The University of London Union (commonly referred to as ULU, pron. 'yoo-loo') was Europe's largest students' union, with over 120,000 students as the focus of its activities. Each student was also a member of the student union of their individual college, as the University of London is a federal structure encompassing many constituent colleges.[1]

ULU provided a range of services on an intercollegiate basis, including cultural, recreational and sporting activities, its seven-floor building in Malet Street, Central London, next to Birkbeck, University of London, included bars, restaurants, shops, banks, swimming pool and a live music venue.[2]

In July 2014, ULU was abolished by its parent institution, the University of London,[3] and replaced by 'Student Central, London', this offers full membership to University of London students, and associate membership to other university students, and other groups.

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University of London Union (now Student Central, London) in Malet Street

ULU was founded in 1921, originally as the University of London Union Society, and moved into its main building on Malet Street, near Senate House, in 1957,[4] it represented students to the University and beyond, whilst also providing support and resources to the students' unions of individual colleges.

On 3 May 2013, the University of London announced that the union would cease to exist,[5] this move was condemned by some students and campaign groups, who ran a campaign to keep the building in student hands.[6] Other students however welcomed the move; this was in part due to fears that the Union was undemocratic, as it recorded a very low election turnout of just 2%. This was against the backdrop of other Student Unions which recorded in excess of 50% turnout.[7][8]

Upon the University of London Union's abolition, its former building and website was rebranded as 'Student Central, London', and is now operated by the former staff of ULU employed by the University of London.[9] 'Student Central, London' offers full membership to University of London students, and associate membership to other university students, and other groups.

In March 2017, national promoter & event management company VMS Live agreed a deal with Student Central to bring live music back to the former ULU venue under the brand ULU Live. At the time of writing many high-profile gigs have been confirmed firmly putting the venue back on the national touring circuit [10]

The Union funded and published a student newspaper, London Student, although the editorial content was not controlled by the Union as a whole but solely by the elected Editor. London Student was relaunched as a co-operative in January 2015.

One of ULU's main activities was the provision of Sport Leagues and Sport Clubs, the leagues originally only included teams within the University of London. Now they include University teams from the London area that are not in UoL, the governance of these is carried out by Sports Officers from the Universities and Colleges Students' Unions that have at least one sports team in the league. The sports leagues are also supported by the Friends of University of London Sport, whose members were former Sports Officers from within the University of London.

In 2015, the UL Athletics and XC club established the London Colleges Athletics Series (LCAS) along with King's College London, University College London and Imperial College London. LCAS has since merged with the long-standing London Colleges League to form the London Universities and Colleges Athletics.

1.
University of London
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The University of London is a collegiate research university located in London, England, consisting of 18 constituent colleges, nine research institutes and a number of central bodies. The university moved to a structure in 1900. The specialist colleges of the university include the London Business School, Imperial College London was formerly a member before leaving the university in 2007. City is the most recent constituent college, having joined on 1 September 2016, in post-nominals, the University of London is commonly abbreviated as Lond. or, more rarely, Londin. From the Latin Universitas Londiniensis, after its degree abbreviations, University College London was founded under the name London University in 1826 as a secular alternative to the religious universities of Oxford and Cambridge. In response to the controversy surrounding such educational establishment, Kings College London was founded and was the first to be granted a royal charter. Yet to receive a charter, UCL in 1834 renewed its application for a royal charter as a university. In response to this, opposition to exclusive rights grew among the London medical schools, the idea of a general degree awarding body for the schools was discussed in the medical press. And in evidence taken by the Select Committee on Medical Education, in 1835, the government announced the response to UCLs petition for a charter. Following the issuing of its charter on 28 November 1836, the university started drawing up regulations for degrees in March 1837. The death of William IV in June, however, resulted in a problem – the charter had been granted during our Royal will and pleasure, queen Victoria issued a second charter on 5 December 1837, reincorporating the university. The university awarded its first degrees in 1839, all to students from UCL, the university established by the charters of 1836 and 1837 was essentially an examining board with the right to award degrees in arts, laws and medicine. However, the university did not have the authority to grant degrees in theology, in medicine, the university was given the right to determine which medical schools provided sufficient medical training. Beyond the right to students for examination, there was no other connection between the affiliated colleges and the university. In 1849 the university held its first graduation ceremony at Somerset House following a petition to the senate from the graduates, about 250 students graduated at this ceremony. The London academic robes of this period were distinguished by their rich velvet facings, the list of affiliated colleges grew by 1858 to include over 50 institutions, including all other British universities. In that year, a new charter effectively abolished the affiliated colleges system by opening up the examinations to everyone whether they attended a college or not. The expanded role meant the university needed more space, particularly with the number of students at the provincial university colleges

2.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

3.
Students' union
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In higher education, the students union is often accorded its own building on the campus, dedicated to social, organizational activities, representation, and academic support of the membership. Outside the US, student union and students refer to a representative body. Depending on the country, the purpose, assembly, method, universally, the purpose of students union or student government is to represent fellow students in some fashion. In some cases, students unions are run by students, independent of the educational facility, the purpose of these organizations is to represent students both within the institution and externally, including on local and national issues. Students unions are responsible for providing a variety of services to students. Depending on the makeup, students can get involved in the union by becoming active in a committee, by attending councils and general meetings. Some students unions are politicized bodies, and often serve as a ground for aspiring politicians. Students unions generally have similar aims irrespective of the extent of politicization, usually focusing on providing students with facilities, support, some students unions often officially recognize and allocate an annual budget to other organizations on campus. In some institutions, postgraduate students are within the students unions. In some cases, graduate students lack formal representation in student government, as mentioned before universally the purpose of students union or student government is to represent fellow students. Many times students unions usually focusing on providing students with facilities, support, simple variations on just the name include the name differences between the United States and other countries. Depending on the country there are different methods of representation compulsory education to Higher education or tertiary, in Australia, all universities have one or more student organizations. Most also operate specialized support services for female, LGBT, international, many expressed concerns over the introduction of voluntary student unionism in 2006. The legislation passed after the Greens took the balance of power in the senate, Azerbaijan Students Union was established by students from Baku on 15 September 2008. ASU is an organization which was established on basis of experience and it was the first student organization which united students irrespective of gender, race, creed. ASU considered international relations very important, for the first time ASUs delegates were participants of the First Asia IAESTE Forum in Shanghai during 12–15 November 2009. After that forum ASU established close relations with IAESTE which is one of the biggest student exchange organizations, as a result of relations on 21 January 2010 ASU was accepted a member of IAESTE. Our union gained right to represent Azerbaijan students in IAESTE and that membership was the unions first success on international level

4.
Birkbeck, University of London
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Birkbeck, University of London, is a public research university located in Bloomsbury, London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It is regarded as one of the leading universities for excellence in research. Birkbecks historic and main building is based in the Bloomsbury zone of Camden, in Central London, in partnership with University of East London, Birkbeck has an additional large campus in Stratford, next to the Theatre Royal. Birkbeck offers over 200 undergraduate and postgraduate programmes that can be studied either part-time or full-time and its staff members have optimal research reputation. Birkbecks academic activities are organised into five constituent faculties which are subdivided into nineteen departments and it also offers many continuing education courses leading to certificates and diplomas, foundation degrees, and short courses. Research at Birkbeck in 11 subject areas is rated as ‘internationally excellent’, Birkbeck, being part of the University of London, shares the University’s academic standards and awards University of London degrees. In common with the other University of London colleges, Birkbeck has also secured its own independent degree awarding powers, the quality of degrees awarded by Birkbeck was confirmed by the UK Quality Assurance Agency following institutional audits in 2005 and 2010. Birkbeck has been acknowledged as a ‘global elite‘ university and it is often shortlisted by the Times Higher Education Awards as University of the Year, the university was awarded The Queen’s Anniversary Prize for excellence in higher education research in 2006. Birkbeck has produced notable alumni in the fields of science, law, politics, economics, literature, media, art. Alumni include four Nobel laureates, numerous political leaders, members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, however the idea was not universally popular and some accused Birkbeck of scattering the seeds of evil. Two years later, the moved to the Southampton Buildings on Chancery Lane. In 1830, the first female students were admitted, in 1858, changes to the University of Londons structure resulting in an opening up of access to the examinations for its degree. The Institute became the provider of part-time university education. The early twentieth century saw further developments, with Birkbeck Students Union being established in 1904, in 1913, a review of the University of London successfully recommended that Birkbeck become a constituent college, although the outbreak of the First World War delayed this until 1920. The Royal Charter for the college was granted in 1926, the colleges first female professor, Dame Helen Gwynne-Vaughan began teaching botany in 1921. Among the other distinguished faculty in the years were Nikolaus Pevsner, J. D. Bernal. During the Second World War, Birkbeck was the only central University of London college not to out of the capital. In 1941, the library suffered a hit during The Blitz

5.
Malet Street
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Malet Street is a street in Bloomsbury, in the London Borough of Camden, Central London, England. The street is named after Sir Edward Malet who was married to Lady Ermyntrude Sackville Russell, daughter of Francis Russell and it runs between Torrington Place and the British Museum, parallel to Gower Street and Tottenham Court Road. Birkbeck, University of London is also on the street, though its entrance is now in Torrington Square, in 1938, the Institute of Education moved from Southampton Row to the University of London Senate House complex on Malet Street. Goodge Street on Tottenham Court Road to the west is the nearest underground station

6.
Senate House, London
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The building is now part of the campus of SOAS - a world-renowned college of the wider University of London. The Art Deco building was constructed between 1932 and 1937 as the first phase of an uncompleted scheme designed for the University by Charles Holden. It consists of 19 floors and is 210 feet high, during the Second World War, the buildings use by the Ministry of Information inspired two noted English writers. Graham Greenes novel The Ministry of Fear and its film adaptation Ministry of Fear by Fritz Lang set in Bloomsbury. After the First World War the University of London, then based at the Imperial Institute in Kensington was in urgent need of new office and teaching space to allow for its growth and expansion. In 1921, the government bought 11 acres of land in Bloomsbury from the Duke of Bedford to provide a new site for the University, however, many within the university were opposed to a move, and, in 1926, the Duke bought back the land. The election of William Beveridge however to the post of Vice-Chancellor of the University in June 1926 was highly significant as Beveridge supported a move to Bloomsbury, Beveridge persuaded the Rockefeller Foundation to donate £400,000 to the University and the original site was reacquired in 1927. Beveridge saw the university as one for the nation and the world, drawing from overseas as many students as Oxford and Cambridge and all the other English universities together. And specified that the symbol of the University on the Bloomsbury site can not fittingly look like an imitation of any other University. It should be something that could not have built by any earlier generation than this. Means a chance to enrich London – to give London at its heart not just more streets, an academic island in swirling tides of traffic, a world of learning in a world of affairs. Holdens original plan for the university building was for a single covering the whole site. It comprised a central spine linked by a series of wings to the perimeter façade, the scheme was to be topped by two towers, the taller Senate House and a smaller one to the north. The design featured elevations of load-bearing brick work faced with Portland stone, construction began in 1932 and was undertaken by Holland, Hannen & Cubitts. King George V laid the foundation stone on 26 June 1933 and the first staff moved in during 1936. On 28 November 1936, a group of University officials, led by the Principal, Sir Edwin Deller, suddenly, without warning, a skip being pushed by a workman overhead accidentally fell down and hit them. All were rushed to University College Hospital, where two days later, Deller died of his injuries, as he had with his earlier buildings, Holden also prepared the designs for the individual elements of the interior design. The completion of the buildings for the Institute of Education and the School of Oriental Studies followed, the architectural character and scale of the building has received both positive and negative criticism since its construction

7.
Concert
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A concert is a live music performance in front of an audience. A recital is a concert by a soloist or small group which follows a program, a recitalist is a musician who gives frequent recitals. The invention of the piano recital has been attributed to Franz Liszt. The performance may be by a musician, sometimes then called a recital, or by a musical ensemble, such as an orchestra, choir. Indoor concerts held in the largest venues are sometimes called arena concerts or amphitheatre concerts, informal names for a concert include show and gig. Regardless of the venue, musicians perform on a stage. Concerts often require live event support with professional audio equipment, before recorded music, concerts provided the main opportunity to hear musicians play. The nature of a concert varies by musical genre, individual performers, concerts by a small jazz combo or small bluegrass band may have the same order of program, mood, and volume—but vary in music and dress. In a similar way, a musician, band, or genre of music might attract concert attendees with similar dress, hairstyle. For example, concert goers in the 1960s often had hair, sandals. Regular attendees to a concert venue might also have a style that comprises that venues scene. Other Types of concerts, To plan or arrange by mutual agreement, some performers or groups put on very elaborate and expensive shows. To create a memorable and exciting atmosphere and increase the spectacle, some singers, especially popular music, augment concert sound with pre-recorded accompaniment, back-up dancers, and even broadcast vocal tracks of the singers own voice. Activities during these concerts can include dancing, sing-alongs, and moshing, concerts involving a greater number of artists, especially those that last for multiple days, are known as festivals. Unlike other concerts, which remain in a single genre of music or work of a particular artist, festivals often cover a broad scope of music. Due to their size, festivals are almost exclusively held outdoors, new platforms for festivals are becoming increasingly popular such as Jam Cruise, which is a festival held on a cruise ship, as well as Mayan Holidaze, which is a destination festival held in Tulum. Often concert tours are named, to differentiate different tours by the same artist, different segments of longer concert tours are known as legs. In the largest concert tours it is becoming common for different legs to employ separate touring production crews and equipment

8.
Kaiser Chiefs
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Their album Employment enjoyed critical and commercial success with over three million copies sold. It has won the band three Brit Awards, including the award for Best British Group, a NME award for Best Album, in 2008, they had a UK number 5 hit with the Post-Punk Revival track Never Miss a Beat. In total the band has sold over 1.1 million singles combined up to their 5th album and their latest top 40 single, Coming Home hit number 31 in 2014. Their album Education, Education, Education & War hit number one in the chart also in 2014. When they were around eleven years old, Nick Hodgson, Nick Baines and Simon Rix met in the class at St. Marys Catholic High School, Menston. After leaving school, Rix and Baines left for university in 1996 whereas Hodgson remained in the Leeds area, Hodgson, White and Wilson formed the band Runston Parva, its name a deliberate misspelling of a small East Yorkshire hamlet called Ruston Parva. After Runston Parva failed to secure a deal, the group re-formed as Parva upon the return of Rix. Parvas career went beyond the boundaries of Leeds, and the band was able to both a record and publishing deal. However, after Beggars Banquet closed the Mantra label, Parva were dropped and left desolate and without any direction after the release of an album and three singles. According to manager James Sandom in an interview with HitQuarters, as a band they had become damaged goods. A lot of people used their history against them, the band decided that they would aim for a longer term record deal and started afresh with new songs and a new name, Kaiser Chiefs. The new name was taken from South African football club Kaizer Chiefs, manager James Sandom was tipped off about the band by Drowned in Sound founder Sean Adams and persuaded him to go and see them live. Sandom said, I went to see a couple of shows, soon after Sandom became their manager, Kaiser Chiefs signed to B-Unique Records. Atlantic Records had also made an offer for the band, in July 2004, while still relatively unknown inside the UK, Kaiser Chiefs performed their first festival outside the UK at a festival in Moscow. One of the factors in the bands breakthrough in 2005 was their involvement in the NME Awards Tour at the beginning of the year. Like Coldplay and Franz Ferdinand before them, their position as opening act proved an influential one, the groups debut album Employment was released in March 2005, being primarily inspired by new wave and punk rock music of the late 1970s and 1980s. The album was received by music critics, described as thrilling from beginning to end and quintessentially British, without pretension and most importantly. It reached number two on the UK albums chart, and was certified five times platinum, in 2005, Employment was shortlisted for the Mercury Prize, an annual music prize awarded for the best British or Irish album from the previous year

9.
Goldfrapp
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Goldfrapp are an English electronic duo from London, formed in 1999. The duo consists of Alison Goldfrapp and Will Gregory, despite favourable reviews and a short-listing for the Mercury Prize, their 2000 début studio album Felt Mountain did not chart highly. Goldfrapps second album Black Cherry, which incorporated glam rock and synthpop sounds into their music, was released in 2003, the album influenced the same dance-oriented sound of their third album Supernature. Supernature took Goldfrapps work further into dance music, and enjoyed chart success. The album produced three number-one US dance singles, and was nominated for Best Electronic/Dance Album at the 49th Grammy Awards, Head First also earned the duo their second Grammy Award nomination for Best Electronic/Dance Album in 2010. Goldfrapp released their critically acclaimed studio album, the folktronica-influenced Tales of Us. Alison Goldfrapp began her career performing with Dance Company Catherine Massin throughout the Netherlands during her early twenties. Afterwards, she attended Middlesex University where she studied Fine Art, in the early 1990s, Alison served as a guest vocalist with the electronic band Orbital and trip hop artist Tricky. In 1999, she was introduced to composer Will Gregory after he had listened to a version of the song Human. Gregory and Goldfrapp felt a connection and subsequently wrote the track Lovely Head. Following several months of calls, they decided to form a musical band. In August 1999, Goldfrapp signed a contract with London-based record label Mute Records. The pair began recording their album over a six-month period, beginning in September 1999. The recording process was difficult for Alison and Will, who found themselves alone and disturbed by the mice, Goldfrapps début album Felt Mountain was released in September 2000 and produced the singles Lovely Head, Utopia, Pilots and Human. The album featured Alison Goldfrapps vocals over cinematic soundscapes and is influenced by a variety of styles including cabaret, folk. The album was received by music critics, which Pitchfork Media described as simultaneously smarmy and seductive, yet elegant. It reached number 57 on the UK Albums Chart, and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry, in 2001, Felt Mountain was shortlisted for the Mercury Prize, an annual music prize awarded for the best British or Irish album from the previous year. The lyrics on Felt Mountain were written by Alison Goldfrapp and are abstract obsessional tales inspired by films, the song Oompa Radar was inspired by Roman Polanskis film Cul-de-sac, while Pilots describes travellers floating in the atmosphere above the earth

10.
London Student
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London Student is a student paper, originally the student newspaper of the University of London Union. It began publishing in 1979 and is the largest student-run newspaper in Europe and it is an editorially independent publication with ultimate control over content and appointments vested in the editorial team as a worker co-operative. It once distributed 12,500 copies fortnightly during termtime throughout the university year and this once made it the largest student newspaper in Europe before it was shut down in July 2014. It was relaunched as a co-operative in January 2015, and now publishes online, the most recent print edition was a single issue published 1 October 2015. The report, headlined Nailed on Sunday, created some international media coverage, the Mail on Sunday responded by saying that they were investigating a subject of great public interest and had acted responsibly, but did not deny the allegations. The story led the paper from Christmas onwards, with the exception of the issue containing Nailed on Sunday, in October 2013, the paper broke the story that departing UCL Provost Malcolm Grants leaving party cost the college over £17,000. The story was picked up by local and national newspapers. For many years, the newspaper was a red-top tabloid and this changed under Patrick Wards editorship, with a transition toward a midmarket newspaper that better matched the more serious journalistic style of the papers contributors. The cultural pullout section also returned, under the new name of Play, in 2012 the newspaper had to cut back due to funding difficulties with ULU, meaning the paper was condensed, with many sections shortened but none removed. Play was the London Students culture pullout section, replaced by The Smoke in 2013 and it had various pages devoted to certain cultural coverage, including Music, Arts, Theatre and Fashion, as well as often multidisciplinary features. Past editors of the sections have included Rena Minegishi, Emma Hope Allwood, Jake-Pace Lawrie, Robert Kiely, Kate Vine, Rina Buznea, Peter Yeung, Jack Kirby and Matt Williamson. After the proposed closure of the University of London Union in the 2014/15 academic year, Skirr replaced it in 2015/16 under the editorship of then London Student co-editors Dea Gjinovci, Ben Jackson, Ed Ive, James Smith, and Donato Paolo Mancini. Editions of the commercial The Sanctuary newspaper added marginally to competition at University College London, sennet was the direct predecessor of London Student. It was published from at least 1954 and its editor in 1959 was Jean Rook, later best known for her long association with the Daily Express where she was nicknamed the first lady of Fleet Street. Extensive, though incomplete, archives of newspapers are held at both the University of Londons library, and the British Library Newspaper section in Colindale

11.
Central London
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Central London is the innermost part of London, UK. Over time a number of definitions have been used to define the scope of central London for statistics, urban planning and local government. From 2004 to 2008, the London Plan included a sub-region called Central London comprising Camden, Islington, Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth, Southwark, Wandsworth and it had a 2001 population of 1,525,000. The sub-region was replaced in 2008 with a new structure which amalgamated inner and outer boroughs together and this was altered in 2011 when a new Central London sub region was created, now including the City of London and excluding Wandsworth. However, districts at the edge of this subregion such as Streatham, Dulwich. During the Herbert Commission and the subsequent passage of the London Government Bill, the first two were detailed in the 1959 Memorandum of Evidence of the Greater London Group of the London School of Economics. It had an population of 350,000 and occupied 7,000 acres. The area had an population of 400,000 and occupied 8,000 acres. During the passage of the London Government Bill an amendment was put forward to create a central borough corresponding to the used at the 1961 census. The population was estimated to be 270,000

12.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network

13.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

14.
City, University of London
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City, University of London is a public research university in London in the United Kingdom. Until 2016 it was the City University, London, or colloquially, just and it was founded in 1894 as the Northampton Institute and became a university when The City University, London, was created by royal charter in 1966. The Inns of Court School of Law, which merged with City in 2001, was established in 1852, on 1 September 2016, City joined the federal University of London, becoming part of the 18 Colleges and ten research institutes that make up the University. City, University of London, has its campus in the Islington area of central London, with additional campuses in the City of London. In 2015/16, City had an income of £217.5 million. In 2016, the university was ranked 27th in the Times Higher Educations Table of Tables which combines the results of three domestic league tables. Cass Business School is ranked 5th in the UK and top 40 in the world in the Financial Times 2017 Global MBA Rankings, City, University of London, is a member of the Association of MBAs, EQUIS and Universities UK. The institute was established to provide for the education and welfare of the local population, Northampton Polytechnic Institute was an institute of technology in Clerkenwell, London, founded in 1894. Alumni include Colin Cherry, Stuart Davies and Anthony Hunt, in 1937 Maurice Dennis of the was the 1937 ABA Middleweight Champion. Frederick Handley Page was a lecturer in aeronautics at the institute, the Handley Page Type A, the first powered aircraft designed and built by him, ended up as an instructional airframe at the school. The novelist Eric Ambler studied engineering at the institute, in 1903–04 a separate technical optics department was established. In 1909 the first students qualified for University of London BSc degrees in engineering as internal students, since 1909 the institute had been involved in aeronautics education, and in 2009 the School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences celebrated the centenary of aeronautics at City. In 1908 the Institute was used for the Olympic Games, boxing took place at the Institute. The institute was designated a College of Advanced Technology in 1957, in 1961 the institutes involvement in information science began with the introduction of a course on Collecting and Communicating Scientific Knowledge. In 1966 City received its charter, becoming The City University to reflect the institutions close links with the City of London. In 1971 the Apollo 15 astronauts visited City and presented the Vice-Chancellor, Tait, the University formed a strategic alliance with Queen Mary, University of London, in April 2001. In May 2001, a fire in the college building gutted the fourth floor offices. In August 2001 City and the Inns of Court School of Law agreed to merge, following a donation from Sir John Casss Foundation, a multimillion-pound building was built at 106 Bunhill Row for the Cass Business School

15.
Courtauld Institute of Art
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The Courtauld Institute of Art, commonly referred to as The Courtauld, is a self-governing college of the University of London specialising in the study of the history of art and conservation. It is among the most prestigious institutions in the world for these disciplines and is known for the disproportionate number of directors of major museums drawn from its small body of alumni. The art collection of the Institute is known particularly for its French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings and is housed in the Courtauld Gallery, the Institute and the Gallery are both in Somerset House, in the Strand in London. Originally the Courtauld Institute was based in Home House, a Robert Adam-designed townhouse in Londons Portman Square, the Strand block of Somerset House, designed by William Chambers from 1775–1780, has housed the Courtauld Institute since 1989. The Courtauld celebrated its 75th anniversary during the 2007–08 academic year, the Courtauld Institute of Art is the major centre for the study of the history and conservation of art and architecture in the United Kingdom. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate teaching to around 400 students each year, degrees are awarded by the University of London. The Independent has called it probably the most prestigious specialist college for the study of the history of art in the world, the Courtauld was ranked, again, first in the United Kingdom for History and History of Art in The Guardian’s 2017 University Guide. The only undergraduate course offered by the Courtauld is a BA in the History of Art and this is a full-time course designed to introduce students to all aspects of the study of western art. Students in the history of art masters programme have to choose a specialisation ranging from antiquity to modern to global contemporary artwork. Special options are taught in class sizes of 5–10 students. In 2009, it was decided that the Witt Library would not continue to add new material to the collection, the book library is one of the UKs largest archives of art history books, periodicals and exhibition catalogues. There is a library which also covers films, and an IT suite. Two other websites and sell high resolution digital files to scholars, publishers and broadcasters, the Courtauld uses a virtual learning environment to deliver course material to its students. Since 2004, the Courtauld has published a research journal, immediations. Each cover of the journal has been commissioned by a contemporary artist. The art collection of the Institute is housed in the Courtauld Gallery, the collection was begun by the founder of the Institute, Samuel Courtauld, who presented an extensive collection of mainly French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings in 1932. It was enhanced by further gifts in the 1930s and a bequest in 1948, the Gallery contains some 530 paintings and over 26,000 drawings and prints. The Courtauld Gallery is open to the public, since 1989 it has been housed in the Strand block of Somerset House, which was the first home of the Royal Academy, founded in 1768

16.
Goldsmiths, University of London
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Goldsmiths, University of London, is a public research university in London, England, specialising in the arts, design, humanities, and social sciences. It is a constituent college of the University of London and it was founded in 1891 as Goldsmiths Technical and Recreative Institute by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths in New Cross, London. It was acquired by the University of London in 1904 and was renamed Goldsmiths College, the word College was dropped from its branding in 2006, but Goldsmiths College, with the apostrophe, remains the institutions formal legal name. Nearly 20% of students come from outside the UK, and 52% of all undergraduates are mature students, around a third of students at Goldsmiths are postgraduate students. In 1891, the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, one of the City of London Livery Companies, founded Goldsmiths Technical, the Goldsmiths Company was established in the 12th century as a medieval guild for goldsmiths, silversmiths and jewellers. The original Institute was based in New Cross at the former Royal Naval School building, in 1904, the Institute was merged with the University of London and was re-established as Goldsmiths College. At this point Goldsmiths was the largest teacher training institution in the country, training functions were later expanded to include refresher courses for teachers, the University Postgraduate Certificate in Education and an Art teachers Certificate course. The College also ran its own Nursery School, shortly after the merger, in 1907, Goldsmiths added a new Arts building, designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield, at the back of the main building. During the 1960s Goldsmiths experienced an expansion in student numbers. It is during this period that Goldsmiths began to establish its reputation in the arts and social science fields, the university also acquired a number of historic buildings in the surrounding area, including the splendid former Deptford Town Hall and Laurie Grove Baths buildings. The Richard Hoggart Building, Deptford Town Hall and the Laurie Grove Baths all retain Grade II listed building status, in 1988, Goldsmiths became a full College of the University of London and in 1990 received its Royal Charter. Among its wardens have been Richard Hoggart, Andrew Rutherford and Ben Pimlott, the current Warden is Pat Loughrey. Goldsmiths is situated in New Cross, a populated area of south-east London with a considerable art. The area is served by London Overground trains at New Cross, the main building, the Richard Hoggart Building, was originally designed as a school by the architect John Shaw, Jr. The former Deptford Town Hall Building, designed by Henry Vaughan Lanchester and Edwin Alfred Rickards, acquired in 1998, is used for academic seminars, the library, or the Rutherford Building, has three floors and gives students access to an extensive range of printed and electronic resources. The third-floor library is believed to house the largest collection of material in the UK. Goldsmiths students, like all students in the University of London, have full access to the collections at Senate House Library at Bloomsbury in central London. The seven-storey Ben Pimlott Building on New Cross Road, complete with its distinctive scribble in the sky has become a signature of modern Goldsmiths

17.
Heythrop College, University of London
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Heythrop joined the University of London in 1971, maintaining its Catholic links and ethos whilst offering an educational experience that respects all faiths and perspectives. Heythrop is a centre for inter-religious dialogue and modern philosophical inquiry and is a member of the Cathedrals Group of British colleges and universities. Heythrop is situated on Kensington Square in London, whilst also having access to University of London facilities, such as Senate House and its extensive library. Heythrop has a student population of 560, allowing one-to-one tutorship with its academic staff. The college is widely regarded as being home to one of the largest philosophy. The college is a charity under English law. In June 2015 the Governing Body concluded that the College in its current form, as a constituent college of the University of London, will come to an end in 2018. The college is attempting to negotiate an arrangement with some other British university that will enable it to existing in some form. Meanwhile, its plant has been put up for sale. The College was founded in 1614 by the Society of Jesus in Leuven, Belgium, whilst in Liège, the college received patronage from Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, and the Electors crest was adopted as the blue and white of the college Coat of Arms. During the French Revolutionary Wars, the moved to Great Britain with philosophy being taught at Stonyhurst College in Lancashire. Being over 400 years old, Heythrop is one of the oldest universities in England, in 1926, the colleges came together in Heythrop Hall, Oxfordshire. At the time of moving to Heythrop, the college was awarding degrees from the Jesuit Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, upon moving to London, the College retained the name of its previous home, and has continued to be called Heythrop College. The College moved to its current Kensington Square site in 1993, the ecclesiastical faculties is today grouped together as the Bellarmine Institute. In June 2014, Heythrop College celebrated the 400th anniversary of its foundation and this move is due to financial difficulties the College faces as an autonomous College of the University of London. Heythrop College is located on Kensington Square, near Kensington High Street, the premises were previously in use by the Roman Catholic Religious of the Assumption, a religious order of sisters founded by Saint Marie-Eugénie de Jésus. A number of the continue to live on the current site, and the Marie Eugénie Chapel is available for student use. A chaplaincy is provided for all students, in addition to the University of London chaplaincy, unlike many University of London colleges, which are divided among many campuses, the Kensington campus houses all Heythrop College facilities

18.
King's College London
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Kings College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom, and a founding constituent college of the federal University of London. Kings was established in 1829 by King George IV and the Duke of Wellington, in 1836, Kings became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London. It is a member of organisations such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association. Kings has five campuses, its main campus on the Strand in central London. In 2015/16, Kings had an income of £738.4 million, of which £193.2 million was from research grants and contracts and as of 2014/15. It has the fifth largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom, and its academic activities are organised into nine faculties which are subdivided into numerous departments, centres and research divisions. Kings is home to six Medical Research Council centres and is a member of the Kings Health Partners academic health sciences centre, Francis Crick Institute. Kings College London, so named to indicate the patronage of King George IV, was founded in 1829 in response to the controversy surrounding the founding of London University in 1826. The need for such an institution was a result of the religious and social nature of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which then educated solely the sons of wealthy Anglicans. The secular nature of London University was disapproved by The Establishment, indeed, thus, the creation of a rival institution represented a Tory response to reassert the educational values of The Establishment. Winchilsea and about 150 other contributors withdrew their support of Kings College London in response to Wellingtons support of Catholic emancipation. In a letter to Wellington he accused the Duke to have in mind insidious designs for the infringement of our liberty, the letter provoked a furious exchange of correspondence and Wellington accused Winchilsea of imputing him with disgraceful and criminal motives in setting up Kings College London. The result was a duel in Battersea Fields on 21 March 1829, Winchilsea did not fire, a plan he and his second almost certainly decided upon before the duel, Wellington took aim and fired wide to the right. Accounts differ as to whether Wellington missed on purpose, Wellington, noted for his poor aim, claimed he did, other reports more sympathetic to Winchilsea claimed he had aimed to kill. Honour was saved and Winchilsea wrote Wellington an apology, duel Day is still celebrated on the first Thursday after 21 March every year, marked by various events throughout Kings, including reenactments. Kings opened in October 1831 with the cleric William Otter appointed as first principal, despite the attempts to make Kings Anglican-only, the initial prospectus permitted, nonconformists of all sorts to enter the college freely. William Howley, the governors and the professors, except the linguists, had to be members of the Church of England but the students did not, though attendance at chapel was compulsory. Kings was divided into a department and a junior department, also known as Kings College School

19.
London Business School
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The London Business School, founded in 1964, is an international business school and a constituent college of the federal University of London. LBS is one of the most prestigious schools in the world. The main campus is located in London next to Regents Park in the Sussex Palace, unlike most other business schools, LBS organises courses in listed buildings in London instead of new buildings with a modern architecture. In 2015, the acquired the Marylebone Town Hall and spent £60 million to refurbish it with the objective to expand its teaching facilities by 70 per cent. LBS also has a campus in Dubai that is dedicated to Executive Education. The London Business School was founded in 1964 under the name of the London Graduate School of Business Studies with Dr. Arthur Earle as a Dean. In 1965, the school was registered as a company and was designated by the University of London as an institution having recognised teachers, in 1966, the first Executive Development Programme was launched, followed by the Senior Executive Programme. The same year, a full-time MSc degree was also launched, in 1968, the School inaugurated the Sloan Fellowship MSc programme, which was the first one outside of the US. 17 students were enrolled and the programme was funded by the Alfred P. Sloans foundation, the first doctoral programme was established in 1969 and in 1970 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II opened the Schools Regents Park campus. The first PhD was awarded in 1974 and, that year, in 1983, the first part-time MBA programme was held under the direction of Sir Andrew Likierman, the current Dean of the School. In 1986, the school became the London Business School and was incorporated by Royal Charter. In 1992, the School was given the Queens Award for Export in recognition of providing services to managers. During the same year, the Executive MBA programme was launched, and the following year, in 2001, LBS launched the first EMBA-Global degree programme in partnership with the Columbia Business School. The London Business School hold the inaugural Global Leadership Summit in 2003, in 2009, the school started two new programmes, The EMBA-Global Asia, in partnership with the Hong Kong University and the Columbia Business School, and the Masters in Management. In 2015, the acquired the Marylebone Town Hall and spent £60 million to restaure it with the objective to expand its teaching facilities by 70 per cent. The building was renamed The Sammy Ofer Centre in honour of a generous donator, the Ofer Family, in 2016, LBS launched a new programme the Masters in Financial Analysis, aimed at recent graduates who wish to pursue a career in finance. With the objective to increasing its size, the school organised a £100 million funding campaign, at the beginning of 2016, £98 million were collected. By June 2016, the school had raised £125 million, the vast majority of which came from Jim Ratcliffe, françois Ortalo-Magné, the French-born dean of the Wisconsin School of Business, will succeed Likierman as the new dean in August 2017

20.
London School of Economics
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The London School of Economics is a public research university located in London, England and a constituent college of the federal University of London. LSE is located in Westminster, central London, near the boundary between Covent Garden and Holborn, the area is historically known as Clare Market. The LSE has more than 10,000 students and 3,300 staff and it had a total income of £340.7 million in 2015/16, of which £30.3 million was from research grants. 155 nationalities are represented amongst LSEs student body and the school has the highest percentage of students of all British universities. Despite its name, the school is organised into 25 academic departments and institutes which conduct teaching and research across a range of legal studies, in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the School had the highest proportion of world-leading research among research submitted of any British non-specialist university. The LSE is usually considered part of the triangle of highly research-intensive universities in southeast England. It is a member of organisations such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association. LSE has produced notable alumni in the fields of law, history, economics, philosophy, business, literature, media. Alumni and staff include 52 past or present heads of state or government and 20 members of the current British House of Commons. To 2016, 27% of all the Nobel Prizes in Economics have been awarded or jointly awarded to LSE alumni, current staff or former staff, LSE alumni and staff have also won 3 Nobel Peace Prizes, and 2 Nobel Prizes in Literature. Out of all European universities, LSE has educated the most billionaires according to a 2014 global census of U. S dollar billionaires, LSE graduates earn higher incomes on average than those of any other British university. The London School of Economics was founded in 1895 by Beatrice and Sidney Webb, Hutchinson, a lawyer and member of the Fabian Society, left the money in trust, to be put towards advancing its objects in any way they deem advisable. The five trustees were Sidney Webb, Edward Pease, Constance Hutchinson, William de Mattos, LSE records that the proposal to establish the school was conceived during a breakfast meeting on 4 August 1894, between the Webbs, Graham Wallas and George Bernard Shaw. The proposal was accepted by the trustees in February 1895 and LSE held its first classes in October of that year, in rooms at 9 John Street, Adelphi, in the City of Westminster. The School joined the federal University of London in 1900, and was recognised as a Faculty of Economics of the university, the University of London degrees of BSc and DSc were established in 1901, the first university degrees dedicated to the social sciences. Expanding rapidly over the years, the school moved initially to the nearby 10 Adelphi Terrace, then to Clare Market. The foundation stone of the Old Building, on Houghton Street, was laid by King George V in 1920, the 1930s economic debate between LSE and Cambridge is well known in academic circles. The dispute also concerned the question of the role

21.
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
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It had a total income of £101.7 million in 2009/10, of which £62.5 million was from research grants and contracts. The school was founded in 1899 by Sir Patrick Manson as the London School of Tropical Medicine, before giving lectures at St Georges Hospital, London, in 1895, Livingstone College afforded Manson his first opportunity to teach courses in tropical medicine. Mansons early career was as a physician in the Far East where he deduced the correct etiology of filariasis, on his return to London, he was appointed Medical Advisor to the Colonial Office. He strongly believed that doctors should be trained in medicine to treat British colonial administrators and others working throughout Britains tropical empire. He also encouraged and mentored Ronald Ross during this period to uncover the correct etiology of malaria, the original school was established as part of the Seamens Hospital Society. This enlarged school, now named the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine was granted its Royal Charter in 1924, the school moved to its present location in Gower Street in 1929. The school is London Universitys major resource for teaching and research in public health. On successful completion of their studies, students gain a University of London degree, a competition to design a new school building to be sited in Gower Street, was held involving five architects, all experienced in laboratory design and construction. This was won in 1925 by Morley Horder and Verner Rees who located the entrance in Keppel Street. This building was opened in 1929 by HRH the Prince of Wales, the purchase of the site and the cost of a new building was made possible through a gift of $2m from the Rockefeller Foundation. It is currently headed by Simon Croft, who is Professor of Parasitology, the Faculty is organised into four large research departments. The range of disciplines represented in the faculty is very broad, the Faculty has overseas links which provide a basis for field studies and international collaborations in developed and developing countries. Funding for research in the Faculty comes from around 45 funding organisations, interests and activities embrace the health needs of people living in countries at all levels of development. The School has the largest numbers of active staff in the areas of epidemiology. The Facultys research programmes, with a spend of over £7m. In addition, staff participate in Centres based in other departments, notably the Malaria Centre, courses are delivered both face-to-face in London and via distance learning in collaboration with the University of London International Programmes. The School also offers access to online courses. The LSHTM won the 2009 Gates Award for Global Health established by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the award recognises organisations that have made an outstanding contribution to improving global health

22.
Queen Mary University of London
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Queen Mary University of London is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It dates back to the foundation of London Hospital Medical College in 1785, Queen Mary College, named after Mary of Teck, was admitted to the University of London in 1915 and in 1989 merged with Westfield College to form Queen Mary and Westfield College. In 1995 Queen Mary and Westfield College merged with St Bartholomews Hospital Medical College and its main campus is in the Mile End area of Tower Hamlets, with other campuses in Holborn, Smithfield and Whitechapel. In 2015/16 it had 17,140 students and 4,000 staff, Queen Mary is a member of the Russell Group of leading British research universities, the Association of Commonwealth Universities and Universities UK. Queen Mary is a centre for medical teaching and research and is part of UCL Partners. It has a partnership with the University of Warwick, including research collaboration and joint teaching of English, history. Queen Mary also collaborates with Royal Holloway, University of London, for 2015-16, Queen Mary had a turnover of £404.3 million, including £101.0 million from research grants and contracts. Queen Mary has been ranked between 30-40th in the UK according to national university rankings, according to The Guardian, it has been ranked ahead of other London institutions in the fields of law, dentistry, media and film studies, and second in medicine and history. The trustees of the Beaumont Trust, administering funds left by Barber Beaumont, on 20 May 1885 the Drapers Court of Assistants resolved to grant £20,000 for the provision of the technical schools of the Peoples Palace. The technical schools were opened on 5 October 1888, with the palace completed by 1892. In 1895 John Leigh Smeathman Hatton, Director of Evening Classes, by the start of the 20th century the first degrees were awarded and Hatton, along with several other Professors, were recognised as Teachers of the University of London. Teaching of aeronautical engineering began in 1907 which led to the first UK aeronautical engineering department being established in 1909 which boasted a wind tunnel. Thus creating the oldest Aeronautical Programme in the World, in 1910 the Colleges status in the University of London was extended for a further five years, with unlimited membership achieved in May 1915. After the war, the College grew, albeit constrained by the rest of the Peoples Palace to the west, in 1920 it obtained both the Palaces Rotunda and rooms under the winter gardens at the west of the palace, which became chemical laboratories. In the coming days discussions on reconstruction led to the proposal that the site be transferred to the College which would then apply for a Charter alone. The Charter was now pursued, but the Academic Board asked for a change, feeling that east London carried unfortunate associations that would hinder the College. With the initial proposed name, Queens College, having already taken by The Queens College, Oxford and Victoria College felt to be unoriginal. The Charter of Incorporation was presented on 12 December 1934 by Queen Mary herself. 57–62 During the Second World War the College was evacuated to Cambridge, where it shared with Kings College

23.
Royal Academy of Music
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The Royal Academy of Music is a conservatoire in London, England, is a constituent college of the University of London and is one of the leading conservatoires in the world. It was founded in 1822 and is Britains oldest degree-granting music school and it received a Royal Charter in 1830. It is a charity under English law. The Academy was founded by Lord Burghersh in 1822 with the help and ideas of the French harpist, the Academy was granted a Royal Charter by King George IV in 1830. The Academys current facilities are situated on Marylebone Road in central London adjacent to Regents Park, the Royal Academy of Music offers training from infant level, with the senior Academy awarding the LRAM diploma, B. Mus. and higher degrees to Ph. D. The former degree GRSM, equivalent to a university honours degree, all undergraduates now take the University of London degree of BMus. There are also departments for musical performance and jazz. The Academy collaborates with other worldwide, including participating in the SOCRATES student. The Academy has students from over 50 countries, following diverse programmes including instrumental performance, conducting, composition, jazz, musical theatre, the Academy has an established relationship with Kings College London, particularly the Department of Music, whose students receive instrumental tuition at the Academy. In return, many students at the Academy take a range of Humanities choices at Kings, the Junior Academy, for pupils under the age of 18, takes place every Saturday. The Academys library contains over 160,000 items, including significant collections of printed and manuscript materials. The library also houses dedicated to Sir Arthur Sullivan and Sir Henry Wood. The Academys museum displays many of these items, the Orchestral Library has approximately 4,500 sets of orchestral parts. Other collections include the libraries of Sir Henry Wood and Otto Klemperer, noted for her performances of Bach and modern English music, she was a friend and advocate of Arnold Bax and also premièred Vaughan Williams Piano Concerto — a work dedicated to her — in 1933. In 1886, Franz Liszt performed at the Academy to celebrate the creation of the Franz Liszt Scholarship, in summer 2012, John Adams conducted an orchestra which combined students from the Academy and New Yorks Juilliard School at the Proms and at New Yorks Lincoln Center. Conductors who have worked with the orchestras include Semyon Bychkov, Daniel Barenboim, Sir Simon Rattle, Pierre-Laurent Aimard. Famous people who have conducted the Academys orchestra also include Carl Maria Von Weber in 1826, for many years, the Academy celebrated the work of a living composer with a festival in the presence of the composer. In February–March 2006, an Academy festival celebrated the violin virtuoso Niccolò Paganini, the festival included a recital by Academy professor Maxim Vengerov, who performed on Il Cannone Guarnerius, Paganinis favourite violin

24.
Royal Central School of Speech & Drama
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The Royal Central School of Speech & Drama was founded by Elsie Fogerty in 1906 to offer a new form of training in speech and drama for young actors and other students. It became a constituent of the University of London in 2005 and its prominent alumni include Laurence Olivier, Vanessa Redgrave, Judi Dench, michael Grandage, a Central graduate and artistic director of the Donmar Warehouse, has now been appointed President. Elsie Fogerty founded The Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art at the Royal Albert Hall in 1906, Fogerty was a specialist in speech training and held a firm belief in the social importance of education. She was committed to advancing the study of theatre as an academic discipline, in 1957 the school moved from the Royal Albert Hall, having acquired the lease of the Embassy Theatre at Swiss Cottage and its associated buildings. By 1961 three distinct departments had been established within Central, the stage department was running its three-year course for actors, with alumni including Laurence Olivier and Peggy Ashcroft already a part of its history, and a two-year course for stage managers. The teacher training department was preparing students for its own diploma, which was a teaching qualification. That diploma had been instituted in 1912 as a result of Fogertys campaign for the recognition of drama and drama teaching as subjects worthy of academic study. By this time, the school was as known for its speech therapy department as for its work in training actors, in 1972 Central became grant-aided by the Inner London Education Authority. In 1989 it was incorporated as an education college in its own right. Central had been offering degrees since 1986, firstly validated by the Council for National Academic Awards, in 2004 the Privy Council granted the Central the power to award its own taught degrees. In 2005 students from the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art transferred to Central after a 100-year history of significant contributions to stage, in the same year, the school was designated as the Higher Education Funding Council for Englands Centre for Excellence in Training for Theatre. With effect from September 2005 Central became a college of the University of London, apart from its notable alumni, who include Laurence Olivier, Vanessa Redgrave, Judi Dench, Cameron Mackintosh, Harold Pinter, Jason Isaacs and James Fox, the school has had some notable staff. It is entitled to use it in official documentation, although it continues to be referred to as Central. The schools Patron, HRH Princess Alexandra of Kent, played a role in recommending the institution for the adjective, the schools theatre is located inside the new building which was awarded a BREEAM rating of very good. Deputy Principal / Deputy CEO / Clerk to Governors, Deborah Scully, prior to joining Central, Deputy Principal and Professor of Theatre, Simon Shepherd, joined Central in 2001. Previously a Professor of Drama at Goldsmiths, University of London, and before that Professor of Drama at the University of Nottingham, which he left in 1996. Dean of Studies and Professor of Sound, Ross Brown, formerly a painter, then a composer, performer and sound designer in theatre. Director of Research, Robin Nelson, is a member of the IFTR’s Theatre

25.
Royal Holloway, University of London
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Royal Holloway, University of London, formally incorporated as Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, is a public research university and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It has three faculties,20 academic departments and c.9,265 undergraduate and postgraduate students from over 100 countries, the campus is located west of Egham, Surrey, within the Greater London Urban Area and 19 miles from the geographic centre of London. The Egham campus was founded in 1879 by the Victorian entrepreneur, Royal Holloway College was officially opened in 1886 by Queen Victoria as an all-women college. It became a member of the University of London in 1900, in 1945, the college admitted male postgraduate students, and in 1965, around 100 of the first male undergraduates. In 1985, Royal Holloway merged with Bedford College, the merged college was named Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, this remaining the official registered name of the college by Act of Parliament. The campus is dominated by the Founders Building, a Grade I listed red-brick building modelled on the Château de Chambord in the Loire Valley, Royal Holloway is ranked 27th in the UK and 173rd in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2016–17. Royal Holloway was ranked in 30th place in the world for 2016 in the category of International Outlook, however, the university failed to place in the top 150 in the world for the 2017 version. There are strong links and exchange programmes with institutions in the United States, Canada, and Hong Kong, notably Yale University, the University of Toronto, Royal Holloway was a member of the 1994 Group until 2013, when the group dissolved. Royal Holloway College, originally a college, was founded by the Victorian entrepreneur Thomas Holloway in 1879 on the Mount Lee Estate in Egham. The Founders Building, which is now Grade I listed, was opened in 1886 by Queen Victoria. The college also has a Chapel, completed in 1886 as one of the last parts of the university to be finished, october 1887 saw the arrival of the first 28 students at Royal Holloway College. It later became a constituent of the University of London in 1900, as did Bedford College, Bedford College was founded by Elizabeth Jesser Reid in 1849 as a higher education college for the education of women. Reid leased a house at 47 Bedford Square in the Bloomsbury area of London, the intention was to provide a liberal and non-sectarian education for women, something no other institution in the United Kingdom provided at the time. The college moved to 8 and 9 York Place in 1874, in 1900, the college became a constituent school of the University of London. Like RHC, following its membership of the University of London, in 1965, RHC and Bedford merged in 1985. The newest title remains the registered name of the college, though this was changed for day-to-day use to Royal Holloway. Since the merger with Bedford College, Royal Holloway has entered into discussions with Brunel University and St Georges. The latter project was cancelled in September 2009, Royal Holloway, St Georges and Kingston University continue to work together in the field of health and social care teaching and research

26.
Royal Veterinary College
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The Royal Veterinary College is a veterinary school located in London and a constituent college of the federal University of London. The RVC was founded in 1791 and joined the University of London in 1949 and it is the oldest and largest veterinary school in the United Kingdom, and one of only eight in the country where students can study to become a vet. The promoters wished to select a site close to the metropolis, the site was rural, but urban developments appeared on all sides in the early decades of the 19th century, creating Camden Town. Charles Benoit Vial de St Bel of the Lyon establishment was appointed as the first principal of the new college, the first students, just four of them, began their studies in 1792, and the first horse was admitted for treatment in 1793. St Bel died later that year and was succeeded by Edward Coleman, among the first students were Delabere Pritchett Blaine and Bracy Clark. In its early years it was concerned with horses. The original building was a quadrangle in a style, and there was a paddock on the opposite side of Royal College Street. In 1796 John Shipp was the first qualified veterinary surgeon to join the British Army, the college first acquired royal patronage from King George IV. In 1844 it was awarded a Royal Charter, in 1865 RVC Professor James Beart Simonds was appointed as the first Chief Inspector and Veterinary Advisor to the Privy council, with particular regard to cattle plague. In 1875 college was granted a Royal Charter as the Royal Veterinary College, in 1879 the Cheap Practice Clinic was established, later known as the Poor Peoples Out-Patients Clinic. The college celebrated its centenary in 1891 and in year the Students Union was founded. In 1895 the first X-ray machine was acquired, there was a major renovation in 1907 of the college horse boxes, which had fund-raisers commemorative shields hung at their doorways. In 1924 the Research Institute in Animal Pathology was built, headed by Professor John McFadyean, various extensions were added to the Camden Town site over the years. The buildings had become obsolete and in 1927 were officially declared dangerous structures, a fund-raising scheme for the total rebuilding of the college was launched by the new Principal, Professor Sir Frederick Hobday. In 1932 the Beaumont Animals Hospital opened, new buildings were opened by George VI in November 1937. During the Second World War, the RVC evacuated to Streatley, Berkshire, in 1949 the RVC became a school of the University of London. In 1958 the Hawkshead field station, in Hertfordshire, was opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. In the 1980s the Animal Care Trust was launched with the Queen Mother as patron, Princess Anne, the Princess Royal and Chancellor of the University of London, opened the surgical wing of the Sefton Equine Referral Hospital

27.
St George's, University of London
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St Georges, University of London, is a medical school located in Tooting in South London and is a constituent college of the University of London. St Georges has its origins in 1733, and was the institution in England to provide formal training courses for doctors. St Georges affiliated with the University of London soon after the establishment in 1836. St Georges is closely affiliated to St Georges Hospital and is one of the United Hospitals, following Quality Assurance Agency inspections St Georges gained a score of 23 out of 24 for its teaching of medicine — the highest of any of the London medical schools. The inspections report was published in January 2000 and the course, curriculum, in recent years, St Georges has expanded beyond its medical schools roots. Alongside its medical course it now runs a Biomedical Sciences course, there are now more places for Undergraduate Biomedical Science students than 5-Year Medical students. In partnership with Kingston University, the Faculty of Health and Social Care Sciences has moved St Georges into other areas including Nursing, Physiotherapy, Paramedic Science, the Faculty has been congratulated for its high teaching standards, employment rates and cutting edge research in the Social Sciences. St Georges was the first institution in the United Kingdom to offer a graduate entry Medicine degree based on the program from Flinders University with which it has an exchange program. The first intake was in 2000 with 35 students and the course has since been emulated by other universities. Entry to the course is competitive with candidates being required to sit the GAMSAT as part of the application process. Most recently St Georges, along with other London medical schools, has been the setting for new television drama Vital Signs, in 2008, St Georges announced that it planned to merge with Royal Holloway to form a single institution within the University of London. The merger was called off in a joint statement by the two principals on 25 September 2009. St Georges intends to keep working with Royal Holloway in the field of health, St Georges, Kingston University and Royal Holloway will continue to collaborate in the field of health and social care as part of the existing SWan healthcare alliance. The St Georges campus is located in the Tooting area of south-west London, and shares a site with St Georges Hospital, teaching facilities at the campus include clinical skills laboratories and a patient simulator allowing students to practice based on real-life situations including surgical and medical emergencies. The university library houses approximately 42,000 books and subscribes to over 10,000 journals, there is an on-site sports centre including a sports hall, three squash courts, and weights and fitness rooms. The first student cohort on each international MBBS programme entered St Georges in September 2012, outside of the UK, the MBBS4 is also offered in Nicosia, Cyprus, through a partnership between St Georges and the University of Nicosia. The new programme was inaugurated and the first student cohort commenced in Nicosia in September 2011, the programme at the University of Nicosia features international clinical placements in Israel and the USA. St Georges offers numerous research and taught postgraduate degrees, St Georges uses the problem based learning teaching method, first developed by McMaster University Medical School in Canada in the 1960s

28.
SOAS, University of London
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SOAS University of London, is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the University of London. Founded in 1916, SOAS was ranked within the top 30 universities in the United Kingdom by The Guardian University Guide 2017, the School is organised into faculties of humanities, languages and social sciences. It is home to the SOAS School of Law, SOAS offers around 350 undergraduate bachelors degree combinations, over 100 one-year masters degrees and PhD programmes in nearly every department. SOAS has produced several heads of states, government ministers, diplomats, Supreme Court judges, the School of Oriental Studies was founded in 1916 at 2 Finsbury Circus, London, the then premises of the London Institution. The school received its charter on 5 June 1916 and admitted its first students on 18 January 1917. The school was inaugurated a month later on 23 February 1917 by King George V. Among those in attendance were Earl Curzon of Kedleston, formerly Viceroy of India, the School of Oriental Studies was founded by the British state as an instrument to strengthen Britains political, commercial and military presence in Asia and Africa. The school immediately became integral in training British administrators, colonial officials, Africa was added to the schools name in 1938. Its move to new premises in Bloomsbury was held up by delays in construction, with the onset of the Second World War, many University of London colleges were evacuated from London in 1939 and billeted on universities all over the provinces. The School was, on the Governments advice, transferred to Christs College, Cambridge. In 1940, when it became apparent that a return to London was possible, in 1942, the War Office joined with the schools Japanese department to help alleviate the shortage in Japanese linguists. State scholarships were offered to select grammar and public school boys to train as military translators, lodged at Dulwich College in south London, the students became affectionately known as the Dulwich boys. The courses were directed by army cryptographer, Col. John Tiltman, the SOAS School of Law was established in 1947 with Professor Vesey-Fitzgerald as its first head. Growth however was curtailed by following years of austerity, and upon Sir Cyril Philips assuming the directorship in 1956. Over his twenty-year stewardship, Phillips transformed the school, raising funds, a college of the University of London, the Schools fields include Law, Social Sciences, Humanities and Languages with special reference to Asia and Africa. The SOAS Library, located in the Philips Building, is the UKs national resource for materials relating to Asia and Africa and is the largest of its kind in the world. The school has grown considerably over the past thirty years, from fewer than 1,000 students in the 1970s to more than 6,000 students today, nearly half of them postgraduates. SOAS is partnered with the Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales in Paris which is considered the French equivalent of SOAS

29.
University College London
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University College London is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It is the largest postgraduate institution in the UK by enrollment and is regarded as one of the worlds leading research universities. UCL also makes the claims of being the third-oldest university in England. In 1836 UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London, which was granted a charter in the same year. UCL has its campus in the Bloomsbury area of central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London. UCL is organised into 11 constituent faculties, within there are over 100 departments, institutes. In 2015/16, UCL had around 38,300 students and 12,000 staff and had an income of £1.36 billion. UCL ranks highly in national and international league tables and its graduates rank among the most employable in the world, UCL academics discovered five of the naturally occurring noble gases, co-discovered hormones, invented the vacuum tube, and made several foundational advances in modern statistics. There are at least 29 Nobel Prize winners and 3 Fields medalists amongst UCLs alumni and current, UCL was founded on 11 February 1826 under the name London University, as an alternative to the Anglican universities of Oxford and Cambridge. London Universitys first Warden was Leonard Horner, who was the first scientist to head a British university and this suggests that while his ideas may have been influential, he himself was less so. In 1827, the Chair of Political Economy at London University was created, with John Ramsay McCulloch as the first incumbent, in 1828 the university became the first in England to offer English as a subject and the teaching of Classics and medicine began. In 1830, London University founded the London University School, which would later become University College School, in 1833, the university appointed Alexander Maconochie, Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society, as the first professor of geography in the UK. In 1834, University College Hospital opened as a hospital for the universitys medical school. In 1836, London University was incorporated by charter under the name University College. The Slade School of Fine Art was founded as part of University College in 1871, in 1878, the University of London gained a supplemental charter making it the first British university to be allowed to award degrees to women. The same year, UCL admitted women to the faculties of Arts and Law and of Science, although women remained barred from the faculties of Engineering and of Medicine. Armstrong College, an institution of Newcastle University, also allowed women to enter from its foundation in 1871. Women were finally admitted to medical studies during the First World War in 1917, in 1898, Sir William Ramsay discovered the elements krypton, neon and xenon whilst professor of chemistry at UCL

30.
Bedford College, London
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Bedford College was founded in London in 1849 as the first higher education college for the education of women in the United Kingdom. In 1900, the became a constituent school of the University of London. It played a role in the advancement of women in higher education. The college became coeducational in the 1960s. In 1985, Bedford College merged with another of the University of Londons colleges – Royal Holloway College, the merged institution was named Royal Holloway and Bedford New College. While this is still the name, for day-to-day use the college is called Royal Holloway. Mrs. Reid and her circle of well-educated friends were believers in the need for improving education for women. In 1849, she leased a house at 47 Bedford Square in the Bloomsbury area of London, the intention was to provide a liberal and non-sectarian education for women, something no other institution in the United Kingdom provided at the time. Reid placed £1,500 with three trustees and persuaded a number of her friends to serve on the management committees. At the outset, the governance of the College was in the hands of the Ladies Committee and the General Committee made up of the Ladies, the professors of the college and three trustees. Initially the professors were shocked by the low educational standards of the women entering the college. In response to this, Reid founded a school close to the college in 1853 in an attempt to provide a standard of entry. In 1860, the college expanded into 48 Bedford Square which enabled it to become a residential establishment, the Residence was under the charge of a matron, who introduced the practice of students helping towards the running of the house and keeping their own accounts. Elizabeth Reid died in 1866 and left the college in the hands of three female trustees, the trustees insisted upon a new constitution. The Council was replaced by a Committee of Management, and the college was reconstituted as an Association under the Board of Trade, in 1874, the Bedford Square lease expired and the college moved to 8 and 9 York Place, off Baker Street. The two houses acted as one, with the using the downstairs rooms and the upstairs being the Residence. As numbers began to rise, the college expanded with the addition of extensions housing science laboratories, in the late-1870s, an entrance examination was introduced and a preparatory department set up for those who did not meet the standards required for college-level entry. In 1878, degree examinations of the University of London were opened to women, Bedford College students began gaining University of London Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science and Masters degrees from the early-1880s

31.
Chelsea College of Science and Technology
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In 1985, it merged with Kings College London. The site on Manresa Road had been earmarked for the college as early as 1890 and was opened as South West Polytechnic in 1895, by 1965 Parliament was considering a move of the college to St Albans in Hertfordshire. In 1985 the college merged with nearby Queen Elizabeth College and soon thereafter the college was itself amalgamated into Kings College London. It incorporates the old Chelsea Public Library, which is a Grade II* listed building and it was built in 1890, and the architect was J. M. Brydon

32.
Imperial College London
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Imperial College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. Its founder, Prince Albert, envisioned an area comprised of the Victoria and Albert Museum, Natural History Museum, Royal Albert Hall, the Imperial Institute was opened by his wife, Queen Victoria, who laid the foundation stone in 1888. Imperial College London was granted a charter in 1907. In the same year, the joined the University of London. The curriculum was expanded to include medicine after merging with several medical schools. In 2004, Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School, Imperial is organized through faculties for Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Business. The main campus is located in South Kensington, the universitys emphasis is on emerging technology and its practical application. Imperials contributions to society include the discovery of penicillin, the development of fibre optics, Imperial is consistently ranked among the top universities in the world. In 2017, it ranked 8th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, 9th in the QS World University Rankings, in 2015, Imperial was also ranked the most innovative university in Europe, and in 2017 as the 5th most international university in the world. Staff and alumni include 15 Nobel laureates,2 Fields Medalists,70 Fellows of the Royal Society,82 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering, and 78 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences. The Great Exhibition in 1851 was organised by Prince Albert, Henry Cole, Francis Fuller and other members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The Great Exhibition made a surplus of £186,000 used in creating an area in the South of Kensington encouraging culture and education for everyone. Its founder, Prince Albert, envisioned an area composed of the Victoria and Albert Museum, Natural History Museum, Royal Albert Hall. Several royal colleges and the Imperial Institute merged to form what is now Imperial College London, as a result of a movement earlier in the decade, many politicians donated funds to establish the college, including Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel. It was also supported by Prince Albert, who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor, William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann, but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856. It is considered the highest honour given in the chemical industry. The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology and he created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. The Royal College of Science was established in 1881, the main objective was to support the training of science teachers and to develop teaching in other science subjects alongside the Royal School of Mines earth sciences specialities

33.
UCL Institute of Education
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The UCL Institute of Education is the education school of University College London. It specialises in postgraduate study and research in the field of education and is one of UCLs 11 constituent faculties, prior to merging with UCL in 2014, it was a constituent college of the University of London. The IoE is ranked first in the world for education in the QS World University Rankings, the IoE is the largest education research body in the United Kingdom, with over 700 research students in the doctoral school. At any one time the IOE hosts over 100 research projects funded by Research Councils, government departments, the principal of the proposed college was also to act as the Professor of the Theory, History and Practice of Education at the university. The new college was opened on 6 October 1902 as the London Day Training College under the administration of the LCC and its first principal was Sir John Adams, who had previously been the Professor of Education at University of Glasgow. Adams was joined with a mistress and master of Method, the bulk of the teaching was carried out by the Vice-Principals and other specialists were appointed to teach specific subjects, including Cyril Burt. Initially the LDTC only provided teacher training courses lasting between 1 and 3 years, the LDTC became a school of the University of London in 1909 and was wholly transferred to the university and was renamed the University of London, Institute of Education. Gradually the Institute expanded its activities and began to train school teachers. It also moved into areas of research with its Child Development Department, administered by Susan Sutherland Isaacs. At the outbreak of World War II, the Institute was temporarily transferred to the University of Nottingham, area Training Organisations were created to co-ordinate the provision of teacher training and were responsible for the overall administration of all colleges of education within their area. The colleges prepared students for the Certificate in Education of the Institute, the existing Institute and the new ATO had separate identities, but confusingly were administered from the same building and by the same administrate staff. This dual identity continued until the Wider Institute gradually disappeared and was dissolved in 1975. In 1987 the Institute once again became a school of the University of London and was incorporated by Royal Charter, the IOE and UCL formed a strategic alliance in October 2012, including co-operation in teaching, research and the development of the London schools system. In February 2014 the two announced their intention to merge and the merger was completed in December 2014. The first home of the IOE was Passmore Edwards Hall on Clare Market and it moved again in its second year to the Northampton Technical Institute in Finsbury and the College of Preceptors building in Bloomsbury Square. In 1907 the College moved to its first purpose built building on Southampton Row, in 1938, the Institute moved to the Senate House complex of the University of London on Malet Street. After World War II, the Senate House complex became unworkable due to a increase in numbers of students. In 1960, plans were prepared for a new building on Bedford Way designed by Denys Lasdun, the library was one of the aspects dropped from the design and in 1968 it was moved from huts into a converted office block on Ridgemount Street

34.
London Consortium
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From 1993 to 2012, The London Consortium was a graduate school in the UK offering multidisciplinary Masters and Doctoral programs in the humanities and cultural studies at the University of London. It was administered by Birkbeck, University of London, one of the constituent colleges of the University of London, the London Consortium was a collaborative program composed of Birkbeck, the Architectural Association, Institute of Contemporary Arts, the Science Museum and the Tate Gallery. As of 2013, The London Consortium exists solely as a partnership between the constituent institutions for the benefit of the remaining PhD students until the completion of their dissertations. The Consortium was founded in 1993 by the social philosopher Paul Hirst, Mark Cousins, Richard Humphreys. Until 1999, the British Film Institute was part of the Consortium, after the BFI removed its involvement, it was replaced by the Institute of Contemporary Arts. In 2007, the Science Museum joined the collaboration, with its Head of Research, Peter Morris, past supervisors and visiting faculty have included cultural theorist Stuart Hall, psychoanalytic theorist Juliet Mitchell, writer Marina Warner, and psychoanalytic philosopher Slavoj Žižek. Its chairman was the lawyer and writer Anthony Julius, classes were taught in venues at Birkbeck, the Tate Modern and Tate Britain, the Institute of Contemporary Arts, and the Science Museum. The Master of Research programme was only as a one-year full-time course. It was a unique and challenging post-graduate introduction to theories, methods and knowledges in the humanities, students combined coursework and research throughout, culminating in the production of a dissertation. The Master of Research was taken as a degree in its own right. The MA in Film Curating, which was offered for two years beginning in October 2010, was a collaboration between the London Consortium and the London Film School, the Consortium PhD included a taught component. First year PhD students followed the core courses as those studying towards the MRes, courses designed to give a grounding in multidisciplinary research. Previous core courses included Catastrophe, St. Paul, Godards Contempt, Text and Pretext, Shit and Civilization, Metamorphosis, through courses like these, the Consortium could be thought of as developing an original conception of Cultural Studies. This also entails a different approach to interdisciplinarity

35.
New College London
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New College London was founded as a Congregationalist college in 1850. New College London came into being in 1850 by the amalgamation of three dissenting academies, the first was associated with William Coward, a London merchant who used his money to train ministers for the protestant dissenters. The trustees of his will supported, among others, the started by Philip Doddridge. This establishment, founded at Market Harborough, moved to Northampton, to Daventry, back to Northampton, then to Wymondley, and finally in 1833 to London. Its final home was built by Thomas Cubitt the year before, here it took the name of Coward College and remained as a residential College for Theological Students until May,1850. Two of its principals were the Rev. Thomas Morell and Dr. Thomas William Jenkyn, despite the financial support of Coward, the college is probably best known as the Daventry Academy. Its best-known student was the polymath Joseph Priestley, the second dissenting academy, which ended up known as Highbury College, started out in Mile End in 1783, moved to Hoxton in 1791, and then to Highbury in 1826. Its most famous student was Christopher Newman Hall, the third, Homerton College, was split into two. Its theological function became part of New College, whereas the rest of it, refounded as a training college. These three merged as New College London and its initial programme is laid out in the final chapter of The introductory lectures delivered at the opening of the college, October,1851. Meanwhile, the Village Itinerancy Society was transformed into the Hackney Theological Seminary, later this was relocated from its origins in Hackney to a fine new building in Hampstead, and became associated with Peter Taylor Forsyth. New College and Hackney College became constituents of the University of Londons Faculty of Theology when the faculty was created in 1900 and they were united by Act of Parliament in 1924 as Hackney and New College, which was renamed New College, London in 1936. New buildings were erected behind the Hackney College premises at Hampstead, when, in 1972, most English Congregational churches joined the newly formed United Reformed Church, and only a small number remained independent, the New Colleges work was reorganised. In 1976, its library was donated to Dr Williamss Library, since 1981, the work of the college has been continued by the New College London Foundation, which trains ministers for the URC and Congregational churches. After closure in 1977 the New College buildings were leased to the Open University, despite the name the college was never associated with Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, also a constituent college of the University of London. New College has gathered many leading thinkers from the Congregationalist, Calvinist, bertram Lee-Woolf, a leading authority on the work of Martin Luther held a professorship at the college. Howard Scullard was a governor of the college from 1930 until 1980, john Huxtable, Principal of the college 1953-64, helped to found the URC and became its first Moderator. Dr Geoffrey Nuttall, Lecturer in Church History at the college, was elected to membership of the British Academy in 1991, ron Price, a New Testament scholar, studied at the college in the 1960s

36.
Queen Elizabeth College
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Queen Elizabeth College had its origins in the Ladies Department of Kings College, London, England, opened in 1885. The first Kings extension lectures for ladies were held at Richmond in 1871, by 1886, the Kings College, London Ladies Department had 500 students. In 1902 it became the Kings College, London Womens Department, in 1915, the Household and Social Science Department of Kings College for Women opened at Campden Hill Road, Kensington, while other departments were transferred to the Strand site. The College became distinguished for its teaching and research in nutrition, physiology, hygiene and it was recognised as a School of the University of London in 1956. The original Campden Hill Road buildings combined both the lecture theatres, laboratories and library but also included the only Hall of residence - Queen Mary Hall, QEC re-merged with Kings College London in 1985, and the Kensington campus became associated with biomedical sciences. However, the campus was closed and sold in 2000 with the contents being decanted to the Franklin-Wilkins Building, part of the campus has subsequently been converted into Academy Gardens, apartments which retain some QEC branding. Envoy is the newsletter of Queen Elizabeth College. The Queen Elizabeth College alumni/old student association organizes a reunion every year, john Yudkin, physiologist and nutritionist Garth Chapman, academic, author and zoologist William B. Bonnor, mathematician and gravitation physicist Alice Copping, nutritionist Christopher Dainty, physicist K

37.
Regent's Park College, Oxford
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Regents Park College is a Permanent Private Hall of the University of Oxford, situated in central Oxford, just off St Giles. Founded in 1810, the College moved to its present site in 1927, the College now admits both undergraduate and graduate students to take Oxford degrees in a variety of Arts, Humanities and Social Science subjects. The College also trains men and women for ordained ministry among Baptist churches in Great Britain, Regents Park College traces its roots to the formation of the London Baptist Education Society in 1752. In 1810 there were three students, but by 1850 the number had risen to 26. In 1849 Dr Joseph Angus became Principal at just 33 years old, at the beginning of his time as Principal, Angus admitted a small number of lay students to college. His belief was that it would benefit the students to have contact with them as well as bringing much needed finances to the Academy. Holford House was a dwelling built in the classical Georgian style on crown land. Students were able to read for university degrees in the Arts and Law, after many long ties with University College London which trace back to 1856, In 1901 the College became an official Divinity School of the University of London. In 1920 G. P. Gould passed the role of Principal on to H. Wheeler Robinson, Wheeler Robinson was educated at Regents Park College for one session, he then went to Edinburgh University and finally onto Mansfield College, Oxford. Wheeler Robinson believed that Oxford was a congenial setting than London for a college. In 1927 the main portion of the site was purchased and the buildings, including various farm buildings, the college appointed Mr T Harold Hughes as the Architect for the site. Hughes was responsible for extension and restoration work in Oxford including Exeter College, Hertford College. At this time many of the classes were held at Mansfield College, however, as early as 1924 Wheeler Robinson started to promote his plans for a new building scheme on the Oxford site to former students. Between 1935 and 1938 he and E. A. Payne spoke a various meetings, the foundation stones for Helwys Hall were laid on 21 July 1938 by representatives from the Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ireland, The Particular Baptist Fund, The Baptist Missionary Society. Stones were also laid in memory of Angus and Gould, former Principals of the college, in 1957 Regents Park College became a Permanent Private Hall of the University of Oxford. Since then, the student body has grown to include around 110 undergraduate students and 50 graduates, in 1977 the Angus student accommodation block was built, thus providing Balding Quadrangle with an extra side. Extra accommodation was built in Wheeler Robinson House in 1988, when Greyfriars Hall closed in 2008 the remaining 30 students joined Regents Park College. Regents Park College is located just off of St Giles in the heart of Oxford, near to other colleges St Cross College, the site is based around a large neoclassical quadrangle

38.
Royal Postgraduate Medical School
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The Royal Postgraduate Medical School was an independent medical school, based primarily at Hammersmith Hospital in west London. In 1988, the merged with the Institute of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. The medical school had its roots in the British Postgraduate Medical School and it incorporated by Royal Charter in 1931 and opened in 1935. Its first director was Edinburgh Medical School graduate Francis Richard Fraser and it was the result of recommendations by the Athlone Report of 1921, and was a pioneer institution of postgraduate clinical teaching and research. The school had always closely linked with the Hammersmith Hospital and the Medical Research Council. Senior academic staff of the school provided consultant services and academic leadership for Hammersmith Hospital, the RPMS has had an enormous influence on British Medicine and had a major role in developing Endocrine Surgery in the UK. The school became part of the British Postgraduate Medical Federation in 1947, in 1974 the school became independent, with a new charter and the title Royal Postgraduate Medical School. Its separate status ended in 1997 with the assimilation into Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital is now a district general hospital and is still a centre of postgraduate medical education and research, although its influence is much less than in the past. According to Pappworth, experiments had been carried out without valid consent on vulnerable patients, such as children, roelcke, V. Maio, G. Twentieth Century Ethics of Human Subjects Research, p.181

39.
UCL School of Pharmacy
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The UCL School of Pharmacy is the pharmacy school of University College London. The School forms part of UCLs Faculty of Life Sciences and is located in London, the School was founded by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in 1842 as the College of the Pharmaceutical Society. It was renamed The School of Pharmacy in 1949 when it became independent of the Pharmaceutical Society and was incorporated into the University of London as a constituent college, the School was granted a royal charter in 1952 and merged with UCL in January 2012. The School was founded in 1842 by the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, the School began offering University of London degrees in 1925 and joined the University as a specialist school in 1949. It received a Royal Charter in 1952, to its alumni and colleagues in the profession it is known as the Square, which refers to the fact that it was originally located in Bloomsbury Square and now in Brunswick Square. It was decided on 13 May 2011, after a consultation and development process, the merger was completed on 1 January 2012, and the School was renamed the UCL School of Pharmacy. The School is organised into four departments, each with one or more associated specialist research centres. The Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry is the largest of the Schools departments and its research is focused on cancer, natural products and phytomedicines, molecular neurosciences and biopharmaceutical analysis. The Wellcome Department of Pharmacology is one of the oldest departments of pharmacology in the UK, the Department has played a major role in the development of Pharmacology in the UK and many pharmacologists who trained here are to be found in academies and in industries all over the world. The Departments research focuses on the system, and a wide range of approaches are used to study normal brain function. The Department of Pharmaceutics is home to a range of research activities, such as in Materials Science and Processing. The Departments research in Materials Science and Processing is centred on the properties of materials and their adaptation to optimise processing. The Microbiology Research Group is also well-established, with work focusing mainly in overcoming antibiotic resistance, the Group has been particularly successful in investigating new approaches to the treatment of the ‘superbug’ MRSA. The Department of Practice and Policy focuses upon making the use of safer and more effective through teaching, service. The Departments staff are involved in development and teaching across all four years of the MPharm course. Its student body includes hospital pharmacists studying for a range of Certificate, Diploma, the School offers a number of Masters Degree programmes, including Drug Discovery, Drug Delivery, Pharmacognosy and Pharmacy Practice, and PhD research degrees. The only undergraduate degree which it offers is the four year MPharm. The School offered BSc degrees in Toxicology and Pharmacology until 2001, in 2010/11 the School had a total research income of £8.13 million

40.
UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies
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The UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies is a school of University College London specialised in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, Russia and Eurasia. It has links with universities both across Europe and globally, the School was inaugurated in London in 1915, as a department of Kings College London, by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, who later became President of Czechoslovakia. In 1932 the School became an Institute of the University of London, in 1999 the School merged with University College London. In 2012/2013 the School had over 200 graduate students studying taught MA degrees or undertaking PhD research, in addition the School has over 600 undergraduate students. Along with its undergraduate and graduate teaching, the School enjoys a reputation for the quality of its interdisciplinary research. It is an international centre for training the next generation of regional specialists, through a combination of academic rigour. The library is one of the research collections in Britain for the study of Central and Eastern Europe. Subsidiary fields of interest are the arts in general, demography, ethnography, material is also collected on the former German Democratic Republic, the history of Germany and Austria, the Lusatian Sorbs, and Slavonic and Ugro-Finnic studies in general. The school moved to the building in the summer of 2005 after nearly 90 years at Senate House, václav Klaus, President of the Czech Republic, delivered the keynote address of his visit to the UK at a ceremony to open the building in October 2005. Following Klauss address, the Princess Royal unveiled the stone to mark the opening of the building. The building was designed by award-winning architects Short and Associates

41.
University Marine Biological Station Millport
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The University Marine Biological Station Millport was a higher education institution located on the island of Great Cumbrae in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, and run by the University of London. It closed in 2013 and is now Millport Field Centre, run by the Field Studies Council, located just outside the town, it has an extensive curriculum and research programme, with an influx of students throughout the academic year. A Museum and Aquarium is open to visitors, in May 2003 the station took delivery of the Macduff-built, 22-metre marine research vessel RV Aora. The station also functions as a Meteorological Office Weather Station and Admiralty Tide Monitor, the Ark, an 84ft lighter, was fitted out as a floating laboratory by the father of modern oceanography, Sir John Murray. She formed the Scottish Marine Station for 12 years from 1884, in 1885 she was moved from Granton and drawn up on the shore at Port Loy, Cumbrae. She attracted a stream of distinguished scientists, drawn by the richness of the fauna and flora of the Firth of Clyde, in Millport, an amateur naturalist, David Robertson, was encouraged by meeting Anton Dohrn and by the wealth of findings from the Challenger expedition. In 1894 he formed a committee to build a station in Millport. Millport Marine Biological Station was opened in 1897 by Sir John Murray, the Ark was totally destroyed by a great storm on the night of 20 January 1900. On 21 July 1904 Scotia, the ship of Dr William Speirs Bruces Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, returned to her first Scottish landing site, from this beginning the station was gradually built up to its present size. The original building proved too small for the purpose and a copy was built alongside. From 1966 to 1987 the station ran under the Directorship of Ronald Ian Currie FRSE who was responsible for the creation of RV Challenger, UMBSM closed on 31st October 2013. Ownership was transferred to the Field Studies Council on 1 January 2014, in May 2014 a four-million-pound package of funding was announced that is intended to allow a comprehensive programme of development and refurbishment to be completed over five years. Sheina Marshall Official website University Marine Biological Station Millport – official website

42.
St Thomas's Hospital Medical School
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St Thomass Hospital Medical School in London was one of the oldest and most prestigious medical schools in the UK. The school was absorbed to form part of Kings College London and it was part of one of the oldest hospitals in London, St Thomas Hospital established in 1173 but whose roots can be traced to the establishment of St Mary Overie Priory in 1106. According to historical records St Thomass Hospital Medical School was founded in about 1550 and it was admitted as a school of the University of London in 1900 but remained a constituent part of St Thomas Hospital until 1948 when it formally became part of the university. In 1982 it merged with the school at Guys Hospital to form the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guys. In turn UMDS was absorbed by Kings College London School of Medicine and Dentistry, unlike the hospital which in recent times dropped the possessive s, the medical school continued with the original spelling. Charles Scott Sherrington - Nobel Prize for Physiology for work on functions of neurons Havelock Ellis - Physician, sexual psychologist, W. Somerset Maugham - Playwright, novelist, short story writer. Eric Anson - New Zealands first specialist anaesthetist, max Theiler - Virologist, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951 for developing a vaccine for yellow fever. Harold Ridley - ophthalmologist who invented intraocular lens Rustom Jal Vakil - Eminent Indian cardiologist, richard Doll - Epidemiologist and physiologist, established link between smoking and cancer. Dame Cecily Saunders DBE OM - Nurse, physician and social worker who developed the concept of the hospice and was a pioneer of palliative care, walter W. Holland CBE - Epidemiologist and public health physician David Owen - Labour Foreign Secretary and founder of the Social Democratic Party. Jeffrey Tate - Conductor Fiona Wood AM - Plastic surgeon, Australian of the Year 2005, tony Freemont AM - Current head of Manchester Medical School. Lists of St. Thomass Hospital Medical School students List of St. Thomass Hospital Medical School military personnel, 1914-1918

43.
Westfield College
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Westfield College was a small college situated in Kidderpore Avenue, Hampstead, London, and was a constituent college of the University of London from 1882 to 1989. The college originally admitted only women as students and became coeducational in 1964, in 1989, Westfield College merged with Queen Mary College. The merged institution was named Queen Mary and Westfield College until 2013, the college was founded in 1882 by Constance Louise Maynard and Ann Dudin Brown. Dudin Brown had intended to found a school but she had been persuaded otherwise by Maynard and Mary Petrie Dudin Brown was the founding benefactress. Eleanor Constance Lodge was Principal of Westfield from 1921 to 1931, Mary Stocks from 1939 to 1951, until the mid-1980s residences were still segregated. In the mid-to-late 1980s, the University of London underwent considerable reorganisation, consequently, Westfield was merged with Queen Mary College in 1989, forming Queen Mary and Westfield College. Most student accommodation, administrative offices and several academic departments continued to be based at the Hampstead campus until 1992, however, the new, combined, College was finally located at Queen Marys site in Mile End, East London from 1992 onwards. However, some moved to Kings College London and many academic staff moved to other colleges. A history of the college called Castle Adamant in Hampstead was published in 1983, Kings College London took over the former Westfield site, which has been divided up over the years. The majority of the side of the site was demolished in the early 1990s to make way for The Westfield Apartments. The remainder of the side was used by Kings College as student accommodation. The north side of the remains in use as student accommodation, with Orchard I and II renamed for Lord Cameron and Rosalind Franklin. Until 2005, the Old House was home to the London Jewish Cultural Centre, the Westfield College name was lost following the 2013 change of the merged institutions legal name to Queen Mary University of London. The new colleges student accommodation complex is named the Westfield Student Village as a reminder of the history of Westfield College. Moreover, the Westfield Trust Prize, a cash prize given to outstanding undergraduate or postgraduates studying at Queen Mary, has been established in memory of the college. Jane Coker Karen Morgan Thomas mentioned in Hansard Chris Mitchell Women@QM Project and Exhibition, a celebration of students and teachers Westfield College student lists

44.
Wye College
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In 1898, Wye became a School of Agriculture within the University of London. Until 2005, Wye College was a study and research centre in the fields of rural business and management, biological sciences. The college was closed by its then owner, Imperial College London. The main campus and several buildings have been owned by Telareal Trillium since 2015 who are developing a masterplan involving some new housing. The Wye campus developed from 1894 until 2000 and it occupies a 3 km² estate, which includes a farm, managed woodland, and ancient grassland for agroecological research. These resources were augmented by glasshouses, climate-controlled growth rooms for plants and insects, there were dedicated laboratories for plant molecular biology, genomics and gene sequencing, electron microscopy, use of radiochemicals, microbiology, soil analysis, and plant/animal cell culture. Some of these lab facilities were removed by Imperial College, there were student halls and other buildings dotted around the village. Commenting on his new appointment, Professor Clark said, Wye College has a reputation for excellence in teaching. I am looking forward to acting as Wyes champion and helping to preserve, the second was Professor Jeff Waage from 2001, who resigned in 2004. In 2004, the new Rector of Imperial, Richard Sykes, announced that the Department of Agricultural Sciences was closing, up to 12,500 jobs were planned if the research hub developed fully. Villagers were not informed of the scale of the proposals, which included housing, a new motorway link was also proposed. The plan provoked bitter opposition both locally and nationally, and was seen as a test case for other attempts to build in AONBs, in 2006, Ashford Borough Council withdrew its support, and Imperial College abandoned its plans. This decision was hailed as a key victory to preserve the status of the AONB, in 2007, the University of Kent agreed to run some undergraduate applied business management courses from the college buildings in 2007 for a short time, before transferring them it its main campus. The Wye College campus was closed in September 2009 and Imperial College sought to develop the estate or to find tenants for it. An effort by Imperial to sell off Withersdane Hall was first halted with council intervention, a proposal to restore the agricultural college, with accreditation from the University of Buckingham, was advanced in 2010, but was later withdrawn. A proposal for a Wye Free School, initially with an entry of Year 7 students was received in 2012 by the Council, the school opened to Year 7 pupils in September 2013 in the Kempe Building. In 2014, the PROMIS Clinics re-purposed Withersdane Hall as a rehabilitation clinic, in 2015, the main College campus and village houses were sold to a large property management and development company, Telereal Trillium. Their intentions for the site are being developed with public consultations on a new website, new housing forms part of the proposals

45.
Senate House Libraries
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The Senate House Libraries was a group of libraries based in Bloomsbury which together comprised an extensive research collection across the humanities and social sciences. It existed under this name from 2011 to 2013, the previous umbrella name, University of London Research Library Services was replaced by Senate House Libraries on 1 April 2011 in a rebranding exercise. The Senate House Libraries group was dismantled in 2013, in 2014 Senate House Library joined the School of Advanced Study, University of London - Senate House Libraries Senate House Library

International Programmes Administrative Building, Stewart House, University of London. Also seen here is the University of London Institute in Paris, located on the Esplanade des Invalides in central Paris