Australia's incarceration rates are at their highest levels in 120 years despite a significant drop in crime, a new report has found. Federal Labor frontbencher Andrew Leigh has released a research paper outlining the impacts of what he describes as the country's "second convict age". Australia's incarceration rate is now 0.22 per cent, which is the highest it has been since 1899, and higher than the rate in Canada and the UK. The climb in prison rates started in about 1985 and has taken place across all states and territories. Dr Leigh said the two biggest drivers were tighter bail conditions and longer sentences, which account for about three-quarters of the rise. "The return of Australian incarceration rates to the levels of the colonial era has significant negative implications," he wrote in a paper released on Monday. "Imprisonment reduces employment prospects, and has adverse health impacts. Released prisoners have a high chance of being homeless, and many reoffend." The indigenous incarceration rate, at 2.5 per cent, is higher than the incarceration rate of African-Americans. Among indigenous men born in the 1970s, a quarter have been to prison. Western Australian research suggests that nine in 10 have been arrested. For the 43,000 inmates in Australian prisons, there are 77,000 children with an incarcerated parent. The increase in imprisonment rates costs every Australian $140 each year. "Although prisoners are incapacitated from offending against the general population, the crime-reducing impact is likely to diminish as the prison population grows," Dr Leigh said. "With imprisonment costing taxpayers billions of dollars annually, the opportunity cost of mass incarceration is substantial and growing." Australian Associated Press