1.
St. Gallen
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St. Gallen or traditionally St Gall, in German sometimes Sankt Gallen is the capital of the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It evolved from the hermitage of Saint Gall, founded in the 7th century, today, it is a large urban agglomeration and represents the center of eastern Switzerland. Its economy consists mainly of the service sector, the main tourist attraction is the Abbey of Saint Gall, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Abbeys renowned library contains books from the 9th century, the official language of St. Gallen is German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect. The city has good links to the rest of the country and to neighbouring Germany. It also functions as the gate to the Appenzell Alps, St. Gallen is situated in the northeastern part of Switzerland in a valley about 700 meters above sea level. It is one of the highest cities in Switzerland and thus receives abundant winter snow, the city lies between Lake Constance and the mountains of the Appenzell Alps. It therefore offers excellent recreation areas nearby, as the city center is built on an unstable turf ground, all buildings on the valley floor must be built on piles. For example, the foundation of the train station and its plaza are based on hundreds of piles. St. Gallen has an area, as of 2006, of 39.3 km2, of this area,31. 1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 28. 9% is forested. Of the rest of the land,38. 4% is settled, the founding of St. Gallen is attributed to the Irish monk Gallus, who built a hermitage by the river Steinach in 612 AD. Around 720, one hundred years after Galluss death, the Alemannian priest Othmar built a monastery, in 719, its first abbot Otmar extended it to an abbey. In 926 Hungarian raiders attacked the abbey and surrounding town, Saint Wiborada, the first woman formally canonized by the Vatican, reportedly saw a vision of the impending attack and warned the monks and citizens to flee. While the monks and the abbey treasure escaped, Wiborada chose to stay behind and was killed by the raiders, between 924 and 933 the Magyars threatened the abbey, and its books were removed for safekeeping to Reichenau. Not all the books were returned, on 26 April 937 a fire consumed much of the abbey, spreading to the adjoining settlement. About 954 a protective wall was raised around the abbey, by 975 abbot Notker finished the wall, in 1207, Abbot Ulrich von Sax was granted the rank of Imperial Prince by Philip of Swabia, King of the Germans. As an ecclesiastical principality, the Abbey of St. Gallen was to constitute an important territorial state, however, in 1803 it lost its independence and was incorporated into the new Canton of St. Gallen. The city of St. Gallen proper progressively freed itself from the rule of the abbot, acquiring Imperial immediacy, by about 1353 the guilds, headed by the cloth-weavers guild, had gained control of the civic government

2.
S-train
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The S-train is a type of hybrid urban-suburban rail serving a metropolitan region. Some of the larger S-train systems provide service similar to transit systems. There is no definition of an S-train system. S-trains are, where they exist, the most local type of railway stopping at all existing stations inside and they are slower than mainline railways but usually serve as fast crosstown services within the city. Most S-train systems are built on older local railways, or in some cases parallel to an existing dual track railway. Most use existing local mainline railway trackage, but a few branches can be purpose built S-train lines, S-trains typically use overhead lines or a third rail for traction power. In Hamburg the S-trains use both the methods, depending on which line is powered. Busy S-train corridors sometimes have sections of exclusive trackage of their own, a good example of this is the part of Berlins S-Bahn, which is regarded as a tourist attraction and has a special name, Berliner Stadtbahn. However, in more lightly used sections outside the city center, the S-trains stop at all stations, while other mainline trains only stop at the largest stations. S-trains are generally service the hinterland of a city, rather than connecting different cities. The S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland constitutes the main railway system for Leipzig but also connects to Halle. The Rostock S-Bahn is an example of a smaller S-Bahn system, many of the larger S-train systems also have central sections that individual suburban branches feed into, creating high frequency corridors. For instance, on weekdays, the section of the Copenhagen S-train has five services connecting to. Further out from the parts of a city the individual services branch off into lines with distances between stations can exceed 5 km, similar to commuter rail. This allows the S-train to serve a dual purpose, local transport within a city center. The rolling stock used in S-Trains reflect its hybrid purpose. The interior is designed for short journeys with provision for standing passengers but may have space allocated to larger. Integration with other local transport for ticketing, connectivity and easy interchange between lines or other system like metros is typical for S-trains

3.
Swiss Federal Railways
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Swiss Federal Railways is the national railway company of Switzerland. It is usually referred to by the initials of its German, French and Italian names, either concatenated as SBB CFF FFS, the Romansh version of its name, Viafiers federalas svizras, is not officially used. The company is headquartered in Bern and it used to be a government institution, but since 1999 it has been a special stock corporation whose shares are held by the Swiss Confederation or the Swiss cantons. Swiss Federal Railways is divided into three divisions and two groups, Passenger traffic Freight traffic Infrastructure Real estate Core services The corporation is led in an entrepreneurial manner, a performance agreement between Swiss Federal Railways and the Swiss Confederation defines the requirements and is updated every four years. At the same time the rates per train and track-kilometre are defined. Subsidiary SBB GmbH is responsible for traffic in Germany. It operates the Wiesentalbahn and the Seehas services, further subsidiaries are Thurbo, RegionAlps, AlpTransit Gotthard AG, Cisalpino AG and TiLo. The Swiss Federal Railways hold significant shares of the Zentralbahn and Lyria SAS, to maintain heritage, the Stiftung Historisches Erbe der SBB was founded in 2002. This foundation takes care of the rolling stock and runs a technical library in Bern, document and photographic archives. The metre gauge Brünigbahn was SBBs only non-standard gauge line, until it was out-sourced and merged with the Luzern-Stans-Engelberg-Bahn to form the Zentralbahn, SBB is often known as the worlds most on time type of transportation In the 19th century, all Swiss railways were owned by private ventures. The economic and political interests of companies led to lines being built in parallel. On 20 February 1898 the Swiss people agreed in a referendum to the creation of a railway company. In the meantime, the trains were run by the Swiss Confederation on behalf of the private companies, on 1 January 1999 the Swiss Federal Railway has been excluded from the Federal Administration and became a fully state-owned limited company regulated by public law. First class compartments were discontinued on 3 June 1956, and second and third class accommodation was reclassified as first and second class, in 1982 SBB introduced the Taktfahrplan, with trains for certain destinations leaving every 60 minutes, greatly simplifying the timetable. On December 12,2004 the first phase of Bahn2000, a programme to improve the companys services, was put into effect. The core element was the Zurich-Bern-Basel triangle, where travel times between the cities was reduced to one hour, resulting in good connections from these stations for most trains. Some connections between cities got two trains in each direction per hour or more, and the S-Bahn services were intensified to four or more trains per hour, because of these changes 90% of the timetable was changed, 12% more trains were scheduled and travel times generally improved. It was the greatest timetable change since the introduction of the Taktfahrplan, on 22 June 2005 a short circuit on a long distance power transmission line in central Switzerland led to a chain reaction

4.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide

5.
German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form

6.
Commuter rail
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Trains operate following a schedule, at speeds varying from 50 to 200 km/h. Distance charges or zone pricing may be used and they primarily serve lower density suburban areas, and often share right-of-way with intercity or freight trains. Some services operate only during peak hours and others uses fewer departures during off peak hours, average speeds are high, often 50 km/h or higher. These higher speeds better serve the longer distances involved, some services include express services which skip some stations in order to run faster and separate longer distance riders from short-distance ones. The general range of commuter trains distance varies between 15 and 200 km, sometimes long distances can be explained by that the train runs between two or several cities. Distances between stations may vary, but are much longer than those of urban rail systems. In city centers the train either has a station or passes through the city centre with notably fewer station stops than those of urban rail systems. Toilets are often available on trains and in stations. Their ability to coexist with freight or intercity services in the same right-of-way can drastically reduce system construction costs, however, frequently they are built with dedicated tracks within that right-of-way to prevent delays, especially where service densities have converged in the inner parts of the network. Most such trains run on the standard gauge track. Some light rail systems may run on a narrower gauge, some countries, including Finland, India, Pakistan, Russia, Brazil and Sri Lanka, as well as San Francisco in the USA and Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia, use broad gauge track. The fact that the terminology is not standardised across countries further complicates matters, most S-bahns typically behave like commuter rail with most trackage not separated from other trains, and long lines with trains running between cities and suburbs rather than within a city. The distances between stations however, are usually short, in larger systems there is usually a high frequency metro-like central corridor in the city center where all the lines converge into. Typical examples of large city S-Bahns include Munich and Frankfurt, S-Bahns do also exist in some mid-size cities like Rostock and Magdeburg but behave more like typical commuter rail with lower frequencies and very little exclusive trackage. A similar network exists in Copenhagen called the S-tog, in Hamburg and Copenhagen, other, diesel driven trains, do continue where the S-Bahn ends. Regional rail usually provides rail services between towns and cities, rather than purely linking major population hubs in the way inter-city rail does, Regional rail operates outside major cities. Unlike Inter-city, it stops at most or all stations between cities and it provides a service between smaller communities along the line, and also connections with long-distance services at interchange stations located at junctions or at larger towns along the line. Alternative names are local train or stopping train, examples include the former BRs Regional Railways, Frances TER, Germanys DB Regio and South Koreas Tonggeun services

7.
Wil
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Wil is the capital of the Wahlkreis of Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Wil is the third largest city in the Canton of St. Gallen, after the city of St. Gallen and Rapperswil-Jona, the municipality of Bronschhofen merged into Wil on 1 January 2013. After the merger the Community Identification Number changed from 3425 to 3427, in 1984, Wil was awarded the Wakker Prize for the development and preservation of its architectural heritage. Since the merger in 2013, Wil now has an area of 20.82 km2, based on the 2004/09 survey, but including the post-merger area, about 50. 1% of the total land is used for agricultural purposes, while 18. 9% is forested. Of the rest of the land,30. 1% is settled and 0. 9% is unproductive land, over the past two decades the amount of land that is settled has increased by 111 ha and the agricultural land has decreased by 113 ha. Before the merger, Wil had an area, as of 2006, of this area,32. 1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 13. 9% is forested. Of the rest of the land,53. 4% is settled, the former municipality of Bronschhofen had an area, as of 2006, of 13.2 km2. Of this area,65. 3% is used for agricultural purposes, of the rest of the land, 12% is settled and the remainder is non-productive. It consisted of the villages of Bronschhofen and Rossrüti as well as the hamlets of Maugwil, Trungen and the pilgrimage site of Dreibrunnen. The blazon of the coat of arms is Argent a Bear rampant Sable langued and in his virlity Gules. As of 2013,27. 3% of the population are resident foreign nationals, over the last 3 years the population has changed at a rate of 3. 13%. In 2000, of the population,272 are from Germany,776 are from Italy,1,876 are from ex-Yugoslavia,135 are from Austria,309 are from Turkey. The birth rate in the municipality, in 2013, was 11.2 while the rate was 7.5 per thousand residents. Before the merger, in 2011, Bronschhofen had a population of 4,654, most of the population speaks German, with Albanian being second most common and Italian being third. Of the Swiss national languages,13,943 speak German,60 people speak French,488 people speak Italian, as of 2013, children and teenagers make up 19. 7% of the population, while adults are 62. 6% and seniors make up 17. 7%. In 2000 there were 2,829 persons who were living alone in a private dwelling, there were 4,034 persons who were part of a couple without children, and 7,421 who were part of a couple with children. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 31. 7% of the vote, the next three most popular parties were the CVP, the SP and the FDP. In Wil about 69. 2% of the population have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education, the remainder did not answer this question

8.
Rorschach, Switzerland
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Rorschach is a municipality, in the District of Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It is on the side of Lake Constance. Rorschach is first mentioned in 850 as Rorscachun, in 947, Otto I granted the abbot of St. Gall the right to operate markets, mint coins and levy tariffs at Rorschach. Rorschach has an area, as of 2006, of 1.8 km2, of this area,7. 3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1. 7% is forested. Of the rest of the land,90. 4% is settled, the municipality is the capital of the Rorschach Wahlkreis. It is located on Lake Constance and bordered by the municipalities of Rorschacherberg, the blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules a Garb Or between two Perches urinant. Rorschach has a population of 9,214, as of 2007, about 43. 7% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Of the foreign population,156 are from Germany,747 are from Italy,1,353 are from ex-Yugoslavia,103 are from Austria,329 are from Turkey, over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -5%. Most of the population speaks German, with Italian being second most common, of the Swiss national languages,6,572 speak German,38 people speak French,462 people speak Italian, and 13 people speak Romansh. The age distribution, as of 2000, in Rorschach is,885 children or 10. 2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 991 teenagers or 11. 5% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population,1,224 people or 14. 2% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 1,351 people or 15. 6% are between 30 and 39,1,190 people or 13. 8% are between 40 and 49, and 1,013 people or 11. 7% are between 50 and 59. In 2000 there were 1,848 persons who were living alone in a private dwelling, there were 1,916 persons who were part of a couple without children, and 3,925 who were part of a couple with children. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 26. 1% of the vote, the next three most popular parties were the SP, the CVP and the FDP. In Rorschach about 55. 3% of the population have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education, the remainder did not answer this question. The historical population is given in the table, Train lines link the city to St. Gallen, St. Margrethen. A rack railway, the Rorschach-Heiden-Bahn, leads to Heiden, in 1856, the station became the terminus of the line Zurich-St. Formerly, train carriages were transported over Lake Constance and thus it was possible to reach Heiden from Frankfurt or Berlin without changing trains, the highway A1 runs close to the south of Rorschach, but the town does not have its own junction

9.
Sargans
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Sargans is a municipality in the Wahlkreis of Sarganserland in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Sargans is known for its castle, which dates from before the founding of the Swiss Confederation in 1291, Sargans was also a County of the Holy Roman Empire, see County of Sargans. There are traces of Neolithic settlement in the area, a significant Roman-era estate was destroyed by an Alamannic incursion in c. Sargans remained part of Lower Raetia in the medieval period. A church dedicated to Saint Cassian is mentioned in the 9th century, Sargans was part of the territory of the county of Werdenberg from the 12th century, with a separate line of Werdenberg-Sargans established in the later 13th century. The castle was presumably first built in the 12th century and is first mentioned in 1282, the town of Sargans grew around the castle in the 13th century. Sargans is mentioned as Senegaunis in the 11th century, an earlier mention as de Senegaune, ostensibly dated to 765, survives in a 16th-century copy. In 1248 it was mentioned as Sanegans, in 1264 as Sangans, the modern spelling dates to the 16th century. The etymology of the name is unknown, San- seems to have changed to Sar- under the influence of the hydronym Saar, a popular etymology connecting the name Sargans to goose may date to as early as the 15th century. From 1406, a fortification of the town and the castle was built. In 1445, the town, but not the castle, was captured and burned by the Swiss Confederacy, the town was given limited rights of self-government in 1456 when the count agreed to select a Schultheiss out of a list of three candidates to be submitted by the burghers. In 1483, count Jürg of Werdenberg-Sargans was forced to sell the county to the Swiss Confederacy for 15,000 Rhenish guilder, from this time until 1798, the castle was the seat of the Swiss reeves. The town burned down again in 1490, in 1501, the Swiss Confederac confirmed the city rights of Sargans and granted the right for a weekly market. The municipal coat of arms goes back to the 15th century and it is canting, showing a goose based on the folk etymoloy for the name Sargans. The historical coat of arms of the county of Sargans was azure three mullets or, in 1798, Sargans became part of the Mels district of the Canton of Linth in the Helvetic Republic. It was incorporated into the Canton of St. Gallen in 1803, most of the town was destroyed by fire in 1811. Sargans is at the juncture of the lines connecting Chur with Zürich and with Lake Constance. The line to Vienna was added in 1884, the Saar was first canalised in 1858 for the construction of the railway station and again in 1978 for the construction of the A3-A13 motorway junction

10.
Uznach railway station
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Uznach railway station is a railway station situated in the municipality of Uznach in the Swiss canton of St. Gallen. It is located on the Wallisellen–Uster–Rapperswil railway line, at its junction with the Uznach to Wattwil line, the station is served by the inter-regional Voralpen Express, which links Lucerne and St. Gallen via Rapperswil and Wattwil. All three trains run hourly, combining to provide services to Rapperswil, St. Gallen. Media related to Uznach railway station at Wikimedia Commons

11.
Weinfelden railway station
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Weinfelden railway station is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Thurgau and the municipality of Weinfelden. The station is located on the Winterthur–Romanshorn railway line, at its junctions with the Mittelthurgau-Bahn lines to Wil, Weinfelden station is an intermediate stop on long distance services from Brig to Romanshorn and Biel/Bienne to Konstanz. It is also the terminus of Zürich S-Bahn services S8 and S30, together with services of the St. Gallen S-Bahn, media related to Weinfelden railway station at Wikimedia Commons

12.
Rapperswil railway station
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Rapperswil is a railway station located in the city of Rapperswil in the Swiss canton of St. Gallen. The station is situated on the shore of Lake Zürich at the northern of the Seedamm which separates the Obersee from the main body of the lake. The first railway opened in 1859, in early 1859 the first steam train ran from Rapperswil – as a hub of railway lines from Rapperswil to Rüti and from Rapperswil to Schmerikon. Turntables and cranes were used to move cargo to/from the vessels at the harbour situated at nearby Fischmarktplatz, in 1875 the Lake Zürich left bank line from Zürich Hauptbahnhof to Ziegelbrücke opened along the south shore of the lake. In railway terms, this was linked to Rapperswil in 1878, the Rapperswil shore of Lake Zürich had to wait until 1895 for the opening of the Lake Zürich right bank line. The famous Orient Express stopped in Rapperswil on its way from Varna to Zürich, Basel, since 1877 Rapperswil has been a major hub of what is now the Südostbahn, with a large depot. The current station building in Renaissance Revival architecture style was built in 1894/95, planned by architect Karl August Hiller, the railway stations infrastructure, including the bus terminal and the station building, were renewed in 2007/8, and the rail tracks and the infrastructure by June/July 2016. Rapperswil is served by lines S5, S7, S15 and S40 of the Zürich S-Bahn, connections from Zürich via either the right bank line or Uster line are very frequent, and the ride takes only 36 minutes. The S40 provides a link to Pfäffikon and Einsiedeln. Rapperswil is a point of the Voralpen Express, an InterRegio train operated by the SOB. Rapperswil is also the terminus of the hourly St. Gallen S-Bahn service S6 that operates south-east to Schwanden via Ziegelbrücke, Rapperswil is also an important depot for the rolling stock of the Zürich S-Bahn. Due to the hub status, one of the few SBB-CFF-FFS firefighting. Werner Stutz, Bahnhöfe der Schweiz von den Anfängen bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg, Rapperswil station on Swiss Federal Railways website

13.
Romanshorn railway station
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Romanshorn railway station is a railway station that serves the municipality of Romanshorn, in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland. Opened in 1855, the station is owned and operated by SBB-CFF-FFS and it forms the junction between the Winterthur–Romanshorn railway, the Schaffhausen–Rorschach railway and the Romanshorn–Nesslau Neu St. Johann railway. The SBB-CFF-FFS, THURBO and the Südostbahn operate both long-distance and regional traffic to and from the station and this traffic includes three St. Gallen S-Bahn lines, a Zürich S-Bahn line, and the Voralpen Express. Romanshorn railway station is situated in Neustrasse, at the edge of the city centre. On the other side of the tracks is the Romanshorn ferry terminal, after two years of planning, the station was opened in 1855, together with the first stage of the Winterthur–Romanshorn railway, of which it was a terminus. Also in 1855, the building was erected, according to plans by Johann Jakob Breitinger. In 1869, the Swiss Northeastern Railway put into service the Seelinie between Romanshorn and Rorschach, in the same year, the Lake Constance train ferry was established, for cross-border goods traffic to and from Germany between Romanshorn and Friedrichshafen, and between Lindau and Bregenz. In 1871, the connection with Kreuzlingen Hafen and over the border to Konstanz was handed over to traffic. On 1 October 1910, the Bodensee-Toggenburg-Bahn opened the line to Nesslau, via St. Gallen, the train ferry to Lindau and Bregenz was suspended with the outbreak of World War II, and the link with Friedrichshafen was discontinued in 1976, after 107 years of operation. After a major renovation at the beginning of the 20th Century, around the turn of the millennium, the signals and points at the station were still controlled by signal boxes equipped with mechanical lever frames made by the Braunschweig firm of Jüdel in 1912. The southern station throat was spanned by the last signal gantry in Switzerland. Also, the facilities were outdated, and access to tracks 5 and 6 was via a level crossing, which was secured by the legendary Chetteli, i. e. chains. To enable interchange with the ferries, trains to and from Zürich had to be moved during their layovers, the SBB-CFF-FFS therefore decided to make an investment of 50 million francs in the modernization of the station. The contribution to be made by the community was approved in a referendum with an 86 percent yes vote. The modernisation work began in the summer of 2001, and lasted until the end of November 2003, Track 1, the locomotive shed dating from 1900, various other buildings and the tracks of the former goods depot were all taken out of service. The mechanical signal frames were replaced by a Siemens SIMIS C type electronic system, and therefore the signals, comfort was also greatly improved in the public areas of the station. The Chetteli-Übergang was replaced with a pedestrian underpass. New passenger information displays and screens were installed to replace the lever operated boards dating from 1920

14.
Schaffhausen railway station
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Schaffhausen is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Schaffhausen and city of Schaffhausen. The station is owned by the Swiss Federal Railways and Deutsche Bahn. The station is an intermediate station on the DBs Upper Rhine Railway that briefly transits Swiss territory on its route along the northern bank of the Rhine between Basel and Singen. The station is served by long distance trains running between Frankfurt and Zurich and between Basel and Ulm. Trains of Zurich S-Bahn services S9, S24 and S33 serve the station, services S3 and S8 of the St. Gallen S-Bahn operate over the Lake line to St. Gallen and Rorschach respectively. Media related to Bahnhof at Wikimedia Commons Schaffhausen station on Swiss Federal Railways web site

15.
Landquart railway station
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Landquart is a major railway station on the SBB-CFF-FFS main line from Zürich to Chur as well as a Rhaetian Railway station. Intercity, Regio Express and Regional SBB services stop at the station alongside Regio Express, there are trains to Zürich and beyond in the north and services to Chur and Disentis/Muster in the south. In addition, there are connecting services to Klosters, Davos, there are currently six platforms in use at the station. Platforms 2,3 and 4 are served by SBB and Platforms 5,6 and 8 are served by RhB, Platforms 1 and 7 are not normally used. Landquart station is the start of the Prättigauer Höhenweg, a hiking trail that leads to Klosters. RE2/R21 - 1tph RE3/R31 - 1tph S8 - 1tph Rhaetian Railway

16.
Chur railway station
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Chur railway station serves the city of Chur, capital of the Canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. Opened in 1858, it is the most important railway junction in Graubünden, the station is the terminus of the Swiss Federal Railways standard gauge main line from Zürich to Chur, and is also one of the most important stations on the Rhaetian Railway metre gauge network. SBB Intercity, Regio Express and Regional services stop at the station, alongside Rhaetian Railway Regio Express, there are SBB trains to Landquart, and then stations to Zürich and Rhaetian Railway services to many destinations in Graubünden. The Glacier Express also calls and reverses at Chur, planning for a station at Chur began in 1850. After heated debate, the station was built at its present site, just outside the city limits and it was opened on 30 June 1858. The first operator of the station was the United Swiss Railways, initially, only a temporary wooden goods shed was constructed as a station building. But in 1860 work was completed on a building still visible today in modified form. In 1876, that building was moved to a new location on the Gürtelstrasse, with continuing increases in tourism in the area, a new station building was completed on 1 November 1878. It still exists today, but over the years has several modifications. In 1896, the Rhaetian Railway opened a narrow line between Landquart and Thusis. The first 13.68 kilometres of that line ran parallel with the well established standard gauge line between Landquart and Chur. In 1903, the Albula Railway was opened, making necessary another expansion of Chur station, in 1914, traffic at the station increased even further, with the opening of the Chur–Arosa railway. Between 1926 and 1928, following yet another increase in traffic. As part of the late 1920s renovation, the number of tracks was increased, new bridges were built, simultaneously, buildings from earlier times were refurbished, and new buildings were erected. Today, the station is located in the centre of the town of Chur, the most striking of the stations buildings is now the roof over the Postauto bus station, which is located above the station platforms. In 1986, the architects Richard Brosi and Robert Obrist won first prize in a competition for the design of the bus station and their idea was to create an airy concourse, and the structure built to their design was completed in 1993. Comprehensive redevelopment of the began in 2000. The complete redesign of the station was a joint project of the SBB-CFF-FFS, the Rhaetian Railway, as part of the redevelopment, a new pedestrian underpass was opened in 2003

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Konstanz station
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Konstanz station is the largest passenger station in the German city of Konstanz. It is served by regional and long distance services operated by Deutsche Bahn and it is the end of the Upper Rhine Railway and the beginning of the Etzwilen–Konstanz line. The station was opened to traffic 15 June 1863 with the opening of the last section of the Upper Rhine Railway between Waldshut and Konstanz by the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway. The link to Switzerland was opened in 1871, when the Swiss Northeastern Railway opened the line between Romanshorn and Konstanz, now part of the Seelinie. On 17 July 1875 this was followed by the building of the Etzwilen–Konstanz line, together with the Kreuzlingen–Kreuzlingen harbour connecting line, after the SNB went bankrupt in 1878, its tracks were taken over by the NOB. In 1902, the NOB was absorbed in the newly created SBB, in 1911, the Mittelthurgau-Bahn opened a line from Kreuzlingen via Berg and Weinfelden to Wil. From the beginning, services from Kreuzlingen ran on the former SBB line through Konstanz to connect with the German rail network and it was served by the S-Bahn-like Seehas service developed by the MThB over the Upper Rhine Railway to Engen. In 2002, the MThB fell into difficulties and was subsequently liquidated. Since then, subsidiaries of SBB have operated its services, SBB GmbH between Konstanz and Engen and THURBO between Konstanz and Weinfelden/Wil, the station is located on the shore. The station building was built in 1863 in Gothic and Renaissance styles, north of the entrance building was the Fürstenbahnhof, a pavilion, which now serves as a shopping centre. The station has three tracks, a platform and a central island platform. To reach the platform, tracks 2 and 1 must be crossed on the level. This crossing is protected by a barrier, at the northern end, there is also a tunnel that connects the platforms on one side to the city centre and on the other side to the port. In addition, there are two walkways and a shopping centre leading to the lake, in the past, Konstanz had a reputation as a grubby station, as it was rundown and inefficient. The last major work on the station had been the renovation of the tower carried out between 1975 and 1983. As part of the stimulus program the entrance building is being rehabilitated with energy-saving measures. The waiting area is also being more attractive. Konstanz has the function of a border station, before November 2008, when Switzerland became a party to the Schengen Agreement, the central platform was separated by a chain-link fence

18.
Rheineck railway station
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Rheineck railway station is a railway station that serves the municipality of Rheineck, in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland. The station is located on the edge of Rheineck village centre, with the A1 motorway. The station is a stop on the St. Margrethen–Rorschach railway line. It is served by St. Gallen S-Bahn services S2, S3 and S4, which link Rheineck to the city of St. Gallen and other towns, and by service S26. The S2, S3 and S4 each run hourly, providing three trains per hour to and from St. Gallen, whilst the S26 operates one or two return journeys per hour, depending on the time of day. Rheineck is also the end of the Swiss shipping services on Lake Constance. The landing stages are linked to the station by a subway under the A1 motorway. Local bus services operate from a bus station adjacent to the station building, the station has two side platforms, on either side of the twin track main line. The station building abuts the western platform, and is linked to the platform by a pedestrian subway. The Rheineck–Walzenhausen line starts from its own platform, which is located on the western mainline platform. Media related to Rheineck railway station at Wikimedia Commons Rheineck station on Swiss Federal Railways web site

19.
Lucerne railway station
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Lucerne railway station is a major hub of the rail network of Switzerland, in the city of Lucerne in the canton of Lucerne. It is a station serving domestic and international traffic on several rail lines. The first station was opened on edge of Lake Lucerne in 1856 at the end of the Schweizerische Centralbahn main line from Olten and Basel where it connected with the French, the route of the railway—now the course of Pilatusstrasse —was still undeveloped. The terminal station led directly to the pier for boat services on the lake, as a result, the area at the lake shore developed into an important railway junction. The first station was made of wood, a new station was opened in 1896 with a large new building with a distinctive cupola. It was turned at almost 90° to the station with its end to the north towards the bridge to central Lucerne. The new approach had no level crossings of streets unlike the original route, the Brünig railway was also integrated into the new station. The tracks were electrified in 1922 along with the line from Olten, by 1910 the new station was nearing its capacity limits and an expansion plan was developed. However, the start of World War I prevented any work being carried out, on the morning of 5 February 1971 fire broke out in the staff quarters of station. The building burnt fiercely, and within an hour the cupola had collapsed, destroying the station frontage, the service was restored with temporary buildings, allowing operations to be recommenced. In 1980 a partnership of the Swiss Federal Railways, Swiss Post and this also considered the future development of the rail approaches to Lucerne. However, a station with a tunnel under Lake Lucerne was ruled out. A new station was built, and opened on 5 February 1991. The new station was planned by the firm of Ammann and Baumann. This is said to be the heart of the new station, a multi-storey, generous sized public space that links the various functions of the city center with the railway. Its platforms are longer than those of the old station, in late 2012, a new tunnel route was opened on the Brünig line, between Kriens Mattenhof station and the approaches to Lucerne station. The station is a station serving domestic and international traffic on several rail lines. The lines from the east pass to the north of Lucerne and then join the lines from the north, the metre-gauge Brünig railway from the south and Interlaken also terminates at the station

20.
Circle route
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A circle route or circumferential route, in a public transport network or system, is a route following a path approximating a circle, or at least a closed curve. Such a route may be operated by forms of public transport, including regional rail, commuter rail, rapid transit, trams, trolleybuses. Typically, a route will connect at several locations with one or more cross-city routes or radial routes offering services in a straighter line into or out of a city or town centre. When a circle route orbits a CBD in a large arc, such connections assist travelers by reducing travel times, avoiding congested CBD centers, and sometimes reducing the number of transfers. Similar benefits may also be achieved by half circle routes or peripheral cross-city routes, world Bank Group / Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility. Metrobits. org, Metro Rings and Loops – includes a list of commuter rail and rapid transit circle routes worldwide

21.
Appenzell Railways
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Appenzell Railways is a Swiss railway company with headquarters in Herisau. It operates a network of railways in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, the Appenzellerbahn, which opened its line from Winkeln to Urnäsch via Herisau in 1875, with an extension from Urnäsch to Appenzell in 1886. In 1913, the line from Herisau to Winkeln was replaced by a new line to Gossau, the St. Gallen–Gais–Appenzell-Bahn, which opened between St. Gallen and Gais in 1889, and was extended to Appenzell in 1904. The Rheineck–Walzenhausen-Bergbahn, which opened between Rheineck and Walzenhausen in 1896, the Trogenerbahn, which opened between St. Gallen and Trogen in 1903. The Altstätten-Gais-Bahn, which opened between Gais and Altstätten in 1911, the Säntisbahn, which opened between Appenzell and Wasserauen in 1912. The Appenzellerbahn and Santisbahn merged in 1947, retaining the Appenzellerbahn identity, the St. Gallen–Gais–Appenzell-Bahn and Altstätten-Gais-Bahn merged in 1948, under the name St. Gallen–Gais–Appenzell–Altstätten-Bahn. The Appenzeller Bahnen company was formed in 1988, with the merger of the Appenzellerbahn, in 2006, the Appenzeller Bahnen company merged with the Rorschach–Heiden-Bergbahn, the Rheineck–Walzenhausen-Bergbahn and the Trogenerbahn companies. In legal terms, this took the form of the Appenzeller Bahnen company acquiring the other companies. The Rheineck–Walzenhausen and Rorschach–Heiden lines are geographically separate from the rest of the network, the company also operates a bus service from Teufen, on the St. Gallen–Gais–Appenzell line, to Speicher, on the St. Gallen–Trogen line. Night bus services are operated over the routes of the St. Gallen–Gais–Appenzell, media related to Appenzeller Bahnen at Wikimedia Commons Appenzeller Bahnen web site

22.
Aargau S-Bahn
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The Aargau S-Bahn is an S-Bahn-style regional rail network serving the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. Upon the timetable change on 14 December 2008, an S-Bahn numbering system was introduced for regional services in Aargau. The new S-Bahn network was designed to complement the existing adjacent S-Bahn networks in Central Switzerland, Zurich, with that in mind, the line numbers selected for the new network were in the 20s, so that there would be no conflict with the other networks. The new network was essentially a redesignation of its existing lines, no new stops were built for it, and no new rolling stock was purchased. In some cases, however, certain services in the 2007/2008 timetable were modified, S14, Menziken – Aarau – Schöftland Timetable, Mondays to Saturdays at 15-minute intervals to 21,00, then at 30-minute intervals to midnight. Sundays at 30-minute intevals to midnight, S27, Baden – Waldshut / Bad Zurzach Timetable, Daily at 30-minute intervals to midnight. Rolling stock, NPZ Operated by SBB-CFF-FFS S28, Zofingen – Lenzburg Timetable, Daily at hourly intervals to midnight, Monday to Friday mornings and evenings at 30-minute intervals. Rolling stock, Stadler FLIRT HVZ trains, NPZ Domino Operated by SBB-CFF-FFS Transport in Aargau Media related to S-Bahn at Wikimedia Commons AAR bus+bahn– official site SBB-CFF-FFS – official site

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Basel Regional S-Bahn
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The Basel Regional S-Bahn has provided an S-Bahn-style rail service connecting the Basel metropolitan area since 1997 in Switzerland, Germany and France. It consists of five suburban lines, including two that operate across borders. The S-Bahn is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways, its German subsidiary SBB GmbH and it is also run in partnership with Deutsche Bahn and the Société nationale des chemins de fer français and its sponsors. Due to various factors, the frequency of the five suburban train lines is not the same. Lines S1 and S3 with a large patronage run every half hour, lines with medium ridership operate partly at hourly intervals. Lines with low ridership operate at hourly intervals, due to operating in three countries this pattern of operations is not only determined by demand but also by the various national and local governments involved. Two S-Bahn services operate on each of the lines between Basel SBB and Pratteln and between Lörrach-Stetten and Steinen, resulting in a 15 minute frequency on these lines, during peak hours additional services operate. The 250 km long railway network currently includes 72 stations and stops, the shortest line is the S5 and the longest line is S3. Media related to S-Bahn Basel at Wikimedia Commons

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Bern S-Bahn
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The Bern S-Bahn is an S-Bahn commuter rail network focused on Bern, the capital city of Switzerland. The network is roughly coterminous with Berns urban agglomeration, with approximately 9 million train kilometres per year, the Bern S-Bahn is the second-largest S-Bahn in Switzerland. It handles around 100,000 passengers daily, and thus carries the majority of the regional public transport traffic. As early as 1974, Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn began operating S-Bahn-style clock-face schedule services in the Bern area, since 1987, the company has run a cross-city regional service between Thun and Laupen/Fribourg. In 1995, RBS started to designate its regional services as S-Bahn services, the existing cross-city line was designated as S1, and the designation S2 was given to a new cross-city line, between Schwarzenburg and Trubschachen. The next expansion occurred in 1997, with the commissioning of the S3, in addition, the remaining standard gauge regional train services were designated as the S33, S5, S51 and S55 lines. Since the timetable change in December 2004, the RBS narrow gauge lines have been integrated into the S-Bahn numbering system as the S7, S8 and S9. Upon the 2008 timetable change, the interchange station arrangements were altered, the S11, S22 and S33 lines were shut down. Line S52 operates outside peak times beyond its terminus at Kerzers through to Büren an der Aare, during peak times and in the evenings, S52 trains continue from Kerzers to Ins or Neuchâtel. The normal rolling stock rosters for the Bern S-Bahn are, S1 BLS RABe 525, S2 BLS RBDe 565 with two B6 Jumbo intermediate cars. S3 BLS RBDe 565 with intermediate cars comprising one B6 Jumbo, S31 BLS RBDe 565 as per S3. S4 BLS RBDe 565 as per S3, or BLS RBDe 566 II with B6 Jumbo intermediate car, S5 BLS RABe 525 and BLS RABe 535 1–3 units per train. S51 BLS RABe 525 or BLS RABe 535, S6 BLS RBDe 565 with max. one B6 Jumbo intermediate car or BLS RABe 525, and BLS RABe 535 operating additional services in the mornings

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Chur S-Bahn
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The expression Chur S-Bahn is used to describe two S-Bahn-style regional rail services focused upon Chur, the capital of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. Both of these S-Bahn services run on metre gauge lines, and are operated by the Rhaetian Railway, upon the 2005 timetable change, the Chur – Landquart and Thusis – Chur regional lines on the Landquart–Thusis railway were converted into S-Bahn lines. They were originally designated S8 and S9, respectively, the former line was also extended at both ends, to Rhäzüns and Schiers. Since 2009, the two lines have been designated S1 and S2, respectively, where they overlap, between Rhäzüns and Chur, the service intervals are 20 minutes /40 minutes. Additionally, this line is proposed to be extended to Ems Werk via SBB-CFF-FFS / RhB dual gauge track, bernina Express Glacier Express Media related to Rhaetian Railway at Wikimedia Commons Rhaetian Railway – official site

26.
Lucerne S-Bahn
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The Lucerne S-Bahn is an S-Bahn-style commuter rail network focusing on Lucerne, Switzerland. Opened on 12 December 2004, the forms part of the Central Switzerland S-Bahn project. As of 2012, the network consisted of the lines, S1. In the Zug area, the line operates to a quarter-hourly clock-face timetable, between Lucerne and Rotkreuz, two trains per hour have run since December 2008. All trains are operated by Stadler FLIRT units and these trains also continue at half-hourly intervals as the S18 to Sursee. S3, Luzern – Arth-Goldau – Brunnen In 2007, the Verkehrshaus, S31, Arth-Goldau – Rothenthurm – Biberbrugg S32, Arth-Goldau – Rotkreuz New line since December 2010. Operates as extension of the S31 only during rush hour, S4, Luzern – Stans - Between Lucerne and Stans operates at half-hourly intervals, with more frequent services from Hergiswil during rush hour, some trains continue to Wolfenschiessen. Most trains are operated by a ZB ABe 130 unit, S5, Luzern – Alpnachstad - Sachseln – Giswil This line offers an almost completely half-hourly service, operated by ZB ABe 130 Spatz units. S6, Luzern – Wolhusen – Willisau – Huttwil – Langenthal and Langnau im Emmental Portion workings, additional trains have operated between Lucerne and Schachen since December 2010 as S61. S61, Luzern–Malters–Schachen LU Runs only during rush hour, operated by a four coach BLS NPZ. S7, Wolhusen – Willisau During rush hour, the S7 runs all the way to Langenthal and it is operated by the same rolling stock as the S6. S8, Sursee – Zofingen – Olten During the day, operated by the RBDe 560 and it runs Monday to Saturday to 20,00 at half-hourly intervals, and otherwise hourly. S18, Luzern - Emmenbrücke - Sempach - Sursee Runs at half-hourly intervals, from Lucerne, continues as S1 to Baar. Trolleybuses in Lucerne Media related to Lucerne S-Bahn at Wikimedia Commons BLS – official site

27.
Zug Stadtbahn
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The Zug Stadtbahn is an S-Bahn-style commuter rail network centred on Zug, Switzerland. Opened on 12 December 2004, the forms part of the Central Switzerland S-Bahn project. Additionally, Basel Regional S-Bahn trains were used to some services in 2008. Since December 2008, all Zug Stadtbahn services have operated by a fleet of twelve RABe 523s. Transport in Zug Media related to Zug Stadtbahn at Wikimedia Commons SBB-CFF-FFS – official site

28.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’

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Public transport
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Public transport modes include city buses, trolleybuses, trams and passenger trains, rapid transit and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail, high-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world. Most public transport runs to a timetable, with the most frequent services running to a headway. Share taxis offer services in many parts of the world. Paratransit is sometimes used in areas of low demand and for people who need a door-to-door service, there are distinct differences in urban public transit between Asia, North America, and Europe. In Asia, mass transit operations are run by profit-driven privately owned and publicly traded mass transit. In North America, mass transit operations are run by municipal transit authorities. In Europe, mass transit operations are run by both state-owned and private companies. Public transport services can be profit-driven by use of pay-by-the-distance fares or funded by government subsidies in which flat rate fares are charged to each passenger. Services can be profitable through high ridership numbers and high farebox recovery ratios, or can be regulated. Fully subsidized, zero-fare services operate in some towns and cities, for geographical, historical and economic reasons, there are differences internationally regarding use and extent of public transport. It has 3,400 members from 92 countries, conveyances designed for public hire are as old as the first ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport, on land people walked or rode an animal. Ferries appear in Greek mythology—corpses in ancient Greece were buried with a coin underneath their tongue to pay the ferryman Charon to take them to Hades, the omnibus was introduced to London in July 1829. The first passenger railway opened in 1806, it ran between Swansea and Mumbles in southwest Wales in the United Kingdom. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in northeast England, the usability of different types of public transport, and its overall appeal, can be measured by seven criteria, although they overlap somewhat. These are speed, comfort, safety, cost, proximity, speed is calculated from total journey time including transfers. Proximity means how far passengers have to walk or otherwise travel before they can begin the public transport leg of their journey, timeliness is how long they have to wait for the vehicle. Directness records how far a journey using public transport deviates from the shortest route, an airline provides scheduled service with aircraft between airports

The S-train is a type of hybrid urban-suburban rail serving a metropolitan region. Some of the larger S-train systems …

Part of Berliner Stadtbahn. The tracks on the right belong to the S-train system and the trains stop at the Hackescher Markt station, while the other two tracks are for other train types, which do not stop at this station

Vesterport S-train station has three entrances. This is the main one.

Vesterport station is located below street level, but is not under ground. Other trains do not stop here, solely S-trains.