Like other heavy metals, cadlium does not have [[biomagnification|biomagnifying]] properties. Higher trophic levels accumulate low amounts of cadmium and are able to deal with them efficiently with [[metallothionein|metallothioneins]]. Mollusks contain large amounts of cadmium and seem to [[bioaccumulation|accumulate]] them.<ref>Clark, R,B., 1999. Marine pollution. Oxford University press, Fourth edition, pp 161</ref>

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Cadmium is regarded as one of the most [[toxic]] metals. It causes sublethal and behavioral effects at lower concentrations than mercury and lead. It's cancerogenic and causes kidney toxicity in vertebrates<ref name = bird>Biology of marine birds. Schreiber, E.A. & Burger, J. (Eds). 2002. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 722 pp. </ref>. In humans it might also lead to skeletal deficiencies and lung damage<ref>eds.J. Vos, G. Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O'Shea, 2004; New perspectives: Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology of marine mammals, New York: Taylor & Francis. 643p</ref>. Environmental concentrations of 5µg/l have affected the reproduction of copepods, decreased the abundance of isopods and depressed the growth of juvenile plaice. Laboratory LC<sub>50</sub> (the concentration at which 50% of the test subjects die) toxic levels for copepods were above 0,34mg/l<ref name = t> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>.

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Like other heavy metals, cadmium does not have [[biomagnification|biomagnifying]] properties. Higher trophic levels accumulate low amounts of cadmium and are able to deal with them efficiently with [[metallothionein|metallothioneins]]. Mollusks contain large amounts of cadmium and seem to [[bioaccumulation|accumulate]] them<ref>Clark, R,B., 1999. Marine pollution. Oxford University press, Fourth edition, pp 161</ref>.

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== See also ==

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== Case studies ==

[[PCB and heavy metals in beached sperm whales]]<P>

[[PCB and heavy metals in beached sperm whales]]<P>

Regel 24:

Regel 31:

[[Heavy metals in various Belgian benthic invertebrates]]

[[Heavy metals in various Belgian benthic invertebrates]]

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== Environmental standards and legislation ==

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[[OSPAR List of priority substances|Included in the OSPAR list of substances of priority action]]

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[[List of priority substances|Included in the water framework list of priority substances]]

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== See also ==

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[http://www.vliz.be/projects/endis/EDnorth.php?showchemprop=true&showeffects=true&chemeffects=true&chemid=323 Cadmium on the ED North Database]

Notes

The main anthropogenic sources are copper and zinc smelting, batteries and fuel combustion. It mostly enters the marine ecosystem through atmospheric loading and riverine discharges[2].

Cadmium is regarded as one of the most toxic metals. It causes sublethal and behavioral effects at lower concentrations than mercury and lead. It's cancerogenic and causes kidney toxicity in vertebrates[3]. In humans it might also lead to skeletal deficiencies and lung damage[4]. Environmental concentrations of 5µg/l have affected the reproduction of copepods, decreased the abundance of isopods and depressed the growth of juvenile plaice. Laboratory LC50 (the concentration at which 50% of the test subjects die) toxic levels for copepods were above 0,34mg/l[2].

Like other heavy metals, cadmium does not have biomagnifying properties. Higher trophic levels accumulate low amounts of cadmium and are able to deal with them efficiently with metallothioneins. Mollusks contain large amounts of cadmium and seem to accumulate them[5].