Research concerning the autonomy of subsidiaries has been concentrated on the possession
of decision-making rights. Building on the definitional and empirical argumentation, we
claim that so understood autonomy has a prospective character, is not equal to the
implementation of actual actions (or lack of thereof) and neglects the issue of the scope of
potential actions. This paper aims to fill in the current literature gap by offering a holistic
stance in which we assert that subsidiaries can be meaningfully differentiated according to
their levels of autonomy and corresponding actions. We base this argumentation on the
findings of real option theory and competitive dynamics perspective, develop a typology
specific to a subsidiary’s autonomy activity status (the position of a subsidiary in terms of its
autonomy level confronted with the extent of actions taken in a corresponding area). We
evaluate empirical validity of this approach on a sample of 377 foreign subsidiaries located
in CEE countries. Our results (multinomial logit models) show that the proposed typology
has the power to define internally consistent positions which are differentiated along four
variables representing widely understood interdependencies within an MNE (sales
dependence, sourcing dependence, technological dependence of the foreign investor upon
the subsidiary and technological dependence of the subsidiary upon the MNE).

This paper was prepared for the “Organizational Ethnography, Assessing its Impact” theme of the 26th EGOS Colloquium 2010, Lisbon. It examines awkward moments ethnographers encounter during their field studies. We present our experiences in China and Indonesia and raise issues on how ethnographers normally impart their findings. Personally uncomfortable field situations are usually marginalised or ignored, so as not to cast doubts on the quality of our field data. We argue that the quality of ethnography would actually increase when we reflect and interrogate our awkward moments. By doing so, we identify our own politics and relate our research agenda to that of our respondents.

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During the mid to late 1990s, shaping diffusion of B2B e-commerce was a key priority for governments and business associations. Viewing e-commerce as the key to continuous economic growth and a vehicle for transformation to the digital economy, national action plans were formulated to accelerate the standard development and adoption of e-commerce. This chapter argues that the Danish EDI Action Plan from 1996 cemented structural problems for the ongoing adoption and diffusion of newer B2B technologies due to a discrepancy between goals and actions, imbalanced partner allocation in standard development and an overwhelming focus on the public sector despite ambitions to fuel the overall business adoption of B2B e-commerce.

In this paper we review applications, case studies, models and techniques proposed for the design
and optimization of reverse logistics systems according to the principle of modularity. Based on
these studies we give an overview of scientific literature that describes and discusses cases of
reverse production activities and modularity in practice. We examine high technology industries
and their potential competitiveness implementing reversed supply chain. The main research
question addressed in the paper is: How can modularity guide and determine the development of
complex technology and subsequently contributing to enhancing the efficiency of the reverse supply
chain (RSC)?

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Market discipline in banking requires that explicit and implicit insurance schemes for financial sector firms are limited, and that the lack of insurance of important stakeholders is credible. This credibility cannot be achieved without transparent, predictable procedures for distress resolution for banks, including explicit rules for the liquidation of insolvent banks. We find that very few European countries have explicit procedures for dealing with problem banks. The propositions tested in this paper are that the credibility of non-insurance in European banking depends strongly on (i) the degree of coverage of deposit insurance schemes, and (2) on the existence of enforceable rules that enhance the credibility of non-insurance of groups of stakeholders.in bank. The proxy used for credibility of non-insurance in Europe is the probability of banking crisis. Finding a U-shaped relation between the probabiity of banking crisis and the coverage of explicit deposit insurance we derive the degree of coverage that minimizes the probability of crisis in Western and Eastern Europe.
JEL Classification: G21; G28; F43
Keywords: Deposit Insurance; Banking Crisis; Insolvency Procedures, Market Discipline

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Predetermined, operational procedures for dealing with banks in distress are conspicuously absent across the world with very few exceptions. Instead governments and regulatory authorities intervene when banks approach failure. Bail-outs of important creditors, sometimes including shareholders, and blanket guarantees for creditors become the norm. We argue that efficient incentives of banks’ creditors, as well as of shareholders and managers, require predetermined rules for dealing with banks in distress, and a group of creditors that are credibly non-insured. Cross-border banking increases the need for pre-determined bank insolvency procedures that could enable banks to expand cross-border in branches. In the empirical part we show that credibility of non-insurance is maximized with a partial deposit insurance scheme, and that the coverage can be decreased if effective rule-based distress resolution procedures are implemented.

Theoretical and empirical research on entrepreneurial networks is largely
outcome-oriented and little integrated with family firm research. In this paper,
we draw on social network and entrepreneurship literatures in order to
investigate how family businesses build and make use of a variety of embedded
and arm’s-length ties. We present novel data self-collected in qualitative,
inductive fieldwork from more than 50 interviews in mainstream film
production in Bollywood.
Our findings contrast with extant research by showing that in the socio-cultural
context of India the use of embedded ties is higher than predictions in the
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theoretical literature and empirical findings in cross-country studies suggest.
Moreover, we show that the ‘Indian’ family is an institution that dominates
embedded ties. The Banyan tree symbolizes this interconnectedness of the
different branches of an Indian family compared to the plain structure of a birch
tree describing Hollywood, where embedded ties can be different from familial
ties.

Purpose: Social media hold promises for companies to engage with a variety of stakeholders about CSR
issues and thereby enhance stakeholder relationships. However, by implementing a social media strategy
companies face different constraints. With this paper barriers diminishing stakeholder dialogue in the Web
2.0 are identified.
Design and methodology: With a single case in‐depth‐study we analyze the implementation of a
communication strategy of a recently launched CSR‐twitter‐account of a European based pharmaceutical
company leading in CSR. Data is derived from interviews with four managers with central roles in strategy
formulation and implementation.
Findings: Five factors diminishing stakeholder dialogue are identified: Lack of resources, unfamiliarity with
social media, managerial scepticism, internal guidelines and culture, and external regulations. These
barriers prevent basic principles of relationship building online, such as regular updates or conversational
human voice.
Research limitations: With a single case study the representative value of the results is limited. However,
the results give valuable insights into the challenges and concerns management faces when implementing a
CSR communication strategy in social media.
Practical implications: The results show that organisational constraints have to be addressed in order to
implement a successful social media strategy. We therefore argue that corporate communications has to
increasingly emphasis organisational aspects.
Originality: To date, only little research has been done about CSR communication in social media.
Furthermore, the research paper presents highly relevant and new findings by drawing the attention to
organizational rooted challenges of corporate communication and strategy implementation.

There are many thoughts and beliefs about entrepreneurship. This diversity in opinions and
concepts may be triggered by the booming interest in entrepreneurship and in entrepreneurs.
Journalists, politicians and academics, just to mention a few groups, have greatly turned their
focus and attention towards entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. And in the labour market,
entrepreneurship has become one of the more attractive options. Entrepreneurship has indeed
become a centre of attention throughout society.
There are numerous definitions, terms, theories, thoughts, and conjectures on and around
entrepreneurship. It is truly a multidisciplinary topic that draws on sociology, economics, management,
and psychology, etc. It can therefore often be confusing to study, and exceedingly
difficult to gather a coherent set of academic contributions on entrepreneurship. Very different
things are investigated under the heading of entrepreneurship. Even when scholars discuss
overlapping issues, the used terminology may often be misaligned. Indeed, even the most
accomplished experts tend to be confused when debating topics on entrepreneurship. There
can easily emerge a misperception and misunderstandings due to the muddy and inconsistent
use of terms.
Motivated by the need for understanding the differences in the way we perceive and think about
entrepreneurship, the CBS Entrepreneurship BiS Platform set out to ask 10 scholars from CBS
to offer their thoughts on 5 dimensions with regard to entrepreneurship. In what could best be
described as a curiosity-driven relay, these scholars passed the baton over to the next person,
resulting in a ‘run’ across departments and varying traditions of thought. They represented the
Department of Innovation and Organizational Economics, the Department of Economics, the
Department of Strategic Management and Globalization, the Department of Management, Politics
and Philosophy, the Department of Business and Politics, and the Copenhagen School of
Entrepreneurship. The five question posed to the interviewees where:
1. What is your understanding of entrepreneurship?
2. What characterizes and entrepreneur as an individual?
3. What does this mean for university education, or education more generally?
4. What is the role and function of entrepreneurship for private companies and the public sector?
5. In what sense is entrepreneurship important for society?
The aim of the Baton of Entrepreneurship is to stimulate dialogue and share insights into entrepreneurship
research across the internal boundaries of CBS. But the Baton of Entrepreneurship
also functions as a means to convey differences and inform about how entrepreneurship can
be thought of in different ways. Having said this, it also reveals that the differences across CBS
might not be as big as one might expect and that there are profound overlaps representing a
potential for cross-organizational interaction on the topic of entrepreneurship. Perhaps this commonality
will be the fuel, which allow new discoveries in the field of entrepreneurship to flourish.

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This paper describes and analyzes the occurrence and extent of oppositions initiated
against plant biotechnology patents granted by the European Patent Office (EPO). The
opposition mechanism is a legal procedure that allows any third party to challenge the
validity of patents awarded by the EPO. Results indicate that the opposition rate is far
greater in plant biotechnology than in other emerging industries. Consistent with
theoretical predictions, the empirical findings suggest that opposed patents are
disproportionately those that score high on features that proxy for their “value” or
“quality”. In contrast to previous findings, however, the results show that large-volume
applicants are more likely to be opposed. Because the boundaries of plant biotech
patents are ill-defined, large patent portfolios do not promote cooperative behavior such
as licensing or settlements. The analysis rejects the hypothesis that awardees are subject
to “nuisance” or “frivolous” oppositions. Instead, the opposition procedure serves as an
error correction mechanism.

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The Rules Of The Game As They Develop In Trier’s And Leth’s The Five Obstructions

Raffnsøe, Sverre(Frederiksberg, 2016)

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Resume:

Released in 2003 by internationally renowned Danish directors Lars von Trier and Jørgen Leth, The
Five Obstructions is a short film, 88 minutes long. As will be evident, however, this ‘minor’ work
is also a unique, dense, multi-layered, and intriguing piece of art, with a wide range of implications.
A film-experiment that permits us to follow its own genesis in the making, The Five Obstructions
presents itself both as a documentary and a feature production, as it renders the construction of a
previously inexistent fictitious work. Being the result of a contest between two auteurs, the work
permits us to follow a power game in detail as it develops. In addition, the film may be viewed as a
collaborative cinematic experiment, concerning, experimenting with and challenging, not only
received rules of film making, but also our conception of rules and creativity in a broader sense.

We make the case that psychologists should make wider use of structural econometric methods. These methods involve the development of maximum likelihood estimates of models, where the likelihood function is tailored to the structural model. In recent years these models have been developed for a wide range of behavioral models of choice under uncertainty. We explain the components of this methodology, and illustrate with applications to major models from psychology. The goal is to build, and traverse, a constructive bridge between the modeling insights of psychology and the statistical tools of economists.