Uber Engaged in ‘Illegal’ Spying on Rivals, Ex-Employee Says

SAN FRANCISCO — For years, Uber secretly spied on key executives, drivers and employees at rival ride-hailing companies as part of a larger intelligence-gathering operation that spanned multiple countries, according to a letter made public in a federal court on Friday.

The 37-page letter, written by Richard Jacobs, a former Uber security employee, detailed what he described as the formation of separate internal teams designed “expressly for the purpose of acquiring trade secrets” from major ride-sharing competitors around the world.

Those teams then worked to infiltrate chat rooms and scraped websites for data on competitors, according to the letter. Uber security employees occasionally impersonated drivers to gain access to chat groups, illegally recorded phone calls, and secretly wiretapped and tailed executives at rival companies over the course of 2016, the letter said.

“Uber has engaged, and continues to engage, in illegal intelligence gathering on a global scale,” Mr. Jacobs wrote.

His letter underscores the lengths that Uber went to in order to get ahead of rivals under its former chief executive, Travis Kalanick, when it prized aggressiveness and the growth of its ride-hailing business above all else. The company is now trying to shift away from that image and stabilize after a year filled with scandals, executive departures and internal battles. Mr. Kalanick stepped down in June, and his successor, Dara Khosrowshahi, has been on an apology tour for Uber’s past behavior.

Mr. Jacobs’s letter is part of a trade secrets case that Uber is fighting against Waymo, the self-driving-automobile business that operates under Google’s parent company. Waymo has said Uber stole information about driverless-car technology from it. Uber has denied Waymo’s allegations, and the case is scheduled to go to trial next month.

Mr. Jacobs’s letter surfaced last month when the United States attorney’s office in Northern California alerted the federal judge in the Uber-Waymo case to its existence. The letter was submitted into evidence because it also detailed allegations that Uber employees potentially conspired to steal trade secrets from Waymo. The judge, William Alsup of Federal District Court in San Francisco, then delayed a trial in the case so Waymo’s lawyers could gather more information on the claims.

At the time, Mr. Jacobs appeared in court about his letter. In his testimony, he walked back some of its claims, including those pertaining to Uber’s alleged theft of Waymo’s trade secrets. Uber had privately settled a lawsuit by Mr. Jacobs for millions of dollars this year.

The document nonetheless paints a picture of Uber’s other competitive tactics, which Mr. Jacobs said had been carried out by Uber’s security team with Mr. Kalanick’s knowledge. At the time, the team was led by Joe Sullivan, the company’s chief security officer.

Mr. Jacobs’s letter said that after the Uber teams followed rival executives to hotels or private meeting spaces, they relayed their actions to Mr. Kalanick. In one instance, Uber security officials passed along the reactions of executives from a competing company when they received the news that Uber was to receive a venture capital investment of more than $3 billion from Saudi Arabian investors.

“While we haven’t substantiated all the claims in this letter — and, importantly, any related to Waymo — our new leadership has made clear that going forward we will compete honestly and fairly, on the strength of our ideas and technology,” Matt Kallman, a spokesman for Uber, said in a statement after the letter’s release.

Uber is facing at least five separate federal investigations, including at least one over a software tool called “Greyball,” which the company created to evade law enforcement in cities around the world. It is also facing an investigation into whether the company broke the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act for bribery overseas, a claim Mr. Jacobs made in his letter.

Two of Uber’s top security officials — including Mr. Sullivan and Craig Clark, a lawyer on Mr. Sullivan’s team — were let go this month, after the company disclosed that it had covered up a 2016 hacking that affected the accounts of more than 50 million drivers and riders.

On Friday, Mr. Sullivan and others on the security team disputed Mr. Jacobs’s letter, saying it was “nothing more than character assassination for cash,” according to a statement from Matthew Umhofer, an attorney for four Uber security employees. “Jacobs took the good work my clients did and twisted it into something it wasn’t,” Mr. Umhofer said.

In his own statement, Mr. Sullivan said, “From where I sat, my team acted ethically, with integrity and in the best interests of our drivers and riders.”