PetroChina unit Kunlun Energy Co. Ltd. closed the two major plants in the past month, wrongfooted by rising costs for gas and China’s slower growth rate that has cooled demand, two sources with direct knowledge of the situation said.

Seen just a year ago as a fast-growing profit engine, the firm is now reviewing investment in the niche business that chills gas into liquid form, sourcing the gas from small producing fields or from pipelines tapping large inland basins, they said.

LNG is increasingly being seen as a potential transport fuel, and can nearly treble a vehicle’s driving range over rival compressed natural gas (CNG). Royal Dutch Shell last year agreed to run LNG fueling lanes at up to 100 major truck stops along US interstate highways.

LNG is cleaner and nearly a third cheaper than diesel, China’s main transport fuel. Oil firms had an ambitious goal back in 2011 to replace 10 percent of automotive diesel consumption with gas by 2015, industry officials have said.

Led by the private sector, China has built dozens of small-scale onshore gas liquefaction facilities since 2001 to tap marginal gas fields located off the national pipeline grid, filling a supply gap as demand for lower-carbon producing LNG surged.

Kunlun, a relative latecomer, emerged as a leader of the business, having spent billions of dollars on a dozen LNG plants, mainly in the country’s west and north, and building over 600 gas refueling stations. The company separately operates two multi-billion-dollar LNG import terminals on China’s east coast.

It also helped put nearly 80,000 LNG vehicles on the road by the end of 2013 by working with auto makers and truck fleet owners, said a Kunlun executive, who declined to be named as he was not authorized to talk to the media.

But since the second half of 2013, Kunlun has seen utilization rates at some of its plants fall below 50 percent, he said, amid a broad economic slowdown and as Beijing rolled out a gas price reform that pushed up prices of feed gas.

An anti-corruption probe of top PetroChina executives, including Kunlun’s former chairman Li Hualin — a protege of China’s ex-security chief Zhou Yongkang who is now officially under investigation — added to uncertainty about the company’s business strategy, said the Kunlun executive.

A PetroChina spokesman did not respond to Reuters questions.

Kunlun Energy’s investor relation chief was not available for comment.

PLANT SHUTDOWNS

In July, barely a month after the start of trial production, Kunlun shut down a 1.2 million ton per year (tpy) liquefaction plant at Huanggang in the central province of Hubei, the sources said.

The plant, the largest of its kind in China, had aimed to supply LNG to vessels along the Yangtze, China’s longest river.

A second plant at Ansai in northern Shaanxi province was closed a month ago. Neither plant has a clear date for a restart, the sources said.

Kunlun is now test-running a new 600,000-tpy facility in Tai’an, in the eastern province of Shandong, following some early technical glitches.

“For the (Tai’an) plant, the day it starts running is the day it begins incurring a loss,” said an official at PetroChina parent China National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC), who was involved in building all the three projects, which had a combined cost of about $1.3 billion.

Beijing introduced a new pricing scheme in July 2013 aimed at converging its domestic natural gas prices with the cost of imported gas by end-2015, to encourage domestic production and more imports by ship and pipeline.

Wholesale gas prices were raised by 15 percent last July, and the government earlier this week announced a fresh hike of about 18 percent to take effect from September.

The changes have pushed up the price of the gas feedstock for LNG, but the slower economy has meant producers have been unable to pass on the increased costs to consumers.

“It’s a combination effect of price reform and the slowing economy. The sales prices for LNG couldn’t catch up with those of feed gas,” said Diao Zhouwei, Beijing-based gas market analyst at research firm IHS Energy.

Kunlun’s plants that started after mid-2013 are paying the so-called “incremental” gas prices that are linked to the cost of imported fuels, although some smaller LNG facilities are still paying lower “existing volume” prices, due to agreements with local governments, the sources said.

A slowdown in construction, coal mining and transportation sectors is also taking away the incentive for trucks to switch to gas as it involves an upfront additional cost that normally takes some eight months to pay back.

The CNPC official said PetroChina has temporarily put a ban on expanding its onshore LNG business while it studies the economics of its existing plants.