Cytoskeleton
“The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.” Thomas Paine... “Unless you really just screw up.” Bush

1. What are microfilaments? (He said know how to identify/draw these) Note: since it is multiple choice, I doubt we will have to know how to draw them. **There are also short essay questions and, in past classes, he has asked students to draw. I thought the final was ALL MULTIPLE CHOICE???******************************** Microfilament- Analogous to actin microfilaments. Helical polymer of actin protein; two protofilaments. Smallest cytoskeleton diameter (3-6nm) structure Thinner, shorter, more flexible than microtubes. One basic 7subunit, globular actin. Structurally polar. Have fast reaction to stimuli. What super structures do they form?

2. How does myosin II form filaments? How do these filaments interact with microfilaments? What kind of cycle does the myosin head go through as it “walks” on microfilaments? * Myosin II forms filaments by the tails of 2 myosin-II wrap around one another to form a spindle in which the heads project outward from the middle in opposite directions. Clusters of myosin-II molecules then bind to each other making a bipolar myosin filament. * The head of the myosin II binds to actin

* Then through ATP hydrolysis the cell “walks” because the inorganic phosphate created by the hydrolysis displaces the myosin. The “walking” is toward the (+) end.

3. How do cells “crawl” by amoeboid movement? What are the various ways in which actin, myosin, adhesion plaques/focal contacts, and vesicle transport play a role in the process? The basic idea is Protrusion -> Adherence by integrins to ECM-> pulling itself (Retraction) by contractile bundles or possibly actin in cell cortex (still not certain how retraction force is formed) It crawls by lamellipod (crosslinked), filopodia (Parallel Bundles that depend on formin that form straight unbranched filaments that push foward) . lamellipod grow through ARPs that...

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...Test
When the system is powered on, the BIOS will perform diagnostics and initialize
system components, including the video system. (This is self-evident when the
screen first flicks before the Video Card header is displayed). This is commonly
referred as POST (Power-On Self Test).
Afterwards, the computer will proceed its final boot-up stage by calling the
operating system. Just before that, the user may interrupt to have access to
SETUP.
To allow the user to alter the CMOS settings, the BIOS provides a little program,
SETUP. Usually, setup can be entered by pressing a special key combination (DEL,
ESC, CTRL-ESC, or CRTL-ALT-ESC) at boot time (Some BIOSes allow you to enter
setup at any time by pressing CTRL-ALT-ESC). The AMI BIOS is mostly entered by
pressing the DEL key after resetting (CTRL-ALT-DEL) or powering up the computer.
You can bypass the extended CMOS settings by holding the <INS> key down during
boot-up. This is really helpful, especially if you bend the CMOS settings right
out of shape and the computer won't boot properly anymore. This is also a handy
tip for people who play with the older AMI BIOSes with the XCMOS setup. It
allows changes directly to the chip registers with very little technical
explanation.
A Typical BIOS POST Sequence
Most BIOS POST sequences occur along four stages:
1. Display some basic information about the video card like its brand,
video BIOS...

...﻿Chapter 1
Cell Theory- in the 18th century, two scientists came up with the cell theory. Schleiden and Schwen.
3 corollaries of the cell theory:
-all cells are alike in chemical composition
-all cells store and process information in the same way
-all cells arise from other cell through cell division
5 types of different Microscopes
1. Light Microscope- produces 2-D image
Direct descendants of Hooks scope> take two lenses to a light source> used this to magnify images up to 1,000 fold.
2. Confocal Microscope- uses lenses& a light source> produces a 3-D image.
3. Fluorescence Microscope- 2-D or 3-D, allows us to visualize fluorescent dyes.
4. Transmission Electron Microscope- it shoots a bean of electrons through a sample, and it collects whatever passes through.
-It can do a million fold magnifications.
2-D images, visualize down to 2nm(nanometers)
1mm=1000mm(micrometers)
1mm=1000nm
5. Scanning Electron Microscope- Functions in a similar function to a transmission electron microscope> 3-D images, 3-20 nm in size.
What does it mean to be alive?
All living things are composed of cells.
CellCells are the basic unit of life. A small membrane enclosed unit with a concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals. It’s endowed with the ability to copy itself.
-Every living thing is composed of a colony of...

...﻿This article is about the BIOS as found in IBM PC compatibles. For the general concept, see Firmware. For other uses, see Bios.
In IBM PC compatible computers, the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), also known as System BIOS, ROM BIOS or PC BIOS (/ˈbaɪ.oʊs/), is a de facto standard defining a firmwareinterface.[1] The name originated from the Basic Input/Output System used in the CP/M operating system in 1975.[2][3] The BIOS software is built into the PC, and is the first software run by a PC when powered on.
The fundamental purposes of the BIOS are to initialize and test the system hardware components, and to load a bootloader or an operating system from a mass memory device. The BIOS additionally provides abstraction layer for the hardware, i.e. a consistent way for application programs and operating systems to interact with the keyboard, display, and other input/output devices. Variations in the system hardware are hidden by the BIOS from programs that use BIOS services instead of directly accessing the hardware. Modern operating systems ignore the abstraction layer provided by the BIOS and access the hardware components directly.
The BIOS of the original IBM PC/XT had no interactive user interface. Error messages were displayed on the screen, or coded series of sounds were generated to...

...INPUT-OUTPUT SYSTEM (BIOS)
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in Research and Technical Writing
A Thesis Proposal Presented to Professor Marjorie M. Miguel
Prepared by:
Ayeng, Katrina N.
Manila, Kimberly R.
Manio, Klarryze Jenel B.
Mundo, Justine DB.
Salamat, Norman Jan R.
August 2012
CHAPTER I
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
The Importance and Functions of the Basic Input-Output System (BIOS)
Introduction
Nowadays, many computer users around the world encounter a problem regarding Basic Input-Output System (BIOS). It is usually seen when a computer failed to shut down successfully where one can read the phrase “Enter BIOS system” on the options but not everyone knows what is it for, how does it function and is it necessary to be familiar with. That is why we have chosen to conduct a research paper regarding BIOS. It is important to have knowledge or idea about it because of its many uses, importance and functions on a computer system that will be stated on the following chapters of this research paper. It is an exciting and interesting topic to be discussed and to be researched. Not only that, in this research paper, one can learn or have ideas on upgrading BIOS, what are the effects of upgrading it and why is it necessary to be upgraded and updated.
Statement of the Problem/ Objectives
What are the importance and functions of Basic Input-Output System...

...I
BIOS (BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM)
BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input Output System. It is the program that stores configuration details about your computer hardware and enables your computer to boot up. Every time your computer is switched on the BIOS loads configuration data into main memory, performs a routine diagnostic test on your hardware, then loads the operating system. Every computer has BIOS. There are many types but the most common type of BIOS 's come from: AMI, Award and Phoenix.The BIOS tells the operating system in your computer how to boot up, where to load everything, what to load, whats memory and CPU are present and much much more.
POST (POWER ON SELF TEST) .
The Power On Self Test is activated by the BIOS. It runs a series of checks and diagnostics on your motherboard. Some of the items it checks are, keyboard, CPU, memory, PCI slots etc. Keep in mind most POST problems are related to memory.
SEMANTIC WEB .
The Semantic Web is a mesh of information linked up in such a way as to be easily processable by machines, on a global scale. You can think of it as being an efficient way of representing data on the World Wide Web, or as a globally linked database.
The Semantic Web was thought up by Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the WWW, URIs, HTTP, and HTML. There is a dedicated team of people at the World Wide Web consortium (W3C) working to improve,...

...﻿Cell Biology Lab - Homework 1
Due to the week of Oct. 6-10th
This is NOT a lab group project. Do the work individually. You may use any source other than your fellow students. Show your work, use your own words and cite all references.
1. (20 points) The HeLa S3 cancer cell line is considered to be “continuous” due to acquired mutations that enable the cells to evade senescence. This property is one of several hallmark characteristics of cancer cell lines. Describe three hallmark characteristics of cancer cells and summarize the history of the HeLa S3 cell line (be sure to describe the origin of the cells, the approximate year of their extraction and the required growing conditions – all of which can be found on the ATCC website).
2. (20 points) Cell culture media typically contain a blend of glucose, amino acids, salts, and a buffer. Majority of cell lines also require the addition of blood serum nutrients. Using the article “Managing Serum Requirements in Cell Culture”, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using serum for cell culture.
3. (10 points) Your lab partner made three 25 mL volumes of glucose at the following concentrations: 12 mg/mL, 24 mg/mL, and 27 mg/mL. Your lab protocol requires a large amount of 12 mg/mL gluocse, so you decide to combine all of the three solutions to make as...

...﻿Cell Biology Study Guide- Exam 1_______________________________________________
EXAMPLES OF MULTIPLE CHOICE/ TRUE AND FALSE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following about the Cell Theory is FALSE?
a) All cells come from preexisting cells through division
b) All organisms consist of one or more cells
c) The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
d) All cells must contain organelles
e) None of the above
2. A student in a cellular biology laboratory is faced with the task of detecting protein X in muscle cells taken from a rat. The tissue is required to be live while under analysis. The student also is presented with numerous types of microscopes and is asked to choose the one to complete his task. Which type of microscopy should be employed?
a Titration analysis
b Transmission electron microscopy
c Scanning electron microscopy
d Fluorescence microscopy
e None of the above
3. Two monosaccharaides underwent a chemical reaction in which H2O was expelled to form a disaccharide. This reaction is termed _________ and is __________ in nature because it requires energy.
a) Condensation; catabolic
b) Hydrolysis; catabolic
c) Glycolysis; anabolic
d) Endosymbiosis; anabolic
e) Condensation; anabolic
4. Phospholipids are composed of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails joined to a hydrophilic head making it amphipathic in nature. True or...