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cdecl
On the Intel 386, the cdecl attribute causes the compiler to assume that the calling function will pop off the stack space used to pass arguments. This is useful to override the effects of the -mrtd switch.

stdcall
On the Intel 386, the stdcall attribute causes the compiler to assume that the called function will pop off the stack space used to pass arguments, unless it takes a variable number of arguments.

fastcall
On the Intel 386, the fastcall attribute causes the compiler to pass the first two arguments in the registers ECX and EDX. Subsequent arguments are passed on the stack. The called function will pop the arguments off the stack. If the number of arguments is variable all arguments are pushed on the stack.

All arguments are widened to 32 bits when they are passed. Return
values are also widened to 32 bits and returned in the EAX register,
except for 8-byte structures, which are returned in the EDX:EAX
register pair. Larger structures are returned in the EAX register as
pointers to hidden return structures. Parameters are pushed onto the
stack from right to left.

The compiler generates prolog and
epilog code to save and restore the ESI, EDI, EBX, and EBP registers,
if they are used in the function.

Note When
a struct, union, or class is returned from a function by value, all
definitions of the type need to be the same, else the program may fail
at runtime.

For information on how to define your own function prolog and epilog code, see Naked Function Calls.

The following calling conventions are supported by the Visual C/C++ compiler.

TRACKBACK

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The main distinction between FPGA and CPLD device architectures is that
FPGAs are internally based on Look-up tables (LUTs) while CPLDs form
the logic functions with sea-of-gates (e.g. sum of products).

2.1.1 Primitive Data Types

Other than the primitive data types discussed here, everything in the
Java programming language is an object. Even the primitive data types
can be encapsulated inside library-supplied objects if required. The
Java programming language follows C and C++ fairly closely in its set
of basic data types, with a couple of minor exceptions. There are only
three groups of primitive data types, namely, numeric types, character types, and Boolean types.

Numeric Data Types

Integer numeric types are 8-bit byte, 16-bit short, 32-bit int, and 64-bit long. The 8-bit byte data type in Java has replaced the old C and C++ char data type. Java places a different interpretation on the char data type, as discussed below.

There is no unsigned type specifier for integer data types in Java.

Real numeric types are 32-bit float and 64-bit double. Real numeric types and their arithmetic operations are as defined by the IEEE 754 specification. A floating point literal value, like 23.79, is considered double by default; you must explicitly cast it to float if you wish to assign it to a float variable.

2.1.2 Arithmetic and Relational Operators

All the familiar C and C++ operators apply. The Java programming language has no unsigned data types, so the >>> operator has been added to the language to indicate an unsigned (logical) right shift. Java also uses the + operator for string concatenation; concatenation is covered below in the discussion on strings.

byte: The byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum
value of -128 and a maximum value of 127 (inclusive). The byte data type can be useful for saving memory
in large
arrays, where the memory savings actually matters. They can also be used in place of
int where their limits help to clarify your code; the fact that a variable's range is limited can
serve as a form of documentation.

short: The short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a
minimum value of -32,768 and a maximum value of 32,767 (inclusive). As with byte, the same guidelines apply:
you can use a short to save memory in large arrays, in situations where the memory savings actually matters.

int: The int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of
-2,147,483,648 and a maximum value of 2,147,483,647 (inclusive). For integral values, this data type is generally
the default choice unless there is a reason (like the above) to choose something else. This data type will most likely
be large enough for the numbers your program will use, but if you need a wider range of values, use long
instead.

long: The long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of
-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and a maximum value of 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (inclusive). Use this data type when you need a
range of values wider than those provided by int.

float: The float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point.
Its range of values is beyond the scope of this discussion, but is specified in section
4.2.3
of the Java Language Specification. As with the recommendations for byte and short, use a float (instead of double) if you need to save memory in large arrays
of floating point numbers. This data type should never be used for precise values, such as currency. For that, you will need to
use the
java.math.BigDecimal
class instead.
Numbers and Strings
covers BigDecimal and
other useful classes provided by the Java platform.

double: The double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point.
Its range of values is beyond the scope of this discussion, but is specified in section
4.2.3
of the Java Language Specification. For decimal values, this data type is
generally the default choice. As mentioned above, this data type should never be used for precise values, such as currency.

boolean: The boolean data type has only two possible values: true and
false. Use this data type for simple flags that track
true/false conditions. This data type represents one bit of
information, but its "size" isn't
something that's precisely defined.

char: The char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character. It has a minimum value of
'\u0000' (or 0) and a maximum value of '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive).