Radiation Protection in Medical Radiography

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Thoroughly updated and revised, this time-tested features full color illustrations and a vibrant, easy-to-use design. Information is presented in a style that builds from basic to more complex concepts. It covers essential information on the biological effects of ionizing radiation and radiation protection, helping readers ensure the safe medical use of ionizing radiation. The book also discusses radiation physics, cell structure, effects of radiation on humans at the cellular and systemic levels, regulatory and advisory limits for human exposure to radiation, and the implementation of patient and personnel radiation protection practices. The 4th edition features new illustrations, more review questions, and extensive new and updated material throughout.

Introduction to Radiation Protection

1

(22)

Justification and responsibility for radiographic procedures

3

(3)

As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) principle

6

(1)

Patient protection and patient education

7

(1)

Radiation

8

(15)

Interactions of X-Radiation with Matter

23

(20)

X-ray beam production and energy

25

(1)

Attenuation

26

(3)

Probability of photon interaction with matter

29

(1)

Processes of interaction

30

(13)

Radiation Quantities and Units

43

(20)

Historical evolution of radiation quantities and units

45

(6)

Radiation quantities and their units of measure

51

(12)

Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation

63

(22)

Radiation protection standards organizations

65

(2)

U.S. regulatory agencies

67

(2)

Radiation safety committee and safety officer

69

(1)

Effective dose limiting system

70

(1)

Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968

71

(1)

ALARA concept

72

(1)

Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981

72

(1)

Goal for radiation protection

72

(1)

Radiation-induced responses of concern in radiation protection

73

(1)

Objectives of radiation protection

74

(1)

Current radiation protection philosophy

75

(1)

Risk

75

(1)

Basis for the effective dose equivalent limiting system

75

(1)

Current NCRP recommendations

76

(2)

Radiation hormesis

78

(1)

Occupational and nonoccupational dose limits

78

(7)

Overview of Cell Biology

85

(20)

The cell

87

(1)

Cell chemical composition

87

(6)

Cell structure

93

(4)

Cell division

97

(8)

Radiation Biology

105

(50)

Lonizing radiation

107

(1)

Radiation energy transfer determinants

107

(3)

Molecular effects of irradiation

110

(10)

Cellular effects of irradiation

120

(1)

Survival curves for mammalian cells

121

(1)

Cell radiosensitivity

122

(5)

Organic damage from ionizing radiation

127

(28)

Protection of the Patient During Diagnostic Radiologic Procedures

155

(46)

Effective communication

157

(1)

Immobilization

158

(1)

X-ray beam limitation devices

159

(4)

Filtration

163

(3)

Protective Shielding

166

(4)

Compensating filters

170

(1)

Technical exposure factors

171

(2)

Radiographic processing

173

(1)

Film-screen combinations

173

(1)

Radiographic grids

174

(1)

Air gap technique

175

(1)

Repeat radiographs

176

(1)

Unnecessary radiologic procedures

176

(1)

Minimal source-skin distance for mobile radiography

177

(1)

Fluoroscopic procedures

177

(4)

C-arm fluoroscopy

181

(1)

Cinefluorography

181

(1)

Digital fluoroscopy

182

(1)

High-level-control interventional procedures

182

(2)

Amount of radiation received by a patient

184

(1)

The pregnant patient

185

(5)

Other diagnostic exams and imaging modalities

190

(3)

Pediatric considerations

193

(1)

Protecting the pregnant or potentially pregnant patient

194

(7)

Protecting Occupationally Exposed Radiologic Personnel

201

(24)

Annual limit for occupationally exposed personnel

203

(1)

ALARA concept

204

(1)

Dose reduction methods and techniques

204

(1)

Protection for pregnant personnel

205

(1)

Protective structural shielding

206

(2)

Diagnostic-type protective tube housing

208

(1)

Protection during fluoroscopic procedures

208

(2)

Protection during mobile radiographic examinations

210

(1)

Protection during C-arm fluoroscopy

211

(1)

Protection during high-level-control interventional procedures

212

(1)

Distance

212

(1)

Protective devices

213

(1)

Patient restraint

214

(1)

Doors to x-ray rooms

215

(1)

Diagnostic x-ray suite protection design

215

(10)

Radiation Monitoring

225

(20)

Personnel monitoring

227

(2)

Personnel dosimeters

229

(8)

Radiation survey instruments for area monitoring

237

(3)

Calibration instruments

240

(5)

Bibliography

245

(6)

Appendix A Chance of a 50 keV Photon to Interact with Atoms of Tissue as It Travels Through 5 cm of Soft Tissue