Vigorous. In villages, all domains; in larger cities, home and among other Turkmen. All ages. Positive attitudes. Very few of the Turkmen speak Dari [prs]; only those living in big cities speak it. About 70%–80% of the Turkmen can reasonably understand Uzbek [uzs].

Language Development

Literacy rate in L1: Below 1%. Literacy rate in L2: Very low. Girls and women especially low. In remote areas, few children, especially girls, are able to attend school. Near cities, a sharp increase in the next generation attending school. Textbooks up to grade 12. Turkmen teachers are few and use of primers not widespread.

Writing

Arabic script [Arab], used in Afghanistan and Iran. Cyrillic script [Cyrl], used in Turkmenistan, not used in Afghanistan. Latin script [Latn], official usage in Turkmenistan since 1991.