Migrant children trying to reach Europe face beatings, forced labor and sexual exploitation, with sub-Saharan African children facing the highest risks, in part stoked by racism, a report found on Tuesday.

Up to three quarters of children face abuse, exploitation and trafficking on Mediterranean migration routes, a joint report by the United Nations children's agency UNICEF and its migration agency, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), found.

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While all migrants and refugees are at high risk, children and youths on the move are far more likely to experience exploitation than adults over 25, while children from sub-Saharan Africa were found to be most vulnerable.

The voyage from North Africa, primarily Libya, across the Central Mediterranean to Italy and the route between Turkey and Greece known as the Eastern Mediterranean route have become the two most common paths to Europe.

"If you try to run, they shoot you. If you stop working, they beat you," the report quoted Aimamo, a 16-year-old unaccompanied child from Gambia, as saying.

"We were just like slaves," said the child, who described being forced into months of grueling manual labor by traffickers in Libya.

About 83 percent of children from sub-Saharan Africa trying to reach Europe through Libya were at risk of exploitation and trafficking compared to around 56 percent of those from elsewhere, with racism a significant contributing factor behind the discrepancy, the report found.

The global number of refugee and migrant children moving around alone has reached a record high, with at least 300,000 unaccompanied and separated children recorded in about 80 countries in 20152016, up from 66,000 in 20102011, the report said.

"The stark reality is that it is now standard practice that children moving through the Mediterranean are abused, trafficked, beaten and discriminated against," Afshan Khan, UNICEF's regional director in Europe, said in a statement.

"EU leaders should put in place lasting solutions that include safe and legal migration pathways, establishing protection corridors and finding alternatives to the detention of migrant children."

In a separate report published on Monday, the IOM said they had recorded more than 23,000 migrant deaths and disappearances globally since 2014.

With the real number likely to be much higher, the report found, as many deaths go unrecorded or bodies are never found or able to be identified.

"For people who leave their countries to escape violence, instability or poverty, the factors pushing them to migrate are severe," said Eugenio Ambrosi of IOM.

"They make perilous journeys knowing that they may be forced to pay with their dignity, their well being or even their lives."