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xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003EAuthors, journal editors, and publishers are needy people. Some of their needs are mutual: authors want editors to publish their papers, and editors want authors to crush forward to be published in their journals. Other needs are potentially at odds. Authors want their work to be known as far and wide as possible, while editors want their journals to be the exclusive vehicle that displays the work. This promotes prestige for the journal as a groundbreaking forum and makes publishers happy as they milk the cash cow that comes with a high impact and well read journal.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022\u003EJournals have always been very protective of their rights in seeking to publish original material. Nearly all journals require authors to sign copyright agreements. Duplicate or substantially identical publication in other journals is considered one of the most heinous sins of authorship, and many journals stress to authors that giving widespread publicity to papers in the media before publication can hit the publication kill button. The reasoning behind these rules partly concerns the commercial survival for journals. Editors and publishers believe that many of their readers will not be prepared to pay good money to read reports that have been published under other titles in other journals or which they have already heard discussed at length in the media.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003EMany journals, however, also recognise that researchers present papers based on their intended presentations at conferences. Journalists attend conferences and report important and newsworthy papers. Authors often circulate \u201cnot for citation\u201d drafts or preprints of their papers to colleagues, seeking ways of improving their quality. Together, these activities can create sometimes widespread awareness of papers before they are published in peer reviewed journals.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003EThese distribution methods are nothing compared to the potential of the world wide web for allowing readers access to reports. The exponential growth of web access and the ability of even those with basic web skills to build and promote their own web site has seen a huge growth in the dissemination of papers. These can range from draft working papers to officially ratified documents from large international organisations. The editor of the \u003Cem\u003ELancet\u003C\/em\u003Ebelieves it is impossible for scholarly journals to police prepublication on the web.\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-1\u0022\u003E1\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022\u003ERecently, \u003Cem\u003ETobacco Control\u003C\/em\u003E has received several submissions that are already \u201cout there\u201d on the web. Our initial inclination was to reject these papers without review, as is the policy with journals like \u003Cem\u003EJAMA \u003C\/em\u003Eand the\u003Cem\u003ENew England Journal of Medicine\u003C\/em\u003E. Our parent publication, the \u003Cem\u003EBMJ\u003C\/em\u003E, has decided otherwise and announced that it would consider papers for publication that were already published in cyberspace.\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-2-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-2\u0022\u003E2\u003C\/a\u003E Editor Richard Smith concluded: \u201cCommunication in science and medicine will not be well served by standing in the way of publication in many versions, and the\u003Cem\u003EBMJ\u003C\/em\u003E is willing to consider for publication eprints that have been posted on web sites so long as their status as eprints is clear. In the meantime, authors, editors, and publishers have more work to do to make the status of articles entirely clear.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022\u003EWe canvassed the views of our editorial board and received passionate support for both opening or closing the journal to papers previously published on the web. One member best articulated the concerns of those opposed to an open door policy by writing \u201cthis is good for science, but bad for journals\u2009\u2026\u2009why bother to read it in the journal after it\u0027s been on the web (It has been documented that physicists read their preprint web sites, but not their journals)\u2009\u2026 I would hate for \u003Cem\u003ETC\u003C\/em\u003E to be filled with papers that people have already read.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-7\u0022\u003EThose in favour of being open to previously published papers mainly argued from two perspectives. First, prior web publication could be seen as simply a more efficient way of having a wider audience \u201creview\u201d a paper, although there is little information on the extent to which this actually occurs. Further, publication in a peer reviewed journal would always be considered \u201chard\u201d publication while self publication on the web would inspire less confidence about quality.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022\u003EWe have decided that for at least 12 months,\u003Cem\u003ETC\u003C\/em\u003E will be willing to consider papers that have been previously published on the web. Authors must acknowledge this on submission and if the paper is eventually accepted by\u003Cem\u003ETC\u003C\/em\u003E, we will require authors to take down the original version from their site and replace it with the version that has been peer reviewed for \u003Cem\u003ETC\u003C\/em\u003E, noting that it has been published in our journal. We will also require that authors of submitted papers note on the www sites where the eprint is published that the paper or a version of it has been submitted to\u003Cem\u003ETC\u003C\/em\u003E for peer review.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-9\u0022\u003EAs a quarterly, we are currently able to publish around 45 papers a year. This year we are on track to receive 120 candidate papers. Importance, quality, and originality are the three main criteria the senior editors consider when deciding whether to put a paper into peer review. A paper that has been published on the web has tarnished originality compared to a paper that is truly new to the world. Prior publication on the web will therefore be considered as a relevant factor in assigning priority to papers for a position in our limited space. Authors will need to weigh up whether publishing on the web before submission is worth the risk. Truly important, quality papers will be unlikely to have their fate changed by prior web publication. But those on the margin may well be tipped into rejection.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-10\u0022\u003EWe will review this policy every year against concerns that we might become too much of a \u201crecycling shop\u201d and against readers\u0027 reactions. The \u003Cem\u003EMedical Journal of Australia\u003C\/em\u003Ehas trialed a system where submitted papers are placed on its web site for peer review.\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-3-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-3\u0022\u003E3\u003C\/a\u003E We may well decide to encourage authors to \u201cprepublish\u201d their papers on our web site, rather than on their own. Again, this will require debate. For example, we would not wish to send any signal to authors that by prepublishing with us, they were queue jumping toward \u201chard\u201d publication. Constant change is here to stay!\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section ref-list\u0022 id=\u0022ref-list-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EReferences\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-1-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 1 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-1\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-8.4.355.1\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EMcConnell\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EHorton\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1998\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EHaving electronic preprints is logical.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EBMJ\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E316\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1907\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft.stitle%253DBMJ%26rft.issn%253D0007-1447%26rft.aulast%253DMcConnell%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%26rft.volume%253D316%26rft.issue%253D7148%26rft.spage%253D1907%26rft.epage%253D1907%26rft.atitle%253DHaving%2Belectronic%2Bpreprints%2Bis%2Blogical%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9632430%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiRlVMTCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiYm1qIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEzOiIzMTYvNzE0OC8xOTA3IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6Mjg6Ii90b2JhY2NvY29udHJvbC84LzQvMzU1LmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-2-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 2 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-2\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-8.4.355.2\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESmith\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1999\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EWhat is publication?\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EBMJ\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E318\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E142\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft.stitle%253DBMJ%26rft.issn%253D0007-1447%26rft.aulast%253DSmith%26rft.auinit1%253DR.%26rft.volume%253D318%26rft.issue%253D7177%26rft.spage%253D142%26rft.epage%253D142%26rft.atitle%253DWhat%2Bis%2Bpublication%253F%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9888887%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiRlVMTCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiYm1qIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIzMTgvNzE3Ny8xNDIiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyODoiL3RvYmFjY29jb250cm9sLzgvNC8zNTUuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-3-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 3 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-3\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-8.4.355.3\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11510-0\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EBingham\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ECM\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EHiggins\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EG\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EColeman\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-etal\u0022\u003Eet al.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1998\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EThe Medical Journal of Australia Internet peer-review study.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ELancet\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E352\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E441\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E445\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.stitle%253DLancet%26rft.aulast%253DBingham%26rft.auinit1%253DC.%2BM.%26rft.volume%253D352%26rft.issue%253D9126%26rft.spage%253D441%26rft.epage%253D445%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2BMedical%2BJournal%2Bof%2BAustralia%2BInternet%2Bpeer-review%2Bstudy.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252897%252911510-0%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9708752%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11510-0\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=9708752\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Ftobaccocontrol%2F8%2F4%2F355.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=000075252000011\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan 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