I wanted to get into some game development and I thought the best way would be to work from the ground up. Here is my mandatory Asteroids clone. Take a look at the code and give me some constructive criticism.

My background is in C++ and ARM Assembly so that's where I'm coming from.

Definitely better than my first game. Anyways, you're not using any locals which means a lot of stuff is in the global namespace.
I've attached a reworked version of your game, literally runs the same, the only difference being that they're no globals anymore, except width and height in love.load.