MN-038 - The Greater Discourse on the Destruction of Craving - Mahātaṇhāsankhaya SuttaThis is from: "The Middle Discourses of the Buddha, A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya" Translated by Bhikkhu Ñanimoli and Bhikkhi Bodhi, Second Edition.(SETTING)1] Thus have I heard. On one occasion the Blessed One was living at Sāvatthi in Jeta's Grove, Anathapindika's Park.2] Now on that occasion a pernicious view had arisen in a bhikkhu named Sāti, son of a fisherman, thus: “As I understand the Dhamma taught by the Blessed One, it is this same consciousness that runs and wanders through the round of rebirths, not another.”3] Several bhikkhus, having heard about this, went to the bhikkhu Sāti and asked him: “Friend Sāti, is it true that such a pernicious view has arisen in you?”“Exactly so, friends. As I understand the Dhamma taught by the Blessed One, it is this same consciousness that runs and wanders through the round of rebirths, not another.”Then those bhikkhus, desiring to detach him from that pernicious view, pressed and questioned and cross-questioned him thus: “Friend Sāti, do not say so. Do not misrepresent the Blessed One; it is not good to misrepresent the Blessed One. The Blessed One would not speak thus. For in many ways the Blessed One has stated consciousness to be dependently arisen, since without a condition there is no origination of consciousness.”Yet although pressed and questioned and cross-questioned by those bhikkhus in this way, the bhikkhu Sāti, son of a fisherman, still obstinately adhered to that pernicious view and continued to insist upon it.4] Since the bhikkhus were unable to detach him from that pernicious view, they went to the Blessed One, and after paying homage to him, they sat down at one side and told him all that had occurred, adding: “Venerable sir, since we could not detach the bhikkhu Sāti, son of a fisherman, from this pernicious view, we have reported this matter to the Blessed One.”5] Then the Blessed One addressed a certain bhikkhu thus: “Come, bhikkhu, tell the bhikkhu Sāti, son of a fisherman, in my name that the Teacher calls him.” - “Yes, venerable sir,” he replied, and he went to the bhikkhu Sāti and told him: “The Teacher calls you, friend Sāti.”“Yes, friend,” he replied, and he went to the Blessed One, and after paying homage to him, sat down at one side. The Blessed One then asked him: “Sāti, is it true that the following pernicious view has arisen in you: ‘As I understand the Dhamma taught by the Blessed One, it is this same consciousness that runs and wanders through the round of rebirths, not another'?”“Exactly so, venerable sir. As I understand the Dhamma taught by the Blessed One, it is the same consciousness that runs and wanders through the round of rebirths, not another.”“What is that consciousness, Sāti?”“Venerable sir, it is that which speaks and feels and experiences here and there the result of good and bad actions.”“Misguided man, to whom have you ever known me to teach the Dhamma in that way? Misguided man, have I not stated in many ways consciousness to be dependently arisen, since without a condition there is no origination of consciousness? But you, misguided man, have misrepresented us by your wrong grasp and injured yourself and stored up much demerit; for this will lead to your harm and suffering for a long time.”6] Then the Blessed One addressed the bhikkhus thus: “Bhikkhus, what do you think? Has this bhikkhu Sāti, son of a fisherman, kindled even a spark of wisdom in this Dhamma and Discipline?”“How could he, venerable sir? No, venerable sir.”When this was said, the Bhikkhu Sāti, son of a fisherman, sat silent, dismayed, with shoulders drooping and head down, glum, and without response. Then, knowing this, the Blessed One told him: “Misguided man, you will be recognized by your pernicious view. I shall question the bhikkhus on this matter.”7] Then the Blessed One addressed the bhikkhus thus: “Bhikkhus, do you understand the Dhamma taught by me as this bhikkhu Sāti, son of a fisherman, does when he misrepresents us by his wrong grasp and injures himself and stores up much demerit?”“No, venerable sir. For in many discourses the Blessed One has stated consciousness to be dependently arisen, since without a condition there is no origination of consciousness.”“Good, bhikkhus. It is good that you understand the Dhamma taught by me thus. For in many ways I have stated consciousness to be dependently arisen, since without a condition there is no origination of consciousness. But this bhikkhu Sāti, son of a fisherman, misrepresents us by his wrong grasp and injures himself and stores up much demerit; for this will lead to the harm and suffering of this misguided man for a long time.(CONDITIONALITY OF CONSCIOUSNESS)8] “Bhikkhus, consciousness is reckoned by the particular condition dependent upon which it arises. When consciousness arises dependent on the eye and forms, it is reckoned as eye-consciousness; when consciousness arises dependent on the ear and sounds, it is reckoned as ear-consciousness; when consciousness arises dependent on the nose and odors, it is reckoned as nose-consciousness; when consciousness arises dependent on tongue and flavors, it is reckoned as tongue-consciousness; when consciousness arises dependent on body and tangibles, it is reckoned as body consciousness; when consciousness arises dependent on the mind and mind-objects, it is reckoned as mind-consciousness. Just as fire is reckoned by the particular condition dependent on which it burns - when fire burns dependent on logs, it is reckoned as a log fire; when fire burns dependent on faggots, it is reckoned as a faggot fire; when fire burns dependent on grass, it is reckoned as a grass fire; when fire burns dependent on cow-dung, it is reckoned as a cow-dung fire; when fire burns dependent on chaff, it is reckoned as a chaff fire; when fire burns dependent on rubbish, it is reckoned as a rubbish fire - so too, consciousness is reckoned by the particular condition dependent on which it arises. When consciousness arises dependent on the eye and forms, it is reckoned as eye-consciousness; when consciousness arises dependent on the ear and sounds, it is reckoned as ear-consciousness; when consciousness arises dependent on the nose and odors, it is reckoned as nose-consciousness; When consciousness arises dependent on tongue and flavors, it is reckoned as tongue-consciousness; when consciousness arises dependent on body and tangibles, it is reckoned as body consciousness; when consciousness arises dependent on the mind and mind-objects, it is reckoned as mind-consciousness.(GENERAL QUESTIONNAIRE ON BEING)9] “Bhikkhus, do you see: ‘This has come to be'?” - “Yes venerable sir.” - “Bhikkhus, do you see: ‘Its origination occurs with that as nutriment'?” - “Yes, venerable sir.” - “Bhikkhus, do you see: ‘With the cessation of that nutriment, what has come to be is subject to cessation'?” - “Yes, venerable sir.”10] “Bhikkhus, does doubt arise when one is uncertain thus: ‘Has this come to be?'?” - “Yes, venerable sir.”- “Bhikkhus, does doubt arise when one is uncertain thus: ‘Does its origination occur with that as nutriment?'?” - “Yes, venerable sir.” - “Bhikkhus, does doubt arise when one is uncertain thus: ‘With the cessation of that nutriment, is what has come to be subject to cessation?'?” - “Yes, venerable sir.”11] “Bhikkhus, is doubt abandoned in one who sees as it actually is with proper wisdom thus: ‘This has come to be'?” -“Yes, venerable sir.” - “Bhikkhus, is doubt abandoned in one who sees as it actually is with proper wisdom thus: ‘Its origination occurs with that as nutriment'?” - “Yes, venerable sir.” - “Bhikkhus, is doubt abandoned in one who sees as it actually is with proper wisdom thus: ‘With the cessation of that nutriment, what come to be is subject to cessation'?” - “Yes, venerable sir.”12] “Bhikkhus, are you thus free from doubt here: ‘This has come to be'?” - “Yes, venerable sir.” - “Bhikkhus, are you thus free from doubt here: ‘Its origination occurs with that as nutriment'?” - “Yes, venerable sir.” - “Bhikkhus, are you thus free from doubt here: ‘With the cessation of that nutriment, what has come to be is subject to cessation'?” - “Yes, venerable sir.”13] “Bhikkhus, has it been seen well by you as it actually is with proper wisdom thus: ‘This has come to be'?” - “Yes, venerable sir.” - “Bhikkhus, has it been seen well by you as it actually is with proper wisdom thus; ‘Its origination occurs with that as nutriment'?” - “Yes, venerable sir.” - “Bhikkhus, has it been seen well by you as it actually is with proper wisdom thus: ‘With the cessation of that nutriment, what has come to be is subject to cessation'?” - “Yes, venerable sir.”14] “Bhikkhus, purified and bright as this view is, if you adhere to it, cherish it, treasure it, and treat it as a possession, would you then understand that the Dhamma has been taught as similar to a raft, being for the purpose of crossing over, not for the purpose of grasping?” - “No, venerable sir.” - “Bhikkhus, purified and bright as this view is, if you do not adhere to it, cherish it, treasure it, and treat it as a possession, would you then understand that the Dhamma has been taught as similar to a raft, being for the purpose of crossing over, not for the purpose of grasping?” - “Yes, venerable sir.”(NUTRIMENT AND DEPENDENT ORIGINATION)15] “Bhikkhus, there are these four kinds of nutriment for the maintenance of beings that already have come to be and for the support of those seeking a new existence. What four? They are: physical food as nutriment, gross or subtle; contact as the second; mental volition as the third; and consciousness as the fourth.16] “Now, bhikkhus, these four kinds of nutriment have what as their source, what as their origin, from what are they born and produced? These four kinds of nutriment have craving as their source, craving as their origin; they are born and produced from craving. And this craving has what as its source, what as its origin, from what is it born and produced? Craving has feeling as its source, feeling as its origin; it is born and produced from feeling. And this feeling has what as its source, what as its origin, from what is it born and produced? Feeling has contact as its source, contact as its origin; it is born and produced from contact. And this contact has what as its source, what as its origin, from what is it born and produced? Contact has the six-fold base as its source, the six-fold base as its origin; it is born and produced from the six-fold base. And this six-fold base has what as its source, what as its origin, from what is it born and produced? The six-fold base has mentality/materiality as its source, mentality/materiality as its origin; it is born and produced from mentality/materiality. And this mentality/materiality has what as its source, what as its origin, from what is it born and produced? Mentality/materiality has consciousness as its source, consciousness as its origin; it is born and produced from consciousness. And this consciousness has what as its source, what as its origin, from what is it born and produced? Consciousness has formations as its source, formations as its origin; it is born and produced from formations. And these formations have what as their source, what as their origin, from what are they born and produced? Formations have ignorance as their source, ignorance as their origin; they are born and produced from ignorance.(FORWARD EXPOSITION ON ARISING)17] “So, bhikkhus, with ignorance as condition, formations [come to be]; with formations as condition, consciousness [comes to be]; with consciousness as condition, mentality/materiality [comes to be]; with mentality/materiality as condition, the six-fold base [comes to be]; with the six-fold base as condition, contact [comes to be]; with contact as condition, feeling [comes to be]; with feeling as condition, craving [comes to be]; with craving as condition, clinging [comes to be]; with clinging as condition, being [comes to be]; with being as condition, birth [comes to be]; with birth as condition, ageing, death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief and despair come to be. Such is the origin of this whole mass of suffering.(REVERSE ORDER QUESTIONNAIRE ON ARISING)18] “ ‘With birth as condition, ageing and death [come to be]': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, do ageing and death have birth as condition or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Aging and death have birth as condition, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With birth as condition, ageing and death [come to be].”“ ‘With being as condition, birth [comes to be]': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does birth have being as condition or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Birth has being as condition, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case; ‘With being as condition, birth [comes to be].' ”“ ‘With clinging as condition, being [comes to be]': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does being have clinging as condition or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Being has clinging as condition, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With clinging as condition, being [comes to be].' ”“ ‘With craving as condition, clinging [comes to be]': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does clinging have craving as condition or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Clinging has craving as condition, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With craving as condition, clinging [comes to be].' ”“ ‘With feeling as condition, craving [comes to be]': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does craving have feeling as condition or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Craving has feeling as condition, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With feeling as condition, craving [comes to be].' ”“ ‘With contact as condition, feeling [comes to be]': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does feeling have contact as condition or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Feeling has contact as condition, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With contact as condition, feeling [comes to be].' ”“ ‘With the sixfold base as condition, contact [comes to be]': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does contact have the six-fold base as condition or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Contact has the six-fold base as condition, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With the six-fold base as condition, contact [comes to be].' ”“ ‘With the mentality/materiality as condition, the six-fold base [comes to be]': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does the six-fold base have mentality/materiality as condition or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“The six-fold base has mentality/materiality as condition, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With mentality/materiality as condition, the six-fold base [comes to be].' ”“ ‘With consciousness as condition, mentality/materiality [comes to be]': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does mentality/materiality have consciousness as condition or not, or how do you take it in this case?” “ Mentality/materiality has consciousness as condition, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With consciousness as condition, mentality/materiality [comes to be].' ”“ ‘With formations as condition, consciousness [comes to be]': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does consciousness have formations as condition or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Consciousness has formations as condition, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With formations as condition, consciousness [comes to be].' ”“ ‘With ignorance as condition, formations [come to be]': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, do formations have ignorance as condition or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Formations have ignorance as condition, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With ignorance as condition, formations [come to be].' ”(RECAPITULATION ON ARISING)19] “Good, bhikkhus. So you say thus, and I also say thus: ‘When this exists, that comes to be; with the arising of this, that arises.' That is, with ignorance as condition, formations [come to be]; with formations as condition, consciousness [comes to be]; with consciousness as condition, mentality/materiality [comes to be]; with mentality/materiality as condition, the six-fold base [comes to be]; with the six-fold base as condition, contact [comes to be]; with contact as condition, feeling [comes to be]; with feeling as condition, craving [comes to be]; with craving as condition, clinging [comes to be]; with clinging as condition, being [comes to be]; with being as condition, birth [comes to be]; with birth as condition, ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief and despair come to be. Such is the origin of this whole mass of suffering.(FORWARD EXPOSITION ON CESSATION)20] “But with the remainderless fading away and cessation of ignorance comes cessation of formations; with the cessation of formations, cessation of consciousness; with the cessation of consciousness, cessation of mentality/materiality; with the cessation of mentality/materiality, cessation of the six-fold base; with the cessation of the six-fold base, cessation of contact; with the cessation of contact, cessation of feeling; with the cessation of feeling, cessation of craving; with the cessation of craving, cessation of clinging; with the cessation of clinging, cessation of being; with the cessation of being, cessation of birth; with the cessation of birth, ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief and despair cease. Such is the cessation of this whole mass of suffering.”(REVERSE ORDER QUESTIONNAIRE ON CESSATION)21] “ ‘With the cessation of birth, cessation of ageing and death': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, do ageing and death cease with the cessation of birth or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Ageing and death cease with the cessation of birth, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With the cessation of birth, cessation of ageing and death.' ”“ ‘With the cessation of being, cessation of birth': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does birth cease with the cessation of being or not, or how do you take it to be in this case?”“Birth ceases with the cessation of being, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With the cessation of being, cessation of birth.' ”“ ‘With the cessation of clinging, cessation of being': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does being cease with the cessation of clinging or not, or how do you take it to be in this case?”“Being ceases with the cessation of clinging, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With the cessation of clinging, cessation of being.”“ ‘With the cessation of craving, cessation of clinging': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does clinging cease with the cessation of craving or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Clinging ceases with the cessation of craving, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With the cessation of craving, cessation of clinging.”“ ‘With the cessation of feeling, cessation of craving': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does craving cease with the cessation of feeling or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Craving ceases with the cessation of feeling, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With the cessation of feeling, cessation of craving.”“ ‘With the cessation of contact, cessation of feeling': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does feeling cease with the cessation of contact or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Feeling ceases with the cessation of contact, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With the cessation of contact, cessation of feeling.”“ ‘With the cessation of the six-fold sense base, cessation of contact': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does contact cease with the cessation of the six-fold sense base or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Contact ceases with the cessation of the six-fold sense base, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With the cessation of the six-fold sense base, cessation of contact.”“ ‘With the cessation of the mentality/materiality, cessation of the six-fold base': So it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does the six-fold base cease with the cessation of mentality/materiality or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“The six-fold base ceases with the cessation of mentality/materiality, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With the cessation of mentality/materiality, cessation of the six-fold base.”“ ‘With the cessation of consciousness, cessation of mentality /materiality': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does the mentality/materiality cease with the cessation of consciousness or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Mentality/materiality cease with the cessation of consciousness, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With the cessation of consciousness, cessation of mentality/materiality.”“ ‘With the cessation of formations, cessation of consciousness': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, does consciousness cease with the cessation of formations or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Consciousness ceases with the cessation of formations, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With the cessation of formations, cessation of consciousness.”“ ‘With the cessation of ignorance, cessation of formations': so it was said. Now, bhikkhus, do formations cease with the cessation of ignorance or not, or how do you take it in this case?”“Formations cease with the cessation of ignorance, venerable sir. Thus we take it in this case: ‘With the cessation of ignorance, cessation of formations.”(RECAPITULATION ON CESSATION)22] “Good, bhikkhus. So you say thus, and I also say thus: ‘When this does not exist, that does not come to be; with the cessation of this, that ceases.' That is, with the cessation of ignorance comes the cessation of formations; with the cessation of formations, cessation of consciousness; with the cessation of consciousness, cessation of mentality/materiality; with the cessation of mentality/materiality, cessation of the six-fold base; with the cessation of the six-fold base, cessation of contact; with the cessation of contact, cessation of feeling; with the cessation of feeling, cessation of craving; with the cessation of craving, cessation of clinging; with the cessation of clinging, cessation of being; with the cessation of being, cessation of birth; with the cessation of birth, ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief and despair cease. Such is the cessation of this whole mass of suffering.(PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE)23] “Bhikkhus, knowing and seeing in this way, would you run back to the past thus: ‘Were we in the past? Were we not in the past? What were we in the past? How were we in the past? Having been what, what did we become in the past?'?” - “No venerable sir.” - “Knowing and seeing in this way, would you run forward to the future thus: ‘Shall we be in the future? Shall we not be in the future? What shall we be in the future? How shall we be in the future? Having been what, what shall become in the future?'?” - “No, venerable sir.” - "Knowing and seeing in this way, would you now be inwardly perplexed about the present thus: ‘Am I? Am I not? What am I? How am I? Where has this being come from? Where will it go?'?” -“No, venerable sir.”24] “Bhikkhus, knowing and seeing in this way, would you speak thus: ‘The Teacher is respected by us. We speak as we do out of respect for the Teacher'?” -“No, venerable sir.” - “Knowing and seeing in this way, would you speak thus: ‘The Recluse says this, and we speak thus at the bidding of the Recluse'?” - “No, venerable sir.” - “Knowing and seeing in this way, would you acknowledge another teacher?” - “No, venerable sir.” - “Knowing and seeing in this way, would you return to the observances, tumultuous debates, and auspicious signs of ordinary recluses and brahmins, taking them as the core [of the holy life]?” - “No, venerable sir.” - “Do you speak only of what you have known, seen, and understood for yourselves?” - “Yes, venerable sir.”25] “Good, bhikkhus. So you have been guided by me with this Dhamma, which is visible here and now, immediately effective, inviting inspection, onward leading, to be experienced by the wise for themselves. For it was with reference to this that it has been said: ‘Bhikkhus, this Dhamma is visible here and now, immediately effective, inviting inspection, onward leading, to be experienced by the wise for themselves.'(THE ROUND OF EXISTENCE: CONCEPTION TO MATURITY)26] “Bhikkhus, the descent of the embryo takes place through the union of three things. Here, there is the union of the mother and father, but the mother is not in season, and the gandhabba (consciousness of the unborn being) is not present - in this case no descent of an embryo takes place. Here, there is the union of the mother and father, and the mother is in season, but the gandhabba (consciousness) is not present - in this case too no descent of the embryo takes place. But when there is the union of the mother and father, and the mother is in season, and the gandhabba (consciousness) is present, through the union of these three things the descent of the embryo takes place.27] “The mother then carries the embryo in her womb for nine or ten months with much anxiety, as a heavy burden. Then, at the end of nine or ten months, the mother gives birth with much anxiety, as a heavy burden. Then when the child is born, she nourishes it with her own blood; for the mother's breast-milk is called blood in the Noble One's Discipline.28] “When he grows up and his faculties mature, the child plays at such games as toy ploughs, tipcat, somersaults, toy windmills, toy measures, toy cars, and a toy bow and arrow.29] “When he grows up and his faculties mature [still further], the youth enjoys himself provided and endowed with the five cords of sensual pleasure, with forms cognizable by the eye that are wished for, desired, agreeable and likeable, connected with sensual desire, and provocative of lust, sounds cognizable by the ear, that are wished for, desired, agreeable, and likeable, connected with sensual desire, and provocative of lust, odors cognizable by the nose that are wished for, desired, agreeable and likeable, connected with sensual desire, and provocative of lust, flavors cognizable by the tongue that are wished for, desired, agreeable and likeable, connected with sensual desire, and provocative of lust, tangibles cognizable by the body that are wished for, desired, agreeable, and likeable, connected with sensual desire, and provocative of lust.(THE CONTINUATION OF THE ROUND)30] “On seeing a form with the eye, he lusts after it if it is pleasing; he dislikes it if it is unpleasing. He abides with mindfulness of the body unestablished, with a limited mind, and he does not understand as it actually is the deliverance of mind and deliverance by wisdom wherein those evil unwholesome states cease without remainder. Engaged as he is in favoring and opposing, whatever he feels he feels - whether pleasant or painful or neither-painful-nor-pleasant - he delights in that feeling, welcomes it, and remains holding to it. As he does so, delight arises in him. Now delight in feelings is clinging. With his clinging as condition, being [comes to be]; with being as condition, birth; with birth as condition ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair come to be. Such is the origin of this whole mass of suffering.“On hearing a sound with the ear, he lusts after it if it is pleasing; he dislikes it if it is unpleasing. He abides with mindfulness of the body unestablished, with a limited mind, and he does not understand as it actually is the deliverance of mind and deliverance by wisdom wherein those evil unwholesome states cease without remainder. Engaged as he is in favoring and opposing, whatever he feels he feels - whether pleasant or painful or neither-painful-nor-pleasant - he delights in that feeling, welcomes it, and remains holding to it, As he does so, delight arises in him. Now delight in feeling is clinging. With his clinging as condition, being [comes to be]; with being as condition, birth; with birth as condition ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair come to be. Such is the origin of this whole mass of suffering.“On smelling an odor with the nose, he lusts after it if it is pleasing; he dislikes it if it is unpleasing. He abides with mindfulness of the body unestablished, with a limited mind, and he does not understand as it actually is the deliverance of mind and deliverance by wisdom wherein those evil unwholesome states cease without remainder. Engaged as he is in favoring and opposing, whatever he feels he feels - whether pleasant or painful or neither-painful-nor-pleasant - he delights in that feeling, welcomes it, and remains holding to it, As he does so, delight arises in him. Now delight in feeling is clinging. With his clinging as condition, being [comes to be]; with being as condition, birth; with birth as condition ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair come to be. Such is the origin of this whole mass of suffering.“On tasting a flavor with the tongue, he lusts after it if it is pleasing; he dislikes it if it is unpleasing. He abides with mindfulness of the body unestablished, with a limited mind, and he does not understand as it actually is the deliverance of mind and deliverance by wisdom wherein those evil unwholesome states cease without remainder. Engaged as he is in favoring and opposing, whatever he feels he feels - whether pleasant or painful or neither-painful-nor-pleasant - he delights in that feeling, welcomes it, and remains holding to it, As he does so, delight arises in him. Now delight in feeling is clinging. With his clinging as condition, being [comes to be]; with being as condition, birth; with birth as condition ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair come to be. Such is the origin of this whole mass of suffering.“On touching a tangible with the body, he lusts after it if it is pleasing; he dislikes it if it is unpleasing. He abides with mindfulness of the body unestablished, with a limited mind, and he does not understand as it actually is the deliverance of mind and deliverance by wisdom wherein those evil unwholesome states cease without remainder. Engaged as he is in favoring and opposing, whatever he feels he feels - whether pleasant or painful or neither-painful-nor-pleasant - he delights in that feeling, welcomes it, and remains holding to it, As he does so, delight arises in him. Now delight in feeling is clinging. With his clinging as condition, being [comes to be]; with being as condition, birth; with birth as condition ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair come to be. Such is the origin of this whole mass of suffering. “On cognizing a mind object with the mind, he lusts after it if it is pleasing; he dislikes it if it is unpleasing. He abides with mindfulness of the body unestablished, with a limited mind, and he does not understand as it actually is the deliverance of mind and deliverance by wisdom wherein those evil unwholesome states cease without remainder. Engaged as he is in favoring and opposing, whatever he feels he feels - whether pleasant or painful or neither-painful-nor-pleasant - he delights in that feeling, welcomes it, and remains holding to it, As he does so, delight arises in him. Now delight in feeling is clinging. With his clinging as condition, being [comes to be]; with being as condition, birth; with birth as condition ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair come to be. Such is the origin of this whole mass of suffering.(THE ENDING OF THE ROUND: THE GRADUAL TRAINING)31] “Here, bhikkhus, a Tathagata appears in the world, accomplished, fully enlightened, perfect in true knowledge and conduct, sublime, knower of worlds, incomparable leader of persons to be tamed, teacher of gods and humans, enlightened, blessed. He declares this world with its gods, its Maras, and its Brahmas, this generation with its recluses and brahmins, its princes and its people, which he has himself realized with direct knowledge. He teaches the Dhamma good in the beginning, good in the middle, good in the end, with the right meaning and phrasing, and he reveals a holy life that is utterly perfect and pure.32] “A householder or householder's son or one born in some other clan hears that Dhamma. On hearing the Dhamma he acquires faith in the Tathagata. Possessing that faith, he considers thus: ‘Household life is crowded and dusty; life gone forth is wide open. It is not easy, while living in a home, to lead the holy life utterly perfect and pure as a polished shell. Suppose I shave off my hair and beard, put on the yellow robe, and go forth from the home life into homelessness.' On a later occasion, abandoning a small or a large fortune, abandoning a small or a large circle of relatives, he shaves off his hair and beard, puts on the yellow robe, and goes forth from the home life into homelessness.33] “Having thus gone forth and possessing the bhikkhu's training and way of life, abandoning the killing of living beings, he abstains from killing living beings; with rod and weapon laid aside, gentle and kindly, he abides compassionate to all living beings. Abandoning the taking of what is not given, he abstains from taking what is not given, taking only what is given, expecting only what is given, by not stealing he abides in purity. Abandoning incelibacy, he observes celibacy, living apart, abstaining from the vulgar practice of sexual intercourse.“Abandoning false speech, he abstains from false speech; he speaks truth, adheres to truth, is trustworthy and reliable, one who is no deceiver of the world. Abandoning malicious speech, he abstains from malicious speech; he does not repeat elsewhere what he has heard here in order to divide [those people] from these, nor does he repeat to these people what he has heard elsewhere in order to divide [these people] from those; thus he remains one who reunites those who are divided, a promoter of friendships, who enjoys concord, rejoicrs in concord, delights in concord, a speaker of words that promote concord. Abandoning harsh speech, he abstains from harsh speech; he speaks such words as are gentle, pleasing to the ear and loveable, as go to the heart, are courteous, desired by many and agreeable to many. Abandoning gossip, he abstains from gossip; he speaks at the right time, speaks what is fact, speaks on what is good, speaks on the Dhamma and the Discipline; at the right time he speaks such words as are worth recording, reasonable, moderate and beneficial.“He abstains from injuring seeds and plants. He practices eating only one meal a day, abstaining from eating at night and outside the proper time. He abstains from dancing, singing, music, and theatrical shows. Abstains from wearing garlands, smartening himself with scent, and embellishing himself with unguents. He abstains from high and large couches. He abstains from accepting gold and silver. He abstains from accepting raw grain. He abstains from accepting raw meat. He abstains from accepting women and girls. He abstains from accepting men and women slaves. He abstains from accepting goats and sheep. He abstains from accepting fowl and pigs. He abstains from accepting elephants, cattle, horses, and mares. He abstains from accepting fields and land. He abstains from going on errands and running messages. He abstains from buying and selling. He abstains from false weights, false metals, and false measures. He abstains from cheating, deceiving, defrauding, and trickery. He abstains from wounding, murdering, binding, brigandage, plunder and violence.34] “He becomes content with robes to protect his body and with alms food to maintain his stomach, and wherever he goes, he sets out taking only these with him. Just as a bird, wherever it goes, flies with its wings as its only burden, so too the bhikkhu becomes content with robes to protect his body and with alms food to maintain his stomach, and wherever he goes, he sets out taking only these with him. Possessing this aggregate of noble virtue, he experiences within himself a bliss that is blameless.35] “On seeing a form with the eye, he does not grasp at its signs and features. Since, if he left the eye faculty unguarded, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and grief might invade him, he practices the way of its restraint, he guards the eye faculty, he undertakes the restraint of the eye faculty. On hearing a sound with the ear, he does not grasp at its signs and features. Since, if he left the ear faculty unguarded, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and grief might invade him, he practices the way of its restraint, he guards the ear faculty, he undertakes the restraint of the ear faculty. On smelling an odor with the nose, he does not grasp at its signs and features. Since, if he left the nose faculty unguarded, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and grief might invade him, he practices the way of its restraint, he guards the nose faculty, he undertakes the restraint of the nose faculty. On tasting a flavor with the tongue, he does not grasp at its signs and features. Since, if he left the nose faculty unguarded, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and grief might invade him, he practices the way of its restraint, he guards the nose faculty, he undertakes the restraint of the nose faculty. On touching a tangible with the body, he does not grasp at its signs and features. Since, if he left the body faculty unguarded, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and grief might invade him, he practices the way of its restraint, he guards the body faculty, he undertakes the restraint of the body faculty. On cognizing a mind-object with the mind, he does not grasp at its signs and features. Since, if he left the mind faculty unguarded, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and grief might invade him, he practices the way of its restraint, he guards the mind faculty, he undertakes the restraint of the mind faculty. Possessing this noble restraint of the faculties, he experiences within himself a bliss that is unsullied.36] “He becomes one who acts in full awareness when going forward and returning; who acts in full awareness when looking ahead and looking away; who acts in full awareness when flexing and extending his limbs; who acts in full awareness when wearing his robes and carrying his outer robe and bowl; who acts in full awareness when eating, drinking, consuming food, and tasting; who acts in full awareness when defecating and urinating; who acts in full awareness when walking, standing, sitting, falling asleep, waking up, talking, and keeping silent.37] “Possessing this aggregate of noble virtue, and this noble restraint of the faculties, and possessing this noble mindfulness and full awareness, he resorts to a secluded resting place: the forest, the root of a tree, a mountain, a ravine, a hillside cave, a charnel ground, a jungle thicket, an open space, a heap of straw.38] “On returning from his almsround, after his meal he sits down, folding his legs crosswise, setting his body erect, and establishing mindfulness before him. Abandoning covetousness for the world he abides with a mind free from covetousness; he purifies his mind from covetousness. Abandoning ill-will and hatred, he abides with a mind free from ill-will, compassionate for the welfare of all living beings; he purifies his mind from ill-will and hatred. Abandoning sloth and torpor, he abides free from sloth and torpor, percipient of light, mindful and fully aware; he purifies his mind from sloth and torpor. Abandoning restlessness and remorse, he abides unagitated with a mind inwardly peaceful; he purifies his mind from restlessness and remorse. Abandoning doubt, he abides having gone beyond doubt, unperplexed about wholesome states; he purifies his mind of doubt.39] “Having thus abandoned these five hindrances, imperfections of the mind that weaken wisdom, quite secluded from sensual pleasures, secluded from unwholesome states, he enters upon and abides in the first jhāna, which is accompanied by thinking and examining thought, with joy and happiness born of seclusion. With the stilling of thinking and examining thought, he enters and abides in the second jhāna which has self-confidence and stillness of mind without thinking and examining thought, with joy and happiness born of collectedness. With the fading away as well of joy a bhikkhu abides in equanimity, and mindful and fully aware, still feeling pleasure with the body, he enters and abides in the third jhāna, on account of which noble ones announce: ‘He has a pleasant abiding who has equanimity and is mindful.' With the abandoning of pleasure and pain, and with the previous disappearance of joy and grief, a bhikkhu enters and abides in the fourth jhāna, which has neither -pain-nor-pleasure and purity of mindfulness due to equanimity.(THE ENDING OF THE ROUND: FULL CESSATION)40] “On seeing a form with the eye, he does not lust after it if it is pleasing; he does not dislike it if it is unpleasing. He abides with mindfulness of the body established, with an immeasurable mind, and he understands as it actually is the deliverance of mind and deliverance by wisdom wherein those evil unwholesome states cease without remainder. Having thus abandoned favoring and opposing, whatever feeling he feels, whether pleasant, painful, or neither-painful-nor-pleasant, he does not delight in that feeling, welcome it, or remain holding to it. As he does not do so, delight in feelings ceases in him. With the cessation of his delight comes cessation of clinging; with the cessation of clinging, cessation of being; with the cessation of being, cessation of birth; with the cessation of birth, ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair cease. Such is the cessation of this whole mass of suffering.“On hearing a sound with the ear, he does not lust after it if it is pleasing; he does not dislike it if it is unpleasing. He abides with mindfulness of the body established, with an immeasurable mind, and he understands as it actually is the deliverance of mind and deliverance by wisdom wherein those evil unwholesome states cease without remainder. Having thus abandoned favoring and opposing, whatever feeling he feels, whether pleasant, painful, or neither-painful-nor-pleasant, he does not delight in that feeling, welcome it, or remain holding to it. As he does not do so, delight in feelings ceases in him. With the cessation of his delight comes cessation of clinging; with the cessation of clinging, cessation of being; with the cessation of being, cessation of birth; with the cessation of birth, ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair cease. Such is the cessation of this whole mass of suffering.“On smelling an odor with the nose, he does not lust after it if it is pleasing; he does not dislike it if it is unpleasing. He abides with mindfulness of the body established, with an immeasurable mind, and he understands as it actually is the deliverance of mind and deliverance by wisdom wherein those evil unwholesome states cease without remainder. Having thus abandoned favoring and opposing, whatever feeling he feels, whether pleasant, painful, or neither-painful-nor-pleasant, he does not delight in that feeling, welcome it, or remain holding to it. As he does not do so, delight in feelings ceases in him. With the cessation of his delight comes cessation of clinging; with the cessation of clinging, cessation of being; with the cessation of being, cessation of birth; with the cessation of birth, ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair cease. Such is the cessation of this whole mass of suffering.“On tasting a flavor with the tongue, he does not lust after it if it is pleasing; he does not dislike it if it is unpleasing. He abides with mindfulness of the body established, with an immeasurable mind, and he understands as it actually is the deliverance of mind and deliverance by wisdom wherein those evil unwholesome states cease without remainder. Having thus abandoned favoring and opposing, whatever feeling he feels, whether pleasant, painful, or neither-painful-nor-pleasant, he does not delight in that feeling, welcome it, or remain holding to it. As he does not do so, delight in feelings ceases in him. With the cessation of his delight comes cessation of clinging; with the cessation of clinging, cessation of being; with the cessation of being, cessation of birth; with the cessation of birth, ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair cease. Such is the cessation of this whole mass of suffering.“On touching a tangible with the body, he does not lust after it if it is pleasing; he does not dislike it if it is unpleasing. He abides with mindfulness of the body established, with an immeasurable mind, and he understands as it actually is the deliverance of mind and deliverance by wisdom wherein those evil unwholesome states cease without remainder. Having thus abandoned favoring and opposing, whatever feeling he feels, whether pleasant, painful, or neither-painful-nor-pleasant, he does not delight in that feeling, welcome it, or remain holding to it. As he does not do so, delight in feelings ceases in him. With the cessation of his delight comes cessation of clinging; with the cessation of clinging, cessation of being; with the cessation of being, cessation of birth; with the cessation of birth, ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair cease. Such is the cessation of this whole mass of suffering.“On cognizing a mind-object with the mind, he does not lust after it if it is pleasing; he does not dislike it if it is unpleasing. He abides with mindfulness of the body established, with an immeasurable mind, and he understands as it actually is the deliverance of mind and deliverance by wisdom wherein those evil unwholesome states cease without remainder. Having thus abandoned favoring and opposing, whatever feeling he feels, whether pleasant, painful, or neither-painful-nor-pleasant, he does not delight in that feeling, welcome it, or remain holding to it. As he does not do so, delight in feelings ceases in him. With the cessation of his delight comes cessation of clinging; with the cessation of clinging, cessation of being; with the cessation of being, cessation of birth; with the cessation of birth, ageing and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair cease. Such is the cessation of this whole mass of suffering.(CONCLUSION)41] “Bhikkhus, remember this deliverance in the destruction of craving as taught in brief by me; but [remember] the bhikkhu Sāti, son of a fisherman, as caught up in a vast net of craving, in the trammel of craving.”That is what the Blessed One said. The bhikkhus were Sātisfied and delighted in the Blessed One's words.Sutta translation (C) Bhikkhu Bodhi 1995, 2001. Reprinted from The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya with permission of Wisdom Publications, 199 Elm Street, Somerville, MA 02144 U.S.A,www.wisdompubs.org