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What is ENERGY BANDS

When atoms are brought closer together, as in a solid, the electrons come under the influence of forces from other atoms. Under these circumstances the energy levels that may be occupied by the electrons merge into bands of energy level. Within any given material there are two distinct energy bands in which electrons may exist, the valence energy band and the conduction energy band. Separating these two energy bands is an energy gap in which no electron can normally exist. This gap is termed the forbidden energy gap. These energy bands and energy gap are shown diagrammatically in fig. 5.18.

Fig. 5.18

Electrons within the conduction band have become disconnected from atoms and drifting around with in the material. Conduction band electrons may be easily moved around by the application of relatively small amounts of energy. Much larger amounts of energy must be applied to extract an electron from the valence band or to move it around within the valence band. Electrons in the valence band are usually in normal orbit around a nucleus. For any given type of material, the forbidden energy gap may be large, small or non-existent. The distinction between conductors, insulators and semiconductors is largely concerned with the relative widths of the forbidden energy gaps. In case of conductors there is no forbidden energy gap, and the valence and conduction energy bands overlap. For this reason, very large number of electrons is available for conduction, even at extremely low temperatures. Small amount of energy can raise electrons from the valence band to the conduction band.

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