Less Fog in California Could Stress Redwoods

Significantly less fog is drifting in along the Pacific
Coast these days, a new study finds. The shift force a decline in redwood trees,
which rely on the fog to keep them supplied with water during the arid summer
months.

Climate models have predicted that with the warming
caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere,
California's coastal fog
would increase as a result of changing atmosphere and ocean circulation
patterns.

But weather records that just recently became available have
shown the opposite trend of a significant decrease in fog over the past 100
years.

"Since 1901, the average number of hours of fog along
the coast in summer has dropped from 56 percent to 42 percent, which is a loss
of about three hours per day," said study leader James A. Johnstone, who
conducted the research while working on his Ph.D. at the University of
California, Berkeley, and is now at the University of Washington in Seattle.

Warmer, too

And the decline in fog isn't the only change to affect the coastal
area where redwoods reside.

"A cool coast and warm interior is one of the defining
characteristics of California's coastal climate, but the temperature difference
between the coast and interior has declined substantially in the last century,
in step with the decline in summer fog," Johnstone said.

Both of these changes could impact the health of the iconic coast
redwood (Sequoia semperviren), one of
the tallest and longest-lived tree
species in the world, with some individual trees passing the 2,000-year mark.

Elsewhere, global warming is causing some trees
to grow faster. But a warmer world is bad news for redwood trees.

Redwoods aren't very good at regulating their water use. At
night, they leave open their stomata — the pores on leaves that plants use to
exchange gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide with the air — which
allows water to leave, but doesn't give them any of the benefits of
photosynthesis, since there is no light shining on them.

Fog helps the redwoods conserve water, because it increases
the humidity of the air around the trees, so less water escapes from their
leaves.

A decrease in fog cover and an increase in coastal temperature
could combine to make the trees lose more water and become drought-stressed.

"Fog prevents water loss from redwoods in summer, and
is really important for both the tree and the forest," said Todd Dawson,
also of UC Berkeley, who co-authored the study that describes the fog changes.
"If the fog is gone, we might not have the redwood forests we do now."

Broader impacts

And any change in the redwood forests, could have broader
impacts on the regional ecosystem.

"As fog decreases, the mature redwoods along the coast
are not likely to die outright, but there may be less recruitment of new trees;
they will look elsewhere for water, high humidity and cooler
temperatures," Dawson said. "What does that mean for the current
redwood range and that of the plants and animals with them?"

The study, detailed this week in the journal Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences, is the first to show that fog is not as
ephemeral a phenomenon as it may seem and that it in fact is a systematic
process connected to the larger Pacific Coast climate, Johnstone told
LiveScience.

The work was supported by the Save the Redwoods League and
the Berkeley Atmospheric Sciences Center.

Andrea Thompson

Andrea graduated from Georgia Tech with a B.S. in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences in 2004 and a Master's in the same subject in 2006. She attended the Science, Health and Environmental Reporting Program at New York University and graduated with a Master of Arts in 2006.