DCUSH 1301

Dark ages

The Dark ages was a backwards time for Europe, their economy was weak and unstable for the people who lived there. a negative compact was that there was no type of advanced learning for civilians. Only the priests had the advantage of being able to read, because the catholic church dominated the culture. This meant that everyone believed what the Pope had to say. Advantages were the military technology, gunpowder was adopted. Feudalism was a big deal, it was culture nobility (hierarchical)

-400 BCE

North- american Native societies

the eastern woodlands people are one of the societies. They are known as seasonal migrants and for being "connected to nature." Even though they take advantage of natural resources, Pacific Northwest was another society. They lived off of the sea because because there was no farming in that region. Later, the Arctic society. The society consisted of Eskimo and Inuit. They adopted to cold severe weather and lived off of the sea. They lived in natural houses like igloos.

-350 BCE

Mesoamerica

The Olmec's were the first progressed civilization in the America's. They housed in tropical lowlands of south central Mexico. Bloodletting was ritualized, self cutting of piercing of an individuals body. Now the Aztec's was the largest population (20 mil) and was a very materialistic culture. They used human sacrifice in honor of their "God's" They thought human sacrifice as a culture tradition.

-300 BCE

Bering land bridge

This land bridge was to connect the continents North America and Asia to let exploration go to the "new world". The first wave was made up of cultural tools made such as Clovis points that could be used as weapons. Seconds wave were the ancestors of Arctic Natives.

1300

The Renaissance

The renaissance originated in Italy. Leonardo DaVinci was known for architectural structures, paintings, and sculptures. His contribution to this era was he helped share the artwork and ideas through the printing press and invented many useful things. On the other hand, Michelangelo demonstrated realism in his work.

1347

The Black Death

The black death was a plague that was a great tragedy in this era. This bacteria that came from rodents/fleas that killed 40%- 50% of Europe's population. Peasants got the advantage of the population decreasing by receiving a higher standard of living and raised wage's. The merchant society were people who traded in commodities produced by other people. So, in shorter terms a small trading business. Things were sold or traded among different societies

1450

Middle Passage

It is called the Middle Passage because it was the middle leg of the trade triangles that had developed early during the colonial period.The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. The middle passage seemed to have worked for a while.

1492

The Colombian exchange

The Columbian exchange was the widespread exchange of plants, animals, culture, human populations and technology and ideas between the Americas to the old world. Invasive species, including diseases were a factor of the exchange. The changes in agriculture significantly changed global populations. However the significant immediate impact of the Columbian exchange were the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents. .

1607

Chesapeake Colonies

These colonies originated in Jamestown, Virginia. They started as a private charter from the English crown in 1606. It was the first successful colony because of its major cash crop Tobacco. It was known for being a major profit maker. This colony was small (105 settlers) and unfortunately only about 32 survived the severe winter weathers. They were also isolated from natives

1620

New England settlement difference by region

The northern colonies were known for being rather more family orientated. The primary reason for settlement was to practice religion and to be politician-free. New England colonies was based off of manufacturing and trade. This region also consisted of subsistence farming, busy sea ports, ship building, and small villages. Subsistence farming took place because of the poor, thin soil and cold weather they had in this area.

1629

Southern colonies difference by region

The southern colonies were mainly plains with warmer climates and rich, fertile soil that was suitable for cash crop farming. The southern region main purpose for settlement was for economic gain (commercial gain). The south was known off of agriculture. This region consisted of things like slavery, very diverse, constant struggle for money, and jealousy for those with a lot of money.

1630

tobacco

Tobacco became the main cash crop. Over 1 million pounds were exported to England by 1630. Labor was a conflict, but indentured servants were contracted to work although they were freed after 4-7 years. These servants did experience a hard life because of the labor, but employers did feed and supply servants with clothing. They also supplied servants with tools and clothes after they were freed. Others from around did this to pay to come to the new world.

1650

The Atlantic Slave Trade

International African slave trade was made to create a new source of labor for Europe. Slavery increased in the late 1600's. This trade consisted of countries like Spain, Portugal, and Holland. By century, Britain was the largest slave trading nation.

1651

Navigation act

The Navigation Acts were designed to regulate colonial trade and enabled England to collect duties (taxes) in the Colonies. The act required limited dutch trade with the English colonies. Required all goods to be transported on English or colonial American ships.

1692

Salem Witch trials

The Salem witch trials started because of a group young girls who in the Salem village claimed to have been possessed by the devil and accused many local women of witchcraft. In result of accusing the local women, 20 were executed, many were threatened.Those who were accused of witchcraft received consequences such as, getting hanged, drowned or burned. Eventually, the colony had admitted the trials were a mistake and compensated the families of those who got convicted.

1701

carribean colonies

The sugar in this colony was a big deal, sugar was and is the lifeblood of the religion. The Europeans used sugar for almost anything. Their whole population was about 44,000 people. Barbados had island labor and their population was 26,000 people. The slaves will eventually out number the white people, and they had no legal recourse for slaves.

1713

triangular trade

The triangular trading system was the transatlantic slave trade, that worked from the late 16th to early 19th centuries, they carried slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between west Africa, Caribbean, or American colonies and the European colonial powers.

1730

John Edwards

John Edwards had a consumer oriented society who had a quote saying "people are like spiders hanging over a nit of damnation" John Edwards was a philosopher and minister , who was involved in the religious revival known as the Great Awakening.

1730

The Great Awakening

The great awakening was the reaction to secularism was the cause of this event. Secularism is the separation of state from religious institutions. This is the belief that there is no discrimination against anybody in the name of religion. There was a series of emotional religious revivals that spread across the American colonies. Many were then scared into becoming religious after this event had happened

1756

Seven Years War

This war was a large global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763. This war was caused because of the fighting over territories between the French and the British along with their alliances. This all started because the French over expanded into the Ohio River Valley and brought conflict with the British colonies. The treaty of Paris ended this war.

1760

No Taxation without representation

The phrase was generally attributed to James Otis about 1761, that reflected the resentment of American colonists at being taxed by a British Parliament to which they elected no representatives and became an anti-British slogan before the American Revolution

1763

Treaty of Paris 1763

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there.

1765

Stamp act

The new tax that was passed by the British Parliament imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Ship’s papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed. The cost of the Stamp Act was relatively small. The law was so offensive to the colonists was that the standard it seem to set. Before taxes and duties on colonial trade had always been to regulate commerce not raise money.

1767

Townshend Act

A lot of changes were made into the English parliament by Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend in 1767, the Townshend Acts imposed duties on glass, lead, paints, paper and tea imported into the colonies. However, many Americans viewed the taxation as an abuse of power, resulting in the passage of agreements to limit imports from Britain.

1770

Boston Massacre

The Boston Massacre happened when a squad of British soldiers, come to support a sentry who was being pressed by a snowballing crowd, let loose a volley of shots. 3 people were killed immediately and two died later of their wounds. The British officer in charge, Capt. Thomas Preston, was arrested for manslaughter, along with eight soldiers ; all were later found innocent.

1773

Boston Tea Party

In Boston Harbor, a group of Massachusetts colonists dressed up as Mohawk Indians board 3 British tea ships and dump 342 chests of tea into the harbor.The midnight raid was in protest of the British Parliament’s Tea Act of 1773, a bill made to save the faltering East India Company by greatly lowering its tea tax and granting it a virtual monopoly on the American tea trade.

1775

Battle of Lexington

This was the first battle of the revolutionary war fought in Massachusetts. British troops traveled from Boston to seize the colonists' military supplies. Tensions had been building for many years between residents of the 13 American colonies and the British authorities, particularly in Massachusetts. The american's won the battle so the British retreated back to Boston.

1776

Common Sense

This document was written published in 1776. This written statement challenged the authorization of British government and royal monarchy. The main impact from this pamphlet was to help cause American colonists to decide to fight for independence. So in other words this document was like an "instigator". The plain language that Paine used spoke to the common people of America and was the first work to openly ask for independence from Great Britain.

1776

The Declaration of independence

The declaration of independence was a written document by Thomas Jefferson. Thomas wanted to declare freedom for American Colonies from British Parliament. With the Revolutionary War in full swing, the movement for independence from Britain had grown, and delegates of the Continental Congress were faced with a vote on the issue.

1781

Articles of confederation

The articles of confederation were the first written constitution of the United States. Under these articles, the states remained sovereign and independent, with the congress the last resort on appeal of disputes. Congress were also given the authority to make treaties and alliances, maintain armed forces and coin money. However the central government lacked the ability to levy taxes and regulate commerce.

1783

Treaty of Paris

The treaty of Paris of 1783 was signed U.S and British Representatives on September 3, 178 and ended the revolutionary war between the American colonies and Great Britain, and recognized the United states as an independent nation.

1786

Shay's rebellion

Shays rebellion was the series of protests by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt. Even though, farmers took up arms in states from New Hampshire to South Carolina the rebellion was mostly in Massachusetts, where bad harvests, economic depression and high taxes threatened farmers with the loss of their farms.

1787

Connecticut plan

The great Compromise, or Connecticut Compromise proposed a solution to the debate between larger and smaller dates over their representation in the newly propose senate. The larger states believed that representation should be based proportionally on the contribution each state made to the nations finances and defense, and the smaller states believed that the only fair plan was on of equal representation. The compromise provided for a dual system of representation.

1787

Three branches of government

There are three branches of government. They are legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch was the branch that created all of the laws. The executive branch executes and enforces the law. Judicial Branch, leaves Congress significant discretion to determine the shape and structure of the federal judiciary.

1787

Northwest Ordinance

The second continental congress chartered a government for the North West territory. They also provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory. Soon after they listed a bill of rights. The Ordinance was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States

1787

Virginia Plan

The Virginia Plan was proposed by the delegates of Virginia for a "bicameral" legislative branch. This plan was passed/ drafted by James Madison. It also proposed a strong central government composed of of the three branches. The plan traced the broad outlines of what would become the U.S. Constitution: a national government consisting of three branches with checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power.

1789

Bill of rights

The bill of rights was created in response to calls from several states for guaranteed, and greater constitutional protection for individual rights, there are ten amendments in the bill of rights. It lists specific prohibitions on government power.

1789

Federalist Party

Alexander Hamilton started this party along with his other associates to promote their political ideas. This party believed in a centralized, strong central government. They also felt that the constitution should be more open and loose on the people. This was the first George Washington administration.

1791

The first bank of the United States

The first Bank of the United States was made to serve for federal funds and as the governments fiscal agent. Initially made by Alexander Hamiliton, the first bank was granted a twenty- year charter by congress in spite of the opposition of the jeffersonians to whom it represented the dominance of mercantile over agrarian interests and an unconstitutional use of federal power.

1791

whiskey rebellion

The Whiskey Rebellion was a uprising of farmers and distillers in Western Pennsylvania in protest of a whiskey tax because of the federal government. Following years of aggression with tax collectors, the region finally exploded in a confrontation that had President Washington respond by sending troops to quell what some feared could become a full-blown revolution

1792

Democrat- Republicans

The democrat-republicans was a political party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. It was made to oppose the centralized government that the federalists wanted to enforce. Everything the federalist party wanted, the democrat-republican party basically wanted the opposite.

1794

cotton gin

In 1794, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. The cotton gin revolutionized the production of cotton by speeding the process of taking out the seeds out from the cotton fiber. Cotton had become America’s leading export. The cotton gin made little money for Whitney because of patent – infringement issues. Whitney’s invention offered southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery even as a growing number of American’s supported his abolition.

1794

Jays Treaty

This treaty was initially signed to avoid anymore conflict like war with Britain. They were basically "Pro-British" and did not want anything to do with them. It was used to stop Britain from impressing American sailors.

1795

Pickney's treaty

Pickney's treaty was a document written in 1795 to establish intentions of friendships between the U.S an Spain. This treaty was also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo. Not only did this try to establish allies, it also set boundaries between the U.S and Spanish colonies. It also guaranteed the U.S navigation rights on the Mississippi Rive

1797

XYZ affair

The XYZ affair was a group of people that were political and diplomatic. The one who started this group was John Adams, involving a confrontation between the US and the French as an attempt to start war with Britain. Once the diplomats arrived overseas they tried to meet with France’s foreign minister, Charles de Talleyrand. Put them off and eventually had three agents inform the U.S. commissioners that in order to see him they first would have to pay him a hefty bribe

1798

Kentucky Resolution

This resolution also involved the state of Virginia. These were political statements used for the states' legislatures took the position that the federal alien and sedition acts were unconstitutional. Madison hoped that would oppose against the legislative receiving power

1803

Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana Purchase was made by Thomas Jefferson in 1803. He bought this great piece of land for $15 million dollars from the French. It was roughly about 827,000 miles across of land. This large purchase doubled the size of the United States. It gave the U.S control over the Mississippi River and port city of New Orleans for beneficial reasons one of them being money.

1804

Lewis and Clark Expedition

This expedition lasted about 2 years. It was known for being the first American expedition to cross over to the western region of the United States. If it wasn't for a young woman named "Sacagawea" who was Native American they would not have survived this expedition because she knew how to get around. Through all tough obstacles they were successful and did discover the new lands in the western regions .

1807

Embargo Act

This act was a law passed by the U.S Congress and was signed by Thomas Jefferson. It prohibited American ships from trading in foreign ports. It was mainly to avoid any more conflict with British parliament.

1809

madison presidency

James Madison was a founding father of the united states and the fourth American president. Madison was an advocate for a strong federal government. Madison composed the firsts drafts of the U.S Constitution and the bill of rights and got the name “Father of the Constitution” During his presidency, Madison led the U.S into the controversial War of 1812 against Great Britain.

1815

Changes in transportation

Between 1815-1840 state governments and private investors built more than 3,000 miles of canals, including the monumental Erie, which reduced average freight costs from buffalo to New York. At the same time steamboats began to open to the nations river system to inexpensive upriver travel. The steamboat began to open to the nation’s river system to inexpensive upriver travel. The steam boat quickly accelerated trade on the Mississippi River.Other various transportation were invented.

1815

Changes in communication

The telegraph revolutionized long- distance communication. It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laird between stations. Printing was also invented in the 1800s. Because of the innovation of printing, it let news spread out easier, printing helped out with advertising.

1819

McCulloch vs. Maryland

. Maryland had placed a prohibitive tax on the notes of the second bank of the United States. When the Maryland courts confirmed this law, the bank in the name of the of its Baltimore branch, cashier James McCulloch appealed the Supreme Court and refused to pay the tax. The court held that Congress held the power to incorporate the bank and that Maryland could not tax instruments of the national government employed in the execution of constitutional powers. This was a major Supreme court case.

1820

Temperance Movement

This movement had a significant impact on the United States. This act was dedicated to try and prohibit alcohol and promote complete abstinence of it. Many believed intoxicating liquor was bad so therefore they attempted to get rid of it.

1820

Second Great Awakening

The Second Great Awakening had a profound effect on American religious history. The numerical strength of the Baptists and Methodists rose relative to that of the denominations dominant in the colonial period, such as the Anglicans

1824

Election of 1824

The 1824 presidential election marked the final collapse of the Republican-Federalist political framework. For the first time no candidate ran as a Federalist, while 5 significant candidates competed as Democratic-Republicans. The winner in the all-important Electoral College was Andrew Jackson, the hero of the War of 1812, with ninety-nine votes. He was followed by John Quincy Adams, the son of the second president and Monroe' secretary of state, who secured 84 votes.

1828

John C. Calhoun

John C. Calhoun, the South’s recognized intellectual and political leader from the 1820s until his death in 1850, devoted much of his remarkable intellectual energy to defending slavery. He developed a two point defense, one was a political theory that the rights of minority section in particular the south needed special protecting the federal union. The second argument was an argument that presented slavery as an institution that benefited all involved.

1829

Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson was a rising young politician by 181. His leadership in that conflict earned Jackson fame as a military hero, and he would become America’s most influential political figure during the 1820s and 1830s. After almost losing to John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential election, Jackson returned 4 years later to win redemption, defeating Adams and becoming the nation’s 7th president.As America’s political party system developed, Jackson became the leader of the new Democratic Party.

1829

Spoils System

The Spoils System, was an arrangement that employed and promoted civil servants (government officials) who were friends and supporters of the political group in power. The word 'spoils' means incidental, secondary, benefits reaped by a winner. The spoils system developed into the firing of political enemies and the hiring of political friend. This was invented when Andrew Jackson was elected president, and it was based on rotation in office and rewarding loyal supporters

1830

Mormons

The Mormon church grew rapidly, gained converts, and Smith set up Mormon communities in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois. However, the Christian sect was also heavily criticized for its unorthodox practices, such as polygamy. These claims and the practice of polygamy caused the Mormons to be shunned. The Mormons were persecuted and so, they migrated west along the Oregon Trail. Led by Brigham Young, the Mormons moved to the western states.

1830

Yeoman Farners

Yeomen farmers who owned their own modest farm and worked it primarily with family labor remains the embodiment of the ideal American: honest, virtuous, hardworking, and independent. These same values made yeomen farmers central to the republican vision of the new nation.

1830

Indian removal act

This act was a law passed by president Andrew Jackson in 1830. It led to the eviction native Americans from their homelands in the southeast. Not only did it remove them from their homes, but it led to the "Trail of tears"

1830

Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism is american literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century. It grew as to protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality. The two most famous transcendentalists are Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

1830

Free Black Communities

Some slaves bought their own freedom from their owners, but this process became more and more rare as the 1800's progressed. Some slaves were set free by their masters as the abolitionist movement grew. Unfortunately, Black's were not offered the same rights as white people.

1831

Nat Turners Rebellion

Nat Turner was a black American slave. In his twenties, Turner was a spiritual leader among his fellow slaves. Turner led the only effective, slave rebellion in the U.S history spreading terrors throughout the south, his action set off a new wave of oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of slaves and stiffened proslavery. Nat Turner and a group of followers killed 60 white men, women, and children on the night of August 21.

1831

Trail of tears

The Trail of Tears was a series of forced removals of Native American nations from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States to an area west of the Mississippi River that had been designated as Indian Territory.

1833

American Anti Slavery

William Lloyd Garrison and a group of other abolitionist founded the American Anti- Slavery Society. These men provided local and state antislavery societies, with an organization that could take their cause to the national level. The AASS hoped to convince both Southerners and Northerners of slavery’s inhumanity. The speakers hoped to convince people that slavery was immoral and ungodly and should be outlawed. The AASS also went to the U.S Congress with petitions calling for the end of slavery.

1834

Changes in Agriculture

The economic developments of this revolution brought many significant changes to the economy. It resulted in increased population and outstanding urbanization in the cities. People moved in from other areas in search of employment. Agricultural improvements were creating the iron plow. The iron plow helped accelerate the process in agriculture.

1835

Greek Revival

Greek revival homes were brought back became popular in the 18th-19th century. These type of architectures were mainly found in Northern Europe and United States. For example, the White House is in the Greek style.

1836

Davy Crockett

Davy Crockett was born in 1786, and died in 1836. He took part in the battle of the Alamo and was killed. He is remembered for being a 19th century american folk hero, frontiersman, and politician.

1840

Oregon trail

The Oregon trail stretched more than 200 thousand miles that carried American settlers from the Midwest to new settlements in Oregon, California, and Utah. It was laid down by fur trappers and traders and could only be traveled by horseback.

1840

Lowell Mills

Lowell mills was a production system created for labor to help those who wanted to be employed. It consisted of female-textile workers that wee usually young and single. They were allowed to live there as well. This event lasted roughly about 10 years.

1842

Underground railroad

This underground railroad was not underground neither was it a railroad. Passages, secret routes, and places were created to help slaves escape plantations they were enslaved on. This railroad helped hundred thousands of slaves escape from bondage in the South.

1844

Election of 1844

Henry Clay was in the Whigs political party and they were upset over Van Buren and James Polk . Polk favored expansion, demanded that Texas and Oregon be added to the US and Clay had already spoken out against annexation. Polk won the election by the difference of one state. Democratic candidate James K. Polk defeated Whig candidate Henry Clay with 170 electoral votes to Clay's 105.

1845

Manifest Destiny

The term manifest destiny originated in the 1840s. It expressed the belief that it was Anglo-Saxon Americans’ providential mission to expand their civilization and institutions across the breadth of North America. This expansion would involve not merely territorial aggrandizement but the progress of liberty and individual economic opportunity as well.It was. The term and the concept were taken up by those desiring to secure Oregon Territory, California, Mexican land in the Southwest.

1845

Annexation Of Texas

The republic of Texas asked become a part of the U.S, and so they agreed. Texas knew that Mexican leaders once told them that if they tried to become part of the states, they would declare war on them. Successfully, Texas became the 28th state of the United States on December 29, 1845.

1846

Mexican American War

In 1845, the United States completed its annexation of Texas, which became the 28th state on December 29. This move led to a breakdown in diplomatic relations with Mexico. After the United States sent troops to a disputed border region around the Rio Grande River, the Mexican-American War broke out. The United States won the two-year battle, and as a result, Mexico relinquished its claims to Texas. It also recognized the Rio Grande as America’s southern border.

1846

Battle of Palo Alto

This battle was the first major battle of the Mexican-American war that was fought. The general for this battle was Zachary Taylor. They defeated the Mexican Force.

1849

Zachary Taylor

The central challenge facing Zachary Taylor as he took office was the sectional debate over slavery and its expansion into the country’s new western territories. The emergence of the antislavery Free Soil Party had intensified southerners’ fears that the abolitionist North would gain control of Congress, and they saw slavery’s extension in the West as the only way of maintaining a balance.

1849

California Gold Rush

The Gold Rush was one of the most significant events to shape American history during the first part of the 19th century. As news spread of the discovery, thousands of prospective gold miners traveled by sea or over land to San Francisco and the surrounding area. A total of $2 billion worth of expensive metal was extracted from the area during the Gold Rush.

1850

Compromise of 1850

Divisions over slavery in territory were resolved in the Compromise of 1850. It consisted of laws admitting California as a free state, creating Utah and New Mexico territories with the doubt of slavery to be determined by popular sovereignty, settling a Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute,ended the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and making it easier for southerners to recover fugitive slaves. One of the legislative bills that were passed as part of the Compromise was the new Fugitive Slave Act.

1850

Fugitive Slave Act

The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soldiers.

1852

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Kentucky farmer and slaveowner is forced by debt to sell two slaves Uncle Tom and Harry, the young son of his wife's servant Eliza to a trader named Haley. Eliza hears the discussion, warns Tom and his wife, and runs away with her child, followed by Haley, who is stopped from catching her when she crosses the Ohio River and is aided by helpful citizens. Haley meets two slave catchers who agree to pursue Eliza and Harry. Meanwhile Tom refuses to run away and is taken by Haley toward New Orleans.

1852

Election of 1852

In 1852, Franklin Pierce was elected to become the new president. It was the 17th quadrennial presidential election. It is important and very similar to the election of 1844. Pierce was a "whig" who had succeeded to presidency.

1854

Kansas- Nebraska Act

The Kansas-Nebrask Act was an 1854 bill that mandated popular sovereignty, allowing settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed within a new state’s borders.The conflicts that arose between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in the aftermath of the act’s passage led to the period of violence known as Bleeding Kansas, and helped paved the way for the American Civil War

1860

Lincolns 10% plan

Lincoln’s blueprint for Reconstruction included the 10% Plan, which specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10% of its voter swore an oath of allegiance to the Union. Voters could then elect delegates to draft revised state constitutions and establish new state governments. All southerners except for higher positions Confederate army officers and government officials would be granted a full pardon.

1861

Ulysses S Grant

Ulysses Grant and served as the 18th U.S. president from 1869 to 1877, Grant fought in the Mexican-American War. During the Civil War, Grant, an aggressive and determined leader, was given command of all the U.S. armies. After the war he became a national hero, and the Republicans nominated him for president, A primary focus of Grant’s administration was Reconstruction, and he worked to reconcile the North and South while also attempting to protect the civil rights of newly freed black slaves.

1861

women at war

During the Civil War, American women turned their attention to the world outside their home. Thousands of women in the North and South joined volunteer brigades and signed up to work as nurses to help injured soldiers. It was the first time in American history that women played a significant role in a war effort. This changed many perspectives over women

1862

Robert E Lee

Robert E. Lee served as the legendary general of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. In June 1861, Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia, which he would lead for the rest of the war. Lee invaded the North, only to be defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg. With Confederate defeat, Lee continued on, battling Union General Ulysses S. Grant in a series of clashes in Virginia in 1864-65 before finally surrendering.

1862

Emancipation Proclamation

The emancipation proclamation was an act that was passed as an attempt to abolish slavery. The aim of the war changed to include the freeing of slaves in addition to preserving the Union. The Proclamation made freeing the slaves an explicit goal of the Union war effort.

1863

Gettysburg

President Abraham Lincoln was invited to deliver remarks, at the official dedication ceremony for the National Cemetery of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, on the site of one of the bloodiest and most decisive battles of the Civil War. Lincoln’s 273-word address would be remembered as one of the most important speeches in American history. He said the principles of human equality in the Declaration of Independence and the sacrifices of the Civil War with the desire for “a new birth of freedom"

1863

Carpetbaggers

In the history of the United States, a carpetbagger was a Northerner who moved to the South after the American Civil War during the Reconstruction era. It is a political candidate that seeks election in an area where they have no local connections.

1863

Battle of Vicksburg

This was the most brilliant military campaigns of the civil war era. The union forces unfortunately defeated confederacy forces at Vicksburg. The victory game them control of the Mississippi River and it also split the confederate states in half.

1865

Freedmen's Bureau

Established in 1865 by Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War. The Freedmen’s Bureau provided food, housing and medical aid, established schools and offered legal assistance. It also attempted to settle former slaves Confederate lands seized or abandoned during the war. However, the bureau was stopped from fully carrying out its programs due to a shortage of funds and personnel, along with the politics of race and Reconstruction.

1865

13th Amendment

The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution officially abolished slavery in America, and was ratified in 1865, after the conclusion of the American Civil War. The president and other Republicans knew that the Emancipation Proclamation might be viewed as a short term war measure and not outlaw slavery once the Civil War ended, so they focused on having a constitutional amendment that would do so. It gave freedom to the people of the United States.

1865

40 Acres and a Mule

The Federal government’s failure to give land after the Civil War and the economic issues that African Americans suffered as a result. As Northern armies moved through the South at the end of the war, blacks began taking land left by whites. Rumors developed that land would be taken from Confederates.In 1863 President Lincoln ordered 20,000 acres of land taken in South Carolina sold to freedmen in 20 acre plots. Secretary of the Treasury Chase offered 40 acres per family.

1865

Appomattox Courthouse

The confederate states ( the south) surrendered at the Appomattox courthouse. General Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to General Ulysses S. Grant there as well. This effectively ended the civil war leaving them at peace.

1867

Ku Klux Klan

The KKK group was a group of white supremacist men that despised blacks or any other race that is not white. It was known for being a "social club" for people. They would outrage and soon enough, constitutional conventions filled with important republican leaders, became victims of violence. They will frighten many blacks, and torturing them

1868

14th Amendment

The 14th amendment had been made to make any person who's born in the United States, a citizen no matter what background they carry. The Constitution states: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." It also states that any citizen born in the U.S may have their rights taken "nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"