New Drexel University review found that heterosexual parents are often favored in child custody disputes

Court decisions that favor a heterosexual parent over a gay or lesbian parent in a custody dispute often do not consider important social science research on parenting by gay and lesbian individuals, according to a new review from Drexel University.

Previous research shows that gay and lesbian individuals are as effective in parenting as heterosexuals, and that children raised by gay or lesbian parents are as well-adjusted as their peers raised by heterosexual parents. This research could greatly impact how legislatures and courts make decisions regarding custody for gay and lesbian parents. However, in many states, sexual orientation is still a deciding factor in custody decisions.

For a gay or lesbian individual, coming out as gay at the end of a heterosexual partnership can mean that he or she could be denied custody of the children from that partnership or face restrictions on visitation. For same-sex couples with children, the end of their relationship can mean difficulties in establishing parental rights for both parents when one partner is not recognized as a legal parent by the state and by the court, and therefore is not granted custody or visitation.

The Drexel researchers recommend that legislators and other policymakers take into account the research on gay parenting. They believe that this research should be used to help guide policy, which would have the potential to assist judges in complex decisions regarding custody and parental rights – and could help ensure that such legal decisions genuinely reflect the best interest of the child.

The review, entitled “Lesbian and Gay Parents and Determination of Child Custody: The Changing Legal Landscape and Implications for Policy and Practice,” was published in the first issue of the American Psychological Association’s (APA) new journal, Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, which was released in March 2014. The full article is available here or by request.

The review was conducted by Emily Haney-Caron, a third-year JD/PhD candidate in Drexel’s joint program in psychology and law in the College of Arts and Sciences and School of Law, and Kirk Heilbrun, PhD, a professor of psychology in Drexel’s College of Arts and Sciences. They presented their research at the APA’s American Psychology-Law Society (APLS) conference in March.

"There’s been a sea-change within the past five to 10 years – several states are currently going through the process of legalizing same-sex marriage – and a by-product of that change is that there are more people in same-sex relationships that have been legitimized by society,” said Heilbrun. “This means that there are also more children involved in custody disputes where one parent is in a same-sex relationship. This has become an increasingly relevant issue and one that needs to be addressed.”

“As our views as a society change, we want our courts to reflect that,” said Haney-Caron. “Our legal system should reflect the values and the realities that we hold.”

Haney-Caron and Heilbrun reviewed the current law relating to gay and lesbian parents and child custody decisions as well as the research on gay and lesbian parenting.

Based on this review, the authors offer several recommendations for stakeholders:

For psychologists conducting evaluations for custody disputes involving a gay or lesbian parent, it is important to understand the relevant law and research, ensure that personal biases do not influence the evaluation or conclusions, and consider how the nature of these cases may influence both the evaluation and the information provided to the judge in the case.

For judges presiding over custody matters, the relevant social science research should help to inform decisions involving families with a lesbian or gay parent.

For legislators, research should also help to inform lawmaking in this area. Examples might include legislation restricting judges from considering sexual orientation in child custody disputes, or legislation making it easier for same-sex couples to establish legal bonds with their children.

“By allowing the research to influence legal decision-making in this area, our society can help ensure that the best interest of the children whose custody is at issue will be served,” said Haney-Caron.

Haney-Caron first addressed this topic in a paper for Heilbrun’s course on forensic assessment in 2013. “A conversation in class first triggered my interest,” she said. “And then I saw that there was nothing else out there on this topic in psychology literature.”

“This is a prime example of the kind of work we do in the JD/PhD program,” said Haney-Caron. “It brings together two disciplines – law and psychology – and creates scholarship in the space between them.”

About the researchers:Haney-Caron earned a bachelor’s degree in psychology from Columbia University and a bachelor’s in modern Jewish studies from the Jewish Theological Seminary in 2009. Her research focuses on juvenile forensic psychology. Haney-Caron’s particular interests are in criminal justice issues unique to juveniles, including comprehension of Miranda rights, juvenile false confession, zero tolerance policies and the role of developmental immaturity among justice-involved youth.

Additionally, she is interested in the relationship among empirical research, forensic practice and policy. Haney-Caron currently serves as the law liaison for the American Psychology-Law Society/APA Division 41 Student Committee and is the executive editor of notes of the Drexel Law Review.

Heilbrun is currently a professor in the Department of Psychology in Drexel University’s College of Arts And Sciences and co-director of the Pennsylvania Mental Health and Justice Center of Excellence. His current research focuses on juvenile and adult offenders, legal decision-making, forensic evaluation associated with such decision-making and diversion. Heilbrun is the author of a number of articles on forensic assessment, violence risk assessment and risk communication and the treatment of mentally disordered offenders, and has published eight books on these topics.

Heilbrun’s practice interests also center on forensic assessment, and he directs a clinic at Drexel in this area. He is board certified in clinical psychology and in forensic psychology from the American Board of Professional Psychology, and has previously served as president of both the American Psychology-Law Psychology/APA Division 41 and the American Board of Forensic Psychology.

About Drexel’s JD/PhD program:
Drexel University’s School of Law and College of Arts and Sciences offer a joint and integrated JD/PhD Program in law and psychology. The program melds two already ongoing successful endeavors, the JD degree in the School of Law and the PhD in clinical psychology in the Department of Psychology, thus further enhancing Drexel’s leadership in multidisciplinary education. Students in the program complete all 85 credits required for graduation from the law school and all 91 credits required to complete the PhD. The program provides those students who wish to pursue professional degrees in both law and psychology with a more efficient plan of study. The program is designed to be completed in seven years. For more information, click here.

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