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[1] Kallio (2015): “Rather than the standard comparative method the most popular tool has recently been the probabilistic approach (…). To put it crudely, all this means that instead of comparing two reconstructed protolanguages one only compares two 50-item or 100-item wordlists. Call me a grumpy old man, but I fail to see how such laziness would be progress, although it is of course faster and easier, requiring hardly any knowledge of the languages themselves. It is therefore no wonder that limited wordlists are particularly popular among nonlinguists applying phylogenetic methods to languages (see now Pereltsvaig & Lewis 2015 for an excellent review).”

[7] The finding of two isolated R1a1a-M198 samples in Lokomotiv (Mooder et al. 2005) associated with Kitoi material culture (dated ca. 6000-5200 BC), among sixteen reported haplogroups, with the rest being K-M9 (likely N-M231) and one C2-M21, in the western shores of Lake Baikal (Moussa et al. 2016), may suggest an expansion of these lineages from the Trans-Urals region. However:

b) there are no calibrated dates for those samples, paternal lineages for Kitoi seem too heterogeneous, and there are known later eastward expansions of hg. R1a1a1b-Z645 to the region (see §viii.20.3. Turkic peoples and Mongols);

c) recently reported samples from the region during the Early Neolithic have not obtained any R1a-M420 subclade, but are consistent with the presence of N-M231 and C2-M217 (de Barros Damgaard, Martiniano, et al. 2018);

d) the obtained strontium isotope ratios that serve to confirm their local origin (Moussa et al. 2016) cannot differentiate between earlier and later periods; and

e) based on the study of modern populations, basal R1a-M420* and R1a1-M459* subclades have only found around the Caucasus, not among Asian or Siberian populations (Underhill et al. 2015; Karafet et al. 2018).

The most likely interpretation for both samples, until confirmed in different ones with proper radiocarbon dates, is that they belong to later archaeological layers, or to contamination.

[8] Additional information by Robert Smith.

[9] Additional information by Alberto González.

[10] Additional information by Alberto González.

[11] Homer. The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Retrieved (2018) from <http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/>.

[12] Recently classified as of hg. R1b1a2-V1636 by Sergey Malyshev. Its SNP calls have been also reported previously as corresponding to pre-R1b1b-V88 by Robert Smith; and to R1b1a1a1-M478 (formed ca. 11300 BC, TMRCA ca. 5300 BC), a subclade of R1b1a1a-M73. Nevertheless, tentative analysis with Yleaf does not yield a subclade beyond R1b1-L754 in (Wang et al. 2019) supplementary materials. With such conflicting reports, it is probably safe to assume, as did the authors of the paper that published the sample (given the relevance of its assemblage, and the likely influence of his family in the Khvalynsk expansion) that it may have belonged to haplogroup R1b1a1b-M269.

[13] Additional information by Sergey Malyshev.

[14] Both can be modelled as of CHG (ca. 59%), EHG (ca. 33%), and ANE (ca. 1%) ancestry, with Vonyuchka slightly shifted to Iran Neolithic. Provisional report by David Wesolowski.

[15] Additional information by David Wesolowski (2018).

[16] Additional information by Chris Rottenstein.

[17] Additional information by Robert Smith.

[18] Additional information on Maikop outliers by Sergey Malyshev.

[19] Informally reported by amateurs as possibly within the R1a1a1b2a1a-Z93 tree (Y26+, L2-). However, the date seems too early for this subclade, given the estimated formation date (ca. 3500– 2500 BC). Tentative SNP calls with Yleaf from (Wang et al. 2019) supplementary materials also yield hg. R1a1a1-M417, without further subclade.

[20] Eleven out of twelve unpublished samples from the project Blood ties in Koszice burial site, of the Centre of Geogenetics. Additional information by Richard Rocca. One sample reported as of hg. I2a2-L59.

[21] Reported as I2a2a. Additional information by Vladimir Tagankin.

[22] Additional information from Robert Smith.

[23] Package refers to the idea “that a recurring assemblage of well-defined artefacts and customs, visible in the archaeological record, matches an equivalent cluster of social habits, which identify a tightly-knit group. The term ‘package’ clarifies the idea that it is an arbitrary social choice to create insignia, and that their function is to make and maintain cultural boundaries with others who live in the same area. For this purpose, special clothes and dresses, or drinking and eating habits, are important. A cultural ‘package’ of this kind is an ideological statement, materialised in a special manner, so its transmission and adoption can be very rapid indeed.” (Harrison and Heyd 2007)

[24] In terms of specific groups, Yamna individuals may be modelled as from samples from the Northern Caucasus Piedmont and the Volga–Ural area, mainly Progress (ca. 40-50%) and Khvalynsk–Samara (ca. 36-38%), as well as variable contributions of ‘western’ samples (ca. 6-12%), with the best proxies being GAC or Ukraine Mesolithic–Neolithic samples. Additional provisional analyses by David Wesolowski (2018–2019).

[25] Further SNPs reported by Robert Smith.

[26] Published as corresponding to Nordic Middle Neolithic culture, additional information by Vladimir Tagankin revealed a branch typical of modern Nordic (R1a1a1b1a3-Z284) subclades, and a new date of ca. 2475 BC, including reduction for high marine signal.

[32] Estimate by Volker Heyd (2018) based on the number of barrows found to date.

[33] Informal report of the Ph.D. Thesis does not include the specific locations. Samples investigated come from northern France, Alsace, and the Mediterranean region, with Alsace having the earliest investigated Bell Beaker burials to date in France.

[36] Further information on SNPs by Richard Rocca and Alex Williamson.

[37] Report from oral communication A 12,000-year Genetic History of Rome and the Italian Peninsula, by Hannah Moots, the 6th February 2019, at the Archaeology Center of Stanford University, about an unpublished study of 134 ancient samples from Lazio and surrounding areas spanning 12,000 years from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Renaissance.

[38] Reported by Richard Rocca (2018).

[39] It was criticised extensively in a special section of Vol. 42 of The Journal of Indo-European Studies (No. 3 & 4, Fall/Winter 2014)

[40] Remark made by Iosif Lazaridis on Twitter (2018).

[41] The Amesbury archer’s reported hg. R1b1a1b1a1a-L151 may also be R1b1a1b1a1a2c-S461, an SNP call tentatively obtained with Yleaf from the petrous sample, from (Wang et al. 2019) supplementary materials.

[42] Originally reported as R1b1a1b-M269, also assigned to this haplogroup with Yleaf in (Wang et al. 2019) supplementary materials. Further subclade R1b1a1a2a1a1c2b2-Z9 reported by Richard Rocca. Nevertheless, Alex Williamson reports this SNP call as potentially the result of deamination, and bad coverage cannot help distinguish even within the R1b1a1b1a1a2-P312 or R1b1a1b1a1a1-U106 trees.

[43] Haplogroup R reported respectively as Ri and Ri?

[44] Further subclade reported by Richard Rocca.

[45] Reported by David Wesolowski (2018).

[46] Further subclade reported by Vladimir Tagankin.

[47] Further subclade reported by Robert Smith.

[48] Haplogroups reported by Alex Williamson.

[49] Further subclade reported by Vladimir Tagankin.

[50] Further subclade reported by Robert Smith.

[51] Data based on reported subclades from the FTDNA group Albanian Bloodlines.