To meet the needs of real-time imaging in intraoperative microsurgical vessel anastomosis and to break through the bottleneck of limited penetration depth caused by absorption and scattering from blood, we present a novel design of three-view cooperative scanning handheld OCT probe. It is based on a low coherence source with 1.3μm central wavelength for extra-vascular imaging. Traditional OCT probe always scan from one direction and suffers from the problem of incomplete cross-sectional view of the vessel under investigation. We've designed an MEMS mirror based OCT handheld probe, which can be used to generate cross-sectional images from 3 view directions to increase the field of view in the depth direction. In addition, to adapt to vessels of different sizes, we've also designed a micro-stage to be used together with the handheld probe to solve the hand-trembling problem. The rectangle scanning range is about 3 * 3mm in three-view, which can meet the imaging demands of most vessels. We believe that application of the probe will greatly improve the quality of micro-vascular anastomosis success rate.

Collinear holographic data storage system is a promising candidate for next-generation storage technique. Numerical simulation plays a vital role in the process of revealing physical insight into the effectiveness of proposed methods and providing guidance for further system optimization. In this work, we demonstrated a GPU accelerated numerical model for image formation in collinear holographic data storage system. An average 125 times speedup with 99.8% accuracy was achieved with our accelerated model compared to conventional CPU based simulation. Applications of our model for collinear holographic data storage system such as wavelength drift compensation and noise study were demonstrated.

To solve the 2π phase ambiguity for phase-resolved Doppler images in Doppler optical coherence tomography, we present a modified network programming technique for the first time to the best of our knowledge. The proposed method assumes that error of the discrete derivatives between unwrapped phase image and wrapped phase image can be arbitrary values instead of integer-multiple of 2π, which makes the real-phase restoration accurate and robust against noise. We compared our proposed method with the network programming method. Parameters including root-mean-square-error and noise amplification degree were adopted for comparison. The experimental study on simulated images, phantom, and real-vessel OCT images were performed. The proposed method consistently achieves optimal results.

Collinear holography has been good candidate for a volumetric recording technology of holographic data storage system (HDSS), because of there are not only large storage capacities, high transfer rates, but also the unique configuration, in which the information and reference beams are modulated co-axially by the same spatial light modulator, as a new read/write method for HDSS are very promising. The optical pickup can be designed as small as DVDs, and can be placed on one side of the recording media (disc). In the disc structure, the preformatted reflective layer is used for the focus/tracking servo and reading address information, and a dichroic mirror layer is used for detecting holographic recording information without interfering with the preformatted information. A 2-dimensional digital page data format is used and the shift-multiplexing method is employed to increase recording density. As servo technologies are being introduced to control the objective lens to be maintained precisely to the disc in the recording and reconstructing process, a vibration isolator is no longer necessary. In this paper, we introduced the principle of the collinear holography and its media structure of disc. Some results of experimental and theoretical studies suggest that it is a very effective method. We also discussed some methods to increase the recording density and data transfer rates of collinear holography using phase modulated page data format.

The photopolymer materials are good media to record thick hologram gratings, because photopolymer materials have high resolution, low cost, simple process technology and so on. According to coupled wave theory for thick hologram gratings, we know that the same object beam can be reconstructed if the same reference beam is used to retrieve a thick hologram grating. However, the shrinkage always occurs in the photopolymer materials because of environment temperature, humidity, vibration etc. For instance, the same object beam cannot be reconstructed even the same reference beam to be used. In this paper, we will analysis the shrinkage influence of photopolymer materials for thick hologram gratings. We divide the photopolymer materials into several geometry layers, and analysis the reconstructed characteristics separately basing on coupled wave theory of Kogelnik. Through gradually continuous changing the angle between gratings and the border (we call it slant angle), we can build the geometry model of gratings bending caused by shrinkage of materials. We calculate wave complex amplitude diffracted from every layer, and superpose them to compute the total diffraction efficiency. We simulate above methods to obtain the curve of diffraction efficiency with reconstruction wavelength by using Matlab software. Comparing the simulated results with the experiments results, we can deduce the probable situation of thick hologram gratings bending after photopolymer materials shrink.

Partial differential equation (PDE)-based nonlinear diffusion processes have been widely used for image denoising. In the traditional nonlinear anisotropic diffusion denoising techniques, behavior of the diffusion depends highly on the gradient of image. However, it is difficult to get a good effect if we use these methods to reduce noise in optical coherence tomography images. Because background has the gradient that is very similar to regions of interest, so background noise will be mistaken for edge information and cannot be reduced. Therefore, nonlinear complex diffusion approaches using texture feature(NCDTF) for noise reduction in phase-resolved optical coherence tomography is proposed here, which uses texture feature in OCT images and structural OCT images to remove noise in phase-resolved OCT. Taking into account the fact that texture between background and signal region is different, which can be linked with diffusion coefficient of nonlinear complex diffusion model, we use NCDTF method to reduce noises of structure and phase images first. Then, we utilize OCT structure images to filter phase image in OCT. Finally, to validate our method, parameters such as image SNR, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), equivalent number of looks (ENL), and edge preservation were compared between our approach and median filter, Gaussian filter, wavelet filter, nonlinear complex diffusion filter (NCDF). Preliminary results demonstrate that NCDTF method is more effective than others in keeping edges and denoising for phase-resolved OCT.

Temperature represents the atmospheric thermodynamic state. Measure the atmospheric temperature accurately and precisely is very important to understand the physics of the atmospheric process. Lidar has some advantages in the atmospheric temperature measurement. Based on the lidar equation and the theory of pure rotational Raman (PRR), we’ve simulated the temperature measurement errors of the double-grating-polychromator (DGP) based PRR lidar. First of all, without considering the attenuation terms of the atmospheric transmittance and the range in the lidar equation, we’ve simulated the temperature measurement errors which are influenced by the beam splitting system parameters, such as the center wavelength, the receiving bandwidth and the atmospheric temperature. We analyzed three types of the temperature measurement errors in theory. We’ve proposed several design methods for the beam splitting system to reduce the temperature measurement errors. Secondly, we simulated the temperature measurement error profiles by the lidar equation. As the lidar power-aperture product is determined, the main target of our lidar system is to reduce the statistical and the leakage errors.

In this paper, we systematically demonstrate two real-time CS SD OCT systems based on a conventional desktop having three GPUs. The first one takes fast Fourier transform (FFT) as the sensing technique and under-sampled linear wavenumber spectral sampling as input data, while the second one uses non-uniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) and under-sampled nonlinear wavenumber spectral sampling, respectively. The maximum reconstruction speed of 72k and 33.5k A-line/s were achieved for these two systems, respectively, with A-scan size 2048. It is >100 times faster than the C++ implementation and >400 times faster than the MATLAB implementation. Finally, we present real-time dispersion compensated image reconstruction for both systems.

In this paper, we proposed a novel compressive sensing (CS) method in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT), which reconstructs B-scan image using a subset of the spectral data that is under-sampled in both axial and lateral dimensions. Thus a fraction of the A-scans for a B-scan are acquired; the spectral data of each acquired A-scan is under-sampled. Compared with the previous studies, our method further reduces the overall size of the spectral measurements. Experimental results show that our approach can obtain high quality B-scan image using 25% spectral data, which takes 50% number of A-scans and acquires 50% spectral data for each selected A-scan.

This paper presents a handheld micro-injector system using common-path swept source optical coherence tomography (CP-SSOCT) as a distal sensor with highly accurate injection-depth-locking. To achieve real-time, highly precise, and intuitive freehand control, the system used graphics processing unit (GPU) to process the oversampled OCT signal with high throughput and a smart customized motion monitoring control algorithm. A performance evaluation was conducted with 60-insertions and fluorescein dye injection tests to show how accurately the system can guide the needle and lock to the target depth. The evaluation tests show our system can guide the injection needle into the desired depth with 4.12μm average deviation error while injecting 50nƖ of fluorescein dye.

In this paper, we describe a novel CS method that incorporates dispersion compensation into the CS reconstruction of spectral domain OCT (SD OCT) signal. We show that A-scans with dispersion compensation can be obtained by multiplying the dispersion correcting term to the undersampled linear-in-wavenumber spectral data before the CS reconstruction. We also implemented fast CS reconstruction by taking the advantage of fast Fourier transform (FFT). The matrix-vector multiplication commonly used in the CS reconstruction is implemented by a two-step procedure. Compared to the CS reconstruction with matrix multiplication, our method can obtain dispersion compensated A-scan at least 5 times faster. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve high quality image with dispersion compensation.

Vascular and microvascular anastomosis are critical components of reconstructive microsurgery, vascular surgery and
transplant surgery. Imaging modality that provides immediate, real-time in-depth view and 3D structure and flow
information of the surgical site can be a great valuable tool for the surgeon to evaluate surgical outcome following both
conventional and innovative anastomosis techniques, thus potentially increase the surgical success rate. Microvascular
anastomosis for vessels with outer diameter smaller than 1.0 mm is extremely challenging and effective evaluation of
the outcome is very difficult if not impossible using computed tomography (CT) angiograms, magnetic resonance (MR)
angiograms and ultrasound Doppler. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive high-resolution (micron
level), high-speed, 3D imaging modality that has been adopted widely in biomedical and clinical applications. Phaseresolved
Doppler OCT that explores the phase information of OCT signals has been shown to be capable of
characterizing dynamic blood flow clinically. In this work, we explore the capability of Fourier domain Doppler OCT as
an evaluation tool to detect commonly encountered post-operative complications that will cause surgical failure and to
confirm positive result with surgeon’s observation. Both suture and cuff based techniques were evaluated on the femoral
artery and vein in the rodent model.

Anastomosis is one of the most commonly performed procedure in the clinical environment that involves tubular
structures, such as blood vessel, lymphatic vessel, seminal duct and ureter. Suture based anastomosis is still the
foundation for most basic surgical training and clinical operation, although alternate techniques have been developed and
under development. For those tubular-structure-anastomosis, immediate real-time post-operative evaluation of the
surgical outcome is critical to the success of surgery. Previously evaluation is mostly based on surgeons' experience.
Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography is high-speed, high-resolution noninvasive 3D imaging modality that has
been widely used in the biomedical research and clinical study. In this study we used Fourier-domain optical coherence
tomography as an evaluation tool for anastomosis of lymphatic vessels, ureter and seminal duct in rodent model.
Immediate post-operative and long term surgical site data were collected and analyzed. Critical clinical parameters such
as lumen patency, anastomosed site narrowing and suture error detection are provided to surgeons.

Vascular and microvascular anastomoses are critical components of reconstructive microsurgery, vascular surgery, and transplant surgery. Intraoperative surgical guidance using a surgical imaging modality that provides an in-depth view and three-dimensional (3-D) imaging can potentially improve outcome following both conventional and innovative anastomosis techniques. Objective postoperative imaging of the anastomosed vessel can potentially improve the salvage rate when combined with other clinical assessment tools, such as capillary refill, temperature, blanching, and skin turgor. Compared to other contemporary postoperative monitoring modalities—computed tomography angiograms, magnetic resonance (MR) angiograms, and ultrasound Doppler—optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive high-resolution (micron-level), high-speed, 3-D imaging modality that has been adopted widely in biomedical and clinical applications. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the feasibility of real-time 3-D phase-resolved Doppler OCT (PRDOCT) as an assisted intra- and postoperative imaging modality for microvascular anastomosis of rodent femoral vessels is demonstrated, which will provide new insights and a potential breakthrough to microvascular and supermicrovascular surgery.

We describe a novel common-path optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT) fiber probe design using a sapphire ball
lens for cross-sectional imaging and sensing in retina vitrectomy surgery. Single mode Gaussian beam (TEM00) simulation was used to optimize lateral resolution and working distance (WD) of the common-path probe. A theoretical sensitivity model for CP-OCT was prosed to assess its optimal performance based an unbalanced photodetector configuration. Two probe designs with working distances (WD) 415μm and 1221μm and lateral resolution 11μm and 18μm, respectively were implemented with sensitivity up to 88dB. The designs are also fully compatible with conventional Michelson interferometer based OCT configurations. The reference plane of the probe, located at the distal beam exit interface of the single mode fiber (SMF), was encased within a 25-gauge hypodermic needle by the sapphire ball lens facilitates its applications in bloody and harsh environments. The performances of the fiber probe with 11μm of lateral resolution and 19μm of axial resolution were demonstrated by cross-sectional imaging of a cow cornea and retina in vitro with a 1310nm swept source OCT system. This probe was also attached to a piezoelectric motor for active compensation of physiological tremor for handheld retinal surgical tools.

Freehand optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems without mechanical scanners can offer greater freedom to access and image sites of interest. However, the scanning velocity during freehand scan is irregular; therefore pseudo B-scan images obtained by stacking sequentially acquired A-scans have a non-uniform spatial sampling rate in the lateral dimension. In this study, we developed a speckle decorrelation method to estimate lateral displacement between sequentially acquired A-scans and used the information extracted from speckle analysis to correct the time-varying lateral scanning speed. We applied this method to a handheld OCT probe and performed calibration experiments to validate our model. Furthermore we demonstrated distortion-free, freehand OCT imaging of various samples including human tissue, in vivo.

A motion-compensated hand-held common-path Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography imaging probe has been developed for image guided intervention during microsurgery. A hand-held prototype instrument was designed and fabricated by integrating an imaging fiber probe inside a stainless steel needle which is attached to the ceramic shaft of a piezoelectric motor housed in an aluminum handle. The fiber probe obtains A-scan images. The distance information was extracted from the A-scans to track the sample surface distance and a fixed distance was maintained by a feedback motor control which effectively compensated hand tremor and target movements in the axial direction. Graphical user interface, real-time data processing, and visualization based on a CPU-GPU hybrid programming architecture were developed and used in the implantation of this system. To validate the system, free-hand optical coherence tomography images using various samples were obtained. The system can be easily integrated into microsurgical tools and robotics for a wide range of clinical applications. Such tools could offer physicians the freedom to easily image sites of interest with reduced risk and higher image quality.

In this study, we demonstrate the use of inter-Ascan speckle decorrelation analysis of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to assess fluid flow. This method allows quantitative measurement of fluid flow in a plane normal to the scanning beam. To validate this method, OCT images were obtained from a micro fluid channel with bovine milk flowing at different speeds. We also imaged a blood vessel from in vivo animal models and performed speckle analysis to asses blood flow.

We describe a novel dual-functional optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with both a fiber probe using a sapphire ball lens for cross-sectional imaging and sensing, and a 3-D bulk scanner for 3-D OCT imaging. A theoretical sensitivity model for Common Path (CP)-OCT was proposed to assess its optimal performance based on an unbalanced photodetector configuration. A probe design with working distances (WD) 415μm and lateral resolution 11 μm was implemented with sensitivity up to 88dB. To achieve high-speed data processing and real-time three-dimensional visualization, we use graphics processing unit (GPU) based real-time signal processing and visualization to boost the computing performance of swept source optical coherence tomography. Both the basal turn and facial nerve bundles inside the cadaveric human cochlea temporal bone can be clearly identified and 3D images can be rendered with the OCT system, which was integrated with a flexible robotic arm for robotically assisted microsurgery.

Vascular and microvascular anastomosis is considered to be the foundation of plastic and reconstructive surgery, hand surgery, transplant surgery, vascular surgery and cardiac surgery. In the last two decades innovative techniques, such as vascular coupling devices, thermo-reversible poloxamers and suture-less cuff have been introduced. Intra-operative surgical guidance using a surgical imaging modality that provides in-depth view and 3D imaging can improve outcome following both conventional and innovative anastomosis techniques. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive high-resolution (micron level), high-speed, 3D imaging modality that has been adopted widely in biomedical and clinical applications. In this work we performed a proof-of-concept evaluation study of OCT as an assisted intraoperative and post-operative imaging modality for microvascular anastomosis of rodent femoral vessels. The OCT imaging modality provided lateral resolution of 12 μm and 3.0 μm axial resolution in air and 0.27 volume/s imaging speed, which could provide the surgeon with clearly visualized vessel lumen wall and suture needle position relative to the vessel during intraoperative imaging. Graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerated phase-resolved Doppler OCT (PRDOCT) imaging of the surgical site was performed as a post-operative evaluation of the anastomosed vessels and to visualize the blood flow and thrombus formation. This information could help surgeons improve surgical precision in this highly challenging anastomosis of rodent vessels with diameter less than 0.5 mm. Our imaging modality could not only detect accidental suture through the back wall of lumen but also promptly diagnose and predict thrombosis immediately after reperfusion. Hence, real-time OCT can assist in decision-making process intra-operatively and avoid post-operative complications.

Carotid endarterectomy is a common vascular surgical procedure which may help prevent patients’ risk of having a stroke. A high resolution real-time imaging technique that can detect the position and size of vascular plaques would provide great value to reduce the risk level and increase the surgical outcome. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), as a high resolution high speed noninvasive imaging technique, was evaluated in this study. Twenty-four 24-week old apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice were divided into three groups with 8 in each. One served as the control group fed with normal diet. One served as the study group fed with high-fat diet to induce atherosclerosis. The last served as the treatment group fed with both high-fat diet and medicine to treat atherosclerosis. Full-range, complex-conjugate-free spectral-domain OCT was used to image the mouse aorta near the neck area in-vivo with aorta exposed to the imaging head through surgical procedure. 2D and 3D images of the area of interest were presented real-time through graphics processing unit accelerated algorithm. In-situ imaging of all the mice after perfusion were performed again to validate the invivo detection result and to show potential capability of OCT if combined with surgical saline flush. Later all the imaged arteries were stained with H and E to perform histology analysis. Preliminary results confirmed the accuracy and fast imaging speed of OCT imaging technique in determining atherosclerosis.

We describe a novel dual-functional optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with both a 3-D OCT real time
scanner and a fiber probe using a sapphire ball lens for imaging and sensing the critical structures of the temporal
bone. To prevent injury to facial nerve, 3-D visualization links anatomic landmarks to 3-D map of critical
intracochlear structures. We used a graphics processing unit to boost the computing and 3-D rendering performance
of swept source OCT. Both the intracochlear structures and facial nerve trunk of cadaveric human temporal bones
are clearly identified with 3-D OCT volumetric rendering.

In this paper, we performed an in-depth assessment of current state-of-the-art compressive sensing (CS) reconstruction algorithms, including YALL1, CSALSA, NESTA, SPGL1, TwIST and SpaRSA for use in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). A brief description of mentioned algorithms and criterion in assessing performance between constraint and unconstraint algorithms are presented. The performance of all algorithms is initially assessed using a set of artificial noiseless A-scan signals with different spatial-domain dynamic range. Reconstruction error, computation time, noise tolerance and reliability of each algorithm are used as key metrics. A fair speed comparison is then implemented. Finally, computation time, SNR and local contrast of the algorithms are evaluated on real OCT Bscan data. Our results show that SPGL1 and YALL1 have moderately better performance.

Variations in the spectral shape and the amplitude of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) signal and reference cause fixed-pattern noise and light reflected from a highly specular surface might cause saturation artifacts. In real-time video-rate OCT imaging, these effects make the OCT video image appear unstable and difficult to view. To eliminate these problems, we implemented real-time reference A-line subtraction and saturation detection and correction on standard Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) video imaging frame-by-frame. This real-time OCT data processing method eliminates the need for the physical reference measurement procedure and automatically detects and corrects saturated A-scans if there is any within one frame. This technique is also robust to the reference and signal amplitude variations, and provides higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to the normal fixed-reference subtraction method. To implement an effective interventional OCT imaging system, the technique was integrated along with other graphics processing unit-based OCT processing techniques [resampling, dispersion compensation, fast Fourier transform, log-scaling, and soft-thresholding]. The real-time fixed-pattern artifact-free FD-OCT imaging was achieved at 70 frames/s for a frame size of 1000 (lateral) by 1024 (axial) pixels. The theoretical maximum processing and rendering rate was measured to be 266,000 A-scans/s.

The authors describe the development of an ultrafast three-dimensional (3D) optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging system that provides real-time intraoperative video images of the surgical site to assist surgeons during microsurgical procedures. This system is based on a full-range complex conjugate free Fourier-domain OCT (FD-OCT). The system was built in a CPU-GPU heterogeneous computing architecture capable of video OCT image processing. The system displays at a maximum speed of 10 volume/?startsend? for an image volume size of 160×80×1024 (X×Y×Z) pixels. We have used this system to visualize and guide two prototypical microsurgical maneuvers: microvascular anastomosis of the rat femoral artery and ultramicrovascular isolation of the retinal arterioles of the bovine retina. Our preliminary experiments using 3D-OCT-guided microvascular anastomosis showed optimal visualization of the rat femoral artery (diameter<0.8 mm), instruments, and suture material. Real-time intraoperative guidance helped facilitate precise suture placement due to optimized views of the vessel wall during anastomosis. Using the bovine retina as a model system, we have performed "ultra microvascular" feasibility studies by guiding handheld surgical micro-instruments to isolate retinal arterioles (diameter ∼ 0.1 mm). Isolation of the microvessels was confirmed by successfully passing a suture beneath the vessel in the 3D imaging environment.

High absorption property of tissues in the IR range (λ> 2 μm) results in effective tissue ablation, especially near 3
μm. In the mid-infrared range, wavelengths of 6.1 μm and 6.45 μm fall into the absorption bands of the amide
protein groups Amide-I and Amide-II, respectively. They also coincide with the deformation mode of water, which
has an absorption peak at 6.1 μm. This coincidence makes 6.1 μm laser a better ablation tool that has promising
effectiveness and minimum collateral damages than 3 μm lasers. In this work, we performed bovine corneal ablation
test in-vitro using high-power 6.1μm quantum cascade laser (QCL) operated at pulse mode. Quantum cascade laser
has the advantages of low cost, compact size and tunable wavelength, which makes it great alternative Mid-IR light
source to conventional tunable free-electron lasers (FEL) for medical applications. Preliminary results show that
effective corneal stroma craters were achieved with much less collateral damage in corneal tissue that contains less
water. Future study will focus on optimizing the control parameters of QCL to attain neat and precise ablation of
corneal tissue and development of high peak power QCL.

Frequent monitoring of gingival sulcus will provide valuable information for judging the presence and severity of
periodontal disease. Optical coherence tomography, as a 3D high resolution high speed imaging modality is able to
provide information for pocket depth, gum contour, gum texture, gum recession simultaneously. A handheld
forward-viewing miniature resonant fiber-scanning probe was developed for in-vivo gingival sulcus imaging. The
fiber cantilever driven by magnetic force vibrates at resonant frequency. A synchronized linear phase-modulation
was applied in the reference arm by the galvanometer-driven reference mirror. Full-range, complex-conjugate-free,
real-time endoscopic SD-OCT was achieved by accelerating the data process using graphics processing unit.
Preliminary results showed a real-time in-vivo imaging at 33 fps with an imaging range of lateral 2 mm by depth 3
mm. Gap between the tooth and gum area was clearly visualized. Further quantification analysis of the gingival
sulcus will be performed on the image acquired.

We will show how optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used as a tool for non-destructive testing and evaluation
of painted metallic materials. This technique is particularly suited for highly scattering material due to the gated nature
of OCT.

A motion compensated fiber-optic confocal microscope system is demonstrated by utilizing a Fourier domain common-path optical coherence tomography (FD-CP-OCT) distance sensor and a high-speed linear motor at the distal end of a fiber-optic confocal microscope imaging probe. The fiber-optic confocal microscope is based on a 460 μm diameter imaging bundle with 10 K cores. The fiber bundle was terminated with a gradient index lens system. Using one-dimensional A-scan data of CP-OCT, the distance deviation of the target from the focal plane of the probe was monitored and motion compensated at the rate of 840 Hz, for a confocal microscopic imaging frame rate of 1fps and was 200 × 200 pixels in size, with a distance error less than 5 μm.

We propose a reflectance fiber bundle microscope using a dark-field illumination configuration for applications in endoscopic medical imaging and diagnostics. Our experiment results show that dark-field illumination can effectively suppress strong specular reflection from the proximal end of the fiber bundle. We realized a lateral resolution of 4.4 μm using the dark-field illuminated fiber bundle configuration. To demonstrate the feasibility of using the system to study cell morphology, we obtained still and video images of two thyroid cancer cell lines. Our results clearly allow differentiation of different cancer cell types.

This work utilized an ultra-high-speed full-range complex-conjugate-free optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT)
system to perform real-time intraoperative imaging to guide two common neurosurgical procedures: the cerebral
blood vessel identification and the brain tumor resection. The cerebral blood vessel identification experiment is
conducted ex vivo on human cadaver specimen. Specific cerebral arteries and veins in different positions of the
specimen are visualized and the spatial relations between adjacent vessels are indentified through real-time 3D
visualization. The brain tumor resection experiment is conducted in vivo on 9L gliomas established in rat brains. The
normal brain-tumor margin can be clearly identified in depth of the tissue from sagittal, coronal and axial slices of
the intraoperatively acquired 3D data set. The real-time full-range FD-OCT guided in vivo rat flank tumor resection
is also conducted.

A motion compensated fiber optic confocal microscope system is demonstrated using a combination of a Fourier
domain common-path optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT) distance sensor and a high-speed linear motor.
The confocal microscope is based on 460 micron diameter fiber bundle terminated with a gradient index (GRIN)
lens. Using the peak detection of a 1-D A-scan data of CP-OCT, the distance deviation from the focal plane
could be monitored in real-time. When the distance deviation surpasses a certain threshold, the linear motor
drives the confocal microscope probe at a speed related to the change in the deviation to maintain the deviation
within a predetermined limit. The motion compensation was achieved for a confocal microscope imaging rate of
1Hz with an average distance error of 4 microns.

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