Urging that India's research efforts should therefore be diverted towards "bio-availability" rather than "bio-fortification", the scientists say the intake of Fe and Zn through food sources is quite adequate but they are not available to the body since the phytic acid in vegetarian food binds with these minerals in the digestive tract, making their absorption difficult.

The researchers computed national iron and zinc balance using theoretical mean daily per capita dietary requirement and composition of these minerals in food sources from agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry and fisheries. Surprisingly, they found that the horticulture sector contributed a small portion (9.1% Zn and 12.9% Fe) and the fisheries sector contributed the least.

The researchers say the phytic acid content among the predominantly vegetarian Indian population is relatively high. Methods for improving the
bio-availability of minerals by reducing the phytic acid content of Indian
foods should find prime place in nutritional programmes and extension
activities, they note.

Iron deficient anaemia is a major cause of maternal mortality and low
birth weight in India, and 26% of Indians (312 million) are at a risk for zinc
deficiency.

References

1. Ganeshamurthy, A. N. et al. Nutrients removed from the soil decide the nutritional security of a nation: the case of iron and zinc in India. Curr. Sci. 113 (2017)