people avoid, distort and forget communications that challenge their preexisting attitudes. However, this wasn’t true because people dealt with opposing info by denouncing it rather than avoiding it.

(Sears) How do candidates counteract loss of attention?

By saturating the airwaves close to election time.

What are three limitations to experiements (MP)?

Mundane Realism: The environment isn’t real. Scientists have moved to field experiments as another option. Building realism into experiments fosters loss of control

Sampling Bias: Subject pool may be biased. Now, internet has been used as an alternative.

Self-Selection: What the audiences chooses to watch on their own time is different than what the experimenter gives them to watch.

One disadvantage of surveys and one of experiments? (MP)

Surveys fail to reveal the true relationships between cause and effect and they are self reported.

Experiments are not as generalizable to the public as surveys are.

Do political campaigns matter: 2 views? (MP)

Minimalist view: the political and economic context in which elections occur is just as important as anything the candidates themselves might do or say. Evidence shows results can be predicted with approval ratings and GDP.