Contents. 1 early life 2 married life 3 political career 3. 1 views 4 soviet education and libraries 4. фото наталья рудова биография личная жизнь 1 soviet education 5 legacy 6 gallery 7 see also 8 references 9 external links. Early life [ edit ]. This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (july 2016) nadezhda krupskaya was born to an upper-class but impoverished family.

Her father, konstantin ignat'evich krupski (1837–1897), was a russian military officer and a nobleman of the russian empire who had been orphaned in 1847 at age nine. He was educated and given a commission екатерина решетникова биография хореограф as an infantry officer in the russian army. Just before leaving for his assignment in poland, he married krupskaya's mother. After six years of service, krupski lost favor with his supervisors and was charged with "un-russian activities. " he may have been suspected of being involved with revolutionaries. Following this time he worked in factories or wherever he could find work. Just before his death, he was recommissioned as an officer. [2]. Krupskaya's mother, elizaveta vasilyevna tistrova (1836–1915), was the daughter of landless russian nobles.

Elizaveta's parents died when she was young and she was enrolled in the bestuzhev courses, the highest formal education available to women in russia at the time. After earning her degree, elizaveta worked as a governess for noble families until she married krupski. [3] коркодола александр афанасьевич биография. Nadezhda krupskaya in 1876. Having parents who were well educated, and of aristocratic descent, combined with firsthand experience with lower class working conditions likely led to the formation of many of krupskaya's ideological beliefs. "from her very childhood krupskaya was inspired with the spirit of protest against the ugly life around her. " [4]. One of krupskaya's friends from gymnasium, ariadne tyrkova, described her as "a tall, quiet girl, who did not flirt with the boys, moved and thought with deliberation, and had already formed strong convictions… she was one of those who are forever committed, once they have been possessed by their thoughts and feelings…. " [5] she briefly attended two different secondary schools before finding the perfect fit with prince a.

A. Obolensky's female gymnasium, "a distinguished private girls' secondary school in petersburg. " this education was probably more liberal than most other gymnasiums since it was noted that some of the staff were former revolutionaries. [6]. After her father's death, krupskaya and her mother gave lessons as a source of income. Krupskaya had expressed an interest in entering the education field from a young age. She was particularly drawn to leo tolstoy's theories on education, which were fluid instead of structured парубий биография национальность родители. They focused on the personal development of each individual student and centered on the importance of the teacher-student relationship. [7].

This led krupskaya to study many of tolstoy's works, including his theories of reformation. These were peaceful, law-abiding ideas, which focused on people abstaining from unneeded luxuries and being self-dependent instead of hiring someone else to tend their house, кругляков константин михайлович биография etc. Tolstoy made a lasting impression on krupskaya; it was said that she had "a special contempt for stylish clothes and comfort. " [8] she was always modest in dress, as were her furnishings in her home and office. As a devoted, lifelong student, krupskaya began to participate in several discussion circles. These groups got together to study and discuss particular topics for the benefit of everyone involved. It was later, in one of these circles, that krupskaya was first introduced to the theories of marx. This piqued her interest as a potential way of making life better for her people. Krupskaya began an in-depth study of the subject.

This was difficult since such books had been banned by the russian government. Consequently, revolutionaries had been collecting such books and keeping them in underground libraries. Married life [ edit ]. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (july 2016) ( learn how and when to remove this template message). Nadezhda krupskaya воронцова елизавета ксаверьевна биография in the 1890s. Krupskaya first met vladimir ilyich ulyanov (later known as vladimir lenin) in 1894 [9] at a similar discussion group.

Krupskaya was impressed by his speeches but not his personality, at least not at first. It is hard to know very much of the courtship between lenin and krupskaya as neither party spoke often of personal matters. In october 1896, several months after lenin was arrested, krupskaya was also arrested. After some time, lenin was sentenced to exile in siberia. They had very little communication while in prison but before leaving for siberia, lenin wrote a "secret note" to krupskaya that was delivered by her mother. It suggested that she could be permitted to join him in siberia if she told people she was his fiancée. At that time, krupskaya was still awaiting sentencing in siberia. маленький зоомагазин биография персонажей In 1898, [9] krupskaya was permitted to accompany lenin but only if they were married as soon as she arrived. In her memoirs, krupskaya notes "with him even such a job as translation was a labour of love".

[10] her relationship with lenin was more professional than marital, but she remained loyal, заур абдурагимов биография национальность never once considering divorce. Krupskaya is believed to have suffered from graves' disease, [11] an illness affecting the thyroid gland in the neck which causes the eyes to bulge and the neck to tighten. It can also disrupt the menstrual cycle, which may explain why lenin and krupskaya never had children. [ original research? ]. Upon his release, lenin went off to europe and settled in munich where krupskaya later met up with him upon her release (1901). After she had arrived the couple moved to london. Political career [ edit ]. Nadezhda krupskaya, lenin, lenin's cat, and an american journalist in the kremlin, 1920.

Krupskaya and lenin, 1922. Krupskaya's political life was active: she was anything but a mere functionary of the bolshevik faction of the russian social democratic labour party from 1903. Leon trotsky, who was working closely with lenin and krupskaya from 1902–1903, writes in his autobiography ("my life", 1930) of the central importance of krupskaya in the day-to-day work of the rsdlp [ clarification needed] and its newspaper, iskra. "the secretary of the editorial board [of iskra] was [lenin's] wife [. ] she was at the very center of all the organization work; she received comrades when they arrived, instructed them when they left, established connections, supplied secret addresses, wrote letters, and coded and decoded correspondence. In her room there was мирзакарим санакулович норбеков биография always a smell of burned paper from the secret letters she heated over the fire to read. " [12]. Krupskaya became secretary of the central committee in 1905; she returned to russia the same year, but left again after the failed revolution of 1905 and worked as a teacher in france a couple of years. After the october revolution in 1917, she was appointed deputy to anatoliy lunacharskiy, the people's commissar for education, where she took charge of vneshkol'nyi otdel the adult education division.

She became chair of the education committee in 1920 and was the deputy education commissar (government minister) from 1929 to 1939. Krupskaya was instrumental in the foundation of komsomol and the pioneer movement as well as the soviet educational system itself, including the censorship and political indoctrination within it. She was also fundamental in the development of soviet librarian-ship. Krupskaya became a member of the central committee of the communist party of the soviet union in 1924, a member of its control commission in 1927, a member of the supreme soviet in 1931 and an honorary citizen in 1931. Communism portal feminism portal socialism portal. Views [ edit ]. After the death of vladimir lenin in january 1924, krupskaya grew closer to the political positions of grigory zinoviev and lev kamenev in the great debates between the leon trotsky led left opposition, the joseph stalin led centre, and the nikolai bukharin led right opposition. From 1923–1925, zinoviev and kamenev were in an alliance with stalin's centre, against trotsky's left opposition. In 1925, krupskaya attacked leon trotsky in a polemic reply to trotsky's tract lessons of october.

In it, she stated that "marxist analysis was never comrade trotsky's strong point. " [13]. In relation to the debate around socialism in one country versus permanent revolution, she asserted that trotsky "under-estimates the role played by the peasantry. " furthermore, she held that trotsky had misinterpreted the revolutionary situation in post-world war i germany. During the congress of 1925, she initially supported grigory zinoviev and lev kamenev, but eventually voted for the exclusion of trotsky, zinoviev and kamenev from the party, a position that was demanded by the right opposition. [14] in 1926, krupskaya moved closer to zinoviev and kamenev again, who were now in an alliance with trotsky in the united opposition, against stalin. Krupskaya was quoted as saying in 1926 "lenin was only saved from prison by his death". [15]. In 1936, she defended restrictions on abortion passed by the soviet government in that year, arguing that they were part of a consistent policy pursued since 1920 to do away with the reasons to have an abor...