Haplogroup I-M438

This article needs attention from an expert in Human Genetic History. The specific problem is: Nomenclature of haplogroup(s) and subclades.WikiProject Human Genetic History may be able to help recruit an expert.(November 2015)

Haplogroup I-M438, also known as I2 (and until 2007 as I1b), is a human DNA Y-chromosomehaplogroup, a subclade of Haplogroup I-M170. Haplogroup I-M438 originated some time around 26,000–31,000 BCE and has two primary subclades: I-L460 and I-L1251.

Basal I2* (I-M438*) has been found in ancient remains from Frankthi cave, in the eastern Peloponnese region of Greece. Along with its modern presence in Crete and Sicily, this may suggest that the haplogroup originated in the Eastern Mediterranean[citation needed]

Haplogroup I2a may be the haplogroup of the first anatomically modern humans to inhabit Europe, Cro-Magnon. A 2015 study found haplogroup I2a in 13,000 year old remains from the Azilian culture (at modern Bichon, Switzerland).[6]

Haplogroup I2a was the most frequent Y-DNA among western European mesolithic hunter gatherers (WHG) belonging to Villabruna Cluster. A 2015 study found haplogroup I2a in 13,500 year old remains from the Azilian culture (at modern Bichon, Switzerland). Mass migrations of Middle Eastern farmers during Neolithic and Indo-Europeans during Bronze Age greatly decreased frequncy of I2 in Europe.[7][8][9][6]

Subclades of I2a1 (I-P37.2), namely I-M423 and I-M26 have been found in remains of western European hunter gatherers dating from 10,000 to 8,000 years before present respectively.[10]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.(April 2017)

The I-P37.2+, also known as I2a1 (or I-L68, is the SNP that defines I2a1. The subclade divergence for I-P37.2 occurred 10.7±4.8 kya. The age of YSTR variation for the P37.2 subclade is 8.0±4.0 kya.[2] It is the predominant Y-DNA lineage in Eastern Europe.[11] The I2a is further made up by sub-groups I-M26, I-M423, I-L1286, I-L880.

Haplogroup I-M26 (or M26) has previously and is still sometimes called Eu-8, I1b2 (YCC), I1b1a, I2a1 or I2a2.

Haplogroup I-L158 (L158, L159.1/S169.1, M26) accounts for approximately 40% of all patrilines among the Sardinians.[12][13] It is also found at low to moderate frequency among populations of the Pyrenees (9.5% in Bortzerriak, Navarra; 9.7% in Chazetania, Aragon; 8% in Val d'Aran, Catalunya; 2.9% in Alt Urgell, Catalunya; and 8.1% in Baixa Cerdanya, Catalunya) and Iberia, and it has been found in 1.6% of a sample of Albanians living in the Republic of Macedonia[14] and 1.2% (3/257) of a sample of Czechs.[15] The age of YSTR variation for the M26 subclade has been calculated at 8.0±4.0 kya.[2]

Haplogroup I2a2a1a1 (ISOGG 2014). I-M284 has been found almost exclusively among the population of Great Britain, suggesting that the clade may have arisen in that island. I-M284 is comparatively rare in Ireland except in the north-east. In regard to north-east Ireland, the presence of this subclade "provides some tentative evidence of ancient flow with eastern areas that could support the idea that the La Tene culture was accompanied by some migration."[22] Where it is found in those of Irish descent with Gaelic surnames, this suggests an ancestor who arrived in Ireland from Celtic Britain.[22] Men with several Gaelic surnames such as McGuinness and McCartan bear this subclade, family groups that have a historically recorded 6th-century common ancestor, thus it is not the result of known recent gene flow between Britain and Ireland.[22] While subclades of I-M284 are atypical of Ireland they are relatively common in continental Europe.[22] The observed mutational divergence between men with this subclade suggests its foundation very approximately at 300 BC, thus dates and geography are circumstantially but not securely associated with Iron Age continental Europe.[22]

Haplogroup I2a2a1b2 (ISOGG 2014). Z161+ defines the I2 Continental clade (except Continental 3). Its age is estimated around 7,000 years old. It is mainly found in North Europe, especially in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and England. In Northwest Sicily it can also be found; this is believed to be due to remnants of a Norman settlement.

Called Continental 3. Continental 3 has a wide distribution. Found in Central Europe from Germany, Austria to Poland, Romania and Ukraine, but also in lower frequencies in Greece, Italy, France, Spain, England, Ireland, and Armenia. It may have been disseminated in part by the Goths. It is nearly absent from Scandinavia and Scotland.

^Pineau, JC; Delamarche, P; Bozinovic, S (2012-05-24). "Average height of adolescents in the Dinaric Alps. They are also reputed to have the tallest males in Europe. Study claims it is not complete as yet". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 328 (9): 841–46. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.07.004. PMID16168365.

^Stefano Goffredo; Zvy Dubinsky (9 September 2013). The Mediterranean Sea: Its history and present challenges. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 538–. ISBN978-94-007-6704-1. With respect to the I2a-P37.2 lineage (Karafet et al. 2008), it is the predominant Y-chromosome lineage in Eastern Europe and the Balkans (31–40%), whereas its sub-clade I2a1-M26 (Karafet et al. 2008) is found in Western Europe at a very ...