I am a Burmese exile taking a near-permanent refuge in New York and Sydney. Here are my essays about Burma and anything else I feel like writing about. And posting the articles I like from selected sites. Bridging Burma to the world this Blog is more of a Politically-Oriented Literary Blog than a Plain News Blog or a Sophisticated Thoughts Blog.

Wednesday, September 2, 2015

Refugees or Illegal Migrants or Asylum Seekers?

The battle over the words used to
describe migrants. Images of people scrambling over barbed wire fences in
Calais or crossing the Mediterranean in fishing boats have dominated the media
over the last few months. And a debate has even emerged about the very words
used to describe people.

The word migrant is defined in Oxford English Dictionary as "one
who moves, either temporarily or permanently, from one place, area, or country
of residence to another". It is used as a neutral term by many media
organisations - including the BBC - but there has been criticism of that use.

Since almost all are Muslims the
staunchly-Muslim News website al-Jazeera has decided it will not use migrant and
"will instead, where appropriate, say refugee". An online editor for
the network wrote: "It has evolved from its dictionary definitions into a
tool that dehumanises and distances, a blunt pejorative." A Washington
Post piece asked if it was time to ditch the word.

There are some who dislike the term
because it implies something voluntary but that it is applied to people fleeing
danger. A UN document suggests: "The term 'migrant'… should be understood
as covering all cases where the decision to migrate is taken freely by the
individual concerned, for reasons of 'personal convenience' and without
intervention of an external compelling factor."

"Migrant used to have quite a neutral connotation," explains
Alexander Betts, director of the Refugee Studies Centre at Oxford University.
"It says nothing about their entitlement to cross that border or whether
they should be." But some people believe that the word has recently
developed a sour note. It is being used to mean "not a refugee",
argues Betts.

Online searches for migrant are at
their highest since Google started collating this information in 2004. And in
the past month (to 25 August using the Nexis database), the most commonly used
term in UK national newspapers (excluding the Times, the Sun and the Financial
Times) was migrant - with 2,541 instances. This was twice as popular as the
next most frequently used word, refugee.

A refugee, according to the 1951
Refugee Convention, "is any person who, owing to a well-founded fear of
being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a
particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his/her
nationality and is unable, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail
himself/herself of the protection of that country".

"Refugee implies that we have an
obligation to people," says Betts. "It implies that we have to let
them on to our territory and give them the chance to seek asylum."

But there would be many people who
would be wary of labelling someone a refugee until that person has gone through
the legal process of claiming asylum. In the UK, and other places, claims for
"refugee status" are examined before being either granted or denied.

"The moment at which they can
officially say whether they are refugees or economic migrants is the moment at
which the EU state that is processing their claim makes its decision,"
says Tim Stanley, historian and columnist for the Daily Telegraph. "I am
not questioning the validity of their narrative, I am not saying that anyone
was lying about it. I am saying that it is down to the state in which they have
arrived to define what they are."

Asylum seeker refers to someone who has applied for refugee status and
is waiting to hear the result of their claim. But it is also often used about
those trying to get to a particular country to make a claim. The word asylum is
very old indeed having first been used in 1430 to refer to "a sanctuary or
inviolable place of refuge and protection for criminals and debtors, from which
they cannot be forcibly removed without sacrilege".

The most common descriptor for asylum
seeker in UK newspaper articles between 2010 to 2012 was the word failed. But
while the term failed asylum seeker describes someone who has gone through a
well-defined process, there are less specifically applied terms.

One of the more controversial ones is illegal immigrant, along with
illegal migrant. A study by the Migration Observatory at Oxford University
analysed 58,000 UK newspaper articles and found that illegal was the most
common descriptor for the word immigrants.

"The term is dangerous," argues Don Flynn, director of Migrants
Rights Network. "It's better to say irregular or undocumented
migrants." Calling someone an illegal immigrant associates them with
criminal behaviour, he adds.

Other critics of the phrase say that it
gives the impression that it's the person that is illegal rather than their
actions. "Once you've entered the UK and claimed asylum, you are not
illegal. Even if your asylum claim is refused, you still can't be an illegal
migrant," says Zoe Grumbridge from Refugee Action.

The UN and the EU parliament have called
for an end to the phrase. Some people have also criticised the use of
clandestine. In 2013, the Associated Press news agency and the Los Angeles
Times both changed their style guides and recommended against using the phrase
"illegal immigrant" to describe someone without a valid visa.

But others disagree, saying that the
phrase can be a useful description. "If you are coming into a country
without permission and you do it outside the law, that is illegal," says
Alp Mehmet, vice chairman of MigrationWatch UK. "If they haven't entered
yet, they are not illegal immigrants, although potentially they are migrating
using illegal means."

Clearly there are those who want to
make a distinction between people using the accepted legal channel to enter a
country and those who are entering by other methods. "I understand why
people are uncomfortable with that term but it is accurate when you are talking
about someone who has broken the law to enter the country or who has been told
to leave the country and is breaking the law by staying," says Stanley.

Another criticism of the term immigrant, with or without the word
illegal added on to it, is that it is less likely to be used to describe people
from Western countries. Some commentators have suggested that Europeans tend to
be referred to as expats.

"Very often when we talk about British people who migrate,"
says Emma Briant, author of the book Bad News for Refugees, "we tend to
talk of them as expats or expatriates. They are not immigrants." There has
been some satirical commentary about the differences between the terms.

But the shift towards the neutral
blanket term migrant has been pronounced. To again use UK national newspapers
as a measurement, 15 years ago, in the month to 25 August, the terms refugee,
asylum seeker and illegal immigrant were all used more often than migrants. And
many disagree that migrant is in any way offensive. "It's a proper
description for anyone who has moved across a border," says Don Flynn from
the Migrants Rights Network.

Judith Vonberg, a freelance journalist
who has written for the Migrants' Rights Network about the issue, goes further.
She says that ditching the word could "actually reinforce the dichotomy
that we've got between the idea of the good refugee and the bad migrant". Alp
Mehmet, from Migration Watch, also believes that migrant should be used but
because it is an easy word to understand. "Everyone… knows exactly what we
mean by migrants."

Some people also believe that migrant
is an appropriate phrase to use when a group of people could include both
refugees and economic migrants. Tim Stanley argues that it does accurately
reflect a significant number of people who are making the crossing into Europe.
"It is why the UNHCR is absolutely right to describe that group of people
as both migrants and refugees," he says.

The use of the term economic migrant
has been much debated. Home Secretary Theresa May used it in May to describe
migration into Europe. She said that there were large numbers of people coming
from countries such as Nigeria and Somalia who were "economic migrants
who've paid criminal gangs to take them across the Mediterranean". The
term economic migrant is "being used to imply choice rather than
coercion", says Betts. "It's used to imply that it's voluntary
reasons for movement rather than forced movement."

Some words have fallen almost
completely out of favour. Alien was used regularly in the UK press before World
War Two, says Panikos Panayi, professor of European history at De Montfort
University. "The first major immigration act [in the UK] was called the
Aliens Act 1905," he says.

But in the US, alien remains official terminology for any person who is
not a citizen or national. The Obama administration proposed Dreamers as a new
positive way - with its reference to the American Dream - of describing
undocumented young people who met the conditions of the Dream act (Development,
Relief, and Education for Alien Minors).

There is another word with positive
connotations that is not used much anymore. "Exile has gone out of
credit," says Betts, since the end of the Cold War. "It had a
slightly sort of dignified and noble connotation," he argues.

It was used to describe someone who had
been forced out of their country but was still politically engaged with it and
was planning on going back one day. "I think that today, many Syrians are
in that position," says Betts.

The shifting language of migration
might seem petty to some but to those involved in the debate there is no doubt
of its importance. "Words matter in the migration debate," says Rob
McNeil from the Migration Observatory.