M[::]=0
for j in range (0,col):
M[0][j]=C[0][j]
for i in range (1,row):
for j in range (0,col):
if j==0:
M[i][j]=C[i][j]+min(M[i-1][j],M[i-1][j+1])
elif j==(col-1):
M[i][j]=C[i][j]+min(M[i-1][j],M[i-1][j-1])
else:
min_val=min(M[i-1][j-1],M[i-1][j])...

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Ice Carving Paper
The very first step in the ice carving process creating a template. To create a
template I choose the design I want to use and trace the outline on a large piece of paper
projected by a projector. An important thing to remember before carving the ice, is that
the ice must be tempered in an environment of about 40-68 degrees, in order to prevent
cracking of the ice. One way to know if the ice is tempered is that it will be all clear with
no frost.
The next thing is to use a chipper to mark the outline of the template on the
block. This ensures that your outline is more easily visible. Once that is done, you will
connect the lines with a v chisel and these are the lines you will be guided by with the
chainsaw. The best way to chisel is by chiseling the lines that are going in the same
direction before any others if doing this for the first time. The next step is to cut the
unnecessary pieces of ice off of the block. You will then sand the ice in order to smooth it
out and then store it.
Next I use Ice tongs, they are a tool used to lift the ice and prevent it from
slipping. You need to lift the ice in order to get to the pieces of the block that are at the
bottom and need to be carved. An ice chipper is used to take of any square or unwanted
edges off go the sculpture. Care should be taken to ensure you are not chipping too much off...

...Okir refers to the Maranao design in their carving, weaving and metal works. It comes from the word "okkil," which means "to carve." It can be seen in the colorful malong woven by the Maranao and in the old houses or torogans of datus and sultans of Lanao, Mindanao.
Maranao
Maranao are the graceful "people of the lake", living on the northern edge of Lake Lanao. They are Mindanao's last group to be converted to Islam.
Maranao Art
Okir or okkil refers to the ranfe of folk motifs, usually of plants and geometric forms, that are prominent in Maranao art work.
The oldest proof of okir's flowering is the torogan, the ancestral home of the highest titleholder in a Maranao village. The torongan is a symbol of rank abd prestige and is reserved for important celebrations and political events. It stands out architecturally in the community because if its panolong - a carved beam that protrudes in the front of the house and is adorned with okir motif.
Aside from plan and vegetable forms, the panalong has come to be dominated by the nafa or sepent motif. The malong, woven Maranao cloth, also bears various okir designs.In fact, the geometric and plant designs on the vertical strips of the malong indicate the wearer's village of origin. Brass and metal works, from the fuctional betel-nut boxes to musical instruments, always carry these designs as well. A more distinctive variation is the sarimanok, a chickenlike figure that carries a fish in its beak....

...“Pumpkin Carving"
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience on the best way to carve a pumpkin
Central Idea: The sequence of steps used in order to carve a great pumpkin
INTRODUCTION
A. | The need for a great holiday decoration |
B. | Very inexpensive project that is fun for the whole family |
C. | The best part is the pumpkin is edible so the insides can be usedAs a child one of my favorite memories during Halloween was having a pumpkin carving contest with my cousins. Now that I have a family of my own we have made it a tradition to carve a great pumpkin with the kids each year. |
BODY
I. | Supplies Needed |
| A. | Pumpkin |
| B. | Marker/pumpkin template |
| C. | Sharp knife |
| D. | Spoon |
| E. | Paper towel/newspaper |
| F. | Cookie Sheet |
II. | Carving the Pumpkin |
| A. | Hollowing out the pumpkinhollowing out the pumpkinhollowing out the pumpkin |
| B. | Scoop out flesh, pulp, and seedsScoop out flesh, pulp and seeds |
| C. | Transfer or draw your designs |
| D. | Remove the template and carve along the pattern |
III. | Using the Discards |
| A. | Rinse out the seeds in water
| B. | Place seeds on cookie sheet for baking
| C. | Eating the seeds
| D. | Saving the “guts” for a pie
CONCLUSION
A. | This project needs only some simple supplies and setup
B. | Creative holiday...

...Maori Wood Carving |
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Maori Wood Carving
Introduction
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The art of woodcarving was brought to New Zealand by the relatives of the present Maori, who probably came to the islands around 1100 A.D (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002). Early Maori Wood Carving shows stylistic similarities with wood examples from eastern Polynesia, where the ancestors of the Maori came from (New Zealand's Premier Woodcarving site, n.d.). Examples of early Maori wood carvings are uncommon, however a number of them have survived due to the hiding of important carvings by immersing them in swamps during times of unrest. The soaking environment has consequently managed to conserve the wood of the carvings (New Zealand's Premier Woodcarving site, n.d.).
Wood Carving Style and Tradition
As the generations passed, a uniquely Maori carving style steadily began to appear, turning into what is known as the classic Maori style around 1500. Some carvings are over 500 years old. Unlike its simpler ornamented forerunner, typically for the classic Maori woodcarving is the keen rendered three-dimensional form which surface is engraved with intricate designs (The Metropolitan Museum Of Art, 2002).
According to one of the Maori tradition, the art in woodcarving was introduced to their ancestors by the cultural hero Ruatepupuke. In this story,...

...Woodcarving is an age-old art. It has been used for many different reasons. It could be anything from decorating a home, honoring deity, or making a spoon to eat with. Many different cultures and ages have used woodcarving as an expression of art. It is an art form that requires a lot of skill and patience in order to do well.
There are many different forms and styles of woodcarving. Chip carving is used to chip away at the surface of the wood. Generally the patterns for these are based on geometric figures. Relief carving is often described as carving a picture into the wood. The process involves removing pieces from a flat block of wood so that its almost looks like the subject is rising up out of the material. Treen is a style of woodcarving in which the object isn’t as much a piece of art as it is something that is used in everyday life. Things like a spoon, plate or cabinet. Whittling is the next style of woodcarving. This is the art of carving something out of a raw piece of wood with only a knife.
I have always been very interested by the art of woodworking. I haven’t ever tried it because every other art medium that I have tried hasn’t turned out very well for me. I was not given the ability to be artistic by nature, although I wish that I had been. I have always wanted to try my hand at some form of woodcarving so when I found out that we were going to have to do an art project I knew right away what...

...Coal Seam gas
Coal seam gas extraction has been shown to be a very destructive process. Evidence pointing towards the method of fracking providing strong link to have caused polluted water ways, deadly toxins released in to the atmosphere, causing large cracks under the earths surfaces which after years can results in sink holes, these are all major issues that have affected the lives of many Australians some farmers even forced off their own land to make room for coal seam gas miners
What is coal seam gas?
-the process
-the benefits
Coal seam gas (CSG), also known as coal bed methane, is a form of natural gas typically found at depths of 300-1000 metres extracted from coal seams. CSG is a mixture of many gases but is generally made up of 95% pure methane. Coal seams store both gas and water, the water is always under pressure from the rock material above which holds the gas in place. (ntn.org.au, Dr M, Lloyd-Smith. 19/05/14)
The process of extraction is when the water pressure is reduced and the gas is released this is done by drilling a well in to a coal seam and the water is gradually pumped out of the seam, this allows the gas to flow freely to the surface of the well. Hydraulic Fracturing is used to open up cracks in the seam to create a path for the water to flow back to the surface, they do this by pumping fluid under...

...WHAT IS COAL SEAM GAS (CSG)?
CSG is a naturally occurring methane gas which is known as Coal Bed Methane (CBM). It is a-by product of ancient plant matter that has formed over millions of years by the same natural processes which produce coal. Not long ago this gas was identified as a major problem in the underground coal mining industry due to it’s high flammability despite this, it is now recognised as a very profitable resource.
The coal seams are generally filled with water and it is the pressure of the water that keeps the gas as a thin film on the surface of the coal. A combination of water and ground pressure traps the gas in the fracture of the coal seam.
As an end-use product, CSG is the same as natural gas. In Australia it is used in natural gas appliances such as heaters and stoves it is also used in various industries for the generation of electricity.
HOW IS COAL BED METHANE (CBM) EXTRACTED?
Coal seam gas is recovered by drilling a well (borehole) into the coal seam and fracturing it with high-pressure water and sand. Water is then pumped out, leaving the sand in the small fractures. The sand keeps the fractures open, allowing gas to flow from the coal seam to the well.
An operating coal seam gas field involves a network of gas production wells connected to a buried pipeline system that transports the gas and produced water to a central...

...﻿Coal Seam Gas
What is it?
Coalbed methane, also more commonly known as coal seam gas (CSG) in Australia, is a type of natural gas removed from coal beds. It has been labelled as an unconventional natural gas along with tight gas and shale gas. They are labelled as "unconventional" as a result of their unusual reservoir types. It is removed from coal seams that are 300 - 1000 metres underground, and it is mainly composed of methane gas. It is typically extracted by drilling a steel-encased hole into the coal seam which then lowers the pressure as water is pumped out. This will let the gas flow to the surface. Coal seam gas is said to have originated in Queensland's Bowen Basin in 1976, however there was not much interest or development until the early 1990s. Another reason for more interest in recent times is the advances in technology that allow for more efficient extracting. This energy source is innovative as it helps the world meet its energy needs while being environmentally friendly as it does not emit as much greenhouse gases as other energy sources. It may also be socially and economically positive for Australia as it can create 20,000 jobs and attract $40 billion of investment in the future. CSG is also much more cost efficient then some sources of energy like solar or wind. However, there are also certain risks and potential downsides of extracting coal seam gas.
Cultural and...