State unemployment rates by race and ethnicity show recovery expanding but still leaving stubborn pockets of high unemployment

This is a corrected version of the report posted in June 2017 to reflect corrections to the data in Table 1

In March 2017, the national unemployment rate was 4.5 percent, a slight decrease from 4.7 percent at the end of the fourth quarter in December 2016. State unemployment rates in March ranged from a low of 2.6 percent in Colorado to a high of 6.7 percent in New Mexico.1 According to an earlier EPI analysis, from December 2016 to March 2017, 36 states and the District of Columbia saw their unemployment rates decline, 10 states saw unemployment rates rise, and 4 states saw no change. In the first quarter of 2017, African Americans had the highest unemployment rate nationally, at 8.0 percent, followed by Latinos (5.7 percent), whites (3.8 percent), and Asians (3.3 percent).

State unemployment rates, by race and ethnicity

This report provides unemployment rates, by race and ethnicity, and racial unemployment rate gaps, by state, for the first quarter of 2017. We provide this analysis on a quarterly basis to generate a sample size large enough to create reliable estimates of unemployment rates by race at the state level. We only report estimates for states where the sample size of these subgroups is large enough to create an accurate estimate.

Trends among whites

In the first quarter of 2017, the white unemployment rate was lowest in South Dakota (1.7 percent) and highest in New Mexico (5.2 percent), as shown in the interactive map and underlying data table, which present state unemployment rates by race and ethnicity. South Dakota has had the lowest white unemployment rate for seven quarters in a row, while New Mexico replaces West Virginia as the state with the highest white unemployment rate.

Interactive Map

State unemployment rates, by race/ethnicity and overall, 2017Q1

State

All

White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

Alaska

6.4%

4.3%

NA

NA

NA

Alabama

6.1%

4.8%

9.9%

NA

NA

Arkansas

3.7%

3.6%

5.6%

NA

NA

Arizona

5.0%

4.0%

NA

6.3%

NA

California

5.0%

4.1%

7.5%

6.3%

3.3%

Colorado

2.8%

2.8%

NA

2.6%

NA

Connecticut

4.7%

3.8%

NA

7.6%

NA

Washington D.C.

5.7%

2.2%

12.2%

2.2%

NA

Delaware

4.5%

4.0%

5.9%

NA

NA

Florida

4.9%

4.1%

8.0%

5.0%

4.1%

Georgia

5.3%

3.6%

8.7%

4.5%

NA

Hawaii

2.8%

2.5%

NA

NA

2.7%

Iowa

3.2%

2.7%

NA

NA

NA

Idaho

3.6%

3.4%

NA

4.6%

NA

Illinois

5.3%

4.6%

9.6%

5.8%

2.9%

Indiana

4.0%

3.8%

7.3%

NA

NA

Kansas

4.0%

3.0%

NA

6.2%

NA

Kentucky

5.0%

4.8%

NA

NA

NA

Louisiana

5.8%

4.1%

9.6%

NA

NA

Massachusetts

3.4%

2.9%

7.7%

4.8%

2.0%

Maryland

4.2%

3.1%

6.2%

NA

NA

Maine

3.2%

2.6%

NA

NA

NA

Michigan

5.2%

4.4%

9.2%

NA

NA

Minnesota

3.9%

3.2%

NA

NA

NA

Missouri

4.1%

3.6%

NA

NA

NA

Mississippi

5.2%

4.0%

6.6%

NA

NA

Montana

3.9%

3.4%

NA

NA

NA

North Carolina

5.1%

4.2%

7.5%

5.3%

NA

North Dakota

2.9%

2.4%

NA

NA

NA

Nebraska

3.2%

2.1%

NA

NA

NA

New Hampshire

2.7%

2.6%

NA

NA

NA

New Jersey

4.4%

3.8%

7.1%

5.7%

2.8%

New Mexico

6.7%

5.2%

NA

6.1%

NA

Nevada

4.9%

4.4%

NA

4.7%

5.7%

New York

4.4%

3.8%

6.9%

5.4%

3.1%

Ohio

5.1%

4.2%

9.5%

NA

NA

Oklahoma

4.5%

3.6%

NA

4.3%

NA

Oregon

4.0%

3.9%

NA

4.2%

NA

Pennsylvania

5.0%

4.1%

10.1%

9.8%

NA

Rhode Island

4.5%

3.9%

NA

6.4%

NA

South Carolina

4.4%

3.4%

7.3%

NA

NA

South Dakota

2.8%

1.7%

NA

NA

NA

Tennessee

5.3%

4.3%

10.9%

NA

NA

Texas

4.9%

3.5%

8.1%

5.6%

3.1%

Utah

3.1%

3.0%

NA

3.8%

2.4%

Virginia

3.9%

2.8%

7.4%

3.5%

4.1%

Vermont

3.0%

3.1%

NA

NA

NA

Washington

4.9%

4.4%

NA

7.6%

4.4%

Wisconsin

3.7%

3.1%

NA

NA

NA

West Virginia

5.2%

4.9%

NA

NA

NA

Wyoming

4.7%

4.2%

NA

NA

NA

Note: The map reports unemployment rates only for state subgroups with sample sizes large enough to create accurate estimates.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) data and Current Population Survey (CPS) data

Table 1 displays changes in state unemployment rates by race and ethnicity from the fourth quarter of 2007 to the first quarter of 2017. New Mexico is the state where the white unemployment rate is most elevated above its pre-recession level, 1.9 percentage points higher than in the fourth quarter of 2007. The white unemployment rate is at or below its pre-recession level in 30 states, with the largest decreases since the fourth quarter of 2007 in Maine (-2.2 percentage points), Michigan (-1.8 percent), Massachusetts (-1.7 percentage points), Hawaii (-1.5 percentage points), Oregon (-1.5 percentage points), and Rhode Island (-1.5 percentage points). The white unemployment rate is above but within 0.5 percentage point of its pre-recession level in 13 states and the District of Columbia.

Table 1

Change in state unemployment rates by race and ethnicity, 2007Q4–2017Q1 (percentage points)

State

White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

USA

-0.2

-0.7

-0.2

-0.2

Alabama

1.1

3.7

NA

NA

Alaska

-0.3

NA

NA

NA

Arizona

0.7

NA

0.4

NA

Arkansas

-1.1

-3.3

NA

NA

California

-0.6

-2.5

-0.8

-1.6

Colorado

-0.7

NA

-2.6

NA

Connecticut

0.3

NA

-0.7

NA

Delaware

1.1

0.9

NA

NA

District of Columbia

0.5

2.4

NA

NA

Florida

0.1

1.7

-0.8

NA

Georgia

0.4

0.5

-2.6

NA

Hawaii

-1.5

NA

NA

0.2

Idaho

0.4

NA

NA

NA

Illinois

0.2

-2.7

0.0

-0.6

Indiana

-0.5

-4.1

NA

NA

Iowa

-0.7

NA

NA

NA

Kansas

-0.7

NA

NA

NA

Kentucky

-0.3

NA

NA

NA

Louisiana

1.7

0.9

NA

NA

Maine

-2.2

NA

NA

NA

Maryland

0.3

0.6

NA

NA

Massachusetts

-1.7

NA

NA

NA

Michigan

-1.8

-6.3

NA

NA

Minnesota

-0.9

NA

NA

NA

Mississippi

0.4

-3.7

NA

NA

Missouri

-0.9

NA

NA

NA

Montana

-0.3

NA

NA

NA

Nebraska

-0.5

NA

NA

NA

Nevada

0.2

NA

-1.8

2.7

New Hampshire

-0.9

NA

NA

NA

New Jersey

-0.2

-1.3

0.5

0.5

New Mexico

1.9

NA

1.5

NA

New York

0.0

-1.0

-1.6

-0.2

North Carolina

0.2

-0.8

-1.1

NA

North Dakota

0.3

NA

NA

NA

Ohio

-0.3

-4.1

NA

NA

Oklahoma

0.6

NA

NA

NA

Oregon

-1.5

NA

NA

NA

Pennsylvania

-0.1

2.9

NA

NA

Rhode Island

-1.5

NA

-1.0

NA

South Carolina

-0.3

-3.8

NA

NA

South Dakota

-0.3

NA

NA

NA

Tennessee

-0.2

1.4

NA

NA

Texas

0.1

0.2

1.1

0.2

Utah

0.5

NA

-0.1

NA

Vermont

-1.1

NA

NA

NA

Virginia

-0.3

2.1

-0.2

NA

Washington

-0.5

NA

1.8

0.5

West Virginia

0.2

NA

NA

NA

Wisconsin

-1.1

NA

NA

NA

Wyoming

1.7

NA

NA

NA

Note: The table reports data only for state subgroups with sample sizes large enough to create accurate estimates.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) data and Current Population Survey (CPS) data

Trends among African Americans

During the first quarter of 2017, among states, the African American unemployment rate was lowest in Arkansas (5.6 percent) and highest in Tennessee (10.9 percent); in the District of Columbia, it was 12.2 percent. The District of Columbia also had the highest black unemployment rate during the previous quarter, though among states Illinois had the highest black unemployment rate (11.3 percent) in the fourth quarter of 2016.

In the first quarter of 2017, of the 22 states with African American estimates (23 counting the District of Columbia), 20 had African American unemployment rates at or below 10 percent; in 12 of these states, the rate was lower than the first quarter national average for African Americans (8.0 percent).

Table 2 displays the black-white and Hispanic-white unemployment rate ratios in the first quarter of 2017. Delaware’s black-white unemployment rate ratio was the smallest in the country (of the states with data). In Delaware, the black unemployment rate was 1.5 times the white rate, up from 1.4 times the white rate during the previous quarter. Delaware also had the smallest black-white unemployment rate ratio in the last quarter of 2016. As in the previous two quarters, the largest gap was in the District of Columbia, where the black unemployment rate was 5.6 times the white rate. The next highest black-white unemployment ratios were in Massachusetts and Virginia (both at 2.6 times the white rate).

Table 2

Black-white and Hispanic-white state unemployment rate ratios, 2017Q1

State

Black-white ratio

Hispanic-white ratio

USA

2.1

1.5

Alabama

2.1

NA

Alaska

NA

NA

Arizona

NA

1.6

Arkansas

1.6

NA

California

1.8

1.5

Colorado

NA

0.9

Connecticut

NA

2.0

Delaware

1.5

NA

District of Columbia

5.6

1.0

Florida

2.0

1.2

Georgia

2.4

1.2

Hawaii

NA

NA

Idaho

NA

1.3

Illinois

2.1

1.2

Indiana

1.9

NA

Iowa

NA

NA

Kansas

NA

2.1

Kentucky

NA

NA

Louisiana

2.3

NA

Maine

NA

NA

Maryland

2.0

NA

Massachusetts

2.6

1.6

Michigan

2.1

NA

Minnesota

NA

NA

Mississippi

1.6

NA

Missouri

NA

NA

Montana

NA

NA

Nebraska

NA

NA

Nevada

NA

1.1

New Hampshire

NA

NA

New Jersey

1.9

1.5

New Mexico

NA

1.2

New York

1.9

1.4

North Carolina

1.8

1.3

North Dakota

NA

NA

Ohio

2.3

NA

Oklahoma

NA

1.2

Oregon

NA

1.1

Pennsylvania

2.5

2.4

Rhode Island

NA

1.7

South Carolina

2.1

NA

South Dakota

NA

NA

Tennessee

2.5

NA

Texas

2.3

1.6

Utah

NA

1.3

Vermont

NA

NA

Virginia

2.6

1.3

Washington

NA

1.7

West Virginia

NA

NA

Wisconsin

NA

NA

Wyoming

NA

NA

Note: The table reports data only for state subgroups with sample sizes large enough to create accurate estimates.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) data and Current Population Survey (CPS) data

With regard to recovery, the African American unemployment rate is at or below its pre-recession level in 11 states: Arkansas, California, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, and South Carolina. However, a return to pre-recession levels in these states is barely a recovery: in all of these states, black unemployment rates were above 8.0 percent before the recession. Of the states where the black unemployment rate has recovered, Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio have black unemployment rates higher than the first quarter national average for African Americans (8.0 percent). The black unemployment rate is higher than but within 0.5 percentage point of its pre-recession level in Georgia and Texas. The black unemployment rate remains most elevated above its pre-recession level in Alabama (3.7 percentage points higher).

Trends among Hispanics

The Hispanic unemployment rate was highest in Pennsylvania (9.8 percent) and lowest in the District of Columbia (2.2 percent); among states it was lowest in Colorado (estimates are available for 23 states and the District of Columbia). Pennsylvania has had the highest Hispanic unemployment rate for three consecutive quarters and was the only state in the first quarter of 2017 with a Hispanic unemployment rate above 9 percent. Colorado replaces Utah as the state with the lowest Hispanic unemployment rate.

The Hispanic unemployment rate is at or below its pre-recession level in 12 states: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Utah, and Virginia. The Hispanic unemployment rate is above but within 0.5 percentage point of its pre-recession level in Arizona, Illinois, and New Jersey. The Hispanic unemployment rate was most elevated above its pre-recession level in Washington (1.8 percentage points), New Mexico (1.5 percentage points), and Texas (1.1 percentage points).

The Hispanic-white unemployment rate ratio is lowest in Colorado (0.9) and highest in Pennsylvania (2.4). This is the second consecutive quarter Pennsylvania has had the largest gap between Hispanic and white unemployment rates, despite a decrease in the Hispanic unemployment rate while the white rate was essentially unchanged from the previous quarter.

Trends among Asians

Asian unemployment estimates are available for 12 states. The Asian unemployment rate was lowest in Massachusetts (2.0 percent) and highest in Nevada (5.7 percent). Nevada has had the highest Asian unemployment rate for three consecutive quarters and was the only state with an Asian unemployment rate above 5 percent. The Asian unemployment rate was below its pre-recession level in California, Illinois, and New York. In Hawaii, New Jersey, Texas, and Washington, it was above but within 0.5 percentage point of its pre-recession level. The Asian unemployment rate was most elevated above its pre-recession level in Nevada (2.7 percentage points higher).

Methodology

The unemployment rate estimates in this issue brief are based on the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) and the Current Population Survey (CPS) from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The overall state unemployment rate is taken directly from the LAUS. CPS 6-month ratios are applied to LAUS data to calculate the rates by race and ethnicity. For each state subgroup, we calculate the unemployment rate using the past 6 months of CPS data. We then find the ratio of this subgroup rate to the state unemployment rate using the same period of CPS data. This gives us an estimate of how the subgroup compares with the state overall.

While this methodology allows us to calculate unemployment-rate estimates at the state level by race by quarter, it is less precise at the national level than simply using the CPS. Thus, the national-level estimates may differ from direct CPS estimates.

In many states, the sample sizes of particular subgroups are not large enough to create accurate estimates of their unemployment rate. We report data only for groups that had, on average, a sample size of at least 700 in the labor force for each six-month period.

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