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Monday, 18 June 2012

Elinor Ostrom1933-2012

Elinor Ostrom, the first and only woman to win the Nobel prize in economics and a professor of political science at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, has died at the age of 78. She received the 2009 Nobel prize in Economic Sciences for her outstanding research on better understanding the management of common property. Elinor Ostrom was named among Time magazine's 100 most influential people of 2012.

Lin, as many knew
her, was born and raised in Los Angeles, and devoted her career to studying the
interaction of people and natural resources. Through her research, she
contended that individuals and communities could effectively manage their own
collective resources — such as fisheries, forests and water supplies — without
the intrusion of government regulation or private industry. “What we have
ignored,” she said after her Nobel Prize was announced, “is what citizens can
do . . . as opposed to just having someone in Washington or at a far, far
distance make a rule.”

For much of Dr.
Ostrom’s career, many economists were deeply influenced by misuse of shared
resources, "the tragedy of the commons." Named for the overgrazing of
pastures during the 1800s, the parable suggests that individuals acting in
self-interest will ultimately deplete a resource — such as a pasture — that is
open to everyone. Scholars used the parable to demonstrate the need for
government regulation or control by private industry.

Dr. Ostrom
challenged Garrett Hardin’s concept of the “Tragedy of the Commons”, showing
through detailed case studies that local people could manage the environment
without destroying it. She pointed to empirical evidence she had gathered
around the world to prove that local knowledge, cooperation and enlightened
self-interest could be more effective than regulatory leviathans. In essence,
Dr. Ostrom contended that individuals and communities could effectively manage
their own collective resources — such as fisheries, forests and water supplies
— without the intrusion of government regulation or private industry.

Be it
environmental protection, the international financial system or the dimensions
of inequality, Ostrom's work sheds light on the direction society must follow
to avoid misuse of shared resources. She was centrally involved in the
emergence of game theory in economic and political thought, which itself became
integrated with evolutionary theory. In her most influential book, "Governing the Commons", she rejected
the thesis that "the tragedy of the commons" is inevitable.

Dr Ostrom was a
staunch supporter of the aims, objectives and ideals of FuturICT with its focus
on sustainability and resilience, knowledge for and in service of the public
good, with which resonate with the agenda of the Workshop in Political Theory
and Policy Analysis of which she was Senior Research Director.http://www.futurict.eu/sites/default/files/ElinorOstrom.pdf

Dirk Helbing,
Scientific Coordinator of FuturICT called Dr.Ostrom the “goddess” of
self-organized solutions to public goods problems and “tragedies of the
commons”. She identified the principles that would make bottom-up,
community-based cooperation work well, as compared to the classical paradigm of
the need of a state to establish social order top down. From this point of
view, she was paving the way towards mechanisms of self-organized bottom-up
social control.

FuturICT supporter and Economist Alan Kirman’s vision of her contribution is that many "public goods" are, in fact, local public goods, that is they actually concern only a limited community. Most of the literature has focused on the problem of what Samuelson called pure global public goods.

However, what Elinor Ostrom was at pains to point out was that for most cases the communities involved do a better job at organising the exploitation of rare resources than some authority from on high which is not directly concerned. With many cases to back up her arguments she showed how systems of self organisation emerge and regulate the use of their resources. Yet, the actual solutions may differ. She did however evoke a certain number of principles which she regarded as necessary conditions for such arrangements to be viable.

How does this concern us? Well, this idea of emergent self-government fits well with the idea of participatory arrangements, and now that information is more easily available there is no need for centralised collection and dispersion of that information. Although our technologies are highly sophisticated, we can learn lessons about governance from the way in which "less advanced" societies organise themselves. It is also probably much easier now for communities to organise themselves when they have a common interest. In earlier societies the groups were largely geographical but now they may be much more thematic.

"We have to
think through how to choose a meaningful life where we’re helping one another
in ways that really help the Earth".

With these words Elinor Ostrom taught that good science has to do with
real life and real choices. Challenging the mainstream fields, she constantly
explored the confines among disciplines, and showed that time has come to take
seriously the burden of innovation. Rosaria Conte with FuturICT says “She gave
us a hope, perhaps to women more: that heterodox science can really make the
difference”.

“Little by little, bit by bit, family by
family,” Dr. Ostrom once told the Indianapolis Star, “so much good can be done
on so many levels.” Elinor Ostrom paved the way for future generations to do
interdisciplinary research, and it is up to us to make the best use of the
opportunities she generated. At a time when the world desperately needs to
share resources, her wisdom will be greatly missed.

Thursday, 7 June 2012

The digital shadow left behind by business transactions and individuals during their daily routines are increasing at a tremendous rate. This flood of digital data includes phone records, internet access, electronic billing systems, web sites, social media, videos, podcasts and many more sources. The Internet of Things initiative has stimulated a vision of the very near future where many more devices are planned to be embedded in cars, electronic devices, healthcare equipment, sports equipment etc. Open Data initiatives are underway in most of the advanced economies with the plan to open up more local and central government resources to the public. These data sources include static data that is published monthly or quarterly for example as well as real-time data such as traffic flows, parking space allocation, public transport schedules. These are the types of data that are proliferating rapidly across the face of the planet and providing the very fabric on which local and national governments manage their operations, policy makers plan for the future, regulators review for compliance/model new approaches etc.

What is not clear to most of us is where is all this data, when is it available, what is the data model, how do I get access, is it aggregated or very detailed, what topics does it cover?......The promise of a world of Open Data and easy access to other data sources is great but if it is just making the data accessible and nothing more then it will be extremely difficult to make use of it. This gap is real both for researchers who dont know about other sources of data or even how to get access to it if it is available as well as for businesses and citizens who might not have a fraction of the resources required to access and make productive use of data sources.

One of the initiatives that FuturICT will promote is for a Data Commons within the Flagship as well as to other research projects initially. We will need to develop a Data Catalogue that will help accelerate access to and interoperability between these data sources if we want to realise a world where we can make use of the potential insights stored in these databases. If we want to make use of this digital shadow then we must think digitally as to how we can re-use and integrate data sources. This industrial scale approach to democratising access to data will help all sections of society and allow us to release the potential value trapped within.

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The activities leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 284709 - project 'FuturICT', a Coordination and Support Action in the Information and Communication Technologies activity area