parallel coast line across atlantic; similar rock structure on both sides of the atlantic; similarity in the fossils found in southern america, india, austrailia, and antartica; presence of coal bed in antartica; presence of midoceanic ridges

Three Types of Plate Movement

convergent-two plates move towards each other

divergent- two plates move away from each other

transform or transcurrent- plates move laterally past each other in the opposite direction, grinding past each other

Subduction (Convergent Plate Movement)

subsidence (sinking) of the thinner oceanic plate under the thicker continental plates; form volcanic arcs

Oceanic Trenches (Convergent Plate Movement)

in the area of subduction oceanic trenches form

Volcanic Chains (Convergent Plate Movement)

formed by convergent plates (in areas of subduction)

Earthquake Zones (Convergent Plate Movement)

earthquakes occur along the zones of plate convergence

Mid-oceanic rides (Divergent Plate Movement)

magma rises along the cracks on the ocean floor forming the mid-oceanic ridges

Spreading (Divergent Plate Movement)

spreading of the sea floor from mid-oceanic ridges; two plates being pushed apart

Rift Valley (Divergent Plate Movement)

The East African Rift Valley

Transform (Transcurrent) Plate movement

San Andreas Fault

Volcano

a cone shaped landform created by repeated eruptions of magma

Lava

fluid materials that flow down the slope

Tephra (Pyroclastic Debris)

volcanic ash that is thrown into the air, which returns to surface due to gravity and precipitation

Lahar

low of volcanic ash and snow-melt down the slope of a volcano

Caldera

a large, usually circular depression at summit of a volcano formed when magma is withdrawn or erupted from a shallow underground magma reservoir

Hotspots

chains of volcanic islands formed in the oceanic crust; not located along plate boundaries or volcanic chains

Folding

bending of the preexisting rock layers due to compression or plate convergence

syncline-downward bending

anticline-upward bending

Warping

3 dimensional bending of rock layers

dome-upward 3-d bending

basin-downward 3-d bending

Faulting

displacement of a set of rock layers along the crack in the crustmajor cause- plate diverging/minor cause-excessive plate convergingfault plane-the plane along which displacement of rock layers occurfault scarb- exposed part of uplifted faultfootwall- the wall which slopes at angle on which the other wall restshanging wall-the wall the rests on the footwall

A layer of rock or regolith in which all the pore spaces are saturated with moisture

Water Table

Top of the Ground Water

Aquifer

A layer of permeable rock, saturated with moisture, sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rocks

Aeration Zone

The layer of rock or regolith between the surface and the water table

* Moist but not saturated

* During wet period water infiltrates into aeration zone

* During dry period moisture moves from aeration zone to the atmosphere

Ogallala Aquifer

* A vast yet shallow underground water tableaquifer located beneath the Great Plains in the United States.

Effects of Excessive Groundwater Withdrawal

1) Cone foundation in the water table needs much deeper tube well

2) Sinkholes--Water withdrawal creates voids in the rocks or regolith, resulting in the rocks collapse forming a SINKHOLE

3) Sea Water intrusion--When voids created by water withdrawal in coastal areas is filled by seawater intrusion.

Carbonic Acid Rain and its Effects

*Formed by sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and carbon dioxide mix with moisture in the atmosphere

* Limestone is very easily dissolved by Carbonic Acid Rain

Karst Topography

Landform in a limestone country.

Rock Climate combo needed for formation of Karst Topography

* Limestone Bedrock

* Humid Climate

Surface features formed in Karst Topography

* Sinkholes-- small basins formed at the surface in a limestone bedrock

* Disappearing Streams-- stream that disappears underground in limestone country

What is a Cavern and its features

* Cavern= caves in a limestone country (Mammoth Cave, KY)

* Stalactites= From ceiling

* Stalagmites= From floor

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