Grand Chief Ed John, head of the First Nations Summit, responds to the B.C. ruling. Photo by David P. Ball

Only one thing is certain from the latest chapter in the Tsilhqot’in nation’s decades-old B.C. court struggle: the legal battle will continue.

On June 27, the B.C. Court of Appeal released its decision in the nation’s case, upholding long-established Indigenous hunting and trapping rights, but dismissing the tribe’s fight for title over the full breadth of its sizeable traditional territories in the province’s interior.

“I see broad territorial claims to title as antithetical to the goal of reconciliation, which demands that, so far as possible, the traditional rights of First Nations be fully respected without placing unnecessary limitations on the sovereignty of the Crown or on the aspirations of all Canadians, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal,” Justice Harvey Groberman wrote in the ruling, which determined that the province had “infringed” on Tsilhqot’in title when it failed to adequately consult the nation about logging carried out in the region. He cautioned against broader claims to jurisdiction over traditional territories.

“We will take this all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada,” said Chief Marilyn Baptiste of the Xeni Gwet’in, one of six member nations of the Tsilhqot’in National Government, at a press conference following the court’s decision. “This is a fundamental question for all First Nations.

“We are pleased that the Court of Appeal upheld … our Aboriginal rights and the unjust infringement by B.C.’s forestry regime. However, the court’s regressive attitude on the meaning of Aboriginal title creates uncertainty for all Canadians.”

The press conference, hosted at the Union of BC Indian Chiefs offices in downtown Vancouver, also heard from Xeni Gwet’in Councillor Roger William, the lead plaintiff in the landmark case–one which is likely to impact Indigenous rights across Canada, particularly for other nations that never signed treaties with the Crown.

“This decision just sets it up nicely for the next court,” William told reporters, mocking the judge’s seemingly ambiguous ruling that First Nations have rights to use the land–but not to the land itself. “The court is saying we own the cabin, and the outhouse and the barn, but none of the land in between, even though we’re allowed to keep hunting, trapping and running our horses there.”

Prominent Indigenous leaders across the province agreed, and weighed in on the ramifications of the court ruling, and the continued legal battle ahead.

“It is a real struggle about the right to land,” said Grand Chief Ed John, head of the First Nations Summit. “The greatest root of poverty … has been the disconnection of (our) people from the land, so they’re not able to make economic benefit from their land, while others are.

“The court didn’t reject Aboriginal title. They did not accept the broader definition of Aboriginal title that was brought forward… Where development is to take place on (First Nations) lands and territories, with respect to resources, what is required is the free, prior and informed consent of the Indigenous peoples, in this case, the Tsilhqot’in people. That standard is there. The courts have to recognize and understand that.”

The legal battle began in 1989 when the Xeni Gwet’in began a blockade against logging on their traditional territories. Litigation followed in 2002, leading to a massive ruling five years later, which was generally understood to have reinforced Aboriginal title and rights, but set out little by way of concrete recommendations.

The province’s Minister of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, Mary Polak, said her ministry remains committed to pursuing negotiation–not litigation–to iron out the Crown-First Nations relationship.

“Consultation and negotiation are, without a doubt, the preferred routes to reconciliation of Aboriginal rights with the needs of British Columbia as a whole,” she wrote in a statement. “Aboriginal title must be demonstrated on a site-specific rather than a territorial basis.”

Some declared the victory bittersweet and incomplete, criticizing the court for restricting Indigenous title to “postage-stamp” sized territories, rather than the full extent of their historically used lands.

“I’m still a little baffled,” said Chief Joe Alphonse, head of the Tsilhqot’in National Government. “We’re not just going to dry up and go away.

“You have to deal with (our) issues. You have to deal with that if you want certainty in this country. We as First Nations people have to be satisfied that we’re recognized as part of the larger society. That’s what this is about.”

Xeni Gwet’in Councillor Roger William, the lead plaintiff in the landmark case. Photo by David P. Ball

About David P. Ball

David P. Ball is a multimedia journalist with 15 years of award-winning experience in print, digital, photography & radio.

Currently reporting at Metro News, his work has been published in more than 50 publications, including the UK's Daily Mail, National Post, Tyee, VICE, Toronto Star, 24 Hours, The Huffington Post & several nonfiction anthologies.