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Analysis of simultaneous load effects - 1 APT (Arbitrary Point in Time) approach individual loads are expressed by Load Duration Curves (LDC) Curve LDC is inverse of Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) Monte Carlo simulation (in SBRA method) is used and for chosen “arbitrary point in time” the combination of all load effects is defined histogram for combinations of load effects is obtained by many times repeated random choise of loads Remark This approach respects not only frequency of the various magnitudes of load during the life of structure, but also time intervals when load is zero.

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Analysis of simultaneous load effects - 2 MLE (Maximum Load Effect) conception the combination of effects of all loads is analyzed only in relatively short time interval, which relates to the acting of extraordinary load, e.g. earthquake all other (conventional) loads are combined in accordance with conception APT Note: See study by LI, W.C., MAREK,P., CHEUNG, M.S., (Proceedings Vol. 1 [5] )

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Evaluation of the Probability of Failure P f Probability of appearance of unfavourable events (excess of the reference value RV) APT - during the all life of structure. As time duration of extraordinary great intensity loading is inconsiderable with respect to its return period, consistent calculation would require implementation of outsize histograms and great number of simulation steps MLE - conduce to probability failure assessment in the spell when extraordinary load comes into being Important difference Considerable different target probabilities P d match to conception APT and MLE

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(a) (b) (c) Combination of APT and MLE approach Following histograms and LDC could be used for modelling of the different time duration of the extraordinary loading. LDC and histograms When (a), (b) and (c), is used, then 7.6%, 69.8% and 97.5% respectively of the total service life the structure is exposed to extraordinary loading. When zero value is eliminated, most frequent values are around ±0.75.