Kenneth Lee "Ken" Lay (April 15, 1942 – July 5, 2006) was an American businessman. He was founder, CEO and Chairman of Enron Corporation for most of its existence which reached a value of $63 billion. Enron used misleading and illegal practices to hide, embezzle and mislead funds from its auditor Arthur Andersen, which was the fifth largest such company in the world. When the deception was discovered in 2000, the Enron scandal was the largest bankruptcy in the world and destroyed Arthur Andersen for not having discovered the fraud. Lay was indicted by a grand jury[4] and was found guilty of 10 counts of securities fraud.[5] Lay died while vacationing, three months before his October 23 sentencing.[6] A preliminary autopsy reported Lay had died of a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease and his conviction was vacated.[7][8][9]

Lay was a friend of the Bush family including Vice President George H. W. Bush. He made monetary contributions, led several committees in the Republican Party and was co-chairman of Bush's 1992 re-election committee,[19] as President, Lay flew Bush and his wife to Washington on an Enron corporate plane.[20] In December 2000, Lay was mentioned as a possible candidate for President Bush's Treasury Secretary.[21]

From 1989 to 2002, his political contributions totaled $5.8 million, with 73% going to Republicans, and 27% going to Democrats.[2] From 1999 to 2001, he gave $365,410 to the Republican Party.[1]

In 1999 Lay was one of America's highest-paid CEOs with a $42.4 million compensation package.[22] Lay liquidated more than $300 million in Enron stock from 1998 to 2001, mostly in stock options.[23][24]

Lay's company, Enron, went bankrupt in 2001, at the time, this was the biggest bankruptcy in U.S. history. In total 20,000 employees lost their jobs and in many cases their life savings. Investors also lost billions of dollars, on July 7, 2004, Lay was indicted by a grand jury in Houston, Texas, for his role in the company's failure. Lay was charged, in a 65-page indictment, with 11 counts of securities fraud, wire fraud, and making false and misleading statements. The trial commenced on January 30, 2006, in Houston. [5]

During his trial, Lay claimed that Enron stock made up about 90 percent of his wealth, and that his net worth (in 2006) was in the negative by $250,000, he insisted that Enron's collapse was due to a conspiracy waged by short sellers, rogue executives, and the news media.[25][5] On May 25, 2006, Lay was found guilty on six counts of conspiracy and fraud by the jury; in a separate bench trial, Judge Lake ruled that Lay was guilty of four additional counts of fraud and making false statements. Sentencing was scheduled for September 11, 2006 and rescheduled for October 23, 2006.[26]

Lay died on July 5, 2006, while vacationing in Colorado, the Pitkin Sheriff's Department confirmed that officers were called to Lay's house in Old Snowmass, Colorado, near Aspen at 1:41 am MDT. Lay was taken to Aspen Valley Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 3:11 am MDT, the autopsy indicated that he died of a heart attack brought on by coronary artery disease, and found evidence that he had suffered a previous heart attack.[6]

A private funeral for about 200 people was held in Aspen four days after his death, his body was cremated and his ashes were buried in an undisclosed location in the mountains.[27][28][29] A memorial service was held a week after his death at the First United Methodist Church in Houston, it was attended by 1,100 guests including former President George H. W. Bush.[30]

On October 17, 2006 his conviction was overturned due to abatement ab initio, a legal doctrine which says the death of a defendant during an appeal vacates the conviction.[31][32][33] The government opposed Lay's attorneys' motions of appeal and the Department of Justice issued a statement saying it remained "committed to pursuing all available legal remedies and to reclaim for victims the proceeds of crimes committed."[34][35][36]

Lay left behind “a legacy of shame” characterized by “mismanagement and dishonesty.”[37]Condé Nast Portfolio ranked Lay as the 3rd worst American CEO of all time.[38] His actions were the catalyst for subsequent and fundamental corporate reform in regard to “standards of leadership, governance, and accountability.”[37]

1.
Ken Lay (police officer)
–
Kenneth Douglas Ken Lay AO, APM is a former Australian police officer and Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police from 2011 to 2015. Lay was raised in the town of Korumburra in Victorias South Gippsland region and he joined Victoria Police in 1974, serving in Melbourne at Prahran before being stationed in regional Victoria including as an Inspector in his home town. In 2003, Lay was appointed chief of staff to Chief Commissioner Christine Nixon, then promoted to Assistant Commissioner for North-West Victoria in 2005, in 2009, he became Deputy Commissioner —Victorias top traffic cop. In October 2009, Lay was photographed by a speed camera driving 10 kilometres per hour over the speed limit through the town of Tooborac. He kept the speeding offence under wraps due to concern about undermining a Christmas road toll campaign, Lay announced the speeding offence publicly in January 2010. When Overland resigned as Chief Commissioner in June 2011, Lay was made Acting Chief Commissioner, on 14 November 2011, Premier Ted Baillieu and Police Minister Peter Ryan announced that Lay had been formally appointed as Victoria Polices Chief Commissioner. On 29 December 2014, Lay announced he was resigning as Chief Commissioner due to his wifes illness and his resignation formally took effect on 31 January 2015, however he took leave between the announcement and his formal resignation. Deputy Chief Commissioner Tim Cartwright acted in the role until Graham Ashton was appointed as the new Chief Commissioner, on January 28,2015, Lay was appointed as the Chair of the Council of Australian Governments Advisory Council on Family Violence. Later that year he was appointed as the Chair of the Prime Ministers Ice Taskforce, in 2016 he was appointed to the Board of the EssendonFootball Club. Until September 2016 he was a Director of the Greyhound Racing Board after the previous Board stood down shortly after a widely publicised live baiting scandal and he was appointed to the Board of Dixon Hospitality in 2016 and as Chair of the Ambulance Victoria Board in January 2016. Lay was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Laws by Monash University in 2015

2.
Snowmass, Colorado
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Snowmass is an unincorporated community and a U. S. Post Office located in Pitkin County, Colorado, United States and it is situated in the valley of the Roaring Fork River, near the mouth of Snowmass Creek along State Highway 82 between Aspen and Basalt. It consists largely of a post office, several commercial businesses, the Snowmass Post Office has the ZIP Code 81654. Snowmass should not be confused with the Snowmass Ski Area or with the Town of Snowmass Village, ken Lay, the former CEO of Enron, died near Snowmass on July 5,2006. Snowmass is located at 39°19′51″N 106°59′06″W, Aspen Camp of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, one of the oldest non-profit in the valley and the only year-round camp in the world for the Deaf, is located in Snowmass. Rocky Mountain Institute has its headquarters in Snowmass, st. Benedicts Monastery, of the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance, is located in Snowmass. Snowmass Restaurant Guide Snowmass City Guide

3.
Businessperson
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An entrepreneur is an example of a businessperson. The term may mean someone who is involved in an upper-level management role in a corporation, company, enterprise, firm, organization. This can especially apply to the founder, an owner, a manager, since a businessman can mean anyone in industry or commerce, businessmen have existed as long as industry and commerce have existed. Commerce can simply mean trade, and trade has existed through all of recorded history, the first businessmen were traders, or merchants. Merchants emerged as a class in medieval Italy, between 1300 and 1500, modern accounting, the bill of exchange, and limited liability were invented, and thus the world saw the first true bankers, who are certainly businessmen. Around the same time, Europe saw the emergence of rich merchants and this rise of the merchant class came as Europe needed a middleman for the first time, and these burghers or bourgeois were the people who played this role. Europe became the dominant global power in the 16th century. In this period, Europe developed and used paper money, checks, developments in actuarial science led to insurance. Together, these new tools were used by a new kind of businessman and these people owned or financed businesses as bankers, but they were not merchants of goods. These capitalists were a force in the Industrial Revolution. The newest kind of businessperson is the manager, one of the first true managers was Robert Owen, an industrialist in Scotland. He studied the problems of productivity and motivation, and was followed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, after World War I, management became popular due to the example of Herbert Hoover and the Harvard Business School, which offered degrees in business administration. There are no prescribed educational qualifications, rules or guidelines which one may follow, a person owning a small gas station in a local market is as much as a businessperson as a person who owns and leads a large Silicon Valley technology giant. There are many paths to becoming a businessperson, hence, no rigid formal educational qualification requirements can be stated for becoming a businessperson. However, there are attributes that successful businessmen must possess, Tact financial and business savvy, courage, leadership, vision, creativity, imagination. Among these components include branding, advertising, and public relations, well-balanced consistency in their business approach. Interest in giving back to society through philanthropy or venture capitalism for future socioeconomic development, hence, a businessperson should have the ability to take prompt decisions. Determination, courage and perseverance, They must have strong power and determination

4.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883

5.
Enron
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Enron Corporation was an American energy, commodities, and services company based in Houston, Texas. It was founded in 1985 as the result of a merger between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, both relatively small companies in the U. S. Fortune named Enron Americas Most Innovative Company for six consecutive years, at the end of 2001, it was revealed that its reported financial condition was sustained by institutionalized, systematic, and creatively planned accounting fraud, known since as the Enron scandal. Enron has since become an example of willful corporate fraud. The scandal also brought into question the practices and activities of many corporations in the United States and was a factor in the enactment of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002. The scandal also affected the business world by causing the dissolution of the Arthur Andersen accounting firm. Enron filed for bankruptcy in the Southern District of New York in late 2001 and selected Weil, on September 7,2006, Enron sold Prisma Energy International Inc. its last remaining business, to Ashmore Energy International Ltd. One of Enrons primary predecessors was the Northern Natural Gas Company, the low cost of natural gas and cheap labor supply during the Great Depression helped to fuel the companys early beginnings. The company doubled in size by 1932 and was able to bring the first natural gas to Minnesota, over the next 50 years, Northern expanded even more as it acquired many energy companies and created new divisions within. It was reorganized in 1979 as the subsidiary of a holding company, InterNorth. Although most of the acquisitions conducted were successful, some ended poorly, InterNorth competed with Cooper Industries over a hostile takeover of Crouse-Hinds Company, who manufactured electrical products. InterNorth was ultimately unsuccessful as Cooper bought out Crouse-Hinds, Cooper and InterNorth feuded over numerous suits over the course of the takeover that were eventually settled after the transaction was completed. The subsidiary Northern Natural Gas operated the largest natural gas company in North America. By the 1980s, InterNorth became a force for natural gas production, transmission and marketing as well as for natural gas liquids. The Houston Natural Gas corporation was formed from the Houston Oil Co. in 1925 to provide gas to customers in the Houston market through the building of gas pipelines. This growth was seen from the exploitation of unregulated Texas natural gas market. Towards the end of the 1970s HNGs luck began to run out with rising gas prices forcing clients to switch to oil. In addition, with the passing of the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978, after Herrings death in 1981, M. D. Matthews briefly took over as CEO in a 3-year stint with initial success but ultimately saw a big dip in earnings that led to his exit

6.
Arthur Andersen
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One of the few revenue-generating assets that the Andersen firm still has is Q Center, a conference and training facility outside of Chicago. In 1908, at age 23, he became the youngest CPA in Illinois, the firm of Arthur Andersen was founded in 1913 by Arthur Andersen and Clarence DeLany as Andersen, DeLany & Co. The firm changed its name to Arthur Andersen & Co. in 1918, Arthur Andersens first client was the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company of Milwaukee. In 1915, due to his contacts there, the Milwaukee office was opened as the firms second office. In 1908, after attending courses at night while working full-time, Andersen had an unwavering faith in education as the basis upon which the new profession of accounting should be developed. He created the professions first centralized training program and believed in training during working hours. He was generous in his commitment to aiding educational, civic, in 1927, he was elected to the Board of Trustees of Northwestern University and served as its president from 1930 to 1932. He was also chairman of the board of certified public accountant examiners of Illinois, Andersen, who headed the firm until his death in 1947, was a zealous supporter of high standards in the accounting industry. A stickler for honesty, he argued that responsibility was to investors. Andersen refused in no uncertain terms, replying that there was not enough money in the city of Chicago to make him do it, for many years, Andersens motto was Think straight, talk straight. Arthur Andersen also led the way in a number of areas of accounting standards, being among the first to identify a possible sub-prime bust, Arthur Andersen dissociated itself from a number of clients in the 1970s. Having established a reputation for IT consultancy in the 1980s, Arthur Andersen was no exception, by the late-1990s, Arthur Andersen had succeeded in tripling the per-share revenues of its partners. Two of the last three Comptrollers General of the US General Accounting Office were top executives of Arthur Andersen. The consulting wing of the firm became increasingly important during the 1970s and 1980s, growing at a faster rate than the more established accounting, auditing. This disproportionate growth, and the consulting division partners belief that they were not garnering their fair share of firm profits, in 1989, Arthur Andersen and Andersen Consulting became separate units of Andersen Worldwide Société Coopérative. Arthur Andersen increased its use of accounting services as a springboard to sign up clients for Andersen Consultings more lucrative business, the two businesses spent most of the 1990s in a bitter dispute. Andersen Consulting saw a surge in profits during the decade. The consultants, however, continued to resent transfer payments they were required to make to Arthur Andersen

7.
Enron scandal
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In addition to being the largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history at that time, Enron was cited as the biggest audit failure. Enron was formed in 1985 by Kenneth Lay after merging Houston Natural Gas, Enron shareholders filed a $40 billion lawsuit after the companys stock price, which achieved a high of US$90.75 per share in mid-2000, plummeted to less than $1 by the end of November 2001. The U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission began an investigation, the deal failed, and on December 2,2001, Enron filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. Enrons $63.4 billion in assets made it the largest corporate bankruptcy in U. S. history until WorldComs bankruptcy the next year, many executives at Enron were indicted for a variety of charges and some were later sentenced to prison. By the time the ruling was overturned at the U. S. Supreme Court, Enron employees and shareholders received limited returns in lawsuits, despite losing billions in pensions and stock prices. As a consequence of the scandal, new regulations and legislation were enacted to expand the accuracy of reporting for public companies. One piece of legislation, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, increased penalties for destroying, altering, the act also increased the accountability of auditing firms to remain unbiased and independent of their clients. In 1985, Kenneth Lay merged the natural gas companies of Houston Natural Gas. In the early 1990s, he helped to initiate the selling of electricity at market prices, and soon after, the resulting markets made it possible for traders such as Enron to sell energy at higher prices, thereby significantly increasing its revenue. After producers and local governments decried the resultant price volatility and asked for increased regulation, strong lobbying on the part of Enron and others prevented such regulation. As Enron became the largest seller of natural gas in North America by 1992, its trading of gas contracts earned $122 million, the November 1999 creation of the EnronOnline trading website allowed the company to better manage its contracts trading business. In an attempt to further growth, Enron pursued a diversification strategy. The company owned and operated a variety of assets including gas pipelines, electricity plants, pulp and paper plants, water plants, the corporation also gained additional revenue by trading contracts for the same array of products and services with which it was involved. This included setting up power plants in developing countries and emerging markets including The Philippines. Enrons stock increased from the start of the 1990s until year-end 1998 by 311%, however, the stock increased by 56% in 1999 and a further 87% in 2000, compared to a 20% increase and a 10% decrease for the index during the same years. In addition, Enron was rated the most innovative company in America in Fortunes Most Admired Companies survey. Enrons complex financial statements were confusing to shareholders and analysts, Lay served as the chairman of the company in its last few years, and approved of the actions of Skilling and Fastow although he did not always inquire about the details. Skilling constantly focused on meeting Wall Street expectations, advocated the use of mark-to-market accounting, Fastow and other executives created off-balance-sheet vehicles, complex financing structures, and deals so bewildering that few people could understand them

8.
Grand jury
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Grand jury is a legal body empowered to conduct official proceedings and investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may compel the production of documents and compel sworn testimony of witnesses to appear before it, Grand jury is separate from the courts, which do not preside over its functioning. Grand juries perform both accusatory and investigatory functions, investigatory functions of grand juries include obtaining and reviewing documents and other evidence, and hearing sworn testimonies of witnesses who appear before it. Grand jurys accusatory function is to determine there is probable cause to believe that one or more persons committed a certain offence within the venue of district court. Grand jury in the United States is usually composed of 16 to 23 citizens, though in Virginia, in Ireland, they also functioned as local government authorities. In Japan, Law of July 12,1948 created the Kensatsu Shinsakai, Grand jury is so named because traditionally it has greater number of jurors than trial jury, called a petit jury. The function of a jury is to accuse persons who may be guilty of an offense. It is a means for lay citizens, representative of the community and it can also make presentments on crime and maladministration in its area. The traditional number of the jury is 23. No indictment or presentment can be made except by concurrence of at least twelve of the jurors, the grand jury may accuse upon their own knowledge, but it is generally done upon the testimony of witnesses under oath and other evidence heard before them. The proceedings of grand jury are, in the first instance, at the instigation of the government or other prosecutor, the accused has no knowledge nor right to interfere with their proceedings. If the grand jury returns an indictment as a bill, the indictment is said to be founded and party stand indicted. Grand jury only hears evidence on behalf of the prosecution for the finding of an indictment only in the nature of inquiry or accusation, however, they ought to be thoroughly persuaded of the truth of indictment, so far as their evidence goes. The first instance of a jury can be traced back to the Assize of Clarendon in 1166. Henrys chief impact on the development of the English monarchy was to increase the jurisdiction of the courts at the expense of the feudal courts. Itinerant justices on regular circuits were sent out each year to enforce the Kings Peace. To make this system of criminal justice more effective, Henry employed the method of inquest used by William the Conqueror in the Domesday Book. In each shire, a body of important men was sworn to report to the sheriff all crimes committed since the last session of the circuit court, thus originated the more recent grand jury that presents information for an indictment

9.
Texas County, Missouri
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Texas County is a county located in the southern portion of the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 26,008, the county was organized in 1843 as Ashley County, changing its name in 1845 to Texas, after the Republic of Texas. The 2010 U. S. Census indicates that it is the center of population for the United States, Texas County was originally created in 1843 and named for William H. Ashley, the first lieutenant governor of Missouri. It was later organized on February 14,1845, when it was renamed for the Republic of Texas. A seat of justice for the county was laid out in 1846 near the center of the county on Brushy Creek, the historic Texas County Courthouse, built in 1932, was the countys sixth and now serves as the county administrative center. It was remodeled in 1977 and again in 2007, a new justice center was completed in 2008. Rugged hills, springs, creeks, rivers and caves abound in Texas County, there have been many Native American mounds found in the county. Their paintings remain upon various bluffs over ancient campsites, the area was part of the 1808 Osage Native American land cession. Pioneers came to Texas County in the 1820s from Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, pioneers made a nice income rafting the timber down the Piney River toward St. Louis. Some 48,000 acres in the north and northwest part of the county is now part of the Mark Twain National Forest, several acres in the southeast part of the county are part of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways Park. Small family farms are still a part of the landscape of the county. The population of the first Federal Census of Texas County in 1850 was 2,312 citizens, the American Civil War period was a time of turmoil in Texas County. The courthouse was occupied during the war by the Union Army as headquarters, Houston was an important point on the route from federal headquarters in Springfield to headquarters in Rolla. Confederate soldiers stormed the town, burning every building, on February 26,2015, a gunman shot and killed seven people in several locations across the town of Tyrone. The suspect was found dead of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. It was the worst mass murder in Texas Countys history, prior to the mass shooting, the county had an average of one homicide per year. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,179 square miles. It is the largest county in Missouri by area, the population density was 21 people per square mile

10.
Columbia, Missouri
–
Columbia /kəˈlʌmbiə/ is a city in the U. S. state of Missouri and the county seat of Boone County. Founded in 1818, it is home to the University of Missouri and is the city of the Columbia Metropolitan Area. It is Missouris fourth most-populous city, with a population of 119,108 in 2015. As a midwestern town, the city has a reputation for progressive politics, public art. At the center of Downtown is 8th Street, also known as the Avenue of the Columns, which connects Francis Quadrangle and Jesse Hall to the Boone County Courthouse, originally an agricultural town, the cultivation of the mind is Columbias chief economic concern today. Never a major center of manufacturing, the city depends on healthcare, insurance. Several companies, such as Shelter Insurance, Carfax, and Slackers CDs, cultural institutions include the State Historical Society of Missouri, the Museum of Art and Archaeology, and the annual True/False Film Festival. The Missouri Tigers, the only major college athletic program, play football at Faurot Field. The city is built upon the hills and rolling prairies of Mid-Missouri, near the Missouri River valley. Limestone forms bluffs and glades while rain carves caves and springs which water the Hinkson, Roche Perche, surrounding the city, Rock Bridge Memorial State Park, Mark Twain National Forest, and Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge all form a greenbelt preserving sensitive and rare environments. The first humans were hunters who entered the area at least twelve thousand years ago. Later, woodland tribes lived in villages along waterways and built mounds in high places, the Osage and Missouria nations were expelled by the exploration of French traders and the rapid settlement of American pioneers. German, Irish, and other European immigrants soon joined, the modern populace is unusually diverse, over eight percent foreign-born. While White and Black remain the largest ethnicities, Asians are now the third-largest group, todays Columbians are remarkably highly educated and culturally midwestern, though traces of their Southern past remain. The city has called the Athens of Missouri for its classic beauty and educational emphasis. The Columbia area was part of the Mississippian culture and home to the Mound Builders. When European explorers arrived, the area was populated by the Osage, in 1678, La Salle claimed all of Missouri for France. The Lewis and Clark Expedition passed by the area on the Missouri River in early June 1804, in 1806, two sons of Daniel Boone established a salt lick 40 miles northwest of Columbia

11.
David H. Hickman High School
–
David Henry Hickman High School is a coeducational public secondary school in Columbia, Missouri, United States, serving students in grades 9–12. The school is one of three schools in the Columbia Public School District, with admission based primarily on the locations of students homes. Hickman is one of the largest high schools in Missouri and has called the largest in terms of athletic and academic competition. The school is noted for its academic programs. Hickman has a notable alumni including a Missouri Governor, several U. S. Hickman is a two-time Blue Ribbon School. In 2009, Hickman had eighteen National Merit Finalists, the most of any school in Missouri, in 2011, Eric Young was named as the schools 18th Presidential Scholar. Hickman has more than double the number of Presidential Scholars than any public or private high school in Missouri. Hickman was constructed in 1927 on the estate of Missouri legislator and educator David Henry Hickman. The school was built to replace the earlier Columbia High School and carried many of its traditions including the mascot. Today, the school is accredited with distinction by the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education as well as the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Public secondary education began in Columbia during the 1880s with the founding of Columbia High School in 1889 at the intersection of Eighth Street, as many high schools were at this point in history, CHS offered a two-year course of study. In 1895, it was increased to three, and again in 1896 to four, extracurricular activities in 1898 included a literary society, choral union, orchestra, and debate team. Sports teams were present, but were not yet funded by the district, overcrowding caused the demolition of the old school and the construction of a new three-story structure at the same site. The new building included the districts first gymnasium, and the first athletics,1912 saw the first edition of the school yearbook, the Cresset. The school suffered through World War I as students were excused to work as part of the war effort, and the German Club was removed the extracurricular offerings. In the 1920s, Columbia was suffering continued growth, and the decided to build a new high school on the edge of town on the newly built U. S. Route 40. David Henry Hickman donated part of his estate which had formerly held grandstands, David H. Hickman High School opened in 1927, and the old high school became Jefferson Junior High School, which later became Jefferson Middle School. In this decade, the schools wrestlers captured three state championships, and Hickman created a marching band, the 1940s and World War II brought a new level of international awareness to Hickman, and classes in international relations, aeronautics, and home nursing were added

12.
University of Missouri
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The University of Missouri is a public land-grant research university located in Columbia, Missouri, U. S. It was founded in 1839 as the first public institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River, as the largest university in the state, it enrolled 32,777 students in 2016, offering over 300 degree programs in 19 academic colleges in the 2014–2015 school year. It is the campus of the University of Missouri System, which also maintains campuses in Kansas City, Rolla. MU is one of the nations top-tier R1 institutions and one of the 34 public universities to be members of the Association of American Universities, there are more than 300,000 MU alumni living worldwide with over one half continuing to reside in Missouri. The university was ranked 103rd among national universities in the 2016 U. S. News & World Report rankings, starting in December 1953, it boasts the countrys only university-owned TV network affiliate, operated by the Missouri School of Journalism. In 1908, the worlds first school of journalism was founded by Walter Williams as the Missouri School of Journalism, the University of Missouri Research Reactor Center is the worlds most powerful university research reactor. MU is one of six public universities in the United States with a school of medicine, veterinary medicine, engineering, agriculture. The university also owns the University of Missouri Health Care system, the only athletic program that operates a NCAA Division I FBS football team in Missouri is known as the Missouri Tigers and competes as a member of the Southeastern Conference. The schools mascot, Truman the Tiger, is named after Missourian, according to the NCAA, the American tradition of homecoming was established at the university in 1911, the tradition has since been adopted nationwide. In 1839, the Missouri Legislature passed the Geyer Act to establish funds for a state university and it would be the first public university west of the Mississippi River. To secure the university, the citizens of Columbia and Boone County pledged $117,921 in cash, the land on which the university was eventually constructed was just south of Columbias downtown and owned by James S. Rollins. He was later called the Father of the University, as the first public university in the Louisiana Purchase, the school was shaped by Thomas Jeffersons ideas about public education. In 1862 the American Civil War forced the university to close for much of the year, residents of Columbia formed a home guard militia that became known as the Fighting Tigers of Columbia. They were given the name for their readiness to protect the city and university, in 1890, the universitys newly formed football team took the name the Tigers after the Civil War militia. In 1870 the institution was granted land-grant college status under the Morrill Act of 1862, the act led to the founding of the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy as an offshoot of the main campus in Columbia. It developed as the present-day Missouri University of Science and Technology, in 1888 the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station opened. This grew to encompass ten centers and research farms around Missouri, by 1890 the university encompassed a normal college, engineering college, arts and science college, school of agriculture and mechanical arts. School of medicine, and school of law, on January 9,1892, Academic Hall, the institutions main building, burned in a fire that completely gutted the building, leaving little more standing than six stone Ionic columns

13.
Economics
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Economics is a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work, consistent with this focus, textbooks often distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behaviour of elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy and issues affecting it, including unemployment of resources, inflation, economic growth, and the public policies that address these issues. Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, as in business, finance, health care, Economic analyses may also be applied to such diverse subjects as crime, education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, science, and the environment. At the turn of the 21st century, the domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism. The ultimate goal of economics is to improve the conditions of people in their everyday life. There are a variety of definitions of economics. Some of the differences may reflect evolving views of the subject or different views among economists, to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services. Say, distinguishing the subject from its uses, defines it as the science of production, distribution. On the satirical side, Thomas Carlyle coined the dismal science as an epithet for classical economics, in this context and it enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on the one side, the study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man. He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth, how wealth is created, distributed, and consumed, but he said that economics can be used to study other things, such as war, that are outside its usual focus. This is because war has as the goal winning it, generates both cost and benefits, and, resources are used to attain the goal. If the war is not winnable or if the costs outweigh the benefits. Some subsequent comments criticized the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets, there are other criticisms as well, such as in scarcity not accounting for the macroeconomics of high unemployment. The same source reviews a range of included in principles of economics textbooks. Among economists more generally, it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving, microeconomics examines how entities, forming a market structure, interact within a market to create a market system

14.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme

15.
Zeta Phi
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The Zeta Phi Society was a fraternal organization founded at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri in 1870. The society became a chapter of Beta Theta Pi in 1890 and it is the oldest fraternity in continuous existence at the University and the first fraternity founded west of the Mississippi River. The driving force behind the creation of Zeta Phi was a university professor named Oren Root II. The son of a university professor and the brother of statesman Elihu Root, Professor Root came to the University of Missouri in June 1866 to fill the chair of English Language. Root had been a member of Sigma Phi, an eastern fraternity. It is probably no coincidence that Roots fledgling fraternity at Missouri University was given a similar to that of his college fraternity. In fact, the new societys fraternity pin, adopted in December 1870, closely resembled a Sigma Phi pin, some have speculated that Professor Root may have intended that Zeta Phi one day become a chapter of Sigma Phi. For whatever reason, however, the fraternity remained independent for two decades, minutes from one of the early meetings of the Zeta Phi Society record discussions over whether the group should link up with an eastern fraternity. At the following meeting it was decided that the society would, instead, the first meeting of Zeta Phi was held in the Union Literary Hall at the University, and was attended by Root and eight students. Those in attendance included Frank M. Marvin of Sedalia, Scott Hayes of Springfield, Root initially was not a formal member of the society but was subsequently inducted and is listed as the twelfth name on the rolls of Zeta Phi. Five weeks after the first meeting on December 15,1870, the society adopted a fraternity color - white, the societys constitution soon took on these principles and added the perpetuation of brotherly love as the organizations reason for existence. The society met for a time in a third room of the old Academic Hall, then in Switzler Hall. Members adopted secret designations selected from the names of prominent figures in the literary or scientific world, early minutes of the Zeta Phi Society include, for example, references to members known as Julius Caesar, Sir Isaac Newton, Copernicus and others. There is some indication that a chapter was planned in Kansas. The William Jewell chapter continued on, apparently somewhat robustly, for the next 15 years until it petitioned out of Zeta Phi to become a chapter of Phi Gamma Delta. The Washington University chapter, however, became extinct after only two years in part because of opposition from members of the Universitys faculty. However, the MU chapter continued to flourish and staved off banishment by the University by initiating members of the faculty, social activities began to carry greater emphasis with the society and the minutes of the March 16,1878 meeting mention a serenade of four young ladies. The chapter adopted the custom of wearing a badge of mourning upon the death of an alumnus, a pinning is also recorded and several young women were actually initiated into the group and given a small pin to wear

16.
Beta Theta Pi
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Beta Theta Pi is a North American social fraternity that was founded in 1839 at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. One of North Americas oldest, the fraternity currently consists of 110 active chapters and 26 colonies in the United States, more than 300,000 members have been initiated worldwide and there are currently around 10,000 undergraduate members. Beta Theta Pi is the oldest of the three fraternities that formed the Miami Triad along with Phi Delta Theta and Sigma Chi, students at Miami University at the time of Betas founding had previously formed two rival literary societies, The Erodelphian and Union Literary Society. A student of the school, John Reily Knox began to members of both the Erodelphian and Union Literary Societies with the goal of creating a new fraternity. Beta Theta Pi was founded at 9,00 pm on Thursday, August 8,1839, the group held its first regular meeting in the Hall of the Union Literary Society, an upper room of the campus building known as Old Main. These are the underpinnings for their statement to develop men of principle for a principled life. In 1879, Beta Theta Pi became the first college fraternity to publish its constitution, the fraternity continues to guard certain secrets about membership. Similar to other fraternities, Beta Theta Pis code emphasizes international fellowship, cultural development, in August 1996, St. Lawrence University Chairman and Beta Theta Pi alumnus E. B. In response to Wilson and a number of difficulties, the Men of Principle initiative was started during the 1998–99 academic year. Three chapters, Nebraska, Georgia and Pennsylvania, were used as pilot chapters for the new program, after this first year of piloting, the Men of Principle initiative was officially introduced at the 160th General Convention in Oxford, in 1999. Before Men of Principle, the Fraternitys average chapter GPA was just above a 2.8, in 2016, the fraternitys GPA had risen to a 3.22. The average chapter size in 2016 was 77.2 men, in 1997, there was an average of two advisors per chapter, while as of 2016 there was an average of eight advisors working with each one of the chapters. Beta received some backlash for the initiative, between the beginning of the program in 1998 and 2013, its international headquarters closed 85 chapters for failing to comply with the Men of Principle initiative. As part of the Men of Principle initiative, Beta runs several programs for undergraduate members. In the 1996-97 academic year, before the initiative, Beta sent seven undergraduates to a development program — equivalent to 0.1 percent of the total undergraduate membership. In the 2015-16 academic year, nearly 2,000 Betas attended one of the fraternitys programs — or 20 percent of the undergraduate membership. All told, in the years since the introduction of Men of Principle, as part of a multi-year dispute over co-ed student housing issues, the Beta Theta Pi chapter at Wesleyan University had been refusing access to campus security personnel. In March 2010, Wesleyan issued a warning to students to avoid the chapter house, in October of that year a freshman was raped by a non-member, non-student at a Beta Theta Pi Halloween party

17.
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy

18.
University of Houston
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The University of Houston is a state research university and the flagship institution of the University of Houston System. Founded in 1927, UH is the third-largest university in Texas with nearly 43,000 students and its campus spans 667 acres in southeast Houston, and was known as University of Houston–University Park from 1983 to 1991. The Carnegie Foundation classifies UH as a doctoral degree-granting institution with highest research activity, the U. S. News & World Report ranks the university No.194 in its National University Rankings, and No.103 among top public universities. The university offers more than 280 degree programs through its 14 academic colleges on campus—including programs leading to degrees in architecture, law, optometry. The institution conducts $150 million annually in research, and operates more than 40 research centers, interdisciplinary research includes superconductivity, space commercialization and exploration, biomedical sciences and engineering, energy and natural resources, and artificial intelligence. Awarding more than 9,000 degrees annually, UHs alumni base exceeds 260,000, the economic impact of the university contributes over $3 billion annually to the Texas economy, while generating about 24,000 jobs. The University of Houston hosts a variety of performances, concerts, lectures. It has more than 400 student organizations and 17 intercollegiate sports teams, annual UH events and traditions include The Cats Back, Homecoming, and Frontier Fiesta. The universitys varsity teams, known as the Houston Cougars, are members of the American Athletic Conference. The football team regularly makes bowl game appearances, and the basketball team has made 19 appearances in the NCAA Division I Tournament—including five Final Four appearances. The mens golf team has won 16 national championships—the most in NCAA history, the University of Houston began as Houston Junior College. On March 7,1927, trustees of the Houston Independent School District Board of Education unanimously passed a resolution that authorized the founding and operating of a junior college, the junior college was operated and administered by HISD. Originally HJC was located in San Jacinto High School and offered night courses. Its first session began March 7,1927, with an enrollment of 232 students and 12 faculty and this session was primarily held to educate the future teachers of the junior college, freshmen were not permitted to enroll. A more accurate date for the opening of HJC is September 19,1927. The first president of HJC was Edison Ellsworth Oberholtzer, who was the dominant force in establishing the junior college, the junior college became eligible to become a university in October 1933 when Governor of Texas, Miriam A. Ferguson, signed House Bill 194 into law. On April 30,1934, HISDs Board of Education adopted a resolution to make the school a four-year institution, UHs first session as a four-year institution began June 4,1934, at San Jacinto High School with an enrollment of 682. In 1934, the first campus of the University of Houston was established at the Second Baptist Church at Milam, the next fall, the campus was moved to the South Main Baptist Church on Main Street—between Richmond Avenue and Eagle Street—where it stayed for the next five years

19.
Humble Oil
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Humble Oil and Refining Co. was founded in 1911 in Humble, Texas. Humble was acquired by Standard Oil of New Jersey in September 1959 and merged with its parent to become Exxon Company, the Humble Oil Company was founded by brothers Ross S. They were joined by their sister, Florence M. Sterling, who became assistant, the three siblings were often referred to as the Trio. In the early 1920s, Humble Oil invested heavily in permanent improvements, Humbles restructuring allowed both companies to sell and market gasoline nationwide under the Esso, Enco and Humble brands. At that point, the stations in Ohio would be rebranded Humble until the change to Exxon in 1972. During that time, Humble would also expand the Enco brand to new marketing areas it entered for the first time, however, the U. S. Justice Department objected to Humbles plan and Tidewaters west coast operations were sold to Phillips Petroleum in 1966. In 1966, the Justice Department ordered Humble to cease and desist from using the Esso brand at stations in several Southeastern states following protests from Standard Oil of Kentucky, by 1967, stations in each of those states were rebranded as Enco. Despite the success of the Put A Tiger In Your Tank advertising campaign introduced by Humble in 1959 to promote its Enco/Esso Extra gasolines, the similar oval logotypes, the Happy Motoring. Humble officials realized by the late 1960s the time had come to swallow its pride by developing a new name that could be used nationwide throughout the U. S. At first, consideration was given to simply rebranding all stations as Enco, to create a unified brand, the company rebranded all its U. S. S. cities. The name change, one of the most expensive in the history of the U. S. to Exxon USA, larson, Henrietta M. Porter, Kenneth Wiggins. History of Humble Oil and Refining Company, Olien, Diana Davids, Olien, Roger M. Oil in Texas, The Gusher Age, 1895-1945, Sterling, Ross S. Kilman, Ed. Ross Sterling, Texan, A Memoir by the Founder of Humble Oil and Refining Company

20.
Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)
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The United States Navys Officer Candidate School provides initial training for officers of the line and select operational Staff Corps communities in the United States Navy. Along with United States Naval Academy and Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps, qualified U. S. citizens who hold a bachelors degree meet with an Officer Recruiter and prepare packages for consideration. Officer Candidates are already associated with a designator when they begin their training at OCS and this is in contrast to USNA and NROTC, where trainees are not associated with a community until soon before commissioning. OCS classes are numbered by the fiscal year of their graduation. All those in training at OCS are mustered at the pay grade of E-5 unless they are prior enlisted already holding a higher pay grade, while attending OCS the students hold a special title known as Officer Candidate. Officer Candidate uniforms are similar to those worn at NROTC programs and USNA, Candidates who do not meet milestones can be held back in training or removed from the program. Adherence to a Code of Honor is mandatory, violators are removed, upon successful completion of the 12-week course the candidates are commissioned as active duty Ensigns in the United States Navy. The new officers then join their predetermined designator communities and are eligible for orders to the fleet or follow-on training. Originally, the Navy operated two officer candidate programs, Officer Candidate School at Naval Station Newport, Rhode Island, and Aviation Officer Candidate School at NAS Pensacola, Florida. During the summer months, AVROC classes would typically enter every other week, for AVROCs, the advantage of their program was that their Pay Entry Base Date was adjusted to the day they signed up for the AVROC program, typically two to three years before their commissioning. As a result, when they were commissioned, they received a higher base pay rate reflecting two to three years of service versus their traditional non-prior service AOCS counterparts. AVROCs were otherwise indiscernible from traditional AOCs, another subset of the traditional AOCs was the Naval Aviation Cadet Program. NavCads, who had some college, but typically lacked a degree, completed the entire AOCS curriculum. AOCS stopped taking NavCad civilian and enlisted candidates in 1968 and the program was discontinued, AOCS was a department of the Naval Aviation Schools Command and organized as a regiment with three battalions until just following the Vietnam War, when it was reduced in size to two battalions. Each battalion consisted of several AOCS classes graduating every two to three weeks, like OCS, AOCS also emphasized Leadership, Physical and Military training. Unlike OCS, AOCS classes were numbered by graduation date in the calendar, in September 2007, OCS returned to Newport as a result of the 2005 BRAC Commission. Tradition dictated that when AOCS graduates were commissioned, the first salute they received was from their former Marine Corps Drill Instructor, when AOCS and OCS merged, the unified OCS program retained the Marine Corps tradition alongside Navy Recruit Division Commanders. This continuing Marine presence is the origin of the slogan Navy owned, Marine Corps trained, the 1982 film An Officer and a Gentleman is set at AOCS on a fictional naval air station in Washington state

21.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress

22.
The Pentagon
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The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D. C. As a symbol of the U. S. military, The Pentagon is often used metonymically to refer to the U. S. Department of Defense, the Pentagon was designed by American architect George Bergstrom, and built by general contractor John McShain of Philadelphia. Ground was broken for construction on September 11,1941, General Brehon Somervell provided the major motive power behind the project, Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U. S. Army. The Pentagon is one of the worlds largest office buildings, with about 6,500,000 sq ft, approximately 23,000 military and civilian employees and about 3,000 non-defense support personnel work in the Pentagon. It has five sides, five floors above ground, two basement levels, and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17.5 mi of corridors. It was the first significant foreign attack on Washingtons governmental facilities since the city was burned by the British, when World War II broke out in Europe, the War Department rapidly expanded in anticipation that the United States would be drawn into the conflict. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson found the situation unacceptable, with the Munitions Building overcrowded, Stimson told U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in May 1941 that the War Department needed additional space. On July 17,1941, a hearing took place, organized by Virginia congressman Clifton Woodrum. Reybold agreed to back to the congressman within five days. The War Department called upon its construction chief, General Brehon Somervell, Government officials agreed that the War Department building, officially designated Federal Office Building No 1, should be constructed across the Potomac River, in Arlington County, Virginia. Requirements for the new building were that it be no more than four stories tall, the requirements meant that, instead of rising vertically, the building would be sprawling over a large area. Possible sites for the building included the Department of Agricultures Arlington Experimental Farm, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery, the site originally chosen was Arlington Farms which had a roughly pentagonal shape, so the building was planned accordingly as an irregular pentagon. Concerned that the new building could obstruct the view of Washington, D. C. from Arlington Cemetery, the building retained its pentagonal layout because a major redesign at that stage would have been costly, and Roosevelt liked the design. Freed of the constraints of the asymmetric Arlington Farms site, it was modified into a pentagon which resembled the star forts of the gunpowder age. While the project went through the process in late July 1941, Somervell selected the contractors, including John McShain, Inc. and Doyle and Russell. In addition to the Hoover Airport site and other government-owned land, construction of the Pentagon required an additional 287 acres, which were acquired at a cost of $2.2 million. The Hells Bottom neighborhood, a slum with numerous pawnshops, factories, approximately 150 homes, Later 300 acres of land were transferred to Arlington National Cemetery and to Fort Myer, leaving 280 acres for the Pentagon. Contracts totaling $31,100,000 were finalized with McShain and the contractors on September 11

23.
Continental Resources
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Continental Resources, Inc. is an American oil and natural gas exploration and production company based in Oklahoma City. In the fourth quarter of 2015, total production was 225 thousand barrels of oil equivalent per day, of which 65% was oil, in 1967, Harold Hamm founded Shelly Dean Oil Co. In 1990, the company was renamed Continental Resources, in 2003, Continental drilled its first wells in the Bakken formation. In 2007, the became a public company via an initial public offering in which Harold Hamm sold approximately $300 million worth of his shares. In 2008, Continental was the first to complete a horizontal well in the Three Forks zone, in 2010, Continental introduced the ECO-Pad® drilling technique, whereby the company is able to drill 4 wells from 1 pad. This reduces the cost of drilling for oil and increase production output, in 2012, the company moved its headquarters to Oklahoma City. In 2012, CEO Harold Hamm was named one of TIME Magazines 100 Most Influential People in the World

24.
Eli Lilly and Company
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Eli Lilly and Company is an American global pharmaceutical company with headquarters located in Indianapolis, Indiana, in the United States. The company also has offices in Puerto Rico and 17 other countries and its products are sold in approximately 125 countries. The company was founded in 1876 by Col. Eli Lilly, Eli Lilly and Company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and its shares have been a component of the S&P500 Index since 1971. Lilly was the first company to mass-produce penicillin, the Salk polio vaccine, Lilly is also the worlds largest manufacturer and distributor of psychiatric medications including Prozac, Dolophine, Cymbalta, and Zyprexa. A Fortune 500 corporation, Eli Lilly had revenues of $20 billion in 2008, making it the 148th largest company in the United States, the company is publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange and is a member of the S&P500 stock index. Eli Lilly was one of the Nifty Fifty stocks that propelled the mid-twentieth-century bull market, Eli Lilly is a full member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. According to Forbes, Lilly ranked as the 243rd largest public company in the world in 2016, with sales of US$20 billion, as of 1997 it was the largest corporation and the largest charitable benefactor in Indiana. The companys founder was Colonel Eli Lilly, a pharmaceutical chemist, Lilly served as the company president until his death in 1898. A stylized version of his signature appears in the companys red logo. In 1869, after working for drugstores in Greencastle and Indianapolis, Indiana, Lilly became a partner in a Paris, Illinois, Although the drugstore was profitable, Lilly was more interested in medicinal manufacturing than running a pharmacy. He began formulating plans to create a company of his own, Lilly left the partnership with Binford in 1873 and returned to Indianapolis. Lilly opened a manufacturing operation called Johnston and Lilly with John F. Johnston as his partner in 1874. Lilly used his share of the assets, which amounted to an estimated $400 in merchandise and about $1,000 in cash and his new business venture became Eli Lilly and Company. On May 10,1876, Lilly opened his own laboratory in a rented, two-story brick building at 15 West Pearl Street in Indianapolis, the sign outside, above the shops door, read, Eli Lilly, Chemist. One of the first medicines that Lilly began to produce was quinine, the result was a ten fold increase in sales. At the end of 1876, his first year of business, at the end of 1877 sales reached $11,318, and by 1879 they had grown to $48,000. Lilly hired his brother, James, as his first full-time salesman in 1878, James and the subsequent sales team marketed the companys drugs nationally. The company outgrew its first location on Pearl Street, where it remained from 1876 to 1878, in 1881 Lilly purchased a complex of buildings on property at McCarty and Alabama Streets and moved the company to its new headquarters in Indianapoliss south-side industrial area

25.
Texas Commerce Bank
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The Texas Commerce Bank was a Texas-based bank acquired by Chemical Banking Corporation of New York in May 1987. The acquisition of Texas Commerce Bank represented the largest interstate banking merger in history at the time with a price of $1.2 billion. The bank had its headquarters in what is now the JPMorgan Chase Building in Downtown Houston, prior to the merger, interstate banking was illegal in Texas and many other states, which effectively prevented such cross-border mergers. Texas and New York had changed their laws to allow a merger of an in-state bank, without those changes to the law, the merger between Chemical Bank and Texas Commerce Bank, and later Chase Manhattan Bank would not have been possible. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions Chemical Bank bought Chase Manhattan Bank, the Texas Commerce Bank, formerly known as Texas National Bank of Commerce Houston, was a product of the 1964 merger of the National Bank of Commerce and the Texas National Bank. Texas Commerce changed its name to Chase Bank of Texas in 1998, in 1977, Lady Bird Johnson became a director of Texas Commerce Bank and Texas Commerce Bancshares in Houston. Other directors were former President Gerald R. Ford, Jr. former U. S, representative Barbara Jordan and the Odessa oil industrialist Bill Noël. At one time Ken Lay of Enron was a director, past presidents of the bank include Thomas E. Locke of Lubbock. Bush assisted in drafting communications for the chairman, Ben Love. In November 1977 he was sent to the Venezuelan capital of Caracas to open a new operation for the bank, bush spent about two years there, working in international finance. He eventually worked for the executive program. J. P. Morgan acquired in 1987 References, Lady Bird Johnson, Director, Texas Commerce Bank - http, //content. scholastic. com/browse/article. jsp. id=4952

26.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima

27.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts

28.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president

29.
Liquidation
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In United Kingdom and United States law and business, liquidation is the process by which a company is brought to an end, and the assets and property of the company are redistributed. Liquidation is also referred to as winding-up or dissolution, although dissolution technically refers to the last stage of liquidation. Liquidation may either be compulsory or voluntary, an order will not generally be made if the purpose of the application is to enforce payment of a debt which is bona fide disputed. A just and equitable winding-up enables the grounds to subject the strict legal rights of the shareholders to equitable considerations, an order might be made where the majority shareholders deprive the minority of their right to appoint and remove their own director. Once liquidation commences, dispositions of the property are generally void. Upon hearing the application, the court may dismiss the petition. The court may dismiss the application if the petitioner unreasonably refrains from a course of action. The court may appoint a receiver, and one or more liquidators. Separate meetings of creditors and contributories may decide to nominate a person for the appointment of liquidator, voluntary liquidation occurs when the members of a company resolve to voluntarily wind up its affairs and dissolve. Voluntary liquidation begins when the company passes the resolution, and the company will cease to carry on business at that time. A creditors’ voluntary liquidation is a designed to allow an insolvent company to close voluntarily. The decision to liquidate is made by a resolution. If a limited company’s liabilities outweigh its assets, or the company cannot pay its bills when they fall due, if the company is solvent, and the members have made a statutory declaration of solvency, the liquidation will proceed as a members voluntary winding-up. In that case the general meeting will appoint the liquidator, if not, the liquidation will proceed as a creditors voluntary winding-up, and a meeting of creditors will be called, to which the directors must report on the companys affairs. Where a voluntary liquidation proceeds as a voluntary liquidation, a liquidation committee may be appointed. In addition, the term liquidation is sometimes used when a company wants to divest itself of some of its assets and this is used, for instance, when a retail establishment wants to close stores. They will sell to a company specializes in store liquidation instead of attempting to run a store closure sale themselves. The liquidator will normally have a duty to ascertain whether any misconduct has been conducted by those in control of the company which has caused prejudice to the body of creditors

30.
Option (finance)
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The strike price may be set by reference to the spot price of the underlying security or commodity on the day an option is taken out, or it may be fixed at a discount in a premium. The seller has the obligation to fulfill the transaction – to sell or buy – if the buyer exercises the option. Both are commonly used in and by the old traded, when an option is exercised, the cost to the buyer of the asset acquired is the strike price plus the premium, if any. When the option expiration date passes without the option being exercised, then the option expires, in any case, the premium is income to the seller, and normally a capital loss to the buyer. The owner of an option may on-sell the option to a party in a secondary market, in either an over-the-counter transaction or on an options exchange. The market price of an American-style option normally closely follows that of the underlying stock, being the difference between the market price of the stock and the strike price of the option. The ownership of an option does not generally entitle the holder to any rights associated with the asset, such as voting rights or any income from the underlying asset. Contracts similar to options have been used since ancient times, the first reputed option buyer was the ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher Thales of Miletus. When spring came and the olive harvest was larger than expected he exercised his options, in London, puts and refusals first became well-known trading instruments in the 1690s during the reign of William and Mary. Privileges were options sold over the counter in nineteenth century America and their exercise price was fixed at a rounded-off market price on the day or week that the option was bought, and the expiry date was generally three months after purchase. They were not traded in secondary markets, film or theatrical producers often buy the right — but not the obligation — to dramatize a specific book or script. Lines of credit give the borrower the right — but not the obligation — to borrow within a specified time period. Many choices, or embedded options, have traditionally included in bond contracts. For example, many bonds are convertible into common stock at the buyers option, mortgage borrowers have long had the option to repay the loan early, which corresponds to a callable bond option. Options contracts have been known for decades, the Chicago Board Options Exchange was established in 1973, which set up a regime using standardized forms and terms and trade through a guaranteed clearing house. Trading activity and academic interest has increased since then, Options are part of a larger class of financial instruments known as derivative products, or simply, derivatives. A financial option is a contract between two counterparties with the terms of the option specified in a term sheet, Exchange traded options have standardized contracts, and are settled through a clearing house with fulfillment guaranteed by the Options Clearing Corporation. Since the contracts are standardized, accurate pricing models are often available, the terms of an OTC option are unrestricted and may be individually tailored to meet any business need

31.
Houston
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Houston is the most populous city in the state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million within an area of 667 square miles, it also is the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County. Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico, it is the city of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land. Houston was founded on August 28,1836, near the banks of Buffalo Bayou and incorporated as a city on June 5,1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded, the burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the citys population. Houstons economy has an industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics. Leading in health care sectors and building equipment, Houston has more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits than any city except for New York City. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled, the city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has a visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District. In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs from New York, Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen, purchased 6,642 acres of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the general at the Battle of San Jacinto. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the slave trade. New Orleans was the center of trade in the Deep South. Thousands of enslaved African Americans lived near the city before the Civil War, many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. Houston was granted incorporation on June 5,1837, with James S. Holman becoming its first mayor, in the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County and the temporary capital of the Republic of Texas

32.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose

33.
Pitkin, Colorado
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Pitkin is a Statutory Town in Gunnison County, Colorado, United States. The population was 66 at the 2010 census, down from 124 at the 2000 Census, Pitkin was founded in 1879, and is said to be Colorados first mining camp west of the Continental Divide. Originally named Quartzville, it was renamed to honor Governor Frederick W. Pitkin, Pitkin is located at 38°36′28″N 106°31′6″W. Pitkin is at an elevation of 9,242 feet, about 28 miles northeast of Gunnison, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.3 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 124 people,47 households, the population density was 467.0 people per square mile. There were 193 housing units at a density of 726.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 87. 90% White,4. 84% Asian,1. 61% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 20. 16% of the population. 17. 0% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 2.94. In the town, the population was out with 22. 6% under the age of 18,4. 8% from 18 to 24,23. 4% from 25 to 44,33. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 85.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males, the median income for a household in the town was $49,375, and the median income for a family was $52,083. Males had an income of $40,313 versus $34,375 for females. The per capita income for the town was $39,182, there were no families and 4. 6% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 6. 7% of those over 64

34.
Aspen, Colorado
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Aspen is the Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Pitkin County, Colorado, United States. Its population was 6,658 at the 2010 United States Census, founded as a mining camp during the Colorado Silver Boom and later named Aspen because of the abundance of aspen trees in the area, the city boomed during the 1880s, its first decade of existence. In the late 20th century, the city became a retreat for celebrities. Gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson worked out of a downtown hotel, singer John Denver wrote two songs about Aspen after settling there. Today the musicians and movie stars have been joined by corporate executives, as a result of this influx of wealth, Aspen boasts some of the most expensive real estate prices in the United States and many middle-class residents can no longer afford to live there. It remains a popular tourist destination, with outdoor recreation in the surrounding White River National Forest serving as a complement to the four ski areas in the vicinity. Production expanded due to the passage of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, by 1893, Aspen had banks, a hospital, a police department, two theaters, an opera house and electric lights. Economic collapse came with the Panic of 1893, when President Cleveland called a session of Congress. Within weeks, many of the Aspen mines were closed and thousands of miners were put out of work, eventually, after wage cuts, mining revived somewhat, but production declined and by the 1930 census only 705 residents remained. Remaining, however, were fine stocks of old buildings and residences. Aspens development as a ski resort first flickered in the 1930s when investors conceived of a ski area, friedl Pfeifer, a member of the 10th Mountain Division who had trained in the area, returned to the area and linked up with industrialist Walter Paepcke and his wife Elizabeth. The Aspen Skiing Corporation was founded in 1946 and the city became a well-known resort. Paepcke also played an important role in bringing the Goethe Bicentennial Convocation to Aspen in 1949, Aspen was now on the path to becoming an internationally known ski resort and cultural center, home of the Aspen Music Festival and School. The area would continue to grow with the development of three ski areas, Buttermilk, Aspen Highlands, and Snowmass. In 1977, notorious serial killer Ted Bundy, while in the Pitkin County Courthouse in Aspen for a hearing, jumped from a second-story window. He remained free for six days, hiding out on Aspen Mountain, in 1977, Aspen was thoroughly photographed for the Aspen Movie Map project funded by the U. S. Department of Defense. The Movie Map is one of the earliest examples of virtual reality software, Aspen is notable as the smallest radio market tracked by Arbitron, ranked at #302. Aspen is a Home Rule Municipality under Colorado law, an elected council of four members and the mayor supervise the citys operations, managed on a day-to-day basis by the city manager, an appointed official who serves at their pleasure

35.
Mountain Time Zone
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The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time at the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States, the specification for the location of time zones. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called Mountain Time. Specifically, it is Mountain Standard Time when observing standard time, the term refers to the fact that the Rocky Mountains, which range from northwestern Canada to the US state of New Mexico, are located almost entirely in the time zone. In Mexico, this zone is known as the Pacific Zone. In the United States and Canada, the Mountain Time Zone is one ahead of the Pacific Time Zone and one hour behind the Central Time Zone. Sonora in Mexico and most of Arizona in the United States do not observe daylight saving time, and during the spring, summer, and autumn months they are on the same time as Pacific Daylight Time. The Navajo Nation, most of which lies within Arizona, does observe DST, although the Hopi Nation, as well as some Arizona state offices lying within the Navajo Nation, the largest city in the Mountain Time Zone is Phoenix, Arizona. TV broadcasting in the Mountain Time Zone is typically tape-delayed one hour, sonora – no daylight saving time, always on MST. Sinaloa Revillagigedo Islands, three of the four islands have the time as Mountain Time Zone, Isla Socorro, San Benedicto Island. The following states or areas are part of the Mountain Time Zone, Arizona – no daylight saving time, always on MST, except on the Navajo Nation. Colorado Idaho – southern half, south of the Salmon River Kansas – only the counties of Sherman, Wallace, Greeley and Hamilton, the remaining three counties that border Colorado, Cheyenne, Morton and Stanton, observe Central Time, as do all other Kansas counties. However, the state of Oklahoma is officially in the Central Time Zone. Additionally, northwestern Culberson County, Texas unofficially observes Mountain Time

Main Navy Building (foreground) and the Munitions Building were temporary structures built during World War I on the National Mall. The Munitions Building served as the Department of War headquarters for several years before moving into the Pentagon.

Officer Candidate uniforms are similar to those worn at USNA and NROTC, with several notable differences. Candidates wear plain fouled anchors. In the final phase, Candidate Officers wear the collar device of MIDN ENS through MIDN CAPT, but are never referred to as Midshipmen.