The objective of this work was to compare the efficiency of conventional antibiotics in relation to hop-based antimicrobials, in industrial-scale production of bioethanol. The comparison was made by calculating the lactic acid bacteria population reduction in two consecutive fermentation cycles. The experiment used five treatments (three conventional antibiotics: Kamoran WP, Corstan and Alcapen 1030, and two hop-based antimicrobials: BetaBio and IsoStab). The samples were collected in the fermentation vat. In order to quantify the initial lactic acid bacteria population, a sample was collected at the end of the fermentation process (wine) before the treatment with antibiotics or antimicrobials, and to determine the final population, the sample collection happened at the end of the fermentation process (wine) after the treatment with antibiotics or antimicrobials. The experiment was completely randomized and the statistical analysis was performed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the transformed analysis y’ = log (y + 1) . After the data transformation, Levene's test was applied to verify the adherence of the data to the normal distribution, and the averages were compared through Tukey’s test at 5% probability. The results showed that the hop-based antimicrobials 5 (IsoStab and BetaBio) can be used instead of the conventional antibiotics (Kamoran, Alcapen and Corstan), since there was no statistical difference between the treatments.