NahapanaNahapanaNahapana (r. 1st or 2nd century CE) was an important ruler of the
Western Kshatrapas, descendant of the Indo-Scythians, in northwestern
India. According to one of his coins, he was the son of Bhumaka.Contents1 Period
2 Reign2.1 Gautamiputra Satakarni
2.2 Construction of Buddhist caves3 References3.1 Bibliography4 External linksPeriod[edit]
The exact period of
NahapanaNahapana is not certain. A group of his
inscriptions are dated to the years 41-46 of an unspecified era.
Assuming that this era is the
Shaka eraShaka era (which starts in 78 CE), some
scholars have assigned his reign to 119-124 CE.[1] Others believe that
the years 41-46 are his regnal years, and assign his rule to a
different period. For example, Krishna Chandra Sagar assigns his reign
to 24-70 CE,[2] while R.C.C. Fynes dates it to c. 66-71 CE.[3]
Reign[edit]A coin of a silver drachma from Nahapana
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Govardhan Hill
Govardhana Hill (Devanagari: गोवर्धन), also called Mount
Govardhana, Giri Raj and Royal Hill, is a sacred Hindu site in the
Mathura districtMathura district of Uttar Pradesh,
IndiaIndia on a 8km long hill located in
the area of
GovardhanGovardhan and
RadhaRadha Kund,[1][2] which is about 20
kilometres (12 mi) from Vrindavan.[3]
Known as
GovardhanGovardhan or Giriraj it is the sacred center of
BrajBraj and is
identified as a natural form of the Lord
KrishnaKrishna himself (Govardhana
sila).[4][5]Contents1 Etymology
2 Geography
3 Background
4 Sites
5 Legends5.1 The lifting of Govardhan6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External linksEtymology[edit]
The name 'Govardhana' has two primary translations
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James Burgess (archaeologist)
James Burgess CIE
FRSEFRSEFRGS MRAS LLD (1832[1] – October 1916), was
the founder of
The Indian AntiquaryThe Indian Antiquary in 1872[2] and an important
archaeologist of India in the nineteenth century.Contents1 Life
2 Selected publications
3 References
4 External linksLife[edit]22 Seton Place, EdinburghBurgess was born on 14 August 1832 in Kirkmahoe, Dumfriesshire. He was
educated at Dumfries and then
Glasgow UniversityGlasgow University and Edinburgh
University.[3]
He did educational work in Calcutta, 1856 and Bombay, 1861, and was
Secretary of the
BombayBombay Geographical Society 1868-73. He was Head of
the Archaeological Survey, Western India, 1873, and of South India,
1881
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Thane
Thane, colloquially called Thana, is a metropolitan city in India.
ThaneThane city coincides entirely with
ThaneThane taluka, one of the seven
talukas of
ThaneThane district; also, it is the headquarter of the namesake
district
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Prakrit
The Prakrits (Sanskrit: प्राकृती prākṛta,
Shauraseni: pāuda, Jain Prakrit: pāua) are any of several Middle
Indo-Aryan languages.[2][3]
The
Ardhamagadhi (or simply Magadhi) Prakrit, which was used
extensively to write the scriptures of Jainism, is often considered to
be the definitive form of Prakrit, while others are considered
variants thereof.
PrakritPrakrit grammarians would give the full grammar of
Ardhamagadhi first, and then define the other grammars with relation
to it
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Malva
About 25–30; see text.Synonyms[1]Axolopha (DC.) Alef.
Dinacrusa G.Krebs
MalvaMalva sylvestris
MalvaMalva is a genus of about 25–30 species of herbaceous annual,
biennial, and perennial plants in the family
MalvaceaeMalvaceae (of which it is
the type genus), one of several closely related genera in the family
to bear the common English name mallow. The genus is widespread
throughout the temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of Africa,
AsiaAsia and Europe.[3]
The leaves are alternate, palmately lobed
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Gujarat
†The state of Bombay was divided into two states i.e. Maharashtra
and
GujaratGujarat by the Bombay (Reorganisation) Act 1960Symbols of Gujarat[4](de facto)Language
Gujarati[3]Song
"Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat" by Narmad[5]Calendar
SakaAnimal
Asiatic lion[4]Bird
Greater flamingo[4]Flower
Marigold (galgota)[4]Fruit
Mango[6]Tree
Banyan[4]
GujaratGujarat (/ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ Gujarat
['gudʒəɾɑt̪] ( listen)) is a state in Western
India[3][7][8][9][10] and Northwest India[11][12][13][14] with an area
of 196,024 km2 (75,685 sq mi), a coastline of
1,600 km (990 mi)–most of which lies on the Kathiawar
peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million
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Brāhmī Script
Brahmi (IAST: Brāhmī) is the modern name given to one of the oldest
writing systems used in
Ancient IndiaAncient India and present South and Central
Asia from the 1st millennium BCE.[2] Brahmi is an abugida that thrived
in the
Indian subcontinentIndian subcontinent and uses a system of diacritical marks to
associate vowels with consonant symbols. It evolved into a host of
other scripts that continue in use.[3][4][5] Brahmi is related to the
ancient
KharoṣṭhīKharoṣṭhī script, which was used in what is now eastern
AfghanistanAfghanistan and Pakistan.
KharoṣṭhīKharoṣṭhī died out in ancient times.[6]
The best-known Brahmi inscriptions are the rock-cut edicts of Ashoka
in north-central India, dating to 250–232 BCE
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Chaitya
A chaitya, chaitya hall, chaitya-griha, or caitya refers to a shrine,
sanctuary, temple or prayer hall in Indian religions.[1][2] The term
is most common in Buddhism, where it includes a stupa at one end.[3]
Strictly, the chaitya is actually the stupa itself,[4] and the Indian
buildings are chaitya halls, but this distinction is often not
observed. Outside India, the term is used by Buddhists for local
styles of small stupa-like monuments in Nepal, Cambodia,
IndonesiaIndonesia and
elsewhere. In the historical texts of
JainismJainism and Hinduism, including
those relating to architecture, chaitya refers to a temple, sanctuary
or any sacred monument.[5][6][7]
Most early examples of chaitya that survive are Indian rock-cut
architecture, but it is agreed that the standard form follows a
tradition of free-standing halls made of wood and other plant
materials, none of which have survived
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