implement measures to reduce fear and anxiety (e.g. assure client that staff are nearby, explain all tests and procedures, encourage verbalization of fear and anxiety)

implement measures to promote sleep (e.g. elevate head of bed and support arms on pillows to facilitate breathing; maintain oxygen therapy during sleep; discourage intake of fluids high in caffeine, especially in the evening; encourage relaxing diversional activities in the evening)

discourage smoking and excessive intake of beverages high in caffeine such as coffee, tea, and colas (nicotine and caffeine can increase cardiac workload and myocardial oxygen utilization, thereby decreasing oxygen availability)