use of low rank coals (LRC) have ben investigated as a method to cope with recent high oilprice. Among the coals used in industry, lignite and sub-bituminous coals are belong to the LRC, and have abundantdeposit and are distributed worldwide, but high moisture contents and self ignition properties inhibits their utilization. Ining to produce ash-free coal from LRC has been investigated. Two technologies, that is,UCC(Ultra Clean Coal) process removing ash from coal and Hyper Coal process extracting combustibles from coalwere compared with. UCC process has merits of simple and reliable when it compared with Hyper Coal process, but theremaining ash contents werehigher than Hyper Coal. Hyper Coal has ash contents under the 200ppm when raw coal istreated with appropriate solvent and ion exchange materials to remove alkali materials in extracted solution. The ash-freecoal which is similar grade with oil can be used as alternate oil in the industry, and also used as a high grade fuel forIGCC, IGFC and other advanced combustion technology.

Abstract − Three-phase inverse fluidized bed has been widely adopted with its increasing demand in the fields of bioreactor, fermentation process, wastewater treatment process, absorption and adsorption processes, where the fluidized or suspended particles are small or lower density comparing with that of continuous liquid phase, since the particles are frequently substrate, contacting medium or catalyst carrier. However, there has been little attention on the three-phase inverse fluidized beds even on the hydrodynamics. Needless to say, the information on the hydrodynamics and transport phenomena such as heat and mass transfer in the inverse fluidized beds has been essential for the operation, design and scale-up of various reactors and processes which are employing the three-phase inverse beds. In the present article, thus, the information on the three-phase inverse fluidized beds has been summarized and reorganized to suggest a pre-requisite knowledge for the field work in a sense of engineering point of view. The article is composed of three parts; hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer characteristics of three-phase inverse fluidized beds. Effects of operating variables on the phase holdup, bubble properties and particle fluctuating frequency and dispersion were discussed in the section of hydrodynamics; effects of operating variables on the heat transfer coefficient and on the heat transfer model were discussed in the section of heat transfer characteristics ; and in the section of mass transfer characteristics, effects of operating variables on the liquid axial dispersion and volumetric liquid phase mass transfer coefficient were examined. In each section, correla-tions to predict the hydrodynamic characteristics such as minimum fluidization velocity, phase holdup, bubble properties and particle fluctuating frequency and dispersion and heat and mass transfer coefficients were suggested. And finally suggestions have been made for the future study for the application of three-phase inverse fluidized bed in several available fields to meet the increasing demands of this system.

Abstract − Fabrication of nanostructured materials and synthesis of nanomaterials have intensively studied to realize electronic devices for nanotechnology. By using nanoporous alumina mask, nanostructured material can be fabricated in the form of uniform array. The size and the density of the nanostructured materials can be controllable by changing the pore diameter and the density of the alumina mask. This method is possible low cost and on large scale process, and feasible to contribute the fusion technology consisting of information technology, nanotechnology, and biotechnology. Therefore, these techniques provide alternative approaches for development of new electronic applications. In this paper, the fabrication technique and its applications of nanoporous alumina mask are described and nanostructured materials such as quantum dots, nanoholes, and nanorods are introduced.

Abstract – In this experimental, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3 over manganese sulfates and manganese sulfates was investigated with catalytic activity, kinetics, temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and TGA. Manganese oxides showed high catalytic activity for SCR at temperature below 200 oC. In case of manganese sulfates, the temperature at which SCR of nitric oxide appears shifted to high temperature with sulfation degree, and the maximum catalytic efficiency decreased. The temperature of the onset of reduction for manganese oxides and manganese sulfates is about 160 oC and over 280 oC, respectively. We suggest that the onset of reduction in TPR correlates with the onset of SCR activity. Because the pre-exponential factor of manganese sulfates is lower as 1/1000 times than that of other catalysts, catalytic activity of manganese sulfates for NO showed low. The reduction temperature of natural manganese ore which consists of various metal oxides showed lower than that of pure manganese oxides

Porous TiO2 nanostructured particles containing both mesopores and macropores were fabricated by utilizing an aerosol templating method from two kinds of starting materials (colloidal mixture of TiO2 nanoparticles and PS particles, and that of TTIP solution and PS particles). The effects of mixing ratio of PS to TiO2 and reactor temperature on the particle properties were investigated. When TiO2 nanoparticles were used as starting materials, the increase of macropores number was observed by SEM and the specific surface area and total pore volume were increased from 31.6m2/g to 39.1 m2/g and 0.068 cm3/g to 0.089 cm3/g, respectively, by increasing the weight mixing ratio of PS/TiO2 from 0.79 to 1.31. When TTIP was used as precursor, the specific surface area and mesopore volume of particles prepared at same condition decreased by 67% and 75%, respectively.

Abstract − This paper describes a model identification method that has been applied to a commercial 12-inch RTP (rapid thermal processing) equipment with an ultimate aim to develop a high-performance advanced controller. Seven thermocouples are attached on the wafer surface and twelve tungsten-halogen lamp groups are used to heat up the wafer. To obtain a MIMO balanced state space model, multiple SIMO (single-input multiple-output) identification with highorder ARX models have been conducted and the resulting models have been combined, transformed and reduced to a MIMO balanced state space model through a balanced truncation technique. The identification experiments were designed to minimize the wafer warpage and an output linearization block has been proposed for compensation of the nonlinearity from the radiation-dominant heat transfer. As a result from the identification at around 600, 700, and 800 oC, respectively, it was found that y=T(K)2 and the state dimension of 80-100 are most desirable. With this choice the rootmean- square value of the one-step-ahead temperature prediction error was found to be in the range of 0.125-0.135 K.

The solubility of carbon dioxide in ionic liquids and amine solvents has been investigated in gas-liquid absorption equilibrium reactor. Absorption capacity and kinetics of CO2 with CO2 pressure and absorption time in 9 different ionic liquids and 2 kinds of amine solvents were evaluated. In order to understand the effect of ionic type, we changed the cation or anion of ionic liquids. CO2 absorption capacity and absorption rate of amine solvents were higher than those of ionic liquids. CO2 absorption capacity of [emim][Tf2N], 0.14 mol CO2/mol IL at 1 bar, was the highest among the ionic liquids. CO2 absorption capacity of ionic liquid steeply decreased with increasing temperature. Anion of ionic liquid dominates interaction with CO2 and cation plays secondary role.

There are many water treatment plants built over couple of decade ago in Korea. For most of those plants, they are required a countermeasure to cope with the deterioration caused from the superannuated facilities and the objective materials change of water treatment from inorganic particles like clay to algae particles due to eutrophication of lake and reservoir. A series of field and laboratory experiments was performed to investigate the feasibility of DAF hybrid process and the variation of particle characteristics by applying the additional DAF unit in conventional water treatment processes. On the basis of this experiments, the DAF was effective as an additive process in filtration basin (DAF-CSF combination processes). Using DAF-CSF combination process, the efficiency of stable particle removal can be achieved to produce the safe drinking water.

The micro-porous asymmetric PVDF hollow fiber membranes for gas-liquid contactor were prepared by the dry-jet wet phase inversion process and the characteristics of hollow fiber membranes were evaluated by the gas permeation method and scanning electron microscope. The chemical absorbent for removal of SO2 gas was sodium hydroxide at bench scale hollow fiber membrane contactor. The experiments were performed in a counter-current mode of operation with gas in the shell side and liquid in the fiber lumen of the module to examine the effect of various operating variables such as concentration of absorbent, gas flow rate, L/G ratio and concentration of inlet SO2 gas on the SO2 removal efficiency using PVDF hollow fiber membrane contactor. Membrane mass transfer coefficient(km) was calculated by mathematical modeling. The volumetric overall mass transfer coefficient increased with increasing the concentration of absorbent and L/G ratio. The increase of the absorbent concentration and L/G ratio not only provides more sufficient alkalinity but also decreases liquid phase resistance. The volumetric overall mass transfer coefficient increased with increasing gas flow rate due to decreasing the gas phase resistance.

The normal shell and the regenerated oyster shell, Crassostrea gigas, are separated according to the characteristics of inner shell morphology. To study characteristics of chitin obtained from the regenerated shell, chitin prepared by acid and alkali process is analyzed by FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometer) and XRD (X-ray Diffractometer). The content of insoluble protein in the normal shell was more than doubled as compared with that in the regenerated shell. A comparison of secondary structure of the normal shell and the regenerated shell revealed that the content of random of the regenerated shell was above 47%, indicating an amount in the structural unordered state. Through amino acid composition analysis and secondary protein structure of soluble protein isolated from the normal shell and the regenerated shell, it was found that there are differences in biomineralization strategy of the regenerated shell as compared to the normal shell. The relatively low hardness of the regenerated shell is caused by the change of amino acid composition and ordered secondary protein structure as compared to hardness of the normal shell.

Extraction was performed to prepare ash-free coal from low rank coal under the temperature of 200-430 ℃ and initial pressure of 0.1MPa. Three kinds of coal samples with different rank were used and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone(NMP, polar), 1-methyl naphthalene(I-MN, non-polar), Light Cycle Oil(LCO, non-polar) were used as solvents. Results showed that higher extraction yield could be obtained with NMP than with 1-MN and LCO, but the ash concentration shows minimun in the case of 1-MN. Three operation modes were compared, that is, idle, agitation and ultrasonic extraction mode. From the results, it was found that the extraction yield and ash concentration were 70.09% and 1.03% under the agitation mode, 80.7% and 0.76% under the ultrasonic operation mode respectively in the case of NMP used at the temperature of 350 ℃. Similar results were obtained with 1-MN. Effect of ultrasonic on the extraction was estimated as 15-20% increase in the yields and 26% reduction in the ash concentration.

Gasification plant using petroleum coke for refinery and power generation process is increased from considering petroleum coke as a valuable fuel. In this study, gasification of petroleum coke was performed to utilize petroleum coke and to develop essential technology using 1T/D coal gasification system. In case of petroleum coke gasification, because of lower reactivity, consumption of oxygen is higher than coal gasification. The calorific value of syngas from petroleum coke mixed with coal at a mass ratio of 1:1 shows about 6.7~7.2 MJ/Nm3. Although carbon conversion could reach more than 92% according to oxygen amount, cold gas efficiency shows lower value than the case of coal. Therefore, it was shown that complemental study in burner design to atomize slurry droplet is required to elevate gasification performance of petroleum coke which has lower reactivity than coal.

The present study investigated the applicability of the minium fludization velocity measuring method using linear regression analysis between the standard deviation of pressure fluctuation and gas velocity in multi-particle sand on a fluidized bed 0.109 in inner diameter. We measured minium fludization velocity according to the standard deviation of particle distribution in Gaussian distribution. The measured value compared with other researchers' equations. The minium fludization velocity derived from the linear regression analysis of the standard deviation of pressure fluctuation and pressure drop inside the bed. We also found that the minium fludization velocity of a multi-particle system using the standard deviation of pressure fluctuation must be measured at freely bubbling region.

Little attention has been given to semiconductor manufacturing in the chemical engineering and process systems engineering perspective in spite of the fact that it consists of numerous chemical processes. This paper particularly investigates the issues in semiconductor manufacturing supply chain management. From the personal industrial experience and research progresses, relevant research and information will be introduced to address the key issues and challenges. Some remarks for future research challenges are made in the end.

In petrochemical complex, Hydrogen Network optimization is surveying the extra Hydrogen and needed Hydrogen of each company and calculating the optimized distribution. This paper compares the case of using the existing pipeline and the case of not using the existing pipeline to show the effect quantitatively and clearly by modeling the both cases and using mathematical programming. As a result, using the existing pipeline can save the pipe cost over 20% and increase the whole network benefit by thirteen billion won

The purpose of this study was to enhance gas exchange by producing hemosome, a hemoglobin microencapsulated with phospholipid of egg, and perfluorocarbone(PFC) emulsion solution. In the experiment, stable emulsion solution with 437 nm of mean particle size could be produced by Flusol-DA sonication, and shortening of emulsion time could be attained with higher stability as well. 0.8 μm sized hemosome could be produced by microencapsulation of hemoglobin with phospholipid extracted from egg yolk. The pattern of oxygen saturation curve of hemosome was S shape, which is similar to that found in normal blood, and P50 was measured to be 24 mmHg. The oxygen saturation in the mixed solution of hemosome and blood in 1:4(V/V%) ratio was similar to that of normal blood, and the same result was found in the mixed solution of PFC emulsion and blood in 1:4(V/V%) ratio.

The bunsen reaction, part of IS(Iodine-sulfur) cycle that one of the hydrogen production by the thermochemical water splitting, was investigated. It was observed that H2SO4 was uniformly generated and generation of H2SO4 was independent of iodine input. However, generation of HI was decreased with increasing iodine input. It was thought that HI and unreacted iodine were formed complex compound such as HI3 HI5 or HI7. The complex compound accelerated liquid-liquid separation properties in the product. It was also revealed that reaction kinetics was increased with increasing iodine input. Liquid-liquid separation properties were improved with increasing iodine input and reaction temperature. Moreover, no side reaction was occurred at all reaction conditions