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Monday, October 1, 2018

Truth in Today's World.

Most all of us, as engaged humans, must be deeply concerned about what has transpired over the past several years as "Truth" has become less settled, seldom agreed upon, often dismissed as no longer having any meaning, and non-existent. The loss of "Truth" - if in fact that is what we now must face - together with the demise of the biota, will be among humanity's greatest losses of the 21st century.
Recently I have been reading several works on Truth which I urge readers to pick up for themselves.

In an American political and civic world where a sitting president and his personal lawyer can deny that Truth even exists or continue to say that facts no longer matter, the very foundations of our freedom and democratic republic are threatened.

The books:
Hector Macdonald's Truth: How the Many Sides to Every Story Shape our Reality is an intelligent analysis of the difficulty of knowing how to investigate Truth. Macdonald is a marketing communicator, a creator of positioning campaigns for many of the world's well-known corporations. His taxonomy of truth-tellers begins by outlining the "four classes of computing truths" and reminds us that not only is reality complicated, complex, and often-times partially hidden from our view, but that "competing truths" shape our perspective of reality.
The 4 "truths" Macdonald identifies are:
1. Partial Truths
2. Subjective Truths
3. Artificial Truths
4. Unknown Truths
In summing them up, he reminds his readers that In George Orwell's 1984, Macdonald posits that we are well off if wee do and that we should be fearful, as was Orwell, that the integrity of Truth has been shockingly compromised: "it is not only that we are being lied to; the more insidious problem is that we are routinely misled by the truth."

The second book is Truth: A History and a Guide for the Perplexed. Written by one of the world's greatest living comparative cultural historians, now teaching at Notre Dame, the Englishman Felipe Fernandez-Armesto. Professor F. F-A's book-length essay traces the idea of "truth" from ancient and primitive times up through today. The book is highly readable, not weighted down with scholarly details only the very few want to absorb, and I recommend it heartily.

F.F-a.'s work is brimming full of wisdom and I want to share just a few quotes in order, I hope, to entice the would-be reader to find a copy and read it again and again: For example:

"We live in a Mickey Mouse world in which images flicker with the speed of animation and confusion is treated as a good. The result is a crisis of values undermined, certainties discarded and fears excited."
or
"...when people stop believing in something, they do not believe in nothing; they believe in anything."

That certainly sounds as though it describes today's world to a tee. F.F-A goes on to say "truth is fundamental to everything else...there is no social order without trust and no trust without truth or, at least, without agreed truth-finding procedures." In today's America and in many other parts of the globe, that seems like a pipe-dream, doesn't it?!

While Professor Fernandez-Armesto acknowledges that underlying the notion of Truth lies the notion of the sacred, he recognizes that most people today live in a much more secular world and as a result often find themselves unanchored from Truth.
He adds later on in the book:
"The search for truth is a struggles: part of a war against champs, a strenuous ritual to wrest reality from doubt by naming its parts, or a spell to save it from being engulfed in nothingness. Relativism, subjectivism, and deconstruction could all break the spell. Truth could be relativized out of the lexicon, or left as just another name for falsehood..."

Isn't this the quandary of a world in which a narcissistic sociopath is now president ? But as Professor F.F-A reminds us with a quote from Roger Scrutton's Modern Philosophy, "The man who tells you truth does not exist is asking you not to believe him. So don't."

The Third book is perhaps will require more prompting for potential readers to pick it up and peruse it: Its author is perceived as a much more difficult thinker to embrace; the book is Martin Heidegger's What is called thinking? I urge you to give it a serious try!

Heidegger's argument posits that the argument that the meaning of truth has been lost to Westerners since the time of Plato and Aristotle. Rather than outline his sometimes dense and closely-argued message let me leave my readers with several ideas he lays before us in powerful maxims:
1. "What is most though-provoking in our thought-provoking time is that we are still not thinking."
2. "Language creates world."
3. "Truth is unhiddeness" not merely conforming to facts
4. "Science does not think"
5. What Malcom Gladstone extols as "blinking", which I understand as first impression decision-making using some mental calculus, Heidegger calls "calculative -thinking", a poor alternative to deep contemplative thinking given that so-called "common sense" is nothing less than the "shallow product of the manner of forming ideas...these ideas are from the start incapable of holding themselves open to what is."

I know that this posting may not offer "the answer" as to the nature and or importance of Truths; but I hope that some reader will take up the banner and fight to demonstrate that Truth is vital to civil life and that Truth is Un-Hiddenness!

Wednesday, December 6, 2017

The Vintage is kept, and solemnized. After that, Daphnis and Chloe return to the fields. Philetas the Herdsman, entertains them with a discourse of Cupid, and Love. Love increases betwixt them. In the mean time, the young men of Methymne, come into the fields of of Mitylene, to hawk and hunt. Their Pinnace having lost her Cable, hey fasten her to the shore with a With. A Goat gnawes the with in pieces. The Ship with the Money, and other riches, is blown off to Sea. The Methymnaeans madded at it, look about for him that did it: they light upon Daphnis and pay him soundly. The Countrey Lads come in to help him. {Philetas is constituted Judge. A Methymnaean is Plaintiffe; Daphnis Defendant. Daphnis carries the day. The Methymaeans fall to force, but are beaten off with Clubs. Getting home, they complain of injury and loss by the Mytelenians.The Methymnaeans presently command Bryaxis their Generall to move with 10 Ships against the Mytenlenians knowing nothing. They land at the fields, plunder all they can lay their hands on, and carry away Chloe. Daphnis knowing it, would dye; but the Nymphs comfort him. Pan sends a Terrour (which is rarely described) upon the Methymnaeans; and warns their Captain in his sleep, to bring back Chloe. The Captain obeyes, and she returns joyfull to Daphnis. They keep Holy-dayes to Pan, and Philetas is there. Lamo tells the story of the Pipe, Philetas gives Daphnis his most artificial Pipe. Daphnis and Chloe proceed to the binding of one another by amorous oaths.”Book II. i.

[2] And yet another sharpened the small sickle used for cutting the grape clusters; another gave his attention to the wine-press: a stone table upon which the juiciest grapes were tread; still others tore dried-out [ξηρᾶς dry] willow branches into strips - for use at night - for light by which the sweet new wine [γλεῦκος: mustum] could be borne off.

κατεξασμένης: card, comb well; tear in pieces:

by blows πληγαῖς

[3] And in fact, Daphnis and Chloe neglected their sheep so they could lend a helping hand to the others [μετεδίδοσαν]. Daphnis’ job was to lift the grape clusters up [ἐβάσταζεν] and place them into the wicker-baskets; after which he would throw them into a tub [ληνοῖς] and then trample them ἐπάτει; and then finally, he would carry away the wine in large jars [πίθους]; while Chloe prepared [παρεσκεύαζε] meals for the workers. She poured [ἐνέχει< ἐγχέω] their drinks, serving a more well-aged wine>; and, she would collect the lowest-hanging fruit as well [ταπεινοτέρα].

[4] It’s a well-know fact, that all the vines [ἄμπελος] throughout Lesbos are low-lying[ταπεινή] - neither elevated [raised off the ground] nor strung across trellises. Instead the vines stretch out, down-and-out-wards, as if it were ivy ground-cover . Even an infant would be able to reach the grapes once his arms had been freed from his swaddling clothes.

II. ii.

As was appropriate for the festival of Dionysus and the birth-day [γενέσεως] of > wine, the women from the nearby fields had been summoned to help out [ἐπικουρίαν: aid]. Catching a glimpse of Daphnis they began to compliment [ἐπῄνουν] him, how like Dionysus and how handsome he was: one of them was so bold as to kiss him. The kiss excited [παρώξυνε] but annoyed [ἐλύπησεν: λυπέω] Chloe.

[2] The men, in the vats [tubs ληνοῖς] cast [ἔρριπτον] off-colored remarks [ποικίλας φωνάς] at Chloe: and, they started to jump about ἐπήδων like crazed satyrs [frenzied μανικώτερον] chasing one of Bacchus’ revelers [those worshippers of Dionysus]; and they began to beg the gods to turn them into sheep, so that they could be led to pasture under her: so with roles reversed, Chloe was delighted [ἥδετο] while Daphnis was annoyed [ἐλυπεῖτο] [ὥστεαὖπάλινἡμὲνἥδετο, Δάφνιςδὲἐλυπεῖτο. .

[3] They prayed that the harvest would end quickly so that they

could return to their customary surroundings and so that, instead of the rude [unmusical ἀμούσου] comments, they might listen to flute-playing and the bleating of their flocks.

[4] After a few days had passed, and when they had gathered the fruit off the vines [αἱμὲνἄμπελοιἐτετρύγηντο], the wine-jars [πίθοι] held the new wine [must], and it appeared as though there was no need for the extra hands [πολυχειρίας], then Daphnis and Chloe drove their herds down to the plain. And very happily they prostrated themselves before the Nymphs [προσεκύνουν< προσκυνέω] and offered the first fruits of the harvest - grapes still on the vine [κλημάτων] -

CHECK REEVE TEXT

[5] Now in the past when they passed by the grotto they weren’t disrespectful [ἀμελῶς] [παρῆλθον <παρέρχομαι]. Instead - as they began to graze their flocks - they always sat nearby [προσήδρευον< προσεδρεύω] and on their return home [ἀνιόντες] they would pay their respects [προσεκύνουν]: and above all [καί πάντως] they would bring [ἐπέφερον] something: either a flower or some green foliage or a libation of goat’s-milk [ἢφυλλάδαχλωρὰνἢγάλακτοςσπονδήν]. And for doing so later on compensation was provided by the gods.

[6] Then like dogs - as the saying goes [φασίν] - freed from their chains and collars - they would leap about [ἐσκίρτων], play the flute, sing [ᾖδον]; and, rough-house with [συνεπάλαιον: παλαίω] their goats and sheep

II. iii.

As/ while they were <goofing around> [enjoying themselves; Τερπομένοιςδὲαὐτοῖς], an old man appeared [ἐφίσταται]: dressed in a rough outer garment of goat's hair, with untanned cow-hide bound to his feet [καρβατίνας ὑποδεδεμένος] and an ancient satchel hanging down from his neck. Sitting down near them, this is what he said:

[2] "Children, I am an elder, Philetas, who sang many songs to these Nymphs; I often piped songs to that Pan there. I led large herds of oxen out to pasture using only a melody. I have come to share the secrets [μηνύσων] of all that I have seen εἶδον, to announce all that I have heard.

[3] This is my garden, the work of my hands. I have worked on it [ἐξεπονησάμην< ἐκπονέω] since, because of my old age, I stopped pasturing my flock. Whatever the season produces [bears], my garden contains within it everything according to that season.

[4] In Spring there are roses [ῥόδα] and lilies [κρίνα] and hyacinths [ὑάκινθος] and both types of violets; in Summer there are poppies [μήκωνες] and wild pears [ἀχράδες] and every kind of apple; now, there are grape-vines [ἄμπελοι] and fig trees [συκαῖ], pomegranates [mulberries: ῥοιαί] and green myrtle-bushes .

[5] Flocks of birds gather here [συνέρχονται] in the garden early in the morning [ἑωθινόν]: some to eat, some just to sing. Since in fact the place is thickly shaded [συνηρεφής] and hidden [shaded; κατάσκιος] as well as well-watered [κατάρρυτος] by its three springs. Were someone to pull down [περιέλῃ< περιαιρέω] the brick wall [αἱμασιάν] he would imagine he was looking upon a sacred grove.

II. iv.

As I came into my garden today - about mid-day - a child appeared under the pomegranate trees and myrtles holding myrtle-berries and pomegranates : his complexion was as white as milk with fiery-blonde hair like that of a flame; and his body glistened as though he just had bathed. He was naked and alone.

[2] Playfully [With childlike moves [ἔπαιζεν] he pretended he was harvesting his own garden. I was worried that given his brazenness he would [ἀγερωχίας] snap-off [κατακλάσῃ] the myrtles and pomegranates, and so I didn’t rush at [ὥρμησα] him and attempt grab hold of [συλληψόμενος< συλλαμβάνω] him.

As I paused, nimbly he easily scampered off. He ran first under the roses and then, like a young partridge, he hid beneath the poppies [μήκωσιν].

[3] Now I admit I’ve often had occasions [μήκωσιν] such as this, pursuing young kids still nursing; and that I frequently grew exhausted running after new-born calves: but this matter [χρῆμα] was more complex [ποικίλον] and he wasn’t to be caught [ἀθήρατον]. And given that I’m old, I grew tired. So leaning on my staff, I kept watch lest he run off. I asked him which of the neighboring estates he was from and why he thought he could harvest from someone else’s garden.

[4]He said nothing, but standing nearby he laughed gently [ἁπαλόν] and pelted me with myrtle berries [threw myrtle berries]; and even though I don't know how, he had begun to enchant [ἔθελγε] me so that I no longer [μηκέτι] was angry [θυμοῦσθαι]. I wanted [ἐδεόμην <δέω] him to hug me and to stop being afraid; so swearing upon my myrtle-bushes, I promised -if only he would allow me one kiss - to let him go [ἀφήσειν: ἀφίημι] and generously to share my apples and pomegranates, as well as to give him permission to harvest the plants and to cut flowers,

II. v.

Then laughing loudly [καπυρὸνγελᾶν], he spoke. His voice was unlike anything I knew: neither that of a nightingale [ἀηδών: songstress] nor of a swallow [χελιδών] nor like a swan [κύκνος] which sounds elderly like me. Finally he said:

"Oh, Philetas, I’d gladly kiss you, given that my desire to kiss is even greater than your desire to be young again. But come on: is this really a gift suitable for a man your age [ἡλικίαν].

[2] After that first kiss, old age wouldn’t prevent you from chasing me. What’s more, I’m really hard to catch [δυσθήρατος]! Even the swiftest birds can’t match my speed: neither a falcon [hawk, ἱέρακι] nor an eagle nor any of the very fastest. I have something to confess: even though I appear as a child, I’m not a boy - I am older than Cronus and of all that exists in this world.

[3] There’s one more thing you need to know as well:I knew you at your prime [πρωθήβην], in the days when you pastured your herd of cattle [βουκόλιον] on the plain near that marsh over there. I was there (present-at-hand; παρήμην] when you played your pipe in front of that oak tree[φηγοῖς], when [ἡνίκα] you loved [ἤρας] Amaryllis. But you did not see [ἑώρας< ὁράω] me, and yet [καίτοι] I stood very near to the girl [κόρῃ παρεστῶτα]. In fact, I gave her to you; and by now your children already are productive as cowherds and farmers.

[4] Now I am shepherd to Daphnis and Chloe; and early each morning [ἑωθινόν] when I bring them together as one [εἰς ἕν], that’s when I come into [ἔρχομαι] your garden and enjoy the flowers and the plants; and, I bathe [λούομαι] myself in these same streams. The water [ἀρδόμενα] from my bathing is the reason the flowers and the plants are beautiful.

[5] Now, take a look. See whether any of the plants have been snapped off [κατακέκλασται]; whether any of the fruit has been picked; whether the roots of any of the plants have been trampled [πεπάτηται]; whether the springs have been muddied [stirred up, disturbed τετάρακται]. And give thanks that you alone among mortals have seen this small boy during your old age."

II.vi.

When he finished, he hopped up [ἀνήλατο<ἀνάλλομαι ] - just like [καθάπερ] a nightingale chick - into a flowering myrtle. And creeping up to the top, he went moving from branch to branch through the leaves to the very top [ἀμείβων]. I noticed wings sprouting from his shoulders and in between his wings that grew out from his shoulders a quiver, small bow, and arrows; and after that I saw nothing further, nor did I see him again [any longer: οὐκέτι]. unless I have sprouted these gray hairs in vain and having grown old become even more thoughtless [ματαιοτέρας], I now understand that [τας φρένας ἐκτησάμην< κτάομαι] you kids have been consecrated to Eros,[κατέσπεισθε<κατασπένδω]; and Eros is looking out for you.

[You are a matter of concern to Eros].

II. vii

Daphnis and Chloe were totally delighted just as if [ὥσπερ] they had heard a fairy tale or myth and not facts. Next they then asked Philetas just what or who “this Eros” is exactly: is it a boy or a bird and what can it do. And so, Philetas answered them back [πάλιν]. "Eros, kids, is a god: young, handsome, and he’s got wings. He celebratesyouth, chases after beauty; and, he furnishes the <a person’s> soul with wings [ἀναπτεροῖ]. .

[2] Eros is able to get things done that not even Zeus can. His power is immense. He controls [κρατεῖ] the elements [στοιχείων]; holds sway over the stars; and, holds power over the other gods who are his equal. Frankly, you two don’t have as much control over your goats and sheep as Eros has over Nature [everything]>.

[3] The flowers are totally the work of Eros; every plant is made by him : through his power the rivers flow and the winds blow.

[4] I’ve seen a bull that has fallen in love [ἐρασθέντα] that bellowed as though stung by a gadfly; a billy-goat trailing everywhere after a nanny-goat and nuzzling it. In fact I remember being young and in love with Amaryllis. And I forgot to eat; didn’t take a drink [ποτόν προσεφερόμην] nor could i [ᾑρούμην <αἱρέω] sleep.

[5] my soul felt pain [ἤλγουν <ἀλγέω]; my heart beat quickly [ἐπαλλόμην], my body grew cold [ἐψυχόμην]. I would shout out loud [ἐβόων] as though I had been beaten [παιόμενος]; I would grow silent ἐσιώπων as though I were dead; and when I was burning up, I would wade in the rivers.

[6] Given that he himself loved Pitys I called out to ἐκάλουν Pan for help. I celebrated [applaud; ἐπῄνουν< ἐπαινέω] Echo who called out [καλοῦσαν] the name of Amaryllis after me <after I spoke it>. I smashed [κατέκλων] my pan-pipes with which i had been able to charm my cattle but which could not bring Amaryllis back. There isn’t a remedy for love: nothing one can drink, nothing one can eat, nor can anything be taught in song: the only solution is to kiss; to hug each other; and to lie down naked with each other

[except for a kiss, to embrace and to lie down together with naked bodies.]

II. viii

Having taught them these things, Philetas left them there - <taking with him> some of their cheese and a kid with its buddinghorns. The teens left behind [καταλειφθέντες] were alone; but, for the first time they had heard the name of Eros.Their souls were dejected [cast down; drawn together συνεστάλη<σανσυστέλλω] under <by> their distress; [λύπης] and at night having returned to their country lean-tos [ἐπαύλεις], they compared [παρέβαλλον] what they had heard withtheir own situation.

[2] Lovers [ἐρῶντες] feel pain and so do we; they neglect their nourishment : we have neglected ἠμελήκαμεν in the same way. They are unable to sleep; and now we suffer the same thing. They think they are on fire [κάεσθαι] and that fire is ours as well. long to [set their hearts on [ἐπιθυμοῦσιν< ἐπιθυμέω] see each other [one another]; and so we pray for the day to arrive sooner.

[3] Love is <almost> [nearly; σχεδόν] all these things. And we love one another but do not know whether it is love or I am a lover [the beloved: ἐρώμενος]. But why do we suffer such pain? Why do we search for [ζητοῦμεν] each other? All that Philetas said is true.

[4] That little boy from the garden was seen [ὤφθη] by our fathers as well in the their shared vision and ordered us to pasture our flocks. <how are we supposed to catch him? >How then can we catch him? He is small and will run away [flee; φεύξεται]. How can we escape from him as well? He has wings and he will lay hold of us [καταλήψεται< καταλαμβάνω].

[5] We must flee to the Nymphs for refuge [καταφεύγειν< καταφεύγω]. Yet Pan could help Philetas when he was in love with Amaryllis.And so we must ,seek out> search for the remedy he spoke about: to kiss; to embrace; and to lie down together naked on the ground. Even though is icy cold [κρύος] we will brave the elements [bear it patiently: καρτερήσομεν],following Philetas's instructions.

II.ix.

This was their night-time schooling. And next morning, leading their goats to pasture, they kissed each other on sight - something they had never done before - and pulled each other into a tight embrace [περιέβαλοντὰςχεῖραςἐπαλλάξαντε]. But they hesitated to try Philetas’ third remedy - getting undressed and lying down [ἀποδυθέντες κατακλιθῆναι]. This was much-too-daring not only for a chaste young maiden but for a teenaged shepherd as well.

[2] Having spent another sleepless night they thought about what had taken place [γεγενημένων] and they berated [κατάμεμψιν] what had been left undone [παραλελειμμένων]. We kissed and it didn’t help. We hugged, but got no further [καὶοὐδὲνπλέονἔσχομεν:]: and so the only remedy for love must be: to lie with one another. We must try it [it must be done: πειρατέον]! of all possibilities it has to be better than just kissing [πάντωςἐναὐτῷτικρεῖττόνἐστιφιλήματος]II.x

Amid these reflections [λογισμοῖς :considerations] - as was reasonable - they had dreams of Eros [Ἐπὶτούτοιςτοῖςλογισμοῖςοἷονεἰκὸςκαὶὀνείραταἑώρωνἐρωτικά], withkisses and snuggles: and so - those things they didn’t do during [μεθ’ ] the daytime, they practiced in their dreams- they lay naked with one another.

[3] And so they kissed, and that was followed with a warm hug, but when it came to the third remedy they slowed down [ἐβράδυνε< βραδύνω:].

Daphnis didn’t dare say anything; nor did Chloe wish to start anything [κατάρχεσθαι< κατάρχω]: until the time that [ἔστε] it happened by [by the grace of the gods] chance . [ἔστε τύχῃ καὶτοῦτοἔπραξαν].

II.xi

Sitting down next to one another beneath the oak stump [στελέχει ] - greedily tasting [ἀπλήστως γευσάμενοι] the enjoyment of their kisses -

they were carried away with this pleasure

Their full-body embraces increased the [applied: παρέχουσαι< παρέχω] pressure to their bodies.

[2] And Daphnis pulling [ἐπισπασαμένου] Chloe to himself rather impulsively [forcibly: βιαιότερον] in order to give her a hug [ΚατὰδὲτὴντῶνχειρῶνπεριβολὴνβιαιότερόντιτοῦΔάφνιδος ἐπισπασαμένου κλίνεταιπως], somehow Chloe tipped onto her side and Daphnis - chasing his kiss [following after: τῷ φιλήματι ἀκολουθῶν] - lying next to her [συγκατακλίνεται]. Recognizing this image from their dreams they lay there for a long time as though glued-together [ὥσπερ συνδεδεμένοι].

[3] Not knowing what to do after that and believing that this was the limit of erotic enjoyment [release: ἀπολαύσεως < ἀπόλαυσις: act of enjoyment], they spent the majority of the day [τὸπλεῖστοντῆςἡμέρας δαπανήσαντες] in vain;

< later> they separated [διελύθησαν< διαλύω] and drove the goats [ἀπήλαυνον], dreading [μισοῦντες< μισέω ]the night. But perhaps they would have done the real thing, if a disturbance such as the following hadn’t seized the entire countryside.

Some young, wealthy Methymneans having arranged [διαθέσθαι] to experience harvest abroad hoping [θελήσαντες] in an enjoyable but strange location ; launching [καθελκύσαντες] a small ship with household slaves plying the oars [προσκώπους καθίσαντες], they sailed past the Mytilaenean country-estates which were close to the sea.

[2] Along the coastline there are great harbors and homesteads that are decorated lavishly [ ἠσκημένη πολυτελῶς] - complete with baths [λουτρά συνεχῆ< συνεχής], formal gardens, and sacred groves [ἄλση] . Some of the decorations were the work of Nature, others the work of man.

[3] the entire place was a child’s “garden of eden” [ἐνηβῆσαι< ἐνηβάω: spend one’s youth in]. They caused no damage sailing along and putting into shore [ἐνορμιζόμενοι< ἐνορμίζω]. They enjoyed a variety of

pleasures: sometimes they would fish, with a thin, linen fishing line running from a pole to its hook, while standing on rocks that formed a natural jetty;

at other times with their dogs pursuing [with the help of their dogs], they would catch rabbits [λαμβάνοντες< λαμβάνω: take hold of] as they tried to escape the commotion into the vineyards

[4]After that turn their attention to the hunting of birds [ἤδηδὲκαὶὀρνίθωνἄγραςἐμέλησεναὐτοῖς], catching wild geese with snares [βρόχοις: noose, slip-knot] and ducks [νήττας], and bustards with their long ear-feathers [ὠτίδας< ὠτίς], so that for their own enjoyment their tables presently would be filled [ὥστεἡτέρψιςαὐτοῖςκαὶτραπέζηςὠφέλειανπαρεῖχεν]. If they needed something for themselves, they would get it from the country-folk, tossing them a huge premium in obols.

[5] Their only needs were wheat-bread [ἄρτου] and wine [οἴνου] and a roof [στέγης] It didn’t appear to be safe to keep their ship afloat during the autumnal season and so worried about the wintery night they beached [ἀνεῖλκον< ἀνέλκω] their boat on dry land.

fishing from an outcropping [natural jetty [ἁλιτενοῦς: projecting into the sea]

secretly went down to the sea and approaching the unguarded boat. He released the mooring cable and

[2] he took it home and used it for what he needed. And so at dawn, the boys from Methymna [the Methymneans] began to search for the cable. And so when no one admitted to the theft, after briefly chastising [μεμψάμενοι :blaming] their hosts, the Methymneans sailed away. Sailing off - about 3 miles away - [about thirty (30) stades] - they came to anchor [προσορμίζονται] near the county-estate where Daphnis and Chloe lived: to them the plain appeared to be a gorgeous spot for hunting rabbits.

[3] Now since they now longer had a rope with which to tie their mooring cable, they twisted some long willow-shoots [withies] into a rope and stretched it from the tip of the boat’s prow to the land, . Next they released their hunting dogs so they could pick up the scent [ῥινηλατεῖν]; and laid traps [lay nets: ἐλινοστάτουν< λινοστατέω] in those spots that appeared to be the most opportune.

[4] Running around and barking, the dogs frightened the goats, which took off down to the sea-share leaving the hill-side behind. Finding nothing to eat on the sandy shore the more daring of the goats gnawed off and ate [ἀπέφαγον< ἀπεσθίω] the long willow-shoot rope which had secured [ἐδέδετο< δέω] their boat [ἔχρῃζεν< χρῄζω: want, lack, have need of],

II.xiv

Now, driven by a blast of wind from the hills, a small swell of waves kicked up on the water [Ἦνδέτικαὶκλυδώνιονἐντῇθαλάττῃ, κινηθέντοςἀπὸτῶνὀρῶνπνεύματος]. in truth very quickly, the ship having been unmoored [λυθεῖσαν], the sea as it flowed back out [παλίρροια τοῦ κύματος] carried it off [ὑπήνεγκεν] to the middle of the ocean.

[2] When the Methymneans noticed this, some ran down to the water others rounded up the dogs. They all began to shout aloud [ἐβόων], so that - having heard the cries - all from the nearby fields gathered. But there was nothing to be done- for the wind had picked up and the ship was carried away by the ungovernable [ἀσχέτῳ] current [ῥοῦν< ῥόος: stream, flow of water]

[3] The Methymneans having lost [στερόμενοι< στέρομαι] not a little property, searched for the guy grazing his herd: finding Daphnis they beat him [ἔπαιον < παίω] and they stripped off his clothes [ἀπέδυον< ἀποδύω]. One of them snatched up a dog-leash [κυνόδεσμον] in order to bind his hands.

[4] As he was being beaten [παιόμενος], Daphnis shouted loudly and beseeched [ἱκέτευε] the rustics - he called out for help first and foremost to Lamon and Dryas. These tough old guys [σκληροί γέροντες] - having strong hands as a result of their farm-work - held out against [ἀντείχοντο< ἀντέχω]

and they demanded to have the opportunity to plead their case [δικαιολογήσασθαι ] concerning what had taken place

II.xv

Those on the opposing side [the Methymnean teenagers] made the same demand as well [ἀξιούντων]: and so they installed Philetas, the shepherd, to be seated as judge [ΤαὐτὰδὲκαὶτῶνἄλλωνἀξιούντωνδικαστὴνκαθίζουσιΦιλητᾶντὸνβουκόλον]: since he was quite elderly, famous, and notable among all the locals for his sense of righteousness. To begin with the Methymneans [the Methymneans went first] - seeing that they had a herdsman as a the arbiter - made their allegations clearly [σαφῆ] and concisely [σύντομα] [κατηγόρουν : spoke against ].

[2] “We came [ἤλθομεν] to these here fields hoping to do some hunting. And while we left our ship , having secured its prow to the land with green-willow strands . From there we set out with our dogs to find wild game to hunt. In the meantime [Ἐντούτῳ], this man’s goats [the goats of this man] ran down to the sea [κατελθοῦσαι< κατέρχομαι], ate the willow withies, and released the ship [ἀπολύουσιν].

[3] You yourself saw it carried off onto the ocean. Do you realize how full [μεστήν] of goods it was? Do you know how many clothes [ἐσθής ] have been lost? how much stuff belonging to the dogs? how much silver [money]?

In exchange [ Ἀνθ̓ὧν] we demand to lead this guy away , because he is terrible goatherd: he pastures his flock at sea as though he were a sailor.II.xvi

The Methymneans made these allegations [κατηγόρησαν< κατηγορέω]. Now when Daphnis saw Chloe present-at-hand although he was badly hurt [affected: διέκειτο] from the beating, taking no account of his wounds, he disputed these allegations contemptuously [κατεφρόνει].

"I graze my goats just fine. Not once has any villager [κωμήτης] complained [ᾐτιάσατο< αἰτιάομαι]: blamed, censure, accuse]; not once has one of my goats fed upon [κατεβοσκήσατο] someone's garden plot nor trampled upon [κατέκλασεν] grapevines with fruit on their vines [βλαστάνουσαν: sprouts].

[2] As hunters [κυνηγέτης] these guys suck; and, the hounds they have are poorly trained: [, so that] they run around everywhere, howling harshly [ὑλακτοῦντες σκληρά] like wolves, chasing my goats from the hills and plains down to the sea.

[3] Fact #1 [ἀλλά]: Yes, they did eat the willow-shoot rope: , on the beach there was nothing to eat: no skunk-grass, no arbutus [strawberry trees], and no flowering thyme.

Fact # 2 [ἀλλά]: Yes, the boat was completely destroyed [ἀπώλετο] by the power of the wind and the ocean: But, the whole thing was the work of Winter not my goats.

But, finally - who in their right mind would use a willow-shoot rope as a mooring cable?

II.xvii

At this Daphnis burst into tears [spilt a lot of tears: ἐπεδάκρυσεν < ἐπιδακρύω] and convinced - [as a result]- many of his rural neighbors [ἀγροίκους] to feel quite sorry for him -

[weeping over these things Daphnis induced [ὑπηγάγετο: persuaded] a great deal of pity in the country-folk [rustics ,

=========

and as a result Philetas, the arbiter [the judge], swore by Pan and the Nymphs that Daphnis had done no wrong and that neither had his goats but that it was the sea and the wind, for whom an Other would be the judge [δικαστάς].

[2] The things that Philetas had said, his decision, did not convince [persuade: ἔπειθε] the Methymneans. Instead, rushing angrily at Daphnis they started to lead him away again and wanted to put him in chains [συνδεῖν: bind]

[3] But, right then and there, the villagers [κωμῆται], who were really agitated [ταραχθέντες<ταράσσω: stir, stir up, trouble, disturb] assaulted [attacked, swarmed all over them; ἐπιπηδῶσιν < ἐπιπηδάω] them like starlings [ψᾶρες] and jackdaws [κολοιοί]. And, Daphnis having gotten away quickly [ἀφαιροῦνται< ἀφαιρέω] already was back in the fight. Beating them with sticks [ξύλοις] the soon turned around and fled; and they did not slow down until they were beyond the boundary line [ὅρων] and onto some other farm [plantation].II.xviii

While neighbors were pursuing the Methymneans, Chloe - in total silence [κατά πολλήν ἡσυχίαν] - led to the Nymphs, and she washed off [ἀπονίπτει < ἀπονίζω] his face bloodied [πρόσωπον ᾑμαγμένον< αἱμάσσω], from his nose broken [ῥαγεισῶν] by a blow; and from her rucksack she pulled out [produced: προκομίσασα] a piece of leavened-bread [ζυμίτου μέρος: portion, share] and a slice of cheese, which she gave him to eat. But that which most revived him was the kiss she kissed with her honey-sweet, tender lips [μελιτῶδες ἁπαλοῖς τοῖς χείλεσι].

============================

she affectionately gave .

[like honey: μελιτῶδες]

[ἀνακτησόμενον <ἀνακτάομαι: regain for oneself, recover]

[φιλέω: to love, regard with affection;

II.xix

That was how close [near] Daphnis came to a bad-end that day.

But the affair [πρᾶγμα] did not end there:

Rather, having just reached home - on foot rather than by boat - wounded [τραυματίαι] rather than giving themselves airs [

they called together an assembly [ἐκκλησίαν] of the citizens; and they approached as suppliants [ἱκέτευον] setting an olive branch [ἱκετηρίας] before the assembly, demanding righteous retribution [vengeance ; τιμωρίας ἀξιωθῆναι].

[2] Of the things that were said, not one thing was true, lest they also become a laughing stock for what took place and for what they had suffered: making accusations against [κατηγοροῦντες] the Mitylenaians - how their ship had been stolen [taken away: ἀφελομένων < ἀφαιρέω] and their property had been seized as plunder [διαρπασάντων < διαρπάζω: torn in pieces] - acts of war [πολέμου νόμῳ].

[3]

Trusting in their wounds [trauma] and the fact that these youths came from the homes of the town’s finest citizens, they voted to exact lawful retribution from the Mitylenaians and authorized an unannounced war; and they ordered their general to outfit ten ships and to ravage their coastal lands - believing that it was unsafe - it being winter -

to entrust more equipment to the seas.

====================================

they dropped their pebbles into the voting jar and by consensus voted to exact revenge they voted for [a unannounced war against the Mitylenaians

++++++=====================

without announcing it to them] an undeclared: [ἀκήρυκτον] war.

================================

II.xx

[Straightaway] Immediately the next morning - with his soldiers as oarsmen [αὐτερέταις στρατιώταις] - set sail [out to sea] along the coastline for the Mitylenaian pastures. They seized a great many sheep, a good deal of grain [σῖτον] as well as wine - harvest having come to an end [πεπαυμένου] just recently [ἄρτι]; and not a few men, most of whom had been doing that work [ὅσοιτούτωνἐργάται].

[ἤλαυνε: stealing away with what lay in front of them> the things at their feet

landing spot ἀπόβασιν

sailed[ raided; ἐπέπλευσε in the direction of [on towards] the pastureland of Chloe and Daphnis’s as well.

==================================

But Daphnis did not drive his flock out to pasture at the same time; instead, going up into the woods [ἀνελθών < ἀνέρχομαι], he chopped up [ἔκοπτεν< κόπτω] some green leaves so that he might be able to provide [παρέχειν< παρέχω: hand over, supply] mulch for the kids during the winter months .

[3] Chloe was with her flock and being pursued. She fled towards the Nymphs's as a supplicant and she begged [asked: ἐδεῖτο < δέω] to spare [φείσασθαι] both the flock she was tending and herself for the sake of the goddesses. But that was no help. In fact instead, hurling a great many insults [railing violently: κατακερτομήσαντες] at the statues, the Methymneans drove off both the herd and the girl, whipping [παίοντες] her with a willow shoots [λύγοις] as if she were a goat or a lamb. II.xxi

Now that they had already filled [μεστάς] their ships with every kind [παντοδαπῆς] of plunder [booty: ἁρπαγῆς], they decided to sail no further [περαιτέρω πλεῖν]; instead they made the voyage home [οἴκαδε πλοῦν ἐποιοῦντο] concerned about the winter weather [χειμῶνα] and their enemies[πολεμίους]. And so they sailed away - but since there was no wind - they continued by using their oars. [εἰρεσίᾳ προσταλαιπωροῦντες <προσταλαιπωρέω: to at their oars -]

[3] her habitual source of enjoyment [ᾗσυνήθωςἐτέρπετο] - he shouted aloud and a pitiful shriek [μέγαβοῶνκαὶἐλεεινὸνκωκύων] he ran [ἔτρεχεν < τρέχω] first to the oak tree [φηγόν] where they used to sit; next down to the sea to try to spot her; and, finally to the Nymphs which is where she ran for refuge while being dragged away [ἐφ̓ἃςἑλκομένηκατέφυγεν].

“Chloe was snatched out from under you and seeing this you didn't budge [did nothing]! She who wove coronals [wreaths, garlands: στεφάνους] for you; she who poured libations of the first milk; she whose syrinx is a votive offering?

[2]

A wolf never snatched one of my goats; but our enemies have seized the goats and my fellow-goatherd [she who tended the flocks with me]. They will flay [ἀποδεροῦσι] the goats and sacrifice [καταθύσουσι] the sheep; and from now on[λοιπόν], Chloe will live in town.

[3] How [lit., with what kind of steps [ποίοις ποσίν]] shall i go [return: ἄπειμι] to my father and my mother without the goats and without Chloe: will become [ἐσόμενος<εἰμί] impoverished [desolate: λιπερνής <λιπερνήτης: unemployed]? And I still will not have a flock to pasture. Here I will stay [remain] lying around either death or a second battle

[4]

Chloe, are you suffering this way too? is this the sort of thing you are suffering [experiencing:Ἆρακαὶσύ, Χλόη, τοιαῦταπάσχεις]; Do you remember our pasture-land? the Nymphs? Me? Or, are the sheep and goats - as your fellow prisoners-of-war [αἰχμάλωτοιμετὰσοῦγενόμεναι] able to console you;]?

speaking to himself this way, a deep sleep put an end to [overcame: καταλαμβάνει] his tears and suffering [λύπης]. And to him there appeared [ἐφίστανται] three (3) Nymphs - tall and beautiful women, half-naked and wearing no sandals, their hair flowing loose- just like the statues [ἀγάλμασιν < ἄγαλμα].

[2] At first it seemed as though the Nymphs felt pity for Daphnis, and after a time the eldest spoke with a soothing voice [encouragingly: ἐπιρρωννύουσα]

“Don’t find fault with [μέμφου] us, Daphnis? Indeed Chloe is of more concern to us that are you.When she was a child we took pity on her and nourished her as she lay in the grotto.

[3] As for Chloe, she has nothing in common with pasture-land nor with Dryas’s little lambs. We now are deciding what to do for her [concerned ;πεφρόντισται< φροντίζω], let somehow she be carried to Methymna to be a slave-girl, and lest she not become a portion of this war’s plunder.

[4] That same Pan to whom the pine has been dedicated, to whom at no time did you-two ever pay reverence [ἐτιμήσατε] with flowers: we demanded that [ἐδεήθημεν< δέω] he [that one: τούτου] become Chloe’s guardian [ally: ἐπίκουρον]: for he is more familiar with [συνήθης] armies than are we and already he has left the countryside [ἀγροικίαν] many times to wage war [ἐπολέμησε< πολεμέω]. And when he does go to Methymna it will not be as a noble enemy.

[5] Don’t fret [κάμνε: tire yourself out]! But get up and show yourself to Lamon and Myrtale : they are laying [κεῖνται] on the ground believing [thinking} that you became a share of the take [booty]. Tomorrow Chloe will return [ἀφίξεται] to you together with the goats and along with the sheep and you two will pasture the flock together and play your syrinxes together as well : And the god of Love, Eros, will watch over you.

II.xxiv

Seeing these things and hearing Daphnis jumped out of bed, and shedding tears of both pleasure and pain, he fell down to worship the Nymphs

[προσεκύνει: to do Obeisance to] and promised that- if Chloe were to be saved - that he would sacrifice his finest goat

[2]. Then running towards pine-tree, where a statue to Pan - the horned [κερασφόρον] with goat-like-legs [τραγοσκελές] , holding a syrinx in one hand and a leaping goat in the other- had been erected.

Daphnis prostrated himself to Pan and prayed for Chloe’s safety and swore that he would sacrifice a goat .

[3] Just after the setting of the sun, Daphnis quit crying and praying and grabbing [ἀράμενος] some of the mulch he had chopped, he returned [ἐπανῆλθεν] to his farmstead delivering Lamon’s household

from [ἀπαλλάξας: removing] their sorrow, filling them with joy [merriment] [εὐφροσύνης ἐμπλήσας], and he ate some food and went [ὥρμησεν] to sleep - but his sleep was not without tears, praying rather to see the Nymphs again and praying for the day to arrive [come into being: γενέσθαι] quickly, the day on which Chloe had been promised to him.II.xxv

When the leader of the Methymneans had led his troops off about a mile, he decided to revive [ἀναλαβεῖν] his weary troops [στρατιώτας… κεκμηκότας] after their raid [καταδρομή]. Coming upon [λαβόμενος] a headland that stretches out [ἐπεκτεινομένης] into the ocean in the shape of a crescent μηνοειδῶς : they disembarked [ἐπεμβαινούσης].

[2] Within the harbor the sea was perfectly calm [γαληνότερον], they decided to drop anchor [ὅρμον εἰργάζετο], and right there in open water [μετεώρους] they dropped anchor [from their ship], so that none of the local farmhands could harass them [λυπῆσαι < λυπέω], and then he dismissed [ἀνῆκε< ἀνίημι] his Methymnean soldiers so they could enjoy some peace-filled [peaceful:εἰρηνικήν] R & R.

[3] Having an abundance [ἀφθονίαν] of everything from their plunder [raid: ἁρπαγῆς] , they drank and played - mimicking [ἐμιμοῦντο] a victory celebration.Just as the day was coming to a close and as night was coming on, the soldiers put aside [left off: ληγούσης] their enjoyment [τέρψεως], when suddenly αἰφνίδιον the entire earth seemed to be lit by a blaze and the crash of oar handles splashing [ῥόθιος] could be heard ῥόθιος as though a huge expedition was attacking them [it were an invasion by a huge expedition].

[4] Someone shouted aloud [ἐβόα] to the soldiers directing them to arm themselves [ὁπλίζεσθαι], one man called out one thing another man called out something else, someone was wounded τετρῶσθαι< τιτρώσκω], another lay as though dead. If someone saw ὁρᾶν this they would have guessed that this was a night-time battle [νυκτομαχίαν] but no soldiers present at hand.

shape, form: σχῆμαII.xxvi

Such was the night that came upon them [ἐπῆλθεν < ἐπέρχομαι] but the day that followed was much more terrifying. Daphnis's billy-, and nanny-, goats wore berry-laden, ivy wreaths in their horns; and Chloe's rams and ewes howling like wolves howled.

[2] Chloe, herself, was seen [personally] crowned with pine boughs. Many incredible [unexpected] things happened [ἐγίνετο... πολλά παράδοξα] when it came to the water itself [about the sea]. Their anchors [or, stuck fast [ἔμενον] when they attempted to raise them from the ocean floor, and

Their oars shattered [ἐθραύοντο<θραύω] when they dropped [καθιέντων] them in to row, and dolphins leaping out of the water struck the ships with their tails

loosening the side-boards [framework; γομφώματα].

[3] from the sheer [steep: ὀρθίου] rocks they heard [ἠκούετο] the sound of a syrinx [pipes] coming up from the headland, but it didn't gladden as a syrinx , it frightened [ἐφόβει] the soldiers who heard it, as though [or, thinking it was a war-trumpet: σάλπιγξ].

[4] Therefore they were thrown into confusion [ἐταράττοντο<ταράσσω] and ran for their weapons and called out to their enemies whom could not be seen, so that once again they prayed for night to come so they could forge[obtain: τευξόμενοι] a truce [σπονδῶν] .

[5] It was all intelligible [συνετά] to those able to think straight that the apparitions [phantasmata: φαντάσματα] and the sounds they heard [ἀκούσματα] were from Pan, who for some reason was angry with μηνίοντος the sailors, but they were unable to agree upon [συμβαλεῖν] the cause [αἰτίαν], for they had not despoiled [ἐσεσύλητο] anything dedicated [ἱερόν] to Pan: until [ἔστε] the middle of the day when the general fell asleep not without the aid of a god ἀθεεί and Pan was seen and said this:

II.xxvii

Oh! Of all men you are the most impious [ἀνοσιώτατοι] and sacrilegious[ἀσεβέστατοι]! why do you-all dare ἐτολμήσατε< τολμάω] do such things with minds driven mad by the gods [μαινομέναις φρεσίν]? You filled this countryside that I love with warfare. You drove away ἀπηλάσατε herds of cattle and of goats and sheep ποιμνίων that were under my care [τάς ἐμοί μελομένας].

[2] You dragged away [ἀπεσπάσατε] a young maiden from a shrine - a maiden about whom the god of Love, Eros, hopes to turn into a fable; nor did you pay respect [ᾐδέσθητε<αἰδέομαι] to the Nymphs who were watching nor to me, Pan. You will not see [ὄψεσθε] Methymna again after setting sail with your ship laden with plunder nor will you be able to escape this syrinx which throws you into confusion [ταράξασαν].

[3] Instead I will sink your ship making you food for the fish if you do not immediately release [restore: ἀποδώσεις] Chloe to the Nymphs and Chloe's herds - both the goats and the sheep. Wake up and make the girl Chloe disembark [ἐκβίβαζε <ἐκβιβάζω] along with those things I mentioned:

I will guide you across the water and her along the path.II.xxviii

Having been thrown into a state of total confusion by the dream [τεθορυβημένος] - Briaxus- for that was the general’s name - leapt up [ἀναπηδᾷ] and summoning the ships' captains, ordered them to locate Chloe among the prisoners as quickly as possible.

[2] They quickly discovered her - for she sat wearing a pine-bough tiara - and escorted [brought: ἐκόμισαν< κομίζω: take care of, provide for] her before his eyes. Taking this as a token of what he had seen in his dream[σύμβολον], he brought [κομίζει] her ashore on his flagship [ναυαρχίδος].

[3] Just as she had disembarked [ἀπεβεβήκει], the sound of a syrinx was heard again from the cliff - not this time warlike [πολεμικός] and terrifying [φοβερός] but pastoral [ποιμενικός] and like that of a shepherd leading his flocks to pasture. Then the sheep ran down the gangplank [ἀποβάθρας] slipping [ἐξολισθάνοντα< ἐξολισθάνω] on the horns of their hooves, and the goats being much more confident [θρασύτερον: bolder], inasmuch as [οἷα] they are accustomed [εἰθισμέναι< ἐθίζω] to frequenting precipices. [κρημνοβατεῖν].

And their animals [The sheep and the goats] surrounded Chloe in a circle - a round dance - and they gamboled and bleated like [as though] rejoicing [ὅμοια χαίρουσιν]. But the goats which belonged to the other herdsmen, the sheep and the cattle, remained down in a space in the ship’s hold [the hollow of the ship], just as if [καθάπερ] the melody had not summoned them.

[2] Everyone was amazed [seized by astonishment] and sang the praises of [ανευφημουντων] Pan; even more astonishing things were seen both on land and on the sea [lit., in both elements [στοιχείοις]

[3] The Methymneans’ ships, even before the sailors raised [ἀνασπάσαι] the anchors, started to sail off [ἔπλεον] and a dolphin - leaping out of the ocean -guided their flagship [commander’s ship], the pleasing sound of a syrinx guided those goats and sheep , but no one saw the one playing the syrinx. And so the flocks of sheep and the goats together went ashore and they grazed enjoying [τερπόμεναι] the tune [melody].II.xxx

It was time for the afternoon grazing [Δευτέραςπουνομῆςκαιρὸςἦν] Daphnis looking from the lookout place on high and seeing the goats and Chloe giving a tremendous cry said “Oh, Pan, Oh Nymphs,” ran down onto the plain κατέδραμεν and embracing [περιπλακείς < περιπλέκω : folding himself around] Chloe he fell down κατέπεσε in a faint [λιποθυμήσας< λιποθυμέω]

he ran under their usual oak and sitting alongside the stump he asked how she escaped the enemy.

[3] She laid everything out for him: the ivy on the goats, the howling [ὠρυγμόν] of the cattle, the pine sprouting flowers [ἐπανθήσασαν], the ground aflame [on fire; the burning ground], the pounding sea, both tunes of the flute’s: one for war, one for peace.; the night spent in terror [τὴννύκτατὴνφοβεράν]; and how when she couldn’t remember the way the melody guided her along the path.

[4] Recognizing [γνωρίσας] his dream of the Nymphs and the work of Pan, Daphnis proceeded and laid out in full the things he had seen, what he had heard, how intending to die [contemplating suicide; μέλλων ἀποθνήσκειν] at the hands of the Nymphs he came back to life ἔζησε [διὰτὰςΝύμφαςἔζησε].

[5] He then sent her off to bring back those living with Dryas and Lamon

and such things as are [most suited] suitable for sacrifice [καὶὅσαπρέπειθυσίᾳ:], while personally he selected the finest of his billies and wreathed it with ivy, just as they had appeared to the enemy [ὤφθησαν< ὁράω τοῖς πολεμίοις], and he poured a libation of [κατασπείσας < κατασπένδω] milk over its horns, and he sacrificed it to the Nymphs and hanging it up he skinned the billy and dedicated the skin.

II.xxxi

When everyone had gathered around Chloe, he [Daphnis] lit a fire and prepared the meat: boiling [ἑψήσας] some, roasting [ὀπτήσας] other pieces and they offered the first fruits [ἀπήρξατο] to the Nymphs and poured out as a libation to the gods a bowl filled with sweet new wine [made a libation [ἐπέσπεισε].

Next he spread out beds of leaves [ὑποστορέσας] for all and thereafter with food and drink and games [amusement]. At the same time he keep watch over his herd lest a wolf attack [ἐμπεσών: fall upon] it, doing the work of an enemy.

[2] they also sang [ᾖσαν< ἀείδω] some hymns to the Nymphs - songs that had been made [ποιήματα] by shepherds of old. When night came upon them , they were lulled to sleep [κοιμηθέντες< κοιμάω] in the pasture [fields], and on the following day they remembered [ἐμνημόνευσαν] Pan, and crowned with a wreath of pine-boughs they led [προσήγαγον] the leader of the flock of goats [τῶν τράγων τόν ἀγελάρχην] to the pine tree [τῇ πίτυϊ] and poured a libation of wine and keeping a religious silence [εὐφημοῦντες< εὐφημέω: shout in triumph] they sacrificed the goat, hung it up [ἐκρέμασαν< κρεμάννυμι] and skinned it[ἀπέδειραν].

[3] Then having broiled [κρέα ὀπτήσαντες] and boiled [ἑψήσαντες< ἕψω] the meat they set the food out on the nearby [πλησίον] meadow atop the leaves; but the skin by means of its own horns [κέρασιν αὐτοῖς] they affixed [ἐνέπηξαν< ἐμπήγνυμι] to the pine tree near [in front of] the statue [ἀγάλματι] - a rustic [pastoral: ποιμενικόν] votive offering [ἀνάθημα] for a rustic [pastoral] god. They again offered the first fruits [ἀπήρξαντο] of their meat and [ἀπέσπεισαν καί κρατῆρος μείζονος] and they poured out wine as a libation from a larger mixing bowl [crater]

[ᾠδάς< ᾠδή, contraction for - ἀοιδή]II.xxxii

Following the sacrifice [after these things] and having reclined they ate [ἤσθιον], and the cowherd Philetas by chance showed up carrying some small wreaths [στεφανίσκους] for Pan and bunches of grapes still on their leafy vines [clusters: βότρυς] , and him the youngest of his kids, Tityrus, followed [εἵπετο] - a ginger [πυρρόν] child [with flaming red hair] and green-blue eyes [γλαυκόν], a [fair-] pale-skinned child and wise-acre [ἀγέρωχον: lordly, haughty, arrogant], and walking [βαδίζων] he leapt nimbly [ἥλλετο < ἅλλομαι nimbly [κοῦφα], just like a kid.

[2] Leaping up [ἀναπηδήσαντες], together with [συνεστεφάνουν] Philetas, they crowned Pan, and they hung [ἐξήρτων< ἐξαρτάω] the vine stems on the boughs of the pine, and they made Philetas recline close to them and joined their revelry.

Having heard this last boast, Daphnis and Chloe pestered Philetas incessantly [in every possible way], begging him to share some of his skill and to play the flute at a festival for the god who enjoys the syrinx. Philetas agreed to their request [ἐπαγγέλλεται], although he [offered as an excuse the short breath of old age] blamed old age for his shortness of breath, and he picked up Daphnis’s pipe,

[2] but it was too small for him to demonstrate his skill, having been sized for a child’s mouth. And so he sent Tityrus to get [retrieve] his syrinx, since his homestead ἀπεχούσης] was about a mile away.

[3] And so, Tityrus threw off his slave’s apron and, nude, took off at a run, like a young deer, while Lamon promised them that he would relate - in its entirety - a fable concerning the syrinx, which a Sicilian goatherd had sang [chanted] in exchange for a goat and a pipe.

================================

[complained of shortness of breath of old age]

indeed [and further, and yet: καίτοι]

Therefore Daphnis and Chloe brought forth [προσέφερον: presented] every entreaty [δεήσεις] asking Philetas to share some of his techniques

breathless; without life ἄπνουνII.xxxiv

To begin with [το αρχαιον] the syrinx itself was not a pipe but a beautiful maiden with a musical voice as well: she grazed her goats, she frolicked with the Nymphs, and she sang to them as she still does now. Pan - while she was grazing her goats, frolicking, and singing - came up to her and began to persuade [ἔπειθεν] her to give him that which he desired [ἔχρῃζε] and he assured her that all her goats would throw twins [that he would bring it to pass that all….] [διδυματόκους] .

[2] She laughed at the idea of love with him, and said that she wouldn’t take [accept: δέξεσθαι< δέχομαι]as a lover someone who was not either a perfectly formed goat or man. Pan set out ὁρμᾷ in pursuit intending to use force. Syrinx started to run away [ἔφευγε] from Pan and his violence . As she was fleeing she grew weary and took cover [κρύπτεται] in a thicket of reeds [δόνακας] and disappeared [ἀφανίζεται] into the marshy ground [εἰς ἕλος]

[3] Pan angrily cut down the reeds, but couldn’t find the girl, and understanding what had happened [πάθος μαθών], he devised [νοεῖ] the instrument, binding together [συνδήσας] reeds [καλάμους], unequal in length] with wax. just as their love have been unequal.

Just as ἄρτι Lamon finished recounting the fable, Philetas praised him for telling his fable in such a very sweet song and Tityrus showed up [ἐφίσταται: stood nearby] bringing his father’s pan-pie : it was a big instrument made out of reeds that were quite large.

[2] and where [καί ἵνα] the reeds had been bound together with wax it was decorated with bronze. One might imagine that this one was the very syrinx first constructed by Pan. Philetas excitedly [διεγερθείς], sat upright [on a chair ] and to begin with [πρῶτον] he tested to find out whether the reeds’ air-ways were clear [were good to breathe through],

[4] Demonstrating every artifice [technique] proper to [εὐνομίας: good order] music [μουσικῆς] he played a melody ideal for a herd of [cattle] oxen, then he piped one that would work on [πρόσφορον : serviceable, appropriate for] goats [αἰπολίῳ], one pleasing to sheep [ποίμναις].Delightful for sheep, loud for cattle, shrill for goats. In short [ὅλως] - a single syrinx [flute] was able to imitate every syrinx sound possible [flute] [ὅλωςπάσαςσύριγγαςμίασύριγξἐμιμήσατο].

played his flute [ἐσύριττεν] II.xxxvi

The others, who had reclined, were enjoying silently when Dryas stood up and requested [κελεύσας συρίττειν] a Dionysian melody; and he danced [ὠρχήσατο], <miming> the actions of the grape-harvest [ a wine-press [ἐπιλήνιον] -dance [ὄρχησιν ] for them [αὐτοῖς]: to begin with he imitated someone harvesting, next someone carrying wicker baskets [ἀρρίχους ],

[2] then someone stomping [πατοῦντι] upon the grapes, next he someone filling [πληροῦντι] large wine-jars [πίθους], and finally someone drinking the sweet new wine. All these elements Dryas danced gracefully [with elegance: εὐσχημόνως: with grace and dignity] and brilliantly [using, or, with] all the right moves [ἐναργῶς - ? -], so that what people saw seemed to be grapes [ἀμπέλους] and wine vats [ληνόν] and large wine-jars [πίθους] and Dryas actually drinking [πίνοντα].

II.xxxvii.

Philetas was the third old man who was applause [εὐδοκιμήσας] - for his dancing [ ὀρχήσει]. He kissed Daphnis and Chloe, who standing up very quickly acted out in dance Lamon’s fable : Daphnis played the part of Pan, Syrinx’s part by Chloe.He begged her to give in [ὁ μέν ἱκέτευε πείθων], she smiled and [disdainfully: ἀμελοῦσα ἐμειδία].

[2] He pretended to run on the tip of his toes, as though he had hooves; she appeared to be weary from fleeing in fright. Next Chloe into the woods as though disappearing into the marsh.

[3] Daphnis then grabbed Philetas’s syrinx and loudly piped a lover’s lament [imitating a nightingale: γοερόν ὡς ἐρῶν], a romantic appeal [ἐρωτικόν ὡς πείθων], a stalker’s call to return [ἀνακλητικόν ὡς ἐπιζητῶν]. Amazed, as a result, Philetas leapt up affectionately [φιλεῖ τε ἀναπηδήσας] and kissed Daphnis and gave him his syrinx in appreciation, praying that Daphnis would hand that very one on to a suitable successor . II.xxxviii.

He dedicated his own syrinx, the small one, to Pan and kissed Chloe as though she had been found [εὑρεθεῖσαν] after actually fleeing in fright [ὡςἐκφυγῆςἀληθινῆςεὑρεθεῖσαντὴνΧλόην]; next, he drove his flock while playing his syrinx, night having come already; and Chloe drove her flock accompanied by the melody of her [τῆς] syrinx.

[2] The goats trotted [went: ᾔεσαν] alongside the sheep, Daphnis walked along slowly [ἐβάδιζεν] next to Chloe, and so they enjoyed [had their fill of: ἐνέπλησαν] one another until nightfall and agreed to [συνέθεντο] to drive their flocks down to the pasture very early [θᾶττον] the next day and they did just that [καὶοὕτωςἐποίησαν].

[3] Just as the day was beginning they arrived to the pasture greeting first the Nymphs and then Pan after which they sat beneath the oak and played their pipes. Then they started to kiss, hug, and lay down together [κατεκλίνοντο] -

and having done nothing more they stood up and turned their attention to [ἐμέλησεν] to food and drank wine mixed with milk.

[Just, then, exactly: ἄρτι: at least -γοῦν ] II.xxxix.

[As a result of all these things] they grew warmer [grew ever-more aroused] and became bolder and they began to vie with one another [compete [ἤριζον] in a contest of love [ἔριν ἐρωτικήν: brought on by love] and little by little [καὶμετ̓ὀλίγον] they progressed [advanced to: εἰς ὅρκων πίστιν προῆλθον] to making oaths swearing faithfulness. While Daphnis went to the pine tree and swore by Pan that he would not live alone without Chloe, not for even one day

[2] Chloe went into the grotto and swore to the Nymphs that all she wanted was to love Daphnis in death and in life: [εἰσελθοῦσαεἰςτὸἄντροντὸναὐτὸνΔάφνιδιἕξεινκαὶθάνατονκαὶβίο -[she would be content to love Daphnis in death and in life]] But, Chloe’s simplicity [naïveté: ἀφελές: simple, plain, blunt] was so great that, coming out from ἐξιοῦσα the grotto [cave], she thought it appropriate to ask for a second oath as a test from him.

[demanded [ἠξίου< ἀξιόω]

“Daphnis,” she said, Pan is the God of Love and can’t be trusted.

[3] He loved Pitys, he loved Syrinx; and he’s never stopped pestering [ἐνοχλῶν < ἐνοχλέω: trouble, annoy] the Dryads and causing trouble for the Nymphs who protect our flocks [ἐπιμηλίσι] . if you are careless [ἀμεληθείς: neglectful of] when it comes to oaths you swear to Pan [this one: οὗτος], he will be neglectful when it comes to correcting your behavior [κολάσαι: chastising you] even if were you to dally with [have intercourse with: ἔλθῃς< ἔρχομαι] more women than there are reeds in your syrinx.

[4] Swear to me by this herd of goats and by that nanny who nurtured you [ἀνέθρεψε] that you won’t desert Chloe as long as she remains faithful to you. Should she treat you or the Nymphs unjustly [ἄδικον] shun her [φεῦγε] and hate her [μίσει] and slay [ἀπόκτεινον] her as though she were a wolf.”

[5] Daphnis found some pleasure in [ἥδετο< ἥδομαι: took delight in] being mistrusted [ἀπιστούμενος] and standing in the midst of the flock with nanny [αἰγός] in one hand and a billy [τράγου] in the other swore he would love Chloe while she loved him [φιλήσειν φιλοῦσαν]. And were she to prefer [προκρίνῃ] another [ἕτερον] to Daphnis that she would kill himself rather than her[ἀντί ἐκείνης].

[6] She rejoiced and put her faith in him [believed him] because she was a shepherd girl considering goats and sheep to be the personal gods of shepherds and goatherds.

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