See the Indian boy climb the giant spider's web to steal the jewel!
Gasp at the moving stairway that ferries the immortals to Heaven! Goggle at
the sex-starved nuns teetering above the Himalayan abyss! Gape at the
magic-shoed ballerina spin­ing to death and glory!
Michael Powell was the Scheherazade of cinema. The Red Shoes, Black Narcissus, Stairway to
Heaven, The Thief of Bagdad – over five decades and
54 films, made everywhere from Los Angeles to the Great Barrier Reef (but
mostly in Britain) – Powell spun enchanted yarns as if his life de­pended on
it. But the life he truly saved was that of British cinema. Wheezing from
lack of oxygen in the late 1930s, the
country's creative lungs could take in lit­tle but squeaky musicals, somber
thrillers and smoke-gray documentaries. Britain needed a miracle and got one.
Cometh the hour, cometh the chap. From 1939
to 1960, Michael
Powell was the most brilliant wild card in the whole pack of British cinema.

After 1960 (such is
show biz), goeth the hour, goeth
the chap. After two decades of pumping life into Anglo-Saxon celluloid, the
mad doctor of English cinema (who got better results than any sane doctor)
was all but struck off the register. He made a little horror film called Peeping
Tom,about a photographer
who kills women with a sharpened tripod leg, and people screamed, Eek!
Terrible! Disgusting! (Just as they did the same year over Hitchcock's Psycho.)

Powell was shaken, but not stirred to contrition. He went on working
fitfully, unappreciatedly, on large screen and
small. But it was another 20 years before fans caught up with him and dragged
him back into the limelight.

Michael Powell was the only filmmaker I ever met who gloried in
self-deprecation. No doubt, in his Indian summer of celebrity, he felt that
someone had to do the job. From 1980
onward, Powell-neglect turned to Powell-mania across movie­land. The man who had been slung out on his ear by
the British movie establishment after Peeping Tom (to­day considered a
classic) was the dar­ling of retrospectives, tributes and invitations to work
in – yes – Hollywood. Under Francis Ford Coppola, no less, in the days when Zoetrope Studios
was a bright beacon rather than a gleam in the eye of the bailiffs. (Almost a
half-century before, Powell had worked on those very same soundstages on The
Thief of Bagdad.)

Before all this, we met, and met again over ensuing years. A tweedy
dressed man with a singsong,
upper-crust voice and a face like an animated currant bun, Powell could charm
you out of your socks. As he jawed, joked and reminisced about one of the
most illustrious careers in British cinema – only David Lean and Alfred Hitchcock left thumbprints as large – two things
emerged.

One: this man was a maverick whose every movie was a "rogue
project," rather than a stone carefully placed in a monu­mental oeuvre.
Two: for all his country-squire voice and claret waistcoats, Powell would
never be the darling of any estab­lishment, because he shot down pompos­ity
wherever he saw it.

So (no surprise) he never got the knighthood he deserved, unlike Sir Al­fred
H. and Sir David L. But in the last decade of his life, he got accolades just
as precious, from his film-industry peers. And when he died on February 19, 1990, obituary writers went
down to their word cellars to dust off vintage superlatives.

WHAT
WAS SPECIAL about Powell? That he went his own sweet way. That he didn't give
a damn, except about good art and good cinema. And that he kept surprising
everyone, most of all himself.

"I only discovered what my films were about while making
them," Powell once said. "When Alex Korda [the producer], who was the power in
British cinema back in the '3Os, married
Emeric and me, it was the beginning of a rather
special period." (EmericPressburger
was Powell's Hungarian-born partner between 1939 and 1956.) "No
filmmakers ever had such a run of original scripts. And they sort of grew as
we made them. I was running around filming location se­quences for The
Invaders (aka 49th Parallel), with
a double for Larry Olivier, while Emeric was still writing the first
pages of the script."

To the filmgoing world, this twinning of
talents seemed symbiotic, not to say Siamese. "Written, produced and
directed by Michael Powell and
EmericPress­burger"
proclaimed the credits over the picture of an arrow thudding into a tar­get.
(They had christened their produc­tion company The Archers.)

"I suppose the reason we shared the credits was the wartime
atmosphere. Team spirit and all that. Also, we both had a very visual
background. I loved American cinema and was very influ­enced by it. Emeric had worked for UFA in Germany in its heyday – with their
fantastic visual effects – until Hitler came along, and then he popped over
here. So we were a team, and we shared responsibility, even though Emeric did the scripts and I was the one behind the
camera. He had a great knack with words. Of course, I wouldn't have let him
direct a foot!"

Powell's own greatest knack was for pulling beleaguered projects out of
any fire they might fall into. When Olivier, serving in the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy, wasn't available for
the title role in The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp – "He was off attempting to eliminate Hitler" –
Powell made a wartime star out of foghorn-voiced Roger Livesey.
"I loved him! Mickey Balcon [the noted British pro­ducer] hated him – that hoarse voice. But he was
very suburban, Mickey. That's why he made all those Ealing
comedies."

When Livesey himself, appearing in a play in
London, couldn't go north for lo­cation shooting in Scotland for I Know
Where I'm Going,in which the actor
co-starred with Wendy Hiller, Powell used a double. Probably the most
hardworking double in movie history. "People can't believe it when they
see the film today," he told me once, "but Roger never went near
Scotland! Ever! We picked the dou­ble for his walk, height, everything; and
in each shot, we'd cut on a turn or a change of angle or even a change of
thought. Then we'd use back projection in the studios and push Roger right up
against the screen so he seemed to be part of the scene

When Powell thought of the money it would cost to go to India to make Black Narcissus, that simmering tale
of sexually repressed nuns in the Himalayas, he said, Heigh-ho,
hired Deborah Kerr and shot it all on a British soundstage. The result – as
designed by Alfred Junge, shot by Jack Cardiff and directed by Powell – is an ex­pressionist
masterpiece.

"They said to me, But surely you'll want to shoot some
establishing shots in India? That's a very insidious phrase, establishing shots.
They said, You can't do Mount Everest in a studio. I said, A studio is
exactly where you can do Everest, and avalanches and Tibetan horns.
Wonderful studio stuff. And if we go and shoot a lot of real stuff to cut
into the studio stuff, it'll make all the studio stuff look terrible. And
vice versa: if we do wonderful work in the studio, the exteri­ors will look
like something from a docu­mentary dragged in by the cat!"

POWELL'S
WORKING LIFE followed the same pattern throughout his career. He said he wanted
to do something; some­one told him he couldn't; he did it. Even on The Red
Shoes, Powell's party
piece for popular cinema, the director confronted impossible technical
challenges with a simple, Right, let's see how we can do this.

"One of my favorite scenes is near the end, when Moira Shearer runs down the spiral staircase and
the camera follows her. What we did was rotate the staircase itself, because
the camera couldn't possi­bly have kept up. If you look carefully, you can
see the stairs revolve. And though it looks like one shot, there's ac­tually
a join; because Moira ran down so fast,
we had to reshoot it to make it long­er. There's a
half-frame jump.

"Moira did that beautifully," Powell assessed. "It's a lovely
example of move­ment. Most actors don't grasp that move­ment tends to slow
down in sound film. Twenty-four frames per second is a totally arbitrary
speed. I always tried to shoot scenes at different speeds, even dialogue
scenes: anything from 10 to 29, although, of course, you know it'll be
projected at 24 frames per second. But every shot has its own viewpoint, its
own pace, its own mood. We didn't shoot Moira at normal speed in her dancing scenes
onstage; it was 18 or 19.

"The camera crew loves this, once they get used to it. It means
you don't have to be a slave to the dialogue. David Lean and I both learned
to cut on a silent moviola. If you learn cutting on a sound moviola, you instinctively follow the bloody words. That's the last thing you
want. Cinema is all about images. The words take care of themselves. You
know, the actors yak away – who cares?"

But there were different Powells for
different days. One day he could be this dashing cynic. Another, he could be
all sweetness and courtesy to great old duf­fers of the British movie establishment,
even to the "suburban" Balcon. Yet an­other time, he could be wreathed in pride and dignity as guest
celebrity of the Ox­ford Film Festival, where the jury I was on gave him a
special award – for being Mi­chael Powell.

Another day still, one could spot his back-coated silhouette standing
on a fro­zen Leningrad river at dawn. He had ar­rived early on location, was dicky with flu and resembled an undertaker surveying his
latest blanched customer. (The customer here was an Anglo-Soviet stretch­er-case
called Pavlova, on which Powell advised but didn't direct.)

We even met on days when Powell the debonair artist seemed caught in a
Jekyll-and-Hyde struggle with Powell the pen­ny-pinching accountant.

"Money."

Pause.

"It's all about money," Powell said.

We were talking about studio-versus-location choices in a career that
spanned everything from the soundstage India of Black Narcissus to
field-trip actioners like The Battle of the
River Plate.

"I'm a great believer in George Ber­nard Shaw's remark. He was
talking to some producer who was trying to per­suade Shaw to adapt one of his
plays into a film. And the producer was talking about how wonderful it would
be for cin­ema and for art. And Shaw interrupted him and said, Mr. So-and-So,
the trouble is that you are talking about art and I am only interested in
money." Powell roared with laughter.

"I've always been very conscious of what a film cost," he
continued. "If you don't plan a film properly, which means in the
studio, in the offices, on the story­boards, with the bankers, there's not go­ing
to be any future film business for us. Today in Hollywood, they're so proud
when a film costs $17 million, $27 mil­lion, $37 million. But no one ever
knows how these prices are arrived at: Some­body must have pocketed a great
deal of money! I'm entirely in sympathy with the young American directors
who've tried to get rid of the studio bosses."

Powell "got rid" of the studio bosses in his day by giving
them movies so bi­zarre – and ones that performed so unpre­dictably at the
box office (some flopped, some, like The Red Shoes,were mega-hits) – that all
a poor mogul could do was sign the checks and keep hoping. Indeed, there were
times when even Powell didn't seem to know which of The Ar­chers' arrows
truly hit their targets. "Is it well done? I didn't realize that,"
he bur­bled vaguely when I raved about his Heb­ridean
romance, I Know Where I'm Going.

Powell was either a master manipula­tor of men and movies or was
himself a human bank check on which the Muses wrote their signature. Since
his conversa­tion was made up of equal parts mischief and innocence, the
sardonic and the sur­prised, it was almost impossible to tell. On the fuss
about Peeping Tom,he
com­mented with an air of injured (mock?) innocence: "They called me
sick, dis­eased, goodness knows what. Not a jot of sympathy. I had no idea
the critics ledsuch sheltered
lives."

When you held the man up to his films, you realized that this ambiguity was central to Powell's magic. Movies like The Red Shoes and Black
Narcissus presented diabolical
passions as whole­some picture-book fantasies. 'Patriotic' war movies like The InvadersorOne of Our
Aircraft Is Missingwere
spiked with antijingoist jokes, while war satires
like The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (on which Winston Churchill
tried and failed to halt production) were sweetened with romance and
lump-in-the-throat love of country.

PINNING
POWELL DOWN was like trying to net a rare but­terfly. The flickering beauty
of his films drew you on into the chase, but you knew you would never capture
them. And even if you did, they would escape at the first chance. Indeed,
just when Powell seemed most docile, as man or moviemaker, he was likely to
fly from your grasp with a puckish giggle of triumph.

Nothing could be more apt than that Powell, that maker of unlikely
marriages between movie styles, should spend his swan-song decade forging an
old-young, Brit-Yank alliance with the Turks of Hol­lywood. One sensed his
delight that he ended his days hobnobbing with the Scorseses and Coppolas. But
one also sensed his appreciation of the comic in­congruity of it all: as when
he spotted George Lucas in a Hollywood restaurant and popped over to
introduce himself. Lucas looked at him with a shocked ex­pression, wondering,
Powell said, "who this ghastly creature was who called him­self Michael
Powell." The British direc­tor retreated to his meal; Lucas finished
his. Then, realizing that perhaps this was the Michael Powell, he came
over to chat. Result: an invitation to come up to San Francisco for a tour of
Lucas' "facility."

"Wonderful – this fantastic cave of marbles! Matte shots,
animation, every kind of wizardry! He showed me about 420 matte shots from Empire
Strikes Back. I thought, I could do anything here if I could get my hands
on all this.

"And, of course, it's wonderful to see it all in the hands of a
filmmaker. That's what I like so much about these young Americans. However
much their films cost, they're all personal films. George has got all
his Star Wars films planned away, all there in boxes. `Little boxes on
the hillside!' [singing]. And they've wrested the initiative from the studio
bosses," Powell exclaimed.

"The only future for cinema is in the personal film. It always has
been. But, of course, we've lost the way so often; new things have come in
and distracted peo­ple's attention. Sound came in, and for 10 years no one
thought of anything but sound. Color came in and no one thought of doing
anything but color – which, of course, is nonsense, back-and-white is a style.
There have continually been gadgets and gimmicks. But personal films:
that's what it must come down to in the end."

Powell may have spent a happy old age yoyo-ing
round the world, meeting movie wizards, advising on movies (in Lenin­grad and
L.A.) and even marrying a mov­ie editor, Thelma Schoonmaker
of Raging Bull. But if he was on the end of a yoyo, it was an umbilical one, and it was always
pulling him back to Britain.

Every richness in Powell's movies is a British one: the landscapes, the
pageant­ry, the throttled, elemental romanticism (out of Wordsworth, by the Brontes). And every tension and contradiction was
British, too, between shyness and flam­boyance, cynicism and innocence.
nostalgia and clairvoyance. America will mourn his passing, but Britain will
never forget Powell, just as Pow­ell could never forget Britain. For the
Britain – the England – he loved was a visionary, not a parochial, one.

In his words, "There are those who say that England is a little
island and that we all look inwards. I don't feel that. I don't regard
England even as a little island. It's a world: a world I shall, when the time
comes, be sorry to leave."

COURTESY T.P.
MOVIE NEWS.

THIS ARTICLE APPEARED IN THE JULY 1990 ISSUE OF AMERICAN FILM.

WITH THANKS TO THE AMERICAN
FILM INSTITUTE FOR THEIR CONTINUING INTEREST IN WORLD CINEMA.