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Abstract

Production process and technology practiced in utensils manufacturing units of Jharkhand is age old and there has been no initiative to analyze and incorporate modern technological development. The rudimentary production process is resulting in high percentage of defective utensils. These utensils manufacturer have to compete with the manufacturer in organized sector using modern manufacturing techniques. The quality / productivity achieved by bigger utensils manufacturer is quite high compared to the rural artisans. Therefore, there is a need to explore and identify appropriate technologies, adaptation of which could ensure improvement in level of quality/productivity achieved. The objective of this study is to know and identify areas with low productivity level in the utensils manufacturing units of Jharkhand.

Keywords

Productivity, quality, utensils manufacturing

INTRODUCTION

Brassware manufacturing units have existed in India since ancient times, practiced mostly by tribal people. Brassware
manufacturing is an integral part of rural industrial activity of the country. These units‟ production activities are labour
oriented. They contribute significantly towards industrial employment and also as our link to ancient heritage and culture.
They contribute about 15% of total output of small-scale industries, employing about 40% of the total workforce in this
sector. These units are based on traditional skills and simple manufacturing processes that are carried mostly by hand tools
and in few cases by simple machines. Lack of mechanization and technology adaptation are putting these utensils
manufacturing units into disadvantageous position vis– a–vis industries in organized sector. This is threatening the very
existence of these units.Being labour intensive, these utensils manufacturing units are employment generating, capital
saving and capable of operating on a decentralized basis in rural areas. Increase of productivity is important in developing
countries because of higher population growth, higher interest burden, international competition, scarcity of raw materials,
balance of payment problem etc. Some of these problems can be overcome by paying greater attention to managing
productivity.

The cluster development approach can play a vital role in the development of the micro, small and medium enterprises
(MSMEs) in India. The cluster of the brass utensils manufacturing units at Jariagarh (Khunti), Jharkhand is one of the
several clusters.

II. A CASE STUDY

A case study has been undertaken to explore the productivity analysis. The brass & bronze utensils manufacturing clusters
are located in the village Jariagarh (Khunti), Ranchi. The village Jariagarh (Khunti) is situated at Karra sub division of
Ranchi Distt., Tehsil – Khunti (PIN – 835 234). It is about 50 K.M. away from Ranchi in the West-South direction. This
the oldest and prestigious industry cluster in Jharkhand. The main product of this unit is brass and bronze utensils like,
Thali, Lota, Bhagauna, Kathot, Kalchul, Karahi, Katora, Glass, Kathot, Tastari etc.

Present Technology and Process

The present technology of the manufacturing process of brass & bronze utensils is shown in Process Flowchart (Figure 1).
The process of manufacturing utensils is completely done by manual technique and traditional practice.

The complete process for the range of product consists of mainly five stages:

a) Melting of scrap metal.

b) Casting of metal block.

c) Hammering of blocks in to circles.

d) Trimming and cup Drawing.

e) Scrapping and Design making.

a) Melting of Scrap Metal

Brass or bronze scrap is melted in the pit furnace called “Bhatta” (Figures 2 & 3) in colloquial language. Wooden
coal is used in the pit furnace and hand driven blower is used for melting of scrap. The brass scrap is kept in a
crucible of varying capacity as per requirement and heated in the furnace at about 800º C with the help of blower & wooden coke. There is no temperature control device for melting furnace and the temperature of
furnace is maintained on experience by the worker who is melting.

b) Casting of Metal blocks

When the brass scrap is converted in to molten metal and pouring temperature is obtained then the molten
metal is poured in to the mould called “saancha”(Figures 4 & 5) to produce blocks of different disc round
shapes (from 500 gram to 5Kg). The mould “saancha” is made with ground fine dust (“mitti”) & paddy husk
(“dhaan ka bhusa”) and baked like brick . It works as a good permanent mould made of ceramic materials.
Quality & property of the ceramic material like refractoriness, permeability, hot strength, etc. are not considered
while preparing the mould and that is totally dependent on the worker’s skill. Many times it happens that while
pouring the molten metal , the mould is cracked which causes metal spillage and therefore there is a lot of
wastage of metal and human effort.

c) Hammering of blocks into circles

Metal blocks are manually hammered by the simultaneous effort of four to five workers at a time on a single
piece. One person holds the metal block with tongs(“Sandasi”)and rotates the block very slowly and uniformly
and other four persons hammer the block one after another with iron hammer (“hathauda”) in a very rhythmic
way to convert into circular shape. Between hammering the job is heated periodically in a separate furnace
meant for heat treatment (Figures 6 & 7), to make the job soft and easily workable. The blocks are not quenched in water or oil for cooling but are directly kept on the anvil for manual hammering process. By adding one after
another 4-5 metal blocks are hammered in group for circular plates at a time. This process continues until 4-5
circular plates of desired size (diameter from 10cm to 70cm) obtained. There is no facility to control & observe
the furnace temperatures and to check thickness of the circular plate. This check is performed manually by
experience.

d) Trimming and Cup Drawing

In case the circular sheet gets torn on the edges or contains uneven edges, then the edge is trimmed using
chisel (“Chheni”) and small iron hammer (“Chhota hathaura”). The circular sheets are again heated in the
furnace and hammered further for giving cup shape. One person holds the sheets with tools and rotates the
sheets very slowly and uniformly and other four persons hammer to give the shape of “Thaali”.

e) Scrapping and Design making

After the product of required shape and size is obtained the inner surface is scrapped manually using a metal
scrapper (“Nehdi”) to obtain a shiny finish (Figures 8 & 9). Also designs are made on the product by the Nehdi
as per requirement of the customer. A big rectangular wooden block called “Papara kaath” is used for
sharpening “nehdi”.

III. PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS

The existing level of productivity is measured using technique of productivity measurement, termed as Performance
Objectives – Productivity (PO-P). Developed by Vrat, Prem et.al. [1] PO-P approach lays stress on the aspects of identification of areas with low productivity so as to bring about improvements. Its basic philosophy lies in the belief that
input resources of an organization cannot be viewed in isolation. A methodology has been presented to help in
identification of key performance areas, performance objectives and their weightage.

PO-P model

Under PO-P approach productivity index for the system is built up in stages from the productivity indices of the subsystems
constituting the system. Productivity index of a sub -system is in turn built up from the productivity indices of the
Key Performance Areas(KPA‟s) of that sub-system.
A flow chart for the procedure for use of PO-P approach for productivity measurement has been given in fig. 10.

A. Identification of Sub-systems

The concerned small scale brass utensil manufacturing industry can be considered to operate as a system with
following sub-systems:

1. Production sub-system (A)

2. Technology sub-system (B)

3. Material sub-system (C)

4. Goals and values sub-system (D)

5. Marketing sub-system (E)

6. Ergonomics sub-system (F)

B. The following KPA’s fall under considered sub-systems

The KPA’s under each sub-systems have been listed in Table 1.

C. Weightage of sub-systems

Method of Paired Comparison: In this methodology, each objective is compared to every other objective and
weightage (Of relative importance) allocated on scale of 1- 3 as under (Table2).

3- Allocated when there is a Major difference of relative importance

2- Allocated when there is a Medium difference of relative importance

1- Allocated when there is a Minor difference of relative importance

D. Weightage of KPA’s (key performance areas)

Method of Direct Scaling: In this method the weighing is done directly. The evaluators are asked to decide upon the relative
weight of each of the subordinate elements representing relative importance for the utility of the associated element on the
next of hierarchy. The sum of the total weights of all elements is Identified as hundred (Table 4).

E. Analysis of performance index

Now, the calculation of PI of KPA‟s & sub-systems has been done using Table 5, and finally PI of the system has been
determined (Table 6).

IV. CONCLUSION

The existing level of productivity is measured using technique of productivity measurement, termed as Performance
Objectives – productivity (PO-P). PO-P approach lays stress on the aspects of identification of areas with low productivity
so as to bring about improvements. Its basic philosophy lies in the belief that input resources of an organization cannot be
viewed in isolation. A methodology has been presented to help in identification of key performance areas, performance
objectives and their weightages. To include performance objectives of qualitative nature‟s questionnaire is used. For
productivity measurement four sub – systems mainly „Technology‟, „Production‟, „Market „and „Ergonomics‟ have been
identified where improvement in productivity is needed by using latest findings in the area of multi-objective decision
making in order to remove the subjectivity and biasness of the decision makers and to improve the productivity of the
utensils manufacturing industries.