Oh Frack, B.C.'s Carbon Footprint Likely Greater Than Reported

This is the first part of a two-part series on methane emissions in British Columbia.

Methane emissions from British Columbia's natural gas industry are likely at least seven times greater than what's been reported -- blowing numbers in B.C.'s Climate Action Plan out of the water. Natural gas is nearly all methane and since methane is such a powerful climate warming gas these unreported emissions mean the total CO2 equivalent emissions for the entire province are nearly 25 per cent higher than what's being reported.

The province's legislated climate plan is to reduce CO2 equivalent emissions (CO2e) 33 per cent below 2007 levels by 2020. The booming natural gas sector may make that target an impossibility.

Each year the B.C. gas industry "loses" about 20 per cent of the natural gas between pumping it out of the ground and its final destination. That was 7.4 billion cubic meters in 2010 out of a total production of 36.4 billion cubic meters according government statistics (BC's Natural Gas Exports). If a cubic meter was one second, 7.4 billion seconds equals 240 years.

While this gas was "lost in the field, the plant or during distribution and export" the report says most is not actually "lost" but used by industry to power equipment, pump gas through the pipelines and so on.

But some of this gas escaped into the atmosphere through leaks, deliberate venting and what the industry calls fugitive emissions. According to senior official in the B.C. Ministry of Environment just 0.3 to 0.4 per cent was lost to the atmosphere in 2010. However, recent U.S. studies of the gas industry show these losses or fugitive emissions are between 2 per cent and 9 per cent.

Actual measurements of the amount of methane escaping gas fields and pipelines are rare and not done by the Ministry. Recent in-field measurements at two different locations in Colorado and Utah found methane leakage ranging from 4 per cent to 9 per cent according to a report in the science journal Nature.

Robert Howarth and colleagues at Cornell University in New York State estimated that between 3.6 per cent and 7.9 per cent of all shale gas produced leaks in studies published in 2012 and 2011. Shale gas obtained through hydraulic fracking is believed to be leakier than traditional drilling methods.

About half of B.C. gas is obtained by fracking. Most of B.C.'s gas is exported to Alberta and the U.S.

B.C.'s reported methane leaks are "absurdly low" Howarth told DeSmog.

"The very, very lowest numbers ever published, and they were published by industry, were 0.67 per cent," he said. "As more field measurements are made, our numbers (mean of 5.8 per cent) are looking like they might even be low."

When methane is burned to heat your home the waste product is CO2 -- it's vital to know just how much is leaking. While CO2 lives for centuries in the atmosphere, unburned methane has a shorter life but is much better at trapping heat than CO2. Initially this heat-trapping power is considered to be 25 times greater than CO2 over a 100-year time period. Soon, scientists expect that number to be raised to 33 times. These metrics are called "global warming potential" (GWP).

However, new research shows over a 20-year span, methane's global warming potential (GWP) is up to 105 times greater than CO2.

"Given the urgent need to reduce methane emissions globally to keep global temperature rise below the critical value of 1.5 to 2 degree Celsius, many Earth system scientists believe the 20-year time frame is the appropriate one to use," said Howarth.

One of the world's leading methane experts agrees.

"If you believe limiting near-term climate change is an important goal for society, than it makes sense to pay attention to the 20-year value (105X)," Drew Shindell at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies told DeSmog.

Methane Leaks Like Adding At Least 3 Million Cars to B.C. Roads

If B.C.'s leaks are in reality 3 per cent then that's equates to roughly 1.1 billion cubic meters of methane escaping into the atmosphere each year. That means these leaks are equivalent to pumping out 15.5 million tonnes (Mt) of CO2 based on GWP of 21 that the province uses, and is the current international standard until later this year. That's equivalent to the emissions from operating 3 million cars for one year (Avg: 5.1 ton CO2/vehicle/year). The province has 2 million licensed passenger vehicles.

Using the climate protection metric of a GWP of 105 then B.C.'s methane leaks is the same as pumping 77.5 Mt of CO2 into the atmosphere every year, more than doubling the province's carbon footprint.

Emissions for the entire province from all sources, transport, energy, home, industry etc. was 62 Mt in 2010 (most recent year available). Of that total just 2.2 Mt of CO2 were attributed to methane emissions from the natural gas industry according to a senior official at the Ministry of Environment.

The main reason for the huge gap between B.C.'s reported methane emissions of 2.2 Mt vs. the more realistic emissions estimate of 15.5 to 77.5 Mt appears to be due to under-reporting by industry.