Abstract

Objective The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is the gold standard therapy to prevent life-threatening arrhythmias. Phobic
anxiety predicts ventricular arrhythmia in coronary heart disease patients, but little is known about phobic anxiety in ICD
patients. This study aimed to identify determinants and the course of phobic anxiety in ICD patients.

Patients 140 outpatients living with an ICD (mean age 56±14 years, 66% men).

Main Outcome Measures Phobic anxiety was assessed with the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised at a mean of 27±21 months (range 3–109) post-ICD placement
(baseline) and after an average follow-up of 41±18 months (range 10–82). Multivariate linear regression models considered
sociodemographic factors, clinical variables and psychological scales as potential determinants of phobic anxiety scores.

Results ICD patients reported more than 10-fold higher levels of phobic anxiety than a previous representative population survey
(2.6±3.4 vs 0.2±0.4). Greater age (p=0.003), previous shock experience (p=0.007), depressed mood (p<0.001) and hypochondriasis
(p=0.005) were associated with higher phobic anxiety scores at baseline. Multimorbidity (p=0.030) and higher baseline phobic
anxiety (p<0.001) determined greater phobic anxiety at follow-up. Younger age (p=0.029) and an elevated number of non-cardiac
diseases (p=0.019) were both associated with an increase in phobic anxiety scores from baseline to follow-up. More patients
had high phobic anxiety levels (score >4) at follow-up compared with baseline (31% vs 24%; p=0.048).

Conclusions Phobic anxiety was comparably high and persisted over time in ICD patients. Modifiable determinants of phobic anxiety were
identified, which may inform tailored interventions to improve ICD patients' distress and perhaps also prognosis.

Footnotes

Funding The study was financially supported by grant 8836702/03 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and by grant KKF-H
18-97 from the Medical Faculty of the Technische Universität München (TUM) (to KHL).

Competing interests None.

Patient consent Obtained.

Ethics approval Ethics approval was obtained from the Medical Faculty of the Technical University of Munich.