"Jealous Heart" is a classic C&W song written by American country music singer-songwriter Jenny Lou Carson. In the mid 1940s it spent nearly six months on the Country & Western charts. It was subsequently recorded by several pop singers.

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The first recording of "Jealous Heart" was made in 1944 by its composer Jenny Lou Carson. That 20 September Tex Ritter recorded the song: his version spent 23 weeks on the C&W chart peaking at No. 2.[1]

The song had its first impact in the Pop field via a recording by Al Morgan,[2] a Chicago-based vocalist/pianist whose version of "Jealous Heart" released September 1949 was on the hit parade for six months spending ten weeks in the Top 5.[3] This Al Morgan is not to be confused with the bassist of the same name.

Also in 1949 Ivory Joe Hunter had an R&B hit with "Jealous Heart"; Hunter's version reached No. 2 R&B that December.[4]

"Jealous Heart" - which Ernest Tubb had recorded in 1945 - was also recorded in 1949 by C&W singers Bill Owens and Kenny Roberts while Pop versions were cut by Bill Lawrence, Jan Garber & His Orchestra (vocal by Bob Grabeau) and Hugo Winterhalter & His Orchestra (vocal by Johnny Thompson).

British duo the Tanner Sisters - Frances and Stella - recorded "Jealous Heart" in London 14 October 1949; this version - which retained the lyrics as recorded by Tex Ritter and Al Morgan rather than gender-adjusting them - was released by EMI as HMV#9846 with "Hop Scotch Polka" as the flip. This duo should not to be confused with the American female trio of the same name.

Lale Andersen enjoyed a European comeback in 1952 with a German-language version of "Jealous Heart" entitled "Blaue Nacht am Hafen": Andersen wrote the German lyrics herself under the name Nicola Wilke.[5]

In the UK the Vernons Girls and Ottilie Patterson had non-charting single versions of "Jealous Heart" in respectively 1959 and 1963 before the version by Irish act the Cadets with Eileen Reid reached No. 42 on the UK Top 50 dated 6 May 1965.[6]

After debuting on the Cash Box Top 100 Singles chart dated 1 November 1958, Tab Hunter's "Jealous Heart" was ranked in tandem with the Fontane Sisters' version on the chart dated 8 November and with the Fontane Sisters and Les Paul & Mary Ford versions on the charts dated 15 November and 22 November: on 22 November the joint position assigned the three versions was No. 71. On its subsequent charts Cash Box only listed the Tab Hunter version which peaked at No. 60.

Connie Francis recorded "Jealous Heart" 12 August 1965 in Hollywood CA in a session produced by Jesse Kaye with Ernie Freeman conducting.

Although Francis had had early hits with remakes of traditional Pop songs by the mid-60s she was attempting (with sparse success) to update her sound - the precedent and subsequent releases to her "Jealous Heart" were recorded with Petula Clark's producer Tony Hatch - and "Jealous Heart" was an emphatic throwback to her original hit sound.

Released that November, Francis' "Jealous Heart" peaked at No. 47 in January 1966: it was ranked substantially higher in both Cash Box and Record World at respectively No. 29 and No. 25. In all three trades Francis never had another single reach the Top 60. Her version of "Jealous Heart" was also her last Easy Listening Top 10 hit at No. 10.[7][8][9]

"Jealous Heart" was the last Connie Francis single to rank on the UK charts reaching No. 44 in January 1966. Also in early 1966 Francis' "Jealous Heart" reached No. 16 in Canada and No. 54 in Australia.

"Jealous Heart" has become a standard of Latin music via a Spanish language rendering by Mexican lyricist Mario Molina Montes[10] entitled "Celoso" ("jealous"). Recorded in Nashville in March 1966 by Trio Los Panchos led by Johnny Albino, "Celoso" entered the Top Ten in Mexico in April 1967 and - ranked in tandem with a cover by Marco Antonio Muñiz - the track reached No. 1 that summer spending five months in the Top Ten. In addition the Trio Los Panchos version reached No. 2 - in a tandem ranking with covers by José Feliciano and Oleo Guillot - in Argentina that autumn when the Muñiz version reached No. 1 in Puerto Rico. "Celoso" has also been recorded by Galy Galeano, Ezequiel Peña, José Luis Rodríguez and Sergio Vega.[11] Later in 1981 it was recorded another version by Jhensen (Felix Caraballo Leonidas),[12] in his album Cuando te Sientas Sola under Peer Music.

1.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres

2.
Jenny Lou Carson
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Jenny Lou Carson, born Virginia Lucille Overstake, was an American country music singer-songwriter and the first woman to write a No.1 country music hit. From 1945 to 1955 she was one of the most prolific songwriters in country music, the second of six children of Herschel Jewel Overstake and Helen Elizabeth Nalefski, Lucille was born in Decatur, Illinois. She was raised in Decatur in modest surroundings and she learned to work early in life and was expected to do chores around the house. Her father had a strict, no-nonsense personality who instilled a work ethic. In her adult life she spoke of her early days to any of her friends or business associates, other than to occasionally remark. Carson began her music career at age 17 in 1932, performing with her sisters Evelyn. Carson also performed briefly as Winnie in the trio Winnie, Lou, the Overstake sisters also performed as The Little Country Girls. From 1938 to 1939 she recorded under the name Lucille Lee with the Sweet Violet Boys, fashioning herself as a 20th-century Annie Oakley, Overstake assumed the name Jenny Lou Carson in September 1939. She became a sharpshooter and learned to spin a rope. She toured the state of Texas putting on her cowgirl show, during World War II she wrote popular songs about soldier boys and home. She was known as the Radio Chin-Up Girl and received lots of fan letters from servicemen,1 on the country chart for 11 weeks in 1945. Carson wrote a great many songs for a number of music stars such as Roy Acuff, Eddy Arnold, Ernest Tubb and Red Foley. She co-wrote with Al Hill, a used by Fred Wise, Kathleen Twomey. First performed by 18-year-old Joan Weber and subsequently recorded by Hank Snow, Teresa Brewer, Peggy Lee, Patti Page and her song catalog contains over 170 songs which have been professionally recorded by more than 180 artists. In 1971 she was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, on July 16,1934, at age 19, she married fellow National Barn Dance performer Donald Francis Red Blanchard. The marriage was doomed from the start and they quickly separated and were divorced shortly thereafter. She immediately married 34-year-old Indiana native Myrl Jack Dumbauld on November 17,1936, in Chicago, after nine months the marriage was falling apart and they eventually separated several months later. It was not until September 1945 that Carson applied for and was granted a divorce from Dumbauld, on May 1,1946 Carson married 39-year-old Harry Lawrence Tiny Hill, a successful big band entertainer

3.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions

4.
Tex Ritter
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Tex Ritter was an American country music singer and movie actor popular from the mid-1930s into the 1960s, and the patriarch of the Ritter family in acting. He is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame and he was born Woodward Maurice Ritter in Murvaul, Texas, the son of Martha Elizabeth and James Everett Ritter. He grew up on his familys farm in Panola County and attended school in Carthage. He attended South Park High School in Beaumont, Texas, after graduating with honors, he entered the University of Texas at Austin in 1922, he studied pre-law and majored in government, political science, and economics. After traveling to Chicago with a troupe, he entered Northwestern Law School. An early pioneer of music, Ritter soon became interested in show business. In 1928, he sang on KPRC-AM in Houston, a 30-minute program of mostly cowboy songs and that same year, he moved to New York City and landed a job in the mens chorus of the Broadway show The New Moon. He appeared as cowboy Cord Elam in the Broadway production Green Grow the Lilacs and he also played the part of Sagebrush Charlie in The Round Up and Mother Lode. In 1932, he starred in New York Citys first broadcast Western, The Lone Star Rangers on WOR-AM, Ritter wrote and starred in Cowboy Toms Roundup on WINS-AM in 1933, a daily childrens cowboy program aired over two other East Coast stations for three years. He also performed on the radio show WHN Barndance and sang on NBC Radio shows, Ritter began recording for American Record Company in 1933. His first release was Goodbye Ole Paint and he also recorded Rye Whiskey for the label. In 1935, he signed with Decca Records, where he recorded his first original recordings, Sam Hall and he recorded 29 songs for Decca, the last in 1939 in Los Angeles as part of Tex Ritter and His Texans. Ritter was also cast in guest-starring roles on the television series, Death Valley Days. In 1936, Ritter moved to Los Angeles and his motion picture debut was in Song of the Gringo for Grand National Pictures. He starred in 12 B-movie Westerns for Grand National, including Headin for the Rio Grande, after starring in Utah Trail, Ritter left financially troubled Grand National. Between 1938 and 1945, he starred in around forty singing cowboy movies and he made four movies with actress Dorothy Fay at Monogram Pictures, Song of the Buckaroo, Sundown on the Prairie, Rollin Westward and Rainbow Over the Range. Ritter then moved to Universal Pictures and teamed with Johnny Mack Brown for films such as The Lone Star Trail, Raiders of San Joaquin, Cheyenne Roundup and he was also the star of the films Arizona Trail, Marshal of Gunsmoke and Oklahoma Raiders. When Universal developed financial difficulties, Ritter moved to Producers Releasing Corporation as Texas Ranger Tex Haines for eight features between 1944 and 1945, Ritter did not return to acting until 1950, playing mostly supporting roles or appearing as himself

5.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage

6.
Ivory Joe Hunter
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Ivory Joe Hunter was an American rhythm-and-blues singer, songwriter, and pianist. After a series of hits on the US R&B chart starting in the mid-1940s and he was billed as The Baron of the Boogie, and also known as The Happiest Man Alive. His musical output ranged from R&B to blues, boogie-woogie, and country music, uniquely, he was honored at both the Monterey Jazz Festival and the Grand Ole Opry. Hunter was born in Kirbyville, Texas, Ivory Joe was his given name, not a nickname nor a stage name. As a youngster, he developed an early interest in music from his father, Dave Hunter, who played guitar and he was a talented pianist by the age of 13. He made his first recording for Alan Lomax and the Library of Congress as a teenager, Hunter was the uncle of Rick Stevens, the original lead vocalist fro Tower of Power. In the early 1940s, Hunter had his own show in Beaumont, Texas, on KFDM. In 1942 he moved to Los Angeles, joining Johnny Moores Three Blazers in the mid-1940s. He wrote and recorded his first song, Blues at Sunrise, with the Three Blazers for his own label, Ivory Records, in the late 1940s, Hunter founded Pacific Records. In 1947, he recorded for Four Star Records and King Records, two years later, he recorded further R&B hits, on I Quit My Pretty Mama and Guess Who he was backed by members of Duke Ellingtons band. After signing with MGM Records, he recorded I Almost Lost My Mind, I Need You So was a number two R&B hit that same year. With his smooth delivery, Hunter became a popular R&B artist, in April 1951, he made his network TV debut on You Asked for It. He toured widely with a band and became known for his large build, his brightly colored stage suits. By 1954, he had recorded more than 100 songs and moved to Atlantic Records and his first song to cross over to the pop charts was Since I Met You Baby. It was to be his only Top 40 pop song, reaching number 12 on the pop chart, while visiting Memphis, Tennessee, in the spring of 1957, Hunter was invited by Elvis Presley to visit Graceland. The two spent the day together, singing I Almost Lost My Mind and other songs together, Hunter commented, He is very spiritually minded. He showed me every courtesy, and I think hes one of the greatest, Presley recorded several of his songs, including I Need You So, My Wish Came True and Aint That Lovin You, Baby. Hunter was a songwriter, and some estimate he wrote more than 7,000 songs

7.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone

8.
Ernest Tubb
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Ernest Dale Tubb, nicknamed the Texas Troubadour, was an American singer and songwriter and one of the pioneers of country music. His biggest career hit song, Walking the Floor Over You, in 1948, he was the first singer to record a hit version of Blue Christmas, a song more commonly associated with Elvis Presley and his mid-1950s version. Another well-known Tubb hit was Waltz Across Texas, which one of his most requested songs and is often used in dance halls throughout Texas during waltz lessons. Tubb recorded duets with the then up-and-coming Loretta Lynn in the early 1960s, Tubb is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame. Tubb was born on a farm near Crisp, in Ellis County. His father was a sharecropper, so Tubb spent his working on farms throughout the state. He was inspired by Jimmie Rodgers and spent his time learning to sing, yodel. At age 19, he took a job as a singer on San Antonio radio station KONO-AM, the pay was low so Tubb also dug ditches for the Works Progress Administration and then clerked at a drug store. In 1939 he moved to San Angelo, Texas and was hired to do a 15-minute afternoon live show on radio station KGKL-AM. He drove a delivery truck in order to support himself during this time. In 1936, Tubb contacted Jimmie Rodgers’s widow to ask for an autographed photo, a friendship developed and she was instrumental in getting Tubb a recording contract with RCA. His first two records were unsuccessful, a tonsillectomy in 1939 affected his singing style so he turned to songwriting. In 1940 he switched to Decca records to try singing again and it sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc in 1965 by the RIAA. Tubb joined the Grand Ole Opry in February 1943 and put together his band, Tubbs first band members were from Gadsden, Alabama. They were, Vernon Toby Reese, Chester Studdard, and Ray Kemo Head and he remained a regular on the radio show for four decades, and hosted his own Midnite Jamboree radio show each Saturday night after the Opry. Tubb headlined the first Grand Ole Opry show presented in Carnegie Hall in New York City in September 1947, Tubb always surrounded himself with some of Nashvilles best musicians. Jimmy Short, his first guitarist in the Troubadours, is credited with the Tubb sound of single-string guitar picking, from about 1943 to 1948, Short featured clean, clear riffs throughout Tubbs songs. Actually a jazz musician, Byrd—no relation to Jerry—remained with Tubb until 1959, another Tubb musician was actually his producer, Owen Bradley

9.
Jan Garber
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Jan Garber was an American jazz bandleader. Garber was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and he had his own band by the time he was 21. He became known as The Idol of the Airwaves in his heyday of the 1920s and 1930s, Garber played violin with the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra after World War I and formed the Garber-Davis Orchestra with pianist Milton Davis from 1921–1924. After parting with Davis, he formed his own orchestra, playing both sweet and hot 1920s dance music and he was hit hard by the Great Depression, and in the 1930s, he refashioned his ensemble into a big band and recorded a string of successful records for Victor. During World War II, Garber began playing swing jazz, an unexpected turn, his arranger during this time was Gray Rains. The recording restrictions in America during the war made his ensemble unfeasible. His last show was in Houston, Garber died in Shreveport, Louisiana in 1977 after having been ill for a length of time. Called the Idol of the Airwaves, Garber was active on radio in the 1920s and 1930s, the table below shows some of his broadcasting activities. Garber also had a 15-minute, five-days-a-week radio program, the Jan Garber Show and it was distributed by Capitol Transcriptions. He appeared numerous times on the Burns and Allen radio show, the family then moved to a small town near Philadelphia. He was the tenth of 12 children, Garber studied violin at Combs Conservatory in Philadelphia

10.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area

11.
His Master's Voice
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His Masters Voice, abbreviated HMV, is a famous trademark in the music and recording industry and was for many years the unofficial name of a large British record label. The name was coined in the 1890s as the title of a painting of a dog named Nipper, in the original painting, the dog was listening to a cylinder phonograph. The trademark image comes from a painting by English artist Francis Barraud and it was acquired from the artist in 1899 by the newly formed Gramophone Company and adopted by the Victor Talking Machine Company in the United States. According to contemporary Gramophone Company publicity material, the dog, a terrier named Nipper, had belonged to Barrauds brother. When Mark Barraud died, Francis inherited Nipper, with a cylinder phonograph, Francis noted the peculiar interest that the dog took in the recorded voice of his late master emanating from the horn, and conceived the idea of committing the scene to canvas. In early 1899, Francis Barraud applied for copyright of the painting using the descriptive working title Dog looking at. The image was first used on the companys catalogue dated December 1899, Victor used the image more aggressively than its UK partner, and from 1902 most Victor records had a simplified drawing of Barrauds dog-and-gramophone image on their labels. Magazine advertisements urged record buyers to look for the dog, in British Commonwealth countries, the Gramophone Company did not use the dog on its record labels until 1909. The following year the Gramophone Company replaced the Recording Angel trademark in the half of the record labels with the Nipper logo. The company was not formally called HMV or His Masters Voice, Records issued by the company before February 1908 were generally referred to as G&Ts, while those after that date are usually called HMV records. This image continued to be used as a trademark by Victor in the U. S. Canada, and Latin America, and then by Victors successor, in Commonwealth countries it was used by subsidiaries of the Gramophone Company, which ultimately became part of EMI. The trademarks ownership is divided among different companies in different countries, the name HMV is used by a chain of music shops owned by HMV, mainly in the UK, Ireland, Canada, Singapore, Australia, Hong Kong, and Japan. In 1921 the Gramophone Company opened the first HMV shop in London, in 1929 RCA absorbed Victor, and with it a major shareholding in the Gramophone Company, which Victor had owned since 1920. In 1931 RCA was instrumental in the creation of EMI, which continued to own the His Masters Voice name, in 1935 RCA sold its stake in EMI but continued to own Victor and the rights to His Masters Voice in the Americas. HMV continued to distribute RCA recordings until RCA severed its ties with EMI in 1957, RCA Victors Japanese subsidiary, the Victor Company of Japan, became independent, and today they still use the Victor brand and Nipper in Japan only. In 1968, RCA introduced a logo and restricted the use of Nipper to the album covers of Red Seal Records. The trademark was reinstated to most RCA record labels in the Western Hemisphere beginning in late 1976 and was again widely used in RCA advertising throughout the late 1970s and 1980s. The dog reappeared for a time on RCA television sets and was used on the RCA CED videodisc system

12.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record

13.
Lale Andersen
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Lale Andersen was a German chanson singer-songwriter born in Bremerhaven, Germany. She is best known for her interpretation of the song Lili Marleen in 1939 and she was born in Lehe, now part of Bremerhaven and baptized Elisabeth Carlotta Helena Berta Bunnenberg. In 1922, aged 17, she married Paul Ernst Wilke and they had three children, Björn, Carmen-Litta, and Michael. Shortly after the birth of their last child, the broke up. Leaving the children in the care of her siblings Thekla and Helmut, Lale went to Berlin in October 1929, in 1931, her marriage ended in divorce. Around this time, she began appearing on stage in various cabarets in Berlin, from 1933–1937, she performed at the Schauspielhaus in Zürich, where she also met Rolf Liebermann, who would remain a close friend for the rest of her life. In 1938, she was in Munich at the cabaret Simpl, while at the Kabarett der Komiker, she met Norbert Schultze, who had composed the music for Lili Marleen. Lale recorded the song in 1939, but it would become a hit when the Soldatensender Belgrad. Lili Marleen quickly became popular with German soldiers at the front. The transmitter of the station at Belgrade, was powerful enough to be received all over Europe and the Mediterranean. Andersen was awarded a gold disc for one million sales of Lili Marleen. It is thought that she was awarded her copy after the end of World War II, however, the disc was recovered and is now in a private collection. Nazi officials did not approve the song and Joseph Goebbels prohibited it from being played on the radio. Andersen was not allowed to perform in public for nine months, not just because of the song but because of her friendship with Rolf Liebermann, in desperation, she reportedly attempted suicide. Andersen was so popular, however, that the Nazi government allowed her to again, albeit subject to several conditions. Goebbels did order her to make a new version of the song which was recorded in June 1942. In the remaining war years, Andersen had one appearance in a propaganda movie and was made to sing several propaganda songs in English. Shortly before the end of the war, Lale retired to Langeoog, after the war, Andersen all but disappeared as a singer

14.
Tab Hunter
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Tab Hunter is an American actor, pop singer and author. He has starred in over 40 films and is probably best known as a Hollywood star of the 1950s and 60s, Hunter was born in New York City, the son of Gertrude and Charles Kelm. His mother, from Hamburg, was a German Catholic immigrant, Hunters father was an abusive man and within a few years of his birth, his parents divorced and his mother moved with her two sons to California, living in San Francisco, Long Beach and Los Angeles. She reassumed her maiden surname Gelien and changed her sons name to that, as a teenager, Hunter was a figure skater, competing in both singles and pairs. He joined the U. S. Coast Guard at the age of 15, while in the Coast Guard, he gained the nickname Hollywood for his penchant for watching movies rather than going to bars while on liberty. He left the Coast Guard met Dick Clayton socially, Clayton suggested that Hunter become an actor. Clayton introduced Hunter to agent, Henry Willson, who specialised in pretty boy stars such as Guy Madison and it was Willson who named him Tab Hunter. Hunters first film role was in a noir, The Lawless. He promoted to the lead for his next, Island of Desire opposite Linda Darnell, the film was essentially a two hander between Hunter and Darnell, it was a minor hit. However critical response to Hunters performance was negative and it took him a number of years to find his next job and he supported George Montgomery in a Western for producer Edward Small, Gun Belt |Gun Belt]]. Small used him again for a war film, The Steel Lady supporting Rod Cameron and he began acting on stage, appearing in a production of Our Town. He was offered a contract at Warner Bros, Hunters first film for Warners was The Sea Chase, supporting John Wayne and Lana Turner. It was a big hit but Hunters part was relatively small, rushes were seen by William Wellman looking for someone to play the younger brother of Robert Mitchum in Track of the Cat. It was a hit and Hunter began to be more noticed. Warners gave him a chance as young Marine Danny in 1955s World War II drama Battle Cry. His character has an affair with a woman, but ends up marrying the girl next door. It was based on a best seller by Leon Uris and became a big hit, in September 1955 the tabloid magazine Confidential reported Hunters 1950 arrest for disorderly conduct. In 1956, he received 62,000 Valentines, Hunter, James Dean and Natalie Wood were the last of the actors placed under exclusive studio contract to Warner Bros

15.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US

16.
The Fontane Sisters
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The Fontane Sisters were a trio from New Milford, New Jersey. Their mother, Louise Rosse, was both a soloist and the leader of the St. Josephs Church choir in New Milford, Bea and Marge started out singing for local functions, doing so well that they were urged to audition in New York City. Originally they performed as a trio with their guitarist brother Frank, the group auditioned for NBC and was soon sent off to work in Cleveland. When they returned to New York in 1944, Frank was drafted into the Army, Geri, who had just finished school, took her brothers place, making it an all-girl trio. The sisters first recorded together as The Three Sisters, sheet music was published in the late 1940s/early 1950s with at least two of their songs with a full photograph of the three, Im Gonna See My Baby, and Pretty Kitty Blue Eyes. The now all-female group chose the name of Fontaine from a great-grandmother, they decided to drop the i, the sisters worked on sustaining programs for NBC, meeting and working with Perry Como soon after he came to the network. Word reached the sisters, then in Chicago for NBC, that Supper Club would be making cast changes, they were eager for a chance to join Comos show, which also meant being closer to their home. Beginning in the summer of 1948, they were featured on his show and television show known as The Chesterfield Supper Club. The trio also did appearances on Chesterfield Sound Off Time when the program originated from New York, however, the street Fontane Dr in Cornwall, NY was named after the Fontane sisters. In 1949 they were signed by RCA Victor, and appeared on recordings as backup to Como. In 1951 they had a hit with The Tennessee Waltz, of which bigger selling recordings were made by Patti Page and Les Paul. In 1954 they switched to Randy Woods Dot Records, where they had 18 songs reaching the Billboard pop charts and their late 1954 recording, Hearts of Stone, sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. The Fontane Sisters retired from business around 1961, when youngest sister Geri was expecting her daughter. The daughter was named after Geri, and as an adult she went by the name Geri Fontane Latchford — Latchford coming from her fathers name, neither Bea nor Marge had any children, and the younger Geri was her parents only child. Marge Fontane felt that the trio did not want to continue the grind of tours, the sisters agreed that they did not want to be part of the evolving rock and roll scene, and wanted private lives. Geri married Al Latchford, a history professor, Marge was married to Franklin Hobbs, who became a long-time on air personality at WCCO in Minneapolis-St. Paul. They met while the sisters were working in Chicago for NBC. She remarried and became Marge Smith, the wife of an advertising executive, only Marge left the area, relocating to Florida with her second husband

17.
Bobby Edwards
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Bobby Edwards was an American country music singer who recorded between 1959 and 1964. At the beginning of his career he performed and recorded under the name Bobby Moncrief, then, having completed his service in the US Navy, he started recording as Bobby Edwards. Edwards was born in Anniston, Alabama to a preacher, George Thomas Moncrief, as Bobby Moncrief, he first recorded for Pappy Daily at D Records in 1958. His first recording was called Long Gone Daddy, in 1959, he revived Tex Ritters 1945 hit, written by Jenny Lou Carson, Jealous Heart, the record was issued on the Bluebonnet label. Then Edwards went out west, working shows on his own in southern California before songwriter Terry Fell placed him on Crest Records, though Edwards wrote the song, his manager and financier Fred Henley, and Terry Fell received writing credits. Darrell Cotton, Gib Guilbeau, and Ernie Williams had formed a trio, Darrell, then, the trio released the singles I Goof and Just or Unjust, which became local hits. After adding Wayne Moore, they became The Four Young Men and their first record together was the Crest Records single Youre the Reason. In 1961, the became a nationwide U. S. hit, peaking at #4 on the Billboard country chart. The tune was covered by Joe South and Hank Locklin. Edwards then transferred to Capitol Records and released the sound-alike Whats the Reason, in 1963, his third single Dont Pretend made the Billboard country chart, being his last single to enter the country charts. In 1961, he recorded and produced the only Country music double sided and award winning record, Evergreen, in the late 1960s, he operated a small recording studio. In the early 1970s, he recorded several Gospel albums. Edwards completely retired from the industry in 1972 and returned to Anniston to raise a family. Edwards lived in Smyrna, Tennessee since the year 2000 until his death and he died on July 31,2012, at the Middle Tennessee Medical Center in Murfreesboro

18.
Ottilie Patterson
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Ottilie Patterson was a Northern Irish blues singer best known for her performances and recordings with the Chris Barber Jazz Band in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Anna Ottilie Patterson was born in Comber, County Down, Northern Ireland and she was the youngest child of four. Her father, Joseph Patterson, was from Northern Ireland, and her mother and they had met in southern Russia. Ottilies name is an Anglicised form of the Latvian name Ottilja, both sides of the family were musical, and Ottilie trained as a classical pianist from the age of eleven, but never received any formal training as a singer. In 1949 Ottilie went to art at Belfast College of Technology where a fellow student introduced her to the music of Bessie Smith, Jelly Roll Morton. In 1951 she began singing with Jimmy Comptons Jazz Band, and in August 1952 she formed the Muskrat Ramblers with Al Watt, in the summer of 1954, while holidaying in London, Ottilie met Beryl Bryden, who introduced her to the Chris Barber Jazz Band. She joined the Barber band full-time on 28 December 1954, and she and Barber were married in 1959. From approximately 1963 she began to suffer problems and ceased to appear and record regularly with Chris Barber. During this period she recorded some non-jazz/blues material such as settings of Shakespeare, in early 1983 she and Chris Barber gave a series of concerts around London, which were recorded for the LP Madame Blues and Doctor Jazz. This is her most recently issued recording, Ottilie is buried in Movilla Abbey Cemetery, Newtownards, Northern Ireland in the Patterson family grave. Her gravestone, marked Ottilia Anna Barber, is by the adjacent to the car park. In February 2012 a plaque marking her birthplace in a house in Comber was unveiled. Dates below are issue dates - if the date is very different it is noted. Deleted CDs have the number struck through. The principal source for this discography is Bielderman and Pursers Chris Barber discography,1 The Nixa Jazz Today Albums International Concerts, Berlin, Copenhagen, London Best Yet. Accessed October 2008 Ottilie Patterson compilation on YouTube

19.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s

20.
Connie Francis
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Connie Francis is an American pop singer and top-charting female vocalist of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Although her chart success waned in the half of the 1960s. Despite several severe interruptions in her career, she is active as a recording and performing artist. Marks Avenue before the family moved to New Jersey, growing up in an Italian-Jewish neighborhood, Francis became fluent in Yiddish, which would lead her to later record songs in Yiddish and Hebrew. In her autobiography Whos Sorry Now, Francis attended Newark Arts High School in 1951 and 1952. She and her family moved to Belleville, New Jersey, where Francis graduated as salutatorian from Belleville High School Class of 1955, during this time, Francis continued to perform at neighborhood festivities and talent shows, appearing alternately as Concetta Franconero and Connie Franconero. Under the latter name, she appeared on NBCs variety show Startime Kids between 1953 and 1955. During the rehearsals for her appearance on Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts, Godfrey also told her to drop the accordion – advice she gladly followed, as she had begun to hate the large and heavy instrument. In 1955, Startime Kids went off the air, hence, Freddy was released as Francis first single, which turned out to be a commercial failure, just as her following eight solo singles were. Eventually, the single sold one million copies. However, her chart success came too late – Francis recording contract consisted of ten solo singles. Though success had finally seemed to come with The Majesty of Love, Francis considered a career in medicine and was about to accept a four-year scholarship offered at New York University. At what was to have been her final recording session for MGM on October 2,1957, written by Bert Kalmar and Harry Ruby. Her father insisted, though, and when the recording Whos Sorry Now. was finished, the single seemed to go unnoticed like all previous releases – just as Francis had predicted, but on January 1,1958, the song debuted on Dick Clarks American Bandstand. By mid-year, over a million copies had sold. In April 1958, Whos Sorry Now reached number 1 on the UK Singles Chart, for the next four years, Francis was voted the Best Female Vocalist by American Bandstand viewers. As Connie Francis explains at each of her concerts, she began searching for a new hit immediately after the success of Whos Sorry Now, since MGM Records had renewed her contract. After the relative failure of the follow-up singles Im Sorry I Made You Cry and Heartaches, Francis met Neil Sedaka and Howard Greenfield, after a few hours, Francis began writing in her diary while the songwriters played the last of their ballads

21.
7" single
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s

22.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis

23.
MGM Records
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MGM Records was a record label started by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio in 1946 for the purpose of releasing soundtrack albums of their musical films. It soon transitioned to a pop music label which continued into the 1970s, in one instance, it even released the highly successful soundtrack album of a film made by a rival studio, Columbia Picturess Born Free. Their first soundtrack was of Till the Clouds Roll By, a 1946 film based on the life of composer Jerome Kern and it was the first soundtrack album of a live-action film. The album was issued as a set of four 10-inch 78-rpm records. As in many early MGM soundtrack albums, only eight selections from the film were included on the version of the album. In order to fit the songs onto the sides the musical material needed editing. Needless to say, it was several generations removed from the original, also, the playback recordings were purposely recorded very dry otherwise it would come across as too hollow sounding in large movie theatres. This made these albums sound flat and boxy, MGM Records called these original cast albums in the style of Deccas Broadway show cast albums. They also coined the phrase recorded directly from the soundtrack, over the years the term soundtrack began to be commonly applied to any recording from a film, whether taken from the actual film soundtrack or re-recorded in studio. The phrase is sometimes incorrectly used for Broadway cast recordings. While it is correct to call a soundtrack a cast recording it is never correct to call a cast recording a soundtrack, by 1950, magnetic tape had been perfected for recording use, and this markedly improved the sound quality on the albums, beginning about 1951. MGM Records also released a soundtrack album of Quo Vadis. Beginning in the 1990s, authentic soundtrack albums of the scores to Ben-Hur. The Rhino Records editions of these albums featured literally the entire scores, Rhino also released a full-length two-disc album of the score of Gone With the Wind, recorded from the soundtrack in the original mono. Rhinos license expired at the end of 2011 and the albums Rhino issued are now out of print, Warner Bros. now owns the MGM soundtracks first issued by MGM Records and Warner Bros WaterTower Music unit now has the rights to release the MGM soundtracks. Kildare, Andy Hardy, Maisie, and Crime Does Not Pay, the MGM record pressing plant also manufactured the electrical transcriptions used to distribute the shows to local stations. The record manufacturing division was closed when MGM Records was sold to PolyGram and these Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer records were manufactured under contract with the studio by Columbia Records. In the early 1950s, MGM Records was considered one of the record companies due to owning its own manufacturing facilities

24.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song

25.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu

26.
Petula Clark
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Petula Clark, CBE is an English singer, actress and composer whose career has spanned seven decades. Clarks professional career began as an entertainer on BBC Radio during World War II and she has sold more than 68 million records. Clark was born to Doris and Leslie Norman Clark in Epsom, Surrey, both of her parents were nurses there at Long Grove Hospital. Her mother was of Welsh ancestry and her father was English, young Sallys stage name of Petula was invented by her father, Leslie Clark, he joked it was a combination of the names of two former girlfriends, Pet and Ulla. During the war Clark lived with her sister at the home of their grandparents in South Wales, in a stone house with no electricity, no running water. Her grandparents spoke little English and Clark learned to speak Welsh and her grandfather was a coal miner. Her first ever live audience was at the Colliers Arms in Abercanaid, as a child Clark sang in the chapel choir and showed a talent for mimicry, impersonating Vera Lynn, Carmen Miranda and Sophie Tucker for her family and friends. I wanted to be Ingrid Bergman more than anything else in the world, from a chance beginning at age 9, Clark would appear on radio, film, print, television and recordings by the time she turned 17. In October 1942, the 9-year-old Clark made her debut while attending a BBC broadcast with her father. She was there trying to send a message to an uncle stationed overseas, during the bombing, the producer requested that someone perform to settle the jittery theatre audience, and she volunteered a rendering of Mighty Lak a Rose to an enthusiastic response. She then repeated her performance for the broadcast audience, launching a series of some 500 appearances in programmes designed to entertain the troops, in addition to radio work, Clark frequently toured the United Kingdom with fellow child performer Julie Andrews. Nicknamed the Singing Sweetheart, she performed for George VI, Winston Churchill, Clark also became known as Britains Shirley Temple and was considered a mascot by the British Army, whose troops plastered her photos on their tanks for good luck as they advanced into battle. While performing at Londons Royal Albert Hall in 1944, Clark was discovered by film director Maurice Elvey, in quick succession, she performed in Strawberry Roan, I Know Where Im Going. London Town, Here Come the Huggetts, Vote for Huggett and The Huggetts Abroad, which is a Powell and Pressburger feature film now generally regarded as a masterpiece. In 1945, Clark was featured in the comic Radio Fun, Clark felt that she played child parts for too long. In 1946, Clark launched her career with an appearance on a BBC variety show, Cabaret Cartoons. In 1947, Clark met Joe Mr Piano Henderson at the Maurice Publishing Company, the two collaborated musically and were linked romantically over the coming decade. In 1949 Henderson introduced Clark to Alan A. Freeman who, together with her father Leslie, Clark had recorded her first release that year, Put Your Shoes On, Lucy, for EMI

27.
Tony Hatch
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Anthony Peter Tony Hatch, also credited as Fred Nightingale and Mark Anthony, is an English composer for musical theatre and television. He is also a songwriter, pianist, arranger and producer. Hatch was born in Pinner, Middlesex, encouraged by his musical abilities, his mother – also a pianist – enrolled him in the London Choir School in Wansunt Road, Bexley, Kent when he was 10. Instead of continuing at the Royal Academy of Music, he left school in 1955, while he served his National Service, he became involved with the Band of the Coldstream Guards. In 1960, Garry Millss recording of Hatchs composition Look For A Star, featured in the film Circus of Horrors, four versions of the song charted simultaneously in the United States, including Mills original and a version by Garry Miles. Top Rank, despite some success with artists such as Jack Scott and The Fireballs. Hatch moved on to a job with Pye Records, where he assisted his new mentor, Alan A. Freeman, with the recording of Sailor. Hatch continued to write songs for Pye artists, sometimes under the pseudonym Mark Anthony, in 1964 he wrote the Searchers hit Sugar and Spice. His production of The Searchers entire Pye catalog was significant in that every song was issued in true stereo. The only other UK chart acts with so much stereo was George Martin producing The Beatles, Hatch also recorded various lounge style albums with his orchestra, he also made solo piano recordings and some tracks as a vocalist. After Valentino, the first of Hatchs compositions to be recorded by Petula Clark and they collaborated on a series of French language recordings for Vogue Records. Hatch became one of her regular songwriting partners, in addition to supplying English lyrics for songs she had composed with French lyricists, in 1964, Hatch made his first trip to New York City in search of new material for Clark. The visit inspired him to write Downtown, originally with The Drifters in mind, when Clark heard the still unfinished tune, she told him that if he could write lyrics to match the quality of the music, she would record the song as her next single. Its release transformed her into an international star, topping charts globally early in 1965. The year also yielded the remarkable series of hits I Know a Place, Youd Better Come Home and she and Hatch wrote Youre The One, which became a major hit for The Vogues. Tony Hatch and Petula Clark became established as the British equivalent of Burt Bacharach, in 1965 Hatchs first album under his own name was released. The Downtown Sound of Tony Hatch, features instrumental versions of some of his best known songs, the song Call Me, written for and recorded by Petula Clark in 1965, was recorded by Chris Montez later in the year. Petula Clarks run of hits continued with My Love, A Sign of the Times, colour My World, and I Couldnt Live Without Your Love

28.
Concept album
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A concept album is an album unified by a larger purpose or meaning to the album collectively than to its tracks individually. This may be achieved through a central narrative or theme. The exact criteria of a concept album varies, with no discernible consensus, in the 1960s, several well-regarded concept albums were released by various rock bands, which eventually led to the invention of progressive rock and the rock opera. Since then, many albums have been released across many different musical genres. Concepts are general ideas, thoughts, or abstract notions, there is no clear definition of what constitutes a concept album. Fiona Sturges of The Independent stated that the album was originally defined as a long-player where the songs were based on one dramatic idea –. A precursor to this type of album can be found in the 19th century song cycle which ran some of the same difficulties in classification. The extremely broad definitions of an album could potentially encompass all soundtracks, compilations, cast recordings, greatest hits albums, tribute albums, Christmas albums. The most common definitions refer to an approach to the rock album format. AllMusic writes, A concept album could be a collection of songs by a songwriter or a particular theme -- these are the concept LPs that reigned in the 50s. The phrase concept album is tied to the late 1960s. Author Jim Cullen describes it, a collection of discrete but thematically unified songs whose whole is greater than the sum of its parts, sometimes assumed to be a product of the rock era. Author Roy Shuker defines concept albums and rock operas as albums that are unified by a theme, in this form, the album changed from a collection of heterogeneous songs into a narrative work with a single theme, in which individual songs segue into one another. Yes keyboardist Rick Wakeman considers the first concept album to be Woody Guthries 1940 album Dust Bowl Ballads, the Independent regards it as perhaps one of the first concept albums, consisting exclusively of semi-autobiographical songs about the hardships of American migrant labourers during the 1930s. Singer Frank Sinatra recorded several albums prior to the 1960s rock era, including In the Wee Small Hours. Sinatra is sometimes credited as the inventor of the album, beginning with The Voice of Frank Sinatra. According to biographer Will Friedwald, Sinatra sequenced the songs so that the created a flow from track to track, affording an impression of a narrative. First pop singer to bring a consciously artistic attitude to recording, the author Carys Wyn Jones writes that the Beach Boys Pet Sounds, the Beatles Revolver and Sgt

29.
Spanish language
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Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania

30.
Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice

Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most

1.
Jimmie Rodgers

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Vernon Dalhart

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Roy Acuff

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Publicity photo of Roy Rogers and Gail Davis, 1948

Jenny Lou Carson
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Jenny Lou Carson, born Virginia Lucille Overstake, was an American country music singer-songwriter and the first woman to write a No.1 country music hit. From 1945 to 1955 she was one of the most prolific songwriters in country music, the second of six children of Herschel Jewel Overstake and Helen Elizabeth Nalefski, Lucille was born in Decatur, I

1.
Jenny Lou Carson in a 1945 advertisement

Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition fro

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The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that the term "pop" refers to music performed by such artists as the Rolling Stones (pictured here in a 2006 performance)

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According to several sources, MTV helped give rise to pop stars such as Michael Jackson and Madonna; and Jackson and Madonna helped make MTV.

Tex Ritter
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Tex Ritter was an American country music singer and movie actor popular from the mid-1930s into the 1960s, and the patriarch of the Ritter family in acting. He is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame and he was born Woodward Maurice Ritter in Murvaul, Texas, the son of Martha Elizabeth and James Everett Ritter. He grew up on his familys farm

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Tex Ritter

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Ritter's grave marker in Port Neches in Jefferson County, Texas

Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-la

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Clockwise from top: Downtown Chicago, the Chicago Theatre, the 'L', Navy Pier, Millennium Park, the Field Museum, and the Willis Tower.

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Traditional Potawatomi costume on display at the Field Museum

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An artist's rendering of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871

Ivory Joe Hunter
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Ivory Joe Hunter was an American rhythm-and-blues singer, songwriter, and pianist. After a series of hits on the US R&B chart starting in the mid-1940s and he was billed as The Baron of the Boogie, and also known as The Happiest Man Alive. His musical output ranged from R&B to blues, boogie-woogie, and country music, uniquely, he was honored at bot

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Ivory Joe Hunter

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Ivory Joe Hunter in his network television debut on You Asked for It (DuMont, April 1951)

Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the the

Ernest Tubb
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Ernest Dale Tubb, nicknamed the Texas Troubadour, was an American singer and songwriter and one of the pioneers of country music. His biggest career hit song, Walking the Floor Over You, in 1948, he was the first singer to record a hit version of Blue Christmas, a song more commonly associated with Elvis Presley and his mid-1950s version. Another w

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Ernest Tubb

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Tubb (3rd from left, back row) at Carnegie Hall in 1947

Jan Garber
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Jan Garber was an American jazz bandleader. Garber was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and he had his own band by the time he was 21. He became known as The Idol of the Airwaves in his heyday of the 1920s and 1930s, Garber played violin with the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra after World War I and formed the Garber-Davis Orchestra with pianist Milto

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Jan Garber, c. 1942

London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city

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Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace and Central London skyline

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The name London may derive from the River Thames

His Master's Voice
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His Masters Voice, abbreviated HMV, is a famous trademark in the music and recording industry and was for many years the unofficial name of a large British record label. The name was coined in the 1890s as the title of a painting of a dog named Nipper, in the original painting, the dog was listening to a cylinder phonograph. The trademark image com

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His Master's Voice

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A coloured vinyl single released by HMV

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The former flagship HMV store in Oxford Street

A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrument

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Victor 17929A and 17929B.

Lale Andersen
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Lale Andersen was a German chanson singer-songwriter born in Bremerhaven, Germany. She is best known for her interpretation of the song Lili Marleen in 1939 and she was born in Lehe, now part of Bremerhaven and baptized Elisabeth Carlotta Helena Berta Bunnenberg. In 1922, aged 17, she married Paul Ernst Wilke and they had three children, Björn, Car

Tab Hunter
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Tab Hunter is an American actor, pop singer and author. He has starred in over 40 films and is probably best known as a Hollywood star of the 1950s and 60s, Hunter was born in New York City, the son of Gertrude and Charles Kelm. His mother, from Hamburg, was a German Catholic immigrant, Hunters father was an abusive man and within a few years of hi

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Tab Hunter in trailer for Gunman's Walk (1958)

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Hunter in Damn Yankees (1958)

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Hunter in April 2010

Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in

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The Billboard logo

The Fontane Sisters
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The Fontane Sisters were a trio from New Milford, New Jersey. Their mother, Louise Rosse, was both a soloist and the leader of the St. Josephs Church choir in New Milford, Bea and Marge started out singing for local functions, doing so well that they were urged to audition in New York City. Originally they performed as a trio with their guitarist b

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The Fontane Sisters Geri (left), Marge (center), Bea (right)

Bobby Edwards
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Bobby Edwards was an American country music singer who recorded between 1959 and 1964. At the beginning of his career he performed and recorded under the name Bobby Moncrief, then, having completed his service in the US Navy, he started recording as Bobby Edwards. Edwards was born in Anniston, Alabama to a preacher, George Thomas Moncrief, as Bobby

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Bobby Edwards

Ottilie Patterson
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Ottilie Patterson was a Northern Irish blues singer best known for her performances and recordings with the Chris Barber Jazz Band in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Anna Ottilie Patterson was born in Comber, County Down, Northern Ireland and she was the youngest child of four. Her father, Joseph Patterson, was from Northern Ireland, and her mother

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Patterson (& Chris Barber Band), The Netherlands, 14 Febr. 1957

Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Ty

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45 rpm single record

Connie Francis
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Connie Francis is an American pop singer and top-charting female vocalist of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Although her chart success waned in the half of the 1960s. Despite several severe interruptions in her career, she is active as a recording and performing artist. Marks Avenue before the family moved to New Jersey, growing up in an Italian-J

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Connie Francis

7" single
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Ty

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45 rpm single record

Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played w

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Sign commemorating the role of Alan Freed and Cleveland, Ohio in the origins of rock and roll

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Chuck Berry in 1957

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Bill Haley and his Comets performing in the 1954 Universal International film Round Up of Rhythm

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Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for Jailhouse Rock in 1957

MGM Records
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MGM Records was a record label started by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio in 1946 for the purpose of releasing soundtrack albums of their musical films. It soon transitioned to a pop music label which continued into the 1970s, in one instance, it even released the highly successful soundtrack album of a film made by a rival studio, Columbia Pic

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MGM Records

Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hit

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Songwriter and singer Chris de Burgh.

Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select th

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Alan Parsons in an ESO 50th anniversary video.

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A Danish recording session

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Mixing Console

Petula Clark
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Petula Clark, CBE is an English singer, actress and composer whose career has spanned seven decades. Clarks professional career began as an entertainer on BBC Radio during World War II and she has sold more than 68 million records. Clark was born to Doris and Leslie Norman Clark in Epsom, Surrey, both of her parents were nurses there at Long Grove

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Clark in April 2012

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1962 EP

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Outside the Ed Sullivan Theater, New York City, October 1966

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Ad for the NBC-TV special that sparked controversy even before it aired

Tony Hatch
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Anthony Peter Tony Hatch, also credited as Fred Nightingale and Mark Anthony, is an English composer for musical theatre and television. He is also a songwriter, pianist, arranger and producer. Hatch was born in Pinner, Middlesex, encouraged by his musical abilities, his mother – also a pianist – enrolled him in the London Choir School in Wansunt R

Concept album
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A concept album is an album unified by a larger purpose or meaning to the album collectively than to its tracks individually. This may be achieved through a central narrative or theme. The exact criteria of a concept album varies, with no discernible consensus, in the 1960s, several well-regarded concept albums were released by various rock bands,

1.
Pink Floyd in mid-performance of Dark Side of the Moon (1973)

Spanish language
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Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish

3.
Antonio de Nebrija, author of Gramática de la lengua castellana, the first grammar of modern European languages.

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Miguel de Cervantes author of Don Quixote, considered the first modern European novel.

Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname