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Sources of Federal Revenue Income Tax – Shares of individual wages and corporate revenues. – The 16 th Amendment permitted Congress to levy an Income tax. – The individual part is the largest single revenue source for the government. – It’s progressive: Those with more income pay higher rates of tax on their income.

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Sources of Federal Revenue Borrowing – The Treasury Department sells bonds - this is how the government “borrows” money. – The federal debt is the sum of all the borrowed money that is still outstanding. – The government competes with other lenders. – Some have proposed a balanced budget amendment. – Government does not have a capital budget.

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Sources of Federal Revenue Taxes and Public Policy – Tax Loopholes: Tax break or benefit for a few people - not much money is lost. – Tax Expenditures: Special exemptions, exclusions or deductions - lots of money is lost. – Tax Reduction: The general call to lower taxes. – Tax Reform: Rewriting the taxes to change the rates and who pays them.

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Federal Expenditures Big Governments, Big Budgets – A big government requires lots of money. – As the size of government increases, so does its budget. The Rise and Decline of the National Security State – In the 50’s & 60’s, the DOD received more than half the federal budget. – Defense now constitutes about one-sixth of all federal expenditures.

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Federal Expenditures The Rise of the Social Service State – The biggest part of federal spending is now for income security programs. – The biggest of these is Social Security. – Social Security has been expanded since 1935 to include disability benefits and Medicare. – These benefit programs face financial problems with more recipients living longer.

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Federal Expenditures “Uncontrollable” Expenditures – Spending determined by the number of recipients, not a fixed dollar figure. – Mainly entitlement programs where the government pays known benefits to an unknown number of recipients - Social Security. – The only way to control the expenditures is to change the rules.

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The Budgetary Process Budgetary Politics – Stakes and Strategies All political actors have a stake in the budget. All actors try and tie their budget needs to national or political needs. – The Players Lots of players, with the president and Congress playing important roles. Almost all committees are involved in the budget.

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The Budgetary Process The President’s Budget – Presidents originally played a limited role in the budget. – Now budget requests are directed through the OMB and president before going to Congress. – The budget process is time consuming - starting nearly a year in advance. – The OMB, the president, and the agencies negotiate over the budget requests.

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Understanding Budgeting The Budget and the Scope of Government – In sum, the budget represents the scope of government. – The bigger the government, the bigger the budget. – But the limits on funding (taxes) can limit what the government can do.