A

Åm, Onar "Critique and Defense of Memesis" Memesis Symposium (1996): "As of today memetics is very far from fulfilling the requirements of a science. But I think it is just a matter of time before most of these problems have been resolved."

Bilk, Mark S. "Dominator Culture" alt.memetics resources (1995): The model for modern civilization "is a mind-virus... No one is given the choice to be infected - it has gone on from generation to generation, automatically, for at least five millennia."

Bjarneskans, H., Grønnevik, B. & Sandberg, A. "The Lifecycle of Memes" Transhumanist Resources: "To survive in a context the memes must meet certain conditions. We abstract a model of these conditions and use it to analyse three well-known memes: the 'Killroy was here' graffiti, urban legends and Christianity."

Blackmore, Susan "Memes, Minds and Selves" About Biology seminar (1996): "I would say that selves are co-adapted meme complexes... Like religions, political belief systems and cults, they are safe havens for all sorts of travelling memes and they are protected from destruction by various meme-tricks."

Blackmore, Susan "The Power of the Meme Meme" Skeptic (1997): "Without the theory of evolution by memetic selection nothing in the world of the mind makes much sense... Without memetics you can only fall back on appeals to an imaginary conscious agent."

Blackmore, Susan "Waking from the Meme Dream" Int. Conf. on Buddhism, Science & Psychotherapy (1998): "Why do I say that the self is a meme-complex? Because it works the same way as other meme-complexes... [it] has a good reason for getting installed in the first place. Then once it is in place, memes inside the complex are mutually supportive, can go on being added to almost infinitely, and the whole complex is resistant to evidence that it is false."

Bouissac, P. "The Construction of Ignorance and the Evolution of Knowledge": "The way, in which theories come and go, prosper and disappear, indicates that, although they are generally considered to be produced by human brains, they are endowed with a relative degree of autonomy with respect to the populations of organisms among which they spread with various degrees of success."

Clemens, Samuel "What Is Man?": "Personally you did not create even the smallest microscopic fragment of the materials out of which your opinion is made; and personally you cannot claim even the slender merit of putting the borrowed materials together. That was done automatically - by your mental machinery, in strict accordance with the law of that machinery's construction. And you not only did not make that machinery yourself, but you have not even any command over it."

Cox, Paul "Memes and Schemes": Chapter 2 of a work in progress about 'schemes' - collections of memes that form paradigms or outlooks.

Cristianini, N. "Evolution and Learning: An Epistemological Perspective" (1995): "Starting from the observation that the structure itself of an organism embodies knowledge about the environment which it is adapted to, it is possible to regard evolution as a learning process."

Cullen, Ben "Parasite Ecology and the Evolution of Religion" The Evolution of Complexity (1995): "Most of the world's established religions are transmitted vertically, from parents to children, and are therefore expected to be benign towards their hosts."

D

*Darwin, Charles "On the Origin of Species" (1859): "This preservation of favourable individual differences and variations, and the destruction of those which are injurious, I have called Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest."

*Darwin, Charles "The Descent of Man" (1871): "[M]an must be included with other organic beings in any general conclusion respecting his manner of appearance on this earth."

*Dawkins, Richard "Memes: The New Replicators" The Selfish Gene (1976): "Examples of memes are tunes, ideas, catch-phrases, clothes fashions, ways of making pots or of building arches. Just as genes propagate themselves in the gene pool by leaping from body to body via sperms or eggs, so memes propagate themselves in the meme pool by leaping from brain to brain via a process which, in the broad sense, can be called imitation."

*Dawkins, Richard "Viruses of the Mind" Dennett and His Critics (1991): Argues that religion is a pathological meme, science a sensible one. "[T]he selective forces that scrutinize scientific ideas are not arbitrary and capricious. They are exacting, well-honed rules, and they do not favor pointless self-serving behavior."

Dawkins, Richard "The Selfish Meme" Time (1999): An adaptation of his introduction to Blackmore's The Meme Machine.

de Jong, Martin "Survival of the institutionally fittest concepts" JOM:EMIT (1999): "Certain arguments generated by political and administrative actors find their way to tangible policy actions, others do not... This article spots the issue of political decision making from an evolutionary and memetics perspective..."

*Dennett, Daniel "Memes and the Exploitation of Imagination" J. Aesthetics and Art Criticism (1990): "[A]lmost no one writing about the evolution of ideas or cultural evolution treats the underlying Darwinian ideas with the care they deserve. I propose to remedy that."

Dennett, Daniel "Memes: Myths, Misunderstandings and Misgivings" (1998): "[The] spectrum of possibilities, from the unwitting, unconscious hosting of culture-borne viruses (of all 'attitudes') to the foresightful design and promulgation of inventions and creations that intelligently and artfully draw upon well-understood cultural resources, must be viewable under a single, unifying perspective."

Dennett, Daniel "The Evolutionof Culture" Feed (1999): "That is the truism: cultures evolve over time... Now let's turn to the controversial question... Are there any good theories or models of cultural evolution?"

E

Edmonds, Bruce "On Modelling in Memetics" JOM:EMIT (1998): "The field of memetics is characterised and two types of memetic model analysed: the a priori model and the 'black-box' model."

Elliot, Carl "A New Way to Be Mad" The Atlantic Monthly (2000): Discusses apotemnophilia as a possible "semantic contagion."

Erwin, Greg "This is the Holy Salvation Meme" alt.memetics (1994): "It announces that you may be saved from eternal torture and rewarded with infinite, eternal bliss by accepting its claims and affording it opportunities to replicate itself."

F

Felkins, Leon "Strolling Through the Memetic Mine Field" The Ethical Spectacle (1995): "I will give a brief introduction to how the mind is influenced by memes and genes and give examples of the many memes that have great control over our lives."

Felkins, Leon "The Memes of Love, Sex and Marriage" (1995): "After a person has accepted that certain memes are enhancing or interfering with their love life, that person should examine these memes under the microscope of rigid logic."

Fiore, Frank "Viral marketing" American City Business Journals (1999): "Viral marketing is like it sounds. Call it word-of-mouth, spawning, self-propagation - organic."

Fog, Agner "Cultural r/k Selection" JOM:EMIT (1997): "A society dominated by external conflicts or war will evolve in a direction called regal, whereas a society in a peaceful or sparsely populated area will evolve in the opposite direction, called kalyptic."

Gabora, Liane "A Day in the Life of a Meme" The Nature, Representation and Evolution of Concepts (1996): "Since memes do not contain instructions for their replication, our brains do it for them, strategically, guided by a fitness landscape that reflects both internal drives and a worldview that forms through meme assimilation."

Gabora, Liane "Memes: The Creative Spark" Wired (1997): "Memetics appears not only to put us on the road to understanding the pervasiveness, diversity, and adaptive complexity of the cultural debris that surrounds and infests us. It also yields unexpected insight into creativity and spiritual matters that have mystified us since the first fledgling memes appeared in our ancestors' brains."

Gross, Dave "Some Reflections on Creation Versus Evolution of Memes" (1997): "My theory is that in the course of... inner dialogs, the same sort of mutations and recombinations take place as do in multi-person conversation. Each person becomes a unique evolutionary arena for memes..."

Henson, H. Keith "Memes Meta-Memes and Politics" (1988): "The study of memetics takes the old saw about ideas having a life of their own seriously and applies what we know about ecosystems, evolution, and epidemiology to study the spread and persistence of ideas in cultures."

Heylighen, Francis "Evolution, Selfishness and Cooperation" Principia Cybernetica (1992): "In a following paper... a new model will be proposed... based on the concept of a meme as replicating unit of cultural evolution. The present paper will mainly set the stage..."

Heylighen, Francis "'Selfish' Memes and the Evolution of Cooperation" Principia Cybernetica (1992): (appended to previous paper) "A new, integrated model for the evolution of cooperation is proposed, based on the concept of a meme, as replicating unit of culture."

Heylighen, Francis "Fitness as default: the evolutionary basis for cognitive complexity reduction" Principia Cybernetica (1992): "[G]iven that knowledge consists of extremely simple models of an infinitely complex reality, how can we explain that knowledge is still most of the time reliable? I will try to answer that question by linking the mechanism of default reasoning to the natural selection of cognized phenomena."

Heylighen, Francis "Evolutionary Approach to Epistemology" Principia Cybernetica (1993): "Evolutionary epistemology is an approach that sees knowledge in the first place as a product of the variation and selection processes characterizing evolution"

Heylighen, Francis "Memetics" Principia Cybernetica (1994): "A meme is defined as a cognitive-behavioral pattern that can be transmitted from one individual to another one through communication."

Heylighen, Francis "Competition between Memes and Genes" Principia Cybernetica (1994): "It should not surprise us then that during the last ten thousand years, humans have almost not changed on the genetic level, whereas their culture (i.e. the total set of memes) has undergone the most radical developments."

Heylighen, Francis "Structure of memes" Principia Cybernetica (1994): Describes two models that may be useful in describing the ways memes work.

Heylighen, Francis "Knowledge Selection Criteria" Principia Cybernetica (1995): "Whereas traditional epistemologies try to distinguish 'true' knowledge from 'false' knowledge... in an evolutionary context we must admit that many different influences impinge on the evolution of knowledge."

Heylighen, Francis "Memetic Selection Criteria" Principia Cybernetica (1995): Describes several criteria that, when met by a meme, make that meme more successful.

Heylighen, Francis "In defense of 'Memesis'" Memesis Symposium (1996): "[M]ost of the criticisms of the 'Memesis' text strike me as based on misunderstandings of what concepts like 'evolution' and 'memes' really mean."

Hrachovec, Herbert "Maiming Memes" Memesis Symposium (1996): "Taking the suggested analogy at face value one would have to discuss problems arising from the uncritical transfer of categories appropriate to the working of proteins to the description of human capabilities."

I/J

James, William "Great Men and their Environment" Atlantic (1880): "A remarkable parallel, which I think has never been noticed, obtains between the facts of social evolution on the one hand, and of zoölogical evolution as expounded by Mr. Darwin on the other."

K

Kelleher, Ben: see Vos, Ed

Kendal, Jeremy R. & Laland, Kevin N. "Mathematical Models for Memetics" JOM:EMIT (2000): "The goal of this article is to point out the similarities between memetics and cultural evolution and gene-culture co-evolutionary theory, and to illustrate the potential utility of the models to memetics."

Laurent, John "A Note on the Origin of 'Memes'/'Mnemes'" JOM:EMIT (1999): Speculates that the term "meme" may have an origin in Maurice Maeterlinck's term "mneme" which he used as early as 1927 to describe memories held by social insects.

*Lynch, Aaron "Units, Events and Dynamics in Memetic Evolution" JOM:EMIT (1998): "An evolutionary recursive replicator theory of mental/brain information is presented... [E]quations are developed for meme host population versus time in a two-meme system, modeling the dynamics whereby events at the individual level give rise to trends at the population level."

M

NEWMajoros, William "Syntactic Structure in Birdsong: Memetic Evolution of Songs or Grammars?" JOM:EMIT (2001): "...whether the units of memetic transmission and recombination in the birdsong of a particular species of finch exist at the level of individual songs or instead at the level of grammar models... [is] not easily solved using the limited data obtainable in the field."

Marsden, Paul "Memetics and Social Contagion: Two Sides of the Same Coin?" JOM:EMIT (1998): "[P]roposing a memetic theory of social contagion, arguing that social contagion research and memetics are indeed two sides of the same social epidemiological coin, and end[ing] with a call for their synthesis into a comprehensive body of theoretically informed research."

Marsden, Paul "Is Suicide Contagious? A Case Study in Applied Memetics" JOM:EMIT (2001): "The phenomenon of suicide contagion is demonstrated experimentally. An interpretation of the results is proposed using an understanding of memetics as contagion psychology informed by selectionist thinking."

Marshall, Garry "The Internet and Memetics" Principia Cybernetica (1998): "Memetics provides a unified framework for examining the overall behavior of the Internet and its users."

Mason, Kelby "Thoughts as Tools: The Meme in Daniel Dennett's Work" Principia Cybernetica (1998): "I... focus specifically on the claim that memetics is reductionistic... Next I disucss the apparent threat of memetics to humanity's self-image, and finally some genuine problems posed by Dennett's treatment of memetics."

Medawar, Sir Peter "The Future of Man" (1959): "I shall discuss the origin in human beings of a new, a non-genetical, system of heredity and evolution based upon certain properties and activities of the brain."

Mikiten, Terry: see Salingaros, Nikos

Miotto, Paola: see Preti, Antonio

Modelski, George "Evolutionary Paradigm for Global Politics" International Studies Quarterly (1996): "[T]he institutions of world politics evolve, that is they undergo change subject to identifiable evolutionary processes."

Owlglass, Nancy "The Reasons for the Unexpected Difficulties of Modern Life" Disumbrationist League Bulletin (1998): "Ideas that serve us - memes that tend to increase the reproductive success of the host organism - have an obvious edge. And that's good for us. But ideas that serve themselves first will always win out in the final count."

P

Preti, Antonio & Miotto, Paola "Creativity, Evolution and Mental Illness" JOM:EMIT (1997): "Studies on the link between creativity and mental illnesses show that it is exactly the characteristics of the mental disorder which also confer some advantage on afflicted individuals."

Pyper, Hugh S. "The Selfish Text: The Bible and Memetics" The Bible into Culture Colloquium (1997): "[T]he proposition that this paper will discuss: western culture is the bible's way of making more bibles."

Q/R

Reader, Simon M. & Laland, Kevin N. "Do Animals Have Memes?" JOM:EMIT (1999): "[I]mitation is simply one mechanism of transmitting acquired information between individuals. As long as information is transmitted with sufficient fidelity to be replicated in the brain of the receiver, any social learning process will do."

*Rose, Nick "Controversies in Meme Theory" JOM:EMIT (1998): "Four areas of meme theory are critically reviewed. These are ambiguity in the definition of a meme and convusion regarding the distinction between replicator and phenotype, the problem of inheritance of acquired characteristics, the relationship between memetics and sociobiology, and the selection or mutation of memes being carried out by conscious foresight."

Ross, Stephen E. ""Memes" as Infectious Agents in Psychosomatic Illness" Annals of Internal Medicine (1999): "Some disease conceptions appear to induce illness in the absence of any classic pathogen. These psychosomatic memes induce biological, psychological, and social changes in their hosts and can be transmitted to others."

Sherman, Tom "The New Protozoans?" Memesis Symposium (1996): "All this constant modeling, remodeling and over-coding of nature: maybe this obsessive modeling of nature is our species' strategy for survival?"

Siegfried, André "The Spreading of Germs and Ideas" Germs and Ideas: Routes of Epidemics and Ideologies (1958): "There is a striking parallel between the spreading of germs and the spreading of ideas or propaganda."

Speel, Hans-Cees "Memes are also Interactors" 15th Int. Cong. on Cybernetics (1998): "I argue that if we can and do judge memes by their merits without necessary interference of the physical world, which implies a kind of phemotype or conceptual phenotype, memes should count as interactors."

Sperber, Dan "An objection to the memetic approach to culture" Darwinizing Culture (2000): "Memeticists have to give empirical evidence to support the claim that, in the micro-processes of cultural transmission, elements of culture inherit all or nearly all their relevant properties from other elements of culture that they replicate."

T/U

V

VanArsdale, Daniel W. "Chain Letter Evolution" (1998): "Our collection supports the view of chain letters as a 'mind virus'... they may now help us comprehend the generality and inexhaustible opportunism of evolution."

Vandekerckhove, P.: see Bruynseels, K.

Vaneechoutte, Mario "The Memetic Basis of Religion" Nature (1993): "Memes then are those thought constructions which can supply an individual with certainty about its own fate."

Vos, Ed & Kelleher, Ben "Mergers and Takeovers: A Memetic Approach" JOM:EMIT (2001): "[F]inance based motivational studies on M&A activities have not established that this activity `adds value' to the acquiring firm... managers (the meme holders) use mergers and acquisitions to enhance their power, and in gaining this power managers unconsciously provide an improved medium through which their memetic `stories' may be replicated."

W/X/Y/Z

Wark, McKenzie "Is 'meme' a bad meme?" Netletter (1996): "Dawkins' theory of the meme is far too simplistic to tell us much. What is a unit of meme? How is it transmitted? How is it decoded? But one quickly discovers better theories that do the same job in more detail. Starting, as I mentioned, with Foucault's theory of the statement, or Lyotard's theory of the phase."

"Meme X" (1996): "Memes are thought-chains that propagate and compete in the cultural environment... they are described not just metaphorically but technically as living structures." - a few excerpts from other works.