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WASHINGTON DC, USA – After winning the White House with a call to embrace "the audacity of hope," Barack Obama knows his place in the history books will be measured against the outsized hopes his 2008 election sparked in the United States and abroad.

Beyond his wide smile, his legendary Hawaiian sense of calm and his drama-free style of governing, what will be remembered from the Democrat's extraordinary path to power and his two terms as the 44th US president?

Will the son of an absent Kenyan father and a white mother from Kansas, who split his childhood years between the Aloha State and Indonesia, be lauded for bringing down unemployment, the raid that killed Obama bin Laden, or reforming the health care system?

Will he be praised for revitalizing relations with Cuba or pushing through a global climate agreement?

But one dream got lost along the way: that of national reconciliation.

Years of stalemate with an intractable Republican-led Congress and Donald Trump's shock election win – which he did not see coming – at the end of an unprecedentedly aggressive campaign have revealed a deeply divided country.

Political divisions are to be expected, with Republicans and Democrats refusing to work together to the point of sometimes paralyzing government.

But racial fault lines also came to the fore during Obama's presidency, and with an unexpected force.

Careful not to be seen as a "president for black Americans," Obama paradoxically may have been the wrong leader to move the needle on the race issue.

That reality is a bitter pill to swallow for a man who said, in the 2004 speech that put him on the political map, that there is "not a liberal America and a conservative America, there's the United States of America."

"There's not a black America and white America and Latino America and Asian America," he said. "There's the United States of America."

But Obama, criticized by some as too much of a policy wonk and sometimes professorial, may not have taken the pulse of Trump's America – a mainly white, working middle class terrified by the whirlwind effects of economic globalization.

Still popular

AT THE RESOLUTE DESK. In this photo, US President Barack Obama works at the Oval Office, October 18, 2013. Official White House Photo by Pete Souza

With his temples a bit grayer now, Barack Hussein Obama will leave the Oval Office at age 55 with his popularity near his all-time high, much like Ronald Reagan in 1989.

A relative political novice when he ran for president in 2008, promising to transform the United States under his optimistic banner of "Yes we can," Obama entered the White House in 2009, and the learning curve was steep.

Just 47 at the time, 4 years older than John F. Kennedy, he freely admits he initially underestimated the difficulty of doing business in Washington.

He could only shake his head at how Republicans systematically blocked his every move, even if he himself also lacked a certain sense of flexibility in his dealings with Capitol Hill.

Confronted with economic and financial chaos upon his arrival in office, with huge sectors of industry at the edge of an abyss, he managed to push through an $800 billion stimulus package.

Then, after an epic battle on Capitol Hill, Obama saw his signature health care reform plan – which became known as "Obamacare" – become law.

Some 20 million Americans now have health insurance who did not before thanks to the Affordable Care Act, which Trump has pledged to repeal and replace.

Syria casts a shadow

SITUATION ROOM. In this photo, US President Barack Obama, with Vice President Joe Biden, convenes a National Security Council meeting in the Situation Room of the White House, Dec. 1, 2014. Seated with them from left are National Security Advisor Susan E. Rice, Secretary of State John Kerry, Tony Blinken, Deputy National Security Advisor and Lisa Monaco, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism. Official White House Photo by Pete Souza

Obama leaves behind a mixed record on the foreign policy front.

The surprise Nobel Peace Prize he won in 2009 proved in some ways to be a poisoned chalice.

The Nobel committee lauded his "extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples" – after less than eight months in office.

But in accepting the award, Obama acknowledged his accomplishments were "slight" compared to those of the "giants of history" who preceded him.

However, the onetime senator from Illinois can certainly claim to have made a clean break with the Bush years.

He presided over the withdrawal of the vast majority of US troops from Iraq and Afghanistan (from 180,000 to 15,000) and banned waterboarding and other post-9/11 "enhanced interrogation techniques" now widely seen as torture.

By bringing Iran – Saudi Arabia's Shiite rival – back into the international fold with a nuclear deal, and by showing that America had other priorities than the Middle East, notably in Asia and Africa, Obama tried to shuffle the deck.

But his prudence and passivity in the face of chaos in war-wracked Syria, which has led to the worst humanitarian crisis since World War II, leaves a shadow over his tenure at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.

While rejecting his critics, Obama has admitted he was somewhat powerless.

"It haunts me constantly," he told Vanity Fair magazine last year.

"I do ask myself: 'Was there something that we hadn't thought of? Was there some move that is beyond what was being presented to me that maybe a Churchill could have seen, or an Eisenhower might have figured out?'"

Highs and lows

The First Family joined the crowd in beginning the walk across the Edmund Pettus Bridge, during the 50th anniversary of the Selma Marches, March 7, 2015. Official White House Photo by Lawrence Jackson

On certain issues, such as climate change, Obama – a constitutional law expert – learned how to adapt.

From the immense disappointment of the failed Copenhagen summit in 2009, he figured out that no global action would occur without Washington and Beijing working together.

The Paris accord reached in late 2015 came together in large part thanks to their cooperation.

On other issues, from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to the military prison at Guantanamo Bay, Obama clearly failed.

Two days after taking office, he signed a decree aimed at shutting down the US prison in Cuba within a year. Eight years later, although it holds far fewer inmates, the detention center is still there.

'History zigzags'

OBAMA OUT. US President Barack Obama departs the Diplomatic Reception Room of the White House to board Marine One on the South Lawn, Sunday, Sept. 30, 2012. Official White House Photo by Chuck Kennedy

A talented orator, Obama will also be remembered for a handful of powerfully delivered speeches.

In Charleston, where 9 black parishioners were gunned down by a white supremacist during a Bible study session, Obama offered a rousing eulogy – and then began singing "Amazing Grace." The thousands of mourners joined in.

In Athens, he recognized how "democracy, like all human institutions, is imperfect. It can be slow; it can be frustrating; it can be hard; it can be messy."

In Chicago, where he cut his political teeth, he tried in his farewell speech this month to channel the energy of those who elected him in November 2008.

"I'm asking you to believe. Not in my ability to bring about change – but in yours," he said to cheers – and some tears.

Conscious that much of his legacy could be picked apart by his successor, Obama has maintained his fierce optimism – his political calling card, mocked by some and hailed by others – until the very end.

After Trump's victory, he called on the country to accept that "sometimes, history zigzags" and move forward. It's useless, he said, to "get into a fetal position." – Rappler.com

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Welcome to Rappler, a social news network where stories inspire community engagement and digitally fuelled actions for social change. Rappler comes from the root words "rap" (to discuss) + "ripple" (to make waves).