Friday, December 16, 2011

How to Prepare for Your First Beit Din Meeting

You finally have a date with your full beit din! Yay! ...Now what?

Whatever you do, don't panic. Google "how to cope with stress" if you need tips on how to keep your calm over the next few days or weeks. Nervousness will trip you up in the meeting and make you forget basic facts. That's normal (inevitable?). The beit din will expect it. After all, you're not blazing new territory here. They've been through this a time or two. I've heard of people forgetting the craziest things, and they were still converted sooner or later. I'm sure you'll be fine too.

So what should you review in order to prepare? This list is not representative of the meeting you will have. You'll only be asked some of these things. If you give each point a quick review, you should be more than prepared. You cannot cram for this test. You know it or your don't. Expect that you will probably get things wrong, and that's ok. It'd almost be suspicious if you didn't, if you're the average conversion candidate. But who knows, maybe you're the Hermione of Jewish conversion?

Your "history." Family life, schooling, places lived, Jewish communities lived in, career, family relationships today. This should be a discussion in every first beit din meeting.

Your religious background or lack thereof. Any religious affiliations you may have had as an adult.

Your relationship with any prior Jewish movement you've been affiliated with. Why did you change?

If you have a prior conversion, be prepared to discuss it in detail. Locate your conversion documents if you haven't done so already.

What are you learning? Where are you learning? Who are you learning with? (Websites are allowed to be legitimate answers!)

What are your plans for future learning? And do you plan to attend a seminary or yeshiva one day?

Who are your friends in your current Jewish community? As in any Jewish conversation, there has to be Jewish Geography at some point. Sometimes it's during the "Hi, hello" stage, and sometimes it's here.

Why are you in this community? Do you plan to move to a different one at some point? Do you plan to make aliyah at some point?

Do you accept both the written and oral Torah? What about the rulings of the rabbis?

Which prayers do you say each day? Which do you say in English, and which in Hebrew?

Expect to read Hebrew out loud. Either something you choose, something random, or both. If you're lucky, the randomly-chosen text is one you know already!

Which brachot and tefilot do you have memorized in Hebrew?

Upcoming holidays or a holiday that recently passed.

Which bracha is used on several basic foods. Shouldn't be any trick questions like bananas. Expect to get 2-3 questions on this. This is not-so-affectionately known as "the bracha bee." (Like spelling bee, in case you missed the joke. There, now you've made me ruin the joke by explaining it.)

You may be asked to recite the bracha rishona. While we generally avoid saying Hashem's names in a bracha/tefila, you can say them for educational purposes. You may want to ask your beit din if that is their position before you say it, but they should give you permission to recite it as though you really were going to eat the item. If you try to substitute Hashem, Elokeynu, and/or Elokim, you will mess it up. You are not capable of thinking at that high of a level under this kind of stress. If you are, then you don't need this article.

You may or may not be asked about the bracha achrona for the items they ask you about. You shouldn't have to do these from memory, but you should memorize at least borei nefashot at some point.

Other brachot, such as the ones over candles for Shabbat and yom tov. Those should be memorized, but you should also know the existence and gist of the havdalah blessings and the "fun" blessings like for rainbows, thunder, or seeing a great political leader. (You can find a list of them in your bentcher or siddur.)

Asher yatzar. You should either memorize this or have it hanging outside your bathroom (such that you will eventually memorize it anyway).

Shema. You should have at least the first line memorized. If you are asked to say it, follow the same rules about Hashem's name as we discussed for brachot.

Basic Shabbat halacha, like how to make tea, how you eat hot food on Shabbat, carrying a key (eruv or not), selection/separating (Ex., removing olives from a salad). If you have special issues like children or pets, maybe that could come up.

"Controversial" things about you, such as being a vegetarian or vegan, owning pets, having children (halachically Jewish or not, living with you or not), having a Jewish significant other, working in a field with a history of difficulties for/because of Shabbat (like medicine, law, and retail), being a female athlete, being a racial minority, having a disability or disorder, being an "older single," being "young" (21 or younger), or otherwise anything "weird" about you that might affect your ability to be accepted within a sometimes closed-minded community.

And if you have a significant other, he or she will be interviewed at some point (which may not be today), either with or without you. You may be quizzed on how you're handling physical issues (Ex. are you shomer?), any wedding plans that have been made, or how your partner's family feels about you. More likely than a quiz is a lecture about what you should be doing, rather than making you admit to things you may not have known they would prohibit you from doing. This discussion will likely be very different if you're already married to a Jew.

Pro Tip #1: If you think they're going more "in depth" on something than you expected, that probably means that you're doing well! In that case, they may keep probing further just to see how far you can go. It's fine to get to the point where you finally answer incorrectly or have to say, "I don't know. I would have to ask my rabbi."

Pro Tip #2: You don't need to know the sources for any halacha you state. I hesitate to say never, but I would gladly make a bet that you will never hear "Correct. Now where does that ruling come from?" (I'd bet that even though I really dislike gambling). But you can likely get bonus points if you can say, "Well, there's a split between X and Y, but I/this community follow X" or "Traditionally, it was X, but today we follow Rav Y's ruling [because of technological gains or whatever]." Try saying that without sounding arrogant. I bet you can't!

Pro Tip #3: If you don't understand the question, ask for clarification. And don't get flustered if you gave an answer to the wrong question. Sometimes the question just wasn't worded well or you two were thinking on different levels. My favorite joke answer? "What do you cook on Shabbat?" "But rabbi, you can't cook on Shabbat!" "Ok...what do you cook for Shabbat?" "Oh."

I suggest not reviewing anything "Jewish" the night before. Take a hot bath, watch a silly movie, grab dinner with a friend. In other words, get your mind off it. Distraction distraction distraction.

What should you wear? Even if you don't dress tznius (whatever your definition of that is) full-time, dress very conservatively for this meeting. Try to follow the rules to the best of your knowledge/ability. Dress well, as though it were Shabbat. Blue jeans should be avoided by everyone, even jean skirts. They're just too casual. If you're a married woman, cover your hair, even if you don't normally cover it. If you're single, you want to dress in a way that shows you're attractive. So if you have a choice between a business suit and something else, singles should probably avoid the suit. Unless you're yeshivish and suits are the everyday outfit. Make sure your outfit fits you properly and that you don't have odor issues. On the other hand, you don't want to look too flashy or garish. As a friend said to me, "Try to look more sweet [dashing?] than professional. Part of their decision is based on marriageability." I think that's good advice.

Pro Tip: If they ask if you cover your hair full-time or dress tzniusly full-time and you don't...be honest. But phrase it in a positive way instead of being down on yourself. Assuming it's true, a sample answer could be, "I'm working my way towards full-time observance. I'm [dressing tzniusly] three days a week on average. My plan is to add one day a week every month/2 months/whatever." This is true for any area of observance where you don't yet "measure up." Be honest about where you are now, but tell them your plan for getting to the end goal. This is very common with kashrut: "My kitchen isn't kosher yet, but first I got rid of all the Biblically prohibited meats, then about two months later, I began only buying items with a hechsher (or that don't need a hechsher). About two months from now, I'll stop eating meat and dairy together. Then I'll stop eating in non-kosher restaurants. Etc etc." Show the beit din that you know where you're going and that you have a plan to get there. It shows initiative, drive, and the honest desire to live a Jewish life.

During the meeting, remember to take deep breaths. When asked a question, you can take a few moments to collect your thoughts. You don't have to blurt out the first thing that comes to mind. You may be tempted to do just that because time will be moving very quickly for you. You'll be so nervous that the 2-5 seconds it takes you to collect your thoughts can feel like 30-45 seconds. And that would be awkward, right? If you're worried about this time distortion factor and don't want to risk any awkwardness, you can say, "I need to think about that for a minute" or "Let me collect my thoughts for a second." You'll be allowed to take whatever time you need. There is no game show buzzer to cut you off!

You can even stop to take a breather if you're feeling overwhelmed or emotional or like you're hyperventilating. Remember: deep, slow breaths.

If this is your first visit to the beis din, the "interview" will be mostly superficial, focusing on your history and your current relationships with Jewish people. Expect that you will have more than one meeting with the beth din before being approved for conversion, no matter how much knowledge you have. In almost all cases, they just don't know you well enough after one meeting to feel comfortable staking their reputation on you being a good Jew for the next 40 years.

Pro Tip: Remember that even a relatively significant hole in your knowledge can be repaired by the time you have your next meeting. Be thankful you discovered a problem before the "final exam"! Now you have time to fix it. Getting an answer wrong is certainly no failure. This is even more true if it is an answer you know, but nerves tripped you up. In that case, you just need to work on your confidence and stress techniques. Practice sample questions in front of the mirror or with a knowledgeable Jewish friend. Even better if that friend is a convert, since they've faced a beit din before! After all, no born Jew ever makes a mistake or doesn't know the halacha of something, right? You will make mistakes for the rest of your life; it's what you do with them that matters.

Can you ask questions? Of course! Ask as many questions as you need to.

If you don't understand something about the process.

If you don't understand the role your local rabbi, your sponsoring rabbi, a mentor, or the beit din have in the process.

The money arrangements, especially if you need to discuss waivers, discounts, or a payment plan.

How your children should be educated at this time (and even whether they can be allowed to attend a Jewish dayschool).

Do you have a conversion-specific halachic question? (Your local rabbi may not be qualified to interpret the halacha as applied to a conversion candidate. It just doesn't come up often, and it can be very complicated.) For example, you probably need to know if your beit din will require you to fully re-kasher your entire kitchen after conversion. There is a split on that issue. If required to re-kasher, you might have to replace a significant number of items that can't be kashered. That's one more surprised expenditure you don't need! There is also a split on whether at least some conversion candidates can/should observe Shabbat fully. (Normally, rabbis require that a non-Jew studying for conversion do one melacha every Shabbat. In most cases, because of a prior conversion, you may not necessarily be a "non-Jew" for the purpose of this particular halacha. But we're not sure. So we'll play it safe. It's a strange limbo zone of Jew-but-not-Jew. This same issue arises with a man who has had his brit milah for conversion but has not had the conversion mikvah visit yet.)

What should you bring with you?

You, obviously. Ideally, that "you" should have an idea of what you want your Hebrew name to be.

Don't go on an overly-full stomach, but do make sure you eat something beforehand to keep your blood sugar levels steady. I also suggest bringing a snack in your purse or backpack for afterwards, just in case. (Or for while you're waiting.) Speaking from personal experience (not Jewish-related), a big rush of adrenaline and stress on an empty stomach can result in fainting. Sleep deprivation increases your odds further. (Knock yourself out the night before if you have to!)

Your signficant other, even if you weren't asked to. It shows solidarity and commitment.

Yes, you can bring a friend. Your friend can't come into the meeting.

Something to distract you while you wait for your meeting. The dumber the better. I recommend Angry Birds.

Written directions to the address, and a contact phone number if you have it. Try to have a way to contact the beit din in case you get lost. Leaving very early will help.

If you bring printed documents with you (such as a personal statement, "books read" list, or a completed "conversion test" (or one of the many others available), make sure to print enough copies for everyone. That usually means 4 copies, so that you can also have one to refer to. None of these documents are required, but their presence makes some people feel more comfortable.

Something to drink. Hydration is important as a stress-fighter, but it also gives you something to fidget with. You can also stop to take a drink in order to steal a few seconds of thinking/breathing time.

Your questions.Write them down beforehand when your brain is still fully-functioning. Otherwise, you will forget, and you will kick yourself later. You may also want to write out a list of any "update" calls you may have to make after the meeting, especially if you're approved for conversion! Otherwise, you will leave someone important out, and they will be upset. That's silly of them, so let's avoid the problem altogether by making the list while you're still a functioning human being.

A pen and paper. You never know. Hopefully the beit din will give you some "assignments" at the end of your meeting. Write them down because you're likely to forget once you calm down.

Most importantly, your sense of humor. Rabbis are people too. So either you'll get along better with the rabbis or you'll have the sense of humor to escape unharmed from a less "nice" rabbi.

It's over. Now what?

Most likely, you wait for news. At a minimum, you will be asked to step outside of the room so that the beit din can deliberate. On the other hand, they may send you home with no news for weeks. If you're lucky (or maybe unlucky!), you'll immediately get a list of the steps you need to take (with or without a timeline) and what the beit din would like you to focus on. I only say "unlucky" because maybe you weren't given any of that information because the beit din doesn't think you need it. In other words, maybe they think you're ready for conversion or very close to it. But who knows how rabbis think? Every situation will be different.

I only vaguely remember meeting with the beis din for my conversion, over 5 years ago. I met with them twice. I remember being frustrated because they asked me what I felt were identical questions in both the first and the second meetings, and no indications or guidelines about what I could expect, or what I needed to work on.

A friend of mine who was going through the process at the same time, though she had been raising Jewish (and found out that halachically, she needed to convert), had a different experience. The same beis din asked her some really intense questions. I didn't get any of that. So I guess it varies on the candidate?

Anyways, after my vague and frustrating second meeting, I got a phone call from the av beis din asking me what day would work for my geirus!

It all felt very vague and limbo-like, but in the end, everything worked out and now life is honestly very good. Much hatzlacha to everyone out there who is in the process. Stay strong!

Anonymous with the friend who had a "different" experience with the same beit din: You're right that every experience can and SHOULD differ based upon the candidate. After all, you mention she was raised Jewish But everyone is in a different place. Also, she may not have given you all the details, you never know. But halachically, since you say she "found out" she needed to convert, if she was a patrilineal Jew (had a Jewish father), then the halacha forbids a rabbi from discouraging her conversion. Some rabbis forget that sometimes (or rule differently or don't know the candidate has a Jewish father), but they SHOULD have a different and easier process than those of us without any Jewish parent.

Re: vegetarian and vegan. Most rabbis (but not all) rule that it is an actual law to eat meat on Shabbat. Not custom, not a good idea, but a halacha that must be followed. Some of those rabbis hold that the law is not binding on women, but that the halacha IS binding for men.

More long-term, when the Third Temple is built, animal sacrifices will likely be there, and many sacrifices MUST be eaten by the person/family who brings them. Since you HAVE to bring sacrifices, you HAVE to eat meat. There are some who say that animal sacrifice won't be required during the time of the Third Beit HaMikdash, but since we don't know, every conversion candidate must be willing to one day eat the meat of the sacrifices.

And that's why it's an issue. The more chareidi/chassidishe you go, the more it's an issue. There, many don't believe there is validity to the argument that it's not halacha. It's a black and white issue. In those communities, the custom aspect of it is much stronger.

Further, being a "strict" vegetarian and vegan can make it very difficult to find meals on Shabbat with other people. And if you go, there might not be much for you to eat. For instance, if you want to host a dairy meal on Shabbat, you HAVE to warn your guests multiple times because people (yes, almost all of them) will ALWAYS assume Shabbat dinner (and lunch) are meat and wouldn't think twice about having a meat lunch before Shabbat dinner or meat kiddush at shul before lunch. Then they can't eat at your meal unless 3 (but more commonly 6) hours have passed. This is a very big deal, and I've seen it happen before.

Thanks so much for your answer, Skylar. I've never hear the rule before that it's a mitzvot to eat meat on Shabbat (I've only heard that about challah). That's really interesting because from my understanding, being a vegetarian is to be encouraged in Judaism since one should only eat meat if one feels the need to, before Noah no one ate meat, and at Sinai G-d was not too happy about being asked to provide meat. But, I'm not part of a hareidi community and my contact with hasids has only been with very hippie, Carlebach types :)

As for Shabbat meals, I find that if I tell the host ahead of time that I'm a vegetarian there is often a parve option (like a stir fry, lentils or beans) for me. If not, I can usually just "eat around" the meat by having potatoes, soup etc.

As for the Third Temple, well let's just not worry about that right now.... :)

Thanks so much for your response! I'm a patrilineal Jew currently trying to decide between a Conservative or Orthodox (MO) conversion and your blog has been an invaluable resource for learning about the Orthodox conversion process. Shavua Tov!

Ilana, whoever said vegetarianism is encouraged was a hippie liberal orthodox :P (I say that sarcastically, but it's kinda true.) Most people pay lip service to vegetarian as "the ideal state of man" because that's what we were before the Flood, and that's what we'll be after the Redemption. But for now, meat is in everything, and vegetarianism confuses most people. Like people warned me when I moved to France:

"I'm sorry, I'm vegetarian.""Don't worry, it's just chicken!"

That joke applies to many cultures, and the Jews are one of them, lol...

A Mother in Israel: They care about marriageability because we have to get married! LOL...batei din replace Jewish mothers. But one of the Top Things that Make People Go Off the Derech is the continued failure to get married. This is especially a concern with converts, since so many shadchans are insensitive to converts and tell them they're "unmatchable" or that "none of my boys are willing to consider a giyores." There's also the stereotypes of bad pasts, missionizing Christian families, being mentally unstable, etc, to discourage people from dating and marrying converts. Also, many converts really buy into the family aspects of Judaism first or as soon as they're really in a Jewish community. We (including myself) drink the Kool Aid about getting married, having a bunch of kids, and building a Jewish home. When that doesn't materialize after a few years (or many years), people can get upset and leave, date outside the community (non-orthodox or even non-Jewish), or just abandon Judaism altogether in bitterness. It's like the Shidduch Crisis writ large. Our marriage issues are even more common, our dating pool is smaller because kohanim and closed-minded people opt out, and most of us are already "older singles."

So yes...marriage is a big issue. Perhaps the largest "social" issue, even more than "making friends."

Bethany, I'm not sure, but I don't know sources for just about anything. Ask our group on Twitter, and I'm sure you'll get an answer. But I've heard it from several rabbis and patrilineal kids whose rabbis told them. The patrilieals still have to get to the same place as everyone else, but they're not supposed to do the official "3 turn aways," and that is accepted to mean discouragement throughout the process today. (Since everyone else gets a lot more discouragement than the 3 turns away.) Of course, some rabbis are just less cuddly than others, so that may discourage some people. But there should be no, "You know no one will marry you right?" or "I'm sorry, but I don't do conversions" (they should pass the candidate on to someone who does) or purposely choosing to stand candidates up as a form of discouragement.

Another reason why batei din are concerned about vegetarian/vegan is the broader question of stability. Someone who has been vegan for 10 years is not likely to raise an eyebrow; someone who has been in and out of ideological dietary regimens is sporting a large red flag, as we worry how long (s)he will stick with Judaism.

Some personal pro-tips.... have questions prepared on purpose, shows you are serious/thinking about things.Bombard them with letters of support.Write to them a month or so before letting them know what you've been up (Jewishly) this way they are going into the meeting with a clearer picture and you can spend less of the time giving them updates.Don't be afraid to say, "Im sorry, I haven't learnt that yet. [Could you recommend a sefer so I can?]" ... it's much better than guess/fumbling out an answer.

"The patrilineals still have to get to the same place as everyone else, but they're not supposed to do the official "3 turn aways," and that is accepted to mean discouragement throughout the process today."

That's so interesting! I'm going to ask my rabbi about it. I'm a "double" patrilineal (Jewish father and Jewish maternal grandfather) with a Jewish upbringing and I've been told by several rabbis that my Orthodox conversion process should be easier than for someone with no Jewish background, but I never heard of a sourced reason for it. I just assumed that it would be easier because sincerity and stability would be less questionable, and that it had as much to do with my upbringing as with my parentage.

I would have to echo the sentiments on vegetarianism/veganism. When I first came into my local orthodox community, I was essentially a pescetarian (a vegetarian who also eats fish). I was doing it for health reasons, but still, it was very confusing to all my new friends and set me apart. As a conversion candidate, you already have plenty that sets you apart...you don't need anything extra!

For me, besides needing to be flexible regarding what I was going to eat on Shabbos with others, the real kicker that made me bring meat in my home was learning kashrus. Even with quite a bit of time keeping a kosher dairy kitchen, there were a lot of holes in my knowledge of kashrus because I didn't have practical experience with meat and keeping it and dairy separate. I couldn't think of any better way to learn those laws than bringing meat in and having some meat meals.

I make meat a special thing in my household. We eat meat meals on Shabbos and about one or two times during the week. That way, I can still keep a healthy diet I'm happy with, as well as celebrate and eat with others. For me, it's a good balance.

On the plus side, I'm the go-to gal in my community for great pareve recipes! I just dig out my old vegan cookbooks. :D

Anonymous about the number of meetings: It's impossible to tell. Some batei din have a minimum 2 year process. (But even then, different things have been known to happen...) Some people happen to take 3-5 years, usually because of life circumstances or a partner who moves "slower" through the conversion process. Some people have 1 meeting (almost never), some have two meetings (also unlikely and usually very close together, like 1-3 months apart, after the local rabbi has pronounced the candidate ready), some have a meeting every 3-6 months until they're done.

As for time between meetings, it could be 1 month, it could be 6 months. It seems like most batei din do either 3 or 6 months between "regular check up" meetings. But it's not impossible that there are more or less months between meetings because of holidays, schedules, or progress made. (Don't forget the fact that a longer time may be the fault of your own schedule, not theirs!) As another option: maybe you have an initial meeting with the beit din as part of their intake process, then they wait to schedule another meeting until they get a go-ahead from the local rabbi that you've reached a certain level.

You just don't know until you're in there. But good luck pinning down an answer from a rabbi!

Wow, I had no idea that being a vegetarian was so controversial! I don't think that negative attitudes towards vegetarianism are confined to Orthodox circles however- I've found the same thing with French, Italian, secular Israeli and just plain meat-and-potatoes folks. I still haven't made my decision between a Conservative or Orthodox route, but even if I go Orthodox I'm not going to just start eating meat because my new community thinks I'm weird :P PS. Skylar- your story reminds me of my Israeli uncle who ordered seafood for me at a restaurant, not understanding that fish is meat... lol

Although it is a topic really worth a separate post, the notion of an 'ideal vegetarianism' in Judaism is not really so strange. I'm a strictly meat-and-potatoes guy myself, but a vegetarian or partial-vegetarian routine is practiced by a number of contemporary sages. Rav Shear Yashuv Cohen of Haifa is a vegetarian, as were his parents. Rav Kook was a vegetarian during the week. Rav Cohen's father, the Nazir, wrote a treatise based on Rav Kook's teaching called 'The Vision of Vegetarianism and Shalom' (Hazon Hatzimhonut V'hashalom).

Interestingly, some keep a vegetarian or partial (eating meat for any meal which is a mitzvah) routine for positive, mystical and theological reasons - some of which have been alluded to in earlier comments. The Nazir (and Rav Kook) were of the opinion that this is not a good idea for everyone in present times.

Others avoid meat during the week because it is a sign of mourning for the destroyed Temple, whose sacrifices are missing. These people will also eat meat when the meal is a mitzvah, such as Shabbat or a celebration like brit milah. This is a respected custom, but also not for everyone.

I knew both sorts of people during my years in Yerushalayim.

So we see there are holy Jews who keep a vegetarian or partial routine, some for a positive reason and some for a negative reason.

As for a mitzvah to eat meat, or anything else on Shabbat - I believe most halachic authorities agree and have stated that one isn't obligated to eat anything they don't like, let alone find repugnant. I will just mention the Mishnah Brurah's comments: "...and so each place according to its custom should enjoy Shabbat with food and drink that are considered by them to be pleasurable...". Regarding the important custom to eat fish on Shabbat, he comments, "...unless they don't suit him according to his nature, or he dislikes them, and Shabbat was given to us for pleasure and not distress..." Clearly we are being told here that we have to pay attention to the element of individual tastes and preferences. That has to include people who simply don't eat meat, for whatever reason.

Great post and awesome blog in general! I'm a vegetarian, Jewish on my father's side, and considering Orthodox conversion. I've been observing Shabbos w/ Orthodox families for the better part of a year and never once has anyone had an issue with my vegetarianism. I've also never run into a situation where I couldn't find something (usually plenty) to eat. Being vegan I could see that being much more difficult though.

There are many vegetarian Orthodox Jews, including rabbis (see, for example, rabbi David Rosen based in Jerusalem who is a vegan...). Where does this "halacha" come from? I hope they did not imply this at the Beit Din. You are definitely right that being a vegetarian makes it much harder for Jewish social events. But you an always create a vegetarian / dairy splinter group :)

Bread and wine are required to make a meal - meat is not. There's no halachic reason why you can't be a Jewish vegetarian (albeit I agree that culturally people expect meat on shabbat) and I can think of several orthodox rabbinic authorities who were or are vegetarians such as rabbi kook and chief rabbi johnathan sachs.

Let's Connect!

Looking for something specific?

Total Pageviews Since October 2010

Help Redesign the Blog!

The blog and its content needs a redesign and reorganization. I have a domain reserved, but I need help moving all this content and putting it into a more user-friendly format. This is beyond my paygrade, so I hope you'll help me raise the funds to hire some help!

Copyright

Disclaimer

I am not a rabbi. I am entirely self-taught in Jewish practice, tradition, halacha, and societal norms. The statements on this blog are my understandings, opinions, personal knowledge, and predictions based on anecdotal evidence. I have been known to be wrong. More thorough disclaimers are available here.