Living towards the Plaintextarticle2015perEcology is the science of environmental phenomena and their relations. It is a science that recognizes the environment as a collection of smaller systems which are in a meaningful relation to create a larger system. However, landscape is a combination of selections from this larger system and the observer’s perception. Its interpretation is a new thing alike a part of the facing ecosystem where “it” can be understood by human and clarify the “meaning” of outside for him. In this process, the ecosystem and the observer form a united indivisible set known as landscape. Human lives in “landscape”; not in the ecosystem that science introduces. Iranians have long had a special sensibility towards nature, which is likely to have geographical origins, that has made them ponder and give new interpretations of it once a while. The perpetual desire of close connection to nature has had a profound impression on art, architecture and cities created by Iranians. Wherever there may be an opening to nature, inevitably it will be; therefore, the Iranian architecture offers the creation of porch, the “viewing” element so that the plain be vividly observed from its frame. Thus, an observer standing on the porch can enjoy a frame he has chosen where the complex ecosystem of infinite relations can be viewed; and this view underlies an affiliation that will not be forgotten in Iranian minds. Hence, the ecosystem according to landscape is a specific cognition of it which displays the internal relations of the system. If we consider ecology as the science of ecosystem relations, it will be different from what is meant by science, according to landscape. Ayda Alehashemi’s frame on ecology of Alamout site, as viewed by an observer standing on the porch, clarifies the relation of landscape and ecology vividly. What this photo depicts is a landscape, in which the ecology of Alamout site lies.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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201533http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15040_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdfGardening in "Ershād al-Zerā’a"GholamrezaJamaleddinM.A. in Architectural Studies, Art University of Isfahan, Iran. miladjamaleddin@gmail.comauthortextarticle2015perOne of important resources for recognizing Iranian Islamic garden and gardening is the book of Abu Nasr Heravi, Ershād al-Zerā’a. The author, Qasim-Ibn Yusuf Abu Nasr, lived in the city of Herat and the book is related to the late period of Timurid (about 921/1515). This book is a valuable resource in the subject of agriculture and gardenin. The purpose of gardening and agriculture, planting methods of Plants and Trees, classification of plants, land quality, the right time for different tasks in gardening are described in the book. The book includes eight chapters called “rawza” (garden), which cover the following range of topics: first chapter discusses the quality of the different types of land. The second chapter is about the best times for planting according to astrology, and prayers to be recited at the time of planting. Chapter three to seven include planting style for large plants and trees, and the last chapter speaks about the “Chaharbagh” layout in garden design. Referring to this book is helpful in understanding the definition of Iranian garden and gardening. According to Heravi, gardening and garden design is a contextual knowledge, and needs expertise in a variety of fields like planting, water distribution, land survey, and technical and aesthetical design. This paper introduces the most important cases mentioned in Ershād al-Zerā’a. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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2015613http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15006_6abfad41e230e005f42ea10a04d65db3.pdfSculpture, in the Square or in the Plato’s Cave?PadidehAdelvandPh.D candidate in Art Research / Alzahra
UniversityauthorAshraf-al sadatMousavilarPh.D in Art Research / Alzahra Universityauthortextarticle2015perAfter the Qajar period, taking a cue from Western modernism, the spaces known as square were created in Tehran that are far away from the historical meaning of the "square" in the Persian language as an interactive, aggregatable and walkable space that have been close to "round-about" as an appropriate atmosphere for traffic roadway. Unfortunately, these two urban elements are considered as one municipal phenomenon. The destructive consequence of this adaptation led to install of sculpture in the center of the roundabout that has now become the principle of aestheticizing and identifying of the urban landscape.
The result of this behavior is that, today's urban management, artists and citizens, consider these roundabouts as the subjective and historical representative of squares and the center of it as the most appropriate location for installing an urban sculpture.
Given that the sculpture as a visual attraction should bear the inviting property to a sociability space, an available place for stopping, walking and experiencing of collective life, the question arises here is that which of the existing squares in Tehran is bearing the true meaning of the sculpture that would include the desired influences.
These squares do not include any safe and secure space for pedestrians as the dominance of vehicles around it fail to form the social communication and gatherings. So they are not only considered as the factors in the provision of collective life stop encouraging the citizens of Tehran to attend and interact in the space, but also because of the chaos and high mobility are repellent of the population and social activity.
Therefore, the squares [roundabouts] of Tehran are not considered as a good place for installing sculptures because the atmosphere is not presenting a proper level of social and interactive public space with spectators and so the installation will not be able to play the role expected of urban art.
It seems that the lack of attention to the importance of the placement of sculpture and the audiences, in the current atmosphere of Tehran, is rooted in theoretical and performance concepts; like as a partial translation of Western resources has been implemented and, as we known round about as a square and as a local public space suitable for urban sculpture.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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20151419http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15007_cb40e2d076e8714ee8762a6365bdf055.pdfPlanism and LandscapeDenisDelbaereProfessor / Architecture and Landscape school of Lilleauthortextarticle2015perThis article questions the means for effective territorial planning in the contemporary context. To do this, the author takes stock of some governmental planning projects that organized the development of the French territory between 1950 and 1975. It shows by a critical analysis, that the capacity of planning in producing the landscape finally is not linear and authoritarian, as is usually believed, but iterative and inductive. Between the planned space and the produced space, there is no direct causal link, and it is better to speak of "induced landscape" rather than "produced landscape" through planning. These characteristics invite us to think about a new form of planism by the landscape project. A renewal of planism is needed to address the current ecological and societal emergencies.
The article then presents three examples of landscape projects based on old territorial planifications to act massively on the landscape. Each of these three projects is built on a singular dialectic vis-à-vis the plan. The first, the Parc de la Deûle, is built on the exploitation of a direct planiste heritage. The second, the landscape plan of Marquise basin, has successfully tested the tools of a new institutional planism. The latter explores the ways of planism outside the frameworks of an operational command. These observations allow us to see some ways in which contemporary planism could be imagined. The new type of planism can meet the four following qualifiers: it is prospective, it is co-produced, it's based on landscaped approach, and it is critical.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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20152029http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15008_182271b8079094ab79f7fc0d0e9f8e68.pdfWalking in the City and Landscape ProjectFrédéricPousinProfessor / architecture school of Paris-Bellevilleauthortextarticle2015perThis article presents the subject of urban walkways as a current topic for urban projects and landscape. Indeed, we see today developing in many European countries, France in particular, projects on different scales that organize courses in the town or across larger territories like those of cities. At first, to better understand the issue of urban and peri-urban promenade and the terms in which it arises, the history of the subject is recalled. Then, three projects which are based on the idea of ​​crossing the city are presented. in these examples, the landscape projects at different scales in the urban and metropolitan areas, landscapers have intervened and the values ​​held by the landscape have played decisive roles.
Through these three examples it’s shown how the theme of urban crossing is built today on two principal bases: on the one hand the consciousness of pedestrian of the act of displacing and his experience, that results in the capacity of producing landscape. On the other hand, how the crossing is part of a broader strategy of urban regeneration, and taking advantage of obsolescence of certain infrastructure, industrial equipment or even abandoned areas.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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20153039http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15009_e06d222cca14c76a8331d1623bd3d101.pdfA Quick Assessment of Tehran’s LandscapeFarzaneh AlsadatDehghanauthorParichehrSabounchiauthortextarticle2015perThis paper offers a report about the professional workshop of researching Tehran which was held in August 2015 in Tehran along with the fourth and fifth Conference on urban landscape phenomenology. In this regard Denis Delbaere and Frédéric Poussin, experts on landscape and territorial planning, and professors of universities in France, explained their first impressions of Tehran in their first visit to this city. They expressed Tehran landscape features through drawings and providing graphical schemas.
In the past decades in Tehran, major urban plans have resulted in the construction of multiple highways and modern buildings. However, many important structural elements in the Tehran landscape are not the direct product of planning. A series of natural and cultural factors have shaped Tehran’s landscape over time. Moreover, citizens’ participation and influence have had a great effect in shaping the landscape.
The first objective aspect of Tehran’s landscape is the natural context which leads to a chain of mountains in north and a desert area in south with multiple hillsides in between. The northern mountains of Tehran instill a strong feeling and preserving this landscape will retain the city’s identity. Despite, numerous unharmonious elements in Tehran’s landscape, “water streams” act as strong ordering elements connecting different elements in a network and offer scale to places. Water streams, from northern rivers to little kennels have provided continuity in urban landscape.
On the other side, people confrontation to heavy traffic, which draws attention in the first glance, and passersby who calmly cross the streets, displays people affiliation to the landscape of their city. People of Tehran consider this urban space as a public space of their own and show a sense of belonging which is of great significance in landscape. Urban landscape projects must bind to the same record. Discourses on public participation in planning always insist on building the partnership as if it does not exist, whereas in fact there is always a partnership and using it in managing and proceeding of plans is important. In this regard, understanding the subjective aspect of landscape is imperative. It is vital that we know how people think about their environment and how they want it. Although this is a complex and difficult task, but it would become plainer if we see public space in landscape aspect. Landscape is always simple, comprehensive and clear, and this simplicity and clarity increases its flexibility and capacity to adapt.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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20154042http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15010_8bb16497b28667956a9254435bdf89a9.pdfMartyr in Two FramesShabnamMohammadzadehauthortextarticle2015perThe sixth conference of urban landscape phenomenology entitled "Martyr in Two Frames: Cinema and Urban Art" was held in the Tehran’s Institute for Culture, Art and Architecture Studies in December 2015.
The conference started by Dr. Agnès Devictor’s lecture on “War and the urban landscape”. Dr. Devictor is assistant professor in History of cinema at Sorbonne University. She presented an analysis of the cinema of war in Iran and the reflections of martyr concept in this art.
She indicated a general dualism in representation of war and martyrdom concept in Iranian cinema by analyzing some examples. While some movies demonstrate a classic narration of war under influence of western genres the others were produced in framework known as “sacred defense”. This second type of movies pointe to Karbala incident and demonstrate more creativity. In fact, in these movies, war is a pretext to deliver concepts beyond itself to the audience.
Also regarding urban art with the theme of war and martyrdom, she added: like cinema, we can witness the dualism of war-sacred defense in mural paintings in Iran. Some represent a classic demonstration of war and in the others an intersection of the real world with the subjective world, that is the symbolic aspect of Karbala incident, is displayed. In the early years after the war we observe more classic wall paintings in which the exact face of the martyr was depicted in a realistic way. However, the recent paintings display more abstract concepts of martyrdom.
The second part of the conference entitled "A Research on representation of martyrs in Tehran’s Landscape" continued by the presence of Mr. M. Sheibani, professor of landscape architecture at Shahid Beheshti University and Dr. Shohreh Javadi, professor of art history at University of Tehran, and began with a speech by Mr. Sheibani.
Having introduced the relation of landscape with other kinds of art, he explained “Folk Art” and society's perception of it. He mentioned: our art is a kind of pop art combined with ethnicity culture and religion culture. Meanwhile, our art has an essence of divinity in itself and a part of it is actually sacred.
The urban art and cinema are different; since urban art is a kind of collective folk art, while cinema is an art for people. The creators of art in folk art, are in fact the people themselves while in cinema the creator is an artist who has fully known public culture and tries to present it to people. The society needs to bring its past identity to the future. How these identities have to be presented, by films or wall paintings? Who is responsible to do it, government authorities, people or universities?
Dr. Javadi indicated the need to create new practices in urban arts to preserve our epic national and religious heritage in this field, and mentioned the role of artists, academics and administrators of this case. She quoted that young artists should be given the rich history that we've had in the field of arts and urban landscape in order to create new art. Some of the artworks can be depicted on city walls and some should be maintained as museum art. In addition, new types of art have to be emerged with which our young generation can communicate.
Mr. Sheibani finished his speech quoting that those who maintained our territorial integrity have brought us honor. As a result, we should look for ways to express this honor. Art cannot be dictated. Landscape architects, artists and painters have to be with people, feeling their love and needs. In fact, the way these concepts are delivered to people is of great significance.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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20154345http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15011_8a453b8c526b623af616d1e971cf670b.pdfThe Position of Landscape Ecology in Recent StudiesAminHabibiAssistant Professor / University of Shirazauthortextarticle2015perLandscape is an essential keyword which encompasses social science studies, geography and ecology. During the past decade by the advent of "landscape ecology", landscape and associated concepts have obtained specific significance in the interdisciplinary research fields. According to three different categorization in definition of landscape ecology knowledge (including landscape ecology as an independent discipline, as a multi-disciplinary field and as a branch of ecology), the main research question is based on the assumption of what is the proportion of landscape ecology as a scientific field in landscape and ecology? Can ecology cover the perceptional dimensions of landscape? How is landscape ecology dependent or independent to these fields of science? And what kind of model can be proposed to define its position?
Answering the above questions requires a research method based on a literature review in the field of landscape ecology and classification of thinkers’ opinion in order to define the specific relation of landscape ecology with landscape and ecology by logical reasoning and deductive method.
Landscape ecology is not a branch derived out of ecology. It is multidisciplinary field that can be expanded in numerous research fields by adopting the cognitive landscape parameters and components as well as making sustainability quality testing possible. It can give scale and precision to human interventions in nature by using methodology and theory which lead to socio-natural interactions in such interventions. The proposed model points out ecological patterns in environmental interventions could lead to the innovative creation opportunities in the field of landscape since it requires interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary approach and landscape has the ability to be accepted as an important discipline which can fulfil this action. So we can define landscape ecology as a discipline following the field of landscape knowledge.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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20154651http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15012_9fe36d8267819b4448325eb764491781.pdfEcology, Landscape and Ecological Landscape DesignJalaMakhzoumiProfessor / American University of Beirutauthortextarticle2015perAs a profession in the making, there are several challenges facing landscape architecture in the Middle East. On the one hand, there is the epistemological problematic of contextualizing the Western, layered meaning of the word landscape to the geographical and cultural complexity of the region. On the other hand, there is the challenge of liberating current pre-conceptions of landscape from the focus on appearance, namely of landscape as scenery. A decontextualized, narrow understanding fails to draw on the rich historical landscape heritage of the Middle East, undermines the potential of landscape as an interdisciplinary investigative framework and restricts the professional scope of landscape architecture to superficial beautification. This paper advances the holistic, dynamic approach of ecological landscape design, arguing that ecology can (a) contextualize the meaning of landscape, beyond the here and now, to respond to regional ecology and incorporate historical and vernacular landscape heritage and (b) expand the discourse of landscape architecture to embrace not only appearance but also environmental, ecological, socio-economic and political dimensions. A range of applications are cited to demonstrate the complexity and versatility of a holistic landscape framework and its potential in advancing scholarship and professional practice in landscape architecture. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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20155259http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15013_f201cc0b7406869506fb2f7cf68446ea.pdfA Literature Review of Landscape EcologyMahdiehHajghaniPh.D. in Agriculture / Department of Agriculture Jihad of RafsanjanauthorFerialAhmadiPh.D. in Landscape Architecture / Art University of Shirazauthortextarticle2015perEcology, in the simple concept, is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Ecosystem, is the collection of organisms and their surrounding environment in a certain area that build and exchange food and energy by relationships and interactions. The knowledge of studying the ecosystems is called ecology. Because of the wide scope of ecology, this science is considered as a multidisciplinary knowledge and various sciences are formed around it, such as: population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, landscape ecology, urban ecology and global ecology.
In the last decade, ecological design paradigm and landscape ecology approach was developed due to the destruction of natural capitals and landscapes features. This approach is known as an interdisciplinary knowledge that integrates biophysical techniques with a holistic humanities approach and presents design strategies compatible with landscape capitals (natural, social, and cultural capitals) to restore dynamism of landscapes.
Despite the fact that many of the landscapes are altered by incompatible human intervention, adverse ecological and vernacular research, can present a whole view of the natural and cultural layers and capitals of the landscape. The basic philosophy in this approach is considering landscape as widespread mosaics, recognizing disturbance in natural process of inherent patterns of mosaics and designing to restore patterns through creating and reviving patches, flows, corridors, and ecological networks.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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20156065http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15014_7bb344d4a00dda19950bc042edb931af.pdfFrom Urban Development to Landscape-oriented Ecological UrbanismMaryamDabiriPh.D. Candidate in Architecture / NAZAR research centerauthorMohammad RezaMasnaviProfessor / University of Tehranauthortextarticle2015perGrowing urban environments, as a context of complex social, economical, political and cultural relations, require a wide and complex range of approaches, perspectives and solutions to meet today's conditions and consequences of the continuing development process. New ideas on planning and design of cities are required. Confronting these challenges, landscape ecology provides many solutions regarding its definition. On the other hand, urban ecology as a successor of ecology, offers valuable principals for urban development and environmental awareness. According to increasing urbanization, landscape ecology should be more urbanized in future. Therefore, today a new concept of "urban landscape ecology" emerges with yet no single definition. This article first defines the concepts of ecological paradigm and their impact on its alteration in relation to urban landscape. Thereinafter, modified concepts of "urban landscape ecology" and "landscape-oriented ecologic urbanism" are offered.
The friction between the definitions of landscape, city and ecology is what empowers urban landscape ecology as a base for planning and design. Such a definition makes landscape architects draw their professional concentration from the suburbs to the city where human systems are to be considered as a part of ecology. Landscape-oriented urbanism suggests three research paths: the evolution of aesthetic perception; a deeper understanding of the role of human in ecology; and learning in action.
“Landscape-oriented urbanism” considers the application of processes that facilitate design in naturally and culturally complex and dynamic systems. Therefore, landscape-oriented urbanism is necessarily beyond a new urbanism; since it is faced with problems beyond the urban form and focuses on more complex issues.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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20156673http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15015_a983f4952b994bfd833c3b86f30706a6.pdfResilience: A Design Approach in Chaotic EnvironmentMortezaHemmatiauthortextarticle2015perDespite advances that has been made in natural sciences, human is still unable to predict accurate status of some of these natural disasters. Experience has shown that in the absence of necessary infrastructures natural hazards may result in massive tragedies. One of the important tasks that landscape architects should tackle these days is the management of these threats and their impact on human environments. Landscape as an innately dynamic phenomenon, can offer new perspectives and approaches for dealing with transitional environments.
The Chaos Theory proposes principals for managing stressful systems in order to enable them to endure damages. Resilience can be known as the reflection of management strategies of Chaos theory in ecology and environmental management systems. This concept has suggested a few resolutions to confronting unexpected disasters.
Resilience is the result of revision of the earlier concepts of sustainability. In the new conceptions of ecological sustainability, it is defined as the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions, and perceived as a dynamic concept. Considering dynamics of the landscape in this approach, gives opportunities for interactive responses and sustainability of landscape, especially in unpredictable situations and crisis conditions. This essay, at first offers introduction of the principals of Chaos theory and its impact on decision management. Furthermore, it expresses the reflections of Chaos theory on sustainable ecology and strategies that it represents for designing resilient landscapes.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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20157481http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15016_6495f1fc43c6f2c252e8415f85a2787e.pdfLandscape, Natural Landscape, Cultural LandscapeSiavashDoroodianauthortextarticle2015perAlthough the term "cultural landscape" has been used in various texts for many years now, there is no universal definition and authors use this term in their own ways. This article is an attempt to investigate the definitions of landscape, natural landscape and cultural landscape as well as the categories they could be divided into and the roles they could play in today’s life. To answer these questions, first the author studies the difference between landscape and nature, based on which the definition of cultural landscape could be developed. According to this definition, nature is something constantly changing and landscape is one manifestation of nature (out of many possible ones) which got preserved by humans. Afterwards different forms of cultural landscapes like park landscapes or industrial landscapes will be considered. A new insight into a cultural landscape which could lead to the discovery of their aesthetical or symbolic value would be possible only through the investigation of their emergence. Then the landscape is viewed as a scientific subject from interdisciplinary perspectives, using various relevant professional disciplines to form a synthesis. In the last part, the author points to the importance of dealing with cultural landscapes and presents it as a general subject which can be recommended in school books in order to help the general understanding and flourish the unexploited industrial or agricultural areas. Moreover the author believes that approaching cultural landscapes could bring a new meaning to the term home or homeland which will accordingly be helpful in attracting migrants and integrating them into the society. Finally the deficiencies of the statutes for the conservation of landscapes are taken into consideration. Those deficiencies come from confounding the terms nature and landscape and therefore the existing statutes concern mainly the conservation of nature but do not cover the conservation of landscapes.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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20158287http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15017_ac9d3459b173e8cfe99a9232df35e13e.pdfEcoacoustics: A New Tool to Investigate the Ecological ComplexityAlmoFarinaProfessor / Urbino Universityauthortextarticle2015perThe great potentiality of the ecoacoustics approach is emerging in these last decades thanks to new theories and principles and by the use of advanced digital technologies to recording sound, and by the capacity to process large amount of data at time. The contemporary awareness of the intrusion of anthropogenic sounds (technophonies) into natural and human-modified landscapes and the urgent necessity to adopt short-term predictive tools to compensate for the impact of climate change on the Earth appoint ecoacoustics as an important ecological discipline.
In the near future we expect a great contribution of the ecoacoustics, to promote ecological research on individual species, populations, communities and landscapes. Especially in marine environment the use of ecoacoutsics is really important due the difficulty to explore the submerged seascape with other devices.
Ecoacoustics, exploring the complexity of the soundscapes offers additional ecological tools to investigate and to interpret structure and dynamics of pristine and modified landscapes.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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20158893http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15018_efeec4224534eb3c663f0e53df7f6560.pdfRoundtable: Landscape and EcologyElnazMortazi Mehrabaniauthortextarticle2015perThe scientific panel on “landscape ecology” was held in Nazar research center by presence of professors and experts in “landscape” and “ecology”, in order to discuss the relation of these concepts and definition of “landscape ecology”. In this panel arranged by Dr. Seyed Amir Mansouri, Director of landscape architecture department at University of Tehran and president of Nazar research center, experts in both fields exchanged their views about landscape ecology; including Mr. Mehdi Sheibani, professor of landscape architecture at Shahid Beheshti University, Dr. Mohammad Reza Masnavi, architect and associate professor in Faculty of Environment at University of Tehran, Dr. Ahmad Reza Yavari, associate professor in Faculty of Environment at University of Tehran and Dr. Hasan Taghvaei, director of landscape architecture department at the University of Shahid Beheshti.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467

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20159499http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_15019_747af80dcd4267dd797c9a13e8643c32.pdfIs "Landscape Ecology" a Correct Interpretation?Seyed AmirMansouriauthortextarticle2015perEcology is a knowledge on what exists outside. In contrast, landscape is “the outside” with our understanding of the confrontation with the outside. Ecology is a knowledge and it can be obtained in the absence of human. It is a reflection of reality, the way it really is.
Landscape is a wisdom which is emerged by human. It is the interpretation of reality and everyone has an understanding of his own.
Ecology belongs to the outside world. It defines phenomena and their relations and investigates the circumstances and conditions of life in the components and the whole. The science of ecology is developing and has transformed its atomistic approaches to holistic ones in its growth; nevertheless, despite the claims of modern ecologists admitting that ecology seeks for a holistic approach, it is still confined within the material world which cannot truly represent the whole. Although the authority of ecology is steadily growing deeper and broader, it cannot overpass the objective world.
Landscape is a fundamental understanding of a field between objectivity and subjectivity, both of which are involved. It is not considered as a science that can be interpreted by scientific tools. It both exists in the material world which accounts for its being related to science and is considered a mental interpretation of human that is not calibrated by scientific tools. The substance of this whole that is considered as landscape is knowledge and wisdom and has its own specific way of recognition and management.
In today sciences, where people recognize landscape through experience, we should be warned not to diminish the true meaning of landscape and rely on common terms to create a "pseudo-science" that is supposedly considered as interdisciplinary.
Landscape ecology is of this sort and cannot be considered as a new knowledge due to the noncompliance in the composition of its compartments, ecology and landscape. It can be said that landscape is a “whole” in which there is as an objective part that “ecology” studies. Therefore, landscape of a specific ecology is worth mentioning, but “landscape ecology” is not a correct interpretation.MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscapeپژوهشکده نظر2008-74467