The Cold War Section 1 The Cold War Unfolds

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1 The Cold War Section 1 The Cold War Unfolds Capitalism Versus Communism CAPITALISM a. Private individuals own property b. People decide what job they want c. Supply and demand decides prices of goods and services d. People vote for their leaders e. The US has this kind of economy. f. People decide what they want to do with their money. g. People can be rich or poor, depending on how they do in life. COMMUNISM A. The government owns everything. B. The government decides your job based on where you are needed. C. The Government sets prices and decides how much is made. D. Leaders are not voted in. E. Russia used to have this economy F. The government decides what you should buy. G. People are supposed to have the same amount of money. Superpowers Emerge After World War II, there are 2 great powers in the world. Europe has been beaten down in the war. These powers are stronger than the other powerful countries in the world. Therefore they are called Superpowers. These Superpowers are the United States and the Soviet Union. The World is Divided into Alliances The world is divided into two alliances. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is led by the US. The Warsaw Pact is led by the USSR. These alliances pledge to defend each other if attacked. The Battle over Berlin Berlin was divided into a Soviet-controlled East Berlin and a free West Berlin. Berlin is deep within Soviet controlled East Germany. Massive numbers of East Germans were fleeing to West Berlin where it was more prosperous and free. East Germany built a giant wall that separated the two. This was the Berlin Wall. What does this tell you about the way that people viewed communism? Eastern Europe Resists Many Soviet- controlled areas of Eastern Europe resisted Soviet control. The Soviet Union put down all of these uprisings with force or shows of force. East Germany: 1953 Poland, Put down by mass arrests and government seizures of lands. Hungary, Put down by force. Czechoslovakia, Put down by massive invasion. The Arms Race Begins In 1945, the United States is the only nuclear power. By 1949, the Soviets have nuclear weapons. By 1953, both sides have Hydrogen bombs, which are much more powerful than atomic bombs. Both sides wanted to have enough to prevent the other side from attacking them.

2 Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) Both sides wanted to have enough nuclear weapons that the other side knew if they ever attacked they would be blown up too. This created a very tense but kind of stable situation. Limiting Nuclear Weapons The United States and the USSR did meet on several occasions to limit the number of weapons. These talks started in 1963 and continued through Talks between these two nations created a détente, or relaxation of tensions between the two countries in the 1970s. In 1968, the Nuclear-Non-Proliferation Treaty tried to keep nuclear weapons from spreading to countries that did not have them already. The Cold War Goes Global The United States wanted to contain Communism and not allow it to spread. Both countries create alliances with countries around the world. Both want to prevent neutral countries from joining with their opponent. Local conflicts throughout the world were supported by the world s superpowers but did not include them directly. This avoided catastrophic wars. The United States and Soviet Union would aid in many conflicts but never actually fight one another. Crisis in Cuba In 1959, Fidel Castro comes to power in Cuba. He sought the support of the Soviet Union. President Kennedy supported an invasion led by Cuban exiles, called the Bay of Pigs. It was a huge failure. The United States then began an embargo against Cuba that remains to this day. The Cuban Missile Crisis In 1962, the Soviet Union sent nuclear weapons to Cuba. Kennedy demanded they be removed and the world faced the real possibility of war. The missiles were removed and war averted. This is often seen as the hottest point in the Cold War. The Soviet Union During the Cold War Stalin dies in 1953 and his prison camps are closed. The government still controls all aspects of a person s life. They sought to spread Communism around the world. The government owns most property. Only one party is allowed and dissent is not permitted. The United States During the Cold War There is a free market where prices and wages are set by supply and demand. The United States tries to contain communism around the world. People learned to live with nuclear dangers with fallout shelters and air raid drills. The United States also tried to seek out communists within the country. This was called the Red Scare.

3 The Cold War Section 2 Communism Spreads in Asia China after the World War II During World War II, China had been conquered by Japan. When the Japanese left, there was a Civil War between Chinese Communists and Chinese Nationalists. The Communists won in The Communists Win The Communists were led by Mao Zedong. The defeated Nationalists fled to Taiwan, an island off of China. This meant that Communism controlled over 1/5 of the world s population. China still does not recognize Taiwan as its own country. Why did the Communists Win? Mao won the support of the peasants by giving them land. With their support, he was able to capture rail lines and surround Nationalist cities. They conquered Tibet soon after coming to power. The People s Republic of China Mao creates a one party totalitarian state like the Soviet Union. He sends opponents to labor camps or kills them. He discourages any type of religion. He first gives peasants land but soon starts to collectivize it. (Remember: Making people work on large, state owned farms.) The Great Leap Forward Between 1958 and 1960, Mao tried to increase farm and industrial output. He put farmers into large communes, where large groups of people worked on huge plots of land. Rural Communities were supposed to create backyard industries to create manufactured products. The Great Leap Forward Fails Products made in backyard industries are poorly made and useless. The commune system did not create enough food. Over 55 million (!!) people are thought to have starved to death. The Cultural Revolution In 1966, Mao wanted to simplify the culture of China. Teenagers formed the Red Guards. They accused people of being bourgeoisie and attacked and humiliated them.

4 The Cultural Revolution People were attacked and sometimes killed. Skilled workers were forced to leave their jobs and work as farmers. Schools and factories closed. The Red Guard carried Mao s Little Red Book. China in the Cold War China was Communist, but did not get along well with the USSR. Russia at first sent advisors to help China modernize. The USSR withdrew these advisors after tensions developed. The US had supported the Nationalists in the Civil War. They supported the Taiwanese government as the government of China until the The countries never got along well. Problems in Korea Korea had been split into two countries after World War II. It was split along the 38th Parallel. North Korea was communist, ruled by Kim Il Sung. South Korea was non-communist. Both leaders wanted to rule over the entire country. The North Koreans attacked in 1950 and almost took over all of South Korea. The United Nations sent forces to stop this attack. They were mostly from the US and South Korea. China Gets Involved The UN forces pushed into North Korea. China felt threatened. They sent hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops to support North Korea. An armistice was signed, or an agreement to stop fighting along the 38th parallel. No treaty was ever signed. The Koreas Remain Separate South Korea slowly starts to recover. North Korea, under Kim Il Sung, remains isolated and very poor. It will continue to be isolated and very poor under his son, Kim Jong Il, through the present. North Korea recently developed nuclear weapons and remains outside of the community of nations.

5 The Cold War Section 3 War in Southeast Asia Indochina Under Foreign Rule All of Indochina was conquered by the French in the 1800 s. During World War II, Indochina was attacked by the Japanese, but they faced fierce resistance. Resistance was especially fierce in Vietnam. Vietnam Fights the French After the Japanese were defeated, France set out to re-establish control over Vietnam. The Vietnamese, under a communist named Ho Chi Min, resisted. France was forced to leave after losing at the battle of Dien Bien Phu. Vietnam Becomes Part of the Cold War Vietnam is divided into a Communist North and a non-communist South. The Americans supported the South. Ho Chi Minh wanted to unify the entire country. The Domino Theory The United States believed that if one country fell to Communism, others would follow. They tried to prevent any new communist countries. The US started sending military advisors. Soon, thousands of troops were sent in. The Vietnam War North Vietnamese troops fought alongside South Vietnamese Communists, called Viet Cong. The United States eventually sent 500,000 troops to Vietnam. The United States had a draft and some men refused to go. Americans faced guerrilla fighting where it was hard to tell the enemy from civilians. American Public Opinion Turns Americans saw the war as something the United States was stuck in. They were upset about casualties and POWs. America decides to pull out in North Vietnam wins the war soon after. After the War Vietnam was a communist country and remains one. Many people tried to flee Vietnam after the Communists took over. They were called Boat people. The United States just formally started trading with Vietnam again in Tragedy in Cambodia Communists took over in Cambodia under Pol Pot. They forced people out of cities and forced them to work in fields. The Khmer Rouge slaughtered, starved, or worked to death over a million people, or one out of three Cambodians.

6 The Cold War Section 4 The End of the Cold War Problems with the Soviet System Collectivized agriculture never produced enough food. The Soviet economy never made enough or quality consumer goods. There were lots of people whose job it was to decide what to make. They had no idea what people wanted or needed. Many unneeded goods were produced and many needed goods were not. Workers had no incentive to INNOVATE. This means create new or better products. The Soviet Union spent huge amounts of money on the military. The Soviets in Afghanistan The Soviet Union became involved in a war in Afghanistan in the 1980 s. They fought against Afghan warlords and mujahidin, or Muslim religious warriors. The United States gave high tech weapons to the Afghans. It became a difficult struggle for Russia Gorbachev Tries to Reform A new Soviet leader takes over in He tried to limit nuclear weapons with the United States and got out of Afghanistan. He started two programs, glasnost and perestroika that changed the structure of government. Reforms Fail Shortages grew worse and prices soared Factories closed and unemployment was very high. In 1989, all of the countries that had been controlled by the Soviet Union break away. Hardcore communists try to overthrow Gorbachev in a coup. The Soviet Union Dissolves Soviet communists are unable to regain power. In 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist, with all of the Soviet Republics forming their own states. Russia is by far the biggest of these newly created states. Communism Today There is no more communism in Russia. China remains a one-party state but has allowed private industry. This has made huge amounts of money for the country. Vietnam has started to trade with countries around the world. North Korea is secretive and isolated. The Sole Superpower After the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States was the only superpower left. The United States is still adjusting to this role. Is it the world s policeman? Should it try to control other countries

7 The Cold War Study Guide Nations that are much more powerful than the other powerful nations of the world are called SUPERPOWERS. The two of these during the Cold War were the US and the USSR. The United States led an organization called NATO. The Soviet Union led an organization called THE WARSAW PACT The capital of Germany, BERLIN was split into two parts by a giant WALL. During the Cold War, the US and USSR kept making more and more NUCLEAR WEAPONS. They had a program called MUTUALLY ASSURED DESTRUCTION which meant they would never actually fight each other because they would destroy both countries. In 1959, the island of CUBA became Communist. That island was taken over by a man named FIDEL CASTRO who still rules there today. The Russians tried to put NUCLEAR MISSILES into Cuba. The United States responded by setting up a BLOCKADE of Cuba. This was the closest the world ever came to NUCLEAR WAR. The Americans did not want communism to spread. This policy was called CONTAINMENT. Schoolchildren were told to practice DUCK AND COVER drills in case of a nuclear bomb blast. (Think Bert the Turtle) People were encouraged to make FALLOUT SHELTERS where they could live if there was a nuclear attack. In 1949, CHINA became a Communist country. The communists in that country were led by MAO ZEDONG. Mao started a program called the GREAT LEAP FORWARD which was designed to increase farm and industrial output. He also started the CULTURAL REVOLUTION which was supposed to purge China of Western influences. During the Cultural Revolution, people were encouraged to carry the LITTLE RED BOOK. After World War II, Korea was divided along the 38 TH PARALLEL. There were COMMUNISTS in the North and NON-COMMUNISTS in the South. The war starts when NORTH KOREA invades SOUTH KOREA The UNITED NATIONS sends troops to help South Korea. They created a DEMILITARIZED ZONE between the countries and they remain SEPARATE to this day. The Japanese and French faced resistance in Indochina and Vietnam from GUERRILLA fighters. The leader of the Communists in Vietnam was HO CHI MINH. The French were defeated at the battle of DIENBIENPHU. Vietnam was divided into a COMMUNIST North and a NONCOMMUNIST South. The United States believed that if one country became communist, others would too. This was called the DOMINO THEORY.

8 Eventually, American forces LEFT Vietnam and the COMMUNISTS won the war. Many people tried to flee Vietnam, they were called the BOAT PEOPLE. There was also a Communist Revolution in CAMBODIA where the Khmer Rouge took over. There leader POL POT was responsible for killing over A MILLION people, or one of three Cambodians. The first satellite in space was called SPUTNIK. The Soviets had their own Vietnam in AFGHANISTAN. GORBACHEV tried to reform the Russian system but failed ENTIRELY. The Soviet Union ceased to exist in The United States is now the world s only SUPERPOWER.

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