Dr Ward Dean Answers Your Questions

We are delighted that Ward Dean, M.D., one of the world’s foremost antiaging physicians, has agreed to answer our readers’ questions.

Disclaimer: All educational information is offered under IAS terms and conditions. This information does not replace the advice of your physician and restrictions may apply in some countries. The opinions expressed by the writers may not be those of IAS.

Dear Dr Dean

I have knots in my legs that are painful at night. I also have painful upper arms. My chiropractor and podiatrist have suggested that I have tendonitis, but my primary care doctor has not made a diagnosis or prescribed a medication. I have been taking a homeopathic supplement for tendons at bedtime. Sometimes, it is affective but some nights, it doesn’t help.

The tenderness in my legs is on the outside of my calf and thigh and occasionally in my right hip joint. What would you recommend to eliminate the discomfort in my legs, which becomes more painful during the hours of the night? D.S. USA

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear DS

What you are describing doesn’t sound like tendonitis to me. Tendonitis is an inflammation or irritation of a tendon, a thick cord that attaches bone to muscle, and thus occurs nears the site of insertion of the tendon, near a joint, not in the locations you describe. I think you are suffering from a variant of the Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), and you should respond favourably o the same recommendation as above.

Natural remedies for RLS include increasing your intake of potassium and magnesium – two minerals which are commonly deficient in those with RLS. Magnesium is a natural muscle relaxer – which explains bathing in Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) is so relaxing. I suggest a teaspoon of Morton’s Lite Salt each day (Lite Salt contains 320mg sodium, and 340mg potassium per ¼ teaspoon) and magnesium to bowel tolerance (you can’t OD on magnesium, because it will cause diarrhoea.

Dear Dr Dean

I am a 58 year old woman who eats really well and exercises 5 days a week at a gym with weights cardio and ab exercises, for about 9 years. I have just finished an education degree and teach a couple of days per week.

I see an antiaging doctor in Melbourne and take Estradiol / estriol 50:50 6MG BI Gel daily with 0.5/ML testosterone. Progesterone 200mg capsules in the evening 25 days of the month with a rest of 5 days per month, I have been taking this for about 8 years.

I take Metformin 500mg tablets twice a day and for the past 4 months have been taking an antidepressant called Lovan 20 tab 1 per day. In 2000 I had half my thyroid removed because of tumours and have been swallowing thyroxine sodium tablets 100mcg per day ever since. I have blood tests and they are fine. I feel healthy and I am in good spirits and generally look years younger and stronger than anyone I know in my age group. However I have one major problem.

I have the “org” but not the “gasm”. It’s like my little button has switched itself off. Can you shed some light on this? I have read IAS articles. Would Russian peptides help me? If so, which ones specifically? Or should I try oxytocin?

I respect you so very much, Dr Dean. Perhaps when I teach in America I could see you for an appointment. Until then, have you some idea of where I should be looking to overcome this hormone imbalance?

J.C., Australia.

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear JC

First, I noted that you not supplementing with either DHEA or Pregnenolone – both of which decline dramatically with age. However your physician is inexplicably prescribing testosterone for you – which will preclude your taking DHEA, because women very efficiently convert DHEA into testosterone. Taking both testosterone and DHEA would probably really throw you out of balance. I rarely prescribe testosterone to women, because they can almost always restore testosterone to youthful levels by taking DHEA. DHEA by itself is a well-documented mood elevator (1). I suggest you discontinue taking testosterone, and start taking DHEA – for women, 25mg is usually enough, (although you may need to adjust it slightly up or down), first thing in the morning. Also, Pregnenolone is another over-looked hormone that declines with age, and which converts preferentially, and also to DHEA.

Notwithstanding the most likely cause of your anorgasmia may be your anti-depressant. Lovan (aka Prozac, fluoxetine) is a well-known cause of sexual dysfunction and loss of libido

I suggest weaning yourself from Lovan and switching to 5HTP, 150-300mg per day at bedtime on an empty stomach (2,3). 5-HTP is a precursor of serotonin and usually produces equal benefits of the SSRI’s, without the adverse effects.

Also you might consider Deprenyl, which has been best known as an “antiaging, life-extending aphrodisiac.” (4-7) Although most of the studies of the aphrodisiac effects of deprenyl have been conducted on male rats, the effect has generally been attributed to its MAO-B inhibiting effect, which is shared equally by both sexes. Another possible cause of deprenyl’s aphrodisiac effect may be to its less well-known ability to raise serum levels of Nitric Oxide (8,9) – to which the effects of Viagra and Cialis are attributed.

Deprenyl has also been shown to be an effective antidepressant, which you may find of additional benefit (10-17). Prof. Josef Knoll recommends those of us who are over 45 take 10-15mg Deprenyl per week (about 2mg/day) for its antiaging, neuroprotective effects (18). Oxytocin as you suggested may also help – but I like to try the cheap stuff first. Ward Dean, M.D.

Amsterdam JD. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of selegiline transdermal system without dietary restrictions in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;64(2):208-14

I went and saw a sleep doctor and he prescribed trazodone 50 mg. It did nothing at 50 mg but at 75 mg it seemed to give me about 3 hours of sleep, in fact it felt a lot like Benadryl®. However, I am having great difficulty in sleeping and this minimal amount is making me feel like a basket case! Can you please make a suggestion that can improve my situation? M.W., California

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear M.W.,

First, although I know that trazadone is commonly recommended by many physicians, I believe it is ineffective as a sleep inducer (a somnificant). I preferentially use Gabapentin (Neurontin) for insomnia.

Gabapentin is an analog of GHB (gamma-hydroxy-butyrate) and shares many of GHB's sleep-inducing benefits. For example, it enhances sleep quality, increases slow wave sleep and decreases spontaneous arousal.(1) I suspect it enhances all four phases of sleep, as does GHB. Interestingly, there has been a review of gabapentin as a sleep-inducer, compared to trazadone.(2) Patients who received gabapentin improved significantly more than did patients who received trazodone, and gabapentin-treated patients were less likely than trazodone-treated patients to have initial insomnia and to awaken in the morning feeling tired and worn out. In my experience, gabapentin is effective for most people at a dose of 600-800 mg at bedtime. Some people are very sensitive and do well on even less; others are resistant and need higher doses (I have a few patients on 1800-2400 mg).

Fortunately, gabapentin does not interact adversely with other drugs, has few adverse side effects (sleepiness is the most common) and wears off rapidly (just like GHB), usually snapping people awake in the morning, without any hangover. Another advantage is that gabapentin is not a controlled drug like GHB. Ward Dean, MD

I recently heard a well-known antiaging physician say that he often sees rises in cortisol levels when a man consumes pregnenolone; as I use 100mg of pregnenolone regularly I find that rather disconcerting. May I ask you what has been your experience?

J.W., Washington

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear JW,

As you can see from the accompanying figure 1, pregnenolone holds a premier position in the hormone cascade, and can be converted into virtually all of the steroid hormones, depending on the body’s needs (Fig. 1).

Figure 1: The hormone cascade starts with cholesterol and then pregnenolone. The pathway has a “right side” and a “left side”. The right side includes pregnenolone > DHEA > Testosterone and the estrogens. The left side involves pregnenolone > progesterone > cortisol and progesterone > aldosterone.

During times of severe or prolonged stress, pregnenolone may be diverted from the right side of the pathway in order to feed the left side of the pathway, resulting in elevated cortisol in response to the stress. This is known as the “pregnenolone steal” syndrome, as shown at the bottom of figure 1. Consequently, DHEA production suffers because less pregnenolone is available for the right side of the pathway, throwing the cortisol/DHEA ratio out of balance.

The problem is not due to pregnenolone supplementation, but to the stress. If one’s cortisol is rising (due to stress), then I recommend continuing to take pregnenolone and balancing it with additional DHEA. This can restore a normal cortisol/DHEA balance, which will help the body to deal with the stress. Thus, it’s not the pregnenolone that’s driving the cortisol—it’s the stress. For example, in a recent study of the effect of pregnenolone on schizophrenia, doses of pregnenolone were titrated up to 500 mg/day for four weeks in 18 schizophrenics. Although treatment with pregnenolone resulted in fourfold elevation in serum levels of pregnenolone, tripled serum pregnenolone sulfate levels and increased the GABAergic neurosteroid allopregnanolone fivefold, plus DHEA-S levels by approximately 16%, treatment with pregnenolone did not increase serum testosterone, free testosterone, cortisol, DHEA, estradiol, or androstenedione levels. (1)

Pregnenolone, like DHEA, drops precipitously with increasing age (Fig. 2), and should be routinely supplemented. The usual dose in aging men and women is 25-50 mg per day, although more or less is commonly taken, based on individual need.

Figure 2: Age and sex differences of pregnenolone sulfate in the serum of 230 women aged 10–70 years (empty circles) and 179 men aged 4–79 years (solid circles). (2) I hope this answers your question and relieves your stress.

We met about fifteen years ago. After a lecture you gave in a small auditorium at a Hotel/motel in Santa Clara, CA, I was the one who came up on stage and shook your hand before asking my question. I had already read your 1990 book, Smart Drugs & Nutrients, and thanked you for the service you had provided me and others. Today I have discovered that Hydergine has been discontinued Hydergine! Can you suggest an alternative product with similar purported benefit? I am retired and 67 years experienced. The supplements I consume are too many to list but I have tried one at a time beginning after reading Durk & Sandy's book and then your books, too, and since 2003 I have taken one 800 mg Piracetam daily and one Hydergine on Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday since 2005. The third regular item I purchase is centrophenoxine. Again, thank you so much for all the information you have given to me in books and the three cassette tape sets I have also purchased.

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear Sir,

Yes, I remember the talk. You are correct that Novartis have discontinued Hydergine®. Fortunately, the IAS folks found a high-quality generic manufacturer, whose product they sell under the name Hy-Pro™. They also offer generic choices for Nootropil® (piracetam) as Pira-Pro™ and for Lucidril® (centrophenoxine/meclofenoxane) as Centro-Pro™. With these substitutions, you should be able to continue your “smart drug” program at a reduced cash outlay.

Ward Dean, MD

Dear Dr. Dean,

My wife suffers badly from restless legs syndrome? Do you have any suggestions for this exasperating, debilitating condition?

BMC, USA

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

A. Have her try Gabapentin, before bedtime. Gabapentin is a very effective nerve-stabilizer, and should give her a lot of relief. It is well-tested to alleviate restless legs.1-3

The key is the dosage. This can usually range from 300-1200 mg. Start with a low dose, and gradually titrate the dose to that which gives her relief, but does not leave her “hung over” in the morning. Gabapentin is a great sleep-promoter, which actually enhances slow-wave sleep.4 References:

I read with interest your interview and your own personal smart drug regimen. I noted that you like to use modafinil for alertness and attention but that the cost puts you off. I concur! But have you ever used adrafinil, and if so, how do you see it comparing to modafinil?

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Yes, I’ve used adrafinil, but do not find its effects quite as profound as those from modafinil or Nuvigil®. However, that may just be me. Others have told me that they have experienced virtually identical effects from adrafinil and modafinil, and prefer to use adrafinil due to its more reasonable pricing. It all seems to depend on ‘biochemical individuality.’

[Ed.- IAS provides adrafinil/ Adra-Pro™ and via www.modafinil-store.com the three major brands of modafinil, Alertec®, Modiodal® and Provigil®].

Q. Dear Dr. Dean,

I am a man in my mid-50s and my job involves reading a lot of technical materials. Recently I’ve found my concentration waning and I’m easily distracted, with boredom easily upon me. Is there anything you can recommend that could help me regain my focus and concentration again?

t would be greatly appreciated.

A.M., Japan

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

A. Dear Mr. A.M.,

One cause of foggy thinking and poor concentration can be subclinical (or overt) hypothyroidism. See the attached list of hypothyroid symptoms in figure 1, (adapted from Dr. Broda Barnes’ book, Hypothyroidism, the Unsuspected Illness). (1) If many of the symptoms apply, you might consider treatment with Armour® thyroid, as outlined by Dr. Richard Wilkinson in his article; The Hypothyroid Epidemic, in issue #4, 2014 of the Aging Matters™ Magazine.

A second suggestion is phenytoin (Dilantin®). Although phenytoin is a time-honored anti-seizure medication, one of its lesser-known properties is its ability to restore focus and attention. A series of studies by different investigators in the 1970s demonstrated the ability of phenytoin to enhance concentration and focus. In a double-blind study of 47 “retardates,” Goldburg and Kurland reported strong improvement in ability to maintain attention and concentration, using a dose of 100 mg of phenytoin twice daily.(2) Another study, using the same dose, reported phenytoin was useful for symptoms of lack of attention and concentration.(3) A third double-blind study of the effects of 100 mg of phenytoin twice daily on the mental functions of elderly persons in the “normal-bright normal in the “middle and lower-upper socio-economic group” resulted in “significant improvement in long-term memory and social comprehension, increased ability to learn new material and increased speed in visual-motor coordination, improved general mental functioning and marked improvements in concentration.” (4)

You might also consider one of the eugorics, or “alerting drugs.” Eugeroic means good arousal. Drugs in this class include modafinil (Provigil®), armodafinil (Nuvigil®), or the less expensive prototype, adrafinil (Adra-Pro®). These drugs are psychostimulants with a waking effect, prescribed to shift workers and patients suffering from narcolepsy with cataplexy. Adrafinil was the first of this class, developed in France and still available in Europe, but which has never been approved in the U.S. Modafinil and armodafinil are analogs of adrafinil and are both available by prescription in the U.S. All of these drugs have mood-elevating and memory-enhancing effects, in addition to maintaining mental alertness. They are used “off label” to treat memory loss due to dementia, ADHD, jet lag and fatigue caused by extended work hours or illnesses. A recent article recommended that; “modafinil [and presumably the other members of this class] can be used by anyone who wishes to work late and/or concentrate for a long time.” (5)

I hope this helps,

Ward Dean, MD

Do you have the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Sensitivity to cold - especially in the hands and feet

Fatigue - reduced energy levels

Weight gain

Inability to lose weight despite constant dieting

Infections - especially respiratory infections

Frequent bouts of cold or flu

Asthma and allergies

Decreased perspiration

Dry, coarse, leathery skin; pale

Poor circulation

Coarse hair or hair loss

Dry eyes - blurred vision

Swelling or puffy eyelids

Digestive problems, irritable bowel syndrome, or acid indigestion

Constipation

Headaches - moderate to severe

Poor short term memory and concentration

Arthritis, joint pains

Low blood pressure

High blood pressure

High cholesterol or atherosclerosis

Diabetes

Hypoglycemia

Low libido

Anxiety - panic attacks

Depression - moderate to severe

Behavioral and emotional disorders

Wounds that heal slowly

Menstrual problems (include PMS or hysterectomy)

Infertility

Enlarged thyroid-goiter

Acne

Lateral halves of eyebrows missing

Figure 1: Hypothyroidism is a condition of insufficient output from the thyroid gland. Broda Barnes, M.D., Ph.D., (perhaps the most famous thyroid researcher and author of Hypothyroidism: The Unsuspected Illness), reports that the symptoms related to low thyroid vary widely and may include those shown in the table. Why not check all that apply to you?

May I please have your opinion on the relevance of piracetam as a smart drug? Do you feel that it still ‘stands up’ despite being many decades old, and have any of the new nootropics surpassed it in anyway?

S.F., California

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear SF.

That’s a very good question. As you said, piracetam has been around for a long time - since 1972. I first learned about piracetam in Korea, (where I graduated from medical school in 1978). At that time, carbon monoxide poisoning was a common occurrence, due to leakages from the Korean in-floor heating systems. The standard method of treatment was a combination of intravenous piracetam and hyperbaric oxygenation. Although piracetam has been available generically for many years, research into its properties for a wide range of clinical conditions has continued. In Hungary in 2000, a Phase IV clinical study of 104 patients with mild cognitive impairment-dementia participated in a double-blind study of piracetam, 4800 mg/day for 4 weeks, followed by 2400 mg/day thereafter. Five factors of the modified Mini-Mental State examination were evaluated. Nearly all factors significantly improved with piracetam- especially memory, concentration and psychomotor speed. The cognitive enhancement effects appeared in a few weeks, and were most pronounced in patients with depressive symptoms. (1) Belgian scientists in 2002 conducted a meta-analysis of nineteen double-blind studies of patients suffering from dementia or age-related cognitive impairment treated with piracetam. The authors concluded that the treatment demonstrated meaningful clinical improvement, with compelling evidence for the global efficacy of piracetam. (2)

In 2005, Polish scientists reviewed the documented benefits of piracetam, affirming that it improves alertness, learning, memory, brain metabolism and capacity. They reported that piracetam alters plasma membrane properties by increasing membrane fluidity and protects the cell against hypoxia, increases red cell deformability and normalizes hyperactive platelet aggregation, resulting in anti-thrombotic, neuroprotective and rheological properties. The scientists theorized that these properties resulted in the efficacy of piracetam in various disorders including dementia, vertigo, sickle cell anemia, myoclonus and stroke, improves reading comprehension and accuracy in dyslexic children, socialization and IQ in elderly psychiatric patients, and is even used to treat alcoholism. (3)

Also in 2005, piracetam’s properties were reviewed by a scientist from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, who echoed the above review from Poland. (4)

In 2014, a team of Chinese scientists conducted a meta-analysis of three studies of piracetam used preventively prior to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). (5) Cognitive dysfunction of varying degrees is an unfortunately too-common side effect of this procedure. Between 25 and 80% of patients who undergo CABG surgery develop postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), ranging from slight to pronounced disturbances that may persist for several weeks up to several years. Three studies were identified- two in Germany and one in Romania - in which piracetam was administered prior to surgery to prevent the resultant cognitive dysfunction.

In the first trial in 2003 in Germany, physicians administered 12 gm piracetam (or saline, placebo) via IV infusion to 64 patients 3 hours prior to undergoing bypass surgery. The authors reported that the piracetam-treated patients produced a better level of performance in short-term memory and attention 3-days after surgery, compared to the placebo group. (6)

In 2006, Romanian physicians administered piracetam or placebo intravenously (150 mg/kg daily; 300 mg/kg on the day of surgery) to 98 patients, from the day before surgery to 6-days after surgery, then orally (12 g/day) up to 6 weeks after surgery. The authors reported that six weeks after CABG, cognition was significantly improved in those treated with piracetam compared to placebo. (7) In 2008, another team of German physicians performed a third study of piracetam’s ability to prevent cognitive dysfunction due to bypass surgery. This study was the largest, comprised of 120 patients, each of whom received 12 grams of piracetam or placebo just prior to the surgery. Again, the piracetam patients performed significantly better compared to the placebo patients after the operation, and had less decline of overall cognitive function. (8)

From 2010-2013, a series of papers was produced by an international team including scientists from Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland, China, Australia and the U.S., who investigated the mitochondrial resuscitating mechanisms of piracetam as a further explanation of its neuroprotective properties. In the first paper in this series, the authors showed that piracetam prevented decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and fall in ATP production associated with β-amyloid accumulation, suggesting that improving mitochondrial function protected against the neurodegeneration induced by β-amyloid (Aβ) (involved in Alzheimer’s disease). The brains of animals treated with piracetam showed markedly decreased loads of Aβ. Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction also causes impairment of neuritogenesis and the Aβ-induced reduction of neurite growth was substantially improved by piracetam. The authors concluded that piracetam’s ability to improve mitochondrial function was a valid approach to ameliorate the detrimental effects of Aβ on brain function. (9)

In the second paper, the authors reviewed piracetam’s ability to improve interhemispheric transfer, enhance cerebral resistance to hypoxia, (as I observed in Korea during treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning) and most importantly, to facilitate learning and other cognitive functions. The authors reported that the cognition-improving properties represent the most common therapeutic use of piracetam all over the world - i.e., memory disorders, impaired cognitive functions after head injuries, and vertigo. In over four decades of piracetam's clinical use, the cognition-improving properties have been found to be more pronounced when brain function is impaired, by aging, hypoxia, cerebral injuries, or Aß load in Alzheimer’s disease. The authors concluded that after more than 40 years’ use of piracetam, the new findings of mitochondrial protection provide a new perspective for this old nootropic and explain its continued use in many countries around the world. (10)

In a third paper, the scientists again demonstrated that piracetam improved MMP (mitochondrial membrane potential), elevated mitochondrial ATP production, enhanced neurite outgrowth and reduced Aβ levels in several cell models (in vitro) as well as in mice (in vivo). They concluded that piracetam, (which they referred to as a “metabolic enhancer”) improves mitochondrial function following mitochondrial impairment typical for brain aging and early stages of AD. (11) Piracetam has never been approved for clinical use in the U.S. Thus, it’s not surprising that all of the above-cited papers were from elsewhere. Nevertheless, in 2010, scientists from NovoMed Consulting, in Silver Spring, Maryland, aware of the increasing interest in nootropic drugs for the treatment of CNS disorders, undertook an analysis of evidence-based clinical investigations of piracetam performed during the previous ten years. They conducted a literature search of the following therapeutic categories of CNS disorders: (i) cognition/memory; (ii) epilepsy and seizure; (iii) neurodegenerative diseases; (iv) stroke/ ischemia; and (v) stress and anxiety. The scientists were unable to confirm that piracetam exhibited long-term benefits for mild cognitive impairments, but they affirmed the studies demonstrating piracetam’s neuroprotective effect during coronary bypass surgery and its efficacy in treating cognitive disorders of cerebrovascular and traumatic origin; and they found piracetam’s overall effect on lowering depression and anxiety was even higher than improving memory. As an add-on therapy, piracetam appeared to benefit individuals with myoclonus, epilepsy and tardive dyskinesia and when used in combination with a vasodilator drug, piracetam appeared to have an additive beneficial effect on various cognitive disabilities. (12) Piracetam’s sales continue to rise. The most recent data I could find (from 2010-2011), indicated world-wide sales in 2011 were in excess of $120 million, with an approximate increase in sales of about 8% from 2010 (Figure 2).

Although piracetam has been around for over 40 years, research into its mechanisms and clinical effects continues. It has a safety record equaled by few pharmaceuticals and the recent identification of its mitochondria-resuscitating properties and ability to restore cell and mitochondrial membrane fluidity help to explain many of its neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects and hint at its potential, (but rarely-investigated) potential as a life-extending/antiaging agent. In this regard, a Russian article reported that a combination of piracetam with a Russian cognitive-enhancer named Cerebral resulted in an increase in the lifespan and a delay in the appearance of brain degenerative processes in Drosophila melanogaster - although the flies were unaffected by Cerebral alone - implying that the life-extending effect was due entirely to piracetam. (13)

So, yes, I think piracetam still “stands up” to the competition - especially when combined with other cognitive enhancers.

Ward Dean, MD

Figure 2: Global sales of piracetam are still very significant at $120 million annually and they still appear to be growing.

I started taking one grain (60 mg) Armour thyroid per day on November 25, 2014. On December 18 (about 3 ½ weeks later), I increased the dose to two grains per day. I know that it takes a while to work. In the meantime, I am experiencing bloody diarrhea. I presume that this is a side effect of my abnormal thyroid.

I would like to know if you have anything to stop or slow these symptoms down until my thyroid gets back to normal. I would welcome any advice.

Thank you so much,

Louise

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear Louise,

Rectal bleeding is not associated with thyroid dysfunction, nor with thyroid replacement therapy. I think you’ve got something else going on. I strongly recommend that you see a physician to determine the cause of your bloody diarrhea.

While you are adjusting your dose of Armour thyroid, I recommend that you monitor your basal temperature and heart rate—placing special emphasis on your resting heart rate. “Normal” heart rate is about 72 beats per minute—and somewhat less in well-conditioned athletes (marathon runners may have a resting heart rate in the 40s or low 50s). If your heart rate spikes into the 80s or 90s, I suggest reducing your dose of thyroid.

Figure 1: Hypothyroidism is a condition of insufficient output from the thyroid gland. Broda Barnes, M.D., Ph.D., (perhaps the most famous thyroid researcher and author of Hypothyroidism: The Unsuspected Illness), reports that the symptoms related to low thyroid vary widely and may include those shown in the table. Why not check all that apply to you?

My 18-year old son has been diagnosed with ADHD, he has not been prescribed anything yet- but I have heard bad things about amphetamine drugs like Ritalin®. I would greatly appreciate your advice on better medicines and nutrition that could help him instead? Thank you very much.

A.S., Arizona

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear Mrs. A.S.,

Stimulants like Ritalin® are effective in controlling the symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Unfortunately, they are, of course, addictive Schedule II controlled substances, with side effects of their own—and are ineffective in about 30% of users. Fortunately, there are a number of other medications and natural substances that address the cause of his condition and may enable your son to avoid psycho-stimulants like Ritalin and Adderall®.

DMAE or centrophenoxine

For children (and adults) who suffer from ADHD (and even for those who don’t), I recommend DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol). DMAE has been used for over half a century to improve behavioral disorders in children, and may have positive effects on intelligence and grades as well. In 1958, Dr. Leon Oettinger, Jr., reported that DMAE:

Accelerated mental processes

Improved concentration span

Abolished early morning fogginess

Relieved lassitude and mild depression with obvious letdown when it was discontinued

Was useful in schizophrenia of long duration (with prolonged treatment)

Decreased irritability and reduced over-activity, leading to a much better overall social adaptation and improved scholastic functioning

Increased attention span

Did not cause drowsiness

Improved IQ!

Furthermore, he found that DMAE had numerous advantages over the amphetamines (like Ritalin) in that there were no effects on heart rate or blood pressure, and no induced jitteriness. Instead of causing anorexia (loss of appetite) like the amphetamines, he found that DMAE actually improved appetite in many patients and caused no interference with sleep. In fact, he reported that DMAE actually reduced sleep requirements. Dr. Oettinger concluded that; “DMAE was a most useful tool in the handling of children with behavioral problems.” (1) In 1960, Dr. Stanley Geller conducted a double-blind study of seventy-five children. DMAE in doses of 50 mg twice daily resulted in improved functioning capacity, puzzle-solving ability and organizational activity. (2) Another double-blind study compared DMAE with both methylphenidate (Ritalin®) and placebo in seventy-four children with unspecified "learning disabilities" (what we would probably call ADHD today). The study found significant test score improvement for both treatment groups over a 10-week period. (3) In another double-blind study of fifty children with “hyperkinetic syndrome,” DMAE was administered in doses up to 500 mg/day. The author concluded that DMAE, at doses of 300-500 mg per day for 12 weeks to moderately disturbed hyperkinetic children produced greater overall improvement compared to patients treated with a placebo. (4) Although human studies were rare after the late 70s, due to DMAE’s loss of patent protection, more recent studies have confirmed its benefits and mechanisms. A 1995 study from Duke University found that rats given DMAE showed improvements in their working memory performance, (5) and a more recent study from 2003 involved eighty students with “borderline emotional disturbance.” The subjects were given either a placebo or a vitamin/mineral mixture which contained DMAE bitartrate. The subjects taking the vitamin/mineral/DMAE mixture had a greater increase in well-being and improvement in mood and attention compared to those taking the placebo. (6)

Centrophenoxine (Lucidril®, Centro-Pro™, meclofenoxane) was developed in 1959, and has been called a “brain metabolic stimulant” and a neuroenergizer). (7) Scientists from India declared it to be a neurorejuvenator. (8) Centrophenoxine stimulates glucose uptake, oxygen consumption, and cerebral electrical activity in the brain. Increased brain metabolic and electrical activities are the basis for improved attention and alertness. Clinical studies with centrophenoxine in patients with confusion and disturbances of memory and concentration markedly improved after several weeks of treatment. Studies in Europe reported significant improvement of fatigue, irritability, confusion and memory dysfunction with centrophenoxine. (9) Centrophenoxine is a combination of DMAE and PCPA (paarachlorophenoxyacetic acid). Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that much higher levels of DMAE were found in the brain after centrophenoxine treatment compared to DMAE alone, since the DMAE with PCPA penetrates the blood-brain barrier much easier. (10) Centrophenoxine is, in effect, a super-DMAE. Thus, centrophenoxine can be expected to provide even better results in improving attention. Centrophenoxine doses are typically 250–1,000 mg twice daily (breakfast and lunch). For use in enhancing focus and attention span, where no major brain pathology is present, 250 mg once or twice daily is a generally safe and useful dose.

Modafinil

The alerting drug modafinil shares many apparent similarities with amphetamines, (although with fewer adverse side effects and less potential for addiction or abuse). Also, because of modafinil’s effects on cognition, its efficacy in treating ADHD has been extensively studied. One of the first studies for ADHD compared modafinil (200 mg/day) with amphetamine and placebo in twenty-two adults. Modafinil and amphetamines were both found to improve ADHD behavior.(11) In a continuing series of studies, modafinil improved ADHD symptoms in eleven children on average doses of 200 mg/day (range 100–400 mg);(12) twenty-two children with ADHD, taking modafinil in doses ranging from 200–300 mg /day, exhibited greater improvement than the placebo group;(13) twenty adults with ADHD on modafinil 200 mg showed enhanced performance on a number of standard psychological tests; (14) 164 children and adolescents with ADHD, taking 270 mg of modafinil/day (range 170–425 mg), showed greater improvements than the placebo-treated group. (The differences in symptoms were apparent from the first week of treatment and were maintained throughout the study);(15) another large study of childhood ADHD (100 in the modafinil-treated group and 41 in the placebo group), with an average dose of 360 mg modafinil, again demonstrated reduced ADHD symptoms at school and home;(16) 223 children (aged 6–13 years) receiving modafinil showed a greater improvement in all three of the major ADHD rating scales; (17) and 190 ADHD patients (aged 6–17 years) showed greater improvement in the modafinil-treated groups (receiving either 340 mg or 425 mg, based on body weight) than placebo (18). In a summary review of modafinil use in ADHD, scientists from the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, reviewed 33 double-blind placebo controlled trials of modafinil, in addition to numerous smaller studies and case reports. They concluded that “Modafinil is a promising drug with a large potential for many uses in psychiatry and general medicine,” and that “the strongest evidence among off-label uses exists for the use of Modafinil in attention-deficit disorder.”(19)

Note: An earlier version of modafinil is adrafinil (Adra-Pro™) it isn’t quite as effective as modafinil and can have more side effects; however it is still very effective and considerably cheaper than modafinil. A typical adrafinil dose could be 300 mg once or twice daily, although it is not recommended to use continuously for 3-months without monitoring liver enzyme levels.

Vitamins B6, D, and magnesium

Nutritional supplements may also be of help—especially magnesium, and Vitamins D and B6. Fifty hyperactive children (ages 7-12) were all found to be deficient in magnesium (determined by serum and intracellular erythrocyte levels; and hair analysis with atomic absorption spectroscopy). 30 were treated with 200 mg magnesium/day for six months. Twenty were treated with a placebo. Those treated with magnesium experienced normalization of magnesium and decreased hyperactivity, compared to their previous clinical state and to the control group. (20) In a more recent study, 36 children with ADHD who were also low in erythrocyte magnesium levels compared to normal (control) children were treated with 200 mg magnesium and 20 mg vitamin B6 each day for 8 weeks. The authors reported a significant increase in erythrocyte magnesium levels, and significantly improved behavioral and school attention symptoms. (21) Two very recent studies examined Vitamin D levels in students with ADHD, and found those with ADHD to have dramatically lower blood levels than the normal students. (22, 23)

Herbs for ADHD; Ginkgo biloba, ginseng and pycnogenol

Because ginkgo biloba has been traditionally used in the treatment of dementia and memory impairment, scientists hypothesized that it might be beneficial for those with ADHD. In a double blind comparison of ginkgo and methylphenidate (Ritalin®), fifty students with ADHD (39 boys and 11 girls) were treated with 80-120 mg/day gingko or 20-30 mg/day methylphenidate, (based on subjects’ weight) for a 6 week double blind trial. Although ginkgo was more effective than placebo, it was less effective than methylphenidate in the treatment of ADHD. (24) A year later, an Italian scientist administered ginkgo to six patients with ADD. The author noted significant improvement in hyperactivity, inattention, and immaturity factors and concluded that ginkgo might be a beneficial and useful treatment of ADD, with minimal side effects. (25) In Korea, scientists investigated the effects of Korean red ginseng on ADHD. Eighteen students were administered 1,000 mg of ginseng twice daily for eight weeks. At the conclusion of the study, significant improvements were noted in all rating scales. The authors concluded that; “Korean red ginseng may be effective in improving inattentiveness in those with ADHD.”(26) In 2001, Canadian scientists presciently studied the effects of a combination of ginkgo biloba extract and American ginseng on ADHD. Curiously, they used only 200 mg of American ginseng and 50 mg of ginkgo biloba extract twice daily. Despite these pathetically low doses, they found dramatic improvements in the three ADHD rating scales used. The authors concluded that the ginkgo-ginseng combination may improve symptoms of ADHD. (27) I believe the results would have been even more dramatic if optimum dosages (1,000 mg of ginseng, and 120 mg of ginkgo, each twice daily) had been used. Pycnogenol® is the trade name for French maritime pine bark extract; Pycnogenol acts as a vasodilator, which improves cerebral blood flow to brain regions involved in ADHD, (28) and regulates catecholamine levels among ADHD children. (29)

In a study to evaluate the effect of Pycnogenol on ADHD symptoms, sixty-one children with ADHD were supplemented with 1 mg/kg/day Pycnogenol or placebo over a period of 4 weeks. Pycnogenol administration caused a significant reduction of hyperactivity, improved attention, and improvement of fine motor coordination and concentration of children. (29) Lead, cell phones, and chelation Lead intoxication has been strongly associated with ADHD. Blood lead above 10 μg/dL had been reliably associated with ADHD and related behaviors--the only real dispute was to determine if there was a safe level of lead. (30-32) Subsequent studies indicated that even very low levels of blood lead (2-10 μg/dL) are associated with ADHD. (33-35) In 2013, a team of Korean scientists conducted a large, (nearly 2,500 students) 2 year-long study and found that simultaneous exposure to lead and RF from mobile phone use was associated with increased ADHD symptom risk.(36) I recommend that those with ADHD minimize the use of cellphones and undergo oral and/or IV chelation therapy with EDTA.

To sum everything up, I recommend appropriate doses of DMAE or Centrophenoxine; if your budget allows, modafinil 100 mg in the morning, and another 100 mg in early afternoon; (alternatively the adrafinil), magnesium 200-400 mg per day (or to bowel tolerance—excessive magnesium will cause GI upset or diarrhea); Vitamin D3 5,000 IU/day; Vitamin B6 200 mg/day; Ginseng 1,000 mg twice daily; Ginkgo biloba 120 mg twice daily and Pycnogenol 50-100 mg/day. I suggest starting with one supplement at a time, adjust the dose to your son’s response/tolerance and then introduce other supplements sequentially (If he starts with everything all at once, it will be difficult to identify what is working, or what is causing an adverse side effect, (although side effects with any of these substances are neither serious nor common).

Finally, because of the adverse effects of any amount of lead, I again recommend oral and/or IV chelation therapy with EDTA and based on the conclusive results from the Korean scientists, I recommend minimal use of cellphones, and use of various shielding devices to minimize microwave exposure such as RF-blocking protective cases and air-tube headsets.

Ward Dean, M.D.

References

1. Oettinger, L. The use of Deanol in the treatment of disorders of behavior in children. J. Pediat, 1958, 53: 761-675.

I am 46 years of age. In 2009, I developed diabetes insipidus. I had an inflammation on my pituitary gland and as a result I started drinking lots of very cold water with ice. I gained over 20 kg in a few months. I am continuing to experience weight gain, can’t control my weight and I still wake up in the night and drink lots of water, ½ liter at a time. I feel depressed and I don’t sweat. My endocrinologist gave me thyroxin for my thyroid. I feel better, but I’m not 100% as I once was. What supplements would you recommend for me? Looking forward to hearing from you.

I.C., Australia

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear Mrs. I.C.,

Diabetes insipidus is indeed due to pituitary dysfunction, specifically to a loss of anti-diuretic hormone produced by the posterior pituitary for whatever reason. Often, it can result following delivery of a baby. For those not familiar with the condition, diabetes insipidus is similar to someone who urinates excessively after drinking alcohol, (because alcohol inhibits the production of anti-diuretic hormone). Of course, with alcohol use, the condition is self-limited by discontinuing alcohol ingestion. Unfortunately, in your case, the pituitary isn’t doing its job, for some reason.

Therapeutically, I suggest you add vasopressin (or desmopressin) to your daily regimen, once or twice per day, as needed. For convenience, I suggest especially at bedtime, to help you sleep without bathroom interruptions.

Second, I’m sure your endocrinologist is adjusting your dose of thyroid based on your blood tests, rather than how you are really doing. I believe that thyroid blood tests are usually a waste of blood—and that the dose of thyroid replacement should be based on how the patient is doing, and whether the thyroid-related spectrum of symptoms are resolving, while monitoring the heart rate and body temperature, as described by Dr. Rick Wilkinson, in his article, The Epidemic of Low Thyroid Diseases, in Aging Matters™ Magazine, issue # 4, 2014.1

I generally use Armour® or one of the other natural forms of thyroid, instead of thyroxine (T4, the inactive form of thyroid hormone, must be de-iodinated to T3 to become active). Titrate the dose upwards, progressively over weeks to months, until you arrive at a dose with which you are comfortable, and relatively symptom-free, with a normal (65-75 beats/minute) heart rate and normal temperature. If your thyroid hormone level is inadequate, you will have an extremely difficult time trying to normalize your weight. Also, depression is a hallmark of hypothyroidism and is one of the first symptoms to be relieved with appropriate doses of thyroid.

I also suggest metformin, 500 mg three times per day. If you have read much of my material, based on the works of Prof. Vladimir Dilman, you will know that metformin is a “metabolic rejuvenator,” that restores hypothalamic (and pituitary) receptor sensitivity to insulin, cortisol, and other hormones. Metformin is an integral component of the weight loss program that I implement in my clinic. Metformin normalizes insulin and enhances its effectiveness, generally resulting in significant weight loss in my overweight patients.

Another component that I often recommend is acarbose. Acarbose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor—in layman’s language, it is a starch blocker—i.e., it blocks the conversion of complex carbohydrates into glucose and delays their absorption, resulting in overall reduced glucose spikes, and reduced caloric absorption. When used with metformin, acarbose greatly enhances weight loss. I recommend 100 mg three times per day, with meals (or carbohydrate-laden snacks), make sure you chew the tablets not swallow them.

I believe that with the combination of vasopressin (to assist your pituitary), increasing your dose of thyroid, and adding Metformin and Acarbose to your regimen will greatly alleviate your thirst and excessive diuresis, weight gain and depression.

In addition, I have been reliably informed that the Russian peptide bioregulator for the bladder, called Chitomur® is a useful adjunct to reduce urination. I don’t have personal experience of this yet, but considering the safety profile of these peptides could well be worth a try.

Let me know how you do,

Ward Dean, M.D.

[Editor- IAS provides acarbose as 100 mg tablets branded Glucobay®, metformin is available from IAS as Metforal® 500 mg tablets and also in SR (slow release) tablets; vasopressin is available in nasal spray as Vaso-Pro™ and desmopressin is available as a nasal spray as Minurin®].

I’ve read a lot of your stuff over the years and know that you’re a big fan of niacin (Vitamin B3, nicotinic acid) for normalizing blood lipids. What are your thoughts regarding the recent study in the New England Journal of Medicine, which disparaged the lipid-lowering benefits of niacin and implied that it was actually toxic?

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear Mr. J.E.,

Thanks for giving me the opportunity to respond to this issue. The study in question was not a study of niacin, per se. It was actually a study comparing the addition of extended-release niacin plus laropiprant, (an antihistamine which purportedly reduced niacin-induced flushing) to patients who were already taking simvastatin 40 mg per day, or simvastatin plus ezetimibe 10 mg per day, (ezetimibe is a drug that is designed to increase HDL). (1)

I was really surprised to note that it wasn’t just a single article warning against niacin. The same issue of the New England Journal coincidentally had a Letter to the Editor, questioning the “Safety Profile of Extended-Release Niacin in the AIM-HIGH Trial,” (2) and an Editorial, “Niacin and HDL Cholesterol—Time to Face Facts” (3)—i.e., a triple take-out piece!

The study involved 25,637 high-risk patients from 245 test sites in the UK, Scandinavia, and China. The “placebo” group received Simvastatin 40 mg or Simvastatin 40 mg plus Ezetimibe 10 mg, plus a 50 mg low-dose niacin-containing “placebo.” The “niacin” group received 2,000 mg of extended-release niacin and 40 mg of Laropiprant, in addition to the Simvastatin or Simvastatin plus Ezetimibe, as was given to the placebo group. The participants in the study were followed for a median of nearly four years. The study was stopped prematurely after three years because of an apparent lack of benefit with extended-release niacin (plus laropiprant).

The authors concluded that the Niacin-Laropiprant combination; “did not significantly reduce the risk of major vascular events, but did significantly increase the risk of serious adverse harm,” and alleged that, “the study identified significant hazards, some of which had not been reported previously with niacin.”

Let’s digress. The cholesterol-lowering effects of nicotinic acid were first reported in 1955.(4) The clinical benefits of immediate-release nicotinic acid were best demonstrated in the Coronary Drug Project (CDP), which compared immediate-release niacin with other cholesterol-lowering regimens on cardiovascular end points.(5) In the CDP, immediate-release niacin reduced the total cholesterol level by 26 mg/dl (from a high baseline level of 253 mg/dl) and after six years, reduced the incidence of non-fatal MI (heart attacks) by 26% and cerebrovascular events (strokes) by 24%. Moreover, 9 years after trial termination, the group treated with niacin had 11% fewer deaths than the placebo group (Fig. 1). (5) Although lipid fractions were not measured in the CDP, subsequent studies with immediate-release niacin showed that it reduces LDL up to 25%, triglycerides up to 50% and Lp(a) up to 35%; and increases HDL up to 35%. (6-8)

The most commonly reported side effect of immediate-release niacin are the well-known flushing and itching of the skin, (cutaneous vasodilation) that can be so uncomfortable that it may cause some people to discontinue taking it. Although the flushing can be overcome by taking niacin at the end of a meal, or by taking an aspirin 30 minutes prior to taking niacin, it is also self-limited and tolerance to flushing develops with continued use. Nevertheless, pharmaceutical companies developed timed-release preparations to minimize or eliminate this effect. Unfortunately, timed-release niacin is less effective (and more toxic) than immediate release, cheap, over-the-counter niacin (Fig. 2).

Now back to the New England Journal study. The “serious adverse harm” included “diabetes-related, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and skin-related disorders,” which the authors stated were previously known to be caused by niacin. Additionally, the authors stated that most of the serious musculoskeletal adverse events with niacin-laropiprant were due to myopathy, (muscle weakness, pain and atrophy); and there was an unexpected finding of excess serious infection and serious bleeding events. The authors further claimed that “niacin alone” was also associated with a significant increase in the risk of serious infection in a previous study as well (AIM-HIGH10). (1)

The AIM-HIGH study, 10 however, was not a study of “niacin alone”—it was a study that also combined extended-release niacin with intensive statin therapy.

With regard to the excess bleeding, the authors conceded that it may not have been due to niacin—but may have been due to laropiprant – as several potential mechanisms for bleeding have been previously proposed for laropiprant, (11,12) and niacin has not previously been reported to cause bleeding problems.

The authors of the New England Journal study curiously overlooked the fact that the FDA in 2012 required that labels on statin drugs be changed to include information concerning statin-induced glycemic effects, diabetes and increases in hemoglobin A1C or fasting plasma glucose. (13) This label change was based on several meta-analyses that demonstrated the relationship between statin use and diabetes. One meta-analysis examined the effect of statins on the risk of diabetes in 91, 140 patients from 13 trials, which showed that statins were associated with a 9% increased risk of diabetes. (14) Another meta-analysis of 32,752 patients, in five trials, found that higher potency statins were associated with a 12% increased risk of diabetes, compared to low potency statins. (15) Simvastatin, at a dose of 40 mg (as used in the New England Journal study), was considered to be a high potency statin. (16)

Although immediate-release niacin may cause reductions in glucose tolerance when treatment is initially begun, studies show that glucose generally returns to pre-treatment levels with continued use (17, 18)- (Fig. 3). On the other hand, the package insert for extended-release niacin, (as used in the New England Journal study) cautions that “NIASPAN can cause an increase in blood sugar levels.” It is thus likely that the combination of simvastatin and extended-release niacin in the New England Journal study caused the increased incidence of diabetic changes.

Timed-release niacin also tends to be more hepatotoxic than immediate-release niacin, causing significant increases in liver enzymes and multiple reports of hepatic failure. (19,20) One report, which illustrated the comparative safety of immediate-release niacin involved three patients who incurred hepatitis from timed-release niacin, who were later re-challenged with immediate-release niacin with no evidence of hepato-cellular injury due to the immediate release niacin. (21)

Statins are known to cause myalgias, fatigue and rhabdomyolysis. These effects may be worsened by combining statins with niacin. Most of the excess musculoskeletal adverse events in the New England Journal report were due to myopathy and the absolute excess of myopathy associated with adding niacin-laropiprant to the statin-ezetimibe therapy was more than 10 times as great among participants in China as those in Europe. (1) This should not have been surprising. The Zocor/Simvastatin package insert warns: “Cases of myopathy/rhabdomyolysis have been observed with simvastatin co-administered with lipid-modifying doses (more than 1 g/day) of niacin-containing products. In particular, caution should be used when treating Chinese patients with simvastatin doses exceeding 20 mg/day co-administered with lipid-modifying doses of niacin-containing products.”

The New England Journal study concluded that “treatment with extended-release niacin-laropiprant did not significantly reduce the risk of major vascular events but did significantly increase the risk of serious adverse events.” (1)

The highly-publicized New England Journal article was thus not a true study of the clinical efficacy of over-the-counter immediate-release niacin. It was, instead, a testament that it’s probably not a good idea to combine extended-release niacin with a pharmaceutical hodge-podge of a high potency statins, ezetimibe and latanoprost.

I’d like to see a head-to-head 3-arm study comparing the efficacy and side-effects of (1) immediate release niacin, (2) a statin and (3) a statin plus niacin. Until such a study is conducted, I will continue to use (and recommend to my patients) immediate-release niacin—which I believe to be the safest, cheapest, most effective lipid-lowering substance available.

8. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High lood Cholesterol in Adults. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults: Final report. Circulation 2002;106:3143-3421.

I’ve tried many diets over the years to lose weight, but few seem to have any lasting or significant effect on me. I am aware of the problems of carbohydrates and try to limit them, but they are one of my eating weaknesses. Please recommend something for a 40-year old woman that can aid my lifestyle changes and make it happen!

N.M., Thailand

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear N.M.,

Overweight is one of the most common and most difficult to treat of the chronic degenerative diseases. The cause is multifactorial. It is not psychological weakness. One of the most common contributing causes is undiagnosed or undertreated sub-clinical or overt hypothyroidism. See Dr. Rick Wilkinson’s article, “The Epidemic of Low Thyroid Diseases,” in Issue # 4, 2014 of Aging Matters Magazine, for more on this important condition.

Unfortunately, if one has many hypothyroid symptoms (which may include cold hands and feet, hyperlipidemia, low energy, difficult weight loss, depression, constipation, menstrual problems) but “normal” thyroid blood tests, it will be difficult to find a physician who will prescribe an appropriate dose of thyroid.

I follow guidelines similar to those recommended by Dr. Wilkinson (and our mentor, Broda Barnes, M.D.1). If a patient has a panoply of hypothyroid symptoms (especially weight gain), I start the patient on 1 grain of Armour Thyroid, and titrate the dose up or down over several months, based on the patient’s response, body temperature, and heart rate. If the heart rate stays in the normal range (60-80), and the patient feels well, there is little likelihood of causing an overdose, regardless of the blood test results. I have generally found that thyroid function blood tests are a waste of blood.

A second and more common cause of overweight is hyperinsulinemia, or dysmetabolic syndrome. As we grow older, we are all turning into diabetics (or becoming “pre-diabetic”). We tend to become insulin resistant, and our pancreas compensates by producing more insulin. Insulin is the hormone that drives glucose from the blood into the cells where it is used to produce energy—and what’s left over is stored as fat. This was the basis of the Atkins Diet—a high-protein, high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet designed to minimize rises in blood glucose and insulin. Atkins knew that “carbs are the enemy.”

For my overweight patients, I routinely recommend 500 mg Metformin, taken three times per day. Metformin acts as a “metabolic rejuvenator,” restoring insulin receptor sensitivity, and delaying a process known as “hepatic gluconeogenesis,” by which the liver produces sugar from non-carbohydrate sources.

Patients taking Metformin feel better, have more energy, and lose their carbohydrate cravings—and generally lose body fat. For more information on Metformin, please see my article in Issue # 4, 2013 of Aging Matters, titled, “Metformin Update: Still the most effective anti-aging, life extension drug, with a broad range of benefits.”

Another anti-diabetic drug that I include in my weight loss program is Acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Acarbose acts at the brush border of the small intestine, where carbohydrates are broken down into sugar which is then absorbed. By blocking the breakdown of most carbohydrates into sugar, post-prandial (after-meal) blood glucose levels are suppressed, and fewer calories from glucose are absorbed (Fig).

Normal carbohydrate consumption, without Acarbose, is illustrated on the left. However, when Acarbose is consumed with starchy food, less glucose is released, and less glucose is absorbed, resulting in reduced absorption of calories from starchy foods.2

The undigested carbohydrates, upon reaching the colon, may ferment, producing uncomfortable gas. This usually becomes less bothersome with continued use, but if it is unpleasant, you can reduce the dose of acarbose with each meal. Most studies of Acarbose, when used alone, do not result in significant weight loss, However, in my experience, used in combination with Metformin, Acarbose significantly enhances the weight-loss benefits of Metformin.

I think you will find the combination of an Atkins-like diet, Armour thyroid, Metformin and Acarbose will help you “turn around,” and reach your weight loss goal.

I am 41 years old. I had a borderline ovarian tumor removed 6 years ago and as a result have been on estrogen replacement because of a total hysterectomy. I had an abdominal CT recently, it shows hepatic steatosis. I drink very little alcohol, my BMI is 20.62, and my cholesterol and liver enzymes are excellent. Can fatty liver be reversed?

I have just read about Lactoperoxidase (LPO) and Hypo-thiocyanate (1st Line™) through the Aging Matters™ magazine, and read the referenced papers from Professor Clayton. IAS promotes 1st Line as a remarkable new approach to overcoming just about any infectious organism. I have systemic candida & mold/ tricothecene, and am interested in taking 1st Line™, but have a few questions:

1. My doctor days that colostrum--a whole food which also contains LPO--would be preferable. What do you think?2. How much would I take of the 1st Line product?3. Where does 1st Line come from [i.e. what are the manufactured ingredients & source]?4. Is it likely to combat fungus/mold?

Thank you in advance for any guidance you may be able to provide. Regards S.L., USA

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear Mr. S.L.,

First, are you sure about exposure to the mold mycotoxin, tricothecene? There is no known cure for mycotoxicosis, and tricothecene is one of the most toxic, stable types of mycotoxins. With regard to your specific questions:

Colostrum may help, but I don’t think it will replace the benefits of 1st Line™. Colostrum does contain LPO, but in very small amounts and does not deliver oxythiocynate (OCN). I don’t believe it will trigger the ion release that a kit of 1st Line™ will. 1st Line™ delivers 25 mg of oxythiocynate ions (OCN), which are on the ‘sharp end’ of destroying the infections. These ions are activated by LPO, so colostrum may enhance the efficacy of 1st Line™.

Dosage is difficult from a distance, but considering the potential seriousness of mycotoxin exposure, I suggest 2 kits on successive days. It is not recommended to take more than a kit per day, (thus doubling the normal dose of OCNs in salvia, tears, milk etc.) Herpes patients consume a kit a day for 7-days and then a kit per month to control outbreaks. You may not need so much, but it all depends on where the mold is located, the degree of your exposure, and the state of your immune system.

The ingredients are no secret and are located here: www.antiaging-systems.com/approveduses/14-1st-line. Specifically, they include: Hydrogen peroxide, lactoperoxidase and bentonite. The components are manufactured, matching the chemicals that are naturally found in the saliva/ tears/ milk.

Yes, 1st Line™ will combat fungus/mold.

It is essential to reduce/eliminate your exposure to these mycotoxins. Unfortunately, there are not many ways to destroy them. One way is through fire (tough, if it is your house that is contaminated). Another way is bleach with 5% sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is described as MMS (Miracle Mineral Solution), and you can find excellent discussions of its therapeutic use for combating mold and mycotoxins at www.curezone.org. Ozone might also destroy some mycotoxins, and you might consider autohematogenous therapy with ozone. I hope these suggestions will help,

Ward Dean, MD

Dear Dr. Dean,

I am a 50 year old man in decent health- certainly with no medical conditions. I have never smoked, I drink alcohol rarely and do my best to eat and live well. Recently I have had some stabbing pains in my toes/ feet and occasionally in my hands. This usually occurs when I lie down to sleep. It is not debilitating, more frustrating. However if it is a prequel to some problem, I would rather deal with it now and therefore would greatly appreciate your opinion.

P.M., Ireland

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear Mr. P.M.,

Based on the limited information provided, the problem seems to be most likely some kind of neuropathy or ‘mini-seizure.’ How long has this been going on, and is it getting worse over time? Several suggestions would be to try Benfotiamine, about 300 mg twice per day and Gabapentin (Neurontin®) at bedtime, in a dose ranging from 300-1800 mg. A third suggestion is to add Lithium Orotate (2 caps twice daily).

Benfotiamine is a fat-soluble form of vitamin B1, which has been shown to be of benefit in diabetic and peripheral neuropathy.

Neurontin® is an anti-seizure medication that is used for a number of conditions, including peripheral and diabetic neuropathy, restless legs, alleviation of menopausal hot flashes (unrelated to your condition of course), and insomnia. (1) I usually start my insomniac patients on 600 mg at bedtime, and have them titrate the dose up or down to what works for them. Neurontin® is remarkably free from side effects, (other than causing drowsiness and inducing sound, restful sleep) and does not adversely interact with other medications. (2) When properly dosed, patients experience sound, restful sleep, and awaken feeling refreshed. If you are groggy upon awakening; (at any dose) then try reducing the dose, or taking it earlier in the evening. The usual effective dose is 600-800 mg at bedtime, but some very sensitive people need only 300 mg and some require up to 1800 mg. The dose of 2400 mg per day is the usual maximum dose, although dosages as high as 3200 mg have been reportedly used.

Lithium Orotate acts as a ‘nerve stabilizer,’ and may be helpful in your situation. Lithium Orotate is 20 times more bioavailable than prescription forms of lithium and can therefore be used in fractional doses compared to the prescription forms of lithium. Because of the low doses used, blood ‘lithium levels’ are not necessary, as are required with prescription lithium. Let me know how you do.

I was wondering if questions can still be forwarded to Dr Dean.I am particularly interested in what he might have to say about the recent link claimed between testosterone and heart attack, stroke, etc.I have been on a program using cypionate for replacement with wonderful results for the last ten years. I would love to hear his comments.

Thanks, L.G., USA

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear Mr. Guittard,

Thanks for giving me the opportunity to address this important issue

Your question is based on publicity surrounding the study in the November 6th, 2013 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA-1), which frighteningly concluded that "the use of testosterone therapy was associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes."

This was a shockingly flawed study, with more holes in the data and their interpretation than a block of Swiss cheese. I am amazed that this paper was ever published--especially in such a prestigious journal.

Let me put things in perspective. The paper was a "retrospective cohort study," conducted by a review of medical records from 76 cardiac catheterization laboratories in the VA system. The study involved the records of 8,709 men who had undergone coronary angiography between 2005-2011, who had testosterone levels less than 300 ng/dl. Of the 8,709 "participants," 1,223 were in the "testosterone group." This testosterone group was a hodge-podge comprised of those who had received one prescription for testosterone (17.6%) or more than one (82.4%). 13 (1.1%) of the men were treated with topical gels, 436 (35.7%) with injections, and 774 (63.3%) with patches. Of those who had received "more than one prescription," the mean number of days from first fill to last fill of testosterone was 376 days. Of the patients in the testosterone group, 734 (60%) had a subsequent testosterone level drawn. The baseline testosterone in the treatment group was 175.5 ng/dl- -and (for the 60% who had follow-up testosterone levels checked) testosterone was increased to only 333.2 ng/dl.

The statisticians who wrote the study used "stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting" to assess the association between testosterone therapy and the primary outcome of death, heart attack, and stroke, and used a number of variables to create these "weights," including "comorbidities" (41 diseases) and "procedures" (13 procedures).

The authors reported in the introduction that of the 7,486 patients not receiving testosterone, 681 died, 420 had heart attacks, and 486 had strokes. Of the 1223 patients who had received testosterone, 67 died, 23 had heart attacks, and 33 had strokes.

I am not a statistician. I was never very good at math. But it is pretty easy to calculate that there were 6 times the number of patients in the no-treatment group compared to those who received testosterone. If we multiply the incidence of adverse outcomes in the testosterone-treated group by 6, we arrive at only 402 (6 x 67) who would have died in the treatment group (versus 681 who died in the no treatment group); 138 (6 x 23) who would have had heart attacks in the treatment group (versus 420 no treatment); and 198 (6 x 33) who would have had strokes (versus 486 no treatment).

Thus, it is a complete mystery to me how the authors, using their advanced statistical manipulations, arrived at their clearly erroneous conclusion that "the use of testosterone was associated with increased risk of mortality, MI, or ischemic stroke," when the results plainly indicate that testosterone use resulted in a much lower percentage of adverse events. This confirms the old adage that "figures don't lie, but liars can figure."

The statistical anomalies are not the only flaw in this study.

Recall that to be enrolled in this study, a subject had to have undergone coronary angiography. Obviously, these men had all already been determined to be at risk for death, heart attack or stroke, (the "end points" of the study) due to their having been referred for angiography. Healthy men do not undergo coronary angiography.

The other criteria for inclusion was a testosterone level less than 300 ng/dl. A recent study in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology evaluated the relationship between testosterone levels and risk of cardiovascular (CV) events in 2,416 men aged 69-81 years, over five years.(2) The researchers found that testosterone levels were inversely associated with the risk of CV events (i.e., those with the highest testosterone had the fewest "events"). They reported that men in the highest quartile of testosterone (more than 550 ng/dl) had a lower risk of CV events compared to the men in the 3 lower quartiles (recall also that the men in the testosterone-treated group in the JAMA study raised their testosterone to only 332.2 ng/dl). The researchers concluded that "High serum testosterone predicted a reduced 5-year risk of CV events in elderly men."

Another recent study of 1031 male veterans over age 40 with low testosterone (less than 250 ng/dl) also contradicts the JAMA study. (3) In this paper, 398 of the patients were treated with testosterone. The mortality over 5 years was 10.3% in the testosterone-treated men versus 20.7% in the untreated men. The authors reported that "testosterone treatment was associated with decreased risk of death."

More recently, three eminent physicians reviewed the JAMA study. (4) They stated that "We have serious concerns regarding the validity of these results based on author errors, study design, data presentation, methodology, and ultimately common sense." They examined the JAMA article point-by-point, and concluded that "We believe the evidence to date strongly suggests that testosterone therapy improves CV risk. We reject the assertion by Vigen, et al that testosterone therapy increases CV risks or mortality."

If this is not enough to set your mind at ease, consider the other potential benefits of testosterone therapy that were curiously conceded by the authors of the JAMA study--testosterone replacement therapy improves sexual function, 5-7 bone mineral density, 8,9 increases free-fat mass 8,9 and strength, 10 improves lipid profiles 11-13 and insulin resistance, 11,12 and increases the time to ST depression during stress testing. 14,15

My only caution to those using testosterone supplementation is to monitor the CBC (to insure that the hematocrit does not rise above normal, causing "thicker" blood) and estrogen levels (testosterone aromatizes into estrogen, which can be controlled with low doses of anastrozole) and to maintain the testosterone level in the "safe" range, i.e., above 550 ng/dl. Ward Dean, M.D.

I am a type I diabetic patient, on an insulin pump. I also take 1,500 mg of Extended Release Metformin each day. I suffer from obesity, and am trying to lower my HbA1c to a 6. I am enclosing my personal report from my physician for the past 5 years. Can you give me any suggestions? Thank you,

D.N.A., Dubai

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear D.N.A.

Thanks for sending your lab work and the note from your physician. First, I think you should increase your dose of Metformin to 1,000 mg twice daily.

Next, I recommend you add several other anti-diabetic medications to your regimen. Acarbose (available from IAS) is a “starch blocker.” It slows the conversion (digestion) of complex carbohydrates like bread, pasta, rice, beans and starchy vegetables into simple carbohydrates (sugar). I suggest chewing one 100 mg Acarbose tablet with each starchy meal. The most common side effect is intestinal gas—which is not caused by Acarbose, but by the undigested food fermenting in the intestines. This is a signal that Acarbose is doing its job, and you are eating the wrong foods. But it provides you with a “cushion” for your diet. Incidentally, Acarbose is the most widely used anti-diabetic drug in China.(1) I incorporate Acarbose into the weight-loss programs of many of my patients.

Another class of anti-diabetic drugs to consider is the DPP-4 inhibitors, such as Onglyza, Tradjenta, or Januvia. Discuss these with your physician, and see if he will prescribe one for you. DPP-4 inhibitors work well with Metformin, and further help restore insulin receptor sensitivity. These drugs also help regenerate pancreatic beta cells, to help your body produce its own insulin. They are all generally useful adjuncts for weight loss.

Yet another class of medications you might add is Victoza—the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist Victoza (liraglutide). This drug is injected (like insulin), but unlike insulin, will not cause hypoglycemia. Victoza appears to be even more effective than the DPP-4 inhibitors for helping with weight loss. None of the drugs that I suggested above will cause hypoglycemia. They all act by different and complementary mechanisms to normalize your blood sugar, and will enable your insulin to work more efficiently. Your requirement for insulin will be decreased, and you will most likely need to reduce your dosage. That will be beneficial for weight loss, as insulin is the hormone that drives blood sugar into the cells, where it is stored as fat. Hopefully, you will be able to eliminate the insulin entirely.

In addition to controlling your diabetes, I think it is very important for you to correct your abysmally low level of Vitamin D. IAS has a convenient, once/week capsule that contains 50,000 IU of Vitamin D-3.

“Lyme’s disease seems to be both a difficult disease to diagnose and to treat. It seems hard for me to believe in this day and age that a tick can be the cause so much trouble. My doctor is not convinced that I have Lyme’s; however I appear to have many of the symptoms including fatigue, muscle and joint pain, headaches, frequent chills, and neck stiffness. My job entails being often out and about in the Canadian wilds. Can you please recommend anything that can help in this situation? (I’m a 44 year old man).

D.D., Canada

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear D.D.,

One of the problems that you’ve already encountered is the difficulty of making a Lyme diagnosis. The spirochete that originally causes the disease may exist in several forms, and literally “hides” within the immune system. Although there is no universally accepted test for chronic Lyme disease, I often use the Lyme Immune Tolerance Test (LITT) from Pharmasan Labs. The LITT measures the body’s cell mediated immune response to B burgdorferi-specific antigens. The diagnosis of Lyme disease remains a clinical diagnosis—i.e., a combination of the history of the illness (especially, a known tick bite), and the presenting signs and symptoms. Therefore, try to find a physician who specializes in (or is at least knowledgeable about) the diagnosis and treatment of chronic Lyme. Treatment is often frustrating, with patients responding better to one or another treatment protocol than another patient with similar symptoms. One of the best books that I have found for Lyme diagnosis and treatment is The Lyme Disease Solution, by Dr. Kenneth Singleton, M.D.—himself a long-time sufferer of Chronic Lyme Disease.

The first approach to treatment is one or more courses of antibiotics, with varying degrees of effectiveness. I have found, in addition, that oral and intravenous mild silver protein to be effective—often in combination with the immune-balancing effects of low dose Naltrexone (4.5 mg at bedtime) and baker’s yeast-derived 1-3, 1-6 Beta-glucans. Beta glucans have been shown to prime and enhance the effectiveness of the immune system in all species tested to date, including humans. The increased resistance to infection is not pathogen-specific, and extends from weaponized anthrax to flu viruses.1 Beta glucans (like naltrexone) can be used in conjunction with antibiotics, significantly enhancing their effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 1

In his article in Current Aging Science, a portion of which was reproduced in the first issue of this journal, Professor Paul Clayton alerted us to the enzyme lactoperoxidase (LPO) and hypo-thiocyanate (HOSCN).2 LPO and HOSCN seem to enable our immune systems to overcome virtually every pathogenic micro-organism (bacteria and viruses) against which they have been tested. Nevertheless, these substances are virtually non-toxic to humans or pro-biotics—making them a near-perfect antibiotic system.

IAS offers this remarkable new approach to overcoming just about any infectious organism, in its lactoperoxidase/hypo-thiocyanate product, 1st Line™. I believe it may be equally efficacious in helping to eliminate the Lyme-causing bacteria. The microbiology and biochemistry involved in the mechanisms of 1st Line’s effects are too complex to address here, but are described in detail in Professor Clayton’s articles available on the IAS website. I hope this information will be helpful to you. Ward Dean, M.D.

References

1. Clayton, P. Novel therapeutic strategies in infection and cancer management. Current Aging Science, 2012, 5, 218-224.2. Clayton, P. The age of antibiotics may be coming to an end—what can we turn to? Aging Matters, 2012, 1, 21-23.

I am a 64 year old woman who has been recommended to take a statin to lower my cholesterol level. From my test I have been informed that I appear to have above-normal levels of triglycerides, homocysteine and CRP. I am aware that these markers are a risk for cardiovascular disease. I am rather surprised by them because I am not overweight; I do not smoke or drink much alcohol and would say that my lifestyle is quite healthy. Therefore, I am keen to learn of which supplements could help me correct matters? (By the way I have not taken that statin drug yet).

C.K., England

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear C.K.,

I believe you are wise not to take a statin drug, and can easily normalize all of the above markers nutritionally. Niacin (nicotinic acid, vitamin B3) is the safest, cheapest, and most effective lipid lowering substance there is. It will not only lower your total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol, but it raises HDL (“good” cholesterol) (something statin drugs do not do). Depending on your levels, I usually recommend doses of 500-1500 mg per day, although doses as high as 6,000 mg have been used. Niacin causes the release of histamine, which results in a harmless but bothersome “flushing reaction” of redness, itching. The reaction is temporary, and goes away with continued use. [Ed. – IAS has Xan-Pro™ the most potent form of niacin].

Another little-known way to normalize cholesterol is by supplementing with the mineral magnesium. Most people are magnesium-deficient, which I believe results in the epidemic of hyperlipidemia which we seem to be experiencing. Magnesium supplementation mirrors the benefits obtained with niacin, i.e., lowers total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, and raises HDL.1 It is nearly impossible to overdose on magnesium, as an excess will cause diarrhea. Therefore, I usually advise my patients to titrate (slowly increase) their magnesium intake to “bowel tolerance,” and then decrease the dose to whatever keeps their stools comfortably loose. Those with severely impaired kidney function should not supplement with magnesium, however. [Ed. – there are a wide range of bioavailable minerals in Quinton® water].

Homocysteine is a by-product of methionine metabolism, and is a cardiovascular risk factor in itself. Homocysteine levels can be normalized by supplementation with vitamins B6 and B12, folic acid, and anhydrous betaine (trimethylglycine [TMG]) - about 5 grams per day. C-Reactive-Protein is an indicator of inflammation in the body. It can be reduced by anti-inflammatory herbs such as Turmeric and Boswellia, aspirin, niacin, and omega-3 containing fish oils. [Ed. – IAS has CurcuminSR™, Beyond B12® and Krill oil]. Ward Dean, M.D

I was wondering if Dr Dean can recommend anything for helping with a leaky gut? It seems to stump western doctors. Many thanks.

S.B., Oregon

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear S.B.,

For those not familiar with the Leaky Gut syndrome--which is not a diagnosis that we learn about in medical school—it is an increasingly common symptom spectrum with a constellation of symptoms such as bloating, gas, cramps, food sensitivities, chronic diarrhea and constipation, skin rashes, headaches, brain fog, memory loss, cravings for sugar and carbs, anxiety, and joint and muscle aches and pains. It is thought to be caused by a hyperpermeable (“leaky”) intestinal lining that allows larger, undigested food molecules, yeast, toxins, casein protein from milk, or other proteins in nuts, grains, or eggs, and chemicals normally found in foods (such as Phenols and Glycerin) and all other forms of waste that your body normally doesn’t allow through the intestinal lining, to flow directly into your bloodstream. These “foreign substances” are absorbed into tissues throughout the body, causing inflammation, often causing the production of antibodies against these invaders, which may result in immune dysfunction (i.e., immune deficiency or autoimmune reactions).

Symptoms of Leaky Gut vary from person to person depending on the level of damage and the tissues being affected. If left un-repaired, leaky gut can lead to more severe health issues like inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), arthritis, eczema, psoriasis, rosacea, acne, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, migraine headaches, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue. There is a strong body of evidence pointing to leaky gut as a major cause of autoimmune diseases including Type 1 Diabetes, as well as malabsorption of vital minerals and nutrients including zinc and iron. Leaky gut has been hypothesized to be caused by:

- Poor diet: Refined sugars, processed foods, preservatives, flours, and flavorings introduce massive amounts of chemicals into the body that may be perceived as toxic. Gluten-containing grains may damage the intestinal lining.

- Chronic Stress: Chronic stress may result in a suppressed immune system. This increases overall gut inflammation leading to increased permeability of the intestinal lining.

- Inflammation: Any type of inflammation in the gut can lead to leaky gut. This can be brought on by low stomach acid (which passes undigested food into the small intestine), yeast overgrowth (Candida), bacteria overgrowth, infection, parasites and excessive environmental toxins.

Medications: Any prescription or over the counter medication can irritate the intestinal lining.

- Lack of Zinc: Zinc is a critical piece of maintaining a strong intestinal lining. A deficiency of the vitamin can lead to the mucosal lining losing strength and becoming more permeable.

- Dysbiosis: This is an imbalance between beneficial and harmful bacteria in the gut. The overuse of prescription antibiotic drugs, tap water with chlorine and fluoride, and the lack of probiotic rich foods contribute to this imbalance.

Treating Leaky Gut requires a multi-faceted approach:

- Diet Restrictions: Reduce or eliminate sugars, starches, grains and any other irritating foods- this alleviates inflammation and starves the yeast overgrowth. Reducing these irritants allows the intestinal tract to slowly return to its normal permeability, stopping the flow of foreign substances into the blood.

- Nutritional Supplements: A good broad-spectrum multi-nutrient formula, with large amounts of vitamin D, and Zinc will help the intestinal lining return to normal (assuming the irritants from the diet are removed). Small intestinal permeability is often increased in patients with Crohn's disease. In a study at the University of Padova in Italy, scientists sought to ascertain whether zinc supplementation would improve intestinal permeability. 12 Patients with quiescent Crohn's disease who had increased intestinal permeability received oral zinc sulfate supplements (110 mg three times a day) for 8 weeks and were followed-up for 12 months thereafter to monitor relapses. 10 patients had normal intestinal permeability and did not relapse; of the remaining two who had increased intestinal permeability, one relapsed. The scientists concluded that Zinc supplementation can resolve permeability alterations in patients with Crohn's disease, and that improving intestinal barrier function may reduce the risk of relapse in Crohn's disease.

- Essential fish oils have also been shown to improve the condition of the intestinal mucosal lining (omega-3’s greatly reduce inflammation, among their other benefits).

Aloe Vera Juice, Licorice Root and slippery elm soothe the mucus membranes that line the digestive system, acting as a bandage. Other herbs like ginger and peppermint can also be beneficial because of their anti-inflammatory properties.

Probiotics: A good probiotic with “friendly bacteria” will stop the proliferation of bad bacteria and yeast (candida), heal the gut lining, and help nutrient absorption. I recommend at least 100 billion units of probiotics daily from a high quality brand.

In the last issue of AGINGATTERS™ Issue 3, 2013 you stated "adding a combination of potassium and magnesium for longer term use which may enable you to wean yourself form the (high blood pressure Rx) medication. I often prescribe magnesium-potassium aspartate as a source of these minerals." My question is how much of the magnesium and the potassium? Exactly how many mgs of magnesium and potassium would be helpful for high blood pressure improvement? Thanks for any advice/suggestions.

Sincerely yours, E.G., USA

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear E.D.,

A good "ballpark" dose is about 5 capsules (i.e., 500 mg each of potassium and magnesium). If more is needed, I often recommend Lite Salt® as a source of potassium (340 mg per quarter teaspoon), up to one-two teaspoons per day. For magnesium, I suggest any salt of magnesium (i.e., chloride, oxide, gluconate, citrate, etc.), and increase the dose progressively over a week or two until bowel tolerance is reached (you can't OD on magnesium, because it will give you diarrhea in excessive doses). Then back down to whatever dose is comfortable for you (i.e., moderately loose stools). Most people are deficient in these two (magnesium and potassium) intracellular cations, resulting in muscle cramps, hypertension, diabetes and other chronic diseases. I hope this answers your questions.

Ward Dean, M.D.

I am most interested in the glycation theory of aging- whereby because of proteins cross-linking they become impaired etc. I am a 50 year old male who has been tested by BioCLIP™ and found to have hardening of the arteries. I also have mild cataracts and a potential pre-diabetic (type-II) development, (hence my interest in this theory!) Please advise me on any suitable strategies to reduce my glycated blood load.

B.A., Oregon

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear B.A.,

The glycation theory of aging is a modern outgrowth of the venerable cross-linking theory of aging, first proposed by Johan Bjorksten in 1942.1,2 Bjorksten was a chemist from Finland, who earned his Ph.D. degree at the University of Wisconsin in 1937. He went to work for the Ditto Corporation of America, which was the ‘Xerox’ of the day.

Protein cross-linking as cause of aging

While at Ditto Corporation, one of the main problems Bjorksten faced was to develop a way to increase the ability of the Hectograph films to withstand summer temperatures, exposure to water, mechanical stretching and friction, and to prevent their drying out and cracking. The ‘aging’ of hectograph films was due to the cross-linking of protein molecules, which Bjorksten believed was also the cause of aging in humans. This was confirmed in a crude way by comparing the similarity between the shape of the mortality curve for humans (Fig. 1)

with a viscosity curve of gelatin during a cross-linking reaction (Fig. 2).3,4 The crosslinkage theory stated that the principal cause of aging was the linking together of two or more large molecules (macromolecules), which progressively linked with other molecules, impairing the functioning of cells, tissues, and organs, resulting in the aging of the organism.

Search for cross-linkage inhibitors

Bjorksten focused on a potential means of preventing and breaking up crosslinkages by using chelating agents that attach to metals within the body, enabling them to be excreted. Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) is a synthetic amino acid that removes metal-based crosslinkages by chelation, thereby “depolymerizing the gerogenic aggregates.” 5 Chelating agents in current clinical practice besides EDTA (approved for use in the treatment of lead poisoning) are deferoxamine (Desferal® for acute iron intoxication), and DMSA (used to treat lead and mercury intoxication). Physician members of the American College for Advancement in Medicine (ACAM) are proponents of intravenous chelation therapy with EDTA as a treatment for many chronic degenerative diseases, like atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease.6 Chelation with oral EDTA chelation is also becoming more widely used.

Other natural chelators include garlic, 7 chlorella, 8 lactic acid, citric acid, and malic acid. Bjorksten demonstrated that lithium was also an effective aluminum chelator and crosslinkage inhibitor, stating that “lithium continues to be the most effective electrolyte for aluminum detachment.” 9

A number of studies confirm that chelating agents, particularly, EDTA — may have life-extending properties. Scientists demonstrated the life-extending effects of EDTA on lowly rotifers (small multi-celled animals found in freshwater lakes and ponds).10-14 In the Soviet Union in the 1970s, Dr. T.L. Dubina performed a series of studies with EDTA on the life span of rats. In most of the studies, the mean life span of female rats treated with EDTA was increased by nearly 50%, and in one study the maximum lifespan increased 18-25% over the control animals. 15

Aluminum—a powerful cross-linker

Aluminum is a highly reactive metal that occurs freely in nature, and comprises over 8% of the earth’s crust. Although it also occurs very widely in human nutrition, (most people ingest 10-100 mg of aluminum daily), it does not play a role in any known metabolic process. Aluminum is highly toxic, even in extremely small amounts, and although the neurotoxic effects of aluminum have been known for many years,16 scientists have recently shown that aluminum accumulation may contribute to Parkinson’s disease17 Down’s syndrome18 and Alzheimer’s disease.19

Aluminum uptake increases with age

In 1955, during a talk on gelatin crosslinkages and aging at the Gerontological Society in Baltimore, Bjorksten discussed the relationship of aluminum to crosslinking. One of the attendees, Prof. H.H. Zinsser of Columbia University, was so interested in the concept that he and Bjorksten began a fruitful collaboration that was to last for seven years. Using spectrographic analysis, they examined the aluminum content of 84 persons, ranging in age from 10 to 90 years (Fig. 3).

They found peak levels at age 40-50, followed by a drop and then leveling off, indicating that those whose aluminum accumulation peaked in middle age most likely did not survive the next ten years. 20 Zinsser’s data were confirmed independently by scientists who demonstrated a progressive increase of aluminum concentrations in the brain (Fig. 4).

21 Bjorksten concluded that the progressive increases of aluminum with age were of great importance, and believed that the aluminum mechanism alone would limit human lifespan to 110-120 years of age even if no other cause of death intervened.22

Preventing aluminum accumulation and crosslinking

Bjorksten and his staff evaluated the ability of chelating agents to remove aluminum-containing stains from the aortas of 5-6 month-old hogs (Fig. 5).

23 it can be seen that EDTA was the most effective. Lactic acid, similar to blood concentrations generated by exercise were moderately effective. Of interest was the fact that 0.5 % procaine—the active ingredient of Gerovital® (or GH3, the Romanian antiaging drug)—was also moderately effective in reducing the aluminum. This raises the question whether the metabolites of GH3—DMAE and PABA—might also have some effect in this regard.24 In fact, Drs. Imre Zs.-Nagy and Katalin Nagy demonstrated that both dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) and centrophenoxine (CPH) are indeed able to diminish the extent of crosslinking in old rats.25

Bjorksten’s team also evaluated the ability of various concentrations of lithium to remove tightly bound aluminum from tanned leather baseball covers.26, 27 Using a 0.05M concentration of lithium citrate, they completely demetalized the leather in approximately three months. Lithium is used clinically to treat manic depressive illness (MDI). Recent studies indicate that it may offer benefit in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, as well. 28 Perhaps long-term treatments with low doses of lithium may be an effective way to displace crosslinked/protein bound aluminum in animals and humans. Lithium orotate as a dietary supplement is the safest, most effective form of lithium available. Bjorksten spent his entire career searching for the cause and cure of crosslinks, which he believed would result in the reversal of aging and maintenance of prolonged youth. He believed that one cause of the crosslinks was heavy metal poisoning, (especially aluminum), which could be prevented and reversed with chelation therapy. He also identified the loss of fluidity of cell membranes as a contributing factor, and supported the use of membrane fluidizers such as centrophenoxine, phosphatidylserine, choline and lecithin.

Advanced Glycation End Products of Aging (AGEs)

In 1965, Dr. H.B. Bensusan proposed that a process known as the Maillard reaction, (the non-enzymatic chemical reactions between proteins and carbohydrates that cause cooked foods to turn brown) was what caused all long-lived proteins in the body to turn brown and become fluorescent, (under UV light), become more cross-linked, less soluble, less elastic, and less digestible by enzymes. In 1985, Monnier, Kohn and Cerami provided further details of the role of the Maillard reaction,1 and further developed the idea that the Maillard reaction causes premature aging and degenerative diseases such as diabetes and heart disease.29 In this regard, many scientists think the human body may be viewed as a 'low temperature oven' with a relatively long—approximately 75 year —‘cooking cycle.’30 The Maillard reaction involves a chemical reaction between a sugar with a protein, into a complex known as a Schiff base. With continued exposure to the sugar, the Schiff base undergoes a 'rearrangement' known as non-enzymatic glycosylation that results in a more stable, less reversible substance, known as an Amadori product. In the human body, this process reaches equilibrium over several weeks (Fig. 6).

31 The Amadori product further degrades irreversibly into a number of highly reactive carbonyl (C=O) compounds called Advanced Glycation End products, designated by the acronym AGE.32 AGE is a clever pun which reflects the proposed relationship of these reactive substances to aging and age-related diseases. AGEs can further react with other fats, proteins and nucleic acids to form largely indissoluble crosslinks. The age-related accumulation of these AGE products has been demonstrated in many tissues of the body (Fig. 7).

33 During long-term hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar), as in diabetics, glycation and AGE formation may be quadrupled! This explains why diabetics suffer the premature onset of a wide range of age-related complications including cataracts, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, atherosclerosis and osteoporosis.34, 35

Crosslinkage Theory Gets New Life

Bjorksten was a talented petroleum chemist. Had he been a food chemist instead, he may have appreciated this link between the Maillard Reaction and crosslinking much earlier, and made even greater progress in developing preventive and therapeutic approaches to crosslinkage-induced aging. Through their insightful work in understanding this process, scientists like Brownlee, Cerami and Monnier provided renewed impetus and a 'rebirth' for the crosslinkage theory. Unfortunately, they did this with little attribution to Bjorksten, who had doggedly pursued this approach to aging for over 50 years.

AGE Breakers (and inhibitors)

There are a number of substances that have been used to delay and reverse glycation-induced crosslinkages (AGEs). Khalifah and his colleagues proposed a schematic of the formation of AGEs, and illustrates a number of specific therapeutic targets (Fig.8).31

Metformin (Glucophage®): Metformin is an anti-diabetic biguanide that was derived from the herb, Goat’s rue (Galega officinalis). Biguanide drugs were recognized by Prof. Vladimir Dilman as early as the mid-1970s as the most effective antiaging drugs in existence. Metformin is an insulin receptor sensitizer, capable primarily of lowering blood sugar and insulin. Dilman also demonstrated that biguanides restored cortisol receptor sensitivity. Metformin has many other beneficial properties, including optimizing lipid profile, reducing body fat, maintaining levels of growth hormone, stimulating immunity, and extending the maximum lifespan of experimental animals.36

Aminoguanidine (Pimegedine): Aminoguanidine is a substance that has been known for over 100 years. It is structurally very similar to guanidine, the active ingredient in the herb, Goat’s rue (the herbal prototype for metformin). Aminoguanidine has aroused a great deal of interest in the last twenty years, due to its demonstrated ability to block the formation of AGEs and AGE-induced crosslinkages in both animal and human clinical studies. Aminoguanidine inhibits AGE formation, preventing AGE-induced crosslinks in collagen and other tissues. Fortunately, aminoguanidine does not interfere with the formation of normal collagen crosslinks, which are required for structural integrity. Another mechanism by which aminoguanidine is believed to act is by enhancing the action of nitric oxide (the same mechanism by which Viagra functions).37, 38 Aminoguanidine also reduces the formation of lipofuscin (age pigment) and prevents or reduces cataracts, atherosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy (Fig. 9).

30, 39-41 In a study of diabetic patients, after four weeks of therapy with aminoguanidine, LDL cholesterol decreased almost 30%, and total cholesterol and triglycerides both decreased almost 20%. Hemoglobin-AGE levels, a circulating marker of the degree of glycosylation, also decreased dramatically (13.8 U/mg Hb at the beginning of therapy, to 10.0 U/mg Hb after only four weeks).42 Aminoguanidine is very safe, as indicated by short-term human studies which used the astronomical dose of 1200 mg daily.43 (This is in comparison with a usual human dose of 100-300 mg daily). The dose required to cause death in half the animals (mice) to which it was administered (Lethal Dose 50 [LD50]) was 1800 mg/kg.37 That would be equivalent to a human dose of almost 300 grams!

Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate (P5P): P5P, the active form of vitamin B6, has been found to significantly reduce the non-enzymatic glycosylation (formation of AGEs) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with radioactive-labeled sugar. Of the substances tested, P5P was exceeded only by aminoguanidine in its ability to inhibit AGE formation (Fig. 10).

Combining P5P with metformin or aminoguanidine may enhance their AGE-inhibiting actions even more.44

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) and Benfotiamine: In their book, Life Extension, Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw reported that thiamine was an effective crosslink inhibitor.45 They were at that time consuming two grams of thiamine each day in their personal antiaging regimens. Thiamine may ultimately also prove to be an effective crosslinkage breaker as well as inhibitor. Another thiamine derivative is the fat-soluble Benfotiamine. Benfotiamine is very helpful in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy at a dose of 300 mg twice daily.

Carnosine: Dr. Alan Hipkiss of the Division of Biomolecular Sciences, King’s College London, reviewed the antiaging effects of carnosine and aminoguanidine.46 Dr. Hipkiss believes that one of the major mechanisms of the antiaging effects of carnosine is its powerful effects as a crosslink inhibitor and breaker, and that the use of these substances might help to control age-related molecular dysfunction. Carnosine has been used in doses generally ranging from 500-2,000 mg/day.

Sorry for this long answer to your short question—but I believe that Dr. Bjorksten’s often overlooked contributions to the glycation/crosslinking theory need to be remembered and reemphasized.

Bjorksten, Johan, and Andrews, Fred. Fundamentals of aging: A comparison of the mortality curve for humans with a viscosity curve of gelatin during the cross-linking reaction. J American Geriatrics Society, 1960, 8: 632-637.

Two days ago I was diagnosed with Essential Tremor (ET). I am 37 years old and in good shape but struggle with tremors in my hands and at times in my feet. I also have anxiety from time to time. I am looking for a line-up of supplements that I could try synergistically to possibly help restore cognitive health or at the very least stop any progression. Currently I am taking magnesium, idebenone, CoQ10 and creatine. I also am taking a prescription (today is my first day) of primidone...only half a pill to help control tremors. I avoid caffeine, as anything that "excites" the brain seems to make the symptoms worse. Please let me know what recommendations you have for me. I am willing to experiment with different things in an effort to find something that works.

Thanks, B.B., USA

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear B.B.,

Why this condition is called essential is a mystery to me. The same with “essential hypertension.” There is nothing “essential” about either of these conditions. I guess it’s our way of admitting we don’t know the cause. Unfortunately, just as we don’t know the cause, there is also no universally effective treatment--although many substances have been tried. Some people respond better to one treatment than another. Consequently, a trial-and-error approach is used, to try to find something that will work with minimum side effects. Currently, Primidone (Mysoline®, Elan Pharma)—that you are taking--is a first-line choice. Primidone is an anti-epileptic structural analog of phenobarbital. In early studies of primidone in ET patients, beneficial responses were noted in 60%.

Another drug to consider is Propranolol (Inderal®, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals). Propranolol is a beta-blocker, and was the first medication shown to be efficacious for ET. Propranolol may be administered on either an as-needed (PRN) or a constant-use basis. Propranolol is beneficial in approximately 50% to 70% of patients with ET.

Primidone and propranolol may also be used in combination if either one alone has not sufficiently controlled the tremor. In addition, when appropriate, low dose benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam or clonazepam can be added to primidone and/or propranolol. As is the case with propranolol, benzodiazepines may be used in small doses on a PRN basis about 30 minutes to 1 hour before an important event.

Topiramate (Topamax®, Ortho-McNeil), used for migraine headaches, may also be tried for ET. Topiramate treatment improves tremor scores by approximately 29%, at an average dose of 300 mg.

The anticonvulsant gabapentin (Neurontin, Pfizer) has also been used in ET. Gabapentin monotherapy is comparable to propranolol in reducing tremors, and may have fewer side effects than many of the other anti-ET substances.

Calcium Channel Blockers like nicardipine (Cardene®, Roche) and nimodipine (Nimotop®, Bayer) have shown some promise in attenuating ET. However, these agents generally are less effective than propranolol.

For most ET patients, alcohol consumption may temporarily attenuate tremors. Therefore, a small amount of alcohol ingested before an important event may provide transient symptomatic relief.

Other substances that have been used with limited success in ET include low-dose amantadine (Symmetrel®, Endo Pharmaceuticals), clonidine (Catapres®, Boehringer Ingelheim), trazodone (Desyrel®, Bristol-Myers Squibb), thymoxamine, and linoleic acid.

I know you asked for supplements that might help, and I gave you mostly a list of drugs. Hopefully, you may find something in this assortment that will control your tremors, without causing bothersome side-effects. In keeping with your objective to control your symptoms and restore cognitive health, my top two suggestions are to try Gabapentin, starting with 600 mg as a night-time dose, and PEMF.

Ward Dean, M.D.

In the last few years my skin has developed ‘liver spots.’ Additionally, I have a diagnosis of Hepatitis C or B. Apparently there are often false positives in the testing. While my liver enzymes are slightly elevated they are not in the range of someone with the hepatitis C virus. The enzyme levels decrease with major autohemotherapy (using ozone). I have had several glutathione IVs, and I regularly do a gall bladder flush. What other therapies are available for liver health?

Thanks a lot, J.M., United States

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear J.M.,

Firstly, ‘liver spots’ don’t have anything to do with liver disease. They are also known as ‘age spots,’ and are due to the deposition of ‘aging pigment’ (lipofuscin). Lipofuscin is a fluorescent, highly cross-linked lipoprotein pigment resulting from the inefficient metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipofuscin accumulates in our cells with age, and ‘liver spots’ in the skin are thought to be an indicator of the concentration of lipofuscin elsewhere in the body. Dr. Kalidas Nandy, of the Department of Anatomy and Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, stated that; “One of the most consistent cytological changes in aging mammals, is the deposition of lipofuscin” (age pigment).1 Researchers in Italy emphasize that; “lipofuscin pigments are well known biomarkers of the aging process.”2

I believe that ‘liver spots’ are an indicator of the degree of lipofuscin accumulation in other parts of the body (brain, heart, muscles). Although there is no evidence that lipofuscin is in any way harmful, it can be considered as ‘intracellular garbage,’ and may in some way impair cellular function. Fortunately, there are a number of substances that can eliminate these pigments—and you can watch your skin changes as an indicator of the degree of their removal. Centrophenoxine, DMAE, and Hydergine, have all been demonstrated to reduce lipofuscin deposits in experimental animals1. I know several patients who have used these substances to rid themselves of their ‘age spots,’ over 3-6 months

I’m puzzled that you have a diagnosis of “hepatitis A or B.” With tests available today, very specific, accurate diagnoses can be made. If you really do have hepatitis, the type of hepatitis can accurately be made—and if you have hepatitis C, a ‘viral load’ (using PCR) will provide an indication of the severity of the disease. Liver enzyme tests are an indicator of liver abnormalities, but may be caused by other factors such as statins, acetaminophen (Tylenol®) or other drugs. I’d ask your physician to re-check, or find another doctor.

Metformin, which is now recognized as the treatment of choice for Type 2 diabetes, and which I have long-recommended as a premier antiaging substance, has also recently been reported to be of benefit for those with hepatitis C and diabetes. In a study of 100 diabetics with hepatitis C, 26 of whom were treated with metformin, it was found that metformin use resulted in an 81% reduction in the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and a 78% reduction in liver-related death or need for liver transplantation.3

Ward Dean, M.D.

[Ed- Curcumin is the extract of turmeric available in slow release form as CurcuminSR™ from IAS].

Hi, Dr. Dean, First I want to say, you are amazing. I love reading everything you have written on this site. I have Hashimoto’s. I live in Argentina, and Armour® thyroid is not available. I want to switch to Armour, as I have heard so many good things about it, and traditional medications are not helping me. My current combination is 100 mcg of Levetiroxina (T4) and 40 mcg of T3. How would you recommend I start with Armour? Thank you so much.

D.B., Argentina

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear D.B.,

One grain (60 mg) of Armour® thyroid is roughly equivalent to 100 mcg of Synthroid® (Levetiroxina). Armour is comprised of a natural balance of T4, T3, and T2. Therefore, one grain would be a good ‘starting dose.’ Generally I suggest advancing the dose of thyroid by about ½ grain each month, until desired results are achieved. Although blood tests provide additional information, I adjust the dose primarily based on how the patient feels, body temperature, and most important, the heart rate. Shoot for a heart rate of 65-75, and try to maintain the resting heart rate in that range. If the heart rate begins to increase into the 80s, and especially the 90s, reduce the dosage to that where you feel well, but have a normal heart rate.

In your case, with Hashimoto’s, I’d also add anti-inflammatory herbs like turmeric, boswellia and berberine. Also, consider 2-8 drops per day of Lugol’s solution, (potassium Iodide).

Ward Dean, M.D.

[Ed- Curcumin is the extract of turmeric available in slow release form as CurcuminSR™ from IAS].

Dear Dr. Dean,

I have been suffering from adrenal fatigue for several years, and took a round of the peptide bioregulator for the adrenal gland. I am perimenopausal and on bio-identical hormones. About 2-3 weeks after taking the bioregulators, I started having a period and my breasts were extremely tender. Is it possible that the adrenal surge also increased estrogen production in that short amount of time? I will have my blood tested in September for my hormone levels, but in the meantime my naturopath (hormone specialist) lowered my estrogen prescription by half, just based on my external symptoms.

What do you think?

M.B., United States

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear M.B.,

Firstly, the Russian peptides are a learning curve for us all at present, although they’re based on very good science. They are a direct extension of the work of my Russian mentor, Prof. Vladimir Dilman, and many of his students.1 Dilman believed that a principle cause of aging was the progressive loss of central and peripheral hormone (and neurotransmitter) receptor sensitivity to negative feedback inhibition. Consequently, he proposed his revolutionary and underappreciated approach to antiaging therapeutics—i.e., to identify drugs and neuropeptides that are capable of restoring this altered receptor sensitivity to a more youthful state. He believed that metformin and phenformin, (a pharmaceutical predecessor to metformin) were the prototypes of these ‘metabolic rejuvenators.’

We’ve already received numerous positive testimonials of the actions of these biopeptides over very short periods of time, and in cases like yours, in very low doses. It appears that the Russian research is being borne out in patient reality. We recommend, (as you have done) that anyone on any type of hormonal therapy monitor themselves closely--especially while taking the peptide bio-regulators. Adaptation to one hormone can naturally affect others, too. Dilman demonstrated long ago that phenformin not only restored insulin receptor sensitivity, but that of cortisol, as well (see figure one).2

I believe that metformin also restores sex steroid receptor sensitivity, although this is merely my clinical impression.

It is not yet possible to say definitively whether adrenal changes due to the adrenal bio-regulators made this impact on your estrogen levels, (or the sensitivity of your estrogen receptors), but it is certainly likely that they did. It would be of value to know your before and after levels of your adrenal hormones (including DHEA), and their changes over 24 hours, as well as estrogen and progesterone. It is clearly a favorable sign that you are improving clinically while simultaneously lowering your estrogen prescription.

Figure One: Restoration of hypothalamic sensitivity to suppression by dexamethasone by pineal polypeptide extract, (epithalamion) and phenformin in rats. PPE was injected subcutaneously for 5 days, and Phenformin was injected intraperitoneally for 5 days. The results show that both PPE and phenformin restore hypothalamo-pituitary complex sensitivity to inhibition by dexamethasone (i.e., synthetic cortisol) (Dilman and Dean, 1992).

Dear Dr. Dean,

I have had issues with foggy thinking since my mid-40s. The rebalancing of my hormones has fixed about 50% of the fogginess. Also, I tried modafinil, and was amazed that I was able to think like I was in my 20s (I'm in my early 50s). Unfortunately, I developed hives pretty badly, and assume it was from the modafinil. So I ordered adrafinil from the IAS site. Do you know if it has the same sulfonamide profile as modafinil? I have sensitivity to sulfonamides, which is likely what brought on the rash.

P.H., Canada

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Dear P.H.,

Unfortunately, you appear to have experienced an uncommon but potentially severe side effect of modafinil in those who are allergic to it- a profound rash (see figure two).

Figure two: A rare, but potential side effect of the Eugeroic drugs is a skin rash.

As you can see, the structures of adrafinil and modafinil are quite similar (see figure three). Consequently, you should avoid both of these medications.

Figure three: The structure of adrafinil is shown on the left, the structure of modafinil is shown on the right; the close similarity between the two can be clearly seen.

I am very interested in using the Can-C™ eye-drops to help fight my cataract - but how soon might I see positive results and what may I do in addition to speed things along?

R.M.F., Scotland

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

In my experience, 3-6 months is the minimum time to see improvement with Can-C™, although I have known people who have persisted, and did not see improvement until over one year had elapsed. Of course, the time required depends on the person’s diligence with the drops, and the degree of progression of the cataract at the time the treatment, (2-drops twice a day) was begun. The formulators of Can-C™ eye-drops also designed Can-C Plus capsules, as an oral adjunct to the eye-drops. Note: Dr. Babizhayev, the principal Can-C™ researcher, doesn’t recommend lutein (found in many ‘eye’ formulas), as lutein competes with same receptors as N-acetyl carnosine, and could down-regulate efficacy of the drops.

An alternative to Can-C™ capsules, would be to take L-carnosine itself, one of the principal (and I believe, most active) ingredients in Can-C™ Plus capsules.

Additionally, you might consider the AGE-breaking aminoguanidine. Several Japanese research teams have demonstrated the ability of aminoguanidine to inhibit or completely prevent the development of cataracts in two diabetes-prone rat strains. The first team used the Shumiya cataract rat (SCR). SCR is a hereditary cataract model in which lens opacity appears spontaneously in the nuclear and perinuclear portions at 11-12 weeks of age. The researchers found that oral administration of aminoguanidine (AG) strongly inhibited the development of lens opacification in SCR rats.

In another very recent study, the researchers used another strain, Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats. SDT rats have marked hyperglycemia and severe ocular complications. They evaluated the effect of the anti-AGE agent, aminoguanidine, on the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and cataract. Five SDT rats were treated with aminoguanidine (0.5 g/L in drinking water). During the duration of the study, ALL of the control rats developed cataracts, whereas NONE of the aminoguanidine-treated rats developed cataracts. These results were dramatically illustrated in the accompanying photographs (Figure 1). The researchers concluded that aminoguanidine had a strong inhibitory effect on diabetic ocular complications in SDT rats.

Although I have unfortunately not found any human studies to corroborate these findings in rats, aminoguanidine has been shown to be safe and effective in humans for a number of conditions, and I would expect it to have the same cataract-inhibiting effect in humans as it has in rats.

Figure 1, the Effect of aminoguanidine on diabetic cataract and retinopathy. The top row shows the slit-lamp findings in the lens. The untreated control rat has mature diabetic cataracts, whereas the aminoguanidine-treated SDT rat has minimal lens opacity. The bottom row shows the fluorescein angiomicroscopy findings. The untreated control rat has extensive fluorescein leakage and narrowing of the capillaries around the optic disc. The aminoguanidine-treated SDT rat has no abnormalities.

Dear Dr Dean,

I enjoyed reading your interview in Issue 4, 2012 of the Aging Matters™ magazine regarding the use of smart drugs and nutrients. Indeed, I have your books at home! I have some confusion over one of the smart drugs that I personally like to use, and that is Vasopressin. It seems to now be available as both the synthetic version called desmopressin and the original porcine version of vasopressin. I was wondering if you could please tell me the difference between the two nasal sprays and if they may have any different uses / actions and which one you prefer?

S.B.J., California

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Desmopressin (1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin) is the synthetic version of the posterior pituitary hormone, vasopressin. Desmopressin is considered to be longer acting, and perhaps more potent than its natural analog, but the clinical results with each are variable. I don’t think there’s much difference in the two - i.e., those who respond favorably to one will probably have a similar response to the other. IAS has both versions available. Desmopressin nasal provides 5 mcg per spray, the usual dose is 20 mcg per day, whereas the vasopressin provides 10 IU per spray, the usual dose is 20-25 IU per day. The effective dose is highly individualized, and may be slightly more or less than those cited.

I have high triglycerides, high homocysteine, and a low metabolism. I find myself rather lethargic and gaining weight. Could you please suggest any products that you feel may benefit me in my situation?

A.P.M., Great Britain

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

The safest, cheapest and most effective substance to normalize one’s lipid profile is nicotinic acid (niacin, vitamin B3). Niacin has the optimal effect on the lipid profile. It lowers total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, and raises HDL (the so-called ‘good’ cholesterol). Most people will only require 1500-2000 mg of niacin per day, although I’ve used doses up to 6 grams per day.

Another substance that normalizes triglycerides is the anti-diabetic drug, metformin. I’ve written on the antiaging benefits of metformin (a ‘metabolic rejuvenator’), as well as its weight-normalizing effects. As a key component of my often-prescribed weight loss protocol, my patients invariably report that after taking metformin, they feel better, have more energy, and lose their carbohydrate cravings. Also, they often are surprised to find that their clothes fit better, even before they note any loss in body weight. This is because metformin seems to cause a shift in body morphology—i.e., loss of body fat, and increase in lean body mass (bone and muscle). Bone and muscle are heavier than fat, resulting in a seemingly paradoxical increase in weight, despite significant fat loss.

Another frequent cause of the symptoms that you describe - fatigue and weight gain - is overt or sub-clinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone is a natural substance that belongs in your body. I pay very little attention to thyroid blood tests. In most cases, I believe they are a ‘waste of blood.’ I prefer to treat my patients’ symptoms. If my patients exhibit a spectrum of hypothyroid symptoms, (i.e., cold hands and feet, low body temperature, depression, constipation, fatigue, or difficult weight loss), I start them on a low dose of thyroid (i.e., ½ to 1 grain of Armour® Thyroid), and gradually increase the dose every month or so, based on one’s clinical response. As long as the heart rate remains in the normal range (60-75 beats per minute), and the patient feels well, I believe there is very little chance of excessive thyroid being consumed.

The single best treatment for elevated homocysteine is anhydrous betaine (trimethylglycine - TMG), in a daily dose of 3,000-5,000 mg. Another advantage of TMG (besides lowering homocysteine) is that it converts to the antidepressant, SAMe. While SAMe is fairly expensive, TMG is amazingly cheap. Besides, TMG tastes good, and can be added to virtually any beverage (milk, juice, coffee, etc).

I’m currently using 2400 mg of Nootropil® / piracetam daily to help me in my studies. Some days I get very focused clarity, but other days I don’t seem to achieve as much as I’d like to. I was wondering why this might be - do I need to adjust my dose or might I be better off on another piracetam related supplement? I would appreciate any advice.

S.P., New York

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Frankly, I haven’t noted much difference between the various Nootropics (piracetam, aniracetam, pramiracetam, etc.) when taken in equipotent dosages. Therefore, I don’t think further increase in your dosage of Nootropil® / piracetam, or switching to one of the other piracetam analogs would result in further improvement. Instead, I would add one or more cognitive enhancers that act via different mechanisms, such as vinpocetine, which increases cerebral oxygen uptake and glucose metabolism, centrophenoxine (Lucidril), or the relatively fast-acting desmopressin nasal spray [Ed.- as mentioned above]. Another ‘wake up’ antidepressant cognitive enhancer is deprenyl / selegiline - especially, the fast-acting sublingual drops.

I have your book the GHB, the Natural Mood Enhancer, which is a great resource for anyone who wants to learn about this remarkable substance - but which has sadly been banned in many parts of the world. When it was legal, I was able to use it very successfully for helping me sleep. I am not ‘officially’ an insomniac, but consider myself borderline. Is there anything similar to GHB that I could try, (legally of course) that you can suggest that will help me get better sleep at night?

A.B., Australia

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Neurontin (gabapentin) is a GHB analog, which is approved by the FDA as an anti-seizure medication, and also for fibromyalgia, restless legs, and nerve pain due to diabetic neuropathy and shingles. The most common ‘side effect’ of Neurontin® is ‘somnolence’ (i.e., it will induce sleep, in appropriate doses). It is a very safe drug, used in doses as high as 3.4 grams/day. Usually, restful sleep will result from doses ranging from 600-1800 mg about an hour before bedtime.

I would like to know if there are supplements particularly good at helping mild forms of depression. I don’t have anything to be depressed about, but some days I don’t feel like getting out of bed.

D.R., Florida

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Taking your question at face value, without considering the myriad of potential causes, I’m guessing that your sleep is not as restful as it possibly could be. Tryptophan (1500-2,000 mg) or 5HTP (150-200 mg) at bedtime have sleep-inducing and antidepressant effects. IAS carries both of these nutrients. Also, melatonin (3-6 mg) can be taken along with tryptophan (or 5HTP). Neurontin® / gabapentin, as mentioned above, is an excellent sleep-inducer when used in appropriate doses—and GHB (of which Neurontin® is a chemically-related analog) is a superior antidepressant. When taken in appropriate doses, Neurontin® results in very restful sleep, and enables one to awaken refreshed, and literally ‘bounce out of bed’ (similar to the sleep-wake profile of GHB). Hypothyroidism can also be a cause of low energy and depression so please see my response to the question above.

I have been diagnosed with angina. What can I do to alleviate this situation?

C.K., England

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

First, for acute (immediate) relief, I recommend a combination of IAS’s Nitric Pro™ and Neo40®. This combination will maximize the release of Nitric Oxide, essential for vasodilation and enhancement of blood flow to the heart and other organs. Also, I recommend one aspirin per day.

For long-term improvement, I recommend 1,500 mg of Niacin (vitamin B3) to normalize your lipid levels. Niacin is the safest, cheapest, most effective lipid-lowering agent there is. Also, 500mg of Turmeric (Ed. – or approximately 125mg curcumin) to normalize your fibrinogen levels, which is perhaps one of the most important markers of cardiovascular risk. I also suggest adding Dr. Garry Gordon’s Beyond Chelation Improved®, which contains EDTA. In addition you can consider 100 mg of CoQ10SR™ and IAS’s unique formula for cardiac support, Cardio-Pro™. Let me know how you do.

I am very interested in the mitochondrial theory of aging and understand that healthy mitochondria will generate good internal energy levels and repair systems. Could you please recommend any products that may help my mitochondria perform better?

J.J., New Jersey

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

There are two approaches to enhance mitochondrial energy production.

First, is to optimize the mitochondrial energy producing intermediates such as D-Ribose (5 grams per day), Creatine (5 grams per day), CoQ10SR™ (100 mg per day), NADH and IAS’s ATP-Boost™ (which is principally a combination of Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Alpha Lipoic Acid and Adenosine Triphosphate). The unique cognitive-enhancing drug, Hydergine, has also been shown to restore mitochondrial function of old animals to that of more youthful counterparts.

The other approach to enhanced mitochondrial function is to increase the number of mitochondria. Studies have shown that youthful organisms respond to exercise by increasing the number of small, efficient, energy-producing mitochondria. With increasing age, mitochondria have fewer tendencies to increase in number; rather they increase in size, but are less efficient energy-producers. Recently, a new substance, (PQQ) has been shown to regenerate small, efficient mitochondria — essentially as in youthful organisms.

Thus, the ideal mitochondrial restoration formula would seem to be a balanced combination of mitochondrial energy producing intermediates, PLUS the new mitochondrial regenerating supplement, PQQ-Pro™.

(Ed. - Please note that 2 grams of D-Ribose are contained in each rounded teaspoon of Bio-En’R-Gy C®).

My rising from bed temperature seems to be regularly below 36° C (96.8° F). I can recognize signs of hypothyroidism in myself. Can you please advise what dose of thyroid I should use to raise my morning temperature with either a T3 or natural thyroid supplement?

B.D., Switzerland

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

I usually recommend Armour® Natural Thyroid, rather than pure T3. Armour contains the naturally-occurring range of thyroid hormones—T2, T3, and T4—and seems to have more beneficial effects than the commonly used T3 (Synthroid®).

Temperature is important—but even more important is your heart rate. I like to maintain the resting heart rate in the 65-75 beats per minute range. I usually start my patients on no more than 1 grain (60 mg) of Armour® thyroid. If needed, I adjust the dose up or down depending on the response. Response to the dosage used is more important than the results of any thyroid function blood tests—which in most cases are a ‘waste of blood.’ If the pulse rate and temperature remain normal, and the patient feels well, there is very little likelihood of overdosing on thyroid. I try to treat the patient—not the blood test.

My doctor has prescribed a statin (Lipitor®) to lower my cholesterol level. Friends have told me that I should also take CoQ10; I would like to know your opinion.

G.P.R., Texas

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

I believe that statin drugs such as Lipitor® are not a preferable solution to hyperlipidemia. Statins are literally toxic to the muscles, and result in weakness, fatigue, cramps, and in worst cases, destruction of the muscle (rhabdomyolysis). These side effects are well known to most cardiologists. As you suggested, statins also impede the actions / reduce body concentrations of CoQ10. Consequently, CoQ10 has been suggested to be taken whenever statins are given.

So yes, I agree with your friends who recommend CoQ10—IF you feel you must take statins.

However, as I said above, the safest, most non-toxic, cheapest lipid lowering substance known is NIACIN (vitamin B3). Niacin lowers total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL and RAISES HDL.

Recently, there has been a negative report about niacin — however what is NEVER mentioned is that the negative report involved NIA-SPAN® — a prescription form of timed-release niacin. Timed-release niacin is known to be toxic. Therefore I recommend the cheaper health-food store variety of Nicotinic Acid, or the non-flushing Inositol Hexanicotinate or Xanthinol Nicotinate forms.

I appear to have reoccurring bouts of gout which has now become more painful and uncomfortable. I would very much like to know how I can rid myself of this problem.

E.M., Colorado

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Of course, you should avoid foods that trigger your attacks, such as red meat, shellfish and alcohol. Colchicine is the time-honored treatment for acute flares of gout, but due to FDA interference, has now been made a frightfully expensive prescription drug in the U.S.

Fortunately, IAS has located an affordable version of colchicine in 1 mg tablets. Take 1 tablet at the first sign of a gout flare, then 1 more 2 hours later if still symptomatic. Wait 12 hours before taking a third dose, if it is needed.

Unfortunately, gout is a genetic illness, so there is no way to ‘rid yourself of the problem.’ However, with proper diet and judicious use of colchicine, the discomfort can be prevented or greatly alleviated.

I have recently been given a urine challenge test and discovered that I am ‘high’ in cadmium and ‘moderately high’ in mercury. What might be the best types of chelation (oral and IV) that I can use to excrete these toxic heavy metals and how long may I have to do so?

R.K., Georgia

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Intravenous EDTA is an excellent chelator of cadmium, and fairly good chelator of mercury. A minimum of ten treatments will be required, although more will undoubtedly be better. If intravenous EDTA is not available in your area, oral treatment will also help—and is also a useful adjunct if IV treatment is used. One alternative is Dr. Gordon’s Beyond Chelation Improved®. Another oral treatment, (perhaps the best chelator of mercury) is DMSA (dimercapto succinic acid). I recommend a conservative protocol of 300 mg of DMSA orally every other day.

Unfortunately, heavy metals are usually lodged in the bones and the brain. Chelation therapy detoxification is a prolonged process, as the chelating agents normally bind with the heavy metals in the blood, lowering the blood levels of these substances, which then re-equilibrate from the bones and brain to restore the levels in the blood. Thus, repeated treatments are required to ultimately deplete the ‘stores’ in the bones and brain. Dr. Gordon believes this should be a lifelong process.

(Ed. – DMSA can be found in Detox-Pro™ at 100 mg per capsule. High quality Zeolite is available in liquid mouth spray and dissolvable in water capsule - see Advanced Cellular Zeolite® and ZeoGold® for details).

I am a 48 year old male and over the last couple of years have noticed that my erections are becoming weaker, to the point where, although not diagnosed, I am sure that I have erectile dysfunction. I don’t really want to become reliant on taking a Viagra® pill every time my wife and I have sex, what can you recommend Dr. Dean and what may address the cause of this problem rather than just the symptoms?

S.S.K., Canada

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

First, I suggest that you ask your physician to check your testosterone levels. If they are in the low or low-normal range, you might ask him to prescribe testosterone. I prefer injectable testosterone (cypionate or enanthate) usually 200 mg injected intramuscularly every 2-3 weeks. Alternatively, the topical creams or gels may also help, although I believe topical testosterone is not as effective as the injectable route. That may solve your problem.

Another approach, in this regard, is IAS’s new Andro-Pro™. It is designed to naturally raise testosterone levels, although I have not had any clinical experience with it yet. However, there are several nutritional alternatives to Viagra® and the other phosphodiesterase (PDE-5)-inhibiting drugs like Cialis® and Levitra®, all of which are designed to increase the production of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO), one of the most important signaling molecules in our bodies. Nitric oxide was designated ‘Molecule of the Year’ by the journal, Science, in 1992, and a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1998 for its discovery. Unfortunately as we age, we lose our ability to produce NO. This puts us at risk for a host of conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (i.e., heart attacks), stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and erectile dysfunction.

One way to increase NO is to consume the nitric oxide-producing amino acid, arginine. The effect of oral arginine intake to improve erectile response was first investigated in animal models. Older rats supplemented with arginine resulted in increased nitric oxide synthase activity and increased nitric oxide levels, which caused improved erectile response. The authors of the study suggested that dietary supplementation with arginine might lead to improved sexual performance in humans, as well.

The first evidence that oral supplementation with arginine might lead to improvement in human sexual function came from a short-term study in 1994. The study showed a positive correlation between arginine supplementation and sexual performance and satisfaction.

These intriguing findings were supported by a more recent, larger study conducted at the Department of Urology and Nephrology at Tel Aviv University in Israel. Fifty men with confirmed erectile dysfunction were administered either a placebo or 5 g/day arginine for six weeks. Thirty-one percent of the subjects receiving arginine reported improvement and satisfaction in their sexual performance. In the placebo group, only 12% of the men noted improvement in sexual function. Importantly, at the 5 gram daily dose, no significant side effects occurred in any of the patients throughout the entire duration of the study. The percentage of patients reporting improved performance (31%) may not sound like an impressive number, but keep in mind that up to 50% of Viagra® users report no benefit from taking this prescription medication.

As a source of arginine, IAS offers Nitric-Pro™ powder, which contains a hefty 3500 mg of L-arginine plus magnesium (to help relax the smooth muscle layer of the endothelium), per serving.

Unfortunately, the intestinal enzyme, arginase reduces the effectiveness of the conversion of oral arginine to NO by metabolizing arginine, reducing the amount that is available for conversion to NO. Citrulline may offer a solution. Citrulline is a semi-essential amino acid that is not found in the diet- it is synthesized in the body via a mechanism called the urea cycle. In this metabolic pathway, arginine is catalyzed by the enzyme arginase to urea and ornithine. Ornithine, in turn, is converted to citrulline, which is converted to argininosuccinate, which is converted back to arginine, completing the cycle. It has recently been shown that oral citrulline supplementation increases the plasma arginine concentration and augments NO-dependent signaling in a dose-dependent manner. This provides the rationale for using oral citrulline supplementation as a donor for the arginine/NO pathway in those with ED.

An article in Urology described a pilot trial aimed to determine whether oral citrulline supplementation could improve erection hardness in patients with mild ED. In the Urology study, 24 men (mean age of 56.5 ± 9.8 years) with mild ED (erection hardness score [EHS] of 3) received a placebo for 1 month. They were then given citrulline, 1.5 g/day split into two doses, for another month. At the end of the study, the erection hardness score, number of intercourses per month, treatment satisfaction, and adverse events were recorded.

The improvement in the EHS from 3 (mild ED) to 4 (normal erectile function) occurred in 2 (8.3%) of the 24 men when taking placebo during the first half of the study. But when the subjects were switched to citrulline, 12 (50%) of the 24 men reported achieving an EHS of 4. An EHS of 3 is considered “hard enough for penetration but not completely hard,” while an EHS 4 is “completely hard and fully rigid.” citrulline increased hardness by 50%. At the same time, the mean number of intercourses per month increased from 1.37 at baseline to 1.53 at the end of the placebo phase (about 12% greater frequency) and 2.3 at the end of the treatment phase (about a 68% increase) for citrulline. Citrulline increased successful intercourse connects by 56% more than placebo, and all patients reporting an EHS improvement from 3 to 4 reported being very satisfied.

Perhaps the most effective way to increase nitric oxide has recently become available. It is a patent-pending combination of natural products, developed at the University of Texas Health Science Center, called Neo40®. Neo40® is primarily a combination of nitrate-rich beet root, and nitrate reductase activity-enhancing Hawthorn Berry extract, plus a relatively small amount of citrulline.

Preliminary clinical studies at the Houston Institute for Clinical Research indicate that Neo40® has demonstrated clinically relevant increases in NO and serum nitrate concentration, improvement in triglyceride levels, and normalization of blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Anecdotal reports from my patients who have used Neo40® also include rapid relief from angina attacks, and Viagra-like enhancement of sexual performance.

Another approach to improving erectile dysfunction is the time-honored multi-purpose herb, Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE). In a 1991 study, fifty patients with proven arterial erectile impotence were treated with 240 mg of GBE daily for nine months. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group had achieved sufficient erections with intracavernous papaverine injections before beginning treatment with GBE. The second group had not achieved sufficient erections with high-dose papaverine injections.

In the first group (n = 20), all patients regained spontaneous and sufficient erections after six months of oral GBE treatment. Arterial flow rates were actually improved after three months and continued to improve at six months. Rigidities at the penile tip and base were significantly improved after six months and remained constant during the nine month duration of the study. In the second group (n = 30) (this was the group that did not respond to high-dose papaverine injections—i.e., a very severe state of ED), improved arterial penile flow rates and rigidities were noted at six and nine months. Nineteen patients, responded to intracavernous PGE1 following GBE treatment. Of these 19 patients, 9 required a minimal dose of 5 mcg PGE1, while the other 11 required a maximal dose of 20 mcg. The remaining 11 patients remained impotent. Thus, it appears that Ginkgo biloba extract at a dose of 240 mg per day may also greatly assist those with ED.

In summary, I recommend evaluation of testosterone levels, and replacement, if appropriate, or using Andro-Pro™, arginine (3-5 grams per day) or the arginine-containing Nitric-Pro™, citrulline (1.5 grams per day), Neo40® (1 tab twice daily), and Ginkgo biloba (240 mg per day). I don’t recommend starting everything at one time—rather, begin with one nutrient at a time, and add other nutrients in sequence so you can tell what is (and is not) working.

I am so pleased to be asking a world expert this question! Dr. Dean I would say that my memory and cognition as a 60-year old female is quite good and I take care to exercise my brain and use some of the nutrients that you recommended in your Smart Drug books. My main problem seems to be the speed of my recall; my recent conversations have too many ums and errs in them, much to my embarrassment, especially since I give a lot of presentations to my board. Please recommend something that might be able to help me.

M.R., Illinois

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Not knowing what you are already taking makes this somewhat of a ‘guessing game,’ as I’m not sure what you are taking that isn’t working. Nevertheless, it sounds as if you’re looking for something that will offer a rapid effect that you will notice. If this is the case, I suggest alerting agents such as adrafinil or modafinil. Another cognitive-enhancing substance that has a rapid onset is vasopressin, available as either desmopressin (Minirin®) or Vaso-Pro™. These products are administered as nasal sprays, with rapid absorption through the nasal mucosa.

Vinpocetine, which acts to increase glucose uptake and oxygen utilization in the brain, also seems to cause rapid subjective improvements, sometimes perceived as brighter colors and improved hearing.

Centrophenoxine is another mild cerebral stimulant, although I usually think of it as being of long-term benefit for its ability to remove the cell-clogging lipofuscin, or aging pigment. Also, not to be overlooked, are the nootropics, of which Nootropil® (piracetam) is the prototype. This class of cognitive enhancers is known for improving communication between the cerebral hemispheres.

Have you considered the possibility of sub-clinical hypothyroidism? This may sometimes manifest in the symptoms that you describe. I suggest discussing this with a knowledgeable physician, who may recommend thyroid hormone for its cognition-normalizing effects.

I’m sure I may have recommended some substances that you may already be using, but hopefully you’ll find something within these recommendations that will restore your fluency.

My blood pressure seems to be rising, it used to be often 120/80, now it appears to be often around 140/90 - furthermore my resting heart rate can sometimes be around 90 beats per minute. I avoid caffeine and whilst I am overweight I am not obese and do mild exercise regularly. I am a 55 year old man.

F.M., Missouri

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Although there are several nutrients that may lower blood pressure, the combination of high blood pressure with increased heart rate is best treated with a beta blocking anti-hypertensive medication. Propranolol (Inderal®) is good, although cardio-selective beta blockers like Atenolol®, Labetalol®, Carvedolol® or Metoprolol® are also excellent. These medications act to slow the heart rate, (I prefer a resting rate of 65-75 BPM), while simultaneously normalizing blood pressure. Start with low doses, and gradually increase the dose until the target heart rate is obtained. Naturally, please discuss these recommendations with your physician.

I recommend first normalizing your pressure (and heart rate) with one of these medications. You may also add a combination of potassium and magnesium for longer term use, which may enable you to wean yourself from the medication. I often prescribe magnesium-potassium aspartate as a source for these two minerals. The dose can be gradually titrated up to bowel tolerance (magnesium in high enough doses will cause GI distress and diarrhea)—but before that point is reached, blood pressure will usually return to normal.

In addition to monitoring your blood pressure, another useful parameter to follow is your Arterial Stiffness Index (ASI). ASI is one of the best biomarkers of biological aging, as documented in my book, Biological Aging Measurement—Clinical Applications. At the time the book was published (1988), only the most sophisticated cardiovascular testing labs had the expensive equipment required to conduct this test. In recent years, the folks at IAS discovered a compact, computerized unit that was affordable for Doctors’ offices (Bio-Clip™ $799.99), and have now added a personal unit suitable for home use (Bio-Cuff™ $124.99).

As I have gotten older I find that my sleep quality has appeared to have worsened. Now as a 70-year old woman I find that it’s not just the quality of the sleep but the time also. I am now at the point where I seem to be sleeping on average about 4 hours a night. What procedures can I follow to improve this and are there any sleeping drugs you recommend?

G.M., Australia

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

In Aging Matters™, Issue #1, 2013, I answered a similar question, and suggested the anti-seizure drug, Gabapentin (Neurontin®), as a powerful sleep aid. Gabapentin is an analog of the ‘notorious’ GHB. GHB is actually the safest, most non-toxic, non-habit forming sleep inducing agent there is. It is a natural substance, existing in every cell in our bodies in small amounts. When taken in adequate doses, it induces sound, restful sleep—enhancing all four phases of sleep—and is metabolized into harmless carbon dioxide and water.

My experience with gabapentin as a sleep inducing agent is excellent. Although gabapentin doesn’t work for everyone, most of my patients gratifyingly report that it causes sound, restful sleep, without frequent early-morning awakenings. When taken in an appropriate dose, at the proper time, there is little to no ‘hangover’ effect. If you experience a hangover, take it an hour or so earlier, or reduce the dosage. Dosages of gabapentin must be individualized. Some very sensitive people find as little as 300 mg to be adequate. Usually, however, 600-800 mgs are effective and some highly resistant patients require 900-1200 mg. It is a very safe, non-habit forming medication. IAS now stocks gabapentin.

I am a 40-year old woman, in otherwise good health and fit. But I have recurring skin problems, specifically acne and boils which not only appear on my face, but other parts of my body such as my back. Obviously this is not a pleasant experience for me, I have tried using fiber and vitamin C to help detox myself with some limited success, but I would welcome your advice.

N.M., England

Read Dr. Ward Deans Answer here

Of course, I’m at a disadvantage in not being able to ‘eyeball’ your lesions. Skin lesions as you describe could be due to Rosacea, acne, or even by infectious microbes like staphylococcal bacteria. With that caveat, here are some general suggestions.

Vitamin D is essential for healthy skin, and a healthy immune system. Most of my patients are deficient in this essential vitamin. I like to see levels in the range of 60-70 ng/ml. To reach these levels usually requires supplementation of 5,000-10,000 IU per day. IAS has a very potent form of Vitamin D, D3-Pro, in a dose of 50,000 IU, these capsules should be taken once per week. [Ed- IAS now also stocks D3-5000 which are 5000 IU capsules).

Tetracycline or doxycycline may help. The usual dose of doxycycline is 100 mg twice per day. You may have to continue to take smaller ‘suppressive’ doses on a chronic basis, if you find that this will control your outbreaks.

Another suggestion is to purchase a bottle of ‘hand sanitizer’—basically an ethyl alcohol gel, and apply it topically to the skin several times daily. This will kill bacteria on the skin, and should help to ‘dry up’ your lesions.

If you have acne, you may apply Retin-A® topically, as well—although if you are truly having ‘boils’ (i.e., abscesses), Retin-A® will probably not be effective.

Finally, have you had your hormone levels tested? Excess testosterone (as can occur if you are taking DHEA—women very efficiently convert DHEA to testosterone) is known to cause acne in women. If you are taking DHEA, I’d suggest reducing your dose.

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