I was born in Boudjah in Smyrna, in Western Turkey in 1916. I was the son of Eddie de Jongh who was also born in Boudjah and his ancestors had come to Turkey in the early 19th century. My mother was Philis de Jongh, born Peacock, daughter of Jim and Evelyn Peacock. Jim Peacock was born in Aberystwyth and in his early life came to Smyrna to work in the Smyrna to Aidin Railway Company, run by the British, and got married and had 4 daughters. Then he moved to Alexandria where he joined the Egyptian Railway Company as a junior engineer and worked his way in the railways living in various towns in Egypt and ended his career as general manager of the Egyptian Railway Company. His daughters had a wonderful time in Cairo, Egypt with the balls at Shepherd’s Hotel and trips on the Nile. When they were in Egypt they lived in Maadi, a prosperous suburb of Cairo then, in the ‘Railway House’. Then he moved back to Smyrna when he retired. He was at that time in his late 40s. There were plenty of available young men in Smyrna at the time and my mother married Eddie de Jongh. Dolly married Eddie Whittall, the ‘match of the year’, he was so wealthy. Soon after Eddie fell into bad financial ways and they remained very poor for the duration of their lives, with the last I heard of them (late 1930s) they lived in the port city of Canakkale. Her sister Daisy married Eric Cooke one of the managers of the Smyrna – Aidin Railway Company.

My father worked for the Rees Shipping Company, a company his father was a director of. I was brought up in Boudjah and we lived in the ‘Big de Jongh House’. During the First World War most of the de Jonghs left Smyrna and my father lived in that house alone. I remember a few incidents during the War, such as the bombing and the fury of the family that the British were bombing as there were no military targets. But I found it great fun to go down to the cellars of the house and wait for the sound of bombs going off. My other memories of that period were the visits of Dr. Manicopoulos who appeared to be very friendly with my parents. We remained in the house for about 3 years and I remember the visits to the local cinema in the evening, my father would take me on to his shoulders and during the winter I had to walk as my father used to carry a kerosene heater to the cinema. I also remember very vividly the names of the silent movie stars such as Francesca Bertini and Pola Negri. When the family who were abroad returned after the war, they moved into the Big House and we moved to the ‘Konak’ House which my grandfather still owned and all his children had been born there. My memories of our stay there are much more vivid, I was about 3 years old and was very intrigued of the stories I was told such as Lord Byron had stayed there when he visited Boudjah. In the room he slept in he had signed his name on the wall that had been painted over. Even as a child I doubted he had stayed in that house and now I feel he stayed in the Werry Home, unless this house had in the past been owned by this family. It was a very beautiful house with a veranda running around the second floor, covered with wisteria. Asking my parents how scent was made I was told it was made of flowers and during siesta time I used to spend hours amongst these flowers, rubbing them together over a large glass to see how scent was made. I realized that I was told a fib! The garden was a joy to be in amongst the trees. It had large cypress and tchichourdia trees. And there was a large patch of daphne, about 6 foot high and I considered them to be trees. And when I visited the gardens in Boudjah in the 1960s I was amazed to find these plants were only bushes. The Konak house was still standing then and the tenants were the Alibertis [this house ?], but I am not sure if this house is still standing. My other memory of the house and garden was when my father was persuaded by his friends to have a ‘beg fig’ (like a quail) shoot, and these birds were attracted in great numbers to the big trees around the houses. On the Sunday the shoot was arranged I woke up very early in the morning and visited the garden where the staff were preparing the tables for the lunch, for the barbecues post hunt, and these birds were eaten with pilau rice and drunk with beer and raki. My father had agreed for this to take place in his garden on one condition, that they were not to shoot any other birds particularly the golden aureoles that were also abundant. They all agreed to this and a little later on the guests starting arriving before the shoot. But Eric de Jongh broke this agreement, fired and killed 2 of these birds and father cancelled the party in his fury. I watched with fascination as the staff had to collect the tables, chairs and the preparations for the party.

One of the hazy memories Mr de Jongh has of his adolescence was hiding
in the cellar of their house in Boudjah, with others in the household,
during WWI against the possibility of aerial bombardment from the then
British occupied island of Imbros [Gökçeada](~200 km to
the north), and his father was used, for a short time after the initial
bombardment, as a human shield by being made to sleep at an ammunition
dump. At aged 2, this was Edward’s earliest memory, and he remembers
he could hear both the planes and bombs. At a later age he also remembers
his father calling Compton
MacKenzie, head of Aegean Intelligence based at Imbros at the time,
‘a fool for wasting his time bombing the city’. Even more remarkable
is Edwards memory (when he was 2-4) of family trips to the cinema in
Boudjah, where the silent movies, all from Italy, were shown, with the
great star of the time being Francesca
Bertini, and other stars whose name he can remember are the actress
Pina
Menichelli, and the actor Tulio Calvenati. Returning around 9-10
o’clock in the evening, Edward can remember being carried on the shoulders
of his father who held in his hand an acetylene lamp used in the cinema
salon to keep the family warm in the winter chill.

Note:This cinema is mentioned
in the book of the village written by Nikos Kararas, viewable here.

Other happy memories were of his time living in the house of the farm
his father (Edward David) had bought in 1920. Situated in the then city
extremity of İnciraltı (Sikies in Greek meaning fig trees)
[click here for a view of the
beach in 1950], it was a fruit and vegetable farm on the beach
overlooked by the twin peaks of the ‘twin sisters’, an idyllic location
the family could only briefly enjoy as 2 years later they had to depart
with the 1922 events. Edward recalls as a little boy of 5 or so walking around together with his father in the grounds at night, as he was told of stars and planets and things. This was a glorious time for me because it was a beautiful garden for me to roam and talk to the workmen with whom I spoke in Greek and I used to go down to the beach first thing in the morning and delight in watching the fisherman bring up their catch. I usually climbed a fig tree and sang Greek war songs and the popular Greek songs of Smyrna, which I had learnt by heart. These old time
serenades were known as ‘Politaki’, meaning the music of the big city,
referring to Constantinople. One very popular one he still remembers
is:

Yalo, yalo, pienamé kolo ya sena legamé
Sona fro, yegapimu salasa kimaté
Mi mutiné ksepnaté
[We used to go to the sea and we used to talk about you,
on the froth of the sea, my love is sleeping,
don’t wake her up.]

I used to swim in the summer time, but never alone, loved the water but was a bit scared to be alone in it and never went further than my depth. Of course there were the occasional jelly-fish in the sea, but I still have fond memories of my days on the beach. On one occasion my grandfather Peacock was visiting and had stayed overnight and at nine o’clock in the morning I was called from my perch on a fig tree on the beach to have breakfast. When I got to the veranda where they were having breakfast I saw to my amazement a jelly which my mother had prepared in honour to my grandfather and I asked what it was, never having seen one before. Jokingly my grandfather said ‘a jelly fish from the sea’ and I was horrified he was eating it. I had a wonderful time in Sikies and the nights were perfectly clear and my father used to point out in walks the stars and the Milky Way, naming all the planets, telling me their movements. One early morning when it was still dark he woke me up to show me one of the planets we had seen in the evening, and showing the new position in the morning. In the evenings we used to listen to the cry of the animals in the countryside and try to name them from the calls. We were frequently trying to distinguish the laugh-like call we took to be of a hyena. The 17 acres were sold for £400 in 1923. The area was later to become the local bathing spot for the city until
increasing marine pollution in the 60s made it unpleasant till today.
A photograph in the collection of Mr de Jongh, shows the 2 storied partially
built stone building (long ago destroyed) with a family
group spread out on the terrace, including his mother’s mother Evelyn
Peacock (a de Jongh) who married James Peacock who as a youngster came
to Turkey as a railwayman and later was to be a chief engineer in the
British run Egyptian railways.

During the 1922 events this Sikies farm house was completely looted, including the plants in the garden that were uprooted. What they couldn’t take such as the kitchen sink was broken and the psychological effect for Edward’s parents was devastating. The big Boudjah house was only partly looted, all furniture and many minor items were left and before the event Edward’s mother and grandmother tried to hide valuables within the house. Edward thinks the looting here was not done by the newly arrived Turkish troops but opportunist locals, some possibly employed in the past by the family, so had inside knowledge of contents. Many of the various surviving items of this house are scattered with descendants and Edward still has in his possession 2 chairs and the plate service that was used in this house.

Edward has few recollections of the Boudjah
house as he had to leave it when he was so young, but remembers
a tandour, the traditional Ottoman heated table, that saw people huddled
around it in cold winter evenings.

Traumatic memories were of the 1922 events, when Edward’s grandfather,
Henry de Jongh, insisted on his
son and family leaving the farm for the relative safety of the big house
in Boudjah, with the approach of the chetes [Turkish irregulars]. Ironically
safety was not to be found there as uncle Oscar de Jongh and wife Cleofe,
were tragically killed by the Turkish forces. They were shot by the
vanguard of the Turkish cavalry, as they tried to protect one of their
Greek maids. Then grandfather made arrangements with his partner Johnny
Rees to evacuate the family to the Rees yacht the ‘Mingary’, to which
they went first by motorcar then by boat. From the yacht Edward remembers
seeing a group of advancing Turkish troops involved in a firefight on
the bare hillside possibly around Bayraklı. Edward remembers that
in childhood excitement, he wetted his pants, but no adult scolded him
for it, confirming to his child’s mind that some tragic events of epic
proportions were unfolding. The family left the yacht a short time later
to land on the quay of the then chaotic
Smyrna. This had to be done to be transferred to the British hospital
ship, the ‘Maine’, where they were given cabins and left 2 days before
the great fire. The trip to Malta
was uneventful. The ‘Mingary’ made its own way to England with daughter
of Oscar de Jongh, Marika with her son to join her husband Mr Douglas
Fraser in England. It was from Mr Fraser that Edward got a photograph
of the yacht still in his possession. A few Levantines stayed in Smyrna,
including Henry de Jongh (Edward’s father’s brother) who being a young
bachelor elected to stay in the big house, and did the rudimentary arrangements
for the burial of his brother Oscar and his wife.

After staying in this house we moved to a house that my father had built on a small fruit and vegetable garden. This was at ‘Skies’ (İnciraltı) peripheral neighbourhood of Smyrna, about 17 acres adjoining the coast and beach.

Another memory of mine from that period was I loved cherries and I was told to take great care not to swallow the pips. I asked why I shouldn’t swallow the pips and I was jokingly told I would die if I swallowed them. And on one occasion, when I was about 4, I did swallow a pip and I prepared myself to die and went to bed thinking that it would be my last sleep. The following morning I woke to find myself I hadn’t died and realized that people say lies even to their closest friends. It made a great difference in my outlook towards people.

I remember very vividly the preparations for the Greek-Turkish war (1919-1922) and the marches of Greek troops that used to pass on the main road in Sikies. My parents were obviously very worried about the situation and we didn’t have many visitors. I remember occasionally visits by my uncle Eric de Jongh and long talks my father used to have with Issigonis senior who also had great gardeners in their farm. Gardening was a shared passion between these two men, including importing Italian gardeners for their projects. Thereabouts my memories of the farm fade and we moved to the Big House in Boudjah because of the advent of the war and the fighting was nearing the city. We remained in the Big House about 2 days and my mother helped my grandmother who was tidying the house and organizing and concealing valuables as they knew they had to leave it. At that time my aunt Cleo and her husband Oscar de Jongh were killed nearby in the street in Boudjah by the advancing ‘chettes’ acting as the forward irregulars of the main Turkish army. When one of their Greek servant girls was captured by the chettes they tried to intervene and the girl was taken away and they paid with their life. When this occurred my grandfather decided all the family had to leave Turkey. We went down to a small harbour, but not the main harbour and we were taken in rowing boats to a very large yacht probably belonging to a Levantine family. On the boat I wetted myself and was terrified my mother would scold me but somehow she never said a word and I was very surprised. We quartered in a large lounge on this yacht. The windows in the lounge were covered and it was very dark. I managed to escape from the family and I got on to the deck of the ship and watched with great interest the fighting that was taking place on the shore. Then my memory fades again and I have no idea of how we got on to the hospital ship the ‘SS Maine’. How we got through all the slaughter that was taking place in the main harbour. I often wonder if it is nature that has blackened out that period for me. My parents would never talk of that period and I never found out how we moved on to the hospital ship. And I missed seeing the great fire. My only recollection of our trip to Malta was that I went on the upper deck while we were sailing and played with the three Whittall boys. I remember our entry to the grand hotel in Valetta, Malta, which faced the harbour.

Refugee life:

During their time in Malta 1922-3, because his grandfather was wealthy,
they were not placed in a refugee camp like the majority but stayed
in a posh hotel in Valetta (the capital) on the harbour, it was a stately hotel of red brick, rather resembling the Russell Hotel in London. The only incident I recall there was when I was taken by my parents to the swimming pool which was full of young Smyrna refugees who were having a great time in the pool. Naturally I wanted to swim, but it seemed a wonderfully delightful place to be in, but I had no bathing costume. So my mother tied a large white handkerchief around my bottom. And I immediately jumped in to the pool and to my horror immediately sank beyond my depth and came up and realised I could swim. Amongst the guests of this
hotel were the ‘3 Whittall boys’. One of these boys was later to grow
up to be a successful businessman in London, Donald. The mischiefness
of these boys placed Edward in a lot of trouble as he was falsely accused
of ‘watering’ the guests below a balcony. He was the son of Lily nee
Gout, sister of John Gout, the Boudjah family Mr de Jongh’s parents
knew well. John Gout married Marian de Jongh, sister to Evelyn and Henry
de Jongh who was Mr de Jongh’s grandfather. They had 3 sons, Wilfred,
Geoffrey and Cecil.

Note: From Willem Daniels’ family
tree we have exact details for these: Marian de Jongh married John Gout
circa 1879. They had in actual fact 6 children, Wilfred was the third
child, Geoffrey the fifth, there is no Cecil. The first was Percival
James, second Henry, the fourth Ethel, and sixth Rhoda ‘Dodo’ Gout.

The Gout family was extensively spread across the Levant, and another
member of the family Edward was familiar with was Vivian Duveluz Gout,
who was in India during the war, married an English woman and later
remarried a German / Scandinavian, a country he is likely to be still
living in today, if alive, as he would be in his 90s.

We moved from the hotel to 2 large houses on the desolate sea-front at Slima (a suburb of Valetta). We (my father, mother and sister) stayed in the smaller villa. The rest of the family (grandfather, grandmother, aunts, uncles) lived in the large adjoining house and I think we had all our meals with them there. My memories of the houses is very meagre but I remember I got to love music because my father had bought a small portable gramophone, and I remember my favourite music was Litzs second piano concerto, Boris Goodenoff’s famous opera whose name escapes me, whose principal singer was Chalyapin. It was a very good basis, and I know it influenced my future love of classical music. I was 6 years old at the time.

On one occasion my parents went to Valetta and we saw Madame Butterfly at the Opera House. I was wild with enthusiasm and I still have fond memories of the main song, ‘a fine day’. On the other hand I took a dislike to Wagner and his pomposity put me off Wagner for many years.

Later the whole family left Malta for good, our final destination was to be Monton in the South of France. Our first stop was in Naples where again we stayed at the grand Hotel on the seafront, and went on an excursion to Capri. And I was thrilled to be taken to the Blue Grotto, a cave, where I was impressed with the blue waters and the fisherman singing local songs. We also visited Pompei which even at the age of 6 I was very taken with. We continued the journey to Rome where we stayed at the Flora Hotel on the via Venito. We also became very close to the Italian members of the family who were my aunt Helen who had married Edie Rossi and their youngsters who lived in a beautiful penthouse close to the Platza del Poplo and close to the River Tiber. I have remained good and close friends with my Italian relations all my life and spent many holidays with them. We then went on to Milan where we had a short stay, I remember the Cathedral and the Stoa Emmanuel where I was taken for a walk with my grandfather. I felt very grand to be in his company. We then continued the journey by train through the many tunnels of the rail route and stopped in Monton, where my parents seemed to have already made arrangements to go into a large flat on the promenade. There were some cousins of the family, Tarrazzi, who lived in the adjoining town who persuaded my grandparents to look into that area for retirement. My grandfather did not like it and continued with the family to Nice. Me and my parents remained in Monton. I remember the sea-storms on the front of the promenade and occasionally seeing a whale in the distance, in the bay. My childhood there was dull even to a little boy where we had nurses to look after me and my sister and we used to go to children’s parties and cricket which I found all a bit of a bore. How long we stayed I can’t remember but we left there to continue our journey to Greece where my father had got the representation of a Swedish timber company and planned to become a timber merchant in the South of Greece.

Edward’s grandfather Henry de Jongh was handsome and a shrew businessman who worked with the Rees family, based in Athens during WWI. He spoke fluent Greek. His family (wife and girls) spent the war years in Bath, England. His son (Edward’s father Eddie) stayed in Smyrna looking after business interests there. After WWI grandfather decided to retire to the South of France, as a pleasant place to be. He rented a house in Nice, stayed there for a while, enjoying the promenades and casinos, but later decided this wasn’t for them.

The De Jongh family then spent some time in Menton, South of France,
then drifting to Patras [postcard
views] in Greece where there was already a long-standing British
merchant community, with surnames Edward can remember such as Morphy,
Crow and Prichard. This last family emigrated to New Zealand while the
De Jongh family was still (1923~1927) in this port city, and the others
gradually moved to Athens, as according to Edward, ‘they got bored’. In Patras I made friends with Greek merchants’ children where we used play rounders in the main square and take promenades to the outskirts of the town to view the old castle.
Edward’s father Eddie ran a wood-importing firm with fellow Smyrnaian,
Théo Tarazzi based in this city. After this interim, the De Jongh family
also made Athens their new home, as father Eddie had a new job; the
chief accountant of the Laïs hosiery factory. Earlier Eddie had been to King’s College, Canterbury for his education. The firm was sold after the Second World War.

From Patras we moved to Athens, where I immediately fell in love with the city and the countryside.

The Greece residency:

In Athens I went to the ‘High school’, an offshoot of the better known British
high school for boys in Istanbul, but a smaller ‘strange’ establishment
with around 12 to 18 mixed sex students. This was established in around
1923 by one of the masters of the latter school, the middle-aged Mr
Metcalfe who was married to an Istanbul Anglo-Levantine, a formerly
Miss Bond, whose 2 brothers had also made a move to Athens. Edward can
not remember the first name of the wife who didn’t look or sound English,
unlike Mr Metcalfe. They had a son, John, who lived in Cheltelham, England,
and used to visit them in the summers in the early 1930s. Mr Metcalfe
with his mitre and cloak was able to impress Edward’s mother, but in
reality the school was somewhat disorganised, and Edward’s education
was ‘disjointed’. The situation was compounded by the stressful family
atmosphere brought on by the now economically trying times. The large classroom was in their home in Athens and there was a courtyard where we used to play. As you can understand, it was a very meagre education that I had, the school master Mr Metcalfe who was a very nice man used to repeat himself every year and the subjects were mostly British history. In the mention of my moving to a bigger and better school was put off by my mother who said ‘you don’t want to be amongst other boys and learn only Greek’. This decision to stay at Metcalfe’s High School for boys I view as a great mistake, as my education was very poor. At the age of 12 and half we were visited in Athens by the Bishop of Gibraltar, and Anglicans in Athens was under his jurisdiction. The headmaster suggested to my parents that I should be confirmed by the Bishop of Gibraltar during his visit. I consulted my little girl-friend, Myrtle, who was the daughter of the head of the Greek police who was an Englishman and I told her I wasn’t going to attend the religious lessons as I was not a believer. Yet I was confirmed so as to be with my Myrtle in the evening lessons. The school
stopped functioning well before the Second World War, and the building
is lost to the Athens sprawl.

Note:There is an Albert Mayor
Metcalfe buried in Athens
Anglican cemetery (died aged 63, 1935), whose name sounded right
to Edward. The 2 Bond names recorded in the same on-line listing are
almost certainly from the same above named family. According to a fellow
researcher, Jochen Schrader (on his ancestor, Friedrich
Schrader and family), the Bonds were apparently of Scottish
origin and worked for the Ottoman
Bank for several generations, based in Pera, Constantinople.

As I said previously I was very impressed by the city of Athens and its suburbs. We moved to the old Roman suburb of Kifissia which was a holiday resort for the wealthy Greeks during the summer months and there were many fine hotels. In the following years we changed house a number of times until my parents bought a villa in the neighbourhood of Kifissia. My grandparents had by then moved from Nice and moved to Athens and my grandmother had a magnificent mansion built in Kifissia, so we became neighbours.

In the 1920s grandfather Henry de Jongh built a big pallatial house
in the then Athens suburb of Psihiko, which had enormous terraces, big dining room, reception hall, library, 7 bedrooms with ensuite bathrooms etc., enough space
for all the 7 children. By the time he died in 1935 (aged 72 of cancer) the children had
married and gone off, and for grandmother this house was not practical
so it was sold off immediately. The buyers were a Greek family from
England, and later The Crown Prince of Greece wanted to buy it from
them, but was unsuccessful. It was later sold to the South Africans
who converted it to their embassy and later the Chinese who used it
for the same purpose. After grandfather’s death, his widow Dora had
a smaller lovely villa built nearby (a mile away) in which she lived most of the rest of
her life, which lasted until the 1960s. This house was then sold to
a prominent Greek ship builder. Edward believes this charming villa
concealed by trees is still standing.

We moved from Kifissia to a suburb of Athens known as Psikio which was originally a Roman town, very sparsely inhabited then, but a budding suburb very popular with the wealthy Greeks. This new house was an ordinary villa with marble and parquet floors and consisted of a fairly nice sized garden, two big living rooms, a hallway, adequate toilets and the kitchens sufficient to accommodate a cook and his wife, my father’s library and five bedrooms with 2 large bathrooms upstairs. They had well known social neighbours, particularly the Byzantine family of Synyosolou. In this district there were also settled the following Smyrna families: the Rees, the Forbes, Fidao, Warren and many others.

As a young boy of around 11 years of age in Athens, I had a fascination for the ruins and more than once I climbed to the Acropolis on my own under a wide-brimmed hat, yet was jokily mocked by peers and elders who saw little to gain in such exercise.

Most of the school children who lived in Kifissia used to take the train from Athens to this neighbourhood. This line had been built in the earlier days by wealthy Greeks to whom Kifissia was a summer heaven where they would get away from the crowded streets of Athens. Kifissia was a place abundant in gardens. The children travelling by train had a lot of fun, as the journey would take about an hour, with fights amongst the school boys. The train was known amongst school children as ‘The Terror’. The existence of the ‘Terror’ was something that was created pre WWII society, as people who used to go on holidays to Kifissia were wealthy and had enough money to socialize.

These young people grew up and married amongst themselves including prominent writers and painters and prominent people in Greek society. There were lots of political and social scandals that would be floating around in the newspapers and gossip in entertainment places such as the tennis club in Athens and cafes near the Presidential Palace. There was the scandal of the French embassy which occupied people’s interest. I will give you my version of the events as it took place. I got to know Marjorie the daughter of the Brazilian ambassador some years before.

Having arrived in Athens I would normally go into the lounge of the hotel ‘Grand Bretagne’ and on this particular day I am about to talk about, I went into the barber shop and had a usual shave and then ventured to see what fun was to be had. Walking down Odios ... street, on the side of the main jeweller of Athens there was a group of young people around 5 persons, and had the appearance of being foreigners, laughing and joking, obviously taking in the beauty of the things on display in the shops. I crossed the street and went to my usual coffee shop for that time of the day and asked a friend of mine who these people were. He told me they were members of the Brazilian Embassy. Naturally I was very attracted to them, they appeared wonderful fun and was particularly good looking tall, olive skinned lady by the name of Marjorie. The group joined us in having coffee and then we all went to see the current film that was on. From that day on I was very friendly with the members of the Brazilian Embassy. Marjorie who had a brilliant personality became great friends with the embassy personnel and attended most of the parties that were being given by the various legations and the current Greek high society. The years went by and Marjorie Eulaliou became a great friend of my family as well, attending most of the parties given at the time, used to come and stay with us in the house by the sea. She really became the star of Athens and started drinking. On occasions she used to dance when drunk. During that period she and I were very close friends. This was probably for a period of a few years, when I was around 18-19. Although she was friendly with the elderly members of the Greek and foreign society, I began to be interested in other people and girls, and started to cool off of her. She used to attend very wild young parties. At that period there were very gay (happy) parties amongst Greek and foreign society members led by a Greek friend of mine ... who was a journalist, the representative of the Daily Mail in Athens. He and I were very friendly with two young Frenchmen in the Embassy who took the opportunity of planning a party when their parents were away on a classical tour of Greece, so having the free use of the sitting room of the French Embassy, which was a very fine old building. They didn’t have enough money to finance it on their own, so we all brought drinks and food. The party was a success and not wild as anticipated and most people had left by 9 o’clock. I and Marjorie were left together and we went together to a well known cafe and sat on the pavement and wiled away the time, before taking Marjorie home at 10.30, driving in her car. The next day, at the office I received a telephone call from a friend of mine, to ask me if I had been at this party and he began to tell me the stories surrounding this, a supposed orgy. At the climax of the party, allegedly Marjorie had left the party, not with me, but with a couple of other young men and danced naked on the terrace, facing the Greek parliament. Next week similar stories circulated everywhere and nobody believed me, thinking I was covering up for Marjorie. Marjorie went on the same manner until I persuaded her she should cut down on the drinking. Marjorie continued to be friends with the family, seeing my sister Nancy and myself and occasionally telephoning me and on one occasion informing me that she was pregnant and alleging I was the father. I retorted she was neither pregnant and I wasn’t the father. But she was assured by 2 of her friends she was pregnant, but she wasn’t. Later she continued her life in a more subdued manner and a few years later married a Greek tobacco merchant and returned to Brazil in the war time, with him. I never saw her again.

The conclusion I have come up with this whole story is that it was concocted by German propagandists in Greece and they had the services of my friend who was the representative of the Daily Mail and it built up to stoke a feeling of anti-British in the country.

Among my many interests in ancient Greece was my visits to the Acropolis and studying the architecture of that time. In those days the Acropolis was not as it is today, covered with guards, it was a free zoning area for artists and archaeologists.

Greece, particularly Athens was a haven for tourists in the inter-war years. Greece had not been developed as a tourist resort, so visitors would come to marvel at the antiquities this land had to offer, and connect with the history of ancient Greece. Tourists used to congregate around the Royal Palace which had been converted into the parliament house and faced Syntegma Square and nearby cafes and hotels. Syntegma square was surrounded by the upper class Greek homes and particularly beautiful flats on the slopes of Lykabettus Hill with its little Byzantine Church on its summit. Another area which was very popular with the tourists of that day were some of the islands such as Corfu, Crete, Mytilini, etc. The tourists were not occupied with political Greece which full of unease at the time, having lost the war in Asia Minor to the Turks and because of the splits between the Metaxa regime and the old Royalists which were pro German. The royal family were pro-German but of British relationship. The ordinary man in the street would have been a Venezilist and pro-Allies. The middle class Greeks were torn between these two camps.

We remained in this property until WW2. My parents lived a very quiet life, in the entertainment line they mostly played cards with their friends. My mother was a very keen Bridge player and whenever a Bridge party was arranged she would be there. My parents later also had a house by the sea.

My days in Greece, but particularly in Psikio were, I would get up in the morning and go to the office by 9 o’clock attend to work up to 12 or 1 o’clock then go home, have lunch and have an hour’s siesta and shower and then after afternoon tea or sitting at a cafe would go socializing, such as going to the tennis club or a drive by the shore or else playing cards. At about 9 o’clock one would have dinner and after dinner sometimes going dancing or playing cards.

When the family left Smyrna / Izmir they decided to set up a hosiery factory in the South of Greece. They appointed Henry de Jongh as manager, he was technically endowed and worked closely with their Dutch associates in Holland and planned the construction of a factory on land that they had bought at about 9 miles from the centre of Athens. This factory was run by Henry de Jongh and assisted by his brother Eddie de Jongh who was my father. Henry was the main stay of the organisation, called ‘Lais Hosiery Works’ (Lais was a woman in Greek mythology sentenced to death, but saved by her beauty) and worked closely with his associates in Holland and Germany. This factory consisted of machinery to manufacture silk women’s hosiery and there were machines also used to produce men’s socks. As the years progressed the factory was successful and its hosiery machinery was improved and sales were quite buoyant. Henry drived to the factory every morning and picked up his brother Eddie on the way and when I was old enough I was also included in the car load. We would be picked up at 9 o’clock in the morning, arrive at the factory works at a quarter past nine, Henry used to go to his main office within the factory works. My father would attend to the books, and I was taught the different aspects of the business with the idea that I would be assistant manager and look after sales. My activities were mostly on the sales side. The sales operation was handled by a well known Greek sales company. Amongst my duties were calling on Greek shops and visiting our suppliers of silk in the country, both in the South and North of Greece. It was very enjoyable work, particularly the trips to the country were I had the opportunity of visiting the local manufacturers of silk and visiting the well known historical and mythological places of Greece, such as Delphi. The organisation was handled by Henry de Jongh until the beginning of WWII when a Greek company became its associate and Henry was given an associate manager position from the Greek company. This went on till the end of the war when Henry took on the organisation as in the past. My duties as I have already outlined, so were my activities in the evening free hours as above. Eventually the factory was sold to a larger Greek textile organisation after the war. Henry retired from business in Greece and went with his family to Kenya where he worked in an association with the Coca-Cola factory in Kenya. My father was very much in poorer health than Henry, eventually retired to Australia where he, my mother and sister lived in a country home. I took my time in looking for an appropriate job and ended up in Australia as well.

As the war years approached I had met ‘Tish’ Paterson also of Smyrna origin and we got married in Athens. After the sale of the factory, my wife and I remained in Athens for a little while, but my wife, whose family was in Turkey, went with the young baby boy to Smyrna where she remained until I had established myself somewhere abroad. I joined her for a short period and then started my travels abroad to find a suitable place to establish myself with my wife and 2 baby boys. From Smyrna I took a trip to Cyprus, travelling across Turkey from Izmir to Iskenderun and then onto Cyprus. I was offered a job in Kenya to work to work in a Coca-Cola factory. There I did not see eye to eye with one of the managers and went to Cape Town, South Africa, where unfortunately they were undergoing a serious recession. I was enthralled with what I saw there. My parents had already moved to Sydney, Australia and persuaded me that opportunities for work were plenty and so I was persuaded to move to Sydney and we sailed a few months later with my wife and 2 baby boys who had joined us from Izmir. Although I was not employed in that period of time, I learnt a lot about the life in the ‘colonies’, and within 2 weeks of arriving in Sydney I procured a job at R.J. Dunn, business investigators and consultants. After a period of 2 years I moved to a job in Australian airlines and then from there climbed up and moved to a senior position in KLM. Meanwhile the boys had grown into teenagers, yet my wife retained a great yearning to return to Europe, which we did in the 1960s.

The Barbers were an old British family who lived in Greece for over a century. During the war Mrs Barber took refuge in my bedroom, sheltered by my mother, with whom she played bridge. This elderly lady thus kept a low profile. Other bridge partners were a neighbour, a Greek, Synniosoglou, an old Byzantine family of bankers, and the princess who was related to Prince Philip of Britain. They played at Synniosoglou’s house, and the princess would come with her car from the Royal Palace. I can still hear Synniosoglou’s high shrieking voice across the road. I used to see Mrs Barber’s daughter, Alison, who was my age group. There was a Greek dentist, whose wife was English, whose names escape me, living quite close to our house in Athens, and there was a support network, using the shop as a safe house for escaped prisoners to stay overnight. This was dangerous work, had the Germans found out, he would have certainly been shot. Brian de Jongh, my uncle, continued to live in Smyrna, Turkey, throughout the war as an officer assigned to intelligence. After the war, he returned to Athens used to give lessons to young Greek people wanting to learn English.

At the beginning of the war I was still employed by my family hosiery business in Greece. At the declaration of war between Great Britain and Germany, I volunteered to join the forces. My wife who was a British subject and I remained in Greece until the German and Italian forces had invaded Greece in 1941. I had received a phone call from the embassy advising me to leave on these ships, knowing I would be interred by the Germans, as I had volunteered and was known as an anti-Nazi. My wife and I left Greece on a convoy of 3 refugee ships which had been commandeered by the British Army and after 3 days at sea we landed in Egypt. However on the second day food on board ran out, and docking at the wharf-side in Alexandria, I remember people and soldiers on the pier throwing up to outstretched hands cans of food, and I personally opened a can of meat to present it to my grateful wife. On arrival in Egypt I immediately joined the forces and remained in Cairo for approximately 1 year, waiting for transport to take me and my wife to the United Kingdom. My stay in Cairo was very interesting, I had lots of free time and spent most mornings on the terrace of Shepherd’s Hotel, mixing with the members of the Forces that I knew and the famous war time characters, both civilian and military. My wife who was a very keen tennis player used to spend most of her time on the tennis courts, playing with army colleagues. We had the entry into interesting society due to the fact that my mother’s brother Frank Peacock was in the diplomatic service and attached to the British Embassy in Cairo. After a period about a year we finally got accommodation on a troop ship to take us to England. The sea journey was extremely interesting, our days were spent playing cards and we had some very interesting stop-overs, such as Mombassa in Kenya, Durban, and we had a whole week in Cape Town which was a joy. From Cape Town our ship sailed normally to Trinidad in the Caribbean, zigzagging most of the way, then onto Liverpool, but via the North Atlantic and that part of the journey took 1 month zigzagging, as we had reached the dangerous waters of the Atlantic. We were horrified with the sight of Liverpool harbour with all the sunken ships on display. There our papers were examined by the British authorities and I was given instructions to board the train to London with the Dutch contingent that had been on the ship, but my wife was told that she was free and at home and was given no support! After a lot of discussions we persuaded the authorities to let her join the Dutch contingent, which was a matter of 7 men, due to be met by the Dutch Forces in London. My wife was very indignant at arriving at her homeland, expected better treatment. We arrived in London, the same evening and were met by a British Army contingent and were then sent by military vehicles to a camp for displaced people. On arrival she telephoned me to tell me her accommodation was deplorable, a camp for foreign refugees and I was in luxury accommodation. The camp officer informed me we would be re-united the following day, but it had been too late in the evening to change the regulations. The next morning all 7 men in our party were interrogated by the head of the camp for general information. I explained to the camp officer that my wife was a British subject and had accompanied me from Greece and Egypt and had came to be reunited with her family and that she was very indignant to be put in a foreign camp, whereas I was in the British camp. In the meanwhile he had communicated the officials of her camp and had been told that she was very indignant and had been told that she would be re-united with me in the afternoon. Meanwhile at the interrogation the camp commandant seemed to be very interested in my story and was curious of the facts that my wife’s family lived in Turkey. During our conversation he (Albert Keun) told me that he was a member of the Keun family of Smyrna and they were terribly anxious about my wife’s whereabouts. He told us that arrangements had been made for us to stay at the local Grosvenor Hotel in London and that my wife’s brother, Gerald Paterson, who was in Scotland at the time, had made arrangements to come back to London immediately to see his sister. We were joined by Gerald and on Christmas Eve he took us out to dinner to the Ritz and there amusingly asked my wife what she knew about me and my girlfriends. My wife told him that the joke was that I had a girlfriend much older than myself, a lady in her forties, and she only knew of this story. Whereupon Gerald bent back in his chair and put his arm around a lady who was sitting at the bar and said to her ‘I have an old friend of yours here’. It was trick and she (Kara) had been my girlfriend for a short period 10 years ago!

During the Second World War I served with the free Netherlands
forces based mostly in England. After the war the unfavourable business
conditions in Greece make me leave the country after 2 years, I spent
3 months in Izmir and in 1947 emigrated with my wife to Australia to
join my parents where I worked for the Dutch airline KLM till the 60s.
Nostalgia forces a reluctant European return.

During the 70’s I went back to my beloved Greece where I got a job with P&O. I also worked as a tour guide and subsequently got involved with in and exporting of books run by a British company. The job brought me to London in the early 80’s, and from there I visited the major book fairs and cities in Europe as well as having the opportunity of regular visits to the agent in Greece.

The in-laws:

Mr de Jongh now resident in London left Boudjah with his family when aged
6, during the 1922 disturbances. Despite the tender age of departure he was familiar
enough with Boudjah to find his way around the streets when he subsequently
visited the village a couple of times later, lastly just after the Second
World War. During his visits he would stay at the house of the in-laws
in Bornova, the Patersons as he
was married to one of the identical twins, Mabel Maud. Mable Maud was
known by her nick name ‘Tish’ and together with twin Violet, used to
dress in identical clothes and play pranks with people. Violet in turn
was known as ‘Blue’, attesting to the colour of clothes she would wear
to distinguish her from her sister in pink. Even the father would be
confused and used to call them both ‘twin’. Their father, Stanley Borthwick
Paterson was a successful chromium miner and despite the government
sequestration of his mines in Fethiye (extreme south-west Turkey) in
1935, remained in Turkey till the 60s and then moved and died in England.
He never discussed this matter though it must have been traumatic at
the time.

Note: At the public records office
library in London there is a file I examined, (FO 406-40) ‘1935-1941
Paterson & Co, claim against Turkish government for compensation
in return for appropriation of chrome ore mines’.

Mr de Jongh remembers with affection a brother of Stanley Paterson,
Athens resident Harry who died in 1952, and another brother he knew
was Eric who died at an old age in London. With the death of Stanley,
Eric, in association with Stanley’s son Gerald, ran the business from
London through the 1960s.

It seems the ‘original’ Paterson was John Borthwick from Scotland who
bought chromium mines in Turkey and sent his son, possibly Douglas Carr
to run these mines and whose son was Stanley. From family lore, Edward
knows that John Borthwick married Henrietta Preziosa,
whose maiden name was Routh, who was the daughter of the British Consul in Constantinople. Stanley’s mother was
Emily from the Rocca family. They have 3 other children, Harry (marries
a Maud Fitzgerald, and their daughter in turn marries an Italian, Amos Agujari a former Naval officer),
Winnie and Maud. Winnie married into the Reggio family and had two daughters,
Gwen (known as ‘Beeb’ in the Paterson nick name style) and Paola who
married Tony Waller and continues to live in Nottinghill Gate, London.
Gwen married ‘Bill’ Giraud. William Giraud was a racecourse enthusiast
and an annual race cup is still held in his name in Buca racecourse.
Bill and Gwen had 4 (2 girls) children, Bernard (banking in Paris) the
youngest, Hervé the eldest. Hervé Giraud, who is now in
his 60s continues to run the old stud farm in Buca, while also acting
as manager in the old family concern of the cotton mill ‘Pamuk mensucat’.
Hervé Giraud’s daughter Caroline belongs to one of the wealthiest
families in Turkey as she married, in the 1980s, possibly the most eligible
bachelor in Turkey at the time, Mustafa Koç, heir to the Koç
group of companies.

Audrey, née La Fontaine, married Jeffrey Maltass and had a son
from her previous marriage to Bill Giraud, named Alain. The latter died
Nov. 2005 in Bornova.

Notes: 1- The Bornova Anglican
cemetery seems to follow this tree, as the oldest of the 7 graves is
that of John Borthwick (1818-1889), Douglas Carr has an acceptable date
to be his son (1856-1929) as with his wife, Emily Letitia (1857-1934)
and their son Stanley Borthwick’s obituary in ‘Candlesticks’ records
his lifetime as having died 1956 aged 74. Harry his brother is listed
as having lived 1883-1952.
From the Whittall family tree we see that one of the daughters of John
Paterson, Alice, marries a Frederick George Whittall (1849-1897) and
together they have 14 children.
2- Later (2005) I received information from a Paterson descendant (through
one of the daughters, Monica, of Douglas Paterson), Martin Jennings,
with extra information on the Paterson past. John B. Paterson had a
brother David and it was their partnership which opened the mines. Preziosa,
John Borthwick’s wife, was of English extraction, daughter of Mr
Richard Routh (1809-1867), Consul in Constantinople. J.B.P. came from Leith, the port city
of Edinburgh in Scotland. 100 years earlier they had Bannockburn House and a neice of Sir Hugh Paterson was Bonnie Prince Charlie’s
mistress Clementine
Walkinshaw and it was her daughter, Duchess of Albany, who took
care of him in Florence. George I by private Act of Parliament in 1715
(I think), maintained the widow and heirs of Hugh Paterson (J.B.’s grandfather
I guess) having forfeited his coal mines following the Jacobite rebellion in Scotland. Gerald Paterson joined up
during WW2, and had the misfortune to damage his spine during exercises. Mr Jennings also kindly provided an image of the oil painting of J.B.Paterson, supposedly painted by one of his sons. Borthwick (as in J.B.P.) relates to Borthwick castle. The Borthwicks were historically the cupbearers to the Sinclairs (Rosslyn). Some say that the cup was the chalice. And there is a legend that the Knights Templars who fought at Bannockburn took the surname Paterson.
J B Paterson was the son of Robert Paterson of Leith and his wife nee Borthwick of Forfar, Scotland. Robert Paterson is described as a painter of Leith. He died in 1828, if memory serves, when his son John was a teenager. Robert was rich. John appears as one of the distinguished alumni of Edinburgh’s oldest school having written on the character of the Athenians. I researched the correspondence in the Norwich archives between his father-in-law Routh and the then British ambassador dealing with chrome. It led on to looking at the fortunes made by the importers. If my memory does not err, John B Paterson had a house in Chiselhurst in Kent (probably rented) and another in Thurlow Square, South Kensington, London.
3- Gwen Giraud, who is the granddaughter of Douglas Paterson (through
his daughter Winifred, who married a Reggio), adds that John Paterson
was a great traveller, liked Smyrna so much when he visited, he decided
to settle there, and before the big house, bought in succession 2 earlier
houses. He had a mania for buying and had for example 400 pairs of shoes.

Back in the second half of the 19th century Richard Abbott
was a fine piano player who played duets with Edward’s late wife’s grandmother,
Emily Paterson, in the large Paterson house, known as the Grange that
had a total of 7 pianos within, 2 grand pianos in the ballroom, 1 in
the dining room. Richard Abbott was a popular character as he was part
of the ‘musical soirees’ of the community. Edward knows the Abbotts
as a prominent family in the Levantine scene that also had a branch
in Salonica with extensive land holdings. The ‘Grange’ was sold in the
70s by Gerald Paterson for £10,000 as he was the sole executor,
but unfortunately very few of the mementos were kept and passed on to
the relatives. Despite a short period of residence there, Edward developed
a great love towards the Paterson house, however this affection was
not shared by the last generation of the Paterson family. Members of
the family would disparagingly refer to the many painting on the walls
as ‘these are nothing’, to the dismay of Edward.

Notes: 1- From the p.220 details that in the 1950s Marcelle Russo and Richard
G. Abbott (presumably a direct descendant of his namesake) ran a firm
exporting a significant amount of corundum powder for the period and
later went into the production of synthetic corundum abrasive too. The
firm was founded in 1893, but by the time the book was published (1993)
it had long since ceased trading. Considering the valuable corundum
ore in the area, it seems probable one of the former Levantine houses
of Milas, belonged to one (or both) of these families. Edward is
aware of the Russo family, and one member (not sure of first name) was
the business partner of Harry Giraud.
2- I have scanned a photo showing
the Paterson house with 3 youngsters and a fountain in the foreground,
in the possession of Donald Whittall, later partner of ‘Tish’. The photo
from the clothing of the youngsters on it has an Edwardian (~1910-20s)
feel to it, thus the individuals shown may include ‘Tish’ and ‘Blue’,
and the older gentleman may be their brother Gerald. Mr Whittall remembers
the house still in imposing state when he last visited it around 1940,
however the house is now reported to be in a poor condition This is
confirmed by the 1983 published book Gateways to the past p.32 of Evelyn
L. Kalças as it detailed that the house was last occupied by
members of the Paterson family in 1963, pianos removed in 1972 (date
of sale?), and in 1973 the 38 room mansion was in the course of partial
demolition as it was in the process of conversion in to a carpet factory
by the firm Süsler.
Using architectural plans Edward was also able to assist me to draw
out the layout of the rooms of
the building.

Edward has kept a local Turkish newspaper clipping from 1990 (8-April),
showing a photo of the Paterson
house, then much altered. It details the sad story under the title ‘the
crying mansion: Paterson’, of the demise of the Paterson house, with
a photograph of the gutted side wall, one of the few structures still
standing after the arson of 1987.

Edward is aware of a small army of staff at the Paterson house, numbering
60 before WWI and down to 18 post WWI, including the Greek cook, Marko
he remembers. The use of the rooms was also altered in this period with
the long and central room converted to the billiards room, where Stanley
would play in the afternoons, and the library was turned in to the dining
room. At the far end of this room was the tandour around whose
warmth cards were played in the evening. Stanley’s wife Mary’s sister
Linda Keun lived in the household and cared for the gardens and farm
animals. This included 30-50 turkeys, bought as chicks that were fattened
and slaughtered gradually through the year for Sunday lunches. Stanley
and his wife’s 2 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms were in the wing of the house
where the tower was situated and was a zone effectively out of bounds
to all except them. In the garden there were over 100 benches of cast
iron, high quality British imports of ‘Cornbrookdale’, each worth around
£200 even then, but like all luxuries of the house, they have
been lost to time.

Mabel Maud’s mother Mary was from the Keun family, established Levantines
with Dutch background. Edward remembers mention of another member of
the Keun family, Odette Keun, who was an outstanding journalist during
WWI, moved around a lot and mixed in with people from political and
influential circles. Though it was hushed up at the time, it was common
knowledge that she was the mistress of H.G.
Wells (War of the worlds fame), and they shared a hide-away house
in Grasse, a town outside Cannes. She later ended up owning the house.
She was adventurous, free-spirited and spoke in a Smyrna way, with an
accent that mixed in Greek and French words.

Note:The internet informs us,
that although a French writer, Odette Keun (1888-1978) was a Dutch citizen,
her father having been charge d’affaires of the Netherlands legation
in Constantinople (Istanbul) where she was born. She wrote a whole series
of books, such as ‘My Adventures in Bolshevik Russia - 1923’, ‘I discover
the English - 1934’, ‘Trumpets bray - 1943’ etc. A good flavour of her
adventurous life is provided through an article from a local Tennessee,
newspaper on-line:

During the war, ‘Blue’ married Michael Stevens, who became a group captain
in the RAF during the Second World War, was awarded a DSO (Distinguished
Service Order), 3 DFCs (Distinguished Flying Cross - gallantry in active
service while flying) and bar. These were awarded for his exploits during
the battle of Britain. Edward spent 2 or 3 weeks with the Stevens when
he visited them in Istanbul (1946 or 47), where Mr Stevens worked as
the air (military) attaché with the consulate and had become
very fluent in Turkish. The couple had 2 children Nigel and Jacqueline,
and ‘Blue’ died 4 year ago (2000). The former war hero, Michael later
became a director with the firm Rolls-Royce but has unfortunately recently
(23 Sept 2004) passed away and his obituary can be seen here.

Note: A section of this obituary
notes: ‘He remained in Turkey for eight months [1941] during which he
flew operational patrols along the Bulgarian border. He twice intercepted
Italian S-84 reconnaissance aircraft intruding across the border, and
shot them down in a Turkish Hurricane, while wearing civilian clothes.’
Clearly there were officials in the Turkish military that well before
the end of Turkish neutrality winked at the operations of their ‘unofficial’
allies, something that is not common knowledge even today - photo of a later batch of Hurricanes awaiting shipment.

Gerald Paterson had a flat at the fashionable Kinnerton street, Knightsbridge,
London, to which Edward moved with his wife ‘Tish’ during WW2. Gerald
died sometime in the 1980s.

A common feature of the Paterson household was their love of exaggerations,
with fabricated or real stories elaborated over and over, to a point
where the truth could no longer be distinguished from the fable. This
was all done with a humorous and social frame of mind, a mindset shared
by Mrs Paterson, and her children Gerald, Monica and Tish, but not by
Blue or Mr Paterson. This gaiety made them very popular in the community,
helping them make friends with some amazing people further afield too
(Gerald was friendly with the photographer Cecil
Beaton), and was not an unusual trait in the Levantine community
at the time. Part of this poking fun spirit involved placing unwanted
guests in a room reputed to be haunted. Edward recalls one day sitting
out in the garden with one of the children, when the wife of a business
associate (the Dowers according to Gwen Giraud) came to sit
beside him. She had just spent the night in that room and expressed
that she was not very happy with the atmosphere, even though they were
on their honeymoon, and heard ‘queer noises’ during the night. Edward
then repeated this to Monica Washburn, and she confirmed she had deliberately
placed the lady in this room above the kitchen as she was aware of these
noises.

Notes:1- According to Paterson
descendant Lorin Washburn, the riddle has a simple explanation. ‘The
room in question was my mother’s bedroom after 1938 when my father died.
Yes it did have noises and if one did not know from where they came
I have no doubt someone could well be scared. Below that bedroom was
part of the kitchen and part was the boiler house. The boiler house
was very old fashioned and was tended by the ‘Kavas’ who shoveled coal
into it at various times of the day and even late into the evening.
This old boiler made the most incredible noises and well into the night.
In the quiet of the night these odd noises were magnified and anyone
not knowing their source would no doubt be terrified! Especially if
at dinner the night before and after several rakis he/she had been told
of ghosts etc.’
2- A book in Edward’s possession, ‘Ionia - a quest’ (her travels in
the west coast of Turkey in 1952, visiting a total of 55 ruined sites,
pub. 1956), written by Dame Freya
Stark, one of the many visitors to the Paterson household, describes
a fictional British expatriate family, but according to Edward, the
characteristics of the family members so closely resemble those of the
Patersons, they are probably based on this real family, with all the
names changed. However Edward cannot be certain, as Ms Stark may have
also stayed with other Levantines in Smyrna for her draw inspiration
from. More details of this lady here:

Stanley Paterson would normally come down 3 times a week from Bornova to his offices in the city, and the day to day running of operations was dealt with his manager, the Izmir Levantine from the Mainetti family. The Patersons had a country house near Fethiye, where Stanley would go occasionally to oversee the mining operations, however the later generations never went there. Within Fethiye town there was a street name Paterson, showing them to be big players in the area once.

During the return visits Mr de Jongh was able to re-establish friendly
relationships with Levantines still living in Buca, and knew well many
of the former residents who like him had made Athens their new home.

The Levantines:

Of the former Anglo community of Buca he knew Oswald Barker, Mr Parkinson
known as ‘Parky’ who worked for a tobacco company and who with his wife
Winnie used to attend the many parties that was part of the social scene
of Buca. Mr Walter Pengelley who worked for a tobacco company, emigrated
to Rhodesia in the 1940s and with the experience in the tobacco trade
he gained in Turkey, became a tobacco farmer there. In response to Edward
commenting Pengelley did not sound like an English name, he was told
it was of Cornish origin. Walter Pengelley also persuaded his nephew,
who Edward met, but has forgotten his first name, a Stevenson (a British
family also long resident in Boudjah) to go the Rhodesia together to
become tobacco growers there.

Mrs Haydee Rees, was a Giraud and married the principal member of the
Rees family, Johnnie, and together moved to South Africa during the
war and later to Alexandria in Egypt. After her husband died she married
one of the Barkers in Alexandria and with the Suez problems they moved
to Lisbon. The last he heard the second husband had also died and she
lived in London and has recently died. Haydee Rees’s daughter from her
first marriage, Joan, married George Gordon, who was youngest of the
sons of that generation. Mother and daughter were later to live near
each other in Portugal. Joan currently lives on the Isle of Man. Joan’s
brother Tom (Thomas Bowen) has researched his family background in detail
and has publish a book on its history
in 2003.

Mr de Jongh was also friendly with the couple Willie and Daphne Alberti,
who lived in a house in Buca, quite close to the ‘Konak’ which was the
name given by the community to the police station. Hence the house was
also known as the ‘Konak house’. A former de Jongh house, where Mr de
Jongh lived till he was 3 and his father was born, Mr de Jongh still
has a drawing of it in his possession.
According to information Edward got from his parents this house also
hosted Lord Byron early in the 19th century, and like he seems to have
done elsewhere, carved his name on the wall, that remained there for
a good while but by the time Edward was born the room had been decorated
and re-plastered. However on reflection Edward believes Lord Byron stayed
in the house next door, the Gordon house, now the location of the riding
school. Though Lord Byron had the same surname as this family he probably
was not related. He wrote 2 poems there, ‘the Myrtle…’ and the Greek
titled ‘Ela stoperivoli Haydee’ [come into the garden Haydee]. Edward
feels either the Gordon house or the Konak house was probably the former
Werry house, a family to which the Rees family are related. Edward also
suspects that possibly it was Henry de Jongh’s father who bought the
house from the Werrys and later it was sold on to the Alberti family.
Around 20 years ago (1980s) the Albertis vacated this house and moved to Rome
where Daphne Alberti who is still alive, had a mother with a home.

Note: The drawing of the Alberti
house has features almost identical with the Baltacci
(later Ispartaliyan) residence that is now a school. However the
second tier had an all round balcony not present with the Baltacci house.
The front ornamental pool feature is also similar in design apart from
having a fountain feature on a pedestal rather than a statue as was
still standing within the school. The similarities suggest a similar
period of building.

The building today still exists, but the fountain feature was removed
by Daphne Alibert’s mother, Ruby (nee Whittall) Zandonati (last member
of that family, and a person Edward is friendly with), to her house
in Bornova in the 1970s where it might still be.

Note: Whittall family tree shows
that Ruby Gladys Whittall (born 1907) married first Gerald Wookey, who
is the father of Daphnee Aliberti, and her second marriage was with
Rodolfo de Zandonati.

Mr de Jongh living in Athens knew many of the émigrés
from Boudjah, such as the Forbes who had moved to the neighbourhood
of Kifissia just before the fire in the early 20s, ‘lock stock and barrel’
and built themselves an English style stately home complete with stag
heads on the walls. Edward remembers seeing the couple frequently, however
he had no real conversation with them as they were older than him and
mixed in different circles. They had no children. The later widowed
Mrs Forbes lived in America during the war. Their yacht was one of the
sea going vessels, such as Greek steamers used by the British embassy
in the evacuation of British citizens in Athens ahead of the advancing
German columns. However the Germans caught up with the yacht as it lay
in harbour on the Aegean island of Milos
(half way between Athens and Crete) and watched by people from land
including Forbes’s family friend, Lulu Keyser, was dive-bombed by Stukas
and sunk, thus stranding the passengers on the island before inhabitants
who saw the affair from a neighbouring island rescued them. History
does not record whether the crew were on board the yacht and if they
were killed by the bombs or if any diplomatic papers being carried also
went down with the craft. Within a year (1941), Lulu had reached British-controlled
Cairo and later after much difficulty due to war time conditions, joined
Mrs Forbes in Washington. The Forbes travelled frequently, always together,
and spent the war years in Canada and USA. The Scottish David Forbes
died in his 70s, sometime after WWII, but Edward does not know when
or where, but is certain it was not in Greece.

Note: From the Internet we learn
the Anglo-Greek defeat was rapid, German invasion started on the 6th
of April 1941, by the 27th Athens was occupied and by the 11th of May
the occupation of the Greek islands in the Aegean was complete. However
from the account above, it seems minor islands like Milos were overlooked.

The Keysers were a well-to-do family who sent their boys to King’s College,
Canterbury (top Anglican church school of Britain) for training. Lulu
Keyser’s aunt Agnes was a nurse matron who at one time was the girlfriend
of Queen Victoria’s eldest son Edward who succeeded her. As a result
of this affection in the late Victorian era, Prince Edward (king 1901-19)
built her a hospital, and still known as the King Edward VIIth Hospital
in London and still patronised by the privileged and royalty. Edward
believes there is still a plaque and photo of this Keyser within the
hospital.

Note: The full title of this
hospital includes Agnes Keyser’s name and recently a book has been published
under ‘Edward VII’s last loves – Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser – by
Raymond Lamont-Brown, Sutton publishing – 1998’. A synopsis of this
book gives us a glimpse of the circumstances, ‘... fun-loving Prince
of Wales, the future Edward VII. Agnes Keyser, daughter of a prominent
member of the Stock exchange, defied social expectations by not marrying,
instead becoming involved in hospital charity work. Her twelve-year
relationship with the king was much less in the public eye, but was
just as important.’ Details on:

When Lulu Keyser died of cancer in her 80s, the property in Athens was
inherited by her sister Elsie. Nephew Teddy Whittall asked Mr de Jongh
to keep an eye on the place while trying to sell house and contents.
The rare and valuable heads of stags shot by the Forbes family at various Turkish and Caucusus
mountains went as a bargain to a Greek gentleman, however Mr de Jongh
was able to rescue a battered photograph album from this same family, still in his possession,
though he doesn’t know when the faded photos were taken. However the
locations are marked in pencil and are spread across a geography that
included Ephesus, Smyrna, Constantinople, the Boudjah road, Dardanelles, Sokia
(location of one of his liquorice plants), Zonguldak (coal mining centre
on the Black Sea), Alexandretta
(Iskenderun, a port near Syria and another liquorice plant site), Rhodes,
lake Lugano in Switzerland, Beirut, Batum, the military road in Georgia,
Baku and Grozny,
Mytilini, the Black
Sea showing how extensively Mr Forbes travelled in pursuit of his
business interests, pleasure and hunting. Note:There is a slight possibility that the Georgia trip was done at
the instigation of the British Foreign office, worried about the power
vacuum left there by the collapse of Russian control post WWI (if that
is the period of the photographs). The Boudjah photograph shows
the railway line snaking in the empty foreground and a small village
that Boudjah was in the second half of the 19th century or early 20th.
There is a revealing set of 6 photographs showing the port of Smyrna
with the bay full of ships and one annotated in the slightly incorrect
Turkish of ‘Bucali’ for the road leading up to Boudjah. There is a distinct
possibility that some of these photos were taken before David Forbes’
time possibly by his father (William?) or even his grandfather (Edward? George
King?). A series of Baku photographs showing long lines of men in traditional
tunics celebrating the festival of Muharrem (first month of the Muslim
year), points to a time before the Bolshevik revolution came to the
region in 1921, after which such religious displays
would have almost certainly been banned. The Sokia (Söke) photographs
are particularly interesting as they show the shed like buildings that
was the liquorice factory there as well as an attractive house showing
the Forbes had more in property than their Boudjah house. The lady visible
in many of the photos in long dress and hat attire, helping to roughly
date the picture (1890-1914?), is probably his wife.

Notes: 1- My recent investigation
in to the Sokia factory shows that the old people remember the property
being pulled down long ago, that was in the outskirts of the town, however
the neighbourhood, now ‘Kemal Paşa’, is still unofficially known
as the ‘Forbes mahallesi’. It is interesting to note that the
high street of Şirinyer, Izmir that leads on to Buca, was until recently known as ‘Forbes yolu’,
a name the population still prefers.
2- We know more about the history of the Forbes concern through the research of Melih Gürsoy, detailed in his book ‘Bizim İzmiriz [Our Izmir] - 1993’ p.65: ‘...one of the first firms to process liquorish extract was the English owned Mac Andrews and Forbes company. The first factory was set up in 1854 in Aydın, and years following further factories were established in Nazilli, Kuşadası and Söke, and the dried extract was exported from Smyrna. For 15-20 years these steam powered factories worked without competition, but in 1875 an Armenian merchant by the name of Abacıoğlu, with a pair of factories of his in Aydın and Söke. By paying a higher price to the villagers he was able to compete, and rejected the initial offers of partnership by the Forbes concern. Facing with this, the Forbes Company went for internal reorganization, cutting costs as a result, cutting Abacıoğlu’s exports to Europe, but he still had a market in America. In 1881 the US government to protect its own liquorish processors increased the import tax by 20 cents per kilo of extract. So the Forbes Company with the ease of being an English company set up a factory in New York, something beyond the power of Abacıoğlu which soon ended its operations completely. In 1879 the Ottoman government abolished its tax on liquorish export, allowing Forbes to expand further with a new factory in Aydın. The coal used in the factories was also mined by the same company, and the excess of mining at Nazilli and Söke was sold to other industries at Smyrna. However in the 1880s problems taxation and profit sharing with regional governments had a damaging effect with the 1889 crop mostly lost through rot through these delays. The second rival to the Forbes company arose in 1886 by a German company which to ensure supplies rented a bunch of fields for 9 years, and exported to Germany successfully the liquorish paste. Forbes Company sent a communication to the British Ambassador in Constantinople with the plea that British interests would suffer if this rival was to gain success. While it is not clear if the Embassy took head of this warning, 2 weeks after this communication 200 armed men raided the German firm’s warehouse, killing 2 guards and wounding a further 11, destroying all stock in the process. This crippling blow folded the company soon after. The Forbes Company was again without competition, increasing its operation all the time, but was faced by new competition in Tsarist Russia. This resulted in Forbes eventually abandoning its operations in Turkey, and though these factories were bought by Turkish concerns they soon had to abandon this business as well.’
3- From web sites we know a bit more about the firm: ‘Two Scots, Edward MacAndrew and William Forbes, traveled to Turkey in 1850, where they established the firm of MacAndrew & Forbes. Within a short time they built a licorice-extracting factory in Sochia. In 1870 James C. MacAndrew, David Forbes, and Alexander Geddes established an American firm by the same name in Newark, New Jersey, where they built another such factory. The firm became MacAndrews & Forbes Co. in 1902, following the purchase of Mellor & Rittenhouse Co., a licorice-extracting firm with a plant on the Delaware River in Camden, New Jersey. The merged company closed its Newark facility and moved to this location.’ - archive photo of this factory, late 1920s, early 30s period:
4- In Oct 2007 the following information was received from a descendant, Mr Richard MacAndrew of Reading, UK, who has done a considerable amount of work on his family’s genealogy. ‘I was not aware of my family’s involvement in the liquorish trade in the Levant until recently, when a researcher, Luigi Piccioni, sent me information on this subject. I did not know that my ancestors were involved in the liquorish trade nor that some of them based themselves in Turkey over 150 years ago and for a time, and in a partnership with the Forbes which survived till around 1910, dominated the world sector. I can provide some background information on this generation and their forefather’s activities that may provide clues. In 1770 a William MacAndrew moved from Elgin in the north of Scotland to London where he established a fruit importing firm. After his death in 1819 the firm was run by two of his sons, William Peter (1790-1871) and Robert (1802-1873). The firm continued to import fruit (mainly oranges) from the Iberian peninsula. However in 1854 there was a disagreement between the brothers, leading to a split. Following this, Robert MacAndrew formed his own company that was engaged more in shipping, mostly to and from Iberia. This concern had many offices in Spain and Portugal where various members of the family were placed to oversee affairs, including for a time his eldest son, William Edward (1833-1905 - photo). It was this ‘Edward’, together with his father, who formed the partnership with David Forbes that became the MacAndrews and Forbes Company in the Levant. I do not know of the circumstances how the paths of these men crossed. One possibility is through Edward’s father, Robert’s scientific connections. Robert was an early Victorian scientist, a member of the Royal Society and was well travelled. His mentor in his study of sea shells was the well known natural historian Edward Forbes. However, Edward Forbes does not appear to be any relation of David Forbes. Nonetheless Edwards Forbes did spend time in Smyrna and that region of Turkey engaged in scientific research. Another family connection is that a William Forbes (d. 1917) married one of William Edward MacAndrew’s younger sisters, Eliza Anne (1840-1924), with whom he had 2 children, Harold Forbes MacAndrew (1864-1916, no children) and Eliza MacAndrew who married in 1906 and died 1914 without children. I do not know anything of David Forbes’ marriage or offspring / descendants.5- Evidence of [David?] Forbes’s involvement in horse racing and his use of his contacts in Aleppo and region to obtain the best Arabian horses are viewable in this archive book: My quest of the Arabian Horse.6- Google book sample viewable here shows that post the American take-over of the MacAndrews and Forbes company in 1902, ‘...the company maintained the elaborate organization it took over for the purchase and treatment of the root and even extended its operations within the Ottoman Empire maintaining its headquarters in Izmir and equipping its factories there with modern hydraulic machinery’.

All these photos almost certainly predate the Forbes’ move to Athens
in around 1920, after which the business was run by his men on the ground.
During the 1930s a wide range of foreign visitors came to Mr Forbes,
virtually all non-Levantines. The only major exception was Mr Rudolf
Fidao, a close friend who shared his interest in hunting. He was an
Austrian and had married May Whittall (1903) and some of their 6 offspring
were friends of Edward.

Note:Edward believes the Fidao
name is Spanish in origin, but I learned from Rudolf Fidao’s granddaughter,
Denise Outlaw, that it is Italian as the family came from Trieste, and
had Austrian nationality as it was then part of the Austrian empire.
One of the small islands off-shore Trieste, is still heavily populated
by Fidaos, a word roughly meaning faithful. The family were originally
ship builders, and in Smyrna Rudolf had tobacco plantations that traded
under the name of F. Fidao and Co., so probably established by his father
Frederick Fidao, who married Isabel Browning the sister of the famous
Victorian poet Robert
Browning. The powerful American tobacco company tried to buy off
Rudolf, but he was a man who cherished his independence, so the sale
never happened. During WWII, Rudolf and May Fidao stayed in Athens during
the evacuation, but were later able to escape to India. This was also
the period when the tobacco business essentially ended. One of Rudolf’s
sons, the now late Richard was able to trace the family tree back to
the 18th century, but couldn’t go back any further as the records kept
in the Trieste, church had burnt down long ago. Mrs Outlaw was able
to confirm that Rudolf did indeed participate in Mr Forbes’ boar hunting
expeditions in Albania, as Rudolf’s brother, ‘uncle Fritz’ had his Linz
home decorated with boar and other animal trophy heads - further
information on the Fidao name and family.

Mr de Jongh’s book case contains a collection of books showing Mr Forbes
was well read. Unlike the false airs of many other Levantines, David
Forbes was a true intellectual, and those books still in Edward’s possession
all have a sticker on the inside
cover bearing his name with a logo. The oldest book is ‘History
of the Turks – Richard Knolles, 1638’, and other treasures include:
The diary of Henry Teonge – chaplain on board H.M.s ships assistance,
Bristol and Royal Oak 1675-1679, pub 1927,
Discoveries in Asia Minor by the Rev. F.V.J. Arundell, British
Chaplain at Smyrna, in two volumes, London 1834,
Under the Turk in Constantinople, a record of Sir John Finch’s
Embassy 1674-1681 by G.F. Abbott (author of ‘Turkey in transition’,
‘Turkey, Greece and the Great Powers’ etc.), London 1920 - segment,
Modern Greek in Asia Minor by R.M. Dawkins, M.A. Cambridge 1916,Blood
and oil in the Orient by Essad-bey translated from the German by
Elsa Talmey, London 1931,
Ancient Smyrna – a history of the city from the earliest times
to 324 A.D., by Cecil John Cadoux, Oxford 1938, -segment-
Early voyages and travels in the Levant 1-The diaries of Master
Thomas Dallam 1599-1600 2- Extracts from the diaries of Dr. John Covel
1670-1679 with some account of the Levant company of Turkey merchants
ed J. Theodore Bent FSA, FRGS, printed by the Hakluyt society, 1818
The soul of a Turk by Victoria de Bunsen with eight full page
illustrations reproduced from photographs, London 1910.
The principal navigations voyages traffiques & discoveries of the
English nation; made by sea or overland to the remote and farthest distant
quarters of the earth at any time within the compass of these 1600 years
– by Richard Hakluyt, vol 1, 3, 6 & 10 – J.M. Dent & Sons Limited,
1927
Turkey in travail, the birth of a new nation – Harold Armstrong – Jane
Lane the Bodley Head Ltd. – London, 1925
A knight errand in Turkey – Arthur Oakstone – Greening & Co. Ltd.
– London, 1908
Consul in the East - A.C. Wratislaw – William Blackwood and sons - 1924
-segment-

Mr Forbes also had a good collection of paintings in good taste, such
as the ‘Napolitan water colours’, 2 of which are now in the possession
of Edward’s son Nicholas. Mr Forbes was the most prominent Englishman
in Athens and probably the wealthiest. He was no longer involved in
the day to day running of his liquorice empire. Previously Mr de Jongh
jokingly mused that the horns of the stag heads were a perfect disguise
to smuggle gold pounds out of Turkey, which other Levantines did not
find amusing. How these Levantine families were able to ship out their
funds is a mystery to this day. However he knows of a prominent case
of a less well-to-do Levantine arrested for sewing a few gold coins
into his shoes, which were duly confiscated. This gentleman was of Italian
nationality and was married to Iris Whittall, Eddie Whittall’s eldest
daughter. Because of the poor job done in concealment by his Turkish
shoemaker friend, they left Turkey just before the Second World War
in complete poverty to Italy where family fortunes turned from bad to
worse. Iris Whittall is a year older than Mr de Jongh and continues
to live in a care home in Wales.

Note: From the ‘Whittall’ family
tree, we are informed that the daughter of Edward Sidney Whittall, Iris’s
(b.1914) first marriage was to Yvo Issaverdens (d.1943) who may have
had Italian nationality but was from ‘Persian Catholic’ background.

20 years ago (1980s) in Greece Mr de Jongh met Christopher Tower, whose father
used to work for the British Embassy in Istanbul. Christopher was fortunate
enough to inherit several fortunes, had a flat overlooking the Acropolis,
being gay never married, was a poor writer but could afford to have
his novels published and revelled in the image. He also had an impressive
collection of prints and paintings of old Istanbul. Since Mr de Jongh
lost touch with him he doesn’t know what became of this collection.
About 3 years ago (1999) he heard Mr Tower had died in England. There
is a youthful pen sketch of Cynthia,
the mother of Christopher Tower, Edward was told belongs to her, as
she was a beauty in her day and modelled for the pre-Raphaelites. Years
later Edward was able to recognise the same portrait sold as a post-card
in the shop of the Tate Gallery and the painting was performed by Herbert,
a well known painter. A de Jongh married into the Tower family in Istanbul
and their descendants live in the USA.

Another Levantine writer was Mr Ray Turrell who wrote a book on Smyrna,
which was republished in England, in the 1980s. Mr de Jongh
suspects the publication was financed through the gentleman. He had
met him during the war years in London, though his wife was closer to
Mr Turrell who was a close relation of the Whittalls. Mr de Jongh believes
this former Bornova gentleman is now dead. The title of the book is
‘Scrap Book 1809-1922’, published in the UK in 1987, dealing with the
history of the Bornova community, with a series of vignettes of life
in the village, accompanied by pen and ink drawings - segment.

Mr Charles Missir a gentleman of Persian origin lived in Boudjah and
was alive in 1922. He was a merchant in dried fruit, owned the Opera
house and theatres in the city and was married to an Austrian lady,
Julia Heller, with whom he sired 4 daughters. Of these Hilda married
Henry de Jongh (son of Henry de Jongh, Edward’s uncle), she later died
in Belgium and he in England and they are survived by a daughter, Marian
(Verkerk). Winnie married William Parkinson ‘Parky’ and had two children,
named Charles and Anne. Elsie married the aristocratic Baron Eugene
Aliotti from Boudjah, and had a son, Richard, now resident in America.
The youngest, Mollie married an American, William Martin with whom she
has 3 daughters and now lives in the USA.

Note: Mr Livio Missir, resident
in Belgium confirmed the above details and added that Charles James
Missir who became a naturalised American, was born in Boudjah in 1869,
died there 1927, married in 1903 Julia Heller (1883-1964), ran the firm
‘Fig Packers’, 2 ice factories, and ‘Theatre de Smyrne’ on the waterfront.
Businesses and theatre were heavily affected by the 1922 fire and after
his death the fig business passed on to a Turkish gentleman ‘Riza’.
The remains of the theatre house were finally pulled down in 1950.

Edward has a relatively recent Greek newspaper (TA Nea) cutting showing
the photograph of this former Smyrna
opera house, and according to the text, this building built in 1917
had an interior that was an exact replica of the Paris opera house in
miniature. Edward reflects that the Bornobat and Boudjah communities
never seem to have frequented this venue, presumably a result of snobbish
isolation.

Note: Views of the elaborate
interior of the Paris opera house can be seen in the web
site:

A first cousin of Baron Eugene Aliotti was Joe Aliotti who became quietly
rich through the 1930s and 40s whose son Flavio had to go into hiding
in Greece during World War II following Italy’s defeat, later returning
to Italy in the late 40s. His first cousin, also called Flavio Aliotti
emigrated from Smyrna to Australia in the late 50s, and later returned
to Italy. The Aliottis were a numerous family and some of the names
Edward remembers are Guidio who married a Smyrna girl, and Maria, whose
husband died early. Edward would tease members of the Aliotti family
saying that they were not Italians, but from Chios, thus the name ‘allos
Chiotis’ (Greek for another from Chios). Chios unlike many Aegean
islands was a Genoese not Venetian possession prior to Ottoman rule,
and the Greek corruption may have been assigned to this Latin family
then. Edward is also aware that there was in the past an Aliotti club
in Punta, and this is referred to in the classic book covering the Greek
catastrophe of 1922, by the Izmir born author Dido
Sotiriou, ‘Farewell Anatolia’.

Note:As a classic piece of historical
drama, the book has spawned the “Dido
Sotiriou” cultural prize, which is awarded every year to a foreign
or Greek writer whose work promotes communication between peoples and
cultures through cultural diversity. Ms. Sotiriou was awarded in 1990
Greece’s highest honour for a writer, the prize of the Athens academy,
but recently (Sept 23 2004) passed away aged 95 and there are a few
on-line obituaries.

Mr de Jongh has 2 original prints, one showing the mountain beyond Buca,
Nifdağ, (looking onto Bornova where good cherries used to grow),
originally in the possession of his father’s brother, Brian de Jongh,
who died 20 years ago (1980s) and given as a gift to him by the writer and friend,
Steven Runciman, an authority on the crusades (‘A history of the crusades
– Cambridge - 1951-54’). Again through the family, another picture that has come down is an Ottoman scene depicting the ‘spoils of war’ post what looks like a successful Balkan campaign.

Notes: 1- Percy Brian de Jongh
(1912-1977) was the youngest of Henry and Dora’s offspring.
2- On closer examination I disagree that the print depicts Nif mountain,
as the far too steep craggy heights with a settlement in the foreground
and what appear to be the remnants of a castle wall on the lower slopes,
points to Sipylus mountain with Magnesia (Manisa – a town 32 km to the
NE of Izmir) in the foreground, to view.

The second shows the harbour of Smyrna
in the 17th century, with Dutch text, given by Paola Bradley, a de Jongh
descendant. Edward feels that Brian de Jongh is the only Smyrna Levantine
writer worthy of merit who published the ‘Companion
guide to Southern Greece’ in 1972 that he still retains a copy of
and he feels is still readable and relevant today. Brian de Jongh also
left behind a series of photos printed on ‘roll paper’, which are unfortunately
unmarked, but I have partly scanned and re-established some of the locations
from my knowledge of the sites of present day Izmir, such as the distinctive
Roman aqueduct over Yeşildere,
Alsancak station, Boudjah
railway line, Boudjah station,
old Boudjah (possibly) and old
Smyrna. The images captured in
these photos seem to be too old for Brian de Jongh’s time and are probably
an inheritance from his father Henry de Jongh or grandfather Edward
Purser. Like many of the British residents of the city, Brian de Jongh
was an intelligence officer in Smyrna and Egypt all through the war.

Note:From an on-line
archive newspaper, the London Gazette 20-July-1943, we see that part
of Brian de Jongh’s cover for these operations seems to have been a
‘clerk at the British consulate, Smyrna’, and it was clearly this period
in which he acquired his British citizenship.

The Germans had nothing to compare with this extensive intelligence
network, however the German ambassador to Turkey, Franz
von Papen, was allowed to operate in his own capacity, not a Nazi,
but a German of the old school who had visions he could take over power
in Germany by turning a blind eye on all activities. Finally through
Brian de Jongh, Edward has inherited lithographs cut long ago from books,
almost certainly given in that condition to Brian, featuring the depiction
of various Ottoman palace officials. One shows an ‘Ich oglan’ [palace
eunuch?] and the latter, a palace official, named Baltacı, in charge
of the princes held in the Ottoman palace.

Mr de Jongh’s great grandfather was the railway engineer, Edward Purser
(Henry de Jongh senior married his daugher Dora Purser) and in Mr de
Jongh’s possession is an extract of the list of merchants who banded
together to commission a portrait painting of this influential engineer,
‘painted by Mr G.E. Tuson’. The now framed list (32) is an indicator
of the powerful Levantines of the time, including: Charlton Whittall,
J.B. Patterson, W. Forbes (David’s father), Jack F. Hanson, Robert Cumberbatch,
T.B. Rees, James & Edward McCraith, P.R. Gout, C. Van Lennep, A.
Barker, S.J. Cooke, W. Mirzan, F. Papworth, J. D’Allesio, W. Shotton,
W. Scott Ferguson, H. Fotherby, J. Waster, and a few Greek and Armenian
names. The fate of the portrait is something of a mystery though last
he heard it was tucked away in somebody’s cellar. Strangely the portrait
was very disliked by all members of the family and Mr de Jongh regrets
that virtually none of the Levantines of today take pride or interest
in their past. He is aware that Jack Hanson’s namesake son was also
involved in railways. The junior was a friend and frequent guest of
Mr de Jongh’s parents’ house. Jack Hanson jr had 2 daughters as Edward
recalls, one named Doreen (slightly older than Edward) who later married,
and the whole family left Smyrna with the hospital ship the ‘Maine’,
after which he doesn’t know where they went.

Note:There is a Hanson family
tree viewable in the British museum library, but there are no details
of the Smyrna branch of this family, which possibly the above named
persons represented, viewable here:.
However the Hanson of Smyrna, a James is mentioned in the family papers
partially transcribed here, but
the fact that he only had daughters suggests that Jack Hanson was not
of this line, or not even related.

Edward however has a photo of Edward
Purser with wife and 2 young girls (presumably Sarah and Frances “Anna”)
at their feet, taken in front of the farmhouse on land in Aziziye he
owned. Mr Purser came to Turkey in his early 40s and estimating the
age of the children in the photo, Mr de Jongh estimates an age of 47
for Mr Purser and since we know his birth date from his tombstone, an
estimate for the date of the photo is 1868. Edward Purser and wife Sophia
had 3 children, eldest Dora who is the grandmother of Edward, Anna who
married Edgar
Giraud and Sara
who married Donald Andrus and went to Canada.

Note: The ‘Whittall’ family tree
informs us that Anna Purser married Edgar Giraud (1871-1950), had 9
children from this union, and died 1946.

Mr Purser was known as ‘Monsieur’ by the train drivers in respectful
manner, pronounced in a Turkish style of mösyö, though
he had odd habits such as walking on the railway line all the way from
Boudjah where he had a second house to Smyrna, though no harm came of
it as the drivers knew the time he would do this walk. Edward Purser
also had a nephew, James who was also involved with the railways.

Edward Purser also features in an oil
painting (painter unknown), now in the possession of a descendant,
Andrew Bradley, depicting a day trip to the ruins of Ephesus with an
entourage of camels and donkeys.

The Purser family past is well documented. John Purser, a brewer, was
born in Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire around 1730. He composed a recipe
for black beer or porter which became famous in later years in Ireland
as Guinness Stout. In early life he moved to London. Around 1776, after
being widowed, he went to Dublin with his three sons and got employment
as a “journeyman brewer”. On a trip to Cork in 1781 he fell ill and
died before reaching his destination. His son John (Primus) and grandson
John (Secundus) who both worked in the Arthur Guinness firm eventually
became partners in 1820. The family continued the partnership for 3
generations, however the last generation, like his father and grandfather
named John Purser (Tertius), objected to Sunday drinking in pubs as
he was a religious man. As a result he left the business, and the Pursers’
later venture into flour milling ended in failure. It was this John
Purser’s brother Edward who chose an engineering profession and who
is described above. Mr de Jongh has in his possession pen
drawings of all these 4 Pursers done by John Purser’s (Tertius)
niece Sarah Purser who was an accomplished artist and who specialised
in painting on glass and portraits. Ms Purser also did a portrait of
Maud
Gonne, the Irish heroine whom she knew well, and a copy of which
Edward has. Sarah
Purser (1848-1943) was very much within the scene of the Irish revival,
and knew many of the prominent players such as W.
B. Yeats, one of the leading English language poets, and his younger
brother Jack
Butler Yeats, a leading Irish painter of the 20th century.

A British family Mr de Jongh knew were the Peartrees who were involved
in tobacco and lived in Boudjah. Stanley Peartree married Marie-Louise from the Bornova De Cramer family,
and they lived in that neighbourhood before later moved to Athens and later to America, the country of her
by then late husband, where her daughter lived. Like many of the old
families they had (sold about 10 years ago) a summerhouse in Ilıca
(~90 km to the west of the town), though then always referred to by
all in its Greek name of ‘Lice’. Mr de Jongh believes this Levantine
tradition and some of the old folk there in the summer still haven’t
died away.

A former Boudjah resident was Mr Guiffray who had married a Werry, and
Mr de Jongh met them years later during the 1930s in their villa to
the place they had emigrated to and later died at, Mytilene [archive views], the capital
of the Greek island of Lesbos.
The Guiffray villa was large, old and rather neglected, typical of the
residences in the old residential part of the town of a rich community
that had mostly emigrated to Athens by then. Former fellow Smyrna resident
Nat Barker who was related maternally to the Werrys, lived between his
wanderings (in a small cumbersome fishing craft) in a ‘packing box’
outside the villa. Nat Barker was a cousin to Oswald Barker and cousin
to Willie Rees, was an ‘amusing character’ who lived in Greece for a
while and married an Irish girl, Moira whom he had met in Mytilene,
but died after the war. During the war Nat Barker served in the British
army as a major, later he bought a decent yacht and with it enjoyed
his passion for the sea by sailing the Aegean. He later took a job with
a Greek ship owner and remarried a Greek girl and Willie Rees assisted
in the raising of their son. 15 years ago (late 1980s) Mr Nat Barker
died of cancer in London.
While in Mytilene Edward stayed with Ilias and Gladys Elliapoulos, in
their smaller but ‘superb’ villa situated end of the harbour, with a
view of the sea and Turkey beyond. Gladys was a La Fontaine from Smyrna,
and ‘uncle’ Ilias was a charming wealthy Greek formerly with extensive
properties in the fertile Turkish heartland of Manisa, well educated
English speaker accepted as an equal by the Levantine community. He
had moved to Greece in the 1st official transfer of population, between
1918 and 1922 ensuring he got a lot of property north of Athens. There
he built a modern villa, next to the Olympic stadium, with a superb
view of the Acropolis. Their children, Chris (eldest), Eddie and Daphne
were more Greek spoken.
Harry Paterson was yet another Smyrna gentleman to buy a villa in Mytilene
around 1918-20, a beautiful property on the seafront with statues dotted
around the garden, and with his wife Maud lived there happily till they
moved in the early 1930s to Athens, where they bought a villa in the
smartest part of the town. Edward’s late wife ‘Tish’ and twin sister
‘Blue’ stayed in this house as young children for a few years, sent
there by the family to escape the turmoil in Smyrna around the time
of 1922. By the time of Edward’s first visit to Mytilene, the Patersons
had already moved, and their villa was pointed out to him.
Edward’s second visit to Mytilene was in the late 1970s, by which time
none of the Levantines lived there anymore. His host was the son of
a Greek whose family came from Istanbul, and moved to Toulon in France.
Andrew ‘André the Frenchman’ Hadzopoulos grew up and was educated
in France, was a close friend of Edward, and was best man to him in
his wedding, and married a Greek lady from Mytilene, Mimi, whose family
owned extensive land on the island. Andrew who is a year older than
Edward has a son, Chris, who is a successful businessman. Andrew made
his money in a company he founded, as a distributor of Hachette and
British press books through ‘Hellenic distribution’. Edward mentioned
of his stay at the Elliapoulos house 30 years previously, and on hearing
this, Christopher insisted they find the house. When they did find it
Chris rang the doorbell, was greeted by the friendly owners who showed
them around and to Edward’s amazement, nothing was touched and everything
was in immaculate condition.

A Boudjah family were the Gandons, brothers Cecil, Kenneth and sister
Phoebe, and their father and Kenneth were involved in the Smyrna gas
company [recent photos of the site]. Edward knows that after WWI, Kenneth worked for a gas company
in London. This family were friends and related to the de Jonghs. Kenneth
married Mollie de Jongh, sister of Edward de Jongh’s father, and had
one son John Gandon who recently revised Brian de Jongh’s guide to Greece,
and lives in Kent.

Note: John Gandon was kind enough
to send me newspaper obituaries of his grandfather John Gandon on which the following
information is based. John Gandon died aged 54 while he was still the
engineer and manager of the Ottoman gas company, to which position he
was appointed in 1890, succeeding Mr H. W. Andrews, who then became
consulting engineer in London to the company. After his education he
became a pupil of his father, Charles Gandon, at the then Crystal palace
district gas company. He had left Smyrna the year before for Athens
for business reasons, but couldn’t return because of the naval blockade
in effect during WWI. He therefore came to England, leaving his eldest
son, Cecil in charge of the works at Smyrna. His younger son, Kenneth,
was engaged at the south suburban gas company works. His widow, Catherine
Louisa died in 1934. From an earlier generation, that of James Gandon, notes that the Gandons were descendants of Huguenot refugees,
an interestingly common occurence in the Anglo-Levantine community.

Another former British Boudjah family were the Gordons whose wife was
a Whittall.

Note: From Yolande Whittall’s
family tree (section XIII), we see that George Gordon, of Alexandria
married Muriel Whittall in 1905, and of their 3 children (Hope, Douglas),
the youngest was his namesake son (born 1917, married 1943), who himself
had 3 children with Haydee Joan Rees.

One of the Gordon sisters married the England based Lord Catto who was
the governor of the bank of England during and after WWII, and also
a prominent businessman with trading activities such as with ‘Andrew
Yule’, the commodities company from the far East, putting it amongst
the top 100 British companies. Lady Catto was president of Women’s Volunteer
Service during WWII. Some of the Whittalls benefited from this connection
with good jobs, such as the Austrian Richard Fidao whose mother (May)
was a Whittall, and was the manager of the India section during WWII.

Note: From the Internet we are
informed that, Lord Catto of Cairncotto CBE was governor of the bank
of England between 1944-1949. From the Internet we are informed that,
‘Andrew Yule’ was started in the 1800s and the Cattos still have a stake
in the company.

The sister of Lady Catto, Murial married a Whittall.
Yet another former Boudjah family were the Cookes, where the father
had come to work for the Cassaba railway company. He personally knew
the son Eric, a railway employee and Boudjah resident, who married Daisy
Peacock, sister of Edward’s mother, Ida Peacock. Like many others the
family left with the 1922 events, and they settled in the Barnes/Richmond
area of London and Eric worked in the city as an accountant. They had
one son, Tommy (2 years older than Edward), who was made prisoner of
war in the Middle East during the war, and later was employed by the
Catoni firm in Istanbul, as late as the 1970s.

The Cumberbatch were an old Smyrna family some of whose members became
British consuls in Izmir, and Cynthia Hill, who Mr de Jongh knows from
Athens, had a Cumberbatch mother, and the Hill family were prominent
in Athens. This lady continues to live in Greece and Richmond in London.

Another former Smyrna family were the Hadkinsons who Mr de Jongh believes
represented locally an insurance company (Royal Exchange). The last
he heard, Mr Henry Hadkinson, a contemporary of his, lived in Paris
and 10 years ago his name was still in the telephone directory.

Smyrna born Ladislav ‘Lalo’ de Jabo, was a charming person who made
his home in Athens after the fire. Prior to that, the family were involved
in running a shopping arcade off Frank street, in downtown Smyrna. He
was also employed by the American tobacco company and when he moved
to Greece, he was for many years a manager in that company. His sisters
took great pride (full of airs) in their Polish and supposedly aristocratic
roots despite being English speakers, one Yvonne was a spinster and
the other Marika married an American named Morris, who was later to
become consul-general in Greece.

Edward remembers talk of the 3 beautiful girls of the Löchner family, who would have been his parents’ age. 1 of them married a German background Siefelder, brought up in Smyrna but who lived in Athens later. Siefelder’s mother married one of the richest men in Greece, though not an aristocrat, by the name of Retsina. Siefelder and Löchner has a son Herbert Siefelder who was a good friend of Edward, and he later moved to Corfu, and later contact was lost.

Another Boudjah family were the Reeds who were related to the Blacklers
and Patersons. The later two families were also directly related. Daphne
Manussis who was nee a Blackler, and a close friend of the Tower family,
inherited the Blackler house in Kiffissa near Athens and continued to
live in the summer on the island of Skiathos, until her recent passing
in 2004.

Note: The father of Daphne Manussis,
Willie Blackler, sold up the Buca property for good around 1950 (date
according to neighbour Antoine Karakulak), as he lived since 1922 in
Kiffissa except during WWII when they were in South Africa.

Mr de Jongh was extremely fond of Willie and Va Blackler, and remembers
well in the 1930s piling in their even then old Talbot car to picnic
on the Marathon side of Attica (Athens county). Willie Blackler was
related to the Patersons and their daughter Daphnee and and the late
wife of Mr de Jongh, Mable were distant cousins through the Reed family.
He remembers last seeing Mr Blackler in Kenya in 1948 where he was venturing
in a Coca-cola bottling plant, in which Mr de Jongh was not able to
become a partner, as he could not get a visa. Edward believes the Barff
family of Boudjah, a family only familiar to him in name, were also
related to the Blacklers.

Edward observes that there were ‘masses’ of people with non-Greek names
living in Athens, such as the famous actress Melina Mercuri, an Italian
surname, yet her grand-father was an imposing mare of Athens, and her
father was a left wing minister in parliament. Presumably of German
origin, ‘Taki’ (pet name of his Dimitros)
Horn was the best known actor in his time (about 6 years Edward’s
junior), and considered by everybody including Edward as Greek. His
brother Yannis ran the English newspaper, ‘the
Athens news’. The Smyrna Italians the Baltazzis were also considered
Greek, as well as the Carere (uncorrupted name probably Carrara, friends
of Edward’s parents) family who moved from Smyrna to Corfu after WWI.
The Negropontes, one of whose descendants (John
Negroponte) has occupied key positions in the American government,
were Latins from the Black sea (Odessa?), but were already Greek when
they had moved to Greece. Even the very un-Greek sounding surname De
Jongh was considered by the natives to be a Greek name, albeit pronounced
somewhat differently. Edward feels in contrast to the Smyrna Levantines,
the relatively small gap in the religion with the natives allowed for
an efficient assimilation (most with time became Orthodox), preventing
the development of a Levantine culture in Greece.

Another Boudjah émigré was Alec
Issigonis whose father and the father of Mr de Jongh, Eddie, were
close friends and shared a passion of up keeping their great gardens
in Boudjah, for which no expense was spared including importing Italian
gardeners. Alec Issigonis came to the UK worked for the Morris motor
company, designed the Morris minor car, for which he was knighted (1969)
and his biography has been published as a book (‘Alec Issigonis’ written
by Andrew Nahum and published by the design council in 1988). He died
a bachelor within the past 15 years (1988 Birmingham).

Note: The Internet informs us,
Alec Issigonis – designer, engineer, visionary – was born in Smyrna
1906, his father was a naturalised British subject of Greek descent
who had married the daughter of a wealthy Bavarian brewer with a branch
brewery in Smyrna, ran a marine engineering business with his brother
and Alec soon developed a talent for this subject. In the evacuation
following the fire, Alec’s father died en route in Malta and the family
arrived in 1922 in a destitute state in England. Later on in the early
40s, Issigonis designed the Morris minor, which first ran in 1947 and
within 11 years 1 million were sold, the first British car to pass that
mark. Connected to his love of working in a small team, he was dubbed
the ‘ironmonger’, and his motto, now somewhat part of the English language,
was ‘less is more’. In 1959 he designed the ‘Mini’, the first sketch
supposedly on a table cloth in a restaurant waiting for the service,
and is still in production after more than 30 years. Originally designed
in response to the Suez energy crisis (1956) and the popularity of Germany’s
Volkswagen Beetle, the boxy, inexpensive, fuel efficient Mini used a
traverse engine to power its front wheels, a radical design at the time,
and thus could comfortably seat 4 passengers despite being only 3 m.
long. By the late 1980s more than 5 million had been sold. Even today
the altered version of this car is in full production in Britain and
was voted car of the year in the Detroit car show of 2003 (Jan), a first
for Britain in this venue. More details and portrait photo on
& here.
From a Turkish web
site we are informed that an ‘Issigonis’ steel works was founded
in Punta in 1854, probably the same family. According to another web
site Alec Issigonis is credited with introducing the word ‘mini’
to the English language, a word used extensively in the following decade
to indicate the shortness of a skirt.

Mr de Jongh was also acquainted with some members of the Smyrna émigrés
who made Beirut their new home. A gentleman from the Joly family, whose
first name escapes him, ran one of the British companies there, a dealership
for the agricultural vehicles firm John Deere. The last time they met
was at the initial stages of the Lebanese civil war, and Mr Joly told
him that unlike other expatriates he would stay. One of those who left
was the late Ogusta ‘Gus’ Catonis
whose related descendants, the Beards, still run the ‘Catoni’
haulage firm in Istanbul (web site includes information on family history).
Hugh Beard ran the Alexandretta
(İskenderun) branch of the McAndrew’s and Forbes liquorice factory
between around 1920 and post WWII. Mr Beard had a house in Alexandretta
and Beirut, where the rest of the Beard family had moved to post 1922.
After WWII and at least till 1950s the fine house in Alexandretta was
used as a base for family holidays. The grandson of the Hugh, Jonathan
Beard, still resides in Istanbul. Edward spent a night at the Beards
house in 1947, while visiting that port city.

Note:France had an interest
in the strategically important port of Alexandretta which together with
Antioch was a protectorate which after a plebiscite descided to join
Turkey in 1939.

In the 1990s Edward enquired in a library on a book by the former Bornova
resident Cecil Cadoux. He knew that the gentleman kept notes on Smyrna
and his Boudjah family past, and a name matching his was in the London
phone book. However he was somewhat disappointed when the book turned
out to be of a religious nature. Nevertheless Mr de Jongh has the gentleman’s
previous book in his collection, ‘Ancient Smyrna’ published in Oxford
1938, in which he expressed his wish to publish a book on recent Smyrna,
a wish that seems to have not been realised.

Another friend of Mr de Jongh’s family was Louisa Langdon who married
Reggie Stokes who worked for the successful Oriental
Carpet Manufacturers company before 1922. After this period the
company was relocated to Greece where he continued to work for it as
a manager until the business packed up in the 1930s. Reggie had 2 very
pretty daughters, Winnie and the younger being Margaret and Winnie married
an army officer during the war years. They lived in London during the
war and had a pretty terrace house in Chelsea off King’s Road. The last
Mr de Jongh knew, Second World War years, Reggie lived in a humble house
at Hatchend in London. Another Levantine associated with the oriental
carpet manufacturers was Albert De Portu, who was 2 or 3 years older
than Edward, and was brought up as an Englishman and sent to Oxford
to study. The De Portu family was very wealthy and they had offices
in London, and a beautiful villa on the quay at Smyrna. Albert married
one of the Fidao twins and they lived in Monaco. Last time Edward saw
Mr De Portu was around 40 years ago in Monte Carlo, by which time he
had made a permanent move out of Smyrna. Thus the De Portu family was
one of the few Levantines to remain in Smyrna till the 1950/60s.

Note:From the Fidao family tree,
formerly (2003-5) placed on-line by Lloyd Fidao, we see that Albert
De Portu (born 1912) married Peachi Fidao, and they had 3 children.
Peachi (didn’t have a twin, but an elder sister) was the daugher of
Smyrna born Joseph Fidao (1882-1970) and Dagmar Jedermann, and Joseph
was one of the 8 children of Charles Fidao (1838-1922) and Marchesa
Maria Giustiani. Charles in turn was one of the 4 offspring of Andre
Fidao (1803-1871), the first Fidao to settle in Smyrna who married a
local lady, Anna Mirzan.
Fellow contributor Fabio Tito informs us that Albert De Portu was the
son of Pietro De Portu, who was in turn the son of Jacques De Portu.

A prominent character of the post 1922 British community was Alithea
Whittall. The strength of character of this lady is confirmed by Edward
de Jongh who personally knew this lady to which like many others he
was devoted. She was a great raconteur and initially started nursing
voluntarily in earthquake zones in Turkey, an amazing feat of bravery
for a Western lady in those days, and no doubt unlike many of her community
knew enough Turkish to get by. Asked by Edward how her party of volunteers
relieved themselves on the long train journeys to the hinterland, as
in those days on-board toilets didn’t feature, she explained melon sellers
were at most stops, and these when hollowed out made perfect receptacles,
which could then be jettisoned out of the window to dispose of its new
contents. Her feisty ways were revealed to Edward when she brazenly
walked across the customs officials in Alexandretta in the 1940s with
a diamond studded broach on her dress, clearly against the strict regulations
as her companion in that long train journey from Izmir had to remove
the few bits of gold, before going abroad. Alithea was from the British
Williamson family of Smyrna and had married Fred Whittall in his older
age, the only rich local Whittall with interests in Ceylon such as transport
(prestigiously representing P&O) and tea. The Whittalls there had
Scottish partners, the Urquhart family, and Edward was able to stay
in touch with Alistair Urquhart who had like him later emigrated to
Australia, becoming a successful stock broker. Edward last met up with
Alithea in 1948 in their summer house in Troodos mountains in Cyprus,
a mountain ski resort with idyllic views. Edward believes Alithea and
her sister Grace were relations of his mother, who referred to these
ladies as aunt, however he hasn’t been able to establish a definite
link yet.

Notes:1- From the Whittall family
tree book, page 68, we see that Frederick James Whittall married (his
second) Alithea Williamson in 1922.
2- From the web
we see the follow on agents/managers for the Herthersett tea plantation
were the MacAndrews, possibly related to the famous Smyrna based liquorish
concern MacAndrew and Forbes.
3- These Williamson sisters were nurses at the English nursing home
in Smyrna at the time of the fire and associated events, and their vivid
diary was provided to me by a family
descendant. At a later date (2006), from a different descendant, contents
of Grace Williamson’s earlier diary, covering the WWI years was provided,
viewable here, and present day
of location of this nursing home viewable
here:

Another Smyrna born London resident and friend of Mr de Jongh, is the
recently late (died May 2002, aged 90s), Teddy Whittall who was the
London manager of the Van der Zee shipping line.

Edward de Jongh spent the period of the Second World War as a volunteer
in the Princess Irene Brigade that represented the Free Dutch Forces
that fought alongside the Allies. Amongst the photographs in Edward’s
collection is one showing him in uniform
with Prince Bernard of Holland beside, visiting the unit in their
base in England in the summer of 1943. In the ensuing long conversation
between these two, the Prince mentioned he was aware of the presence
of the De Jongh family in the Levant, and indicated that a distant ancestor
was a member of the Levant (Dutch) Company. However Edward cannot find
sources to place a name to this De Jongh, and suspects the Dutch Levant
Company connection is not founded.

A comrade of Edward in the Princes Irene brigade, whom he was close
to, was Teddy van der Zee. The Van der Zee family were well established
in Egypt with the ‘Euxine shipping company’ that ran cruise ships along
the Nile, where they made their money and they had branches in Athens
and Smyrna, where they were also merchants. Teddy’s mother was Janet
who was a Giraud (the other offspring being daughter Wendy), and Janet
was the daughter of Anna Purser (grandmother De Jongh’s sister). Teddy
did not stay long in the brigade as he applied for the air force, however
he died almost immediately after he got his permit to fly. Ida Beard,
who had a flat in Hammersmith, London was very kind to all Smyrna recruits,
who looked up to her as a mother figure. She gave shelter in her flat
to Teddy, Edward and his wife, and others and it broke her heart when
the charming Teddy died. Geoffrey de Jongh, the son of Eric de Jongh,
also applied to the air force was also killed, again not in combat but
in an air crash. Unfortunately Geoffrey had married shortly before and
his heartbroken wife was carrying a baby when he died. The child, Geoffrey
David de Jongh, grew up to be a charming man who worked for a chemical
company in Holland. Edward also considered applying for the air force
but the shockingly high mortality rate, made him give up the idea. Ida’s
son Hugh was in education during the early stages of the war, but towards
the end, he joined the air force. A cousin of Edward, Emeric de Jongh
was also in the Brigade but spent the war as a guard soldier for the
Dutch consulate in the Vatican. A name Edward remembers from the brigade
was ‘Turco’ Westerling, a Dutch Levantine from Istanbul, with whom Edward
was able to speak in Smyrna Greek. He served as a commando and on a
special mission to post-war
Indonesia, against nationalistic rebels but also outside the remit
of orders; he raised a personal army from local recruits, causing front
line news in Holland, as he was good at his job but also tough enough
to carry out executions. Edward met his very pretty wife who was a war
nurse caring for him when convalescing from a non-war injury in a hospital
in the English midlands, but noticed she was sick with worry as Raymond
Westerling ignored her for months, not informing her of his whereabouts.

Eric de Jongh, the son of Oscar
John de Jongh, was a charming, outgoing person with a sense of humour
and the most popular de Jongh in Smyrna, highly thought of in business
who worked for a time for the Reeses. Eric originally married in the
1910s, but divorced before WWII, a lady from Smyrna of Armenian background,
Eva Sadjian, a lady of extraordinary
beauty, with whom he had 2 children, Geoffrey and Winifred. Eva accompanied
the British Attaché to Greece and his wife in the evacuation
of that country in WWII, and would mesmerize onlookers with her sultry
dark looks even in early morning rising out of her tent in Crete, on
route to Egypt. She later remarried an American diplomat, Arthur Parsons. They were very well connected and were private friends to the King of Greece and his wife. Eva remained a great friend of mine until she died. Her funeral was very sad. The Greek Government gave her a great funeral as she was the mother-in-law of a Skouras. Winnie de Jongh married the Greek named Thanos Skouras, whose brother was a
rich Greek cinema moghul, however during the German occupation of Greece,
he was rounded up in a group of 17, held hostage and shot as the Germans
considered him an enemy. Winnie continues to live in Greece and California,
spending most of her time in Corfu, where she has a beautiful villa.

On his return to Izmir just after the Second World War, Mr de Jongh
was aware of a tiny community of Greeks who had returned to the city
though he estimates the number couldn’t have exceeded 100 families.
One of the Greeks most popular amongst the community of Boudjah was
Dimitro Defterigo, who was a friend of Mr de Jongh’s father. Together
with his wife Marianthe, they ran the local restaurant (pre 1922) known
locally as the ‘lokanta’ (Turkish / Italian word for restaurant)
together with a hotel and their only son named Mano. The establishment
was named after him, as ‘Manoli’.
Mano married a member of the rich and local aristocratic Baltacci family
and together with his mother they all left for Alexandria in Egypt where
he worked for the Rees family’s shipping line. The mother died during
the war years and Mano continued working possibly till the confiscation
of the company in 1956. They lived in a beautiful villa in the European
quarter of the city, Stanley bay, overlooking a beach. During the war,
Edward was able to stay in this villa, and was able to briefly see his
relative Fred de Jongh who worked for the Rees shipping line. Fred was
Edward’s father’s first cousin, and his father was known as ‘Diko’ (one
of those Smyrniot Greek style shortenings) for Richard. Family legend
has it that he had an affair with a peasant Greek girl, and her angry
brothers kidnapped Fred, threatened to kill him, unless he married,
which he did, and was happy together with her, with whom he had children.
He was a fat but jovial character, and Edward has fond memories of sharing
jokes with him on his veranda at his house just outside Alexandria.
‘Diko’s’ other son, Dick worked for the ‘Lais’ factory in Greece.

Note: According to Alec
Baltazzi, Mano Defterigo married his father’s sister, Maria Baltazzi
and later they both died in Alexandria.

Mr de Jongh feels unlike the Levantines and Greeks of Smyrna, Alexandria
produced a higher proportion of writers and poets as the two populations
intermingled better, exchanging cultures (note:this theory is somewhat supported by the book ‘the Mediterranean
in history’ that has the following paragraphs
covering the city). Cavafy
was a well known Alexandria Greek poet
born in that city in 1863 from Istanbul Greek parents, whose money came
from a merchant family of Greeks from Manchester. Edward has in his
possession 2 books one in original Greek which he can read and one translated
to English by Rae Delwyn.

Note:The most prominent Smyrna
born Greek poet, George
Seferis (1900-1971) won the Nobel prize for literature in 1963,
and like other Turkish born Greeks of repute, he is mostly unknown in
Turkey.

One of the few Greeks who was able to mix in with the Bornova Levantine
community was a Xenopoulos, who owned the biggest and most frequented
shop on Frank street. He married a lady from the Belhomme family. Their
daughter Hélène was a good friend of Edward and Mr De
Jabo in Greece, in the 1930s, who found her a person of great wit. She
married a Frenchman Armand, and kept the surname even after their divorce.

Note: Hélène Armand
is mentioned in a trade association web
site, which details this UNESCO employee as restoring the Belhomme
house, (apparently built by an English architect Clark in 1880), with
her own funds, in the 1980s. The address of this imposing property (see
photo) is given as no: 34 Fevzi
Çakmak cad.

Another Smyrna Greek family who were contrary to traditions, considered
to be Levantine, were the Allevras. A lady of this family married into
the Joly family of Smyrna. The Allevras and De Jonghs were close and
this relationship was maintained after their migration to Athens post
1922. Stello Allevra was the figure-head who managed ‘Lais’ the De Jongh
family business. His younger brother Alec married his cousin, from the
Joly family [Joyce, born 1904] and was the private secretary to Johnny Rees till the Second
World War, when he moved to South Africa.

The ‘Lais’ hosiery firm was set up in Athens by Edward’s grandfather
Henry de Jongh, however before that venture, he worked with another
Smyrna emigré Theo Terazzi who was a timber importer. When in
a later visit to Athens (1970s-80s), Edward noticed a Greek commercial
sign for the firm of Terazzi and sons, suggesting the business was maintained
by his sons. Other emigrés had other businesses, Willie Blackler
was a distiller’s agent, a lucrative position to be as the representative
of Brewer’s whiskey. Edward cannot remember the business of the Bari
family, whose wife was one of the 3 sisters of the Smyrna German Löhner
family. They had a son and a daughter, the daughter later married an
American.

A Boudjah Greek family recalled by Edward were the Lorandos, who were
poor in the village, but rose to become prominent in Greece after their
move. Nicolas Lorando was considered the best doctor in Greece, and
in the 40s and 50s was the manager of the biggest hospital in Athens,
the Evangelismos.

Without doubt the most prominent Boudjah Greek was Aristotle
Onassis, though Edward learnt about this later on. When in Greece,
Onassis told Athens resident Ann Haydn that before 1922 he knew Edward’s
grandfather Henry de Jongh, who when asked by young Onassis, offered
him employment as an office boy in his business. This is not a family
story and Henry never got to know how famous Onassis was to become.
Ann Haydn was the daughter of Cecil Haydn who managed the American tobacco
company in Athens after 1922 (Note:he
may have been Edmund’s brother referred to in Al Simes’ testimony).
Ann worked as the confidential secretary of a Greek from Smyrna, Costati
Mariniris, who was a friend of Edward before the war. Costati’s sister
married a rich ship owner, a company to which Costati was to have a
stake as a partner. After the war, Costati left for the USA and with
the death of his partner, he became the manager of the shipping line.
Ann Haydn married several times and for a long time lived on the island
of Rhodes. Edward asked this lady the origin of the name Haydn, which
he thought was not at all English. The response given by Ann Haydn was
that her great-grand father who came to Smyrna was a good violin player
and would be cheered by the enthusiastic crowd in the lingua Franca
of the time, in Greek, ‘pekse Haydn’ [play Haydn] and the story
goes, this composer’s surname was adopted by this gentleman (originally
a Smith) and his descendants. However this story may also be a false
legend.

The Levantines lived in a cocktail of languages where Greek was always
important. It seems some Turkish words were rendered in a Greek sounding
sort of way by the Levantines, as having a party was often referred
to ‘kuvardaliki’, probably a corruption of the Turkish word
‘kıvırtmak’, equating to dancing in a belly dancing
manner (also used in slang as bending the facts and usually ascribed
to a manner that would be done by a fickle woman).

Yachting was important to the wealthier Levantines and for some it was
a way of life. From the Rees family there were people such as Tommy
[1897-1944, steam yatch Latharna] and Freddie [1908-1965,
steam yacht Valdora], and Harry Giraud [1872-1962, whose daughter
Haydee married John Langdon Rees, yacht name Lillias], would spend
their time between Çeşme [Lice], the nearby island
of Chios
and the small scenic port near Pireaus, Turcolimano
[Turkish port]. Fred, the youngest of the brothers actually
lived on the island of Chios. Harry Giraud’s yacht was a former America’s
cup yacht bought second hand, whose tall mast had to be cut down to
size as it would be too dangerous to handle by regular sailors. The
charmed floating lifestyle on these yachts continued through the 1930s
and had certain tax advantages.

The wealthier Levantines were also keen on horse racing and though the later generations didn’t show as much enthusiasm for it, Henry de Jongh would compete in the races at Paradiso near Boudjah and Edward was told by elders that the cap and blouse colours of the jockey were pink and grey.

Another Istanbul émigré was Mr Sydney Nowell, who arrived
in Greece around 1920, opened a shop in Athens which stocked luxury
items such as Sheffield silver. Sydney was more an acquaintance of Edward’s
father. The shop closed down during the Second World War, reopened on
a smaller scale after the war, however closed shortly afterwards. The
unrelated Noel family have extensive land holdings on the island of
Evia, however their surname is now double-barrelled (Noel-Baker) through
marriage.

Edward had little contact with the Istanbul Levantine community that
stayed on post 1922, safe for a brief visit to the city when visiting
the Stevens in the 40s. He was aware the city was the home for the likes
of Ian ‘boy’ Whittall who worked for the Whittall company there, and
Donald Riddle who in his 30s was a successful businessman, who had made
a lot of money. Edward believes Mr Riddle who had 2 sisters (Lillian
and Muriel) also in the city, was originally from Smyrna, was well known
and liked by the ‘Smyrniote’ Levantines.

Mr de Jongh believes Prince and Princess Borghese were not residents
of Boudjah, however they might have temporarily rented property, and
Princess Valerie Borghese was from the old Dutch Smyrna Levantine, Keun
family. She was a first cousin to Mr de Jongh’s late wife’s mother.
The Borghese family are an old aristocratic Rome family, who have supplied
a pope in the 16th century and are known by the Borghese
gardens. Mr de Jongh believes their sons and grandsons still live
in Rome.

Notes: 1 -From the Feyyaz Erpi
book of testimonies we learn that the property in Buca after their departure
in the 1920s was overlooked by an opium merchant, Hermann A. Keun, who
probably was a close relation to Valerie Keun.
2- The Borghese family tree covering the above generations is viewable
here:

I was able to get more information from a contact in Rome, Ms Fiorella
Rossi, whose mother was a good friend of Princess Valerie Borghese.
‘The first name of the prince who married Valerie was Camillo and they
had 3 children, Flavio, Valerio, Virginio, all of whom have now passed
away. Prince Valerio was at the head of the crack naval commando unit
that fought on the fascist side following the split in Italian forces
in 1943. This force known as ‘Flottiglia Mas X’ was very successful
led by its ‘enigmatic’ leader, crippling many British vessels.

Note: Details of the wartime
activities of this individual can be accessed under:
and for details of a series of daring operations see here,
that also mentions a book ‘Sea
devils’ written by Valerio Borghese.

The new generation still lives in the Borghese palace, a beautiful building
in the very centre of Rome. However Valerie lived her last years alone
in a hotel and not at the palace, but this was common practice for
wealthy widows not wanting to be burdened by running an extensive house.

The ‘original’ de Jongh of Smyrna, John established a newspaper aimed
at the foreign community of Smyrna, the ‘Impartial’ whose editor was
A. Edwards. Edward is aware that this gentleman was very wealthy, lived
in Paris, and was close to the artists’ scene there. A considerable
amount of information can be found about Mr Edwards as he was married
for a time to a lady with considerable influence in the Parisian musical
and artistic circle. Her name was Misia Sert, nee Godebska who was a
noted beauty and was painted
many times by the likes of Toulouse-Lautrec and Renoir. Her colourful
life is vividly portrayed in the biography Misia, by Arthur Gold and
Robert Fizdale (New York, Knopf, 1980) details
and at least 8 pages are devoted to Mr Edwards and his liaison with
his wife. Alfred Edwards was born in 1850, whose mother was from the
French Levantine Caporal family based then in Istanbul (descendants
still live in Izmir), became the owner-editor of Le Matin in Paris for
11 years and was a large share holder in the equally influential Le
Figaro. He had a reputation as a bit of a playboy. Edward intends to
re-establish contact with the grand nieces of A. Edwards with the view
of eliciting further information and possibly a copy of the ‘Impartial’
newspaper.

Note: There is scope for further
research on the various foreign papers, and characters involved. One
line of investigating could be by examining letters kept in Durham library
where both John
de Jongh and Anthony
Edwards letters are retained.

The Clarkes were an important British family of Smyrna till after WWII,
one of the few British families to stay on, and ran a fig packing business
and the name ‘Clarkes’ could be seen on dried fig packages in England
until at least 20 years ago.

Note:There is still a Patrick
Clarke based in Izmir carrying on this trade, and listed in the Turco-Italian
chamber of commerce site,
that includes in its listing a few other Levantine traders of the
city.

The Clarkes were always considered in the Levantine lingo of ‘Punkiot’,
a somewhat snobby label attached to Alsancak (from Punta) based Levantines
by the cliquey Bornova Levantines, who considered their neighbourhood
more high class.

From family talk, Edward is able to paint a picture for the circumstances
for the initial move of John de Jongh
to the Levant. A Robert Wilkinson was a trader in Greenwich near London
in 1790s or a little before. Edward’s great-grandfather married his
sister Mary Esther in 1791, and the two men were in business together.
Robert Wilkinson left for Smyrna at the turn of the 18th and 19th century
as a consul for Smyrna and persuaded John to go to Smyrna. Robert, John’s
business partner, was Treasurer of the Levant Company in Smyrna. John
came via the island of Chios as he was involved in the trade of the
chief export of that island, mastic, a tree sap that was a major substitute
for sugar in those days whose pleasant taste made it much used for the
manufacture of sweets that supposedly whitened the teeth and freshened
the breath of the ladies of the Ottoman court. The transport of the
mastic to Constantinople was the mainstay of the business of these partners.
In Smyrna he became a consul for Denmark that can only explained by
some prior contact with that nation. Before going to Smyrna he lived
for about 10 years in Hamburg, a major trading port in northern Germany,
where he no doubt developed trading contacts with Denmark and possibly
did some visits.

Glimpses of an even earlier family past are from recalled tales of Edward’s
mother, which suggests the De Jongh
family spent a few (at least 2, in her words) generations in Scotland,
before John de Jongh’s move to Smyrna. This may help explain why John
de Jongh’s mother was a ‘Scot’.
Apparently like many other seafaring venturers of Holland at the time,
the major menace was the (Barbary?)
pirates plying the sea lanes in the English Channel. So from the 15th
century onwards until by around the 17th when British maritime
power drives away this menace, the sea route for trade with Britain
was the tortuous way up the North Sea, and hooking via Western Scotland.
Some vessels may have sank in the area of Mingary
castle, the seat of the Duke of Argyle. There is the possibility
that the shipwrecked De Jongh family members allied themselves with
this Scottish nobleman and assisted him in his many clan wars prevalent
at the time, but kept their Dutch nationality. Old family lore has it
that there are still De Jongh descendants living in the far-flung Hebridian
islands.

Notes:1-From further glimpses
of the extent of trade between Holland and Scotland here:
2- A web site giving glimpses of the hardships imposed by the Barbary
pirates, based on the letters of a Philip
Gell, a Smyrna merchant originally from Derbyshire.
3- There is quite a sprinkling of De Jonghs in the phone listings of
Britain, though not necessarily descendants of this line.

Edward believes a Smyrna Wilkinson went to Malaya where he published
the first Malay-English dictionary, and was told by an official in Singapore
in the 1960s that it was still the standard dictionary used.

Note: This hunch was proved to
be correct as there are references to this dictionary on the Internet,
such
as, where the reference is given as: Wilkinson, R.J., A Malay-English
Dictionary (Romanised), MacMillan and Co., London, 1959. He was probably
a close relation of the British consul for Izmir at the time, R.E. Wilkinson.

The De Jongh house in Buca that was sold to Charles Sperco at the bargain
price of £4,000. He was an Italian Levantine with a major shipping
line, that travelled mostly to Italy. He had offices in Northern Italy
and one of his residences was in Trieste, in addition to Bornova. The
Buca house was used as a summer retreat. In the 1930s he was killed
with his wife as the Imperial Airways plane crashed in to Hymettus mountain
shortly after taking off from Athens airport [could it be this crash, but later date, and different airline]. The shipping business
was kept on to provide for their two children Bill and Vera. Vera was
a childhood friend of Edward’s wife ‘Tish’ and when she had married
an Englishman and emigrated to Australia, they retained contact as that
was for a time their new country too.

Edward believes it was his grandfather who provided the land on which
the Boudjah tennis club was situated, on the Smyrna end of the grounds
of the De Jongh house. This club was active between the beginning of
WWI and end of WWII, a centre of more than sport, but of revelry with
drinks, and ‘liberated’ parties. These parties often started at the nearby De Jongh house, with a round of rakis, and later the brass tray on which they were served was sometimes used as an improvised sledge, the adventurous sliding down the stairways of the house helter-skelter. Bornova had its own 9 hole Golf club,
another centre of Levantine activity, where Edward went to accompany
his wife who was interested in the sport. Edward never went to the English
club in Bornova, but knows it was still in existence in 1947.

Edward states there was no distinctive Levantine cuisine as such, but
more a mixture of the East (such as mussakka and pilav rice) and West,
where turkey was not only served during Christmas, but for all visitors.
Wine was not as commonly consumed as today, partly because it was difficult
to obtain, but raki (the traditional powerful Turkish liquor) was very
popular as an evening drink. Wild boar was a welcome addition to the
table, product of regular hunting expeditions by Levantines who would
hunt these animals with great enthusiasm with raki to cheer and local
beaters to assist in the hills, a day or 2 travelling distance from
Smyrna. A home-made liquor popular with Levantines made use of the local
morello cherries and damson plums, made with added sugar and pure alcohol.
Edward’s grandmother continued to make cherry brandy at her home in
Athens to be served to guests. Even humbler families (of all communities)
took great pride in their water, and Edward remembers his father sinking
wells in his property. Thus each house had its own distinctive water,
and a compliment on its quality by visitors was ‘de rigueur’, who were
also served a spoonful of home-made jam to accompany. Edward vaguely remembers from his early childhood of when he was 3-4, times when living in the first ‘Konak’ House, whose garden had large ‘tsikoudhies’ trees which in autumn would attract flocks of ‘begfig’ birds, smaller than quails, which were considered a delicacy by the Bucalis, and were shot for luncheon parties, consumed with pilav [rice].

A recollection of Edward is the general nature of construction of houses
in Smyrna. To reduce the likelihood of collapse in earthquakes, buildings
were built first in a wooden frame (to sway with the tremors), later
to be filled in with masonry. For extra luck it was common for a cock
to be sacrificed at the bottom of the foundation hole, and a little
flag flown for a while from the top.

In Edward’s flat is the image of the De Jongh crest,
however the origin of this appears long forgotten by the family at large.
Edward is pretty confident the coat of arms is genuine as in the past
many members of the family would wear rings with this emblem on, and
Edward continuously wears his crest ring. This symbol was also embossed
on the family silver plate-ware, that unfortunately was all lost in
the looting associated with the turmoil of the 1922 fire. Willem Daniels’s
search of Dutch archives of heraldry revealed nothing, so the crest’s
story and history may be lost for good. In the same manner the Patterson
family would also wear rings with their own crest on it, including Edward’s
late wife.

Edward de Jongh is related to fellow contributor Willem
Daniels, whose mother was Dorothy de Jongh (1893-1981), a sister
of Edward’s father Edward sr. (1892-1964). Edward’s and Willem’s common
grandfather is Henry de Jongh. Henry’s sister Eveline married James
Peacock, and their daughter Phyllis married Edward sr. (her cousin).

Edward openly confesses he has the ‘Levant bug’ and has all along supported
the project of capturing the tales and visual description of that heritage
which he feels is more than idle nostalgia, but a way of connecting
the old with the new generation in the spirit of an uplifting shared
passion for posterity and the future.

Notes:1- Click here to view a simplified family tree of the De Jongh family of Smyrna, Turkey and Edward’s place in it.2- Unfortunately Edward died peacefully on 6th August 2011, aged 95. God rest his soul - funeral group.