Turner Prize

The Turner Prize, named after the English painter J. M. W. Turner, is an annual prize presented to a British visual artist. Until 2017, only artists under the age of 50 were eligible. Awarding the prize is organised by the Tate gallery and staged at Tate Britain, since its beginnings in 1984 it has become the UK's most publicised art award. The award represents all media.

As of 2004, the monetary award was established at £40,000. There have been different sponsors, including Channel 4 television and Gordon's Gin. A prominent event in British culture, the prize has been awarded by various distinguished celebrities: in 2006 this was Yoko Ono, and in 2012 it was presented by Jude Law.

The prize was named after Turner because while he is now considered one of the country's greatest artist, while he was active his work was controversial.[1] While he is now looked at as a traditionalist, his new approach to landscape painting changed the course of art history, as many of the Turner Prize winners aspire to do.[1]

Each year after the announcement of the four nominees and during the build-up to the announcement of the winner, the Prize receives intense attention from the media. Much of this attention is critical and the question is often asked, "Is this art?"[2][3]

Artists are chosen based upon a showing of their work that they have staged in the preceding year. Nominations for the prize are invited from the public, although this was widely considered to have negligible effect—a suspicion confirmed in 2006 by Lynn Barber, one of the judges.[4] Typically, there is a three-week period in May for public nominations to be received; the short-list (since 1991, four artists) is announced in July; a show of the nominees' work opens at Tate Britain in late October; the prize itself is announced at the beginning of December. The exhibition remains on view until January, the prize is officially not judged on the Tate show, however, but on the earlier exhibition for which the artist was nominated.

The exhibition and prize rely on commercial sponsorship. By 1987, money for the prize was provided by Drexel Burnham Lambert; its withdrawal after its demise led to the cancellation of the prize for 1990. Channel 4, an independent television channel, stepped in for 1991, doubling the prize money to £20,000, and supporting the event with documentaries and live broadcasts of the prize-giving. In 2004, they were replaced as sponsors by Gordon's Gin, doubling the prize money to £40,000, with £5,000 going to each of the shortlisted artists, and £25,000 to the winner.

As much as the shortlist of artists reflects the state of British Art, the composition of the panel of judges, which includes curators and critics, provides some indication of who holds influence institutionally and internationally, as well as who are rising stars. Tate Director Sir Nicholas Serota has been the Chair of the jury since his tenure at the Tate (with the exception of the current year when chairman is the Director of Tate Liverpool, where the prize is being staged). There are conflicting reports as to how much personal sway he has over the proceedings.

Most of the artists nominated for the prize selection become known to the general public for the first time as a consequence, some have talked of the difficulty of the sudden media exposure. Sale prices of the winners have generally increased.[5]Chris Ofili, Anish Kapoor and Jeremy Deller later became trustees of the Tate. Some artists, notably Sarah Lucas, have declined the invitation to be nominated.

Sculpture artist Tony Cragg is awarded. Other nominees included figurative/portrait painter Lucian Freud, Pop artist Richard Hamilton, Richard Long, David Mach (graduate of Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art), printer Boyd Webb, sculptor Alison Wilding and Richard Wilson. The appointment of Tate Director, Nicholas Serota, led to many changes such as the introduction of an annual rehang of the Collection and giving priority to modern and contemporary art, during this period the future of the Prize was uncertain. The Turner Prize was modified to be an artist-only prize without a published shortlist and a solo exhibition was awarded to the winner, Tony Cragg.

Sculpture and installation artist Richard Long is presented the prize after three previous nominations. Controversially, Long is awarded for his lifetime body of work rather than an exhibition of work in 1989. Other nominees included painter Gillian Ayres, figurative painter Lucian Freud, Italian-born sculptor Giuseppe Penone, painter Paula Rego, abstract painter Sean Scully and Richard Wilson.

No prize due to lack of sponsorship. Under Tate Director and Turner Prize chairman Nicholas Serota, changes are made to involve the public in the viewing of the nominated artist such as a published shortlist, a nomination of four shortlisted artists and an individual exhibition of nominated work within the Tate.

Grenville Davey received the prize for HAL, a work consisting of two abstract steel objects, each measuring 244 x 122 cm (96 x 48 in). Other nominees included the Young British Artist (yBA) Damien Hirst for his installations, photographer David Tremlett and sculptor Alison Wilding.

Rachel Whiteread was the winner for House, a concrete cast of a house on the corner of Grove Road and Roman Road, London E3. Jimmy Cauty and Bill Drummond of the K Foundation received media coverage for the award of the "Anti-Turner Prize", £40,000 to be given to the "worst artist in Britain", voted from the real Turner Prize's short-list. Rachel Whiteread was awarded their prize, she refused to accept the money at first, but changed her mind when she heard the cash was to be burned instead, and gave £30,000 of it to artists in financial need and the other £10,000 to the housing charity, Shelter. The K Foundation went on to make a film in which they burned £1 million of their own money (Watch the K Foundation Burn a Million Quid). Other nominees included painter Sean Scully, Laotian-born Vong Phaophanit and printer Hannah Collins.

Popular sculptor Antony Gormley was awarded the 1994 Turner Prize. Other nominees included video artist Northern Irish-born Willie Doherty, whose work The Only Good One Is A Dead One was the first video piece to be nominated for the prize, painter Peter Doig and multi-media Shirazeh Houshiary.

The winner, Gillian Wearing, showed a video 60 minutes of Silence (1996), where a group of actors were dressed in police uniforms and had to stand still for an hour (occasional surreptitious scratching could be observed).

The talking point was Chris Ofili's use of balls of elephant dung attached to his mixed media images on canvas, as well as being used as supports on the floor to prop them up. An illustrator deposited dung on the steps in protest against his work. Ofili won the prize and it was the first time in twelve years that a painter had done so; it was presented by French fashion designer agnès b.[8] Ofili joked, "Oh man. Thank God! Where's my cheque?" and said: "I don't know what to say. I am just really happy. I can't believe it, it feels like a film and I will watch the tape when I get home."[8] One of Ofili's works, No Woman No Cry is based on the murder of Stephen Lawrence, killed in a race attack.[8]

The Prize was given to Steve McQueen for his video based on a Buster Keaton film, some media attention was given to Tracey Emin's exhibit My Bed, which was a double bed in a dishevelled state with stained sheets, surrounded by detritus such as soiled underwear, condoms, slippers and empty drink bottles. Two artists, Yuan Chai and Jian Jun Xi, jumped onto the bed, stripped to their underwear, and had a pillow fight. Police detained the two, who called their performance Two Naked Men Jump into Tracey's Bed. Other nominees included Steven Pippin and collaborative sibling duo Jane and Louise Wilson.

The Stuckist art group staged their first demonstration against the prize, dressed as clowns, describing it as an "ongoing national joke" and "a state-funded advertising agency for Charles Saatchi", adding "the only artist who wouldn't be in danger of winning the Turner Prize is Turner", and concluding that it "should be re-named The Duchamp Award for the destruction of artistic integrity". The Guardian announced the winner of Turner Prize with the headline "Turner Winner Riles the Stuckists".[10]

Controversy was caused by winner Martin Creed's installation Work No. 227: the lights going on and off consisting of an empty room whose lighting periodically came on and went off. Artist Jacqueline Crofton threw eggs at the walls of the room containing Creed's work as a protest,[11] at the prize ceremony, Madonna gave him the prize and said, "At a time when political correctness is valued over honesty I would also like to say "Right on, motherfuckers!".[12] This was on live TV before the 9 pm watershed and an attempt to "bleep" it out was too late. Channel 4 were subsequently given an official rebuke by the Independent Television Commission.[13]

The media focused on a large display by Fiona Banner whose wall-size text piece, Arsewoman in Wonderland, described a pornographic film in detail. The Guardian asked, "It's art. But is it porn?" calling in "Britain's biggest porn star", Ben Dover, to comment.[14] Culture Minister Kim Howells made a scathing criticism of the exhibits as "conceptual bullshit". Prince Charles wrote to him: "It's good to hear your refreshing common sense about the dreaded Turner prize. It has contaminated the art establishment for so long."[15] Graffiti artist Banksy stencilled "Mind the crap" on the steps of the Tate, who called in emergency cleaners to remove it,[11] the prize was won by Keith Tyson.

Jake and Dinos Chapman caused press attention for a sculpture, Death, that appeared to be two cheap plastic blow-up sex dolls with a dildo. It was in fact made of bronze, painted to look like plastic.

Attention was also given to Grayson Perry who exhibited pots decorated with sexual imagery, and was the prize winner, he wore a flouncy skirt to collect the prize, announced by Sir Peter Blake, who said, after being introduced by Sir Nicholas Serota, "Thank you very much Nick. I'm quite surprised to be here tonight, because two days ago I had a phone call asking if I would be a judge for the Not the Turner Prize. And two years ago I was asked by the Stuckists to dress as a clown and come and be on the steps outside, so I am thrilled and slightly surprised to be here."[16]

The media focused on a large computer simulation of a former hideout of Osama bin Laden by Ben Langlands and Nikki Bell, as well as the fact that one of their exhibits, a film in a Kabul courtroom was withdrawn as it related to an ongoing trial of a suspected Afghan warlord.[5] Betting favourite Jeremy Deller won the prize with his film Memory Bucket, documenting both George W. Bush's hometown Crawford, Texas – and the siege in Waco nearby. The prize money was increased this year with £25,000 to the winner, and, for the first time, other nominees were rewarded (with £5,000 each).

Other nominees included Kutluğ Ataman and installation/photograph/sculpture artist Yinka Shonibare, who was tipped as the public's favourite among the other nominees.

A great deal was made in the press about the winning entry by Simon Starling, which was a shed that he had converted into a boat, sailed down the River Rhine and turned back into a shed again. Two newspapers bought sheds and floated them to parody the work, the prize was presented by Culture Minister, David Lammy. Before introducing him, Sir Nicholas Serota, in an "unusual, possibly unprecedented" move, took the opportunity to make "an angry defence" of the Tate's purchase of The Upper Room.[17][18]

The nominees were announced on 16 May 2006, the exhibition of nominees' work opened at Tate Britain on 3 October. Yoko Ono, the celebrity announcer chosen for the year, declared Tomma Abts the winner on 4 December during a live Channel 4 broadcast, although this was part of the evening news broadcast, rather than in a dedicated programme as in recent years. The total prize money was £40,000. £25,000 awarded to the winner and £5,000 to each of the other 3 nominees. The prize was sponsored by the makers of Gordon's Gin.

More controversy ensued when Barber wrote in The Observer about her troubles as a judge, even asking, "Is it all a fix?",[4] a comment subsequently displayed on a Stuckist demonstration placard, much to her chagrin.[20]

The winner of the £25,000 Prize was Mark Wallinger,[21] his display at the Turner Prize show was Sleeper, a film of him dressed in a bear costume wandering around an empty museum, but the prize was officially given for State Britain, which recreated all the objects in Brian Haw's anti-war display in Parliament Square, London.[21] The judges commended Wallinger's work for its "immediacy, visceral intensity and historic importance", and called it "a bold political statement with art's ability to articulate fundamental human truths."[21] The prize was presented by Dennis Hopper.[21]

For the first time in its 23-year history, the Turner Prize was held outside London, in Tate Liverpool (in support of Liverpool being the European Capital of Culture in 2008). Concurrently there was an exhibition of previous winners at Tate Britain in London.

Unlike recent years, Sir Nicholas Serota was not the jury chairman; instead, the chairman was Christoph Grunenberg, the Director of Tate Liverpool. The panel was:[22]

Nelson and Wallinger had both previously been nominated for the prize.

The Stuckists announced that they were not demonstrating for the first time since 2000,[24] because of "the lameness of this year's show, which does not merit the accolade of the traditional demo".[25] Instead, art group AAS re-enacted previous Stuckist demonstrations in protest against their own practice at the Royal Standard Turner Prize Extravaganza.[26]

For the second year running, Sir Nicholas Serota did not chair the Turner Prize jury; instead Stephen Deuchar, director of Tate Britain, was the chair. The other members were Jennifer Higgie, editor of frieze, Daniel Birnbaum, rector of the Städelschule international art academy, Frankfurt, architect David Adjaye, and Suzanne Cotter, senior curator, Modern Art Oxford.[27] The prize winner received £25,000 and the other three nominees £5,000 each; in recent years the prize has attracted commercial sponsorship, but did not have any during the 2008 events.[27] The nominees were Runa Islam, Mark Leckey, Goshka Macuga, and Cathy Wilkes; the Prize exhibition opened at Tate Britain on 30 September and the winner was announced on 1 December.[28]

Critic Richard Cork said, "there will never be a substitute for approaching new art with an open mind, unencumbered by rancid clichés. As long as the Turner Prize facilitates such engagement, the buzz surrounding it will remain a minor distraction."[44]

In 2006, newspaper columnist Janet Street-Porter condemned the Stuckists' "feeble knee-jerk reaction" to the prize and said, "The Turner Prize and Becks Futures both entice thousands of young people into art galleries for the first time every year. They fulfil a valuable role".[45]

Sarah Thornton said that the Turner Prize "has a reputation for being a reliable indicator of an artist's ability to sustain a vibrant art practice over the long term, but perhaps it is a self-fulfilling prophecy. The personal confidence gained from being nominated can galvanize an artist's ambitions, while the museum's public endorsement leads to further exhibition opportunities."[46]

Dan Fox, associate editor of frieze, said that the Turner Prize should be considered a barometer for the mood of the nation.[47]

Critic Matthew Collings wrote: "Turner Prize art is based on a formula where something looks startling at first and then turns out to be expressing some kind of banal idea, which somebody will be sure to tell you about. The ideas are never important or even really ideas, more notions, like the notions in advertising. Nobody pursues them anyway, because there's nothing there to pursue." [48]

In 2002, Culture Minister (and former art student) Kim Howells pinned the following statement to a board in a room specially-designated for visitors' comments:

"If this is the best British artists can produce then British art is lost. It is cold mechanical, conceptual bullshit.
Kim Howells.
P.S. The attempts at conceptualisation are particularly pathetic and symptomatic of a lack of conviction."

The Turner Prize has spawned various other prizes in reaction to or ridiculing it; in 1993, the K Foundation gave an "Anti-Turner Prize" of £40,000 for the "worst artist in Britain" with the same short list as the official prize: the winner of both prizes was Rachel Whiteread. In 1999, Trevor Prideaux organised the ongoing Turnip Prize as "a crap art competition... You can enter anything you like, but it must be rubbish"; the judging criteria include "Lack of effort" and "Is it shit?". In 2000 the Stuckists instituted "The Real Turner Prize" for painters, and an "Art Clown of the Year Award" for "outstanding idiocy in the visual arts", both continued in subsequent years (the Clown award given in 2002 to Serota).[49]

In 2002, Quintessentially, a private members' club run by Tom Parker Bowles, ran the "Alternative Turner Prize" with judges including Brian Sewell, who said it was for "a wider and more generous choice of art and artist."[50] In 2003, the Daily Mail ran a "Not the Turner Prize" competition; in 2005, the BBC staged a "Mock Turner".[51] In 2002, the alTURNERtive Prize was established at Welling School in Bexley, London, by Henry Ward, the exhibition celebrates the contemporary artwork by students aged 14–18. Since 2002 the exhibition has been judged by critics such as Michael Archer (who judged the Turner Prize the year Keith Tyson won) and has been presented by Richard Wentworth, Hew Locke and Ryan Gander.[52]

In 2007, an "Alternative Turner Prize" was staged at Tate Liverpool for those aged 13–25.[53] Also in that year, Merseyside Stop the War Coalition held the "Alturnertive Turner Prize" in Liverpool with support from Mark Wallinger.[54] And again in 2007 John Lowrie Morrison initiated the Jolomo Award a £20,000 prize for Scottish Landscape painting as a sort of Anti Turner Prize (now £25,000 for winner, £35,000 for all the prizes).[55]

In 2008, a "Turner Prize" was promoted by two brothers named Turner for the Holmfirth Arts Festival with exhibits in vans.[56]

Tate Britain
–
Tate Britain is an art museum on Millbank in the City of Westminster in London. It is part of the Tate network of galleries in England, with Tate Modern, Tate Liverpool and it is the oldest gallery in the network, having opened in 1897. It is one of the largest museums in the country, the gallery is situated on Millbank, on the site of the former M

J. M. W. Turner
–
Joseph Mallord William Turner, RA was an English Romanticist landscape painter. Turner was considered a figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling history painting. Although renowned for his oil paintings, Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolour landscape p

1.
Self-portrait, oil on canvas, circa 1799

2.
Drawing of St John's Church, Margate by Turner from around 1786, when he would have been 11 or 12 years old. The ambitious but unsure drawing shows an early struggle with perspective, which can be contrasted with his later work

3.
A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth – this watercolour was Turner's first to be accepted for the Royal Academy's annual exhibition in April 1790, the month he turned 15. The image is a technical presentation of Turner's strong grasp of the elements of perspective with several buildings at sharp angles to each other, demonstrating Turner's thorough mastery of Thomas Malton's topographical style.

4.
Fishermen at Sea exhibited in 1796 was the first oil painting exhibited by Turner at the Royal Academy

Tate
–
Tate is an institution that houses the United Kingdoms national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It is a network of four art museums, Tate Britain, London, Tate Liverpool, Tate St Ives, Cornwall and Tate Modern, London, Tate is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the UK Department for Cultu

Channel 4
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Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a f

1.
Channel 4

British culture
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The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture, and Humanism, Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture. British literature, music, cinema, art, theatre, comedy, media, television, philosophy, architecture, the United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology, producing world-leadin

1.
The Proms is a nine-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music concerts, culminating with a final night of traditional patriotic music

Yoko Ono
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Yoko Ono is a Japanese multimedia artist, singer, songwriter, and peace activist who is also known for her work in performance art and filmmaking. She is the wife and widow of singer-songwriter John Lennon of the Beatles. Ono grew up in Tokyo, and studied at Gakushuin and she withdrew from her course after two years and rejoined her family in New Y

Jude Law
–
David Jude Heyworth Law is an English actor. He has received nominations for two Academy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, three Golden Globe Awards and two British Academy Awards, winning one. In 2007, he received an Honorary César and was named a Chevalier of the Order of Arts, in 2004, he received Academy Award, Golden Globe Award and Brit

1.
Jude Law at 2007 Toronto International Film Festival

2.
Jude Law, 2013

Damien Hirst
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Damien Steven Hirst is an English artist, entrepreneur, and art collector. He is the most prominent member of the known as the Young British Artists. He is internationally renowned, and is reportedly the United Kingdoms richest living artist, during the 1990s his career was closely linked with the collector Charles Saatchi, but increasing frictions

My Bed
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My Bed is a work by the British artist Tracey Emin. First created in 1998, it was exhibited at the Tate Gallery in 1999 as one of the works for the Turner Prize. It consisted of her bed with bedroom objects in an abject state, although it did not win the prize, its notoriety has persisted. The idea for My Bed was inspired by a sexual yet depressive

Tracey Emin
–
Tracey Emin, CBE, RA is an English contemporary artist known for her autobiographical and confessional artwork. Emin produces work in a variety of media including drawing, painting, sculpture, film, photography, neon text, once the enfant terrible of the Young British Artists in the 1980s, Tracey Emin is now a Royal Academician of the Royal Academy

Kim Howells
–
Kim Scott Howells is a Welsh Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament for Pontypridd from 1989 to 2010, Howells is the son of Glanville Howells, a Communist lorry driver, and of Joan Glenys Howells. Born in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales and raised in Penywaun near Aberdare in the Cynon Valley, Howells later obtained a PhD from the Universit

Nicholas Serota
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Sir Nicholas Andrew Serota, CH is director of the Tate art museums and galleries. He was director of The Museum of Modern Art, Oxford, and the Whitechapel Gallery, London, before becoming in 1988 director of the Tate and he has been announced as the new Chair of Arts Council England in September 2016. He has been the chairman of the Turner Prize ju

The Upper Room (paintings)
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The Upper Room is an installation of 13 paintings of rhesus macaque monkeys by English artist Chris Ofili in a specially-designed room. In 2006 the Charity Commission censured the Tate for the purchase, a large walnut-panelled room designed by architect David Adjaye holds the paintings. The room is approached through a corridor, which is designed t

Sponsor (commercial)
–
Sponsoring something is the act of supporting an event, activity, person, or organization financially or through the provision of products or services. The individual or group provides the support, similar to a benefactor, is known as sponsor. Sponsorship is a cash and/or in-kind fee paid to a property in return for access to the commercial potenti

Drexel Burnham Lambert
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At its height, it was the fifth-largest investment bank in the United States. I. W. Tubby Burnham, a 1931 graduate of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, founded the firm in 1935 as Burnham and Company, a small New York City–based retail brokerage. Burnham started the firm with $100,000 of capital, $96,000 of which was borrowed fr

1.
Drexel Burnham Lambert

Young British Artists
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The Young British Artists, or YBAs—also referred to as Brit artists and Britart—is the name given to a loose group of visual artists who first began to exhibit together in London, in 1988. Many of the artists graduated from the BA Fine Art course at Goldsmiths and they are noted for shock tactics, use of throwaway materials, wild-living, and an att

Cool Britannia
–
Cool Britannia was a period of increased pride in the culture of the United Kingdom throughout most of the 1990s, inspired by 1960s pop culture. The success of Britpop and musical acts such as the Spice Girls, the name is a pun on the title of the British patriotic song Rule, Britannia. The phrase Cool Britannia was first used in 1967 as a title by

Charles Saatchi
–
Charles Saatchi is a British businessman and the co-founder with his brother Maurice of advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi. The brothers led the business – the worlds largest advertising agency in the 1980s – until they were forced out in 1995, in the same year, the brothers formed a new agency called M&C Saatchi. Saatchi is also known for his ar

1.
The Saatchi Gallery's new premises in Chelsea, which opened in October 2008.

Sensation exhibition
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A proposed showing at the National Gallery of Australia was cancelled when the gallerys director decided the exhibition was too close to the market. The show generated controversy in London and New York due to the inclusion of images of Myra Hindley and it was criticised by New York mayor Rudolph Giuliani and others for attempting to boost the valu

Anish Kapoor
–
Sir Anish Kapoor, CBE RA, is a British sculptor. Born in Bombay, Kapoor has lived and worked in London since the early 1970s when he moved to art, first at the Hornsey College of Art and later at the Chelsea School of Art. He represented Britain in the XLIV Venice Biennale in 1990, when he was awarded the Premio Duemila Prize, in 1991, he received

Jeremy Deller
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Jeremy Deller is an English conceptual, video and installation artist. He won the Turner Prize in 2004, and in 2010 was awarded the Albert Medal of the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce. Deller is known for his Battle of Orgreave, a reenactment of the actual Battle of Orgreave which occurred during the UK miners s

1.
Deller in 2008.

Sarah Lucas
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Sarah Lucas is an English artist. She is part of the generation of Young British Artists who emerged during the 1990s and her works frequently employ visual puns and bawdy humour, and include photography, collage and found objects. Lucas left school at 16, she studied art at The Working Mens College, London College of Printing, Lucas was included i

1.
Sarah Lucas's photo "The Artist Eating a Banana" (1990)

2.
Sarah Lucas. Self-Portraits 1990 – 1998 (1999)

List of Turner Prize winners and nominees
–
The Turner Prize is an annual prize presented to a British visual artist, organised by the Tate Gallery. Named after the painter J. M. W. Turner, it was first presented in 1984, and is one of the United Kingdoms most prestigious, but controversial, art awards. The winner is chosen by a panel of four independent judges invited by the Tate, the prize

1.
Tate Britain: the venue for the Turner Prize except in 2007, 2011 and 2013

Malcolm Morley
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Malcolm Morley is an English artist now living in the United States. He is best known as a photorealist, Morley was born in north London. After release, he studied art first at the Camberwell School of Arts and then at the Royal College of Art, in 1956, he saw an exhibition of contemporary American art at the Tate Gallery, and began to produce pain

1.
Tackle, 2004.

2.
Red Arrows, 2000.

Richard Deacon (sculptor)
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Richard Deacon CBE is a British abstract sculptor, and a winner of the Turner Prize. Richard Deacon was born in Bangor, Wales and educated at Plymouth College and he then studied at the Somerset College of Art, Taunton, at Saint Martins School of Art, London and at the Royal College of Art, also in London. He left the Royal College in 1977, and wen

Howard Hodgkin
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Sir Gordon Howard Eliot Hodgkin CH CBE was a British painter and printmaker. His work is most often associated with abstraction, during the Second World War, Eliot Hodgkin was an RAF officer, rising to Wing Commander, and was assistant to Sefton Delmer in running his black propaganda campaign against Nazi Germany. His maternal grandfather Gordon He

Richard Long (artist)
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Richard Long CBE RA is an English sculptor and one of the best known British land artists. Long is the only artist to have been short-listed four times for the Turner Prize and he was nominated in 1984,1987 and 1988, and then won the award in 1989 for White Water Line. He currently lives and works in Bristol, the city in which he was born, Long stu

Tony Cragg
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Sir Anthony Douglas Cragg, CBE, RA is a British sculptor. Tony Cragg was born in Liverpool on 9 April 1949, between 1966 and 1968 he worked as a lab technician for the National Rubber Producers Research Association. In 1969 he enrolled in the course at Gloucestershire College of Art and Design in Cheltenham. He studied at Wimbledon School of Art fr

3.
Blood Sugar, by Tony Cragg, is on display in the Corning Museum of Glass (2015). The piece was made in Germany, Wuppertal, 1992.

Ian Hamilton Finlay
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Ian Hamilton Finlay, CBE was a Scottish poet, writer, artist and gardener. Finlay was born in Nassau, Bahamas, of Scottish parents and he was educated at Dollar Academy, in Clackmannanshire and later Glasgow School of Art. At the age of 13, with the outbreak of the Second World War, in 1942, he joined the British Army. Finlay was married twice and

Richard Attenborough
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Richard Samuel Attenborough, Baron Attenborough, Kt, CBE was an English actor, filmmaker, entrepreneur, and politician. He was the President of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, as a film director and producer, Attenborough won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1983. He also won four BAFTA Awards and four Golden Globe Awards, as an actor, he is per

Victor Burgin
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Victor Burgin is an artist and a writer. He has worked with photography and film, calling painting the anachronistic daubing of woven fabrics with coloured mud, Burgin was born in Sheffield in England. He studied art at the Royal College of Art, in London, Burgin taught at Trent Polytechnic from 1967 to 1973 and at the School of Communication, Poly

1.
Victor Burgin in Cologne, Germany, 2010

Derek Jarman
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Michael Derek Elworthy Jarman was an English film director, stage designer, diarist, artist, gardener and author. Jarman was born in Northwood, Middlesex, England, the son of Elizabeth Evelyn and Lancelot Elworthy Jarman. His father was an officer, born in New Zealand. He boarded at Canford School in Dorset, and from 1960 studied at Kings College L

Bill Woodrow
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Bill Woodrow RA is a British sculptor. Bill Woodrow was born on 1 November 1948 near Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire and he received his education at the Winchester College of Art, the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London, and the Chelsea School of Art. Woodrow was one of a number of British sculptors to emerge in the late 1970s

2.
Pond (2006) by Woodrow at the Mudam (Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art in Luxembourg)

3.
Bunker/Mule (1995) in Blåvand-Oksby, Denmark

Patrick Caulfield
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Patrick Joseph Caulfield, CBE, RA, was an English painter and printmaker known for his bold canvases, which often incorporated elements of photorealism within a pared-down scene. Examples of his work are Pottery and Still Life Ingredients, Patrick Joseph Caulfield was born on 29 January 1936 in Acton, west London. During the second world war Caulfi

Helen Chadwick
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Helen Chadwick was a British sculptor, photographer and installation artist. In 1987, she one of the first women artists to be nominated for the Turner Prize. Chadwick was known for challenging stereotypical perceptions of the body in elegant yet unconventional forms and her work draws from a range of sources, from myths to science, grappling with

1.
Helen Chadwick

2.
Beck Road, Hackney, where Chadwick lived

Declan McGonagle
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He has stated that he is committed to raising the profile of Irish art internationally. He writes, lectures and publishes regularly on art and museum/gallery policy issues, McGonagle was born in Derry in 1953 and attended St Columbs College in Derry. He studied Fine Art at the College of Art and Design in Belfast, Derry City Council was responsible

1.
Contents

2.
Director Declan McGonagle

3.
Professor Declan McGonagle

George Melly
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Alan George Heywood Melly was an English jazz and blues singer, critic, writer and lecturer. From 1965 to 1973 he was a film and television critic for The Observer and lectured on art history, with an emphasis on surrealism. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, and was educated at Stowe School, where he discovered his interest in art, jazz and blu

1.
George Melly circa 1978

Lucian Freud
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Lucian Michael Freud was a British painter and draftsman, specialising in figurative art, and is known as one of the foremost 20th-century portraitists. He was born in Berlin, the son of a Jewish architect and his family moved to Britain in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. From 1942-43 he attended Goldsmiths College, London and he enlisted in the

Richard Hamilton (artist)
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Richard William Hamilton CH was an English painter and collage artist. His 1955 exhibition Man, Machine and Motion and his 1956 collage Just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing. Produced for the This Is Tomorrow exhibition of the Independent Group in London, are considered by critics, a major retrospective of his work was

David Mach
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David Mach RA is a Scottish sculptor and installation artist. Machs artistic style is based on flowing assemblages of mass-produced objects, typically these include magazines, vicious teddy bears, newspapers, car tyres, match sticks and coat hangers. Many of his installations are temporary and constructed in public spaces, an early influential scul

1.
Big Heids, Lanarkshire, a tribute to the steel industry

2.
Out of Order (1989)

Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art
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Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design is an integral part of the University of Dundee in Dundee, Scotland. It is ranked as one of the top schools of art and design in the United Kingdom and has a reputation in teaching, practice. Attempts were made to establish an art school in Dundee from the 1850s, and evening classes in art were taught

Alison Wilding
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Alison Wilding RA is an English sculptor. She rose to prominence around the late 1970s and these are often used in unusual combinations, Stormy Weather, for example, is made from pigment, beeswax and oil rubbed into galvanised steel. In 1991, a retrospective of Wildings work, Alison Wilding. She was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1988 and 1992 a

1.
'On the Day' by Alison Wilding

Richard Wilson (sculptor)
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Richard Wilson RA is an English sculptor, installation artist and musician. Born in Islington, London, Wilson studied at the London College of Printing, Hornsey College of Art and he was the DAAD resident in Berlin in 1992, Maeda Visiting Artist at the Architectural Association in 1998 and nominated for the Turner Prize in both 1988 and 1989. Wilso

1.
Turning the place over

Gillian Ayres
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Gillian Ayres, CBE RA is a Turner Prize nominated English painter. She is best known for painting and printmaking using vibrant colours. Ayres was born on 3 February 1930 in Barnes, London, Ayres started school when she was six. Her parents, a couple, sent her to Ibstock. In 1941 Ayres was sent to Colet Court, the school for St Pauls, in Hammersmit

Giuseppe Penone
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Giuseppe Penone is an Italian artist. Penone started working professionally in 1968 in the Garessio forest, near where he was born and he is the younger member of the Italian movement named Arte Povera, a term that was coined by Germano Celant. Penones work is concerned with establishing a contact between man and nature and he still actively produc

1.
Penone's The Hidden Life Within

Paula Rego
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Dame Paula Rego, DBE, is a Portuguese-born British visual artist who is particularly known for her paintings and prints based on storybooks. Rego’s style has evolved from abstract towards representational, and she has favoured pastels over oils for much of her career and her work often reflects feminism, coloured by folk-themes from her native Port

1.
Paula Rego's Studio

2.
Paula Rego 1996 nursery rhymes exhibition poster

3.
Casa das Histórias Paula Rego

Sean Scully
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Sean Scully RA is an Irish-born American-based painter and printmaker who has twice been named a Turner Prize nominee. His work is collected in museums worldwide. Scully was born in Dublin and raised in South London and he studied at Croydon College of Art and Newcastle University. He was a recipient of a fellowship at Harvard in the early 1970s. S

Ian Davenport
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Ian Davenport is an English abstract painter, and former Turner Prize nominee. Ian Davenport was born in Sidcup, and studied art at the Northwich College of Art, some of his classmates included Damien Hirst, Michael Landy, Gary Hume and Sarah Lucas. In the same year, he exhibited in the Damien Hirst-curated Freeze exhibition which first brought tog

Fiona Rae
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Fiona Rae RA is a Hong Kong-born British artist, she is one of the Young British Artists who rose to prominence in the 1990s. Rae was born in Hong Kong and also lived in Indonesia before moving to England in 1970 and she attended Croydon College of Art to study a Foundation Course and Goldsmiths College, where she completed a BA Fine Art. In 1991,

1.
Untitled (yellow) (1990)

Rachel Whiteread
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Rachel Whiteread, CBE is an English artist who primarily produces sculptures, which typically take the form of casts. She was the first woman to win the annual Turner Prize in 1993, Whiteread was one of the Young British Artists who exhibited at the Royal Academys Sensation exhibition in 1997. Whiteread was born in 1963 in Ilford, Essex, and raised

2.
Playtime at the De Pont Museum of Contemporary Art in the Netherlands

Fiona Banner

1.
2010 Tate Britain exhibition of an RAF Jaguar installed by Banner.

LIST OF IMAGES

1.
Tate Britain
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Tate Britain is an art museum on Millbank in the City of Westminster in London. It is part of the Tate network of galleries in England, with Tate Modern, Tate Liverpool and it is the oldest gallery in the network, having opened in 1897. It is one of the largest museums in the country, the gallery is situated on Millbank, on the site of the former Millbank Prison. Construction, undertaken by Higgs and Hill, commenced in 1893, however, from the start it was commonly known as the Tate Gallery, after its founder Sir Henry Tate, and in 1932 it officially adopted that name. As a consequence, it was renamed Tate Britain in March 2000, the front part of the building was designed by Sidney R. J. Smith with a classical portico and dome behind, and the central sculpture gallery was designed by John Russell Pope. Tate Britain includes the Clore Gallery of 1987, designed by James Stirling, crises during its existence include flood damage to work from the River Thames, and bomb damage during World War II. However, most of the collection was in storage elsewhere during the war. In 1970, the building was given Grade II* listed status, the museum stayed open throughout the three phases of renovation. Completed in 2013, the newly designed sections were conceived by the architects Caruso St John and included a total of nine new galleries, with reinforced flooring to accommodate heavy sculptures. A second part was unveiled later that year, the centrepiece being the reopening of the buildings Thames-facing entrance as well as a new spiral staircase beneath its rotunda, the circular balcony of the rotundas domed atrium, closed to visitors since the 1920s, was reopened. The gallery also now has a dedicated entrance and reception beneath its entrance steps on Millbank. The front entrance is accessible by steps, a side entrance at a lower level has a ramp for wheelchair access. The gallery provides a restaurant and a café, as well as a Friends room and this membership is open to the public on payment of an annual subscription. As well as offices the building complex houses the Prints and Drawings Rooms, as well as the Library. The restaurant features a mural by Rex Whistler, Tate Britain and Tate Modern are now connected by a high speed boat along the River Thames, which runs from Millbank Millennium Pier immediately outside Tate Britain. The boat is decorated with spots, based on paintings of similar appearance by Damien Hirst, the lighting artwork incorporated in the piers structure is by Angela Bulloch. The main display spaces show the permanent collection of historic British art, the gallery also organises career retrospectives of British artists and temporary major exhibitions of British Art. Every three years the gallery stages a Triennial exhibition in which a guest curator provides an overview of contemporary British Art, the 2003 Tate Triennial was called Days Like These

2.
J. M. W. Turner
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Joseph Mallord William Turner, RA was an English Romanticist landscape painter. Turner was considered a figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling history painting. Although renowned for his oil paintings, Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolour landscape painting and he is commonly known as the painter of light. Joseph Mallord William Turner was baptised on 14 May 1775, and it is generally believed he was born between late April and early May. Turner himself claimed he was born on 23 April, but there is no proof and he was born in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, in London, England. His father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker and his mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers. A younger sister, Mary Ann, was born in September 1778, the earliest known artistic exercise by Turner is from this period—a series of simple colourings of engraved plates from Henry Boswells Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales. Around 1786, Turner was sent to Margate on the north-east Kent coast, here he produced a series of drawings of the town and surrounding area foreshadowing his later work. Turner returned to Margate many times in later life, by this time, Turners drawings were being exhibited in his fathers shop window and sold for a few shillings. His father boasted to the artist Thomas Stothard that, My son, in 1789, Turner again stayed with his uncle who had retired to Sunningwell in Berkshire. A whole sketchbook of work from time in Berkshire survives as well as a watercolour of Oxford. The use of sketches on location, as the foundation for later finished paintings. By the end of 1789, he had begun to study under the topographical draughtsman Thomas Malton. Turner learned from him the tricks of the trade, copying and colouring outline prints of British castles. He would later call Malton My real master, topography was a thriving industry by which a young artist could pay for his studies. In the same year of 1789 he entered the Royal Academy of Art schools, when he was 14 years old, Sir Joshua Reynolds, president of the Royal Academy, chaired the panel that admitted him. At first Turner showed a keen interest in architecture, but was advised by the architect Thomas Hardwick to continue painting and his first watercolour painting A View of the Archbishops Palace, Lambeth was accepted for the Royal Academy summer exhibition of 1790 when Turner was 15. As a probationer in the academy, he was drawing from plaster casts of antique sculptures

J. M. W. Turner
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Self-portrait, oil on canvas, circa 1799
J. M. W. Turner
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Drawing of St John's Church, Margate by Turner from around 1786, when he would have been 11 or 12 years old. The ambitious but unsure drawing shows an early struggle with perspective, which can be contrasted with his later work
J. M. W. Turner
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A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth – this watercolour was Turner's first to be accepted for the Royal Academy's annual exhibition in April 1790, the month he turned 15. The image is a technical presentation of Turner's strong grasp of the elements of perspective with several buildings at sharp angles to each other, demonstrating Turner's thorough mastery of Thomas Malton's topographical style.
J. M. W. Turner
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Fishermen at Sea exhibited in 1796 was the first oil painting exhibited by Turner at the Royal Academy

3.
Tate
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Tate is an institution that houses the United Kingdoms national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It is a network of four art museums, Tate Britain, London, Tate Liverpool, Tate St Ives, Cornwall and Tate Modern, London, Tate is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The name Tate is used also as the name for the corporate body. The gallery was founded in 1897, as the National Gallery of British Art, the Tate Gallery was housed in the current building occupied by Tate Britain, which is situated in Millbank, London. Tate Liverpool has the purpose as Tate Modern but on a smaller scale. All four museums share the Tate Collection, one of the Tates most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual Turner Prize, which takes place at Tate Britain. The original Tate was called the National Gallery of British Art, situated on Millbank, Pimlico, the idea of a National Gallery of British Art was first proposed in the 1820s by Sir John Leicester, Baron de Tabley. It took a step nearer when Robert Vernon gave his collection to the National Gallery in 1847, a decade later John Sheepshanks gave his collection to the South Kensington Museum, known for years as the National Gallery of Art. Henry Tate also donated his own collection to the gallery and it was initially a collection solely of modern British art, concentrating on the works of modern—that is Victorian era—painters. It was controlled by the National Gallery until 1954, in 1926 and 1937, the art dealer and patron Joseph Duveen paid for two major expansions of the gallery building. His father had paid for an extension to house the major part of the Turner Bequest. Henry Courtauld also endowed Tate with a purchase fund, by the mid 20th century, it was fulfilling a dual function of showing the history of British art as well as international modern art. In 1954, the Tate Gallery was finally separated from the National Gallery, later, the Tate began organising its own temporary exhibition programme. In 1979 with funding from a Japanese bank a large extension was opened that would also house larger income generating exhibitions. In 1987, the Clore Wing opened to house the major part of the Turner bequest, in 1988, an outpost in north west England opened as Tate Liverpool. This shows various works of art from the Tate collection as well as mounting its own temporary exhibitions. In 2007, Tate Liverpool hosted the Turner Prize, the first time this has been held outside London and this was an overture to Liverpools being the European Capital of Culture 2008. In 1993, another offshoot opened, Tate St Ives and it exhibits work by modern British artists, particularly those of the St Ives School

4.
Channel 4
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Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4

Channel 4
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Channel 4

5.
British culture
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The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture, and Humanism, Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture. British literature, music, cinema, art, theatre, comedy, media, television, philosophy, architecture, the United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology, producing world-leading scientists and inventions. Sport is an important part of British culture, numerous sports originated in the country, the UK has been described as a cultural superpower, and London has been described as a world cultural capital. The Industrial Revolution, which started in the UK, had an effect on the socio-economic. These states are collectively known as the Anglosphere, and are among Britains closest allies. In turn the empire also influenced British culture, particularly British cuisine, the cultures of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness. First spoken in early medieval England, the English language is the de facto language of the UK. Individual countries within the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their indigenous languages, Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. There is also a campaign under way to recognise Scots as a language in Scotland, the Cornish language enjoys neither official recognition nor promotion by the state in Cornwall. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, the UK Government has committed to the promotion of linguistic traditions. The United Kingdom has ratified the charter for, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Scots, Cornish, British Sign Language is also a recognised language. Owing to its history, dialects and regional accents vary amongst the four countries of the United Kingdom. Some cities in close proximity have a different dialect and accent, such as Scousers from Liverpool, notable Scouse speakers include John Lennon and Paul McCartney from The Beatles while Mancunians include Liam and Noel Gallagher from Oasis. Received Pronunciation is the accent of standard English in the UK, brummie is the dialect of natives of Birmingham in the west midlands of England – notable Brummies include rock musicians Ozzy Osbourne, Jeff Lynne, and Rob Halford. Geordie is the dialect of people from Tyneside in northeast England – musicians Brian Johnson, Mark Knopfler, notable exponents of the Scottish accent include Sean Connery, comedian Billy Connolly, and The Proclaimers. The West Country accent from southwest England is identified in film as pirate speech – cartoon-like Ooh arr, talk is very similar, while famous pirates hailed from this region, including Blackbeard, West Country native Robert Newtons performance as Long John Silver in films standardised the pirate voice. The Northern Irish accent includes golfer Rory McIlroy and actor Liam Neeson, the early 18th century is known as the Augustan Age of English literature. From the late 18th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance 200 years earlier, in Scotland the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in Scots literature, and the Weaver Poets of Ulster were influenced by literature from Scotland

6.
Yoko Ono
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Yoko Ono is a Japanese multimedia artist, singer, songwriter, and peace activist who is also known for her work in performance art and filmmaking. She is the wife and widow of singer-songwriter John Lennon of the Beatles. Ono grew up in Tokyo, and studied at Gakushuin and she withdrew from her course after two years and rejoined her family in New York in 1953. She spent some time at Sarah Lawrence College, and then involved in New York Citys downtown artists scene. She first met Lennon in 1966 at her own art exhibition in London and she brought feminism to the forefront in her music, influencing artists as diverse as the B-52s and Meredith Monk. Ono achieved commercial and critical acclaim in 1980 with the chart-topping album Double Fantasy, public appreciation of Onos work has shifted over time, helped by a retrospective at a Whitney Museum branch in 1989 and the 1992 release of the six-disc box set Onobox. She received a Golden Lion Award for lifetime achievement from the Venice Biennale in 2009, as Lennons widow, Ono works to preserve his legacy. She funded Strawberry Fields in New York City, the Imagine Peace Tower in Iceland, and she has made significant philanthropic contributions to the arts, peace, Philippine and Japan disaster relief, and other causes. In 2012 Yoko Ono received the Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Human Rights Award endowed by Alexandra Hildebrandt, the award is given annually in recognition of extraordinary, non-violent commitment to human rights. Ono continues her activism, inaugurating a biennial $50,000 LennonOno Grant for Peace in 2002. She has a daughter, Kyoko Chan Cox, from her marriage to Anthony Cox, Ono was born on February 18,1933, in Tokyo, to Isoko Ono and Eisuke Ono, a banker and former classical pianist. Isokos father was ennobled in 1915, isokos maternal grandfather Zenjiro Yasuda was an affiliate of the Yasuda clan and zaibatsu. Eisuke came from a line of samurai warrior-scholars. The kanji translation of Yokos first name Yoko means ocean child, Two weeks before Yokos birth, Eisuke was transferred to San Francisco by his employer, the Yokohama Specie Bank. The rest of the family followed soon after, with Yoko meeting Eisuke when she was two and her younger brother Keisuke was born in December 1936. Yoko was enrolled in piano lessons from the age of 4, in 1937, the family was transferred back to Japan and Ono enrolled at Tokyos Gakushuin, one of the most exclusive schools in Japan. In 1940, the moved to New York City. The next year, Eisuke was transferred from New York City to Hanoi, Ono was enrolled in Keimei Gakuen, an exclusive Christian primary school run by the Mitsui family

7.
Jude Law
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David Jude Heyworth Law is an English actor. He has received nominations for two Academy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, three Golden Globe Awards and two British Academy Awards, winning one. In 2007, he received an Honorary César and was named a Chevalier of the Order of Arts, in 2004, he received Academy Award, Golden Globe Award and British Academy Film Award nominations for his role in Anthony Minghellas epic war film Cold Mountain. Laws other notable films include Gattaca, Enemy at the Gates, artificial Intelligence, Road to Perdition, Alfie, Closer, The Holiday, Contagion, Hugo, Anna Karenina, Side Effects, and The Grand Budapest Hotel. He portrayed Dr. Watson in Guy Ritchies Sherlock Holmes and Sherlock Holmes, Law has also had an accomplished career on stage, and has received nominations for three Laurence Olivier Awards and two Tony Awards. He has performed in several West End and Broadway productions, Law was named after a bit of both in the book Jude the Obscure and the Beatles song Hey Jude. He grew up in Blackheath, an area in the Borough of Greenwich, in 1987, Law began acting with the National Youth Music Theatre. He played various roles in the Edinburgh Fringe-awarded play The Ragged Child, One of his first major stage roles was Foxtrot Darling in Philip Ridleys The Fastest Clock in the Universe. Law went on to appear as Michael in the West End production of Jean Cocteaus tragicomedy Les Parents terribles, for this play, he was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Newcomer, and he received the Ian Charleson Award for Outstanding Newcomer. Following a title change to Indiscretions, the play was reworked and transferred to Broadway in 1995 and this role earned him a Tony Award nomination and the Theatre World Award. In 1989, Law received his first television role, in a film based on the Beatrix Potter childrens book, in 1997, he became more widely known with his role in the Oscar Wilde bio-pic Wilde. Law won the Most Promising Newcomer award from the Evening Standard British Film Awards for his role as Lord Alfred Bosie Douglas, in Andrew Niccols science fiction film Gattaca, Law played the role of a disabled former swimming star living in a eugenics-obsessed dystopia. In Clint Eastwoods Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, the role earned him a Bafta award for Best Supporting Actor. In 2001, Law starred as Russian sniper Vasily Zaytsev in the film Enemy at the Gates, in 2002, he played a mob hitman in Sam Mendess 1930s period drama Road to Perdition. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Talented Mr. Ripley in 1999, both films were directed by Anthony Minghella. Law, an admirer of Sir Laurence Olivier, suggested the actors image be included in the 2004 film Sky Captain, using the science of computer graphics, footage of the young Olivier was merged into the film, playing Dr. Totenkopf, a mysterious scientific genius and supervillain. In 2006, he portrayed the role of Kate Winslets single-parent brother in the film The Holiday, after his appearances in a string of period dramas and science fiction films in the early to mid-2000s, Law said he found it tricky to approach the contemporary role in this film. Like Winslet, the stated, he felt more vulnerable about playing a character who fitted his own look and did not require an accent

Jude Law
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Jude Law at 2007 Toronto International Film Festival
Jude Law
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Jude Law, 2013

8.
Damien Hirst
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Damien Steven Hirst is an English artist, entrepreneur, and art collector. He is the most prominent member of the known as the Young British Artists. He is internationally renowned, and is reportedly the United Kingdoms richest living artist, during the 1990s his career was closely linked with the collector Charles Saatchi, but increasing frictions came to a head in 2003 and the relationship ended. Death is a theme in Hirsts works. He became famous for a series of artworks in which animals are preserved—sometimes having been dissected—in formaldehyde. The best known of these was The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living and he has also made spin paintings, created on a spinning circular surface, and spot paintings, which are rows of randomly coloured circles created by his assistants. In September 2008, he took a move for a living artist by selling a complete show, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sothebys by auction. Hirst was born Damien Steven Brennan in Bristol and grew up in Leeds and he never met his father, with his mother marrying his stepfather when he was 2 and divorcing 10 years later. His stepfather was reportedly a motor mechanic, Hirsts mother who was from an Irish Catholic background worked for the Citizens Advice Bureau, and has stated that she lost control of her son when he was young. He was arrested on two occasions for shoplifting, however, Hirst sees her as someone who would not tolerate rebellion, she cut up his bondage trousers and heated one of his Sex Pistols vinyl records on the cooker to turn it into a fruit bowl. He says, If she didnt like how I was dressed and she did, though, encourage his liking for drawing, which was his only successful educational subject. His art teacher at Allerton Grange School pleaded for Hirst to be allowed to enter the sixth form and he was refused admission to Jacob Kramer School of Art when he first applied, but attended the college after a subsequent successful application to the Foundation Diploma course. He went to an exhibition of work by Francis Davison, staged by Julian Spalding at the Hayward Gallery in 1983. Davison created abstract collages from torn and cut coloured paper which, Hirst said, blew me away, and which he modelled his own work on for the next two years. He worked for two years on London building sites, then studied Fine Art at Goldsmiths, University of London, although again he was refused a place the first time he applied. In 2007, Hirst was quoted as saying of An Oak Tree by Goldsmiths senior tutor, Michael Craig-Martin, That piece is, I think, I still cant get it out of my head. While a student, Hirst had a placement at a mortuary and he gained sponsorship from the London Docklands Development Corporation. The show was visited by Charles Saatchi, Norman Rosenthal and Nicholas Serota, Hirsts own contribution to the show consisted of a cluster of cardboard boxes painted with household paint

9.
My Bed
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My Bed is a work by the British artist Tracey Emin. First created in 1998, it was exhibited at the Tate Gallery in 1999 as one of the works for the Turner Prize. It consisted of her bed with bedroom objects in an abject state, although it did not win the prize, its notoriety has persisted. The idea for My Bed was inspired by a sexual yet depressive phase in the life when she had remained in bed for several days without eating or drinking anything. When she looked at the vile, repulsive mess that had accumulated in her room, Emin ardently defended My Bed against critics who treated it as a farce and claimed that anyone could exhibit an unmade bed. To these claims the artist retorted, Well, they didnt, no one had ever done that before. The bed was presented in the state that Emin claimed it had been languishing in it for several days. Two performance artists, Yuan Chai and Jian Jun Xi, jumped on the bed with bare torsos to improve the work and they called their performance Two Naked Men Jump into Traceys Bed. The men also had a fight on the bed for around fifteen minutes, to applause from the crowd. The artists were detained but no action was taken. Prior to its Tate Gallery showing, the work had appeared elsewhere, including Japan and this was not present when it was displayed at the Tate. Craig Brown wrote a piece about My Bed for Private Eye entitled My Turd. Emins former boyfriend, former Stuckist artist Billy Childish, stated that he also had an old bed of hers in the shed which he would make available for £20,000. My Bed was bought by Charles Saatchi for £150,000 and displayed as part of the first exhibition when the Saatchi Gallery opened its new premises at County Hall, Saatchi also installed the bed in a dedicated room in his own home. When it was announced, in May 2014, that the work was to be auctioned, David Maupin, Emins dealer in New York, when auctioned by Christies in July 2014, the piece was sold for a little over £2.5 million

10.
Tracey Emin
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Tracey Emin, CBE, RA is an English contemporary artist known for her autobiographical and confessional artwork. Emin produces work in a variety of media including drawing, painting, sculpture, film, photography, neon text, once the enfant terrible of the Young British Artists in the 1980s, Tracey Emin is now a Royal Academician of the Royal Academy of Arts. The same year, she gained media exposure when she swore multiple times in a state of drunkenness on a live discussion programme called The Death of Painting on British television. In 1999, Emin had her first solo exhibition in the United States at Lehmann Maupin Gallery, the artwork featured used condoms and blood-stained underwear. Emins covers a variety of different media, including needlework and sculpture, drawing, video and installation, photography and painting. In December 2011, she was appointed Professor of Drawing at the Royal Academy, with Fiona Rae, Emin lives in Spitalfields, east London. Emin was born in Croydon, part of Surrey, to an English mother of Romanichal descent, Emins paternal great-grandfather had reportedly been a Sudanese slave in the Ottoman Empire. Via her father, she is of Turkish Cypriot descent, Emin suffered an unreported rape at the age of 13 while living in Margate, citing assaults in the area as what happened to a lot of girls. Her work has been analysed within the context of early adolescent and childhood abuse and she studied fashion at Medway College of Design. There she met expelled student Billy Childish and was associated with The Medway Poets, Emin and Childish were a couple until 1987, during which time she was the administrator for his small press, Hangman Books, which published Childishs confessional poetry. In 1984 she studied printing at Maidstone Art College, which she has described as one of the most influential periods of her life. In 1995 she was interviewed in the Minky Manky show catalogue by Carl Freedman and it was more a time, going to Maidstone College of Art, hanging around with Billy Childish, living by the River Medway. In 1987, Emin moved to London to study at the Royal College of Art, after graduation, she had two traumatic abortions and those experience led her to destroy all the art she had produced in graduate school and later described the period as emotional suicide. Her influences included Edvard Munch and Egon Schiele, and for a time she studied philosophy at Birkbeck, One of the paintings that survives from her time at Royal College of Art is Friendship, which is in the Royal College of Art Collection. Additionally, a series of photographs from her work that were not destroyed were displayed as part of My Major Retrospective. In November 1993, Emin had her first solo show at White Cube, in 1995 Freedman curated the show Minky Manky at the South London Gallery. Emin has said, At that time Sarah was quite famous, Carl said to me that I should make some big work as he thought the small-scale stuff I was doing at the time wouldnt stand up well. Making that work was my way at getting back at him, the result was her tent Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963–1995, which was first exhibited in the show

11.
Kim Howells
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Kim Scott Howells is a Welsh Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament for Pontypridd from 1989 to 2010, Howells is the son of Glanville Howells, a Communist lorry driver, and of Joan Glenys Howells. Born in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales and raised in Penywaun near Aberdare in the Cynon Valley, Howells later obtained a PhD from the University of Warwick in 1979 for a thesis entitled A view from below, tradition, experience and nationalism in the South Wales coalfield, 1937–1957. He joined the Labour Party in 1982, Howells ran the NUM Pontypridd office which co-ordinated the South Wales miners efforts during the UK miners strike. On being told of the incident in a call from a reporter of the South Wales Echo. He then destroyed a number of papers because he feared a police raid on the union offices. He has commented that the attack by the strikers was a result of pressure to get the miners to return to work. After the miners strike and the closure of 29 of the 30 National Coal Board pits in South Wales, Howells became a writer and presenter for television and radio, Howells entered the House of Commons in a by-election in 1989. As a member of the Labour Opposition, he became successively an Opposition Spokesman on Trade and Industry, on Home Affairs, on Foreign Affairs and on Development, Howells suggested in 1996 that the word socialism ought to be humanely phased out of Labour Party policy documents. He held a string of junior ministerial posts in various departments following the 1997 election until October 2008, from May 1997 to January 1998 he served as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Education and Employment. He served as a Minister of State from June 2003 to September 2004 and he left that post when he was made Minister for the Middle East in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in May 2005. He remained a Minister of State at the Foreign Office after Gordon Brown became Prime Minister, in 2003 he said the Labour government was trying to run capitalism more efficiently and humanely. He is a member and the chairman of Labour Friends of Israel. In February 2009 Howells was appointed to the Privy Council, making him the Right Honourable Kim Howells, in March 2009 it was revealed that Howells made one of the lowest expense claims among Welsh MPs, being 5th from bottom. On 18 December 2009 Howells announced that he would stand down at the 2010 general election, on 15 July 2011 Dr Howells received an Honorary Doctorate for his contribution to Welsh and British politics from the University of Glamorgan. Howells withdrew from the ceremony at the last minute after pressure mounted on him, the NUS Wales Black Students Campaign described Dr Howells comments as reckless and said that the comments could add to the barriers facing Black and Minority Ethnic students in Wales. On 22 November 2006 it was announced that on a recent visit to Iraq his helicopter was involved in an incident as it left the city of Basra with witnesses claiming shots were fired at the aircraft, Howells served in various ministerial capacities. Notable legislation he introduced included the Licensing Act 2003 and the Communications Act 2003, Howells is known to be outspoken

12.
Nicholas Serota
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Sir Nicholas Andrew Serota, CH is director of the Tate art museums and galleries. He was director of The Museum of Modern Art, Oxford, and the Whitechapel Gallery, London, before becoming in 1988 director of the Tate and he has been announced as the new Chair of Arts Council England in September 2016. He has been the chairman of the Turner Prize jury, Nicholas Serota, the son of Stanley Serota, a Fellow, Institution of Civil Engineers, and Beatrice Serota, grew up in Hampstead, North London. His father was a engineer and his mother a civil servant, later a life peer and Labour Minister for Health in Harold Wilsons government. Serota was educated at Haberdashers Askes School and then read Economics at Christs College, Cambridge, before switching to History of Art. He completed a degree at the Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London, under the supervision of Michael Kitson and Anita Brookner. In 1969, Serota became Chairman of the new Young Friends of the Tate organisation with a membership of 750 and they took over a building in Pear Place, south of Waterloo Bridge, arranging lectures and Saturday painting classes for local children. Serota and his committee resigned, which caused the end of the Young Friends, in 1970, he joined the Arts Council of Great Britains Visual Arts Department as a regional exhibitions officer. In 1976, Serota was appointed Director of the Whitechapel Gallery in Londons East End, the Whitechapel was well regarded but had suffered from lack of resources. In 1976 he was a judge for an art competition run by the brewers Trumans, in 1980, assisted by Alexander Sandy Nairne, he organised a two-part exhibition of 20th-century British sculpture, on a scale which had not been seen in the United Kingdom before. In 1981, he curated The New Spirit in Painting, with Norman Rosenthal, thus Serota remained somewhat distanced from the English establishment, although developing a growing reputation internationally in the art world. In 1984-1985, Serota took the step of shutting down the Whitechapel for over 12 months for extensive refurbishment. A strip of land had been acquired, which allowed a design by architects Colquhoun and Miller for a gallery, restaurant, lecture theatre. Although receiving wide approbation, the scheme was in deficit by £250,000, the success of this was instrumental in Serotas appointment in 1988 as Director of the Tate Gallery. The short-listed candidates for the Tate Directorship, who included Norman Rosenthal, Serotas submission, on two sides of A4 paper, was titled Grasping the Nettle. He saw many areas of the Tates operations in need of overhaul, and concluded that the gallery was loved, Tate Chairman, Richard Rogers considered this by far the best proposal submitted. He is a man, and indeed is quite unusual in this country in his commitment to modern painting. In contrast, Peter Fuller made an attack in Modern Painters magazine, saying that Serota would be incapable, by temperament and ability

13.
The Upper Room (paintings)
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The Upper Room is an installation of 13 paintings of rhesus macaque monkeys by English artist Chris Ofili in a specially-designed room. In 2006 the Charity Commission censured the Tate for the purchase, a large walnut-panelled room designed by architect David Adjaye holds the paintings. The room is approached through a corridor, which is designed to give a sense of anticipation. There are thirteen paintings altogether, six each of two long facing walls, and a larger one at the shorter far end wall. Each painting depicts a monkey based around a different colour theme, the twelve smaller paintings show a monkey from the side and they are based on a 1957 Andy Warhol drawing. The larger monkey is depicted from the front, each painting is individually spotlit in the otherwise darkened room. The room is designed to create an impressive and contemplative atmosphere, the paintings each rest on two round lumps of elephant dung, treated and coated in resin. There is also a lump of the dung on each painting, strictly speaking, each work is mixed media, comprising paint, resin, glitter, mapping pins and elephant dung. The Upper Room as a whole is described by the Tate as an installation, the Upper Room is a reference to the Biblical Last Supper of Jesus and his disciples, hence the thirteen paintings. Ofili states the work is not intended to be offensive, and it would be a great pity to split The Upper Room apart, to sell the paintings one by one. Negotiations began between Victoria Miro and the Tate in 2002, but it was not until 2005 that the work was finally purchased, in July 2005 this was publicly announced as part of the new BP-sponsored rehang of Tate Britain. This led Stuckist co-founder Charles Thomson to investigate the trustees who had ratified the decision, the minutes showed that the Tate had begun negotiations with Ofilis dealer to purchase to The Upper Room when an unnamed American collector was going to enter into a joint purchase with the museum. When this fell through, Ofilis dealer Victoria Miro then organised a consortium of five benefactors to donate half the purchase price, the Stuckists then led a media campaign over the Tates purchase of The Upper Room. On 14 August 2005 The Sunday Telegraph published an article by their arts correspondent, Chris Hastings, with the heading, so why has he accepted £100,000 for one of his dung pictures. There followed a series of articles in The Sunday Telegraph, as well as newspapers, over the following few months. Initially the Tate had attempted to reduce the price, but Miro refused, ideally I would still love the work to go to the Tate. The Times said, Victoria Miro, Mr Ofili’s dealer, appears to have driven a hard bargain with the Tate, Charles Thomson, co-founder of the Stuckists, said, Sir Nicholas Serota mentions Victoria Miros generosity in constructing this deal. Victoria Miro’s generosity would seem to be in attracting benefactors who will give money to the Tate—so that the Tate can then give it back to her

The Upper Room (paintings)
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The Upper Room by Chris Ofili.
The Upper Room (paintings)
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Mono Turquesa by Chris Ofili, 1992-2002. One of thirteen paintings in The Upper Room.
The Upper Room (paintings)
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The Hypocrisy of Myners, a painting by Stuckist artist, Mark D, used on a protest placard. (Paul Myners is the Tate Chairman.)
The Upper Room (paintings)
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Outside the Turner Prize, Tate Britain, 2005: Stuckists demonstrate against the purchase of Chris Ofili 's The Upper Room. The cutout is Tate Chairman Paul Myners.

14.
Sponsor (commercial)
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Sponsoring something is the act of supporting an event, activity, person, or organization financially or through the provision of products or services. The individual or group provides the support, similar to a benefactor, is known as sponsor. Sponsorship is a cash and/or in-kind fee paid to a property in return for access to the commercial potential associated with that property. While the sponsoree may be nonprofit, unlike philanthropy, sponsorship is done with the expectation of a commercial return, while sponsorship can deliver increased awareness, brand building and propensity to purchase, it is different from advertising. Unlike advertising, sponsorship can not communicate specific product attributes, nor can it stand alone, as sponsorship requires support elements. A range of psychological and communications theories have been used to explain how commercial sponsorship works to impact consumer audiences, cornwell, Weeks and Roy have published an extensive review of the theories so far used to explain commercial sponsorship effects. Title sponsor is highest status of sponsorship and it characterizes the most significant contribution to a company in organizing and hosting an event. Often the name of sponsor is placed next to the name of competition, teams. In case of title sponsors presence the general sponsor position may remain free, general sponsor is a sponsor that makes one of the largest contributions and that receives for it the right to use the image of competition as well as extensive media coverage. If necessary, the status of the sponsor may be supplemented by the general sponsors for certain categories. Official sponsor is a sponsor that makes a part of raised funds. Typically, the status may be granted by category. Technical sponsor is a sponsor which promotes organization of sporting events through the partial or full payment of goods, participating sponsor is a company, the sponsorship fee size of which usually does not exceed 10% of total raised funds. Informational sponsor is an organization that provides support through media coverage, conducting PR-actions, joint actions. All sponsorship should be based on contractual obligations between the sponsor and the sponsored party, sponsors and sponsored parties should set out clear terms and conditions with all other partners involved, to define their expectations regarding all aspects of the sponsorship deal. Sponsorship should be recognisable as such, the terms and conduct of sponsorship should be based upon the principle of good faith between all parties to the sponsorship. There should be clarity regarding the rights being sold and confirmation that these are available for sponsorship from the rights holder. Sponsored parties should have the right to decide on the value of the sponsorship rights that they are offering

15.
Drexel Burnham Lambert
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At its height, it was the fifth-largest investment bank in the United States. I. W. Tubby Burnham, a 1931 graduate of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, founded the firm in 1935 as Burnham and Company, a small New York City–based retail brokerage. Burnham started the firm with $100,000 of capital, $96,000 of which was borrowed from his grandfather and it became one of the more successful brokerages in the country, eventually building its capital to $1 billion. Burnham eventually branched out into investment banking, however, the companys ability to expand was limited by the structure of the investment banking industry of that time. A strict unwritten set of rules assured the dominance of a few large firms by controlling the order in which their names appeared in advertisements for an underwriting, Burnham, as a sub-major firm, needed to connect with a major or special firm in order to further expand. Burnham found a partner in Drexel Firestone, an ailing Philadelphia-based firm with a rich history. Drexel Firestone traced its history to 1838, when Francis Martin Drexel founded Drexel & Company and his son, Anthony Joseph Drexel, became a partner in the firm at age 21, in 1847. The company made money in the created by mid-century gold finds in California. The company was involved in financial deals with the federal government during the Mexican–American War. A. J. Drexel took over the firm when his father died in 1863 and he partnered with J. P. Morgan and created one of the largest banking companies in the world, Drexel, Morgan & Co. In 1940, several former Drexel partners and associates formed an investment bank and assumed the rights to the Drexel, the new Drexel grew slowly, coasting on its predecessors historic ties to the larger securities issuers. By the early 1960s, it found itself short on capital and it merged with Harriman, Ripley and Company in 1965, and renamed itself Drexel Harriman Ripley. In the mid-1970s, it sold a 25 percent stake to Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, renaming itself Drexel Firestone. Despite having only two major clients by the dawn of the 1970s it was considered a major firm. However, it was a shell of its former self, as evidenced in 1973, Drexel management soon realized that a prominent name was not nearly enough to survive, and was very receptive to a merger offer from Burnham. Even though Burnham was the partner in the merger, the more powerful investment banks insisted that the Drexel name come first as a condition of joining the major bracket. Thus, Drexel Burnham and Company, headquartered in New York, was born in 1973 with $44 million in capital, in 1976, it merged with William D. Witter, a small research boutique that was the American arm of Belgian-based Groupe Bruxelles Lambert. The firm was renamed Drexel Burnham Lambert, and incorporated that year after 41 years as a limited partnership, the enlarged firm was privately held, Lambert held a 26 percent stake and received six seats on the board of directors

Drexel Burnham Lambert
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Drexel Burnham Lambert

16.
Young British Artists
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The Young British Artists, or YBAs—also referred to as Brit artists and Britart—is the name given to a loose group of visual artists who first began to exhibit together in London, in 1988. Many of the artists graduated from the BA Fine Art course at Goldsmiths and they are noted for shock tactics, use of throwaway materials, wild-living, and an attitude both oppositional and entrepreneurial. They achieved considerable media coverage and dominated British art during the 1990s—international survey shows in the mid-1990s included Brilliant. many of the artists were initially supported and collected by Charles Saatchi. Leading artists of the group include Damien Hirst and Tracey Emin, the first use of the term young British artists was by Michael Corris in ArtForum, May 1992, although Saatchi entitled his exhibition as Young British Artists I already in March 1992. The acronym term YBA was not coined until 1996 and it has become a historic term, as most of the YBAs were born in the mid-1960s. The core of the later-to-be YBAs graduated from the Goldsmiths BA Fine Art degree course in the classes of 1987–90, liam Gillick, Fiona Rae, Steve Park and Sarah Lucas, were graduates in the class of 1987. A group of sixteen Goldsmiths students took part in an exhibition of art, called Freeze, of which Damien Hirst became the main organiser. Commercial galleries had shown a lack of interest in the project, and it was held in a cheap non-art space, the event resonated with the Acid House warehouse rave scene prevalent at the time, but did not achieve any major press exposure. One of its effects was to set an example of artist-as-curator—in the mid-1990s artist-run exhibition spaces and galleries became a feature of the London arts scene. In liaison with Hirst, Carl Freedman and Billee Sellman then curated two influential warehouse shows in 1990, Modern Medicine and Gambler, in a Bermondsey former factory they designated Building One, to stage Modern Medicine they raised £1,000 sponsorships from artworld figures including Charles Saatchi. Freedman has spoken openly about the self-fulfilling prophecy these sponsors helped to create, in 1990, Henry Bond and Sarah Lucas organised the East Country Yard Show in a disused warehouse in London Docklands which was installed over four floors and 16, 000m2 of exhibition space. They were far superior, for instance, to any of the art shows that have been staged by the Liverpool Tate in its own multi-million-pound dockland site. Established alternative spaces such as City Racing at the Oval in London, there was much embryonic activity in the Hoxton/Shoreditch area of East London focused on Joshua Compstons gallery. In 1991, the Serpentine Gallery presented a survey of group of artists with the exhibition Broken English. In 1992, Charles Saatchi staged a series of exhibitions of Young British Art, a second wave of Young British Artists appeared in 1992–1993 through exhibitions such as New Contemporaries, New British Summertime and Minky Manky. This included Douglas Gordon, Christine Borland, Fiona Banner, Tracey Emin, Tacita Dean, Georgina Starr and Jane, One exhibition which included several of the YBA artists was the 1995 quin-annual British Art Show. The spread of interest improved the market for contemporary British art magazines through increased advertising, One of the visitors to Freeze was Charles Saatchi, a major contemporary art collector and co-founder of Saatchi and Saatchi, the London advertising agency. Saatchi became not only Hirsts main collector, but also the sponsor for other YBAs–a fact openly acknowledged by Gavin Turk

17.
Cool Britannia
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Cool Britannia was a period of increased pride in the culture of the United Kingdom throughout most of the 1990s, inspired by 1960s pop culture. The success of Britpop and musical acts such as the Spice Girls, the name is a pun on the title of the British patriotic song Rule, Britannia. The phrase Cool Britannia was first used in 1967 as a title by the Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band. The election of Tony Blairs Labour government in 1997, seen by some as young, cool and very appealing, was a driving force in giving Britain a feeling of euphoria. The use of term was similar to that of Swinging London for the boom in art, fashion. Many of the creative industries labelled as Cool Britannia were avowedly inspired by the music, fashion, time described Cool Britannia as the mid-1990s celebration of youth culture in the UK. The renewal in British pride, was symbolised in iconic imagery such as Noel Gallaghers Union Flag guitar and Geri Halliwells skimpy Union Jack dress, the Euro 96 football tournament, hosted in England, is also considered an event that encouraged a resurgence of patriotism, particularly in England. John Major, who was minister at the time, famously took credit. In March 1997 Vanity Fair published an edition on Cool Britannia with Liam Gallagher and Patsy Kensit on the cover. Figures in the issues included Alexander McQueen, Damien Hirst, Graham Coxon, by 1998 The Economist was commenting that many people are already sick of the phrase, and senior Labour politicians, such as Foreign Secretary Robin Cook, seemed embarrassed by its usage. By 2000 - after the decline of Britpop as a tangible genre- it was being used mainly in a mocking or ironic way, with Jools Holland, Cool Britannia 1 &2, have appeared since 2004. Similar terms have been used regionally for similar phenomena, in Wales and Scotland, Cool Cymru and Cool Caledonia, British Invasion Cool Japan Korean Wave Taiwanese Wave Things Can Only Get Better Whatever happened to Cool Britannia. The UK after eight years of Blair, Cerium, May 2005

18.
Charles Saatchi
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Charles Saatchi is a British businessman and the co-founder with his brother Maurice of advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi. The brothers led the business – the worlds largest advertising agency in the 1980s – until they were forced out in 1995, in the same year, the brothers formed a new agency called M&C Saatchi. Saatchi is also known for his art collection and for owning Saatchi Gallery, Charles Saatchi is the second of four sons born to Nathan Saatchi and Daisy Ezer, a wealthy Iraqi Jewish family in Baghdad, Iraq. The name Saatchi ساعتچی, which means watchmaker, originates from Persian, ساعتچي This name has a long history in Iran and its bearers are mostly Jewish. Famous for owning antique shops, watch shops, gold and jewellery, Saatchis brothers are David, Maurice and Philip. In 1947 his father, a merchant, anticipated the flight that tens of thousands of Iraqi Jews would soon make to avoid persecution and relocated his family to Finchley. Nathan Saatchi purchased two mills in north London and after a time rebuilt a thriving business. Eventually the family would settle into a house in Hampstead Lane. Saatchi attended Christs College, a school in north London. During this time, he developed an obsession with US pop culture, including the music of Elvis Presley, Little Richard and he has described as life-changing the experience of viewing a Jackson Pollock painting at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. He then progressed to study at the London College of Communication, in 1965, Saatchi undertook his first advertising role as a copywriter in the London office of Benton & Bowles, where he met Doris Lockhart. Saatchi paired up with art director Ross Cramer and they worked as a team at Collett Dickenson Pearce, in addition to offering consulting with ad agencies they also took on some clients directly. In 1969, at age 26, Saatchi purchased his first work of art by Sol LeWitt, Saatchi initially patronised the Lisson Gallery in Marylebone, London, which specialised in American minimalist works. He later purchased a show by Robert Mangold. In the early 1980s, Saatchi purchased a 30,000 sq ft cement-floored and steel-girded warehouse at 98A Boundary Road in the residential London suburb of St. Johns Wood. The building was transformed by architect Max Gordon into the Saatchi Gallery, at one point the Saatchi collection contained 11 works by Donald Judd,21 by Sol LeWitt,23 by Anselm Kiefer,17 Andy Warhols and 27 by Julian Schnabel. His taste has mutated from American abstraction and minimalism to the Young British Artists, at the YBAs 1990 Gambler exhibition, Saatchi bought Damian Hirsts first major animal installation, A Thousand Years. In 1991, he acquired major artworks by Hirst and Marc Quinn, in 2009, he published the book My Name Is Charles Saatchi And I Am An Artoholic

Charles Saatchi
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The Saatchi Gallery's new premises in Chelsea, which opened in October 2008.
Charles Saatchi
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Charles Saatchi by Paul Harvey

19.
Sensation exhibition
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A proposed showing at the National Gallery of Australia was cancelled when the gallerys director decided the exhibition was too close to the market. The show generated controversy in London and New York due to the inclusion of images of Myra Hindley and it was criticised by New York mayor Rudolph Giuliani and others for attempting to boost the value of the work by showing it in institutions and public museums. The artworks in Sensation were from the collection of Charles Saatchi, norman Rosenthal, the Royal Academy of Arts exhibitions secretary, helped to stage the 110 works by 42 different artists. Many of the pieces had become famous, or notorious, with the British public, Marc Quinns self-portrait. Others had already achieved prominence in other ways, such as an advertising campaign using an idea from Gillian Wearings photographs. Sensation was the first time that an audience had had the chance to see these works en masse. The Royal Academy posted this disclaimer to visitors on entry, There will be works of art on display in the Sensation exhibition which some people may find distasteful, parents should exercise their judgment in bringing their children to the exhibition. One gallery will not be open to those under the age of 18, around a quarter of the RAs 80 academicians gave a warning that the exhibition was inflammatory. However, the biggest media controversy was over Myra, an image of the murderer Myra Hindley by Marcus Harvey, the Mothers Against Murder and Aggression protest group picketed the show, accompanied by Winnie Johnson, the mother of one of Hindleys victims. They asked for the portrait, which is made up of hundreds of copies of a childs handprint, along with supporters she picketed the shows first day. Despite all the protest the painting remained hanging, windows at Burlington House, the Academys home, were smashed and two demonstrators hurled ink and eggs at the picture as a result, requiring it to be removed and restored. It was put back on display behind Perspex and guarded by security men, books have been written about the murders. Hindley’s image is in the domain, part of our consciousness, an awful part of our recent social history. The show was popular with the general public, attracting over 300,000 visitors during its run. The BBC described it as gory images of dismembered limbs and explicit pornography, Sensation was shown at the Berlin Hamburger Bahnhof museum and proved so popular that it was extended past its original closing date of 28 December 1998. For art critic Nicola Kuhn from Der Tagesspiegel, there was no sensation about Sensation, the New York show was met with instant protest, centring on The Holy Virgin Mary by Chris Ofili, which had not provoked this reaction in London. The figure is surrounded by small collaged images of female genitalia from pornographic magazines. William A. Donohue, President of the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights, Giuliani started a lawsuit to evict the museum, and Arnold Lehman, the museum director, filed a federal lawsuit against Giuliani for a breach of the First Amendment

20.
Anish Kapoor
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Sir Anish Kapoor, CBE RA, is a British sculptor. Born in Bombay, Kapoor has lived and worked in London since the early 1970s when he moved to art, first at the Hornsey College of Art and later at the Chelsea School of Art. He represented Britain in the XLIV Venice Biennale in 1990, when he was awarded the Premio Duemila Prize, in 1991, he received the Turner Prize and in 2002 received the Unilever Commission for the Turbine Hall at Tate Modern. Kapoor received a knighthood in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to visual arts and he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree from the University of Oxford in 2014. In 2012, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Indian government which is Indias third-highest civilian award, an image of Kapoor features in the British cultural icons section of the newly designed British passport in 2015. In 2016, he was announced as a recipient of the LennonOno Grant for Peace and he owns exclusive rights to use Vantablack for artistic purposes. Anish Kapoor was born in Bombay, India, to a Hindu father, according to Kapoor, his mother had an Indian-Jewish upbringing, her father being the cantor of the synagogue in Pune. At this time, Baghdadi Jews constituted the majority of the Jewish community in Mumbai and his father, from a Hindu Punjabi family, was a hydrographer in the Indian Navy. Kapoor is the brother of Canada-based academic Ilan Kapoor, Kapoor attended The Doon School, an all-boys boarding school in Dehradun, then in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. He is said to have hated his time at Doon, in 1971–1973, he travelled to Israel with one of his two brothers, initially living on a kibbutz. He began to study engineering, but had trouble with mathematics. In Israel, he decided to become an artist, in 1973, he left for Britain to attend Hornsey College of Art and Chelsea School of Art and Design. There he found a model in Paul Neagu, an artist who provided a meaning to what he was doing. Kapoor went on to teach at Wolverhampton Polytechnic in 1979 and in 1982 was Artist in Residence at the Walker Art Gallery and he has lived and worked in London since the early 1970s. Anish Kapoor became known in the 1980s for his geometric or biomorphic sculptures made using materials such as granite, limestone, marble, pigment. These early sculptures are frequently simple, curved forms, usually monochromatic and brightly coloured, using powder pigment to define, while making the pigment pieces, it occurred to me that they all form themselves out of each other. So I decided to give them a title, A Thousand Names, implying infinity. The powder works sat on the floor or projected from the wall, the powder on the floor defines the surface of the floor and the objects appear to be partially submerged, like icebergs

21.
Jeremy Deller
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Jeremy Deller is an English conceptual, video and installation artist. He won the Turner Prize in 2004, and in 2010 was awarded the Albert Medal of the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce. Deller is known for his Battle of Orgreave, a reenactment of the actual Battle of Orgreave which occurred during the UK miners strike in 1984, from 2007 to 2011, Deller served as a Trustee of the Tate Gallery. Deller traces his broad interests in art and culture, in part, to childhood visits to museums like the Horniman Museum, after meeting Andy Warhol in 1986, Deller spent two weeks at The Factory in New York. He began making artworks in the early 1990s, often showing them outside of conventional galleries, in 1993, while his parents were on holiday, he secretly used the family home for an exhibition titled Open Bedroom. In 1997, Deller embarked on Acid Brass, a collaboration with the Williams Fairey Brass Band from Stockport. The project was based on fusing the music of a brass band with acid house. Much of Dellers work is collaborative and his work has a strong political aspect, in the subjects dealt with and also the devaluation of artistic ego through the involvement of other people in the creative process. Much of his work is ephemeral in nature and avoids commodification, Deller staged The Battle of Orgreave in 2001, bringing together almost 1,000 people in a public re-enactment of a violent confrontation from the 1984 Miners’ Strike. The re-enactment was filmed by director Mike Figgis for Artangel Media, in 2006, he was involved in a touring exhibit of contemporary British folk art, in collaboration with Alan Kane. In late 2006, he instigated The Bat House Project, a competition open to the public for a bat house on the outskirts of London. In 2009, Deller created Procession, a free and uniquely Mancunian parade through the centre of Manchester along Deansgate, Procession worked with diverse groups of people drawn from the 10 boroughs of Manchester and took place on Sunday 5 July at 1400 hrs. Commissioned in 2009 as part of The Three M Project, Deller created It Is What It Is, the project was designed to foster public discussion by having guest experts engage museum visitors in a free-form, unscripted dialogue about issues concerning Iraq. On 1 July 2016, his Were Here Because Were Here, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Battle of the Somme, in 1995, Deller exhibited at EASTinternational, which was selected by Marian Goodman and Giuseppe Penone. He was invited to select EASTinternational in 2006 with Dirk Snauwaert, joy in People, a retrospective of Dellers work, showed at the Hayward Gallery, London, between February and May 2012. Deller was selected to represent Great Britain at the Venice Biennale in 2013, sacrilege, a replica of Stonehenge created for the 2012 Olympic Games was taken to Móstoles, Community of Madrid, in 2015. Deller was the winner of the Turner Prize in 2004, accepting the award, Deller said being nominated for the Turner prize had been a not unenjoyable experience. He dedicated his award to everyone who cycles, everyone who cycles in London, everyone who looks after wildlife, in 2007, Deller was appointed a Trustee of the Tate Gallery

Jeremy Deller
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Deller in 2008.

22.
Sarah Lucas
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Sarah Lucas is an English artist. She is part of the generation of Young British Artists who emerged during the 1990s and her works frequently employ visual puns and bawdy humour, and include photography, collage and found objects. Lucas left school at 16, she studied art at The Working Mens College, London College of Printing, Lucas was included in the 1988 group exhibition Freeze along with contemporaries including Angus Fairhurst, Damien Hirst, and Gary Hume. In 1990, Lucas co-organized the East Country Yard Show with Henry Bond and her first two solo exhibitions in 1992 were titled The Whole Joke and Penis Nailed to a Board. It was in the early 1990s when Lucas began using furniture as a substitute for the human body, in works such as Bitch, she merges tabloid culture with the economy of the ready-made. In earlier work, she had displayed enlarged pages from the Sunday Sport newspaper, through her career, Lucas has continued to appropriate everyday materials to make works that use humour, visual puns and sexual metaphors of sex, death, Englishness and gender. Sarah Lucas is also known for her self-portraits, such as Human Toilet Revisited,1998, in her solo exhibition The Fag Show at Sadie Coles in 2000, she used cigarettes as a material, as in Self-portrait with Cigarettes. Writing in The Guardian, in 2011, Aida Edemariam said that Lucas was the wildest of the Young British Artists, partying hard and making art that was provocative, in 1996, she was the subject of a BBC documentary, Two Melons and a Stinking Fish. Lucas had her first solo exhibition in 1992 at City Racing, an artists run gallery in south London, from October 2005 to January 2006, Tate Liverpool presented the first survey exhibition of Lucass work. In 2013 the Whitechapel Gallery in East London hosted a retrospective of Lucas work, in 2015 Sarah Lucas represented Britain at the 56th Venice Biennale with SCREAM DADDIO. She was interviewed by close friend Don Brown during the installation of the exhibition, Lucas frequently employs a critical humor in her work in order to question conventions and highlighting the absurdity of the everyday. One of Lucas’ most famous works Two Fried Eggs and Kebab, parodies the traditional still life, feminist reviews often describe Lucas as attempting to add female artists into the canon of art history through her analytical work that predominantly discusses the female body and voyeurism. Lucas frequently appropriates masculine constructions to confront and dissect their nature and her pieces represent a fantastical world and playfully employs unrealistic ideals to unearth obscene paradoxes created by those very constructions. Specifically, she is concerned with the casual misogyny of everyday life, works such as The old in Out is a clear reference to Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain and Two Fried Eggs and Kebab has been linked to Édouard Manet ’s Olympia. Sexuality is not apparent in her works and a lack of association with morality leaves viewers at the free will of her humorous narratives, Lucas takes on the role as a source of reflecting sexism, but not overtly commenting on it. She has stated that, “I am not trying to solve the problem, i’m exploring the moral dilemma by incorporating it”. Her works are both literal and conceptual evidence of Lucas searching for meaning, whether its through recognizable forms or her own mythologized fantasies, her ideas constantly build and transform. She appears to never be satisfied with her outcome and scours every imaginable medium for an outlet that is fitting, to her, the artworks she make “…carry on talking and thinking with other people”

23.
List of Turner Prize winners and nominees
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The Turner Prize is an annual prize presented to a British visual artist, organised by the Tate Gallery. Named after the painter J. M. W. Turner, it was first presented in 1984, and is one of the United Kingdoms most prestigious, but controversial, art awards. The winner is chosen by a panel of four independent judges invited by the Tate, the prize is accompanied by a monetary award of £25,000, although the amount has varied depending on the sponsor. For example, between 2004 and 2007, while sponsored by Gordons, the prize fund was £40,000, £25,000 was awarded to the winner. Since its inception, the prize itself has received considerable criticism, considerable media pressure is applied to nominees and winners of the Turner Prize. The 2003 winner Grayson Perry stated that Such media storms can be traumatising for someone who has laboured away for years in a studio, some artists, including Sarah Lucas and Julian Opie, have decided not to participate in the event, regarding a nomination as a poisoned chalice. Stephen Deuchar, Director of Tate Britain suggested We want the artists to be comfortable with media pressure, several winners of the prize have won other notable awards such as the Venice Biennale, and continue to present their works at various international exhibitions. Winners reactions to the range from Damien Hirsts A media circus to raise money for the Tate and Channel 4 to Jeremy Dellers It blew me away. Auction prices for works by previous winners have generally increased, the award has also seen some unexpected results, Tracey Emins My Bed, was overlooked in 1999 despite drawing large crowds to the Tate. General The Turner Prize year by year, the Turner Prize, New Edition 2007. Specific The Turner Prize official website

List of Turner Prize winners and nominees
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Tate Britain: the venue for the Turner Prize except in 2007, 2011 and 2013
List of Turner Prize winners and nominees
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Nicholas Serota (pictured), Matthew Collings and Robin Klassnik were all commended. Gilbert and George were nominees in 1984.
List of Turner Prize winners and nominees
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Damien Hirst: his exhibit included a bisected cow and calf in formaldehyde in a vitrine – Mother and Child Divided. He was a nominee in 1992.
List of Turner Prize winners and nominees
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Tracey Emin exhibited her bed, titled My Bed

24.
Malcolm Morley
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Malcolm Morley is an English artist now living in the United States. He is best known as a photorealist, Morley was born in north London. After release, he studied art first at the Camberwell School of Arts and then at the Royal College of Art, in 1956, he saw an exhibition of contemporary American art at the Tate Gallery, and began to produce paintings in an abstract expressionist style. In the mid-1960s, Morley briefly taught at Ohio State University, and then moved back to New York City, where he taught at SUNY Stony Brook from 1970 through 1974 and the School of Visual Arts. He now lives in Bellport, New York, in a church that serves as his home/studio. His work was featured as the first temporary exhibit at the Parrish Art Museum in Watermill, New York and he considers Cézanne the quintessential sensationalist, and has acknowledged that artists deep influence on his own work. When Morley moved to New York he also met Barnett Newman and he painted a number of works at this time made up of only horizontal black and white bands. He also met Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein and, influenced in part by them and he often used a grid to transfer photographics images from a variety of sources to canvas as accurately as possible, and became one of the most noted photorealists. In the 1970s, Morleys work began to be more expressionist, many of his paintings from the mid-70s, such as Train Wreck, depict catastrophes. Later in the decade, he began to use his own earlier drawings, in 1984, Morley won the inaugural Turner Prize. In the 1990s he returned again to a more precise photorealist style and his work often draws upon various sources in a process of cross-fertilization. For example, his painting The Day of the Locust draws its title from the novel The Day of the Locust, by Nathanael West. One scene in the painting is drawn from the scene of the novel, and other scenes are drawn from the 1954 film Suddenly. His most significant student is his ex-wife, Fran Bull, Malcolm Morley is represented by Sperone Westwater, New York and Xavier Hufkens, Brussels. Richard Milazzo has written the book Malcolm Morley in 2000, and Jean-Claude Lebensztijn wrote Malcolm Morley, Itineraries

Malcolm Morley
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Tackle, 2004.
Malcolm Morley
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Red Arrows, 2000.

25.
Richard Deacon (sculptor)
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Richard Deacon CBE is a British abstract sculptor, and a winner of the Turner Prize. Richard Deacon was born in Bangor, Wales and educated at Plymouth College and he then studied at the Somerset College of Art, Taunton, at Saint Martins School of Art, London and at the Royal College of Art, also in London. He left the Royal College in 1977, and went on to study part-time at the Chelsea School of Art, deacons first one-person show came in 1978 in Brixton. Deacons work is abstract, but often alludes to anatomical functions and his works are often constructed from everyday materials such as laminated plywood, and he calls himself a fabricator rather than a sculptor. His early pieces are made up of sleek curved forms. Deacon won the Turner Prize in 1987 having previously nominated in 1984. Deacon was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1999 New Year Honours List, in 2007, he represented Wales at the Venice Biennale. He was one of the five shortlisted for the Angel of the South project in January 2008. Tate held a show of his work in 2014. List of Turner Prize winners and nominators richarddeacon

Richard Deacon (sculptor)
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Deacon (2012)
Richard Deacon (sculptor)
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Richard Deacon. Once Upon a Time on the Redheugh Bridge, Gateshead
Richard Deacon (sculptor)
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Richard Deacon. Lets Not Be Stupid at the University of Warwick

26.
Howard Hodgkin
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Sir Gordon Howard Eliot Hodgkin CH CBE was a British painter and printmaker. His work is most often associated with abstraction, during the Second World War, Eliot Hodgkin was an RAF officer, rising to Wing Commander, and was assistant to Sefton Delmer in running his black propaganda campaign against Nazi Germany. His maternal grandfather Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart was a journalist, lawyer, MP and Lord Chief Justice, on returning, he was educated at Eton College and then at Bryanston School in Dorset. He had decided on a career in art in early childhood and he studied at the Camberwell Art School and later at the Bath Academy of Art in Corsham, where Edward Piper studied drawing under him. Hodgkins first solo show was in London in 1962, in 1984, Hodgkin represented Britain at the Venice Biennale, in 1985 he won the Turner Prize, and in 1992 he was knighted. In 1995, Hodgkin printed the Venetian Views series, which depict the view of Venice at four different times of day. Venice, Afternoon – one of the four prints – uses 16 sheets, or fragments, in a hugely complex printing process creates a colourful. This piece was given to the Yale Centre of British Art in June 2006 by its Israeli family owners in order to complement the museums collection of Hodgkins. A major exhibition of his work was mounted at Tate Britain, London, also in 2006, The Independent declared him one of the 100 most influential gay people in Britain, as his work has helped many people express their emotions to others. Before his death on 9 March 2017 he was working on two UK exhibitions, one at The Hepworth Wakefield, and another at The National Portrait Gallery and his prints were hand-painted etchings and he worked with the master printer Jack Shirreff at 107 Workshop. Hodgkin was awarded the CBE in 1977, and he was knighted in 1992 and he received an honorary fellowship from the London Institute in 1999. In 2000, he was awarded an honorary DLitt by the University of Oxford and he was made a Companion of Honour in the 2003 New Year Honours for his services to art. In 1955, Hodgkin married Julia Lane, by whom he had two children, Hodgkin knew he was gay, even when he married, and later left his wife. In 2009, The Independent reported that he had been with his partner and they lived in a four-storey Georgian house in Bloomsbury, near the British Museum. On 9 March 2017, Hodgkin died at the age of 84 in a hospital in London, tributes to him were made by several figures in British art, including Tate director Nicholas Serota. Michael Auping, John Elderfield, Susan Sontag, Marla Price, official website Artchive information Artcyclopedia information An audio interview with Hodgkin by Edward Lucie Smith Exhibition at Tate Britain, London,14 June –10 September 2006

27.
Richard Long (artist)
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Richard Long CBE RA is an English sculptor and one of the best known British land artists. Long is the only artist to have been short-listed four times for the Turner Prize and he was nominated in 1984,1987 and 1988, and then won the award in 1989 for White Water Line. He currently lives and works in Bristol, the city in which he was born, Long studied at Saint Martins School of Art before going on to create work using various media including sculpture, photography and text. His work is on permanent display in Britain at the Tate and Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery as well as galleries in America, Switzerland, Long was born in Bristol, in south-west England. Several of his works were based around walks that he has made, other pieces consist of photographs or maps of unaltered landscapes accompanied by texts detailing the location and time of the walk it indicates. His piece Delabole Slate Circle, acquired from the Tate Modern in 1997, is a piece in Bristol City Museum. At Houghton Hall in Norfolk, the Marquess of Cholmondeley commissioned a sculpture to the east of the house, longs land art there consists of a circle of Cornish slate at the end of a path mown through the grass. In 2009, a retrospective of Long’s work entitled Heaven and Earth, first edition,1972, Konrad Fischer, Düsseldorf. Longs Whitechapel Slate Circle brought a record price for the artist in 1989 when it sold for $209,000 at Sothebys in New York, land art Environmental art Environmental sculpture Roelstraete, Dieter. Richard Long, A Line Made by Walking, in the studio, Richard Long, Daily Telegraph. ISBN 978-0-810-94189-2 Long Richard, Mirage, edition Phaidon,1998, ISBN 0-7148-3779-2 Tafalla, from Allen Carlson to Richard Long, The Art-Based Appreciation of Nature, in, Alessandro Bertinetto, Fabian Dorsch, Cain Todd. Proceedings of the European Society for Aesthetics, vol, on the Track of Richard Long. ISBN 978-095-763-3513 Long, official website Houghton Hall, photo of land art installation

28.
Tony Cragg
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Sir Anthony Douglas Cragg, CBE, RA is a British sculptor. Tony Cragg was born in Liverpool on 9 April 1949, between 1966 and 1968 he worked as a lab technician for the National Rubber Producers Research Association. In 1969 he enrolled in the course at Gloucestershire College of Art and Design in Cheltenham. He studied at Wimbledon School of Art from 1970 to 1973, Cragg moved to Wuppertal, in North Rhine-Westphalia in western Germany in 1977, and in 1978 began teaching at the Kunstakademie of Düsseldorf. Tony Craggs early work involved site-specific installations of found objects and discarded materials, from the mid-1970s through to the early 1980s he presented assemblages in primary structures as well as in colourful, representational reliefs on the floors and walls of gallery spaces. Cragg constructed these early works by systematically arranging individual fragments of mixed materials, often according to their colours and profiles. Britain Seen from the North is a early work, made of multi-coloured scraps of various materials assembled in relief on the wall. The piece depicts the outline of the island of Great Britain, the island is scrutinized by a figure, representing Cragg himself, who looks at his native country from the position of an outsider. Britain Seen from the North is often interpreted as commenting on the social and economic difficulties that Britain was facing under ‘Thatcherism’ and this work was first exhibited in the large upstairs space at the Whitechapel Art gallery in London in 1981 and is now in the Tate collection. After moving to Germany in the late 1977 Cragg had several exhibitions including Lisson Gallery, London. Situation, Berlin and Künstlerhaus Weidenallee, Hamburg, in the early-1980s Cragg gradually moved away from installation art and began to examine more closely the individual objects used as parts of his larger constellations. Since then Cragg has exhibited extensively at many of worlds most important art institutions, by the end of the decade Cragg received the Turner Price at the Tate Gallery in London, represented Britain at the 42. Venice Biennale and was appointed Professor at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, throughout the 1990s Cragg continued to develop two larger groups of work that have sustained his production up to the present, the Early Forms and the Rational Beings. The Early Forms series investigate the possibilities of manipulating everyday, familiar containers and these sculptures derive their profiles and contours from simple, tick-walled vessels – such as chemistry vessels, plastic bottles and mortars. The surfaces of these objects are extended and contorted until new. Through these processes of manipulation the initial objects develop new lines and contours, positive and negatively curving surfaces and volumes, protrusions, the broad field of containers and vessels used function as metaphors for cell, organ, organism or body. The Early Forms can be characterized as forms transmutating along a curved axis, often with organic, even figurative. The Rational Beings are describable as organic looking forms often made of carbon fibre on a core of polystyrene, the underlying structure of these sculptures gives their skin the tension of a membrane, reflecting the basic structures of many organisms, organs, plants and animals

29.
Ian Hamilton Finlay
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Ian Hamilton Finlay, CBE was a Scottish poet, writer, artist and gardener. Finlay was born in Nassau, Bahamas, of Scottish parents and he was educated at Dollar Academy, in Clackmannanshire and later Glasgow School of Art. At the age of 13, with the outbreak of the Second World War, in 1942, he joined the British Army. Finlay was married twice and had two children, Alec and Ailie, at the end of the war, Finlay worked as a shepherd, before beginning to write short stories and poems, while living on Rousay, in Orkney. He published his first book, The Sea Bed and Other Stories in 1958 with some of his plays broadcast on the BBC and his first collection of poetry, The Dancers Inherit the Party was published in 1960 by Migrant Press with a second edition published in 1962. The third edition, published by Fulcrum Press in 1969, included a number of new poems and was described by the publisher as a first edition. Dancers was included in its entirety in a New Directions annual a few years later, in 1963, Finlay published Rapel, his first collection of concrete poetry, and it was as a concrete poet that he first gained wide renown. Much of this work was issued through his own Wild Hawthorn Press, Finlay became notable as a poet, when reducing the monostich form to one word with his concrete poems in the nineteen sixties. Repetition, imitation and tradition lay at the heart of Hamiltons poetry, later, Finlay began to compose poems to be inscribed into stone, incorporating these sculptures into the natural environment. This kind of features in the garden Little Sparta that he. The five-acre garden also includes more conventional sculptures and two garden temples, in December 2004, in a poll conducted by Scotland on Sunday, a panel of fifty artists, gallery directors and arts professionals voted Little Sparta to be the most important work of Scottish art. Second and third were the Glasgow School of Art by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, sir Roy Strong has said of Little Sparta that it is the only really original garden made in this country since 1945. The Little Sparta Trust plans to preserve Little Sparta for the nation by raising enough to pay for a maintenance fund. His use of Nazi imagery led an accusation of neo-Nazi sympathies, Finlay sued a Paris magazine which had made such accusations, and was awarded nominal damages of one franc. The stress of this brought about the separation between Finlay and his wife Sue. Finlay also came into conflict with the Strathclyde Regional Council over his liability for rates on a byre in his garden, Finlay insisted that it was a garden temple. Finlay was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1985, the French Communist Party presented him with a bust of Saint-Just in 1991. He received the Scottish Horticultural Medal from the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society in 2002, awarded in the Queens New Years Honours list in 2002, Finlay was a CBE

30.
Richard Attenborough
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Richard Samuel Attenborough, Baron Attenborough, Kt, CBE was an English actor, filmmaker, entrepreneur, and politician. He was the President of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, as a film director and producer, Attenborough won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1983. He also won four BAFTA Awards and four Golden Globe Awards, as an actor, he is perhaps best known for his roles in Brighton Rock, The Great Escape,10 Rillington Place, Miracle on 34th Street and Jurassic Park. He was the brother of David Attenborough, a naturalist and broadcaster, and John Attenborough. He was married to actress Sheila Sim from 1945 until his death, Attenborough was educated at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys in Leicester and studied at RADA. The sisters moved to the United States in the 1950s and lived with an uncle, during the Second World War, Attenborough served in the Royal Air Force. After initial pilot training he was seconded to the newly formed R. A. F, Film Unit at Pinewood Studios, under the command of Flight Lieutenant John Boulting where he appeared with Edward G. Robinson in the propaganda film Journey Together. Attenboroughs acting career started on stage and he appeared in shows at Leicesters Little Theatre, Dover Street, prior to his going to RADA, in 1949, exhibitors voted him the sixth most popular British actor at the box office. Early in his career, Attenborough starred in the West End production of Agatha Christies The Mousetrap. Both he and his wife were among the original cast members of the production and it was his first appearance in a major Hollywood film blockbuster and his most successful film thus far. His portrayal of the serial killer John Christie in 10 Rillington Place garnered excellent reviews, in 1977, he played the ruthless General Outram, again to great acclaim, in the Indian director Satyajit Rays period piece The Chess Players. He starred in the remake of Miracle on 34th Street as Kris Kringle and he made his only appearance in a film adaptation of Shakespeare when he played the English ambassador who announces that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead at the end of Kenneth Branaghs Hamlet. His performance in The Angry Silence earned him his first nomination for a BAFTA, seance On A Wet Afternoon won him his first BAFTA award. His feature film debut was the all-star screen version of the hit musical Oh. What a Lovely War, after which his acting appearances became sporadic as he concentrated more on directing and producing. He later directed two epic films, Young Winston, based on the early life of Winston Churchill, and A Bridge Too Far. He had been attempting to get the project made for 18 years and he directed the screen version of the musical A Chorus Line and the anti-apartheid drama Cry Freedom. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Director for both films and his later films as director and producer include Chaplin starring Robert Downey, Jr. as Charlie Chaplin and Shadowlands, based on the relationship between C. S. Lewis and Joy Gresham

31.
Victor Burgin
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Victor Burgin is an artist and a writer. He has worked with photography and film, calling painting the anachronistic daubing of woven fabrics with coloured mud, Burgin was born in Sheffield in England. He studied art at the Royal College of Art, in London, Burgin taught at Trent Polytechnic from 1967 to 1973 and at the School of Communication, Polytechnic of Central London from 1973 to 1988. From 1988 to 2001 Burgin lived and worked in San Francisco and he taught in the History of Consciousness program at the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he became Professor Emeritus of History of Consciousness. In 2000 he was Robert Gwathmey Chair in Art and Architecture, The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, from 2001 to 2006 he was Millard Professor of Fine Art at Goldsmiths College, University of London. In 2005 he received an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Sheffield Hallam University, Burgin has mounted more than one hundred solo exhibitions internationally, since 1970. 2004 Restored, Permanent video installation for London Symphony Orchestra, St. Lukes, Old Street,1994 Permanent video installation for the Médiatheque dOrléans, Ville dOrléans, France. 1994 Design for permanent video installation for the Hotel Furkablick, Furkapasshöhe,1993 Venise,30 min video, Ville de Marseille, France. 1989 Original print for ‘Estampes et Revolution,200 Ans Après, ’ Centre National des Arts Plastiques, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication,1989 Fall, Video-wall, two-minute videodisk programme, Tate Gallery, London. 1987 Fall, Video-wall, two-minute videodisk programme, Mississauga Shopping Mall,1976 What does possession mean to you. Color poster,1000 copies posted in the streets in the center of Newcastle upon Tyne, summer, other poster works, Art in theory, 1900-1990, an anthology of changing ideas. Oxford, UK & Malden, MA, Blackwell, left Shift, Radical Art in 1970s Britain

Victor Burgin
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Victor Burgin in Cologne, Germany, 2010

32.
Derek Jarman
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Michael Derek Elworthy Jarman was an English film director, stage designer, diarist, artist, gardener and author. Jarman was born in Northwood, Middlesex, England, the son of Elizabeth Evelyn and Lancelot Elworthy Jarman. His father was an officer, born in New Zealand. He boarded at Canford School in Dorset, and from 1960 studied at Kings College London and this was followed by four years at the Slade School of Fine Art, University College London, starting in 1963. He had a studio at Butlers Wharf, London, in the 1970s, Jarman was outspoken about homosexuality, his public fight for gay rights, and his personal struggle with AIDS. On 22 December 1986, Jarman was diagnosed as HIV positive and his illness prompted him to move to Prospect Cottage, Dungeness in Kent, near the nuclear power station. In 1994, he died of an AIDS-related illness in London, Jarman was buried in the graveyard at St. Clements Church, Old Romney, Kent. The Garden was entered into the 17th Moscow International Film Festival, the Angelic Conversation featured Toby Mott and other members of the Radical artist collective the Grey Organisation. Jarman first became known as a designer, getting his break in the film industry as production designer for Ken Russells The Devils. He later made his debut in overground narrative filmmaking with Sebastiane and this was an early British film featuring positive images of gay sexuality, and its dialogue was entirely in Latin. He followed this with Jubilee, in which Queen Elizabeth I of England is seen to be transported forward in time to a desolate and this was followed in 1979 by an unconventional adaptation of Shakespeares The Tempest. Praised by several Shakespeare scholars, but dismissed by some traditionalist critics, the contains a considerable amount of nudity, some unconventional casting. During the 1980s Jarman was a campaigner against Clause 28. He also worked to raise awareness of AIDS and his artistic practice in the early 1980s reflected these commitments, especially in The Angelic Conversation, a film in which the imagery is accompanied by a voice reciting Shakespeares sonnets. Jarman spent seven years making experimental super 8 mm films and attempting to raise money for Caravaggio, released in 1986, Caravaggio attracted a comparatively wide audience. This is partly due to the involvement, for the first time, of the British television company Channel 4 in funding, Caravaggio also saw Jarman work with actress Tilda Swinton for the first time. Overt depictions of love, narrative ambiguity, and the live representations of Caravaggios most famous paintings are all prominent features in the film. The conclusion of Caravaggio also marked the beginning of an abandonment of traditional narrative in Jarmans films

33.
Bill Woodrow
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Bill Woodrow RA is a British sculptor. Bill Woodrow was born on 1 November 1948 near Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire and he received his education at the Winchester College of Art, the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London, and the Chelsea School of Art. Woodrow was one of a number of British sculptors to emerge in the late 1970s on to the contemporary art scene, together with fellow artists like Richard Deacon. Materials found in dumps, used car lots and scrap yards formed the raw materials for his works, by partly embedding them in plaster. Subsequently, he turned to large consumer goods like cars and refrigerators, while their original structures could still be discerned, he cut portions out of them and reattached the portions to the main structures so that they appeared to be connected through umbilical cords. He held his first solo exhibition at Whitechapel Art Gallery in London in 1972, woodrows works often featured a narrative element, and in the 1990s when he began to make work in bronze, stories remained an important element of his sculptures. A seminal work was In Awe of the Pawnbroker, in which the meaning of the symbol was unravelled. This sculpture has a number of elements that add up to what is virtually an installation, important solo shows by Woodrow include the XXI São Paulo Art Biennial, Fools Gold, an exhibition of bronze sculptures at the Tate Modern, and Bee Keeper at the South London Gallery. Several exhibitions at the Royal Academy of Arts in London have featured his works, including Earth, Art of a Changing World, between 30 March and 29 September 2013, Woodrow curated the exhibition Here, There and Somewhere in Between at Hatfield House in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. A major retrospective of his work was held at the Royal Academy between 7 November 2013 and 16 February 2014, Woodrow was a finalist for the Turner Prize in 1986, and was elected a Royal Academician in the sculpture category in May 2002

Bill Woodrow
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Woodrow's Sitting on History (1995) was purchased for the British Library by Carl Djerassi and Diane Middlebrook in 1997. The sculpture, with its ball and chain, refers to the book as the captor of information from which we cannot escape.
Bill Woodrow
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Pond (2006) by Woodrow at the Mudam (Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art in Luxembourg)
Bill Woodrow
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Bunker/Mule (1995) in Blåvand-Oksby, Denmark

34.
Patrick Caulfield
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Patrick Joseph Caulfield, CBE, RA, was an English painter and printmaker known for his bold canvases, which often incorporated elements of photorealism within a pared-down scene. Examples of his work are Pottery and Still Life Ingredients, Patrick Joseph Caulfield was born on 29 January 1936 in Acton, west London. During the second world war Caulfields family returned to Bolton in 1945, at 17, he joined the Royal Air Force at RAF Northwood, pre-empting requirement for national service. Inspired by the 1952 film Moulin Rouge about the artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Patrick Caulfield studied at Chelsea School of Art from 1956 to 1960, and during this time he won two prizes which funded a trip he made to Greece and Crete upon graduation. The visit to the island proved important, with Caulfield finding inspiration in the Minoan frescoes, one of his greatest friends was the abstract painter John Hoyland, whom he first met at the Young Contemporaries exhibition in 1959. Progressing to the Royal College of Art from 1960 to 1963, his contemporaries included David Hockney and he taught at Chelsea School of Art from 1963–71. In 1964, he exhibited at the New Generation show at Londons Whitechapel Gallery and this was a label Caulfield was opposed to throughout his career, seeing himself rather as a formal artist. From the mid-1970s he incorporated more detailed, realistic elements into his work, Caulfield later returned to his earlier, more stripped-down style of painting. Caulfields paintings are figurative, often portraying a few objects in an interior. Typically, he used flat areas of simple colour surrounded by black outlines, some of his works are dominated by a single hue. In 1987, Caulfield was nominated for the Turner Prize for his show The Artists Eye at the National Gallery in London, in 1996 he was made a CBE. On 24 May 2004, a fire in a storage warehouse destroyed many works from the Saatchi collection and he died in London in 2005 and is buried in Highgate Cemetery. His estate is represented by Alan Cristea Gallery and Waddington Custot Galleries in London and his work is held in the private collections of Charles Saatchi and David Bowie. Later in his career, Caulfield worked on commissions in addition to his painting and printmaking. In 1990 he designed a glass window for The Ivy restaurant, it is visible from within the restaurant. In 1992 he designed a 12-metre carpet for the British Councils Manchester headquarters and in 1984 and 1995 set designs for Party Game, Caulfield painted the doors of the Great West Organ at Portsmouth Cathedral in 2001. Caulfield, P. Patrick Caulfield, Paintings 1963–1992, ISBN 1-85490-180-X Caulfield and Hoyland joint interview

35.
Helen Chadwick
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Helen Chadwick was a British sculptor, photographer and installation artist. In 1987, she one of the first women artists to be nominated for the Turner Prize. Chadwick was known for challenging stereotypical perceptions of the body in elegant yet unconventional forms and her work draws from a range of sources, from myths to science, grappling with a plethora of unconventional, visceral materials that included chocolate, lambs tongues and rotting vegetable matter. Her skilled use of traditional methods and sophisticated technologies transform these unusual materials into complex installations. Maureen Paley noted that Helen was always talking about craftsmanship—a constant fount of information, binary oppositions was a strong theme in Chadwicks work, seductive/repulsive, male/female, organic/man-made. Her combinations emphasise yet simultaneously dissolve the contrasts between them and her gender representations forge a sense of ambiguity and a disquieting sexuality blurring the boundaries of ourselves as singular and stable beings. Helen Chadwick was born May 18th 1953 in Croydon, England and her mother was a Greek refugee and her father from east London. Her parents met in Athens, Greece during World War II, after she left school she embarked on a Fine Art Foundation course at Croydon College then went on to study at Brighton Polytechnic. Chadwick recalled, Traditional media were never dynamic enough… right from early on in art school, Chadwick’s degree show, Domestic Sanitation consisted of her and three other women in latex costumes painted directly on to the skin. The four women engage a satirical feminist round of cleaning and grooming, in 1976 she moved to Hackney and enrolled in a Masters at Chelsea College of Art. In 1977 Chadwick and two other artists moved into Beck Road, Hackney, a double strip of Victorian terraces that was earmarked for demolition. After squatting for two years they persuaded the Inner London Education Authority to rent, rather than demolish, the houses, Beck Road became a hive of home studios whose residents included Maureen Paley Ray Walker and Genesis P-Orridge. Chadwick began exhibiting regularly from 1977, gradually building her reputation as an artist and her rise into the public sphere was marked by the inclusion of her work Ego Geometria Sum in a group exhibition entitled Summer Show I at the Serpentine. In 1985 she began a teaching career as a visiting lecturer across a number of London art schools. Chadwick’s work really came to prominence with Of Mutability, a large installation involving sculpture and photography at the Institute of Contemporary Arts and this exhibition that toured a number of venues in England, Scotland and Switzerland resulted in her nomination for the Turner Prize in 1987. This was the first year women were nominated for Britain’s most prestigious contemporary art award. In 1990 Chadwick was invited to exhibit in a festival in Houston, Texas. The following year he moved to Beck Road and they married, in the summer of 1994, Chadwicks exhibition Effluvia opened at the Serpentine Gallery, London

36.
Declan McGonagle
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He has stated that he is committed to raising the profile of Irish art internationally. He writes, lectures and publishes regularly on art and museum/gallery policy issues, McGonagle was born in Derry in 1953 and attended St Columbs College in Derry. He studied Fine Art at the College of Art and Design in Belfast, Derry City Council was responsible for setting up the Orchard Gallery on Orchard Street in the city of Derry and advertised for a curator in the late seventies. McGonagle was appointed to the post in 1978 and remained there until 1984 and he gave up painting a year after he joined the Orchard. Though not purpose-built, the gallery was the first physical space in the city to be devoted to the arts. The Orchard established itself on a budget, and McGonagle found that international artists were attracted by the concept of addressing the issues of communities in conflict. In his first prominent role as a curator, McGonagle saw the gallery as “a facilitator for things to happen”, here, he advocated community involvement and brought in challenging international exhibitions. People came to the Orchard for seminars, book fairs, punk rock sessions, performing arts, audio art, in the early days of the gallery, Feargal Sharkey and The Undertones played there regularly. Notable exhibitions during McGonagle’s tenure include Richard Long, Les Levine, Krzysztof Wodiczko, Derry Guildhall, Colin Harrison, Derek Hill, Felim Egan, and Robert Ballagh. The director said of the gallery, “t is okay to have an audience for some things. When I am presenting an exhibition I am not celebrating it, I am saying to people- ‘here it is’. ”In 1983 and he accepted the role of exhibitions director there while keeping close contact and transferring exhibitions to the Orchard. In 1987 he became the first ever arts administrator to be shortlisted for the Turner prize for his work at the Derry gallery, in 1990, McGonagle was appointed director of the newly established Irish Museum of Modern Art. There was considerable controversy over the decision to house the art museum in the historical Royal Hospital Kilmainham building. Many members of the public were unconvinced that the 1684 building would not have to be altered in order to be suitable for the display of large-scale contemporary art works. The structure had been refurbished by the state a decade previously at a cost of over £20 million, the restoration for the gallery would cost a subsequent £600,000. McGonagle encouraged the use of site as opposed to a new purpose-built premises in the then redeveloping Dublin Docklands area. It leaves the art museum, the custom-built clean white box, far behind. Its a museum of the future, a rather than a space

37.
George Melly
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Alan George Heywood Melly was an English jazz and blues singer, critic, writer and lecturer. From 1965 to 1973 he was a film and television critic for The Observer and lectured on art history, with an emphasis on surrealism. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, and was educated at Stowe School, where he discovered his interest in art, jazz and blues. Melly once stated that he may have drawn to surrealism by a particular experience he had during his teenage years. A frequent visitor to Liverpools Sefton Park near his home, he entered its tropical Palm House. He joined the Royal Navy at the end of the Second World War because, as he quipped to the recruiting officer, the uniforms were so much nicer. As he related in his autobiography Rum, Bum and Concertina, instead he received desk duty and wore the other Navy uniform, described as the dreaded fore-and-aft. Later, however, he did see ship duty and he never saw active combat, but was almost court-martialled for distributing anarchist literature. After the war, Melly found work in a London Surrealist gallery, working with E. L. T. Mesens and eventually drifted into the world of jazz and this was a time when New Orleans and New Orleans Revival style jazz were very popular in Britain. In January 1963, the British music magazine NME reported that the biggest trad jazz event to be staged in Britain had taken place at Alexandra Palace. The event included Alex Welsh, Diz Disley, Acker Bilk, Chris Barber, Kenny Ball, Ken Colyer, Monty Sunshine, Bob Wallis, Bruce Turner, Mick Mulligan and Melly. He retired from jazz in the early 1960s when he became a critic for The Observer. He was also scriptwriter on the 1967 satirical film Smashing Time and this period of his life is described in Owning Up. He returned to jazz in the early 1970s with John Chiltons Feetwarmers and he later sang with Digby Fairweathers band. He released six albums in the 1970s including Nuts in 1972 and he wrote a light column, Mellymobile, in Punch magazine describing their tours. He was an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society and a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association, George Melly was President of the BHA 1972-4, and was also an Honorary Associate of the Rationalist Association. He was also a member of the Max Miller Appreciation Society and on 1 May 2005 joined Roy Hudd, Sir Norman Wisdom and his singing style, particularly for the blues, was strongly influenced by his idol, Bessie Smith. He recorded a track called Old Codger with the Stranglers in 1978 specially written for him by the band, Melly, who was bisexual, moved from strictly homosexual relationships in his teens and twenties to largely heterosexual relationships from his thirties onwards

George Melly
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George Melly circa 1978

38.
Lucian Freud
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Lucian Michael Freud was a British painter and draftsman, specialising in figurative art, and is known as one of the foremost 20th-century portraitists. He was born in Berlin, the son of a Jewish architect and his family moved to Britain in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. From 1942-43 he attended Goldsmiths College, London and he enlisted in the Merchant Navy during the Second World War. His early career as a painter was influenced by surrealism, but by the early 1950s his often stark, Freud was an intensely private and guarded man, and his paintings, completed over a 60-year career, are mostly of friends and family. They are generally sombre and thickly impastoed, often set in unsettling interiors, the works are noted for their psychological penetration and often discomforting examination of the relationship between artist and model. Freud worked from life studies, and was known for asking for extended, born in Berlin, Freud was the son of a German Jewish mother, Lucie, and an Austrian Jewish father, Ernst L. Freud, an architect. He was a grandson of Sigmund Freud, and elder brother of the broadcaster, writer and politician Clement Freud, the family emigrated to St Johns Wood, London, in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. Lucian became a British subject in 1939, having attended Dartington Hall School in Totnes, Devon and he also attended Goldsmiths College, part of the University of London, in 1942–43. He served as a merchant seaman in an Atlantic convoy in 1941 before being invalided out of service in 1942, in 1943, the poet and editor Meary James Thurairajah Tambimuttu commissioned the young artist to illustrate a book of poems by Nicholas Moore entitled The Glass Tower. It was published the year by Editions Poetry London and comprised, among other drawings, a stuffed zebra. Both subjects reappeared in The Painters Room on display at Freuds first solo exhibition in 1944 at the Lefevre Gallery, in the summer of 1946, he travelled to Paris before continuing to Greece for several months to visit John Craxton. In the early fifties he was a frequent visitor to Dublin where he would share Patrick Swifts studio, in late 1952, Freud and Lady Caroline Blackwood eloped to Paris where they married in 1953. He remained a Londoner for the rest of his life, Freud was part of a group of figurative artists later named The School of London. This was more a collection of individual artists who knew each other, some intimately. The group was led by such as Francis Bacon and Freud. He was a tutor at the Slade School of Fine Art of University College London from 1949 to 1954. Freuds early paintings, which are very small, are often associated with German Expressionism and Surrealism in depicting people, plants. These were painted with tiny sable brushes and evoke Early Netherlandish painting and he would often clean his brush after each stroke when painting flesh, so that the colour remained constantly variable

39.
Richard Hamilton (artist)
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Richard William Hamilton CH was an English painter and collage artist. His 1955 exhibition Man, Machine and Motion and his 1956 collage Just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing. Produced for the This Is Tomorrow exhibition of the Independent Group in London, are considered by critics, a major retrospective of his work was at Tate Modern until May 2014. Hamilton was born in Pimlico, London and this led to his entry into the Royal Academy Schools. Hamiltons early work was influenced by DArcy Wentworth Thompsons 1917 text On Growth. Also in 1952, he was introduced to the Green Box notes of Marcel Duchamp through Roland Penrose and it was also through Penrose that Hamilton met Victor Pasmore who gave him a teaching post based in Newcastle Upon Tyne which lasted until 1966. Among the students Hamilton tutored at Newcastle in this period were Rita Donagh, Mark Lancaster, Tim Head, Roxy Music founder Bryan Ferry, Hamiltons influence can be found in the visual styling and approach of Roxy Music. He described Ferry as his greatest creation, Ferry repaid the compliment, naming him in 2010 as the living person he most admired, saying he greatly influenced my ways of seeing art and the world. Hamilton gave a 1959 lecture, Glorious Technicolor, Breathtaking Cinemascope and Stereophonic Sound and he further developed that theme in the early 1960s with a series of paintings inspired by film stills and publicity shots. Hamiltons 1955 exhibition of paintings at the Hanover Gallery were all in form a homage to Duchamp. In the same year Hamilton organized the exhibition Man Machine Motion at the Hatton Gallery in Newcastle, Just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing. Was created in 1956 for the catalogue of This Is Tomorrow, Just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing. Is widely acknowledged as one of the first pieces of Pop Art and he thus created collages incorporating advertisements from mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. The success of This Is Tomorrow secured Hamilton further teaching assignments in particular at the Royal College of Art from 1957 to 1961, in the early 1960s he received a grant from the Arts Council to investigate the condition of the Kurt Schwitters Merzbau in Cumbria. The research eventually resulted in Hamilton organising the preservation of the work by relocating it to the Hatton Gallery in the Newcastle University, in 1962 his first wife Terry was killed in a car accident. The exhibition was shown at the Tate Gallery in 1966, in 1968, Hamilton appeared in a Brian De Palma film titled Greetings where Hamilton portrays a pop artist showing a Blow Up image. The film was the first film in the United States to receive a X rating, from the mid-1960s, Hamilton was represented by Robert Fraser and even produced a series of prints, Swingeing London, based on Frasers arrest, along with Mick Jagger, for possession of drugs. This association with the 1960s pop music continued as Hamilton became friends with Paul McCartney resulting in him producing the cover design

40.
David Mach
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David Mach RA is a Scottish sculptor and installation artist. Machs artistic style is based on flowing assemblages of mass-produced objects, typically these include magazines, vicious teddy bears, newspapers, car tyres, match sticks and coat hangers. Many of his installations are temporary and constructed in public spaces, an early influential sculpture was Polaris, exhibited outside the Royal Festival Hall, South Bank Centre, London in 1983. This consisted of some 6000 car tyres arranged as a replica of a Polaris submarine. Mach intended it as a protest against the arms race meant to stir controversy. A member of the public who took exception to the tried to burn it down, unfortunately, he got caught in the flames himself. In the early 1980s Mach started to produce some smaller-scale works assembled out of match sticks. These mostly took the form of human or animalistic heads and masks, after accidentally setting fire to one of these heads, Mach now often ignites his match pieces as a form of performance art. Recently Mach has produced some permanent public works such as Out of Order in Kingston upon Thames, the Brick Train, a second strand to Machs work are his collage pieces. Partly as a result of having access to thousands of reproduced images in the left over from many of his installations. So far, this has culminated in National Portrait, a 3 m by 70 m collage for the Millennium Dome that featured images of British people at work. Mach studied at Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, Dundee, Scotland from 1974, graduating in 1979, then at the Royal College of Art, following several shows and public installations, Mach was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1988. In 2000 he joined the Royal Academy of Arts as Professor of Sculpture

David Mach
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Big Heids, Lanarkshire, a tribute to the steel industry
David Mach
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Out of Order (1989)

41.
Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art
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Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design is an integral part of the University of Dundee in Dundee, Scotland. It is ranked as one of the top schools of art and design in the United Kingdom and has a reputation in teaching, practice. Attempts were made to establish an art school in Dundee from the 1850s, and evening classes in art were taught at the High School, a full-time art school only became a possibility following the creation of the Dundee Technical Institute in 1888. The Institute was based in Smalls Wynd, now part of the University of Dundees main campus, the Technical Institutes main building, designed by J Murray Robertson, soon became inadequate, particularly when the High School and YMCA art classes were amalgamated with those of the Institute. A further incentive to the development of the school had come in 1909 with the bequest of £60,000 by James Duncan of Jordanstone to establishment of an independent art school in the city. A site was chosen and plans drawn up by architect James Wallace in 1937, classes began in what is now called the Crawford Building in 1955, though it would not be completed until 1964. The College did not become independent of the Institute of Technology until 1975. By that time it has expanded into a new building next door, the College remained independent until 1994, when it became part of the University of Dundee. Over time Duncan of Jordanstone has built up strong links with other disciplines in the University, manifested in joint programmes such as Digital Interaction Design. DJCAD is structured around Undergraduate, Post-graduate and Research portfolios rather than the more traditional disciplinary departmental approach, the Times rated DJCAD as first in Scotland for art and design, and equal 3rd in the UK by Grade Point Average with 58% of its outputs at 3 or 4-star. The Impact element of DJCAD Research was graded 60% at 4-star, the REF judged DJCAD’s research environment, including underlying support and infrastructure, external income, and PhD performance, 100% at either 3 or 4-star levels. Temporary exhibitions are held in galleries within the College, including the Cooper Gallery. Since January 2008,72 exhibitions,68 events,11 performances,27 talks,11 seminars/workshops and 3 symposia have been staged, there are four galleries, Cooper Gallery, Cooper Gallery Project Space, Bradshaw Art Space, Matthew Gallery. Recent Exhibitions have featured artists, Bruce McLean, Cullinan Richards, Viola Yeşiltaç, aside from the galleries it runs, the College also maintains an art collection of work by its students, usually acquired from the annual Degree Shows. The collection is now managed as a museum collection by the University of Dundee Museum Services. Works from the collection are exhibited within the University, as well being loaned to other museums. Work by College staff is regularly exhibited in sites owned by the City of Dundee, established in 1999, the Visual Research Centre is situated within a contemporary art centre. The Dundee Degree Show is organised annually in May to showcase the work of final year undergraduate students and it usually runs for around a week

Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art
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DJCAD
Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art
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Governance

42.
Alison Wilding
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Alison Wilding RA is an English sculptor. She rose to prominence around the late 1970s and these are often used in unusual combinations, Stormy Weather, for example, is made from pigment, beeswax and oil rubbed into galvanised steel. In 1991, a retrospective of Wildings work, Alison Wilding. She was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1988 and 1992 and it was subsequently exhibited in the Manchester Ship Canal and is now in storage. Wilding won a Paul Hamlyn award in 2008, Alison Wilding, Art School Drawings from the 1960s and 70s, published by Ridinghouse to coincide with her exhibition of the same title at Karsten Schubert, London. Karsten Schubert is the main agent. Alison Wilding, Tracking, featuring essays by Judy Collins, Sam Porritt, floating art evokes citys past - Peter Hetherington in the Guardian

Alison Wilding
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'On the Day' by Alison Wilding

43.
Richard Wilson (sculptor)
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Richard Wilson RA is an English sculptor, installation artist and musician. Born in Islington, London, Wilson studied at the London College of Printing, Hornsey College of Art and he was the DAAD resident in Berlin in 1992, Maeda Visiting Artist at the Architectural Association in 1998 and nominated for the Turner Prize in both 1988 and 1989. Wilsons first solo show was 11 Pieces, at the Coracle Press Gallery in London in 1976, since then he has had at least 50 solo exhibitions around the world. He formed the Bow Gamelan Ensemble in 1983 with Anne Bean, Wilsons work is characterised by architectural concerns with volume, illusionary spaces and auditory perception. It is considered to be a work in the genre of site-specific installation art. The same year the temporary installation One Piece at a Time filled the tower of the Tyne Bridge at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In the 1990s and 21st century, Wilson continued to work on a scale to fulfil his ambitions to tweak or undo or change the interiors of space. In that way unsettle or break peoples preconceptions of space, what they think space might be and it consisted of a portion of a ship being sliced off from the rest and mounted on the river bed. In 2007, Wilson installed Turning the Place Over in a building in Liverpools city centre and it was switched off in 2011. In 2009, Wilsons architectural intervention, Square the Block, was installed on the northwest exterior of LSEs New Academic Building at the corner of Kingsway and Sardinia Street. In 2012 the installation Hang On A Minute Lads, Ive Got a Great Idea recreated the scene of the film The Italian Job on the roof of the De La Warr Pavilion. Wilson was commissioned to create Slipstream, to be installed in the rebuilt Terminal 2 building at Heathrow airport during 2013, in November 2010, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the university. memoryscape. org. uk/

Richard Wilson (sculptor)
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Turning the place over

44.
Gillian Ayres
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Gillian Ayres, CBE RA is a Turner Prize nominated English painter. She is best known for painting and printmaking using vibrant colours. Ayres was born on 3 February 1930 in Barnes, London, Ayres started school when she was six. Her parents, a couple, sent her to Ibstock. In 1941 Ayres was sent to Colet Court, the school for St Pauls, in Hammersmith. She passed the exam for St Pauls Girls School the following year. Among her best schoolfriends was Shirley Williams, with whom she taught art to children in bomb-ravaged parts of London, Ayres then decided to go to art school. In 1946, she applied to the Slade School of Fine Art and was accepted, however, at sixteen, she was too young to enrol. She was advised to apply to the Camberwell School of Art, Ayres worked part-time at the AIA Gallery in Soho from 1951 to 1959 before starting a teaching career. Ayres held a number of teaching posts through the 1960s and 1970s, becoming friends with such as Howard Hodgkin, Robyn Denny. In 1959, Ayres was asked to teach at Bath Academy of Art and she remained on the teaching staff until 1965. For much of her time at Corsham she shared a studio with Malcolm Hughes. She was a lecturer at Saint Martins School of Art, London, from 1965 to 1978. Ayres left teaching in 1981, and moved to an old rectory on the Llyn Peninsula in north-west Wales to become a full-time painter, prints proofed by Gillian Ayres and Jack Shirreff were printed in Wiltshire then published and distributed by Alan Cristea Gallery, London 2001. The unique prints and editioned prints created in 2000 and 2001 respectively were, Gillian Ayres has had a number of exhibitions, her first was held at Gallery One. Since 1980 she has featured in over 25 solo exhibitions. Her art is featured in the collections of numerous galleries, including Tate Gallery, London. Ayres was awarded the Japan International Art Promotion Association Award in 1963, in 1982 she was named runner up for the John Moores Painting Prize and was shortlisted for the Turner Prize in 1989

45.
Giuseppe Penone
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Giuseppe Penone is an Italian artist. Penone started working professionally in 1968 in the Garessio forest, near where he was born and he is the younger member of the Italian movement named Arte Povera, a term that was coined by Germano Celant. Penones work is concerned with establishing a contact between man and nature and he still actively produces new work. His sculptures, installations and drawings have always been distinguished by his choice of unconventional materials. The tree, an organism, in appearance so closely resembling the human figure, is a central element in Penones work. Many of the procedures he adopts in the creation of his works are based on the act of relating different entities and forces, the assimilation is shown in the process by which the artist emphasizes similar behaviors that belong to different entities by fossilizing them in a form. In his first exhibition at the age of 21, a show at the Deposito dArte Presente in Turin in 1968, he presented works made out of lead, iron, wax, pitch, wood, plaster. Two of them involved the action of the elements, Scala dacqua, in which molten pitch was sculpted with a jet of water. Corda, pioggia, sole, a structure in movement with its form was altered by weathering, in December 1968 he performed a series of acts in a wood near his home, the region of the Maritime Alps. In this work, titled Alpi Marittime, Penone intervened in the processes of a tree. He enclosed the top of a tree in a net burdened by the weight of plants and he pressed his body to a tree and marked on the trunk the points of contact with barbed wire, Lalbero ricorderà il contatto. He inserted a steel cast of his hand in a tree trunk and his works were published in the Germano Celants Arte Povera in 1969 in a form of a sort of diary correlated with drawing, photographs and brief notes. Six black-and-white photos, each of which documents a different action, were exhibited at an exhibition in the gallery of Gian Enzo Sperone in Turin in May of the same year. In 1969, he produced the work titled Il suo essere nel ventiduesimo anno di età in unora fantastica, the trunk and branches are only partially uncovered and reveal their natural origin while remaining partly incorporated in the geometrical structure of the beam. Take us back to the woodland, the darkness, the shadow, the scent of the undergrowth, the wonder of the cathedral that is born in the wood land. During Aktionsraum 1 in Munich,1970, Penone publicly carved Albero di dodici metri, a 12-meter tree hewn from a beam transported into the exhibition venue with the help of other artists taking part. Another Albero di dodici metri, dating from 1980, is out of a beam to its full height. It was exhibited at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum of New York in 1982, the work of the poet, Penone wrote, is to reflect like a mirror the visions that his sensibility has given him, to produce the sights, the images necessary to collective imaginings

Giuseppe Penone
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Penone's The Hidden Life Within

46.
Paula Rego
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Dame Paula Rego, DBE, is a Portuguese-born British visual artist who is particularly known for her paintings and prints based on storybooks. Rego’s style has evolved from abstract towards representational, and she has favoured pastels over oils for much of her career and her work often reflects feminism, coloured by folk-themes from her native Portugal. Rego studied at the Slade School of Fine Art and was an member of the London Group, along with David Hockney. She was the first artist-in-residence at the National Gallery in London and she lives and works in London. Rego was born on 26 January 1935 in Lisbon, Portugal and her father was an electrical engineer who worked for the Marconi Company. Although this gave her a comfortable home, the family was divided in 1936 when her father was posted to work in the United Kingdom. Regos parents left her behind in Portugal in the care of her grandmother until 1939, Regos family were keen Anglophiles, and Rego was sent to the only English-language school in Lisbons district at the time, Saint Julians School in Carcavelos, which she attended from 1945 to 1951. Rego has described herself as having become a sort of Catholic, but as a child she possessed a sense of Catholic guilt, in 1951, Rego was sent to the United Kingdom to attend a finishing school called The Grove School, in Sevenoaks, Kent. He suggested to her parents that The Slade School of Fine Art was a more respectable choice and she attended the Slade School from 1952 to 1956. At the Slade, Rego had met her husband, Victor Willing. In 1957, Rego and Willing left London to live in Ericeira and they were able to marry in 1959 following Willings divorce from his first wife, Hazel Whittington. Three years later Regos father bought the couple a house in London, at Albert Street in Camden Town, in 1966, Regos father died, and the family electrical business was taken over, unwillingly, by Regos husband, although he had himself been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. As a result, Rego, Willing and their children moved permanently to London, in 1965, she was selected to take part in a group show, Six Artists, at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, ICA, in London. That same year she had her first solo show at the Sociedade Nacional de Belas Artes in Lisbon and she was also the Portuguese representative at the 1969 São Paulo Art Biennial. In 1988, Rego was the subject of an exhibition at the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon. This led to her being invited to become the first Associate Artist at the National Gallery, London in 1990, from this emerged two sets of work. Other exhibitions include a retrospective at Tate Liverpool in 1997, Dulwich Picture Gallery in 1998, Tate Britain in 2005, and Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery in 2007. In 2008, Rego exhibited at the Marlborough Chelsea in New York, Regos art work can be seen in many public and private institutions around the world

47.
Sean Scully
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Sean Scully RA is an Irish-born American-based painter and printmaker who has twice been named a Turner Prize nominee. His work is collected in museums worldwide. Scully was born in Dublin and raised in South London and he studied at Croydon College of Art and Newcastle University. He was a recipient of a fellowship at Harvard in the early 1970s. Scully was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1989 and 1993. C, in 2006 Scully donated eight of his paintings to the Hugh Lane Gallery in Dublin, which opened an extension that year with a room dedicated to Scullys works. In 2005 to 2006, Scullys Wall of Light series was displayed at museums across the United States, the work originated in a trip Scully took to Mexico in 1983. He combines abstract works with figures, I hold to a very Romantic ideal of whats possible in art, and I hold to the idea of the personal universal. My project is complicated in this way, and in that sense Im out of fashion, Im going against the current trend towards bizarreness, oddness, as you just called it, the esoteric, which of course was around in the 1930s. Thats what is being revisited now, in between the two great wars, there was a very strong period, particularly in Europe, of a strange, bizarre, distorted and perverse kind of figuration, with freaks in the paintings. Very disturbing twins, subjects like that and these paintings were mostly coming out of Italy and Germany. Now we have a return to that—again in a strange period, as of 2015, Scully lives and works in New York City, Barcelona and Munich. In 2015 he restyled Santa Cecilia Chappel next to Montserrat Abbey in Catalonia and he was a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. Scullys paintings are made up of a number of panels and are abstract. Scully paints in oils, sometimes laying the paint on quite thickly to create textured surfaces, after a brief initial period of hard-edge painting Scully abandoned the masking tape while retaining his characteristic motif of the stripe which he has developed and refined over time. His paintings typically involve architectural constructions of abutting walls and panels of painted stripes, in recent years he has augmented his trademark stripes by also deploying a mode of compositional patterning more reminiscent of a checkerboard. He has stated that this represents the way in which Ireland has moved towards a more chequered society. He stated in 2006, I remember growing up in Ireland and everything being chequered, even the fields, including 8.10.89 The Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington D. C. Works in the SAAM collection The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington D. C, Scully, Seán in Brian Lalor, The Encyclopedia of Ireland

48.
Ian Davenport
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Ian Davenport is an English abstract painter, and former Turner Prize nominee. Ian Davenport was born in Sidcup, and studied art at the Northwich College of Art, some of his classmates included Damien Hirst, Michael Landy, Gary Hume and Sarah Lucas. In the same year, he exhibited in the Damien Hirst-curated Freeze exhibition which first brought together many of the later-to-be Young British Artists, Davenports first solo show was in 1990 and in the same year he was included in the British Art Show. In 1991, he was nominated for the annual Turner Prize, many of Davenports works are made by pouring paint onto a tilted surface and letting gravity spread the paint over the surface. He has usually worked on medium density fibreboard rather than canvas and he has made a number of diptychs and triptychs as well as single works. For the Days Like These exhibition at Tate Britain in 2003, in September 2006 he unveiled his largest public commission to date on Southwark Bridge entitled Poured Lines, Southwark. He painted the West End Wall of the University of Oxford Department of Biochemistry, stylistic comparisons have been made between Davenports work and those of Bridget Riley, Helen Frankenthaler and Callum Innes. The first monograph dedicated to Ian Davenport was published in 2014, Davenports works have been exhibited globally, first in London in the Swansea Arts Workshop and currently on exhibit at the Art Plural Gallery in Singapore. Davenport lives and works in London, Ian Davenport Studio website Ian Davenport Bibliography Ian Davenport CV All about Ian Davenport

Ian Davenport
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Everything (2004), in the University of Warwick Institute of Mathematics and Statistics foyer

49.
Fiona Rae
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Fiona Rae RA is a Hong Kong-born British artist, she is one of the Young British Artists who rose to prominence in the 1990s. Rae was born in Hong Kong and also lived in Indonesia before moving to England in 1970 and she attended Croydon College of Art to study a Foundation Course and Goldsmiths College, where she completed a BA Fine Art. In 1991, Rae was shortlisted for the Turner Prize, and she was elected to the Royal Academy of Arts in 2002 and is referred to as a Royal Academician allowing the use of RA after her name. In 2002 she was appointed a Tate Artist Trustee between 2005 and 2009 and she was commissioned by Tate Modern to create a 10-metre triptych Shadowland for the restaurant there in 2002. In December 2011, she was appointed Professor of Painting at the Royal Academy, Rae is represented by Timothy Taylor Gallery, London, Buchmann Galerie, Berlin, Galerie Nathalie Obadia, Paris and The Pace Gallery, New York. Rae has exhibited extensively in museums and galleries internationally and her work is held in public, the Tate Collection holds five works by Rae. C. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York City Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington D. C

Fiona Rae
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Untitled (yellow) (1990)

50.
Rachel Whiteread
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Rachel Whiteread, CBE is an English artist who primarily produces sculptures, which typically take the form of casts. She was the first woman to win the annual Turner Prize in 1993, Whiteread was one of the Young British Artists who exhibited at the Royal Academys Sensation exhibition in 1997. Whiteread was born in 1963 in Ilford, Essex, and raised in the Essex countryside until age seven and her mother, Patricia Whiteread, who was also an artist, died in 2003 at the age of 72. Her father, Thomas Whiteread, was a teacher, polytechnic administrator and lifelong supporter of the Labour Party. She is the third of three sisters – the older two being identical twins, Whiteread studied at the Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Brighton Polytechnic from 1982 to 1985. Though she graduated with a BA in painting, she spent much of her time doing sculpture and she took a workshop on casting with the sculptor Richard Wilson and began to realize the possibilities in casting objects. She was briefly at the Cyprus College of Art, from 1985 to 1987 she studied sculpture at Slade School of Art, University College, London, graduating with an MA in 1987. For a time she worked in Highgate Cemetery fixing lids back onto time-damaged coffins and she began to exhibit in 1987, with her first solo exhibition coming in 1988. She lives and works in a synagogue in east London with long-term partner. Many of Whitereads works are casts of ordinary objects and, in numerous cases. For example, she is known for making casts of the open space in and around pieces of furniture such as tables and chairs, architectural details and even entire rooms. She says the casts carry the residue of years and years of use, Whiteread mainly focuses on the line and the form for her pieces. While still at the Slade, Whiteread cast domestic objects and created her first sculpture and she made a plaster cast of the interior of a wooden wardrobe and covered it with black felt. It was based on comforting childhood memories of hiding in a dark closet, after she graduated she rented space for a studio using the Enterprise Allowance Scheme. She created Shallow Breath, the cast of the underside of a bed, both sculptures were exhibited in her first solo show in 1988 along with casts of other domestic pieces. The work all sold and allowed her to apply for grants to find funding for larger sculptures, after her first solo exhibition, Whiteread decided to cast the space that her domestic objects could have inhabited. She applied for grants, describing the project as mummifying the air in a room and it was cast from a room in a house on Archway Road in north London, much like the house she grew up in. The road was being widened and the torn down