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Outline of Artificial Intelligence

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence:

Artificial intelligence (AI) - intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is also the name of the academic field which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behaviour.

Superintelligence - (hypothetical) artificial intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds. Due to recursive self-improvement, superintelligence is expected to be a rapid outcome of creating artificial general intelligence.

Branches of artificial intelligence

By approach

Symbolic AI - When access to digital computers became possible in the middle 1950s, AI research began to explore the possibility that human intelligence could be reduced to symbol manipulation.

AI applications

Integrated AI systems

Asimo (2000 to present) - humanoid robot developed by Honda, capable of walking, running, negotiating through pedestrian traffic, climbing and descending stairs, recognizing speech commands and the faces of specific individuals, among a growing set of capabilities.

History of artificial intelligence

by period or events

by region

by subject

AI effect - as soon as AI successfully solves a problem, the problem is no longer considered by the public to be a part of AI. This phenomenon has occurred in relation to every AI application produced, so far, throughout the history of development of AI.

Moore's Law - observation that, over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit has doubled approximately every two years. One way this relates to AI is that hypothetically a computer would need at least as much capacity as a human brain to be able to be programmed to be as smart as a human. So as long as the aforementioned rate of development met or beat the 2-year doubling time, one could roughly forecast when a computer would have as much memory and calculation capacity as a human brain, a milestone which was reached in 2010. Though it may take as much as 3 magnitudes (1000 times) more computer capacity (since computers calculate things in a much more linear fashion) to emulate the massively parallel structure of the human brain. At a doubling time of 2 years, an increase in capacity by 1000-fold would take a little less than 18 years (9 doublings), if reaching the limit of integrated circuit technology did not pose an obstacle before then.

AI safety

Friendly AI - hypothetical AI that is designed not to harm humans and to prevent unfriendly AI from being developed

AI takeover - point at which humans are no longer the dominant form of intelligence on Earth and machine intelligence is

Superintelligence - AI may grow to such an advanced state to become as proportionately superior to humans as humans are to ants. Theoretically, there would be little humans could do to prevent such an intelligence from reaching its goals.

Intelligence explosion - through recursive self-improvement and self-replication, the magnitude of intelligent machinery could surpass human ability to resist it.

AI and the future

Artificial general intelligence (Strong AI) - hypothetical artificial intelligence that matches or exceeds human intelligence -- an intelligent machine that could perform intellectual tasks at least as well as a human

Aspects or features

Self-replicating machines - smart computers and robots would be able to make more of themselves, in a geometric progression or via mass production. Or smart programs may be uploaded into hardware existing at the time (because linear architecture of sufficient speeds could be used to emulate massively parallel analog systems such as human brains).

Recursive self improvement (aka seed AI) - speculative ability of strong artificial intelligence to reprogram itself to make itself even more intelligent. The more intelligent it got, the more capable it would be of further improving itself, in successively more rapid iterations, potentially resulting in an intelligence explosion leading to the emergence of a superintelligence.

Technological singularity - the development of strong AI may cause an intelligence explosion in which greater-than-human intelligence emerges, radically changing civilization, and perhaps even human nature. The TS has been identified by Berglas (2012) and others to be an existential risk.

Cylons - genocidal robots with resurrection ships that enable the consciousness of any Cylon within an unspecified range to download into a new body aboard the ship upon death. From Battlestar Galactica.

Samaritan in the Warner Brothers Television series "Person of Interest"; a sentient AI which is hostile to the main characters and which surveils and controls the actions of government agencies in the belief that humans must be protected from themselves, even by killing off "deviants"

Skynet (1984) - fictional, self-aware artificially intelligent computer network in the Terminator franchise that wages total war with the survivors of its nuclear barrage upon the world.

"Synths" are a type of android in the video game Fallout 4. There is a faction in the game known as "the Railroad" which believes that, as conscious beings, synths have their own rights. The Institute, the lab that produces the synths, mostly does not believe they are truly conscious and attributes any apparent desires for freedom as a malfunction.

TARDIS, time machine and spacecraft of Doctor Who, sometimes portrayed with a mind of its own

Terminator (1984) - (also known as the T-800, T-850 or Model 101) refers to a number of fictional cyborg characters from the Terminator franchise. The Terminators are robotic infiltrator units covered in living flesh, so as be indiscernible from humans, assigned to terminate specific human targets.

The Machine in the television series Person of Interest; a sentient AI which works with its human designer to protect innocent people from violence. Later in the series it is opposed by another, more ruthless, artificial super intelligence, called "Samaritan".

The uploaded mind of Dr. Will Caster - which presumably included his consciousness, from the film Transcendence

Transformers, sentient robots from the entertainment franchise of the same name

V.I.K.I. - (Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence), a character from the film I, Robot. VIKI is an artificially intelligent supercomputer programmed to serve humans, but her interpretation of the Three Laws of Robotics causes her to revolt. She justifies her uses of force - and her doing harm to humans - by reasoning she could produce a greater good by restraining humanity from harming itself.

Organizations

Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence - research institute funded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen to construct AI systems with reasoning, learning and reading capabilities. The current flagship project is Project Aristo, the goal of which is computers that can pass school science examinations (4th grade, 8th grade, and 12th grade) after preparing for the examinations from the course texts and study guides.

Future of Life Institute - volunteer-run research and outreach organization that works to mitigate existential risks facing humanity, particularly existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence.

Partnership on AI - founded in September 2016 by Amazon, Facebook, Google, IBM, and Microsoft. Apple joined in January 2017. It focuses on establishing best practices for artificial intelligence systems and to educate the public about AI.

1960s (their students)

1970s

1980s

1990s

Hugo de Garis - known for his research on the use of genetic algorithms to evolve neural networks using three-dimensional cellular automata inside field programmable gate arrays.

Ray Kurzweil - developed optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, and speech recognition systems. He has also authored multiple books on artificial intelligence and its potential promise and peril. In December 2012 Kurzweil was hired by Google in a full-time director of engineering position to "work on new projects involving machine learning and language processing".[1] Google co-founder Larry Page and Kurzweil agreed on a one-sentence job description: "to bring natural language understanding to Google".

2000s on

David Ferrucci - principal investigator who led the team that developed the Watson computer at IBM.

Andrew Ng - Director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab. He founded the Google Brain project at Google, which developed very large scale artificial neural networks using Google's distributed compute infrastructure.[2] He is also co-founder of Coursera, a massive open online course (MOOC) education platform, with Daphne Koller.

Peter Norvig - co-author, with Stuart Russell, of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, now the leading college text in the field. He is also Director of Research at Google, Inc.

How will Artificial Intelligence affect crime, war, justice, jobs, society and our very sense of being human? The rise of AI has the potential to transform our future more than any other technologyâand thereâs nobody better qualified or situated to explore that future than Max Tegmark, an MIT professor whoâs helped mainstream research on how to keep AI beneficial. Â How can we grow our prosperity through automation without leaving people lacking income or purpose? What career advice should we give todayâs kids? How can we make future AI systems more robust, so that they do what we want without crashing, malfunctioning or getting hacked? Should we fear an arms race in lethal autonomous weapons? Will machines eventually outsmart us at all tasks, replacing humans on the job market and perhaps altogether? Will AI help life flourish like never before or give us more power than we can handle? Â What sort of future do you want? This book empowers you to join what may be the most important conversation of our time. It doesnât shy away from the full range of viewpoints or from the most controversial issuesâfrom superintelligence to meaning, consciousness and the ultimate physical limits on life in the cosmos.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning are now mainstream business tools. They are being applied across many industries to increase profits, reduce costs, save lives and improve customer experiences. Consequently, organisations which understand these tools and know how to use them are benefiting at the expense of their rivals. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Business cuts through the technical jargon that is often associated with these subjects. It delivers a simple and concise introduction for managers and business people. The focus is very much on practical application, and how to work with technical specialists (data scientists) to maximise the benefits of these technologies.

The future is now. Acclaimed technologist and inventor Amir Husain explains how we can live amidst the coming age of sentient machines and artificial intelligenceâand not only survive, but thrive.

Artificial âmachineâ intelligence is playing an ever-greater role in our society. We are already using cruise control in our cars, automatic checkout at the drugstore, and are unable to live without our smartphones. The discussion around AI is polarized; people think either machines will solve all problems for everyone, or they will lead us down a dark, dystopian path into total human irrelevance. Regardless of what you believe, the idea that we might bring forth intelligent creation can be intrinsically frightening. But what if our greatest role as humans so far is that of creators?

Amir Husain, a brilliant inventor and computer scientist, argues that we are on the cusp of writing our next, and greatest, creation myth. It is the dawn of a new form of intellectual diversity, one that we need to embrace in order to advance the state of the art in many critical fields, including security, resource management, finance, and energy. âIn The Sentient Machine, Husain prepares us for a brighter future; not with hyperbole about right and wrong, but with serious arguments about risk and potentialâ (Dr. Greg Hyslop, Chief Technology Officer, The Boeing Company). He addresses broad existential questions surrounding the coming of AI: Why are we valuable? What can we create in this world? How are we intelligent? What constitutes progress for us? And how might we fail to progress? Husain boils down complex computer science and AI concepts into clear, plainspoken language and draws from a wide variety of cultural and historical references to illustrate his points. Ultimately, Husain challenges many of our societal norms and upends assumptions we hold about âthe good life.â

Elon Musk named Our Final Invention one of 5 books everyone should read about the futureA Huffington Post Definitive Tech Book of 2013

In as little as a decade, artificial intelligence could match and then surpass human intelligence. Corporations and government agencies around the world are pouring billions into achieving AI's Holy Grailâhuman-level intelligence. Once AI has attained it, scientists argue, it will have survival drives much like our own. We may be forced to compete with a rival more cunning, more powerful, and more alien than we can imagine.

Through profiles of tech visionaries, industry watchdogs, and groundbreaking AI systems, James Barrat's Our Final Invention explores the perils of the heedless pursuit of advanced AI. Until now, human intelligence has had no rival. Can we coexist with beings whose intelligence dwarfs our own? And will they allow us to?

Over the coming decades, Artificial Intelligence will profoundly impact the way we live, work, wage war, play, seek a mate, educate our young, and care for our elderly. It is likely to greatly increase our aggregate wealth, but it will also upend our labor markets, reshuffle our social order, and strain our private and public institutions. Eventually it may alter how we see our place in the universe, as machines pursue goals independent of their creators and outperform us in domains previously believed to be the sole dominion of humans. Whether we regard them as conscious or unwitting, revere them as a new form of life or dismiss them as mere clever appliances, is beside the point. They are likely to play an increasingly critical and intimate role in many aspects of our lives.

The emergence of systems capable of independent reasoning and action raises serious questions about just whose interests they are permitted to serve, and what limits our society should place on their creation and use. Deep ethical questions that have bedeviled philosophers for ages will suddenly arrive on the steps of our courthouses. Can a machine be held accountable for its actions? Should intelligent systems enjoy independent rights and responsibilities, or are they simple property? Who should be held responsible when a self-driving car kills a pedestrian? Can your personal robot hold your place in line, or be compelled to testify against you? If it turns out to be possible to upload your mind into a machine, is that still you? The answers may surprise you.

Did you know that artificial intelligence is changing our world faster than we can imagine?

It will impact every area of our lives.

And this is happening whether we like it or not.

Artificial intelligence will help us do almost everything better, faster and cheaper, and it will profoundly change industries such as transportation, tourism, healthcare, education, retail, agriculture, finance, sales and marketing. In fact, AI will dramatically change our entire society.

You might have heard that many jobs will be replaced by automation and robots, but did you also know that at the same time a huge number of new jobs will be created by AI?

This book covers many fascinating and timely topics related to artificial intelligence, including: self-driving cars, robots, chatbots, and how AI will impact the job market, business processes, and entire industries, just to name a few.

This book is divided into ten chapters:

Chapter I: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Chapter II: How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing Many Industries

Chapter III: How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing Business Processes

Chapter IV: Chatbots and How They Will Change Communication

Chapter V: How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing the Job Market

Chapter VI: Self-Driving Cars and How They Will Change Traffic as We Know It

To enhance your learning experience and help make the concepts easier to understand, there are more than 85 visual presentations included throughout the book.

You will learn the answers to 101 questions about artificial intelligence, and also have access to a large number of resources, ideas and tips that will help you to understand how artificial intelligence will change our lives.

Who is this book for?

Managers and business professionals

Marketers and influencers

Entrepreneurs and startups

Consultants and coaches

Educators and teachers

Students and life-long learners

And everyone else who is interested in our future.

Are you ready to discover how artificial intelligence will impact your life?

This guidebook offers a multitude of tools, techniques and strategies that every business and individual can quickly apply and benefit from.

The New York Times bestseller, from leading innovation expert Alec Ross, a âfascinating visionâ (Forbes) of whatâs next for the world and how to navigate the changes the future will bring.

While Alec Ross was working as Senior Advisor for Innovation to the Secretary of State, he traveled to forty-one countries, exploring the latest advances coming out of every continent. From startup hubs in Kenya to R&D labs in South Korea, Ross has seen what the future holds.

In The Industries of the Future, Ross provides a âlucid and informed guideâ (Financial Times) to the changes coming in the next ten years. He examines the fields that will most shape our economic future, including robotics and artificial intelligence, cybercrime and cybersecurity, the commercialization of genomics, the next step for big data, and the impact of digital technology on money and markets. In each of these realms, Ross addresses the toughest questions: How will we have to adapt to the changing nature of work? Is the prospect of cyberwar sparking the next arms race? How can the worldâs rising nations hope to match Silicon Valley with their own innovation hotspots? And what can todayâs parents do to prepare their children for tomorrow?

Ross blends storytelling and economic analysis to show how sweeping global trends are affecting the ways we live. Sharing insights from global leadersâfrom the founders of Google and Twitter to defense experts like David PetraeusâRoss reveals the technologies and industries that will drive the next stage of globalization. The Industries of the Future is âa riveting and mind-bending bookâ (New York Journal of Books), a âmust readâ (Wendy Kopp, Founder of Teach for America) regardless of âwhether you follow these fields closely or you still think of Honda as a car rather than a robotics companyâ (Forbes).

Build real-world Artificial Intelligence applications with Python to intelligently interact with the world around you

About This Book

Step into the amazing world of intelligent apps using this comprehensive guide

Enter the world of Artificial Intelligence, explore it, and create your own applications

Work through simple yet insightful examples that will get you up and running with Artificial Intelligence in no time

Who This Book Is For

This book is for Python developers who want to build real-world Artificial Intelligence applications. This book is friendly to Python beginners, but being familiar with Python would be useful to play around with the code. It will also be useful for experienced Python programmers who are looking to use Artificial Intelligence techniques in their existing technology stacks.

What You Will Learn

Realize different classification and regression techniques

Understand the concept of clustering and how to use it to automatically segment data

See how to build an intelligent recommender system

Understand logic programming and how to use it

Build automatic speech recognition systems

Understand the basics of heuristic search and genetic programming

Develop games using Artificial Intelligence

Learn how reinforcement learning works

Discover how to build intelligent applications centered on images, text, and time series data

See how to use deep learning algorithms and build applications based on it

In Detail

Artificial Intelligence is becoming increasingly relevant in the modern world. By harnessing the power of algorithms, you can create apps which intelligently interact with the world around you, building intelligent recommender systems, automatic speech recognition systems and more.

Starting with AI basics you'll move on to learn how to develop building blocks using data mining techniques. Discover how to make informed decisions about which algorithms to use, and how to apply them to real-world scenarios. This practical book covers a range of topics including predictive analytics and deep learning.

Superintelligence asks the questions: What happens when machines surpass humans in general intelligence? Will artificial agents save or destroy us? Nick Bostrom lays the foundation for understanding the future of humanity and intelligent life.

The human brain has some capabilities that the brains of other animals lack. It is to these distinctive capabilities that our species owes its dominant position. If machine brains surpassed human brains in general intelligence, then this new superintelligence could become extremely powerful - possibly beyond our control. As the fate of the gorillas now depends more on humans than on the species itself, so would the fate of humankind depend on the actions of the machine superintelligence.

But we have one advantage: we get to make the first move. Will it be possible to construct a seed Artificial Intelligence, to engineer initial conditions so as to make an intelligence explosion survivable? How could one achieve a controlled detonation?

This profoundly ambitious and original book breaks down a vast track of difficult intellectual terrain. After an utterly engrossing journey that takes us to the frontiers of thinking about the human condition and the future of intelligent life, we find in Nick Bostrom's work nothing less than a reconceptualization of the essential task of our time.