Winter Kill in Yellowstone

BOZEMAN, Mont. - So far this
winter more than 700 Yellowstone National Park bison have been shot on sight or shipped to
slaughterhouses as they searched for food outside the park. The purpose of this
bloodletting is to prevent the spread of infectious brucellosis from wild bison to
Montana's cattle.

Cattle ranchers have every reason to be concerned about bison that carry brucellosis, a
bacterium that causes cattle to abort their calves. If a single cow is found to carry the
disease, the entire herd must be destroyed. The livestock industry has invested more than
$30 million to ensure that cattle exported from Montana are brucellosis-free. This
brucellosis-free status, conferred in 1985 by an office of the Department of Agriculture,
has been worth at least $6 million a year in the marketplace to the state cattle industry.

But the slaughter of hungry bison to protect domestic livestock is a tragically flawed
policy that pleases no one -- park managers, ranchers or environmentalists. Montana Gov.
Marc Racicot has even appealed personally to President Clinton to stop the bison-cide.
Luckily, a humane and rational alternative is at hand: Eradicate the disease from
Yellowstone bison. This has been done at lesser-known parks like Wind Cave National Park
and Custer State Park in South Dakota. Why not Yellowstone?

Amid rolling prairie grasslands and ponderosa pine forest, Wind Cave hosts a herd of some
300 brucellosis-free bison. It eradicated the disease with an annual program of testing,
vaccination and elimination of only disease-carrying animals. Park managers maintain the
herd at a size that can be supported on park lands: Each year the bison are rounded up,
and animals in excess of the park's range capacity are sold to Indian tribes at about $275
a head, enough to cover the park's costs.

Custer State Park has also used testing and vaccination to achieve a disease-free herd,
with about 1,000 bison. Excess bison are auctioned, usually to private herd owners, at an
average price of $2,200. Last fall, the Custer sale brought in more than $800,000 at a
cost of $135,000. One-third of the park's total operating expenses are covered by these
revenues.

If Yellowstone's herd were disease-free, humane alternatives for managing the bison
would expand. One option would be to let them migrate out of the park as do elk and deer.
Another would be to follow the lead of the South Dakota parks by selling live animals to
private herds, commercial bison ranches, other parks or animal groups. In Arizona the
International Society for Protection of Mustangs and Burros has purchased 331 acres of
land where it houses excess wild horses it plans to build ~ visitors' center, library and
museum to attract paying tourists. Similar action could be taken for Montana s bison if
groups could purchase brucellosis-free animals.

Why hasn't Yellowstone chosen such a humane approach? Park biologists claim brucellosis
vaccinations are unreliable, but Custer and Wind Cave have proved otherwise--neither has
had a bison test positive for brucellosis in 13 years. Media mogul Ted Turner relies on
vaccinations to maintain a brucellosis-free bison herd on one of his Montana ranches.
"There is no reason Yellowstone cannot achieve brucellosis-free status," says
Montana State Veterinarian Clarence Siroky.

Instead, the park pursues a senseless and even cruel hands-off bison-management policy,
known as "natural regulation." Brucellosis-infected animals are allowed to
spread the disease, reproduce and overpopulate the park. The herd has grown to more than
3,000 bison, far beyond the estimated 1,500 to 2,000 the park can support.

As population pressure forces bison nut of the park in search of food, they become a
problem for the state of Montana, which several years ago authorized hunts to keep
possibly diseased bison from mixing with cattle. Hunters lined up at the border and picked
off grazing bison as they left the park, resulting in a storm of public protest. In 1991
the state called a halt to the hunting, but not the killing. Because nothing had been done
to eradicate brucellosis, bison crossing park borders were still shot down, only this time
tax-paid game wardens and park rangers, rather than fee-paying hunters, were pulling the
triggers.

This winter Montana has ordered the capture and testing of all animals leaving the
park. Animals testing positive for brucellosis are shipped to slaughter, while
disease-free bison may be turned loose on nearby public lands. Animals that can't be
caught are simply shot. At the beginning of the season, estimated program costs were
$395,000 to the state and $100,000 to the federal government. After only a month of
operation, state officials are calling the program "a tremendous drain on our
resources."

It is time to try a hands-on approach to bison management. Yellowstone could turn an
intractable problem into an opportunity to save bison and to generate revenue for the
park. If Custer State Park can earn $665,000 through sensible management of its
much-smaller bison herd, surely Yellowstone and its wildlife could have a secure and
prosperous future.

Ms.Fretwell is a research associate and Ms.Platts is an editor with the Montana-based Political Economy Research
Center.

Linda is responsible for the PERC web sites, media relations, the national journalism conference, and the media fellows program. She is author of Forest Fires, part of a series of environmental education books for high school students. She also wrote and produced Square One, a newsletter that introduced grassroots environmentalists to market...

Holly Fretwell is a Research Fellow at PERC and an adjunct instructor at Montana State University where she has taught introductory economics, macroeconomics, natural resources and environmental economics. She works with the Foundation for Teaching Economics, giving workshops for high school teachers to improve their skills in teaching and using...

Founded 30 years ago in Bozeman, Montana, PERC—the Property and Environment Research Center—is the nation’s oldest and largest institute dedicated to improving environmental quality through property rights and markets.

The goal of PERC’s programs is to fully realize the vision of establishing “PERC University,” where scholars, students, policy makers, and others convene to expand the applications of free market environmentalism.

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