The origin of the place name Glinton is uncertain. It may mean "village on the Glym brook" (i.e. the Brook Drain) or could possibly be derived from the Old Danishklint (hill), or Middle Low Germanglinde (enclosure or fence) or the Old Englishglente, meaning look-out place.

Glinton was mentioned in the Domesday Book and evidence suggests that it dates from prehistory. There is evidence of early settlement at Glinton, dating back to the Iron Age. Extensive Roman remains, including a beautifully preserved well, were found during construction of the A15 bypass in 1996, as well as a fine example of a medieval drainage system. Further Roman remains were found in Peakirk Road near the junction with the High Street and it is thought that the area was the site of a Roman farmstead that supplied the larger settlement of Werrington.

The spire of St Benedict's church is considered by many experts[2] to be one of the finest needle spires in England, second only to Salisbury Cathedral. It is the subject of one of John Clare's poems Glinton Spire. Clare, although born in Helpston, went to school in the church, and there is an inscription dated 1808 on the door frame of the church.

Glinton has two small shops: a chemist and also a post office/general store. There is a pub (the Bluebell) in the village, the second pub (the crown) closed in 2006 and was re-developed as two residential property in 2017.

There are two schools in the village, Peakirk cum Glinton (a Church of England primary school with about 200 pupils) and Arthur Mellows Village College (a large secondary school with about 1,700 pupils).

Although covered by Peterborough City Council, Glinton has its own Parish Council consisting of 11 councillors and Clerk.

1.
Cambridgeshire
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The city of Cambridge is the county town. It contains most of the known as Silicon Fen. Local government is divided between Cambridgeshire County Council and Peterborough City Council, which is a unitary authority. Cambridgeshire is noted as the site of Flag Fen in Fengate, one of the earliest-known Neolithic permanent settlements in the United Kingdom, compared in importance to Balbridie in Aberdeen, Scotland. A great quantity of archaeological finds from the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, most items were found in Isleham. Cambridgeshire was recorded in the Domesday Book as Grantbridgeshire, covering a large part of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire today is the result of several local government unifications. In 1965, these two counties were merged to form Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely. Under the Local Government Act 1972 this merged with the county to the west, Huntingdon, the resulting county was called simply Cambridgeshire. Since 1998, the City of Peterborough has been a separately administered area and it is associated with Cambridgeshire for ceremonial purposes such as Lieutenancy, and joint functions such as policing and the fire service. In 2002, the conservation charity Plantlife unofficially designated Cambridgeshires county flower as the Pasqueflower, the Cambridgeshire Regiment, the county-based army unit, fought in the Boer War of South Africa, the First World War and Second World War. Due to the flat terrain and proximity to the continent, during the Second World War the military built many airfields here for RAF Bomber Command, RAF Fighter Command. In recognition of this collaboration, the Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial is located in Madingley and it is the only WWII burial ground in England for American servicemen who died during that event. Most English counties have nicknames for their people, such as a Tyke from Yorkshire, the traditional nicknames for people from Cambridgeshire are Cambridgeshire Camel or Cambridgeshire Crane, referring to the wildfowl that were once abundant in the fens. The term Fenners was often applied to those who come from the country to the north of Cambridge. Since the late 20th century, this term is considered to be derogatory and has been discouraged in use, original historical documents relating to Cambridgeshire are held by Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies. See also Geology of Cambridgeshire Large areas of the county are extremely low-lying, the highest point is in the village of Great Chishill at 146 m above sea level. Other prominent hills are Little Trees Hill and Wandlebury Hill in the Gog Magog Downs, Rivey Hill above Linton, Rowleys Hill, AWG plc is based in Huntingdon. The RAF has several stations in the Huntingdon and St Ives area, RAF Waterbeach,6 miles north of Cambridge, is a former RAF airfield, now used as an army barracks

2.
Districts of England
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The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government. As the structure of government in England is not uniform. Some districts are styled as boroughs, cities, or royal boroughs, these are purely honorific titles, prior to the establishment of districts in the 1890s, the basic unit of local government in England was the parish overseen by the parish church vestry committee. Vestries dealt with the administraction of both parochial and secular governmental matters, parishes were the successors of the manorial system and historically had been grouped into hundreds. Hundreds once exercised some supervising administrative function, however, these powers ebbed away as more and more civic and judicial powers were centred on county towns. From 1834 these parishes were grouped into Poor Law Unions, creating areas for administration of the Poor Law and these areas were later used for census registration and as the basis for sanitary provision. In 1894, based on these earlier subdivisions, the Local Government Act 1894 created urban districts and rural districts as sub-divisions of administrative counties, another reform in 1900 created 28 metropolitan boroughs as sub-divisions of the County of London. Meanwhile, from this date parish-level local government administration was transferred to civil parishes, the setting-down of the current structure of districts in England began in 1965, when Greater London and its 32 London boroughs were created. They are the oldest type of still in use. In 1974, metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties were created across the rest of England and were split into metropolitan districts, in London power is now shared again, albeit on a different basis, with the Greater London Authority. During the 1990s a further kind of district was created, the unitary authority, metropolitan boroughs are a subdivision of a metropolitan county. These are similar to unitary authorities, as the county councils were abolished in 1986. Most of the powers of the county councils were devolved to the districts but some services are run by joint boards, the districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million. Non-metropolitan districts are second-tier authorities, which share power with county councils and they are subdivisions of shire counties and the most common type of district. These districts typically have populations of 25,000 to 200,000, the number of non-metropolitan districts has varied over time. Initially there were 296, after the creation of unitary authorities in the 1990s and late 2000s and these are single-tier districts which are responsible for running all local services in their areas, combining both county and district functions. They were created in the out of non-metropolitan districts, and often cover large towns. In addition, some of the smaller such as Rutland, Herefordshire

3.
Peterborough
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Peterborough is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, England, with a population of 183,631 in 2011. Historically part of Northamptonshire, it is 75 miles north of London, on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea 30 miles to the north-east, the railway station is an important stop on the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh. The local topography is flat and in some places lies below sea level, human settlement in the area began before the Bronze Age, as can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the current city centre, also with evidence of Roman occupation. The Anglo-Saxon period saw the establishment of a monastery, Medeshamstede, the population grew rapidly following the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, and Peterborough became an industrial centre, particularly noted for its brick manufacture. Following the Second World War, growth was limited until designation as a New Town in the 1960s, housing and population are expanding and a £1 billion regeneration of the city centre and immediately surrounding area is underway. In common with much of the United Kingdom, industrial employment has fallen, with a significant proportion of new jobs in financial services and distribution. The contrasting form Gildenburgh is also found in the 12th century history of the abbey, present-day Peterborough is the latest in a series of settlements which have at one time or other benefited from its site where the Nene leaves large areas of permanently drained land for the fens. Remains of Bronze Age settlement and what is thought to be religious activity can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the city centre. The Romans established a garrison town at Durobrivae on Ermine Street, five miles to the west in Water Newton. Durobrivaes earliest appearance among surviving records is in the Antonine Itinerary of the late 2nd century. There was also a large 1st century Roman fort at Longthorpe, designed to house half a legion, or about 3,000 soldiers, it may have been established as early as around AD 44–48. Peterborough was an important area of production in the Roman period, providing Nene Valley Ware that was traded as far away as Cornwall. His brother Wulfhere murdered his own sons, similarly converted and then finished the monastery by way of atonement, Hereward, the outlaw, wake or exile, set off with supporters from his exile in Flanders and rampaged through the town in 1069 or 1070. The abbey church was rebuilt and greatly enlarged in the 12th century, the Peterborough Chronicle, a version of the Anglo-Saxon one, contains unique information about the history of England after the Norman conquest, written here by monks in the 12th century. This is the only prose history in English between the conquest and the later 14th century. The burgesses received their first charter from Abbot Robert – probably Robert of Sutton, the abbey church became one of Henry VIIIs retained, more secular, cathedrals in 1541, having been assessed at the Dissolution as having revenue at £1,972.7. ¾ per annum. When civil war broke out, Peterborough was divided between supporters of King Charles I and supporters of the Long Parliament, the Royalist forces were defeated within a few weeks and retreated to Burghley House, where they were captured and sent to Cambridge. Housing and sanitary improvements were effected under the provisions of an Act of Parliament passed in 1790, among the privileges claimed by the abbot as early as the 13th century was that of having a prison for felons taken in the Soke of Peterborough

4.
Ceremonial counties of England
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The ceremonial counties, also referred to as the lieutenancy areas of England, are areas of England to which a Lord Lieutenant is appointed. The Local Government Act 1888 established county councils to assume the functions of Quarter Sessions in the counties. It created new entities called administrative counties, the Act further stipulated that areas that were part of an administrative county would be part of the county for all purposes. The greatest change was the creation of the County of London, which was both an administrative county and a county, it included parts of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent. Other differences were small and resulted from the constraint that urban sanitary districts were not permitted to straddle county boundaries, apart from Yorkshire, counties that were subdivided nevertheless continued to exist as ceremonial counties. In 1974, administrative counties and county boroughs were abolished, at this time, Lieutenancy was redefined to use the new metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties directly. Following a further rearrangement in 1996, Avon, Cleveland, Hereford and Worcester, Cleveland was partitioned between North Yorkshire and Durham. Hereford and Worcester was divided into the counties of Herefordshire and Worcestershire. Humberside was split between Lincolnshire and a new county of East Riding of Yorkshire. Rutland was restored as a ceremonial county, many county boroughs were re-established as unitary authorities, this involved establishing the area as an administrative county, but usually not as a ceremonial county. Most ceremonial counties are therefore entities comprising local authority areas, as they were from 1889 to 1974, the Association of British Counties, a traditional counties lobbying organisation, has suggested that ceremonial counties be restored to their ancient boundaries, as nearly as practicable. In present-day England, the ceremonial counties correspond to the shrieval counties, the Lieutenancies Act 1997 defines counties for the purposes of lieutenancies in terms of metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties as well as Greater London and the Isles of Scilly. Although the term is not used in the Act, these counties are known as ceremonial counties. gov. uk

5.
Regions of England
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The regions are the highest tier of sub-national division in England. Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within Government, while they no longer fulfil this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament, Eurostat also uses them to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics regions within the European Union. The regions generally follow the boundaries of the former standard regions, the London region has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. Six regions have local authority leaders boards to assist with correlating the headline policies of local authorities, the remaining two regions no longer have any administrative functions, having abolished their regional local authority leaders boards. In 1998, regional chambers were established in the eight regions outside of London, the regions also had an associated Government Office with some responsibility for coordinating policy, and, from 2007, a part-time regional minister within the Government. House of Commons regional Select Committees were established in 2009, Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011. Regional development agencies were public bodies established in all nine regions in 1998 to promote economic development and they had certain delegated functions, including administering European Union regional development funds, and received funding the central government as well. After about 500 AD, England comprised seven Anglo-Saxon territories – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, the boundaries of some of these, which later unified as the Kingdom of England, roughly coincide with those of modern regions. During Oliver Cromwells Protectorate in the 1650s, the rule of the Major-Generals created 10 regions in England, proposals for administrative regions within England were mooted by the British government prior to the First World War. In 1912 the Third Home Rule Bill was passing through parliament, the Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or Home Rule All Round. On 12 September the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands would make natural regions. While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a widely anticipated. In 1946 nine standard regions were set up, in central government bodies, statutory undertakings. However, these had declined in importance by the late 1950s, creation of some form of provinces or regions for England was an intermittent theme of post-Second World War British governments. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, one-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the eight now existing for economic planning purposes, a minority report by Lord Crowther-Hunt and Alan T. Peacock suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain, some elements of regional development and economic planning began to be established in England from the mid-1960s onwards

6.
East of England
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The East of England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It was created in 1994 and was adopted for statistics from 1999 and it includes the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. Essex has the highest population in the region and its population at the 2011 census was 5,847,000. Bedford, Luton, Basildon, Peterborough, Southend-on-Sea, Norwich, Ipswich, Colchester, Chelmsford, the southern part of the region lies in the London commuter belt. The region has the lowest elevation range in the UK, North Cambridgeshire and the Essex Coast have most of the around 5% of the region which is below 10 metres above sea level. The Fens are partly in North Cambridgeshire which is notable for the lowest point in the country in the land of the village of Holme 2.75 metres below sea level which was once Whittlesey Mere. The highest point is at Clipper Down at 817 ft, in the far corner of the region in the Ivinghoe Hills. In the late 1960s, the Roskill Commission considered Thurleigh in Bedfordshire, Nuthampstead in Hertfordshire, the East of England succeeded the standard statistical region East Anglia. The East of England civil defence region was identical to todays region, England between the Wash and Thames Estuary has since post-Roman times been and continues to be known as East Anglia, including the county traversing the west of this line, Cambridgeshire. Essex, despite meaning East-Saxons, previously formed part of the South East England, as did Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, the earliest use of the term is from 1695. Charles Davenant, in An essay upon ways and means of supplying the war, wrote, The Eleven Home Counties, then cited a list including these four. The term does not appear to have used in taxation since the 18th century. East Anglia is one of the driest parts of the United Kingdom with average rainfall ranging from 450 mm to 750 mm. This is usually because low pressure systems and weather fronts from the Atlantic have lost a lot of their moisture over land by the time they reach Eastern England, however the Fens in Cambridgeshire are prone to flooding should a strong system affect the area. Northerly winds can also be cold but are not usually as cold as easterly winds, westerly winds bring milder and, typically, wetter weather. Southerly winds usually bring mild air but chill if coming from further east than Spain, spring is a transitional season that can be chilly to start with but is usually warm by late-April/May. The weather at this time is often changeable and occasionally showery, summer is usually warm and continental air from mainland Europe or the Azores High usually leads to at least a few weeks of hot, balmy weather with prolonged warm to hot weather. The number of storms from the Atlantic, such as the remnants of a tropical storm usually coincides with the location of the jet stream

7.
Countries of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom comprises four countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the United Kingdom, a sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland. England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization list of countries. However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK, compiled by British Standards, Northern Ireland, in contrast, is described as a province in the same lists. Each has separate governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions. Northern Ireland also forms joint All-Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are dependencies of the Crown and are not part of the UK. Similarly, the British overseas territories, remnants of the British Empire, are not part of the UK, southern Ireland left the United Kingdom under the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. * Figures for GVA do not include oil and gas revenues generated beyond the UKs territorial waters, various terms have been used to describe England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Wales was described as the country, principality, and dominion of Wales, outside Wales, England was not given a specific name or term. The Laws in Wales Acts have subsequently been repealed, the Acts of Union 1707 refer to both England and Scotland as a part of a united kingdom of Great Britain The Acts of Union 1800 use part in the same way to refer to England and Scotland. The Northern Ireland Act 1998, which repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Interpretation Act 1978 provides statutory definitions of the terms England, Wales and the United Kingdom, but neither that Act nor any other current statute defines Scotland or Northern Ireland. Use of the first three terms in other legislation is interpreted following the definitions in the 1978 Act and this definition applies from 1 April 1974. United Kingdom means Great Britain and Northern Ireland and this definition applies from 12 April 1927. In 1996 these 8 new counties were redistributed into the current 22 unitary authorities, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are regions in their own right while England has been divided into nine regions. The official term rest of the UK is used in Scotland, for example in export statistics and this term is also used in the context of potential Scottish independence to mean the UK without Scotland. The alternative term Home Nations is sometimes used in sporting contexts, the second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship. Contrariwise, in Scotland and Wales there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain, studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis. The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK, and can rise and it reported that 37% of people identified as British, whilst 29% identified as Irish and 24% identified as Northern Irish

8.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years

9.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

10.
Postcodes in the United Kingdom
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Postal codes used in the United Kingdom are known as postcodes. They are alphanumeric and were adopted nationally between 11 October 1959 and 1974, having been devised by the GPO, a full postcode is known as a postcode unit and designates an area with a number of addresses or a single major delivery point. For example, the postcode of the University of Roehampton in London is SW15 5PU, the postcode of GCHQ is GL51 0EX, where GL signifies the postal town of Gloucester. The postal town refers to an area and does not relate to a specific town. GL51 is one of the postcodes for the town of Cheltenham which is where GCHQ is located, the London post town covers 40% of Greater London. On inception it was divided into ten districts, EC, WC, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W. The S and NE sectors were later abolished and these divisions changed little, usually only changed for operational efficiency. Some older road signs in Hackney still indicate the North East sector/district, following the successful introduction of postal districts in London, the system was extended to other large towns and cities. Liverpool was divided into Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western districts in 1864/65, in 1917 Dublin – then still part of the United Kingdom – was divided into numbered postal districts. These continue in use in a form by An Post. In 1923 Glasgow was divided in a way to London. In January 1932 the Postmaster General approved the designation of some urban areas into numbered districts. In November 1934 the Post Office announced the introduction of numbered districts in every town in the United Kingdom large enough to justify it. Pamphlets were issued to each householder and business in ten areas notifying them of the number of the district in which their premises lay, the pamphlets included a map of the districts, and copies were made available at local head post offices. The public were invited to include the district number in the address at the head of letters. A publicity campaign in the following year encouraged the use of the district numbers, the slogan for the campaign was For speed and certainty always use a postal district number on your letters and notepaper. A poster was fixed to every box in the affected areas bearing the number of the district. Every post office in the district was also to display this information

11.
East of England (European Parliament constituency)
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East of England is a constituency of the European Parliament. It currently elects 7 MEPs using the method of party-list proportional representation. The constituency corresponds to the East of England region of the United Kingdom, comprising the counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire. It was formed as a result of the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, elected candidates are shown in bold. Brackets indicate the number of votes per seat won

12.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

13.
Historic counties of England
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The historic counties of England were established for administration by the Normans, in most cases based on earlier kingdoms and shires established by the Anglo-Saxons and others. They ceased to be used for administration with the creation of the counties in 1889. They are alternatively known as ancient counties or traditional counties, where they are not included among the modern counties of England they are also known as former counties. Counties were used initially for the administration of justice, collection of taxes and organisation of the military and they continue to form the basis of modern local government in many parts of the country away from the main urban areas, although sometimes with considerably altered boundaries. The name of a county often gives a clue to how it was formed, either as a division took its name from a centre of administration. The majority of English counties are in the first category, with the name formed by combining the central town with the suffix -shire, for example Yorkshire. Former kingdoms, which became earldoms in the united England did not feature this formulation, so for Kent, Counties ending in the suffix -sex are also in this category and are former Saxon kingdoms. Many of these names are formed from compass directions, the third category includes counties such as Cornwall and Devon where the name corresponds to the tribes who inhabited the area. County Durham is anomalous in terms of naming and origin, not falling into any of the three categories, instead it was a diocese that was turned into the County Palatine of Durham, ruled by the Bishop of Durham. The expected form would otherwise be Durhamshire, but it was rarely used, there are customary abbreviations for many of the counties. In most cases these consist of simple truncation, usually with an s at the end signifying shire, some abbreviations are not obvious, such as Salop for Shropshire, Oxon for Oxfordshire, Hants for Hampshire and Northants for Northamptonshire. Counties were often prefixed with County of in official contexts, such as County of Kent and those counties named after central towns lost the -shire suffix, for example Yorkshire would be known as County of York. This usage was sometimes followed even where there was no town by that name, the -shire suffix was also appended for some counties, such as Devonshire, Dorsetshire and Somersetshire, despite their origin. There is still a Duke of Devonshire, Great Britain was first divided into administrative areas by the Romans, most likely following major geographical features such as rivers. Before their arrival there were distinct tribal areas, but they were in a constant state of flux as territory was gained, the areas that would later form the English counties started to take shape soon afterwards, with the Kingdom of Kent founded by settlers around 445. Once the Kingdom of England was united as a whole in 927 it became necessary to subdivide it for convenience and to this end. The whole kingdom was divided into shires by the time of the Norman conquest, robert of Gloucester accounts for thirty-five shires and William of Malmesbury thirty-two, Henry of Huntingdon, thirty-seven. In most cases the counties or shires in medieval times were administered by a sheriff on behalf of the monarch, after the Norman conquest the sheriff was replaced and the shires became counties, or areas under the control of a count, in the French manner

14.
Northamptonshire
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Northamptonshire, archaically known as the County of Northampton, is a county in the East Midlands of England. In 2011, it had a population of 629,000, the county is administered by Northamptonshire County Council and seven non-metropolitan district councils. Northamptonshire is the southernmost county in the East Midlands region, apart from the county town of Northampton, other large population centres include Kettering, Corby, Wellingborough, Rushden and Daventry. Northamptonshires county flower is the cowslip, there are two more possible hill-forts at Arbury Hill and Thenford. In the 1st century BC, most of what later became Northamptonshire became part of the territory of the Catuvellauni, a Belgic tribe, the Catuvellauni were in turn conquered by the Romans in 43 AD. The Roman road of Watling Street passed through the county, there were other Roman settlements at Northampton, Kettering and along the Nene Valley near Raunds. A large fort was built at Longthorpe, after the Romans left, the area eventually became part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia, and Northampton functioned as an administrative centre. The Mercians converted to Christianity in 654 AD with the death of the pagan king Penda, Northamptonshire was conquered again in 940, this time by the Vikings of York, who devastated the area, only for the county to be retaken by the English in 942. Consequently, it is one of the few counties in England to have both Saxon and Danish town-names and settlements, the county was first recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, as Hamtunscire, the scire of Hamtun. The North was added to distinguish Northampton from the other important Hamtun further south, Rockingham Castle was built for William the Conqueror and was used as a Royal fortress until Elizabethan times. In 1460, during the Wars of the Roses, the Battle of Northampton took place, the now-ruined Fotheringhay Castle was used to imprison Mary, Queen of Scots, before her execution. George Washington, the first President of the United States of America, was born into the Washington family who had migrated to America from Northamptonshire in 1656. George Washingtons ancestor, Lawrence Washington, was Mayor of Northampton on several occasions and it was George Washingtons great-grandfather, John Washington, who emigrated in 1656 from Northants to Virginia. Before Washingtons ancestors moved to Sulgrave, they lived in Warton, King Charles I was imprisoned at Holdenby House in 1647. In 1823 Northamptonshire was said to a pure and wholesome air because of its dryness. Its livestock were celebrated, Horned cattle, and other animals, are fed to extraordinary sizes, in summer, the county hosted a great number of wealthy families. Country seats and villas are to be seen at every step, Northamptonshire is still referred to as the county of spires and squires because of the numbers of stately homes and ancient churches. In the 18th and 19th centuries, parts of Northamptonshire and the area became industrialised

15.
Urban sprawl
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In addition to describing a particular form of urbanization, the term also relates to the social and environmental consequences associated with this development. In Continental Europe the term peri-urbanisation is often used to denote similar dynamics and phenomena, There is widespread disagreement about what constitutes sprawl and how to quantify it. For example, some commentators measure sprawl only with the number of residential units per acre in a given area. But others associate it with decentralization, discontinuity, segregation of uses, the term urban sprawl is highly politicized, and almost always has negative connotations. It is criticized for causing environmental degradation, and intensifying segregation and undermining the vitality of existing urban areas, due to the pejorative meaning of the term, few openly support urban sprawl as such. The term has become a cry for managing urban growth. Definitions of sprawl vary, researchers in the field acknowledge that the term lacks precision and he argued that a better way to identify sprawl was to use indicators rather than characteristics because this was a more flexible and less arbitrary method. He proposed using accessibility and functional space as indicators. Ewings approach has been criticized for assuming that sprawl is defined by negative characteristics, what constitutes sprawl may be considered a matter of degree and will always be somewhat subjective under many definitions of the term. The following characteristics are associated with sprawl, This refers to a situation where commercial, residential, institutional and industrial areas are separated from one another. Consequently, large tracts of land are devoted to a use and are segregated from one another by open space, infrastructure. The degree to which different land uses are mixed together is used as an indicator of sprawl in studies of the subject. Job sprawl is another land use symptom of urban sprawl and car-dependent communities, spatial mismatch is related to job sprawl and economic environmental justice. Job sprawl has been documented and measured in various ways and it has been shown to be a growing trend in Americas metropolitan areas. The Brookings Institution has published articles on the topic. In 2005, author Michael Stoll defined job sprawl simply as jobs located more than 5-mile radius from the CBD, and measured the concept based on year 2000 U. S. Census data. These two authors used three geographic rings limited to a 35-mile radius around the CBD,3 miles or less,3 to 10 miles and this compares to the year 1998 -23. 3%,34. 2%, and 42. 5% in those respective rings. The study shows CBD employment share shrinking, and job growth focused in the suburban and exurban outer metropolitan rings, Sprawl is often characterized as consisting of low-density development

16.
Werrington, Peterborough
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Werrington is a residential area of the city of Peterborough, Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. For electoral purposes it comprises North Werrington and South Werrington wards, Werrington spans an area of two and a half square miles and has a population of 14,800. Originally a village, Werrington was engulfed by Peterborough in the mid twentieth century, the area is on the northern edge of the conurbation, approximately four miles from the city centre. There are two areas of Werrington, the village and new Werrington. The village dates from periods and focuses on the village green. The new Werrington area focuses on the Werrington Centre, a shopping complex featuring stores for basic needs. Werrington centre shops include Tesco, Age Concern, and other small shops and these shops have undergone change since 2004 as a result of bigger companies buying out the locally owned shops. The video rental shop changed to a tanning salon but due to business failure has become a Dominos Pizza take-away, other small stores are a family-run fish and chip shop, dry cleaners, off licence, hair salon and barbers and a betting shop. There is a Police Station but this is not open to the public, the development of Werrington continues, with new residential accommodation in the northernmost part of the area. The shopping centre is being redeveloped, with the Rainbow foodstore being replaced by a larger Tesco supermarket, Werrington has held a summer carnival and bonfire and fireworks display every year since the 1970s. At the bonfire, two made out of clay are set on fire, made by volunteers from the local Scout. Werrington Village Cricket Club plays in the local Huntingdonshire leagues throughout the summer, Werrington Badminton Club has 100 members ranging from beginners up to county level who play in tournaments around the city and county. They also run two mens and a team in the Hunts league. William Law and Welbourne are both primary schools, Ken Stimpson Community School is the only secondary school in the area. Ken Stimpson Community School is a secondary school which opened in 1982. The school has about 1100 students from years 7 to post-16, the school acquired Business and Enterprise College Specialist school status in late 2004. Werrington Primary School is the school in the original village. It is in the top five for most rankings for primary schools in Peterborough, the school was founded at the end of the 19th century on the site of what is now the village centre as a Church of England School

17.
A15 road (Great Britain)
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The A15 is a major road in England. The road restarts 10 miles east, and then north past Barton-upon-Humber. According to the AA, the route is 95 miles long, Norman Cross – Bourne takes 33 minutes, Bourne to Lincoln takes 46 minutes and Lincoln to the Humber Bridge takes 54 minutes. A section of the A15 provides the longest stretch of road in the UK. The A15 is Peterboroughs main connecting road from the south to the A1, joining near Stilton and it begins as London Road at junction 16 of the A1 with the B1043 in Cambridgeshire and the district of North West Cambridgeshire. From here to Yaxley it passes the Norman Cross Hotel and follows the City of Peterborough and Cambridgeshire boundary and it enters the City of Peterborough near Hampton Vale on the left, and meets the A1260 The Serpentine, which leads to two much faster routes around Peterborough. Next is a roundabout for the Cygnet Park business park on the left and it enters Old Fletton near the headquarters of Hotpoint to the left. There is a junction with the A1129 and it crosses the East Coast Main Line. It passes Peterborough United on the right in New Fletton and it meets the start of the A605 at a roundabout and crosses the River Nene. It follows the East Coast Main Line and becomes Lincoln Road and it passes four roundabouts, crossing the Peterborough to Lincoln Line. The route on the east side starts at the Eye roundabout with the A1139 at Newark, then follows the dual-carriageway Paston Parkway, both routes head through Werrington before joining again at Glinton with the roundabout with the B1443. It passes Etton and meets a roundabout with the B1524, B1162, just south of the Welland Gate roundabout on the A1175 and B1166, it crosses the River Welland so entering South Kesteven in Lincolnshire. The roundabout marks the end of the £7 million 4-mile Market Deeping bypass. The A15 and A1175 roads are now merged in a 1-mile dual-carriageway stretch and it meets the B1524 at a roundabout and heads to the left as Peterborough Road Bourne Road and Deeping Road. North of Baston is the Waterside Garden Centre close to where it meets the north-south Roman Road King Street and it goes over the River Glen at the point it is crossed by the Macmillan Way, at Kates Bridge. There is a turn for Obthorpe and it goes through Thurlby, passing the Horseshoe pub, then Northorpe. It meets the recently diverted A151 at a new roundabout, where the road becomes South Road. It passes Bourne Grammar School, then after some treacherous bends near Bourne Abbey becomes South Street, with the towns Heritage centre and war memorial gardens on the left by the Bourne Eau

18.
Old Danish
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The Danish language developed during the Middle Ages out of the Old East Norse, the common predecessor of Danish and Swedish. It was a form of common Old Norse. The history of Danish can by convention be divided into, Old Danish, 9th to 11th centuries Middle Danish, 12th to 15th centuries Modern Danish, 16th century to present. Old East Norse is in Sweden called Runic Swedish and in Denmark Runic Danish, but until the 12th century, the dialects are called runic because the main body of text appears in the runic alphabet. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, a change that separated Old East Norse from Old West Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong e, as in stæin to sten. This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain, there was also a change of au as in dauðr into ø as in døðr. This change is shown in inscriptions as a change from tauþr into tuþr. Moreover, the øy diphthong changed into ø as well, as in the Old Norse word for island, from 1100 and onwards, the dialect of Denmark began to diverge from that of Sweden. The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark which created a series of minor dialectal boundaries, isoglosses, in the medieval period Danish emerged as a separate language from Swedish. The main text types written in period are laws, which were formulated in the vernacular language to be accessible also to those who were not latinate. The Jutlandic Law and Scanian Law were written in vernacular Danish in the early 13th century, beginning in 1350 Danish began to be used as a language of administration and new types of literature began to be written in the language, such as royal letters and testaments. The orthography in this period was not standardized nor was the language. Throughout this period Danish was in contact with Low German, with the Protestant Reformation in 1536, Danish also became the language of religion, which sparked a new interest in using Danish as a literary language. It is also in this period that Danish begins to take on the traits that differentiate it from Swedish and Norwegian, such as the stød. The first printed book in Danish dates from 1495, the Rimkrøniken, the first complete translation of the Bible in Danish, the Bible of Christian II translated by Christiern Pedersen was published in 1550. Pedersens orthographic choices set the de facto standard for subsequent writing in Danish, the first translation of the Bible in Danish was published in 1550. Some notable authors of works in Danish are existential philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, prolific fairy tale author Hans Christian Andersen, three 20th century Danish authors have become Nobel Prize laureates in Literature, Karl Adolph Gjellerup and Henrik Pontoppidan and Johannes Vilhelm Jensen

19.
Middle Low German
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Middle Low German or Middle Saxon is a language that is the descendant of Old Saxon and the ancestor of modern Low German. It served as the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League. It was spoken from about 1100 to 1600, Middle Low German is a term used with varying degrees of inclusivity. It is distinguished from Middle High German, spoken to the south, Middle Low German provided a large number of loanwords to languages spoken around the Baltic Sea as a result of the activities of Hanseatic traders. It is considered the largest single source of loanwords in Estonian, Latvian, Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League, spoken all around the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Traces of the importance of Middle Low German can be seen by the many found in the Scandinavian, Finnic

20.
Old English
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Old English or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. As the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in England, their language replaced the languages of Roman Britain, Common Brittonic, a Celtic language, Old English had four main dialects, associated with particular Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish and West Saxon. It was West Saxon that formed the basis for the standard of the later Old English period, although the dominant forms of Middle. The speech of eastern and northern parts of England was subject to strong Old Norse influence due to Scandinavian rule, Old English is one of the West Germanic languages, and its closest relatives are Old Frisian and Old Saxon. Like other old Germanic languages, it is different from Modern English. Old English grammar is similar to that of modern German, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs have many inflectional endings and forms. The oldest Old English inscriptions were using a runic system. Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of 700 years, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century, some time after the Norman invasion. While indicating that the establishment of dates is a process, Albert Baugh dates Old English from 450 to 1150, a period of full inflections. Perhaps around 85 per cent of Old English words are no longer in use, Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic dialects from the 5th century. It came to be spoken over most of the territory of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which became the Kingdom of England and this included most of present-day England, as well as part of what is now southeastern Scotland, which for several centuries belonged to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Other parts of the island – Wales and most of Scotland – continued to use Celtic languages, Norse was also widely spoken in the parts of England which fell under Danish law. Anglo-Saxon literacy developed after Christianisation in the late 7th century, the oldest surviving text of Old English literature is Cædmons Hymn, composed between 658 and 680. There is a corpus of runic inscriptions from the 5th to 7th centuries. The Old English Latin alphabet was introduced around the 9th century, with the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, a later literary standard, dating from the later 10th century, arose under the influence of Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, and was followed by such writers as the prolific Ælfric of Eynsham. This form of the language is known as the Winchester standard and it is considered to represent the classical form of Old English

21.
Domesday Book
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Domesday Book is a manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states, Then, at the midwinter, was the king in Glocester with his council. After this had the king a large meeting, and very deep consultation with his council, about this land, how it was occupied and it was written in Medieval Latin, was highly abbreviated, and included some vernacular native terms without Latin equivalents. The assessors reckoning of a mans holdings and their values, as recorded in Domesday Book, was dispositive, the name Domesday Book came into use in the 12th century. As Richard FitzNeal wrote in the Dialogus de Scaccario, for as the sentence of that strict and terrible last account cannot be evaded by any skilful subterfuge and its sentence cannot be quashed or set aside with impunity. That is why we have called the book the Book of Judgement, because its decisions, like those of the Last Judgement, are unalterable. The manuscript is held at The National Archives at Kew, London, in 2011, the Open Domesday site made the manuscript available online. The book is a primary source for modern historians and historical economists. Domesday Book encompasses two independent works, Little Domesday and Great Domesday, no surveys were made of the City of London, Winchester, or some other towns, probably due to their tax-exempt status. Most of Cumberland and Westmorland are missing, the omission of the other counties and towns is not fully explained, although in particular Cumberland and Westmorland had yet to be fully conquered. Little Domesday – so named because its format is smaller than its companions – is the more detailed survey. It may have represented the first attempt, resulting in a decision to avoid such level of detail in Great Domesday, some of the largest such magnates held several hundred fees, in a few cases in more than one county. For example, the chapter of the Domesday Book Devonshire section concerning Baldwin the Sheriff lists 176 holdings held in-chief by him, as a review of taxes owed, it was highly unpopular. Each countys list opened with the demesne lands. It should be borne in mind that under the system the king was the only true owner of land in England. He was thus the ultimate overlord and even the greatest magnate could do no more than hold land from him as a tenant under one of the contracts of feudal land tenure. In some counties, one or more principal towns formed the subject of a separate section and this principle applies more specially to the larger volume, in the smaller one, the system is more confused, the execution less perfect. Domesday names a total of 13,418 places and these include fragments of custumals, records of the military service due, of markets, mints, and so forth

22.
Iron Age
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The Iron Age is an archaeological era, referring to a period of time in the prehistory and protohistory of the Old World when the dominant toolmaking material was iron. It is commonly preceded by the Bronze Age in Europe and Asia with exceptions, meteoric iron has been used by humans since at least 3200 BC. Ancient iron production did not become widespread until the ability to smelt ore, remove impurities. The start of the Iron Age proper is considered by many to fall between around 1200 BC and 600 BC, depending on the region, the earliest known iron artifacts are nine small beads dated to 3200 BC, which were found in burials at Gerzeh, Lower Egypt. They have been identified as meteoric iron shaped by careful hammering, meteoric iron, a characteristic iron–nickel alloy, was used by various ancient peoples thousands of years before the Iron Age. Such iron, being in its metallic state, required no smelting of ores. Smelted iron appears sporadically in the record from the middle Bronze Age. While terrestrial iron is abundant, its high melting point of 1,538 °C placed it out of reach of common use until the end of the second millennium BC. Tins low melting point of 231, similarly, recent archaeological remains of iron working in the Ganges Valley in India have been tentatively dated to 1800 BC. By the Middle Bronze Age, increasing numbers of smelted iron objects appeared in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, African sites are turning up dates as early as 1200 BC. Modern archaeological evidence identifies the start of iron production in around 1200 BC. Between 1200 BC and 1000 BC, diffusion in the understanding of iron metallurgy and use of objects was fast. As evidence, many bronze implements were recycled into weapons during this time, more widespread use of iron led to improved steel-making technology at lower cost. Thus, even when tin became available again, iron was cheaper, stronger, and lighter, and forged iron implements superseded cast bronze tools permanently. Increasingly, the Iron Age in Europe is being seen as a part of the Bronze Age collapse in the ancient Near East, in ancient India, ancient Iran, and ancient Greece. In other regions of Europe, the Iron Age began in the 8th century BC in Central Europe, the Near Eastern Iron Age is divided into two subsections, Iron I and Iron II. Iron I illustrates both continuity and discontinuity with the previous Late Bronze Age, during the Iron Age, the best tools and weapons were made from steel, particularly alloys which were produced with a carbon content between approximately 0. 30% and 1. 2% by weight. Steel weapons and tools were nearly the same weight as those of bronze, however, steel was difficult to produce with the methods available, and alloys that were easier to make, such as wrought iron, were more common in lower-priced goods

23.
Roman Empire
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Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesars adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavians power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power, the imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,500 years compared to the 500 years of the Republican era. The first two centuries of the empires existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana, following Octavians victory, the size of the empire was dramatically increased. After the assassination of Caligula in 41, the senate briefly considered restoring the republic, under Claudius, the empire invaded Britannia, its first major expansion since Augustus. Vespasian emerged triumphant in 69, establishing the Flavian dynasty, before being succeeded by his son Titus and his short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian, who was eventually assassinated. The senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors, the empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan, the second in this line. A period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus, Commodus assassination in 192 triggered the Year of the Five Emperors, of which Septimius Severus emerged victorious. The assassination of Alexander Severus in 235 led to the Crisis of the Third Century in which 26 men were declared emperor by the Roman Senate over a time span. It was not until the reign of Diocletian that the empire was fully stabilized with the introduction of the Tetrarchy, which saw four emperors rule the empire at once. This arrangement was unsuccessful, leading to a civil war that was finally ended by Constantine I. Constantine subsequently shifted the capital to Byzantium, which was renamed Constantinople in his honour and it remained the capital of the east until its demise. Constantine also adopted Christianity which later became the state religion of the empire. However, Augustulus was never recognized by his Eastern colleague, and separate rule in the Western part of the empire ceased to exist upon the death of Julius Nepos. The Eastern Roman Empire endured for another millennium, eventually falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic, cultural, political and military forces in the world of its time. It was one of the largest empires in world history, at its height under Trajan, it covered 5 million square kilometres. It held sway over an estimated 70 million people, at that time 21% of the entire population. Throughout the European medieval period, attempts were made to establish successors to the Roman Empire, including the Empire of Romania, a Crusader state. Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the republic in the 6th century BC, then, it was an empire long before it had an emperor

24.
Peakirk, Cambridgeshire
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Peakirk is a civil parish in the city of Peterborough, Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. For local government purposes it forms part of Newborough ward, for parliamentary purposes it falls within Peterborough constituency, in 2001, the parish had a population of 321 persons and 139 households. Saint Pega the sister of Saint Guthlac of Crowland, had a hermitage here, the parish church is dedicated to St Pega and the name of the village is derived from Pegas church. The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, founded by Sir Peter Scott in 1946 to preserve, Glinton cum Peakirk Church of England Primary School is situated in neighbouring Glinton, secondary pupils attend Arthur Mellows Village College also in Glinton. Peakirk also has a war memorial. An oak-panelled frame with 48 photographs and details of the service of all who served from the village during world war one, Peakirk railway station Media related to Peakirk at Wikimedia Commons

25.
John Clare
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John Clare was an English poet, the son of a farm labourer, who became known for his celebrations of the English countryside and sorrows at its disruption. His poetry underwent major re-evaluation in the late 20th century, he is now seen as one of the major 19th-century poets. His biographer Jonathan Bate states that Clare was the greatest labouring-class poet that England has ever produced, no one has ever written more powerfully of nature, of a rural childhood, and of the alienated and unstable self. Clare was born in Helpston, six miles to the north of the city of Peterborough, in his lifetime, the village was in the Soke of Peterborough in Northamptonshire and his memorial calls him The Northamptonshire Peasant Poet. Helpston now lies in the Peterborough unitary authority of Cambridgeshire and he became an agricultural labourer while still a child, however, he attended school in Glinton church until he was 12. In his early years, Clare became a potboy in the Blue Bell public house and fell in love with Mary Joyce, but her father. Subsequently, he was a gardener at Burghley House and he enlisted in the militia, tried camp life with Gypsies, and worked in Pickworth as a lime burner in 1817. In the following year he was obliged to accept parish relief, malnutrition stemming from childhood may be the main culprit behind his 5-foot stature and may have contributed to his poor physical health in later life. Clare had bought a copy of James Thomsons The Seasons and began to write poems, in an attempt to hold off his parents eviction from their home, Clare offered his poems to a local bookseller named Edward Drury. Drury sent Clares poetry to his cousin John Taylor of the firm of Taylor & Hessey. Taylor published Clares Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery in 1820 and this book was highly praised, and in the next year his Village Minstrel and other Poems was published. Soon, however, his income insufficient, and in 1823 he was nearly penniless. The Shepherds Calendar met with success, which was not increased by his hawking it himself. As he worked again in the fields his health temporarily improved, earl FitzWilliam presented him with a new cottage and a piece of ground, but Clare could not settle in his new home. Clare was constantly torn between the two worlds of literary London and his often illiterate neighbours, between the need to write poetry and the need for money to feed and clothe his children. His health began to suffer, and he had bouts of severe depression, in 1832, his friends and his London patrons clubbed together to move the family to a larger cottage with a smallholding in the village of Northborough, not far from Helpston. However, he felt only more alienated and his last work, the Rural Muse, was noticed favourably by Christopher North and other reviewers, but this was not enough to support his wife and seven children. Clares mental health began to worsen, as his alcohol consumption steadily increased along with his dissatisfaction with his own identity, Clares behaviour became more erratic

26.
Helpston
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The civil parish of Helpston covers an area of 754 hectares and had an estimated population in 2005 of 870. The parish church is dedicated to St Botolph, the window was created by Francis Skeat. The poet John Clare was born in Helpston in 1793 and is buried in the churchyard of St Botolphs, the thatched cottage where he was born was bought by the John Clare Trust in 2005. The Cottage, at 12 Woodgate, has been restored using traditional building methods and is open to the public, in 2013 the John Clare Trust received a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund to help preserve the building and provide educational activities for youngsters visiting the cottage. The name Helpston is Anglo-Saxon in origin and means the farmstead first settled by Help, Helpston railway station Helpston Parish Website A website about the village Clare Cottage John Clare Society Website

27.
Parish councils in England
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A parish council is a civil local authority found in England and is the lowest, or first, tier of local government. They are elected corporate bodies, have variable tax raising powers, and are responsible for areas known as civil parishes, serving in total 16 million people. A parish council serving a town may be called a council, and a parish council serving a city is styled a city council. Parish and town councils vary enormously in size, activities and circumstances, most of them are small, around 80% represent populations of less than 2,500. Civil parish councils should not be confused with Parochial church councils which administer parishes of the Church of England, Civil parish councils, which can be called Community councils should not be confused with Rural community councils which engage in rural development work. There are 9,000 local councils in England, over 16 million people live in communities served by local councils, which is around 25% of the population, and about 80,000 councillors serve on these councils. It is calculated £1 billion is invested in these communities every year, Local councils work to improve community well-being and provide better services at a local level. Their activities fall into three categories, representing the local community, delivering services to meet local needs, and improving quality of life. These existing powers were strengthened by powers contained in the Localism Act including the extension of the General Power of Competence to eligible local councils. Not every civil parish has a council, smaller ones—typically those with an electorate of fewer than 200—have parish meetings instead. Parish councils are funded by levying a precept collected with the tax paid by the residents of the parish. Parish councils have unpaid councillors who are elected to serve for four years, the powers and duties of parish councils are described below. Parish councils have the power to precept their residents to support their operations, although there is no limit to the amount that can be precepted, the money can only be raised for a limited number of purposes, defined in the 1894 Act and subsequent legislation. The General Power of Competence is a new power awarded in 2012 to eligible councils, the exercise of powers is at the discretion of the council, but they are legally obliged to exercise duties. Allotments - Duty to consider providing allotment gardens if demand unsatisfied, Parish councils have powers to provide some facilities themselves, or they can contribute towards their provision by others. A Parish Council must hold a meeting and at least three other meetings in a year, however monthly meetings are the most common, and some larger councils have fortnightly meetings. An extraordinary meeting may be called at any time by the chairman or members, a Council can also appoint advisory groups which are exempt from these constraints to give flexibility, but these have no delegated powers and cannot make financial decisions. Such groups may contain members who are not councillors and this would have to be due to the confidential nature of the business

28.
City status in the United Kingdom
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The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a city. Nonetheless, this appellation carries its own prestige and, consequently, the status does not apply automatically on the basis of any particular criteria, although in England and Wales it was traditionally given to towns with diocesan cathedrals. City status in Ireland was granted to far fewer communities than in England and Wales, in Scotland, city status did not explicitly receive any recognition by the state until the 19th century. At that time, a revival of grants of city status took place, first in England, where the grants were accompanied by the establishment of new cathedrals, and later in Scotland and Ireland. The abolition of corporate bodies as part of successive local government reforms. However, letters patent have been issued for most of the cities to ensure the continuation or restoration of their status. At present, Rochester and Elgin are the former cities in the United Kingdom. The name City does not, in itself, denote city status, a number of large towns in the UK are bigger than some small cities, but cannot legitimately call themselves a city without the royal designation. The initial cities of Britain were the fortified settlements organised by the Romans as the capitals of the Celtic tribes under Roman rule, the British clerics of the early Middle Ages later preserved a traditional list of the 28 Cities which was mentioned by Gildas and listed by Nennius. In the 16th century, a town was recognised as a city by the English Crown if it had a diocesan cathedral within its limits. This association between having a cathedral and being called a city was established when Henry VIII founded dioceses in six English towns, a long-awaited resumption of creating dioceses began in 1836 with Ripon. Ripon Town Council assumed that this had elevated the town to the rank of a city, the next diocese formed was Manchester and its Borough Council began informally to use the title city. When Queen Victoria visited Manchester in 1851, widespread doubts surrounding its status were raised, the pretension was ended when the borough petitioned for city status, which was granted by letters patent in 1853. This eventually forced Ripon to regularise its position, its city status was recognised by Act of Parliament in 1865, from this year Ripon bore city status whilst the rapidly expanding conurbation of Leeds – in the Ripon diocese – did not. The Manchester case established a precedent that any municipal borough in which an Anglican see was established was entitled to petition for city status, accordingly, Truro, St Albans, Liverpool, Newcastle upon Tyne and Wakefield were all officially designated as cities between 1877 and 1888. This was not without opposition from the Home Office, which dismissed St Albans as a fourth or fifth rate market town and objected to Wakefields elevation on grounds of population. In one new diocese, Southwell, a city was not created, because it was a village without a borough corporation and therefore could not petition the Queen. The diocese covered the counties of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, and the boroughs of Derby, the link with Anglican dioceses was broken in 1889 when Birmingham successfully petitioned for city status on the grounds of its large population and history of good local government

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Ailsworth
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Ailsworth or Ailesworth is a village and civil parish in the City of Peterborough unitary authority, about 4.5 miles west of the city centre. In the 2001 census the population stood at 413 and this has increased to 559 in the 2011 census The villages toponym comes from the Old English Ægeleswurth, the Domesday Book of 1086 records it as Eglesworde meaning an enclosure of a man named Agel. The common lands of Ailsworth and the parish of Castor were not enclosed until 1898. The village sign celebrating the Golden Jubilee of the local Womens Institute was erected in 1981 on the boundary with the village of Castor. The £9 million dual-carriageway Ailsworth and Castor Bypass, which is part of the A47 road, was opened in September 1991, Ailsworth lies in the ecclesiastical parish of Castor. In Ailsworth there is a practice, village shop, coffee house, recreation ground. The village used to have two houses, The Wheatsheaf and The Barley Mow. The Wheatsheaf, which was built in the early 19th century, the Barley Mow public house closed in the 1950s. Aylesworth Media related to Ailsworth at Wikimedia Commons Ailsworth in the Domesday Book

30.
Bainton, Cambridgeshire
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Bainton is a village and civil parish in the City of Peterborough unitary authority in Cambridgeshire, England. Bainton is on the edge of the Welland valley and lies 7.4 miles north-west of Peterborough and 4 miles east of Stamford. Ashton is a hamlet and lies approximately 1 mile south-east of Bainton within the same civil parish. At the time of the 2001 census the population was 305 people. Formerly known as Badingtun, some form of settlement existed in c.980 but was not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, the medieval village cross called the Butter Cross is Grade I listed, as is the parish church which is dedicated to St Mary. The church of St Mary dates back to the early 13th century, with such as the tower. The church includes a monument by Sir Richard Westmacott to Mary Henson who died in 1805, the bell tower contains four bells but these are not able to be rung currently. Bainton House used to be the home of the Birkbeck family and is a Grade II listed manor house dating back to the 16th century Bainton lies on the B1443. To the north of Bainton, the Bainton Gate railway station served the village between 1846 and its closure in 1856. The nearest railway station is at Stamford 4 miles to the east, media related to Bainton, Cambridgeshire at Wikimedia Commons Bainton and Ashton Parish Council web site Bainton Reading Room Bainton Conservation Area Map

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Barnack
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Barnack is a village and civil parish, now in the Peterborough unitary authority of the ceremonial county of Cambridgeshire, England. Barnack is in the north-west of the authority,3.5 miles south-east of Stamford. The parish includes the hamlet of Pilsgate about 1 mile northwest of Barnack, both Barnack and Pilsgate are on the B1443 road. The 2011 Census recorded a population of 931. Barnack is historically part of the Soke of Peterborough, which was associated with Northamptonshire but had its own County Council from 1888 until 1965. From 1894 until 1965 there was a Barnack Rural District that was a subdivision of the Soke, Barnack is notable for its former limestone industry, its Anglo-Saxon parish church and an unusual early Bronze Age burial. As well as Hills and Holes, an old Roman mining site which is now nature reserve, the Barnack burial is an important early Bronze Age find. It comes from a monument which was expanded and altered on at least three different occasions. The original burial was very rich for the period, but was covered by only a small barrow, later additional burials and cremations were cut into the barrow, and it was enlarged twice. Probably at the time, three concentric ditches were dug around the barrow. The final monument contained at least 23 bodies and had a diameter of 50 metres, when gravel quarrying threatened the barrow in 1974, the decision was taken to excavate. The objects recovered were donated to the British Museum but replicas are displayed in Peterborough Museum, the primary burial was of a man aged between 35–45. He died sometime between 2330 and 2130 BC and he was very robustly built and quite tall for the time, about 5 feet 10 inches. He was suffering from slight arthritis, marks on his bones, and those of the other people in the barrow, show that they were used to squatting. It is unknown if this was due to their work or just how they sat and his teeth had no disease but were well worn, showing he ate mainly a gritty diet of cereals. The grave goods of the burial are rare and prestigious. There is a large pot and a copper dagger, common items found in graves of the time. There is also a piece of oak charcoal and it is unknown what this was for and archaeologists have been unable to provide an adequate explanation why it was buried in the grave

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Borough Fen
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Borough Fen is a civil parish in the City of Peterborough unitary authority in Cambridgeshire, England. The parish is to the north of Peterborough city centre, just below the county border with Lincolnshire, much of the land in the 19th century was owned by Sir Culling Eardley, 3rd Baronet, a strong supporter of the local boys school. The land has predominantly used for agriculture and cattle farming which is still a significant employment sector today. There are 54 dwellings in the Parish of Borough Fen, all but one of the dwellings are whole houses, bungalows, or semi-detached houses. This a similar pattern across the region in nearby Peterborough and the East of England as a whole where the percentage of houses is very high. Borough Fen is a green and open parish with large farmhouses. There are no terraced urban-style roads and no apartment buildings, there is a lack of retail shops in the parish, although they can be found in the neighbouring towns of Crowland and Newborough. Before 1811 the nearby Parish of Newborough was a tract called Borough Fen Common, once Newborough became a parish some of the population was returned to Borough Fen explaining the rise in population between 1801 and 1811 shown in the population graph below. Population increased substantially between 1921 and 1931 a key era in the further industrialisation of England and this population rise coincides with the creation of The London Brick Company in Peterborough who by 1935 were producing 60% of the local industry output employing workers in the surrounding areas. Today the largest age group in Borough Fen is the 45–59 group holding 34. 9% of the population in 2011 and this is comparable to the statistics in the surrounding area of Peterborough. Local industry and the force of Borough Fen has changed over time. In 1881 the majority of employed residents in Borough Fen were employed in the agricultural sector and this was normal for rural areas of England in the late 19th century, in comparison Peterboroughs largest employment sector was also agriculture. Due to the industrialisation of agriculture, today fewer Borough Fen residents are employed in the agricultural sector, at the 2011 census the number only stood at 16. 2% of all employed residents. This shift can be explained by the rise of the retail and mechanical sectors, which now hold 21. 2% of local employment, the highest of any sector. In March 2013 a plan was put forward for a collection of wind and solar farms in Newborough Farm, along with nearby America Farm and Morris Fen. They were expected to cost around £200 million covering 900 acres of Peterborough farmland, however, in 2014 due to a change in government energy tariffs and a lack of support for the plan led to the project being scrapped. Borough Fen has two historic features. The older of the two features is the duck decoy located on the west side of the parish, supposedly one of the oldest in England, the decoy was in operation intermittently between 1776–1959, catching primarily mallard, and can be seen via tours from the local farm

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Castor, Cambridgeshire
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Castor is a village and civil parish in the City of Peterborough unitary authority, about 4 miles west of the city centre. The parish is part of the former Soke of Peterborough, which was considered part of Northamptonshire, in the Roman period, there was a huge palatial structure at Castor. This was extensively excavated in the 1820s by Edmund Artis, the agent for the Fitzwilliam estate, who published a volume of illustrations about his work, the masonry which survives points to a monumental architecture indicating two major phases of building. A recent survey by Stephen Upex suggested that the smaller building dates to the 2nd century. The structure is linked to a structure at Stonea 35 km to the south. This Praetorium must be seen in conjunction with the town of Durobrivae on the side of the river Nene. The whole area was the centre of the Nene valley pottery industry which was one of the three major pottery producing areas in late Roman Britain, producing pottery on an industrial scale. The Praetorium appears to have abandoned in the fifth century and there is a hiatus till the late 7th and 8th centuries. It is suggested that during the 7th century the former Roman site became the focus of the nunnery of St Kyneburgha, Kyneburgha and Kyneswide were sisters, the daughters of King Penda of Mercia, the sisters of Peada of Mercia, their mother was Kynewise. Kyneburgha married Alhfrith of Deira, co-regent of Northumbria, but later founded an abbey for both monks and nuns in Castor and she was buried in her church, but her remains were translated, before 972, to Peterborough Abbey, now Peterborough Cathedral. She had been one of the signatories, together with her brother Wulfhere, of the charter of Peterborough Abbey. The Danes laid waste to the area in around AD870, the Church of England parish church of St Kyneburgha is notable for its Romanesque architecture and includes notable medieval wall paintings. It is a Grade I listed building and it is uniquely the only Church of that name anywhere in the world. The common lands of Castor and the parish of Ailsworth were not enclosed until 1898. The route of the London and North Western Railway branch line between Northampton and Peterborough passes through the parish and it was opened in 1845, including Castor railway station built to serve the village. British Railways closed the station in 1957 and the line in 1966, the Nene Valley Railway reopened the section of line through Castor in 1977, but has not reopened a station at Castor. The £9 million dual-carriageway Ailsworth and Castor Bypass, which is part of the A47 road, was opened in September 1991, an episode of Time Team was filmed here and broadcast in 2011

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Deeping Gate
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Deeping Gate is a village and civil parish, lying on the River Welland in Cambridgeshire. Traditionally, the area was part of the Soke of Peterborough, geographically considered a part of Northamptonshire, the parish had a population of 258 males and 257 females according to the 2011 Census. Renaissance composer Robert Fayrfax was a native of the village, in the 1870s Wilson described Deeping Gate as, a hamlet in Maxey parish, Northampton, at the boundary with Lincoln,1 mile SE of Market-Deeping. Houses,47 St. Peters, Maxey, the most northerly parish in the Diocese of Peterborough. For local government purposes it forms part of Northborough ward, within North West Cambridgeshire parliamentary constituency, Deeping Gate falls within the drainage area of the Welland and Deepings Internal Drainage Board. This time series shows the population of the parish of Deeping Gate over the course of 130 years

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Etton, Cambridgeshire
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Etton is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority area of the city of Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, in England. For electoral purposes it forms part of Northborough ward in North West Cambridgeshire constituency, the parish had a population of 158 persons and 58 households in 2001. Woodcroft is a medieval village and site of Woodcroft Castle. A mysterious Neolithic settlement at Etton Woodgate was excavated by Francis Pryor in 1982 and he reported that the site was in two halves, with each working building on one side mirrored by an unused ritual copy on the other. Woodcroft Castle was built and moated about 1280, the west range and a corner tower survive in the present farmhouse. During the civil war it fell to Parliamentary troops in 1648, Peterborough Corporation Water Works opened here in 1907 to augment the supply of water to the City of Peterborough. East Anglian Archaeology report No.109,2005, Archaeology and Environment of the Etton Landscape, by Charles French and Francis Pryor, Oxbow Books, ISBN 0-9520616-2-7 Village Signpost

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Eye, Cambridgeshire
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Eye is a village in the unitary authority area of Peterborough in England, south of Crowland and Eye Green. It was formerly in the Soke of Peterborough in Northamptonshire and its name came from Anglo-Saxon īeg = island, likeliest here dry ground in marsh. There has been a church there since at least 1543, the present church, St. Matthews, was built in 1846. Originally built with a spire, this was removed fairly recently for safety reasons, in the SE corner of the churchyard at 2, Back Lane, stands the former village fire station dating from 1826 when it housed a Merryweather fire engine. Closed after 1945, it was repaired by the council in 2011 and is now a rare survivor of its type. Eye Cornmill was a windmill with eight sails, Eye is separated from its sister village of Eye Green by the A47 trunk road. Eye was previously one of the villages of the Peterborough area, along with Fletton, Yaxley. Northolme in Crowland Road was the site of the Brick works Social club, when this closed the buildings and pit were taken over by the British Sub Aqua Club and run as a National Dive Site, managed by the Peterborough Branch. When this closed the buildings were demolished, the brickpit is now a nature reserve, Eye is a large village by local standards and contains many amenities now lost in rural England. The three-mile £7m A47 Eye bypass opened in October 1991, there was an Eye Green railway station on the line between Peterborough and Norfolk, which closed many years ago. Eye village website Eye Parish Council Eye Community Association Carr Dyke Bridge YouTube video

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Maxey, Cambridgeshire
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Maxey is a village in the City of Peterborough in England located between Peterborough & Stamford and southwest of The Deepings - it is home to nearly 700 residents. The main focal points are the one remaining Public House, the Church & the Village Hall, each provides a range of social functions throughout the year. There are a number of businesses based in the village. Maxey Website Built away from the church because of the plague Once part of the Soke of Peterborough in Northamptonshire, however, archaeological excavation of the area has provided ample evidence of continuous occupation for over 4,000 years. Lolham Bridges, on the outskirts of Maxey between Helpston and Bainton, were built in the Roman era. Rescue archaeology before gravel workings began revealed details of a large Henge in Maxey Discovered from Aerial Photographs in 1956 by Dr. J. K. St, joseph and last excavated by Francis Pryor in 1979-81 the henge was 126 metres in diameter, one of the largest known. It was part of a landscape of neolithic features, including a cursus. Along with the large and mysterious ritual village at nearby Etton this collection of sites has featured in Pryors writing about large scale ritual landscapes, the village web site has a detailed account of life in Maxey between the 9th and 12th centuries Shaws Coaches, Maxey. Bus services and coach outings Blue Bell Public House M. C Vehicle Engineers Glen Maxey Marlon Maxey Samuel B, Maxey Macksey Maxie Maxeys Official Website Parish church of St Peter

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Newborough, Cambridgeshire
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Newborough is a village and a civil parish in the Peterborough district, Cambridgeshire, England. Newborough is situated 7.62 km North of Peterborough, Newborough has a population of 1,670 according to the 2011 census Newborough is located along the B1443 and is a short distance away from the A16. Following the boundary commissions fifth periodic review, the ward now lies wholly within the Peterborough parliamentary constituency, Newborough is directly translated to ‘new fortification’ from old English. Newborough was part of the Borough Fen, which was formed into a new parish in 1822, in the 1870s Newborough was described as, A parish in Peterborough district, Northampton, adjacent to the boundary with Lincoln and Cambridge. It was formed, in 1823, out ofan open fenny common, with land that has been much improved by draining, and is now principally arable. Newborough parish is fairly new, having formed in 1820. Shortly after 1900 many newer houses were built, and after the First World War council houses were added, after the Second World War a large council estate was built. Then private estates started to spring up making the village grow considerably, Newborough is a very scattered parish, which included a hamlet called Milking Nook, approximately a mile away from the village. On the south-western boundary run the ancient Roman Car Dyke which is unspoilt, during the Saxon and Medieval periods Borough Fen lay underwater. In the 17th century, a Dutch engineer, Cornelius Vermuydens began to drain the fenland, one of the earliest dykes cut was the Highland Drain, which runs parallel to the Thorney Road. Many more efficient drainage systems have led the way to mixed, today the main crops are cereals and sugar beet. However, with the decline of sugar refining in the area, Oil-seed rape, Newborough has a Gothic yellow brick church named the St Bartholomew church. Building work began on the church in 1823 and was completed in 1830, the work was financed by the sale of part of the Borough Fen Estate at the time of the enclosures in 1822. When analysing the population graph, from 1961 to 2001 the population grew by 658 when comparing the data sets from the Neighbourhood Statistics, however this abnormally large rise in population isnt truly valid as the two websites used different boundaries to outline Newborough. The Neighbourhood Statistics Census highlights Newborough as a larger area than the Vision of Britain site explaining the change in population size. In 1881 Newborough had a population of around 342 people with the majority working in agricultural industry. Also another 39% of the workforce in 1881 were categorised as having an unknown occupation’, interestingly there were a much higher number of unknown occupations for women,131, than there were for men,3. This could be because of a lack of information to record these statistics or their occupations were illegal, although, at this time in history, there was gender inequality and women tended to stay at home and look after the children

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Peakirk
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Peakirk is a civil parish in the city of Peterborough, Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. For local government purposes it forms part of Newborough ward, for parliamentary purposes it falls within Peterborough constituency, in 2001, the parish had a population of 321 persons and 139 households. Saint Pega the sister of Saint Guthlac of Crowland, had a hermitage here, the parish church is dedicated to St Pega and the name of the village is derived from Pegas church. The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, founded by Sir Peter Scott in 1946 to preserve, Glinton cum Peakirk Church of England Primary School is situated in neighbouring Glinton, secondary pupils attend Arthur Mellows Village College also in Glinton. Peakirk also has a war memorial. An oak-panelled frame with 48 photographs and details of the service of all who served from the village during world war one, Peakirk railway station Media related to Peakirk at Wikimedia Commons

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Sutton, Cambridgeshire
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Sutton is a small civil parish that is located near Peterborough, in the North-West of Cambridgeshire, England in the East Midlands. Situated 5.7 miles from Peterborough and approximately half a mile south of the A47 road, for electoral purposes it forms part of Glinton and Wittering ward in North West Cambridgeshire constituency. According to Office for National Statistics Sutton has a population of 196 with a density of 0.2. Dating all the way back to 972–992, the area of Peterborough was described as a swamp but was cleared to a certain degree when Abbot Adulf built manor houses and granges. In Old English, Sutton translates as a Southern farm/settlement, the ancient church of Sutton dates back to the 12th century and was originally built as a chapel-of-ease to the church of St Kyneburgha in Castor. It is also home to a war memorial, the church, now named St Michael & All Angels, was originally dedicated to Saint Giles, the patron saint of cripples, lepers and nursing mothers. The majority of the church was rebuilt in 1867–8, but the supports have survived from the original construction in the 12th/13th century. A grant of £37,300 was given to work on the church by a company called WREN in order for it to become a community hub for locals. Since the grant in 2010, the church has been improved further with such things as heating systems and carpeting. With the village being in proximity to the River Nene, there was once a ford going over to Stibbington. The Manor Farm was built in the 17th century, in 1870–72, this is how John Marius Wilsons Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Sutton, SUTTON, a chapelry in Castor parish, Northampton, on the river Nen, near Wansford r. station. The living is a p. curacy in the diocese of Peterborough, as mentioned previously, the total population of Sutton is at 196 according to the Office for National Statistics for 2011 Census. Between the years of 1881 and 1961 the overall trend shows that population declined, the recorded population fluctuated from 1881– In 1881 the total population of Sutton is 92, which then dropped the following ten years to 84. The population peaked in this period when it rose back up to 98 by 1901. Just 10 years later, the population grew rapidly to 91 in 1931 which was followed by a fall of 27 over the next 20 years. No census information was found for the population in 1941, shown in the graph and we can compare the figures over these years with the population census report for Sutton in 2011, which was 196, showing an increase of 138 residents in Sutton over these 50 years. Sutton is sparsely populated with a density of 0.2. Using Census data we can see the change in male and female residents of Sutton over time

Cambridgeshire
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The city of Cambridge is the county town. It contains most of the known as Silicon Fen. Local government is divided between Cambridgeshire County Council and Peterborough City Council, which is a unitary authority. Cambridgeshire is noted as the site of Flag Fen in Fengate, one of the earliest-known Neolithic permanent settlements in the United Kin

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Map of the Cambridgeshire area (1904)

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Zoo

Districts of England
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The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government. As the structure of government in England is not uniform. Some districts are styled as boroughs, cities, or royal boroughs, these are purely honorific titles, prior to the establishment of districts in the 1890s, the basic unit of loca

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Districts (England)

Peterborough
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Peterborough is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, England, with a population of 183,631 in 2011. Historically part of Northamptonshire, it is 75 miles north of London, on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea 30 miles to the north-east, the railway station is an important stop on the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh. The

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Peterborough Cathedral

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Coat of arms of Peterborough City Council

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Peterborough Cathedral (1118–1375), the Early English Gothic West Front

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Burghley House (1555–1587), seat of the Marquess of Exeter, hereditary Lord Paramount of Peterborough

Ceremonial counties of England
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The ceremonial counties, also referred to as the lieutenancy areas of England, are areas of England to which a Lord Lieutenant is appointed. The Local Government Act 1888 established county councils to assume the functions of Quarter Sessions in the counties. It created new entities called administrative counties, the Act further stipulated that ar

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Ceremonial counties (England)

Regions of England
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The regions are the highest tier of sub-national division in England. Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within Government, while they no longer fulfil this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament, E

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Regions of England English regions

East of England
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The East of England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It was created in 1994 and was adopted for statistics from 1999 and it includes the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. Essex has the highest population in the region and its

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Wetherspoons is based in Watford near Watford Junction railway station

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East of England region in England

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T-Mobile (formerly Mercury One2One) UK HQ in Hatfield next to the A1 on the site of the former factory of de Havilland

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Samuel Whitbread began his brewery in Bedfordshire in 1742

Countries of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom comprises four countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the United Kingdom, a sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland. England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organiza

England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain

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Stonehenge, a Neolithic monument

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Flag

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Boudica led an uprising against the Roman Empire

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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial helmet from the Kingdom of East Anglia, found at Sutton Hoo

United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border wi

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Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.

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Flag

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The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.

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The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.

Postcodes in the United Kingdom
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Postal codes used in the United Kingdom are known as postcodes. They are alphanumeric and were adopted nationally between 11 October 1959 and 1974, having been devised by the GPO, a full postcode is known as a postcode unit and designates an area with a number of addresses or a single major delivery point. For example, the postcode of the Universit

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Street name signs on Birdbrook Road, Great Barr, Birmingham, showing old "Birmingham 22" (top) and modern "B44" postcodes.

East of England (European Parliament constituency)
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East of England is a constituency of the European Parliament. It currently elects 7 MEPs using the method of party-list proportional representation. The constituency corresponds to the East of England region of the United Kingdom, comprising the counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire. It was formed as a result of the Europea

Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a

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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

Historic counties of England
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The historic counties of England were established for administration by the Normans, in most cases based on earlier kingdoms and shires established by the Anglo-Saxons and others. They ceased to be used for administration with the creation of the counties in 1889. They are alternatively known as ancient counties or traditional counties, where they

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Map of the English and Welsh counties in 1824

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Counties of England in 1851 with major rivers, the ridings of Yorkshire, and the remaining exclaves shown

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This (rather inaccurate) 1814 map shows Dudley in a detached part of Worcestershire surrounded by Staffordshire. Note the detached portion of Shropshire (the parish of Halesowen), just to the south-east and part of Staffordshire (Broome and Clent) to the south-west as well.

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The ancient county boundaries of Warwickshire covered a larger area than the county in 1974 (in green).

Northamptonshire
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Northamptonshire, archaically known as the County of Northampton, is a county in the East Midlands of England. In 2011, it had a population of 629,000, the county is administered by Northamptonshire County Council and seven non-metropolitan district councils. Northamptonshire is the southernmost county in the East Midlands region, apart from the co

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John Speed 's 17th century map of Northamptonshire

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Flag

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Kilworth Wharf on the Grand Union Canal

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Silverstone adds millions every year to the local economy - Kimi Räikkönen testing for McLaren at Silverstone in April 2006

Urban sprawl
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In addition to describing a particular form of urbanization, the term also relates to the social and environmental consequences associated with this development. In Continental Europe the term peri-urbanisation is often used to denote similar dynamics and phenomena, There is widespread disagreement about what constitutes sprawl and how to quantify

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Traffic congestion in sprawling São Paulo, Brazil, which, according to Time magazine, has the world's worst traffic jams.

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Satellite image of Greater Buenos Aires at night. Urban sprawl created a vast conurbation of 12,801,365 inhabitants including the City of Buenos Aires, a third of the total population of Argentina.

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In Utah, Jordan Landing has become a byword for suburban sprawl.

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View of suburban development in the Phoenix metropolitan area

Werrington, Peterborough
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Werrington is a residential area of the city of Peterborough, Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. For electoral purposes it comprises North Werrington and South Werrington wards, Werrington spans an area of two and a half square miles and has a population of 14,800. Originally a village, Werrington was engulfed by Peterborough in the mid twentiet

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Signpost in Werrington

A15 road (Great Britain)
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The A15 is a major road in England. The road restarts 10 miles east, and then north past Barton-upon-Humber. According to the AA, the route is 95 miles long, Norman Cross – Bourne takes 33 minutes, Bourne to Lincoln takes 46 minutes and Lincoln to the Humber Bridge takes 54 minutes. A section of the A15 provides the longest stretch of road in the U

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London Road looking north under the A1139 at Fletton

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A15 road

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The A15 dual carriageway at Queensgate Shopping Centre.

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The A15 dual carrigeway in the city centre.

Old Danish
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The Danish language developed during the Middle Ages out of the Old East Norse, the common predecessor of Danish and Swedish. It was a form of common Old Norse. The history of Danish can by convention be divided into, Old Danish, 9th to 11th centuries Middle Danish, 12th to 15th centuries Modern Danish, 16th century to present. Old East Norse is in

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Old West Norse dialect

Middle Low German
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Middle Low German or Middle Saxon is a language that is the descendant of Old Saxon and the ancestor of modern Low German. It served as the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League. It was spoken from about 1100 to 1600, Middle Low German is a term used with varying degrees of inclusivity. It is distinguished from Middle High German, spoken to the sou

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Northern Europe in 1400, showing the extent of the Hanseatic League

Old English
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Old English or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic dialects originally spoken

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A detail of the first page of the Beowulf manuscript, showing the words "ofer hron rade", i.e. "over the whale's road (=sea)". It is an example of an Old English stylistic device, the kenning.

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North Germanic

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"Her swutelað seo gecwydrædnes ðe" Old English inscription over the arch of the south porticus in the 10th-century St Mary's parish church, Breamore, Hampshire

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The first page of the Beowulf manuscript with its opening Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."

Domesday Book
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Domesday Book is a manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states, Then, at the midwinter, was the king in Glocester with his council. After this had the king a large meeting, and very deep consultation with his council, about thi

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Domesday Book: an engraving published in 1900. Great Domesday (the larger volume) and Little Domesday (the smaller volume), in their 1869 bindings, lying on their older " Tudor " bindings.

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Great Domesday in its " Tudor " binding: a wood-engraving of the 1860s

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Domesday chest, the German-style iron-bound chest of c.1500 in which Domesday Book was kept in the 17th and 18th centuries

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Entries for Croydon and Cheam, Surrey, in the 1783 edition of Domesday Book

Iron Age
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The Iron Age is an archaeological era, referring to a period of time in the prehistory and protohistory of the Old World when the dominant toolmaking material was iron. It is commonly preceded by the Bronze Age in Europe and Asia with exceptions, meteoric iron has been used by humans since at least 3200 BC. Ancient iron production did not become wi

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Archaeological artifact from the work developed in the area of Citânia de Briteiros

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Cross or cruzado in Citânia de Breteiros

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A pedra formosa

Roman Empire
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Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesars adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavians power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power, the imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,

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The Augustus of Prima Porta (early 1st century AD)

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Aureus of Augustus, the first Roman Emperor.

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A segment of the ruins of Hadrian's Wall in northern England

Peakirk, Cambridgeshire
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Peakirk is a civil parish in the city of Peterborough, Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. For local government purposes it forms part of Newborough ward, for parliamentary purposes it falls within Peterborough constituency, in 2001, the parish had a population of 321 persons and 139 households. Saint Pega the sister of Saint Guthlac of Crowland,

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Signpost in Peakirk

John Clare
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John Clare was an English poet, the son of a farm labourer, who became known for his celebrations of the English countryside and sorrows at its disruption. His poetry underwent major re-evaluation in the late 20th century, he is now seen as one of the major 19th-century poets. His biographer Jonathan Bate states that Clare was the greatest labourin

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John Clare by William Hilton, oil on canvas, 1820

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Clare's birthplace, Helpston, Peterborough. The cottage was subdivided with his family renting a part.

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John Clare memorial, Helpston

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The only known photograph of Clare, 1862

Helpston
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The civil parish of Helpston covers an area of 754 hectares and had an estimated population in 2005 of 870. The parish church is dedicated to St Botolph, the window was created by Francis Skeat. The poet John Clare was born in Helpston in 1793 and is buried in the churchyard of St Botolphs, the thatched cottage where he was born was bought by the J

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St Botolph's church

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Clare Cottage

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Bluebells at Helpston Heath

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Butter Cross and parish church

Parish councils in England
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A parish council is a civil local authority found in England and is the lowest, or first, tier of local government. They are elected corporate bodies, have variable tax raising powers, and are responsible for areas known as civil parishes, serving in total 16 million people. A parish council serving a town may be called a council, and a parish coun

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A parish office, Sawtry. Only larger parishes have these.

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Map of English parishes and Welsh communities

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War Memorial looked after by St Bees PC

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Parish council office and hall, Selston

City status in the United Kingdom
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The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a city. Nonetheless, this appellation carries its own prestige and, consequently, the status does not apply automatically on the basis of any particular criteria, although in England and Wales it was traditionally given to towns with diocesan cathedral

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Historically, city status in England and Wales was associated with the presence of a cathedral, such as York Minster.

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Birmingham was the first English town without an Anglican cathedral to be granted city status. Birmingham City Council meets at the Council House.

Ailsworth
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Ailsworth or Ailesworth is a village and civil parish in the City of Peterborough unitary authority, about 4.5 miles west of the city centre. In the 2001 census the population stood at 413 and this has increased to 559 in the 2011 census The villages toponym comes from the Old English Ægeleswurth, the Domesday Book of 1086 records it as Eglesworde

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Signpost in Ailsworth

Bainton, Cambridgeshire
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Bainton is a village and civil parish in the City of Peterborough unitary authority in Cambridgeshire, England. Bainton is on the edge of the Welland valley and lies 7.4 miles north-west of Peterborough and 4 miles east of Stamford. Ashton is a hamlet and lies approximately 1 mile south-east of Bainton within the same civil parish. At the time of t

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Bainton village cross

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Signpost in Bainton

Barnack
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Barnack is a village and civil parish, now in the Peterborough unitary authority of the ceremonial county of Cambridgeshire, England. Barnack is in the north-west of the authority,3.5 miles south-east of Stamford. The parish includes the hamlet of Pilsgate about 1 mile northwest of Barnack, both Barnack and Pilsgate are on the B1443 road. The 2011

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Anglo-Saxon tower and Early English spire of St John the Baptist's church

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The Barnack Burial displayed in the British Museum

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The Hills and Holes: formerly limestone quarries, now a National Nature Reserve

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Barnack tower mill, built in 1797 and restored in 1959–62

Borough Fen
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Borough Fen is a civil parish in the City of Peterborough unitary authority in Cambridgeshire, England. The parish is to the north of Peterborough city centre, just below the county border with Lincolnshire, much of the land in the 19th century was owned by Sir Culling Eardley, 3rd Baronet, a strong supporter of the local boys school. The land has

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Borough Fen Map 1856

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Borough Fen Population

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A table showing the employment data for Borough Fen in 1881.

Castor, Cambridgeshire
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Castor is a village and civil parish in the City of Peterborough unitary authority, about 4 miles west of the city centre. The parish is part of the former Soke of Peterborough, which was considered part of Northamptonshire, in the Roman period, there was a huge palatial structure at Castor. This was extensively excavated in the 1820s by Edmund Art

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Castor Church

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Signpost in Castor

Deeping Gate
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Deeping Gate is a village and civil parish, lying on the River Welland in Cambridgeshire. Traditionally, the area was part of the Soke of Peterborough, geographically considered a part of Northamptonshire, the parish had a population of 258 males and 257 females according to the 2011 Census. Renaissance composer Robert Fayrfax was a native of the v

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The bridge connecting Deeping St. James and Deeping Gate

Etton, Cambridgeshire
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Etton is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority area of the city of Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, in England. For electoral purposes it forms part of Northborough ward in North West Cambridgeshire constituency, the parish had a population of 158 persons and 58 households in 2001. Woodcroft is a medieval village and site of Woodcroft Ca

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Signpost in Etton

Eye, Cambridgeshire
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Eye is a village in the unitary authority area of Peterborough in England, south of Crowland and Eye Green. It was formerly in the Soke of Peterborough in Northamptonshire and its name came from Anglo-Saxon īeg = island, likeliest here dry ground in marsh. There has been a church there since at least 1543, the present church, St. Matthews, was buil

Maxey, Cambridgeshire
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Maxey is a village in the City of Peterborough in England located between Peterborough & Stamford and southwest of The Deepings - it is home to nearly 700 residents. The main focal points are the one remaining Public House, the Church & the Village Hall, each provides a range of social functions throughout the year. There are a number of businesses

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St Peter's Church

Newborough, Cambridgeshire
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Newborough is a village and a civil parish in the Peterborough district, Cambridgeshire, England. Newborough is situated 7.62 km North of Peterborough, Newborough has a population of 1,670 according to the 2011 census Newborough is located along the B1443 and is a short distance away from the A16. Following the boundary commissions fifth periodic r

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Signpost in Newborough

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Gunton's Road, Newborough, Peterborough by Rodney Burton

Peakirk
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Peakirk is a civil parish in the city of Peterborough, Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. For local government purposes it forms part of Newborough ward, for parliamentary purposes it falls within Peterborough constituency, in 2001, the parish had a population of 321 persons and 139 households. Saint Pega the sister of Saint Guthlac of Crowland,

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Signpost in Peakirk

Sutton, Cambridgeshire
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Sutton is a small civil parish that is located near Peterborough, in the North-West of Cambridgeshire, England in the East Midlands. Situated 5.7 miles from Peterborough and approximately half a mile south of the A47 road, for electoral purposes it forms part of Glinton and Wittering ward in North West Cambridgeshire constituency. According to Offi

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St Michael Church Sutton - geograph.org.uk - 344307

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Autumn colours on the River Nene near Sutton - geograph.org.uk - 1563755