Review of Methods and Instruments for Determining Undeclared Nuclear Materials and Activities

At present time high-sensitivity nuclear environmental sampling techniques have been recognized as a power tool for the detection of undeclared activities in the context of the growing threats of nuclear proliferation and terrorism. The International Atomic Energy Agency has proved the ability of the environmental sampling and analysis techniques to support the traditional international safeguards. This article reviews the potentially promising physical methods as well as the current methods and instruments used to analyze trace amounts of nuclear materials in environmental samples. Two types of samples analysis are distinguished: the bulk analysis and particles analysis. Techniques for sample preparation and special laboratory conditions to prevent possible contamination are considered as an essential part of the sample analysis. Detection limits achieved at present in frame of considered techniques are discussed.