2 Case Study: Teen ViolenceIn the United States, teens are disproportionately affected by violence. Researchers looking for the answer to why this would be have sometimes focused on media in youth culture. These observers note that the television shows and movies aimed at youth are filled with violence. Other researchers focus on drug use as a source of violence, with one study showing that teens who use drugs are twice as likely to commit violent acts. Whatever the reason for violence, it is clear that violent teens do not transition well into adulthood.

4 Section 1 at a Glance Understanding AdolescenceAdolescence refers to a distinct stage of life that occurs between the onset of puberty and adulthood.In the United States, the concept of adolescence is a recent development, resulting from a combination of post-Civil War historical events.The five leading characteristics of adolescence are biological growth and development, an undefined status, increased decision making, increased pressures, and the search for self.

5 Understanding AdolescenceMain IdeaAdolescence is a time of great change and an important transition to adulthood.Reading FocusHow has the concept of adolescence developed as a distinct stage of the life cycle in the United States?What are the five general characteristics of adolescence?

6 The Adolescent Brain: A Work in ProgressHow is a teenager's brain different from an adult's brain?

7 The Concept of AdolescenceDefinitionAdolescence is the period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood.Puberty is the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction.In the United States, it is generally from ages 12 to 19.HistoryMany societies do not include the idea of adolescence.Developments since the Civil War have strengthened the idea of adolescence in the United States and other industrialized nations.Mandatory education, exclusion from the labor force, and separate legal status encourage the idea of adolescence.

8 What factors are important to the development of adolescence?Reading CheckSummarizeWhat factors are important to the development of adolescence?Answer: education, the exclusion of youth from the labor force, the development of the juvenile-justice system

9 Characteristics of AdolescenceBiological Growth and DevelopmentOnset of adolescence marked by beginning of pubertySpecific hormones are releasedGrowth spurts, voice changes, development of sexual characteristicsComplexion problemsUndefined StatusUnclear social expectationsSome treated as children, some as adultsAllowed to marry at age 16, vote at age 18, and drink at age 21Some adults like adolescent culture, others critical

10 Increased Decision MakingMore decisions must be made by oneself.Increased PressureParents, friends, and teachers all pressure adolescents to behave in particular ways.Peer pressure is the strongest.Many teens feel pressure to be in a relationship or find a job.The Search for SelfThe ability to establish personal norms and priorities is important.Preparing for future roles is one aspect of finding oneself. Anticipatory socialization is learning the rights, obligations, and expectations of a role to prepare for assuming that role in the future.

12 Reading CheckDraw ConclusionsWhat do you think is the most challenging characteristic of adolescence? Explain.Answer: Possible answer—search for self; the search for self requires a lot of personal decision making

13 Cultural Diversity and SociologyComing of AgeMost cultures mark an adolescent’s entry into adulthood with a rite of passage. Coming-of-age ceremonies are different across cultures.Some are informal events such as getting a driver’s license.Some are more formal such as a high school graduation.Mexico: A quinceañera marks a girl’s entry into adulthoodNavajo: A Kinaalda is a four-day ceremony marking entry to adulthoodMaasai: Boys leave to live in manyatta camps to learn male skillsJudaism: A bar or bat mitzvah occurs after much preparation–

15 Thinking Critically How do these coming-of-age ceremonies differ?What impact do you think coming-of-age ceremonies have on society?

16 Section 2 at a Glance Teenagers and DatingDating, or the meeting of people as a romantic engagement, is most commonly found in societies that allow people to select their own marriage partners.Before the development of dating in the United States, the courtship system was the most common means through which unmarried men and women interacted.

17 Section 2 at a Glance (cont.)Teenagers and DatingTraditional American dating patterns date back to social changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution and new forms of technology.Dating today serves many functions, including entertainment, socialization, the fulfillment of basic psychological needs, the achievement of social status, and the selection of a spouse.

18 Teenagers and Dating Main Idea Reading FocusDating, which has undergone many changes over time, serves important social functions for many teenagers.Reading FocusWhat are dating and courtship?How did dating emerge as a form of social interaction?What are some of the social functions of dating?How are traditional and contemporary dating patterns different?

19 How did a story of teenage love become one of the greatest romantic tragedies of all time?

20 Dating and CourtshipDating is a recent phenomenon in the United States. It has become a more common form of interaction between the sexes.Main purpose is entertainment and amusementCan lead to serious relationship and/or marriageMost common method for selecting spouse in modern United StatesDatingCourtship is less flexible than datingDesigned to end in marriageStrictly defined roles for both partiesCouple rarely left aloneCourtship–

21 How are dating and courtship similar, and how are they different?Reading CheckCompare and ContrastHow are dating and courtship similar, and how are they different?Answer: Possible answer: both—meeting and interaction of people as a romantic engagement; courtship—strictly defined roles, ultimate purpose is marriage; dating—may lead to marriage, but main purpose is entertainment and amusement

24 The Emergence of DatingBefore industrializationMarriages were dependent on a man inheriting agricultural land.Families played an important role in determining spouses.Changes during industrializationYoung adults could earn money away from land, so parents became less involved in relationships.The rise of free public education brought the sexes together.After World War I, technologies such as the automobile and telephone gave young adults greater freedom.The 1920s saw an increase in opportunity and equality for women.Goals of datingResearchers find evidence that men and women choose those of equal status to date, as a function of homogamy—the tendency of individuals to marry people with social characteristics similar to their own.

25 Identify Cause and EffectReading CheckIdentify Cause and EffectWhat factors led to the emergence of dating in the United States?Answer: Industrial Revolution, public education, telephone, cars, and equality of women

26 Functions of DatingDating serves several important functions in adolescence.These functions might occur at different stages of a relationship, and each may carry more or less weight at various stages.FunctionsEntertainmentSocializationBasic psychological needs such as conversation, companionship, and understandingStatus attainmentSpouse selection

27 What are five important functions of dating?Reading CheckSummarizeWhat are five important functions of dating?Answer: entertainment, socialization, conversation and companionship, status obtainment, spouse selection

28 Dating Patterns Traditional Dating PatternsResponsibility for organizing a date falls to the manBehavior is highly ritualizedContemporary Dating PatternsBoth sexes initiate and organize datesRelationships are based on friendshipAmish Dating PatternsBegin courting around age 16Opportunities occur at formal eventsDating is done with marriage in mind

30 How have dating patterns changed in the United States over time?Reading CheckAnalyzeHow have dating patterns changed in the United States over time?Answer: become more informal and flexible, with greater gender equality

31 Section 3 at a Glance Challenges of AdolescenceAdolescents in American society experience a number of social challenges related to sexual behavior, drugs, and suicide.Teenagers who engage in early sexual activity face serious health challenges, including pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.

32 Section 3 at a Glance (cont.)Challenges of AdolescenceAlcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, drug use, and drug-related violence are persistent and widespread problems among teenagers.Suicide is a major challenge facing American teenagers, and the suicide rates for teens now exceed the suicide rates for the general population.

33 Challenges of AdolescenceMain IdeaAdolescents face many difficult challenges, including issues related to sexual behavior, drugs, and suicide.Reading FocusWhat are some of the main concerns about teenage sexual behavior?Why is teenage drug use such a problem in the United States?What social factors contribute to teenage suicide?

34 What are some of the difficult decisions that adolescents face in their lives?

35 Teenage Sexual BehaviorTraditional Sexual ValuesSome modern, preindustrial traditions encourage sexual experimentation as a preparation for marriage.Traditional American values from the Puritans and the Victorian age confine sexual activity to marriage.The Sexual RevolutionDuring the 1960s and 1970s, the norms governing sexual behavior began to change.Birth control, youth counterculture, and the feminist movement encouraged changes.Various stages of romantic relationships are found on television and other mass media.Advertisers use the lure of sexuality to sell their products.

36 The Rate of Teenage Sexual Activity In 1970, 29 percent of unmarried American females between the ages of 15 and 19 were sexually active.By 1995, the rate had jumped to 50 percent.Birthrate among American teenagers is considerably higher than that for other industrialized countries.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention encourages abstinence, or voluntarily not engaging in sexual behavior.Influences on Early Sexual ActivityFactors include: family income level, parents’ marital status, religious participationIn general, teenagers from higher-income two-parent families have lower rates of sexual activity than teenagers from low-income one-parent families.Teenagers whose friends engage in pre-marital sex are more likely to do so themselves.

37 Consequences of Early Sexual Activity Teenage pregnancy has negative consequencesBabies have lower birth weights and are more likely to die within the first year of lifeLow high school completion rates for teen parentsLower lifetime earningsChildren more likely to experience learning disabilitiesSignificant emotional stressSexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)High rates of human papillomavirus (HPV), chlamydia, genital herpesExposure to syphilis, gonorrhea, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)Studies show teenagers are aware of the dangers of HIV/AIDS and other STDs, yet few teenagers think that they are personally at risk.

38 What are some basic facts about teenage sexual behavior?Reading CheckFind the Main IdeaWhat are some basic facts about teenage sexual behavior?Answer: possible answers—increase in teen sexual activity, influenced by social and economic factors or by subcultural factors, about one million teen pregnancies each year with negative consequences, increase in STDs

40 Teenage Drug UseA drug is any substance that changes mood, behavior, or consciousness. Some are legal while others are illegal. There are social consequences to drug use.Drug-related crime increased during the 1980s and 1990s.Violence was often part of turf wars between rival gangs.Crack cocaine is the drug most associated with violent crime.Drug ViolenceMarijuana is the most commonly used illegal drug among teens.About 70 percent of high school seniors have used alcohol.The United States has the highest rate of teen drug use.The Rate of Teenage Drug Use–

41 Influences on Teenage Drug UseHaving friends who regularly engage in drug useHaving social and academic adjustment problemsLiving in a hostile and rejecting family settingTeenage Attitudes Toward Drug UseKnowledge of danger of drugs has increasedDisapproval rating of marijuana and cigarettes has increasedDisapproval rating of LSD, cocaine, heroin, amphetamines, and barbiturates remain at 90 to 98 percent

43 How has teenage drug use in the United States changed over time?Reading CheckSequenceHow has teenage drug use in the United States changed over time?Answer: Use of alcohol, cigarettes, and illegal drugs gradually declined after 1997.

44 Teenage SuicideThe rate of teenage suicide has more than doubled in the last three decades. Suicide is the third leading cause of death for people aged 5 to 24.Durkheim studied social aspects of suicide.Groups with especially high or especially low levels of “social integration” are more likely to commit suicide.The Sociological View of SuicideFor some teenagers, the self-doubt and confusion of adolescence are blown out of proportion and solutions to problems are obscured.Social isolation and weakening social bonds can lead to suicide.Teenage Suicide–

46 Getting Help from SocietySuicide is not the answer to a temporary problem.Learning to cope and manage pain and sadness is an important part of human development.Ask for help.Do not ignore the problem.Anyone who is suicidal needs professional help.Most cities have a variety of health organizations that offer services to people in need.

48 Sociology in Today’s WorldBullyingBullying is an intentional behavior that is meant to hurt and dominate another person. It includes verbal and physical abuse, as well as cyberbullying—using electronic means to torment, threaten, harass, humiliate, embarrass, or otherwise target another.Some Web sites have measures in place to prevent cyberbullying.Cyberbullying allows bullies to send harassing messages and pictures that can reach victims at home and at any time.Bullying leads to a decline in social standards of behavior.Many schools hold a “Bully Awareness Week” to help victims identify bullying.There are media campaigns to stop bullying.Parents and teens are becoming more aware of and reporting the problem.–

50 Thinking Critically How is bullying more than teasing?What else do you think school officials should do to prevent bullying?

51 Lab: Applying What You’ve LearnedCreating a Drug Awareness CampaignWhat is the best way to educate adolescents about the dangers of drug use?In this lab you will create a drug awareness campaign.Work in groups to research a particular drug.1. IntroductionAs a group, write a description of your assigned drug. Include the following information: name(s), method of taking, short and long term effects and dangers, statistical trends, and a chart.2. Writing a Drug Profile–

54 4. Presenting Your Poster3. The Anti-Drug PosterWork with your group to design a poster that illustrates the danger of your assigned drug.Include a description or illustration that reveals the dangers of the drug.4. Presenting Your PosterGive an overview of what your group has learned about your assigned drug.Present your poster to the class.5. DiscussionWhat did you learn from this lab? As a group, discuss the following:How successful was the class at creating posters?Which elements from each group were most effective?Which drugs present the greatest challenge to teens?What other media could be used to warn teens of the dangers of drugs?