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52.
BURMA Rey Ty - 1990 : current pol. crisis in Burma started when the mil. junta refused to recognize the results of the legislative elections & to hand over pol. power to the victorious oppositionists. -The Burmese mil. junta’s refusal to enter into dialogue w/ the opposition & its unwillingness to cede pol. power to the popularly elected civilians is a major cause of the worsening HR situation in Burma today. -The stronger the repression, the stronger the opposition, thus, the stalemate.

53.
STATE PEACE & DEMOCRACY COUNCIL (SPDC) Formerly STATE LAW & ORDER COUNCIL (SLORC)

55.
CAMBODIA Rey Ty 1. During the Cold War period, C. was a victim of US-SU rivalry and the S.U.-PRC. The “hot war” the U.S., S.U., PRC, & Vietnam waged in Kampuchea resulted in a very brutal armed conflict & massive HRVs. 2. The post-Cold War Cambodian society inherits and still has to process its Cold-War-period problems. Among these are: armed conflict & civil war, the destruction of the economy, poverty, genocide, land mines, & the personality cult. 3. New issues that emerged during the Post-Cold War period include following issues: the rule of law, HR, the trafficking in women girl-children & HIV/AIDS.

60.
HUMAN RIGHTS ASIA JAN-DEC 2001 <ul><li>2001 September 11 </li></ul><ul><li>call for those responsible to be brought to justice in accordance with international law. </li></ul><ul><li>a racist backlash against people identified as Muslim or Middle Eastern. </li></ul><ul><li>draconian security and immigration legislation: VS. to ensure respect for HRs . </li></ul><ul><li>Need for strict adherence to the rules of war during the US-led military campaign in Afghanistan. </li></ul><ul><li>&quot; Justice not revenge &quot; </li></ul>

62.
<ul><li>2001 </li></ul><ul><li>Afghanistan , ordinary people suffered greatly throughout the year bec. of conflicts & years of drought. </li></ul><ul><li>While the Taleban were in power: religious and ethnic minorities were targeted in mass killings, &executions, & amputations were carried out. </li></ul><ul><li>Women’s movement, employment and education of women was severely restricted. </li></ul><ul><li>The United Front (Northern Alliance): were also responsible for HR abuses </li></ul>

63.
<ul><li>2001 : </li></ul><ul><li>Afghanistan : unknown # of civilians were killed or had their homes or property destroyed during the US-led bombing campaign which started in October. </li></ul><ul><li>- US and its allies may have breached the rules of war. </li></ul><ul><li>29 December, a UN spokesperson reported that relatives identified 52 bodies, including 25 children, after the US bombed a village near the eastern town of Gardez . </li></ul><ul><li>Daily reports of civilian deaths </li></ul>

64.
<ul><li>2001 : </li></ul><ul><li>Afghanistan : treatment of captured or surrendered prisoners in raised serious concerns. </li></ul><ul><li>-reports that the United Front summarily executed captured al -Qaida fighters who were wounded or had surrendered. </li></ul><ul><li>AI called for an inquiry into the uprising at Qala-i-Jhangi fort where some prisoners were found dead w/ their hands tied behind their backs. </li></ul><ul><li>The head of Shibargan prison revealed in December that 43 prisoners had died from injuries or asphyxiation while being transported in shipping containers. </li></ul>

66.
<ul><li>KASHMIR </li></ul><ul><li>2001 </li></ul><ul><li>Indian & Pakistani governments engaged in a tense build up of mil. forces </li></ul><ul><li>scant attention was paid to the 100 civilians who were killed there each month </li></ul>

67.
<ul><li>SRI LANKA 2001 </li></ul><ul><li>protracted conflict in Sri Lanka bet. the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) & the gov’t got worse from May </li></ul><ul><li>marked increase in cases of rape by police, army and naval personnel & torture generally continued to be reported on a daily basis </li></ul><ul><li>LTTE engaged in hostage-taking and widespread recruitment of child soldiers. </li></ul>

68.
<ul><li>INDONESIA 2001 </li></ul><ul><li>-Separatist conflicts in the Indonesian provinces of Aceh and Papua worsened in 2001 </li></ul><ul><li>-100s of civilians were &quot;disappeared&quot;, unlawfully killed & tortured. </li></ul><ul><li>-Houses & means of livelihood were destroyed in both provinces as a form of collective punishment for attacks by armed separatists against the policy & army </li></ul>

69.
<ul><li>INDONESIA 2001 </li></ul><ul><li>- Political upheaval effectively paralyzed the gov’t for much of the year, obstructing the process of HR reform & efforts to resolve the conflicts </li></ul><ul><li>Laws which were used in previous years to silence dissent were invoked to bring charges vs. indepen-dence & other activists who were jailed for the peaceful expression of their views </li></ul>

72.
<ul><li>AUSTRALIA 2001 </li></ul><ul><li>August: Australian govt began to send warships to intercept more than 1,800 &quot; boat people &quot; who were detained & denied the right to claim asylum on the Australian mainland </li></ul><ul><li>About 600 possible asylum seekers were turned back by the navy, & several 100S were diverted to remote islands in the Indian & Pacific oceans in what has become known as the &quot; Pacific solution &quot; </li></ul>

73.
<ul><li>AUSTRALIA 2001 </li></ul><ul><li>At least 356 others, including 70 children, drowned after their leaking boat sank on the journey from Indonesia to Australia. </li></ul><ul><li>Ahmed al-Zalime, a refugee living in Australia whose three daughters had drowned in the incident, was unable to visit his rescued wife in Indonesia, because Australian temporary refugee visas prohibit return to the country after any overseas travel </li></ul>

74.
<ul><li>ASIA (JAN-APRIL 2002) </li></ul><ul><li>With the reconstruction of Afghanistan high on the int’l community's agenda, AI campaigned for an effective criminal justice system capable of protecting the HRs of all Afghans </li></ul><ul><li>Int’l financial & technical aid should contribute to an independent judiciary & a professional civilian police force which will adequately protect the HRs of all Afghans </li></ul>

75.
<ul><li>AFGHANISTAN </li></ul><ul><li>JAN-APRIL 2002 </li></ul><ul><li>treatment of prisoners in Afghanistan : dangerous overcrowding, lack of food & medicine, & lack of shelter from severe winter conditions. </li></ul><ul><li>While the Afghan Interim Authority is formally responsible for detention facilities, under international law, the USA has continuing responsibilities for the welfare of prisoners who were in US custody before being handed over to another party </li></ul>

76.
<ul><li>CAMBODIA </li></ul><ul><li>JAN-APRIL 2002 </li></ul><ul><li>Justice for crimes against humanity took a step backwards in Cambodia where the UN pulled out of an agreement with the government to try former Khmer Rouge leaders because of fair trial concerns </li></ul>

77.
<ul><li>INDONESIA </li></ul><ul><li>JAN-APRIL 2002 </li></ul><ul><li>unprecedented HRs trials of suspects accused of committing serious crimes, including crimes against humanity in East Timor in 1999 began in March </li></ul><ul><li>But in the absence of basic guarantees it was feared that they would not meet int’l standards of fairness & that justice would not be delivered. </li></ul>

78.
<ul><li>INDIA </li></ul><ul><li>JAN-APRIL 2002 </li></ul><ul><li>The Indian authorities failed to protect people from communal violence which led to the deaths of 100s of people and displacement of 1,000s </li></ul><ul><li>AI sent a memorandum to the government of Gujarat urging immediate protection for those at risk and an impartial investigation to bring those responsible to justice </li></ul>

79.
<ul><li>PAKISTAN </li></ul><ul><li>JAN-APRIL 2002 </li></ul><ul><li>increasing violence against women </li></ul><ul><li>GOV’T was failing in its obligation to protect women from domestic violence, which includes physical abuse, rape, acid throwing, burning & killing, as well as violence in custody </li></ul>

80.
<ul><li>SRI LANKA </li></ul><ul><li>JAN-APRIL 2002 </li></ul><ul><li>On a positive note, a ceasefire between the Sri Lankan government and the LTTE ended 19 years of hostilities </li></ul><ul><li>reports of recruitment by the LTTE of children as young as 12 as combatants by continued </li></ul>

81.
<ul><li>BURMA (MYANMAR) </li></ul><ul><li>JAN-MAY 2002 </li></ul><ul><li>May 6 release of Aung San Suu Kyi after 19 months under de facto house arrest represented a very positive development in the HR sit </li></ul><ul><li>280 pol. prisoners have been released since high-level talks bet. the mil. gov’t & the National League for Democracy began in December 2000 </li></ul><ul><li>but around 1500 remain behind bars </li></ul>