What is captan?

Captan is a man-made fungicide used to control a range of fungal diseases.1 The pesticide was first registered in 1951.2 Captan can be used to control plant diseases such as black rot, early and late
blight, and downy mildew, among others.3

What are some products that contain captan?

There are about 100 products available that contain captan.4 These products may come as dusts, powders, or liquids
and may need to be mixed before use.2

Captan products can be found in farm and home settings. Products with captan are commonly applied to edible
crops such as apples, peaches, strawberries, and almonds.5 Ornamental plants, turf, and seeds may also
be treated with captan. Captan may be applied aerially, with hand-held sprayers, dusters, or other large equipment.2
Captan cannot be used in certified organic production.6 Always follow label instructions and take steps to avoid exposure.

How does captan work?

Captan works by coming into contact with a fungus and interrupting a key process in its life cycle. It can be toxic to
many different fungal diseases. Captan is non-systemic, which means it is not expected to move through plants.2

How might I be exposed to captan?

You may be exposed to captan by getting it on your skin or eyes, breathing it in, or accidentally eating a product.
You may be exposed to very small amounts of captan in your diet from residues on foods.2 The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for these residues based on risks to human health.

You may contact captan when touching treated plants or being in the yard after home use.2 Following label
instructions can reduce your level of exposure. Captan tends to stay on the surface of foods so peeling and washing
treated foods can also reduce your exposure.2,7

If any exposures occur, be sure to follow the First Aid instructions on the product label carefully. For additional treatment advice, contact the Poison Control Center at
800-222-1222. If you wish to discuss a pesticide problem, please call 800-858-7378.

What are some signs and symptoms from a brief exposure to captan?

Captan can be harmful to eyes. Concentrated captan has been shown to cause permanent eye
damage in rabbits. Captan is very low in toxicity if it is eaten.2 After eating large quantities of
captan, common symptoms may include diarrhea and vomiting. In one instance of a person
consuming captan on purpose, symptoms included nausea, weakness, arm numbness, and
lower chest pain. Symptoms showed up two hours after ingestion.8

Captan is low in toxicity if it is put on the skin or inhaled.3 Exposure to captan may cause
irritation of the skin and respiratory system.9 Captan can cause some skin sensitivity.2

What happens to captan when it enters the body?

Captan quickly breaks down into chemicals such as THPI* in the digestive system.2 When humans consumed captan,
blood levels of THPI peaked 10 hours after ingestion. Almost all THPI was gone from the body after 96 hours.10 In a
rodent feeding study, 92 to 94% of the dose was excreted in urine and feces after 96 hours (4 days).11

One study showed low skin absorption when captan was applied to human arms.12 Another study estimated less than
one percent of captan would be absorbed through skin.13 The EPA assumes dermal absorption of captan to be less
than one percent (0.4%) per hour of contact.2

In feeding studies, captan was quickly broken down in bodies of cows, goats, and hens. Livers, kidneys, and muscle
tended to have more breakdown products than fat. Very small amounts of captan's breakdown products have been
found in goat milk and chicken eggs.7

Captan is not likely to cause cancer from skin exposure because it is not absorbed well through the skin.14,15

The link between captan and cancer depends on how much a person is exposed. High enough doses that damage
the intestines and respiratory track carry a higher risk of cancer.**14 EPA estimates very low cancer risk from small,
daily exposures over a lifetime. This estimate includes typical exposures in work settings, the home, and from very
small amounts in our diet.2,14

In long-term studies, rats and mice were fed high doses of captan every day for 1.5 to 2.5 years. These studies resulted
in increased intestinal tumors in mice. There was also an increase in unusual kidney tissue growth in male rats. Female
rats had an increase in uterine cancer.2 Cancer in these animals is thought to be triggered by the highly reactive but
short-lived breakdown product thiophosgene.14,15 Another major breakdown product of captan called THPI is not
likely to cause cancer.2

Captan was not found to damage genes in live animals. However, some changes were seen in cells when exposed to
captan in a lab.14

**EPA classifies captan's cancer risk as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans following prolonged, high-level exposures causing cytotoxicity and
regenerative cell hyperplasia in the proximal region of the small intestine (oral exposure) or the respiratory tract (inhalation exposure), but not likely to be
a human carcinogen at dose levels that do not cause cytotoxicity and regenerative cell hyperplasia".14,16

Has anyone studied non-cancer effects from long-term exposure to captan?

Captan is low to moderate in toxicity for long-term, chronic exposures.2,17 In a two-year study, rats were fed high doses
of captan daily. At the second highest dose tested, male rats had enlarged livers. Also, both male and females had
higher kidney weights and decreased body weights.2 In a one-month feeding study, dogs were given moderate to
high doses of captan daily. All groups had vomiting, less weight gain, and ate less, but no other signs were reported.17

Scientists have studied the effects of captan on fetal development. For each of the following studies, effects were only
seen in the young at or above doses where the parents also showed health effects. In one study, pregnant rabbits
were fed captan for two weeks. At the middle dose tested, there were some young with unusual skeletal changes. At the highest dose tested, there were lost pregnancies and changes in newborn weights. When pregnant hamsters
were fed high doses of captan, they lost more pregnancies and the young had slow bone development.2

Captan is not likely to interact with the endocrine system.18 It does not interact with the estrogen, androgen, or
thyroid pathways.

Are children more sensitive to captan than adults?

Studies do not show that children are more sensitive to captan than adults.2 However, young children may act in ways
that put them at greater risk of being exposed. For example, they may spend more time near the floor. They may also
be more likely to place their hands in their mouths after touching treated surfaces.

What happens to captan in the environment?

Captan has a low potential to make fumes or volatilize.3 It also breaks down quickly in soils. The half-life in soil ranges
from less than 1 to 4 days and up to 24 days in field studies.1,19 In one study, 99% of captan applied to a soil was broken
down after 7 days.2Movement of captan in soil ranges from slightly mobile to mobile. However, field studies tend to
show that captan is only slightly mobile.1 After captan was applied to a soil surface, it was not found deeper than 6
to 12 inches.2,7

Captan breaks down slightly faster in water than in soil. The half-life of captan in clean water is between 5 and 19
hours.2,7 Captan breaks down slightly slower without light.2

The half-life of captan residues on leaf surfaces ranges from 10 to 43 days.2 Captan on treated apples, tomatoes, and
lettuce mainly stays on the surface of leaves and fruits.7 In one study, mixing captan with oil slightly increased leaf
absorption (to about 2%).20

Captan is practically non-toxic to birds. Ducks fed large amounts of captan for
eight days tended to eat less food and lost weight. Captan is moderately toxic to
very highly toxic to fish. However, it is unlikely to build up in fish because it breaks
down so quickly in water. Captan is moderately to very highly toxic to aquatic
organisms like water fleas, mysid shrimp, and oysters.1

The major breakdown products of captan in water are nearly non-toxic to water
fleas. Some evidence suggests they are also nearly non-toxic to rainbow trout.1

Captan is practically non-toxic to bees from short-term contact with the pesticide.1 In one study, captan was applied
to an almond orchard during bloom. No negative effects were seen in the hives or single bees for the two-month
monitoring period.21

In an earthworm study, worm reproduction rates were lower in soils with high enough amounts of captan. However,
captan did not affect survival of mature earthworms.22

Where can I get more information?

For more detailed information about captan please visit the list of referenced resources or call the National Pesticide Information Center,
Monday - Friday, between 8:00am - 12:00pm Pacific Time (11:00am - 3:00pm Eastern Time) at 1-800-858-7378 or visit us on the web at
npic.orst.edu. NPIC provides objective, science-based answers to questions about pesticides.

NPIC fact sheets are designed to answer questions that are commonly
asked by the general public about pesticides that are regulated by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). This document is
intended to be educational in nature and helpful to consumers for
making decisions about pesticide use.

What are pesticides?

NPIC provides
objective, science-based information about pesticides and
pesticide-related topics to enable people to make informed
decisions. NPIC is a cooperative agreement
between Oregon State
University and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (cooperative agreement
#X8-83560101). The information in this publication does not in any way
replace or supersede the restrictions, precautions, directions, or
other information on the pesticide label or any other regulatory
requirements, nor does it necessarily reflect the position of the
U.S. EPA.