6 Prepubertal Age Group Management Unilocular cysts : always benign and will regress in 3~6months not require surgical management with oophorectomy or oophorocystectomy Recurrence rate after cyst aspiration : 50% Premature surgical therapy for a functional ovarian mass can result in ovarian and tubal adhesions that can affect future fertility

7 Prepubertal Age Group Management

8 Adolescent Age Group Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis and Management

9 Differential Diagnosis Ovarian masses Inflammatory Masses Pregnancy

10 Adolescent Age Group Differential Diagnosis (1) Ovarian masses Malignant neoplasm is lower among adolescents than among younger children Epithelial neoplasms : Mature cystic teratoma : most common type Dysgenetic gonads : malignant tumor in 25% gonadectomy is recommended for patients with XY gonadal dysgenesis or its mosaic variations

12 Adolescent Age Group Differential Diagnosis (2) Inflammatory Masses Consist of tuboovarian complex, tuboovarian abscess, pyosalpinx or chronically hydrosalpinx Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a frequent infection of the female upper genital tract: commonly associated with infertility, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy and recurrent infection. confused with other pelvic conditions that exhibit similar symptoms, such as endometriosis, appendicitis or ectopic pregnancy. A low threshold including the following criteria should be used for the diagnosis of PID: uterine/adnexal tenderness or cervical motion tenderness.

13 This tubo-ovarian abscess is characterized by a cystic component (curved arrow) with an apparently solid area (straight arrow).

14 Tubo-ovarian complex. Endovaginal image of the left adnexa (A) shows a distorted ovary (OV) partially encircled by a fluid-filled hydrosalpinx (TUBE). Power Doppler (B) shows marked hyperemia throughout this similar complex structure.

15 Ultrasound Image of Hydrosalpinx.

16 B-mode ultrasonography of hydrosalphinges. (A) An elongated shaped mass with incomplete septa (curved arrow) is related to the presence of a hydrosalpinx. (B) Another elongated shaped mass presenting hyperechoic mural nodules measuring approximately 2-3 mm, called 'beads-on-a-string' (straight arrow). (C) The 'waist sign', defined as indentations along opposite sides of the cystic mass (straight arrow) is another feature related to hydrosalpinx.

17 Adolescent Age Group Differential Diagnosis (3) Pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is currently the leading cause of maternal death in the first trimester. The most common gestational age at time of diagnosis is 6-10 weeks. The classic triad of symptoms for EP includes abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding after a period of amenorrhea. these nonspecific findings may also be seen in other clinical situations. In a normal pregnancy, the serum hcg level doubles or increases by at least 66% in 48 hours.

18 (A) Ampullary, 80%; (B) Isthmic, 12%; (C) Fimbrial, 5%; (D) Cornual/Interstitial, 2%; (E) Abdominal, 1.4%; (F) Ovarian, 0.2%; (G) Cervical, 0.2%. Pregnancy can even occur in both the womb and the tube at the same time (heterotopic pregnancy), but this is rare, occuring in only about 1/10,000 pregnancies.

19 This sac should be visualized when the hcg level reaches miu/ml, and when it is mlu/ml, the intrauterine gestational sac should be visualized by transabdominal ultrasound.

24 Adolescent Age Group Management Laparoscopy - to confirm the diagnosis - to perform irrigation, lysis of adhesions, - draninage and irrigation of unilateral or bilateral pyosalpinx or tuboovarian abscess associated with a risk of major complications ( bowel obstruction and bowel or vessel injury)

25 Reproductive Age Group Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis and Management

30 Reproductive Age Group Differential Diagnosis Non neoplastic ovarian masses Ovarian cysts are common and generally cause no trouble. Occasionally, ovarian cysts may cause a problem by: Delaying menstruation Rupturing Twisting Causing pain Bleeding 95% of ovarian cysts disappear spontaneously, usually after the next menstrual flow. Those that remain and those causing problems are often removed surgically.

33 A mass with internal echoes with a pattern of fine interdigitating lines described as 'reticular', 'fishnet', 'lacelike' or 'jelly-like'. This is the typical transvaginal B-mode finding of luteal hemorrhagic cysts.

34 Characteristic "Ring of Fire" Surrounding a Corpus Luteum With Power Doppler.

37 The typical and atypical transvaginal B-mode findings of endometrioma. (A) Typical findings: a round homogeneous hypoechoic 'tissue', of lowlevel echoes, with a clear demarcation from the parenchyma and without papillary proliferation. (B) Atypical findings: a round-shaped homogeneous hypoechoic 'tissue' of low-level echoes with an echogenic portion. This kind of mass must be evaluated by color Doppler to exclude the presence of flow in this intracystic portion.

38 The presence of ovaries (containing one endometrioma each) that are joined together behind the uterus in the cul-desac are called 'kissing ovaries'.

39 Reproductive Age Group Dermoid cysts Malignant transformation <2% of dermoid cysts ( in all ages) most cases occur in women >40 years of ages Risk of torsion : 15% (more frequently with ovarian tumors in high-fat content float within the abdominal and pelvic cavity) Bilateral :10% Differential Diagnosis neoplastic ovarian masses Ovarian cystectomy is almost always possible, even if it appears that only a small amount of ovarian tissue remains

47 Reproductive Age Group Management Management should be based on the primary symptoms and may include observation with close follow-up, temporizing surgical therapies, medical management or definitive surgical procedures Nonsurgical management Surgical management

50 Reproductive Age Group Management Ovarian Masses Large cysts, multiloculations, septa, papillae, ascites and increased blood flow(on ultrasonography) suspected of malignancy Ovarian tumor torsion requires oophorectomy on the basis that the untwisting (detorsion) of the ovarian pedicle would lead to emboli Recent studies have suggested that the primary management should be detorsion with ovarian cystectomy if a cyst is present - Normal ovarian function frequently results even in ovaries that do not initially appear to be viable. - This management is particularly important in prepubertal and young women

51 Reproductive Age Group Management Ovarian Masses Ultrasonographic or CT-directed aspiration procedures should not be used in women in whom there is a suspicion of malignancy The choice of surgical approach (laparotomy or laparoscopy) based on the surgical indications the patient s condition the surgeon s expertise and training informed patient preference the most recent data supporting the chosen approach

52 Postmenopausal Age Group Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis and Management

53 Postmenopausal Age Group Differential Diagnosis Ovarian masses During the postmenopausal years, the ovaries become smaller - Before menopuse, the dimension are approximately 3.5X2X1.5cm - In early menopause, the ovaries are approximately 2X1.5X0.5cm - In late menopause they are even smaller : 1.5X0.75X0.5cm Ovarian cancer - predominant - average patient age : 56~60 years

56 Postmenopausal Age Group Management Benign : nonoperative management Indication of surgery - based on characteristics of the mass - a family or personal medical history - a strong family history of ovary, breast, endometrial or colon cancer - a mass that appears to be enlarging - the patient s desire for definitive diagnosis - selection of the appropriate surgical procedure is critical for effective therapy

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