1938

1938 chevy, 1938 buick1938 MCMXXXVIII was a common year starting on Saturday dominical letter B of the Gregorian calendar, the 1938th year of the Common Era CE and Anno Domini AD designations, the 938th year of the 2nd millennium, the 38th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1930s decade

The new Constitution of Estonia enters into force, ending the Era of Silence and the authoritarian regime

Sir Alexander Cadogan succeeds Sir Robert Vansittart as permanent under-secretary at the British Foreign Office; Vansittart is "kicked upstairs" by being given the new and unimportant office of Chief Diplomatic Advisor to the Government

The Merrie Melodies cartoon short Daffy Duck & Egghead is released, being the first cartoon to give Daffy Duck his current name, as well as his second appearance

January 3 – The March of Dimes is established by Franklin Delano Roosevelt

January 12 – The German War Minister Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg marries Eva Gruhn in Berlin; Hermann Göring is best man at the wedding

January 16 – Two landmark live recordings are produced this day: the very first of Mahler's Ninth by the Vienna Philharmonic under Bruno Walter in the face of dire circumstance; and Benny Goodman and his orchestra become the first jazz musicians to headline a concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City

January 20 – King Farouk of Egypt marries Queen Farida Zulficar in Cairo

January 22 – Thornton Wilder's play Our Town is performed for the first time anywhere in Princeton, New Jersey It premieres in New York City on February 4

January 25 – A brilliant aurora borealis described variously as "a curtain of fire" and a "huge blood-red beam of light" startles people across Europe and is visible as far south as Gibraltar

January 27

The Niagara Bridge at Niagara Falls, New York collapses due to an ice jam

German War Minister Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg resigns, following the revelation that his new wife had previously posed for pornographic photos

January 28 – The first ski tow in America begins operation in Vermont

January 27: Niagara Bridge collapses in ice

February

February 4

Adolf Hitler abolishes the War Ministry and creates the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht High Command of the Armed Forces, giving him direct control of the German military In addition, Hitler sacks political and military leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or policies General Werner von Fritsch is forced to resign as Commander of Chief of the German Army following accusations of homosexuality, and replaced by General Walther von Brauchitsch Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath is sacked and replaced by Joachim von Ribbentrop

Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first cel-animated feature in motion picture history, is released in the United States following a premiere the previous year

February 12 – Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg of Austria meets Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden and, under threat of invasion, is forced to yield to German demands for greater Nazi participation in the Austrian government

February 14 – The British naval base at Singapore begins operations

February 20 – Sir Anthony Eden resigns as British Foreign Secretary following major disagreements with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain over the best policy to follow in regards to Italy, and is succeeded by Lord Halifax

February 24 – A nylon bristle toothbrush becomes the first commercial product to be made with nylon yarn

March

March 3

The Santa Ana River in California spills over its banks during a rainy winter, killing 58 people in Orange County and causing trouble as far inland as Palm Springs

Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia

Sir Nevile Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany, presents a proposal to Hitler for an international consortium to rule much of Africa in which Germany would be assigned a leading role in exchange for a German promise never to resort to war to change her frontiers; Hitler rejects the British offer

March 12 – Anschluss: German troops occupy Austria; annexation is declared the following day

March 14 – French Premier Léon Blum reassures the Czechoslovak government that France will honor its treaty obligations to aid Czechoslovakia in event of German invasion

March 15 – Soviet Union announces officially that Nikolai Bukharin has been executed

March 17 – Poland presents an ultimatum to Lithuania, to establish normal diplomatic relations that were severed over the Vilnius Region

March 18

Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned oil properties within its borders

General Werner von Fritsch is acquitted of charges of homosexuality at his court-martial

March 28 – At a meeting with Hitler in Berlin Konrad Henlein is instructed to make increasing demands concerning the status of the Sudetenland but to avoid reaching an agreement with the Czechoslovak authorities

March 30 – Italy's Duce Benito Mussolini is granted equal power over the Italian military to that of King Victor Emmanuel III as First Marshal of the Empire held exclusively by Victor Emmanuel and Mussolini

April

April 10

Édouard Daladier becomes prime minister of France He appoints as Foreign Minister a leading advocate of the policy of appeasement, Georges Bonnet, effectively negating Blum's reassurances of March 14

In a result that astonished even Hitler, the Austrian electorate in a national referendum approved Anschluss by an overwhelming 9973%

April 16 – London and Rome sign an agreement that sees Britain recognise Italian control of Ethiopia in return for an Italian pledge to withdraw all its troops from Spain at the conclusion of the civil war there

April 18 – First appearance of Superman as a backup story, in Action Comics #1 cover date June The date is established in court documents released during the legal battle over the rights to Superman

April 24 – Konstantin Päts becomes the first President of Estonia

April 25 – Erie Railroad Co v Tompkins: The US Supreme Court overturns a century of federal common law

April 28 – The towns of Dana, Enfield, Greenwich, and Prescott in Massachusetts are disincorporated to make way for the Quabbin Reservoir

May

May 5

The Vatican recognizes Francisco Franco's government in Spain

General Ludwig Beck, Chief of the German Army's General Staff, submits a memorandum to Hitler opposing Fall Grün Case Green, the plan for a war with Czechoslovakia, under the grounds that Germany is ill-prepared for the world war likely to result from such an attack

May 12 – US Secretary of State Cordell Hull rejects Russia's offer of a joint defence pact to counter rise of Nazi Germany

May 14 – Chile withdraws from the League of Nations

May 17 – Information Please debuts on NBC Radio

May 19 – May Crisis begins when Czechoslovak intelligence receives reports of menacing German military concentrations It later appears the reports were false

May 20 – Czechoslovakia orders a partial mobilization of its armed forces along the German border

May 21 – Matsuo Toi kills 30 people in a village in Okayama, Japan, in the Tsuyama massacre, the world's worst spree killing by an individual until 1982

May 23 – No evidence of German troop movements against Czechoslovakia is found and May Crisis subsides Germany is, nevertheless, perceived to have backed down in the face of Czechoslovak mobilization and international diplomatic unity but the issue of the future of the Sudetenland is far from resolved

The Soviet ambassador to the United States, AA Troyanovsky, declares Moscow ready to defend Czechoslovakia

May 28 – In a conference at the Reichs Chancellery, Hitler declares his decision to destroy Czechoslovakia by military force, and orders the immediate mobilization of 96 Wehrmacht divisions

May 30 – Hitler issues a revised directive for Case Green - the invasion of Czechoslovakia - to be carried out by 1 October 1938

June

June 11 – Katnip Kollege is released to theaters

June 11 – Fire destroys 214 buildings in Ludza, Latvia

June 15 – László Bíró patents the ballpoint pen in Britain

June 19 – Italy beats Hungary 4–2 to win the 1938 World Cup

June 22 – Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis knocks out Max Schmeling in the first round of their rematch at Yankee Stadium in New York City

June 23

The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the United States

Marineland opens near St Augustine, Florida

June 24 – A 450-metric-ton 496-short-ton meteorite explodes about 12 miles 19 km above the earth near Chicora, Pennsylvania

June 25 – Dr Douglas Hyde is elected the first President of Ireland

July

July – The Mauthausen concentration camp is built in Austria

July 3

The steam locomotive Mallard sets the world speed record for steam by reaching 12588 mph

The last reunion of the Blue and Gray commemorates the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

July 5 – The Non-Intervention Committee reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign volunteers from the Spanish Civil War The agreement is respected by most Republican foreign volunteers, notably by those from England and the United States, but is ignored by the governments of Germany and Italy

July 6 – The Evian Conference on Refugees is convened in France No country in Europe is prepared to accept Jews fleeing persecution and the United States will only take 27,370 The prospect for European Jewry looks bleak

July 14 – Howard Hughes sets a new record by completing a 91-hour airplane flight around the world

July 18 – Wrong Way Corrigan takes off from New York, ostensibly heading for California He lands in Ireland instead

July 22 – Britain rejected a proposal from its ambassador in Berlin, Nevile Henderson, for a four power summit on Czechoslovakia consisting of Britain, France, Germany and the USSR London would under no circumstances accept the USSR as a diplomatic partner

July 24 – First ascent of the Eiger north face

July 28

A revolt against the Ioannis Metaxas dictatorship is put down in Chania, Greece

Hawaii Clipper disappears with six passengers and nine crew en route from Guam to Manila

July 30 – The first ever issue of The Beano is published

August

August – In the face of overwhelming Japanese military pressure, Chiang Kai-shek withdraws his government to Chungking

August 3 – Lord Runciman, sent by Neville Chamberlain, arrives in Prague on his Mission of mediation in the Sudetenland dispute

August 6 – The Looney Tunes animated short Porky & Daffy is released

August 10 – At a secret summit with his leading generals, Hitler attacks General Beck's arguments against Fall Grün, winning the majority of his senior officers over to his point of view

August 18

The Thousand Islands Bridge, connecting the United States with Canada, is dedicated by US President Franklin D Roosevelt

Colonel General Ludwig Beck, convinced that Hitler's decision to attack Czechoslovakia will lead to a general European war, resigns his position as Chief of the Army General Staff in protest

Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin arrives in London looking for British support for an anti-Nazi putsch, using the looming crisis over the Sudetenland as a pretext His private mission is dismissed by Neville Chamberlain as unimportant Chamberlain refers to von Kleist as a "Jacobite", but he finds a sympathetic if powerless audience in Winston Churchill

August 22 – Civil Aeronautics Authority independent agency

August 23 – Hitler, hosting a dinner on board the ocean liner Patria in Kiel Bay, tells the Regent of Hungary, Admiral Horthy, that action against Czechoslovakia is imminent and that "he who wants to sit at the table must at least help in the kitchen", a reference to Horthy's designs on Carpathian Ruthenia

August 27 – General Beck leaves office as Chief of the General Staff; he is replaced by General Franz Halder

August 28 – Lord Runciman's mission to mitigate the Sudetenland crisis begins to break down British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain recalls the British Ambassador Nevile Henderson from Berlin, to instruct Henderson to set up a personal meeting between Chamberlain and Hitler

August 31 – Winston Churchill, still believing France and Britain mean to honor their promises to defend Czechoslovakia against Nazi aggression, suggests in a personal note to Neville Chamberlain that His Majesty's Government may want to set up a broad international alliance including the United States specifically mentioning US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt as possibly receptive to the idea and the Soviet Union

September

September – The European crisis over German demands for annexation of the Sudeten borderland of Czechoslovakia heats up

September 2 – Soviet Ambassador to Britain Ivan Maisky calls on Winston Churchill, to tell him that Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov has expressed to the French chargé d'affaires in Moscow that the Soviet Union is willing to fight over the territorial integrity of Czechoslovakia

September 4 – During the ceremony marking the unveiling of a plaque at Pointe de Grave, France celebrating Franco-American friendship, American Ambassador William Bullitt in a speech states, "France and the United States were united in war and peace", leading to much speculation in the press that if war did break out over Czechoslovakia, then the United States would join the war on the Allied side

September 5 – Czechoslovakian President Edvard Beneš invites mid-level representatives of the Sudeten Germans to the Hradčany palace, to tell them he will accept whatever demands they care to make, provided the Sudetenland remains part of the Republic of Czechoslovakia

September 6 – What eventually proves to be the last of the "Nuremberg Rallies" begins It draws worldwide attention because it is widely assumed Hitler, in his closing remarks, will signal whether there will be peace with or war over Czechoslovakia

September 7 – The Times publishes a lead article which calls on Czechoslovakia to cede the Sudetenland to Germany

September 9 – US President Franklin D Roosevelt disallows the popular interpretation of Bullitt's speech at a press conference at the White House Roosevelt states it is "100% wrong" the US would join a "stop-Hitler bloc" under any circumstances, and makes it quite clear that in the event of German aggression against Czechoslovakia, the US would remain neutral

September 10 – Hermann Göring, in a speech at Nuremberg, calls the Czechs a "miserable pygmy race" who are "harassing the human race" That same evening, Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia, makes a broadcast in which he appeals for calm

September 12 – Hitler makes his much-anticipated closing address at Nuremberg, in which he vehemently attacks the Czech people and President Beneš American news commentator Hans von Kaltenborn begins his famous marathon of broadcast bulletins over the CBS Radio Network with a summation of Hitler's address

September 13 – The followers of Konrad Henlein begin an armed revolt against the Czechoslovak government in Sudetenland Martial law is declared and after much bloodshed on both sides order is temporarily restored Neville Chamberlain personally sends a telegram to Hitler urgently requesting that they both meet

September 15 – Neville Chamberlain arrives in Berchtesgaden to begin negotiations with Hitler over the Sudetenland

September 16 – Lord Runciman is recalled to London from Prague in order to brief the British government on the situation in the Sudetenland

September 17 – Neville Chamberlain returns temporarily to London to confer with his cabinet The USSR Red Army masses along the Ukrainian frontier Rumania agrees to allow Soviet soldiers free passage across her territory to defend Czechoslovakia

September 18

During a meeting between Neville Chamberlain and the recently elected Premier of France, Édouard Daladier, and Daladier's Foreign Minister, Georges Bonnet, it becomes apparent neither the British nor the French governments are prepared to go to war over the Sudetenland The Soviet Union declares it will come to the defence of Czechoslovakia only if France honours her commitment to defend Czechoslovak independence

Mussolini makes a speech in Trieste, Italy where he indicates that Italy is supporting Germany in the Sudeten crisis

September 21

In the early hours of the day, representatives of the French and British governments call on Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš to tell him France and Britain will not fight Hitler if he decides to annex the Sudetenland by force Late in the afternoon the Czechoslovak government capitulates to the French and British demands

Winston Churchill warns of grave consequences to European security if Czechoslovakia is partitioned The same day, Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov makes a similar statement in the League of Nations

The 1938 New England hurricane strikes Long Island and southern New England, killing over 300 along the Rhode Island shoreline and 600 altogether

Following the capitulation of the Czech government to Germany's demands both Poland and Hungary demand slices of Czech territory where their nationals reside

September 22

Unable to survive the previous day's capitulation to the demands of the English and French governments, Czechoslovak premier Milan Hodža resigns General Jan Syrový takes his place

Neville Chamberlain arrives in the city of Bad Godesberg for another round of talks with Hitler over the Sudetenland crisis Hitler raises his demands to include occupation of all German Sudeten territories by October 1 That night after a telephone conference, Chamberlain reverses himself and advises the Czechoslovaks to mobilize

Olsen and Johnson's musical comedy revue Hellzapoppin begins its 3-year run on Broadway

September 23

The Czechoslovak army mobilizes

As the Polish army masses along the Czech border the Soviet Union warns Poland if it crosses the Czech frontier Russia will regard the 1932 non-aggression pact between the two countries void

September 24

Sir Eric Phipps, British Ambassador to France, reports to London, "all that is best in France is against war, almost at any price", being opposed only by a "small, but noisy and corrupt, war group" Phipps's report creates major doubts about the ability and/or willingness of France to go to war

At 1:30 AM, Adolf Hitler and Neville Chamberlain conclude their talks on the Sudetenland Chamberlain agrees to take Hitler's demands, codified in the Godesberg Memorandum, personally to the Czech Government The Czech Government rejects the demands, as does Chamberlain's own cabinet The French Government also initially rejects the terms and orders a partial mobilization of the French army

September 26 – In a vitriolic speech at Berlin's Sportpalast, Hitler defies the world and implies war with Czechoslovakia will begin at any time

September 28 – As his self-imposed October 1 deadline for occupation of the Sudetenland approaches, Adolf Hitler invites Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edourd Deladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to one last conference in Munich The Czechs themselves are not invited

September 29

Colonel Graham Christie, former British military attaché in Berlin, is told by Carl Friedrich Goerdeler that the mobilization of the Royal Navy has badly damaged the popularity of the Nazi regime, as the German public realizes that Fall Grün is likely to cause a world war

Munich Agreement: German, Italian, British and French leaders agree to German demands regarding annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia The Czechoslovak government is largely excluded from the negotiations and is not a signatory to the agreement

The Republic of Hatay is declared in Syria

September 30 – Neville Chamberlain returns to Britain from meeting with Adolf Hitler and declares "Peace for our time"

October

October – The Imperial Japanese Army largely overruns Canton

October 1 – German troops march into the Sudetenland The Polish government gives the Czech government an ultimatum stating that Zaolzie region must be handed over within twenty-four hours The Czechs have little choice but to comply Polish forces occupy Zaolzie

October 2

Tiberias massacre: Arab raiders murder 19 Jewish immigrants

Disgusted with Neville Chamberlain's conduct at Munich, Duff Cooper resigns his post as First Lord of the Admiralty With his resignation, formal debate begins in the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the Munich Agreement, but with Chamberlain at the peak of his popularity, there can be little doubt His Majesty's Government will receive a vote of confidence

October 3 – Production of the Jefferson nickel began, replacing the Buffalo nickel last struck in April 1938 The new nickel was released on November 15, 1938

October 4 – The Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War begin withdrawing their foreign volunteers from combat as agreed on July 5

October 5

Edvard Beneš, president of Czechoslovakia, resigns

In Nazi Germany, Jews' passports were invalidated, and those who needed a passport for emigration purposes were given one marked with the letter J "Jude" – "Jew"

October 14 Farah Pahlavi the widow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and as such the former Queen of Iran

October 16 – Winston Churchill, in a broadcast address to the United States, condemns the Munich Agreement as a defeat and calls upon America and western Europe to prepare for armed resistance against Hitler

October 18 – The German government expels 12,000 Polish Jews living in Germany; the Polish government accepts 4,000 and refuses admittance to the remaining 8,000, who are forced to live in the no-man's land on the German-Polish frontier

October 21 – In direct contravention of the recently signed Munich Agreement, Adolf Hitler circulates among his high command a secret memorandum stating that they should prepare for the "liquidation of the rest of Czechoslovakia" and the occupation of Memel

October 24

The minimum wage is established by law in the United States

French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet carries out a major purge of the Qui d'Orsay, sacking or exiling a number of anti-appeasement officials such as Pierre Comert and René Massigli

At a "friendly luncheon" in Berchtesgaden, German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop tells Józef Lipski, the Polish ambassador to Germany, that the Free City of Danzig must return to Germany, that the Germans must be given extraterritorial rights in the Polish Corridor, and that Poland must sign the Anti-Comintern Pact

October 27

DuPont announces a name for its new synthetic yarn: "nylon"

Jews with Polish citizenship are evicted from Nazi Germany

October 30 – Orson Welles' radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds is broadcast, causing panic in various parts of the United States

October 31 – Great Depression: In an effort to try restore investor confidence, the New York Stock Exchange unveils a 15-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public

November

November 9-10: Night of Broken Glass

November 1 – Horse racing: Seabiscuit defeats War Admiral by four lengths in their famous match race at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore

November 2 – Arising from The Munich Agreement Hungary is "awarded" the Felvidek region of South Slovakia and Ruthenia

November 4 – At a public meeting in Epping, Winston Churchill narrowly survives an attempt by fellow Conservative and constituent Sir Colin Thornton-Kemsley to remove him from Parliament

November 7 – Ernst vom Rath, the Third Secretary at the German Embassy in Paris, is assassinated by Herschel Grynszpan

On the eve of Armistice Day, Kate Smith sings Irving Berlin's God Bless America for the first time on her weekly radio show

İsmet İnönü becomes the second president of Turkey

November 11 – Celâl Bayar forms the new government of Turkey 10th government; Celal Bayar had served twice as a prime minister

November 12 – French Finance Minister Paul Reynaud brings into effect a series of laws aiming at improving French productivity thus aiming to undo the economic weaknesses which led to Munich, and undoes most of the economic and social laws of the Popular Front

November 16

The first reported "attack" of the Halifax Slasher mass hysteria incident

LSD is first synthesized by Albert Hofmann from ergotamine at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel

November 18 – Trade union members elect John L Lewis as the first president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations

November 25 – French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet informs Léon Noël, the French Ambassador to Poland, that France should find an excuse for terminating the 1921 Franco-Polish alliance

November 30

The Czechoslovak parliament elects Emil Hácha as the new president of Czechoslovakia

Benito Mussolini and his Foreign Minister Count Galeazzo Ciano order "spontaneous" demonstrations in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, demanding that France cede Tunisia, Nice, Corsica and French Somaliland to Italy This begins an acute crisis in Franco-Italian relations that lasts until March 1939

Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, leader of the Romanian fascist Iron Guard, is murdered on the orders of King Carol II Officially, Codreanu and the 13 other Iron Guard leaders are "shot while trying to escape"

A general strike is called in France by the French Communist Party to protest the laws of November 12

December

December – President Roosevelt agrees to loan $25 million to Chiang Kai-shek, cementing the Sino-American relationship and angering the Japanese government

December 1 – Slovakia granted the status of an autonomous state under the Catholic priest Fr Joseph Tiso

December 6 – German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop visits Paris, where he is allegedly informed by French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that France now recognizes all of Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of influence Bonnet's alleged statement Bonnet always denied making the remark to Ribbentrop is a major factor in German policy in 1939

December 11

Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary election: The opposition gains votes but not seats

Following elections in the Lithuanian city of Memel the Lithuanian Nazi party wins over 90% of the votes

December 13 – The Neuengamme concentration camp opens near Hamburg

December 15 – Government of the Netherlands closes its border to refugees

December 16 – MGM releases its successful film version of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol The film is originally intended to star Lionel Barrymore as Ebenezer Scrooge, but Barrymore, ill with arthritis, is replaced by Reginald Owen

December 17 – Otto Hahn discovers the nuclear fission of Uranium, the scientific and technological basis of nuclear energy, which marks the beginning of the Atomic Age

December 23 – A coelacanth, a fish thought to have been extinct, is caught off the coast of South Africa near Chalumna River

December 27 – A massive avalanche of snow hits a construction worker dormitory site in Kurobe, Japan, killing 87

December 30 – The ballet Romeo and Juliet with music by Prokofiev receives its first full performance at the Mahen Theatre in Brno, Czechoslovakia

Date unknown

Establishment of Majlis Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya by Khalifat-ul Masih II, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

In West Java, Daeng Soetigna tunes the traditional pentatonic angklung to play the diatonic scale

Adolf Hitler is Time magazine's "Man of the Year", as the most influential person of the year

A trademark classification is a way the trademark examiners and applicants' trademark attorneys arra...

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