Notes: Cell walls contain silica deposits as is typical for all Equisetum species, (Cody and Wagner 1981). Apparently easy to transplant but can become aggressive (Montgomery and Fairbrothers 1992). Equisetaceae originated in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic Era, 360-250 million years ago, and were dominant land plants in swampy regions during the Carboniferous period of the late Paleozoic. Thus their fossils are common in coal deposits (White 1990; Scheper 2007).