Language Activity C Literary Terms

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arguementation

convincing readers of the soundness of a particular opinion on a controversial issue using clear thinking and logic; incorporates all other modes of writing, including description, narration, exposition, analysis, reporting

persuasion

utilizes emotional language and dramatic appeals to readers’ concerns, beliefs, and values in order to convince the reader and urge him/her to commit to a course of action

emotional power of language; appeals to readers’ needs, values, and attitudes, encouraging them to commit themselves to a viewpoint or course of action; relies on connotative language

ethos

credibility and integrity of the writer; establish authority by demonstrating personal knowledge and experience that make you trustworthy, appealing to experts who agree with you, being reasonable, take opposing views into account, avoid excessive emotional appeals

assertion

thesis or proposition of an argumentative paper

claims

statements that require support

claim of opinion

judgment based on facts and arguable on the basis of facts

claim of fact

potentially verifiable and thus not arguable

claim of belief

while seemingly arguable, is not based on fact and so cannot be contested on the basis of facts

evidence

must relate to readers’ needs, values, and experience; must be unified, adequate, specific, accurate, and representative

assumption

an opinion, a principle, or a belief that ties evidence to claims: the assumption explains why a particular piece of evidence is relevant to a particular claim assumptions are not flaws, but necessities; however, if your audience does not share your assumptions, it will be harder to convince them of your claims

opposition

those who hold an opposing viewpoint; you should respectfully acknowledge your opposition and their counter-claims, make concessions when appropriate, and refute their counter-claims when possible

induction

inference of generalization based on specific evidence; in inductive reasoning, you present your case and then form a conclusion based on the evidence

specific to general

deduction

begin with a premise/assumption (generalization, belief, or principle), provide evidence or new information, then draw a conclusion

general to specific then back to general

syllogism

logical equation used in deductive reasoning

syllogistic errors can lead to faulty conclusions, which are the basis for many logical fallacies (see list 9 terms)