9780130308962

013030896X

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Summary

For freshman/sophomore-level courses in Introduction to Philosophy. An accessible reader/text for beginning students of philosophy, this volume offers a broad scope of diverse classic and contemporary selections with a narrative and format that presents difficult issues and readings in a simplified but not condescending manner. The readings are grouped around major philosophic themes: logic, ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of religion, philosophy of art, and social and political philosophy. It also offers a selection of readings from Eastern philosophy.

Table of Contents

Part 1 What is Philosophy?

1

(26)

The Activity of Philosophy

2

(8)

Philosophy's History

10

(8)

Philosophy and the Examined Life

18

(9)

In Defense of Philosophy

20

(7)

Socrates

Part 2 Thinking About Thinking (Logic)

27

(54)

The Life of Reason

28

(7)

Argument Forms

35

(15)

Inductive Arguments and Scientific Reasoning

50

(10)

Strategies for Philosophical Arguments

60

(21)

Are You a Critical Thinker?

77

(4)

Thomas A. Shipka

Part 3 What is Real? (Metaphysics)

81

(68)

Introduction to Metaphysics

82

(12)

Materialism

94

(19)

First Principle of Materialism

104

(9)

Epicurus

Idealism

113

(15)

Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous

116

(12)

George Berkeley

The Mind-Body Problem

128

(12)

Materialism and Personal Identity

132

(8)

Richard Taylor

Metaphysics and Language

140

(9)

Philosophical Investigations

144

(5)

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Part 4 How Do We Know? (Epistemology)

149

(66)

Introduction to Epistemology

150

(7)

Appearance and Reality

157

(15)

The Visible and the Invisible

162

(10)

Plato

The Quest for Certainty

172

(14)

Meditations

175

(11)

Rene Descartes

Trust Your Senses

186

(8)

Skeptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding

190

(4)

David Hume

A Compromise

194

(11)

Two Sources of Knowledge

200

(5)

Immanuel Kant

The Challenges of Postmodernism

205

(10)

Part 5 What Ought We to Do? (Ethics)

215

(62)

Introduction to Ethical Reasoning

216

(8)

The Need for Morality

224

(16)

Leviathan

230

(10)

Thomas Hobbes

The Morality of Self-Realization

240

(14)

Nicomachean Ethics

246

(8)

Aristotle

Morality Depends on the Consequences

254

(13)

Utilitarianism

262

(5)

John Stuart Mill

Morality Depends on Motives

267

(10)

Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals

271

(6)

Immanuel Kant

Part 6 Philosophy of Religion

277

(60)

Introduction to Philosophy and Religion

278

(6)

Religion and Life's Meaning

284

(10)

A Confession

287

(7)

Leo Tolstoy

Arguments for God's Existence: The Ontological Argument

294

(12)

Proslogion

297

(9)

St. Anselm

Arguments for God's Existence: The Cosmological Arguments

306

(22)

The Five Ways

309

(9)

St. Thomas Aquinas

Natural Theology

318

(10)

William Paley

The Problem of Evil

328

(9)

The Vale of Soul-Making Theodicy

331

(6)

John Hick

Part 7 Philosophy of Art (Esthetics)

337

(42)

Introduction to the Philosophy of Art

338

(10)

The Value of Art

348

(9)

The Esthetic Attitude

349

(8)

H. Gene Blocker

Art as Ideal

357

(11)

The Naked and the Nude

358

(10)

Kenneth Clark

Esthetics and Ideology

368

(11)

``The Politics of Representation: The Role of the Gaze in Pornography''

369

(10)

Jennifer Jeffers

Part 8 Social and Political Philosophy

379

(52)

Social and Political Philosophy

380

(9)

The Libertarian View of the State

389

(13)

The State and the State of Nature

394

(8)

John Locke

The Individual and the State

402

(9)

On Liberty

404

(7)

John Stuart Mill

Individual Happiness and Social Responsibility

411

(10)

Happiness and Justice in ``Liberal'' Society: Autonomy as Political Integration