A guide to safe computing

Let's dispel the myth that only important companies run the risk of
being attacked over the internet. Indeed, people believe that the more a company is known the greater is the chance of being
attacked.

We all presume that a well known company arouses people curiosity and that violating their systems would represent a coveted trophy. This
is only partly true because an increasing number of attacks are being launched blind.

The term "blind" means that the victim is unknown to the hacker. These attacks are made using special software tools, which are
capable of scanning entire domains looking for machines using specific operation systems and application software, possibly containing some known
bugs.

The real attack is launched when these machines have been identified. It will be successful if the necessary patches (updating) have not been
installed on the computer.

Since hundreds of bugs are discovered (and advertised) every day, no system administrator will consider his/her machine safe without
updating its software frequently.

The only way to make our computers reasonably safe is a correct and constant application of a "security policy".

We have set out some basic technical advice below which can be usefully applied by every internet user and that any system
administrators can share with the employees of their company in order to make them think over the issues of IT security.

Some of these tips are for those employees who are using a laptop computer containing some business data, with which they connect to the internet
from home.

Use a firewall
Firewalls are tools, both hardware and software, that allow you to monitor the exchange of data between your computer/local network and the outside
world.

They are programmed with a set of rules so as to inhibit, for example, data traffic coming from outside and directed towards pc ports often used
for attempting intrusions. They also allow users to view the history of intrusion attempts, including the electronic address used by the hacker.
Many firewall tools are available free of charge on the Internet.

Use an antivirus software and keep it updated
The computer virus is nothing but a program that has the ability to self-replicate and, once written on the disks, to conduct a series of
operations on the host PC, which can be more or less harmful: from displaying messages on-screen to encrypting the hard disk's contents, making it
unreadable.
Since new viruses are created every day and spread with great rapidity, thanks to the development of the Internet, it is essential not only to
install a good antivirus on your PC, but also to update it frequently.
Moreover, an antivirus software, if not updated regularly, could be even more dangerous than not having it at all. It could make us feel safer up
to the point of failing to comply with the basic internet security rules.

Do not open email attachments unless checked with an antivirus
The main vehicle for spreading viruses is the e-mail, or better e-mail attachments.
Indeed, a virus can be transmitted only through executable files (files with extension .exe, .com, .drv and .dll) or containing a piece of code
that is executed (e.g. Word documents containing macros).

Therefore, you cannot infect your computer by simply reading the text of an e-mail: you must run the infected file that could be attached to e-mail
received.

It should also be noted that opening an attachment to an e-mail message only if you know the sender is not in itself sufficient to protect us from
infection. In fact, some types of viruses steal the infected computer's e-mail addresses registered in the e-mail client and send them e-mails on
your behalf containing the virus in the attachment.

The recipients of such messages could open them (including the attachment) without using any precaution, because they know the sender. This
explains how the virus "Melissa" was able to infect millions of computers!
On the other hand, we cannot delete all the attachments we receive assuming they are infected!

It is therefore surely worthwhile spending a few seconds to save the attachment to a floppy disk and then parse it with an antivirus.

Finally, there are some programs that, when executed on your PC, have the ability of putting it under someone else's remote control. These programs
can also be inside the files attached to e-mail messages and can be identified by a good antivirus.

Do not run programs unless first examined with an antivirus
We have seen what is a virus and how it is transmitted. This applies, of course, not only to e-mail attachments but also to all executable files
contained in floppy disks or CD ROMs. It is therefore advisable to check these files for viruses before running them.

Make back up copies
Antivirus software dramatically reduces the risk of infection, but we should consider that, if an antivirus detects a virus, it is because there
have been some victims already. This means that it could also happen that our antivirus software does not recognize a file as containing a virus,
because it is outdated or because the virus is brand new. In this case, as a result of the infection, the data on our hard disk could get lost. In
this unfortunate event it is of vital importance to have made a back up copy beforehand.

Do not give out personal data in chat
During virtual conversations (chats) resist temptation to give out personal information to unknown chat participants.

This for two reasons:
We do not know who is on the other side.
Our data could be used to steal our passwords.

Choose a strong password and do not disclose it to anybody
To create a secure password you should take the following steps:

The password should be the maximum length allowed by the system and at least six characters long. In fact, the programs used to crack passwords
require a time that is directly proportional to the length of the password in order to be successful.

The password must not be a term contained in a dictionary, because there are programs that, supported by the machine's computing power, will try
all the words in a dictionary.

The password should not contain lower or upper case only but both and possibly also alphanumeric symbols such as asterisks and dashes. In this way,
password cracking programs must try every possible character combination, thus requiring a long time to find it out, especially if the password
chosen is a long one.

The password should not be in any way related to the owner's private life. Therefore, it is advisable not to use the car registration number, the
name of your favorite team, your name, date of birth etc., because the first attempts will be related to the private life of the password owner.

The password should not be written anywhere. What's the point of choosing an uncrackable password if you write it on a post-it left on the monitor
or the mouse pad? To create a password easy to remember, you can use the so-called "pass phrase" composed by the first letter of each word that
makes up a sentence. For example, from the phrase "Nel Mezzo Del Cammin Di Nostra Vita" ("Halfway through the journey of our life") we get the
password NMDCDNV which, to be more difficult to guess, will be made up of both upper and lower cases: nmdcDNV.

It is advisable to use a different password for each application because, in the event it is discovered, the damage caused would be lower.

The default password, assigned by the systems the first time they are used, should be replaced immediately.

The password must be changed periodically.

Do not tell anyone your password! If there is a need to share it with anyone for any reason, you should change it as soon as possible.

Use encryption software for confidential communications
When you send confidential data, you should use an encryption software that allows you to encrypt outgoing messages. In this way, the message
intercepted would appear as an unintelligible set of characters without the key used to encrypt the document. There are several programs that offer
this kind of protection which can be found on the Internet free of charge.

The suggestions in this article are certainly basic but if each of us followed these elementary "security measures" when using the Internet, there
would be a significant reduction in computer crime and its consequences.