An unmanned aerial vehicle surveying a mine owned by Iluka Resources came close to colliding with a crop duster late last year, Australia's air safety investigator revealed.

The incident, which the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) rated as serious, saw the Sensefly eBee 178 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) come "within about 100m horizontally" of the crop duster. The vertical separation was up to 70m.

It occurred midway through a four-hour aerial photography operation being conducted at Iluka's Echo mine, a mineral sands deposit in the Murray Basin in which mining has ceased.

The crop duster pilot said he did not see the UAV come within range of his flight path, and was informed of the incident by the UAV operator a day later. He had been spreading fertiliser in a paddock adjacent to the mine's boundaries.

Communication appeared to be a central issue. The ATSB said the drone operator had attempted to warn the crop duster pilot of his flight plans via radio, but the crop duster pilot had his radio turned down.

"It was normal procedure to turn the radio down to minimise distractions during low level operations," the ATSB said, noting that the near-collision occurred when the crop duster was between 50ft and 150ft above ground level.

The UAV operator eventually managed, via Iluka's mine manager, to relay a message to the farmer, who then passed it to the crop duster pilot. However, the pilot "assumed this would be a fixed-wing aircraft" — not a UAV — "operating at or above 500 ft above ground level", and said he intended to remain below that level "to ensure separation".

The drone had been attempting to land when the incident occurred. The operator took evasive action by placing the drone in a hold, maintaining its altitude.

Investigators said the drone operator and the crop duster pilot offered differing views of the potential seriousness of the incident.

While the pilot thought colliding with a drone "may potentially have resulted in aircraft damage due to ingestion into the engine, windscreen damage or pilot distraction", the UAV operator "thought it unlikely that it would have caused any damage".

Since the incident, the drone operator has presented to air traffic controllers at Moorabbin Tower on UAV operation in rural areas, and has also "commenced a campaign to advise agricultural aircraft operators of their work".

The ATSB said the incident "highlights the challenges associated with having a diverse mix of aircraft operating in the same airspace".

Australia's miners are increasingly relying on drones for photogrammetric site surveys.

it is interesting to note the ebee drone is the same model i will be using and it is made out of Styrofoam for just such incidents. Its a shame the crop duster isnt as safe and obviously dont follow the same safety guidelines miners do, or his radio would have been on...