William Bonvillian is director of the Washington, DC, office of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prior to this position, he served for 17 years as legislative director and chief counsel to U.S. Senator Joseph Lieberman. He is also an adjunct assistant professor at Georgetown University. He has written legislation in the areas of science, technology, and economic innovation and has an abiding interest in science and science education. Prior to leaving Senator Lieberman’s office, he worked on legislation that came in direct response to the National Academies report Rising Abovethe Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a BrighterEconomic Future. At the National Academies, he has been invited to speak to many groups about the legislative and policy process at the federal level and is a member of the Board on Science Education. He has a B.A. in history from Columbia University, an M.A.R. in religion from Yale University, and a J.D. from Columbia University School of Law.

Margaret Hilton (Study Director) is a senior program officer of the Board on Science Education. The workshop on science education and 21st century skills built on the workshop on future skill demands, which she directed in 2007. She is currently directing a review of the Occupational Information Network (O*NET). Previously, she has directed a study of high school science laboratories and contributed to workshops and studies of promising practices in undergraduate STEM; the role of state standards in K-12 education; foreign language and international studies in higher education; international labor standards; and the Information Technology workforce. Prior to coming to the NRC, at the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, she directed studies of workforce training, work reorganization, and international competitiveness. She has a B.A. in geography, with High Honors, from the University of Michigan, a Master of Regional Planning degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and a Master of Human Resource Development degree from the George Washington University.

Marcia C. Linn is professor of development and cognition, specializing in education in mathematics, science, and technology, in the Graduate School of Education at the University of California, Berkeley. She also directs the Technology-Enhanced Learning in Science (TELS) center. She is a member of the National Academy of Education and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Psychological Association, and the Association for Psychological Science. Her board service includes the American Association for the Advancement of Science board, the Graduate Record Examination Board of the Educational Testing Service, the McDonnell Foundation Cognitive Studies in Education Practice board, and the Education and Human Resources Directorate at

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Important Notice

As of 2013, the National Science Education Standards have been replaced by the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), available as a print book, free PDF download, and online with our OpenBook platform.