Charismatic environmental and
social justice leader Judi Bari was born November 7, 1949 in
Baltimore, Maryland, and died March 2, 1997 near Willits, California. The
feminist Earth First! leader died peacefully at home, of breast cancer.
Her name was etched into the nation's consciousness in 1990 when she was
bombed in Oakland, California while organizing for that year's Redwood
Summer logging protests. She was nearly killed when a powerful motion-triggered
bomb exploded under her driver's seat, shattering her pelvis and leaving
her disabled and in pain for the rest of her life.

Police and the FBI accused her of knowingly transporting the bomb, but
no charges were ever filed in court due to lack of any evidence against
her. Still moving forward in federal court is the lawsuit she filed in
1991 against the FBI and Oakland police. She sued them for trying to frame
her as a terrorist in order to discredit her and Earth First! in the public's
mind, for fabricating evidence, and for failing to even look for the real
bombers.

Judi Bari was no ordinary person. The California State Senate
adjourned in her honor March 3, at the request of Sen. Tom Hayden (Dem.-L.A.),
Chair of the Senate Natural Resources Committee. "She was a wonderful
inspiration to all of us and a steadfast champion of our natural heritage,"
Senator Hayden said. "She was instrumental in bringing the plight
of the ancient redwood forests to national attention. We will sorely miss
the energy she provided, particularly in the negotiating fog that envelopes
the Headwaters forest today, but she has left a legacy of dedicated activists
who will carry her banner flying high."

Her obituary appeared in the New York Times with a headline calling
her a "prominent environmentalist." As news of her death spread,
she was praised even by some of her adversaries in the often bitter controversies
over logging in the California redwood region where she lived and worked.

She refused hospitalization and chemotherapy, choosing to die with dignity
in her mountain cabin near Willits. (She called it "my hippie shack.")
She is survived by her daughters Lisa, 16, and Jessica, 11; by her parents
Arthur and Ruth Bari, and younger sister Martha Bari, all of Silver Spring,
Maryland; and by older sister Gina Kolata of Princeton, New Jersey, a science
writer for the New York Times.

BARI'S HISTORY OF ACTIVISM

Judi Bari was a fighter and organizer for many social and environmental
justice causes.The common denominator was her
indignation over injustice, whether in the form of war, racism, sexism,
political repression, economic exploitation, or the unnecessary destruction
of ecosystems.

Judi was a gifted and inspiring speaker who was widely regarded as the
principal leader of the Earth First! movement in Northern California.
She led Earth First! in her region to embrace the use of nonviolent
direct action and to renounce the use of tree-spiking, or any
other tactic that could lead to injuries to timber and mill workers. Coming
from a labor organizing background, she was quick to point out that it
was not the workers but the giant corporations who should be the target
of environmental reformers.

While a student at the University of Maryland, she "majored in anti-Vietnam War rioting," as she put it. After dropping out
of college in her fifth year, she got a job as a blue-collar worker and
quickly got involved in union organizing. As a clerk for a large
grocery chain she became the union shop steward in the early '70s. Only
about five feet tall, she took karate classes for self-defense, and reached
the black belt level. Later she broke a gender barrier by passing a qualifying
test requiring her to lift and shoulder a 70 lb. mail sack, and got a job
at the U.S. Washington Bulk Mail Center near the nation's capital. There
she continued her union organizing, publishing a workers' newsletter and organizing a successful wildcat strike for better working conditions.

After meeting her husband-to-be Mike Sweeney on the East Coast, she
moved to California in 1979, where they married and lived in Sonoma County,
an hour's drive north of San Francisco. She turned her attention to U.S.
support for repressive regimes in Central America, working with Pledge
of Resistance. Several years later, after the couple had moved further
north to Mendocino County, they divorced amicably, sharing the care of
their two daughters.

Judi's most significant focus, the redwoods, began when she was
working as a carpenter, building a luxury country house for an urban executive.
She got curious about the beautiful fine-grained redwood boards she was
hammering nails into. She was outraged when she learned they came from
1000 to 2000 year old trees, and she decided to work to preserve the remaining
old-growth redwood forests. In 1988 she became the contact person for Earth
First! in Mendocino County, working out of the Mendocino Environmental
Center in the county seat, Ukiah.

The first significant Earth First! campaign she helped organize was
a blockade of logging on public land near Cahto Peak, in the Coast Range
mountains in northern Mendocino County. Ultimately, several thousand acres
of forest were spared from the chainsaws and became part of the Cahto Wilderness
area.

As Senator Hayden recognized, Judi was one of the prime organizers
of efforts to preserve Headwaters Forest in Humboldt County. As her
friend Darryl Cherney put it, "When Greg King and I were organizing
demonstrations, dozens, maybe hundreds of people turned out, but when Judi
got involved, thousands came."

Darryl and Judi teamed up in 1988. Darryl told how he had first met
her. He was having trouble designing a brochure for his own campaign for
Congress. Judi walked into the Mendocino Environmental Center, where he
was working, and MEC coordinator Betty Ball knew Judi was a talented graphic
artist, so she introduced the two and suggested Judi might help with the
layout. Darryl remembered how Judi worked ably on the layout, all the
while making fun of him for his conceit in running. He said he instantly
fell in love with her, and they became for the next two years a romantic
couple as well as an Earth First! organizing team.

Betty Ball credited Judi with the feminization of Earth First!.
"It had been incredibly male-dominated prior to Judi's entrance. There
were women involved but none were as successful as Judi in putting the
feminine spin into it, and getting rid of some of the macho chest-beating
that had been prevalent in Earth First! prior to that. Judi's influence
then allowed many more women to get involved, in more influential ways
than had been possible previously. Judi also innately understood the importance
of community-based organizing, as opposed to the nomadic style that Earth
First! had before that."

In a 1992 Ms. Magazine article, Judi pointed out that Earth First!
had been founded by a group of five men. She wrote, "I was attracted
to Earth First! because they were the only ones willing to put their bodies
in front of the bulldozers and the chainsaws to save the trees. They were
also funny, irreverent, and they played music. But it was the philosophy
of Earth First! that ultimately won me over. This philosophy, known as biocentrism or deep ecology, states that the Earth is not just here
for human consumption. All species have a right to exist for their own
sake, and humans must learn to live in balance with the needs of nature,
instead of trying to mold nature to fit the wants of humans."

In November 1988 Judi defended a Ukiah Planned Parenthood Clinic against
an anti-abortion demonstration. Joining other counter-demonstrators, Judi and
Darryl sang a song they had composed titled "Shall the Fetus
Be Aborted," sung to the tune of "Will the Circle Be Unbroken." Judi
realized years later, after viewing videotape of the event, how outrageous
they had been, and how their counter-demonstration -- and particularly
that song -- had horrified the anti- abortionists. She said she had not
realized at the time how much it would shock them, but that she had intended
for them to experience how women clients of the clinic might feel when
confronted with shouting, singing, demonstrators holding up photos of aborted
fetuses.

Music was an integral part of Judi's organizing style. She had
taken violin lessons while growing up, and her violin was transformed into
her "fiddle" when she moved to California. She rarely showed
up at any rally, demonstration, or public appearance without breaking out
the fiddle and joining others in playing a few songs. She used songs as
a unifying tool in the tradition of labor organizing, but also as a weapon
on the front lines against her targets, and as a morale booster around
the campfire or while on the road. There is an Earth First! songbook published
including some of her songs, titled Up Rise Singing (the title a take-off
on Rise Up Singing, the classic folk song book).

Judi continued her labor activism when she joined an effort to
support workers doused with toxic PCBs in a 1989 Georgia-Pacific sawmill
accident in Fort Bragg, California. The company told the workers and the
press the spill was just mineral oil, but testing showed it was laden with
PCBs. Judi helped others organize the injured workers into Local #1 of
the Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W. or Wobblies) and gave technical
support for their successful case in U.S. Labor Court.

In October, 1989, Judi wrote an article for the "Industrial Worker"
newspaper in which she argued that the time was ripe for the Wobblies to
organize among timber workers.

In April 1990, after Louisiana-Pacific closed one sawmill and announced
195 layoffs, she showed up at a Mendocino County Board of Supervisors meeting
along with some Louisiana-Pacific workers. L-P was overcutting its lands
at an unsustainable rate, and had begun to close sawmills and lay off workers
as timber supplies were exhausted. She demanded that the county use
its eminent domain powers to seize L-P's 300,000 acres of forestlands
in the county and operate them in the public interest, with operations
under control of a worker cooperative.

Many think it was her efforts to build alliances between timber workers
and environmentalists -- and her demand for seizure of corporate property
-- that brought her to the attention of timber company executives and made
her the target of efforts to smear and discredit Earth First!.

PROLOGUE TO THE BOMBING

In an August 1989 incident reminiscent of the Karen Silkwood case, Judi's car was rammed from behind by a log truck, totaling her car and
sending her, two other Earth First! activists and four children to a hospital
with minor to moderate injuries. Law enforcement refused to treat the incident
as anything but a traffic accident, even though Judi proved through photographs
that the truck which had struck her car was one which had been stopped
by an Earth First! blockade less than 24 hours earlier. After the collision,
when truck driver Donnie Blake saw that there were children in Judi's car,
he said, "The kids…the kids… I didn't see the kids," according
to Judi's account.

In 1990, the Forests Forever Initiative, Proposition 130, was slated
for California's fall ballot, and it was vehemently opposed by the
timber industry. If passed, it would cost the corporations many millions
of dollars annually by restraining the rapid overcutting of forest resources
that Judi labeled "liquidation logging."

In the spring of 1990, Judi and Darryl had the idea to try to bring
thousands of college students from around the country to the redwoods
in an effort inspired by the Mississippi Summer civil rights campaign of
the early '60s. They first called the campaign "Mississippi Summer
in the Redwoods," but it was soon better known as "Redwood
Summer." The purpose was, as Judi put it later, to try to make
sure there were still some forests left to preserve if and when the Forests
Forever initiative passed.

Timber companies joined forces to defeat the initiative. They
hired public relations firms (including the infamous Hill & Knowlton)
to whip up opposition to Forests Forever. The consultants coined the term
"eco-terrorists" to smear Earth First! with, and labeled Prop.
130 "the Earth First! initiative." They manufactured phony
Earth First! press releases advocating tree-spiking, logging equipment
sabotage and violence in order to create a public perception of Earth First!
as violent extremists. The fake press releases were circulated to workers
and the press by Pacific Lumber and Louisiana-Pacific, among others in
the timber industry. A Pacific Lumber memo about one release pointed out
that Darryl Cherney's name was misspelled, showing the company knew the
release was fake even before they spread it around.

As a result of — or as part of — the timber industry's hate campaign
against Earth First!, death threats aimed at Judi, Darryl,
and other activists began arriving. They came by mail and telephone, and
one was left on the door of the Mendocino Environmental Center. This last
one consisted of a photo of Judi clipped from the local newspaper, but
with a telescopic gun sight drawn over her face. Judi described this as
a classic right wing extremist death threat. Attached to it was a yellow
ribbon, the symbol used by the corporate-sponsored timber industry support
groups. When Judi reported the threats to police, and showed officials
the written ones, she was dismissed by Mendocino County Sheriff's Sergeant
Satterwhite telling her, "When you turn up dead, then we'll investigate,"
according to Judi's account in her 1994 book "Timber Wars" published
by Common Courage Press.

It was in the resulting climate of polarization, tension, and fear,
that Judi and Darryl were traveling to college campuses, recruiting support
for Redwood Summer.

THE BOMB EXPLODES

As the two were driving in Oakland, California, on May 24, 1990,
a powerful bomb exploded under Judi's driver's seat, nearly killing
her. Oakland Police and FBI terrorist squad members were quickly on the
scene and within three hours placed Judi and Darryl under arrest. Police
told the press that the two were the only suspects, and that they were
eco-terrorists injured by the accidental explosion of a bomb they were
knowingly transporting. Their bail was set at $100,000 each, even though Judi was in intensive care.

Judi barely survived the bomb blast, which fractured her pelvis in several
places, pulverized her tailbone, and caused extensive tissue and nerve
damage, crippling her and leaving her with constant pain for the rest of
her life. Darryl suffered lesser injuries, including a facial cut and
ruptured eardrums.

National and international media carried headline stories about
the bombing and police accusations against Judi and Darryl. The sensational
stories were kept going for weeks by a series of statements from police
and FBI claiming to have found incriminating evidence in Judi's car and
in two searches of her house, allegedly proving she was involved in making
the bomb. These reports persuaded many people then, and some even today,
that shewas linked to making the bomb by physical evidence. But in fact, no evidence whatsoever connecting
Judi or Darryl to the bomb had
really been found, as FBI agents later testified under oath.

No charges were ever filed against either Judi or Darryl. The
FBI delayed their arraignment repeatedly, asking the court for more time
to gather evidence. Finally, two months after the bombing, the Alameda
County District Attorney declined to press any charges because there was
no evidence. No other suspects have ever been identified by police or FBI,
and both have continued to insist that Judi and Darryl were their only
suspects.

JUDI AND DARRYL SUE THE
FBI

In May, 1991, a year after the bomb blast, Judi and Darryl filed
a federal civil rights lawsuit against the FBI and individual agents,
and against the Oakland Police and individual officers. The suit, titled
"Judi Bari vs. the United States of America" and filed in the
9th Circuit, charges that Judi and Darryl were falsely arrested by the
Oakland Police, at the "illegal, politically-motivated instigation
of the FBI."

Their lead attorney, Dennis Cunningham of San Francisco, wrote in a
new document in the suit, "Actually the bombing was a clear, carefully
designed, criminal attempt to stop and silence Judi Bari, a leader
of activist protest by Earth First! against destruction of the forest environment
and local human communities by corporate logging powers in northern California;
and to intimidate and weaken the movement she and Darryl Cherney were part
of. The reality of this criminal -- terrorist -- attack was ignored and
debunked by the defendant state and federal police authorities, and they
have continued to do so up to the present."

After a court hearing in the case just two days before Judi's death,
Bill Simpich, co-counsel for the two, made a public appeal for U. S. Attorney
General Janet Reno to appoint a Special Prosecutor to investigate the
FBI's role in the bombing and the alleged coverup. Simpich accused
the FBI of suppressing exonerating evidence, ignoring obvious evidence
indicating Judi was the victim of attempted murder, making false and defamatory
statements to the press and the courts, deliberately failing to investigate
physical evidence such as death threat letters, stonewalling demands for
other evidence through the lawsuit, and covering up its own role in the
matter.

The suit will go forward, Darryl vowed. He said when he spoke with Judi by phone on February 21, she told him, "Take Richard Held
to trial. Take this case to trial. Don't let them off the hook."
"And that's what we're going to do," Darryl said.

Richard Held was the FBI Special Agent In Charge of the San Francisco
office at the time of the bombing. He resigned from the FBI shortly after Judi, through the lawsuit, forced the disclosure of police photos of her
bombed car. The photos clearly showed that the bomb was directly under Judi's seat, rather than on the back seat floorboard, as police and FBI
had told the press. Held also headed FBI operations to disrupt the Black
Panther Party and American Indian Movement under the FBI code name COINTELPRO
in the '60s and '70s. It was these operations that resulted in the imprisonment
of BPP leader Geronimo Ji Jaga (Pratt) and AIM activist Leonard
Peltier, both of whom are widely considered political prisoners framed
for crimes they did not commit.

In the most recent development in the suit, Judi and Darryl's lawyers
have filed a massive "preemptive strike" motion the size
of a big city phone book. The brief summarizes the 14,000 pages of evidence
against the FBI and police, and seeks to end a long series of delaying
actions which the defendants have used to keep the case from coming to
trial. The motion asks the court to certify that the defendants have no
"qualified immunity," which they have claimed protects them from
being sued for mistakes in the line of duty. The evidence shows that defendants
accused Judi and Darryl of guilt for the bombing when they knew full well
they were the victims, and that there was no evidence to support arresting
them, searching their homes and property, or smearing them in the press.
As Judi said in a November, 1996, interview, "We're not suing them
for failing to catch the real bombers, we're suing them for not even
looking for the real bombers."

JUDI'S ACTIVISM CONTINUES

In a December 15, 1996 interview with Eric Brazil of the San
Francisco Examiner, Judi said that timber workers no longer agree with
the argument that environmentalism is the main threat to their jobs. "They're
not stupid," she said. "In Mendocino County since 1990, Louisiana
Pacific laid off more than two-thirds of its workers and closed five of
its seven mills. What we've been saying is true: It's corporations versus
the rural community. We've never said no to logging. We just want sustainable
logging."

Among the traits often cited in describing Judi Bari were determination,
intelligence, and her ever-present sense of humor. When someone remarked
about her ability to continue her activism despite her injuries, she quipped,
"They bombed the wrong end of me." Though handicapped by paralysis
in her right foot and constant pain from her injuries, Judi continued to
organize non-violent direct action protests after the bombing, including
sustained efforts against logging giants Louisiana-Pacific and Pacific
Lumber/Maxxam Corp.

In a 1992 dispute at Enchanted Meadow, along Mendocino County's
coastal Albion River, Judi and Darryl helped residents of the "Albion
Nation" mount a determined two- month struggle featuring tree-sitters,
road blockades, people chaining themselves to equipment, and almost daily
public rallies. The logging by Louisiana-Pacific was eventually halted
by court order obtained by Judi's friend and neighbor, attorney Joanne
Moore. When Louisiana-Pacific sued Judi and scores of other demonstrators, Judi brought in attorney Cunningham to defend them, and eventually negotiated
a painless settlement of the suit.

Judi also was a principal organizer behind the large-scale rallies and
civil disobedience actions for Headwaters Forest that helped bring
it to national attention. She was the first of hundreds to be peacefully
arrested at a September, 15, 1995 rally for Headwaters, and was one of
the primary organizers and speakers a year later at the same place, when
1033 people crossed over the Pacific Lumber property line to be arrested,
including former Congressman Dan Hamburg, singer Bonnie Raitt, and Sierra
Club president Adam Werbach.

KZYX LIVING TRIBUTE

It was January 31 when Judi Bari's health last allowed her to host
her popular weekly public affairs radio show on Mendocino County public
radio station KZYX. On February 21, nine days before her death, the station
broadcast a special call-in tribute program during Judi's regular 90-minute
time slot for her Punch & Judi show. The host asked listeners to share
stories and memories about Judi, and let them know that she would be listening
from home.

Many callers spoke directly to Judi, thanking her for her work for environmental
and social justice. Callers praised her courage, strength, leadership,
intelligence, and hilarious sense of humor.

One caller, former Representative Dan Hamburg, began by saying,
"It's important that we pay tribute to our heroes, and Judi Bari is
definitely one of those." Hamburg went on to say, "She's feared
by those in authority, whether members of the Board of Supervisors, who
could see what a standout she was as an organizer, and how powerful her
ideas were, but certainly also by the FBI, which certainly knows much more
about the Judi Bari bombing than we've found out so far."

Then, speaking directly to Judi, Hamburg said, "But, Judi, you're
feared by those people because you're truly a revolutionary. You see, with
your vision, a different kind of world; a world where connections are made
between the global economy and poverty and environmental deterioration.
You understand what the connections are between the big picture and the
little picture. And that's why, I think, for so long you've been such a
good teacher, not only to me but to people all over the county, state and
country. I agree with that previous caller who said that you're somebody
who will always be thought of, always be remembered as a great person in
the movement for the world that we all want to see come about. Thank you
Judi. Hang in there. You've got lots of people behind you, lots of people
who love you and care about you. Thank you for all you've done."

Judi said afterwards that the experience made her feel like Huckleberry
Finn listening to his own funeral eulogy, but that she was encouraged and
strengthened by the outpouring of love and support.

A few days before her death Judi said she wanted obituaries to list
her occupation as "revolutionary." A friend said she asked people
to remember what labor union (I.W.W.) martyr Joe Hill said just before
he was executed in 1915: "Don't mourn. Organize!"

In a final interview with reporter Mike Geniella a few weeks before
her death, Judi said, "I want justice. I want my family, and the
world, to know who bombed me." Up to a week before her death,
though receiving round-the-clock home hospice nursing care, she worked
on her lawsuit with friends, passing on to them her knowledge and meticulously
organized legal files.

Betty Ball summarized the feelings of many when she said, "For
all these many years, it has been 'Judi Bari for Justice,' but it's about
time for 'Justice for Judi Bari.'" After learning of Judi's passing,
Ball said, "Some holes can't be filled. Judi was the most brilliant
strategist and the greatest imp I ever knew."

MEMORIAL GATHERING

Judi asked that her friends gather for a "party" in
her memory. Over 1,000 people gathered in her hometown of Willits March
9 to celebrate her life. It began outdoors in a tree-shaded city park with
speakers, musicians and potluck food. As dusk approached, a kilted bagpiper
and a contingent of hand drummers led a procession several blocks away
to a community hall.

In addition to more speakers and music, the evening featured a slide
show by Martha Bari giving a pictorial history of her older sister from
infancy through childhood, adolescence, college, blue collar work as a
grocery clerk and postal bulk mail handler, and her early labor organizing
as a union shop steward. The slide show ended with a shot showing Judi looking back, smiling and waving goodbye to her family as she drove away
to California and all that was to follow in the life of a truly remarkable
woman.

FURTHER INFORMATION

Book

Judi Bari's 1994 book Timber Wars is a compilation of her articles,
essays and speeches, including her first person account of the car bombing
and its aftermath, as well as her analyses of the issues which concerned
her.
The 300-page book, published by Common Courage Press, is out of print, but you
can find new and used copies through several online sources, including Amazon.com,
Advanced Book Exchange
(ABE Books), and Alibris.
(book info updated 12/03/02)