Chapters 6,7,13

Studying deviance in sports presents unique problems partly because many of the actions accepted in sports may be considered to be deviant outside sports.

True

One of the four specific problems faced when studying deviance in sports is that there are rules that prohibit arresting athletes in some communities.

False

In this chapter, the author uses an absolutist approach to discuss and explain deviance in sports.

False

Oscar Pistorius appealed the decision by the international track and field governing organization because he believed that his carbon fiber prosthetic legs should not be considered to be deviant.

True

Deviant underconformity is dangerous because, in extreme cases, it is associated with fascism in society.

False

The Sport Ethic only becomes a source of deviance in sports when athletes begin to make up their own rules.

False

Hubris is a form of pride-driven arrogance that often characterizes groups in which deviant overconformity is common.

True

Deviant overconformity in sports is most effectively controlled by helping athletes to learn how and when to set limits as they play sport

True

Research shows that rates of both on-the-field and off-the-field deviance are out of control in the United States because athletes today lack character and are motivated entirely by greed.

False

Research shows that the athletes most likely to use banned substances are those who are least committed to sports and to their teammates.

False

Research shows that drug testing has become so efficient and widely accepted in recent years that drug and substance use among athletes has declined significantly.

False

The author concludes that the use of performance-enhancing substances is consistent with the culture of power and performance sports today.

True

Aggression and violence both refer to actions that violate laws designed to protect the security of people and their possessions.

False

Rates of violence in sports today are nearly double what they have been at any other time in history.

False

Athletes may be marginalized or punished in their sports and by fellow athletes if they engage in quasi-criminal or criminal violence.

True

Commercialization and greed are the primary causes of violence in contact sports.

False

The men who play quad rugby are so sensitive to the consequences of violence that they regulate their games to minimize brutal body contact and possible injuries.

False

Research shows that women have natural impulses that prevent them from engaging in violent sports.

False

Research shows that boys and men who play power and performance sports learn that brutal body contact should be avoided so they can stay healthy and keep playing.

False

Research proves that as the amount of contact increases in a sport, the athletes in that sport are more likely to engage in violent actions off the field.

False

When male athletes engage in physical assaults, they are most likely to target people who they define as unworthy of their respect.

True

The boxers studied by Loïc Wacquant all agreed that boxing teaches men to be violent in the rest of their lives.

False

Spectators at Major League Baseball games today are much more violent than the spectators who attended baseball games in the early part of the last century when people were civil and respectful of others.

False

Research shows that spectator violence is associated with perceived violence on the field of play.

True

Long-term efforts to control spectator violence require the creation and support of antiviolence norms among spectators.

True

Politics refers primarily to the ways that power is gained and used in social life.

True

Research shows that fairness and human rights would improve if government stayed out of the way and allowed the free market to operate without regulations.

False

When the population of a nation is very diverse, a government is likely to use sports to promote national unity and identity.

True

Research shows that the relationships formed in connection with sports generally carry over to other spheres and contribute significantly to community vitality and solidarity

False

History shows that when government intervention in sports occurs, priority is more often given to recreational sports that serve large numbers of people rather than highly organized elite sports.

False

Because Olympic bid committees in the United States have refused to bribe officials from the International Olympic Committee, U.S. cities have seldom been chosen to host the games.

False

Superpower nations have an impact on the economies of other nations, but they do not have an impact of sports in other nations.

False

One of the primary stated goals of Olympism is to blend sport with culture and education.

True

The author suggests that the Olympic motto of "Citius, Altius, Fortius" ("faster, higher, stronger") should be replaced with a motto that emphasizes the shared interests of all humanity.

True

Large corporations are now as important as nation-states in shaping how global sports are played and defined by people around the world.

True

Consumers of sports equipment and apparel in wealthy nations can do little or nothing to improve the working conditions of laborers who make the products in developing nations.

False

Politics exist in commercial sports but not in college, high school, or community sports.

False

a shared expectation that people use to identify what is acceptable and unacceptable in a social world; norms serve as moral standards that people use to identify deviance

Norm

an action, trait, or idea that people perceive to fall outside the normal range of acceptance in a group or society

Deviance

official expectation that takes the form of a written rule or law

Formal Norms

a custom or unwritten, shared understanding of how a person is expected to think, appear, and act in a social world

Informal Norms

violations of official rules and laws that are punished by official sanctions administered by people in positions of authority

Formal Deviance

violations of unwritten customs and shared understandings that are punished by unofficial sanctions administered by observers or peers

Informal Deviance

an explanatory framework based on the assumption that social norms represent essential principles that constitute an unchanging foundation for identifying good and evil and distinguishing right from wrong

Absolutist Approach

an explanatory framework based on the assumption that deviance occurs when ideas, traits, and actions fall outside the socially determined boundaries that people in a social world generally use to identify what is acceptable and unacceptable in a society or social world

Constructionist Approach

subnormal ideas, traits, and actions that indicate a rejection of norms or ignorance about their existence

Deviant Under-conformity

the social condition that exists when widespread underconformity creates general lawlessness

Anarchy

supranormal ideas, traits, and actions that indicate an uncritical acceptance of norms and a failure to recognize limits to normative conformity

Deviant Over-conformity

the social condition that exists when widespread overconformity creates unlimited obedience to norms or the commands of leaders

Fascism

an interrelated set of norms or standards that are used to guide and evaluate ideas, traits, and actions in a social world (see also sport ethic)

Ethic

a set of norms accepted as the dominant criteria for determining what is required to be defined and accepted as an athlete in power and performance sports

Sport Ethic

pride-driven arrogance and an inflated sense of self-importance that leads one to feel separate from and superior to others

Hubris

actions and appearances that can be imagined as "real" deviance without producing actual negative consequences for anyone involved

Consumptive Deviance

the use of excessive physical force that causes or has obvious potential to cause harm or destruction

Violence

verbal or physical actions grounded in an intent to dominate, control, or do harm to another person (see also violence)

Aggression

the use of words, gestures, and actions that threaten violence or aggression

Intimidation

a social condition that occurs when norms are formed rapidly and followed in a nearly spontaneous manner by large numbers of people

Emotional Contagion

interactive processes of organizing social power and making decisions that affect the lives of people in a social world

Politics

formal organization with the power to make and enforce rules within a particular territory or with a specific collection of people

Governments

the formal institution of a national government plus those parts of civil society—such as education, family, media, and churches—that teach values and ideologies that extend the influence and control of those who make and enforce laws and govern a society

"The State"

an ability to influence people and achieve goals, even in the face of opposition from others

Power

a form of power that comes with a recognized and legitimate status or office in a government, an organization, or an established set of relationships

Authority

public expressions of togetherness in the form of cultural exchanges and general communication among officials from various nations

Public Diplomacy

discussions and decisions about political issues of vital national interest to a nation