Continuous (PI-) controllers

There is a whole series of continuous controllers, with the main ones in use being P, PI, PD and PID controllers. These controller types differ from each other in terms of their dynamics, in other words the speed with which they move the actual value towards the set-point value depending on the level of control deviation.

The continuous controllers are characterized by their step response, or to be more precise, by the speed with which they react after a sudden change in the input variable, the control deviation xw.