Tetanus is caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. These bacteria are common in the environment and are found in soil, dust and manure. The bacteria can contaminate wounds, where they produce a toxin which causes symptoms of painful muscular contractions and spasms.

Unvaccinated people are at risk of developing tetanus if a wound or cut is contaminated by the bacteria. About 3% of people who develop tetanus in Australia will die as a result of the disease.

Due to the availability of a very effective tetanus vaccine and widespread immunisation, tetanus is now a rare disease.