4 ‘Migrant’ label subsumes a complex group of refugees, asylum seekers and economic migrants originating from many countriesMain profile – young (incl. UAM) single, maleDriver to migrate by a complex number of factors that both drive (‘push’) and encourage (‘pull’)Continent on the rise but benefits unequal

7 Main Countries of OriginEritreaListed by Freedom House as one of 10 worst countries for press freedomUN Human Council Inquiry (ongoing)Estimates of 4,000 people fleeing monthlyEthiopiaHuman Development Index (ranked 173 of 195)2nd largest population in Africa (est. 90 million)Limitations on human rights, press freedom etcSomaliaClose to 1M displaced in Horn of Africa (esp. Kenya)Returns to South/Central Somalia not advisedFew thousand voluntarily returning (Tripartite Agr.)SomalilandEstimated youth depart to Libya monthlyDriven by unemployment, aspire to migrateSocial media and diaspora influence

12 Office for the High Commissioner of Human RightsPrinciples and Guidelines on Human Rights at International Borders (2013)Regional Processes in Horn of Africa and YemenOther Regional ProcessesSaana Declaration (2013)*Recommendations on:Root causesLaw enforcementIncreased support for return programmesEnhancing cooperation in employment opportunitiesAwareness-raising campaignsStrengthening the refugee protection systemRegional and international cooperationData collection and analysisFollow up mechanismKhartoum Process (2014)AU-HOA Initiative on Human Trafficking and Smuggling of migrants1st Regional Conf. on Human Trafficking & Smuggling in the Horn of Africa held in Khartoum (Nov 2014)Core Countries: Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia & Sudan with neighbouring countries (Djibouti, Kenya, Somalia and South Sudan) & partner countries/organisationsTwo meetings per year, AUC, IOM and UNHCR as SecretariatRegional Committee on Mixed Migration (Annual)**Government-led multi-Ministry, intergovernmental committee on mixed migrationAims to achieve greater regional collaborationLaunched in Ethiopia (2011) then held in Djibouti (2012), Kenya (2013) and Ethiopia (2014)Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons & Related Transnational Crime (2002)Rabat Process,Euro-African Conference on Migration and Development (2006) & Dakar Strategy* Parties to the Saana Declaration are: Bahrain, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, United Arab Emirates, Arab League, the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC), UNHCR and IOM.** Committee Members are: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Somaliland, Puntland and Yemen. Observers include: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan as well as IOM, UNHCR, RMMS and partner organisations/donors.Implemented by State Parties with support from international organisations, NGOs and civil society

13 “One country cannot be the holding place of these never-ending arrivals” Vice-Admiral Foffi, Commander – Italian Fleet “… [B]ecause the West has had a long but uneven engagement with Africa, it is imperative that it also play an important role in forging solutions to Africa’s myriad problems. This will require good will and concerted effort on the part of all those who share the weight of Africa’s historical albatross” Chinua Achebe