HIGHLAVEL LANGUAGE

List the advantages of high level language. What are its features? (5-marks) In high level languages we write programs in English like language and are more convenient to use. Programmer can perform complex task by using high level languages with less efforts. There are different high level languages such as FORTRAN, c, c++ etc One advantage is programmer efficiency. Potentially hundreds of functions can perform easily. High level language programs require less time and efforts that due the preparation cost of the program. Following are the advantages of a high level language:

•User-friendly
•Similar to English with vocabulary of words and symbols •Therefore it is easier to learn.
•They require less time to write.
•They are easier to maintain.
•Problem oriented rather than 'machine' based.•Program written in a high-level language can be translated into many machine language and therefore can run on any computer for which there exists an appropriate translator. •It is independent of the machine on which it is used i.e.Programs developed in high level language can be run on any Computer A high level language has the following features

1. Easier to write
2. Easier to read
3. Easier to maintain
4. Portable : can work across different CPU families
5. Supports a wide range of data types
what are different loader scheme are used? explain (5 mark)
Loader is a program which accepts the object program decks and prepares these programs for execution by the computer and initiates the execution. The loader must perform the following functions:-
1.Allocate space in memory for the program(Allocation)2.Resolve symbolic references between object decks(Linking) 3.Adjust all address dependent locations, such as address constants, to corresponds to the allocated space (Relocation) 4.Physically place the machine instruction and data in memory(Loading) Loader Schemes

...Week 1
Unit 1 Homework 1
Exploring Programming Languages
PT 2520
Instructor
Mrs. Hubbard
Exploring Programming Languages
* Describe the role of software for computers
Software means computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is software, in contrast to storage devices and display devices which are called hardware.
* Identify the hardware associated with a computer
Keyboard, Monitor, CPU, Mouse, HD, Motherboard, Power supply, etc..
* Describe how computers store data
A computer stores data in clusters on the hard drive. Each cluster is a pie slice-looking area that holds a certain amount of data. The amount of data that can be stored in each cluster is dependent on the operating system. All data is stored in a computer is converted to sequences of 0s and 1s.
* Explain how programs work
Is a sequence of instructions, written to perform a specified task with a computer. A computer requires programs to function, typically executing the program's instructions in a central processor. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions.
* Differentiate among machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages
Machine Language: Uses binary
Assembly Language: Uses Mnemonics
High-Level Languages: Can create more complex programs...

...
What is the application of assembly Language? Where can we prefer assembly language instead of high level languages?
1. Assembly Language is used when speed and reliability are the overriding factor like small footprint real-time operating systems.
2. By using assembly language, programmers can maximize on speed to a level. It is easy to write than machine code programs.
3. It allows the programmer access to registers or instructions that are not usually provided by a High-level language.
4. The main Application of Assembly Language is for direct hardware manipulation i.e. device drivers.
5. Assembly language also directly correlates which machine instructions; the only way to get closer to the machine is to write in binary or hex code.
* Assembly language provides access to certain resources and hardware controls that are simply not available through higher-level languages. E.g: The ability to directly control input and output components within a computer.
* Unlike high level Language programming, where a significant level of abstraction exists between application development and the implementation in hardware, assembly language programs are closer conceptually and physically to the underlying processing.
* Assembly language is the fine control that it...

... What are the different Language Evaluation Criteria?
A language evaluation criterion is broadly used to measure how usable a programming language is. This includes four main criteria and many characteristics alongside.
Readability: defines the ease of understandability of a programming language. Include many factors such as below.
* Simplicity – strongly affects readability. A language with few basic constructs is much easier to learn. Feature multiplicity and operator overloading are potential problems of simplicity.
* Orthogonality – a language with few primitive constructs can only be combined in small number of ways to create the control and data structures. Relatively close to simplicity, the more orthogonal a language is, the fewer exceptions required. This means better readability and easier understandability.
* Data types – ability to define adequate types of data structures is important. If there was no Boolean type data structure, we might have to use 1, 0 as true or false but this affects readability.
* Syntax design – how the syntax is designed is important for readability in ways such as defining identifier forms. If identifiers can define into descriptive names, it facilitates readability. Another factor is the language’s special words. Words reserved for specials purposes quickly indicates reader to what is beginning or end and control....

...﻿Spoken language assessment
In this essay I will be analysing a transcript from a Newsnight show featuring Jeremy Paxman, Baroness Amos and Dizzee Rascal. I will be talking about the effects of choices in the use of standard and non-standard forms of spoken language.
Often the situation influences the structure and fluency of the conversation. Especially in this situation the location of the debate is a key factor that tests the rule of conversation, because each person is in different studios there is a slight time delay which interrupts and sometimes confuses speech.
From the start of the interview JP shows his confidence and ease being a television interviewer. His speech is relaxed and welcoming and his use of filler ‘well’ and the phatic phrase ‘I’m pleased to say’, it is conversational and shows his desire to put his guests at ease. This sets a relatively informal tone for this Newsnight interview. This confident authority is reinforced by paralinguistic features. His body language is relaxed and he nods approvingly as he introduces BA, suggesting his awareness of her status as a political commentator who can make a valuable contribution to the debate. However his fluent and articulate use of formal SE falters slightly in his introduction of DR. JP pauses before the words ‘rapper’...

...﻿What do you think about language diversity?
Language diversity is an important topic for all South Africans to consider since we have 11 official languages. This means that we are challenged when it comes to being able to communicate with one another. This challenge presents itself in various forms, from the workplace to people’s daily lives and personal outlooks surrounding different cultures. Language diversity also influences important issues such as education, Government and adoption.
Adoption in South African families is a good example of the language challenges South Africans face. If a family decides to adopt a child from another language, they are essentially uprooting the child from its heritage. If the child is only a baby when it’s adopted, it should be able to integrate into its new family with relative ease, because culture is learned and not inherited. However, if the child is a bit older and has lived some of his/her formative years in his/her original language and culture, the adoptive parents run the risk of not being able to fully understand their child, its unique cultural/ethnic needs/beliefs and/or methods of communication.
Families who adopt toddlers, children and/or teenagers from different cultural and language backgrounds will only be able to cope with the unique parental challenges they will face through undertaking to learn about...

...C-LANGUAGE NOTES
Some words about Computer Programming languages
Naturally a language is the source of communication between two persons, and also between person to machine like computer. The languages we can use to communicate with the computer are known as Computer programming languages.
Generally there are two major types of languages are available are as follows:
1. Low level languages
2. The set of commands available in low level is complex and not easy to understandable. In this category " Assembly " and " machine codes " are available. Assembly programs are faster than other high-level language programs.
3. High level languages
• The set of commands available in high level language is very simple and easy to understandable.
High level languages are further divided into two major categories.
1. Procedure Oriented language
2. In this category we are able to create our project or programs using procedural approach means in this type we can able to divide our big project/program into small subroutines or procedures. After making procedures we can able to call a ‘procedure’ one or more places.
The lists of procedural languages are as follows:
C language
C++ (Object Oriented)
Java (Objected Oriented)...

...the processor what to do, you have to give it instructions written in a language that it can understand. That can be achieved only using a programming language. Since 1943, programming languages have not stopped evolving, computer scientists are always trying to make a programmers life easier. The evolution of programming languages consists of four generations: machine language, assembly language, high-level languages and structured query language.
The first generation of programming languages was the machine language which was used by the first computers. This generation of programming languages were written in what is called a binary code, a series of zeros and ones where one stands for power on and zero for power off. Nonetheless to understand how a machine language works, one must understand how a processors works. Basically, a processor consists of nothing more than millions of micro switches that can be turned on or off. By turning certain switches on or off, one can make the processor do something useful. So machine language permits instead of manually turning switches on or off, to turn a processor’s switches on or off by using those two numbers. So a typical machine language instruction could look like this 101001 0101. As it proved later, binary code was too...