Following are more than 700 publications — that we know of — with
reference to the use of ADINA. The pages give the Abstracts of some papers published since 1986 referring to ADINA. The most recent papers are listed first. All these papers may be searched using the box:

Abstract: Seismic retrofit of steel bridges requires more advanced analysis techniques to determine capacities and predict inelastic performance parameters. Normal engineering analysis practice assumes linear-elastic behavior for structural members, which fails to reliably account for re-distribution of forces due to member non-linear behavior and dissipation of energy due to material yielding. The performance criteria for the 1958 Carquinez Strait Bridges is “no-collapse” which implies that structural members may yield, exhibiting both material and geometric nonlinear behavior, provided that sufficient reserve strength and ductility remains to prevent the structure from collapsing. With increasing construction costs and tighter budgets, a key component in removing overconservatism in the final retrofit design and effecting a cost-efficient, yet sound design solution, is to take a more rigorous approach to the structural analysis. Advances in technology for computer hardware and software permitted the 1958 Carquinez Strait Bridge seismic retrofit project team to perform a non-linear dynamic analysis for the main span structure in order to better characterize the behavior of the bridge and quantify the damage the structure might sustain during a large seismic event. This paper discusses the non-linear pushover analysis, which was a key component of the non-linear dynamic analysis and of the overall retrofit design effort for the bridge. The development of the material properties for the steel members is discussed and results of the as-built, prototype retrofit and final retrofit pushover analyses for one of the bridge towers is used to examine the procedures and rationale implemented to perform a performance based analysis and design.

Nonlinear
dynamic analysis of large diameter pile foundations for the Bay
Bridge

Abstract:
The collapse of the span at Pier E9 of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay
Bridge (SFOBB) during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake was a warning
call for engineers to consider the consequences of soft soil
displacements on pile foundation design. Two new piers were proposed
as part of the seismic retrofit strategy for the 60-year-old
Cantilever truss portion of the SFOBB. From both San Andrea and
Hayward faults, the design motions at bedrock were developed for
these piers consisting of a set of response spectrum-compatible and
coherency-compatible time histories. The presence of deep soft soil
at the bridge site not only amplifies the ground motion and elongates
the period of the bridge, it also induces large soil strains which
degrade soil stiffness against piles (Idriss 1990, 1991; Dickenson et
al. 1991). A soil-foundation-structure-interaction model driven by
soil displacement time histories was established to take into account
these critical factors. Using finite element programs ADINA (Bathe
1996) and PAR (1995), dynamic models were developed to perform
seismic analyses and design for the two new piers. (18 refs.)

Abstract:
In Part I of this paper, using the modal superposition method,
equations for dynamic SIF calculations are derived for an arbitrary
linear model of an impact bend specimen. In this paper (Part II),
modal parameters and other data which are necessary for the DSIF
determination have been calculated for three types of specimen model:
the Euler-Bernoulli beam model, and two- (2D) and three-dimensional
(3D) solid models. For the latter two cases, calculations were
performed using the finite element program ADINA. Results for the 2D
model of the specimen were fitted by polynomials for a wide range of
specimen geometry parameters and Poisson's ratio values. Considerable
differences were observed between the beam model parameters and the
2D or 3D ones. The differences in results for the 2D and 3D models
are small and mainly connected with non-uniformity of the SIF
distribution along the front of a through-crack in the 3D solid.
Results of processing one- and three-point bend test data reported in
the literature are presented. Numerical DSIF values are compared with
the experimental ones. (18 refs.)

Abstract:
The mechanism of jump-out of threaded casing connection is
researched by using a finite element analysis program (ADINA).
Displacement constraint functions are applied to describe the
magnitude of overlapping and contact condition. Probing contact
condition and elastoplastic equilibrium iterations are adopted in
studying the mechanical property of threaded casing connection in
screw-on and jump-out respectively. The jump-out criterion and
maximum jump-out load are given. The conclusions are available for
engineering design of casing connection. (5 refs.)

Abstract:
The DOE's high-level waste storage tank (HLWST) sites consist of
single- and double-shell concrete tanks covered with soil overburden.
Due to the high temperature (212&deg;F and above) of the
liquid-filled waste, the concrete walls and domed roofs are expected
to endure thermal degradation which, in turn, may lead to cracking of
the concrete. A remote video camera inspection of one such HLWST
indicated some 'irregularities' on the inner surface of the tank
dome. A finite element model using ADINA was developed to simulate
the field conditions including concrete strength deterioration. The
model was first validated against the results obtained from tests
conducted on a 1/10th-scale model. The analysis was then extended to
study the actual field behavior. The results confirmed the overall
structural integrity of the tank by considering the global response
of the tank and a detailed analysis of likely crack patterns in the
dome area. The paper describes the complexities in validating the
scale model as well as prototype response. 1997 Elsevier
Science Ltd. (4 refs.)

Abstract:
Fiber bridging along cracks is an important mechanism governing the
fracture toughness and the pseudo-ductility of fiber-reinforced
brittle materials and structures. This paper attempts to predict
structural behavior of fiber-reinforced cementitious composite (FRCC)
components using the finite-element procedure with
micromechanics-based constitutive modeling of the stress-displacement
relation along the crack. The tensile stress-displacement relation
along a Mode I (opening) crack is established based on fiber pullout
curves derived from a micromechanical model. A statistical model is
used to account for random fiber distribution. Two-dimensional
finite-element simulations of beam behavior are performed with the
finite-element package ADINA. Using the discrete crack approach,
strain softening truss elements are placed along the crack to
simulate the fiber bridging effect. Experiments of beams under
four-point bending are performed with specimens containing different
fiber volume fractions (up to 1.5%). The numerical results for the
load vs deformation behavior of the beams agree well with the
experimental results. The FEM procedure for micromechanics-based
design and analysis of FRCC components is therefore established.
Simulation of component behavior to identify the most cost-effective
design can, hence, be carried out. 1997 Elsevier Science
Ltd. (26 refs.)

Abstract:
A computational procedure is developed to analyze the vibration of
an axially moving web, controlled through self-acting air bearings.
The Galerkin finite element method is employed for the spatial
discretization of both the moving web and thin air layers. The
predictor-corrector method is also implemented along with the
Newton-Raphson iteration for the time integration. It is shown that
the pressurized air layers between the moving web and bearing
surfaces can significantly reduce the transverse web deflection and
provide a means of effective stabilizing. Some comparisons with
results obtained using ADINA are presented. The computational
algorithm introduced in this paper can be used to optimize both
bearing-geometry designs and spatial locations. 1997
Elsevier Science Ltd. (13 refs.)

Abstract:
The analysis, design and/or evaluation of protective structures and
facilities for military use demands the accurate determination of
material and structural response to high-intensity, short-duration
impulse loadings. There currently exists a preponderance of data
supporting increased strength characteristics in concrete, the
primary construction material for protective facilities, at high
strain rates. This paper summarizes the modification of the nonlinear
concrete material model currently employed in the ADINA
finite-element computer programs to account for high strain rate
effects. The resultant strain-rate-dependent concrete material model
encompasses the strain-rate range from 10-7s-1 (quasi-static) to 103s-1,
in both compression and tension. 1997 Elsevier Science
Ltd. (30 refs.)

Abstract:
The paper deals with a finite-element analysis of the turbulent
forced-convection air flow inside a rotary oven for bread. The code
ADINA-F is used for the numerical finite-element simulation. To
describe the flow and the heat transfer inside the oven, a
two-dimensional model has been adopted. The numerical heat-transfer
convection coefficient is in good agreement with the experimental
data thus providing a validation of the approximate model formulated
in the numerical analysis. A structural change intended to enhance
the convective heat transfer has been suggested and numerically
tested. The results show a mean Nusselt number enhancement of about
30%. The finite-element analysis is, therefore, a helpful tool in
estimating the performances of this kind of oven. 1997
Elsevier Science Ltd. (5 refs.)

Abstract:
ADINA is used as the primary design tool in the structural analysis
of Francis turbine runners at Kvaerner Energy. An in-house developed
finite-element mesh generator is used for quick and efficient
modelling of any runner or runner vane segment in THREEDSOLID
elements. The finite-element analyses include frequency analyses in
order to avoid structural amplification of dynamic loads and
static-strength analyses in order to obtain a uniform stress
distribution in the runner. Comparison of the convergence has been
carried out with respect to mesh density and order of the elements.
The high-order elements (20- and 27-nodes) compute both smaller
displacements and lower natural frequencies in comparison to
eight-node elements. For stress calculations, only high-order
elements are used. Poor structural design is one explanation of
failures in some runners. Knowledge of structural performance secures
structural integrity and reveals the potential for reducing weight.
1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. (3 refs.)

Abstract:
The control-rod elements in a boiling-water reactor contain natural
boron carbide (B4C) powder, used as
neutron-absorber material and clad in stainless-steel blades. During
in-reactor service, the internal production of helium gas and point
defects in neutron-irradiated boron carbide cause swelling which can
induce significant contact stresses in the blade causing, eventually,
stress-corrosion cracking of the blades. In this work, a
finite-element analysis of a control-rod blade consisting of
B4C powder and stainless-steel
cladding has been performed using ADINA. An algorithm for the
finite-element calculation of a porous material such as
B4C powder has been developed and
which models both swelling and consolidation behaviour of
B4C powder. The Drucker-Prager
constitutive law has been used to model the consolidation effect. The
model has been verified with an analytical solution for a simple
geometry. A number of cases with B4C
powder in contact with stainless steel and using the actual blade
design have been studied for which contact stresses, the
displacements and the effective stresses are calculated. Finally, the
model has been used to predict the deformation of the blade during
irradiation under B4C swelling and
irradiation-induced creep of stainless steel. 1997
Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. (9 refs.)

Abstract:
Finite-element analysis (FEA) has been widely integrated into the
tire design process as a useful numerical tool for the investigation
of various behavioural conditions of tires during their service life.
Recently, much interest has been directed towards the contact of a
tire with a water layer together with steering and braking capability
(especially for the landing of airplanes). In this paper, we present
several possibilities for the modeling of aquaplane problems with the
ADINA system. The solution results, which relate to the character of
fluid-flow pressure distribution and lift forces obtained by the
steady-state analysis, yield important information for tire design.
The water under the tire is considered to be an isothermal
incompressible fluid and the tire structure is considered a
deformable body. 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. (16 refs.)

Abstract:
Numerical studies used to investigate the bearing and deformation
behavior of a new shear connector called 'concrete dowel', are
presented. In performing the nonlinear analyses, the ADINA
finite-element computer code was used. The validity of the
finite-element model is shown by comparison with results of
experimental tests. 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. (8 refs.)

Prediction
of thermoplastic failure of a reactor pressure vessel under a
postulated core melt accident

Abstract:
This paper presents the lower-head failure calculations performed
for a postulated accident scenario in a commercial nuclear power
plant. A postulated 1 inch break in the primary coolant circuit leads
to dry-out and subsequent meltdown of the core. The reference plant
is a pressurized-water reactor without penetrations in the reactor
vessel lower head. The molten core material accumulates in the lower
head, eventually causing failure of the vessel. The analysis
investigates flow conditions in the melt pool, temperature evolution
in the reactor vessel wall and structure mechanical evaluation of the
vessel under strong thermal loads and a range of internal pressures.
The calculations were performed using the ADINA finite-element codes.
The analysis focusses on the failure processes, and time and mode of
failure. The most likely mode of failure at low pressure is global
rupture due to gradual accumulation of creep strain over a large part
of the heated area. In contrast, thermoplasticity becomes important
at high pressure or following a pressure spike and can lead to
earlier local failure. In situations in which part of the heat load
is concentrated over a small area, resulting in a hot spot, local
failure occurs, but not until the temperatures are close to the
melting point. At low pressure in particular, the hot spot area
remains intact until the structure is molten across more than half of
the thickness. 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. (16 refs.)