Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) M. Jones
Request for Comments: 6750 Microsoft
Category: Standards Track D. Hardt
ISSN: 2070-1721 Independent
October 2012
The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework: Bearer Token Usage
Abstract
This specification describes how to use bearer tokens in HTTP
requests to access OAuth 2.0 protected resources. Any party in
possession of a bearer token (a "bearer") can use it to get access to
the associated resources (without demonstrating possession of a
cryptographic key). To prevent misuse, bearer tokens need to be
protected from disclosure in storage and in transport.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6750.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................2
1.1. Notational Conventions .....................................3
1.2. Terminology ................................................3
1.3. Overview ...................................................3
2. Authenticated Requests ..........................................4
2.1. Authorization Request Header Field .........................5
2.2. Form-Encoded Body Parameter ................................5
2.3. URI Query Parameter ........................................6
3. The WWW-Authenticate Response Header Field ......................7
3.1. Error Codes ................................................9
4. Example Access Token Response ..................................10
5. Security Considerations ........................................10
5.1. Security Threats ..........................................10
5.2. Threat Mitigation .........................................11
5.3. Summary of Recommendations ................................13
6. IANA Considerations ............................................14
6.1. OAuth Access Token Type Registration ......................14
6.1.1. The "Bearer" OAuth Access Token Type ...............14
6.2. OAuth Extensions Error Registration .......................14
6.2.1. The "invalid_request" Error Value ..................14
6.2.2. The "invalid_token" Error Value ....................15
6.2.3. The "insufficient_scope" Error Value ...............15
7. References .....................................................15
7.1. Normative References ......................................15
7.2. Informative References ....................................17
Appendix A. Acknowledgements ......................................18
1. Introduction
OAuth enables clients to access protected resources by obtaining an
access token, which is defined in "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization
Framework" [RFC6749] as "a string representing an access
authorization issued to the client", rather than using the resource
owner's credentials directly.
Tokens are issued to clients by an authorization server with the
approval of the resource owner. The client uses the access token to
access the protected resources hosted by the resource server. This
specification describes how to make protected resource requests when
the OAuth access token is a bearer token.
This specification defines the use of bearer tokens over HTTP/1.1
[RFC2616] using Transport Layer Security (TLS) [RFC5246] to access
protected resources. TLS is mandatory to implement and use with this
specification; other specifications may extend this specification for
use with other protocols. While designed for use with access tokens
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
resulting from OAuth 2.0 authorization [RFC6749] flows to access
OAuth protected resources, this specification actually defines a
general HTTP authorization method that can be used with bearer tokens
from any source to access any resources protected by those bearer
tokens. The Bearer authentication scheme is intended primarily for
server authentication using the WWW-Authenticate and Authorization
HTTP headers but does not preclude its use for proxy authentication.
1.1. Notational Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in "Key words for use in
RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels" [RFC2119].
This document uses the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) notation of
[RFC5234]. Additionally, the following rules are included from
HTTP/1.1 [RFC2617]: auth-param and auth-scheme; and from "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax" [RFC3986]: URI-reference.
Unless otherwise noted, all the protocol parameter names and values
are case sensitive.
1.2. Terminology
Bearer Token
A security token with the property that any party in possession of
the token (a "bearer") can use the token in any way that any other
party in possession of it can. Using a bearer token does not
require a bearer to prove possession of cryptographic key material
(proof-of-possession).
All other terms are as defined in "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization
Framework" [RFC6749].
1.3. Overview
OAuth provides a method for clients to access a protected resource on
behalf of a resource owner. In the general case, before a client can
access a protected resource, it must first obtain an authorization
grant from the resource owner and then exchange the authorization
grant for an access token. The access token represents the grant's
scope, duration, and other attributes granted by the authorization
grant. The client accesses the protected resource by presenting the
access token to the resource server. In some cases, a client can
directly present its own credentials to an authorization server to
obtain an access token without having to first obtain an
authorization grant from a resource owner.
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
The access token provides an abstraction, replacing different
authorization constructs (e.g., username and password, assertion) for
a single token understood by the resource server. This abstraction
enables issuing access tokens valid for a short time period, as well
as removing the resource server's need to understand a wide range of
authentication schemes.
+--------+ +---------------+
| |--(A)- Authorization Request ->| Resource |
| | | Owner |
| || Authorization |
| Client | | Server |
| || Resource |
| | | Server |
| |
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
2.1. Authorization Request Header Field
When sending the access token in the "Authorization" request header
field defined by HTTP/1.1 [RFC2617], the client uses the "Bearer"
authentication scheme to transmit the access token.
For example:
GET /resource HTTP/1.1
Host: server.example.com
Authorization: Bearer mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM
The syntax of the "Authorization" header field for this scheme
follows the usage of the Basic scheme defined in Section 2 of
[RFC2617]. Note that, as with Basic, it does not conform to the
generic syntax defined in Section 1.2 of [RFC2617] but is compatible
with the general authentication framework being developed for
HTTP 1.1 [HTTP-AUTH], although it does not follow the preferred
practice outlined therein in order to reflect existing deployments.
The syntax for Bearer credentials is as follows:
b64token = 1*( ALPHA / DIGIT /
"-" / "." / "_" / "~" / "+" / "/" ) *"="
credentials = "Bearer" 1*SP b64token
Clients SHOULD make authenticated requests with a bearer token using
the "Authorization" request header field with the "Bearer" HTTP
authorization scheme. Resource servers MUST support this method.
2.2. Form-Encoded Body Parameter
When sending the access token in the HTTP request entity-body, the
client adds the access token to the request-body using the
"access_token" parameter. The client MUST NOT use this method unless
all of the following conditions are met:
o The HTTP request entity-header includes the "Content-Type" header
field set to "application/x-www-form-urlencoded".
o The entity-body follows the encoding requirements of the
"application/x-www-form-urlencoded" content-type as defined by
HTML 4.01 [W3C.REC-html401-19991224].
o The HTTP request entity-body is single-part.
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
o The content to be encoded in the entity-body MUST consist entirely
of ASCII [USASCII] characters.
o The HTTP request method is one for which the request-body has
defined semantics. In particular, this means that the "GET"
method MUST NOT be used.
The entity-body MAY include other request-specific parameters, in
which case the "access_token" parameter MUST be properly separated
from the request-specific parameters using "&" character(s) (ASCII
code 38).
For example, the client makes the following HTTP request using
transport-layer security:
POST /resource HTTP/1.1
Host: server.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
access_token=mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM
The "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" method SHOULD NOT be used
except in application contexts where participating browsers do not
have access to the "Authorization" request header field. Resource
servers MAY support this method.
2.3. URI Query Parameter
When sending the access token in the HTTP request URI, the client
adds the access token to the request URI query component as defined
by "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax" [RFC3986],
using the "access_token" parameter.
For example, the client makes the following HTTP request using
transport-layer security:
GET /resource?access_token=mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM HTTP/1.1
Host: server.example.com
The HTTP request URI query can include other request-specific
parameters, in which case the "access_token" parameter MUST be
properly separated from the request-specific parameters using "&"
character(s) (ASCII code 38).
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
For example:
https://server.example.com/resource?access_token=mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM&p=q
Clients using the URI Query Parameter method SHOULD also send a
Cache-Control header containing the "no-store" option. Server
success (2XX status) responses to these requests SHOULD contain a
Cache-Control header with the "private" option.
Because of the security weaknesses associated with the URI method
(see Section 5), including the high likelihood that the URL
containing the access token will be logged, it SHOULD NOT be used
unless it is impossible to transport the access token in the
"Authorization" request header field or the HTTP request entity-body.
Resource servers MAY support this method.
This method is included to document current use; its use is not
recommended, due to its security deficiencies (see Section 5) and
also because it uses a reserved query parameter name, which is
counter to URI namespace best practices, per "Architecture of the
World Wide Web, Volume One" [W3C.REC-webarch-20041215].
3. The WWW-Authenticate Response Header Field
If the protected resource request does not include authentication
credentials or does not contain an access token that enables access
to the protected resource, the resource server MUST include the HTTP
"WWW-Authenticate" response header field; it MAY include it in
response to other conditions as well. The "WWW-Authenticate" header
field uses the framework defined by HTTP/1.1 [RFC2617].
All challenges defined by this specification MUST use the auth-scheme
value "Bearer". This scheme MUST be followed by one or more
auth-param values. The auth-param attributes used or defined by this
specification are as follows. Other auth-param attributes MAY be
used as well.
A "realm" attribute MAY be included to indicate the scope of
protection in the manner described in HTTP/1.1 [RFC2617]. The
"realm" attribute MUST NOT appear more than once.
The "scope" attribute is defined in Section 3.3 of [RFC6749]. The
"scope" attribute is a space-delimited list of case-sensitive scope
values indicating the required scope of the access token for
accessing the requested resource. "scope" values are implementation
defined; there is no centralized registry for them; allowed values
are defined by the authorization server. The order of "scope" values
is not significant. In some cases, the "scope" value will be used
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
when requesting a new access token with sufficient scope of access to
utilize the protected resource. Use of the "scope" attribute is
OPTIONAL. The "scope" attribute MUST NOT appear more than once. The
"scope" value is intended for programmatic use and is not meant to be
displayed to end-users.
Two example scope values follow; these are taken from the OpenID
Connect [OpenID.Messages] and the Open Authentication Technology
Committee (OATC) Online Multimedia Authorization Protocol [OMAP]
OAuth 2.0 use cases, respectively:
scope="openid profile email"
scope="urn:example:channel=HBO&urn:example:rating=G,PG-13"
If the protected resource request included an access token and failed
authentication, the resource server SHOULD include the "error"
attribute to provide the client with the reason why the access
request was declined. The parameter value is described in
Section 3.1. In addition, the resource server MAY include the
"error_description" attribute to provide developers a human-readable
explanation that is not meant to be displayed to end-users. It also
MAY include the "error_uri" attribute with an absolute URI
identifying a human-readable web page explaining the error. The
"error", "error_description", and "error_uri" attributes MUST NOT
appear more than once.
Values for the "scope" attribute (specified in Appendix A.4 of
[RFC6749]) MUST NOT include characters outside the set %x21 / %x23-5B
/ %x5D-7E for representing scope values and %x20 for delimiters
between scope values. Values for the "error" and "error_description"
attributes (specified in Appendixes A.7 and A.8 of [RFC6749]) MUST
NOT include characters outside the set %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E.
Values for the "error_uri" attribute (specified in Appendix A.9 of
[RFC6749]) MUST conform to the URI-reference syntax and thus MUST NOT
include characters outside the set %x21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E.
For example, in response to a protected resource request without
authentication:
HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
WWW-Authenticate: Bearer realm="example"
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
And in response to a protected resource request with an
authentication attempt using an expired access token:
HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
WWW-Authenticate: Bearer realm="example",
error="invalid_token",
error_description="The access token expired"
3.1. Error Codes
When a request fails, the resource server responds using the
appropriate HTTP status code (typically, 400, 401, 403, or 405) and
includes one of the following error codes in the response:
invalid_request
The request is missing a required parameter, includes an
unsupported parameter or parameter value, repeats the same
parameter, uses more than one method for including an access
token, or is otherwise malformed. The resource server SHOULD
respond with the HTTP 400 (Bad Request) status code.
invalid_token
The access token provided is expired, revoked, malformed, or
invalid for other reasons. The resource SHOULD respond with
the HTTP 401 (Unauthorized) status code. The client MAY
request a new access token and retry the protected resource
request.
insufficient_scope
The request requires higher privileges than provided by the
access token. The resource server SHOULD respond with the HTTP
403 (Forbidden) status code and MAY include the "scope"
attribute with the scope necessary to access the protected
resource.
If the request lacks any authentication information (e.g., the client
was unaware that authentication is necessary or attempted using an
unsupported authentication method), the resource server SHOULD NOT
include an error code or other error information.
For example:
HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
WWW-Authenticate: Bearer realm="example"
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
4. Example Access Token Response
Typically, a bearer token is returned to the client as part of an
OAuth 2.0 [RFC6749] access token response. An example of such a
response is:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8
Cache-Control: no-store
Pragma: no-cache
{
"access_token":"mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM",
"token_type":"Bearer",
"expires_in":3600,
"refresh_token":"tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA"
}
5. Security Considerations
This section describes the relevant security threats regarding token
handling when using bearer tokens and describes how to mitigate these
threats.
5.1. Security Threats
The following list presents several common threats against protocols
utilizing some form of tokens. This list of threats is based on NIST
Special Publication 800-63 [NIST800-63]. Since this document builds
on the OAuth 2.0 Authorization specification [RFC6749], we exclude a
discussion of threats that are described there or in related
documents.
Token manufacture/modification: An attacker may generate a bogus
token or modify the token contents (such as the authentication or
attribute statements) of an existing token, causing the resource
server to grant inappropriate access to the client. For example,
an attacker may modify the token to extend the validity period; a
malicious client may modify the assertion to gain access to
information that they should not be able to view.
Token disclosure: Tokens may contain authentication and attribute
statements that include sensitive information.
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
Token redirect: An attacker uses a token generated for consumption
by one resource server to gain access to a different resource
server that mistakenly believes the token to be for it.
Token replay: An attacker attempts to use a token that has already
been used with that resource server in the past.
5.2. Threat Mitigation
A large range of threats can be mitigated by protecting the contents
of the token by using a digital signature or a Message Authentication
Code (MAC). Alternatively, a bearer token can contain a reference to
authorization information, rather than encoding the information
directly. Such references MUST be infeasible for an attacker to
guess; using a reference may require an extra interaction between a
server and the token issuer to resolve the reference to the
authorization information. The mechanics of such an interaction are
not defined by this specification.
This document does not specify the encoding or the contents of the
token; hence, detailed recommendations about the means of
guaranteeing token integrity protection are outside the scope of this
document. The token integrity protection MUST be sufficient to
prevent the token from being modified.
To deal with token redirect, it is important for the authorization
server to include the identity of the intended recipients (the
audience), typically a single resource server (or a list of resource
servers), in the token. Restricting the use of the token to a
specific scope is also RECOMMENDED.
The authorization server MUST implement TLS. Which version(s) ought
to be implemented will vary over time and will depend on the
widespread deployment and known security vulnerabilities at the time
of implementation. At the time of this writing, TLS version 1.2
[RFC5246] is the most recent version, but it has very limited actual
deployment and might not be readily available in implementation
toolkits. TLS version 1.0 [RFC2246] is the most widely deployed
version and will give the broadest interoperability.
To protect against token disclosure, confidentiality protection MUST
be applied using TLS [RFC5246] with a ciphersuite that provides
confidentiality and integrity protection. This requires that the
communication interaction between the client and the authorization
server, as well as the interaction between the client and the
resource server, utilize confidentiality and integrity protection.
Since TLS is mandatory to implement and to use with this
specification, it is the preferred approach for preventing token
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
disclosure via the communication channel. For those cases where the
client is prevented from observing the contents of the token, token
encryption MUST be applied in addition to the usage of TLS
protection. As a further defense against token disclosure, the
client MUST validate the TLS certificate chain when making requests
to protected resources, including checking the Certificate Revocation
List (CRL) [RFC5280].
Cookies are typically transmitted in the clear. Thus, any
information contained in them is at risk of disclosure. Therefore,
bearer tokens MUST NOT be stored in cookies that can be sent in the
clear. See "HTTP State Management Mechanism" [RFC6265] for security
considerations about cookies.
In some deployments, including those utilizing load balancers, the
TLS connection to the resource server terminates prior to the actual
server that provides the resource. This could leave the token
unprotected between the front-end server where the TLS connection
terminates and the back-end server that provides the resource. In
such deployments, sufficient measures MUST be employed to ensure
confidentiality of the token between the front-end and back-end
servers; encryption of the token is one such possible measure.
To deal with token capture and replay, the following recommendations
are made: First, the lifetime of the token MUST be limited; one means
of achieving this is by putting a validity time field inside the
protected part of the token. Note that using short-lived (one hour
or less) tokens reduces the impact of them being leaked. Second,
confidentiality protection of the exchanges between the client and
the authorization server and between the client and the resource
server MUST be applied. As a consequence, no eavesdropper along the
communication path is able to observe the token exchange.
Consequently, such an on-path adversary cannot replay the token.
Furthermore, when presenting the token to a resource server, the
client MUST verify the identity of that resource server, as per
Section 3.1 of "HTTP Over TLS" [RFC2818]. Note that the client MUST
validate the TLS certificate chain when making these requests to
protected resources. Presenting the token to an unauthenticated and
unauthorized resource server or failing to validate the certificate
chain will allow adversaries to steal the token and gain unauthorized
access to protected resources.
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
5.3. Summary of Recommendations
Safeguard bearer tokens: Client implementations MUST ensure that
bearer tokens are not leaked to unintended parties, as they will
be able to use them to gain access to protected resources. This
is the primary security consideration when using bearer tokens and
underlies all the more specific recommendations that follow.
Validate TLS certificate chains: The client MUST validate the TLS
certificate chain when making requests to protected resources.
Failing to do so may enable DNS hijacking attacks to steal the
token and gain unintended access.
Always use TLS (https): Clients MUST always use TLS [RFC5246]
(https) or equivalent transport security when making requests with
bearer tokens. Failing to do so exposes the token to numerous
attacks that could give attackers unintended access.
Don't store bearer tokens in cookies: Implementations MUST NOT store
bearer tokens within cookies that can be sent in the clear (which
is the default transmission mode for cookies). Implementations
that do store bearer tokens in cookies MUST take precautions
against cross-site request forgery.
Issue short-lived bearer tokens: Token servers SHOULD issue
short-lived (one hour or less) bearer tokens, particularly when
issuing tokens to clients that run within a web browser or other
environments where information leakage may occur. Using
short-lived bearer tokens can reduce the impact of them being
leaked.
Issue scoped bearer tokens: Token servers SHOULD issue bearer tokens
that contain an audience restriction, scoping their use to the
intended relying party or set of relying parties.
Don't pass bearer tokens in page URLs: Bearer tokens SHOULD NOT be
passed in page URLs (for example, as query string parameters).
Instead, bearer tokens SHOULD be passed in HTTP message headers or
message bodies for which confidentiality measures are taken.
Browsers, web servers, and other software may not adequately
secure URLs in the browser history, web server logs, and other
data structures. If bearer tokens are passed in page URLs,
attackers might be able to steal them from the history data, logs,
or other unsecured locations.
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
6. IANA Considerations
6.1. OAuth Access Token Type Registration
This specification registers the following access token type in the
OAuth Access Token Types registry defined in [RFC6749].
6.1.1. The "Bearer" OAuth Access Token Type
Type name:
Bearer
Additional Token Endpoint Response Parameters:
(none)
HTTP Authentication Scheme(s):
Bearer
Change controller:
IETF
Specification document(s):
RFC 6750
6.2. OAuth Extensions Error Registration
This specification registers the following error values in the OAuth
Extensions Error registry defined in [RFC6749].
6.2.1. The "invalid_request" Error Value
Error name:
invalid_request
Error usage location:
Resource access error response
Related protocol extension:
Bearer access token type
Change controller:
IETF
Specification document(s):
RFC 6750
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
6.2.2. The "invalid_token" Error Value
Error name:
invalid_token
Error usage location:
Resource access error response
Related protocol extension:
Bearer access token type
Change controller:
IETF
Specification document(s):
RFC 6750
6.2.3. The "insufficient_scope" Error Value
Error name:
insufficient_scope
Error usage location:
Resource access error response
Related protocol extension:
Bearer access token type
Change controller:
IETF
Specification document(s):
RFC 6750
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2246] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
RFC 2246, January 1999.
[RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
[RFC2617] Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence,
S., Leach, P., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, "HTTP
Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication",
RFC 2617, June 1999.
[RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, January 2005.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer
Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
August 2008.
[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation
List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.
[RFC6265] Barth, A., "HTTP State Management Mechanism", RFC 6265,
April 2011.
[RFC6749] Hardt, D., Ed., "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework",
RFC 6749, October 2012.
[USASCII] American National Standards Institute, "Coded Character
Set -- 7-bit American Standard Code for Information
Interchange", ANSI X3.4, 1986.
[W3C.REC-html401-19991224]
Raggett, D., Le Hors, A., and I. Jacobs, "HTML 4.01
Specification", World Wide Web Consortium
Recommendation REC-html401-19991224, December 1999,
.
[W3C.REC-webarch-20041215]
Jacobs, I. and N. Walsh, "Architecture of the World Wide
Web, Volume One", World Wide Web Consortium
Recommendation REC-webarch-20041215, December 2004,
.
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
7.2. Informative References
[HTTP-AUTH] Fielding, R., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Authentication", Work
in Progress, October 2012.
[NIST800-63] Burr, W., Dodson, D., Newton, E., Perlner, R., Polk, T.,
Gupta, S., and E. Nabbus, "NIST Special Publication
800-63-1, INFORMATION SECURITY", December 2011,
.
[OMAP] Huff, J., Schlacht, D., Nadalin, A., Simmons, J.,
Rosenberg, P., Madsen, P., Ace, T., Rickelton-Abdi, C.,
and B. Boyer, "Online Multimedia Authorization Protocol:
An Industry Standard for Authorized Access to Internet
Multimedia Resources", April 2012,
.
[OpenID.Messages]
Sakimura, N., Bradley, J., Jones, M., de Medeiros, B.,
Mortimore, C., and E. Jay, "OpenID Connect Messages
1.0", June 2012, .
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 17]
RFC 6750 OAuth 2.0 Bearer Token Usage October 2012
Appendix A. Acknowledgements
The following people contributed to preliminary versions of this
document: Blaine Cook (BT), Brian Eaton (Google), Yaron Y. Goland
(Microsoft), Brent Goldman (Facebook), Raffi Krikorian (Twitter),
Luke Shepard (Facebook), and Allen Tom (Yahoo!). The content and
concepts within are a product of the OAuth community, the Web
Resource Authorization Profiles (WRAP) community, and the OAuth
Working Group. David Recordon created a preliminary version of this
specification based upon an early draft of the specification that
evolved into OAuth 2.0 [RFC6749]. Michael B. Jones in turn created
the first version (00) of this specification using portions of
David's preliminary document and edited all subsequent versions.
The OAuth Working Group has dozens of very active contributors who
proposed ideas and wording for this document, including Michael
Adams, Amanda Anganes, Andrew Arnott, Derek Atkins, Dirk Balfanz,
John Bradley, Brian Campbell, Francisco Corella, Leah Culver, Bill de
hOra, Breno de Medeiros, Brian Ellin, Stephen Farrell, Igor Faynberg,
George Fletcher, Tim Freeman, Evan Gilbert, Yaron Y. Goland, Eran
Hammer, Thomas Hardjono, Dick Hardt, Justin Hart, Phil Hunt, John
Kemp, Chasen Le Hara, Barry Leiba, Amos Jeffries, Michael B. Jones,
Torsten Lodderstedt, Paul Madsen, Eve Maler, James Manger, Laurence
Miao, William J. Mills, Chuck Mortimore, Anthony Nadalin, Axel
Nennker, Mark Nottingham, David Recordon, Julian Reschke, Rob
Richards, Justin Richer, Peter Saint-Andre, Nat Sakimura, Rob Sayre,
Marius Scurtescu, Naitik Shah, Justin Smith, Christian Stuebner,
Jeremy Suriel, Doug Tangren, Paul Tarjan, Hannes Tschofenig, Franklin
Tse, Sean Turner, Paul Walker, Shane Weeden, Skylar Woodward, and
Zachary Zeltsan.
Authors' Addresses
Michael B. Jones
Microsoft
EMail: mbj@microsoft.com
URI: http://self-issued.info/
Dick Hardt
Independent
EMail: dick.hardt@gmail.com
URI: http://dickhardt.org/
Jones & Hardt Standards Track [Page 18]