Regenerative Dentistry: Where are we headed now?

Regenerative Dentistry: Where Are We Headed Now?
Glory Perkins and Rachele Rainaldo
Georgia Health Sciences University, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta, Georgia
INTRODUCTION
What is regenerative dentistry/what is it’s purpose? Repairing bone loss or
tooth loss due to disease or injury.”10
The hallmark of whole tooth development is mimicking odontogenic
processes and that is the current challenge in order for reparative dentistry
to progress.10
As dental hygiene students one appreciates that there is much expertise
required to accurately understand the full spectrum of the current research
on this topic. However, the goal in presenting this topic is to bring
awareness of its emergence to the public and to dental professionals
because of its potential to dramatically change the future of regenerative
dentistry.
BIOLOGICAL SOURCES
Allogenic: cadaver /synthetic source
Autogenic: from self source
TECHNIQUES
Bone regeneration: bone grafting in cases of cell damage or facial reconstruction.
Periodontal healing:9 bone grafting, soft tissue grafting
Implant placement and retention
Reparative dentin:4
For years dental surgeons have used calcium hydroxide as the gold standard for direct pulp
capping. However, with the high failure rate, there is a search for alternative possibilities
leading biologists to study promising new approaches and materials.
Tooth formation10
1. Tooth scaffolding5,12
The scaffolding is anatomically shaped and the micro-channels work as conduits for tooth
formation. This process could be compared to a vine growing within a lattice.
2. Total tooth formation2,3
The current research is interested in understanding the origin and developmental control of
the dentition. This research is at it’s initial stages , but this groundwork will allow future
researchers to achieve the goal of comprehensive tooth formation.
Xenogenic: different species (bovine)
Osteogenic
1. stem cells (responsible for tissue development or repair)7
2. bone marrow cells
3. periosteum cells: contain osteogenic precursor cells that demonstrate
potential for bone formation.8
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Ethical Concerns:2, 3, 7, 8, 9
Currently, research is being done on animal subjects such as, Beagle dogs, Cichlid fish and mice.
Animal rights groups oppose this type of experimental research. Most of the research we
encountered that utilized the advantages of animal subjects was outside the United States.
Another ethical dilemma is the use of stem cells in the identification of gene processes.
Periosteum Advantage:8
1. Easily accessible from the oral cavity
2. May be considered an important source of cells in implant dentistry.
3. Cost effective procedure.
Bone Marrow Harvesting Disadvantages:8,12
1. Very invasive procedure
2. Associated with pain and morbidity (beagle dogs)
3. Prolonged rehabilitation and healing time
4. Risk of infection and disease transmission
5. Most importantly: amount of available material is limited because must damage another body
site
6. Possible immune response/rejection.
Potential Advantages of Whole Tooth Regeneration:10
Regenerating teeth is familiar territory for dentists and can be applied to all types of modern
dental therapies. It offers potential solutions to periodontal surgeries, dental implants and repairing
congenital defects. Furthermore, it is more compatible with the body biologically which is a
significant clinical advantage over synthetic solutions
CURRENT RESEARCH
Mao5
His hypothesis is that anatomically correct teeth can regenerate in scaffolds without
cell transplantation. Although this research was inventive, it did not come without
limitations because of the damage that took place in order to remove the
scaffolding from the tooth-like structure. A conclusion of this research is the
potential for regenerating root structure first, before crown formation. This technique
may prove to be the key to actual treatment of patients, however, more research is
needed.
Streelman3
Newest theory of odontogenic development says that odontogenic tissues develop
wherever and whenever the genes are expressed to signal one another, versus
older theories that state odontogenic tissues form in the oral cavity or deep within
the pharyngeal cavity.
Streelman & Bloomquist2
The latest research proposes that there is an ancient dental gene network that was
responsible for the first tooth-like structures in the pharyngeal arch of jawless fish
that have long been extinct. The Cichlid fish of East Africa are the current study
model for this research.
DISCUSSION
We stand today on the cusp of a new generation of regenerative dentistry. There is
much to learn and it will take many contributions to unveil its full discovery and
clinical application. Because this project’s mission holds so much enormity, it will
require the collaboration of many scientists and dental professionals to achieve its
full potential. Funding is also a key component to future success.
REFERENCES
Cichlid. 2009. Photograph. National Institute of Dental and Crainiofacial Research, Bethesda, MD
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Teeth on Old and New Jaws." PLoS Biology 7.2 (2009): 0233-247.
Gareth J., Robert Cerny, Vladimir Soukup, Marianne Bronner-Fraser, and J. Todd Smith. "The Odontode Explosion: The Origin of Tooth-like Structures
3. Fraser,
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Malcolm L. "Whole Tooth Regeneration: It Takes a Village of Scientists, Clinicians, and Patients." NIH Public Access Author Manuscript 72.8 (2008):
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11. Tooth Scaffolding. 2010. Photograph. Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. POPSCI. By Jeremy Mao. Columbia University, 25 May 2010.
Web. 27 Sept. 2010. <http://www.popsci.com/files/imagecache/article_image_large/articles/HumanMolarScaffoldLARGE2.jpg>.
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