Hack, Build, and Go Places You're Not Supposed to Go

There’s one problem with the popularity of plastic-extruding 3D printers such as the RepRap and Makerbot; since they’ve become so popular, the price of plastic filament has skyrocketed over the past few years. Without a way to produce filament at a hackerspace or home lab, the price of 3D printed objects will remain fairly high. Project Spaghetti hopes to rectify that by building a machine to make plastic filament for 3D printers.

The folks behind Project Spaghetti – a loose amalgamation of makers going under the title of Open Source Printing, LLC – have successfully built a machine that is able to produce short lengths of plastic filament.

Early machines used a plunger to press small pellets of ABS plastic through a heated steel pipe to produce filament. There are a few problems with this approach, especially when the temperature is set to 480F, but the team was able to

(Time.com) — Quick — name the most important personal computer of the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Those of you who mentioned the legendary Apple II — that’s fine. I respect your decision. Forced to think objectively in 2012, I may even agree. But if you just named Radio Shack’s TRS-80, you made me smile.

Your choice is entirely defensible. And back in the TRS-80′s heyday, I not only would have agreed with it but would have vehemently opposed any other candidate.

Gadget-retailing giant Radio Shack unveiled the TRS-80 Model I at a press conference at New York’s Warwick Hotel 35 years ago today, on August 3, 1977. (The company didn’t call it the Model I at the time: Like Apple’s Apple I, it only became the I after a II was introduced.)

It wasn’t the city’s biggest news story that day. That would be the bombings of two office buildings by Puerto Rican terrorist group FALN, which killed one man and prompted the evacuation of 100,000 people from other buildings, including the Empire State Building and both towers of the World Trade Center.

But it was a big moment in the burgeoning microcomputer industry: The TRS-80, which began shipping in September, was one of 1977′s trinity of early consumer PCs, along with the Apple II and Commodore’s PET 2001.

I wasn’t paying attention at the time, but my father was. In the spring of 1978, as I was wrapping up junior high, he brought a TRS-80 home. The moment I saw it could do graphics and animation, I was transfixed.

That fall, I entered a high school whose rudimentary computer lab was outfitted with TRS-80s. I rarely left the lab except when I was supposed to go to class, and sometimes not even then. The fact that I was a TRS-80 user was a defining aspect of my identity until 1982, when I bought an Atari 400. And the TRS-80 helped to define things about the PC industry that persist to this day.

The project had been instigated by Don French, a Radio Shack executive and computer hobbyist. In 1976, he convinced the company’s president, Lew Kornfeld, and vice president, John Roach, that it should look into the PC market.

They were initially skeptical about the idea, but French’s timing was fortuitous: The market for CB radios, which had been extraordinarily good to Radio Shack, was on the verge of faltering. The company needed something new to pick up the slack.

Forced with the challenge of creating a PC in Radio Shack’s headquarters of Fort Worth, Texas — nowhere near the epicenter of the PC revolution in Silicon Valley — Radio Shack did a sensible thing: It imported a computer nerd from the Valley.

That nerd was Steve Leininger, an employee of chipmaker National Semiconductor. Like Apple’s Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, he was a member of the Homebrew Computer Club, whose members designed their own PCs for fun. He’d also been an employee of Paul Terrell’s Byte Shop, the pioneering computer store where the first Apple machines were sold. Working to French’s specifications, Leininger did most of the heavy lifting of designing the TRS-80.

The computer’s name sounded a bit retro even in the 1970s. The “TRS” stood for “Tandy Radio Shack” and the “80″ referenced the machine’s microprocessor, the Z-80. Radio Shack kept the branding even on later models which used different chips.

Radio Shack parent company Tandy Corporation — which started out as a maker of products for leather handicrafters — was run by Charles Tandy. His main role in the TRS-80 project seems to have been not preventing it from proceeding, which is often the most important contribution a CEO makes to a groundbreaking effort.

In November of 1978, he died of a heart attack — a little over a year after the TRS-80 shipped, and before it and its competitors and successors really started making a dent in the universe.

At first, Radio Shack envisioned the TRS-80 as a solder-it-yourself kit which it wanted to sell for $199. Leininger convinced the company to build a fully-assembled, plug-and-play computer. It ended up starting at an economical-sounding $399.95, but that assumed that you supplied your own monitor, a configuration I don’t recall ever seeing in the wild.

$599.95 got you a system with Radio Shack’s 12″ black-and-white display, 4KB of memory and a cassette-tape deck which let you save and load programs (albeit very slowly and very unreliably).

What you really wanted, though, was a TRS-80 with 16KB of memory, the powerful Level II BASIC programming language (provided by a company called Microsoft), and a floppy-disk drive that could store up to 49KB of data. In 1979, that cost $1,647– about what you’d pay for a 16KB Apple II without a display or disk drive.

At first, Radio Shack kept its hopes for the TRS-80 in check. Legend has it that it originally planned to build just 3,500 units, figuring that if the product was a flop, the company could just use the machines for book-keeping purposes in its 3,500 company-owned stores.

But it soon found that the computer was shattering its expectations, and just kept doing better and better.

According to one analysis, the TRS-80 was the best-selling PC from its introduction through 1982. The Apple II steadily gained on it, but even as late as 1980, Radio Shack’s machine may have outsold the pricier Apple II by more than five-to-one.

That isn’t surprising given the huge advantage the TRS-80 had on the retail front. The Apple II and other microcomputers were initially sold mostly in funky little mom-and-pop computer stores. But Radio Shack had 5,000 company-owned locations and franchisees in 1977, many of which were located in malls. The TRS-80 was therefore the first computer widely sold in stores frequented by typical consumers, not just geeks.

The richest ecosystem of the era sprung up around the TRS-80. You could buy TRS-80 hard drives and networking gear and kits to give the system lower-case letters. (Radio Shack had initially left out lower case to save $1.97 per TRS-80 sold.)

There was a TRS-80 voice synthesizer, and joysticks and a box which added color graphics capability. You could buy an add-on that gave the system the ability to play sound, although some enterprising users discovered that you could place a radio nearby and write BASIC programs that would cause the radio to buzz in a manner that approximated music.

There were even TRS-80 clones, such as Australia’s Dick Smith System 80, perhaps the most wonderfully named computer of all time.

TRS-80 software was just as important as TRS-80 hardware, and at first, it had a wider selection than any other microcomputer. Conventional wisdom has long held that Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston’s VisiCalc spreadsheet for the Apple II was the first killer app — a program so useful that people bought a computer to run it.

But even before Apple got VisiCalc, the TRS-80 had the Electric Pencil, the first microcomputer word processor. At the very least, it was a proto-killer app.

A bevy of games were available, too, despite the fact that the computer did only black-and-white graphics at 128-by-48, which was bare-bones even back then. For some of us, the name “Scott Adams” will always bring to mind not Dilbert but the author of the plain-text adventure games, which started on the TRS-80 before migrating to other platforms.

And a genius schoolteacher named Leo Christopherson was the Disney of TRS-80 graphics, creating masterworks such as Dancing Demon, which let you play choreographer for a tap-dancing gremlin.

Many of these products were advertised in the first slick computer magazine devoted to a specific PC, Wayne Green’s 80 Microcomputing. Wildly successful later publications such as PC Magazine, Macworld and my former employer, PC World, all followed its template.

Just writing about all this is giving me a Proustian jolt of pleasure. I spent thousands of hours sitting in front of TRS-80s, cranking out programs in BASIC. I knew the machine inside and out, in a way that’s impossible with modern computers.

I didn’t even mind dealing with its quirks, such as “keybounce,” a devilish defect with early models which lled to their keyyboards repeatiing characters randomly.

Let’s recap. The TRS-80 was useful. It was fun. It was popular. It played at least as great a role as any other single machine in consumerizing what had originally been a product category for the propellerhead set. But somehow, it never got anywhere near the respect it deserved. Back in the day, computer fans who weren’t TRS-80 users tended to dismiss it as ugly and insignificant.

In fact, TRS-80 haters had a favorite put-down, which they used at every possible opportunity: They called it the Trash-80.

There are those who claim that this was a nickname fondly applied by TRS-80 fans themselves; maybe so, but I’m positive it originated as a slur. I certainly remember being wounded by it at the time when it was used by Apple II owners — those pompous, style-obsessed twits.

Even today, “Trash-80″ strikes me as a mindless jibe that reveals more about the people who used it than it does about the TRS-80. The TRS-80 wasn’t perfect; even so, it was one of the best PCs of its time. Suggesting that it was a piece of junk was both mean and inaccurate.

Why was the TRS-80 the Rodney Dangerfield of early computers? In part, it was because it was a decidedly proletarian device which didn’t look important. Its graphics were ugly. So was its plasticky gray case; the TRS-80 got its design aesthetic, such as it was, because Radio Shack modeled the computer itself on the monitor, which was actually a repurposed RCA TV set.

By contrast, the Apple II did Atari-like color graphics and came in a curvy beige case with the feel of a piece of high-end consumer electronics.

Then there was Radio Shack itself. Even if you’re fond of the place — as I was, and am — it’s difficult to argue that it was good for the reputation of the TRS-80. Its essential lack of dignity transferred itself to the computers the company made.

At a Radio Shack store, the TRS-80 wasn’t surrounded by other computers; it sat alongside odd electronic toys, Radio Shack-branded hi-fi equipment, diodes and resistors and vacuum tubes,Flavoradios, and lots and lots of batteries and audio cassettes.

Most of the people behind the counters, in my experience, knew very little about the TRS-80. They did, however, want to collect your name and address every time you made a purchase in order to carpet-bomb your mailbox with ads, a practice the company terminated only in this century.

For a time, there were also Radio Shack Computer Centers which tried for a more corporate feel, although the mere fact that they had the words “Radio Shack” in their name made them feel like, well, Radio Shacks. Radio Shack is still struggling with its moniker today: It changed it to RadioShack in 2000 and has recently taken to calling itself “The Shack.”

If Radio Shack was bothered by its image problem in the TRS-80 era, at least it got to cry all the way to the bank. Even after the Apple II, Commodore 64 and other competitors became blockbusters, the company continued to sell plenty of computers.

It also aggressively broadened the TRS-80 line, starting with 1979′s Model II, a more expensive, business-oriented model.

1980′s TRS-80 Model III — essentially the Model I in an all-in-one-case — was a best-selling workhorse. 1983′s TRS-80 Model 100, the first successful notebook computer, might have been a more important machine than the original TRS-80. Radio Shack even sold high-end computers in configurations that cost as much as $22,000, or at least attempted to do so.

But as the computer world began to change at a dizzying pace, the TRS-80 line evolved only in baby steps. Even I wasn’t impressed by 1980′s cheesy and underpowered TRS-80 Color Computer; I was frankly dismayed when my high-school buddy Charles chose to buy one. (Then again, the Color Computer has its partisans even now. I suspect I’ll hear from some of them — maybe even Charles.)

In 1984, the year Apple introduced the landmark it called the Macintosh, Radio Shack was still noodling around with variations on the Model I such as the Model 4P, a 26-pound “portable.” That was also the year it released the Tandy 1000, a computer Wikipedia correctly calls a “more-or-less IBM PC compatible” system.

For a while, Radio Shack seemed to flourish as a maker of PC clones, but by the mid-1990s, it decided to exit the PC business. It then sold other companies’ models, such as Compaqs. But its days as a major purveyor of PCs are so far behind it that I wasn’t even sure whether today’s Radio Shack sells computers at all until I checked. (It turns out that it does; it’s also one of the handful of retailers authorized to sell the iPad.)

The last TRS-80 on the market was the Model 102, a slightly improved variant of the Model 100. It expired in the early 1990s, and at the end, Radio Shack simply called it the “Tandy 102.” There’s a modern trend of releasing new computers under famous old names, but I hope that the Shack leaves well enough alone: No new TRS-80 could be anywhere near as important in 2012 as the original one was in 1977.

That original model and its relatives are lovingly documented on the web. Ira Goldklang, proprietor of TRS-80 Revived, is a one-man National TRS-80 Museum. Matthew Reed blogs engagingly about the machines at TRS-80.org.

Also worth a read: David Welsh and Theresa Welsh’s “Priming the Pump,” a history of the TRS-80 which is now available in a Kindle edition.

So ha ha, TRS-80 haters: The machine you loved to dismiss has stood the test of time. I knew back in high school that the Model I didn’t get enough credit. But I didn’t anticipate how much it would continue to matter to citizens of the 21st century, myself included.

This system of hybridizing your home’s electric appliances is an interesting take on solar energy. It focuses on seamlessly switching appliances from the grid to stored solar energy as frequently as possible. There’s a promo video after the break that explains the setup, but here’s the gist of it.

Follow along on the pictograph above. We start on the left with solar panel. This feeds to a charger that tops off a 12V battery. When that battery is full, the charger feeds to the inverter which converts the 12V DC to 110V AC power. This is fed to a pass-through which is in between the appliance (in this a case a lamp) and the wall outlet. The pass-through will switch between mains power coming from the outlet, and the 110 coming from the inverter. The homeowner won’t know, or care, which power source is being used. But sunny months should…

With the explosion of mobile gaming due in no small part to the egg-bombing Angry Birds, the Ouya was bound to happen. It’s a $100 game console powered by Android that puts indie games right into your living room.The specs for the Ouya means this cube of games isn’t a slouch: the console comes loaded with an NVIDIA Terga3 quad-core processor, 1 GB of RAM, 8 Gigs of flash storage, HDMI, WiFi, Bluetooth, and Android 4.0. A requirement for publishing games on the Ouya is making at least some of the game free to play, a la TF2 or LoL. In addition to being a video game console, Ouya will also pull down Twitch.TV streams allowing you to watch Starcraft championships and other e-sports on your big-screen TV.Not only does the Ouya play games, its designers made the device easily hackable. There aren’t enough details to know exactly what this means, but we’re sure we’ll see a full-blown Linux distro running on the Ouya within a week of release.As of this writing, the Ouya Kickstarter has already met their funding goal of $950,000 by taking in two million a freaking ton of money with 29 days left. This might become the most successful Kickstarter to date, and we can’t wait to see all the neat stuff and hacks for the Ouya in the near future.