E-Commerce as a Jobs Engine? One Economist’s Unorthodox View – New York Times

Mr. Mandel has combed through the job statistics on a county-by-county basis and come to this counterintuitive view: From December 2007 to May 2017, by his count, the e-commerce industry has created 397,000 jobs in the United States, and this compares with the loss of 76,000 jobs in the traditional retail industry. And those jobs related to e-commerce, he says, pay about 30 percent more than the brick-and-mortar ones.

“To be honest, this was a surprise to me — I did not expect this,” Mr. Mandel told me.

Then he added, matter-of-factly, “I’m just looking at the numbers.”

Those numbers have helped him shape an optimistic, feel-good thesis about what is happening in our economy that may be worth considering, at least as a thought experiment. After all, the Progressive Policy Institute, a Democratic-leaning think tank, says its mission is to “create radically pragmatic ideas for moving America beyond ideological and partisan deadlock.”

Viewing e-commerce as an engine of jobs — not just any jobs, but good ones that are spread around the country — would be a new paradigm, for sure. But it’s one that admittedly requires a healthy dose of skepticism.

“This could be transformational,” Mr. Mandel argued, contending that the rise of e-commerce could lead to “a reduction in economic inequality and geographic inequality.”

Mr. Mandel said that over the past quarter-century, “production gains were not shared with the workers.” But now, he said, jobs at fulfillment centers are “decent paying,” often full time and usually with benefits. And many of those fulfillment centers are sprouting up across the country in “places you haven’t heard of in a while.”

With a burst of enthusiasm, he added, “This could be the pendulum swinging back.”

Of course, Mr. Mandel’s view flies in the face of established economic thought — and perhaps for good reason: His arithmetic relies on certain unconventional assumptions.

“I’m highly dubious,” said John Challenger, president of Challenger, Gray & Christmas, an executive outplacement firm that maintains a monthly index of job losses across the country. “It does sound crazy to me.”

Photo

Big-box stores in Johnstown, Pa. The brick-and-mortar retailing industry has been losing jobs.Credit
George Etheredge for The New York Times

The warehouses that Mr. Mandel views as a source of job growth, Mr. Challenger said, “are being automated.”

In truth, his argument relies to some degree on the assumption that many of the new jobs created in a category known by the government as “general warehousing” are tied to e-commerce. That may be a good assumption — but it’s impossible to know for sure.

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Mr. Mandel justifies his assumption with an example of how convoluted the current method for counting e-commerce jobs is: Amazon publicly says it has 12,000 employees in Kentucky, but the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports only 2,640 workers in Kentucky in the e-commerce category. “By contrast, the general warehouse industry,” Mr. Mandel writes, “had more than 23,000 workers in Kentucky.”

All of which is to say that we may not have as good a handle on the demographics of the job market as we think.

Mr. Mandel said he had been “very careful” to look only at changes in warehousing since 2007. “When I look at changes on a county-by-county level, they correlate very well with building of fulfillment centers,” he said.

He acknowledged that his number could be an overestimate, saying that it might include “recent building of warehouses that are not for e-commerce reasons.”

But on the flip side, he also thinks it is possible that he has underestimated hiring in the industry. Some e-commerce hiring, he notes, is done through temporary agencies, and those jobs would not show up in the warehouse industry.

To Mr. Mandel, it’s not that e-commerce jobs are directly replacing traditional retail jobs. Rather, he describes a world in which some of what he calls “unpaid household labor” that we all do when we drive to the mall, park, shop and bring the goods home has been transferred into the labor market.

Nationally, since 2007, “the decline in shopping hours is 64 million hours a week,” Mr. Mandel said. “That’s the equivalent of about 1.5 million jobs,” some of which are now being created to staff the new fulfillment centers.

But what about the coming revolution of robots and artificial intelligence? (After all, Bill Gates is so concerned about robots taking jobs that he has talked about taxing them.)

“Robots have been tough to do,” Mr. Mandel said, suggesting that they will come, but that it will take longer for them to replace humans than we think.

“I’m basically an optimistic person,” Mr. Mandel said. “I’ve spent a long time looking at what happened in the first part of the 20th century — how we got the combination of jobs gains and higher wages — and I think we’re on the same path.”

It feels a bit hard to believe to those of us who are inherent skeptics, but let’s hope he’s right.