Summary and Analysis

Study Tools

Angular Momentum

Problems

Problems

From the work done in the
last section we can easily derive the
principle of conservation of angular momentum. After we have established
this principle, we will examine a few examples that illustrate the principle.

Principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum

Recall from the last section that
τext =
. In light of
this equation, consider the special case of when there is no net torque acting
on the system. In this case,
must be zero, implying that the
total angular momentum of a system is constant. We can state this verbally:

If no net external torque acts on a system, the total angular momentum of the
system remains constant.

This statement describes the conservation of angular momentum. It is the third
of the major conservation laws encountered in mechanics (along with the
conservation of energy and of linear momentum).

There is one major difference between the conservation of linear momentum and
conservation of angular momentum. In a system of particles, the total mass
cannot change. However, the total moment of
inertia can. If a set of
particles
decreases its radius of rotation, it also decreases its moment of inertia.
Though angular momentum will be conserved under such circumstances, the angular
velocity of the system might not be. We shall explore these concepts through
some examples.

Examples of Conservation of Angular Momentum

Consider a spinning skater. A popular skating move involves beginning a spin
with one's arms extended, then moving the arms closer to the body. This motion
results in an increase of the speed with which the skater rotates increases. We
shall examine why this is the case using our conservation law. When the
skater's arms are extended, the moment of inertia of the skater is greater than
when the arms are close to the body, since some of the skater's mass decreases
the radius of rotation. Because we can consider the skater an isolated system,
with no net external torque acting, when the moment of inertia of the skater
decreases, the angular velocity increases, according to the equation
L = Iσ
.

Another popular example of the conservation of angular momentum is that of a
person holding a spinning bicycle wheel on a rotating chair. The person then
turns over the bicycle wheel, causing it to rotate in an opposite direction, as
shown below.

Figure %: In a) the person holds the spinning bicycle wheel, and the angular
momentum of the wheel is shown. In b), the direction of spin is reversed,
causing the person to spin on the chair to conserve angular momentum.

Initially, the wheel has an angular momentum in the upward direction. When the
person turns over the wheel, the angular momentum of the wheel reverses
direction. Because the person-wheel-chair system is an isolated system, total
angular momentum must be conserved, and the person begins to rotate in an
opposite direction as the wheel. The vector sum of angular momentum in a) and
b) is the same, and momentum is conserved. This example is quite
counterintuitive. It seems odd that simply moving a bicycle wheel would cause
one to rotate. However, when observed from the standpoint of conservation of
momentum, the phenomena makes sense.

Conclusion

We have now completed our study of angular momentum, and have likewise come to
the end of our examination the mechanics of rotation. Since we have already
examined the mechanics of linear motion, we can now describe basically any
mechanical situation. The union of rotational and linear mechanics can account
for almost any motion in the universe, from the motion of planets to
projectiles.