was assessed, controlling by sociodemographic and clinical variables of the pregnant woman, and a multivariate log-binomial regression model was developed to estimate prevalence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Overall, 391 pregnant women between 18 and 43 years of age (median 23) were included. Median for schooling was 11 years, with a range between 0 and 25 years. Late initiation was found in 29.7% (95% CI: 25.2-34.5) of the women. Association was found with low income brackets (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.082.56), no affiliation to social security at the start of pregnancy (PR = 2.73; 95% CI: 2.04-3.67), and low schooling (PR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.02-2.16), and age between 18 and 24 years (PR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.12-1.70). Remembering the date of the last menstruation (PR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.32-0.71) and being in a stable relationship (PR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.64-0.98) were protective factors. Conclusions: Late initiation of prenatal care is found to occur in approximately one out of every three pregnant women. Late initiation is associated with living in a low socioeconomic bracket. Early identification of pregnant women in this population affected by health inequity must be improved.

Abstract Introduction: Since 2011, there has been an increasing interest to re-incorporate primary health care (PHC) strategy in healthcare services and academic debates. After the promulgation of the new healthcare model (MIAS) in 2016, this interest has been made explicit by all actors involved in the health benefits program of the Social Security System (SGSSS). According to the guidelines proposed by the Colombian PHC Alliance, regional meetings have been held to identify potentialities and limitations for implementing the PHC strategy within the framework of the new healthcare policy. Objective: To socialize the analysis carried out by decision-makers and academics related to the implementation of the new healthcare policy in the east of the country. Methodology: Three workshops were held with the participation of 30 representatives of 11 higher-education institutions and 17 decision makers from four departments of the east of the country. Qualitative research methodology based on focus groups was applied. Results: Academics and decision-makers identified challenges related to understanding the conceptual aspects of the Model’s population focus and raised awareness about the need of a critical assessment of curricula and professional competencies of health professionals. Conclusion: The discussion topics emerged from the debate included structural and functional aspects of the Health System that represent challenges to health authorities beyond the mere operationalization of the model.

Objective: To evaluate the experience of implementing a Primary Health Care Model (PHCM) in predominantly rural areas of the department of Santander, Colombia. Methodology: The five dimensions of the RE-AIM model were used: coverage, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance. Mixed methods were used including case studies and quantitative evaluation of the model's performance and health outcomes in six municipalities. Results: The coverage, development and implementation of the PHCM were found to be heterogeneous at the municipal level. The rating of the attributes of the PHCM and the perception of the individual health status was more favorable in the municipalities where the PHCM was more developed. However, no changes were found in the basic health indicators attributed to PHCM. Weaknesses were identified in the operational continuity of the model and in the coordination with other intersectoral strategies. Conclusions: Although some positive intermediate results are evident in the municipalities where the PHCM is more developed, in general, the level of development of the PHCM on basic health indicators is not yet evident in this first evaluation and various organizational factors at the departmental and municipal level, as well as the structure of the Colombian health system itself, threaten its continuity.

This article is an exploratory study of perceived risk in the construction sector. We used a sample of 514 workers in Spain, Peru and Nicaragua. The method used was the psychometric paradigm and, under its assumptions we have studied nine factors or qualitative attributes of risk. The main statistical analysis was carried out using a classification tree. As a result is obtained that four of the nine attributes studied predict significantly the perceived risk of the sample. The attribute on the delay of the consequences has been the most important predictor in the model, followed by the attribute that explores the potential catastrophic risk and the attribute that explores the serious consequences. Finally the attribute related to the personal vulnerability has emerged. The implications of the results are exposed.

Objective: To understand the meaning of prenatal care (PC) for the different healthcare professionals (HCP) who see pregnant women in antenatal consultation. Materials and methods: Qualitative research supported theoretically on Symbolic Interactionism and Grounded Theory (GT). After informed consents were obtained, in-depth interviews were conducted among 15 HCPs including physicians, gynaecologists, perinatologists, nurses and psychologists providing PC in public (primary care clinics) and private (medical centres and offices) institutions in Bucaramanga, Colombia, in 2012. Interactions between professionals and pregnant women were also observed in those settings. The information was analysed concurrently as it was gathered using inductive logic reasoning and GT methods in order to generate categories; logic sampling was then applied until saturation of the emerging categories was achieved. The study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the participating institutions. Results: Three categories emerged: 1) Risk management-focused care; 2) Dichotomy between the failings of the system and care quality; and 3) Prenatal care as a setting for interaction and satisfaction. Conclusions: The participants award meaning to PC from three perspectives: as a technical setting, as an opportunity for interaction and satisfaction, and as a motivation to overcome the barriers imposed by the system and provide good-quality care during pregnancy.

Background: one of the pharmacologic groups of bigger prescription and use in Primary Health Attention, for his efficacy in the treatment of multiple infections constitute the antimicrobial. Previous studies evidence that there are difficulties in their prescription by doctors of this level of attention. Objective: designing a post-graduate course about the suitable selection and management of the antimicrobial in respiratory and urinary infections in primary health attention. Methods: a descriptive study, accomplished at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos, shaped for three stages: diagnosis of the level of knowledge taking as sample 113 comprehensive general doctors of all the health areas of Cienfuegos; the course’s design, and its validation by consulting experts. They were considered the recommendations of the guides and protocols with the best available scientific evidences about the theme. Results: the majority of the inquired individuals presented a level of knowledge between middle and low about the theme. The course was structured in five themes, with its respective objectives, organizational teaching forms, methodological guidelines, methods and teaching aids. The experts validated the course and considered it feasible, pertinent and of lofty quality. Conclusions: the course can contribute to the increment of doctor’s knowledge of the family about a selection and management of antimicrobial in the most frequent infections in Primary Health Attention, and therefore, to upgrade medical attention to the patient.

This paper addresses the question of how construction workers perceive occupational risks. It is a question that has not been addressed in scientific research. Specifically, we answer the following research questions: what is the perception of risk of construction workers?; what aspects of risk significantly influence the formation of the overall perception of risk?; are there sociodemographic variables that help to understand the perception of risk of construction workers? and if this were the case, then what are these variables and how do they influence them?. Ultimately, it examines the profile of perceived risk, its relation to the delay of consequences and the influence of socio-demographic variables. Respondents filled out a questionnaire in the presence of the survey-taker. The questionnaire was based on the psychometric paradigm, and was comprised of: (a) nine questions, each exploring a perceived risk attribute or dimension rated on a Likert 7-point scale, (b) a question on global risk perception, and (c) categorical questions about socio-demographic issues. The survey was conducted in the city of Granada (Spain). A profile of the construction workers' perceived risk was obtained. Answers to each attribute were above the neutral line (scores above four). The profile shows the risk dimension with the highest score was the delayed consequences of exposure to risk conditions, a dimension that can be related to ergonomics and occupational hygiene. This is a new outcome since traditionally this dimension was given a lower score in the worker's perception. A simple linear regression showed global risk may be explained in terms of the delayed consequences dimension (R²=0.29). Finally, a variance analysis (ANOVA) and several t-tests explored the relationship between this dimension and the sample's socio-demographic variables. To conclude, the delay of consequences is the risk dimension workers perceived as the most critical in their daily chores. In addition, this risk dimension is decisive in creating a high global risk perception. Parenthood, a higher worker category and training are the only socio-demographic variables having an impact on this dimension of perceived risk. Hence, there is a direct relationship between these two variables.

Objective To analyze the influence of gender on the practice of physical activity, in women with experiences of migration to the U.S.A. Methods Qualitative design with methods based on grounded theory. The information was obtained through in-depth interviews of 19 women living in rural localities in the central zone of Mexico. Results Through this analysis, a core category arose: social criticism of physical exercise. The results show that married women do not perform physical exercise because, due social norms, it is socially frowned upon and men are responsible for making the decision to permit it. Gender, female identity, women's role as subordinates to men, and social criticism are elements that contribute to understanding the lack of physical activity among these women. Conclusion We suggest that healthcare programs be designed to promote physical activity among adult women in rural areas, taking gender perspective and the population's context into account.

Objective: Understand what motherhood means to pregnant women as a basis for guiding maternal-infant health promotion. Materials and methods: This is a qualitative study founded theoretically in symbolic interactionism and the grounded theory method. Following prior informed consent, in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 pregnant women over 14 years of age in different socioeconomic brackets. All were residents of Bucaramanga (Colombia). Their interactions with other pregnant women and with health workers also were observed at the institutions where they receive prenatal care. The information was analyzed in parallel to its collection, through open codification and categorization based on the constant comparative method and theoretical sampling, until saturation of the categories was achieved. The results were validated in focus groups with pregnant women. Results: Categories emerged that show motherhood as an affirmative experience and a process marked by concern, responsibility and adaptation / accommodation. Motherhood as a transformative development with positive experiences and the building of ties emerged as the central category. Discussion: Motherhood has different meanings and nuances for pregnant women, based largely on their socio-cultural components. These aspects must be considered in efforts to guide the promotion of maternal-infant health and maternal care. Conclusions: Motherhood is a complex process and one of personal transformation that helps the pregnant woman to form a bond with her child, with her partner and with the family members who support her. During this process, she experiences feelings of joy and satisfaction, along with concern and anxiety about the challenges motherhood poses. Understanding this process will help to orient the work of health professionals towards prenatal care that is consistent with the expectations of the pregnant woman.

Objective To analyze the influence of gender on the practice of physical activity, in women with experiences of migration to the U.S.A. Methods Qualitative design with methods based on grounded theory. The information was obtained through in-depth interviews of 19 women living in rural localities in the central zone of Mexico. Results Through this analysis, a core category arose: social criticism of physical exercise. The results show that married women do not perform physical exercise because, due social norms, it is socially frowned upon and men are responsible for making the decision to permit it. Gender, female identity, women's role as subordinates to men, and social criticism are elements that contribute to understanding the lack of physical activity among these women. Conclusion We suggest that healthcare programs be designed to promote physical activity among adult women in rural areas, taking gender perspective and the population's context into account.

Introduction: the low vision services seek to rehabilitate people with these visual disabilities. This research is the first that addresses the characteristics of the health system in terms of management and organization of care network in Colombia, from the perspective of service providers. Method: a descriptive qualitative, under the theoretical model of Andersen et al, which used to analyze the methodological design of Taylor & Bogdan. Results: the service institutions are forced to seek managerial actions to survive in a health system based on managed care and regulated competition. Conclusions: no clear route due to lack of care professionals as well as the absence of rules ensuring reference and counter is identified.

Objective Public health services performance in Primary Health Care was evaluated in six municipalities from Santander, Colombia, after the development of a Primary Health Care program at the state level. Methods A cross-sectional, comparative study design was developed using a rapid assessment methodology, designed by Starfield. Patients, professionals and decision-makers were interviewed in three municipalities with higher development of the program and compared with three municipalities with lower development, all six predominantly rural areas. Propensity scores were calculate to equalize basal characteristics of groups being compared and multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the level of development of the program in the global performance index by patients. Results Higher total scores in the global performance index were found in patients in municipalities with higher development programs. Family-focus, Community orientation and Access were dimensions with lower scores. Higher model development was associated with higher performance index scores by patients. Conclusions In spite of higher primary health care model development was associated with best global performance scores, access, family focus and community orientation are attributes less developed.

Objective Public health services performance in Primary Health Care was evaluated in six municipalities from Santander, Colombia, after the development of a Primary Health Care program at the state level. Methods A cross-sectional, comparative study design was developed using a rapid assessment methodology, designed by Starfield. Patients, professionals and decision-makers were interviewed in three municipalities with higher development of the program and compared with three municipalities with lower development, all six predominantly rural areas. Propensity scores were calculate to equalize basal characteristics of groups being compared and multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the level of development of the program in the global performance index by patients. Results Higher total scores in the global performance index were found in patients in municipalities with higher development programs. Family-focus, Community orientation and Access were dimensions with lower scores. Higher model development was associated with higher performance index scores by patients. Conclusions In spite of higher primary health care model development was associated with best global performance scores, access, family focus and community orientation are attributes less developed.