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The "industrialization of agriculture" has been one of the tenets of Marxism ever since the Communist Manifesto. But in practice Communist agricultural policy was designed at the technical aspects of large-scale farming and mechanization only. In the meantime, the American "agribusiness" and the West European peasant cooperatives together with processing industries and trade have brought about, in economic and organizational terms, more vertical integration of agriculture than the big socialized farms and the centralized planning and administrative system. Recently, the Communist leaders have come to realize this defect in the application of their concept, and "agro-industrial complexes" have become the order of the day throughout Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The article outlines the notion and implications of vertical integration of agriculture and the differences and similarities- of its application in the East as compared to Western industrialized countries. Special emphasis is placed on the change of mind of Communist economists and on the reasons why, in spite of seemingly superior preconditions, the Soviet-type planned economies were slow to take advantage not only of horizontal concentration already achieved (huge production units), but also of vertical integration (combination of agricultural and non-agricultural activities).

Does the crash of the global financial system have the effect of the fall of the Berlin Wall? Or, to put it more precisely, will capitalism break down too almost twenty years after the fall of communism? From the perspective of October 2008, anti-globalists' gloating over the death of capitalism seems exaggerated despite the fact that the system of private ownership, competition and market economy has been seriously shaken. The awareness that capitalism should be urgently reconfigured (reshaped) rather than thrown in...

In many human sciences, especially political science and economics (and cultural research) there exist many analyses of the impact of statism (etatism) on the functioning of societies. The aim of this article is to show and highlight contemporary phenomena of this doctrine, through inquiry into their origins and character, treated – especially by Austrian and British researchers – as unchangeable. Why Silesia? Why 1526-1740? Several constants existed there. Firstly, it was a province of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, treated in the studies of the history of the rights as state par excellence. Secondly, in the abovementioned period, it was the farthest from, among others, Europe's easternmost economic structure which underwent statist policies modeled on French achievements. Thirdly, Silesia was the last in Europe, and so it was seen as "the most perfect", in practice it was a well worked out and well distorted, form. The article analyzes the issues of the organization and development of central public administration structures and their impact on economic statism, according to the scheme:1. Ideological basis of statism in Silesia,2. Implementation through the creation of central offices,3. The taking of the highest economic offices by the Emperor’s adherents,4. Giving the greatest land fortunes to people involved in the politics of Vienna Court,5. News from the fiscal policy agenda,6. Economic basis of the creation a new social order/hierarchy.Such a system is related to the value of chronological changes.When conducting an explanation, it proved to be the best to use synchronic, genetic, philological, evolutionary and sociological methods and elements of comparative, progressive and retrogressive and argumentum ex silentio methods as well.

The author of the article puts forward a thesis that the period in the international relations that came after the Cold War has already been completed and we are now in another one, to which he gives the name of the Post-Lisbon order. So far, in the discourse on the international relations it is called the post-Cold War order, without a clear distinction of its timeframe. The author, who presents a theoretical introduction of the definition of the international order which he perceives as a way of determining the relationship between international actors, who also presents the most important provisions of the Treaty of Lisbon and the New NATO Strategic Concept (adopted in Lisbon), called the new period a post-Lisbon order. By analyzing the presented problems the article constitutes an attempt to prove the thesis which was put forward at the beginning.

This article has empirically claimed that: a) the level and the pace of increase of average wages and salaries is smaller in the region of eastern wali than in the rest of Poland; the disparity is growing, which is an alarming phenomenon from the point of view of the policy of cohesion; b) eastern wali contributes less to the Polish society of value added computed per single employed person and per single inhabitant. This means that, in this scope, it is developing slower than the rest of Polish voivodships

The goal of this article is to rate homebuyers activity in Szczecin divided into primary and secondary markets against the principles of the government program "House for the Young" (HftY). In particular, analyzed the prices of units sold in the fi rst quarter of 2014, which weighs against the price limit of the program. It was a discussion on the merits of exclusion from the fi nance market as well as the spatial impacts of government intervention aimed at supporting the construction of a development, which develops on the outskirts of cities or outside their boundaries, strengthening the phenomenon of urban sprawl, that urban sprawl outside the city center. The study used data from notarial deeds, focusing on house sales in the fi rst quarter of 2014, which began to operate this talked-about HftY program. The analysis also used the data concerning the program developed by the BGK, and the results of the Census of population and housing conducted by the CSO in 2011.

With the development of geoinformation technologies and geoinformation mapping the sphere of activity of professional geographers and cartographers has been enriched by a wide application of databases (DB). They enable geographical information to be put in order in a user-friendly system. The article considers the methodological aspects of the organizations and creation of such a system - the "Municipal settlements of Ukraine" databases. The basic stages and databases forming the principles which the author designated during the creation of this specific database are highlighted. The DB structure is revealed - the list of the data included in every table is given. The ways of DB applications are determined; they consist in using DB for the creation of various cartographic studies and reference books about the municipal settlements in Ukraine. The prospects of DB development and perfection are considered.

In the introduction of the study we will focus first of all on defining basic concepts: automotive industry and automotive market. While the denotation of automotive industry includes research, development, production and sale of new motor vehicles and trailers, in broader context also the production of automotive components, official authorized import of motor vehicles and their trading as well as training of professionals for the automotive, supplier and related industries, automotive market involves only trading in motor vehicles and trailers. Further, in the study we remind of the fact that the Law on Road Traffic divides automobiles according to the same design features (e.g. body type, wheelbase, trunk volume) into categories (Category L up to Category V). However, producers determine the character of automobiles before their assignment into classes (Class A up to Class H4), which differ from each other not only by construction features, but also by the extent of the basic equipment and the level of price. Consequently, we distinguish the mass brands of cars and the premium brands of cars. Finally, in the study we draw attention to the official import of personal motor vehicles and their trading by importers in Slovak Republic. We describe tasks of importers and authorized vendors. Following the implementation of marketing activities associated with the brand of vehicles while maintaining the main marketing and communication strategies of the parent company, we interpret partial outcomes of the survey carried out among them.

„The Żyrardów Affair” was the loudest case of interwar period. It is an excellent source to learn about the history of foreign capital in Poland. A major role was played by Alexander Lednicki – a lawyer, the leader of Moscow’s Poles in the period of the Russian Empire, former president of the Liquidation Committee for the Affairs of the former Kingdom of Poland, and president of the American Bank in Poland in the interwar period. He participated in the signing of the agreement in Biskupice, for what he was called a traitor to the Polish state. After this event, he committed suicide. His son, Wenceslaus, stood in defense of Alexander Lednicki’s honour. Thanks to his initiative, the convened Civil Court composed of well- known people in contemporary Poland. After initial process, Lednicki was acquitted of the charges against him.

The purpose of the article is to present the concept of decent work and to evaluate the possibility of applying this concept in the practice of developing countries. The author has chosen Latin American countries because some of them have explicitly accepted decent work as a tool to combat the consequences of the crisis and to achieve continuing, balanced growth. In the first part of the article decent work is compared with the concept of flexicurity, employed in the European Union; the second part presents Latin American experiences from the recent crisis, where the appropriate labor market regulations were considered as a means of supporting internal demand and achieving socially accepted income distribution, consistent with stable long-term growth

The present paper aims at analysing the management of companies during crisis situations and the role that leaders have in surmounting these states. Contemporary studies on management consider leadership as a behavioural act focused on reaching a target (helping the company overcome a crisis), which involves at least two “actors”: on the one hand, the social leader (the “shadow” leader) and, on the other, the professional leader (the technical expert). A complementary leader is the person that manages to meet both the qualities of a professional leader, and those of a social leader.

In our survey article, we present a holistic regulation framework for the banking sector. The
article is based on European banks that are part of the European Monetary Union (EMU).
Initially, we focus on the timelines and review the integration of the European Monetary
Union, relevant legislation and information on member countries’ banking sectors. This
information creates the framework for our analysis.
A regulation framework for the banking sector should be characterised by transparency,
responsibility and performance in several important areas. These areas are the global and
European framework for corporate financial reporting (CFR), risk management (RM),
stockholder value creation (SVC), corporate governance (CG), corporate social responsibility
(CSR) and sustainable development (SD).
The regulation framework for the banking sector must also consider the fiscal and monetary
environment in which a banking institution operates. The global rating system and the rating
agencies will also have an important impact on any regulation framework for the banking
sector. These two factors play a key role when a financial, credit or debt crisis occurs.
Our article considers all of the above factors in creating a holistic regulation framework for
the banking sector to present in the context of the recent financial, credit and debt crises that
have taken place in the EMU.

Neoliberalism is subject to conflicting interpretations. Although often associated with the relation between state and market, neoliberalism is certainly beyond the scope of these relationships. It is a complex phenomenon composed of beliefs, practices and institutions. Neglecting any of these elements leads to a misunderstanding of the whole. One of the most complex issues facing those who deal with the issue of neoliberalism is to establish a connection between normative recommendations of neoliberal theory and political and economic changes in market economies. Elementary insights into economic changes over the last decades show that there is a certain correspondence between the neoliberal ideas and the trajectory of many capitalist economies, but also clear discrepancies. The goal of this paper is to investigate the analytical potential of the "embeddedness" concept in the analysis of discrepancies between neoliberal theory and practice.

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