Journal of the New York Botanical Garden

V°'- XVII SEPTEMBER, 1916 No. 201
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
FRANCIS WHITTIER PENNELL
Associate Curator
CONTENTS
PACK
The Intermittent Annual Growth of Woody Plants 147
A White Pine Planting r52
Collecting Fungi in the Catskills 154
Gladiolus Exhibition 156
Collecting Pollen for Hay Flower Investigations 157
Autumn Flowering Shrubs 159
Notes, News and Comment 160
Accessions 162
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
AT 41 NORTH QUHKH STRBBT, LANCASTER, Fa.
T H B NEW EHA PRIWTIMC COMPANY
O F F I O B R S 1 9 16
PRESIDENT— W. GILMAN THOMPSON
, , „ I ANDREW CARNEGIE
VICE- PRESIDENTS | F R A N C I S LYNDE STETSON
TREASURER— JAMES A. SCRYMSER
SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON
i. ELECTED MANAGERS
Term expires January, 1917
EDWARD D. ADAMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER
ROBERT W. DE FOREST HENRY W. DE FOREST
J. P. MORGAN DANIEL GUGGENHEIM
Term expires January, 1918
N. L. BRITTON LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS
ANDREW CARNEGIE FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD
W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON
Term expires January, 1919
ADOLPH LEWISOHN FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON
GEORGE McANENY MYLES TIERNEY
GEORGE W. PERKINS LOUIS C. TIFFANY
2. EX- OFFICIO MANAGERS
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
HON. JOHN PURROY MITCHEL
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS
HON. GEORGE CABOT WARD
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman
EUGENE P. BICKNELL PROF. R. A. HARPER
DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY B'JTLER PROF. JAMES F. KEMP
PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE
WILLIAM G. WILLCOX
G A R D E N S T A F F
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief ( Development. Administration!
DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director ( Administration)
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums ( Flowering Plants)
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator ( Flowering Plants)
DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator ( Flowerless Plants)
DR. FRED J. SEAVER, Curator ( Flowerless Plants)
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Administrative Assistant
PERCY WILSON, Associate Curator
DR. FRANCIS W. PENNELL, Associate Curator
GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener
DR. A. B. STOUT, Director of the Laboratories
DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Bibliographer
SARAH H. HARLOW, Librarian
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of Mosses
DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants
DR. WILLJAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Museum Custodian
JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer
WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. XVII September, 1916 No. 201
THE INTERMITTENT ANNUAL GROWTH OF WOODY
PLANTS
( WITH PLATE CLXXVIII)
With most woody perennials the extent of annual growth in
the elongation of branches for several years previous to one's
observations may readily be traced by the more or less well-defined
zones of bud- scale scars, by the branching, and by dif­ferences
in the color and maturity of the bark. Also with
deciduous trees and shrubs the fact that only the new growth
bears leaves makes it easy to determine the extent of elongation
while a season of growth is in progress.
Among trees and shrubs of temperate regions the rule of annual
development in respect to elongation of branches may be stated
as follows. In spring various terminal and lateral buds shed their
scales and the seasonal elongation of shoots from these buds is a
rather continuous process of growth. There is, however, con­siderable
variation in the length, of the period of elongation.
With most species of Catalpa growth is continuous until late in
summer and ceases scarcely in time for the proper ripening of
wood and buds to withstand winter conditions. With some
woody plants, for instance sumach, the growing period is so
prolonged that the ends of twigs, unable to endure winter condi­tions,
are killed, giving what is called an indeterminate woody
growth. Perhaps the opposite extreme is seen in the hard-maple
in which the period of continuous growth as a rule is
so short that long before midsummer has arrived the elongation
[ Journalfor August ( 17: 111- 146) was issued Sept. 12, 1916]
147
148
of twigs has ceased and winter buds are formed, the latter as a
rule remaining dormant ( as far as active elongation is concerned)
during the greater part of the summer.
A modification of this type of annual growth is often seen
in the development of lateral branches from the new growth.
Such branches arise in the axils of new leaves and give what
may be called a deliquescent annual growth. This is often seen
in young vigorously growing trees or shrubs and in the growth
of sprouts from living stumps of trees. In such cases the growth
of terminal and lateral branches may be practically continuous,
quite as it is in branched herbaceous plants. The tulip- tree
exhibits, quite generally, this mode of growth. In the older
and flower- bearing trees of this species this development may
bring to maturity flowers on lateral branches of the new growth,
thus giving two periods of bloom. The principal crop of flowers
is produced from main terminal buds of the new growth and is
followed some few weeks later by a smaller second crop de­veloped
from certain lateral buds on the new growth.
A further variation in the annual growth of branches, often to
be observed, is what may be called the intermittent elongation of
a main branch. This is well illustrated by the behavior of several
species of oaks. The first period of elongation extends only
over a few weeks of early spring and is general for all branches
developing on the tree. Then a rather brief period of dormancy
ensues after which terminal buds, and often lateral buds as well,
resume growth. If the terminal alone develop, the seasonal
growth for the twig is unbranched or excurrent; if laterals also
develop the seasonal growth for the branch is deliquescent. The
particular point of interest is that such seasonal growth is inter­mittent
or discontinuous and involves the resumption of growth
by fully formed winter buds during the same season in which
these have been formed.
The new growth of such branches is usually conspicuous, at
least during the early stages when the leaves are expanding.
Of Quercus palustris, for example, during the greater part of
July of the past summer, there were many trees growing in the
New York Botanical Garden which possessed thousands of
149
branches with newly developing twigs. The lighter green of the
new crop of leaves was in marked contrast to the darker green
of the earlier growth. With Quercus rubra the new crop of
leaves on such branches was of a bright red color, so conspicuous
in contrast to the green of the older leaves as to be most noticeable.
By the middle of August, however, the appearance of these leaves
was quite indistinguishable from that of the leaves of the first
period of growth. However, in such cases closer examination
revealed certain differences in the segments of the branches quite
comparable to those existing between the growth of different years.
It does not appear that we have in our language an appropriate
name for the new shoots or segments which develop in the second
( or later) period of intermittent seasonal growth. The peasant
folk of Germany long ago observed such branches, and noting
that these frequently appeared about St. John's day they became
accustomed to use the term " Johannistrieb" for such a shoot;
the term thus signifying a shoot that makes its appearance in
midsummer.
The phenomenon of intermittent annual growth has been
especially noticeable during the past summer on various trees and
shrubs in and about the New York Botanical Garden. Young
and old trees of Quercus palustris have exhibited such growth
most abundantly. Young trees of Quercus rubra have shown
a strong tendency toward such growth. The writer has observed
especially forty- seven trees of this species growing along one of
the avenues near the Garden. These are all young trees averag­ing
about thirty feet in height. Thirty- six of these trees exhibited
intermittent seasonal growth. The number of branches per tree
which resumed growth varied from one to perhaps a hundred,
but in most cases there were less than ten. Most of these were
from a terminal bud giving an excurrent seasonal growth for the
twig concerned; in all such cases the buds were not forced into
growth by any evident injury. In some cases however the
newer growth was from lateral buds ( on new growth) which had
been, so to speak, forced into development by injury of the termi­nal
bud above. In a few of the tree tops the new growth ex­tended
slightly in among the telephone and electric wires strung
150
above; here the swaying of the branches among the wires cut
off many of the uppermost tips and led to the development of
lateral branches during the second period of growth. No second
period of growth was observed on any old trees of Quercus rubra.
During the past summer intermittent seasonal growth has
also been frequent in the elm, the wild cherry, and in old as well
as young trees of the apple. It has been occasional in various
other trees and in shrubs such as the beach plum, the bay­berry,
and the American holly. As far as the writer's observation
goes, intermittent annual growth is limited to those species
which have a short period of growth during early spring. How­ever,
not all woody plants of such a habit have exhibited re­sumption
of growth during the past season.
On some woody plants growing in the Garden there have been
three periods of growth, giving three well- marked segments all
bearing leaves but in other respects apparently quite as distinct
as the different segments of single continuous growth of three
successive years. Three cases of such growth are shown in the
accompanying plate. At the right is a branch of the variety
known as " golden oak" which made an excurrent elongation
involving three periods of growth all of the past season. Even
the last period of growth was completed by the middle of August.
At the middle of the plate is a branch of Quercus glandulifera,
and at the left is a branch of Quercus lyrata, and in these the third
period of growth was in progress when the photograph was taken
on September 2d. The photograph of Quercus glandulifera shows
the flowers present at that time on the third segment of growth,
and shows fairly well that each segment begins and ends in short
internodes and is also delimited by zones of bud- scale scars.
The development of lateral branches from the new growth giving
a deliquescent annual growth is also well shown. In Quercus
lyrata the leaves on the first segment of growth were dead or
dying and were in autumnal colors, some had already fallen and
one dropped off as the branch was about to be photographed;
on the third segment of growth, however, very young leaves
were just appearing. There is some indication that in this
species winter- killing occurred in such branches of the previous
151
year's growth. The branches shown are quite representative of
the growth made by the trees in question during the past summer.
The resumption of growth for the third time was also observed
in Quercus palustris and Ulmus americana.
It is apparent that the intermittent seasonal growth of twigs
is in many respects similar to the alternation of growth occurring
from year to year. During the past season the spring was late
and the entire spring and summer, until the middle of August,
was unusual in respect to the number of cloudy rainy days, to
the high total precipitation, and to the lack of any extended
periods of hot and dry weather. The entire season was favorable
for excessive and continuous growth of all vegetation, and much
of such growth has been noticeable. For this season, at least, the
intermittent seasonal growth noted above has been, in a sense,
the development of buds that had become dormant giving, in a
year of rather unusually favorable conditions for continuous
growth, resumption of growth for two or more periods of elonga­tion.
It should be noted that the habit of intermittent seasonal
growth is very definitely fixed in various oaks growing in certain
localities. Some varieties, especially developed at the famous
Spath nurseries near Berlin, Germany, are noteworthy in that
the first period of growth gives pure green leaves while the second
( the Johannistrieb) bears variegated leaves. These varieties,
and evidently the parent species as well, produce under the
climatic conditions of Germany, constantly year after year, the
two crops of leaves. In these cases the habit seems to be in a
large degree independent of the minor variations within the
seasons.
The facts in general suggest that intermittent seasonal growth in
a woody plant may be due to more favorable growing conditions
than those to which the species has been subjected in its past his­tory.
Such growth is most noticeable in species in which the first
period of growth is of short duration and limited to very early
spring; this suggests that such species may have been adapted to a
shorter growing period than now exists in such a climate as that
about New York City. Still it is to be recognized that not all
152
species having a short period of growth exhibit intermittent
seasonal growth and also that it is not alone species of more
northerly range that are subject to intermittent growth; it seems,
at least to a certain degree, that there are variations which are
to be recognized as specific.
It would be of considerable interest to have data on the be­havior,
throughout their range, of species, such as Quercus
palustris, Q. lyrata and Q. rubra, which, under the climatic condi­tions
of New York City, exhibit intermittent annual growth.
In fact the whole question of geographic or climatic variation of
species with reference to the particular habit or type of annual
growth is of considerable interest. The relation of the various
types of growth to rapidity of growth, to susceptibility to winter
injury, and to development of wood are moreover practical prob­lems
of forestry. The culture in botanical gardens, in arboreta,
and in nurseries of numerous native and introduced species
affords especial opportunity for the comparison of the behavior
of these species under different conditions. During the past
summer a start has been made in the study of the growth of the
woody species in the New York Botanical Garden with special
reference to the various problems involved.
A. B. STOUT.
A WHITE PINE PLANTING
In the southwestern part of the tract added by the city last
year to the Garden reservation, nearly opposite the Fordham
Hospital, are two long grassy, otherwise nearly bare, partly
rocky ridges. The eastern of these ridges was selected this
spring for a white pine plantation. The ground required little
preparation, only the removal of loose stones and of a few poor
shrubs and small trees being necessary. Near the southwestern
end of this ridge was a large old stone quarry, which has recently
been filled without cost to us by a contractor engaged in excavat­ing
cellars in the neighborhood, using several thousand cubic
yards of earth, for which he was glad to find a convenient dump­ing
place; the original contour of the ridge is thus nearly restored.
153
Through the kind interest of Dr. Walter B. James, the State
Conservation Commission permitted us to obtain from the
State nurseries near Saratoga, two thousand four- year- old white
pine transplants, which were received in fine condition and most
of them planted in May about six feet apart over an area about
five hundred feet long and one hundred and fifty feet wide, or
about one and three- quarter acres; a few were kept in the nur­series,
to ensure the replacement of those which might fail in the
plantation. Our appreciation of the permission to obtain these
young trees at a nominal price was duly communicated to Hon.
George D. Pratt, State Conservation Commissioner.
The plants averaged about six inches high. They were set
by removing a small piece of sod at each planting spot and se­curely
tamped in. A strong- single wire was run on posts about
three feet high around the entire area occupied, and signs were
placed at several points bearing the lettering " Demonstration
White Pine Plantation, Conservation Commission, State of
New York." The plantation has been under observation by
the guard detailed for that part of the grounds and the only
depredation suffered has been two instances in which children
pulled up a few of the plants, but in both instances they were
caught in the act and the trees replanted.
The season has been so favorable for vegetation that practically
every tree has grown, some of them making shoots up to ten
inches long.
Late in June, the grass around the trees was cut with sickles,
and will be cut again late in the season, as a precaution against
damage by winter fires. The white pine thrives at the Garden
as is shown by old, presumably planted, trees near the museum
building and elsewhere, and by those now about eighteen years
old and less in the pinetum. We cannot be sure that white pine
trees are native to the reservation. The blister- rust disease,
which has caused much damage to young trees in the north, has
not appeared as yet with us; this fungus has to have currant or
gooseberry bushes in proximity to white pines in order to exist,
inasmuch as one stage of its life- history is spent on the pine and
another, alternating one, on currants or gooseberries; recent
154
observations seem to show that a distance of five hundred feet or
more ensures safety for the pine; we propose to take care that
neither currants nor gooseberries are brought within a thousand
feet of the plantation, and neither currants nor gooseberries are
wild anywhere within the reservation. This disease does not
seriously affect old white pines.
This first year's growth after planting makes the little trees
quite conspicuous when the grass is cut short, and the plantation
is attracting much attention and favorable comment, being seen
by many thousand interested citizens. The idea of a forest
planting within the city appeals to the imagination, and the
demonstration is a valuable educational feature.
N. L. BRITTON.
COLLECTING FUNGI IN THE CATSKILLS
The writer spent two weeks at Arkville, New York, in August,
1916, and obtained about 400 specimens of fleshy fungi for the
Garden herbarium. A list of these species, with notes on their
abundance and habitat, will appear in Mycologia.
Arkville is a small village in the edge of Delaware County at
the southwestern corner of the Catskill region. Mt. Pakatakan,
3,000 feet above sea- level, overlooks the village on the south,
while a lower range called the Hogback rises precipitously to the
north. The headwaters of the Delaware River are in these and
neighboring mountains, the elevation of the valleys around
Arkville being about 1,400 feet. Arkville is interesting to many
botanists in New York City because it is included within the
local flora range of the Torrey Botanical Club.
The principal forest trees of the region are hemlock, sugar
maple, beech, yellow birch, butternut, white elm, ash, hop horn­beam,
linden, red maple, and aspen. A few chestnuts are found
on Hogback, but these will soon be exterminated by the canker,
which is spreading rapidly through the Catskills from the Asho-kan
Reservoir region. Several of the aspens were found to be
seriously attacked by the poplar canker. A local wood alcohol
plant consumes fifteen cords of wood daily. Practically all the
155
north side of Mt. Pakatakan has been denuded of its original
forests, but on some small estates near the base of the mountain
and in a few deep ravines stretches of virgin timber remain which
contain old beeches, sugar maples and hemlocks of unusual size.
In comparing the forests about Arkville with those of Lake
Placid and the Upper St. Regis, the most striking difference is
the absence in the Arkville region of balsam and spruce and all
other conifers except hemlock, and the relatively greater abund­ance
of deciduous trees. This would indicate the absence of
certain fungous elements which are common in the Adirondacks
and the presence of a larger proportion of the species found about
New York City. It may well be true that the fungous flora of
the Catskills taken as a whole is very similar to that of the
Adirondacks, but this general statement without modification
would hardly apply to Arkville. Peck's Catskill collections were
mostly obtained from Phoenicia, Tannersville, Haines Falls,
Summit, and neighboring stations in the eastern part of these
mountains.
If sphagnum bogs occur at Arkville, I did not happen to find
one; but there is a remarkable development of Polytrichum
commune on Hogback, where many species of Hygrophorus and
other moss- loving fungi were found. Clavaria fusiformis oc­curred
there in much greater abundance than I have ever before
seen it.
Mrs. Margaret H. Newton, of the Pakatakan Inn, where Mrs.
Murrill and I established our headquarters, very generously
afforded' us every facility for drying and caring for the specimens,
while a large number of the guests became interested in hunting
for fungi and aided us materially in building up the collection.
W. A. MURRILL,
Assistant Director.
156
GLADIOLUS EXHIBITION
An exhibition of gladioli was held by the Horticultural Society
of New York in cooperation with the New York Botanical
Garden, in the Museum building, on Saturday and Sunday,
August 19th and 20th. A long center table in each of the halls
on the ground floor was filled with these flowers. The display
made by Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, of Glen Head, Long Island,
filled the table in the eastern hall; in this large exhibit were
many choice sorts, represented by superb specimens. In addition
to the exhibits of gladioli there were displays of collections of
annual flowers, which displays attracted considerable attention.
Mr. Havemeyer exhibited a flower of Magnolia grandiflora
from a tree, grown in the open, on his place at Glen Head. This
is probably the first instance of this plant flowering out- of- doors
in this latitude. The tree grows naturally from North Carolina
to central Florida, and through the Gulf States to Texas and
Arkansas. As a wild plant it is found especially along ponds
and streams, attaining a height sometimes of over one hundred
feet. It is the finest of our native broad- leaved evergreens,
bearing large creamy white fragrant flowers six inches or more
across. It is unfortunate that it may not be regarded as one
of our hardy trees in this latitude. There are trees of it under
cultivation out- of- doors at Philadelphia, and fine examples in
Washington, D. C.
The premiums, offered by the New York Botanical Garden
from the income of the William R. Sands fund, were awarded
by the Exhibition Committee of the Horticultural Society of
New York, as follows:
In the classes open- to- all, Mr. T. A. Havemeyer secured the
first prize for the largest and best collection of gladioli, the second
prize going to John Lewis Childs, Inc. For the best twelve
varieties, three spikes of each, Mr. Havemeyer also secured first
prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc. second. For the best vase each of
pink and white, twenty- five spikes, Mr. Havemeyer was awarded
first prize in each case, John Lewis Childs, Inc. second. John
Lewis Childs, Inc. was awarded the first prize for a vase of red,
twenty- five spikes. For a centerpiece for the table, Mrs. H.
157
Darlington, of Mamaroneck, New York, was awarded the first
prize.
In the classes for non- commercial growers, Mrs. H. Darlington
was awarded the first prize for the largest and best collection.
For the best collection of six varieties, three spikes of each, Mrs.
F. A. Constable, of Mamaroneck, New York, won the first prize,
Mrs. H. Darlington, the second. For the best vase of white,
six spikes, Mr. William Shillaber of Essex Fells, New Jersey,
won the first. For the best vase of pink, six spikes, Mrs. H.
Darlington won the first. For the best vase of red, six spikes,
Mrs. F. A. Constable won first, Mrs. H. Darlington, second.
Premiums, restricted to non- commercial growers, were offered
for collections of annual flowers, twelve varieties. Mr. Ralph
Pulitzer, Manhasset, New York, secured first prize in this class,
William Shillaber second.
Special prizes were awarded as follows: for a collection of
perennial flowers, Mrs. F. A. Constable; for herbaceous peren­nials,
Bobbink & Atkins.
The judges were Patrick O'Mara, John Canning and Robert
I. Brown.
GEORGE V. NASH.
COLLECTING POLLEN FOR HAY FEVER
INVESTIGATIONS
Within the past two years requests from several medical
laboratories and physicians have been received at the Garden
asking for considerable quantities of pollen from various plants
to which attacks of hay fever are attributed, and much of the
writer's time, outside of hours of attendance, during the flowering
season of 1915 and also during the present summer, has been
given to gathering such plants and to obtaining pollen from their
flowers. It was important that the plants should be certainly
identified.
Pollen from catkin- bearing trees and from conifers may be
obtained by collecting the catkins or the flowers and spreading
them on waxed paper until dry, when the pollen readily falls out.
All pollen, however, is not by any means so easily gathered.
158
The best method of obtaining rose pollen was, after removing
and thoroughly drying the anthers, to sift through cheese cloth.
Grasses, daisies, ragweed, and goldenrod were best treated by
placing large numbers of plants with their stems in vessels of
water, which requires changing every morning. As the anthers
discharge their pollen a limited quantity will fall upon waxed
paper spread beneath; shaking the stems will greatly facilitate
this process. Six large galvanized water buckets were used;
in many cases it was necessary to spend hours collecting each
species of plant and; though these buckets were filled at least
three times, even then the quantity of pollen obtained would
often be very meager.
Of the many different pollens collected, those of lilac and privet
were by far the most difficult to obtain, each flower having only
two stamens. After several trials the only satisfactory way
found was to visit the bushes early in the morning, on days when
the wind was not too strong, and to shake the pollen through
netting into a large tray held beneath, a very tedious operation.
Last winter, in order to get for one of the investigators a fresh
supply of pollen for use in the early spring, we grew a crop of
ragweed from seeds, under glass.
Record is here made of the species from which pollen has been
obtained for these interesting, and, it is to be hoped, important
investigations.
Austrian Pine PINUS AUSTRIACA Hoss.
Japanese Black Pine PINUS THUNBERGII Pari.
Pitch Pine PINUS RIGIDA Mill.
Broad- leaved Cat- tail TYPHA LATIFOLIA L.
June Grass POA PRATENSIS L.
Orchard Grass DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.
Velvet Grass NOTHOHOLCUS LANATUS ( L.) Nash
Timothy PHLEUM PRATENSE L.
Red- top AGROSTIS ALBA L.
Pig- nut Hickory HICORIA GLABRA ( Mill.) Britton
Cherry Birch BETULA LENTA L.
Swamp Oak QUERCUS PALUSTRIS DU Roi
Swamp White Oak QUERCUS BICOLOR Willd.
159
Field Sorrel RUMEX ACETOSELLA L.
Japanese Rose ROSA RUGOSA Thunb.
White Ash FRAXINUS AMERICANA L.
Fringed Privet LIGUSTRUM ACUMINATUM Koehne ( L.
ciUatum Rehd., not Sieb.)
Hairy Lilac SYRINGA VILLOSA Vahl
Great Ragweed AMBROSIA TRIFIDA L.
Ragweed AMBROSIA ELATIOR L. ( A. artemisii-folia
L.)
Daisy CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM
L.
Tall Goldenrod SOLIDAGO ALTISSIMA L.
Early Goldenrod SOLIDAGO JUNCEA Ait.
P. WILSON.
AUTUMN FRUITING SHRUBS
To those who admire the bright fruits of fall, a visit at this
time to the fruticetum will prove of great interest. The fruti­cetum
is just to the north of the lakes in the rear of the Museum.
Here are a great many shrubs which have brightly colored fruits.
Striking among these are the thorns, belonging to the genus
Crataegus. Of these there are many kinds, in the circle in the
plaza and to the east of the road beyond, some of which are in
fruit from early fall to winter. Many of these are now in their
prime. One of the best is Crataegus succulenta, a dense compact
shrub of great decorative value, full of the brightest fruit.
Others are C. pentandra, Egglestoni, albicans, viridimontana, and
macrantha. And there are still others with green fruit, giving
promise of color for the future.
To the east of the thorns, near the woodland border, is the
collection of barberries. The common barberry, Berberis vul­garis,
is among these, one of the finest forms of this, a dwarf
form known as variety macrocarpa, bearing pendulous clusters
of brightest red fruit. Another form is the variety sulcata, with
clusters of ruby red.
Beyond the thorns are the roses, many with showy fruit.
Rosa villosa has very large fruits, while the dog rose, Rosa canina.
160
glows with orange- red. The seven- sisters rose, Rosa multiflora,
is covered with a profusion of small but bright fruit- clusters.
Across the road to the west of the roses are the hollies. Two of
these are particularly attractive. One, Ilex serrata, a native of
Japan, bears a profusion of bright red berries; these, although
smaller, are borne in much greater numbers than are those of our
own native Ilex verticillata, as you will see by a shrub of the
latter nearby.
Near the hollies is a group of the staff- tree family. Here one
of the finest, Euonymus Bungeanus, is just about to don its
mantle of old- rose fruits. Euonymus alatus, of dwarfer and more
compact habit, with curious winged branches, is another species
of great decorative value; its fruits are a bright orange- red.
Passing to the west we come to the cornels, where the most
attractive shrub at present is Cornus foemina, covered with
creamy berries; this is also known as Cornus paniculata.
Away in the western corner of the fruticetum is the genus
Viburnum, containing many kinds with attractive fruits. At
present Viburnum Opulus, the cranberry tree, is brilliant in its
masses of bright red. Of larger size is Viburnum Sieboldii; its
drupes, in great numbers, red at first— its attractive time— drop
as soon as they assume their mature coats of black. Viburnum
dilatatum is a shrub of broad spreading habit, its berries, of the
deepest ruby red, occurring in great abundance.
There are other shrubs in the fruticetum which owe their
attractiveness to colored fruit, and a hunt for all of these will
add much of zest and interest to the visit.
GEORGE V. NASH
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT
Mr. Wilson Poponoe of the Bureau of Plant Industry, United
States Department of Agriculture, spent some days in late August
at the Garden herbarium studying specimens of the Avocado.
Mr. Poponoe was on his way to Guatemala for the purpose of
studying the Avocado in the field and securing kinds suitable for
growing in southern Florida and southern California.
161
Professor A. Le Roy Andrews, of Cornell University, spent a
week in early September at the Garden studying mosses in con­nection
with monographic work for North American Flora.
Professor W. C. Coker, of the University of North Carolina,
left for his home at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, on September 2,
after spending about two months at the Garden working up his
general collections of North Carolina fungi and in studying our
collection of Clavariaceae for publication in North American
Flora.
Mr. L. O. Overholts, of the Pennsylvania State College, spent
a few days in August at the Garden studying the fungous genus
Pholiota for publication in North American Flora.
Professor George M. Reed, of the University of Missouri,
recently spent a day at the Garden. During the summer, Pro­fessor
Reed has been carrying on work at the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden. For some time past he has been pursuing researches
on the physiology of some of the parasitic fungi.
Mrs. Flora W. Patterson, of the United States Department of
Agriculture, visited the Garden on August 22 to complete
arrangements for publishing her contribution on the Exoascales
of North America in North A merican Flora.
Mr. M. V. Reed of Lincoln, Nebraska, spent July and August
at the Garden on a scholarship grant assisting in the experimental
studies being conducted in genetics.
Volume 6, of the Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden,
consisting of papers presented at the Garden's Twentieth Anni­versary
Celebration, September 6 to 11, 1915, was issued August
31. It makes a volume of 592 pages, with 43 plates. Thirty-
162
seven papers are included, ranging in length from one page to
one hundred and twenty- two pages and dealing with a great
variety of subjects of botanical interest.
The Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information of Kew Gardens
records the gift to that institution by Lady Church of the valuable
collection of water- colored drawings of plants brought together by
the late Sir Arthur Church. This consists of sixty- seven draw­ings,
forty- six of which have been arranged on the wall of the
room adjoining the gallery containing Miss North's famous
collection.
Many of the older books in the library, belonging to Columbia
University and to the Garden, are in need of rebinding. A ship­ment
of such books, comprising 32 volumes, has recently returned
from the bindery, and the books are now replaced upon the
shelves.
Meteorology for August.— The total precipitation for the month
was 1.21 inches. The maximum temperatures for each week
were 950 on the 8th, 890 on the 17th, 98° on the 22d, and 88° on
the 31st. The minimum temperatures were 590 on the 3d, 52"
on the 14th, 570 on the 25th, and 49° on the 29th.
ACCESSIONS
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM
49 specimens of mosses, mostly from New Mexico. ( By exchange with the
United States National Museum.)
318 specimens of Rubus from the Southern States. ( Distributed by Mr. W. S.
Blanchard.)
17 specimens of crude drugs. ( Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
265 specimens of flowering plants from the Ozark Mountains, Missouri. ( Col­lected
by Mr. W. W. Eggleston.)
172 specimens of flowering plants from Africa. ( By exchange with the United
States National Museum.)
1 specimen of Juglans insularis from Cuba. ( By exchange with the Bureau of
Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture.)
6 specimens of hepaticae from New England. ( By exchange with Miss Annie
Lorenz.)
163
io, ooo specimens from the Isle of Pines, Cuba. ( Collected by Dr. and Mrs.
N. L. Britton and Mr. Percy Wilson.)
3 specimens of flowering plants from Mt. Kisco, New York. ( Given by Miss
Carolena Wood.)
374 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from the vicinity of New York.
( Collected by Dr. F. W. Pennell.)
i specimen of Vibrissea truncorum from Pennsylvania. ( By exchange with
Mr. L. O. Overholts.)
22 specimens of fungi from Porto Rico. ( By exchange with Professor B. Fink.)
24 specimens of Chaetomium from New England. ( Given by Professor A. H.
Chi vers.)
1 specimen of cup fungus from New York. ( By exchange with Mr. Stewart H.
Burnham.)
1 specimen of cup fungus from New York. ( By exchange with Professor H. M.
Fitzpatrick.)
10 specimens of fungi from New York. ( Collected by Dr. Fred J. Seaver.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS
1 plant of Opuntia discata. ( U. S. National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.)
36 plants for American wood garden. ( Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.)
4 plants for American wood garden. ( Given by Miss E. M. Kittredge.)
5 plants, all cacti, for conservatories. ( U. S. National Museum, through Dr.
J. N. Rose.)
2 plants of Sisyrinchium mucronatum. ( Collected by Dr. F . W. Pennell.)
1 plant, Eriocereus sp., for conservatories. ( By exchange with Mr. F . Lighte.)
10 plants, all Castalia, for water lily tanks. ( By exchange with Mr. Wm.
Tricker.)
2 plants of Paulownia Fortunei. ( By exchange with the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry.)
12 plants, Opuntia sp. ( By exchange with Plant World, Tucson, Arizona.)
1 plant, Cypella sp. ( By exchange with U. S. National Museum, through Dr.
J. N. Rose.)
4 plants, Bambusa sp., for conservatories. ( Given by Mr. John H. Snoke.)
1 plant, Arisaema sp., for American wood garden. ( Given by Miss E. M.
Kittredge.)
7 plants of Pentstemon pallidus. ( Collected by Dr. F. W. Pennell.)
17 plants for conservatories. ( By exchange with Prospect Park, Brooklyn.)
5 plants of Seafortkia elegans. ( By exchange with U. S. Department of Agri­culture,
Bureau of Plant Industry.)
4 bulbs for conservatories. ( Given by Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Michigan.)
33 bulbs, Scilla sp., for economic garden. ( Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
5 bulbs, Curcuma sp., for conservatories. ( Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
1 packet seeds of Melanchia sp. ( Given by Treasury Dept., through Dr. J. K.
Small.)
1 packet seeds for conservatories. ( Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
I packet seeds of Cupressus glabra. ( By exchange with U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry.)
1 packet seeds of Pinus Sabiniana. ( Given by Mr, John N. Drake.)
1,467 plants for collections. ( Derived from seed from various sources.)
Members of the Corporation
Fritz Achelis,
Edward D. Adams,
Charles B. Alexander,
John D. Archbold,
Vincent Astor,
John W. Auchincloss,
George F. Baker,
Stephen Baker,
Edmund L. Baylies,
Eugene P. Bicknell,
C. K. G. Billings,
George Blumenthal,
Prof. N. L. Britton,
Prof. Edw. S. Burgess,
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler,
Andrew Carnegie,
Prof. C. F. Chandler,
William G. Choate,
Hon. W. A. Clark,
C. A. Coffin,
Samuel P. Colt,
Edmund C. Converse,
Paul D. Cravath,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
Dr. James Douglas,
A. F. Estabrook,
Samuel W. Fairchild,
James B. Ford,
Henry W. de Forest,
Robert W. de Forest,
Henry C. Frick,
Prof. W. J. Gies,
Daniel Guggenheim,
Anson W. Hard,
J. Horace Harding,
J. Montgomery Hare,
Edward S. Harkness,
Prof. R. A. Harper,
T. A. Havemeyer,
A. Heckscher,
Bernhard Hoffmann,
Henry R. Hoyt,
Archer M. Huntington,
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,
Dr. Walter B. James,
Pierre Jay,
Walter B. Jennings,
Otto H. Kahn.
Prof. James F. Kemp,
Darwin P. Kingslev,
Edw. V. Z. Lane,
Dr. Albert R. Ledoux,
Prof. Frederic S. Lee,
Adolph Lewisohn,
Hon. Seth Low,
David Lydig,
Kenneth K. Mackenzie,
V. Everit Macy,
Edgar L. Marston,
W. J. Matheson,
Dr. William H. Maxwell,
George McAneny,
James McLean,
Emerson McMillin,
Dr. Walter Mendelson,
John L Merrill,
Ogden Mills,
Hon. Ogden L. Mills,
J. Pierpont Morgan,
Dr. Lewis R. Morris,
Theodore W. Myers,
Frederic R. Newbold,
C. D. Norton,
Eben E. Olcott,
Prof. Henry F. Osborn,
George W. Perkins,
Henry Phipps,
James R. Pitcher,
Ira A. Place,
M. F. Plant,
Charles F. Rand,
Ogden Mills Reid,
Edwin A. Richard,
John D. Rockefeller,
William Rockefeller,
W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Prof. H. H. Rusby,
Dr. Reginald H. Sayre,
Jacob H. Schiff,
Mortimer L. Schiff,
James A. Scrymser,
Isaac N. Seligman,
Albert R. Shattuck,
Henry A. Siebrecht,
William Sloane,
Valentine P. Snyder,
James Speyer,
Francis L. Stetson,
Frederick Strauss,
F. K. Sturgis,
B. B. Thayer,
Charles G. Thompson,
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,
Myles Tierney,
Louis C. Tiffany,
W. K. Vanderbilt,
Felix M. Warburg,
Paul M. Warburg,
H. H. Westinghouse,
William G. Willcox,
Bronson Winthrop.
Members of the Women's Auxiliary-
Mrs. Robert Bacon, Mrs.
Mrs. Thomas H. Barber, Mrs.
Miss Elizabeth Billings, Mrs.
Miss Eleanor Blodgett, Mrs.
Mrs. James L. Breese, Mrs.
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey, Mrs.
Mrs. Walter Jennings, Mrs.
Delancey Kane. Miss Harriette Rogers,
Hamilton F. Kean, Mrs. James Roosevelt,
A. A. Low, Mrs. Archibald D. Russell,
Charles MacVeagh, Mrs. Benson B. Sloan,
V. Everit Macy, Mrs. Henry 0. Taylor,
Henry Marquand, Mrs. Cabot Ward.
George W. Perkins,
Honorary Members of the Women's Auxiliary
Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes, Mrs. F. F. Thompson.
Mrs. John I. Kane, Mrs. F K. Sturgis,
P U B L I C A T I O N S
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal of the New Tork Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con­taining
notes, Dews, aDd non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all mem­bers
of the Garden. To others, io cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. ( Not offered in ex­change.]
Now in its seventeenth Tolume.
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi;
including lichens; containing technical articles and news and notes of general in­terest,
and an index to current American mycological literature. $ 3.00 a year;
single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its eighth volume.
Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by
popular descriptions of flowering plants; ten plates in each Dumber, forty in each
volume. Subscription price, $ 10.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in
its first volume.
Bulletin of the New Tork Botanical Garden, contaiDiog the annual reports
of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying
results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the
Garden ; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its ninth volume.
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America,
including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be com­pleted
in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts.
Subscription price, $ 1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold
for JS2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. 3, part I, 1910. Nectriaceae— Kimetariaceae.
Vol. 7, part I, 1906; part 2, 1907 ; part 3, 1912. Ustilaginaceae— Aecidiaceae
( pars).
Vol. 9, parts I and 2, 190,'; part 3, 1910; part 4, 1915; part 5, 1916. Poly-poraceae—
Agaricaceae ( pars). ( Paris 1 and 2 no longer sold separately.)
Vol. 10, part I, 1914. Agaricaceae ( pars).
Vol. 15, parts 1 and 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae— Leucobryaceae.
Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Ophioglossaceae— Cyatheaceae ( pars).
Vol. 17, part I, I909; part2, I9i2; part3, 1915. Typhaceae— Poaceae ( pars).
Vol. 22, parts 1 and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913. Podostemona-ceae—
Rosaceae ( pars).
Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae— Burseraceae.
Vol. 29, part 1, 1914. Clethraceae— Ericaceae.
Vol. 34, part 1, 1914; part 2, 1915. Carduaceae.
Memoirs of the New Torli Botanical Garden. Price to members of the
Garden, $ 1.00 per volume. To others, $ 2.00. [ Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone
Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900.
Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development,
by D. T. MacDougal. xvi - f 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903.
Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New
York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey, viii- f 138 pp., with 29
plates. 19119.
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager.
viii -)- 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates 1908.
Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geogr ahy
by Norman Taylor, vi + 6S3 pp., with g plates. 1915.
Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anniversary of
The New York Botanical Garden, September 6- 9, 1915. viii -(- 592 pp., with 43
plates. 1916.
Contributions from the New Tork Botanical Garden. A series of tech­nical
papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per volume. In the eighth volume.
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
R » 0MX PABK, New YOUK OlTV

Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.

V°'- XVII SEPTEMBER, 1916 No. 201
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
FRANCIS WHITTIER PENNELL
Associate Curator
CONTENTS
PACK
The Intermittent Annual Growth of Woody Plants 147
A White Pine Planting r52
Collecting Fungi in the Catskills 154
Gladiolus Exhibition 156
Collecting Pollen for Hay Flower Investigations 157
Autumn Flowering Shrubs 159
Notes, News and Comment 160
Accessions 162
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
AT 41 NORTH QUHKH STRBBT, LANCASTER, Fa.
T H B NEW EHA PRIWTIMC COMPANY
O F F I O B R S 1 9 16
PRESIDENT— W. GILMAN THOMPSON
, , „ I ANDREW CARNEGIE
VICE- PRESIDENTS | F R A N C I S LYNDE STETSON
TREASURER— JAMES A. SCRYMSER
SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON
i. ELECTED MANAGERS
Term expires January, 1917
EDWARD D. ADAMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER
ROBERT W. DE FOREST HENRY W. DE FOREST
J. P. MORGAN DANIEL GUGGENHEIM
Term expires January, 1918
N. L. BRITTON LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS
ANDREW CARNEGIE FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD
W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON
Term expires January, 1919
ADOLPH LEWISOHN FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON
GEORGE McANENY MYLES TIERNEY
GEORGE W. PERKINS LOUIS C. TIFFANY
2. EX- OFFICIO MANAGERS
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
HON. JOHN PURROY MITCHEL
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS
HON. GEORGE CABOT WARD
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman
EUGENE P. BICKNELL PROF. R. A. HARPER
DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY B'JTLER PROF. JAMES F. KEMP
PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE
WILLIAM G. WILLCOX
G A R D E N S T A F F
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief ( Development. Administration!
DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director ( Administration)
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums ( Flowering Plants)
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator ( Flowering Plants)
DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator ( Flowerless Plants)
DR. FRED J. SEAVER, Curator ( Flowerless Plants)
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Administrative Assistant
PERCY WILSON, Associate Curator
DR. FRANCIS W. PENNELL, Associate Curator
GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener
DR. A. B. STOUT, Director of the Laboratories
DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Bibliographer
SARAH H. HARLOW, Librarian
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of Mosses
DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants
DR. WILLJAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Museum Custodian
JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer
WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. XVII September, 1916 No. 201
THE INTERMITTENT ANNUAL GROWTH OF WOODY
PLANTS
( WITH PLATE CLXXVIII)
With most woody perennials the extent of annual growth in
the elongation of branches for several years previous to one's
observations may readily be traced by the more or less well-defined
zones of bud- scale scars, by the branching, and by dif­ferences
in the color and maturity of the bark. Also with
deciduous trees and shrubs the fact that only the new growth
bears leaves makes it easy to determine the extent of elongation
while a season of growth is in progress.
Among trees and shrubs of temperate regions the rule of annual
development in respect to elongation of branches may be stated
as follows. In spring various terminal and lateral buds shed their
scales and the seasonal elongation of shoots from these buds is a
rather continuous process of growth. There is, however, con­siderable
variation in the length, of the period of elongation.
With most species of Catalpa growth is continuous until late in
summer and ceases scarcely in time for the proper ripening of
wood and buds to withstand winter conditions. With some
woody plants, for instance sumach, the growing period is so
prolonged that the ends of twigs, unable to endure winter condi­tions,
are killed, giving what is called an indeterminate woody
growth. Perhaps the opposite extreme is seen in the hard-maple
in which the period of continuous growth as a rule is
so short that long before midsummer has arrived the elongation
[ Journalfor August ( 17: 111- 146) was issued Sept. 12, 1916]
147
148
of twigs has ceased and winter buds are formed, the latter as a
rule remaining dormant ( as far as active elongation is concerned)
during the greater part of the summer.
A modification of this type of annual growth is often seen
in the development of lateral branches from the new growth.
Such branches arise in the axils of new leaves and give what
may be called a deliquescent annual growth. This is often seen
in young vigorously growing trees or shrubs and in the growth
of sprouts from living stumps of trees. In such cases the growth
of terminal and lateral branches may be practically continuous,
quite as it is in branched herbaceous plants. The tulip- tree
exhibits, quite generally, this mode of growth. In the older
and flower- bearing trees of this species this development may
bring to maturity flowers on lateral branches of the new growth,
thus giving two periods of bloom. The principal crop of flowers
is produced from main terminal buds of the new growth and is
followed some few weeks later by a smaller second crop de­veloped
from certain lateral buds on the new growth.
A further variation in the annual growth of branches, often to
be observed, is what may be called the intermittent elongation of
a main branch. This is well illustrated by the behavior of several
species of oaks. The first period of elongation extends only
over a few weeks of early spring and is general for all branches
developing on the tree. Then a rather brief period of dormancy
ensues after which terminal buds, and often lateral buds as well,
resume growth. If the terminal alone develop, the seasonal
growth for the twig is unbranched or excurrent; if laterals also
develop the seasonal growth for the branch is deliquescent. The
particular point of interest is that such seasonal growth is inter­mittent
or discontinuous and involves the resumption of growth
by fully formed winter buds during the same season in which
these have been formed.
The new growth of such branches is usually conspicuous, at
least during the early stages when the leaves are expanding.
Of Quercus palustris, for example, during the greater part of
July of the past summer, there were many trees growing in the
New York Botanical Garden which possessed thousands of
149
branches with newly developing twigs. The lighter green of the
new crop of leaves was in marked contrast to the darker green
of the earlier growth. With Quercus rubra the new crop of
leaves on such branches was of a bright red color, so conspicuous
in contrast to the green of the older leaves as to be most noticeable.
By the middle of August, however, the appearance of these leaves
was quite indistinguishable from that of the leaves of the first
period of growth. However, in such cases closer examination
revealed certain differences in the segments of the branches quite
comparable to those existing between the growth of different years.
It does not appear that we have in our language an appropriate
name for the new shoots or segments which develop in the second
( or later) period of intermittent seasonal growth. The peasant
folk of Germany long ago observed such branches, and noting
that these frequently appeared about St. John's day they became
accustomed to use the term " Johannistrieb" for such a shoot;
the term thus signifying a shoot that makes its appearance in
midsummer.
The phenomenon of intermittent annual growth has been
especially noticeable during the past summer on various trees and
shrubs in and about the New York Botanical Garden. Young
and old trees of Quercus palustris have exhibited such growth
most abundantly. Young trees of Quercus rubra have shown
a strong tendency toward such growth. The writer has observed
especially forty- seven trees of this species growing along one of
the avenues near the Garden. These are all young trees averag­ing
about thirty feet in height. Thirty- six of these trees exhibited
intermittent seasonal growth. The number of branches per tree
which resumed growth varied from one to perhaps a hundred,
but in most cases there were less than ten. Most of these were
from a terminal bud giving an excurrent seasonal growth for the
twig concerned; in all such cases the buds were not forced into
growth by any evident injury. In some cases however the
newer growth was from lateral buds ( on new growth) which had
been, so to speak, forced into development by injury of the termi­nal
bud above. In a few of the tree tops the new growth ex­tended
slightly in among the telephone and electric wires strung
150
above; here the swaying of the branches among the wires cut
off many of the uppermost tips and led to the development of
lateral branches during the second period of growth. No second
period of growth was observed on any old trees of Quercus rubra.
During the past summer intermittent seasonal growth has
also been frequent in the elm, the wild cherry, and in old as well
as young trees of the apple. It has been occasional in various
other trees and in shrubs such as the beach plum, the bay­berry,
and the American holly. As far as the writer's observation
goes, intermittent annual growth is limited to those species
which have a short period of growth during early spring. How­ever,
not all woody plants of such a habit have exhibited re­sumption
of growth during the past season.
On some woody plants growing in the Garden there have been
three periods of growth, giving three well- marked segments all
bearing leaves but in other respects apparently quite as distinct
as the different segments of single continuous growth of three
successive years. Three cases of such growth are shown in the
accompanying plate. At the right is a branch of the variety
known as " golden oak" which made an excurrent elongation
involving three periods of growth all of the past season. Even
the last period of growth was completed by the middle of August.
At the middle of the plate is a branch of Quercus glandulifera,
and at the left is a branch of Quercus lyrata, and in these the third
period of growth was in progress when the photograph was taken
on September 2d. The photograph of Quercus glandulifera shows
the flowers present at that time on the third segment of growth,
and shows fairly well that each segment begins and ends in short
internodes and is also delimited by zones of bud- scale scars.
The development of lateral branches from the new growth giving
a deliquescent annual growth is also well shown. In Quercus
lyrata the leaves on the first segment of growth were dead or
dying and were in autumnal colors, some had already fallen and
one dropped off as the branch was about to be photographed;
on the third segment of growth, however, very young leaves
were just appearing. There is some indication that in this
species winter- killing occurred in such branches of the previous
151
year's growth. The branches shown are quite representative of
the growth made by the trees in question during the past summer.
The resumption of growth for the third time was also observed
in Quercus palustris and Ulmus americana.
It is apparent that the intermittent seasonal growth of twigs
is in many respects similar to the alternation of growth occurring
from year to year. During the past season the spring was late
and the entire spring and summer, until the middle of August,
was unusual in respect to the number of cloudy rainy days, to
the high total precipitation, and to the lack of any extended
periods of hot and dry weather. The entire season was favorable
for excessive and continuous growth of all vegetation, and much
of such growth has been noticeable. For this season, at least, the
intermittent seasonal growth noted above has been, in a sense,
the development of buds that had become dormant giving, in a
year of rather unusually favorable conditions for continuous
growth, resumption of growth for two or more periods of elonga­tion.
It should be noted that the habit of intermittent seasonal
growth is very definitely fixed in various oaks growing in certain
localities. Some varieties, especially developed at the famous
Spath nurseries near Berlin, Germany, are noteworthy in that
the first period of growth gives pure green leaves while the second
( the Johannistrieb) bears variegated leaves. These varieties,
and evidently the parent species as well, produce under the
climatic conditions of Germany, constantly year after year, the
two crops of leaves. In these cases the habit seems to be in a
large degree independent of the minor variations within the
seasons.
The facts in general suggest that intermittent seasonal growth in
a woody plant may be due to more favorable growing conditions
than those to which the species has been subjected in its past his­tory.
Such growth is most noticeable in species in which the first
period of growth is of short duration and limited to very early
spring; this suggests that such species may have been adapted to a
shorter growing period than now exists in such a climate as that
about New York City. Still it is to be recognized that not all
152
species having a short period of growth exhibit intermittent
seasonal growth and also that it is not alone species of more
northerly range that are subject to intermittent growth; it seems,
at least to a certain degree, that there are variations which are
to be recognized as specific.
It would be of considerable interest to have data on the be­havior,
throughout their range, of species, such as Quercus
palustris, Q. lyrata and Q. rubra, which, under the climatic condi­tions
of New York City, exhibit intermittent annual growth.
In fact the whole question of geographic or climatic variation of
species with reference to the particular habit or type of annual
growth is of considerable interest. The relation of the various
types of growth to rapidity of growth, to susceptibility to winter
injury, and to development of wood are moreover practical prob­lems
of forestry. The culture in botanical gardens, in arboreta,
and in nurseries of numerous native and introduced species
affords especial opportunity for the comparison of the behavior
of these species under different conditions. During the past
summer a start has been made in the study of the growth of the
woody species in the New York Botanical Garden with special
reference to the various problems involved.
A. B. STOUT.
A WHITE PINE PLANTING
In the southwestern part of the tract added by the city last
year to the Garden reservation, nearly opposite the Fordham
Hospital, are two long grassy, otherwise nearly bare, partly
rocky ridges. The eastern of these ridges was selected this
spring for a white pine plantation. The ground required little
preparation, only the removal of loose stones and of a few poor
shrubs and small trees being necessary. Near the southwestern
end of this ridge was a large old stone quarry, which has recently
been filled without cost to us by a contractor engaged in excavat­ing
cellars in the neighborhood, using several thousand cubic
yards of earth, for which he was glad to find a convenient dump­ing
place; the original contour of the ridge is thus nearly restored.
153
Through the kind interest of Dr. Walter B. James, the State
Conservation Commission permitted us to obtain from the
State nurseries near Saratoga, two thousand four- year- old white
pine transplants, which were received in fine condition and most
of them planted in May about six feet apart over an area about
five hundred feet long and one hundred and fifty feet wide, or
about one and three- quarter acres; a few were kept in the nur­series,
to ensure the replacement of those which might fail in the
plantation. Our appreciation of the permission to obtain these
young trees at a nominal price was duly communicated to Hon.
George D. Pratt, State Conservation Commissioner.
The plants averaged about six inches high. They were set
by removing a small piece of sod at each planting spot and se­curely
tamped in. A strong- single wire was run on posts about
three feet high around the entire area occupied, and signs were
placed at several points bearing the lettering " Demonstration
White Pine Plantation, Conservation Commission, State of
New York." The plantation has been under observation by
the guard detailed for that part of the grounds and the only
depredation suffered has been two instances in which children
pulled up a few of the plants, but in both instances they were
caught in the act and the trees replanted.
The season has been so favorable for vegetation that practically
every tree has grown, some of them making shoots up to ten
inches long.
Late in June, the grass around the trees was cut with sickles,
and will be cut again late in the season, as a precaution against
damage by winter fires. The white pine thrives at the Garden
as is shown by old, presumably planted, trees near the museum
building and elsewhere, and by those now about eighteen years
old and less in the pinetum. We cannot be sure that white pine
trees are native to the reservation. The blister- rust disease,
which has caused much damage to young trees in the north, has
not appeared as yet with us; this fungus has to have currant or
gooseberry bushes in proximity to white pines in order to exist,
inasmuch as one stage of its life- history is spent on the pine and
another, alternating one, on currants or gooseberries; recent
154
observations seem to show that a distance of five hundred feet or
more ensures safety for the pine; we propose to take care that
neither currants nor gooseberries are brought within a thousand
feet of the plantation, and neither currants nor gooseberries are
wild anywhere within the reservation. This disease does not
seriously affect old white pines.
This first year's growth after planting makes the little trees
quite conspicuous when the grass is cut short, and the plantation
is attracting much attention and favorable comment, being seen
by many thousand interested citizens. The idea of a forest
planting within the city appeals to the imagination, and the
demonstration is a valuable educational feature.
N. L. BRITTON.
COLLECTING FUNGI IN THE CATSKILLS
The writer spent two weeks at Arkville, New York, in August,
1916, and obtained about 400 specimens of fleshy fungi for the
Garden herbarium. A list of these species, with notes on their
abundance and habitat, will appear in Mycologia.
Arkville is a small village in the edge of Delaware County at
the southwestern corner of the Catskill region. Mt. Pakatakan,
3,000 feet above sea- level, overlooks the village on the south,
while a lower range called the Hogback rises precipitously to the
north. The headwaters of the Delaware River are in these and
neighboring mountains, the elevation of the valleys around
Arkville being about 1,400 feet. Arkville is interesting to many
botanists in New York City because it is included within the
local flora range of the Torrey Botanical Club.
The principal forest trees of the region are hemlock, sugar
maple, beech, yellow birch, butternut, white elm, ash, hop horn­beam,
linden, red maple, and aspen. A few chestnuts are found
on Hogback, but these will soon be exterminated by the canker,
which is spreading rapidly through the Catskills from the Asho-kan
Reservoir region. Several of the aspens were found to be
seriously attacked by the poplar canker. A local wood alcohol
plant consumes fifteen cords of wood daily. Practically all the
155
north side of Mt. Pakatakan has been denuded of its original
forests, but on some small estates near the base of the mountain
and in a few deep ravines stretches of virgin timber remain which
contain old beeches, sugar maples and hemlocks of unusual size.
In comparing the forests about Arkville with those of Lake
Placid and the Upper St. Regis, the most striking difference is
the absence in the Arkville region of balsam and spruce and all
other conifers except hemlock, and the relatively greater abund­ance
of deciduous trees. This would indicate the absence of
certain fungous elements which are common in the Adirondacks
and the presence of a larger proportion of the species found about
New York City. It may well be true that the fungous flora of
the Catskills taken as a whole is very similar to that of the
Adirondacks, but this general statement without modification
would hardly apply to Arkville. Peck's Catskill collections were
mostly obtained from Phoenicia, Tannersville, Haines Falls,
Summit, and neighboring stations in the eastern part of these
mountains.
If sphagnum bogs occur at Arkville, I did not happen to find
one; but there is a remarkable development of Polytrichum
commune on Hogback, where many species of Hygrophorus and
other moss- loving fungi were found. Clavaria fusiformis oc­curred
there in much greater abundance than I have ever before
seen it.
Mrs. Margaret H. Newton, of the Pakatakan Inn, where Mrs.
Murrill and I established our headquarters, very generously
afforded' us every facility for drying and caring for the specimens,
while a large number of the guests became interested in hunting
for fungi and aided us materially in building up the collection.
W. A. MURRILL,
Assistant Director.
156
GLADIOLUS EXHIBITION
An exhibition of gladioli was held by the Horticultural Society
of New York in cooperation with the New York Botanical
Garden, in the Museum building, on Saturday and Sunday,
August 19th and 20th. A long center table in each of the halls
on the ground floor was filled with these flowers. The display
made by Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, of Glen Head, Long Island,
filled the table in the eastern hall; in this large exhibit were
many choice sorts, represented by superb specimens. In addition
to the exhibits of gladioli there were displays of collections of
annual flowers, which displays attracted considerable attention.
Mr. Havemeyer exhibited a flower of Magnolia grandiflora
from a tree, grown in the open, on his place at Glen Head. This
is probably the first instance of this plant flowering out- of- doors
in this latitude. The tree grows naturally from North Carolina
to central Florida, and through the Gulf States to Texas and
Arkansas. As a wild plant it is found especially along ponds
and streams, attaining a height sometimes of over one hundred
feet. It is the finest of our native broad- leaved evergreens,
bearing large creamy white fragrant flowers six inches or more
across. It is unfortunate that it may not be regarded as one
of our hardy trees in this latitude. There are trees of it under
cultivation out- of- doors at Philadelphia, and fine examples in
Washington, D. C.
The premiums, offered by the New York Botanical Garden
from the income of the William R. Sands fund, were awarded
by the Exhibition Committee of the Horticultural Society of
New York, as follows:
In the classes open- to- all, Mr. T. A. Havemeyer secured the
first prize for the largest and best collection of gladioli, the second
prize going to John Lewis Childs, Inc. For the best twelve
varieties, three spikes of each, Mr. Havemeyer also secured first
prize, John Lewis Childs, Inc. second. For the best vase each of
pink and white, twenty- five spikes, Mr. Havemeyer was awarded
first prize in each case, John Lewis Childs, Inc. second. John
Lewis Childs, Inc. was awarded the first prize for a vase of red,
twenty- five spikes. For a centerpiece for the table, Mrs. H.
157
Darlington, of Mamaroneck, New York, was awarded the first
prize.
In the classes for non- commercial growers, Mrs. H. Darlington
was awarded the first prize for the largest and best collection.
For the best collection of six varieties, three spikes of each, Mrs.
F. A. Constable, of Mamaroneck, New York, won the first prize,
Mrs. H. Darlington, the second. For the best vase of white,
six spikes, Mr. William Shillaber of Essex Fells, New Jersey,
won the first. For the best vase of pink, six spikes, Mrs. H.
Darlington won the first. For the best vase of red, six spikes,
Mrs. F. A. Constable won first, Mrs. H. Darlington, second.
Premiums, restricted to non- commercial growers, were offered
for collections of annual flowers, twelve varieties. Mr. Ralph
Pulitzer, Manhasset, New York, secured first prize in this class,
William Shillaber second.
Special prizes were awarded as follows: for a collection of
perennial flowers, Mrs. F. A. Constable; for herbaceous peren­nials,
Bobbink & Atkins.
The judges were Patrick O'Mara, John Canning and Robert
I. Brown.
GEORGE V. NASH.
COLLECTING POLLEN FOR HAY FEVER
INVESTIGATIONS
Within the past two years requests from several medical
laboratories and physicians have been received at the Garden
asking for considerable quantities of pollen from various plants
to which attacks of hay fever are attributed, and much of the
writer's time, outside of hours of attendance, during the flowering
season of 1915 and also during the present summer, has been
given to gathering such plants and to obtaining pollen from their
flowers. It was important that the plants should be certainly
identified.
Pollen from catkin- bearing trees and from conifers may be
obtained by collecting the catkins or the flowers and spreading
them on waxed paper until dry, when the pollen readily falls out.
All pollen, however, is not by any means so easily gathered.
158
The best method of obtaining rose pollen was, after removing
and thoroughly drying the anthers, to sift through cheese cloth.
Grasses, daisies, ragweed, and goldenrod were best treated by
placing large numbers of plants with their stems in vessels of
water, which requires changing every morning. As the anthers
discharge their pollen a limited quantity will fall upon waxed
paper spread beneath; shaking the stems will greatly facilitate
this process. Six large galvanized water buckets were used;
in many cases it was necessary to spend hours collecting each
species of plant and; though these buckets were filled at least
three times, even then the quantity of pollen obtained would
often be very meager.
Of the many different pollens collected, those of lilac and privet
were by far the most difficult to obtain, each flower having only
two stamens. After several trials the only satisfactory way
found was to visit the bushes early in the morning, on days when
the wind was not too strong, and to shake the pollen through
netting into a large tray held beneath, a very tedious operation.
Last winter, in order to get for one of the investigators a fresh
supply of pollen for use in the early spring, we grew a crop of
ragweed from seeds, under glass.
Record is here made of the species from which pollen has been
obtained for these interesting, and, it is to be hoped, important
investigations.
Austrian Pine PINUS AUSTRIACA Hoss.
Japanese Black Pine PINUS THUNBERGII Pari.
Pitch Pine PINUS RIGIDA Mill.
Broad- leaved Cat- tail TYPHA LATIFOLIA L.
June Grass POA PRATENSIS L.
Orchard Grass DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.
Velvet Grass NOTHOHOLCUS LANATUS ( L.) Nash
Timothy PHLEUM PRATENSE L.
Red- top AGROSTIS ALBA L.
Pig- nut Hickory HICORIA GLABRA ( Mill.) Britton
Cherry Birch BETULA LENTA L.
Swamp Oak QUERCUS PALUSTRIS DU Roi
Swamp White Oak QUERCUS BICOLOR Willd.
159
Field Sorrel RUMEX ACETOSELLA L.
Japanese Rose ROSA RUGOSA Thunb.
White Ash FRAXINUS AMERICANA L.
Fringed Privet LIGUSTRUM ACUMINATUM Koehne ( L.
ciUatum Rehd., not Sieb.)
Hairy Lilac SYRINGA VILLOSA Vahl
Great Ragweed AMBROSIA TRIFIDA L.
Ragweed AMBROSIA ELATIOR L. ( A. artemisii-folia
L.)
Daisy CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM
L.
Tall Goldenrod SOLIDAGO ALTISSIMA L.
Early Goldenrod SOLIDAGO JUNCEA Ait.
P. WILSON.
AUTUMN FRUITING SHRUBS
To those who admire the bright fruits of fall, a visit at this
time to the fruticetum will prove of great interest. The fruti­cetum
is just to the north of the lakes in the rear of the Museum.
Here are a great many shrubs which have brightly colored fruits.
Striking among these are the thorns, belonging to the genus
Crataegus. Of these there are many kinds, in the circle in the
plaza and to the east of the road beyond, some of which are in
fruit from early fall to winter. Many of these are now in their
prime. One of the best is Crataegus succulenta, a dense compact
shrub of great decorative value, full of the brightest fruit.
Others are C. pentandra, Egglestoni, albicans, viridimontana, and
macrantha. And there are still others with green fruit, giving
promise of color for the future.
To the east of the thorns, near the woodland border, is the
collection of barberries. The common barberry, Berberis vul­garis,
is among these, one of the finest forms of this, a dwarf
form known as variety macrocarpa, bearing pendulous clusters
of brightest red fruit. Another form is the variety sulcata, with
clusters of ruby red.
Beyond the thorns are the roses, many with showy fruit.
Rosa villosa has very large fruits, while the dog rose, Rosa canina.
160
glows with orange- red. The seven- sisters rose, Rosa multiflora,
is covered with a profusion of small but bright fruit- clusters.
Across the road to the west of the roses are the hollies. Two of
these are particularly attractive. One, Ilex serrata, a native of
Japan, bears a profusion of bright red berries; these, although
smaller, are borne in much greater numbers than are those of our
own native Ilex verticillata, as you will see by a shrub of the
latter nearby.
Near the hollies is a group of the staff- tree family. Here one
of the finest, Euonymus Bungeanus, is just about to don its
mantle of old- rose fruits. Euonymus alatus, of dwarfer and more
compact habit, with curious winged branches, is another species
of great decorative value; its fruits are a bright orange- red.
Passing to the west we come to the cornels, where the most
attractive shrub at present is Cornus foemina, covered with
creamy berries; this is also known as Cornus paniculata.
Away in the western corner of the fruticetum is the genus
Viburnum, containing many kinds with attractive fruits. At
present Viburnum Opulus, the cranberry tree, is brilliant in its
masses of bright red. Of larger size is Viburnum Sieboldii; its
drupes, in great numbers, red at first— its attractive time— drop
as soon as they assume their mature coats of black. Viburnum
dilatatum is a shrub of broad spreading habit, its berries, of the
deepest ruby red, occurring in great abundance.
There are other shrubs in the fruticetum which owe their
attractiveness to colored fruit, and a hunt for all of these will
add much of zest and interest to the visit.
GEORGE V. NASH
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT
Mr. Wilson Poponoe of the Bureau of Plant Industry, United
States Department of Agriculture, spent some days in late August
at the Garden herbarium studying specimens of the Avocado.
Mr. Poponoe was on his way to Guatemala for the purpose of
studying the Avocado in the field and securing kinds suitable for
growing in southern Florida and southern California.
161
Professor A. Le Roy Andrews, of Cornell University, spent a
week in early September at the Garden studying mosses in con­nection
with monographic work for North American Flora.
Professor W. C. Coker, of the University of North Carolina,
left for his home at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, on September 2,
after spending about two months at the Garden working up his
general collections of North Carolina fungi and in studying our
collection of Clavariaceae for publication in North American
Flora.
Mr. L. O. Overholts, of the Pennsylvania State College, spent
a few days in August at the Garden studying the fungous genus
Pholiota for publication in North American Flora.
Professor George M. Reed, of the University of Missouri,
recently spent a day at the Garden. During the summer, Pro­fessor
Reed has been carrying on work at the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden. For some time past he has been pursuing researches
on the physiology of some of the parasitic fungi.
Mrs. Flora W. Patterson, of the United States Department of
Agriculture, visited the Garden on August 22 to complete
arrangements for publishing her contribution on the Exoascales
of North America in North A merican Flora.
Mr. M. V. Reed of Lincoln, Nebraska, spent July and August
at the Garden on a scholarship grant assisting in the experimental
studies being conducted in genetics.
Volume 6, of the Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden,
consisting of papers presented at the Garden's Twentieth Anni­versary
Celebration, September 6 to 11, 1915, was issued August
31. It makes a volume of 592 pages, with 43 plates. Thirty-
162
seven papers are included, ranging in length from one page to
one hundred and twenty- two pages and dealing with a great
variety of subjects of botanical interest.
The Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information of Kew Gardens
records the gift to that institution by Lady Church of the valuable
collection of water- colored drawings of plants brought together by
the late Sir Arthur Church. This consists of sixty- seven draw­ings,
forty- six of which have been arranged on the wall of the
room adjoining the gallery containing Miss North's famous
collection.
Many of the older books in the library, belonging to Columbia
University and to the Garden, are in need of rebinding. A ship­ment
of such books, comprising 32 volumes, has recently returned
from the bindery, and the books are now replaced upon the
shelves.
Meteorology for August.— The total precipitation for the month
was 1.21 inches. The maximum temperatures for each week
were 950 on the 8th, 890 on the 17th, 98° on the 22d, and 88° on
the 31st. The minimum temperatures were 590 on the 3d, 52"
on the 14th, 570 on the 25th, and 49° on the 29th.
ACCESSIONS
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM
49 specimens of mosses, mostly from New Mexico. ( By exchange with the
United States National Museum.)
318 specimens of Rubus from the Southern States. ( Distributed by Mr. W. S.
Blanchard.)
17 specimens of crude drugs. ( Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
265 specimens of flowering plants from the Ozark Mountains, Missouri. ( Col­lected
by Mr. W. W. Eggleston.)
172 specimens of flowering plants from Africa. ( By exchange with the United
States National Museum.)
1 specimen of Juglans insularis from Cuba. ( By exchange with the Bureau of
Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture.)
6 specimens of hepaticae from New England. ( By exchange with Miss Annie
Lorenz.)
163
io, ooo specimens from the Isle of Pines, Cuba. ( Collected by Dr. and Mrs.
N. L. Britton and Mr. Percy Wilson.)
3 specimens of flowering plants from Mt. Kisco, New York. ( Given by Miss
Carolena Wood.)
374 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from the vicinity of New York.
( Collected by Dr. F. W. Pennell.)
i specimen of Vibrissea truncorum from Pennsylvania. ( By exchange with
Mr. L. O. Overholts.)
22 specimens of fungi from Porto Rico. ( By exchange with Professor B. Fink.)
24 specimens of Chaetomium from New England. ( Given by Professor A. H.
Chi vers.)
1 specimen of cup fungus from New York. ( By exchange with Mr. Stewart H.
Burnham.)
1 specimen of cup fungus from New York. ( By exchange with Professor H. M.
Fitzpatrick.)
10 specimens of fungi from New York. ( Collected by Dr. Fred J. Seaver.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS
1 plant of Opuntia discata. ( U. S. National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.)
36 plants for American wood garden. ( Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.)
4 plants for American wood garden. ( Given by Miss E. M. Kittredge.)
5 plants, all cacti, for conservatories. ( U. S. National Museum, through Dr.
J. N. Rose.)
2 plants of Sisyrinchium mucronatum. ( Collected by Dr. F . W. Pennell.)
1 plant, Eriocereus sp., for conservatories. ( By exchange with Mr. F . Lighte.)
10 plants, all Castalia, for water lily tanks. ( By exchange with Mr. Wm.
Tricker.)
2 plants of Paulownia Fortunei. ( By exchange with the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry.)
12 plants, Opuntia sp. ( By exchange with Plant World, Tucson, Arizona.)
1 plant, Cypella sp. ( By exchange with U. S. National Museum, through Dr.
J. N. Rose.)
4 plants, Bambusa sp., for conservatories. ( Given by Mr. John H. Snoke.)
1 plant, Arisaema sp., for American wood garden. ( Given by Miss E. M.
Kittredge.)
7 plants of Pentstemon pallidus. ( Collected by Dr. F. W. Pennell.)
17 plants for conservatories. ( By exchange with Prospect Park, Brooklyn.)
5 plants of Seafortkia elegans. ( By exchange with U. S. Department of Agri­culture,
Bureau of Plant Industry.)
4 bulbs for conservatories. ( Given by Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Michigan.)
33 bulbs, Scilla sp., for economic garden. ( Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
5 bulbs, Curcuma sp., for conservatories. ( Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
1 packet seeds of Melanchia sp. ( Given by Treasury Dept., through Dr. J. K.
Small.)
1 packet seeds for conservatories. ( Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
I packet seeds of Cupressus glabra. ( By exchange with U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry.)
1 packet seeds of Pinus Sabiniana. ( Given by Mr, John N. Drake.)
1,467 plants for collections. ( Derived from seed from various sources.)
Members of the Corporation
Fritz Achelis,
Edward D. Adams,
Charles B. Alexander,
John D. Archbold,
Vincent Astor,
John W. Auchincloss,
George F. Baker,
Stephen Baker,
Edmund L. Baylies,
Eugene P. Bicknell,
C. K. G. Billings,
George Blumenthal,
Prof. N. L. Britton,
Prof. Edw. S. Burgess,
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler,
Andrew Carnegie,
Prof. C. F. Chandler,
William G. Choate,
Hon. W. A. Clark,
C. A. Coffin,
Samuel P. Colt,
Edmund C. Converse,
Paul D. Cravath,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
Dr. James Douglas,
A. F. Estabrook,
Samuel W. Fairchild,
James B. Ford,
Henry W. de Forest,
Robert W. de Forest,
Henry C. Frick,
Prof. W. J. Gies,
Daniel Guggenheim,
Anson W. Hard,
J. Horace Harding,
J. Montgomery Hare,
Edward S. Harkness,
Prof. R. A. Harper,
T. A. Havemeyer,
A. Heckscher,
Bernhard Hoffmann,
Henry R. Hoyt,
Archer M. Huntington,
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,
Dr. Walter B. James,
Pierre Jay,
Walter B. Jennings,
Otto H. Kahn.
Prof. James F. Kemp,
Darwin P. Kingslev,
Edw. V. Z. Lane,
Dr. Albert R. Ledoux,
Prof. Frederic S. Lee,
Adolph Lewisohn,
Hon. Seth Low,
David Lydig,
Kenneth K. Mackenzie,
V. Everit Macy,
Edgar L. Marston,
W. J. Matheson,
Dr. William H. Maxwell,
George McAneny,
James McLean,
Emerson McMillin,
Dr. Walter Mendelson,
John L Merrill,
Ogden Mills,
Hon. Ogden L. Mills,
J. Pierpont Morgan,
Dr. Lewis R. Morris,
Theodore W. Myers,
Frederic R. Newbold,
C. D. Norton,
Eben E. Olcott,
Prof. Henry F. Osborn,
George W. Perkins,
Henry Phipps,
James R. Pitcher,
Ira A. Place,
M. F. Plant,
Charles F. Rand,
Ogden Mills Reid,
Edwin A. Richard,
John D. Rockefeller,
William Rockefeller,
W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Prof. H. H. Rusby,
Dr. Reginald H. Sayre,
Jacob H. Schiff,
Mortimer L. Schiff,
James A. Scrymser,
Isaac N. Seligman,
Albert R. Shattuck,
Henry A. Siebrecht,
William Sloane,
Valentine P. Snyder,
James Speyer,
Francis L. Stetson,
Frederick Strauss,
F. K. Sturgis,
B. B. Thayer,
Charles G. Thompson,
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,
Myles Tierney,
Louis C. Tiffany,
W. K. Vanderbilt,
Felix M. Warburg,
Paul M. Warburg,
H. H. Westinghouse,
William G. Willcox,
Bronson Winthrop.
Members of the Women's Auxiliary-
Mrs. Robert Bacon, Mrs.
Mrs. Thomas H. Barber, Mrs.
Miss Elizabeth Billings, Mrs.
Miss Eleanor Blodgett, Mrs.
Mrs. James L. Breese, Mrs.
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey, Mrs.
Mrs. Walter Jennings, Mrs.
Delancey Kane. Miss Harriette Rogers,
Hamilton F. Kean, Mrs. James Roosevelt,
A. A. Low, Mrs. Archibald D. Russell,
Charles MacVeagh, Mrs. Benson B. Sloan,
V. Everit Macy, Mrs. Henry 0. Taylor,
Henry Marquand, Mrs. Cabot Ward.
George W. Perkins,
Honorary Members of the Women's Auxiliary
Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes, Mrs. F. F. Thompson.
Mrs. John I. Kane, Mrs. F K. Sturgis,
P U B L I C A T I O N S
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal of the New Tork Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con­taining
notes, Dews, aDd non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all mem­bers
of the Garden. To others, io cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. ( Not offered in ex­change.]
Now in its seventeenth Tolume.
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi;
including lichens; containing technical articles and news and notes of general in­terest,
and an index to current American mycological literature. $ 3.00 a year;
single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its eighth volume.
Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by
popular descriptions of flowering plants; ten plates in each Dumber, forty in each
volume. Subscription price, $ 10.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in
its first volume.
Bulletin of the New Tork Botanical Garden, contaiDiog the annual reports
of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying
results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the
Garden ; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its ninth volume.
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America,
including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be com­pleted
in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts.
Subscription price, $ 1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold
for JS2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. 3, part I, 1910. Nectriaceae— Kimetariaceae.
Vol. 7, part I, 1906; part 2, 1907 ; part 3, 1912. Ustilaginaceae— Aecidiaceae
( pars).
Vol. 9, parts I and 2, 190,'; part 3, 1910; part 4, 1915; part 5, 1916. Poly-poraceae—
Agaricaceae ( pars). ( Paris 1 and 2 no longer sold separately.)
Vol. 10, part I, 1914. Agaricaceae ( pars).
Vol. 15, parts 1 and 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae— Leucobryaceae.
Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Ophioglossaceae— Cyatheaceae ( pars).
Vol. 17, part I, I909; part2, I9i2; part3, 1915. Typhaceae— Poaceae ( pars).
Vol. 22, parts 1 and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913. Podostemona-ceae—
Rosaceae ( pars).
Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae— Burseraceae.
Vol. 29, part 1, 1914. Clethraceae— Ericaceae.
Vol. 34, part 1, 1914; part 2, 1915. Carduaceae.
Memoirs of the New Torli Botanical Garden. Price to members of the
Garden, $ 1.00 per volume. To others, $ 2.00. [ Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone
Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900.
Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development,
by D. T. MacDougal. xvi - f 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903.
Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New
York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey, viii- f 138 pp., with 29
plates. 19119.
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager.
viii -)- 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates 1908.
Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geogr ahy
by Norman Taylor, vi + 6S3 pp., with g plates. 1915.
Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anniversary of
The New York Botanical Garden, September 6- 9, 1915. viii -(- 592 pp., with 43
plates. 1916.
Contributions from the New Tork Botanical Garden. A series of tech­nical
papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per volume. In the eighth volume.
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
R » 0MX PABK, New YOUK OlTV