Παρασκευή, 17 Απριλίου 2015

Edward Nawotka, “Frogs in a Well: Literary Life in North Korea”

North Korea is without a doubt
among the most mysterious of countries, which begs the question: What kind of literary life is there in North Korea?
The answer — according to two new books about the country, Nothing to
Envy by Barbara Demick (Spiegel &
Grau) and The Cleanest Race
by B.R. Myers (Melville House) — is nothing short of surprising and alarming.

“Margaret Mitchell’s Gone
with the Wind is popular in North Korea,” says Demick during an interview
with Publishing Perspectives. Her book is drawn largely from interviews
with North Korean defectors and covers several decades of recent history,
focusing on the industrial city of Chongjin. “The parallels between the
American Civil War and the Korean War, that brutality of divided nations, of
brother against brother, interests them.”

Demick explains that foreign
books are, by and large, only available at The People’s Study Hall, which is
the showcase library in Pyongyang, and a place only open to the elite. “North
Korea isn’t anti-intellectual, it’s just anti-outside ideas. There are a very
limited number of foreign titles available at the library, including some books
by Russians, as well as Jack London — who is popular, and some others, like Marquez’s
One Hundred Years of Solitude and some by Sidney Sheldon.”

“Apparently,” she adds, “there
is a list of one hundred approved books — ‘The 100 Books’ — that the elite are
allowed to read.”

Like in many dictatorships,
the paper supply is kept under tight control; but in the case of North Korea
there has hardly been any paper to control as there has been serious
paper shortage for some time. As a consequence, students are forced to
photocopy books whenever possible and many textbooks used by schoolchildren are
virtually unreadable reproductions of reproductions.

“At the end of the day,” says
Demick, “literature is totally subservient to propaganda, which is there to
preserve the myth of North Korea’s greatness.”

Recent works of historical
fiction have also touched on international figures, such as books about US
President Jimmy Carter’s visit to North Korea and about the Clinton-Lewinsky
scandal.

Narrative
Propaganda

B.R. Myers warns that “North
Korea is country in which all cultural activity is subjugated to the needs of
the Workers Party. Even a simple love story, for example, will carry a
propaganda message — a man will fall in love with a woman because she has the
right attitude toward working for the state.”

Another typical story might
be: A solider is lazy and not sweeping the floor of his tent, so a comrade does
it for him. The bad soldier comes in and sees what has been done and bursts
into tears and says he’s sorry.

More often than in the West,
that soldier might be a woman rather than a man.

Absent
Fathers

Indeed, “Fathers are virtually
absent from North Korean narrative,” says Myers, citing the example of Kim Il
Jong, who he says is deliberately depicted as a hermaphroditic parent figure,
more mother than father, because the state itself is seen as more of mother
figure than a father.

“In almost every North Korean
narrative a character is a widowed mother or one of the children who grow up
under them,” notes Myers. The result of this fatherless society, he says, is
the celebration of “rash, impetuous behavior.” Accordingly, in North Korea
“they solve differences with their fists and there is frequently spontaneous
violence.” This too is something reflected in the narratives, which often
include a character who is “mad as hell” which leads to “an explosion of
purgative violence.”

As for structure, North Korean
literature tend to eschew the convention of suspense: “Narratives tend to start
with final scenes — with the hero being rewarded,” says Myers. “They don’t like
suspense because if you’re not sure what is happening, your mind will go in
directions that the Party can’t control.”

No Literary
Underground

Myers says that one of the
common mistakes Western observers make when discussing North Korea, whether
politically or culturally, is to assume that it is similar in character to the
former Soviet Union. “Don’t extrapolate that the scene is anything like there
was in Soviet literature,” says Myers. “There is no samizdat underground
literary scene.”

Another error is to view the
excesses of North Korean propaganda as little more than a joke. Myers
notes that it’s a key to the Party’s power: “This a state that manages to
survive twenty years after the end of the cold war not because it’s repressive,
but because it still manages to give its people a message that inspires them.”
(The message is that North Korea is the most racially and culturally superior
country in the world.)

Myers’s book from 1994, Han
Sorya and North Korean Literature: The Failure of Socialist Realism in the DPRK,
looked at the man who was chairman of the D.P.R.K.’s Federation of Literature
and Art from 1948 to 1962 and was responsible for the iconography of Kim Il
Sung. “He got too big for his britches and they had to purge him,” says Myers.
“That is why now the state decided not to link the myths of the leader to any
particular writer. You now have multiple writers doing historical narratives
about the leaders.”

Carter,
Lewinsky, and James Bond

Recent works of historical
fiction have also touched on international figures, such as books about US
President Jimmy Carter’s visit to North Korea and about the Clinton-Lewinsky
scandal — which, of course, presume a familiarity with world events, again
reinforcing the idea that books and fiction are for a very small privileged
elite.

In fact, Myers says that there
are generally only two ways to become a writer in North Korea: You are one of
the elite students and have a sterling Party background or else, on occasion,
the Party will select a talented amateur who has sent in something praiseworthy
about the country to the government.

These days the literature is
not monolithic and, because more and more South Korean media is slipping over
the border, whether in the form of DVDs or radio, the propaganda has been
forced to compete with these other distractions. As a result, recent North
Korean novels have more of a “James Bondian element” to them.

However, despite these
mass-market touches, reading is not an especially popular activity in North
Korea or, even, South Korea. “Koreans are more inclined toward group activities
and not solitary activities, such as reading,” says Myers, who cited a recent
poll which indicated the South Koreans read half as much as Americans and were
near the bottom of developing nations. “In North Korea, the leaders are not keen
to push novels because they isolate people.”

All said, there are a number
of lessons that can be extrapolated from a study of North Korea’s literature
and literary life, not the least of which is the fact that so many stories that
celebrate rashness and spontaneity and end in an act of “purgative violence.”

“If they knew just what kind
of state they’re dealing with,” says Myers, “politicians would be talking about
the nuclear problem with more urgency.”