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1 Elias Torres Moody Behavior An individual s moral judgment is derived from intuition. Jonathan Haidt, who specializes in morality and intuition, states that even though this is how moral judgments are actually made, he clarifies that it is not how they ought to be made (3). In The Emotional Dog and its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment, Haidt has comprehensibly drawn this conclusion through his model known as the Social Intuitionist Model (SIM). However, a problem regarding intuition is subtly raised. He notes that, moral intuitions often bring about non-optimal or even disastrous consequences in matters of public policy, public health, and decision-making (3). Furthermore, a possible cause of that disaster can be mood and/or emotion (For the sake of this paper, I shall be using the two terms interchangeably). They are what can drastically alter a person s intuition, moral judgment and decision-making processes. This will be validated by first, showing Haidt establishing intuition as the basis for moral judgment by thoroughly explaining intuition and the Social Intuitionist Model, and by second, showing precisely how mood effects one s intuition. Then lastly, a solution will be offered in response to the issue concerning intuition and mood. The difference between moral reasoning and moral intuition is that reasoning is slow, requires time and involves analyzing information in order to come to a decision (6). In juxtaposition, intuition appears suddenly and effortlessly in consciousness, Torres 2

2 without any awareness of the mental processes that led to the outcome (6). Haidt explains his model by using an analogy. For a rational model, in a courtroom for example, individuals are like judges in a sense that their motives are solely to find the truth (2). In a courtroom, a lawyer presents his or her own case in hopes that he or she will win the judge over by providing the judge with enough facts and reasons. The judge is mindful of the reasoning, contemplates the position being presented, and then is able to determine what is right or wrong (2). However, Haidt declares that the Social Intuitionist Model is clearly an anti-rationalist model (3) and that moral reasoning is rarely the direct cause of moral judgment (3). In the Social Intuitionist Model, individuals are like lawyers in a sense that instead, their motives are the want to defend what they feel is right (2). In this courtroom, a lawyer is already aware of what he or she feels is right based off of what his or her feelings are and from where intuition led him or her to. Furthermore, with that, he or she will then proceed to provide reasoning to the judge in order to illustrate why the lawyer has that particular stand on the matter being defended. The Social Intuitionist Model claims that individuals attain their moral judgment by their intuition (5). Intuition is a gut-feeling (16). Those feelings are the result of quick automatic evaluations or reactions to situations that show no signs of the utilization of reasoning (5). Again, it must be clear that reasoning is rarely the cause of individuals moral judgments (6). According to the model, intuition is the foundation (6). Haidt also discusses what he refers to as post-hoc reasoning (7). This link in the Social Intuitionist Model further supports the claim of intuition being moral Torres 3

3 judgment s foundation. Post-hoc reasoning can be explained by going back to the lawyer and the judge example. The lawyer already has his or her mind made up on the issue being presented to the judge. Moreover, due to that fact, the lawyer then goes into supplying reasons as to how the lawyer came about that judgment. That is what post-hoc reasoning is. It comes after the moral judgment is already made in hopes to support it (7). The Social Intuitionist Model reveals another distinguishing difference between intuition and reasoning. Reasoning is usually done interpersonally rather than privately (9). This makes perfect sense because when a person is trying to come to a decision, that person is usually trying to derive reasons from outside of her or himself, perhaps by asking a friend or a family member. On the other side, moral intuition occurs privately (9). It occurs inside a person s brain and is acquired very naturally, quickly and without any effort (9). However, there are several circumstances that allow for moral reasoning to be the more logical pursuit for making a moral judgment over depending on moral intuition. Those instances would be when the person has adequate time and processing capacity and a motivation to be accurate (12). Haidt is brilliant in applying the Social Intuitionist Model to a metaphor: a dog (16). The body of the dog represents moral intuition. The tail represents moral reasoning. He claims that, the tail [is] wagged by the dog (16). Dogs use their tails very often for means of communication the same way humans use moral reasoning so frequently for communication (16). Moreover, when it comes to decision-making, the dog is the primary method whereas the tail of the dog is the secondary. Torres 4

4 An important assumption that has been made throughout so far in these examples is a presence of a sentiment. The lawyer for example cares about what he or she is defending. Haidt brings up this important factor in that in regards to disputing issues, one must have sentiment (15). If not, it does not matter if a person has all the reasoning capabilities. Haidt refers to this person as a psychopath (15). Psychopaths can steal from their friends, dismember live animals, and even murder their parents to collect insurance benefits, without showing any trace of remorse, or of shame when caught (15). For the murdering of the parents example, even though the psychopath can recognize and know that having insurance benefits is a good thing, the fact that he or she has no care for the means of which he or she went about receiving them is considered psychotic and morally wrong. When arguments are taking place between two individuals, specifically in regards to issues concerning morality, it is very difficult and often times impossible to convince the other person to side with the other s standpoint. That is due to the fact that both individuals came about their conceptions based on each of their moral intuitions. Their quick, automatic evaluations commenced without the need of any reasoning whatsoever. So because of that, any reason that the other presents are useless because the other already has firm ground. Haidt refers to this phenomenon as shadow boxing matches (13). In this, both opposing individuals are immensely trying to defeat one another with damaging strikes but come to be unsuccessful (13). Both individuals have their minds made up and have already made up their moral judgments due to their moral intuitions. But what kind of an effect can one s mood have on making those moral judgments? Torres 5

5 Whether an individual is conscious of his or her mood or not, that individual s mood can sway and may consequently have biased moral judgments (Forgas 4). If that person is particularly happy on a given day and makes a moral judgment on something specific, it is quite possible that he or she can ultimately make an entirely different judgment if he or she is particularly sad on a different day. Again, one s given mood is important to understand how moral judgments are made (Forgas 17). For example, Gabriel Noboa, a hiring manager at a restaurant is upset and in a bad mood from an event that occurred earlier in the day. While in an interview with a future employee candidate, due to the earlier event, the negative mood of the manager could potentially impact his judgment of the candidate that had nothing to do with the interview whatsoever (Schwarz 14). Perhaps due to his bad mood, he very well may have a short patience for the candidate and choose to ignore why the candidate could make a good employee when asked during the interview process. This moral judgment is unfair to the candidate because he or she did not do anything wrong and his or her chances of securing the job could be severely damaged. It was an unconsciously biased interview due to the negative mood of the manager. There may also be an effect if an individual is in too positive of a mood. One s moral judgment can be clouded negatively in this state also. For instance, everything went great for Christian today. This morning he aced his Anatomy final that he has been so stressed about as of late. That evening, his girlfriend took him to his favorite restaurant. For that, he was in a very positive and inspiring mood. He felt invincible. After dinner, as they were walking out, some other man decided to cause some trouble Torres 6

6 and insult Christian s girlfriend. Feeling the way he has been feeling, decides to stand up to him rather than doing the more logical thing such as walking away or calling the police. The end result was he got into a fight and got severely injured when the fight could have been prevented. Now that the effect of one s mood has been established in regards to intuition and moral judgment, Jeanette Kennett and Cordelia Fine offer a resolving solution. Although they are not specifically trying to reply to Haidt s works, their ideas can be presently utilized in order to resolve Haidt s problem. Kennett and Fine propose what is called after-the-fact correction (88). In this, a person focuses on mental undoing when a primary moral judgment needs to be changed (88). This is done when that person s present mood is brought to his or her attention and realizes mood as a possible source of bias (88). He or she will recognize that that mood has corrupted his or her moral judgment (88). Consider the scenario: This summer my girlfriend and I were looking at the horses downtown, and this Black guy started walking toward us. Of course... I immediately thought, here comes some homeless guy he s going to ask us for money. But from my past experience [reflecting on the automatic assumptions he made about Black people]... I had to stop and think to myself, Maybe he s not homeless; maybe he s not going to ask me for money. He might not say anything to me. I stopped and I thought about the past experience and it made me change my decision to something I probably wouldn t have made (89). In that scenario, that particular person had an automatic intuitive moral judgment. Torres 7

7 Based from his moral judgment, he assumed that the man walking towards him was a beggar and was going to ask him for money. However, when applying Kennett and Fine s after-the-fact correction, he was able to recognize that he was wrong for making that moral judgment due to his past experiences. He was able to stop, take a moment and thoroughly and thoughtfully consider what his intuition was telling him. With that contemplation, he was then able to change his moral judgment and able to eliminate his wrongful assumption (89). With Kennett and Fine s after-the-fact correction, a method in which one s moral intuition and moral reasoning become intergraded with each other. The idea of being able to make a moral judgment based on intuition and then being able to recognize when that intuition can be misguided or even mistaken at certain times is extraordinary. With that concept, perhaps this method is capable of being a solution for potentially solving the various moral issues and arguments in the world that is currently being disputed over. An individual having the ability to intuitively identify his or her mood upon making moral judgments is highly important. Without this ability, Haidt is right to conclude that our intuition has the potential of leading to disaster. Yet, if an individual can incorporate Kennett s correction method, intuition will be better conditioned when making future moral judgments. Ultimately, intuition can be better trusted and relied upon (Hogarth 344). Also, one must have the controlled processing capacity in order to have the capability to adjust moral judgment (Kennett 91). That means, if a person is able to have the capacity to think and reason, while also possessing a functional intuition Torres 8

8 and sentiment, the person will be fully adept to making moral judgments. Torres 9

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