Exemplos da Internet (não verificados pela redação)

This process has taken place particularly in connection with the pro- duction of numerous copies of the Buddhist canon, but soon spread to the corpus of autochthonous works, whose number now grew considerably.

By the mid-20th century the number of manuscript and xylographs in Tibetan language, be it of sin- gle works or of collections of various sizes, had grown enormously, and despite the immense destruction that a great part of these material has undergone, thousands of manuscripts and xylographs are still available.

A number of plain, or ‘ black ’, copies were written together with the Golden Kanjur or later on, during the 17th century.

Some fragments of these exemplars are preserved in libraries in Europe, Mongolia and China, but the only complete – and probably the oldest – ‘black’ manuscript of Ligdan Khan’s Kanjur is kept at the St Petersburg State University Library.

This was discovered in Inner Mongolia in 1892 by the brilliant Russian scholar Alexei M. Pozdneev (1856–1920).

Then, some time later, I transcribed the texts and - based on this evidence - established a short survey on the grammar and a glossary.

In December 1995 I went again to il-Xalil for three weeks, showed the manuscript to the speakers, who refined and corrected the transcription with me and also answered a few more questions on grammar and vocabulary.

I submitted this thesis in 1996 to Prof. Dr. Otto Jastrow and was awarded the Master of Arts degree of the University of Heidelberg (Semitic Studies).

Objectives The aim of this sub-project is to survey and analyse practices of scribes of Sanskrit manuscripts in demarcating texts from paratexts or from other texts, as well as sec- tions of a text from each other, and to contribute to a broader understanding of such practices in manuscript cultures, as well as to the working out of more precise, non culture-specifi c, terminology for their description.

Cooperation with other subprojects This sub-project plays an important role within General Area B, since the devices by which texts of works, or sections thereof, are visually distinguished is one of the main sub-areas within the larger fi eld of visual organization of manuscripts;

within that area, it has particularly close affi nity with B05, in which form and function of layout in Arabic manuscripts of religious texts is studied.

This has surely been influenced by the rise of electronic media, which has stimulated historical and systematic inquiry, both in the humanities and cultural studies.

At the same time, in Asia and in Africa manuscripts have been rediscovered as a part of cultural heritages, and the vast quantities of manuscripts ( conservatively estimated at approximately 10 million ) have begun to be catalogued, recorded and made accessible.

Based on the work of the DFG-Reasearch Group 963 - " Manuscript Cultures in Asia and Afrika " (2008-2011) the Centre for the Studies of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC) is engaged in fundamental research, investigating from both a historical and comparative perspective, based on material artifacts, the empirical diversity of manuscript cultures.

This version is the result of a merging of traditions concerning Garimā writing the Gospels, that is attested in both the manuscript tradition of the Acts of Garimā (in several redactions) and the Synaxarion (a collection of short readings commemorating the death of the saints during the liturgical year);

The copying of all three textual layers of the last original folio ( the text of the Qur ’ an, commentaries in Arabic and glosses in Old Kanembu ) shows that there was no text unworthy of copyist ’ s restoration undertaking.

His carefulness was most probably driven by veneration of the whole manuscript as a collection of exegetical practices across generations.

Although Syrian and Armenian Christians printed a handful of works in their languages in the second half of the 17th century in Iran, the techniques of type printing they used was not adopted for the production of Persian books.

Upon closer observation, the change from manuscript to printing can be seen to have been an ongoing, complex coexistence of the old writing technique and the two new printing techniques (type print and lithography), and lasted two to three generations.

A key innovator in calligraphy during the lithography period, and in the opinion of many the greatest master of calligraphy of all times, was Moḥammad Reżā Kalhor (died in 1893).

New in the online dictionary - hundreds of millions of translated examples from the internet!

Unique: The editorially approved PONS Online Dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the Internet. See how foreign-language expressions are used in real life.
Real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity!

How do I find the new sentence examples?

Enter a word (“newspaper”), a word combination (“exciting trip”) or a phrase (“with all good wishes”) into the search box.
The search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples, which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase.

This new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts, which we have found for you on the Internet, directly within many of our PONS dictionary entries.

Exemplos da Internet (não verificados pela redação)

What are the advantages?

The PONS Dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades.
In addition, the Dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real-life translation examples from external sources. So, now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts.
You can find the answers to questions like “Can you really say … in German?” And so, you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations.

Where do the “Examples from the Internet” come from?

The “Examples from the Internet” do, in fact, come from the Internet.
We are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes.
The main sources we used are professionally translated company, and academic, websites.
In addition, we have included websites of international organizations such as the European Union.
Because of the overwhelming data volume, it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents.
So, we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation. This is why they are marked “not verified by PONS editors”.

What are our future plans?

We are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations.
In addition, we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage-example databases for other language pairs.
We also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications (mobile website, apps) as quickly as possible.