In a famous demonstration, Galileo supposedly dropped a heavy weight and a light
weight from the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa to show that both weights fall at the same acceleration. Actually, this rule is true
only if there is no air resistance. This demonstration lets you repeat Galileo's experiment in a vacuum.

A clear, plastic, rigid-walled tube with at least a 1 inch (2.5 cm) inner diameter
and at least 3 feet (90 cm) long. Available at your local plastic store. (Longer tubes show the effect more clearly.)

A solid rubber stopper and a one-hole rubber stopper to fit in the ends of the plastic tube.

A section of copper tubing about 4 inches (10 cm) long that fits tightly in the hole in the rubber stopper (glass
tubing can be used if care is taken).

A vacuum pump (use a regular lab vacuum pump if available; if not, use a small hand pump such as Mityvac®).

2 hose clamps.

Adult help.

(30 minutes or less)

Insert the solid stopper firmly into one end of the plastic tube. Put the coin and feather in the tube. Push the
copper tube through the one-hole stopper, and firmly insert the stopper in the other end of the plastic tube. Push the vacuum tubing
over the copper tube and secure it with a hose clamp, if needed. Attach the other end of the vacuum tubing to the pump; again, use a
hose clamp if needed.

(15 minutes or more)

Invert the tube and let the objects fall. Notice that the
feather falls much more slowly than the coin. Now pump the air out of the tube and invert it again (the pump can remain attached while
you invert the tube). Notice that the feather falls much more rapidly than before - in fact, it falls almost as fast as the coin. Let
the air back into the tube and repeat the experiment. (Try to avoid rubbing the wall of the tube; otherwise, static electricity may
make the feather stick to it.)

Galileo predicted that heavy objects and light ones would fall at the same rate. The reason for this is simple. Suppose the coin has
50 times as much mass as the feather. This means that the earth pulls 50 times as hard on the coin as it does on the feather. You might
think this would cause the coin to fall faster. But because of the coin's greater mass, it's also much harder to accelerate the coin
than the feather - 50 times harder, in fact! The two effects exactly cancel out, and the two objects therefore fall with the same
acceleration.

This rule holds true only if gravity is the only force acting on the two objects. If the objects fall in air, then air resistance
must also be taken into account. Larger objects experience more air resistance. Also, the faster an object is falling, the more air
resistance it feels. When the retarding force of the air just balances the downward pull of gravity, the object will no longer gain
speed; it will have reached what is called its terminal velocity. Since the feather is so much lighter than the coin, the air
resistance on it very quickly builds up to equal the pull of gravity. After that, the feather gains no more speed, but just drifts
slowly downward. The heavier coin, meanwhile, must fall much longer before it gathers enough speed so that air resistance will balance
the gravitational force on it. The coin quickly pulls away from the feather.

The terminal velocity of a falling human being with arms and legs outstretched is about 120 miles per hour (192 km
per hour) - slower than a lead balloon, but a good deal faster than a feather!