The Force is a metaphysical and ubiquitous power in the Star Warsfictional universe. It is wielded by characters in the franchise's films and in many of its spin-off books, games, and comics; in the story, the Jedi utilize the "light side" of the Force, while the Sith exploit what is known as the "dark side". The Force has been compared to aspects of several world religions, and the phrase "May the Force be with you" has become part of the popular culture vernacular.

George Lucas created the concept of the Force to address character and plot developments in Star Wars (1977).[1] He also wanted to "awaken a certain kind of spirituality" in young audiences, suggesting a belief in God without endorsing any specific religion,[2] he developed the Force as a nondenominational religious concept, "distill[ed from] the essence of all religions", premised on the existence of God and distinct ideas of good and evil.[1] Lucas said that there is a conscious choice between good and bad, and "the world works better if you're on the good side";[3] in 1970s San Francisco, where Lucas lived when he wrote the drafts that became Star Wars, New Age ideas that incorporated the concept of qi and other notions of a mystical life-force were "in the air" and widely embraced.[4]

Lucas used the term the Force to "echo" its use by cinematographer Roman Kroitor in 21-87 (1963), in which Kroiter says, "Many people feel that in the contemplation of nature and in communication with other living things, they become aware of some kind of force, or something, behind this apparent mask which we see in front of us, and they call it God".[2] Although Lucas had Kroitor's line in mind specifically, Lucas said the underlying sentiment is universal and that "similar phrases have been used extensively by many different people for the last 13,000 years".[5]

The first draft of Star Wars makes two references to "the Force of Others" and does not explain the concept: King Kayos utters the blessing "May the Force of Others be with you all", and he later says "I feel the Force also",[6] the power of the Force of Others is kept secret by the Jedi Bendu of the Ashla, an "aristocratic cult" in the second draft.[7][8] The second draft offers a lengthy explanation of the Force of Others and introduces its Ashla light side and Bogan dark side,[8] the Ashla and Bogan are mentioned 10 and 31 times, respectively, and the Force of Others plays a more prominent role in the story.[9] In this draft, Luke Starkiller's mission is to retrieve the Kiber Crystal, which can intensify either the Ashla or Bogan powers,[7] the film's shorter third draft has no references to the Ashla, but it mentions the Bogan eight times and Luke is still driven to recover the Kiber Crystal.[10][11]

Lucas finished the fourth and near-final draft on January 1, 1976,[12] this version trims "the Force of Others" to "the Force", makes a single reference to the Force's seductive "dark side", distills an explanation of the Force to 28 words, and eliminates the Kiber Crystal.[13] Producer Gary Kurtz, who studied comparative religion in college, had long discussions with Lucas about religion and philosophy throughout the writing process.[14] Kurtz told Lucas he was unhappy with drafts in which the Force was connected with the Kiber Crystal, and he was also dissatisfied with the early Ashla and Bogan concepts.[14]

"The act of living generates a force field, an energy. That energy surrounds us; when we die, that energy joins with all the other energy. There is a giant mass of energy in the universe that has a good side and a bad side. We are part of the Force because we generate the power that makes the Force live. When we die, we become part of that Force, so we never really die; we continue as part of the Force."

The Phantom Menace (1999) introduces midi-chlorians to explain some characters' Force sensitivity, although Lucas discussed the idea of microscopic creatures connecting characters to the Force as early as August 1977.[18] Lucas based the concept on symbiogenesis,[19] calling midi-chlorians a "loose depiction" of mitochondria,[20] he further said:

[Mitochondria] probably had something – which will come out someday – to do with the beginnings of life and how one cell decided to become two cells with a little help from this other little creature who came in, without whom life couldn't exist. And it's really a way of saying we have hundreds of little creatures who live on us, and without them, we all would die. There wouldn't be any life, they are necessary for us; we are necessary for them. Using them in the metaphor, saying society is the same way, says we all must get along with each other.[20]

After selling Lucasfilm to Disney in 2012, Lucas said his biggest concern about the franchise's future was the Force being "muddled into a bunch of gobbledegook".[21] When writing The Force Awakens (2015) with Lawrence Kasdan, J. J. Abrams respected that Lucas had established midi-chlorians' effect on some characters' ability to use the Force.[22] As a child, though, he interpreted Obi-Wan Kenobi's explanation of the Force in Star Wars to mean that any character could use its power, and that the Force was more grounded in spirituality than science.[22] Abrams retained the idea of the Force having a light and a dark side, and some characters' seduction by the dark side helps create conflict for the story.[23]Pablo Hidalgo of the Lucasfilm Story Group gave his "blessing" to writer-director Rian Johnson to introduce a new Force power in The Last Jedi (2017) "if the story required it and if it felt like it stretches into new territory but doesn’t break the idea of what the Force can do".[24] Johnson observed that every Star Wars movie introduces new Force powers to meet that film's story needs.[24]

Star Wars Rebels producer Dave Filoni cites several influences on how the Force is used in the show. The character Bendu — named in homage to the term Lucas originally associated with the Jedi — does not align with the franchise's normal dark-or-light duality, and this role is an extension of Filoni's conversations with Lucas about the nature of the Force.[25][26] Filoni credits the prequel films for better developing the concept of the Force, particularly the idea of a balance between the light and dark sides.[27]

Obi-Wan Kenobi describes the Force as "an energy field created by all living things" in Star Wars. In The Phantom Menace, Qui-Gon Jinn says microscopic lifeforms called midi-chlorians, which exist inside all living cells, allow some characters to be Force-sensitive; characters must have a high enough midi-chlorian count to feel and use the Force.[29]

In 1981, Lucas compared using the Force to yoga, saying any character can use its power.[30] Dave Filoni said in 2015 that all Star Wars characters are "Force intuitive": some characters, like Luke Skywalker, are aware of their connection to the Force, while characters such as Han Solo draw upon the Force unconsciously.[31] Filoni said the most potent Force users are characters with a natural affinity for using the Force, as indicated by their midi-chlorian count, who undertake intense training and discipline.[32]Rogue One (2016) portrays the Force more as a religion "than simply a way to manipulate objects and people".[33] In the years following the Great Jedi Purge depicted in the prequel trilogy, some characters have lost faith in the Force,[34] and the Galactic Empire hunts down surviving Jedi and other Force-sensitive characters. By the time of the events in The Force Awakens, some characters think the Jedi and the Force are myths.[35]

Some Force-sensitive characters can derive special, psychic abilities from it, such as telekinesis, mind control, and extrasensory perception. The Force is sometimes referred to in terms of "dark" and "light" sides, with villains like the Sith drawing on the dark side to act aggressively while the Jedi use the light side for defense and peace.[36] According to Filoni, Lucas believed a character's intentions when using the Force — their "willingness or will to be selfless or selfish" — is what distinguishes light and dark sides,[27] the Force is also used by characters who are neither Jedi nor Sith, such as Leia Organa and Kylo Ren.[37][38] Characters throughout the franchise use their Force powers in myriad ways, including Obi-Wan using a "mind trick" to undermine a stormtrooper's will,[39][40]Darth Vader choking subordinates without touching them,[41][42] Luke Skywalker having a vision of the future, and Kylo Ren stopping blaster fire mid-air,[43][44] the Force allows "ghosts" of some deceased characters to interact with the living, and Obi-Wan's ghost provides Luke Skywalker with guidance at "critical moments" in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi.[45] Film and television use of the Force is sometimes accompanied by a sound effect, such as a "deep rumble" associated with the dark side or a more high-pitched sound associated with benevolent use.[46]

The Force plays an important role in several Star Wars plot lines. Anakin Skywalker's rise as a light-side Jedi, descent into becoming the Sith Lord Darth Vader, and ultimate redemption to the light side of the Force is the main story arc for the first six Star Wars films.[47]Yoda's arc in the final season of Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–2014) depicts him exploring "bigger questions" about the Force and taking various inspirations from the franchise's expanded universe.[48] In The Force Awakens, Finn's exposure to the Force helps make him question his upbringing.[49] Johnson used the Force to allow Rey and Kylo Ren to communicate in The Last Jedi, developing the characters' relationship.[24]

Chris Taylor called the Force "largely a mystery" in Star Wars.[3] Taylor ascribes the "more poetic, more spiritual ... and more demonstrative" descriptions of the Force in The Empire Strikes Back to Lawrence Kasdan, who co-wrote the film, but says the film does little to expand audiences' understanding of it.[3] In 1997, Lucas said that the more detail he articulated about the Force and how it works, the more it took away from its core meaning.[50]Kotaku suggests Johnson depicted more nuance in the Force in The Last Jedi than Lucas did in his films.[51] According to Rob Weinert-Kendt, the "Force theme" in John Williams' score represents the power and responsibility of wielding the Force.[52]

In his 1977 review of Star Wars, Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the Force "a mixture of what appears to be ESP and early Christian faith".[53]The Magic of Myth compares the sharp distinction between the good "light side" and evil "dark side" of the Force to Zoroastrianism, which posits that "good and evil, like light and darkness, are contrary realities".[36] The connectedness between the light and dark sides has been compared to the relationship between yin and yang in Taoism,[54] although the balance between yin and yang lacks the element of evil associated with the dark side.[55] Taylor identifies other similarities between the Force and a Navajo prayer, prana, and qi,[18] it is a common plot device in jidaigeki films like The Hidden Fortress (1958), which inspired Star Wars, for samurai who master qi to achieve astonishing feats of swordsmanship.[56] Taylor added that the lack of detail about the Force makes it "a religion for the secular age".[3] According to Jennifer Porter, professor of religious studies at the Memorial University of Newfoundland, "the Force is a metaphor for godhood that resonates and inspires within [people] a deeper commitment to the godhood identified within their traditional faith".[57]

Paranormal abilities like the Force are a common device in science fiction,[58] and the Force has been compared to the role magic plays in the fantasy genre.[59] The Star Wars films illustrate that characters not familiar with the particulars of the Force associate it with mysticism and magic, such as when an Imperial officer alludes to Darth Vader's "sorcerer's ways".[59] Christina Flotmann distinguishes between the depiction of the Force in the Star Wars franchise and the depiction of magic in the Harry Potter fantasy series,[60] and she describes the Force as a spiritual energy.[61]

Eric Charles points out that the television films Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (1984) and Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985), intended for children, are "fairy tales in a science fiction setting".[62] These films feature magic and other fairy tale motifs rather than the Force and science fiction tropes.[62] Mark Clark said the Ewok Adventure films depict "sorcery" that is completely different from the Force powers depicted in the original and prequel Star Wars films.[63]

Astrophysicist Jeanne Cavelos says in The Science of Star Wars that the Force raises questions that scientists have long asked,[64] she points out that the ancient Greeks explored the idea of a "fifth element" that permeated and connected everything in the universe, and that Isaac Newton proposed that the human brain might be able to trigger waves in the ether, giving humans psychic powers.[65] Cavelos's sources are mostly skeptical about a "real world" explanation for the Force, but they explore ideas in areas such as quantum physics, parapsychology, and the notion of science so advanced that it appears magical.[66] Explaining the Force is particularly difficult, Cavelos says, because "it does so many different things".[67] Several scientists have said it is best not to try to explain how the Force works.[68][69]

Cavelos says the Force "suggests a universe quite different than the one we think we're living in", and that some unknown fields or particles might explain the Force.[70] Cavelos believes vacuum energy is one option to power physical Force feats,[71] and she says a fifth force beyond the four fundamental interactions might account for the Force.[72] Flavio Fenton of the Georgia Institute of Technology School of Physics suggests a fifth force would carry two types of charge — one for the light side and one for the dark — and that each would be carried by its own particle.[73] Nepomuk Otte, also from Georgia Tech, cautions that Newton's third law of motion says telekinesis would apply a force back on the Force-wielding character.[73] Force powers like precognition are challenging to explain because of the implied time travel of information, but Cavelos suggests tachyons traveling faster than light might carry such information.[74] Cavelos explores the possibility of brain implants or sensors being used to detect users' intent and manipulate energy fields to control the Force.[75]Michio Kaku says Luke Skywalker's Jedi training on Dagobah might involve learning to control brain waves, and Cavelos compares such discipline to contemporary patients learning to control prosthetics.[75]

Practitioners of Jediism pray to and express gratitude to the Force.[84]io9 described a kind message to a fan from Mark Hamill, who portrays Luke Skywalker, as an example of the light side of the Force.[85]

And then there is that distressing thing called the Force, which is ... Lucas's tribute to something beyond science: imagination, the soul, God in man ... It appears in various contradictory and finally nonsensical guises, a facile and perfunctory bow to metaphysics. I wish that Lucas had had the courage of his materialistic convictions, instead dragging in a sop to a spiritual force the main thrust of the movie so cheerfully ignores.[86][87]

Critic Tim Robley wrote that some of the ideas and characters in Star Wars come from The Wizard of Oz (1939), with the Force serving the same role as the ruby slippers, the magical entity that sends the protagonist on a quest.[88] In her 1980 Washington Post review of The Empire Strikes Back, Judith Martin described the Force as "a mishmash of current cultic fashions without any base in ideas. It doesn't seem to be connected with ethics or a code of decent behavior, either."[89]

The introduction of midi-chlorians in The Phantom Menace was controversial, with Evan Narcisse of Time writing that the concept ruined Star Wars for him and a generation of fans because "the mechanisms of the Force became less spiritual and more scientific".[20] Film historian Daniel Dinello argues, "Anathema to Star Wars fanatics who thought they reduced the Force to a kind of viral infection, midi-chlorians provide a biological interface, the link between physical bodies and spiritual energy."[90] Referring to "midi-chlorians" became a screenwriting shorthand for over-explaining a concept,[91] although Chris Taylor suggested fans want less detail, not more, in explaining the Force,[3][92] the introduction of midi-chlorians provided depth to the franchise and fomented engagement among fans and franchise writers.[91] Religion expert John D. Caputo writes, "In the 'Gospel according to Lucas' a world is conjured up in which the intractable oppositions that have tormented religious thinkers for centuries are reconciled ... The gifts that the Jedi masters enjoy have a perfectly plausible scientific basis, even if its ways are mysterious".[93] Characters' faith in the Force reinforces the Rogue One's message of hope.[34]

was actually perverting [Star Wars]'s "self-dispossessing" (or other-focused) ethos. [The] blessing "May the Force be with you" is the expression of a hope for others ("May the Force be with you"), not for ourselves as with Reagan ("The Force is with us"). Moreover, the [Star Wars] blessing is precisely a request for hope for others ("May the Force be with you"), whereas Reagan's claim sounds like a possessive assertion ("The Force is with us").[99]

^Seabrook, John (January 6, 1997). "Why Is the Force Still With Us?". The New Yorker. ISSN0028-792X. Retrieved May 26, 2016. The scripts for the prequel, which Lucas is finishing now, make it clear that Star Wars, taken as a whole story and viewed in chronological order, is not really the story of Luke at all but the story of Luke’s father, Anakin Skywalker, and how he, a Jedi Knight, was corrupted by the dark side of the Force and became Darth Vader. When I asked Lucas what Star Wars was ultimately about, he said, “Redemption.”

1.
Greatest Hit (...And 21 Other Pretty Cool Songs)
–
Greatest Hit is a compilation album by progressive metal/rock band Dream Theater released by Rhino Records on April 1,2008. The title alludes to their only top 10 radio hit, Pull Me Under and it features three songs from their breakthrough album Images and Words remixed by Kevin Shirley, Pull Me Under, Take the Time, and Another Day. It also features the song To Live Forever, an Awake-era re-recording of the song from the Images and Words sessions, several single edits of popular Dream Theater songs are also featured on this compilation. He also suggests that a third disc shouldve been included called The Epic Side, on the album cover, on the words Greatest Hit, some letters are printed in red, being the s from Greatest and the word hit, making the word shit

2.
Energy (esotericism)
–
The term energy is used by writers and practitioners of various esoteric forms of spirituality and alternative medicine to refer to a variety of phenomena. There is no evidence for the existence of such energy. Therapies that purport to use, modify, or manipulate unknown energies are thus among the most contentious of all complementary, claims related to energy therapies are most often anecdotal, rather than being based on repeatable empirical evidence. Concepts such as force and élan vital emerged from the debate over vitalism in the early 20th century. As biologists studied embryology and developmental biology, particularly before the discovery of genes, german biologist Hans Driesch, proposed entelechy, an energy which he believed controlled organic processes. However such ideas are discredited and modern science has all but abandoned the attempt to associate additional energetic properties with life. According to Brian Dunning, the term energy is, in fact, misused in the context of spirituality and alternative medicine, Thats all that energy is. But in popular culture, energy has become a noun. Energy is often spoken of as if it is a thing unto itself, like a region of glowing power, when you hear the word energy used, substitute the phrase measurable work capability. Does the usage still make sense, remember, energy itself is not the thing being measured, energy is the measurement of work performed or of potential. Thus, this New Age concept of the body having a field is fatally doomed. There is no such thing as a field, they are two unrelated concepts. Despite the lack of support, spiritual writers and thinkers have maintained ideas about energy. The field of energy medicine purports to manipulate energy, but there is no evidence to support this. The concept of qi appears throughout traditional East Asian culture, such as in the art of feng shui, qi philosophy also includes the notion of negative qi, typically understood as introducing negative moods like outright fear or more moderate expressions like social anxiety or awkwardness. Deflecting this negative qi through geomancy is a preoccupation in feng shui, the traditional explanation of acupuncture states that it works by manipulating the circulation of qi through a network of meridians. There are various sacred sites that people of various belief systems find numinous or having an energy with significance to humans

3.
Star Wars
–
Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983

4.
Fictional universe
–
A fictional universe is a self-consistent imaginary setting with events, and often other elements, that differ from the real world. It may also be called an imagined, constructed or fictional realm, fictional universes may appear in novels, comics, films, television shows, video games and other creative works. What distinguishes a fictional universe from a setting is the level of detail. A fictional universe has a continuity and internal logic that must be adhered to throughout the work. So, for instance, many books may be set in conflicting fictional versions of Victorian London, however, the various film series based on Sherlock Holmes follow their own separate continuities, and so do not take place in the same fictional universe. The history and geography of a universe are well-defined, and maps. When subsequent works are written within the universe, care is usually taken to ensure that established facts of the canon are not violated. Even if the fictional universe involves concepts such as magic that dont exist in the real world, a famous example of a detailed fictional universe is Arda, of J. R. R. Tolkiens books The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion. He created first its languages and then the world itself, which he states was primarily linguistic in inspiration and was begun in order to provide the history for the Elvish tongues. Another, more recent, famous fictional universe is that of the Avatar film series, as James Cameron has invented an entire ecosystem, also, he commissioned a linguistics expert to invent the Navi language. Virtually every successful fictional TV series or comic book develops its own universe to keep track of the episodes or issues. Writers for that series must follow the story bible, which becomes the series canon. This creates a universe that future authors can write about. These stories about the universe or universes that existed before the retcon are usually not canonical, Crisis on Infinite Earths was an especially sweeping example. Some writers choose to introduce elements or characters from one work into another, for example, the character of Ursula Buffay from American sitcom Mad About You was also a recurring guest star in Friends, despite the two series having little else in common. Fellow NBC series Seinfeld also contained references to Mad About You. L. Frank Baum introduced the characters of Capn Bill and Trot, the two characters made a number of subsequent appearances in later Oz books. Sir Thomas Mores Utopia is one of the earliest examples of a fictional world with its own rules and functional concepts

5.
Jedi
–
The Jedi /ˈdʒɛˌdaɪ/ are the main protagonists in the Star Wars universe. They are depicted as an ancient monastic and academic meritocratic organization whose origin dates back to c.25,000 BBY. The Jedi Order mostly consists of polymaths, teachers, philosophers, scientists, engineers, physicians, diplomats and warriors, by serving others, the Jedi give of themselves through acts of charity, citizenship, and volunteerism. A Jedis ideology and strict way of life as a challenge to live up to is a recurring theme in the Star Wars universe. Their traditional weapon is the lightsaber, a device which generates a blade-like plasma controlled by a crystal, the fictional organization has inspired a real-world new religious movement, Jediism. As depicted in the canon, the Jedi study and utilize the Force, in order to help, like their counterparts, the Sith, their main weapon is the lightsaber. By training the mind and the body the Jedi seek to improve themselves by gaining unfettered access to the Force while also seeking to improve those individuals, the film Rogue One suggests that it relates to the planet Jedha, source of the kyber crystals used in lightsabers. George Lucas acknowledged Jedi concepts have been inspired by many sources, the work of the mythologist Joseph Campbell, especially his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, directly influenced Lucas, and was what drove him to create the modern myth of Star Wars. The Lost Twenty was the given to a group of Jedi Masters—numbering twenty in total—who left the Jedi Order throughout its history. The first twelve of these ‘Lost Twenty’ left the Jedi Order before the Third Great Schism, these twelve Masters later became Dark Jedi who eventually founded the first Sith Empire. In the years preceding the Clone Wars, Jedi Master Dooku left the Jedi Order as a result of differences with his fellow Jedi, to commemorate these former Jedi, memorial statue busts were displayed at the Jedi Temple on Coruscant. The prequel films depict the Jedi in their prime, dealing with the presence of the dark side of the Force and determined to fight their mortal enemies. Once corrupted, Vader helps Palpatine hunt down and destroy all of the Jedi, leaving very few left, such as Jedi Masters Yoda. The first person to be issued this order was Clone Commander Cody, Darth Vader led Operation, Knightfall against the Jedi Temple with the 501st Legion while the rest of the clone army around the galaxy carried out Order 66. Palpatine convinced the people of the Republic that Jedi were corrupted warmongers responsible for prolonging the Clone Wars, Darth Vader continued to hunt and execute surviving Jedi by the thousands during the first 10 years of the Empires history. The Jedi are first introduced in the 1977 motion picture Star Wars as an order of monks who serve as the guardians of peace and justice in the galaxy. Obi-Wan Kenobi explains that the Galactic Empire had all but exterminated the Jedi some twenty years before the events of the film, Darth Vader is also established as the Jedis main enemy. By the end of the film, Luke is on the path to becoming a Jedi, the third film in the original trilogy, Return of the Jedi, ends with Luke redeeming Vader and helping to destroy the Empire, thus fulfilling his destiny as a Jedi

6.
Sith
–
The Sith is an organization of preternaturally-gifted warriors in the fictional Star Wars universe. They are depicted as an ancient monastic and academic kraterocratic organization whose origin date back to c.6,000 BBY, the Sith Order mostly consists of those characterized by their desire to seize power through physical or supernatural force, social maneuvering and political cunning. Sith believed in conflict as a catalyst for growth, and as a tool to purge the unworthy and their culture was one based upon fear, dishonesty, and betrayal. The Sith are the primary wielders of the side of the Force. Within the space setting of Star Wars, the Sith are an affiliation of warriors who cultivate a legacy of forbidden martial arts in pursuit of individual power. Their schemes are key to the plot of the Star Wars films. Frequently opposed by their ancient forebears, the Jedi, the Sith have also been stymied at crucial junctures by internal frictions, the notion that the Sith’s cruel philosophy is ultimately self-defeating on both a personal and institutional level is a running theme within Star Wars media. The Sith philosophy lionizes greed, lust, selfishness and the attainment of power regardless of the cost to others, Sith believed in strength and also encouraged anyone with the power to do so, to rise up. Both Sith and Jedi alike may draw on the Force to achieve a variety of superhuman feats, however, in keeping with their egoistical doctrine, the Sith use these powers for their benefit alone, often to manipulate and destroy others. The Sith are key antagonists within the Star Wars universe, and are enslaved to their own self-serving desires, amoral, sadistic, vindictive, violent, the origin, agenda, abilities and philosophy of the Sith are intertwined with their relationship to the Force. With proper training, the Force may be called upon by rare individuals capable of sensing or touching it to achieve feats such as telekinesis, precognition. Not all psychological states are conducive to employing the Force, discipline is required, however, both quietude and focused, intense passion alike can be effective. The Sith originate in a group of Force-sensitive warriors who discovered efficaciousness of passion as a tool to draw on the Force many centuries prior to the events of the first Star Wars film, fully embracing this approach, they became defined by it. The warrior who would become the first Sith was apparently a member of an older martial order of Force-sensitive sapient beings in the Star Wars universe. The Jedi served as a knightly order within the Galactic Republic. The Jedi creed mirrored their method of utilizing the Force, and Jedi doctrine favored states of serenity, detachment, compassion, when certain members of the Jedi Order began to experiment with passion as an alternative, controversy emerged. The Jedi establishment saw these innovations as a threat to the ethos of the Jedi, opening members to the seduction of aggrandizement, eventually, this controversy led to a sectarian conflict in which the heterodox Jedi were defeated and exiled. In exile, the dissident Jedi was free to explore the relationship between passion and the Force and his investigations led them to conclude that the martial and ethical disciplines of the Jedi establishment were foolish and misguided

7.
Vernacular
–
Some linguists use vernacular and nonstandard dialect as synonyms. The use of vernacular is not recent, here vernacular, mother language and dialect are already in use in a modern sense. The figurative meaning was broadened from the diminutive extended words vernaculus, varro, the classical Latin grammarian, used the term vocabula vernacula, termes de la langue nationale or vocabulary of the national language as opposed to foreign words. In general linguistics, a vernacular is contrasted with a lingua franca, for instance, in Western Europe until the 17th century, most scholarly works had been written in Latin, which was serving as a lingua franca. Works written in Romance languages are said to be in the vernacular, the Divina Commedia, the Cantar de Mio Cid, and The Song of Roland are examples of early vernacular literature in Italian, Spanish, and French, respectively. In Europe, Latin was used instead of vernacular languages in varying forms until c. 1701, in its latter stage as New Latin, in Catholicism, vernacular bibles were later provided, but Latin was used at Tridentine Mass until the Second Vatican Council of 1965. Certain groups, notably Traditionalist Catholics, continue to practice Latin Mass, in India, the 12th century Bhakti movement led to the translation of Sanskrit texts to the vernacular. In science, a user of the vernacular was Galileo. 1600, though some of his works remained in Latin, a later example is Isaac Newton, whose 1687 Principia was in Latin, but whose 1704 Opticks was in English. Latin continues to be used in fields of science, notably binomial nomenclature in biology, while other fields such as mathematics use vernacular. In diplomacy, French displaced Latin in Europe in the 1710s, certain languages have both a classical form and various vernacular forms, with two widely used examples being Arabic and Chinese, see Varieties of Arabic and Chinese language. In the 1920s, due to the May Fourth Movement, Classical Chinese was replaced by written vernacular Chinese, the vernacular is also often contrasted with a liturgical language, a specialized use of a former lingua franca. Similarly, in Hindu culture, traditionally religious or scholarly works were written in Sanskrit or in Tamil in Tamil country. With the rise of the movement from the 12th century onwards, religious works were created in the other languages, Hindi, Kannada, Telugu. These circumstances are a contrast between a vernacular and language variant used by the same speakers, according to one school of linguistic thought, all such variants are examples of a linguistic phenomenon termed diglossia. In it, the language is bifurcated, i. e. the speaker learns two forms of the language and ordinarily uses one but under special circumstances the other. The one most frequently used is the low variant, equivalent to the vernacular, the concept was introduced to linguistics by Charles A. Ferguson, but Ferguson explicitly excluded variants as divergent as dialects or different languages or as similar as styles or registers

8.
George Lucas
–
George Walton Lucas Jr. is an American filmmaker and entrepreneur. He is best known as the creator of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises, as well as the founder of Lucasfilm and he was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Lucasfilm, before selling it to The Walt Disney Company in 2012. Upon graduating from the University of Southern California in 1967, Lucas co-founded American Zoetrope with fellow filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola, Lucas wrote and directed THX1138, based on his earlier student short Electronic Labyrinth, THX1138 4EB, which was a critical success but a financial failure. His next work as a writer-director was the film, American Graffiti, inspired by his teen years in early 1960s Modesto, California, the film was critically and commercially successful, and received five Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. Following the first Star Wars film, Lucas produced and co-wrote the following installments in the trilogy, The Empire Strikes Back, along with Steven Spielberg, Lucas co-created and wrote the Indiana Jones films Raiders of the Lost Ark, Temple of Doom, and The Last Crusade. Lucas also produced and/or wrote a variety of films through Lucasfilm in the 1980s and 1990s, Lucas also returned to directing with the Star Wars prequel trilogy, consisting of The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, and Revenge of the Sith. He later collaborated on the story for the Indiana Jones sequel Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, five of Lucass seven features are among the 100 highest-grossing movies at the North American box office, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. Lucas is one of the American film industrys most financially successful filmmakers, Lucas is considered a significant figure in the New Hollywood era. Lucas was born and raised in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy Ellinore Lucas and George Walton Lucas and he is of German, Swiss-German, English, Scottish, and distant Dutch and French descent. Growing up, Lucas had a passion for cars and motor racing, on June 12,1962, while driving his souped-up Autobianchi Bianchina, another driver broadsided him, flipping over his car, nearly killing him, causing him to lose interest in racing as a career. He attended Modesto Junior College, where he studied anthropology, sociology and he also began shooting with an 8 mm camera, including filming car races. At this time, Lucas and his friend John Plummer became interested in Canyon Cinema, screenings of underground, avant-garde 16 mm filmmakers like Jordan Belson, Stan Brakhage, and Bruce Conner. Lucas and Plummer also saw classic European films of the time, including Jean-Luc Godards Breathless, François Truffauts Jules et Jim, thats when George really started exploring, Plummer said. Through his interest in racing, Lucas met renowned cinematographer Haskell Wexler, another race enthusiast. Wexler, later to work with Lucas on several occasions, was impressed by Lucas talent, George had a very good eye, and he thought visually, he recalled. Lucas then transferred to the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, USC was one of the earliest universities to have a school devoted to motion picture film. During the years at USC, Lucas shared a room with Randal Kleiser. Along with classmates such as Walter Murch, Hal Barwood, and John Milius and he also became good friends with fellow acclaimed student filmmaker and future Indiana Jones collaborator, Steven Spielberg

9.
Star Wars (film)
–
Star Wars is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. The first installment in the Star Wars film series, it stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew co-star in supporting roles. The plot focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia, and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empires space station and this conflict disrupts the isolated life of farmhand Luke Skywalker, who inadvertently acquires a pair of droids that possess stolen architectural plans for the Death Star. Star Wars was released theatrically in the United States on May 25,1977 and it earned $461 million in the U. S. and $314 million overseas, totaling $775 million. It surpassed Jaws to become the film of all time until the release of E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial. When adjusted for inflation, Star Wars is the film in North America. It received ten Academy Award nominations, winning seven and it was among the first films to be selected as part of the U. S. Library of Congress National Film Registry as being culturally, historically, at the time, it was the most recent film on the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s. Its soundtrack was added to the U. S. National Recording Registry in 2004, today, it is often regarded as one of the best films of all time, as well as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures. It launched an industry of tie-in products, including TV series spinoffs, novels, comic books, and video games, the films success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, followed by a trilogy beginning in 2015. In 2016, Rogue One was released as a prequel to the original Star Wars film. The galaxy is in the midst of a civil war, spies for the Rebel Alliance have stolen plans to the Galactic Empires Death Star, a heavily armed space station capable of destroying an entire planet. Rebel leader Princess Leia has the plans, but her ship is captured by Imperial forces under the command of the evil Darth Vader, before she is captured, Leia hides the plans in the memory of an astromech droid, R2-D2, along with a holographic recording. R2-D2 flees to the surface of the desert planet Tatooine with C-3PO, the droids are captured by Jawa traders, who sell them to moisture farmers Owen and Beru Lars and their nephew Luke Skywalker. While cleaning R2-D2, Luke accidentally triggers part of Leias message, the next morning, Luke finds R2-D2 searching for Obi-Wan, and meets Ben Kenobi, an old hermit who lives in the hills and reveals himself to be Obi-Wan. Contrary to his uncles statements, Luke learns that his father, Anakin, Obi-Wan tells Luke that Vader was his former pupil who turned to the dark side of the Force and killed Anakin. Obi-Wan then presents to Luke his fathers weapon – a lightsaber, Obi-Wan views Leias complete message, in which she begs him to take the Death Star plans to her home planet of Alderaan and give them to her father for analysis

10.
San Francisco
–
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush

11.
New Age
–
The New Age is a term applied to a range of spiritual or religious beliefs and practices that developed in Western nations during the 1970s. Precise scholarly definitions of the New Age differ in their emphasis, although analytically often considered to be religious, those involved in it typically prefer the designation of spiritual and rarely use the term New Age themselves. Many scholars of the subject refer to it as the New Age movement, although others contest this term, such prominent occult influences include the work of Emanuel Swedenborg and Franz Mesmer, as well as the ideas of Spiritualism, New Thought, and Theosophy. Although the exact origins of the phenomenon remain contested, it is agreed that it developed in the 1970s and it expanded and grew largely in the 1980s and 1990s, in particular within the United States. By the start of the 21st century, the term New Age was increasingly rejected within this milieu, despite its highly eclectic nature, a number of beliefs commonly found within the New Age have been identified. Theologically, the New Age typically adopts a belief in a form of divinity which imbues all of the universe. There is thus a strong emphasis on the authority of the self. This is accompanied by a belief in a wide variety of semi-divine non-human entities, such as angels and masters, with whom humans can communicate. There is also a focus on healing, particularly using forms of alternative medicine. Those involved in the New Age have been primarily from middle, the New Age has generated criticism from established Christian organisations as well as modern Pagan and indigenous communities. From the 1990s onward, the New Age became the subject of research by scholars of religious studies. The New Age phenomenon has proved difficult to define, with much scholarly disagreement as to its scope, the scholars Steven J. Sutcliffe and Ingvild Sælid Gilhus have even suggested that it remains among the most disputed of categories in the study of religion. According to Hammer, this New Age was a fluid and fuzzy cultic milieu and he thus argued against the idea that the New Age could be considered a unified ideology or Weltanschauung, although he believed that it could be considered a more of less unified movement. Conversely, various scholars have suggested that the New Age is insufficiently homogenous to be regarded as a singular movement. There is no authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term New Age in reference to themselves, some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves New Agers, those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual seekers, other figures have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders it too problematic for such use. In discussing the New Age, academics have varyingly referred to New Age spirituality and those involved in the New Age rarely consider it to be religion—negatively associating that term solely with organized religion—and instead describe their practices as spirituality

12.
Qi
–
In traditional Chinese culture, qì or chi is an active principle forming part of any living thing. Qi literally translates as breath, air, or gas, and figuratively as material energy, life force, Qi is the central underlying principle in traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts. Some elements of the concept of qi can be found in the energy when used in the context of various esoteric forms of spirituality. Notions in the West of energeia, élan vital, or vitalism are purported to be similar, despite widespread belief in the reality of qi, it is a non-scientific, unverifiable concept. The logograph 氣 is read with two Chinese pronunciations, the usual qì 氣 air, vital energy and the rare archaic xì 氣 to present food, pronunciations of 氣 in Sino-Xenic borrowings include, Japanese language ki, Korean language gi, and Vietnamese language khi. Reconstructions of the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 氣, standardized to IPA transcription, include, /kʰe̯iH/, /kʰĭəiH/, /kʰiəiH/, /kʰɨjH/, reconstructions of the Old Chinese pronunciation of 氣, standardized to IPA transcription, include, /*kʰɯds/, and /*C. qʰəp-s/. In addition, qì 炁 is an uncommon character especially used in writing Daoist talismans, historically, the word qì was generally written as 气 until the Han dynasty, when it was replaced by the 氣 graph clarified with mǐ 米 rice indicating steam. These oracle, bronze, and seal scripts graphs for qì 气 air, breath, etc. were anciently used as a loan character to write qǐ 乞 plead for, beg, ask. The regular script character qì 氣 is unusual because qì 气 is both the air radical and the phonetic, with mǐ 米 rice semantically indicating steam, vapor. This qì 气 air/gas radical, which was used in a few native Chinese characters like yīnyūn 氤氲 thick mist/smoke, was used to create new scientific characters for gaseous chemical elements. Some examples are based on pronunciations in European languages, fú 氟 fluorine and nǎi 氖 neon, others are based on semantics, qīng 氫 hydrogen and lǜ 氯 chlorine. Qi was an early Chinese loanword in English, romanized as, ki in Church Romanization in the century, chi in Wade–Giles in the mid-19th century. An early form of the idea comes from the writings of the Chinese philosopher Mencius, historically, the Huangdi Neijing/The Yellow Emperors Classic of Medicine is credited with first establishing the pathways through which qi circulates in the human body. The ancient Chinese described it as life force and they believed qi permeated everything and linked their surroundings together. They likened it to the flow of energy around and through the body, forming a cohesive, by understanding its rhythm and flow they believed they could guide exercises and treatments to provide stability and longevity. Although the concept of qi has been important within many Chinese philosophies, until China came into contact with Western scientific and philosophical ideas, they had not categorized all things in terms of matter and energy. Qi and li were fundamental categories similar to matter and energy, yuán qì is a notion of innate or pre-natal qi to distinguish it from acquired qi that a person may develop over the course of their lifetime. The earliest texts that speak of qi give some indications of how the concept developed, the philosopher Mo Di used the word qi to refer to noxious vapors that would in due time arise from a corpse were it not buried at a sufficient depth

13.
Gary Kurtz
–
Gary Douglas Kurtz is an American film producer whose list of credits includes American Graffiti, Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back, The Dark Crystal and Return to Oz. Kurtz also co-produced the 1989 science fiction adventure film Slipstream, which reunited him with Star Wars star Mark Hamill, during 1965, Kurtz was an assistant director on a Monte Hellman Western, Ride in the Whirlwind, starring Jack Nicholson for Proteus Films. He then served as manager on Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet with Basil Rathbone. Kurtz additionally worked as an assistant director and second director, as well as a camera operator for the second unit. Kurtz film career was interrupted between 1966 and 1969, when he served in the U. S. Marine Corps, Gary Kurtz and George Lucas first collaboration was on the 1973 film American Graffiti. Universal initially projected a $600,000 budget, but added an additional $175,000 once producer Francis Ford Coppola signed on to co-produce with Kurtz and this would allow the studio to advertise American Graffiti as From the Man Who Gave You The Godfather. Production proceeded with no input or interference from Universal. The film was released in the United States on August 1,1973 to sleeper hit reception, the film cost only $1.27 million to produce and market, but yielded worldwide box office gross revenues of more than $55 million. It had only modest success outside the United States, but became a film in France. Universal reissued Graffiti in 1978 and earned an additional $63 million, at the end of its theatrical run, American Graffiti had one of the lowest cost-to-profit ratios of a motion picture ever. It was the film of all time in 1977, and. By the 1990s, American Graffiti had earned more than $200 million in box office gross, in December 1997, Variety reported that the film had earned an additional $55.13 million in rental revenue. American Graffiti went on to widespread critical acclaim. Based on 33 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, 97% of the critics enjoyed the film with a score of 8. 3/10. The consensus reads, One of the most influential of all teen films, American Graffiti is a funny, nostalgic, Kurtz and Coppola were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture but lost to The Sting. Further nominations at the 46th Academy Awards included Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, Best Supporting Actress, Kurtz and Coppola went on to win the Best Motion Picture at the 31st Golden Globe Awards, while Paul Le Mat won Most Promising Newcomer. Lucas was nominated for Best Director and Richard Dreyfuss was nominated for Best Actor in a Comedy or Musical, in 1995, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant. In 1973, at approximately the time as he began his collaboration with George Lucas, Kurtz formed his own company, Kinetographics, in San Rafael

14.
Comparative religion
–
Comparative religion is the branch of the study of religions concerned with the systematic comparison of the doctrines and practices of the worlds religions. In general the comparative study of religion yields a deeper understanding of the fundamental concerns of religion such as ethics, metaphysics. Studying such material is meant to give one a richer and more sophisticated understanding of human beliefs and practices regarding the sacred, numinous, spiritual, other religions that fit this description are sometimes included but are often omitted. The original belief in the One God of Abraham eventually became strictly monotheistic present-day Rabbinic Judaism, christians believe that Christianity is the fulfillment and continuation of the Jewish Old Testament. Christians believe that Jesus is the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament prophecy and this signaled a break with Islam and started a new religious system, that also represents the predecessor of the Baháí Faith. Christianity and Judaism are two other Abrahamic religions that diverge in theology and practice, the historical interaction of Islam and Judaism started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam. There are many common aspects between Islam and Judaism, and as Islam developed, it became the major religion closest to Judaism. There are many traditions within Islam originating from traditions within the Hebrew Bible or from post-biblical Jewish traditions and these practices are known collectively as the Israiliyat. The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam, Islam accepts many aspects of Christianity as part of its faith - with some differences in interpretation - and rejects other aspects. Islam believes the Quran is the revelation from God and a completion of all previous revelations. Several important religions and religious movements originated in Greater Iran, that is and they include Mithraism, Zoroastrianism, Ætsæg Din, Yazdanism, Ahl-e Haqq, Zurvanism, Mandaeism, Manichaeism, and Mazdakism. Indian religions refers to a number of religions that have originated on the Indian subcontinent and they encompass Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Buddhism and modern Hinduism are both post-Vedic religions, gautama Buddha is mentioned as an Avatar of Vishnu in the Puranic texts of Hinduism. Prominent Hindu reformers such as Gandhi and Vivekananda acknowledge Buddhist influence, Gandhi, like Hindus, did not believe Buddha established a non-Hindu tradition. He writes, I do not regard Jainism or Buddhism as separate from Hinduism, a Taoic religion is a religion, or religious philosophy, that focuses on the East Asian concept of Tao. This forms a group of religions including Taoism, Confucianism, Jeung San Do, Shinto, I-Kuan Tao, Chondogyo. In large parts of East Asia, Buddhism has taken on some taoic features, Tao can be roughly stated to be the flow of the universe, or the force behind the natural order. It is believed to be the influence that keeps the universe balanced and ordered and is associated with nature, the flow of Chi, as the essential energy of action and existence, is compared to the universal order of Tao

15.
The Empire Strikes Back
–
The Empire Strikes Back is a 1980 American epic space opera film directed by Irvin Kershner. Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan wrote the screenplay, with George Lucas writing the films story, the film is set three years after Star Wars. The Galactic Empire, under the leadership of the villainous Darth Vader and the Emperor, is in pursuit of Luke Skywalker, while Vader chases a small band of Lukes friends—Han Solo, Princess Leia Organa, and others—across the galaxy, Luke studies the Force under Jedi Master Yoda. When Vader captures Lukes friends, Luke must decide whether to complete his training and become a full Jedi Knight or to confront Vader, following a difficult production, The Empire Strikes Back was released on May 21,1980. The film ranks #3 on Empires 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time and it became the highest-grossing film of 1980 and, to date, has earned more than $538 million worldwide from its original run and several re-releases. When adjusted for inflation, it is the sequel of all time. The film was followed by a sequel, titled Return of the Jedi, in 2010, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant. Three years after the destruction of the Death Star, the Rebel Alliance has been driven from their base on Yavin IV by the Galactic Empire. The Rebels, led by Princess Leia, have set up their new base on the ice planet Hoth, the Imperial fleet, led by Darth Vader, continues to hunt for the Rebels’ new base by dispatching probe droids across the galaxy. While investigating a meteor strike, Luke Skywalker is injured and captured by a wampa. He manages to escape from its cave with his lightsaber, the ghost of his late mentor, Obi-Wan Kenobi, instructs him to go to the Dagobah system to train under Jedi Master Yoda. He is found by Han Solo, who kills his tauntaun, Han and Luke make it through the night and are rescued by a search party. On patrol, Han and Chewbacca discover the meteor Luke had planned to investigate is actually a probe droid, the Empire launches a large-scale attack, using AT-AT Walkers to capture the base. Despite heavy resistance, the Walkers destroy the shield generator. Han and Leia escape on the Millennium Falcon with C-3PO and Chewbacca and they hide in an asteroid field, where Han and Leia grow closer, and eventually, kiss. Vader summons bounty hunters, including the notorious Boba Fett, to assist in finding the Falcon, Luke, meanwhile, escapes with R2-D2 in his X-wing fighter and crash-lands on the swamp planet Dagobah. He meets a creature who is revealed to be Yoda, after conferring with Obi-Wans spirit. Yoda trains Luke as a Jedi and raises his sunken ship from the swamp with the power of the Force, after evading the Empire, Han sets a course for Cloud City, a floating colony in the skies of the gas giant planet Bespin

16.
Leigh Brackett
–
Leigh Douglass Brackett was an American writer, particularly of science fiction, and has been referred to as the Queen of Space Opera. She was also a screenwriter, known for her work on films as The Big Sleep, Rio Bravo, The Long Goodbye. Leigh Brackett was born December 7,1915 in Los Angeles, California, on December 31,1946, at age 31, she married Edmond Hamilton in San Gabriel, California, and moved with him to Kinsman, Ohio. She died of cancer in 1978 in Lancaster, California, Brackett was first published in her mid-twenties, the science fiction story Martian Quest, appeared in the February 1940 issue of Astounding Science Fiction. Bracketts first novel, No Good from a Corpse, published in 1944, was a mystery novel in the tradition of Raymond Chandler. In 1946 Brackett married science fiction author Edmond Hamilton and Planet Stories published the novella Lorelei of the Red Mist, Brackett finished the first half before turning it over to Ray Bradbury, so that she could leave to work on The Big Sleep. Brackett returned to writing after her cinema work, in 1948. With Queen of the Martian Catacombs, Brackett created Eric John Stark that she returned to. Stark, an orphan from Earth, is raised by the semi-sentient aboriginals of Mercury and he is saved by a Terran official, who adopts Stark and becomes his mentor. When threatened, Stark reverts to the primitive NChaka, the “man without a tribe” that he was on Mercury, from 1949 to 1951, Stark appeared in three tales, published in Planet Stories, Queen, Enchantress of Venus and Black Amazon of Mars. With this last story, Bracketts period of writing high adventure ended, Bracketts stories adopted an elegiac tone, no longer celebrating the conflicts of frontier worlds but lamenting the passing of civilizations, concentrating more on mood than plot. The reflective, introspective nature of these stories is indicated in the titles, The Last Days of Shandakor, Last Call. was published in the final issue of Planet Stories, always Bracketts most reliable market for science fiction. Other stories trickled out over the decade and old stories were revised and published as novels. A new production of this period was one of Bracketts most critically acclaimed science fiction novels and this novel describes an agrarian, technophobic society that developed after a nuclear war. Most of Bracketts writing after 1955 was for the more lucrative film and she and her husband shared Guest of Honor duties at the 22nd World Science Fiction Convention in Oakland, California. This trilogy brought Eric John Stark back for adventures upon the planet of Skaith. Often referred to as the Queen of space opera, Brackett also wrote planetary romance, Bracketts Skaith combines elements of her other worlds with fantasy elements. Though the influence of Edgar Rice Burroughs is apparent in Bracketts Mars stories, her Mars is set firmly in a world of interplanetary commerce and competition

17.
Return of the Jedi
–
This list of characters from the Star Wars franchise contains only those which are considered part of the official Star Wars canon. C-3PO and R2-D2 are the characters to appear in all films to date

18.
Symbiogenesis
–
It holds that the organelles distinguishing eukaryote cells evolved through symbiosis of individual single-celled prokaryotes.5 billion years ago. In more detail, mitochondria appear to be related to Rickettsiales proteobacteria, in 1918 the French scientist Paul Portier published Les Symbiotes in which he claimed that the mitochondria originated from a symbiosis process. Ivan Wallin extended the idea of an origin to mitochondria in the 1920s. The Russian botanist Boris Kozo-Polyansky was the first to explain the theory in terms of Darwinian evolution, in his 1924 book Symbiogenesis, A New Principle of Evolution he wrote, The theory of symbiogenesis is a theory of selection relying on the phenomenon of symbiosis. These theories were dismissed or ignored. The theory was advanced and substantiated with evidence by Lynn Margulis in a 1967 paper. This last idea has not received much acceptance, because flagella lack DNA, according to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking. The possibility that peroxisomes may have an endosymbiotic origin has also been considered, christian de Duve proposed that they may have been the first endosymbionts, allowing cells to withstand growing amounts of free molecular oxygen in the Earths atmosphere. However, it now appears that they may be formed de novo, the endosymbiotic theory is considered to be a type of saltational evolution. According to Keeling and Archibald, the way to distinguish organelles from endosymbionts is by their reduced genome sizes. As an endosymbiont evolves into an organelle, most of their genes are transferred to the host cell genome, the host cell and organelle need to develop a transport mechanism that enables transfer back of the protein products needed by the organelle but now manufactured by the cell. Cyanobacteria and α-proteobacteria are the most closely related free-living organisms to plastids, both cyanobacteria and α-proteobacteria maintain a large genome encoding thousands of proteins. Plastids and mitochondria exhibit a reduction in genome size when compared to their bacterial relatives. Nowack and her colleagues performed gene sequencing on the chromatophore and found that only 867 proteins were encoded by these photosynthetic cells, comparisons with their closest free living cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus revealed that chromatophores underwent a drastic genome shrinkage. Thus, these chromatophores were found to be non-functional for organelle-specific purposes when compared to mitochondria and this distinction could have promoted the early evolution of photosynthetic organelles. The loss of autonomy, that is, the loss of many genes from endosymbionts. Taking into account the entire original endosymbiont genome, there are three possible fates for genes over evolutionary time. The loss of autonomy and integration of the endosymbiont with its host can be attributed to nuclear gene transfer

19.
Mitochondrion
–
The mitochondrion is a double membrane-bound organelle found in all eukaryotic organisms. Some cells in multicellular organisms may however lack them. A number of organisms, such as microsporidia, parabasalids. To date, only one eukaryote, Monocercomonoides, is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, the word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, thread, and χονδρίον, chondrion, granule or grain-like. Mitochondria generate most of the supply of adenosine triphosphate, used as a source of chemical energy. Mitochondria are commonly between 0.75 and 3 μm in diameter but vary considerably in size and structure, unless specifically stained, they are not visible. Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes, Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, heart failure and autism. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, for instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000, The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the space, the inner membrane. Although most of a cells DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans,615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, the mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. The first observations of structures that probably represented mitochondria were published in the 1840s. Richard Altmann, in 1890, established them as cell organelles, the term mitochondria was coined by Carl Benda in 1898. Leonor Michaelis discovered that Janus green can be used as a stain for mitochondria in 1900. Benjamin F. Kingsbury, in 1912, first related them with cell respiration, in 1913, particles from extracts of guinea-pig liver were linked to respiration by Otto Heinrich Warburg, which he called grana. Warburg and Heinrich Otto Wieland, who had postulated a similar particle mechanism. It was not until 1925, when David Keilin discovered cytochromes, in the following years, the mechanism behind cellular respiration was further elaborated, although its link to the mitochondria was not known. The introduction of tissue fractionation by Albert Claude allowed mitochondria to be isolated from other cell fractions, in 1946, he concluded that cytochrome oxidase and other enzymes responsible for the respiratory chain were isolated to the mitchondria

20.
The Walt Disney Company
–
The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929

21.
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
–
Star Wars, The Force Awakens is a 2015 American epic space opera film directed, co-produced, and co-written by J. J. Abrams. The Force Awakens was announced after The Walt Disney Companys acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012 and it was produced by Abrams, his longtime collaborator Bryan Burk, and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy. Abrams and Lawrence Kasdan, co-writer of the trilogy films The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. John Williams, composer for the six films, returned to compose the films score. Lucas served as consultant during the films early production. Filming began in April 2014 in Abu Dhabi and Iceland, with photography also taking place in Ireland and Pinewood Studios in England. It is the first live-action film in the franchise since Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Star Wars, The Force Awakens was widely anticipated, and Disney backed the film with extensive marketing campaigns. It premiered in Los Angeles on December 14,2015, four days before its release worldwide. It received five Academy Award nominations and four British Academy Film Award nominations, two sequels, Star Wars, The Last Jedi and Episode IX, are scheduled for release in 2017 and 2019, respectively. Three decades after the destruction of the second Death Star, the First Order has risen from the fallen Galactic Empire, the Resistance, backed by the Republic and led by General Leia Organa, opposes them while searching for her brother, Luke Skywalker, to enlist his aid. Resistance pilot Poe Dameron meets village elder Lor San Tekka on the planet Jakku to obtain a map to Lukes location, stormtroopers commanded by Kylo Ren destroy the village and capture Poe, while Ren kills Tekka. Poes droid, BB-8, escapes with the map and encounters a scavenger named Rey near a junkyard settlement, Ren tortures Poe using the Force, and learns of BB-8. Stormtrooper FN-2187, unwilling to kill, frees Poe, and they escape in a stolen TIE fighter and they crash on Jakku, and Finn survives, but Poe is believed to have been killed in the crash. Finn encounters Rey and BB-8, but the First Order tracks them, Finn, Rey, and BB-8 flee the planet in the Millennium Falcon, which they steal from a junkyard. The Falcon is captured by a ship piloted by Han Solo and Chewbacca. Two rival gangs, seeking to settle debts with Han, board and attack, the gangs inform the First Order. At the First Orders Starkiller Base – a planet converted into a superweapon that harnesses energy from stars – Supreme Leader Snoke orders General Hux to use the weapon for the first time. Snoke questions Rens ability to deal with emotions relating to his father, Han Solo, the Falcon crew views BB-8s map and determines it is incomplete

22.
Lawrence Kasdan
–
Lawrence Edward Kasdan is an American screenwriter, director and producer. He is best known as co-writer of the films The Empire Strikes Back, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Kasdan co-wrote the Star Wars sequel trilogy film Star Wars, The Force Awakens, and will co-write the series Han Solo spin-off film. He has been nominated for three Oscars, twice for Best Original Screenplay for The Big Chill and Grand Canyon and once for Best Adapted Screenplay for The Accidental Tourist and he is the father of directors Jake Kasdan and Jon Kasdan, and the father-in-law of musician Inara George. Kasdan was born in Miami, Florida, the son of Sylvia Sarah, an employment counselor, and Clarence Norman Kasdan and his brother is the writer/producer Mark Kasdan. He was raised in Morgantown, West Virginia, where he graduated from Morgantown High School in 1966 and he graduated from the University of Michigan with an MA in Education, originally planning on a career as an English teacher. He won a Hopwood Award for writing during the time of his studies and he was a student of Professor Kenneth Thorpe Rowe. Kasdan made his debut with Body Heat, which he also wrote. Lucas later commissioned Kasdan to write the screenplay for Return of the Jedi, Kasdan is known for both writing and directing his films, which have ranged from Westerns and romantic comedies to thought-provoking dramas. He has received four Academy Award nominations, for screenplays to The Big Chill, Grand Canyon, Grand Canyon won the Golden Bear at the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival. The exception was 1995s French Kiss, which grossed $100 million, in 2001, Kasdan was the recipient of the Austin Film Festivals Distinguished Screenwriter Award. In 2006, Kasdan received the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement from the Writers Guild of America, Kasdan directed the 2012 dramedy Darling Companion, starring Diane Keaton and Kevin Kline. In October 2013, it was announced that JJ Abrams had taken over screenwriting duties for Star Wars Episode VII, working alongside Kasdan, lawrence Kasdan at the Internet Movie Database

23.
J. J. Abrams
–
Jeffrey Jacob J. J. Abrams is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and composer. He is known for work in the genres of action, drama, Abrams wrote and/or produced feature films such as Regarding Henry, Forever Young, Armageddon, Cloverfield, and Star Wars, The Force Awakens. He created or co-created a number of TV drama series, including Felicity, Alias, Lost, Abrams won two Emmy Awards for Lost—Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series and Outstanding Drama Series. His directorial film work includes Star Trek and its sequel Star Trek Into Darkness, Mission, Impossible III, and Super 8. He also directed and co-wrote Star Wars, The Force Awakens, Abrams was born in New York City and raised in Los Angeles, the son of television producer Gerald W. Abrams and executive producer Carol Ann Abrams. His sister is screenwriter Tracy Rosen, Abramss first job in the movie business started at 15 when he wrote the music for Don Dohlers 1982 film Nightbeast. During his senior year at college, he teamed with Jill Mazursky to write a film treatment. Purchased by Touchstone Pictures, the treatment was the basis for Taking Care of Business, Abramss first produced film and he followed with Regarding Henry, starring Harrison Ford, and Forever Young, starring Mel Gibson. He also co-wrote with Mazursky the script for the comedy Gone Fishin starring Joe Pesci, Abrams worked on the screenplay for the 1998 film Armageddon with producer Jerry Bruckheimer and director Michael Bay. That same year, he made his first foray into television with Felicity and he also composed its opening theme music. Under his production company, Bad Robot, which he founded with Bryan Burk in 2001, Abrams created and executive-produced ABCs Alias and is co-creator and he later co-wrote the teleplay for Losts third season premiere A Tale of Two Cities. As with Felicity, Abrams also composed the theme music for Alias. In 2001, Abrams co-wrote and produced the thriller Joy Ride, in 2006, he served as executive producer of What About Brian and Six Degrees, also on ABC. Abrams directed and wrote the pilot for Lost and remained active producer for the first half of the season. That same year, he made his directorial debut in 2006 with Mission, Impossible III. Abrams spoke at the TED conference in 2007, in 2008, Abrams produced the monster movie Cloverfield. In 2009, he directed the fiction film Star Trek. In 2008, Abrams co-created, executive produced, and co-wrote the FOX science fiction series Fringe and he was featured in the 2009 MTV Movie Awards 1980s-style digital short Cool Guys Dont Look at Explosions, with Andy Samberg and Will Ferrell, in which he plays a keyboard solo

24.
Obi-Wan Kenobi
–
Obi-Wan Ben Kenobi is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed by Alec Guinness and Ewan McGregor in the films. In the original trilogy, he is a mentor to Luke Skywalker, in the prequel trilogy, he is a master and friend to Anakin Skywalker. He is frequently featured as a character in various other Star Wars media. Obi-Wan Kenobi is introduced in the original Star Wars living as the hermit Ben Kenobi on the planet Tatooine, when Luke Skywalker and the droid C-3PO wander off in search of the lost droid R2-D2, Ben rescues them from a band of native Tusken Raiders. At his home, R2-D2 plays Ben a recording of Princess Leia which explains that R2-D2 contains the plans for the Death Star, Leia asks him to deliver the droid and the plans safely to the planet Alderaan in order to help the Rebel Alliance. He gives Luke his fathers lightsaber and asks Luke to accompany him to Alderaan, Luke declines, but promises to take Obi-Wan as far as Anchorhead Station. After Luke finds his uncle and aunt killed by Imperial troops, he agrees to go with Obi-Wan to Alderaan, in the spaceport city Mos Eisley, Obi-Wan uses the Force to trick Imperial troops into letting them through a military checkpoint. They enter a cantina and make a deal with two smugglers, Han Solo and Chewbacca, to fly them to Alderaan in their ship. During the journey, Obi-Wan begins instructing Luke in lightsaber training and he suddenly becomes weak and tells Luke of a great disturbance in the Force. Emerging from hyperspace, the party finds that Alderaan has been destroyed, the trio chase the TIE fighter to the Death Star, and subsequently get caught in the Death Stars tractor beam. On board the Death Star, Obi-Wan shuts down the tractor beam, Obi-Wan uses the duel to distract Vader as Luke, Leia, Han and Chewbacca escape to the Falcon. Although Vader strikes Obi-Wan down, his body mysteriously vanishes the moment he dies, at the climax of the film during the Rebel attack on the Death Star, Obi-Wan speaks to Luke through the Force to help him destroy the Imperial station. In The Empire Strikes Back, Obi-Wan Kenobi appears several times as a spirit through the Force, on the planet Hoth, he appears to instruct Luke to go to the planet Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda. Despite Yodas skepticism, Obi-Wan convinces his old master to continue Lukes training and he appears later to beseech Luke not to leave Dagobah to try to rescue his friends on Cloud City, although Luke ignores this advice. In Return of the Jedi, Obi-Wan again appears to Luke after Yodas death on Dagobah, Obi-Wan acknowledges that Darth Vader is indeed Lukes father, revealed by Vader in the previous film and confirmed by Yoda on his deathbed, and also reveals that Leia is Lukes twin sister. After the second Death Star is destroyed and the Empire defeated, Obi-Wan appears at the celebration in the Ewok village, alongside the spirits of Yoda, in Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Obi-Wan Kenobi appears as the Jedi Padawan of Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn. He accompanies his master in negotiations with the Trade Federation, which is blockading the planet Naboo with a fleet of spaceships and their ship is damaged in the escape, however, and they are forced to land on Tatooine, where they discover a young Anakin Skywalker. Qui-Gon senses Anakins extraordinarily strong link to the Force and brings the boy to Coruscant to begin Jedi training, when Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan return to Naboo to defeat the Trade Federation, they are met by Sith Lord Darth Maul

25.
Rian Johnson
–
Rian Craig Johnson is an American writer, producer, director, and voice actor. He won the Special Jury Prize for Originality of Vision at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival with his feature film. Johnson directed The Brothers Bloom and Looper, as well as three episodes of the AMC series Breaking Bad, Johnson is the writer and director of Star Wars, The Last Jedi, the eighth film in the Star Wars saga and the second in the sequel trilogy. He has written the treatment for Star Wars, Episode IX. Johnson was born in Maryland. He was raised in San Clemente, California, and attended San Clemente High School and he then attended the University of Southern California and graduated from the USC School of Cinematic Arts in 1996. Johnsons first short film, Evil Demon Golfball from Hell, which is loosely based on Edgar Allan Poes The Tell-Tale Heart, was included as an easter egg on the Looper Blu-ray. Johnsons film career, as told to Robert K. Elder, author of The Film That Changed My Life, was inspired by Annie Hall. He stated, It moved me in a way very few other films have moved me. Thats something that, I pray to God, if I am able to keep making movies, I can only hope, twenty years down the line maybe and his debut film, made for just under $500,000, Brick is a crime drama. Johnson has often said that he looked to the novels of Dashiell Hammett as inspiration for the unique use of language. While the film is classified as a noir, Johnson claims that no references were made to film noir during production. Brick was released on DVD by Focus Features, Johnson directed the video for The Mountain Goats song Woke Up New in 2006. He is a fan of the band, and was asked to direct the video when bandleader John Darnielle noticed a reference to them in the credits for Brick. A song is credited to The Hospital Bombers Experience, which is a reference to the Mountain Goats song titled The Best Ever Death Metal Band in Denton, Johnson also directed a live performance film of the Mountain Goats 2009 album The Life of the World to Come. The film consists of a shot, depicting Darnielle performing the entire album on guitar. This film was screened in New York City, Chicago, Seattle, and Portland, Oregon upon its completion, Johnsons second film, The Brothers Bloom, is a con-man story released in theaters in May 2009, and later on DVD by Summit Entertainment. Johnsons third film, Looper, began shooting in Louisiana on January 24,2011 and was released on September 28,2012 by TriStar Pictures and FilmDistrict. Set in the future, it has been described as dark science fiction

26.
Star Wars: The Last Jedi
–
Star Wars, The Last Jedi is an upcoming American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson. It is the film in the Star Wars sequel trilogy following Star Wars. The film is produced by Lucasfilm and will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It stars Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Lupita Nyongo, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels, Gwendoline Christie, new cast members include Benicio del Toro, Laura Dern, and Kelly Marie Tran in unconfirmed roles. It was Fishers final film role before her death in December 2016, the film was announced after Disneys acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012. It is produced by Ram Bergman and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy, John Williams, composer for the previous seven films, returns to compose the score. The Last Jedi is scheduled for release on December 15,2017, a sequel, Star Wars, Episode IX, is scheduled for 2019. Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker, an immensely powerful Jedi Master who has been in self-imposed exile on the planet Ahch-To, Carrie Fisher as General Leia Organa, twin sister to Luke, former princess of Alderaan, and a leading general in the Resistance. The Last Jedi is Fishers final film role, she died on December 27,2016, Fisher had completed her work on the film before her death. Adam Driver as Kylo Ren, Supreme Leader Snokes loyal servant who is strong with the side of the Force. He was born Ben Solo, the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa, nephew of Luke Skywalker, Daisy Ridley as Rey, a highly Force-sensitive scavenger from the desert planet Jakku who joined the Resistance and goes to find Luke Skywalker. John Boyega as Finn, a stormtrooper of the First Order who defected to the Resistance. Oscar Isaac as Poe Dameron, an X-wing fighter pilot in the Resistance, Lupita Nyongo as Maz Kanata, a pirate and longtime friend of Han Solo and Chewbacca. Domhnall Gleeson as General Hux, the head of the First Orders Starkiller Base. Anthony Daniels as C-3PO, a protocol droid in the service of Leia Organa. Gwendoline Christie as Captain Phasma, the commander of the First Orders stormtroopers, Andy Serkis as Supreme Leader Snoke, the mysterious leader of the First Order and Kylo Rens master. Tom Hardy will make an appearance as a stormtrooper. Gary Barlow also has an appearance in the film

27.
Star Wars Rebels
–
Star Wars Rebels is an American 3D CGI animated television series produced by Lucasfilm Animation. Imperial forces are hunting down the last of the Jedi Knights while a fledgling rebellion against the Empire is taking form, the visual style of Star Wars Rebels is inspired by the original Star Wars trilogy concept art by Ralph McQuarrie. The series premiered as a 44-minute film, Star Wars Rebels, the first season consisted of 16 episodes and the series features new characters along with ones from the original trilogy. The second season of 22 episodes premiered on June 20,2015, the third season of 22 episodes premiered on September 24,2016, with the hour-long episode Steps Into Shadow. On March 3,2017, it was announced that the series is renewed for a season that is set to premiere in the third quarter. Dave Filoni, Simon Kinberg and Greg Weisman served as producers of season one. Weisman left the show after season one, the series has been generally well-received and has often received in excess of one million viewers per episode. Taylor Gray as Ezra Bridger Freddie Prinze, Jr, in Australia, the series premiered on October 17 on Disney XD. The Siege of Lothal premiered on June 28,2015 and the season debuted on October 18. In Canada, the series premiered on October 19 on the DHX-owned Disney XD, however, due to DHX Media losing the rights to Disney content, the show was later moved to Disney Channel. The second season premiered on November 7 and it was moved to the Corus-owned Disney XD channel on December 1, in the Middle East and Africa, Spark of Rebellion premiered on October 11 and the series debuted on October 18 on Disney XD. Siege of Lothal premiered on October 10, followed the season premiere on October 17. In Southeast Asia, Spark of Rebellion premiered on Disney XD on October 4, Siege of Lothal premiered on October 3 on Disney XD and Disney Channel and the second season was released on October 24. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the series debuted on October 16 on Disney XD, Siege of Lothal premiered on July 18,2015 followed by the second season debut on October 17. Star Wars Rebels, Spark of Rebellion was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD in the US at all retailers on October 14,2014, DVD bonus features include character shorts, a 3D model kit of the Ghost ship, and a preview of season 1. The Complete Season One of Star Wars Rebels was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD and Blu-ray on September 1,2015 in America, the Season 1 collection contains the expanded version of Spark of Rebellion with the Darth Vader/Grand Inquisitor prologue shown on ABC-TV. The Complete Season Two of Star Wars Rebels was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD, in the United States, the one hour special garnered 2.74 million viewers on Disney Channel and 2.40 million viewers on ABC. Worldwide, it delivered a total of 6.5 million viewers, on Disney Channel, the first and second episodes delivered 2.33 million and 1.92 million viewers, respectively

28.
Dave Filoni
–
Dave Filoni is an American animation director, voice actor, writer, and animator. He is most known for his work on Avatar, The Last Airbender and Star Wars and he is also an executive producer on Star Wars Rebels for all seasons, and for the first 2 seasons he served as its supervising director. Justin Ridge succeeded him as supervising director in September 2016 when Filoni accepted a promotion to oversee all of Lucasfilm Animation projects. Dave Filoni grew up in Mt. Lebanon, a suburb near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and attended the Mt. Lebanon High School and the Edinboro University of Pennsylvania. Dave was in the band at Mt. Lebanon. Additionally, he designed and painted murals at Mt. Lebanon High School. Prior to his work on Star Wars, Filoni worked on episodes of the television series Avatar and he is the director of the Star Wars, The Clone Wars feature film, and the supervising director of the Star Wars, The Clone Wars TV series. Whilst on The Star Wars Show Filoni revealed that he believed he was being pranked when given the Star Wars Job. At the time, he announced he would be writing for the Clone Wars monthly comic, Filoni voices the bounty hunter Embo during various episodes in different seasons. An avid Plo Koon fan, Filoni dressed up as the Jedi Master for the opening of Revenge of the Sith, in February 2009, Filoni was inducted as an Honorary Member of the 501st Legion international costuming organization in recognition of his contributions to the continuing Star Wars saga. Dave Filonis office, as seen in the features on the Star Wars. Filoni also has a model of the character Appa on his desk, from Avatar. Dave has attended all the Clone Wars premiers and attended the season premiere in Orlando. He is the most associated with developing the characters of Ahsoka Tano, Filoni is serving as an executive producer of Star Wars Rebels, which debuted in fall 2014, alongside Greg Weisman and Simon Kinberg. For the first 2 seasons he served as its supervising director. He appointed Justin Ridge as his successor for the remainder of the show, Filoni departed as supervising director in September 2016 when he was given the job as overseer of all future and current Lucasfilm Animation projects. Dave Filoni provided the voice of the bounty hunter Embo in Star Wars, in the Star Wars Rebels season three episodes The Holocrons of Fate and Legacy of Mandalore, Filoni voiced a Rebel Crewman and Mandalorian Warrior, respectively. Filonis hobbies include playing ice hockey, he plays the position of goaltender and he has also participated in Snoopys Senior World Hockey Tournament

29.
Darth Vader
–
Darth Vader, also known by his birth name Anakin Skywalker, is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. The character was created by George Lucas and has been portrayed by numerous actors and his appearances span the first six Star Wars films, as well as Rogue One, and his character is heavily referenced in Star Wars, The Force Awakens. He is also an important character in the Star Wars expanded universe of television series, video games, novels, literature and comic books. Originally a Jedi prophesied to bring balance to the Force, he falls to the side of the Force and serves the evil Galactic Empire at the right hand of his Sith master. He is also the father of Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia Organa, grandfather of Kylo Ren, Darth Vader has become one of the most iconic villains in popular culture, and has been listed among the greatest villains and fictional characters ever. The American Film Institute listed him as the third greatest movie villain in history on 100 Years. 100 Heroes and Villains, behind Hannibal Lecter and Norman Bates, however, other critics consider him a tragic hero, citing his original motivations for the greater good before his fall to the dark side. After the success of the original Star Wars, series creator George Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write the sequel with him and they held story conferences and, by late November 1977, Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment. The treatment is similar to the film, except that Vader does not reveal he is Lukes father. In the first draft that Brackett would write from this, Lukes father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke, Lucas was disappointed with the script, but Brackett died of cancer before he could discuss it with her. With no writer available, Lucas had to write the next draft himself, in this draft, he made use of a new plot twist, Vader claiming to be Lukes father. According to Lucas, he found this draft enjoyable to write, the new plot element of Lukes parentage had drastic effects on the series. Anakin battled Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was badly wounded, meanwhile, Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Galactic Republic became the tyrannical Galactic Empire and Vader systematically hunted down and killed the Jedi. This change in character would provide a springboard to the Tragedy of Darth Vader storyline that underlies the prequel trilogy, after deciding to create the prequel trilogy, Lucas indicated the series would be a tragic one depicting Anakins fall to the dark side. He also saw that the prequels could form the beginning of one story that started with Anakins childhood. This was the step towards turning the film series into a saga. For the first prequel, Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Movie trailers focused on Anakin and a one-sheet poster showing him casting Vaders shadow informed otherwise unknowing audiences of the characters eventual fate. The movie ultimately achieved a goal of introducing audiences to Anakin

30.
Sebastian Shaw (actor)
–
Sebastian Lewis Shaw was an English actor, director, novelist, playwright and poet. During his 65-year career, he appeared in dozens of performances and more than 40 film. Shaw was born and brought up in Holt, Norfolk, and he studied acting at Greshams School and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Although he worked primarily on the London stage, he made his Broadway debut in 1929 and he appeared in his first film, Caste, in 1930 and quickly began to create a name for himself in films. He described himself as an actor as a youth and said his success was primarily due to his good looks. He claimed to mature as a performer only after returning from service in the Royal Air Force during World War II, Shaw was particularly known for his performances in productions of Shakespeare plays which were considered daring and ahead of their time. In 1966, he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he remained for a decade and he also wrote several poems and a novel, The Christening, in 1975. Shaw was one of three born to Dr. Geoffrey Shaw, the music master at Greshams School, a Norfolk independent boarding school. His uncle, Martin Shaw, was a composer of church music, Shaw made his acting debut at age eight on the London stage as one of the juvenile band in The Cockyolly Bird at the Royal Court Theatre in Chelsea on New Years Day of 1914. He earned a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in Bloomsbury, Actor Charles Laughton enrolled in the Academy at the same time as Shaw, who later said his first impression of Laughton was a poor fat boy. Although Shaw and his fellow students initially felt pity for Laughton, Shaw appeared in regional theatres in Bristol, Liverpool and Hull. In 1925, he performed in London as the Archangel in The Sign of the Sun and he was criticised for the audacity he displayed in the latter role. Instead, he displayed inward regrets about leaving Falstaff and accepting the new responsibilities, the interpretation was criticised at the time but, years later, became the standard approach to the character. Shaw made his Broadway debut in 1929, when he played the murderer Wyndham Brandon in Patrick Hamiltons stage thriller, in 1929, he married Margaret Delamere and lived with her in the Albany, an apartment complex off of Piccadilly in London. The two would eventually have a daughter together named Drusilla and he returned to the works of William Shakespeare in 1931, playing Claudio in Measure for Measure at Londons Fortune Playhouse. In 1932 he once again played Romeo at the Embassy Theatre, the first film Shaw appeared in was Caste in 1930. He soon began to make a name for himself in such as Brewsters Millions in 1935, Men Are Not Gods in 1936. He was making about £300 a week during this stage of his career and he brought what the Daily Telegraph described as a smooth villainy to the role of Frank Sutton in The Squeaker in 1937, while in 1939 he played the hero Cmdr

31.
Yoda
–
Yoda is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas, first appearing in the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back. In the original films, he trains Luke Skywalker to fight against the Galactic Empire, in the prequel films, he serves as the Grand Master of the Jedi Order and as a high-ranking general of Clone Troopers in the Clone Wars. Frank Oz provided Yodas voice in each film and used his skills as a puppeteer in the trilogy and Star Wars. For some walking scenes in Episodes V and I, dwarf actors Deep Roy, the make-up artist Stuart Freeborn based Yodas face partly on his own and partly on Albert Einsteins. In The Phantom Menace, he was redesigned to look younger and he was computer-generated for two distant shots, but remained mostly a puppet. The puppet was re-designed by Nick Dudman from Stuart Freeborns original design, in Revenge of the Sith, his face appears in several big close-ups, demanding highly detailed CGI work. His performance was designed to be consistent with the limitations of the puppet version. Rob Coleman was responsible for the new incarnation to the series. Yoda was recreated in CGI for the 2011 Blu-ray release of The Phantom Menace, a clip of the new CG Yoda from The Phantom Menace was first seen in the featurette The Chosen One, included in the 2005 DVD release of Revenge of the Sith. The 2012 theatrical 3D release of The Phantom Menace also features the CG version of Yoda, Grand Jedi Master Yoda is among the oldest and most powerful known Jedi Masters in the Star Wars universe. Series creator George Lucas opted to have details of the characters life history remain unknown. Yodas race and home world have not been named in any media, canonical or otherwise, Yodas speech syntax has been analyzed and discussed by academic syntacticians, who found it somewhat inconsistent, but could extrapolate that it has object–subject–verb word order. In the Star Wars prequel films, he instructs several younglings in the Jedi Temple before they are assigned to a master and this was displayed in a scene in Star Wars Episode II, Attack of the Clones. In The Empire Strikes Back he mentioned that he had been training Jedi for 800 years, Yoda makes his first film appearance in The Empire Strikes Back. Luke Skywalker arrives on Dagobah to seek his guidance, having been instructed to do so by the Force ghost of Obi-Wan Kenobi. Yoda does not initially identify himself to Luke and instead tests his patience by presenting himself as a comical and senile backwater individual, Luke is shocked when he finally realizes that this small, elderly creature is the powerful Jedi Master he was seeking. Finding that Luke has the same anger and recklessness which caused his fathers downfall, Yoda is reluctant to teach him in the ways of the Force, and agrees only at Obi-Wans behest. Before finishing his training, however, Luke chooses to leave Dagobah in order to confront Darth Vader, Yoda and Obi-Wan warn him that he is not ready to face Vader and is being lured into a trap, but Luke leaves anyway, promising to return

32.
Alec Guinness
–
Sir Alec Guinness CH CBE was an English actor. After an early career on the stage, he was featured in several of the Ealing Comedies, including The Ladykillers and he is also known for his portrayal of Obi-Wan Kenobi in George Lucass original Star Wars trilogy, receiving a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also won a BAFTA Award, Golden Globe and a Tony Award, in 1959, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the arts. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960, the Academy Honorary Award for lifetime achievement in 1980, Guinness was born at 155 Lauderdale Mansions South, Lauderdale Road, Maida Vale, as Alec Guinness de Cuffe. His mothers maiden name was Agnes Cuff and she was born 8 December 1890 to Edward Cuff and Mary Ann Benfield. On Guinnesss birth certificate, the space for the name shows Agnes de Cuffe. The space for the name says Alec Guinness. The column for name and surname of father is blank, the identity of Guinnesss father has never been officially confirmed. From 1875, under English law, when the birth of a child was registered. Guinness himself believed that his father was a Scottish banker, Andrew Geddes, Geddes occasionally visited Guinness and his mother, posing as an uncle. Guinnesss mother later had a marriage to a British soldier who had survived the Irish War of Independence. His behaviour was erratic or even violent. Guinness first worked writing advertising copy and he appeared at the Albery Theatre in 1936 at the age of 22, playing the role of Osric in John Gielguds successful production of Hamlet. Also in 1936, Guinness signed on with the Old Vic, in 1939, he took over for Michael Redgrave as Charleston in a road-show production of Robert Ardreys Thunder Rock. An early influence from afar was Stan Laurel, whom Guinness admired, Guinness continued playing Shakespearean roles throughout his career. In 1937, he played Aumerle in Richard II and Lorenzo in The Merchant of Venice under the direction of John Gielgud and he starred in a 1938 production of Hamlet which won him acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic. In 1939, he adapted Great Expectations for the stage, playing Herbert Pocket, one of its viewers was a young British film editor, David Lean, who would later have Guinness reprise his role in Leans 1946 film adaptation of the play. Guinness served in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve in the Second World War, initially as a seaman in 1941 and he commanded a landing craft at the Allied invasion of Sicily, and later ferried supplies and agents to the Yugoslav partisans in the eastern Mediterranean theatre

33.
Concept art
–
Concept art is a form of illustration used to convey an idea for use in films, video games, animation, comic books, or other media before it is put into the final product. Concept art is referred to as visual development and/or concept design. This term can also be applied to retail, set, fashion, architectural, Concept art is developed in several iterations. Artists try several designs to achieve the result for the work. Designs are filtered and refined in stages to narrow down the options, Concept art is not only used to develop the work, but also to show the projects progress to directors, clients and investors. Once the development of the work is complete, advertising materials often resemble concept art, although these are made specifically for this purpose. It may have come about as part of automotive design for concept cars. A concept artist is an individual who generates a design for an item, character. This includes, but is not limited to, film, animation, a concept artist may be required for nothing more than preliminary artwork, or may be part of a creative team until a project reaches fruition. While it is necessary to have the skills of a fine artist, some concept artists may start as fine artists, industrial designers, animators, or even special effects artists. Interpretation of ideas and how they are realized is where the artists individual creativity is most evident. Many concept artists work in a studio or from home via freelance, a lot more concept artists are switching to freelance because of the job security of having multiple clients. There is a salary to working for a large studio. The average salary for a concept artist is 60-$70,000 a year, Concept art has embraced the use of digital technology. Raster graphics editors for digital painting have become more available, as well as hardware such as graphics tablets. Prior to this any number of mediums such as oil paints, acrylic paints, markers. Popular programs for artists include PhotoShop and Corel Painter. Others include manga studio, Art rage, and other well known programs

34.
Stormtrooper (Star Wars)
–
A stormtrooper is a fictional soldier in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. In The Force Awakens, the upgraded stormtroopers serve the First Order, under the leadership of Supreme Leader Snoke and his commanders, most notably Kylo Ren, General Hux, the order of battle of the Stormtrooper Corps is unspecified in the Star Wars universe. They are shown in collective groups of varying organizational sizes ranging from squads to legions and for some, their armor and training are modified for special operations and environments. Introduced in Star Wars, the Imperial stormtroopers serve as the army of the Galactic Empire, establishing Imperial authority and putting down any revolts. In the prequel film Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones, in Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Chancellor Palpatine orders them to slay their Jedi generals in the Great Jedi Purge. As established in Star Wars, The Force Awakens, after Palpatines death the stormtroopers continue to serve under the factions that broke apart from the Empire, with redesigned armor, they eventually serve under the leadership of the First Order. In this film, it is established that an undisclosed number of stormtroopers were conscripted as young children, given serial numbers for names. Stormtrooper FN-2187, later known as Finn, plans his escape when his resistance to this conditioning puts him in line to be reprogrammed, Star Wars Legends expanded universe media such as games and comics feature a number of specialized stormtrooper units. The Marvel-produced comics of the late 1970s and early 1980s featured Shadow Troopers, others, such as the Beach Troopers, are for comical effect. Appearing only briefly in Lego Star Wars II, The Original Trilogy, they are clad in a Speedo, in Lego Star Wars, The Complete Saga, they also wear life jackets. Shadowtroopers appear in Star Wars Jedi Knight II, Jedi Outcast wearing black armour made from a lightsaber-resistant metal called cortosis and this armour has a green synthetic gem set into the breastplate which gives the wearer Force powers. Their armour can also render them invisible, with only a small area of blue discoloration giving them away. They use this ability to lie in wait and ambush the enemy, most often the games protagonist and these troopers also possess the invisible feature and use this tactic to ambush their enemies, but only if stormtrooper officers call out for support. Disloyalty or failures were heavily punished and individualism was discouraged, command structure was sacred and this meant Imperial Stormtroopers lacked improvisation and were highly ineffective when cut off from command, but also allowed the best trained soldiers who prefer death over retreat. First Order Stormtroopers are regularly put through mental indoctrination and propaganda programs, to make sure that they remain fanatically loyal, being taken from their families at birth, these soldiers are not even given individual names for themselves but merely serial numbers, such as FN-2187. Based on conceptual drawings by Ralph McQuarrie, Liz Moore and Nick Pemberton sculpted designs for the helmet, Muir, who was also responsible for sculpting the Darth Vader costume, worked out of the Art Department at Elstree Studios. The suit was molded and initially cast in plaster, with Muir sharpening the detail at the plaster stage, the plaster casts were then remolded and cast in fiberglass to use as the tools for the vacuum forming process. The suits were produced in house by Tashy Baines, the resident vacuum former, as Shepperton Design Studios had already been used to vacuum form the helmets, the fiberglass molds for the armor were then sent to them for vacuum forming the suits

35.
LucasArts
–
LucasArts Entertainment Company, LLC is an American video game publisher and licensor. Until 2013, it was also a game developer. LucasArts is best known for its graphic adventure games, as well as based on the Star Wars. Its headquarters are located in San Francisco, California and it was founded in May 1982 by George Lucas as Lucasfilm Games, the video game development group of his film company, Lucasfilm. Lucas initially served as the companys chairman, during a 1990 reorganization of Lucas companies, the Lucasfilm Games division was renamed LucasArts. LucasArts was acquired by The Walt Disney Company through the acquisition of its parent company Lucasfilm in 2012, on April 3,2013, Disney halted all internal development at LucasArts and laid off most of its staff. However, LucasArts remained open so that it could retain its function as a licensor, development of games based on the Star Wars license will be performed by Electronic Arts, through an exclusive license, for the core gaming market. Disney Interactive Studios retained the ability to develop, and LucasArts retained the ability to license the franchise for the gaming market. Development of video based upon other Lucasfilm properties will now be assumed by Disney Interactive Studios or licensed to third parties. The company was founded in May 1982 as the game development group of Lucasfilm Limited. Lucas wanted his company to branch out into areas of entertainment. The Lucasfilm Games Group originally cooperated with Atari, which helped fund the video game groups founding, the first results of this collaboration were unique action games like Ballblazer in 1984, and Rescue on Fractalus. In 1984, they were released for the Atari 5200 under the Lucasfilm Games label, versions for home computers were not released until 1985, by publisher Epyx. Lucasfilms next two games were Koronis Rift and The Eidolon and their first games were only developed by Lucasfilm, and a publisher would distribute the games. Atari published their games for Atari systems, Activision and Epyx would do their computer publishing, Maniac Mansion was the first game to be published and developed by Lucasfilm Games. The early charter of Lucasfilm Games was to make experimental, innovative, Habitat, an early online role-playing game, was one such title. It was only released as a beta test in 1986 by Quantum Link, Quantum Link could not provide the bandwidth at the time to support the game, so the full Habitat was never released outside of the beta test. However, Lucasfilm Games recouped the cost of development by releasing a sized down version called Club Caribe in 1988, Lucasfilm later licensed the software to Fujitsu, who released it in Japan as Fujitsu Habitat in 1990

36.
Star Wars: The Force Unleashed
–
Star Wars, The Force Unleashed is an action-adventure video game and part of The Force Unleashed project. The game was released in North America on September 16,2008, in Australia and Southeast Asia on September 17, LucasArts released downloadable content for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles. An Ultimate Sith Edition of the game, containing new and all previously released expanded content, was released in November 2009, which also came out on Mac OS and Microsoft Windows. The project bridges the first two Star Wars trilogies, acting as a story for both the united Rebel Alliance and the Galactic Civil War depicted in the Original Trilogy. Despite this, the game was a bestseller in the United States and Australia, as of February 2010, the game has sold over seven million copies, and it is the fastest-selling Star Wars video game. A sequel, Star Wars, The Force Unleashed II, was released in October 2010, the Force Unleashed is a third-person action game in which the players characters weapons are the Force and a lightsaber. Developers treated the main characters lightsaber like another Force power, and wanted to ensure something visceral, the game has a combo system for stringing lightsaber attacks and for combining lightsaber attacks with Force powers. Experience points earned by killing enemies and finding artifacts can be used to increase Starkillers powers, the gameplay is intended to be easy to learn, the development team included horrible gamers to help ensure the games accessibility. Players can casually run and gun through the game, but the game rewards those who take a stealthy, the game includes enemies that are easy to overcome, game difficulty arises from presenting these enemies in large numbers that can wear down the players character. Additionally, enemies learn from the characters attacks, using the same attack on different characters can sometimes lead to the players character doing less damage. The enemies, which number over 50, have various strengths and weaknesses, the Force Unleashed begins with the player controlling Darth Vader as he searches Kashyyyk for the Jedi. After defeating the Jedi in battle, Vader discovers his child who is strong in the Force and raises him to become his apprentice, unbeknownst to the Emperor. When the apprentice reaches adulthood, Vader sends him to kill the remaining Jedi as training for his ultimate goal, Starkiller is given command of his own ship, the Rogue Shadow, piloted by Imperial officer Juno Eclipse, and is accompanied by PROXY, a training droid. Vader sends Starkiller to an Imperial shipyard to locate and kill General Rahm Kota, after fighting him, Starkiller blinds Kota and throws him from the shipyard. Starkiller is also sent by Vader to destroy Jedi Kazdan Paratus and Shaak Ti, presently the Emperor discovers Starkiller and Vader is forced to dispose of him, but later recovers the unconscious apprentice. Vader instructs him to form a rebellion against the Empire in order for them to distract the Emperor, Starkiller discovers a very-much alive Kota in Cloud City who has taken to living in squalor. Starkiller informs Kota of his plan to fight the Empire and they leave, during his time amassing allies, Starkiller is forced to rescue Kotas contact Bail Organa and his daughter Princess Leia to help his cause. Bail, Leia, Mon Mothma and Garm Bel Iblis meet with Starkiller, however, upon doing so, Vader arrives with Imperial soldiers and arrests the group

37.
Qui-Gon Jinn
–
Qui-Gon Jinn is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed by Liam Neeson as the main protagonist of the 1999 film Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace. Qui-Gon is one of the characters in the first episode of the prequel trilogy, Star Wars. He is a Jedi Master and mentor of Obi-Wan Kenobi, unlike other, more conservative Jedi, he values living in the moment as the best way to embrace the Force. Jinn is not a member of the Jedi Council, despite being among the wisest and most powerful of the Jedi, on arrival they are attacked by their host. The Jedi retreat to the planet and rescue its besieged Queen and their attempt to run the blockade and make way for the galactic capital of Coruscant succeeds, but the queens ship is damaged and is forced to land on the backwater planet of Tatooine for repairs. Qui-Gon is even more intrigued when Anakins mother, Shmi, tells him that the boy had no father. Realising Anakin might be the Chosen One of Jedi lore destined to bring balance to the Force, Qui-Gon bets Anakins freedom and the parts on a pod race. The entourage leave Tatooine, but not before Qui-Gon is attacked by an unknown Sith Lord, upon returning to Coruscant, Jinn asks the Jedi Council to allow Anakin to be trained as a Jedi. Master Yoda senses fear in the boy, and the Council refuses his request, undaunted, Qui-Gon vows that he himself will train Anakin when Obi-Wan becomes a Jedi Knight. The two Jedi, R2-D2 and Amidala return to Naboo to liberate the planet, there, the trio are confronted by the Sith Lord from earlier, who reveals himself as Darth Maul. After an arduous lightsaber duel, Maul mortally wounds Jinn, but is defeated by Obi Wan. Before dying, Qui-Gon makes Obi-Wan promise he will train Anakin, Qui-Gon is mentioned, and seen, in Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. In Attack of the Clones, Yoda hears Qui-Gons voice cry out to Anakin through the Force as Anakin slaughters a tribe of Tusken Raiders. In Revenge of the Sith, Yoda reveals to Obi-Wan that Qui-Gon has returned from the netherworld of the Force in order to both of them how to retain ones consciousness after death. In a deleted scene, Yoda mentally hears his voice before the arriving of senator Bail Organa, in the novelization, Yoda finally admits that Qui-Gon was indeed a great Jedi Master. In Star Wars, Clone Wars, Qui-Gon makes a appearance in Chapter 21. During Yodas Force dream, Qui-Gon tells Anakin to enter the cave on Dagobah where the boy will see a vision of his future. Later when Obi-Wan reprimands Anakin for being late for his secret Knighthood ceremony, Anakin replies as far as your wisdom goes, though this saddens Obi-Wan, Anakin quickly apologizes, to which Obi-Wan responds that Qui-Gon is still alive

38.
Yoga
–
Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. There is a variety of Yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism. Among the most well-known types of yoga are Hatha yoga and Rāja yoga, the chronology of earliest texts describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited to Hindu Upanishads. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali date from the first half of the 1st millennium CE, Hatha yoga texts emerged around the 11th century with origins in tantra. Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the west, following the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th, in the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world. Yoga in Indian traditions, however, is more physical exercise, it has a meditative. One of the six orthodox schools of Hinduism is also called Yoga, which has its own epistemology and metaphysics. Many studies have tried to determine the effectiveness of yoga as an intervention for cancer, schizophrenia, asthma. On December 1,2016, Yoga was listed as UNESCO’s Intangible cultural heritage, in Sanskrit, the word yoga comes from the root yuj which means to add, to join, to unite, or to attach in its most common senses. By figurative extension from the yoking or harnessing of oxen or horses, all further developments of the sense of this word are post-Vedic. More prosaic moods such as exertion, endeavour, zeal, there are very many compound words containing yoga in Sanskrit. Yoga can take on such as connection, contact, union, method, application, addition. In simpler words, Yoga also means combined, thus, bhaktiyoga means devoted attachment in the monotheistic Bhakti movement. The term kriyāyoga has a sense, meaning connection with a verb. But the same compound is given a technical meaning in the Yoga Sutras, designating the practical aspects of the philosophy. In the context of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the root yuj samādhau is considered by commentators as the correct etymology. In accordance with Pāṇini, Vyasa who wrote the first commentary on the Yoga Sutras, according to Dasgupta, the term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, yujir yoga or yuj samādhau. Someone who practices yoga or follows the philosophy with a high level of commitment is called a yogi or yogini

39.
Luke Skywalker
–
Luke Skywalker is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the original film trilogy of the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. The character, portrayed by Mark Hamill, is an important figure in the Rebel Alliances struggle against the Galactic Empire. The now non-canon Star Wars expanded universe depicts him as a powerful Jedi Master, husband of Mara Jade, in 2015, the character was selected by Empire magazine as the 50th greatest movie character of all time. On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania. com ranked the character at number 14, Luke Skywalker was initially called Anakin Starkiller, and went through multiple design changes. The character was at one point designed as a 60-year-old grizzled war hero, later as a Jedi Master, the last name Starkiller remained for the first few months of production, Hamill on-camera using the name Luke Starkiller the sole time he referred to himself during filming. Starkiller was dropped due to what Lucas called unpleasant connotations, after Hamill was involved in a car accident, the Wampa attack at the beginning of The Empire Strikes Back was written in to explain his facial injuries. An alternative ending pitched by George Lucas for Return of the Jedi was Luke assuming his fathers role as Darth Vader after the latters death, though Lawrence Kasdan favored the idea, Lucas ultimately declined, since the films were made for children. Another conclusion to the featured the character disappearing into the wilderness akin to Clint Eastwood in the spaghetti westerns. During the filming of the original Star Wars trilogy, George Lucas informed Hamill that he would be needed to reprise the role when he was middle aged, Lucas further explained that his role as Luke would be handing Excalibur to the next generation. Hamill had no reaction at the time, as he thought of making Star Wars films decades in the future as an abstract concept, Hamill learned of the sequel trilogy over the summer of 2012 at a Star Wars celebration during lunch where Lucas told him one was in development. Hamill recalled shaving his beard to portray The Trickster in The Flash, Hamill attended meetings for script readings, and helped conceal Lukes role in the film, instead of dialogue, he read stage directions. Abrams said it allowed him to remain involved and that his reading helped make an experience for everyone. In the prequel film, Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Luke is born to Senator Padmé Amidala along with his twin sister, Luke Skywalker lives on a moisture farm on Tatooine with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru. Luke takes his first steps toward his destiny when he buys the droids C-3PO, when R2-D2 goes missing, Luke goes out to find him and encounters Obi-Wan Kenobi, an old hermit. Luke discovers that R2-D2 contains a message for Obi-Wan from Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan beseeching him to help her defeat the Galactic Empire, Obi-Wan says that he and Lukes father were once Jedi Knights, and that his father was murdered by a traitorous Jedi named Darth Vader. Obi-Wan presents Luke with his fathers lightsaber and offers to him to Alderaan and train him in the ways of the Force. Luke changes his mind when he returns home to find that Imperial stormtroopers have killed his aunt, Obi-Wan deactivates the tractor beam and he later sacrifices his life in a duel with Vader so that Luke and his friends can board the Falcon and escape. During the films battle scene, Luke joins the Rebel Alliance in attacking the Death Star

40.
Han Solo
–
Han Solo is a character in the Star Wars franchise. In the original trilogy, Han and his co-pilot, Chewbacca. During the course of the Star Wars story, he becomes a figure in the Alliance. Star Wars creator George Lucas described the character as a loner who realizes the importance of being part of a group and helping for the common good. Han owes crime lord Jabba the Hutt a great deal of money and has a price on his head, Han and his passengers are attacked by Imperial stormtroopers, but escape by accelerating to light speed. When they arrive at Alderaan, however, they discover that the planet has been destroyed, the Falcon is then captured and held within the Death Star, a moon-sized battle station constructed by the Empire. Han and company hide from detection inside the Falcons smuggling bays and they discover that Princess Leia Organa is a prisoner on board, and Luke convinces Han to help rescue her by promising him a huge reward. They rescue Leia and escape, though Obi-Wan is killed by Sith Lord Darth Vader, after delivering Luke, Leia, C-3PO, and R2-D2 to the Rebel Alliance, Han and Chewbacca receive a payment for their services and prepare to leave. Luke asks Han to stay and help the Rebels attack the Death Star, Han has a change of heart and returns to save Lukes life during the films climactic battle scene, ultimately enabling Luke to destroy the Death Star. For his heroics, Han is presented with a medal of honor, Han helps Chewbacca join his family on the Wookiee homeworld Kashyyyk. He faces Imperial forces on Kashyyyk, and later joins Luke, Leia, R2-D2, C-3PO, Chewbacca, Han returns with the Rebel Alliance to Echo Base on the frozen planet of Hoth. While out on patrol with Luke, they witness a meteor strike the surface, Han returns to base while Luke decides to investigate. Han informs Leia and the General of Echo Base that he must leave in order to clear his debt with Jabba, before he can depart, it is discovered that Luke has not returned from his reconnaissance. Han rides out alone into the frozen Hoth wastelands, soon finding Luke badly injured, using his friends lightsaber, Han cuts open his tauntaun, providing Luke warmth while he builds a shelter until they can be rescued the next morning. Later, Han and Chewbacca are sent out to investigate another meteor strike and they discover that the meteor is actually an Imperial Probe Droid. The two succeed in destroying the probe, but not before the Empire is alerted to the location of Echo Base, when the Empire attacks Echo Base, Han, Chewie, Leia, and C-3PO narrowly escape on board the Millennium Falcon. Han evades a squad of Imperial TIE fighters by flying through an asteroid field, Han and Leia fall in love during the long journey. They manage to hide from the Imperial fleet long enough to escape, bounty hunter Boba Fett secretly follows the Falcon during this getaway

Star Wars is an American epic space opera media franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It …

George Lucas, the creator of Star Wars, the director of A New Hope and the prequel trilogy, and the script supervisor of both the original and prequel trilogies. His work in the original film earned him Academy Award nominations, for best director, screenplay and film. In 2014, Lucas ceased creative involvement with the franchise.

The main cast members of the original Star Wars trilogy, who reprised their characters in supporting roles on the sequel trilogy; from left: Carrie Fisher, Mark Hamill, and Harrison Ford (SDCC, July 2015).

Lawrence Kasdan co-wrote The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, The Force Awakens and Solo: A Star Wars Story.

John Williams composed the scores for the original trilogy, the prequel trilogy, The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi.