Some help while you're using this page

Hover and click on coloured underlined text to it's relevant comment in a popup. Clicking on the icon to see more about the colour coded "Functions and Qualities" of writing. You can show and hide each comment's type by clicking on their colour codes in the sidebar under "Comments Key", this can help make the Extract easier to read.

Extract:

Essay: Critically analyse the concept of institutional racism in policing and evaluate policy responses to it.

"By its very nature, much of policing is controversial and conflictual." (Newburn 2005:525) This can be seen in the major debate of race and racism that has continued throughout contemporary British policing from the 80s to the present, featuring increasingly in popular media and political debates. The growing interest in the position of ethnic minority groups in relation to the criminal justice system was the acknowledgment that they do not receive equivalent treatment as their white counterparts. This was shown in a number of high profile cases (Britton, 2000), leading to public concern over whether racism operated at the individual level or whether was it embedded in policies and practices of the police (Easton & Piper, 2005). In this period, two inquiries were carried out: the Scarman report and the Macpherson report, investigating and probing police procedures to see if or where racism was present in the system. Both became of significant value to society, bringing, "to the surface fundamental issues concerning police powers, competence, accountability, personnel and training"(Bowling, 1998:xiv) and allowing fresh debates to surface on how to build a successful multi-cultural society in Britain.

These are the areas I will focus on to be able to critically analyse the concept of institutional racism in policing and evaluate policy responses to it. To be able to present my answer effectively, I will first concentrate on the relations between the police and minorities understood in the context of history, through the Brixton riots, which triggered the Scarman inquiry and the Macpherson inquiry on the death of Stephen Lawrence. Analysis of the concept of institutional racism will follow this. Thirdly, I will look at the Stephen Lawrence case and the recommendations Macpherson presented to create change in policies. Finally, I will look at the policy responses by evaluating them and concluding that a lot of work still needs to be done to overcome institutional racism.

The widely known phrase 'There is a crisis in modern policing' has clearly strong evidence against it (Wright 2002). In this section, one specific area of this crisis will be discussed: the relationship between the police and the growing black community. There was recognition of racist policing inside these communities in Britain in the 50s, down to the failure of solving and investigating racist murders and attacks. Research done at this period showed "that racism and racial prejudice in police culture were more widespread and more extreme than in wider society." (Newburn 2005: 529). These accounts also documented the use of oppressive policing techniques, including those of mass stop and search operations in ethnic minority communities. These practices are collectively known as 'over-policing'. These increasingly strained relationships, producing tensions between the police and black communities as police practices heightened and reinforced racial tension. However, relations tipped the edge in 1981 with a high incidence of racist attacks but also the widespread outbreaks of violence between the police and ethnic minorities occurring in many English cities (Benyon, 1986). "Each riot was precipitated by an incident involving police officers and black people and each occurred in areas in which there was widespread antagonism between some members of the ethnic minorities and the police."(Benyon, 1986:3). The most serious disorder occurred in Brixton, which was triggered by 'Operation Swamp 81'and resulted in over 300 people being injured. (Bowling 1998).

Function: Describe

The writer sets out the problem and lists the items to be covered in the essay. This helpfully shows the reader the essay"s structure. The conclusion is mentioned briefly here as it contextualises the whole line of argument.

A new term, "overpolicing", is presented here. A more interesting way of introducing a definition is to describe a situation or practice first (the previous sentence) and then introduce the term, rather than the other way around.

Quality: Structure

The paragraph opens with a general sentence about the crisis in modern policing and then moves on to discuss an example. Opening with the general statement sets the example nicely in context. This signposting helps the reader, and introduces the area of the crisis in modern policing as a starting point to be expanded on throughout the essay

Quality: Authority

It is always important to support an argument with information and evidence as has been done here. The argument of widespread racism existing in the Police is supported by this reference, which could be followed up by the reader.

Quality: Voice

The use of the word "however" implies a relationship of difference between the previous sentence and this one: it may be more appropriate to use the word "finally" to bring together the considerations previously outlined.