whitefly

Researchers have found three species of predatory bug in the Miridae family that can limit the establishment of the harmful predatory bug Nesidiocoris tenuis in tomato crops. “Omnivorous predatory bugs could potentially be a great help in biological pest control,” researcher Gerben Messelink says.

In recent years the bug Nesidiocoris tenuis has become a serious problem in tomato growing. Although it controls whitefly and tomato leaf miner, the insect causes so much damage to the crop that growers tend to view it as a pest rather than a predator. These Mediterranean plunderers puncture fruits and flowers and cause necrotic rings which lead to stems breaking off. They inhibit plant growth, resulting in deformed plants. Tips fall off and production stagnates.

“Tomato growers in southern Europe have been using Nesi to control Tuta absoluta for years,” says researcher Gerben Messelink of Wageningen University & Research’s greenhouse horticulture business unit in Bleiswijk, the Netherlands. “Various other predators such as nematodes and parasitic wasps have been tried as well, but Nesi appears to be the most effective. Southern Spanish growers therefore mainly see this creature as a useful predator.”

But things are different hundreds of kilometres to the north, where Nesi is a serious problem for Dutch tomato growers. Crop damage is severe and the predatory bug is difficult to control selectively. Chemicals also have an adverse effect on Macrolophus, a relative of Nesi, giving pests such as whitefly free rein and disrupting the whole biological control system in the greenhouse. What’s more, this creature develops faster than related species. “It is a thermophilic insect, so when the temperature in the greenhouse is 20°C the population is already growing strongly,” Messelink says.

Omnivores in a spectrum

To tackle this problem, in 2015 WUR teamed up with the growers’ organisation LTO Glaskracht Nederland and submitted a project proposal, “Pest control with omnivorous predatory bugs”. This public-private partnership launched in 2016, financed half by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture and half by the private sector. The private funding for this project comes from the Dutch tomato, gerbera and rose growers’ cooperatives, Stichting Programmafonds Glastuinbouw (the Dutch greenhouse horticulture programme fund foundation) and Koppert Biological Systems.

“Nesi is a predatory bug in the Miridae family, just like Macrolophus,” Messelink explains. “Miridae are omnivores that not only use plants as food but also serve as predators. There are many different species of Miridae and they are all located in different places in this spectrum. One species eats more plant, the other more prey. Macrolophus is a predatory bug that is very pest-oriented and only causes limited damage to plants. Nesi, on the other hand, quickly causes a lot of damage but is also a good pest controller.”

Messelink and his colleague Ada Leman ran a greenhouse trial last year in which they investigated whether establishment of this insect in tomato is limited if a population of other bugs is already established in the crop. To determine whether Nesi also affects the densities of its relatives, controls with these bugs without the notorious predator were also set up.

Insect cages

The greenhouse trial was carried out in large insect cages with one tomato plant per cage: grafted Brioso plants with two stems. The effect was assessed using three types of new predatory bug, which the researchers brought in from southern Europe. “We investigated the effect these three species had on pest control and we looked at the development and establishment of these insects in tomato and their secondary effects on Nesi. The result was quite spectacular,” the researcher says. “Nesi was able to establish in all treatments, but what we saw was that where we had built up a population with the new species first before introducing Nesi, establishment was reduced by an average of 90%.”

The final population density of the predatory bug among its three southern European cousins averaged 85%, 92% and 95% lower than the controls respectively. There was no significant effect the other way round.

Whitefly and cotton whitefly

“We confirmed in the laboratory that the adults of the three new species feed on the young Nesi nymphs, but it is not yet clear what effect Macrolophus has on the insect,” Messelink says. “We have observed that Macrolophus is often squeezed out in the greenhouse, and in the laboratory too we have noticed that this bug doesn’t feed on young Nesi nymphs. So using these new species could offer an advantage over Macrolophus. But it’s important to find out whether they are just as effective in controlling the main pests.”

Now that the researchers have established that the three southern European bugs control tomato leafminer, this year they are looking into the effect these species have on greenhouse whitefly and tobacco whitefly.

Standing army

Messelink is enthusiastic about the initial result. “You have to view the predatory bugs as a standing army. If you can deploy the new species preventively, if they can control different pests, tackle Nesi and don’t damage the crops, then we will be taking a big step forward in biological control.”

At the end of the day, the researchers want to be able to offer growers a total package. “We are looking for a predatory bug that controls an infestation as effectively as possible and doesn’t damage the crop,” Messelink says. “I have high hopes. I think these insects will be a big help in biological control in the future.”

Experience in rose and gerbera

As part of the same study, the researchers also investigated the use of omnivorous predatory bugs in gerbera and rose. “We think that this insect can offer a solution in these crops too,” researcher Gerben Messelink says.

“Whitefly, caterpillar, Echinothrips – all these pests can be controlled with predatory bugs, so it is possible but we still need to do more research. We have observed that this insect has difficulty establishing in gerbera, mainly because of the mildew control technique that’s currently used. Growers spray the crop, and it is not so much the toxic value that eliminates the predator; research has shown that spraying under high pressure ‘blows away’ the predator. So if we can find another way of controlling mildew, we can also build up a population of predatory bugs in the crop and control pests that way.”

The researchers are also trialling building up a population of these predators in rose. “Rose is a woody plant, which makes it difficult for this insect to establish. Bugs prefer hairy, herbaceous plants. But we might be able to keep these predators in the crop by using a host plant, for example. We have already demonstrated that we can control Echinothrips in rose effectively this way.”

Summary

Three species of predatory bugs in the Miridae family can limit the establishment of their harmful cousin Nesidiocoris tenuis in tomato growing. Researchers looked at the effect they have on pest control. They investigated the development and establishment of these three southern European predators in tomato and their secondary effects on Nesi. The final population density of Nesi with the three predatory bugs tested was around 90% lower than in the control. It is likely that these omnivorous insects could ultimately also offer a solution in rose and gerbera.

Koppert Biological Systems is introducing videos featuring the most prevalent pests and their natural enemies in the lead roles. The close-up visual material shows how pests develop in the crop and how natural enemies combat them.

Fascinating scenes are taking place in nature all the time, but most of the encounters between insects and mites, for example, cannot be seen with the naked eye. Koppert Biological Systems is capturing high definition visuals of the pests which growers have to deal with on a daily basis and show how their natural enemies do their valuable work.

The new videos will provide useful visual material for growers, agricultural consultants, academic institutions and those interested in sustainable solutions for the production of food and flowers. Koppert wants to create a greater awareness of the natural solutions that are available for horticulture, so chemical agents are not always necessary.

High definition

A total of 23 videos are in the making and will feature pests such as whitefly, spider mite, aphids, thrips, mealybugs, leaf miners, black vine weevil and Tuta absoluta. The videos of whitefly and a number of predatory insects are now available:

Combating aphids with biological crop protection agents is everything but easy. This is why Biobest is involved in relentless research into new ways to get rid of aphids. The result? The hoverfly, Sphaerophoria rueppelli, is being deployed in the battle.

Many commercial crops are plagued by a plethora of aphid varieties that can create a tremendous amount of damage. A lot of preventive pest control strategies have already been explored. Many of these focus on the use of parasitoids. Although these are quite effective, they still aren’t effective enough to be truly reliable. According to Biobest, the biggest problem is that every parasitoid attacks only a limited number of hosts.

The latest weapon in the war against aphids, Sphaerophoria rueppelli, is a native species that is very common throughout Europe and in numerous Mediterranean countries. Its larvae are highly efficient predators of various ahipd vaieties, including Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Not only do hoverflies feast on aphids, they also consider whiteflies, thrips, and spider mites to be a delicacy. ‘Sphaerophoria rueppellii will go actively in search and fly long distances to detect even the first signs of an aphid colony,’ explains Yann Jacques, Product Manager for Macrobials at Biobest. ‘The Sphaerophoria System is therefore also a preventative system. It is a perfect complement to our existing range of parasitoids and predators.’

Biology

Adult hoverflies are virtually harmless, as they feed only on pollen and nectar. It’s the larvae, however, that are the leading players in the war against aphids. Adult females prefer to lay their oval-shaped greyish white eggs in large colonies of aphids, to ensure that their offspring will have plenty of nourishment. Each female can lay up to 20 eggs a day, and up to 400 eggs in all. The green larvae that are hatched can consume an average of 200 aphids during their larval stage, which lasts nine days at a temperature of 25°C. They will also feed on other pests, such as whiteflies, thrips, and spider mites. ‘What’s so interesting about this system is that the hoverflies can be deployed concurrently with aphid parasitoids. Hoverfly larvae will devour only the non-parasitised aphids. By deploying both, the number of aphids will be reduced even more dramatically,’ concludes Jacques. S. rueppellii is highly efficient when deployed in sweet pepper crops, but it looks as if this system will also promote aphid control substantially in other vegetable, fruit and decorative plant crops.