International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) for the Cambridge International Education for Combined Science (0653) 2019-2021

I have created a nine slide PowerPoint summary explaining the new CIE Combined
Science 0653 syllabus. The slides give an overview of syllabus, an explanation of the paper choices and a link to the official CIE website with the original
specification. Embedded in the file are three word documents that explain
the Chemistry, Biology and Physics syllabus in more detail. It is available for less then the price of a cuppa coffee here.

Monday, January 4, 2016

This lesson covers an introduction to atomic theory. In includes a Power
Point lesson covered the topics outline below. It also includes a
revision or homework page (with answer sheet). A ‘Hot Seat Quiz’ that
includes the key terms covered in the lesson and a printable of the key
figures in Atomic Theory.

This lesson cover the section C3 of the iGCSE unit
0653 combined science (some sections regarding the periodic table will
be included in a separate section). It includes:

C3. Atoms, elements and compounds

3.3 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

1 Describe the structure of an atom in terms of electrons and a nucleus containing protons and neutrons.

2 Describe the build-up of electrons in ‘shells’ and
understand the significance of the noble gas electronic structures and
of valency electrons (reference to noble gases not included - this will
be in periodic table lesson)

3 State the relative charges and approximate relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons.
4 Define atomic (proton) number and mass (nucleon) number.

5 Use proton number and the simple structure of
atoms to explain the basis of the Periodic Table (see section C9), with
special reference to the elements with proton numbers 1 to 20. (not yet
included in this section)

Monday, August 31, 2015

This is a three part lesson. The first section defines what chromatography is. Next the principle of paper chromatography along with how it works and the experimental set up and finally the last section covers how to interrupt the chromatograms.

The lesson includes:Slides on all of the above

the uses of paper chromatography (exercise)Homework exercise with some answers (on a separate word document preview below)As usual for all my lessons I have extra resources at the last page (including videos, notes, exercises and experiments)Find the lesson hereEnjoy:-)

Friday, May 22, 2015

Physics Syllabus 0653 Syllabus
The official CIE syllabus can be found here: http://goo.gl/oMfK7v
It is best to always refer to the original syllabus.

P1. Motion
1 Define speed and calculate average speed from: total distance total time
2 Plot and interpret a speed-time graph and a distance-time graph.
3 Recognise from the shape of a speed-time graph when a body is:
• at rest
• moving with constant speed
• moving with changing speed.
4 Recognise linear motion for which the acceleration is constant, and calculate the acceleration. *
5 Recognise motion for which the acceleration is not constant.*
6 Calculate the area under a speed-time graph to work out the distance travelled for motion with constant acceleration.*
7 Demonstrate a qualitative understanding that acceleration is related to changing speed.

P2. Matter and forces 2.1 Mass and weight
1 Be able to distinguish between the mass and weight of an object.
2 Know that the Earth is the source of a gravitational field.
3 Describe, and use the concept of, weight as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass.

2.2 Density
1 Describe an experiment to determine the density of a liquid and of a regularly shaped solid, and make the necessary calculation using the equation: density = mass / volume or d = m / V
2 Describe the determination of the density of an irregularly shaped solid by the method of displacement, and make the necessary calculation.

2.3 Effects of forces
1 Know that a force is measured in newtons (N).
2 Describe how forces may change the size, shape and motion of a body.
3 Plot and interpret extension-load graphs and describe the associated experimental procedure.
4 State Hooke’s Law and recall and use the expression: force = constant × extension (F = kx).
5 Recognise the significance of the term ‘limit of proportionality’ for an extension / load graph.

P3. Energy, work and power 3.1 Energy
1 Know that energy and work are measured in joules (J), and power in watts (W).
2 Demonstrate understanding that an object may have energy due to its motion (kinetic energy, K.E.) or its position (potential energy, P.E.), and that energy may be transferred and stored.
3 Recall and use the expressions K.E. = 2 1 mv2 and P.E. = mgh *
4 Give and identify examples of energy in different forms, including kinetic, gravitational, chemical, nuclear, thermal (heat), electrical, light and sound.
5 Give and identify examples of the conversion of energy from one form to another, and of its transfer from one place to another.
6 Apply the principle of energy conservation to simple examples.*

3.2 Energy resources
1 Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.
2 Know that the Sun is the source of energy for all our energy resources except geothermal and nuclear.
3 Describe how electricity or other useful forms of energy may be obtained from:
• chemical energy stored in fuel
• water, including the energy stored in waves, in tides, and in water behind hydroelectric dams
• geothermal resources
• heat and light from the Sun (solar cells and panels)
• wind.
4 Give advantages and disadvantages of each method in terms of reliability, scale and environmental impact.
5 Demonstrate a qualitative understanding of efficiency.
6 Recall and use the equation: efficiency = useful energy output energy input × 100%

3.3 Work
1 Relate (without calculation) work done to the magnitude of a force and the distance moved.
2 Describe energy changes in terms of work done.
3 Recall and use W = F × d

3.4 Power
1 Relate (without calculation) power to work done and time taken, using appropriate examples.
2 Recall and use the equation P = E / t in simple systems.

P4. Simple kinetic molecular model of matter 4.1 States of matter
1 State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases.

4.2 Molecular model
1 Describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases.
2 Relate the properties of solids, liquids and gases to the forces and distances between molecules and to the motion of the molecules.
3 Interpret the temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules.

4.3 Evaporation
1 Describe evaporation in terms of the escape of more energetic molecules from the surface of a liquid.
2 Relate evaporation to the consequent cooling.

P5. Matter and thermal properties
1 Describe qualitatively the thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases.
2 Identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of thermal expansion.
3 State the meaning of melting point and boiling point.

P6. Transfer of thermal energy 6.1 Conduction
1 Describe experiments to demonstrate the properties of good and bad conductors of heat.
2 Explain heat transfer in solids in terms of molecular motion.

6.2 Convection
1 Recognise convection as the main method of heat transfer in liquids and gases.
2 Relate convection in fluids to density changes.
3 Describe experiments to illustrate convection in liquids and gases.

6.3 Radiation
1 Recognise radiation as the method of heat transfer that does not require a medium to travel through.
2 Identify infra-red radiation as the part of the electromagnetic spectrum often involved in heat transfer by radiation.
3 Describe experiments to show the properties of good and bad emitters and good and bad absorbers of infra-red radiation.

6.4 Consequences of energy transfer
1 Identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of conduction, convection and radiation.

P7. Waves 7.1 General wave properties
1 Describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in ropes and springs and by experiments using water waves.
2 Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples*
3 State the meaning of and use the terms speed, frequency, wavelength and amplitude.
4 Recall and use the equation v = f λ *
5 Identify how a wave can be reflected off a plane barrier and can change direction as its speed changes.*

P8. Light 8.1 Reflection of light
1 Describe the formation and give the characteristics of an optical image formed by a plane mirror.
2 Perform simple constructions, measurements and calculations based on reflections in plane mirrors.
3 Use the law: angle of incidence, i = angle of reflection, r.

8.2 Refraction of light
1 Describe an experimental demonstration of the refraction of light.
2 Identify and describe internal and total internal reflection using ray diagrams.
3 Describe, using ray diagrams, the passage of light through parallel-sided transparent material, indicating the angle of incidence i and angle of refraction r.
4 State the meaning of critical angle.
5 Describe the action of optical fibres, particularly in medicine and communications technology.

8.3 Thin converging lens
1 Describe the action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light, using ray diagrams.
2 Use the terms principal focus and focal length.

P9. Electromagnetic spectrum
1 Describe the main features of the electromagnetic spectrum.
2 State that all electromagnetic waves travel with the same high speed in vacuum.*
3 Describe the role of electromagnetic waves in:
• radio and television communications (radio waves)
• satellite television and telephones (microwaves)
• electrical appliances, remote controllers for televisions and intruder alarms (infra-red)
• medicine and security (X-rays).
4 Demonstrate an awareness of safety issues regarding the use of microwaves and X-rays.

P10. Sound
1 Describe the production of sound by vibrating sources.
2 Describe transmission of sound in air in terms of compressions and rarefactions.*
3 State the approximate human range of audible frequencies.
4 Demonstrate understanding that a medium is needed to transmit sound waves.
5 Describe an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air.
6 State the order of magnitude of the speed of sound in air, liquids and solids.*
7 Relate the loudness and pitch of sound waves to amplitude and frequency.
8 Describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo.

P11. Electricity 11.1 Electrical quantities
1 Demonstrate understanding of current, potential difference and resistance, and use with their appropriate units.
2 Use and describe the use of an ammeter and a voltmeter.

11.2 Electric charge
1 Describe simple experiments to show the production and detection of electrostatic charges.
2 State that there are positive and negative charges.
3 State that unlike charges attract and that like charges repel.
5 Distinguish between electrical conductors and insulators and give typical examples.
4 Describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force.*

11.3 Current and potential difference
1 State that current is related to the flow of charge.
2 State that the current in metals is due to a flow of electrons.
3 Use the term potential difference (p.d.) to describe what drives the current between two points in a circuit.

11.4 Resistance
1 State that resistance = p.d. / current and understand qualitatively how changes in p.d. or resistance affect current.
2 Recall and use the equation R = V / I.
3 Relate (without calculation) the resistance of a wire to its length and to its diameter.*
4 Describe an experiment to determine resistance using a voltmeter and an ammeter.

12.2 Series and parallel circuits
1 Demonstrate understanding that the current at every point in a series circuit is the same.
2 Recall and use the fact that the sum of the p.d.s across the components in a series circuit is equal to the total p.d. across the supply.*
3 Calculate the combined resistance of two or more resistors in series.
4 State that, for a parallel circuit, the current from the source is larger than the current in each branch.
5 Recall and use the fact that the current from the source is the sum of the currents in the separate branches of a parallel circuit.*
6 State that the combined resistance of two resistors in parallel is less than that of either resistor by itself.
7 State the advantages of connecting lamps in parallel in a lighting circuit.

Biology Syllabus 0653 Syllabus
The official CIE syllabus can be found here: http://goo.gl/oMfK7v
It is best to always refer to the original syllabus.

B1. Characteristics of living organisms
1 List and describe the characteristics of living organisms.

B2. Cells 2.1 Cell structure and organisation
1 State that living organisms are made of cells.
2 Identify and describe the structure of a plant cell (palisade cell) and an animal cell (liver cell), as seen under a light microscope.
3 Relate the structures seen under the light microscope in the plant cell and in the animal cell to their functions.*
4 Describe the differences in structure between typical animal and plant cells.
5 Calculate magnification and size of biological specimens using millimetres as units.

2.2 Movement in and out of cells
1 Define diffusion as the net movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement.
2 Describe the importance of diffusion of gases and solutes and of water as a solvent.

B3. Enzymes
1 Define enzymes as proteins that function as biological catalysts.
2 Investigate and describe the effect of changes in temperature and pH on enzyme activity.
3 Explain the effect of changes in temperature and pH on enzyme activity.

4.2 Plant nutrition
1 Define photosynthesis as the fundamental process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light.
2 Explain that chlorophyll traps light energy and converts it into chemical energy for the formation of carbohydrates and their subsequent storage. *
3 State the word equation for the production of simple sugars and oxygen.
4 State the balanced equation for photosynthesis in symbols 6CO2 + 6H2O light chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2*
5 Investigate the necessity for chlorophyll, light and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, using appropriate controls.
6 Investigate and state the effect of varying light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis (e.g. in submerged aquatic plants).*
7 Describe the intake of carbon dioxide and water by plants.
8 Identify and label the cuticle, cellular and tissue structure of a dicotyledonous leaf, as seen in cross-section under the light microscope.

4.3 Animal nutrition
1 State what is meant by the term balanced diet and describe a balanced diet related to age, sex and activity of an individual.
2 Describe the effects of malnutrition in relation to starvation, coronary heart disease, constipation and obesity.*
3 Identify the main regions of the alimentary canal and associated organs, including mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine: duodenum and ileum, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine: colon and rectum, anus.
4 Describe the functions of the regions of the alimentary canal listed above, in relation to ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion of food.
5 Define digestion as the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, water-soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes.
6 Identify the types of human teeth and describe their structure and functions.
7 State the causes of dental decay and describe the proper care of teeth.
8 State the significance of chemical digestion in the alimentary canal in producing small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed.
9 Define absorption as movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood.
10 Identify the small intestine as the region for the absorption of digested food.

B5. Transportation 5.1 Transport in plants
1 State the functions of xylem and phloem.
2 Identify the positions of xylem tissues as seen in transverse sections of unthickened, herbaceous, dicotyledonous roots, stems and leaves.
3 Identify root hair cells, as seen under the light microscope, and state their functions.
4 Relate the structure and functions of root hairs to their surface area and to water and ion uptake.*
5 Investigate, using a suitable stain, the pathway of water through the above-ground parts of a plant.
6 Define transpiration as evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by loss of water vapour from plant leaves, through the stomata.
7 Describe the effects of variation of temperature, humidity and light intensity on transpiration rate.

5.2 Transport in humans
1 Describe the circulatory system as a system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.
2 Describe the double circulation in terms of a low-pressure circulation to the lungs and a high-pressure circulation to the body tissues, and relate these differences to the different functions of the two circuits.*
3 Describe the structure of the heart, including the muscular wall and septum, atria, ventricles, valves and associated blood vessels.
4 Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible causes (diet, stress and smoking) and preventive measures. *
5 Describe the function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of the valves.
6 Investigate the effect of physical activity on pulse rate.
7 Investigate, state and explain the effect of physical activity on pulse rate.*
8 Identify red and white blood cells as seen under the light microscope on prepared slides, and in diagrams and photomicrographs.
9 Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries.
10 Explain how structure and function are related in arteries, veins and capillaries.*
11 List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
12 State the functions of blood:
• red blood cells – haemoglobin and oxygen transport
• white blood cells – phagocytosis and antibody formation
• platelets – causing clotting (no details)
• plasma – transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide.

B6. Respiration 6.1 Respiration and energy
1 Define respiration as the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy.
2 State the uses of energy in the body of humans: muscle contraction, protein synthesis, cell division, growth, the passage of nerve impulses and the maintenance of a constant body temperature.
3 State the word equation for aerobic respiration.
4 Define aerobic respiration as the release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen.
5 State the equation for aerobic respiration using symbols (C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O).

6.2 Gas exchange
1 Identify on diagrams and name the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and associated capillaries.
2 List the features of gas exchange surfaces in animals. *
3 Explain the role of mucus and cilia in protecting the gas exchange system from pathogens and particles.*
4 Describe the effects of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components (tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, smoke particles) on the gas exchange system.*
5 State the differences in composition between inspired and expired air.

6 Use limewater as a test for carbon dioxide to investigate the differences in composition between inspired and expired air.
7 Investigate and describe the effects of physical activity on rate and depth of breathing.
8 Explain the effects of physical activity on rate and depth of breathing.*

B7. Co-ordination and response 7.1 Hormones
1 Define a hormone as a chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver.
2 State the role of the hormone adrenaline in chemical control of metabolic activity, including increasing the blood glucose concentration and pulse rate.
3 Give examples of situations in which adrenaline secretion increases.

7.2 Tropic responses
1 Define and investigate geotropism (as a response in which a plant grows towards or away from gravity) and phototropism (as a response in which a plant grows towards or away from the direction from which light is coming).
2 Explain the chemical control of plant growth by auxins including geotropism and phototropism in terms of auxins regulating differential growth.

B8. Reproduction 8.1 asexual and sexual reproduction
1 Define asexual reproduction as the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.
2 Define sexual reproduction as the process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring.

8.2 Sexual reproduction in plants
1 Identify and draw, using a hand lens if necessary, the sepals, petals, stamens, anthers, carpels, ovaries and stigmas of one locally available, named, insect-pollinated, dicotyledonous flower, and examine the pollen grains under a light microscope or in photomicrographs.
2 Use a hand lens to identify and describe the anthers and stigmas of one locally available, named, wind-pollinated flower.*
3 State the functions of the sepals, petals, anthers, stigmas and ovaries.
4 Candidates should expect to apply their understanding of the flowers they have studied to unfamiliar flowers.
5 Define pollination as the transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the plant (anther or stamen) to the female part of the plant (stigma).
6 Name the agents of pollination.
7 Compare the different structural adaptations of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers.*
8 Investigate and state the environmental conditions that affect germination of seeds: requirement for water and oxygen, suitable temperature.

8.3 Sexual reproduction in humans
1 Identify on diagrams of the male reproductive system: the testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis, and state the functions of these parts.
2 Compare male and female gametes in terms of size, numbers and mobility.*
3 Identify on diagrams of the female reproductive system: the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina, and state the functions of these parts.
4 Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the uterus and ovaries.
5 Describe fertilisation in terms of the joining of the nuclei of male gamete (sperm) and the female gamete (egg).
6 Outline early development of the zygote simply in terms of the formation of a ball of cells that becomes implanted in the wall of the uterus.
7 Indicate the functions of the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid. *
8 Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord in relation to exchange of dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products (no structural details are required)*
9 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of breast-feeding compared with bottle-feeding using formula milk. *
10 Describe the methods of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the ways in which HIV / AIDS can be prevented from spreading.
11 Outline how HIV affects the immune system in a person with HIV / AIDS.*

B9 Energy flow in ecosystems
1 State that the Sun is the principal source of energy input to biological systems.
2 Define the terms:
•food chain as showing the flow of energy (food) from one organism to the next, beginning with a producer (e.g. mahogany tree → caterpillar → song bird → hawk)
•food web as a network of interconnected food chains showing the energy flow through part of an ecosystem
•producer as an organism that makes its own organic nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis
• consumer as an organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms
• herbivore as an animal that gets its energy by eating plants
• carnivore as an animal that gets its energy by eating other animals.
3 Describe energy losses between trophic levels.*
4 Define the terms:
•decomposer as an organism that
gets its energy from dead or waste organic matter •ecosystem as a unit
containing all of the organisms and their environment, interacting
together, in a given area, e.g. decomposing log or a lake
•trophic level as the position of an organism in a food chain or food web. *
5 Explain why food chains usually have fewer than five trophic levels. *
6 Describe the carbon cycle.
7 Discuss the effects of the combustion of fossil fuels and the cutting down of forests on the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere.*

The full Cambridge IGCSE Combined Science Syllabus can be found fficial CIE syllabus can be
found here. It is best to always refer to the
original syllabus.

The Chemistry Syllabus runs from C1-C12

C1.
The particulate nature of matter

·State
the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases

·Describe
the structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation,
arrangement and types of motion

·Describe
the changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing and
condensation

·Explain changes of state in terms of particle theory and the energy
changes involved*

·Describe
qualitatively the pressure and temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of
its particles

·Demonstrate
understanding of the terms atom,
molecule and ion

C2.
Experimental techniques

2.1Measurement

·Name
and suggest appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature,
mass and volume, including burettes, pipettes and measuring cylinders

2.2 Criteria of purity

·Interpret
simple chromatograms

·Interpret simple chromatograms, including theuse of Rf
values

2.3 Methods of purification

·Describe
and explain methods of separation and purification using a suitable solvent,
filtration, crystallisation, distillation, fractional distillation and paper
chromatography

·Suggest
suitable separation and purification techniques, given information about the
substances involved

C3.
Atoms, elements and compounds

3.1 Physical and
chemical changes

·Identify physical and chemical
changes, and understand the differences between them.

3.2 Elements,
compounds and mixtures

·Describe
the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures and between metals and
non-metals

·Define
the terms solvent, solute, solution and concentration

3.3 Atomic
structure and the Periodic Table

·Describe
the structure of an atom in terms of a central nucleus, containing protons and
neutrons, and ‘shells’ of electrons

·Describe
the build-up of electrons in ‘shells’ and understand the significance of the
noble gas electronic structures and of the outer shell electrons(The ideas of the distribution of electrons
in s and p orbitals and in d block elements are not required)

·State
the charges and approximate relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons

·Define
and use proton number (atomic
number) as the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

·Define
and use nucleon number (mass
number) as the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

·Use proton number and the simple structure of atoms to explain the
basis of the Periodic Table, with special reference to the elements of proton
numbers 1 to 20*

3.4 Ions and ionic bonds

·Describe
the formation of ions by electron loss or gain.

·Using
dot and cross diagrams describe the formation of ionic bonds between elements
from Groups I and VII.

·Describe the formation of ionic bonds between metallic and
non-metallic elements to include the strong attraction between ions because of
their opposite electrical charges *

·Describe the lattice structure of ionic compounds as a regular
arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions, exemplified by the
sodium chloride structure*

3.5 Molecules and
covalent bonds

·State
that non-metallic elements form simple molecules with covalent bonds between
atoms

·Describe
the formation of single covalent bonds in H2, Cl2, H2O, CH4, NH3 and HCl
as the sharing of pairs of electrons leading to the noble gas
configuration including the use of dot-and-cross diagrams

·Use and draw dot-and-cross diagrams to represent the bonding in the
more complex covalent molecules such as N2, C2H4, CH3OH, and CO2*

·Describe
the differences in volatility, solubility and electrical conductivity between
ionic and covalent compounds

·Explain the differences in melting point and boiling point of ionic
and covalent compounds in terms of attractive forces*

C4.
Stoichiometry

·Use the symbols of the elements to
write the formulae of simple compounds.

·Determine the formula of an ionic compound from the charges on the
ions present*

·Deduce
the formula of a simple compound from the relative numbers of atoms present

·Deduce
the formula of a simple compound from a model or a diagrammatic representation

·Construct
and use word equations

·Interpret
and balance simple symbol equations

·Construct and use symbol equations, with state symbols, including
ionic equations*

C5.
Electricity and chemistry

·Define
electrolysis as the breakdown
of an ionic compound when molten or in aqueous solution by the passage of
electricity

·Use the terms inert electrode, electrolyte,
anode and cathode

·Describe electrolysis in terms of the ions present and the reactions
at the electrodes, in terms of gain of electrons by cations and loss of
electrons by anions to form atoms*

·Describe
the electrode products and the observations made, using inert electrodes

·(platinum
or carbon), in the electrolysis of:

–molten
lead(II) bromide

–concentrated
aqueous sodium chloride

–dilute
sulfuric acid

·Predict the products of the electrolysis of a specified molten
binary compound*

·C6. Energy changes in chemical
reactions

·Describe
the meaning of exothermic and endothermic reactions

·Describe
bond breaking as an endothermic process and bond forming as an exothermic process

·Interpret energy level diagrams showing exothermic and endothermic
reactions and the activation energy of a reaction

·C7. Chemical reactions

7.1 Rate (speed)
of reaction

·Describe
practical methods for investigating rate of a reaction which produces a gas

·Interpret
data obtained from experiments concerned with rate of reaction

·Suggest suitable apparatus, given information, for experiments,
including collection of gases and measurement of rates of reaction*

·Describe
the effect of concentration, particle size, catalysts and temperature on the
rate of reactions Note: Candidates should be encouraged to use the term rate rather than speed.

·Describe and explain the effect of changing concentration in terms
of frequency of collisions between reacting particles*

·Describe and explain the effect of changing temperature in terms of
the frequency of collisions between reacting particles and more colliding
particles possessing the minimum energy (activation energy) to react*

·(Oxidation
state limited to its use to name ions, e.g. iron(II), iron(III), copper(II).)

·Define and identify an oxidising
agent as a substance which oxidises another substance during a redox
reaction and a reducing agent as
a substance which reduces another substance during a redox reaction*

·Describe
the characteristic properties of acids (exemplified by dilute hydrochloric acid
and dilute sulfuric acid) including their effect on litmus paper and their
reactions with metals, bases and carbonates

·Describe
and explain the importance of controlling acidity in soil

8.2 Preparation of salts

·Describe
the preparation, separation and purification of salts using techniques
specified in Section C2 and the reactions specified in Section C8.1

·Suggest a method of making a given salt from suitable starting
material, given appropriate information*

8.3 Identification of ions and gases

·Describe
and use the following tests to identify: aqueous
cations and cations, anions and gases.

·C9. The Periodic
Table

9.1 The Periodic Table

·Describe
the Periodic Table as a method of classifying elements and its use to predict properties
of elements

9.2 Periodic trends

·Describe
the change from metallic to non-metallic character across a period

·Describe and explain the relationship between Group number, number
of outer shell electrons and metallic/non-metallic character*

9.3 Group properties

·Describe
lithium, sodium and potassium in Group I as a collection of relatively soft
metals showing a trend in melting point, density and reaction with water

·Predict the properties of other elements in Group I, given data,
where appropriate*

·Describe
the halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine in Group VII, as a collection of
diatomic non-metals showing a trend in colour and physical state

·State the reaction of chlorine, bromine and iodine with other halide
ions

·Predict the properties of other elements in Group VII, given data
where appropriate

·Identify trends in other groups, given data about the elements
concerned*

9.4 Transition elements

·Describe
the transition elements as a collection of metals having high densities, high
melting points and forming coloured compounds, and which, as elements and
compounds, often act as catalysts

9.5 Noble gases

·Describe
the noble gases, in Group VIII or 0, as being unreactive, monoatomic gases and explain
this in terms of electronic structure

·State the uses of the noble gases in
providing an inert atmosphere, i.e. argon in lamps, helium for filling balloons

·C10. Metals

10.1 Properties of metals

·Describe
the general physical properties of metals as solids with high melting and
boiling points, malleable and good conductors of heat and electricity

·Describe
alloys, such as brass, as mixtures of a metal with other elements

·Explain
in terms of their properties why alloys are used instead of pure metals

·Identify representations of alloys from diagrams of structure*

10.2 Reactivity series

·Place
in order of reactivity: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium,
(carbon), zinc, iron, (hydrogen) and copper, by reference to the reactions, if
any, of the elements with: water or steam dilute hydrochloric acid reduction of
their oxides with carbon

·Describe the reactivity series in terms of the tendency of a metal
to form its positive ion, illustrated by its reaction, if any, with the aqueous
ions of other listed metals*

·Deduce an order of reactivity from a
given set of experimental results

10.3
Extraction of metals from their ores

·Describe
the use of carbon in the extraction of copper from copper oxide

·Describe and explain the essential reactions in the extraction of
iron from hematite in the blast furnace

C + O2 → CO2

C + CO2 → 2CO

Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2*

·Know
that aluminium is extracted from the ore bauxite by electrolysis

·Relate the method of extraction of a metal from its ore to its
position in the reactivity series for the metals listed in section C10.2 and for
other metals, given information*

·Describe
metal ores as a finite resource and hence the need to recycle metals

·C11. Air and water

11.1 Water

·Describe
a chemical test for water using copper(II) sulfate and cobalt(II) chloride

·Describe,
in outline the treatment of the water supply in terms of filtration and
chlorination

11.2 Air

·State
the composition of clean air as being a mixture of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and
small quantities of noble gases, water vapour and carbon dioxide

·Name
the common pollutants in air as being carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and
oxides of nitrogen

·State
the adverse effect of these common air pollutants on buildings and on health

·State
the conditions required for the rusting of iron (presence of oxygen and water)

·Describe
and explain barrier methods of rust prevention, including paint and other
coatings

11.3 Carbon dioxide and methane

·State
the formation of carbon dioxide: as a product of complete combustion of carbon-containing
substances as a product of respiration as a product of the reaction between an
acid and a carbonate as a product of thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate

·State
that carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases

·State that increased concentrations of greenhouse gases cause an
enhanced greenhouse effect, which may contribute to climate change*

·C12. Organic chemistry

C12.1 Fuels

·State
that coal, natural gas and petroleum are fossil fuels that produce carbon
dioxide on combustion

·Name
methane as the main constituent of natural gas

·Describe
petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation into useful

·fractions
by fractional distillation

·Describe the properties of molecules within a fraction*

·Name
the uses of the fractions as:

–refinery
gas for bottled gas for heating and cooking

–gasoline
fraction for fuel (petrol) in cars

–naphtha
fraction as a feedstock for makingchemicals

–diesel
oil/gas oil for fuel in diesel engines

–bitumen
for road surfaces

·12.2
Homologous series

·1 Describe the homologous series of alkanes and alkenes as families
of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties*