France Makes First Steps Toward Tailor-Made Drugs

Cancer scientists in France have made "one of the first steps" toward the creation of personalized medicines targeted to combat an individual patient's breast cancer. By scanning all of the DNA — the entire genome — of more than 400 women with late stage breast cancer for the first time, researchers have provided "proof of principle" that the technique can be used to understand the genetic cause of cancer in an individual, and help design tailor-made drugs to target it.

However, the number of patients whose genetic alterations could be "matched" with new treatments was small — only 13 per cent, and experts cautioned that the number of drug trials underway would have to increase if the dream of "precision medicines" for cancer were to become a reality. The SAFIR01 trial, led by Professor Fabrice Andre of the Institute Gustave Roussy in Paris, involved patients from 18 cancer centers in France.

Biopsy samples including at least 50 per cent cancer tumor cells were analyzed from 407 patients . It was possible to analyze the entire genome of two thirds of the patients.

Half were found to have a target-able genetic alteration — but in a large number of cases these had no current drug treatment, either undergoing trials or currently available, to be matched with.

"So far 55 of those enrolled have been matched with new treatments being tested in clinical trials," Professor Andre said. "This emphasizes the need to increase the range of drug trials. Our goal is to have 30 per cent of patients in clinical trials testing therapies targeting the alterations in their tumors."

The results of the study were published in The Lancet medical journal this week. Dr Kat Arney, science information officer at Cancer Research UK said that while the outcome of the study for patients may have been disappointing, it nonetheless provided proof that whole genome testing for a large group of patients "could be done" and could aid the development of new drugs.

"We already test certain genetic mutations to put patients on targeted drugs, but this is the first time that the whole genome has been tested — this is the future," she told The Independent. "For several years the field of cancer research and treatment has been moving towards the idea of precision medicine — the idea that you take samples of someone's tumor, you find out the particular molecular faults that are driving it and then you give them the right targeted treatment."

However, she said there was "an awful long way to go" before the research would yield widespread benefits for patients, adding that complications such as the ability of cancer cells to evolve resistance to even targeted drug treatments would need to be overcome.
Dr Charles Swanton, from Cancer Research UK's London Research Institute, said that the study had brought "important insights into the logistical, scientific, and clinical challenges of implementing national cancer genomic assessment".

However, he said that the patient outcomes were "sobering" and provided "a stark reminder" that understanding of the biological mechanisms behind the spread of advanced breast cancer was still "basic" . "Efforts to accelerate genomic analyses for personalized medicine must continue to be embedded within the context of clinical trials, and integrated with scientific and clinical collaborative structures to deliver measurable benefits to patients ," he said.