hms iron duke

Tuesday, 30 December 2014

Alphen, Netherlands. 30
December. In December 1914 British and German troops declared an unofficial Christmas
ceasefire, swapped tobacco and so the story goes played a football match
together in no man’s land, which apparently the Germans won, on penalties no
doubt. With the hindsight of history
that uplifting moment of humanity was but an interlude in a bitter World War
One struggle that would see many of those who took part dead within the
year. In a sense the West, particularly
the European West, has been enjoying just such a ceasefire with history these twenty-five
years past since the end of the Cold War.
Four grand strategic shifts made 2014 the year that grand illusions finally
burned away.

The
Return of Realpolitik in Europe: In 2014 President Putin
did something many fellow Europeans thought impossible; he used force to
resolve a territorial dispute to Russia’s apparent advantage. Putin cited the encroachment
of both the EU and NATO on Russia’s borders as justification and in so doing destroyed
the comforting illusion that balances of power and Realpolitik had been banished
from Europe forever. On 26 December President
Putin re-issued Russia’s 2010 military doctrine albeit modified to reflect a particularly
aggressive tone. The message is clear;
in spite of the sanctions and the collapse in the oil price which has so
damaged the Russian economy the militarisation of the Russian state will
continue in 2015, even though the policy is doomed to end in failure. Expect 2015 to see
NATO and its members probed and provoked further by Russian forces.

The
Return of Geopolitics: China’s increasingly assertive stance
and growing pressures across South and East Asia highlight the world’s new seismic,
systemic epicentre and a new domain of warfare. North Korea’s December 2014 cyber-attack on
Sony Pictures on the eve of the release of a film satirising Kim Jong-un, the
North Korean leader, is a sign of things to come. The US responded to the attack by shutting
down the internet in North Korea. With China and Russia engaged in industrial
levels of cyber attacks the use of the ether as a domain for warfare is very
much the future of geopolitics in the twenty-first century. The aim is not
so much the permanent destruction of an opposing state’s centre of political
gravity, à la Clausewitz. Rather, in the
growing struggle between the liberal and the illiberal the aim is to keep open
societies permanently off balance through attacks and the threat of attack on
critical national infrastructure thus changing the balance of resources liberal
states commit to protection at the expense of projection. Expect this struggle to intensify in 2015.

The
Struggle over “Ever Closer Union”: In
December Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker said in an interview that the
EU should stop trying to micro-manage the lives of Europeans and focus instead
on the big things. On the face of it
Juncker’s call marks a new pragmatism and a possible new balance between
the EU member-state and an increasingly onerous and ponderous Brussels. It is also a classic description of a federal
state in which grand strategy, most notably foreign, security and defence
policies are controlled by a federal hub, whilst the ‘states/provinces’
focus on the those issues most immediate and most pressing to the needs of the
people. In reality, and in the wake of Juncker’s
illegitimate May 2014 coup, Juncker was simply drawing the federalist battle-line
for 2015. If the EU is to take on
greater responsibility for the 'big issues' that means more not less Europe and ultimately
the final end of state sovereignty in the EU.
Britain will never accept that and nor would it appear will Germany or
France. Expect the implicit geopolitics
of the EU to worsen in 2015, especially if Greece as seems likely votes for the anti-austerity leftist Syriza movement and the Eurozone crisis re-ignites.

The
Emergence of the Grand Strategic Super-Insurgency:
In a December interview General John Allen, President Obama’s Special Envoy to
a sixty-state anti-IS coalition, said that Islamic
State was “…one of the darkest forces that any country has ever had to deal
with”. What makes IS different is its level ambition and a a bizarrely grand leadership that believes genuinely they can change the world.
As such IS marks the beginning of a super-insurgency committed to the very destruction
of the state first in the Middle East and then the world over. Paradoxically, unlike the unworldly AQ leadership IS uses the means of the state against the
state, funding its campaigns from the sale of state resources such as oil and
gas and using force, disinformation and brutality in much the same way as many
modern states. Critically, IS is secretly backed
by state and factional supporters who believe mistakenly it can be
instrumentalised to their more narrow ends. 2015? Although President Obama has re-committed US forces to support Afghanistan
it is likely IS will continue to seek to wreak havoc across the Middle East and through terrorism beyond. It may also endeavour to extend its ‘brand’ into Afghanistan in
conjunction with some elements of the Taliban.
Therefore, 2015 will prove the schwerpunkt in the first phase of what is going to be a long struggle
with IS.

Now that the grand
illusions of the past twenty-five years have been burned away the challenge for
leaders will be to confront the hard realities they masked and bring their publics with
them. This challenge will prove no
harder than in Europe where leaders have for too long avoided hard realities
and in which the disengagement of European security from world security has led
to the grandest of all illusions – that soft power in the absence of hard power
carries any influence at all. If Europe
and by extension the world is to be made more secure in 2015 then the European
powers led by Britain, France and Germany must return to fundamental principles
of statecraft. That will mean in turn the
sustained, collective and skillful management of state affairs in a world
changing fast and not for the better through the sound and considered application of all forms of power soft and hard.

By the way, in December
2014 the British and German armies replayed that famous football match and the British won 1-0! Well done, chaps!

Friday, 19 December 2014

Alphen,
Netherlands. 19 December. One of America’s Founding Fathers Alexander Hamilton said,
“It is not tyranny we desire; it’s a just, limited, federal government”. He could well have been speaking for 2014
Brussels. 2014 has been another bad year
for the EU nation-state. Federalism is
creeping forward via the back-door at an inexorable rate and national leaders
with the exception of Angela Merkel look ever more like powerless puppets
trying to mask the extent of their own impotence. The EU leadership vacuum emboldened
federalists sufficiently to hijack the May 22 European Parliament elections and
seize the European Commission. The false
legitimacy upon which Jean-Claude Juncker based his coup d’états was both impressive and dangerous and frames the
central question for this coming year; who rules Europe?

Two
reports this week demonstrate just how hard it will be to answer that question.
The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) this week published the last
seven of the so-called Balance of Competences reports. The previous batch of reports on a whole host
of issue pertaining to the impact of the EU on British governance all reflected
the FCO’s assumption that more Europe is better. However, these final reports sneaked out cynically
before Christmas to avoid too much debate implied something else: an EU engaged
in an existential struggle with the member-states and a Brussels that uses
maximalist interpretations of treaties to interfere ever more deeply into
national governance and life. Moreover, the
‘subsidiarity’ that David Cameron keeps hopelessly banging on about as critical
to EU reform is seen by the Brussels institutions as a bit of a joke and a form
of lip service to increasingly irrelevant national legislatures and executives.

The
second report was scribed by Sonia Bekker, a respected, Dutch left-of-centre
academic at Tilburg University. Entitled
“Revitalising Europe 2020 to strengthen the Social Dimension” the paper
appeared on the web-site of the think-tank Policy Network and warned against
the drift towards an ever more bureaucratic union.

Bekker
is no Euro-sceptic, far from it. She applauds the aim of the Europe 2020 strategy
to ensure 20 million fewer Europeans are at risk of poverty and many more actively
participate in the European labour market.
However, she highlights what she calls the growing contradictions in EU “socio-economic
governance” and suggests ever more EU regulation is more a curse than a solution.

Specifically,
Bekker questions whether taken together the Stability and Growth Pact,
macroeconomic imbalances procedure, budgetary co-ordination, the so-called
euro-plus pact and the Europe 2020 strategy itself actually amount to coherent
policy. She points out that these
initiatives emerge from a range of different treaty areas and implies that the
EU is in effect trying to enmesh the member-states in a giant spider’s web of
over-regulation. She also points to the growing
gap between the rules imposed on Eurozone and non-Eurozone members.

Critically,
she also concurs with the FCO’s concerns about EU mission creep. Specifically, she highlights the European
Commission’s “Country-specific Recommendations”. In the past such
recommendations were broad suggestions for actions that a member-state might
take at the most macro-economic of macro-economic levels. However, the Commission is now ‘instructing’
member-states in areas such as healthcare and social security and using social
funds to discipline member-states. This tendency
reflects a maximalist, back-door federalist approach that was seen to good/bad
effect by the judgement this week by the European Court of Justice instructing Britain
over its use of visas for non-EU citizens.
The aim: not to solve Europe’s manifold problems but to extend EU
competences. Bekker states, “National challenges are often far too complex to
formulate feasible and effective solutions at EU level”. She also calls for more not less
subsidiarity. “The key targets are the Europe 2020 goals and countries should
have enough space to find their own way towards these over-arching goals”.

Now,
I am a pro-European, EU-sceptic who like Abraham Lincoln and John Locke has a
profound mistrust of distant, effectively unaccountable power, which is what the
EU is fast-becoming. Equally, I am not
prepared to press the Armageddon button and call for the dismantling of the EU
just yet. Indeed, it is still my firm
belief that a reformed EU can play a vital role in building a stable Europe and
aggregating and exerting European influence in the world. The tragedy for Europe is that the endless back-door,
functionalist power grab by federalists far from helping Europeans solve its
manifold problems is causing political paralysis.

However,
for such a vision to be realised back-door federalism must be stopped. In its place a new political settlement is
needed that preserves the primacy of the nation-state, establishes clear rights
and protections for those member-states not in the Eurozone, and properly embeds
state power in a legitimate but subordinate institutional framework with
accountability first and foremost guaranteed by national parliaments working in
harness. THAT would represent a true balance
of competences.

Sensible
members of the European elite know full well that a European super-state can
only come with time and a profound shift in political identity. If they try and rush it millions of us would
struggle to prevent it. My grandfather did not fight for liberty and democracy
in World War Two to see it emaciated and strangled by a distant, super-bureaucracy
overseen by a sham parliament in which I do not believe.

In
reality what Jean-Claude Juncker and his ilk seek is a twenty-first century
European realisation of Hamilton’s just, limited federal government. Unfortunately, no-one actually knows what
precisely ‘just’, ‘limited’ and ‘federal’ mean in twenty-first century
Europe. In other words the EU is a
political experiment and as such it is not one that is working. Today, the EU is political paralysed as
weakening states no longer sure of their sovereignty tussle with a powerful but
as yet insufficiently strong Brussels probing to extend its competences.

It
is political paralysis more than any other fissure or friction that is preventing
Europeans from addressing the root causes of its many problems. Moreover, it is political paralysis that sooner
or later will trigger a social, economic and political explosion if not
addressed.

Tuesday, 16 December 2014

Alphen,
Netherlands. 16 December. Seventy years
ago today not far from here deep in the depths of a bitter winter in the snows
of the high Ardennes four German armies including the the 5th Panzer
Army under General von Manteuffel and the 6th Panzer army under SS
General Dietrich launched Operation
Watch on the Rhine. This massive
attack on US forces became known as the Battle of the Bulge. The frankly bizarre strategic aim of the
offensive was to retake Antwerp from the British and Canadians with the aim of
splitting the Allies. The operation was
doomed from the outset as Hitler desperately tried to rekindle his success of
1940 when he had driven tanks through the Ardennes forest against divided
British and French forces.

The
German offensive initially made some progress although never fast enough to
achieve what by any military standards were extremely optimistic objectives,
mainly due to the stout defence of relatively small US formations. Von Manteuffel and his 5th Army
employing new tactics made good use of the poor weather that prevented the
tank-busting Royal Air Force Typhoons and US Army Air Force Mustangs from
striking the 54000 German troops and 345 tanks committed to the offensive,
including the powerful Tiger IIs. German forces were hampered at all times by fuel shortages and the very snows that
the offensive had used as cover. Moreover, by late 1944 German forces in the West were a shadow of their former
selves and the implied link to a new Blitzkrieg was illusory and although the Luftwaffe did launch attacks
it was only at the cost of losing their last capable air force.

The
offensive pivoted on the little Belgian town of Bastogne, the junction of 11
tarmac roads vital if German forces were to make the rapid progress upon which
the entire offensive hinged. The town
was defended by the 101st Airborne Division (Screaming Eagles) and
Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division. By 21December German forces had
surrounded Bastogne but were unable to take it due to the determined American defence.
At one point, the officer commanding US forces Brigadier-General Anthony C.
McAuliffe received a note from his German opposite number Lieutenant General
Heinrich Freiherr von Luttwitz seeking his surrender. McAuliffe’s written reply has passed into
military folklore; “Nuts!”

German
forces then attempted to bypass Bastogne but it was by then already too late as
improved weather enabled air attacks to slow their progress. And, although Bastogne faced a series of assaults
by 25 December all the attacking German tanks in the vicinity of the town had
been destroyed. On 26 December elements
of Patton’s 4th Armored Division broke through to relieve the 101st
in Bastogne, although the Screaming Eagles famously suggested that although low
on ammunition, food and medical supplies they did not in fact need relieving.

Critically,
the German offensive stalled before the River Meuse halfway to Antwerp where the
British XXX Corps held the bridges over the Meuse at Dinant, Givet and Namur
using air power and their Tiger-killing Sherman Firefly tanks to marked effect. With General Patton’s Third Army pushing hard
up from the south it became progressively clear to German commanders that they
were in danger of being trapped in a pocket not dissimilar to that which had
effectively destroyed an entire German army at Falaise in Normandy the previous
August.

Initially,
Hitler refused to countenance a withdrawal and in keeping with Germany Army doctrine
repeated counter-attacks and infiltration raids were launched by German
forces. However, in spite of local gains
all these attacks ultimately proved futile and on 7 January, 1945 Hitler
finally gave the order for German forces to withdraw. However, it was not before 25January
that the Allied line was straightened and the pocket closed.

As
per usual at this time success was not achieved without a good deal of bickering
between US General Patton and British Field Marshal Montgomery as Patton’s
Third Army attacked north from Bastogne and Montgomery came south. There was an interesting footnote to the
Battle of the Bulge. American commanders
accused Montgomery of attempting to claim credit for what in the end was a hard
fought American victory. They had a point
because for every one British soldier committed to the battle there were
between 30 and 40 Americans. However,
von Manteuffel himself said of Montgomery, “The operations of the American
First Army [of which Montgomery had assumed command on 20 December] developed
into a series of individual holding actions.
Montgomery’s contribution to restoring the situation was that he turned
a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear
and definite plan”.

However,
the Battle of the Bulge was an overwhelmingly American victory and must be
remembered as such. Indeed, “The Bulge” was
the largest and most costly battle US forces fought in World War Two. Over 600,000 US soldiers took part in the
battle of whom some 83,000 were injured and some 19,000 killed. German forces are believed to have lost
killed, wounded or captured between 67,000 and 100,000 personnel. In effect the Battle of the Bulge marks the
end of offensive operations by the Germany Army in the West. On 12 January, 1945 the Soviets launched the
massive Vistula-Oder offensive which committed over 2 million infantry and over
4000 tanks to the battle and marked the beginning of the final destruction of Nazism.

Winston
Churchill said of The Bulge, “This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle
of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as a famous American victory”.

Friday, 12 December 2014

Alphen,
Netherlands. 12 December. Fyodor Dostoyevsky wrote, “To go wrong in one’s own
way is better than to go right in someone else’s”. The 2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine has been
informally dubbed “Operation Russian Spring” by the Russian military. Why did Russia invade Ukraine? How did
Russian forces perform? What are the implications for future Russian strategy and action? The work of my colleagues Dr Igor Sutyagin of
RUSI and Dr Frank Hoffman of the National Defense University has informed this
blog for which I am grateful.

Why did Russia invade Ukraine? By
the end of 2013 it was clear to Moscow that Russia would ‘lose’ Ukraine. On 17 December last year the Russia-Ukraine
Action Plan was agreed between President Putin and soon-to-be ousted Ukrainian
President Yanukovych. The plan was a
clear statement of Russia’s determination to ensure Ukraine remained part of
Russia’s “sphere of privileged interest”. Specifically, the plan included the abandonment
of the Crimean Kerch Peninsula by Ukraine and the ceding in effect and in
perpetuity of Sevastopol and the Black Seas Fleet base to Russia. However, the Euromaidan revolution which began
on the night of 21 November, rendered the plan redundant and acted as a
trigger for the implementation of long-standing Russian plans to seize parts of
Ukraine if deemed necessary to protect strategic Russian interests.

These strategic interests comprised and combined military, economic and energy factors. Ukraine is central to Russian military strategy as Kiev has
traditionally supplied anti-tank sights, air-to-air missiles, ICBM components,
engines for cruise missiles and uranium for nuclear warheads. Indeed, according to Dr Sutyagin there are
some 259 Russian military bases that are dependent on Ukraine.

Critically,
the Russian fleet base at Sevastopol is vital as a platform for Moscow’s
military influence not just in the Black Sea but beyond into the Mediterranean
and across the Middle East. Some have
suggested Novorossiysk as an alternative. However, the Novorossiysk base cannot sustain a major
fleet due to climatic conditions.

Economic
considerations also seem to have been prominent in Moscow’s thinking. At the time of the February 2014 invasion of
Crimea Moscow was concerned about the protection of key gas export pipelines,
such as the proposed South Stream project. Last week Moscow cancelled South Stream,
partly it seems because of a growing struggle with the EU which sees Russia’s
attempt to use energy as a geopolitical lever as breaching energy-market rules. This is a clear example of the culture clash between a Moscow that sees power as the essence of balance and an EU that is enshrined in a law-based concept of international relations. Indeed, implicit in the entire Ukraine crisis
is the growing fear of the EU in the elite Russian mind, primarily as a form of
latter day German empire.

Interestingly,
the discovery of 4 trillion cubic metres of shale gas under eastern Ukraine has
also concentrated the Russian mind.
Indeed, the deployment of Russian forces around Ukraine’s eastern
borders suggests a posture that designed to remove that specific region from Ukrainian control if
needs be. Moscow had hoped that the
invasion of Crimea would have been enough to force Kiev back into Russia’s “privileged
sphere” but by late March 2014 it was apparent that was not the case. When Ukrainian forces began to defeat the
chaotically-disorganised separatists in late-2014 in the Donbass Russia acted.

How did Russian forces perform? “Operation
Russian Spring” has demonstrated the growing ability of Russia to project
military power and at the same time the force’s still many weaknesses. Specifically, the operation has demonstrated
Russia’s continuing problems with generating the kind of manoeuvre forces upon
which such operations rely.

The
invasion of Ukraine involved the mobilisation of some 90,000 troops from 27 separate
units that were massed around Ukraine’s borders in early 2014. Russia today has some 10 Field Armies, which
are the equivalent to a US division. Five
of Russia’s field armies had to deploy all their so-called “manoeuvre units” to
invade Ukraine and other such elements were drawn from across Russia to ensure the
operation worked.

However, it is the use of force in combination with 'strategic ambiguity' that has proven both novel and effective. The use of disinformation and ambiguity worked long enough to keep European
leaders off-balance for sufficient time to render the invasion a fait accompli, which is the current
status. However, the operation did not succeed in all of its aims. For example, Russian Air Force
aircraft were painted in Novorossiya colours to maintain the pretence of exclusively separatist action. The aim
had been to capture Donetsk Airport to provide a base for this ‘ghost’ air
force but in the face of strong resistance by the Ukrainians in defence of the
airport that plan seems now to have been abandoned. It would appear that as of December 2014
Moscow is re-thinking its strategy and focusing on consolidating what gains it
has made.

What are the implications for future Russian strategy and action? Last week in his State of Russia speech President
Putin confirmed that Moscow would spend 23 trillion roubles ($700bn) by 2020 to
modernise Russia’s armed forces with a specific focus on developing advanced
expeditionary and deployable forces. In
spite of the current economic travails facing Russia it would be a mistake not
to take the President at his word. Indeed,
it will take a cataclysm for President Putin to be dissuaded from his “Defence First”
strategy.

The
2010 Defence Modernisation Programme will be pursued to its conclusion, albeit erratically
and often incompetently and it will not realise the force it promised of 1
million men under arms, 70% of whom will be equipped with most modern equipment
(compared with 10% in 2010). Equally, defence
spending rose by 18.7% this year and will continue to command some 20% of all
public investment in the years prior to 2020. By 2020 Russia will have a markedly more capable and more deployable force.

Assessment:
For the past five years President Putin has been centralising power on himself
and his own office and ‘securitizing’ the Russian state through the increasingly influential National
Security Council.
The process has itself intensified the classical Russian paranoia and prejudice
about the West in which President Putin deeply believes and on which the strategy is based. Several of his speeches have warned about foreign
influence of which to his mind the so-called Colour Revolutions were proof.

Russia’s strategy also reflects Russia's inherent weakness – size versus strength. Russia simply faces too many challenges
across too large a strategic space that stretches from the Arctic to the Far East to
prevail everywhere. Therefore, the
current policy of limited aggression masks an essentially declinist and
defensive strategic posture. However, a
militarily-capable but weakening Russian state could pose far more of a real
danger than a strong Russian state. Therefore,
the West must expect friction, exploitation of weakness and opportunism as Russia
attempts to exert its influence by occupying the space between war and peace. Consequently, and in effect, Russia has
invited through its actions the re-imposition of a containment strategy by the
West.

In
essence the 2014 Ukrainian crisis is a clash of strategic cultures and as such
it is a struggle over strategic principle.
On the one side is a Europe that rejects spheres of influence in favour
of a community model of international relations. One the other side is a Russia determined to
re-establish a classical sphere of influence in 2014 Europe and with it what Moscow sees as Russia's lost influence and authority.

Monday, 8 December 2014

Innsworth, England. 8
December. Two events took place here in
Britain last week that place the future of the British armed forces in the
gravest doubt. First, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Right Reverend Justin
Welby, made a speech in the House of Lords in which he made a thinly-veiled
attempt to take more money out of an already horribly over-strained defence budget
to ‘reinvest’ in the bottomless never-never pit of ‘soft power’. Second, the
Chancellor of the Exchequer made his Autumn Statement and made it clear that if
Britain’s ‘books’ are to be balanced more swingeing cuts will be needed after
the May 2015 elections. A report by the
Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) suggested that the Chancellor would
need to find an additional £54.1bn of cuts. According to IPPR with health, schools and the
international aid budget ‘ring-fenced’ for narrow political reasons the defence
budget would take by far the biggest hit; a further £9.3bn worth of cuts, well
over twice that faced by any other department.
This would reduce the defence budget from some £34bn today to
£25bn. So, what would happen and who
would lose if the British armed forces suffered such additional swingeing cuts?

NATO
would be profoundly weakened and any pretence the British had to be leading
NATO Europe by example would be trashed. My purpose in
Innsworth is to address the Headquarters of the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps, a
major NATO headquarters and a vestige of the once mighty British Army of the
Rhine - I am just finishing off a book on NATO so I am full of it – and NATO’s
history. In September, at the NATO Wales
Summit not far from here, Prime Minister David Cameron proudly announced that the money had been found to enable HMS Prince of Wales, the second of
Britain’s new massive aircraft carriers to join the fleet. Britain, he said, would be one of the few
Allied powers to honour its commitment to spend 2% GDP on defence. Both ‘commitments’ are now again in doubt. Even maintaining the defence budget at 2%GDP
will prove hard because with an economy growing at 3% per annum such a target would require
significant new money. And, as Professor
Malcolm Chalmers points out on current spending the British defence budget will
fall to 1.88% next year and 1.52% the year after.

The
Special Relationship with the Americans would be dead. Assurances were given privately to the US at
the time of 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR) that once that
round of cuts was completed the defence budget would be stabilised. Further promises were given that thereafter
the British defence budget would grow at 1% per annum in real terms to 2020. The state of the current British military is
of profound concern to the Americans.
Any further cuts would effectively end the close strategic military co-operation
that has been a vital cornerstone of European and world security since
Churchill and Roosevelt crafted the Atlantic Charter on the USS Augusta in
1941.

Britain’s
influence would be critically diminished.
Britain’s armed forces are integral to Britain’s strategic brand. In his speech to the House of Lords
Archbishop Welby called on the Government to include the funding of soft power
in SDSR 2015. Sadly, His Grace is not
alone in pushing such nonsense; there is a group of people close to the top of
government who agree with him and who are using austerity as a cover to reduce
Britain’s armed forces to little more than yet another European peacekeeping
militia. Incredibly, Archbishop Welby
suggests that soft power is the foundation of all power. He is clearly no strategist for it is the
other way round, as I prove conclusively in my latest book Little Britain: Twenty-First Century Strategy for a Middling European
Power. Yes, a state in a
hyper-competitive world must invest in all forms of power –diplomatic, aid and
development and military - if it is to exert the influence and effect
commensurate with its political and economic weight (not population size). However, the bedrock of said influence is
credible and relevant hard military power and that costs.

British
soldiers would die needlessly. Somewhere, sometime an under-equipped,
over-tasked British solder would die in a foreign field that would forever be
testament to political incompetence. Far from the world becoming a more peaceful
place all the evidence is that big, hard power is back. Friction abounds the world over, strategic
ambiguous warfare is being used in Europe, a super-insurgency is underway in
the Middle East and hard geopolitics is reflected by the rapid growth of
illiberal power and their armed forces.
If such a world is to be stabilised and aggression deterred, and if
needs be countered, then it needs the Western democracies to stand together and
stand tall as credible military powers.
Today, European defence is a sham. Any further cuts to the British armed forces
would not only destroy their ability to act, it would wipe out the last vestige
of Britain’s independent strategic brand and remove Britain as a pillar of
Western defence once and for all.
Perhaps that is the aim?

A third event took
place last week. President Putin gave
his State of Russia address in which he said, “We will continue to develop our
general purpose forces: aviation, the navy and the land forces….the funds we
are allocating for rearming the Army and the Navy…are unprecedented. They total
23 trillion roubles [more than $700 billion]”.
In the same debate at which Archbishop Welby spoke Baroness Williams supported
His Grace by warning against being ‘beastly’ to the Russians. When I looked
last it was not Britain that had invaded Ukraine and who is intimidating NATO
and EU allies, most notably our friends in the Baltic States. As such Williams’s statement was a close to an endorsement of appeasement any British politician has uttered since the 1930s.

Be it unbalanced defence
cuts driven through simply to meet an arbitrary deficit target or Archbishop Welby’s
meaningless ‘soft power’ grab both reveal the essential strategic illiteracy of Britain’s
ruling clique. Indeed, all the
indications are that Britain will need more not less forces and the effective destruction
(for that is what such cuts would mean) of one of the finest fighting forces would
simply make the world more not less dangerous.

Sometimes I wonder if
the greatest threat to Britain is not economic crises or even the rise of
global armed illiberalism, but the fantasy politicians who occupy the increasingly
fantasy world that is the fantasy Palace of Westminster.

Cut Britain’s armed
forces anymore and it will be the hardest and most dangerous cut of all.

Thursday, 4 December 2014

Alphen, Netherlands. 4
December. Winston Churchill once said, “Danger:
if you meet it promptly and without flinching, you will reduce danger by half.
Never run away from anything. Never!”
This past week five separate but nevertheless linked events have
demonstrated just what a fragile world we live in, just how prone we all are to
future shock, and the lack of any coherent, sustained Western strategy to deal with any
of them.

Russia:
Today, President Putin will give his annual State of Russia address. Expect it
to be full of bombast about the greatness of Russia and how Moscow is again
teaching the world, or at least the NATO world, that Russia must be
respected. In fact, Russia is an
economic basket-case. The rouble has
plunged 40% in the last year. The price
of oil upon which the Russia economy depends has fallen from $114/barrel to
just $70/barrel tipping Russia into recession. Western sanctions imposed due to Russia’s
illegal occupation of Ukraine although modest are weakening an already
vulnerable economy. Much has been made
of Russia’s resurgent military strength and indeed Moscow is spending 40% of
all public investment on its armed forces.
However, the real danger is not Russian strength but political and
economic weakness and the danger that it will tempt the Kremlin into further
adventurism.

OPEC:
Last week’s meeting of the Organisation of Previously Expensive Countries revealed
the crisis which faces once mighty Middle East petro-states. US shale oil and gas production is shifting the
very foundations upon which big, strategic energy has been established for a century.
Add that to this week’s announcement that German energy giant Eon aims
to become a producer of renewable energy only then the days when OPEC could in
effect hold the West to ransom are long gone.
It is not all bad news for Saudi
Arabia and the Gulf states. Exxon Mobil
in their 2012 report “2020 The Outlook for Energy: A View to 2040” estimate
that global energy demand could be 30% higher in 2040 than 2010 with a world
population will 9 billion larger. Demand
in OECD states will be flat but demand in non-OECD countries could grow by
about 60%. Fossil fuels will still meet
80% of the total energy needs whilst the demand for natural gas will increase
by 60% by 2040. However, given the inherent instability of such states to political decapitation any loss of
revenues makes them vulnerable to anti-state forces such as Al Qaeda and Islamic
State. Talking of which…

Islamic
State: Yesterday, one of those big jamboree meeting was
held at NATO HQ in Brussels with some sixty states in attendance. If ever there was a statement that the struggle
against the likes of Al Qaeda and Islamic State is a struggle between the state
and the anti-state this was it. Sadly,
the meeting was also heat rather than light, the kind of event
clueless Western politicians love these these days to give the appearance of
action rather than the fact of it. Of course, air strikes have helped to
degrade Islamic State but the wider problem of how to deal with Islamism remains unresolved. There are three
fundamental realities Western leaders refuse to grip; the need for boots on the
ground if the struggle really is as important and the danger as big as they
say, the need for a coherent sustained comprehensive strategy that involves all instruments of influence – diplomatic, aid and development and military
over many years and in many places; and the balance to be struck between the
protection of society and the projection of power.

Afghanistan:
Today another big jamboree conference will begin in London on the future of
Afghanistan chaired by Prime Minister Cameron.
Alongside him will be Afghan President Ashraf Ghani and ‘Chief Executive’
Abdullah Abdullah. However, several
months on from the presidential elections there is still no government in Kabul,
the Taliban insurgency is growing in strength again in the south and east of
the country and attacks are becoming more common in Kabul. Last week five British embassy workers were
killed by a suicide bomb. However, Britain left Afghanistan a month ago,
Cameron has no intention of going back and neither Britain nor Europe has any
influence. Instead, President Obama has
had to reverse course and sign a new “Combat Order” committing 10,000 US forces
to Afghanistan until at least 2024.

Today’s meeting is pure Cameronian political grandstanding

Europe:
Yesterday, British Finance Minister George Osborne provided one of those acts of political theatre for which British politics is renowned. The problem was that his Autumn Statement on
the British economy was precisely that – feel-good theatre. Even though the British economy will grow at 3% this year Britain's national debt still represents some 11% GDP, with only 40% of the cuts to public expenditure made over the past five years needed if Britain is to balance its books. Indeed, borrowing at £91bn this year is only sustainable because interest rates are at an historic low. This is driving two phenomena. First, like the rest of
Europe (which is in a far worse state) Britain is raiding defence to maintain health and social welfare to serve electoral rather than strategic cycles. Second, politicians simply refuse to tell people the truth. Taken together this approach leaves European states politically paralysed unable to deal with a now almost permanent economic crisis and forces politicians to wilfully ignore the many dangers beyond their borders.

An old and wise friend of
mine said to me this week that there is a dangerous dichotomy between “gosh,
this is really serious” events and the predilection of politicians across Europe
to see defence and external security as an additional extra. What is needed is
leadership which is in precious short supply, political honesty which is completely absent and political balance and courage which is but a distant dream. Yes, getting debt down is a strategic must but it must not come at the expense of security and defence and the sound, credible, sustained and consistent strategic engagement that is desperately needed. The sad reality is that contemporary politics has destroyed the strategic patience needed to face such dangers. Instead, it has been replaced by political grandstanding to mask strategic weakness. The biggest danger of all is thus a weak West for when the West is weak as it is today all other dangers are magnified.

Monday, 1 December 2014

Alphen, Netherlands. 1
December. David Cameron made his ‘big’
speech on immigration last week. However,
as with most things Cameron the speech was not what it seemed. Indeed, it was not so much a ‘big’ speech on
immigration as another ‘small’ speech on ‘Europe’. And, because it was Cameron it was an all
things to all men speech, or rather an as much as one German woman was prepared to accept speech. Consequently, the speech satisfied
no-one. The speech was also full of reality-defying
contradictions. Cameron’s claim
that he can re-negotiate a significant change in Britain’s relationship with
the EU that will, as he said, require treaty change and do it by the promised
2017 referendum is complete nonsense. The EU if it works at all does not work like that. So,
is a Brexit now more likely? Would a
Brexit matter? And what would happen if
the EU were to fail because of it?

Is a Brexit more
likely? Possibly. As someone who sees free movement as a
consequence of victory in the Cold War it is a principle worth upholding. However, I am a member of a British minority on this subject.
My concerns about the EU are not so much about the fundamental
principles that have enshrined ‘Europe’ since the 1957 Treaty of Rome. Rather, they concern the emaciation
of democracy and the appalling ‘governance’ now inflicted upon the European
peoples because of the silent power struggle between EU institutions and the
member-states. The result is the kind of political paralysis that was so evident in Cameron’s speech.

Equally, denying
member-states even temporary controls over mass movements at times of economic
extremis such as today is utterly irresponsible and creates the conditions for
revolt which is apparent in England in particular. Many EU member-states are using
Britain and the British people as a gigantic pressure valve for the release of
social tensions caused by Eurozone failure and that is unfair. Current levels of immigration to England from the EU are simply unsustainable. If a solution is not found there is a real
chance that England will reject London’s pro-EU political class
en masse. That would mean a Brexit?

Would a Brexit matter? Certainly. Last week former Commission
President Romano Prodi warned about the wider implications of Britain’s virtually
complete marginalisation in Brussels.
This is not a recent phenomenon but has been underway since Britain
sensibly opted not to join the Euro, the root cause of Europe’s endless
economic and political crises, and because no political settlement has been put
in place to make the EU fairer for non-Eurozone members. Prodi’s essential point was that the implicit
balance of power at the heart of the EU between Berlin, London and Paris has
been shattered by British marginalisation and French decline.

In the past smaller EU member-states
would have reinforced the implicit balance of power by siding with one or the
other of the so-called ‘Big Three’ thus preventing hegemony in Europe. Now, in the absence of such balance the
smaller member-states are rushing to cluster around Berlin which is giving the
EU the character of an emerging German Empire.
This is something most sensible German leaders neither seek nor want
because as Prodi suggests such a concentration of power on one member-state
would sooner rather than later de-legitimise the EU and it would sooner or
later unravel.

What would happen if the
EU were to fail? Disaster. If the EU began to unravel the entire
political, economic and security balance of the Continent would be threatened. Politically and economically the smaller,
weaker member-states would look to Germany for leadership she is simply unable
to offer. Economically, the inability or
plain refusal of southern and eastern European member-states to reform would
impose ever greater burdens on the taxpayer’s of the seven member-states left paying
for the wealth-transfer mechanism that in the absence of growth is the EU. Add to that mix unstable banks and broke
governments and at some point another major economic crisis would a) happen;
and b) see the whole structure collapse.
If it survived at all the Eurozone would retrench into a German zollverein focused on a few northern,
western Europeans. The great unreformed
would be forced out and their citizens subjected to the full fury of panicking
financial markets and social and economic meltdown. Russia would undoubtedly see such a crisis as
a golden opportunity to re-establish a sphere of influence in central and
eastern Europe with profound consequences for European security.

Therefore, if David Cameron
was a Winston Churchill he would have couched his ‘big’ speech in ‘big’ strategy
rather than ‘small’ politics. He would
have pointed out the strategic dangers to Europe of forcing Britain out through
EU intransigence because said intransigence is in fact a refusal to face up to
reform. Specifically, Cameron would have
pointed out that: a) ‘ever closer union’ has failed; b) the Treaty of Lisbon has led
Europe into a political dead-end; c) the Euro as structured is the cause of Europe’s
endless economic crises; and d) integration and harmonisation is leading to
over-regulation and a form of statism that will doom Europe to inevitable economic
decline. Finally, Cameron would have called
on EU member-states to decisively take control back from those in Brussels
seeking ever more Europe. Only if other
European leaders refuse to recognise what is now blindingly obvious would
Cameron move to take Britain out of the EU because then he would have no
alternative. Unfortunately, David Cameron is
no Winston Churchill. Whereas Churchill
was able to see the biggest of big pictures, Cameron never sees them. Whereas Churchill understood strategy,
Cameron only understands politics. Or,
rather, he only sees big-issue strategy as part of his endemic short-term local
politicking.

The EU must reform or
die. As for David Cameron he must for
say what he means and mean what he says.
Last week he did not and as such he made an eventual Brexit from a broken
EU more not less likely.

Thursday, 27 November 2014

Alphen, Netherlands. 27
November. In 1516 Sir Thomas More wrote in Utopia: “Why do you suppose they made you king?’ I asked him. ‘Not for your benefit but for theirs. They meant you
to devote your energies to making their lives more comfortable, and protecting
them from injustice. So your job is to
see they’re alright, not just that you are – just as a shepherd’s job is to
feed his sheep, not himself’”. Pope
Francis’s verbal dressing down of the European Parliament this week came
straight out of the Friendly-Clinch school of blog blasting. Like me the Pope clearly believes in the
ideal of Europe but has profound concerns about the monster the EU is fast
becoming. Indeed, the Pope comes across
as a pro-European EU-sceptic, the dystopian place where all of us who believe
in democracy in Europe must reside. What
the Pope said was nothing less than a papal bull on EU bull.

The Pope's main concern
was the growing gap between the people and the EU super-elite due to what the Holy Father called “bureaucratic
technicalities”.“In recent years, as
the EU has expanded, there has been growing mistrust on the part of citizens
towards institutions considered to be aloof, engaged in laying down rules
perceived as insensitive to individual peoples, if not downright harmful”.He went on, “It is no secret that a conception
of unity seen as uniformity strikes at the vitality of the democratic system,
weakening the rich, fruitful and constructive interplay of organisations and
political parties”.“This leads,” the Pope
warned, “…to the risk of living in a world of ideas, of mere words, of
sophistry, and to end up confusing the reality of democracy with a new political
nominalism”.I could not have put it
better myself.

The pope warned of the threat posed by "unseen empires" to democracy. In
fact, such empires are not so much “unseen” as in Brussels, which is just about the
same thing. The problem being that those
in Europe’s More-esque Utopia so believe they are building Utopia that there
prescription for peace, prosperity and indeed everything is ever more of
themselves in the guise of ‘Europe’.
Consequently, Brussels resembles not so much Utopia as Babel.

This past year has been
full of EU Bull. In the elections to the
European Parliament in May millions of Europeans protested against an
out-of-touch super-elite anchored in a distant, out-of touch parliament. Did said elite listen? Certainly not! Instead, the self-same super-elite hijacked the
protest by claiming that in fact the people had been voting for them in the form of so-called spitzenkandidaten.

Then, with a legitimacy-denying, credibility-crushing turnout of only 40% the self-same EU super-elite claimed the right to appoint
the President of the European Commission.
This was against the wishes of the vast swathe of European citizens who
still see their nation-states as the true guardians of political
legitimacy in Europe.

Last month the Commission announced
it was imposing a retrospective tax on the citizens of a few member-states based
on a model that in spite of intense effort I can still not find. Indeed, as a Dutch taxpayer I feel increasingly under
siege from the EU and all too aware that a supine Dutch Government will do
nothing to protect me. Sadly, the weakness of
The Hague, London and the other paying capitals simply encourages Brussels to
find ever more creative ways to filch money from the taxpayer’s of the eight
EU member-states that actually pay for the EU whilst doing nothing to deal with
the endemic corruption at the heart of the EU as identified by the Court of
Auditors.

Talking of creativity last
month it was also announced that as Prime Minister of Luxembourg Commission President
Jean Claude Juncker had allowed major multinational corporations to use his country
as a flag of tax convenience to avoid the payment of huge amounts of tax and in so
doing force me to pay more. There must be something vaguely biblical here about it being easier for a corporation to pass through the
gates of Brussels than a citizen to pay through the nose for a needle? Juncker
denies all knowledge, which is of course nonsense. Luxembourg is so small that if a sparrow
farts the prime minister knows about it.

This week Juncker
announced a new €300bn European Strategic Investment Fund to get Europe back to
work. First, the Fund does nothing to
solve the structural problems in the European economy that condemn those of us in the Eurozone to perpetual crisis. Indeed, the Fund will probably delay such
reforms. Second, whilst the EU will
inject only around 10% of my money initially in the hope of 'leveraging' investment from the private sector my money will still be used to ‘guarantee’
private sector investment. In other
words, I am about to be ripped off…again.

Why am I so sure? Yesterday, the Court of Auditors revealed a €300bn
black-hole in the EU budget due to unfunded projects. The figure is suspiciously close to the €300bn
the Commission wants to raise for new projects.
Pathetically, a few member-states try to impose checks on the EU budget
and David Cameron proudly announced earlier this year that he had succeeded. The problem is that with twenty of the
twenty-eight member-states being happy recipients of my tax money they are equally
happy to work with the European Commission and the European Parliament to
ignore efforts to stem the flow.

What the Holy Father
highlighted is an EU with institutions now beyond the control of emaciated and emasculated
member-states and indeed beyond the checks and balances of properly representative,
legitimate democracy. Indeed, far from
preparing Europe for a hyper-competitive world the EU is fast becoming an
enormous Ponzi scheme – taking money from some citizens to pay imaginary 'dividends' to other citizens until the entire pyramid collapses under its own
essentially corrupt weight.

The EU is broken. It does not work. It is certainly no longer my EU. However, restoring ‘Europe’ to the people
will be no easy task and will probably take little less than divine
intervention. And yet that is precisely
the challenge all of us must confront.

Tuesday, 25 November 2014

London, United Kingdom.
25 November. They call it Rage; a newly-discovered malware programme
that is perhaps the most advanced malicious spyware yet discovered. Here in London according to people who know
about these things the purpose of Rage
is to gather intelligence by penetrating highly-protected computer systems. The strange thing about Rage is not that it exists but rather its provenance. Its signature seems to belong not to China
or Russia as one might expect these days, but a Western intelligence agency as
yet unspecified. The latest revelation adds yet more spice to a growing sense
here in London of a country under siege from a broad panoply of so-called ‘hybrid’
threats. My purpose here is to attend a
IISS meeting to consider ‘hibridity’, the latest buzz-phrase in the insecurity
foment. ‘Hybridity’ implies the use of
all possible civil and military means to threaten all possible people in all
possible places thus undermining the essential ‘contract’ between societal
protection and power projection upon which security and defence is
established. What’s new?

As I arrived at London
City Airport Home Secretary (Interior Minister) Theresa May was warning Britons
that the police and intelligence agencies can no longer cope with the scale and
sophistication of the many terror attacks being planned against Britain. She called for sweeping new powers to combat
the threat posed by Al Qaeda or Islamic State-inspired terrorist attack which
she regards as more dangerous than “at any time since 911”.

It is certainly the
case that the lexicon of new terms beloved of the security community has
proliferated. Indeed, if one listens to
language of conflict one could be tempted into thinking disaster is
imminent. Russia’s 2014 invasion of
Ukraine saw Moscow’s use of ‘ambiguous warfare’ for strategic ends. There is a ‘super-insurgency’ in the Middle
East that both threatens the regional state structure and risks destabilising
an already destabilised British society. ‘Cyber warfare’ threatens to fry
‘critical national infrastructures’ reducing society to anarchy. And, growing ‘geopolitical hyper-competition’
points to a strategic environment in which friction abounds and big war no
longer an impossible nightmare. All imply
a world increasingly beyond and out of control.

However, stand-back a
moment. Yes, all the conflicts share
common twenty-first century factors that magnify insecurity, such as mass and
social media, the twenty-four hour news cycle and the Kommentariat, and the growing paranoia of open, instable societies.
And yet peek through the dynamic language of threat, break down each conflict
and the threats become not only recognisable but manageable.

Russia’s aggression
against Ukraine represents a classic exploitation of political division for
strategic ends. Moscow is using proxies reinforced
by a disinformation and strategic communications campaign reinforced by use of Russian
forces to consolidate territorial gains.
The super-insurgency in Syria and Iraq takes place against the backdrop
of a regional state structure in turmoil.
However, Islamic State is in
fact a classical Sunni insurgency that General Gordon would have recognised at
Khartoum in the late nineteenth century.
The stalled negotiations in Vienna over Iran’s nuclear ambitions reflect
Tehran’s regional-strategic ambitions and classical geopolitics albeit
nuclear-tipped.

All three conflicts
would have been recognised by Britain’s forebears for what they are and the
tools and instruments available to past London would have been shaped
accordingly and applied proportionately. The problem is that the tools have been
denuded and the structures designed to cope with multiple, simultaneous threats
have withered. In such a situation
political leaders conscious of their own strategic failure are happy to accord
such conflicts the radical appellation ‘hybrid’ because it implies an exoticism
and complexity that does not in fact exist.

The danger is that
terms such as ‘hybrid’ become a metaphor in an ever-changing lexicon of threat for
an inability of government to grip complexity and establish sound strategy
thereafter. It is a metaphor reflective
of an acute inability to act and the deepening policy paralysis in increasingly
dysfunctional societies of which Britain has become a sad example. ‘Hybrid threats’ by definition demand of a
state a comprehensive security concept, i.e. joined-upness, at which contemporary
states such as Britain are not very good at.
Faced with such dysfunctionality terms such as ‘hybrid’ becomes a
catch-all, full of meaning and yet meaningless, generating more heat than light,
more politics than strategy.

Western governments
must go back to the fundamental principles of sound security; intelligence-gathering,
analysis, deterrence, defence and interdiction.
Each scenario must be carefully and sufficiently analysed and properly-considered
so that the vital balance between protection and projection can be adapted,
reinforced and maintained. Only then
will the balance between security and liberty, efficiency and effectiveness be
properly re-established.

There can be no doubt
that the shifting balance of power, emerging technologies and radical belief
systems do pose a real threat to societies changed beyond all recognition to
the one into which I was born. Indeed, in the space of my lifetime Britain has
gone from being one of the most secure and stable of developed societies to one
of the most insecure and unstable. Some
of this is the inevitable consequence of technological change. Rage is but the latest attack emerging
from the “Internet of Things” to which open society is vulnerable.

‘Hybrid threats’ are certainly
real but they are not as new as their advocates would suggest. Rather, the danger is that
‘hybridity’ become a kind of lazy shorthand for security inadequacy that loads
different and differing types and forms of conflict into a misleading buzz-phrase. Such ‘laziness’ not only affects planning and
response but could lead to a form of panic as threats are combined and then
aggregated. If that is the case
‘hybridity’, which is all the rage amongst security wonks, would reflect more an
unwillingness to grip complexity than combat the very real threats implied
therein. That in turn would be a failure
of strategy, policy and imagination.

About Me

Julian Lindley-French is Senior Fellow of the Institute of Statecraft, Director of Europa Analytica & Distinguished Visiting Research Fellow, National Defense University, Washington DC. An internationally-recognised strategic analyst, advisor and author he was formerly Eisenhower Professor of Defence Strategy at the Netherlands Defence Academy,and Special Professor of Strategic Studies at the University of Leiden. He is a Fellow of Respublica in London, and a member of the Strategic Advisory Group of the Atlantic Council of the United States in Washington.
Latest books: The Oxford Handbook on War 2014 (Paperback) (2014; 709 pages). (Oxford: Oxford University Press) & "Little Britain? Twenty-First Strategy for a Middling European Power". (www.amazon.com)
The Friendly-Clinch Health Warning: The views contained herein are entirely my own and do not necessarily reflect those of any institution.