ABSTRACT:BACKGROUND:Nephrotic syndrome (N.S.) is clinical manifestation of different histopathological subtypesOBJECTIVE:This study was conducted to analyze the trend of histopathological subtypes in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.METHODS:A prospective study was performed from January 2004 to May 2005, at Central child teaching hospital and Al-karama teaching hospital involving 113 patients aged up to 18 years with nephrotic syndrome. The following parameters were studied (age, gender, initial episode, relapse, predisposing factors, positive family history of nephrotic syndrome, clinical presentation and investigation, treatment and complication).RESULT:One hundred thirteen patients enrolled in this study, 71(63%) were males and 42(37%) were females, male to female ratio was 1.7/1. 23(20.3%) patients were with initial attack of nephrotic syndrome, while 90(79.6%) patients with relapse. Age at onset ranged between 0.7-14 (median 2.3) years. Family history of nephrotic syndrome was found in 8 (7%) patients. Biopsies was done in 74(65%) patients. 36(48.6%) patients showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. 17(22.9%) patients showed minimal change disease.10(13.5%) patients showed membranoproleferative glomerulonephritis. Other histopathological sub types were 6(8%) patients with mesangioproleferative glomerulonephritis, 3(4%) patients with global masengial sclerosis, and 2 (2.7%) patients with amyloidosis.CONCLUSION:This trend of histopathologic patterns has profound prognostic significance and has significant implications in the management of childhood nephrotic syndrome. There is shift toward an increasing incidence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and to lesser extent, the membranoproleferative glomerulonephritis in Iraqi children presenting with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Our finding is in agreement with the recommendation of performing renal biopsies on children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome who are steroid dependant in addition to those who are steroid resistant particularly before starting cytotoxic medication.

AbstractBackground ; Although 30% to 40% of patients with celiac disease (which affects 1 in 200 individuals) have dyspeptic symptoms, there is a lack of data concerning the prevalence of celiac disease in patients with dyspepsia. Patients and Methods:In this prospective study we enrolled all patients (71 patient) that undergoing endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract for dyspepsia. From each patient (4) duodenal mucosal biopsies were taken and examend by (2) histopathologist for the diagnosis of CELIAC disease..Results:In this study (71) patients , (32)male and (39) female,there ages were ranged from( 16-70) years ,all of them have dyspepsia .The results of endoscopy were ;1-normal in 66 patients .2-diagnosis of Celiac disease ih 5 patients .The results of histopathology were;1.normal in 64 patients .2.diagnosis of Celiac disease in 7 patients.The sensitivity and specificity of endoscopy diagnosis when compared with histopathology were (71%and,96%)respectivly.Conclusions; from this study we can conclud that celiac disease is common in assosiation with dyspepsia and endoscopic findings can can be used for the diagnosis of Celiac.

This study aimed to assess the accuracy of histopathology, brush cytology, andurease test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori and to evaluate the effect of testduration on the sensitivity and specificity of positive urease test for the detection of H.pylori.Fifty patients [25 patients with gastritis group A and 25 patients with duodenal ulcergroup B] selected from those attending endoscopy unit for dyspeptic symptoms, wereenrolled in the study. Four endoscopic biopsies were taken from each patient. Onebiopsy from each of antrum and body were obtained for urease test (Urease test wasread at 30 min, 1, 4 and 24 hour after biopsy insertion into the reagent), and onebiopsy from each of antrum and body were used for histopathological examination.Antral brush cytology was taken also from each patient. The patients were consideredH. pylori positive when minimum concordances of 2 out of 3 tests (Histopathology,brush cytology, and urease test) were positive.Fourteen patients were positive for H. pylori in group A, in comparison to seventeenpatients in group B. The sensitivities of the histopathological examination, brushcytology, and urease test at 24 hours in group (A) were 58%, 79%, and 93%respectively. Corresponding figures for the specificity were 100%, 91%, and 46%respectively. While in group (B) the sensitivities were 82%, 82%, and 100% and thespecificities were 100%, 100%, and 88% respectively.It is concluded that among the invasive methods, the association of the urease testwith brush cytology constituted the best choice for confirming the diagnosis of H.pylori, due to the high sensitivity of the urease test and high specificity of brushcytology.

Abstract:In the present work, 25 male Balb/c mice have been used ( 5 mice are not infected with Echinococcusgranulosus and untreated with cisplatin used as a control group),(10 infected with Echinococcus granulosusuntreated mice) and (10 infected with Echinococcus granulosus treated with Cisplatin 100 mg/m2 weekly forthree weeks),these 20 mice considered as test group. the histopathological study of testis specimen show thatthe infected untreated groups have no histopathological changes in comparism to the control group, while theinfected and treated group shows significant histopathological changes such as that the seminiferrous tubulesdestroyed completely, there is loss of many seminiferrous tubules, extensive necrosis in rete testis and thecells of the efferent duct are flat and attenuated arrangement singly or in clusters with round nuclei.

Eighty samples were collected from wound swabs, five isolates ( 6.25 %) were obtained and diagnosed as Aeromonas hydrophila. All strains had the ability to production of the aerolysin . The strain AH4 had highest hemolytic activity 1024 HU/ml. The aerolysin was extracted and purified partially by precipitation with ammonium sulphate (60%), the gel filtration was done by sephacryl S-300 with specific activity, numbers of purification and percentage of recovery reached 94208 unit mg protein, 1.363 times and 5 respectively, for the isolate AH4 which was the best in aerolysin production. The histopathological effect of the aerolysin on the internal organs (spleen, liver, kidney and lung ), the effect of the aerolysin was obvious in all histological samples.The histopathological observation results manifested that the damage of partial purification of aerolysin to the spleen, liver, kidney and lung of experimental mice is the most serious.

Inorder to detect the effect of excision the appendex on histological structure of rabbit Liver. This study was done in the field of poultry at the department of Animal resource / college of Agriculture / university of Tikrit for the period from 10/1/2014 until 1/6/2014, and the results showed significant changes in the histological structure consisted changes were the shape and size of Liver cells and appearance of focal agregation of lymphocytes distributed among hepatic cells in portal areas and around central veins as well as fibrosis the Liver and infiltration of white boold cells, including phagocytic cells in the interstitial tissue with the emergence of an increase in the thickness of the epithelium of gall bladder ducts and presence many of Kupffer cells in the sinusoids.

Background: Different invasive and non-invasive investigations are used in the diagnosis and management of thyroid. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a safe test, technically easy to perform and cost effective. This study was conducted to throw a light on practicing FNAC in Baghdad, Iraq.Aim of the study: This study was conducted to throw a light on FNAC from a personal experience with thyroid disorders in Baghdad, Iraq.Methods: A total of 79 patients of clinically diagnosed thyroid swelling was included in the study. FNAC performed and then all patients subjected to surgery. Thyroidectomy specimens were evaluated by histopathological exam. Analysis of variance ANOVA (Is a collection of statistical models used to analyze the differences between group means and their associated procedures such as variation among and between groups) was used to examine the effect of age and duration on FNAC results. Chi square was used to examine the effect of histopathological diagnosis on FNAC readings. Accuracy of the FNAC was assessed using 2X2 table.Results: FNAC results was significantly affected by age of the patients (p=0.005), duration of thyroid swelling (p=0.0001) and histopathological diagnosis (p = 0.0001). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 75%, 57%, 94.7% and 18.2%, respectively.Conclusion: Low negative predictive value for FNAC was reported. the accuracy of FNAC affected by the experience of the histopathologist.

The present study aims to evaluate the histopathological changes induced by recombinantfollicle stimulating hormone (follitropin alpha) on reproductive organs as well as the liver andkidneys of female rats. The experiment was done on 24 white female rats (Rattus norvegicus)sexually mature weighing 150-200 gram, divided into 4 equal groups of 6 animals: control groupwhich was given distilled water. Single dose group, double dose group and triple dose groupswhich were injected by 0.5 iu.,1 iu. and 1.5 iu of recombinant FSH respectively. The drug wasgiven subcutaneously during the pro-estrous phase for ten consecutive cycles, then animals fromeach group were sacrificed to study the histopathological changes. The histopathologicalexamination of the ovaries, uterus, liver, and kidneys revealed variable changes in differentorgans.The ovarian sections showed many Graafian follicles without ova and many corpus lutealcysts, fibrosis, and thickened granulosa cell layer, and the ovary was surrounded by excessiveadipose tissue. The uterus in single and double doses showed dilated cavity, thin endometrium,thin muscular layer and diminished endometrial glands while in triple dose showed atrophy ofendometrial lining and glands, hypertrophied muscular layer with slit like endometrial cavity andformation of multiple endometrial cyst. The liver sections showed few changes like dilatedcentral vein, congestion of sinusoids, vacuolation of hepatocytes, with moderate degree of fattydegeneration A few hepatocytes appeared necrotic but without inflammatory response. Thekidneys in single and double doses showed unremarkable changes, while in triple doseglomerular congestion, congested vessels, hemorrhage, and degeneration and necrosis ofproximal tubules were found.

The aim of present work is to determine the Hematological, biochemical and histopathological alterations caused by coccidiosis in broiler chickens from an outbreak of bloody coccidiosis in a flock. The study was conducted on Al bahrani field for commercial broiler in Al Najaf province-Iraq.Blood samples were collected from jugular vein into EDTA tubes for hematological value and plain tube for biochemical value during October 2017 . Result showed that the Anemia caused by the coccidian was characterized by a decreased number of red blood cells (RBC) and decreased packed cell volume (PCV). Differential leukocyte counts revealed to increase in monocytes, lymphocytes, heterophil and eosinophil. Also, Serum biochemical analysis showed decreases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and a marked increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities. On the other hand, Histopathological examinations of the affected caeca also demonstrated excessive tissue damage, hemorrhage, the crypt cells were highly invaded with the developmental stages of E. tenella schizonts and gametocytes that their morphology is practically missing. In conclusions the present study revealed changes in the hematology, blood chemistry and histopathology of broilers caused by E. tenella and E.brunetti.