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1 Raging anger within me. An evaluation of a person centred counselling service for male victims and perpetrators of domestic violence at HMP Doncaster WILKINSON, K. and O'KEEFFE, C. Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version WILKINSON, K. and O'KEEFFE, C. (2006). Raging anger within me. An evaluation of a person centred counselling service for male victims and perpetrators of domestic violence at HMP Doncaster Project Report. Sheffield, Sheffield Hallam University. Repository use policy Copyright and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in SHURA to facilitate their private study or for noncommercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive

2 Hallam Centre for Community Justice DRSACC Raging anger within me An evaluation of a person centred counselling service for male victims and perpetrators of domestic violence at HMP Doncaster November 2006 Dr Katherine Wilkinson and Caroline O'Keeffe

3 Raging Anger Within Me An evaluation of a person centred counselling service for male victims and perpetrators of domestic violence at HMP Doncaster Dr Katherine Wilkinson and Caroline O'Keeffe Hallam Centre for Community Justice, Sheffield Hallam University May 2007

7 Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the hard work and commitment of the following organisations and individuals that made this evaluation possible: Staff at the following prisons for their continued support: HMP Wolds, HMP Everthorpe, HMP Moorlands (closed) and especially HMP Doncaster, where we would like to thank the Referral staff who took time to speak to us We would particularly like to thank the following individuals who always made us feel very welcome at HMP Doncaster: Geraldine Smith, Steve Hewer, Vicky Read, Andrew Lees, Kerry Hemingway, Mandy O Berg and Layla Thompson Staff at Barnsley and Rotherham Probation Offices Staff from DRSACC and DDVWP, particularly Caren Horsfield, Cheryl Taylor, Elaine Turner, Penny Flintoff and Dennis Atkin for all their continued assistance Members of the DoVeS Management/Steering Committee for their continued commitment to the Evaluation process We would also like to thank Ian Buczynski at Sheffield Hallam University for his technical support Most of all however we would like to say a big thank you to the men who spoke to us so honestly and openly during the Evaluation process. Special thanks to the service user author of the "Raging anger within me" quote which became the title for this report. The author was kind enough to present the written song lyrics to a member of the evaluation team. The song communicates the Service User's feelings of relief about the safe and supportive environment the DoVeS counselling service had provided for him to express all his previously hidden rage. The core research team, who have been responsible for designing, conducting and co-ordinating this evaluation are as follows: Dr Katherine Wilkinson Caroline O'Keeffe Researcher Hallam Centre for Community Justice, Sheffield Hallam University Research Manager Hallam Centre for Community Justice, Sheffield Hallam University 5

8 Executive Summary The Doncaster Rape and Sexual Abuse Counselling Centre (DRSACC), a participating member of Doncaster Domestic Violence Working Party (DDVWP), was successful in securing funding from Lloyds TSB and the Tudor Trust to offer counselling support to inmates of HMP Doncaster. The specific objectives of the Doncaster Prison Counselling service (DoVeS), as detailed in funding documentation, have been evaluated along with process issues and counselling outcomes. The findings and recommendations are summarised as follows: Key Findings: Service Usage 84 men from HMP Doncaster submitted an application to access the DoVeS counselling service in its first year 69% of these men attended at least the first introductory session 3 men have completed the total 16 session counselling block The most common number of sessions attended was between 1 and 3, as 46% (n=39) of men were released or transferred before they could complete the anticipated block of 16 sessions 27% (n=23) of men declined the service having ascertained what attendance at counselling involved during the first introductory session. These decisions were taken in conjunction with the counsellor Referral Process and Routes The initial main referral routes to DoVeS were from the CARAT team (30 men) and Resettlement staff (15 men) As the service has gathered momentum, referrals are increasingly being sourced from a wider range of departments within the Prison system Prison advertising has proved successful Referral processes were found to be effective, however need to remain client rather than staff led Impact on Service Users engaging with the Service Of the men accessing the service, 20 participated in an in-depth evaluation. These men reported: Improvements in their relationships, both inside and outside the prison environment Increased hopes for the future as a result of involvement with the service A more positive attitude towards their ability to change and improve their lives Feeling more equipped to explore and adapt their own behavioural patterns 6

9 Feeling happier and more relaxed about themselves, which has had an effect on their self confidence Key Recommendations: Service Delivery: DoVeS counsellors have been successful in providing a personcentred but flexible approach to their clients, adapting to the individual needs of their clients The project has successfully established a counselling service in a Prison environment. DRSACC need to continue to ensure that DoVeS counsellors receive appropriate supervision, training and that their personal development needs are met One of the biggest challenges faced when setting up a counselling service in a Remand prison is maintaining client engagement. Resettlement staff and Counsellors have liaised closely during the first year of the project and continuing to do so will help to reduce the number of counselling sessions missed The working partnerships formed around the DoVeS service have had a positive effect on service delivery. Exploring mechanisms for ensuring men can attend counselling for longer will further enhance service delivery. Release dates could be considered at initial assessment by the counsellor Consider the provision of a 'dedicated Buddy' who can be made available to access men 'called up' for sessions on the days the counsellor is in the prison. This may assist in locating prisoners and therefore reduce the hours spent by the counsellor attending to this issue DoVeS Steering Committee: The DoVeS management committee have succeeded in establishing an effective and inclusive partnership to oversee service delivery. In order to maintain this, the committee should continue to meet on a regular basis Building on this success, the DoVeS management committee may want to consider issues around systems and monitoring of providing information for clients' partners and ensuring post release support is provided. Further, a discussion concerning the possibilities/ feasibility of collecting data to measure 're-offending' rates for men accessing the counselling service, may also enhance the project's provision The committee have monitored the DoVeS staffing situation carefully as they are aware that his may have an effect on the number of men wanting to access the service who are placed on a waiting list A discussion around the sustainability of this successful, but time limited project, may feed into the strategic direction this project adopts for the future. Will the partnership be seeking funding to continue/ expand the service? 7

10 Liaison Role Development: The Liaison Officer role, which has been developed in order to raise awareness of the service, has proved invaluable and should be continued and expanded The Liaison Officer role could be developed to promote appropriate domestic violence referral systems with potential Referral Staff (i.e. is sexual abuse domestic violence?) Liaison sessions with staff groups have proven to be highly effective and should be repeated regularly to ensure new staff are made aware of the service and focus on the need for confidentiality for Service Users within counselling sessions Service promotion has proved successful. The Liaison Officer could further consider promoting the DoVeS service in the prison induction process and possibly organise liaison meetings with wider prison staff, like Operations Managers on each house block The success of the Liaison Officer's role could be expanded to consider raising awareness of domestic violence issues with the general prison population Preparation for the Second Year Evaluation: The evaluation data collection methods adopted have proved effective, however a de-brief session should be conducted between the evaluation team and Counsellors to refine the data collection methods for second year service delivery and evaluation purposes Building on the success of the first year of the DoVeS service delivery, the DoVeS steering committee may consider reviewing the feasibility of collecting evaluation data for original objectives of the project (post release support and effects on offending behaviour). This can be conducted in partnership with the evaluation team The DoVeS partners may want to consider the inclusion of a 'control group' in the second year evaluation to contrast 'changes' in those men accessing counselling service and those not accessing the service 8

11 Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background to DoVeS - HMP Doncaster Counselling Service The Doncaster Domestic Violence Forum, formed in 1992, comprises practitioners from both the voluntary and statutory sectors. Since 1995 it has been known as the Doncaster Domestic Violence Working Party (DDVWP), a multi agency group who adopt a holistic approach to the issue of domestic violence 1 and whose unified purpose is: To establish and maintain a system of networking between agencies To raise awareness and comment on domestic violence issues To be proactive in encouraging policy development around the issue of domestic violence To offer support to agencies or individuals working with victims of domestic violence. Due to the particular interests of some key members, the DDVWP developed a concern with the issue of domestic violence among the prison population. Specifically, a Senior Probation Officer who ran an anti-bullying programme at HMP Moorlands conducted a survey at the prison which revealed that some 80% of the male prison population had experience of domestic violence as either victims or perpetrators and approached DDVWP with this concern. The idea was formed to develop a counselling service in a local male prison to help address this considerable problem. DDVWP approached their long established partners from Doncaster Rape and Sexual Abuse Counselling Centre (DRSACC) in order to help facilitate this work. DRSACC became a registered charity in 1986 and has grown into a full time professional service for anyone who has experienced any form of sexual violence at any time in their lives. DRSACC works within the British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy ethical framework. DRSACC also aims to educate, conduct research and raise awareness of the issues of sexual abuse in society to improve the treatment of survivors of abuse, and to reduce or eliminate its incidence. DRSACC currently employs 5 counsellors qualified to a minimum of Diploma in Counselling. Last year 413 people benefited directly from the service. In 2004, the partnership between DDVWP and DRSACC was successful in securing funding from the Tudor Trust and, in 2005, Lloyds TSB and planned a three year programme with DRSACC as the lead applicant. The programme incorporates three elements: 1) Research 2) Counselling service delivery 3) Counselling service evaluation and sustainability 1 The definition of domestic violence adopted by the DDWWP is the emotional, physical, sexual or mental abuse of a person by their partner, family members or someone with whom there is or has been a relationship 9

12 The initial research element of the 3 year project was carried out by Community Consultations of Sheffield, who were commissioned by DDVWP to investigate the extent of provision for perpetrators and victims of Domestic Violence in the UK. This work was funded by Doncaster Community Safety Partnership. The resulting research report 2 highlights that current provision for male victims of domestic violence is almost non-existent, unlike perpetrator programmes for men. The report goes on to highlight that the DDVWP were therefore at liberty to address this situation in innovative ways as there is no successful model to emulate. In order to undertake the second element of the programme, counselling service delivery, the partnership of DDVWP and DRSACC initially approached HMP Moorlands in However, due to the movement of staff who initially supported the introduction of the counselling service, it became increasingly difficult to negotiate project set up at HMP Moorlands. The partnership turned to HMP Doncaster to facilitate this counselling service which became known as DoVeS. This title was suggested by prisoners at HMP Doncaster to acknowledge the 'Domestic Violence Service' focus, but associated the acronym with doves to symbolise peace and non-aggression. HMP Doncaster is a local remand prison opened in June 1994 and operated in the private sector by Premier Prison Services Ltd. The prison has an operational capacity of 1135, and is comprised of three house blocks, each house block has 4 wings and each wing can hold a maximum of 90 prisoners. The Health Care Centre has 29 beds for in-patients on one floor with a further 36 beds on the lower floor for enhanced workers. The key objectives of the counselling service to be offered by DRSACC at HMP Doncaster, as detailed in tender documents, were as follows: To employ two counsellors to provide counselling for 90 male prisoners who are victims/perpetrators of domestic violence over the two year funding period To provide support for partners of this cohort of men To raise awareness of the issue of domestic violence among prison staff (e.g. sentence planning, resettlement and induction teams) To provide advice on support agencies post release To improve quality of life of service users, ultimately leading to a reduction in re-offending. It was envisaged that the above objectives would be achieved through adherence to the underlying key principles of DDVWP, for example: Empowerment of victims Maximising accessibility of services available to them Adopting holistic approaches to support. 2 'Provision for male perpetrators and Victims of Domestic Violence in the United Kingdom' - 10

13 The DoVeS Prison Project Management Committee was formed to oversee counselling delivery with representatives from DDVWP, DRSACC and HMP Doncaster. A member of the commissioned evaluation team from Sheffield Hallam University was also represented on the Committee. Doncaster Victim Support and the Director of Services from the local Primary Care Trust also had an input in the early stages of the service. The report presented here is the evaluation of the pilot counselling service and represents the third element of the overall project entitled 'evaluation and sustainability'. 1.2 Setting Up, Structure and Design of Service Interested parties met in order to discuss the practicality of providing the counselling service at HMP Doncaster (see Appendix 1). Project start up (Service Delivery) began in November 2005 when Counsellors were recruited and Prison Induction undertaken. It was decided that quarterly management committee meetings would take place from March 2006 (see Appendix 2). Two experienced counsellors employed by DRSACC were initially seconded to deliver the DoVeS counselling service. One of the two counsellors withdrew from the project after five months, having found the prison environment a challenge to work in. It was decided at DRSACC that the remaining counsellor would double up her hours to compensate and since March 2006 has attended the prison for two days a week. It was also agreed that service users would be offered an initial maximum of 16 counselling sessions which would take place once a week for one hour. However, it was acknowledged that any client could be offered more sessions if he felt he required them. Both counsellors have worked for over five years with clients accessing the DRSACC who have experienced all types of abuse. However, DRSACC are an organisation that focuses specifically on survivors of sexual abuse rather than domestic abuse issues more generally. DRSACC counsellors operate from a person-centred approach to counselling as in their experience this model has proved most appropriate for working with their specific client group. The recruited DoVeS counsellors have attended a number of specific training courses concerned with working with adult survivors of abusive relationships. Both counsellors also attended a week long induction at HMP Doncaster that familiarised them with the prison environment and the existing rules and regulations. However, counsellors found it difficult to access practice literature concerning the experiences of counsellors working within the prison environment. 1.3 A Person Centred Approach There is extensive academic and practitioner literature on the Person Centred Approach (PCA) to counselling (Bozarth, 1988; Mearns, 1994; Tolan, 2003; Rogers, 2004). For explanatory purposes, within the context of this report, the therapeutic approach of person centred counselling is based on the presence of 3 main conditions between counsellor and service user which are necessary and sufficient for therapeutic change. These are: 11

14 Condition 1: Unconditional positive regard The counsellor accepts the client unconditionally and nonjudgementally. The client is free to explore thoughts and feelings positive or negative without being rejected or condemned. Condition 2: Empathic understanding The counsellor accurately understands the client's thoughts, feelings and meanings from the client's perspective. Condition 3: Congruence Congruence is achieved where the counsellor is authentic and genuine. There is no air of authority or hidden knowledge. From the person-centred approach, if these three core conditions are met, this will enable the client to develop and grow in their own way. The PSA to counselling can be contrasted with Cognitive Behavioural approaches to counselling, which have generally proved more popular in institutional contexts, as Cognitive Behavioural Therapies (CBT) focus on monitoring and managing thinking patterns. This counselling focuses on reducing negative thinking and changing the content of thoughts. Behavioural Counselling focuses on what actions the client takes, what rewards are in place that encourages the client to act a certain way and what unpleasant consequences prevent the client from behaving in other ways. In this way, CBT approaches to counselling include goal setting and planning which are determined primarily by the therapist rather than the client and is focused on managing, rather than understanding a person's behaviour. The PSA approach aims to facilitate the strengthening and expansion of the client's identity which results in the client thinking and acting independently. In this way, a person centred counselling environment is created which is characterised by trust, confidentiality and safety, where clients encounter themselves. A person centred counselling approach treats the client as the expert in their own lives and supports clients to take responsibility for themselves and their actions. These underpinning elements of the Person Centred Approach (PCA) formed the basis from which the Evaluation strategy's design and delivery were developed. 1.4 Aim of the Evaluation The aim of this evaluation is to provide a rigorous and user friendly assessment of the extent to which the counselling service at HMP Doncaster has met its aims and objectives using a combination of both qualitative and quantitative approaches 3. 3 Qualitative data is rich in detail and description, usually in a textual or narrative format and is difficult to express in numerical terms. Quantitative data can be expressed in numerical terms, counted, or compared on a scale. 12

15 1.5 Objectives of the Evaluation To provide information on the progress made towards objectives as outlined in tender documents To identify what worked well and what did not work so well (in terms of both what was done (outputs) and how it was done (processes) To identify and assess the effectiveness of steps taken to address any problems encountered To provide information on the extent to which the counselling service has met the needs of the target group To document progress of service users and the impact of counselling on different areas of their lives Monitor uptake of the service To assist with the planning of future projects The evaluation contains two main components:- i) process evaluation ii) outcome and impact evaluation Process Evaluation Understanding process was a key feature of the evaluation of the programme. The process evaluation aimed to gain an understanding of the project's strategic framework, decisions, structures and approaches. This element of the evaluation was on-going throughout the duration of the programme and allowed for an understanding of the critical factors and mechanisms, which shaped the delivery, and outcomes of the counselling service, particularly those issues pertinent to providing a counselling service in a prison environment and the challenges inherent within that. In summary, it sought to answer the following questions: How effective has the partnership been in delivering the intended service? What are the organisational processes which have supported/hindered achievement of the counselling service? What has been the level of stakeholder engagement and input into the service? To what extent have collaborative and consultative working practices been achieved between stakeholders? To what extent has partnership and co-operation with the prison authority been achieved? What is the potential for replication of the counselling service across the prison estate? Outcome and Impact Evaluation This element of the evaluation sought to examine the 'success' of the initiatives adopted in addition to assessing the suitability and feasibility of chosen approaches for male prisoners. The outcome and impact evaluation sought answers to the following questions:- 13

16 What has been the take-up of the service? Has the counselling service met its target of users engaged? What is the profile of men accessing services? What level of drop out has the counselling service encountered? What are the reasons for this? How has this been addressed? What have been the main disclosure and referral routes for service users? How accessible has the programme been for service users? How many sessions have been attended by service users? How many sessions have been missed? Reasons for non attendance? In what ways (if any) has attending the counselling service benefited the target group (e.g. increased hope for the future, increased empowerment, improvement in relationships, self concept etc)? What movement/progress have service users shown regarding the above, during their involvement with the service? What are the perceived benefits/disadvantages of embarking upon the programme (from the perspectives of service users, prison staff and counsellors)? What impact has engagement with the service had on the behaviour and morale of service users? What are the perceived benefits/disadvantages of the specific approaches adopted (from the perspectives of service users, prison staff and counsellors)? Throughout all phases of the evaluation an action research methodology was adopted which was responsive to the needs of stakeholders. This was our preferred approach as action methods provide a continual linking of research with practice and enables evaluators, researchers and stakeholders to learn from each other through a cycle of planning, action and reflection. In this sense, action methods can be responsive to situations in a way that many other research methods cannot be. On-going dialogue, participation and joint decision-making were also a key feature of our approach to evaluation. 1.6 Stakeholders in the Evaluation Service Users DRSACC Management Committee DRSACC Working/Task Groups DDVWP Doncaster Prison staff Project staff (e.g. counsellors) Prison health networks Domestic Violence Forums in England and Wales Prison Service Resettlement Teams Home Office Policing and Crime Reduction Group Funders (Lloyds TSB and Tudor Trust) Policy makers in a variety of fields 14

17 Chapter Two: Methodology 2.1 Methodology Where possible the evaluation design aimed to adhere to a humanistic and person centred framework so as to be consistent with the person centred approach to counselling delivery and also the principles of empowerment which are central to the ethos of both DDVWP and DRSACC. As previously mentioned, the evaluation includes both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. An important part of the evaluation was to assess whether change/progress had occurred among service users therefore it was important that data was collected from service users at two different time points. Thus the evaluator had contact with service users as follows: As close as possible to the start of engagement with the counselling service (entry) As close as possible to the completion of engagement with the counselling service (exit) This approach was adopted in order to effectively compare and reflect on any shifts or changes in service users' attitudes to counselling and any effects they felt the counselling had had on their lives 4. At each time point the following data collection techniques were utilised: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted exploring experiences and perceptions of the service (see Appendix 3) Quantitative data was captured by using a specially designed scale, where respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed/disagreed with statements about how they felt about the lives/selves e.g. 'I respect myself' (see Appendix 3) A semi structured interview guide was designed in conjunction with DRSACC (see Appendix 3) and questions were constructed around certain topic areas, as follows: Accessing the counselling service and referral routes Appropriateness of the counselling environment Expectations and experiences of counselling Perceived impact of counselling on affecting personal change Perceptions about the effectiveness of counselling received 4 In reality it proved somewhat difficult to have both entry and exit contact with service users. This is explored further in a later section 15

18 2.2 Scale Design and Delivery The scale was designed in conjunction with counsellors to ensure it was as user-friendly as possible and also appropriate for the client group. The scale was delivered on a one-to-one basis by the evaluator. All statements were read aloud to service users by the evaluator as no assumptions were made about their literacy level. The statements were organised in 5 separate, but inter-related sections: Feelings about 'self' Relationships with others Abilities to change and/or improve life Behavioural change Attitudes to re-offending An example from the scale can be seen below: Strongly Disagree I respect myself Strongly Agree In line with Sheffield Hallam University's (SHU) commitment to co-operative inquiry and empowering evaluation methods this approach to data collection was fully interactive: All statements were read aloud by the evaluator to ensure literacy problems were accounted for Service users were encouraged to take the pen themselves and identify their position on the continuum To reduce the effects of social desirability management, service users were informed that the evaluator wanted to hear what was both good and bad about the counselling service so the service could be improved Throughout the process service users were encouraged to view themselves as experts on their own lives Throughout the process service users were encouraged to elaborate on their responses to the statements and also to reflect upon progress made as a result of participation in counselling. Although crude in design, asking service users to rate their feelings in this manner at different time points offers the evaluator some indication of change/progress in service users. This quantitative data also complements and verifies the qualitative data obtained (as can be seen in Chapter 5). 16

19 2.3 Additional Data Collection In addition to the data collection methods outlined above, a variety of documentation and information resources were used/analysed for evaluation purposes, as follows: DRSACC client contact sheets (see Appendix 4) Client Log (DRSACC) Weekly log sheets (DRSACC) Lloyds TSB Foundation Bid Proposal documents Minutes of meetings Doncaster Prison Project Individual Prison Project Logs (DRSACC) DRSACC information sheets Advertising for DoVeS counselling service (designed by prisoners on IT course) HMP and YOI Doncaster Data protection information Finally, in depth semi structured interviews were also conducted with staff to ensure a rounded evaluation which would capture service provider as well as service user perspectives: Interviewee Date DRSACC Development Officer March 2006 DRSACC Counsellor 1 February 2006 and September 2006 DRSACC Counsellor 2 February 2006 Voluntary Sector Co-ordinator HMP February 2006 and September 2006 Doncaster Assistant Director of Resettlement February 2006 HMP Doncaster DDVWP Domestic Violence Manager December 2005 DRSACC Liaison Officer September 2006 Member of CARAT team August 2006 Member of In Reach team September 2006 Member of Psychology team September 2006 Chaplaincy representative September 2006 Member of Wing Staff September 2006 Member of Sentence Planning September Issues of Access and Ethics Service users were selected randomly to participate in the evaluation. Participation was dependent simply upon which service users were accessing counselling on the day which the evaluator visited the prison and also on a willingness on the part of the service user to be involved. As already mentioned, once a service user was recruited to the evaluation an entry interview (involving both semi structured interview and scale completion) would take place and where possible an exit interview would also be conducted. In total, 45 interviews were conducted with men for evaluation purposes. Of these, 20 were entry interviews and 20 were exit interviews with 17

20 the same men. The remaining 5 interviews are entry interviews only as the men were released and could not be traced by the evaluation team. The majority of interviews were conducted at HMP Doncaster. However because it proved difficult to access service users for exit interviews due to the unstable nature of the prison population, the evaluator also conducted several exit interviews at the following venues once the service user had left Doncaster prison: Barnsley probation office Rotherham probation office HMP Wolds HMP Everthorpe HMP Moorlands (closed) Service user participation in the evaluation occurred only with the express permission of participants. On induction to the service the counsellor would ask the service user if he was willing to participate. He was able to accept or decline the request with assurance that either decision would in no way impact upon the counselling received. At the start of evaluation interviews service users were made aware of the nature of the evaluation and the ways in which the information would be used. Service users were informed of the evaluation's anticipated consequences and were assured anonymity in the writing up and dissemination. Just one service user, having heard the explanation of the evaluation, declined to continue with the interview. All interviews were recorded with the permission of the service user. The recordings were transcribed and then erased from the mini-disc. The transcriptions were numbered to ensure anonymity and the scale part of the interview is kept in secure storage at the University. Interviewees were given the opportunity to reflect on the evaluation process at the end of interviews and asked if they had anything to add and/or if they felt the interviewer had left any important questions unasked. Interviews undertaken with staff from DDVWP, DRSACC, referral staff and representatives of the prison authority were also recorded, transcribed and stored in the same way. For a more detailed record of evaluation activities, see Appendix Analysis of Interview Data All semi-structured interview data (both service user and staff interviews) was analysed using a thematic framework approach. This involved working through a number of distinct although interconnected phrases (familiarisation, identifying a thematic framework, indexing and coding, mapping and interpretation) in order to make sense of the data. This is the preferred method of data analysis as it is a system which is based entirely in the original accounts of those studied. The qualitative analysis was an interactive process between two members of the evaluation team and involved ongoing discussion and debate throughout all stages, particularly in relation to agreeing key themes. This approach is particularly effective as it provides a 18

The answers are within me. An evaluation of a person centred counselling service for men at HMP Doncaster who have had experience of domestic violence 2005-2007 HAMILTON, P., WILKINSON, K., MEADOWS, L.

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