3000 BC Indus Valley (Pakistan) - terra-cotta perfume containers and a primitive still - place it 3,000 years earlier than most sources date the invention of distillation.

3000 BC Egyptians when learning to write and make bricks, were already importing large quantities of myrrh.

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Fragrance Flavor Art Science

The shaping of history - Egypt

Perfume Vessel Symbolizing Unification - Reign of Tutankhamon Calcite pots filled with spices such as frankincense preserved in fat still gave off a faint odor when opened in King Tutankhamen's tomb after 3,000 years 9Fragrance Flavor Art Science

The shaping of history Greece

Greek Perfume UrnsBy the 7th century BC, Athens had developed into a mercantile center in which hundreds of perfumers set up shop. Trade was heavy in fragrant herbs such as marjoram, lily, thyme, sage, anise, rose and iris, infused into olive, almond, castor and linseed oils to make thick unguents. These were sold in small, elaborately decorated ceramic pots, similar to the small jars still sold in Athens today. 10Fragrance Flavor Art Science

Theophrastus' treatise On Odors covered all the basics blending perfumes, shelf life, using wine with aromatics, substances that carry scent, and the effect of odor on the mind and body.

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The shaping of history International Trade

As trade routes expanded, Africa, South Arabia and India began to supply spikenard and ginger to Middle Eastern and Mediterranean civilization. Phoenician merchants traded in Chinese camphor and Indian cinnamon, pepper and sandalwood.

True myrrh and frankincense from Yemen reached the Mediterranean by 300 BC, by way of Persian traders.

By the 1st century AD, Rome was using about 2,800 tons of imported frankincense and 550 tons of myrrh per year. Nero, Roman emperor in 54 AD, spent the equivalent of 100,000 to scent just one party he was giving. No Orgy was complete without perfume. 14Fragrance Flavor Art Science

Fragrance occurs, at least symbolically, throughout the New Testament. The frankincense and myrrh brought to the Christ child were more valuable than the gift of gold (if indeed it was gold some speculate that the three wise men may have been carrying gold-colored, fragrant ambergris). "Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair and the house was filled with the odour of the ointment."John 123 16Fragrance Flavor Art Science

The shaping of history 1ST Century AD

Mary Prophetissa (Prophetissima) aka Maria the Jewess The tribokosInvented the double boiler, also known as a Bain Marie, or Mary's Bath as well as the first true still which she called the tribokos. It consisted of copper tubing, ceramic pottery, and metal. When heated, vapors from plant material and water would condense on the inside of the still, then trickle down and collect in a bottle. 17Fragrance Flavor Art Science

The shaping of history 1ST Century AD

Mary Prophetissa (Prophetissima) aka Maria the Jewess Her design and many later modifications were used to distill essential oils, but also proved useful for alcoholic beverages. And with the still dawned the new Age of Alchemy 18Fragrance Flavor Art Science

The shaping of history 10 -11th Century AD

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) a famous Arab physician and alchemist that wrote over 400 books on medicine, philosophy, geology, mathematics, astronomy, and logic, is credited with significantly improving the art of distillation by adding a water cooled jacket around the cooling coil. 19Fragrance Flavor Art Science

The shaping of history 10-14th Century AD

The Arabs used their new technique to distill ethyl alcohol (ethanol) from fermented sugar, providing a new solvent for the extraction of plant oils in place of the fatty oils that had been used for millennia.

Knowledge of distillation gradually spread around Europe through trading and crusading until essential oils had become a specialty of mediaeval pharmacies.

Essential oils were so-named because they were thought to represent the very essence of odor, flavor life. Their extraction was researched by alchemists in their search for the philosophers' stone that would turn common metals into gold.

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The shaping of history Marco Polo

1271 - Marco Polo, at the age of seventeen years, embarked from Venice with his father and uncle on a trip that would last 24 years and bring knowledge of the Orient and trade routes.

Marco Polo lived for 16 years in China where he was employed for several years by Kublai Khan. He left China in 1292, returning to Venice (1295), and fought against the Genoese, but was captured.

In prison he wrote of his adventures in 'Travels of Marco Polo' - a book which instantly fired the imagination of all Medieval Europe and spurred a competition among nations that would last 500 years.

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The shaping of history Marco Polo

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The shaping of history Influence of Spice Trade

In the 13th and 14th centuries, Italy monopolized the European Spice Perfume material trade that had begun during the Crusades.

One purpose of Marco Polo's journey to China was to bypass Moslem middlemen and their 300 percent markup in price by convincing the Orient to trade directly with Venice.

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The shaping of history The Age of Exploration

1492 - Columbus discovered the Americas while looking for the spice islands of the Orient.

Although, at the time, this failure was a great disappointment there were many treasures that resulted. Vast quantities of gold, silver as well as new culinary items such as chocolate (cocoa).

New fragrant treasures such as Vanilla, balsam of Peru and Tolu, juniper, American cedar and sassafras soon became available to Europeans.

And to prevent other European nations from entering the East Indies for trade.

Dec. 31, 1600 - Queen Elizabeth I grants a Royal Charter to the East India Company, but the Dutch massacre of the English at Amboyna in 1623 reduced them initially to picking up scraps of trade, either by piracy or dealing with intermediaries.

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The shaping of history The Age of Colonization

By the mid 1600s the Dutch had driven the British and Portuguese from Indonesia, Malaya, and Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and controlled the fabulous trade of the Spice Islands.

1621 - the Dutch started a West India Company, which established the American province of New Netherland in 1624, and reputedly purchased what is now New York from the Native Americans for the equivalent of 24.

1664 - the English capture New Netherland

1673 - New York was recaptured by a Dutch fleet

1674 The English negotiate peace and trade a small island off Indonesia (Rhun) for New York.

Perfumed leather gloves became popular in France and in 1656, the guild of glove and perfume-makers was established in Grasse. The use of perfume in France grew steadily. The court of Louis XV was even named the perfumed court.

In 1732, when the Italian Giovanni Maria Farina took over his uncle's business in Cologne, he produced aqua admirabilis, a lively blend of neroli, bergamot, lavender and rosemary in rectified grape spirit. This was splashed on the skin, and also used for treating sore gums and indigestion. French soldiers later stationed there dubbed it eau de Cologne.

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The shaping of history France Perfume

16th 17th centuries - Southern France (Grasse) becomes a center of expertise for the growing, extraction and distillation of essential oils. France becomes the the Perfume center of the world. Large scale cultivation processing of valuable plants for oils such as rose soon was centered there. And raw materials from around the world were imported for processing. Extraction distillation techniques were refined. 31Fragrance Flavor Art Science

Flowers such as Jasmine are laid out on trays of fat that absorb the fragrance. The fat is later extracted with alcohol,and then concentrated into an absolute.

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The Production of Rose Oil

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The Production of Rose Oil

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The new partner The Organic Chemist

Mid-1800s - From Germany came a new breed of Chemist that would revolutionize industry and bring an end to Alchemy. This type chemist used the scientific method to unravel chemical structures and create materials from coal, petroleum and other materials.

1855 First synthesis of cinnamaldehyde

1868 Commercial production of coumarin the first synthetic fragrance chemical

1874 Chemical structure of vanillin determined.

1876 Synthetic vanillin production starts.

1850 to 1900 Significant advances in elucidating

major chemicals in Essential oils.

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The new partner The Organic Chemist

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910 Otto Wallach

Helps elucidate many of the C10H16 group terpene structures present in essential oils utilizing common reagents such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide. In 1909 he published the results of his extensive studies in the book Terpene und Campher, a volume of 600 pages dedicated to his pupils.

A 5th taste sensation called Umani is now recognized. Most common example is MSG (Monosodium glutamate) which enhances meat flavor. 53Fragrance Flavor Art ScienceSMELL OLFACTIONSmell (Olfaction) - sensitivity to substances in gaseous phase - a distant sense 54Fragrance Flavor Art ScienceHow We Smell -Olfactory Region (Regio olfactoria)Odorants are volatile chemicals carried by inhaled air to the Regio olfactoria (olfactory epithelium) located in the roof of the two nasal cavities of the human nose, just below and between the eyes. The olfactory region of each of the two nasal passages in humans is a small area of about 2.5 square centimeters containing in total approximately 50 million primary sensory receptor cells. 55Fragrance Flavor Art Science

Hardware and software platforms for incorporating scent into all forms of media... Peripheral devices that recreate thousands of scents on demand. Authoring tools for the creation of "scent scores" for movies, music, and interactive games. Software that plays scented media, such as videos, music and DVD's. Systems for transmitting scent with music and movies over the Internet. Andfor the Perfumer Flavorist A new tool for composing creations. 60Fragrance Flavor Art ScienceFlavor ResearchThe Proof is in the PuddingChefs and flavor application specialists determine use levels and food applications.

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For a small fee you can get the industry's best online privacy or publicly promote your presentations and slide shows with top rankings. But aside from that it's free. We'll even convert your presentations and slide shows into the universal Flash format with all their original multimedia glory, including animation, 2D and 3D transition effects, embedded music or other audio, or even video embedded in slides. All for free. Most of the presentations and slideshows on PowerShow.com are free to view, many are even free to download. (You can choose whether to allow people to download your original PowerPoint presentations and photo slideshows for a fee or free or not at all.) Check out PowerShow.com today - for FREE. There is truly something for everyone!