A glossary of Dabrowski's terms and concepts.

Introduction:

Dr. Dabrowski used many unique terms and ideas in constructing his theory.
To help his readers, he published two glossaries. This file provides the definitions
of the terms published in these glossaries. Some of the definitions are slightly
different in each glossary, so both versions are provided for comparison.
The source of each entry is indicated. The material is used here with permission.

ADJUSTMENT, a state of harmony resulting from bringing oneself into agreement
with other individuals, or with a pattern, principle or ideal.

Social adjustment is usually thought of as the ability to live in harmony
with social norms and act successfully in one's society which practically
amounts to a conformity to prevailing social standards, patterns, customs,
beliefs and evaluations. So conceived social adjustment is widely considered
a symptom of mental health, while social maladjustment is almost identified
with mental disturbance. From the standpoint of the theory of positive disintegration
this view is basically erroneous and the simple concept of adjustment is considered
useless and misleading. Instead a distinction is made between positive and
negative adjustment, and positive and negative maladjustment.

Negative or nondevelopmental adjustment means an acceptance of and conformity,
without an independent critical evaluation, to the norms, customs, mores prevailing
in one's social environment. Negative adjustment may also take the form of
acceptance of one's actual needs and inclinations without attempts to modify
and transform them creatively. This kind of adjustment is incompatible with
the autonomy and authenticity of the individual. It does not yield any positive
developmental results either for the individual or for the society.

Positive or developmental adjustment consists in correspondence with higher
levels of development, that is to say, with a new hierarchy of values, consciously
developed and subordinated to the personality ideal. While negative adjustment
consists in undiscriminating adjustment to "what is" positive adjustment may
be called adjustment to "what ought to be". Such adjustment is a result of
the operation of the developmental instinct and implies the necessity of partial
maladjustment to the prevailing social patterns as well as inner conflicts
and tensions characteristic of the processes of positive disintegration (cf.).
Positive adjustment attains its full, mature form only at the stage of secondary
integration (cf.) in which inner conflicts decrease and fundamental agreement
between personality and its ideal has been attained.

Positive maladjustment includes both partial adjustment to what is and increasing
adjustment to higher levels of development. It consists of a conflict with,
and a denial and rejection of those standards, patterns, attitudes, demands
and expectations of one's environment which are incompatible with one's growing
awareness of and loyalty to a higher scale of values. Positive maladjustment
is a prerequisite to the development towards authenticity (cf.).

Negative maladjustment consists of a denial and rejection of social norms,
customs, and accepted patterns of behavior, but not for the sake of a higher
scale of values, but rather because of one's subordination to primitive urges
and nondevelopmental, pathologically deformed structures and functions. In
the extreme it takes the form of psychosis, psychopathy, and criminal activity.
(1970)

AFFECTIVE PERSEVERATION. A tendency toward exploration and development of
deep emotional relations and interests. It leads to few but very close relationships
of love and friendship, or to a very profound dedication to one's vocation.
It occurs in individuals who are both emotional and introverted. They experience
deeply and strongly, they remember their experiences vividly because of enhanced
affective memory. Affective perseveration is related to the development of
such attitudes as faithfulness to principles, loyalty in friendship, and constancy
of interests. This quality is developmentally positive. (1972)

AMBIEQUAL TYPE. A type of personality differentiated by Rorschach which
gives on the inkblot test a balance of response between internal movement
and sensitivity to colors. It corresponds somewhat to the balance between
introversion (emotional self-sufficiency and exclusivity, self-reference for
norms and values), creativity, dependence on the external world, and sensitivity
to it (need for emotional contact with environment, conformity with others,
relative lack of self-reference). (1972)

AMBITENDENCIES. Contrary drives which are struggling for dominance yet never
gaining it for an extended period of time. For example, greed and the accumulation
of money may conflict with the desire to spend it all and have a good time,
a death wish (suicidal tendency) may conflict with the drive to self-preservation.
As in Ambivalences these are conflicts between drives of the same level, therefore
they are unilevel, and as such are characteristic of unilevel disintegration.
(1972)

AMBIVALENCES. Conflicting attitudes as of obedience and rebellion, inferiority
and superiority, love and hate, etc. Ambivalences are characteristic dynamisms
of unilevel disintegration. The sense of higher and lower values is absent,
the conflicting feelings are of equal value, therefore, they represent one
and the same level. (1972)

AMPHOTONIA. See Autonomic Disequilibrium. (1972)

ANIMISM. The belief that objects in nature, or natural phenomena, are endowed
with their own consciousness, or are inhabited by souls or spirits.
(1972)

ARRHYTHMIA. A change in the rhythm or force of heartbeat. Arrhythmia may
be caused by organic changes or by an alteration in the control of heartbeat
without physical impairment (it is, therefore, a functional disorder). (1972)

ASTHENIC. A type of body build characterized by small trunk and long limbs,
also tending towards feelings of inferiority, weakness, passivity. Underestimates
himself, is uncertain in his behavior and gives way. (1972)

ASTONISHMENT WITH ONESELF, the feeling that some of one's mental qualities
and dynamisms are surprising and unexpected. It has a distinct intellectual
component and is one of the earliest developmental dynamisms active at the
time of transition from unilevel to multilevel disintegration. It is usually
accompanied by the feeling of disquietude (cf.) and discontent (cf.) with
oneself. (1970)

ASTONISHMENT WITH ONESELF. The feeling that some of one's mental qualities
are surprising and unexpected. It is one of the earliest developmental dynamisms,
and is mainly cognitive in nature, though not exclusively. It is active at
the time of transition from unilevel to multilevel disintegration, usually
accompanied by disquietude and dissatisfaction with oneself. (1972)

AUTHENTICITY, AUTHENTISM. As a developmental force it is called here authentism,
a dynamism which consists in the feeling, awareness and expression of one's
own emotional, intellectual and volitional attitudes, achieved through autonomous
developmental transformations of one's own hierarchy of values and aims. It
involves a high degree of insight into oneself. Authenticity is a symptom
of independence from lower instinctive levels and selective independence from
influences of the external environment and the inner psychic milieu. It brings
about a high degree of unity of one's thinking, emotions and activity. Authentism
involves conscious activity in accordance with one's "inner truth". The appearance
and growth of authentism results from the operation of such dynamisms as dissatisfaction
with oneself, (cf.), autonomy, (cf.) the third factor, (cf.) positive maladjustment,
(cf.) ‘subject-object' in oneself (cf.) inner psychic transformation and the
personality ideal. (1970)

AUTHENTICITY, AUTHENTISM. Authenticity denotes a high degree of unity of
one's thinking, emotions, and activity. Authentism involves conscious activity
in accordance with one's "inner truth", i.e. one's autonomously developed
hierarchy of values; it is a developmental force. (1972)

AUTISM, or AUTISTIC THINKING. Mental activity serving to gratify the thinker
without respect to actual reality. Portrayed by Thurber in "The Secret Life
of Walter Mitty". (1972)

AUTONOMIC DISEQUILIBRIUM. Amphotonia, Dystonia, or Vagosympathetic Dystonia.
Lack of balance between the activity of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic
nervous systems, characterized by quick switches of dominance from one system
to the other (see Autonomic Lability). Autonomic disequilibrium is characteristic
of the lower neuroses. (1972)

AUTONOMIC DISORGANIZATION. The most evolved stage of Autonomic Disequilibrium
(q.v.). It is expressed in the alternating strength of activity of the two
autonomic systems: the sympathetic and the para-sympathetic. It is observed
as a prevalence of activity of the sympathetic nervous system in one field
(e.g. digestive, or circulatory) and at the same time a prevalence of activity
of the parasympathetic system in another field (e.g. genito-urinary, or respiratory).
(1972)

AUTONOMIC LABILITY. A tendency to sudden transfer of tension between the
sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. These reactions have
disturbing consequences, as for instance, sudden drop of blood pressure and
fainting spells, or the reverse when a sudden rise in blood pressure is spontaneously
compensated by bleeding from the nose or mouth. (1972)

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. A system of neurons controlling the involuntary
activity of the viscera: digestive organs, heart, lungs, kidneys, glands,
etc. It has two parts, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. The stimulation
of the sympathetic system mobilizes the organism by quickening respiration,
heart rate, raising the blood pressure, etc. The action of the parasympathetic
system is for the most part functionally reciprocal. The excitation of one
system results in the inhibition of the functions controlled by the other,
for instance, the increase of respiration and heart rate suspends digestion.
(1972)

AUTONOMIC SOMATIZATION. The transformation of acute psychological tension
into nervous somatic symptoms under the control of the autonomic nervous system.
For instance, an increase in the pulse rate, blushing, or growing pale, growing
tense, hysterical paralysis, etc., occur as a result of a severe emotional
experience. The symptoms and syndromes may grow from very weak to very strong.
It is believed that in autonomic somatization the disturbance is due more
to the lability of the autonomic nervous system rather than to the intensity
of psychological processes. Cf. Psychosomatization. (1972)

AUTONOMY, consciously developed independence from lower level drives and
from some influences of the external environment. Autonomy is possible only
as a result of the operation of other dynamisms of the inner psychic milieu
(cf.), mainly the third factor (cf.). (1970)

AUTONOMY. A dynamism of inner freedom. It signifies a consciously developed
independence from lower drives and from the influences of the external environment.
(1972)

AUTOPSYCHOTHERAPY. Psychotherapy, preventive measures, or changes in living
conditions consciously applied to oneself in order to control possible mental
disequilibrium. (1972)

BABINSKI REFLEX. Spreading of toes when the sole of the foot is scratched.
A sign of pathology in the nervous system. (1972)

CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA, or CATATONIA. Type of schizophrenia characterized
by slowness of movements, or prolonged immobility, sometimes by muscular rigidity
and inflexibility. (1972)

CHWOSTEK REFLEX. Local contraction of facial muscles in response to being
struck by a mallet or to other stimulus. (1972)

COENESTESY, conversion of mental processes into processes of the sympathetic
nervous system and vice versa, usually associated with somatic dystonia. Coenestesy
is frequently observable at the stage of unilevel disintegration and may represent
the introductory phase toward a control of the sympathetic system by the growing
personality. In this case we call it positive coenestesy.

Coenestesy occurs often among individuals having a better than average ability
for development. They usually show great plasticity and sensitivity, easily
producing neurotic reactions which are, however, quickly controlled and disappear.
(1970)

COENESTHESIA. The totality of internal sensations by which one perceives
one's own body. Coenesthesia is increased when emotional processes are converted
into the processes controlled by the autonomic nervous system, and vice versa,
and are experienced as numbness, formication, or internal oppression. Disturbances
of coenesthesia take the form of vertigo, palpitation, nausea, etc. Marked
coenesthesia is frequent at the stage of unilevel disintegration and may represent
an initial phase toward control of the autonomic nervous system by the growing
personality. (1972)

CONFABULATION. More or less unconscious creation of imaginary experiences,
often in great detail, to cover up memory gaps or other lacks of own material.
(1972)

CONTACT INTROVERSION. Introversion combined with conscious need for external
contact. It results from the transformation of rigid introversion into a mixed
introvertive-extrovertive type. It is an example of the transformation of
a one-sided psychological type to a richer one less delimited by constitutional
factors. Thus it represents an expression of the developmental potential.
Contact introversion is connected with the dynamism and process "subject-object
in oneself". (1972)

CONVERSION. A mental mechanism by means of which an emotional reaction is
expressed in an alteration of a function of the body, e.g. paralysis of a
limb as an escape from a threatening or painful situation, or as an extreme
affective identification with a paralyzed beloved person. Conversion reaction
is characteristic of hysteria. (1972)

CREATIVE DYNAMISMS. Different abilities and talents finding their expression
in a search for "otherness", for nonstereotype facets of reality. All developmental
dynamisms are creative by their power of transforming the individual and his
perception of reality. (1972)

CREATIVE INSTINCT, a dynamism which consists of the search for new and qualitatively
different experiences. It appears and grows at a relatively high level of
development. Arising from the negative experience of excessive saturation
with actual conditions, it is associated with the dynamisms of dissatisfaction
with oneself, and the environment, the third factor, the desire to transform
oneself, prospection and authenticity. It is not necessarily associated with
a global development of mental functions and structures. It appears in the
first phase of multilevel disintegration. (1970)

CREATIVE INSTINCT. An assembly of cohesively organized forces, often of
great intensity, oriented toward a search for the new and the different in
the external and the internal reality. Creative instinct is associated with
accelerated development. (1972)

CUTANEOUS REFLEX. Wrinkling of the skin or gooseflesh upon mechanical stimulation
of the skin. (1972)

CYCLOID. Refers to a person who shows relatively marked but normal swings
of mood between excitement and depression, less strong than in the cyclothymic
(q.v.). (1972)

CYCLOTHYMIC. Exhibiting alternating moods of elation and depression, activity
and inactivity, with mood swings out of proportion to apparent stimuli. A
mild form of manic-depressive behavior. (1972)

DEFENSE THROUGH DEVELOPMENT. With the progress of development the defensive
(i.e. protective) forces localize themselves at a high level toward the service
of individual growth. Mental development is the best protection against mental
disorder. It is the lack of mental growth, or its stalemate, that favors mental
illness. (1972)

DERMOGRAPHIA. Sensitivity of the skin to local mechanical irritation. When
pressed or scratched the skin produces a reddish, or sometimes white, raised
mark which may stay for a short while or a long time, in which case we have
a prolonged and more intense dermographic response. (1972)

DEVELOPMENTAL INSTINCT, instinct of a most general and basic nature, a "mother
instinct" in relation to all other instincts; the source (in nucleus) of all
developmental forces of an individual. It finds its expression particularly
in such dynamisms as dissatisfaction with oneself, feelings of inferiority
towards oneself, the third factor, inner psychic transformation, disposing
and directing center at a higher level, autonomy and authentism, personality
ideal. It acts differently at different stages of development, pushing the
individual towards higher and higher developmental levels. It operates with
variable intensity in most human individuals; among those with the ability
for accelerated development it takes the form of education-of-oneself and
autopsychotherapy. Some individuals, e.g oligophrenics, imbeciles, idiots,
do not have the developmental instinct. (1970)

DEVELOPMENTAL INSTINCT. The source of all mental developmental forces of
the individual. It is absent in mental retardation and psychopathy. (1972)

DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL. The constitutional endowment which determines the
character and the extent of mental growth possible for a given individual.
The developmental potential can be assessed on the basis of the following
components: psychic overexcitability (q.v.), special abilities and talents,
and autonomous factors (notably the Third factor). (1972)

DISINTEGRATION, mental, consists of loosening, disorganization or dissolution
of mental structures and functions. The term covers a wide range of states
from temporary loosening of contact with reality observable in severe fatigue,
boredom, depression, stress, mental conflicts, disequilibrium, neurosis or
psychoneurosis to a split of personality in schizophrenia. "Normal" symptoms
of disintegration are distinctly and almost universally observable at the
time of puberty and menopause, also at times of critical experiences, suffering,
inner conflicts, intense joy or exaltation, etc.

Disintegration is unilevel (or horizontal), if there are protracted and
recurrent conflicts between drives and emotional states of a similar developmental
level and of the same intensity, e.g. states of ambivalence and ambitendency,
propulsion toward and repulsion from the same object, rapidly changing states
of joy and sadness, excitement and depression without the tendency towards
stabilization within a hierarchy. It is characteristic of unilevel disintegration
that conflicts are accompanied by a lack or by a minimal degree of consciousness
and self-consciousness, self-control and ability to transform stimuli.

Disintegration is multilevel (or vertical), if there are conflicts between
higher and lower levels of instinctive, emotional or intellectual functions,
e.g. higher and lower forms of the sexual instinct, or the instinct of self-preservation,
etc. It consists mainly in differentiation and hierarchization of various
levels of functions with a tendency towards gradual stabilization of a new
hierarchy. In the course of positive multilevel disintegration primitive,
animalistic drives and structures are subject to a disintegration, that is
weakening, loosening and even total destruction under the impact of developmental
dynamisms (cf.) and gradually give way to new, higher levels and new, higher
structures. There is a growth of consciousness of inner conflicts, self-consciousness
and self-control. The processes of inner psychic transformation gain in intensity
and authenticity (cf.). There is a gradual build-up of the inner psychic milieu
(cf.) with its main dynamisms such as "subject-object" in oneself, the third
factor, inner psychic transformation, autonomy and authentism, and the personality
ideal.

Multilevel disintegration includes two phases. The first is spontaneous,
as it is characterized by a relative predominance of spontaneous developmental
forces and the second is organized (self-directed), as it is in the period
of conscious organization and direction of the processes of disintegration
towards secondary integration and personality. Negative or involutional disintegration
is characterized by the presence and operation of dissolving dynamisms and
by the lack of developmental dynamisms. It occurs almost solely at the stage
of unilevel disintegration and may end in dissolution of mental structures
(chronic mental illness).

Positive or developmental disintegration effects a weakening and dissolution
of lower level structures and functions, gradual generation and growth of
higher levels of mental functions and culminates in personality integration.
Its characteristics are the presence and operation of developmental dynamisms
(cf.), many of which involve psychoneurotic states (cf.) psychoneurosis) with
all their protective (defensive) and creative forces.

The process of positive disintegration starts from primitive integration
and develops through the following four stages: (1) unilevel disintegration,
if it shows some nuclei of self-consciousness, (2) spontaneous multilevel
disintegrations, (3) organized multilevel disintegration, (4) transition from
multilevel disintegration to secondary integration. It culminates in global
secondary integration at a new, higher level.

Global disintegration involves all main mental functions. It comes about
either as a result of fundamental transformations in the full cycle of the
process of positive disintegration or as a result of many partial disintegrations,
or as an outcome of the collaboration of both above processes. It transforms
the whole mental structure and thus paves the way for a new global integration
at the level of personality (cf.).

Partial multilevel disintegration occurs within one or a few interconnected
dynamisms. Its outcome is either a return to a lower primitive integration,
or a transformation into a global disintegration, or, in case of multilevel
partial disintegration, a partial integration at a higher level. Partial multilevel
disintegration is a result of limited hereditary endowment and psychic experiences
limited to a narrow sphere. These cause a loosening or disintegration of narrow,
primitive structures. The partial secondary integration at a higher level,
which usually follows, is a result of inner psychic transformation (cf.) within
a limited area. An accumulation of a great number of partial integrations
at a higher level may culminate in a global disintegration and later formation
of personality. Partial disintegrations culminating in partial integrations
at higher levels are the usual endpoint of mental development of people with
average sensitivity and average endowment. (1970)

DISPOSING AND DIRECTING CENTER is the dynamism which determines each act
of an individual as well as his long range behavior, plans and aspiration.
It performs the following: programming, planning, organizing, collaborating,
general and concrete deciding. At a lower level its role is fulfilled by various
primitive drives (e.g. sexual, self-preservation, etc.) which temporarily
or permanently direct and control an individual's life and conscious activities.
Only at a higher stage, particularly during multilevel disintegration, the
disposing and directing center appears and develops as an independent dynamism,
not identical with any one or any combination of other dynamisms. At the level
of primitive integration the role of the disposing and directing center is
taken by primitive drives which dominate and subordinate other functions.
At the stage of unilevel disintegration and during the earlier period of multilevel
disintegration this role is played alternatively by different dynamisms, often
of a contrary nature. At higher phases of multilevel disintegration the disposing
and directing center starts operating as a dynamism not identical with any
other function, although collaborating closely with the highest dynamisms
of the inner psychic milieu, such as the third factor, inner psychic transformation,
autonomy, authentism, and the ideal of personality. At secondary integration
it is incorporated into the personality which exercises synthetic activity
and superior control over all human actions. (1970)

DISPOSING AND DIRECTING CENTER. A center which controls behavior over a
short or long period of time. At a low level of human development this center
is identical with either one or a group of primitive drives (e.g. self-preservation,
sexual, aggressive, etc.). At higher levels of development this center becomes
an independent dynamism working towards harmonious unification of personality.
(1972)

DISQUIETUDE WITH ONESELF, uneasiness with oneself, one of the earliest developmental
dynamisms, active especially at the time of transition from unilevel to multilevel
disintegration, frequently taking the form of astonishment with oneself (cf.)
or dissatisfaction with oneself (cf.). It consists of astonishment combined
with a strong emotional component and evaluative attitude of a medium intensity.
Unlike disquietude about oneself it is not generated by the self-preservation
instinct, but rather by the cognitive and developmental instincts. (1970)

DISQUIETUDE WITH ONESELF. The feeling of uneasiness with oneself; one of
the earliest dynamisms marking the beginning of multilevel disintegration.
(1972)

DISSATISFACTION, WITH ONESELF, is an early form of the dynamisms of valuation.
It contains a strong emotional component expressed in disapproval of some
of the elements of one's own mental structure. (1970)

DISSATISFACTION WITH ONESELF or Discontent with oneself. An early form of
the dynamism of valuation (the third factor). A potent motivator of conscious
development. (1972)

DYNAMIC INSIGHT, or "Prise de conscience". Strong global momentary states
of self-awareness. They tend to generate dynamic understanding of one's behavior
with the consequences of changing it. (1972)

DYNAMISM, biological or mental forces of a variety of kinds, scopes, levels
of development and intensity, decisive with regard to the behavior, activity,
development or involution of man. Instincts, drives and intellectual processes
conjoined with emotions constitute specific kinds of dynamisms. (1970)

ECSTASY. Extreme absorption of attention resulting in a semi-trance as a
consequence of intense contemplation of a limited field; a state characteristic
of mystical experiences. (1972)

EKKLISIS. A term introduced by von Monakow to describe one of the two biopsychic
vectors of behavioral patterns of living beings: approach and avoidance, attraction
and repulsion, syntony and dislike, flight and aggression. Ekklisis is the
name for the outward movement, Klisis is the name for the approach movement.
(1972)

EMOTIONAL IMMATURITY, positive, is to be distinguished from its negative
form i.e. emotional or affective retardation (cf.).

It does not adapt to the biopsychic developmental phases and transcends
the biological cycle of life. Positive emotional immaturity consists in the
endurance and persistence of a variety of emotional and in part intellectual
qualities and functions which are characteristic of childhood and youth. Qualities
such as sincerity, outrightness, straight forwardness, syntony, enthusiasm,
lack of mental rigidity and stereotypy, magical and animistic thinking, elements
specific in creative thinking become a source of plasticity, creative development
and ability to transform one's psychological type. Frequently this kind of
"immaturity" is associated with tendencies towards positive regression. (cf.).
(1970)

EMOTIONAL IMMATURITY. The persistence of emotional and intellectual qualities
characteristic of children and youth past a young age. Associated with tendencies
to Positive Regression (q.v.) it is an essential component of creative development.
(1972)

EMOTIONAL RETARDATION, or affective retardation, a negative form of emotional
immaturity, is a result of arrested development of the emotional sphere and
is characterized by the primitiveness and rigidity of emotions, lack of higher
subtle emotions, a very low level of syntony and emotional sensitivity. It
occurs in psychopathy, some forms of intellectual retardation and in some
forms of mental infantilism. (1970)

EMOTIONAL RETARDATION. A negative form of Emotional Immaturity; lack of
emotional development characterized by primitiveness and rigidity of affect,
very low level of syntony and emotional sensitivity. Associated with psychopathy
and some forms of mental retardation. (1972)

EMPATHY, cf. syntony. (1970)

EMPATHY. High level of Syntony (q.v.). (1972)

ERYTHEMA PUDICUM. The tendency to blush because of feelings of shame, timidity,
or inhibition. An indicator of emotional overexcitability. It is often due
to periodic heightened sensitivity to the opinions and judgments expressed
by others. It is combined with somatopsychic sensitivity. (1972)

EVOLUTION. A development which proceeds from lower to higher levels of organization.
Positive disintegration is the type of process through which individual human
evolution occurs. See Involution. (1972)

EXISTENTIAL ANXIETY. Anxiety states on a very high level of development
involving the awareness of the fact of one's existence and the responsibility
that follows from it. Fear for others prevails over fear for oneself. Existential
anxiety arises on the basis of psychic overexcitability (q.v.) of alterocentric
nature. It embraces empathic and intellectual components on a very wide range
with the emphasis on the human dilemma of existential choice. It is also related
to the awareness of the universality of human experience as expressed by St.
Paul: "If anyone is weak, do I not share this weakness? If anyone is made
to stumble, does not my heart blaze with indignation?" (II Cor. 11, 29). (1972)

EXISTENTIAL HYSTERIA. A psychoneurosis at a high level of development arising
on a background of existential experiences and actions prompted by empathy
(alterocentric preoccupations). With hysteria it has the following similarities,
though expressed at a higher level: intense affects, strong dramatization,
attitude of gesture, demonstrativeness, tendency toward ecstasy or contemplation.
(1972)

EXISTENTIAL PSYCHONEUROSIS. Psychoneurosis on a high level of development
which involves a dominance of existential preoccupations. These existential
components are peculiar to each kind of psychoneurosis—depressive, anxiety,
infantile, obsessive, etc. (1972)

EXTRAVERT. A type of personality exhibiting strong interest in external
reality, inclined to rely in his judgments and experiences on the opinions
of his environment; inclined to syntony and adaptation to others, does not
tolerate solitude. (1972)

FLEXIBILITAS CEREA. See Waxy Flexibility. (1972)

FUNCTIONS, mental, general term to denote mental processes dealing with
definite aspects of life. (Cf. levels of functions). (1970)

GUILT, feeling of, arises from the feeling of dissatisfaction with oneself
(cf.) and represents its intensified form, usually associated with a strong
need for expiation. The feeling of guilt always has alterocentric components
and originates from the hereditary endowment. Its presence indicates increased
intensity of the process of multilevel disintegration. It is usually accompanied
by the feelings of shame (cf.), inferiority towards oneself (cf.) and responsibility
for one's actions (cf.). (1970)

HIERARCHIZATION. The process of developing or activating different emotional
levels. It stems from conflicts of value which reflect the existence of feelings
corresponding to higher and lower values (i.e. more preferred vs. less preferred
choices). A hierarchy of values is a hierarchy of higher and lower levels
of emotions. (1972)

HYPERKINESIS. Excessive restlessness of movements. (1972)

HYPERTONIA, OR Autonomic Hypertonia. High tension of the Autonomic nervous
system (q.v.). (1972)

HYPOBULIA. Lowered ability to act or to make decisions. Less severe than
Abulia. (1972)

HYPOTONIA, or Autonomic Hypotonia. Low tension of the Autonomic nervous
system (q.v.). (1972)

IDENTIFICATION, consists of understanding and experiencing of mental states,
attitudes, aspirations and activity of other people or of oneself. The capacity
for identification is obtainable only at a high level of universal mental
development through the process of positive disintegration. Self-conscious
and authentic identification is possible only on the foundation of a rich
inner psychic milieu. It is preceded by and associated with such dynamisms
as "subject-object" in oneself, the third factor and inner psychic transformation.

There is a close association between identification and empathy. Although
identification is not mainly intellectual, it has a more distinct intellectual
component than empathy.

Identification with others expresses the attitude of "klisis" (attraction)
independently of the developmental level of the people towards whom this attitude
is directed. Identification with oneself expresses the attitude of "klisis"
in relation to one's higher levels and "ekklisis" (repulsion) in relation
to lower levels.

Identification in this conception has a clear positive, developmental and
highly conscious nature. It does not involve in any way the process of obliteration
or absorption of the other person into oneself or vice versa. It should be
clearly distinguished from unconscious or half-conscious identifications which
are conspicuous in dancing, singing, sport or fighting. Those forms of identifications
are for the most part dependent on biological temperamental factors and do
not represent any developmental value. (1970)

INFANTILISM, a conjunction of infantile mental qualities, especially emotional,
moral, social and intellectual of different levels and in various configurations.
It may fulfill a generally positive or negative function. In the first case
it is associated mainly with versatile abilities, plasticity and emotional
sincerity, characteristic of childhood; in the second case it is associated
with general lack of ability for development and tendency towards rigidity,
sometimes with mental retardation. It is frequently combined with hormonal
disturbances. (1970)

INFANTILISM. A combination of infantile mental qualities. In its positive
form it is associated with plasticity and emotional sincerity characteristic
of children. In its negative form it is associated with general lack of developmental
potential as in mental retardation. (1972)

INFERIORITY TOWARD ONESELF, feeling of, consists of the experience of and
awareness of the disparity between the level at which one is and the higher
level toward which one strives, between what one is and what one ought to
be. It comes about as a result of experiences associated with "climbing up"
to a higher level and "slipping back". It is an outcome of the shock caused
by the realization of one's unfaithfulness to the ideal of personality, to
the hierarchy of values which begins to take shape, or already has taken shape,
but lacks stability. It is associated with an intensive need to establish
a definite hierarchy of values and aims and to transform oneself accordingly.
It usually operates in conjunction with the dynamisms "subject-object" in
oneself, dissatisfaction with oneself and, at higher levels, with the personality
ideal. (1970)

INFERIORITY TOWARD ONESELF. The feeling consisting in the experiencing and
awareness of the disparity between the level at which one is and the higher
one toward which one strives. It is the shock of realization of one's unfaithfulness
to the ideal of personality, to the hierarchy of values which begins to take
shape but as yet lacks stability, followed by a desire and actions to transform
oneself. (1972)

INHIBITION. Means of control of physiological or mental processes at any
level of activity by reducing or stopping the flow of a given process. (1972)

INNER PSYCHIC MILIEU (internal mental environment), that part of the psyche
where man enters into conflict with himself, the totality of mental dynamisms
of a low or high degree of consciousness operating in a more or less hierarchical
organization. These dynamisms are basically in a relation of cooperation which,
however, does not exclude developmental conflicts. They perform the main task
of positive disintegration at the stage of multilevel disintegration by participation
in the transformation of mental functions and structures in the direction
of higher levels up to the level of fully developed personality.

All the dynamisms of the inner psychic milieu, largely speaking, may be
divided into unilevel and multilevel. Ambivalences and ambitendencies are
unilevel dynamisms, all other are multilevel (see Chapter IV).

It may be assumed that nuclei of the inner psychic milieu exist in primitive
stages of mental development, particularly at unilevel disintegration. At
this stage, however, there is no distinct psychic transformation. Basic primitive
drives are active at this stage, with variable intensity and localization
in relation to other drives depending on the psychophysiological stage of
the individual. Slight somatic and coenestetic disturbances cause various
forms of mental disequilibrium and consequently of primitive psychosomatic
conversion. In this way nuclei of the inner psychic milieu arise. The inner
psychic milieu in a strict sense (i.e. as a hierarchical structure) arises
only at later stages, when the abilities for self-observation and self-control
are sufficiently developed. (1970)

INNER PSYCHIC MILIEU, or internal mental environment. The totality of mental
dynamisms of a low or high degree of consciousness. The inner psychic milieu
may be hierarchical, as in multilevel disintegration, or ahierarchical, as
in unilevel disintegration. The inner psychic milieu as a ground for positive
development must be hierarchical, and it is this type which is normally understood
under the term. (1972)

INNER PSYCHIC TRANSFORMATION, a dynamism which carries out the work of developmental
change in man's mental structure. The characteristic aspects of the operation
of inner psychic transformation are: (1) transformation of the innate psychological
type by introduction of traits of the opposite type (e.g. introduction of
traits of introversion into an extrovert mental structure); (2) transformation
of somatic determination (biological sequence of the life cycle, aging, disease,
etc.) into mental determination (accumulation of mental powers that result
in consistent domination and control of somatic determinants).

Stimuli received by the psyche are subject to inner psychic transformation.
The stimuli can be external or internal (i.e. originating in the inner psychic
milieu). Because of the intervening process of transformation response is
not always directly related to the original stimulus. In the extreme, though
not infrequent, case, there might be no external response. Similarly, an external
response may be generated without an immediate external stimulus. When the
stimuli and responses arise entirely within the inner psychic milieu, we have
the process of inner psychic transformation of the milieu itself. As a basic
dynamism operating on all levels of the inner milieu inner psychic transformation
cooperates with all dynamisms of that milieu. (1970)

INNER PSYCHIC TRANSFORMATION. The process by which the work of developmental
change in man's mental structure is carried out. It makes possible the transcending
of the psychological type and of the biological life cycle (see Transcending).
(1972)

INSTINCT, a fundamental dynamism (force) in the lives of animals and men
which has a great intensity, a significant degree of compactness and cohesiveness,
its own sphere of activity, and its own direction.

It is common to some animal species and man or peculiar to man only, undergoing
a transformation in phylogenetic and ontogenetic development, appearing characteristically
at certain phases and levels of development.

This concept differs in several respects from the general use of the term
instinct. The main new elements are: (1) Instincts undergo transformations
in ontogenetic development. (2) Some instinctive forces occur only among some
people, especially among those who have attained a high level of psychic development.
(3) The qualification of the forces mentioned in point (2) as instincts is
due to their origin from a more fundamental developmental instinct and to
the fact that they show strength and compactness, comparable to primitive
instinctive drives, and sometimes even greater. (4) Their development and
transformation depend not only on the element of intelligence and knowledge
conjoined with them, but also on their inter and intrainstinctive conflicts
and cooperation.

The typical ontogenetic development of instincts passes through the following
stages and levels: (1) A simple, automatic, cohesive structure, with a completely
subordinated intellectual function and identified with the will. (2) A loosening
of the structure, spasticity, vacillation, conflicts between different instincts
of the same general level. (3) Inter and intrainstinctive disintegration,
formation of new, higher instincts (e.g. creative into self-perfection). (4)
Gradual refinement of higher levels of instincts and elimination of lower
ones. (5) High level instincts become an integral part of the disposing and
directing center, and thus they become constitutive elements of personality.
(1970)

INTEGRATION, mental, consists in an incorporation of various functions into
a coordinated structure showing a dynamic equilibrium which counteracts neurotic
responses.

From the standpoint of the theory of positive disintegration it is necessary
to distinguish various kinds of integrations at lower and higher levels and
conceive of disintegration (cf.) as a basic process of transition from a lower
level integration to a higher one. Consequently disintegrative processes are
considered as developmental, that is positive and basically healthy, while
rigid lower level integrations indicate the opposite of mental health (cf.),
(cf. negative integration, primitive integration, secondary integration).
(1970)

INTEGRATION. Consists in an organization of instinctive, emotional and intellectual
functions into a coordinated structure. See Primitive Integration and Secondary
Integration. (1972)

INTERIORIZATION AND EXTERIORIZATION (cf.), dynamisms which are necessary
for the process of inner psychic transformation (cf.). Interiorization consists
in a conscious and selective introjection of external and internal stimuli
in order to submit them to inner psychic transformation before any response
is emitted. If the process of inner psychic transformation has taken place,
exteriorization takes a form which expresses more the psychological type of
the individual than the nature of the stimulus. (1970)

INTERNEUROTIC LEVELS. Psychoneurotic syndromes characteristic of different
levels of development. For example, phobias, organ neuroses and hypochondria
are limited to Level II (unilevel disintegration), while paranoid and catatonic
schizophrenias can occur at Level II and III and thus are disorders of higher
level representing greater complexity and greater possibility of growth. Psychoneurotic
anxiety and depression are still higher because they do not occur below Level
III (see Table II, p. 110). Correct and precise diagnosis of a syndrome helps
to identify the developmental level of a patient. (1972)

INTRANEUROTIC LEVELS. Levels of functions differentiated within the same
psychoneurotic syndrome. Lower levels are characterized by predominant somatic
control while higher levels by predominant mental control. For example within
the category of psychasthenias neurasthenia represents a higher level than
hypochondria, but lower level than psychasthenia, all three involving the
same group of functions (see Table III, p. 113). (1972)

INTROVERT. A type of personality having difficult contact with his environment,
inclined to base his behavior on his own judgment, imagination and experience;
inclined to solitude, avoids other especially at times of grave difficulties.
(1972)

INVOLUTION. Negative development. Opposite of evolution (q.v.). Development
which proceeds from higher to a lower level of organization. It tends toward
severe disorders (psychosis, psychopathy, mental retardation), and may lead
to the dissolution of mental organization. (1972)

KINAESTHESIS. The sense of movement derived from receptors in skeletal muscles,
joints, etc. In the Rorschach - a movement response. (1972)

KLISIS. A term introduced by von Monakow to describe the approach tendency
as one of the two main behavioral vectors. See Ekklisis. (1972)

LEVELS OF FUNCTIONS, denote quantitative and qualitative changes which occur
in different mental functions in the course of development. Generally, lower
levels of functions are characterized by automatism, impulsiveness, stereotypy,
lack or low degree of consciousness, lack of inner psychic transformation.
Higher levels show distinct consciousness, inner psychic transformation, intellectual
components operating in conjunction with higher emotions, and essentially
involve creative, autonomous factors (cf. the Syllabus of Transitions from
Lower to Higher Functions, Chapter V). Presently available tests distinguish
and measure only the levels of intellectual and psychomotor functions. The
theory of positive disintegration provides the principles for similar scales
to be developed for other functions (53). In particular one could develop
a scale for degree of emotional development. The distinction between higher
and lower levels of functions is fundamental for the conception of mental
development. (1970)

LEVELS OF FUNCTIONS. The qualitative and quantitative differences which
appear in mental functions as a result of developmental changes. Lower levels
of functions are characterized by automatism, impulsiveness, stereotypy, egocentrism,
lack or low degree of consciousness. Higher levels of functions show distinct
consciousness, inner psychic transformation, autonomousness, creativity. (1972)

MAGICAL THINKING. An emotional, imaginational, and intuitive type of thinking
based on the assumption (most often unconscious) that some phenomena may operate
exempt from the causality of the laws of nature. Magical thinking explains
different phenomena in a miraculous or fantastic way. (1972)

MALADJUSTMENT, cf. adjustment. (1970)

MEDITATION. Practice of mental concentration leading to inner calmness and
sense of well-being. (1972)

MEDITATIVE EMPATHY. An expression of sympathy towards another person but
with strong reflective, and even meditative, components. It is a high level
of syntony of closely integrated intellectual elements. The intellectual elements
do not diminish such empathy but rather enrich and develop it: "I know you
and I always refine this knowledge; yet this does not diminish my feeling
for you but differentiates it". (1972)

MENTAL DEVELOPMENT, autonomous, is the passing from lower level structures
and functions to higher levels (cf. levels of functions). It is a result of
the process of positive disintegration (cf.). In its beginning stages mental
development is biologically determined, automatic, unconscious or with a low
degree of consciousness, confined within the biological cycle of life and
consequently exposed to deterioration with age. In higher stages of development
the inner psychic milieu with its main dynamisms (cf.) plays an increasingly
important role. From the stage of organized multilevel disintegration the
highly conscious dynamisms of inner psychic transformation, the third factor,
autonomy, and personality ideal determine the direction of development. Conscious
and deliberate choice based on many-sided and multilevel insights and understanding
replaces unconscious biological drives. Autonomous development transcends
the biological cycle of life in a twofold sense: (1) It ceases to be dependent
on organic changes such as those characteristic of the periods of puberty,
adolescence, menopause, senility, etc. (2) Development remains progressive
into old age despite somatic deterioration due to biological changes.

At higher stages particularly at secondary integration, a regression to
lower levels is no longer possible. Lower level drives, once disintegrated
and destroyed, cannot re-emerge, while consciously and authentically elaborated
higher levels of functions, once integrated into personality, cannot be prevented
from operating. The direction of development in its higher stages is derived
from the growing insight into and understanding of oneself and the surrounding
environment and by the growth of higher emotions, particularly empathy. It
is determined by the following guidelines: (1) Openness to new kinds of experiences,
increasing sensitivity and growth of both the general potential and specific
abilities, the increasing role of conscious and deliberate activities over
unconscious and automatic ones, constantly growing control over oneself and
the environment. (2) The appearance of a new source of enjoyment resulting
from consciously accepted and deliberately developed activities, inspired
by a new hierarchy of values (creative work, personal satisfaction from the
fulfillment of one's program). The higher the level of development, the grater
is the proportion of this type of satisfaction as compared to pleasures derived
from appeasing impulsive desires (sensual pleasures, etc.) which are the only
accessible kind of pleasures at lower developmental stages. (3) Growing ability
for further development.

This conception of mental development differs from traditional approaches
in the following aspects: (a) It brings out the positive developmental function
of the processes of disintegration. (b) It assigns a crucial role to the inner
psychic milieu with its main dynamisms of inner psychic transformation, the
third factor, autonomy and authentism, disposing and directing center and
the personality ideal, that is concepts and processes hitherto left out of
consideration. (c) It replace, at a certain level, biological determinants
by psychological, conscious and autonomous determinants. (d) It assumes an
empirical hierarchy of levels of functions (cf.) and consequently growing
objectivity of valuation in morals, aesthetics, etc. proportionate to the
stage of mental development. (1970)

MENTAL HEALTH consists in the functioning of processes which effect development
towards higher levels of mental function, towards recognition and realization
of higher intellectual, moral, social and aesthetic values and their organization
into a hierarchy in accordance with one's own authentic ideal of personality.
(1970)

MENTAL HEALTH. Development towards higher levels of mental functions, towards
the discovery and realization of higher cognitive, moral, social, and aesthetic
values and their organization into a hierarchy in accordance with one's own
authentic personality ideal. (1972)

MENTAL ILLNESS consists in the absence or deficiency of processes which
effect development, it takes the form of (1) either a strongly integrated,
primitive, psychopathic structure, or (2) a negative, non-developmental disintegration
(cf.) which may end in dissolution of mental structures and functions (psychosis).
(1970)

MENTAL ILLNESS. The absence or deficiency of processes which effect the
development of emotional and instinctive functions. It takes the form of either
(1) a strongly integrated, primitive, psychopathic structure, or (2) a negative,
nondevelopmental disintegration which may end in dissolution of mental structures
and functions. (1972)

MIGRATORY NEUROSIS. An organ neurosis with a tendency to periodical quick
migration from affecting the function of one organ to affecting another, or
from one system of organs to another. (1972)

MULTILEVEL DISINTEGRATION, cf. disintegration. (1970)

MULTILEVEL DISINTEGRATION. Multilevel disintegration is a process of developing
an authentic hierarchy of values from conflicts between higher and lower levels
of instinctive, emotional and intellectual functions. The conflicts are conscious
since they involve the awareness of valuing one level over another, therefore,
they are conflicts of value. (1972)

MULTILEVELNESS. Division of functions into different levels, for instance,
the spinal, subcortical, and cortical levels in the nervous system. Individual
perception of many levels of external and internal reality appears at a certain
stage of development, here called multilevel disintegration. See Levels of
Functions. (1972)

NEGATIVE. Advelopmental, involutional. Refers to factors which arrest development
or act against it either by making mental organization rigid, or discomposing
it (involution). (1972)

NEGATIVE ADJUSTMENT, cf. adjustment. (1970)

NEGATIVE ADJUSTMENT. Nondevelopmental adjustment. Unqualified conformity
to a hierarchy of values prevailing in a person's social environment. The
values are accepted without an independent critical evaluation. It is an acceptance
of an external system of value without autonomous choice. An adjustment to
"what is". (1972)

NEGATIVE DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL. Constitutional predisposition to psychosis,
psychopathy, or mental retardation, or other severe disorders preventing development
or leading to the dissolution of mental life. (1972)

NEGATIVE DISINTEGRATION, cf. disintegration. (1970)

NEGATIVE DISINTEGRATION, or involutional disintegration. A process characterized
by the operation of dynamisms dissolving the organization of mental structures
and functions. Its end is chronic mental illness. It occurs almost exclusively
at the stage of unilevel disintegration. (1972)

NEGATIVE INTEGRATION, a nondevelopmental pathological form of integration
(cf.) which involves emotional retardation (cf.). Observable in psychopathy,
paranoia, and in some forms of oligophrenia. (1970)

NEGATIVE MALADJUSTMENT, cf. adjustment. (1970)

NEGATIVE MALADJUSTMENT. Rejection of social norms and accepted patterns
of behavior because of the controlling power of primitive drives and nondevelopmental
or pathologically deformed structures and functions. In the extreme case it
takes the form of psychosis, psychopathy, or criminal activity. (1972)

NEGATIVE REGRESSION. Thinking, experiencing, and acting resulting from regression
to lower and more primitive levels of behavior. (1972)

NERVOUSNESS. Enhanced psychic overexcitability in the form of excitability
of movements, senses, affect, imagination, and intellect. Nervousness does
not in any way entail the impairment of mental functions. (1972)

NEURASTHENIA. A type of psychoneurosis characterized by cycles of excitation
followed by excessive fatigue, even exhaustion. Lower level of psychasthenia,
frequently associated with obsessions and phobias. (1972)

NEUROSES, a term closely related to the term psychoneurosis, denoting mental
disturbances with a distinct dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system
or with functional disorders of internal organs (German: Organneurosen). While
psychoneuroses can be said to be of a psychic or of a psychosomatic nature,
neuroses, in comparison, are rather somatopsychic. (1970)

NEUROSIS. Psychophysiological or psychosomatic disorders characterized by
a dominance of somatic processes. There are no detectable organic defects,
although the functions may be severely affected. (1972)

NUCLEI. Incipient forms of developmental factors which may or may not develop.
(1972)

OCULOCARDIAC REFLEX. Reflex obtained by lightly pressing on the eyeballs
(closed eyelids) and measuring the pulse. The reflex is said to be positive
if fluctuation in the pulse rate is observed. (1972)

ONE-SIDED DEVELOPMENT. Type of development limited to one talent or ability,
or to a narrow range of abilities and mental functions. In such development
the creative instinct and empathy appear absent. In exceptionally capable
individuals their one-sided development may come under the control of a primitive
disposing and directing center and in the extreme case may take the form of
psychopathy or paranoia. (1972)

ORGANIZED MULTILEVEL DISINTEGRATION. Developmental level IV. A stage of
development when a high level of self-awareness makes possible a greater degree
of self-direction and self-determination. External conflicts disappear, and
internal conflicts become less overwhelming and intense. (1972)

PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA. Type of schizophrenia characterized by delusions
of persecution, or delusions of power, or both. (1972)

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. See Autonomic nervous system. (1972)

PARTIAL DISINTEGRATION, cf. disintegration. (1970)

PARTIAL DISINTEGRATION. Disintegration within one or a few related dynamisms.
It may lead either to reintegration at a previous level, to reintegration
at a lower level (primitive integration), to partial integration at a higher
level, or to global disintegration. Partial disintegrations followed by partial
integrations at a higher level characterize the developmental pattern of people
with average developmental potential. In contrast, global disintegration and
global secondary integration (if any) are the privilege of people with rich
endowment for accelerated development. (1972)

PARTIAL SECONDARY INTEGRATION consists in a cohesive organization of some
of the mental functions at a higher level. It comes about as a result of partial
multilevel disintegration and is due to the process of inner psychic transformation
within a limited sphere of functions. (1970)

PARTIAL SECONDARY INTEGRATION. A cohesive organization of some of the emotional
and instinctive functions at a higher level. It comes about as a result of
partial multilevel disintegration. (1972)

PATHOLOGICAL HEREDITARY ENDOWMENT. The occurrence in the family tree of
psychoses, psychopathy, mental retardation, or other forms of mental disorder.
(1972)

PATHOLOGICAL RUMINATION. A type of obsession characterized by the tendency
to dwell on the same problem without seeking to find a solution to break the
"vicious circle". It is typical of unilevel processes of disintegration. (1972)

PERSEVERATION. Persistent and recurrent though or image; compulsive repetition
of the same phrase or word over and over again. See also Affective Perseveration.
(1972)

PERSONALITY, a harmonious and stable organization of highly refined basic
mental qualities and functions (cf.) (higher emotions, higher instincts, higher
intellectual processes, interest, concerns, abilities) which comes about as
a result of the full process of positive disintegration (cf.) and universal
mental development. Although personality in its complete, fully developed
and fully harmonized form appears only at the stage of secondary integration,
it starts taking shape during later stages of multilevel disintegration. Personality
is a self-chosen, self-confirmed and self-educating mental structure, i.e.
a structure attainable only through an intensive work of developmental dynamisms,
particularly such as inner psychic transformation, the third factor, autonomy
and authentism (cf. each).

The characteristic features of personality are: experiential awareness of
one's personality ideal, the disposing and directing center at its highest
level, a high level and great intensity of emotional life, inner psychic transformation
and reflection, manifold concerns and interest, openness to the full range
of experiences, a high degree of insight into oneself, self-control, ability
for further development, presence and strong motivating role of the instincts
of creativity and self-perfection.

Personality is a stable organization of mental functions in a twofold sense:
(1) Once the primitive levels of functions have been disintegrated and destroyed
and the higher levels elaborated and integrated into a cohesive, all-around
structure, slipping backwards to lower levels is no longer possible. One cannot
give up values which one learned to appreciate through an authentic, painful
process of inner psychic transformation. (2) Although an individual who attained
the level of personality continues to grow and may attain some new qualities,
no change of his central qualities is possible. His individual characteristics
of a high developmental level will persist.

Personality represents the highest developmental level presently accessible
to clinical insight and empirical study. It combines both empirical and evaluative
elements. The evaluative element is not arbitrarily postulated, but derived
from what is empirically verifiable and from the general conception of mental
development underlying the theory of positive disintegration (cf. personality
ideal). (1970)

PERSONALITY IDEAL, is an individual standard against which one evaluates
one's actual personality structure. It arises out of one's experience and
development. Personality ideal is shaped autonomously and authentically, often
in conflict and struggle with the prevalent ideals of society. It is a mental
structure which is first intuitively conceived in its broad outline and serves
as the empirical model for shaping one's own personality (cf.). In proportion
to the higher levels of development, reached by the individual, his ideal
of personality becomes more and more distinct and plays an increasingly significant
role in his inner psychic milieu and particularly in the disposing and directing
center. This process is called the dynamization of the ideal.

The tendency to adjust to the ideal of personality is a form of tendency
to adjust to what ought to be and refusal to adjust to lower level emotions
and urges. The ideal of personality should not be confused with one-sided
developmental programs, e.g. the so-called ideal sportsman, businessman, etc.,
which do not result from an authentic process of multilevel disintegration
and inner psychic transformation, but from lower level emotional and intellectual
processes. (cf. personality). (1970)

PERSONALITY IDEAL. An individual standard against which one evaluates one's
actual personality structure. It arises out of one's experience and development.
At first the ideal may be an imitation, nevertheless, with the growth of individual
awareness it becomes authentic and autonomous to eventually become the highest
dynamism in the development of personality. (1972)

PERVERSION NEUROSIS. A neurosis resulting from a very strong attraction
and repulsion and internal conflict in relation to uncommon sexual urges such
as fetishism, necrophilia, homosexuality, or severe masturbation. Internal
tension and self-awareness are acting strongly and simultaneously, because
there is the awareness of the strength of the impulses and their aberrant
nature together with a refinement which removes the possibility of hurting
or shocking a sexual partner. (1972)

POLARITY. Existing between two opposites, as in emotional fluctuations between
pleasant and unpleasant, between joyous and sad. (1972)

POSITIVE. Developmental or evolutional. Also used to refer to development
with emerging direction of growth from lower to a higher level of functions
(process of hierarchization). (1972)

POSITIVE ADJUSTMENT, cf. adjustment. (1970)

POSITIVE ADJUSTMENT, or developmental adjustment. Conformity to higher levels
of a hierarchy of values self-discovered and consciously followed. It is an
acceptance of values after critical examination and an autonomous choice.
It is an adjustment to "what ought to be". Such hierarchy of values is controlled
by (or developed from) the personality ideal. (1972)

POSITIVE CONFLICT is a conflict which incites or intensifies developmental
forces, particularly by disintegrating lower level structures and functions
and by deepening the process of self-consciousness and inner psychic transformation.
The appearance and development of inner conflicts promotes inhibition and
sublimation of external conflicts. Consequently stresses, critical life experiences,
anxieties, depressions, etc., basically undesirable from the standpoint of
mental health, the theory of positive disintegration regards as significant
elements in potentially positive development. (1970)

POSITIVE DISINTEGRATION, cf. disintegration. (1970)

POSITIVE DISINTEGRATION. A process of development involving characteristic
dynamisms and some degree of awareness of development. It releases the creative
powers of the individual, it enriches his psyche, and it carries his growth
toward a higher level of psychological functioning.

POSITIVE MALADJUSTMENT. A conflict with and rejection of those standards
and attitudes of one's social environment which are incompatible with one's
growing awareness of a higher scale of values which is developing as an internal
imperative. (1972)

POSITIVE REGRESSION. Regression in the service of the ego. Temporary regression
to an earlier emotional period, or withdrawal from current activities in search
of isolation. It is caused by a need for saturation with the carefree and
warm experiences of childhood, or by a need to have psychic rest, or a time
off to accommodate an experiential load. Positive regression allows an individual
to prepare more fully the unfolding of his creative potential, to prevent
mental disorders, to preserve and develop his autonomy. It is common in people
with emotional and imaginational overexcitability. (1972)

PRESPASM. A prespasmatic state. A state of "preparation" for psychic spasm
(q.v.) resulting from painful external or internal stimuli and tension. These
stimuli evoke unpleasant reactions and result in fear or flight (avoidance)
in acute, unconscious forms. (1972)

PREVENTIVE MECHANISMS. See Protective Mechanisms. (1972)

PRIMITIVE DRIVES are those drives which are simple, automatic, involuntary,
unconscious or with a relatively low degree of consciousness, stereotyped,
constitutionally determined, e.g. low levels of the sexual or maternal instincts.
(1970)

PRIMITIVE DRIVES. Drives (q.v.) operating at the level of primitive integration.
Their action is characterized by great intensity, inflexibility, automatism,
egocentrism, biological control. They lack the conscious components of reflection,
empathy, inhibition. For instance, sexual drive at the primitive level precludes
personal involvement with the sexual partner, precludes considerations of
discomfort or hurt sustained by the partner. (1972)

PRIMITIVE FUNCTIONS. Emotional and instinctive functions (q.v.) operating
at the level of primitive integration. They are characterized by automatism,
impulsiveness, stereotypy, egocentrism, lack of inhibition, lack or low degree
of consciousness. (1972)

PRIMITIVE INTEGRATION, or primary integration, an integration of mental
functions, subordinated to primitive drives (cf.). There is no hierarchy of
instincts; their prevalence depends entirely on their momentary greater intensity.
Intelligence is used only as a tool, completely subservient to primitive urges,
without any transformative role. Interest and adaptation are limited to the
satisfaction of primitive desires. There is no inner psychic milieu, no mental
transformation of stimuli, no inner conflicts. Primary integration in infants
is limited to the satisfaction of the need for food, sleep and motion. (1970)

PRIMITIVE INTEGRATION, or Primary Integration. Developmental level I. An
integration of all mental functions into a cohesive structure controlled by
primitive drives. (1972)

PRISE DE CONSCIENCE. See Dynamic Insight. (1972)

PROSPECTION. An ability to temporarily transpose one's thoughts and feelings
into the future, usually associated with rich imagination and fantasy. It
may also have a strong intuitive component as a sense of timing of the development
to come. Characterizes not only dreamers but also dynamic individuals given
to construction of hypotheses or long-range planning. (1972)

PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS. Psychoneurotic processes and dynamisms which by their
relatively mild disintegrating power protect against mental breakdown or suicide.
The richer the hereditary endowment the stronger are the protective dynamisms.
Cf. Defense through development. (1972)

PSYCHIC OVEREXCITABILITY. Higher than average responsiveness to stimuli,
manifested either by psychomotor, sensual, emotional (affective), imaginational,
or intellectual excitability, or the combination thereof. (1972)

PSYCHIC SPASM. Psychic state analogous to a physiological spasm. It is the
sudden arrest in an unpleasant way of ongoing mental activity as a result
of new and unfamiliar experiences. It may also be evoked by the sudden appearance
of an uncontrollable impulse. (1972)

PSYCHIC SPASMOPHILIA. Condition analogous to the "spasmophilic" constitution
(see Spasmophilia). Psychic spasmophilia does not depend on the physical spasmophilic
constitution but may, when present, function together with it. The characteristic
traits are excessive sudden responses to positive and negative psychic stimuli.
Psychic spasmophilia is an expression of susceptibility to frustration or
to being hurt. It acts also as a psychic defense against too strong stimuli
by giving a warning signal to consciousness about impending emotional danger
or overwhelming joy, which may upset the balance. This mechanism serves the
role of delaying or "diluting" negative and positive stimuli of an intensity
higher than the system can handle. (1972)

PSYCHOMOTOR CRISIS. Acting out of psychic tension through temper tantrums,
destructive behavior, running away, or hysterical conversion. Psychomotor
crises are frequent in cases of psychomotor and emotional overexcitability
not combined with other enriching components of the developmental potential
which in this case is rather limited, and due to the absence of a multilevel
inner psychic milieu does not offer the possibility of a positive release.
(1972)

PSYCHONEUROSES, syndromes of the processes of positive disintegration. They
show symptoms of disharmony and conflicts within the inner psychic milieu
and with the external environment. The source of disharmony and conflicts
is a favorable hereditary endowment and the ability to accelerate development
through positive disintegration towards personality, i.e. towards a cohesive
structure of functions at secondary integration. This conception of psychoneuroses
does not consider them pathological, but rather as positive forces in mental
development.

Psychoneurotic processes, as any other mental processes, may occur at different
levels. The difference may be either interneurotic, i.e. between various kinds
of psychoneuroses, or intraneurotic, i.e. within the same kind of psychoneurosis.
These differences are a result of the cooperation between "pathological,"
but positive psychoneurotic dynamisms and related "nonpsychoneurotic" developmental
dynamisms (such as interests, concerns, abilities, some of the creative dynamisms
etc.). At a high level of development both of the above kinds of mental dynamisms
operate in an inseparable interaction. An interneurotic scale would include
the following psychoneuroses in the order from lower to higher levels; somatic
neuroses, hypochondria, neurasthenia, hysteria, depressive psychoneurosis,
anxiety psychoneurosis, infantile psychoneurosis, obsessive psychoneurosis,
psychasthenia. Intraneurotic levels are clearly distinguishable in hysteria,
from the hysterical character through hysterical conversion to the highest
levels of increased emotional and imaginative excitability, high levels of
nervousness and tendency towards contemplation. (1970)

PSYCHONEUROSIS. A more or less organized form of growth through positive
disintegration. Lower psychoneuroses are predominantly psychosomatic in nature,
higher psychoneuroses are highly conscious internal struggles whose tensions
and frustrations are not anymore translated into somatic disorders. (1972)

PSYCHOSOMATIZATION. An excessive tendency for transposition of intense psychical
experiences onto somatic processes. The high tension is absorbed by somatic
functions thereby altering their course. This can be manifested as paresis,
paralysis, hysterical numbness, etc. In psychosomatization the genesis of
a disturbance is believed to be in the psyche. Cf. Autonomic Somatization.
(1972)

REALITY FUNCTION. A function which guides the behavior of the individual
in his testing of internal and external reality. It adapts his behavior to
the demands of those levels of reality which he perceives as the more vital.
Reality function at a low level deals with the basic needs of everyday living.
Reality function at a high level deals with the experiences and processes
of inner creative reality. (1972)

REGRESSION, positive, consists in a temporary reversion to an earlier emotional
state, that is some forms of emotional infantilism (cf. emotional immaturity).
In most cases positive regression is caused by the need for emotional saturation
with infantile experiences, the need for a longer period for the development
of creative functions which are exposed to the danger of disintegration under
the impact of the external world. Emotional regression allows the individual
to mature more deeply and many-sidedly, to prepare more fully the unfolding
of his creative forces, to prevent mental disturbances, to preserve and develop
independence and autonomy of his own self. It constitutes a conscious or semiconscious
protection of one's own development toward personality through the search
for the most proper conditions for its growth. (1970)

REGRESSION. See Negative Regression and Positive Regression. (1972)

REINTEGRATION, an integration subsequent to a period of disintegration but
which does not occur at a higher level than the former integration. Reintegration
may mean a return to primitive integration or to a partial secondary integration.
(1970)

RESPONSIBILITY, feeling of, is a function of mental development and depends
mainly on the ability to understand and evaluate objectively, especially to
understand other people's developmental difficulties and shortcomings and
one's own role in assisting them and cooperating. The feeling of responsibility
arises mainly from self-control, sudden insight, inner psychic transformation
and empathy. It grows through an increase in consciousness and insight into
the many sided and multilevel structure of reality and through active participation
of higher emotions, especially empathy. It involves the willingness to give
care, protection and help to those in need, to the family, social group, nation,
the human race, etc. (1970)

SCHIZONEUROSIS. A psychopathological syndrome on the borderline of psychoneurosis
and schizophrenia (psychosis). (1972)

SCHIZOTHYMIC. Showing tendency to an uneven, diffuse, inconsistent behavior
with weak syntony and poor adjustment to the environment, often with symptoms
of queerness. (1972)

SECONDARY INTEGRATION, global, results from the full process of positive
disintegration. It is an integration of mental functions at a high level,
with a dominant role of higher emotions, indicating a high degree of autonomy
(cf.) and authenticity (cf.). Secondary integration is strictly correlated
with personality (cf.). To denote an integration subsequent (in time) to a
period of disintegration, but not at a higher level, the term reintegration
(cf.) is reserved. (1970)

SECONDARY INTEGRATION. Developmental level V. The integration of all mental
functions into a harmonious structure controlled by higher emotions such as
the dynamism of personality ideal, autonomy and authenticity. Secondary integration
is the outcome of the full process of positive disintegration. (1972)

SELF-PERFECTION INSTINCT consists in a tendency towards gradual attainment
of higher developmental levels and involves the whole mental structure of
an individual with a special emphasis on the moral sphere and empathy, has
a much wider range than the creative instinct and includes its basic components,
arises and develops during both stages of multilevel disintegration, operates
in association with the dynamism of inner psychic transformation, the ideal
of personality and leads directly to the formation of personality. (1970)

SELF-PERFECTION INSTINCT. The higher form of the creative instinct (q.v.).
It appears in accelerated development when the individual's primary concern
is his self-growth. (1972)

SHAME, feeling of, one of the earliest developmental dynamisms, consists
in self-conscious distress and embarrassment, results from predominance of
external over internal sensitivity, usually is combined with a strong somatic
component, with a slight element of anxiety, with a need to withdraw, to hide
away. The feeling of shame is usually associated with the dynamism of dissatisfaction
with oneself, with the feeling of guilt and with the feeling of inferiority
towards other people. (1970)

SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA. See Schizophrenia Simplex. (1972)

SOMATOPSYCHIC. Refers to the lowest level of psychoneurotic processes, i.e.
those occurring without any participation of consciousness. At the somatopsychic
level mental processes are almost entirely under the control of biological
processes. The next higher level is the psychosomatic where psychological
tensions are transposed to somatic processes via the autonomic nervous system.
(1972)

SOMNAMBULISM. Sleepwalking. Walking and carrying out complex activities
while in sleep, or a hypnotic or related state. (1972)

SPASMOPHILIA. The tendency toward muscular twitching, spasms, or convulsions
from even slight mechanical or electrical stimulation. Psychic Spasmophilia
(q.v.) is a metaphor used here to describe easily mobilized strong and sudden
involuntary emotional reactions, tensions, which are experienced not unlike
internal convulsions. (1972)

SPONTANEOUS MULTILEVEL DISINTEGRATION. Developmental Level III. The stage
of development which occurs with the emergence of a direction of development
and a sense of "higher" and "lower". These two phenomena are strictly interdependent.
They are the result of intense emotional experiences and spontaneously developing
conflicts of value (see Hierarchization). (1972)

"STUTTERING" OF SOMATIC FUNCTIONS. A tendency toward spastic psychophysical
activity. It is observed as sudden blushing or growing pale, as pharyngeal
spasms, or "stuttering" of urination. It is the manifestation of the transformation
of very strong somatopsychic (q.v.) tension to spastic symptoms. (1972).

SUBJECT-OBJECT IN ONESELF, one of the main developmental dynamisms which
consists in taking interest in and observation of one's own mental life in
an attempt to gain a better understanding of oneself and to evaluate oneself
critically. In individuals capable of accelerated and universal development
the interest in their inner world may temporarily prevail over the interest
in the external world. This dynamism differs from introspection inasmuch as
the latter is carried out for purely descriptive, nonevaluative purposes.
Unlike introspection, this dynamism has a strong emotional component in spite
of its basically intellectual character. It realizes sudden insights, constitutes
an essential element in the process of inner psychic transformation and is
the main basically intellectual dynamism of multilevel disintegration. It
is a form of interiorized cognitive instinct and appears in correlation with
the dynamisms of the third factor, disposing and directing center and ideal
of personality. (1970)

SUBJECT-OBJECT IN ONESELF. One of the main developmental dynamisms which
consists in observing one's own mental life in an attempt to better understand
oneself and to evaluate oneself critically. It is a process of looking at
oneself as if from outside (the self as object) and of perceiving the individuality
of others (the other as subject, i.e. individual knower). (1972)

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. See Autonomic nervous system. (1972)

SYMPATHICOTONIA. A state resulting from high tension in the sympathetic
nervous system manifested by accelerated pulse, high blood pressure, dilated
pupils, or hypoacidity of the stomach. (1972)

SYNTONY, EMPATHY, these terms are used to signify the capacity for insight
into and participation in other people's feelings and experiences. It is of
importance to distinguish primitive, impulsive forms of syntony, associated
with the gregarious instinct, from more conscious and deliberate forms, usually
called empathy, which belong to higher emotions, contain strong intellectual
components and result from inner psychic transformation and the processes
of positive disintegration. An individual having a high level of empathy shows
towards others benevolence, readiness and willingness to assist them in their
problems, but at the same time may express a disapproval of some of their
attitudes and acts. (1970)

SYNTONY. Responsiveness to the environment, chiming in with. Primitive syntony
is impulsive behavior and is not much different from gregariousness. Higher
levels of syntony involve insight into other people's feelings and experiences.
More conscious and deliberate forms of syntony combined with an attitude of
helpfulness we call empathy. (1972)

TETANOIDAL PERSONALITY. Personality type differentiated by Jaensch and characterized
by muscular twitching, spasms, tendency to convulsions, etc., as in tetany.
The activity of the parasympathetic nervous system is prevalent. Psychologically
a tetanoidal individual shows somewhat uncoordinated behavior; his responses
are not harmonized and are not integrated. (1972)

THE THIRD FACTOR is independent from and selective with regard to heredity
(the first factor), and environment (the second factor). Its selective role
consists in accepting and fostering or rejecting and restraining qualities,
inclinations, interests and desires, which one finds either in one's hereditary
endowment or in one's social environment. Thus the third factor being a dynamism
of conscious choice is a dynamism of valuation.

The third factor has a fundamental role in education-of-oneself, and in
autopsychotherapy. Its presence and operation is essential in the development
toward autonomy and authenticity. It arises and grows as a resultant of both
positive hereditary endowment (especially the ability for inner psychic transformation)
and positive environmental influences. (1970)

THIRD FACTOR. The autonomous factor of development. The first factor is
the constitutional endowment, the second factor is the social environment.
The third factor is the dynamism of conscious choice (valuation) by which
one affirms or rejects certain qualities in oneself and in one's environment.
(1972)

TRANSCENDENTAL OBSESSION. Obsession with problems of transcendence, i.e.
with problems of supersensory reality. It is not much different from a scientist's
obsession with an unsolved problem, or an artist's obsession with the search
for new means of expression. (1972)

TRANSCENDING THE BIOLOGICAL LIFE CYCLE. Replacement of somatic determinants
of maturation, aging, or disease, by mental determinants of rich psychic development
(accelerated development), continued creativity in spite of aging, continued
psychic growth past maturity, etc. (1972)

TRANSCENDING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPE. Introduction of traits of opposite
type to one's original type, e.g. an extravert becoming to some extent an
introvert. This developmental change occurs as a consequence of the dynamism
of inner psychic transformation and is characteristic of accelerated development.
(1972)

TYPE, PSYCHOLOGICAL, the totality of individual, psychobiological, constitutional
qualities determining the behavior of an individual with regard to himself
and his environment. The theory of positive disintegration distinguishes the
following psychological types:

The primitively integrated type: his mental structure is dominated and completely
controlled by primitive drives which make use of intelligence in a purely
instrumental way. In this type intelligence is used only as a tool towards
ends determined entirely by primitive emotions; the ability for interiorization
is very limited; intelligence does not cooperate in the refinement and development
of emotions. The mental structure is rigidly stabilized; the development of
the individual does not transcend narrow limits circumscribed by the biosocial
cycle of life.

The positively integrated type: is a result of the completion of the process
of positive disintegration. Its cohesiveness and harmony has its basis in
a fully developed inner psychic milieu of great richness and deepness; dedicated
to creative work and further development it shows faithfulness to the hierarchy
of values worked out in the course of development and a high degree of conscious
empathy with others.

The positively disintegrated type: shows loosening and disintegration of
primitive mental structures and functions on its way towards secondary integration.
It may be at various stages of positive disintegration starting from unilevel
disintegration through the spontaneous and organized stages of multilevel
disintegration till the transitory stage towards secondary integration. Its
characteristic trait is the presence and operation of developmental dynamisms,
in nuclear form at unilevel disintegration, gaining a more and more distinct
and dynamic character with the progress of positive disintegration.

The chronically disintegrated type: may also be called "developmentally
neutral" type. The state of disintegration is permanent, it does not pass
over into either dissolution or secondary integration. It has a mixed, positive-negative
overtone. It is positive inasmuch as it is characterized by sensitivity, plasticity
and creative abilities, however, it shows lack of distinct developmental forces
and tendencies to pass into secondary integration.

The negatively disintegrated type: is characterized by a dissolution of
mental structures and functions which signifies mental illness with unfavorable
course and prognosis. It is recognizable by the lack of developmental dynamisms.
(1970)

UNILEVEL DISINTEGRATION, cf. disintegration. (1970)

UNILEVEL DISINTEGRATION. Developmental Level II. Protracted and recurrent
conflicts between drives and emotional states of similar level and of similar
intensity appearing as ambivalences and ambitendencies (q.v.), e.g. changing
and alternating states of attraction and repulsion, love and hate, joy and
sadness, excitement and depression, moodiness. The conflicts may not be consciously
experienced. When they are, they are experienced as pulls of equal value,
in contrast to multilevel conflicts, and, therefore, do not tend towards a
solution but seek immediate palliatives like alcohol, drugs, or suicide. (1972)

VAGOSYMPATHETIC DYSTONIA. See Autonomic Disequilibrium. (1972)

VAGOSYMPATHETIC SYSTEM. See Autonomic Nervous System. (1972)

VAGOTONIA. Excessive excitability of the vagus nerve. A state resulting
from high tension in the vagus nerve manifested by slowing down of pulse,
arrhythmia, low blood pressure, constricted pupils, peripheral vascular disorders.
(1972)

VALUE. See Hierarchization. (1972)

WAXY FLEXIBILITY. A passive response by which a person's arm or posture
retains the position in which it has been placed. Usually thought to be characteristic
of catatonic schizophrenia this response is easily obtained from normal individuals.
(1972)

WILL. What has been traditionally called "will" is at lower levels of development
identical with a primitive drive or a group of such drives. At the stage of
unilevel disintegration it succumbs to a disintegration into a variety of
independent functions and structures. It may be said that there are "many
wills" at this level. In the course of multilevel disintegration "the will"
becomes more and more independent from primitive drives. Its role is fulfilled
by the emerging new dynamism of the disposing and directing center. At still
higher stages of development the "will" is unified with and integrated in
personality. (1970).