Migration not a new phenomenon, Europeans accustomed to economically driven movement.

3Push Factors 2

Wars forced relocation of large numbers of people, especially internal wars, where loyalty of every individual mattered.

15thC - the Hundred Years War Wars of the Roses

16thC French civil war Italian wars English conquest of Ireland the religious wars in Germany.

People move to avoid death and destruction of homes and livelihoods.

4Push Factors 3

Religion protestant reformation from 1519, in Eng leads to persecution of Caths under Elizabeth, and of dissident prots under James I in Germany, protestants living under Catholic princes and vice-versa were frequently persecuted.

Determination to maintain freedom of religion (partly due to reformation) frequently involved migration, initially within Europe, ultimately to North America where distance increased religious freedom

5Pull Factors

why America?

Seen as vast virgin land, fresh start, safe haven from war and persecution etc

Sp/Fr cols seen as military or trading posts, popns generally adult males, few women or families. Not seen as permanent change of lifestyle, few intended to stay permanently so numbers increased only slowly during the 17thC.

Eng cols attracted a continuous stream of c. 100,000 migrants from England to Virginia 1607-1700 further 25,000 to NEng before 1642.

contemporary perception that migrants were rogues, whores and vagabonds ship passenger lists from mid 17thC suggest that the majority of settlers were middling sort, ie yeomen farmers and artisans. But gaps in the records, mean that poorest laborers were probably undercounted, also little info on settlers pre 1620.

Likely that Virginia migration reasonably representative of Eng popn, mainly ordinary people, few truly destitute, few rich, many from London, as well as west country, midlands and Yorkshire.

9Problems in Virginia

Few women before 1618 effect on society

Death rates very high 1607-1624 7,000 migrants, only 1,000 alive in 1624

14 classify themselves as Hispanic, but might also call themselves white or non-white

c.13 classify themselves as Black, mainly descended from slaves

c.4 classify themselves as Asian

Less than 1 classify as Native American

32Conclusions

America seemingly able to absorb large nos of migrants

Populations quickly assimilated

Migration defining characteristic of America throughout its history.

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