Although Usnea silesiaca Motyka (1930) and U.
subgracilis Vainio (1915) are unfamiliar species names in
North American lichen literature, they were used in the
preliminary key to California Usnea (Tavares, 1997)
published last year in the Bulletin of the California Lichen
Society. Despite their unfamiliarity, if they are accepted
as synonyms, as proposed by Clerc (1997), they are
nevertheless the correct names for the taxa otherwise
reported as U. hesperina and U. madeirensis, respectively.

In a previous article I explained the relationship between
these pairs of names briefly (Tavares, 1997); here they
are considered in greater depth. The synonymies are
listed below, under the correct name of the taxon, and
comments are made about the name used by Clerc
(1997) for each combined species, together with
information on species characteristics and California
locality records.

The conspecificity of these taxa was first proposed by
Clerc (1997), who adopted a much broader circumscription than that of Motyka. The distinctions by which U.
hesperina was originally separated from U. subgracilis
apparently were considered by Clerc to be insignificant
when populations rather than individuals were considered. Some of the differences used by Motyka (1936-1938) to separate the two species are discussed below.

Pending extensive studies of structure and distribution
patterns of structural variants, I am in general agreement
with Clerc about the limits of this species, with the
exception of his inclusion of Usnea schadenbergiana
Göpp. & Stein (1883) in the synonymy. According to my
interpretation, based on an isotype from Zurich, Switzerland (ZT is the acronym for that herbarium), U.
schadenbergiana should be excluded from this synonymy
because of chemical and morphological differences from
U. hesperina: stictic acid and other substances are
present (Clerc 1997, and my own unpublished observations), rather than protocetraric acid, and the axis,
instead of being uniform in structure, is filled with
discolored, swollen, distorted hyphae (Motyka, 1936-1938, p. 414, described the axis as excavate, a condition that may be associated with an irregular arrangement of hyphae in the axis); in addition the cortex is
more fragile.

Clerc (1997) used the name U. hesperina for the combined species, although he recognized that both U.
schadenbergiana and U. subgracilis have nomenclatural
priority. He stated, without providing justification, that
he would propose U. hesperina for conservation, but so
far the proposal has not been published. Subsequent to
Clerc's treatment, the name U. hesperina was used by
Clerc and Herrera-Campos (1997), Halonen et al.
(1998), and Herrera-Campos et al. (1998). Nevertheless,
I see no compelling reason why U. hesperina should be
conserved, and therefore continue to use the earliest
name, which is the correct one for the combined species
U. subgracilis.

Usnea subgracilis Vainio was said by Motyka (1936-1938, pp. 556, 562) to be pendent, narrow, and little-branched; a photograph of the type collection (TUR,
acronym for the Herbarium at Turku University, Finland)
shows scattered, irregularly arranged, curving fibrils.

Although the original (type) collection of U. hesperina is
not available (Clerc, 1997), its characters can be deduced from Motyka's description (Motyka, 1936-1938)
and from other collections examined by Motyka. The
figures given for the cortex, medulla, and axis widths for
U. hesperina by Motyka (1936-1938, p. 383), if correct, would be closer to 9.1%:27.3%:27.3% than the
9.5%:24%:34% given for the neotype selected by Clerc
(1997). Motyka described U. hesperina as densely
covered with perpendicular fibrils and compared its
appearance with U. longissima, as well as with U.
subplicata (Vainio) Motyka, which was put into synonymy with U. hesperina by Clerc (1997). Thus, the
neotype selected for U. hesperina by Clerc differs to
some extent from Motyka's description and also from
the holotype of U. subgracilis, on which Vainio based his
species and which was the basis of the extensive
description published by Motyka (1936-1938).

Localities given by Halonen et al. (1998) in British
Columbia for U. hesperina are near the coast on Vancouver Island, and it is to be expected that most of the
California material will also have a coastal distribution.

The same comments can be made here about priority of
the earliest species name and conservation as were
made above concerning U. subgracilis. Usneasilesiaca
was considered to be conspecific with U. madeirensis by
Clerc (1997), who used the latter name for the combined species. Clerc stated, without providing justification, that he would propose U. madeirensis for conservation. The proposal has not yet been published. U.
madeirensis was used by Clerc (1991, 1992) and by
Purvis et al. (1992), and subsequent to Clerc's publication of the synonymy in 1997, by Halonen et al. (1998).
It is possible that further studies of anatomy will show
that U. silesiaca and U. madeirensis should be regarded
as distinctly different species. Meanwhile, I shall use the
earliest name for the combined species, U. silesiaca,
accepting Clerc's (1997) opinion as to the limits of this
species.

Usnea silesiaca was shown by Motyka (1930) to be
pendent with several branches diverging above the base,
then converging toward the apex; Motyka (1936-1938,
pp. 257, 289) distinguished it from other European
species that were about twice as long as broad by the
presence of soralia on larger branches and by the narrow
(12%), dense medulla.

A photograph of U. madeirensis from the original (type)
collection in Stockholm (S--Swedish Museum of Natural
History) shows a slender, pendent, irregularly branched
specimen that is quite different in appearance; Motyka
(see C.N. Tavares, 1964) compared its habit to that of
U. dasypoga, which is today regarded as a synonym of
U. filipendula Stirton.

Usnea madeirensis was reported for California by Clerc
(1991). The localities given were: Marin Co., Point
Reyes National Seashore, on Alnus, and San Luis Obispo
Co., between Baywood Park and Morro Bay, on Ceanothus, both localities close to the coast. Localities given
for British Columbia (Halonen et al., 1998) were also
near the coast (Vancouver Island, Queen Charlotte
Islands). To this may be added an additional California
collection: on shrubs, mouth of Klamath R., Del Norte
Co., I. Tavares 2631, 2.VIII.1978. This specimen is
short and divergent, resembling most closely some of
the thalli shown in fig. 1b, in Clerc (1991). It is to be
expected that most California localities will be coastal,
although because U. silesiaca was described far from the
coast in Poland, inland localities might also occur in
California.

Acknowledgements

I thank the directors and curators of the herbaria cited
for the privilege of examining the specimens mentioned.

Lichens receive their scientific names in accordance with
the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(Greuter et al. 1994). The Code is a compendium of
rules and examples that are designed to prevent confusion that would result from arbitrary application of
names. It has been revised and amplified several times
since the first version (DeCandolle's Lois de la nomenclature botanique, which was adopted by the International Botanical Congress at Paris in 1867). The most
recent version (the Tokyo Code) was published in 1994
following the International Botanical Congress in Japan.
The Code is an instrument of consensus. It takes its
force from the willingness of botanists around the world
to be bound by its rules. The primary tenet of the Code
is that each taxonomic entity may have only one correct
name. What constitutes a taxonomic entity is a matter
of opinion, and taxonomists may differ about the limits
(circumscription) of a species and about which genus a
species should be assigned to. The correct name,
therefore, is partly a matter of opinion and partly a
matter of rules.

Valid publication. In order to be available for use, a name
must be validly published. The current Code details the
requirements for valid publication, two of the most
important of which are the designation of a holotype and
the provision of a Latin diagnosis.

Type specimens. Since 1935, the Code has specified
that a name is based on a specimen--the type specimen,
which is associated with the name at the time of its
publication--independent of circumscription. Even
though the circumscription may vary, the name must
stay with the type. According to the current Code, the
type must be designated at the time of publication of
the name. A type so designated is called a holotype.
Because taxonomists of the past did not always designate holotypes, modern taxonomists have the responsibility of rectifying these oversights by selecting type
specimens. Selection (lectotypification) of a type specimen (a lectotype) when the author of the name did not
designate a holotype is governed by article 9 of the
Code. A lectotype must be chosen from among the
specimens cited by the author in the original publication
of the name. If no specimen can be found, a specimen
not seen by the author can be proposed as neotype to
guide the application of the name. A lectotypification
may be superseded if it can be shown that the lectotype
is in conflict with the author's description. Neotypes are
automatically superseded if specimens cited by the
author are discovered. The term isotype is applied to a
duplicate (same locality and date) of the holotype or
lectotype.

Priority. The concept of priority of publication is central
to the correct application of names according to the
Code. If two or more names have been used for what is
regarded as a single taxonomic entity, then the name
that was published first is correct. The publication date
of a species refers to the first publication of the name,
not to the date of publication of any transfers of the
species to another genus.

Synonyms. Synonyms are different names that have
been applied to what is regarded as one taxonomic
entity. There are two kinds of synonyms: nomenclatural
synonyms and taxonomic synonyms. Nomenclatural
synonyms (homotypic synonyms) are names that are
based on the same type specimen. Taxonomic synonyms
(heterotypic synonyms) are names that are based on
different type specimens that are regarded as belonging
to the same taxonomic entity. Both kinds of synonyms
can be demonstrated with some lichenological history.

In 1859 Tuckerman described a new species from
Monterey, California, and placed it in the genus Cetraria
as C. californica. This name is referred to as a basionym,
because it forms the basis for combinations (transfers of
the species to another genus). Merrill (1910) transferred
C. californica to Alectoria and Thell and Goward (1996)
transferred it to Kaernefeltia as the type species of a
new genus. Cetraria californica Tuck., Alectoria californica (Tuck.) G. Merr., and Kaernefeltia californica (Tuck.)
Thell & Goward are thus nomenclatural synonyms since
they are all based on the same Tuckerman specimen. In
his treatment of Cetraria californica, Kärnefelt (1986),
following Merrill (1910), included as a taxonomic synonym Alectoria cetrariza, a species described by Nylander (1887) from Tillamook ["Tellanock"], Oregon. Cetraria californica has nomenclatural priority by 28 years.

The term homonym is sometimes used in connection
with synonymy. According to the Code, homonyms are
validly published names that are spelled identically and
are based on different types. The more recently published of two homonyms ("later homonym") is illegitimate and must be renamed if it is to be used.

Conservation. Stability in nomenclature is a desirable
goal, but as long as scientific names reflect taxonomic
position, advances in taxonomic understanding will entail
nomenclatural changes. Some changes, however, are
disadvantageous. For instance, careful monographic
work will sometimes reveal that a relatively unknown
species is conspecific with and has priority over a well-known species. Conservation is a mechanism established
by the Code to promote stability in these cases by
allowing names without priority to be considered correct. In order to conserve a name, a formal proposal
must be published, and the proposal must be recommended by a special committee and passed by a general
vote at a Botanical Congress. Before the Tokyo Code,
conservation was applied to names of families and
genera and to names of species of economic importance.
According to the current Code, however, conservation
may be invoked to avoid changes that would be
disadvantageous to stability of any family, genus or
species name.

The Code is a complex document that is not easy to
understand. It is available on line (http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iapt/nomenclature/code/tokyo-e/default.htm);
also available is a tutorial dealing with botanical nomenclature (http://fp.bio.utk.edu/mycology/nom-index.htm)
put together by the mycologist Ronald Petersen of the
University of Tennessee.

Thell, A. and T. Goward. 1996. The new cetrarioid genus
Kaernefeltia and related groups in the Parmeliaceae
(lichenized Ascomycotina). The Bryologist 99: 125-136.

Tuckerman, E. 1859. Supplement to an enumeration of
North American lichens, continued. American Journal of
Science and Arts 2, 28: 200-206.

Richard Moe

Collections from the 1998 Northwest Lichen Guild--CALS Field Trip to the Pilot Rock Area, Siskiyou
Mountains, Jackson County, Oregon, May 23, 1998

Darrell Wright (assisted by Judy Robertson and Steven Jessup)

4517 Valley West Blvd., #C,

Arcata, CA 95521

Pilot Rock at 1800 m elevation in the eastern Siskiyou
Mountains of south central Oregon is a local high point
on the elevational isthmus connecting the Klamath/Siskiyou and Cascade ecoregions. This ridge system is
also the east-west divide between the drainage of the
Rogue River flowing north into Oregon and that of the
Klamath River flowing south into California. The area is
vegetationally diverse with elements of Cascade, Great
Basin, Modoc Plateau, and Klamath floras. Pilot Rock is
21 km SE of Ashland, Oregon, and 145 km from the
Pacific Ocean. The midpoint of our trail at the lichen-
rich rock outcrops about 0.3 km below the summit was
42.02368░N, 122.5539░W by GPS (Global Positioning
System).

Geologic mapping of the area (Beaulieu and Hughes
1977) stopped at an east-west line 6 km north of Pilot
Rock, which is thus unmapped, but the rock is known by
Dave Wagner to be volcanic (Pilot Rock is a plug) and
may correspond to the extensive Tertiary period volcanics (Roxy formation) mapped to the north (see
Caloplaca decipiens for the occurrence in these rocks of
carbonates, normally associated with sedimentary rocks).

The nearest official climatic records with similar altitude
(1400 m) are from Howard Prairie Dam 24 km to the
northeast with a 28-year average annual precipitation of
968 mm (Oregon Climate Service, date of publication not
given). Mapping by Weisberg and DeYoung (1997) on a
scale too coarse to precisely locate Pilot Rock shows
areas with up to 1500 mm in the vicinity (Dave Wagner
estimates that this figure is close to what Pilot Rock
receives); mean summer maximum temperature is shown
as 78-82░C, mean winter minimum 22-26░C. Snow is
constant throughout the winter. Vegetation is a mosaic
of open, grassy areas and late successional Pseudotsuga
menziesii forest, including Abies concolor and A. magnifica. Within the forest is a lichen community dominated
by Usnea, Letharia, Platismatia and Bryoria, while at the
forest edge relatively xerophytic Xanthoria and Melanelia
exasperatula are prominent on Sambucus mexicana.

Land use (Oregon 1978) has included timber harvesting,
mostly lower in altitude than our collecting area, and
cattle grazing. The area is managed by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, and is
now protected from logging.

On Sunday, May 24, guided by David Wagner, some of
us hiked the Enchanted Forest Trail in the lowlands near
the Applegate River. This area provided mixed hardwoods, meadow and chaparral with a few large conifers
(and an abundance of poison oak).

We thank the Bureau of Land Management, Medford
office, for granting a collecting permit, Dave Wagner for
information on the Pilot Rock area, Wayne Rolle for
guiding the field trip, and Isabelle Tavares and Dick Moe
for helpful reviews. Veva Stansell reported on this field
trip in the last number of the Bulletin (Bulletin of the
California Lichen Society 5[1]: 22. 1998). We supplement her report with this list of participants: Doris Baltzo,
Cheryl Beyer, Bill Hill, Ed Horn, Steven Jessup, Curt Leet,
Barbara Mumblo, Peter Neitlich, Ginny Post, Judy
Robertson, Wayne Rolle, Carter Rose, Charlene Simpson,
Veva Stansell, Gretchen Vos, David Wagner, Darrell
Wright, and Stella Yang.

The following list is based on identifications made by
Doris Baltzo, Judy Robertson, Steven Jessup, and
Darrell Wright. Darrell Wright took the opportunity to
examine some of the species (mostly the crustose
species) carefully. His observations are presented
separately following this list, which is inclusive. In the
list, PR=Pilot Rock, AW=Applegate Watershed,
DEB=Doris E. Baltzo, JR=Judy Robertson, DW=Darrell
Wright, SJ=Steven Jessup

Abbreviations (mostly self-explanatory) are as in McCune
and Goward (1995). I add the following: amph=amphithecium, asc=ascus, hyp=hypothecium, subhym=subhymenium, UV=long-wave ultraviolet light. Wright 6375
through Wright 6385 are from the same outcrop with
localized carbonates.

Bryoria fuscescens (Gyelnik) Brodo & D. Hawksw.?
Wright 6373c: on conifer bark, entwined with other
Bryoria spp. Brs uneven, pale brown, matt to somewhat
shiny. Soralia markedly tuberculate, wider than the
branch, K+ dingy yellow, PD+ yellow (strongly so when
a soralium is pressed into filter paper with a plastic
toothpick wetted with fresh alcoholic PD). That the spot
tests suggest psoromic acid is troubling, since among the
North American species only B. implexa, a rarity not
known south of northern Idaho (McCune and Goward
1995; Brodo and Hawksworth 1977) has this substance.
B. implexa, however, is pseudocyphellate and has not
been reported to have soralia in North America.

Caloplaca decipiens (Arnold) Blomb. & Forss. Wright
6375: on HCl+rock. Th of sterile rosettes to 7 mm with
lobes to 2.5 x 0.6 mm. Sor in lip-shaped soralia on tips
of short lobes near center of th. Lower cortex lacking
(McCune 1994; Purvis et al. 1992). The carbonates
responsible for the HCl reaction here, which are normally associated with sedimentary rather than volcanic
rocks, would have been deposited as the Pilot Rock
volcano was covered by seas which encroached with
subsidence of the Continental Plate, the volcano rising
again with later uplift (Press and Siever 1974). Dave
Wagner also finds calciphile mosses among such
volcanic rocks.

Cyphelium inquinans (Sm.) Trevisan Wright 6392: On
conifer trunk. Th gray, thick, sublobate-verrucose.
Algal layer thick. Med pale yellow below ap. Ap to 1.1
mm on broad, short stalks. Sp 2-celled, oblong, with
thick, brown walls and greenish locules (Rinodina-like,
pale when immature), somewhat indented at the
septum, 14 x 10 Ám, no surface striation seen. Cortex
K+ dingy yellow, PD+ pale yellow; the immersed,
nearly black extension of the hyp into the thalline wart
("stalk") K+ bright red diluting out to yellow (quinone?;
anthraquinones are reported from Thelomma and a few
other genera of Caliciales [Culberson, Culberson and
Johnson 1977; Tibell 1984]). The color reaction of the
stalk is not mentioned in the literature I have examined,
e.g., Thomson (1997), Tibell (1984), Noble (1982).
Yellow part of med K+ rusty red, PD; a yellow pigment has been reported, e.g., in Thomson (1997).
Several quinonoid pigments may be present, one in the
stalk (perhaps missed because workers seldom section
mazaediate ap; sectioned in this case to see the base of
the ap in profile) and another in the med.

Leptogium californicum Tuck. Wright 6369, 6370: moss
on rock in open area. Th small, sterile with dull, dark
brown, erect lobes finely wrinkled toward the apices.
Marg of most lobes with flattened, isidia-like projections
whose tips are darker than their bases. Isid on only a
few lobes, in patches, shining, +/- clavate, 50 Ám tall.
Cortices 1-cell thick. Med scanty, with hyphae of large
diameter. Photobiont cells scattered; only a few chains
seen. Goward et al. (1994) indicate in their key that this
is a species aggregate; McCune and Goward (1995)
consider it doubtfully distinct from L. lichenoides. (L.)
Zahlbr. The specimens fit reasonably well with Sierk's
(1964) description of L. californicum.

Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szat. Wright 6366: on dead
wood of Sambucus. A non-lichenized fungus traditionally treated with the lichens (Wirth 1995). Th not
evident. No endoxylic photobiont detected. Ap black to
0.3 mm on glossy black stalks to 0.6 x 0.05 mm, K, I-
in the interior. Asc when young appear to project in
tubular fashion at the apex, but I see no evidence of an
apical canal either in mature or immature asci (note that
according to Tibell [1975, p. 22]: "[canal] best seen in
Lactic Blue"). The black stalk emerges as red brown
after a hard squash. Sp brown, simple, ellipsoid to
fusiform with a suggestion of flattening, 8 x 4 (-5) Ám
with surface ornament (visible only when the walls at
the sides of the sp are out of focus, i.e., with the focus
on the surface of the spore), 8 in each narrow, cylindrical asc, evidently not forming a mazaedium. On the
trail Peter Neitlich suggested Chaenothecopsis in which
paraph are absent (Purvis et al. 1992), but in Wright
6366 paraph are present on a section of the tiny, fragile
ap. Sections of the ap must be made dry, because
wetting renders the tissue too soft to cut. The distinctions, mostly according to Tibell, are as follows:

Chaenothecopsis

Mycocalicium

Ascus apex with
narrow canal

Ascus apex without canal

Asci < 50 Ám tall
(Thomson)

Asci to 65 Ám

Paraph absent (Purvis)

Paraph present

Hyphae of stalk
interwoven

Hyphae of stalk parallel

Hyphae in center of
stalk pale

Hyphae of stalk dark
throughout

Spores ellipsoidal-
subcylindric

Spores ellipsoidal-
subfusiform

Spores not flattened

Spores flattened

One stalk appeared to have interwoven hyphae; in
another they were +/- parallel. The stalk with the
parallel hyphae had a pale center while that with the
interwoven hyphae was uniformly darker throughout,
jumbling the characters listed above (both stalks were
grossly the same under the dissecting 'scope). Most
asci were ca. 50 Ám. Purvis et al. (1992) warns about
Mycocalicium subtile: "Easily confused with Chaenothecopsis species in which the ascus apex is penetrated
by a narrow canal."

Nodobryoria abbreviata (Müll. Arg.) Common & Brodo
Wright 6373b: on conifer bark, entwined with Bryorias.
Th tufted, reddish brown, foveolate. Brs not flattened,
to 0.4 mm. Ap spinulose. Whether the ap should be
called lateral or subterminal is unclear, as a number of
them have stout brs from the underside of the exciple
which continue on to bear more ap. K, C, KC, PD.

Fits poorly with the species of Brodo (1991), but would
seem to be in the upsaliensis alliance with O. szatalaënsis and O. farinacea (the thick, verrucose thallus and sp
more than 4/asc seem to rule out O. szatalaënsis). The
algal pattern, with algae lacking beneath the hyp and a
continuous line of them against the outer wall of the
amph, might fit with Brodo's type B1 (1991, fig. 3), but
the pattern of spot tests with C is not among those
described by him: neither of his species with a C+
yellow ascoma (O. farinacea, O. szatalaënsis) has a C+
pink thallus. In this connection, Brodo stated it is
variolaric acid which is reacting C+ yellow, but J.A. Elix
(pers. comm. 1998), who with co-workers verified the
structure of variolaric acid (Rana, Sargent and Elix 1975)
advises that, in their experience, variolaric acid is C and
agrees that it is more likely the unknown xanthone Ofr-1
that is reacting yellow. I am forwarding material provided by Brodo to Elix for identification of that substance. Note: szatalaënsis, for Ödön Szatala (1889-1958: sàw-ta-la); Klara Verseghy (1930-: vèr-sheh-gee,
according to an Hungarian informant).

Parmelia hygrophila Goward & Ahti Wright 6363: on bark
of dead stump. Like P. sulcata but with isid which are
+/- ecorticate (McCune and Goward 1995).

Porpidia thomsonii Gowan? Wright 6372b: on rock. Th
crustose, of dispersed, +/- swollen whitish areoles with
tan marg, to 1 mm, the largest of which have a lobate
tendency. Black prothallus extensive. Photobiont green.
Ap black, flat to convex, lecideine, to 0.8 mm with
roughened disc. In 1 larger ap there is a central column
of sterile tissue, not apparent at the surface of the disk;
another large disk actually has a hole in the center.
Cells of exciple ca. 5 Ám broad. Asc 60 x 25 Ám, 2 of
them with an apical canal which has deeply I+ blue
walls, as in the Porpidia-type apex. Epihym dark blue-green in water, clearing in KOH in which surface
granules become yellow. Hym 100 Ám, with light blue-green tint in water, clear in KOH. Paraph branched and
anastomosed, swollen distally and then capitate with
dark blue-green tips. Hyp brown to golden brown in
water, yellow to orange in KOH. Sp mostly immature,
ca. 8/asc, simple, ellipsoid, with 1 Ám wall and 1 large
or several small vacuoles, 15 x 6-8 Ám. Whitish surface
of areoles K+ clear yellow, C, KC, PD, UV-. Proper
marg and upper hym I+ blue. Med I- in one areole,
faintly discolored with I in part of another (nascent
ascoma?). Disk not noticeably red with concentrated
nitric acid. Porpidia thomsonii is known from the Coast
Ranges of Mendocino Co. and the Sierra Nevada in
Tulare Co., California, the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and from Alaska and the Canadian Arctic (Gowan
1989).

Xanthoriacf. polycarpa (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. Wright 6389:
on a leafless shrub, possibly Sambucus. Th foliose with
lobes +/- elevated from substrate, < 0.7 mm wide (?).
It is unclear to me from Lindblom's paper where the
lobes measurements, critical for her key, are to be
made. Lower cortex well developed back of the lobe
tips, attached with what may be hapters (dilated
apically but not clearly footed) rather than short rhizines
(Lindblom 1997). Sor lacking. Hym 120 Ám. Ap to
1.3 mm. Pyc not seen. Sp 17 x 9 Ám with 7 Ám
septum, broadly and bluntly ellipsoid. In McCune and
Goward (1997) Wright 6389 and the following collection, Wright 6391, would key to X. polycarpa (Hoffm.)
Th. Fr. Sp measurements for 6389 suggest X. hasseana; while the elevated, +/- rounded rather than
flattened lobes suggest X. polycarpa; shape of the
conidia, if pycnidia could be found, should decide
between the two.

Xanthoriasp. Wright 6391: on a leafless shrub, possibly
Sambucus. Th foliose. Lobes flat, < 0.7 mm wide (?).
Sor lacking. Ap to 0.7 mm (wetting makes them too
soft to section). Hym 120 Ám. Sp 17 x 8 Ám with
long, 7-8 Ám septum, more narrowly ellipsoid and
pointed than in Wright 6389, 8/ascus. Only 2 pyc seen
on 8 small thalli, the one sectioned without conidia. Sp
measurements suggest X. hasseana; the short, apically
dilated rhizines suggest X. polycarpa; neither of these,
however, has a 120 Ám hym (Lindblom 1997). Listed
separately from Wright 6389 because, although the
measurements are mostly the same for both, it does not
look like 6389: it is flatter, the lobes are more dilated
distally, and the ap are much smaller.

Noble, W.J. 1982. The Lichens of the Coastal Douglas-fir
Dry Subzone of British Columbia. Ph.D. Thesis, University
of British Columbia, Vancouver. Part II reprinted and
updated in 1997 by Bruce McCune.

Ohlsson, K.E. 1973. New and interesting macrolichens of
British Columbia. The Bryologist 76: 366-387.

Field Trip to Brushy Peak Regional Preserve, Livermore Area Recreation and Parks Department

Saturday, April 25, 1998

Bill Hill, Doris Baltzo, Mikki McGee, Susan Crutchfield,
and Judy Robertson, members of the California Lichen
Society, met with Sharon Peterson of Livermore Area
Recreation and Parks District for an observation trip to
the Brushy Peak Regional Preserve. The LARPD is
formulating preservation and management policy for the
site and our purpose was to compile a list of lichens
observed, to assess the present status of lichens in the
Preserve, and to give advice about how best to maintain
the rich lichen flora present.

The area consists of rolling hills with slopes covered
with grass and scattered Quercus lobata. Rock outcrops,
which culminate in Brushy Peak, are primarily sandstone
often showing strong wind erosion. The outcrops are
host to a rich lichen flora. We spent most of the day
around the perimeter of one outcrop approximately 30
feet in diameter with lichens covering over 75% of the
formation. The outcrop was of very soft, poorly
cemented sandstone of medium sandy-tan color. It
crumbled easily, at the slightest touch in some cases.
Clearly, the lichens present were instrumental in helping
to stabilize the substratum. If the pristine condition of
this lichen habitat is to be preserved, some provision for
limiting public access will indeed be necessary.

After lunch we proceeded to the northwest slopes of the
peak to examine a relatively level area of sandstone with
embedded cobbles. This sandstone was much firmer
than the sandstone explored in the morning but with a
very similar flora. Fenceposts and the few oaks and
buckeye nearby all exhibited the expected assemblages
of corticolous and crustose species.

The following list of lichens observed and collected at
the site is based on a list submitted to the LARPD. We
recommended limiting access to Brushy Peak Regional
Preserve in order to preserve the rich lichen flora
present, to prevent further erosion of the sandstone
formations, to maintain the site for air quality studies as
development continues to surround the area, to educate
the public about the uniqueness of lichens, and to
preserve the beauty of the chartreuses and oranges,
browns, greens and grays that "paint" these lovely rock
formations.

The Board Members of the California Lichen Society
have appointed me to represent CALS on issues relating
to conservation. My role will be to actively educate,
inform, cajole, suggest, encourage, and (when all else
fails) threaten responsible agencies to consider lichens
when regulating projects. I am willing to act as
Conservation Chairman to further the conservation goals
of CALS. Anyone interested in helping me on the CALS
Conservation Committee is very welcome and
encouraged. I look forward to your ideas and input.

I am a botanist (and student of lichenology for the past
15 years, with more serious study over the last 5 years),
receiving a BA in Environmental Studies and Geography
from UCSB. I have been a full-time environmental
consultant (David Magney Environmental Consulting,
Ojai) since 1986. I have been active in the California
Native Plant Society (CNPS) since the early 1980's,
serving as a Director-At-Large (1989-1991), President
(1991-1994), Vice President-Conservation (1994-1995), Vice President-Legislation (1995-1996),
Chairman of the Wetlands Conservation Committee, and
Chairman of the Caltrans Committee. I have been
conducting lichen surveys throughout California on
various projects related to the California Environmental
Quality Act (CEQA), often with the much-appreciated
help of Charis Bratt.

Pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act, all
development projects that require discretionary
approvals from state and local public entities must
consider the impacts that a proposed project would have
on the environment. The word "environment" is
all-inclusive and includes lichens as well as other life
forms. Fortunately, just the threat of a lawsuit can be
enough to keep the preparers of CEQA review
documents from ignoring environmental issues of
concern to the public and groups such as the California
Lichen Society (CALS).

The California Native Plant Society (CNPS) has been very
successful over the years in forcing agencies responsible
for preparing the CEQA documents to consider
project-related impacts on California's native flora. Most
recently CNPS sued the Ventura County Board of
Supervisors in Superior Court for failing to adequately
evaluate project-related impacts on lichens for the
Camarillo Regional Park. The Environmental Impact
Report (EIR) consultants for the county never conducted
any surveys of the lichen flora at the project site, nor did
they evaluate indirect impacts the project would have on
the lichen flora. The judge ruled that the project EIR was
indequate according to CEQA and ordered the county to
conduct a survey of the lichens and evaluate fully the
impacts the project might have on the lichens. I believe
this was a "first" in California.

The California Lichen Society must work toward the goal
of convincing agencies that they should consider and
evaluate California lichens. As an organization, our word
could have considerable weight when we wish to be
heard on our lichen flora. We should start work on a list
of California Rare and Endangered Lichens, patterned
after the Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular
Plants of California, researched and published by the
California Native Plant Society, now in its fifth edition.
This publication is the primary authority that is referred
to when impacts on the California flora are considered in
the California Environmental Quality Act review process.

I have taken it upon myself to draft a Preliminary List of
California Rare Lichens, which is now being circulated
among selected California lichenologists for review.
After the list has been reviewed and edited, it will be
submitted for publication in the Bulletin, making it available when we want agencies to consider the impacts
that a project might have on lichens. This list will be
updated as new information about rare California lichens
comes to my attention. CALS may also consider
adopting policy statements about conserving lichens and
how surveys and evaluations should be conducted, as
has been done by the California Native Plant Society and
the California Botanical Society. Another task would be
to petition the California Fish and Game Commission to
list California rare lichens as threatened or endangered.
Two taxa come to mind that are deserving of protection
under the California Endangered Species Act: Cladonia
firma and Sulcaria isidiifera, both occurring in the Los
Osos/Baywood Park area of Morro Bay. Listed species
get much more attention than rare species that are not
listed, so it is important to obtain official listing as soon
as possible for those taxa deserving such protection. I
am interested in receiving your input about rare lichens
wherever they occur in the State.

David Magney

P. O. Box 1346,

Ojai CA 93024-1346

Phone: (805)646-6045

e-mail: dmagney@aol.com

NEWS AND NOTES

1999 dues
Very reluctantly the CALS Board has voted to increase
dues to $18.00 per year for regular members and
$20.00 per year for foreign members. We do not want
to compromise the excellent quality of the Bulletin;
however the existing dues barely cover the cost of
printing and postage. We are hoping each of you will
continue to support CALS. The student and hardship
fee will remain unchanged. For your convenience we
have enclosed an envelope for returning your dues and
would appreciate your payment by March 1.

Thank you.

Donors and Sponsors

We would like to recognize the following DONORS and
SPONSORS of CALS for 1998.

Mark Boyll

Charis Bratt

Irene Brown

Dr. C.F. Culberson

Bill Hill

Lori Hubbart and Greg Jirak

Barbara Leitner

David Magney

Donna Maytham

Edith McAbier

Dr. J.F. Fraser and Helen Muirhead

Dan Norris

Ronald Robare

Elizabeth Rush

Judith Sakrison

Jim Shevock

Jacob Sigg

Shirley Tucker

Stella Yang and Steven Buckout

Mushroom Fair December 5-6, 1998

Lichens of the Bay Area was the theme for the CALS
exhibit at the Mushroom Fair held in the Presidio
Exhibition Hall. Richard and Janet Doell explored the
Bay Area for lichen growth on unusual substrates in
unusual places and displayed their finds through
photography. With telescopic views from boats to
bunkers and closeups of the lichens found, they took
us from Redwood City to Marin County, Point
Richmond to the coastline. Janet also gave a slide
presentation both days which was well attended and
stimulated lots of questions. Another highlight was the
three microscopes set up and manned by Bill Hill. Both
children and adults were awed by the world of algae
and spores. Also helping at the display were Susan
Crutchfield, Barbara Lachelt and Judy Robertson.

CALS Workshops held at San Francisco State
University, Hensill Hall, 10a.m. to 4 p.m.

September 26, 1998

CALS members delved into the genus Xanthoria this
day. Using Louise Lindblom's Xanthoria key (J. Hattori
Bot. Lab. 83:75-172. 1997, reviewed in Bull. Calif.
Lichen Soc. 4:28) we had the opportunity to use
Xanthoria specimens identified by Dr. Lindblom and
loaned to us from the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural
History herbarium to help identify our own collections.
Although we did not have time to look at the SFSU
collection, one of our goals in these workshops is to
confirm and update the specimens housed there and to
identify unsorted specimens.

October 24, 1998

This day focused on microscopy. An excellent
presentation was given by Mikki McGee. Starting from
the basics and with "hands on" demonstrations, Mikki
explained each step necessary to get the best
resolution possible from any microscope, whether a
homemade, student, or more costly model. She
explained the features to look for in purchasing a
'scope or parts of one. We then moved on to
techniques for mounting and staining specimens. Mikki
explained the various stains and their best uses. With
many literature references this workshop was
invaluable to those attending.

November 21, 1998

The family Physciaceae was the topic of this workshop.
We spent the morning looking at Physcia specimens
and using various keys to distinguish common species.
In the afternoon we used Dr. Theodore Esslinger's unpublished key to Physconia in California to identify our
own specimens as well as ones from the SFSU
Herbarium. In the time remaining, we briefly reviewed
the genus Phaeophyscia. Charis Bratt from Santa
Barbara drove north to join us. She brought Physconia
specimens identified by Dr. Esslinger as well as other
representative specimens from the Santa Barbara
Herbarium.

We would like to thank Dr. Dennis Desjardin of the
Biology Department for making the classroom available
at San Francisco State University. We have enjoyed
using their new dissecting 'scopes and having
convenient access to the herbarium. Thanks also to Dr.
Esslinger for providing his Physconia key for us to try
out.

Volunteers Wanted

GRANTS. Do you have experience writing grant
proposals? Funds that could be obtained through grants
could be used to cover costs of printing the Bulletin,
sponsoring lichenologists to travel to California for
seminars or workshops, funding lichen conservation
projects, printing local lichen guides--the sky's the
limit. If this is your special talent or if you have always
wanted to try it, please contact Judy Robertson at
707-584-8099 or JKSRR@aol.com.

CALIFORNIA LICHEN POSTERS. CALS has lots of
beautiful posters for sale. Would you be interested in
contacting nature stores, state and local park stores,
botanical gardens and other possible state and local
organizations for selling these posters? Please contact
Janet Doell at 510-236-0489 or doell@slip.net if you
are interested.

USNEA LONGISSIMA STUDY. Darrell Wright and I
would like to repeat the notice which appeared in the
CALS Bulletin Volume 5, No.1 inviting members to join
us in our efforts to record locations of U. longissima in
California. Please include date, geographic location,
substrate, surrounding vegetation and altitude in your
report, or as much of this information as is available.
Also, we would appreciate a small (4" to 5") piece of
the thallus as a voucher specimen (which will be
returned to you at your request). Please mail your
report to:

Janet Doell

1200 Brickyard Way #302

Pt. Richmond, CA 94801

e-mail: doell@slip.net

Desert Field Trip

Between October 9 and 12, 1998, eleven CALS
members enjoyed a field trip to the Sweeney Granite
Mountains Research Center, a unit of the University of
California Reserve System located in the eastern part of
the Mojave National Preserve. Lichens, weather and
camaraderie were outstanding. A full report and lichen
lists will appear in a future Bulletin.

Janet Doell

Collections Move

The lichen collection previously at the Santa Barbara
Museum of Natural History, is being moved to the
Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon
Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93105.

The collection will continue to be curated by Shirley
Tucker, who is a Research Botanist there (while still
keeping her adjunct professorship at the University of
California at Santa Barbara), and Cherie Bratt.
Exchanges, loans, and correspondence about lichens
will be handled through the Santa Barbara Botanic
Garden from now on.

Shirley Tucker

UPCOMING EVENTS

January 23, 1999 (Saturday)

Crystal Springs Watershed, San Mateo Co.

Under the umbrella of the San Francisco Mycological
Society, members of CALS will be able to return to the
the Crystal Springs Watershed in San Mateo County for
a second field trip. We will start at 10:00 a.m. and
drive to the rock quarry with a promise of many crustose lichen species. Then Bill Freedman will lead us to
the Cahill Gate area about a mile away. This area
receives the greatest amount of rainfall in the
Watershed. Ferns and fog promise lots of lichens with
the additional attraction of lichen-covered fenceposts.
Please join us as we continue to map the lichens of the
area.

Contact:

Judy Robertson

JKSRR@aol.com

707-584-8099

February 20, 1999 (Saturday)

Pepperwood Ranch Natural Preserve, Sonoma Co.

Oak woodland, stands of Douglas fir, chaparral, riparian
habitat and rock outcrops promise a variety of lichens
for our excursion to this California Academy of
Sciences Natural Preserve. The Preserve is a 30 minute
drive north of Santa Rosa; plan to meet inside the
Preserve entrance at 10 a.m. We will be able to collect
specimens for identification.

Contact:

Judy Robertson

JKSRR@aol.com

707-584-8099

February 27, 1999 (Saturday)

Marine Algae of San Francisco Bay

Join Dick Moe of the Herbarium of the University of
California, Berkeley, a specialist in marine algae, for an
introductory exploration of our local marine algal flora.
We meet at 2:00 p.m. in the parking lot at Fort Point in
the Presidio. Prepare for possibly cold/wet conditions
and wear slip-resistant footwear. A handlens will also
be helpful. For those who wish more information about
marine algae, Dr. Moe recommends Marine Algae of
California by Abbott and Hollenberg and Seashore
Plants of California by Dawson and Foster as good
introductory texts.

Contact:

Marck Menke

415-824-8959

March 5, 1999 (Friday evening)

Reception for Dr. Larry St. Clair

CALS will host a reception for Dr. Larry St. Clair in
Room 1001, Valley Life Sciences Building, University of
California, Berkeley. Please look for more information
later about the reception on the CALS website
(http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/rlmoe/cals.html).

Contact:

Judy Robertson

JKSRR@aol.com

707-584-8099

March 6-7, 1999 (Saturday and Sunday)

Lichen Workshop at the Jepson Herbarium

Cost: $165/$150

Location: University of California, Berkeley

Instructors:

Dr. Larry St. Clair, professor and curator, Herbarium,
Brigham Young University

Clayton Newberry, graduate student, UC Berkeley

This short course in lichenology will have a heavy
emphasis on developing basic skills for field
identification. Classroom instruction will include
information about the dynamics of the lichen
symbiosis, growth forms, thallus morphology, sexual
and asexual reproductive structures, ecology,
nomenclature, basic tools for identifying lichens,
methods for curating lichens, and practical uses of
lichens. There will also be a "general audience" type
seminar on the use of lichens as biomonitors of air
quality. The workshop will end with a day-long field trip
to a yet-to-be-determined location in the Bay Area.
There will be a series of student handouts for the
workshop.

Contact:

Susan D'Alcamo

dalcamo@uclink4.berkeley.edu

(510) 643-7008

March 30, 1999 (Tuesday evening)

Seminar, War in the World of Lichens

University of California, Berkeley

CALS will be hosting a seminar by Professor David
Richardson, Dean of Science at St. Mary's University in
Halifax, Nova Scotia. His topic will be the interaction
between lichens and lichenicolous fungi. Professor
Richardson was born in England, where he studied at
Nottingham and Oxford Universities. He has held posts
at several universities in the United Kingdom and
Canada, and has been Dean of Science at St. Mary's
for the last six years. He has published three books,
The Vanishing Lichen, The Biology of Mosses, and
Pollution Monitoring with Lichens, and edited another,
Biological Indicators of Pollution. We are indeed
fortunate to have such a distinguished speaker. Be
sure and save the date if possible. No reservations are
necessary, and there is no charge.The seminar will be
held at the UC Herbarium, 1001 Valley Life Sciences
Building, University of California at Berkeley at 7:30 PM
on Tuesday, March 30.

Contact: Janet Doell

510-236-0489 or

doell@slip.net

April 16-18, 1999 (Friday to Sunday)

San Simeon State Park, San Luis Obispo Co.

CALS has the unique opportunity to provide the
California State Parks system with a list of the lichens
found in San Simeon Campground and surrounding 541
acres. San Simeon State Park is located 5 miles south
of Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument north
of San Luis Obispo on Highway 1. The area has wooded as well as open areas and should be great at this
time of year in terms of wildflowers as well as lichens.
Nearby coastal access will please beachcombers and
sunset watchers.

Developed campsites are available at the State Park, or
participants may opt for one of the many hotels in San
Simeon. There are also plenty of restaurants in San
Simeon. The campground is located a very short
distance from the entrance to Hearst Castle.
Participants may wish to visit the Castle early on Friday
or on Sunday afternoon. It is advised that tour tickets
be purchased in advance via Ticketron. For more
information regarding San Simeon State Park, call 805
927-2068.

Please call, write, or e-mail Mona Bourell if you are
interested in participating and you will receive maps
and program details as they develop.

Contact:

Mona Bourell

Dept. of Botany, Calif. Academy of Sciences,

Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA. 94118

415-750-7195

mbourell@cas.calacademy.org

May 15, 1999 (Saturday)

Lincoln Park, San Francisco

Lincoln Park is the golf course near the Palace of the
Legion of Honor, wedged between Land's End, the
Veteran's Hospital, and the area known as Sea Cliff.
The steps of the Palace are the jumping off place for
the San Francisco Mycological Society's Mushroom
Walks. Although this area does not host lichen rarities,
it is a rich area, with several dozen species in several
genera. Join us for a lichen walk to explore this area
within the city of San Francisco. Watch the CALS
website for details (http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/rlmoe/cals.html).

Contact:

Judy Robertson

JKSRR@aol.com
707-584-8099

August 14-15, 1999 (Saturday and Sunday)

Horse Mountain-Samoa Dunes Field Trip, Humboldt Co.

We will visit these two famous Bryoria-Alectoria
localities (see Alectoria lata, Bryoria spiralifera, etc., in
I. Brodo and D. Hawksworth, Alectoria and allied
genera, Opera Botanica 42: 1-164, 1977). There are
also two Cladina species on the Samoa Dunes, one
possibly not reported for California; can we find it
again? There are plenty of accommodations in the area.
Another announcement will appear in the next issue of
the Bulletin. Darrell Wright will lead.

Contact:

Darrell Wright

dwright3@jps.net;

4517 Valley West Blvd., #C,

Arcata, 95521

707-825-0779

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

As this year draws to a close, I realize that our
organization is the sum of many parts, each so very
important. I want to take this opportunity to thank the
many people who have helped me and who have given
so much time and energy to make CALS work. First,
thank you to the editor-in-chief of our Bulletin, Dick
Moe, and to the associate editors,William Sanders,
Isabelle Tavares, Shirley Tucker, and Darrell Wright.
The Bulletin represents CALS around the world and is
unique in its color cover and coverage of California
lichens. Next, thank you to the organizers of the field
trips this year, to Mikki McGee for our Watershed and
San Bruno excursions, to Bill Hill for Brushy Peak, Veva
Stansell for Pilot Rock and to Janet and Richard Doell
for the Granite Mountains trip. Organization for these
events starts long before the trip and extends to the
time the final lichen list is published in our Bulletin.
Thank you to the leaders of our workshops--Doris
Baltzo for the Usnea workshop, Mikki McGee for a
great workshop on microscopy and to Cherie Bratt for
providing identified specimens from the Santa Barbara
Herbarium. Thank you to Shirley Tucker for putting
together the CALS lichen reference collection available
for loan to any member. Many thanks to Dick Moe for
maintaining our CALS Web site, which makes CALS
and information about California lichens accessible
worldwide. And last, I want to extend my thanks to
each contributor to the Bulletin, each participant in a
field trip, each attendee of a workshop and to each of
you who have maintained your membership in CALS.
Your support not only meets your unique individual
need but also contributes to our greater goal of
education, appreciation, and conservation of California
lichens. I want to close with special thanks to Janet
Doell, Bill Hill, and Mikki McGee for their support during
this first year of my term of office. I am looking
forward to the many activities we have planned for
1999. I am hoping to see you at one of our field trips
or attending a workshop or lecture and I hope you
choose to continue your support of CALS. If we can
serve your needs better, please let me know at
JKSRR@aol.com