Linda Gilbert, American welfare worker whose efforts to provide library and other services to prison inmates met with limited success. Gilbert grew up in Chicago from the age of five. In childhood her daily path to convent school took her past the Cook County Jail. She eventually developed an

Rufus Henry Gilbert, U.S. surgeon and transit expert who played a major role in the development of rapid transit in New York City. Gilbert attended the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City and then served as a surgeon in the Federal Army in the Civil War, attaining the rank of

Western sculpture: 19th-century sculpture: …the end of the century, Alfred Gilbert, creator of the most remarkable metropolitan fountain since the Renaissance (the Eros in Piccadilly Circus), also became the first sculptor of the foremost rank since Cellini to devote himself wholeheartedly to the art of the goldsmith.

Sir Henry Gilbert, English chemist whose most important contribution was his study of nitrogen fertilizers and their effects on crops. In 1843 Gilbert joined Sir John Bennet Lawes as codirector of agricultural research at the newly founded Rothamsted Experimental Station, Hertfordshire, the first

Sir John Gilbert, English Romantic painter and illustrator of literary classics, especially remembered for his woodcut illustrations for the works of Shakespeare (1858–60) and Scott. He preferred medieval chivalric subjects, and such pictures as Sir Lancelot du Lake (1887) earned him the epithet

Sir Henry Gilbert, English chemist whose most important contribution was his study of nitrogen fertilizers and their effects on crops. In 1843 Gilbert joined Sir John Bennet Lawes as codirector of agricultural research at the newly founded Rothamsted Experimental Station, Hertfordshire, the first

Sir Martin John Gilbert, British historian (born Oct. 25, 1936, London, Eng.—died Feb. 3, 2015, London), was the official biographer of statesman Sir Winston Churchill and a fastidious chronicler of many of the principal events of the 20th century. Gilbert was the son of a jeweler. He was educated

W.S. Gilbert, English playwright and humorist best known for his collaboration with Arthur Sullivan in comic operas. Gilbert began to write in an age of rhymed couplets, puns, and travesty; his early work exhibits the facetiousness common to writers of extravaganza. But he turned away from this

W.S. Gilbert, English playwright and humorist best known for his collaboration with Arthur Sullivan in comic operas. Gilbert began to write in an age of rhymed couplets, puns, and travesty; his early work exhibits the facetiousness common to writers of extravaganza. But he turned away from this

Walter Gilbert, American molecular biologist who was awarded a share (with Paul Berg and Frederick Sanger) of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1980 for his development of a method for determining the sequence of nucleotide links in the chainlike molecules of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Gilbert

William Gilbert, pioneer researcher into magnetism who became the most distinguished man of science in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Educated as a physician, Gilbert settled in London and began to practice in 1573. His principal work, De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de

Linda Gilbert, American welfare worker whose efforts to provide library and other services to prison inmates met with limited success. Gilbert grew up in Chicago from the age of five. In childhood her daily path to convent school took her past the Cook County Jail. She eventually developed an

Ituri Forest: Plant and animal life: In the south and west Gilbertiodendron deweverei dominates and can constitute 90 percent of the standing vegetation. The regions of the forest dominated by only a few plant species have less abundant and diverse animal life than the other, more botanically mixed areas, such as in the north and east.…

bossa nova: …Carlos Jobim and the guitarist João Gilberto may be considered the founders of this style, which was considered particularly characteristic of Brazilian culture and which in the mid-1960s began to be associated with movements of social protest. Instrumentation is varied and purposely simple, limited to a few rhythm instruments—e.g., guitar,…

Montdory, first outstanding French actor, whose presentations of the works of Corneille were especially notable. Montdory began his theatrical career in 1612 in a troupe led by Valleran Le-Comte, a company specializing in the tragicomedies of Alexandre Hardy. A member of the company of the Prince

Frank Bunker Gilbreth, American engineer who, with his wife, Lillian Gilbreth, developed the method of time-and-motion study, as applied to the work habits of industrial employees, to increase their efficiency and hence their output. Gilbreth ended his formal education after high school and spent

Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Jr., American novelist and journalist (born March 17, 1911, Plainfield, N.J.—died Feb. 18, 2001, Charleston, S.C.), drew on his madcap experiences as one of 12 children in a household run by parents who were engineers and efficiency experts to co-write (with his sister E

Lillian Evelyn Gilbreth, American psychologist and engineer who, with her husband, Frank Bunker Gilbreth, developed methods to increase the efficiency of industrial employees, most notably time-and-motion study. Moller received bachelor’s and master’s degrees in literature from the University of

William Johnson: In Gilchrist v. Collector of Charleston (1808), Johnson, while holding federal circuit court, allowed clearance from the port of Charleston to a ship detained under Jefferson’s Embargo Act of 1807, a measure intended to preserve U.S. neutrality in the Napoleonic Wars. In Supreme Court cases Johnson…

Buffalo Bills: …Kemp and punishing running back Cookie Gilchrist during the 1962 season helped turn around the franchise’s fortunes. That year Gilchrist was named the AFL’s Most Valuable Player, and the next he set a league record by rushing for 243 yards in a game. In 1963, his first full season with…

Percy Gilchrist, British metallurgist who, with his better-known cousin Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, devised in 1876–77 a process (thereafter widely used in Europe) of manufacturing in Bessemer converters a kind of low-phosphorus steel known as Thomas steel. In the Thomas-Gilchrist process the lining

Percy Gilchrist, British metallurgist who, with his better-known cousin Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, devised in 1876–77 a process (thereafter widely used in Europe) of manufacturing in Bessemer converters a kind of low-phosphorus steel known as Thomas steel. In the Thomas-Gilchrist process the lining

Guild, an association of craftsmen or merchants formed for mutual aid and protection and for the furtherance of their professional interests. Guilds flourished in Europe between the 11th and 16th centuries and formed an important part of the economic and social fabric in that era. The medieval

Charles Vidor: Rita Hayworth: Cover Girl and Gilda: …on comedies and musicals, so Gilda (1946) was something of a surprise. While the noir had many of the genre’s standard elements—hard-boiled dialogue, menacing shadows (shot by cinematographer Rudolph Maté), bursts of sudden violence, and a sense of treachery informing every turn—it brought a daring degree of eroticism to the…

Gildas, British historian of the 6th century. A monk, he founded a monastery in Brittany known after him as St. Gildas de Rhuys. His De excidio et conquestu Britanniae (“The Overthrow and Conquest of Britain”), one of the few sources for the country’s post-Roman history, contains the story of the

Gilded Age, period of gross materialism and blatant political corruption in U.S. history during the 1870s that gave rise to important novels of social and political criticism. The period takes its name from the earliest of these, The Gilded Age (1873), written by Mark Twain in collaboration with

Wesley Ruggles: Later films: and Fred MacMurray: The Gilded Lily and The Bride Comes Home. Next was Valiant Is the Word for Carrie (1936), an unusual assignment, considering that Ruggles’s strength lay in comedy. However, he did a creditable job with that unabashed tearjerker, which featured Gladys George in an Oscar-nominated performance…

the Flying Burrito Brothers: The Burritos’ first album, The Gilded Palace of Sin (1969), also displayed Parsons’s guiding hand: he contributed most of the songs and shaped its combination of classic country and western—punctuated by Kleinow’s pedal-steel guitar—and hard-driving southern California rock. Even after Parsons left the Burritos in 1970 (replaced by Roberts),…

Jeannette Leonard Gilder, American editor and writer, a prolific and influential figure in popular journalism, particularly in the arts, in the latter half of the 19th century. Gilder grew up in Flushing, New York, and Bordentown, New Jersey. In 1864 she went to work to help support her large

textual criticism: Emendation: …defined by the American scholar B.L. Gildersleeve as “the appeal from manuscripts we have to a manuscript that has been lost.” Theoretically this definition is acceptable, if we interpret “manuscript” as “source,” but in practice the making of conjectures, as distinct from testing them, is intelligent guesswork.

Harold Peary, American actor. He created the colourful, arrogant character Throckmorton F. Gildersleeve on the hit radio comedy series Fibber McGee and Molly in 1937. He starred in his own popular serial, The Great Gildersleeve (1941–50), considered the first spin-off created from another series.

Gilding, the art of decorating the whole or parts of wood, metal, plaster, glass, or other objects with gold in leaf or powder form. The term also embraces the application of silver, palladium, aluminum, and copper alloys. The ancient Egyptians were master gilders, as evidenced by the overlays of

Gildo, Moorish potentate who rebelled against Rome in 397–398. In 375 Gildo helped the Romans crush his brother Firmus, who was attempting to carve out an independent kingdom from a portion of Rome’s African provinces. As a reward, the Romans appointed him count of Africa and master of the

Gildas, British historian of the 6th century. A monk, he founded a monastery in Brittany known after him as St. Gildas de Rhuys. His De excidio et conquestu Britanniae (“The Overthrow and Conquest of Britain”), one of the few sources for the country’s post-Roman history, contains the story of the

Marilynne Robinson: Later fiction: …from fiction, Robinson returned with Gilead (2004), a novel set in the fictional town of Gilead, Iowa, during the 1950s. The ailing Reverend John Ames chronicles his family’s history in a series of daily letters addressed to his young son for him to read as an adult. In doing so,…

Gilead, area of ancient Palestine east of the Jordan River, corresponding to modern northwestern Jordan. The region is bounded in the north by the Yarmūk River and in the southwest by what were known in ancient times as the “plains of Moab”; to the east there is no definite boundary. Sometimes

Canada balsam: …greenish liquid exuded by the balsam fir of North America, Abies balsamea. It is actually a turpentine, belonging to the class of oleoresins (natural products consisting of a resin dissolved in an essential oil), and not a balsam.

poplar: Common species: The buds of the balm of Gilead poplar (P. ×jackii), which is similar, are used to make an ointment. The western balsam poplar, also called black cottonwood (P. trichocarpa), grows some 60 metres (195 feet) tall and is one of the largest deciduous trees of northwestern North America.

balm: Balm of Gilead, or balm of Mecca, is the myrrhlike resin from Commiphora gileadensis of the Arabian Peninsula. The balsam fir (Abies balsamea) is sometimes called balm fir, or balm of Gilead fir, and the balm of Gilead poplar (Populus X jackii) is related to…

Emil Gilels, Soviet concert pianist admired for his superb technique, tonal control, and disciplined approach. Gilels began piano studies at age 6 and gave his first public concert in 1929 at age 13. In 1933 he gained top honours in the first All-Union Musicians Contest. After graduating from the

Emil Gilels, Soviet concert pianist admired for his superb technique, tonal control, and disciplined approach. Gilels began piano studies at age 6 and gave his first public concert in 1929 at age 13. In 1933 he gained top honours in the first All-Union Musicians Contest. After graduating from the

Giles Goat-Boy, satiric allegorical novel by John Barth, published in 1966. The book is set in a vast university that is a symbol for the world. The novel’s protagonist, Billy Bockfuss (also called George Giles, the goat-boy), was raised with herds of goats on a university farm after being found as

Giles Goat-Boy, satiric allegorical novel by John Barth, published in 1966. The book is set in a vast university that is a symbol for the world. The novel’s protagonist, Billy Bockfuss (also called George Giles, the goat-boy), was raised with herds of goats on a university farm after being found as

Giles of Rome, Scholastic theologian, philosopher, logician, archbishop, and general and intellectual leader of the Order of the Hermit Friars of St. Augustine. Giles joined the Augustinian Hermits in about 1257 and in 1260 went to Paris, where he was educated in the house of his order. While in P

Carl Ronald Giles, British cartoonist (born Sept. 29, 1916, London, England—died Aug. 27, 1995, Ipswich, Suffolk, England), for some 50 years created cartoons that made political or social statements by showing the impact of events on ordinary people. His cartoon family, especially the i

Great Victoria Desert: …party led by the explorer Ernest Giles, who named it the Great Victoria Desert. It is crossed by the Laverton–Warburton Mission Track, which links the mission station in the Warburton Range, in Western Australia, with Laverton, 350 miles (560 km) southwest. It is also tracked for the recovery of missiles…

H.A. Giles, English scholar of Chinese language and culture, who helped to popularize the Wade-Giles system for the romanization of the Chinese languages. Educated at Charterhouse school, London, Giles joined the consular service and spent the years 1867–92 in various posts in China. Upon his

Sophia B. Packard: …partnership with her longtime companion, Harriet E. Giles, Packard taught at the Connecticut Literary Institution in Suffield (1859–64). From 1864 to 1867 she was coprincipal of the Oread Collegiate Institute in Worcester, Massachusetts. She then moved to Boston, where she secured in 1870 the unusual position of pastor’s assistant under…

H.A. Giles, English scholar of Chinese language and culture, who helped to popularize the Wade-Giles system for the romanization of the Chinese languages. Educated at Charterhouse school, London, Giles joined the consular service and spent the years 1867–92 in various posts in China. Upon his

Elbridge Gerry: …the legislative session, thus preventing William Giles, a senator from Virginia and an advocate of peace with Britain, from becoming president pro tempore of the Senate and thereby second in line (after the vice president) to succeed the president under the Presidential Succession Act of 1792. Gerry suffered a hemorrhage…

David Davidovich Burlyuk: …the art and literary group Hylaea (Russian: Gileya), which, together with Aleksey Kruchyonykh, Mayakovsky, and Khlebnikov, published in 1912 the famous manifesto of Russian Futurism, Poshchochina obshchestvennomu vkusu (A Slap in the Face of Public Taste). In 1913–14 he took part in a “Futurist tour” of lectures and poetry readings…

Gilgamesh, the best known of all ancient Mesopotamian heroes. Numerous tales in the Akkadian language have been told about Gilgamesh, and the whole collection has been described as an odyssey—the odyssey of a king who did not want to die. The fullest extant text of the Gilgamesh epic is on 12

Epic of Gilgamesh, ancient Mesopotamian odyssey recorded in the Akkadian language about Gilgamesh, the king of the Mesopotamian city-state Uruk (Erech). The fullest extant text of the Gilgamesh epic is on 12 incomplete Akkadian-language tablets found in the mid-19th century by the Turkish

Epic of Gilgamesh, ancient Mesopotamian odyssey recorded in the Akkadian language about Gilgamesh, the king of the Mesopotamian city-state Uruk (Erech). The fullest extant text of the Gilgamesh epic is on 12 incomplete Akkadian-language tablets found in the mid-19th century by the Turkish

Omo River: …on the river is the Gilgel Gibe II hydroelectric station, which was inaugurated in 2010. The station, which draws water discharged from the Gilgel Gibe dam on the Gilgel Gibe River, has the capacity to produce more than 400 megawatts of electricity. An additional hydroelectric project, the Gilgel Gibe III,…

Omo River: An additional hydroelectric project, the Gilgel Gibe III, was under construction at the time of the inauguration. The Gilgel Gibe III project has generated controversy, as critics have argued that it will have a significant detrimental impact on the communities and environment downstream of the dam.

Gilgit, town in Gilgit-Baltistan, part of the Pakistani-administered sector of the Kashmir region, in the northern Indian subcontinent. It is situated in the Karakoram Range in a narrow valley on the Gilgit River at its confluence with the Hunza River and about 20 miles (32 km) upstream from its

Gilgit River, river in the Gilgit-Baltistan area of the Pakistani-administered portion of the Kashmir region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. The river rises from a high alpine glacier in the area where the Hindu Kush, Karakoram Range, and western (Punjab) Himalayas meet. Descending through

dybbuk: …of transmigration of souls (gilgul), which he saw as a means whereby souls could continue their task of self-perfection. His disciples went one step further with the notion of possession by a dybbuk. The Jewish scholar and folklorist S. Ansky contributed to worldwide interest in the dybbuk when his…

Gill, in biology, type of respiratory organ found in many aquatic animals, including a number of worms, nearly all mollusks and crustaceans, some insect larvae, all fishes, and a few amphibians. The gill consists of branched or feathery tissue richly supplied with blood vessels, especially near

Gill, in measurement, unit of volume in the British Imperial and United States Customary systems. It is used almost exclusively for the measurement of liquids. Although its capacity has varied with time and location, in the United States it is defined as half a cup, or four U.S. fluid ounces, which

Branchial arch, one of the bony or cartilaginous curved bars on either side of the pharynx (throat) that support the gills of fishes and amphibians; also, a corresponding rudimentary ridge in the embryo of higher vertebrates, which in some species may form real but transitory gill slits. In the

respiratory system: The gills: A pair of gill filaments projects from each arch; between the dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) surfaces of the filaments, there is a series of secondary folds, the lamellae, where the gas exchange takes place. The blood vessels passing through the gill arches branch into the filaments and…

Agaricales, order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota, kingdom Fungi). One of the most diverse orders of the phylum Basidiomycota, Agaricales contains about 30 families, about 350 genera, and some 10,000 species. Traditionally, agarics were classified based on the presence of

Agaricales, order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota, kingdom Fungi). One of the most diverse orders of the phylum Basidiomycota, Agaricales contains about 30 families, about 350 genera, and some 10,000 species. Traditionally, agarics were classified based on the presence of

bivalve: Food and feeding: …achieved by folding the platelike gill lamellae into plicae. Each lamella comprises vertical rows of filaments upon the outer head of which are complex arrays of cilia that create a flow of water through the gill, form a filtration barrier, and transport retained particles to food grooves in the dorsal…

bivalve: Food and feeding: …achieved by folding the platelike gill lamellae into plicae. Each lamella comprises vertical rows of filaments upon the outer head of which are complex arrays of cilia that create a flow of water through the gill, form a filtration barrier, and transport retained particles to food grooves in the dorsal…

net: Drift nets—which include gill and trammel nets used at the surface and bottom-set nets used on the seabed—capture fish by entangling them. Gill and trammel nets are used principally to catch herring and salmon and are the most common drift nets. In commercial fishing, a long fleet of…

respiratory system: Fishes: …cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes), the gill structures of which are in the form of pouches that connect internally with the pharynx (throat) and open outward through slits, either by a fusion of the excurrent gill ducts into a single tube (in Myxine) or individually by separate gill slits (in Petromyzon).…

muscle: Jawed fishes: In bony fishes the gill septum of the hyoid arch is greatly modified to become a single, movable, bony covering for the whole gill chamber—the operculum. The individual gill septa are lost, and there is a great modification of the posterior branchial muscles, with many of the elements found…

chordate: General features: …through the mouth, using the gill slits as a kind of filter. The feeding apparatus in cephalochordates is similar. They have a well-developed musculature and can swim rapidly by undulating the body. Cephalochordates usually live partially buried in marine sand and gravel.

Gill v. Whitford, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 18, 2018, vacated and remanded a U.S. district court decision that had struck down a redistricting plan of the Wisconsin state legislature as an unconstitutional political, or partisan, gerrymander. The Court found unanimously

Alison Margaret Smithson, British architect (born June 22, 1928, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England—died Aug. 16, 1993, London, England), with her husband, Peter, was in the forefront of New Brutalism, an architectural movement that stressed spartan functionality and a stark presentation of structure a

André Gill, French caricaturist who used a style of enlarged heads dwarfing undersized bodies, often copied by later cartoonists. After studying at the Academy of Fine Arts in Paris, Gill pursued a career as an illustrator, becoming famous for portrait caricatures of his illustrious contemporaries,

Eric Gill, British sculptor, engraver, typographic designer, and writer, especially known for his elegantly styled lettering and typefaces and the precise linear simplicity of his bas-reliefs. Gill spent two years in an art school in Chichester and in 1899 was articled to a London architect; in

Brendan Gill, American critic and writer chiefly known for his work as critic of film, drama, and architecture for The New Yorker. Gill began writing for The New Yorker immediately after finishing college in 1936. His witty essays often appeared anonymously in the magazine’s “Talk of the Town”

Eric Gill, British sculptor, engraver, typographic designer, and writer, especially known for his elegantly styled lettering and typefaces and the precise linear simplicity of his bas-reliefs. Gill spent two years in an art school in Chichester and in 1899 was articled to a London architect; in

Irving John Gill, American architect important for introducing a severe, geometric style of architecture in California and for his pioneering work in developing new construction technology. Gill received no formal training in architecture, but in 1890 he became a draftsman in the office of the

John Gill, patriot and publisher who was a leading advocate of American colonial independence from Britain. Gill was the grandson of a British officer who had come to the colonies from Dover, Eng. At an early age John Gill was apprenticed to a Boston printer, Samuel Kneeland. In partnership with

Laura Drake Gill, American educator, remembered particularly for her role in establishing organized placement assistance for educated women. Gill was educated at Smith College. After graduating in 1881 she remained in Northampton, Massachusetts, as a faculty member of Miss Capen’s School for girls,

Sir David Gill, Scottish astronomer known for his measurements of solar and stellar parallax, showing the distances of the Sun and other stars from Earth, and for his early use of photography in mapping the heavens. To determine the parallaxes, he perfected the use of the heliometer, a telescope

commercial fishing: Gill-netters:
Gill nets are used by all sizes of fishing boat up to 20 metres in length. There is no characteristic style, although this type of vessel often uses a steadying sail to keep heading into the wind. The nets may be set and hauled…

Bernhard Gillam, American political cartoonist noted for his influential cartoons associated with the U.S. presidential campaigns of the late 19th century. With his parents Gillam immigrated to New York in 1866. He left school early and worked as a copyist in a lawyer’s office before studying

Yousaf Raza Gilani, Pakistani politician who was prime minister of Pakistan (2008–12). Gilani was born into a prominent family of landowners from the Punjab province, many of whom were involved in politics, including his father, who was a provincial minister during the 1950s. After studying at the

Yousaf Raza Gilani, Pakistani politician who was prime minister of Pakistan (2008–12). Gilani was born into a prominent family of landowners from the Punjab province, many of whom were involved in politics, including his father, who was a provincial minister during the 1950s. After studying at the

Julia Gillard, Australian politician who served as leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP; 2010–13) and as prime minister of Australia (2010–13). She was the first woman to hold either office. Gillard was born in Wales, but her family joined the wave of post-World War II emigration from Britain

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