Strata SE1, nicknamed "Razor"[2] or "Electric Razor",[3] is a 148-metre (486 ft), 43-storey building at Elephant and Castle in the London Borough of Southwark in London. Designed by BFLS (formerly Hamiltons), it is one of the tallest residential buildings in London and more than 1,000 residents live in its 408 flats.[4][5]

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Strata SE1 is located on the site of Castle House, an early 1960s six-storey office building, which was the first commercial premises at the newly rebuilt Elephant and Castle. When completed, Castle House was warmly received. The Architects’ Journal in August 1962 found "little to criticise and much to praise and until New Zealand House is completed it is possibly one of the best examples for anyone wanting to look at a good office block in London."[6]

25% of the building's flats have been sold by Family Mosaic Housing Association for shared-ownership sale. These consist of the "Esprit Apartments" — located on floors 2–10 of the tower — and a further nine flats in the adjacent "Pavilion", a three-storey structure located to the west of the tower and earmarked for former residents of the nearby Heygate Estate.

Each floor of the affordable area comprises 10 flats (equally divided between one and two-bedroom flats), while each floor above the 10th floor contains 11 flats in a mixture of studios, one-bedroom flats, two-bedroom flats, and three-bedroom flats to a total of 310 units.

Only the open-market flats have access to car-parking (in the basement of the building). The 39th floor features a "Sky Lobby" (a small corridor with a view over central London), while the living area is topped by a £2.5m three-bedroom duplex penthouse. The ground floor comprises two commercial units. A third one is located in the Pavilion, along with a "kiosk". All three remain unoccupied.[7]

The current tower was first proposed in 2005; construction began in 2007 and was completed in June 2010. The cost is estimated at £113.5 million. The building was 'topped out' in June 2009.[9] Attended the topping out ceremony were over 70 senior members of London’s business community including Sir Simon Milton, Deputy Mayor for Policy and Planning, Cllr Nick Stanton, Leader of Southwark Council and then MP for North Southwark and Bermondsey, Simon Hughes.[10] The turbines were installed in May 2010.

During the demolition of Castle House to clear land for Strata, a construction worker, John Walker, 33, father of two was killed when a roof collapsed on him.[11] He was employed by 777 Demolition and Haulage Company Ltd, which was served with a Prohibition Notice by the Health & Safety Executive. An inquest was due to be held at Inner London South Coroner's Court.[12] In November 2015, both companies were fined by the several hundred thousand pounds as a result of their negligence.[13]

Strata SE1 is one of the first buildings in the world to incorporate wind turbines as part of its structure.[14][15] Rambøll, the engineering consultancy involved with the Bahrain World Trade Center, which also features wind turbines, was involved in the project.[16]

The three 9-metre (30 ft) wind turbines at the top of the building are rated at 19 kW each and are anticipated to produce a combined 50MWh of electricity per year.[14][15] They are expected to generate sufficient energy to provide power for the common areas of the building (8% of the energy needs of the building),[14][15] although questions about their real efficiency will remain unanswered until the completion of two years of comprehensive wind data analysis.

The building exceeds by 13% the current UK regulations relating to sustainability, whilst overall carbon emissions are expected to be 15% lower than the Mayor of London's good practice benchmark.[17] The developers claim that the building will achieve 2050 CO2 target emissions and that (with the Multi-Utility Services Company in place in the area) it will achieve a predicted 73.5% reduction in CO2 emissions when measured against the Building Regulations benchmark.[18]

Featured on-site is a combined heat and power system to provide sustainable power generation, with a provision for the collection of rainwater for re-use.[17] The energy costs per flat are envisaged to be up to 40% less than Britain's typical housing average.[17] The building is clad in a "bespoke high thermal performing facade" with an air permeability leakage rate that is apparently 50% better than current building regulations.[19]

In May 2011, the building was shortlisted for the ICE London Civil Engineering Awards 2011 for infrastructure and building projects.[21] The award "celebrates outstanding engineering achievement by companies, organisations, and individuals in the capital".

Best Sustainability Project Strata SE1 – for the recognition of high standards of construction and workmanship

ACE Engineering Excellence 2011

Building Services – Strata SE1

The Strata Inhabit website (the information site for residents of the building) won "Website of the Year" at the News on the Block Property Management Awards on 5 December 2011.[22]

Detail of the wind turbines

In August 2010, Strata SE1 was awarded the 2010 Carbuncle Cup. The yearly award, organized by Building Design magazine, selects one building from a shortlist of 30, nominated by readers. It recognises "the ugliest building in the United Kingdom completed in the last 12 months".[23][24]

On 2 April 2012, the building appeared in a list of the world's 21 ugliest buildings on the Daily Telegraph's website.[25]

^Nico Saieh (25 July 2010). "Strata SE1 / BFLS". ArchDaily.com. ArchDaily. Retrieved 9 August 2010. Various low energy features incorporated into the Strata SE1 include bespoke high performing facade with an air permeability leakage rate that is 50% better than current building regulations...

1.
Monument to the Great Fire of London
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It stands at the junction of Monument Street and Fish Street Hill,202 ft tall and 202 ft from the spot in Pudding Lane where the Great Fire started on 2 September 1666. Another monument, the Golden Boy of Pye Corner, marks the point near Smithfield where the fire was stopped. Constructed between 1671 and 1677, it was built on the site of St. Margarets, Fish Street, the Monument comprises a fluted Doric column built of Portland stone topped with a gilded urn of fire. It was designed by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke and its height marks its distance from the site of the shop of Thomas Farriner, the kings baker, where the Great Fire began. The top of the Monument is reached by a winding staircase of 311 steps. A mesh cage was added in the century at the top to prevent people jumping off. Three sides of the base carry inscriptions in Latin, the one on the south side describes actions taken by King Charles II following the fire. The one on the east describes how the Monument was started and brought to perfection, inscriptions on the north side describe how the fire started, how much damage it caused, and how it was eventually extinguished. The nearest London Underground station is Monument and it is a Grade I listed building and a scheduled monument. Christopher Wren, as surveyor-general of the Kings Works, was asked to submit a design, Wren worked with Robert Hooke on the design of the monument. It was not until 1671 that the City Council approved the design and it was two more years before the inscription was set in place. Commemorating — with a disregard for the truth — the fact that London rises again. three short years complete that which was considered the work of ages. The real contention came with the problem of what type of ornament to have at the top, the total cost of the monument was £13,450 11s 9d. of which £11,300 was paid to the mason-contractor Joshua Marshall. The Edinburgh-born writer James Boswell visited the Monument in 1763 to climb the 311 steps to what was then the highest viewpoint in London. Halfway up, he suffered an attack, but persevered and made it to the top. The area around the base of the column, Monument Street, was pedestrianised in 2006 in a £790,000 street improvement scheme, the Monument closed in July 2007 for an 18-month, £4.5 million refurbishment project and re-opened in February 2009. Between 1 and 2 October 2011, a Live Music Sculpture created especially for the Monument by British composer Samuel Bordoli was performed 18 times during the weekend. This was the first occasion that music had ever been heard inside the structure, Wren and Hooke built the monument to double-up as a scientific instrument

2.
Southwark
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Southwark is a district of Central London and part of the London Borough of Southwark. Situated 1.5 miles east of Charing Cross, it one of the oldest parts of London. It historically formed an ancient borough in the county of Surrey, made up of a number of parishes, as an inner district of London, Southwark experienced rapid depopulation during the late-19th and early-20th centuries. It is now at a stage of regeneration and is the county town of Greater London which is the location of the City Hall offices of the Greater London Authority. Southwark had a population of 30,119 in 2011, Southwark is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Sudweca. The name means southern defensive work and is formed from the Old English sūth, the southern location is in reference to the City of London to the north, Southwark being at the southern end of London Bridge. The ancient borough of Southwark was also simply as The Borough—or Borough—and this name. Southwark was also referred to as the Ward of Bridge Without when administered by the City. Southwark is on a marshy area south of the River Thames. Recent excavation has revealed prehistoric activity including evidence of ploughing, burial mounds. The area was originally a series of islands in the River Thames and this formed the best place to bridge the Thames and the area became an important part of Londinium owing its importance to its position as the endpoint of the Roman London Bridge. Two Roman roads, Stane Street and Watling Street, met at Southwark in what is now Borough High Street, archaeological work at Tabard Street in 2004 discovered a plaque with the earliest reference to London from the Roman period on it. Londinium was abandoned at the end of the Roman occupation in the fifth century. Archaeologically, evidence of settlement is replaced by a largely featureless soil called the Dark Earth which probably represents an urban area abandoned, Southwark appears to recover only during the time of King Alfred and his successors. Sometime about 886 AD, the burh of Southwark was created and it was probably fortified to defend the bridge and hence the re-emerging City of London to the north. He failed to force the bridge during the Norman conquest of England, Southwark appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as held by several Surrey manors. Southwarks value to the King was £16, much of Southwark was originally owned by the church—the greatest reminder of monastic London is Southwark Cathedral, originally the priory of St Mary Overie. During the early Middle Ages, Southwark developed and was one of the four Surrey towns which returned Members of Parliament for the first commons assembly in 1295

3.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area

4.
SE postcode area
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The SE postcode area, also known as the London SE postcode area, is the part of the London post town covering part of south-east London, England. The postcode area originated in 1857 as the SE district, in 1868 it gained some of the area of the abolished S district, with the rest going to SW. SE28 is a later addition carved out of the existing districts SE2. The postcode area is part of the London post town, there are no dependent localities used in the postcode area. SE1P is a postcode district for PO boxes located in SE1. SE2–SE18 are organised in the part of the postcode area, with SE2, SE7, SE8, SE10, SE16. Postcode districts SE19–SE27 form a group in the southwest and SE28 is located in the extreme northeast, the postcode area maps roughly to the combined area of the London Borough of Southwark, London Borough of Lewisham and Royal Borough of Greenwich. Royal Mail has said it will not consider changes to postcodes for these reasons, Postcode Address File List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom London postal district Royal Mails Postcode Address File A quick introduction to Royal Mails Postcode Address File

5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

6.
WSP Group
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WSP Global Inc. is a Canadian-based business providing management and consultancy services to the built and natural environment. It is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, ltd and Les Consultants Dupuis, Côté Inc. began operating in Quebec City in 1959. In 1969 in England, WSP was established by Chris Cole, in 1976, it was a founder member of the Building Services Research and Information Association. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1987, after acquiring three firms and geographical expansion in 1993, the name of the Canadian firm GBGM was changed to GENIVAR. On 7 June 2012, Genivar Inc. announced that it made a friendly takeover offer of £278 million for WSP Group plc. The offer was backed by WSPs board of directors as well as investors holding 37% of the companys shares and this merger created a professional services firm with approximately 15,000 employees, working in over 300 offices worldwide. The company reorganised its structure on 1 January 2014, to create a parent company named WSP Global Inc. On 31 October 2014, WSP Global announced that it had completed the purchase of New York-headquartered professional services firm Parsons Brinckerhoff from Balfour Beatty plc for USD$1.24 billion. The company has a network of approximately 170 offices and nearly 13,500 employees on five continents, together, WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff is one the largest professional services firms in the world with approximately 32,000 employees in 500 offices serving 39 countries. In early 2015, WSP Global announced the engineering consultancy firms plans to expand to 45,000 employees by 2020, in October 2016, WSP purchased Mouchel Consulting from Kier for approximately £75 million. In January 2017, WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff announced that it will assume the name WSP, the company is organised into the following main service areas, Buildings, Energy, Environment, Industry, Mining, and Transport and Infrastructure. Notable projects in progress Centre hospitalier de lUniversité de Montréal, WSP is providing management services. Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport, WSP CBP is providing management services. The City Line in Sweden, WSP is providing management services. MGM MIRAGE CityCenter in Las Vegas, Nevada Notable completed projects One World Trade Center in New York, NY. The Shard in London, UK.7 World Trade Center in New York, NY.8 Spruce Street in New York, NY.30 The Bond in Sydney, Australia. 60 Wall Street in New York, NY.277 Park Avenue in New York, NY.383 Madison Avenue in New York, NY.1585 Broadway in New York, arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing, NY. Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Headquarters, in Melbourne, Australia, the largest single-tenanted commercial office building in the Southern Hemisphere

7.
Brookfield Multiplex
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Multiplex is a leading international contractor. Multiplex was founded in 1962 in Perth, Western Australia by John Roberts and it went on to build many large projects such as King Street Wharf in Sydney and Wembley Stadium. In December 2003, it listed on the Australian Stock Exchange with the code of MXG, Multiplex announced in late November 2006 that it planned to create a European real-estate fund to increase profits. Multiplex posted a financial report on 22 February 2007 which announced the groups net profit of A$295.6 million. In January 2007 Multiplex faced a takeover bid which caused its price to jump 17%. The A$4.03 billion proposal was never made and the potential bidder remained anonymous. On 11 June 2007, Brookfield Asset Management proposed an acquisition of Multiplex which valued the company at approximately A$7.3 billion. The offer to shareholders of $5.05 per security was supported by the Multiplex board of directors, including the Roberts family, the offer also proved popular with investors, with Brookfield rapidly acquiring 90% ownership of the company by 31 October 2007. Brookfield acquired the remaining 10% of Multiplex securities and delisted the company from the ASX in November 2007, Brookfield published a statement to the ASX outlining its intentions following the acquisition of Multiplex. The group employs approximately 3,888 people in Australasia and has operations and offices throughout Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, multiplexs first project was the laying of a pipeline across the Mandurah estuary. The Literacy for Life Foundation was launched to improve literacy in Aboriginal adults

8.
Elephant and Castle
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The Elephant and Castle is a major road junction in South London, England, in the London Borough of Southwark. The name is derived from a coaching inn. The Elephant, as abbreviated, consists of major traffic junctions connected by a short road called Elephant and Castle. Between these junctions, on the side, is the Elephant and Castle Shopping Centre. To the north of this, bounded by Newington Causeway and New Kent Road is the large Metro Central Heights residential block, the 43-storey Strata residential block lies just south of the shopping centre on Walworth Road. Newington Butts and Walworth Road adjoin the southern junction, the whole junction forms part of the London Inner Ring Road and part of the boundary of the London congestion charge zone. The Elephant has two linked London Underground stations, on the Northern and Bakerloo lines, and a National Rail station served by Southeastern, the Cuming Museum is nearby on Walworth Road. The name Elephant and Castle is derived from a coaching inn, the earliest surviving record of this name relating to the area appears in the Court Leet Book of the Manor of Walworth, which met at Elephant and Castle, Newington on 21 March 1765. Shakespeare mentions the Elephant Lodgings in Twelfth Night, in Act 3 Scene 3 Antonio says In the south suburbs, at the Elephant, is best to lodge. Although the play is set in Illyria in the Balkans, Shakespeare often used local London references, the theatres were all in Southwark, so Shakespeares line may represent an advertisement for a local hostelry. The Elephant is a common nickname for the Elephant and Castle. Newington is one of the most common names in England, and from 1750 the area became more important. Compare Angel at Islington, or Bricklayers Arms, a distance along New Kent Road. The inn site was rebuilt in 1816 and again in 1898, however, Eleanor of Castile was not an infanta. María has a strong British connection because she was once engaged to Charles I. Infanta de Castilla therefore seems to be a conflation of two Iberian royals separated by 300 years, however, Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of Henry VIII, was indeed an Infanta de Castille. She lived well into the 1500s so it is possible that the original name Elephant, known previously as Newington, in the medieval period it was part of rural Surrey, in the manor of Walworth. The parish was called St Mary, Newington, which occupied the southwest side of todays southern roundabout, near the Tabernacle

9.
New Zealand House
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The High Commission of New Zealand in London is the diplomatic mission of New Zealand in the United Kingdom. It is housed in a known as New Zealand House on Haymarket, London. As well as containing the offices of the High Commissioner, the building hosts the New Zealand consulate in London. Since 1995, it has been a Grade II Listed Building, the High Commission was built by Holland, Hannen & Cubitts in 1959 on the derelict site of the Carlton Hotel, destroyed by a bomb during the Blitz. New Zealand House was to be the diplomatic representation for the New Zealand government. The design differed from the diplomatic buildings of other Commonwealth countries in that it would be a modern skyscraper. After difficulties in planning permission, the 18 storey building was constructed only after permission was granted by the British Cabinet and it is the only tall building in this part of London, and remains controversial. It is an overseas post of the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the current High Commissioner to the United Kingdom is Sir Lockwood Smith, who was formerly the Speaker of the House of the New Zealand Parliament. The current Acting High Commissioner is Rob Taylor, New Zealand House is staffed by a team of 20 diplomats and local staff. The focus of the High Commissions work is managing New Zealands political, economic and trade relations with the United Kingdom, the Māori cultural group Ngati Ranana is based at the High Commission. The nearest Tube stations to New Zealand House are Piccadilly Circus, list of high commissioners of New Zealand to the United Kingdom Media related to New Zealand House, London at Wikimedia Commons Official website

10.
Heygate Estate
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The Heygate Estate was a large housing estate in Walworth, Southwark, South London comprising 1214 homes. The estate was demolished between 2011 and 2014 as part of the regeneration of the Elephant and Castle area. Home to more than 3,000 people, it was situated adjacent to Walworth Road and New Kent Road, the estate was used extensively as a filming location, due in part to its brutalist architecture. The Corbusian concept behind the construction of the estate was of a living environment. The neo-brutalist architectural aesthetic was one of tall, concrete blocks dwarfing smaller blocks, the architects concept was to link all areas of the estate via concrete bridges, so there was no need for residents to walk on pavements or along roads. In fact, it was planned to build bridges to the neighbouring Aylesbury Estate. Designed by Tim Tinker, the estate was completed in 1974, the estate was once a popular place to live, the flats being thought light and spacious, but the estate later developed a reputation for crime, poverty and dilapidation. One resident complained about constant noise, crime and threats of violence as a result of the estate being used for temporary housing ahead of its redevelopment and he claimed that the sheer scale of many of the blocks also meant there was little sense of community. However, other residents disagreed that the estate should have considered a slum. Around 30 separate testimonies from former residents have been collated by a local microblogging site, architect Tim Tinker described the estates notorious reputation as a farrago of half-truths and lies put together by people who should have known better. The Elephant and Castle regeneration is a £1.5 billion scheme to redevelop the area around the Elephant, the regeneration plan led to the demolition of the Heygate Estate, with the land planned to provide 2,704 new homes, of which 82 will be social rented. The demolition cost approximately £15 million, with an additional £44m spent on emptying the estate, Heygate residents were originally promised new homes as part of the regeneration, but these had not been built by the time they were decanted from the estate in 2007. In March 2010 only 20 of the 1200 flats were still occupied, a council blunder in February 2013 revealed that it had sold the 9-hectare estate to Lend Lease Group for just £50m, having spent £44m emptying the site and £21. 5m on planning its redevelopment. In February 2013 the last remaining residents on the estate appeared at an inquiry into the Compulsory Purchase Order issued on their homes. The Compulsory Purchase Order was confirmed in July 2013 amid reports that the residents were being forced to relocate to the outskirts of London. In September 2013 a London Assembly report claimed that Southwark Council had looked at different options for the estate in 1998 and it said the surveyors found that the buildings were structurally sound and suggested that the best option was refurbishment. It said that the survey found that four in five residents didn’t want to move off the estate. In November 2013 the last resident was removed and all points to the estate were closed

11.
Wind turbines
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A wind turbine is a device that converts the winds kinetic energy into electrical power. Wind turbines are manufactured in a range of vertical and horizontal axis types. The smallest turbines are used for such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid. Wind turbines were used in Persia about 500–900 A. D, the windwheel of Hero of Alexandria marks one of the first known instances of wind powering a machine in history. However, the first known practical wind turbines were built in Sistan and these Panemone were vertical axle wind turbines, which had long vertical drive shafts with rectangular blades. Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these turbines were used to grind grain or draw up water. Wind turbines first appeared in Europe during the Middle Ages, the first historical records of their use in England date to the 11th or 12th centuries and there are reports of German crusaders taking their windmill-making skills to Syria around 1190. By the 14th century, Dutch wind turbines were in use to areas of the Rhine delta. Advanced wind mills were described by Croatian inventor Fausto Veranzio, in his book Machinae Novae he described vertical axis wind turbines with curved or V-shaped blades. The first electricity-generating wind turbine was a battery charging machine installed in July 1887 by Scottish academic James Blyth to light his home in Marykirk. Some months later American inventor Charles F, although Blyths turbine was considered uneconomical in the United Kingdom electricity generation by wind turbines was more cost effective in countries with widely scattered populations. In Denmark by 1900, there were about 2500 windmills for mechanical loads such as pumps and mills, the largest machines were on 24-meter towers with four-bladed 23-meter diameter rotors. By 1908 there were 72 wind-driven electric generators operating in the United States from 5 kW to 25 kW, around the time of World War I, American windmill makers were producing 100,000 farm windmills each year, mostly for water-pumping. By the 1930s, wind generators for electricity were common on farms, in this period, high-tensile steel was cheap, and the generators were placed atop prefabricated open steel lattice towers. A forerunner of modern wind generators was in service at Yalta. This was a 100 kW generator on a 30-meter tower, connected to the local 6.3 kV distribution system and it was reported to have an annual capacity factor of 32 percent, not much different from current wind machines. In the autumn of 1941, the first megawatt-class wind turbine was synchronized to a utility grid in Vermont, the Smith-Putnam wind turbine only ran for 1,100 hours before suffering a critical failure

12.
Simon Milton (politician)
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Sir Simon Henry Milton was a British Conservative politician. He lately served as Londons Deputy Mayor for Policy and Planning, Milton was a director of Ian Greer Associates, a parliamentary lobbying company with close links to the Tory party which was at the centre of the Cash-for-questions scandal in the 1990s. Milton was the son of Clive and Ruth Milton and was raised in Cricklewood and his father was one of the Jewish children rescued by the Kindertransport mission and brought to Britain in 1939. He started his career in Sharatons, his fathers business. The business was sold to Pontis on his fathers retirement and he stood for Parliament unsuccessfully for the Conservative Party in Leicester East in the 1997 General Election. Milton was named a Knight Bachelor in the 2006 New Years honours list for services to local government, with effect from 6 May 2008, Milton was appointed to the position of Senior Adviser, Planning, in the administration of London Mayor Boris Johnson. This led to his resignation as a councillor, from September 2008 he became a full-time politician as the administrations Deputy Mayor for Policy and Planning. In that role, he was responsible for overseeing policies for the built environment, in June 2009, Milton was also appointed Chief of Staff to the Mayor, with responsibility for managing the Mayoral advisors, as well as the Greater London Authority budgets and administration. Milton was diagnosed with leukaemia in 1990, in 1998 he underwent a bone-marrow transplant. As a result, his system was weakened, leading to a bout of pneumonia which seriously damaged his lungs. He and his partner Robert Davis, fellow Westminster Councillor and former Lord Mayor of Westminster, were together for over 20 years and he was a member of the West London Synagogue. Milton died on 11 April 2011, aged 49, homes for votes scandal Westminster cemeteries scandal

13.
Simon Hughes
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Sir Simon Henry Ward Hughes is a British politician. Hughes was Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2010 to 2014 and he was the Member of Parliament for the constituency of Bermondsey and Old Southwark from 1983 until 2015. Until 2008 he was President of the Liberal Democrats, Hughes has twice run unsuccessfully for the leadership of the party and was its unsuccessful candidate for Mayor of London in the 2004 election. He is also Chair of the trustees for the Thames Festival and he was appointed as a Privy Counsellor on 15 December 2010. In December 2013 Hughes was appointed as a Minister of State for Justice and Civil Liberties, Hughes was born on 17 May 1951 to James Henry Annesley Hughes and his wife, Sylvia. Hughes was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1974 and he moved to Bermondsey in 1981. Hughes was first elected to Parliament in the Bermondsey by-election of 24 February 1983, the Liberal Campaign leaflet described the election as a straight choice between Simon Hughes and the Labour candidate. Hughes won the seat with 57. 7% of the vote, Hughes apologised for the campaign in 2006, during the same few days revealing his own homosexual experiences, and confirming that he is bisexual after being outed by The Sun newspaper. He told the BBCs Newsnight programme, I hope that there never be that sort of campaign again. I have never been comfortable about the whole of that campaign, as Peter knows, where there were things that were inappropriate or wrong, I apologise for that. If I was a party member, hed get my vote, I want to see a stronger lead on social justice and green issues. Despite his recent drift to the centre, Simon is the contender most likely to move the Liberal Democrats in a progressive direction, in the same statement, Tatchell added, Since his election, Simon has redeemed himself by voting for gay equality. He should be judged on his policies, not his private life, however, Hughes subsequently chose to abstain from the final vote for gay marriage. The election result in North Southwark & Bermondsey in the 2005 general election was a one for Hughes than those he had achieved in previous battles. He held the seat but the Labour Party saw a 5. 9% swing in their favour—the biggest swing to Labour anywhere in the UK. At the United Kingdom general election,1983, held a matter of months after the by-election victory, the constituency had been redrawn as Southwark and Bermondsey. By the election in 1997, this has been redrawn again as North Southwark and Bermondsey, with a change prior to the 2010 election at which the seat was titled Bermondsey. He lost the seat in 2015 to Labours Neil Coyle, having been an MP for 32 years, Hughes first joined the Liberal Party in 1972, when he signed up to Cambridge University Liberal Club as a student

14.
Bahrain World Trade Center
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The Bahrain World Trade Center is a 240-metre-high, 50-floor, twin tower complex located in Manama, Bahrain. The towers were built in 2008 by the architectural firm Atkins. It is the first skyscraper in the world to integrate wind turbines into its design, the wind turbines were developed, built and installed by Danish company Norwin A/S. The structure is constructed close to the King Faisal Highway, near landmarks such as the towers of Bahrain Financial Harbour, NBB. It currently ranks as the second-tallest building in Bahrain, after the towers of the Bahrain Financial Harbour. The project has received awards for sustainability, including, The 2006 LEAF Award for Best Use of Technology within a Large Scheme. The Arab Construction World for Sustainable Design Award, the two towers are linked via three skybridges, each holding a 225 kW wind turbine, totalling to 675 kW of wind power capacity. Each of these turbines measure 29 m in diameter, and is aligned north, the sail-shaped buildings on either side are designed to funnel wind through the gap to provide accelerated wind passing through the turbines. This significantly increases their potential to generate electricity, the wind turbines are expected to provide 11% to 15% of the towers total power consumption, or approximately 1.1 to 1.3 GWh a year. This is equivalent to providing the lighting for about 300 homes,258 hospitals,17 industrial plants, the three turbines were turned on for the first time on 8 April 2008. They are expected to operate 50% of the time on an average day, the Bahrain WTC was featured prominently in the 2009 science fiction Syfy channel made-for-television movie Annihilation Earth. In the movie, an incident involving a subatomic collider in the year 2020 creates cataclysmic effects on planet Earth, CGI is used in the movie to show the BWTC collapsing as a result of an earthquake. List of tallest structures in Bahrain List of twin buildings and structures List of world trade centers Unconventional wind turbines bahrainwtc

15.
Cogeneration
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Cogeneration or combined heat and power is the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power refers to the generation of electricity. Cogeneration is a more efficient use of fuel. All thermal power plants emit heat during electricity generation, which is discarded as waste heat into the environment through cooling towers, flue gas. This is also called combined heat and power district heating, small CHP plants are an example of decentralized energy. By-product heat at moderate temperatures can also be used in absorption refrigerators for cooling, at smaller scales a gas engine or diesel engine may be used. Trigeneration differs from cogeneration in that the heat is used for both heating and cooling, typically in an absorption refrigerator. CCHP systems can attain higher overall efficiencies than cogeneration or traditional power plants, in the United States, the application of trigeneration in buildings is called building cooling, heating and power. Heating and cooling output may operate concurrently or alternately depending on need, Cogeneration was practiced in some of the earliest installations of electrical generation. Before central stations distributed power, industries generating their own power used exhaust steam for process heating, large office and apartment buildings, hotels and stores commonly generated their own power and used waste steam for building heat. Due to the high cost of early purchased power, these CHP operations continued for years after utility electricity became available. Thermal power plants, and heat engines in general, do not convert all of their energy into electricity. In most heat engines, more than half is lost as excess heat, by capturing the excess heat, CHP uses heat that would be wasted in a conventional power plant, potentially reaching an efficiency of up to 80%. This means that less fuel needs to be consumed to produce the amount of useful energy. A typical power generation turbine in a mill may have extraction pressures of 160 psig and 60 psig. A typical back pressure may be 60 psig, in practice these pressures are custom designed for each facility. The extracted or exhaust steam is used for heating, such as drying paper, evaporation. Steam at ordinary process heating conditions still has an amount of enthalpy that could be used for power generation

16.
Rainwater harvesting
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Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off. Its uses include water for gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, the harvested water can also be used as drinking water, longer-term storage and for other purposes such as groundwater recharge. Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions and it provides water when there is a drought, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable groundwater levels to be sustained. It also helps in the availability of water as rainwater is substantially free of salinity. More development and knowledge is required to understand the benefits rainwater harvesting can provide to agriculture, many countries especially those with an arid environment use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed in order to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills, even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is collected in order for crops to grow. The concentration of contaminants is reduced significantly by diverting the flow of run-off water to waste. Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw-off mechanism and by using a series of tanks, pre-filtration is a common practice used in the industry to ensure that the water entering the tank is free of large sediment. Pre-filtration is important to keep the system healthy, conceptually, a water supply system should match the quality of water with the end use. However, in most of the world high quality potable water is used for all end uses. This approach wastes money and energy and imposes unnecessary impacts to the environment, Rainwater harvesting systems can range in complexity, from systems that can be installed with minimal skills, to automated systems that require advanced setup and installation. Systems are ideally sized to meet the demand throughout the dry season since it must be big enough to support daily water consumption. Specifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a roof must be large enough to maintain adequate flow. The water storage tank size should be enough to contain the captured water. Before a rainwater harvesting system is built, it is helpful to use digital tools, for instance, if you want to detect if a region has a high rainwater harvesting potential, rainwater harvesting GIS maps can be made using an online interactive tool. Or if you need to estimate how much water is needed to fulfill a communitys water needs, tools like these can save time and money before a commitment to build a system is undertaken, in addition to making the project sustainable and last a long time. Contemporary system designs require an analysis of not only the economic and technical performance of a system, life Cycle Assessment is a methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a precut or systems, from cradle-to-grave of its lifetime. Devkota et al. developed such a methodology for rainwater harvesting, the Economic and Environmental Analysis of Sanitations Technologies, EEAST model evaluates the greenhouse gas emissions and cost of such systems over the lifetime of a variety of building types

17.
David Chipperfield
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Sir David Alan Chipperfield CBE RA RDI RIBA is a British architect. He established David Chipperfield Architects in 1985, Rowan Moore, the architecture critic of the Guardian of London, described his work as serious, solid, not flamboyant or radical, but comfortable with the history and culture of its setting. He deals in dignity, in gravitas, in memory and in art, David Chipperfield Architects is a global architectural practice with offices in London, Berlin, Milan, and Shanghai. Chipperfield was born in London in 1953, and graduated in 1976 from Kingston School of Art in London and he studied architecture at the Architectural Association in London, receiving his diploma in architecture in 1977. He worked in the offices of several architects, including Douglas Stephen, Norman Foster and Richard Rogers, before founding his own firm, David Chipperfield Architects. His firm opened an office in Tokyo in 1989 and his first completed projects in London were the gallery of botany and the entrance hall for the Museum of Natural History, and restaurant Wagamama, both in London. His first major project in Britain was the River and Rowing Museum in Henley-on-Thames and he also began to build in Germany, designing an office building in Dusseldorf. Other projects in the 1990s included the Circus Restaurant in London, the latter shop featured a curtain of glass six meters high around the two lower floors, and an austere modernist interior with dark gray sandstone floors and white walls. In 1997 he began one his most important projects, the reconstruction and restoration of the Neues Museum in Berlin and he also constructed his first project in the United States, an extension of the Museum of ethnology and natural history in Anchorage, Alaska. In 2013 he opened the Jumex Museum in Mexico City, and his most remote project was the Museum of Naga, on a site in the desert 170 kilometers northeast of Khartoum in Sudan, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. He designed a structure to preserve the remains of two ancient temples and a well, dating to 300 B. C. -300 A. D. The building, built of the stone, blends into reddish mountains around it. In 2015, Chipperfield won a competition to redesign the modern and he also began his first ground-up building in New York City, the Bryant, a thirty-three story hotel and condominium project next to Bryant Park in Manhattan. The building is a blend of modernist and traditional forms and materials and it was inspired by the form of traditional boat sheds, as well as the traditional barns of Oxfordshire. The building occupies a space of 2300 square meters, and is lifted above the ground on concrete pillars to avoid flooding, the exterior and parts of the interior are covered in planks of non-treated oak, matching the local rural architecture. The roofs and sunscreens are of steel, The entrance has glass walls. The Des Moines Public Library in Des Moines, Iowa, covers an area of 110,000 square feet, the two-story building has no front or back, instead it fans out into three wings. A glass tunnel allows passers-by to stroll through the library, the Museum of Modern Literature is located in the town of Marbach, Germany, the birthplace of the poet Schiller. and benefits from a panoramic view of the Neckar River

18.
Hopkins Architects
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Hopkins Architects is a prominent British architectural firm established by architects Sir Michael and Patricia, Lady Hopkins. The practice was established in 1976 by Michael and Patty Hopkins and is now run by six senior partners, the founders were awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects Royal Gold Medal in 1994 and Michael Hopkins was awarded the CBE and knighted for services to architecture. The practice is known for its attention to detail, innovative approach to construction, honest expression of materials and its first building outside of the United Kingdom was the headquarters for GEK in Athens in 2003, followed by Tokyos Shin-Marunouchi Tower in 2007. It has now designed buildings on four continents, with projects completed or under development in the UK, the US, Italy, Greece, Turkey, India, Japan, Hopkins maintain their headquarters in Marylebone, London and operate an additional Design Studio in Dubai. In addition, they operate Project Offices in Munich, Shanghai, former directors John Pringle and Ian Sharratt went on to set up their own practice Pringle Richards Sharratt. Buildings by Hopkins appear in two James Bond films, the interior of the IBM Building at Bedfont Lakes serves as the location for Elliot Carvers media party in Hamburg in Tomorrow Never Dies. In the following film, The World Is Not Enough, Portcullis House makes a appearance in the boat chase down the Thames. Practice web site Archinform. net practice information Architizer practice information with selected projects

19.
Caruso St John
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Caruso St John is an architectural firm established in 1990 by Adam Caruso and Peter St John. Caruso St John have gained a reputation for excellence in designing contemporary projects in the public realm. The practice came to attention with The New Art Gallery Walsall. Current and past clients include Tate Britain, the V&A, English Heritage and the Arts Council of England, as well as European housing developers Trudo, the SBB and the Gagosian Gallery. Caruso St John aims to have a range of work at a variety of scales and want to resist the trend of increased size. The practice is interested in the potential and physical qualities of construction. This attitude has developed out a fascination for materials, backed up with an involvement in academic, built projects incorporate this research and respond to their physical context and brief in unexpected ways. The projects stand out by resisting off the peg construction, both the New Art Gallery, Walsall and the Brick House, London have been short listed for the Stirling Prize, the UK’s most prestigious architecture award, in recognition of this ambition. The office of approximately 20 work in a studio in a 1930s factory building in East London which the practice converted to studio use for themselves in 2000. Both Adam Caruso and Peter St John have taught in architecture schools consistently throughout the lifetime of Caruso St John, Adam Caruso taught at the University of North London from 1990 to 2000, and was Professor of Architecture at the University of Bath from 2002 to 2005. In 2011 Adam Caruso was appointed Professor of Architecture and Construction at ETH Zürich, Peter St John taught at the University of North London from 1990 to 2000. In 2005 he was a critic at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University. From 2007 to 2009 he was a professor at ETH Zürich

20.
Will Alsop
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Will Allen Alsop, OBE RA is a British architect and Professor of Architecture at University for the Creative Artss Canterbury School of Architecture. He is responsible for distinctive and controversial modernist buildings which are usually distinguished by their use of bright colours. In 2000, Alsop won the Stirling Prize, the most prestigious award in the United Kingdom. When he was 16 his father, an accountant, died and he was greatly influenced by his drawing tutor, Henry Bird while at foundation course at Northampton Art School. He recalled how he was taught to draw by him and he gave me a brick, told me to draw it and promptly left the room. I proceeded to draw it all its shadows. On his return he went into a rage and chastised me for destroying the vision with shading, shouting and he insisted that I redo the drawing with line only so that I could begin to see the brick and its proportions. I drew that brick for two three hour sessions per week, line only, for three months, eventually, he admitted that I had mastered the brick and I was allowed to progress onto the tin can. He worked briefly for Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, a couple who had been instrumental in introducing modernism to Britain in the 1930s, then joined Cedric Price for four years. After a short period with Roderick Ham, in 1981 Alsop set up a practice, Alsop & Lyall, jan Störmer later joined the practice and a decade later, in 1991, the practice was renamed Alsop & Störmer after Lyalls departure. Alsops first real commission was a pool for Sheringham in Norfolk in 1984. Alsop and Störmer divided into separate practices in 2000, Alsop forming Alsop Architects, in early 2006, Alsop sold his practice to a design conglomerate called the SMC Group to concentrate on architecture. After leaving ARCHIAL, he joined RMJMs London Headquarters as International Principal on 1 October 2009, the offices name was Will Alsop at RMJM. Alsops current practice is called aLL Design and has practices in London, Alsops London office is located in Battersea. In 2013, Alsop became Professor of Architecture at the University for the Creative Artss Canterbury School of Architecture, Alsop has been made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, and was elected to the Royal Academy on 18 May 2000. Alsop regards as his architectural heroes Le Corbusier, Sir John Soane and his avant-garde, modernist buildings are usually distinguished by their vibrant use of bright colour and unusual forms. Before Alsop begins to work on a new project, he uses painting to clear his mind, think freely, one of the reasons for painting is that you are not really in control of what you are doing - and that interests me a lot. Instead of having a starting point, which perhaps, in architectural terms, would lead through to a series of logical thoughts working towards a designed building

21.
Institution of Civil Engineers
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The Institution of Civil Engineers is an independent professional association for civil engineers and a charitable body which exists to deliver benefits to the public. Based in London, ICE has nearly 89,000 members, ICE supports the civil engineering profession by offering professional qualification, promoting education, maintaining professional ethics, and liaising with industry, academia and government. Under its commercial arm, it delivers training, recruitment, publishing and it sets standards for membership of the body, works with industry and academia to progress engineering standards and advises on education and training curricula. The late 18th century and early 19th century saw the founding of many learned societies, groups calling themselves civil engineers had been meeting for some years from the late 18th century, notably the Society of Civil Engineers formed in 1771 by John Smeaton. The institution made little headway until a key step was taken - the appointment of Thomas Telford as the first President of the body and this official recognition helped establish ICE as the pre-eminent organisation for engineers of all disciplines. Its members, notably William Cubitt, were prominent in the organisation of the Great Exhibition of 1851. For 29 years ICE provided the forum for engineers practising in all the disciplines recognised today, by the end of the 19th century, ICE had introduced examinations for professional engineering qualifications to help ensure and maintain high standards among its members – a role it continues today. The ICEs Great George Street headquarters, designed by James Miller, was built by John Mowlem & Co, the institution is a membership organisation comprising 88,810 members worldwide, around three quarters are located in the United Kingdom. Members who are Chartered Engineers can use the protected title Chartered Civil Engineer, ICE is also licensed by the Society for the Environment to award the Chartered Environmentalist professional qualification. The Institution of Civil Engineers also publishes technical studies covering research, under its commercial arm, Thomas Telford Ltd, it delivers training, recruitment, publishing and contract services, such as the NEC Engineering and Construction Contract. All the profits of Thomas Telford Ltd go back to the Institution to further its aim of putting civil engineers at the heart of society. The publishing division has existed since 1836 and is today called ICE Publishing, the ICE Science series is now also published by ICE Publishing. ICE Science currently consists of five journals, Nanomaterials and Energy, Emerging Materials Research, Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials, Green Materials, ICE members, except for students, also receive the weekly New Civil Engineer magazine. The societies provide continuing professional development and assist in the transfer of knowledge concerning specialist areas of engineering, the President is the public face of the institution and day-to-day management is the responsibility of the Director General. The ICE President is elected annually and the holder for 2016-2017 is Professor Tim Broyd, each year a number of young engineers have been chosen as Presidents apprentices. The scheme was started in 2005 during the Presidency of Gordon Masterton, each incoming President sets out the main theme of his or her year of office in a Presidential Address. Many of the professions greatest engineers have served as President of the ICE including, One of Britains greatest engineers, the first woman member of ICE was Dorothy Donaldson Buchanan in 1927. The first female Fellows elected were Molly Fergusson, Marie Lindley, Helen Stone, the first female President was Jean Venables who became the 144th holder of the office in 2008

22.
Carbuncle Cup
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The Carbuncle Cup is an architecture prize, given annually by the magazine Building Design to the ugliest building in the United Kingdom completed in the last 12 months. It is intended to be a response to the prestigious Stirling Prize. The Carbuncle Cup award was launched in 2006, with the first winner being Drake Circus Shopping Centre in Plymouth by Chapman Taylor, a shortlist is announced by Building Design each year, based on nominations from the public, and usually timed to coincide with the Stirling Prize shortlist. Public voting via the website was used to select past winners. Since 2009 a small group of critics has selected the final winners, the award was inspired by the Carbuncle Awards, which the Scottish architecture magazine Urban Realm, formerly Prospect, had been presenting to buildings and areas in Scotland since 2000. The first shortlist was announced in October 2006, and featured ten buildings, seven buildings were shortlisted in 2007. Opal Court, a student housing complex in Leicester, was voted the winner in October, the 2008 shortlist of seven buildings was announced in early October. A longlist of ten buildings was announced in August 2009, grosvenor Group, the developer of One Park West, organised a group hug of the building, following its nomination. The jury in 2010 comprised Jonathan Glancey, Owen Hatherley, Amanda Baillieu, the shortlist of six was announced in July, and the Strata building was announced as the winner in August. The article described the tower as, Decked out with Philishave stylings, the shortlist of six was announced in July. The shortlist of six was announced in July, In August, the shortlist of six was announced in August 2013. The winner was announced later that month as 465 Caledonian Road. The shortlist of six was announced in August 2014, the winner was announced in September 2014 as Woolwich Central, a Sheppard Robson-designed mixed-use scheme in south east London. The winner was announced in September 2015 as 20 Fenchurch Street, the winner was announced in September 2016 as Lincoln Plaza, designed by Hamiltons Architects and delivered by BUJ Architects

23.
Building Design
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Building Design, or BD, is a weekly architectural magazine and digital title in the United Kingdom. BD was launched in 1970 by publisher Morgan Grampian as a closed circulation weekly as high-tech architecture was just starting to take-off and it ceased its print edition in March 2014, remaining a digital only publication. Unlike most other architectural publications BD’s editors, with a few exceptions, are journalists not architects. In 2006, the last year of the independent ABC circulation reports, by 2013 BD reported had a circulation of 7,698. Its website, bdonline. co. uk, has 89,000 registered users and receives around 45,000 unique visitors a week, BDs circulation figures are independently assured by PricewaterhouseCoopers. The magazine stopped free access to news, blogs and video content on its website in September 2010 when it introduced a subscription for full access, the publishing company is UBM Built Environment, a division of United Business Media, which also publishes Building and Property Week. BD hosts the Architect of the Year Awards and Young Architect of the Year in central London attended by approximately 6000 guests, the Architect of the Year Awards reward the UKs top architectural practices behind excellent built projects. The awards night is now one of the largest gatherings of architects in the UK, the Young Architect of the Year Award recognises and rewards Europes most promising new architects and practices. Previous winners have included Coffey Architects, Jonathan Hendry, Serie Architects, David Kohn Architects, Hackett Hall McKnight, Carmody Groarke, Nord, BD publishes an annual ranking of the worlds biggest architecture practices known as the World Architecture 100. The listing is distributed to the top FTSE100 companies as well as BD subscribers and is available to buy online, the Carbuncle Cup is BDs prize for the worst new architecture in the UK. It has been running since 2006, when it was launched as a counterpart to the Stirling Prize. A shortlist is announced each summer, based on nominations from the public, the winner is selected by a small group of architecture critics and professionals. The assistant editor is Elizabeth Hopkirk, the architecture critic is Ike Ijeh Past editors and staff include Amanda Baillieu, Paul Finch, Peter Murray, Martin Pawley, Hugh Pearman and Kieran Long. Building Design campaigned with the Twentieth Century Society for Robin Hood Gardens and it has likewise argued against the demolition the unnecessary demolition of old school buildings

24.
Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986

25.
Ipsos MORI
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Ipsos MORI is the second largest market research organisation in the United Kingdom, formed by a merger of Ipsos UK and MORI, two of Britains leading survey companies, in October 2005. Ipsos MORI conduct surveys for a range of major organisations as well as other market research agencies. Ipsos MORIs Social Research Institute works extensively for the Government of the United Kingdom, looking at public attitudes to key public services, issues such as identity, social cohesion, physical capital and the impact of place on attitudes are all key themes of the Institutes work. The company also specialises in mass media, brand loyalty, marketing and advertising research, the organisation maintains a freely available archive of opinion polls and public attitude research from 1970 onwards on its UK website. Ipsos MORI has research offices in London, Manchester, Edinburgh and their call center is in Edinburgh. Ipsos is one of the largest survey research organisations in the world, with offices in more than 80 countries, founded in the mid 1970s in France by Didier Truchot and Jean Marc Lech. In 1946, Mark Abrams formed a market Research company called RSL, MORI was founded in 1969 by Robert Worcester, and throughout its existence was the largest independent research organisation in the United Kingdom. MORI was bought by Ipsos in 2005 for £88 million, the company being now known as Ipsos MORI. The same year, Robert Worcester stepped down from chairmanship of MORI, ben Page is now Chief Executive. In 2006, Ipsos MORI were the first research agency in the world to gain ISO20252, Ipsos MORI is a current member of the Market Research Society and are obliged to conduct surveys according to their rules. For example, Ipsos holds the data they collect in the strictest confidence, in May 2013 The Sunday Times reported that Ipsos MORI had negotiated an agreement with the EE mobile phone network to commercialise the data on that company’s 23 million subscribers. The article stated that Ipsos MORI was looking to sell this data to the Metropolitan Police, the data included gender, age, postcode, websites visited, time of day text is sent location of customer when call is made. When confronted by the newspaper, the Metropolitan Police indicated that they would not be taking the discussions any further, Ipsos MORIs research is conducted via a wide range of methodologies, especially computer-assisted telephone interviewing, as well as face-to-face and internet surveys. Telephone surveys use a method called random digit dialing and this system basically uses randomly generated, but area-specific, telephone numbers. This is the method for telephone samples as ex-directory households are included thus not biasing the sample in any way. Ipsos MORI are able to lawfully to use technology as they use it for research purposes as opposed to sales

26.
30 St Mary Axe
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30 St Mary Axe is a commercial skyscraper in Londons primary financial district, the City of London. It was completed in December 2003 and opened in April 2004, after plans to build the 92-storey Millennium Tower were dropped,30 St Mary Axe was designed by Norman Foster and Arup Group and it was erected by Skanska, with construction commencing in 2001. The building has become a feature of London and is one of the citys most widely recognised examples of contemporary architecture. The building stands on the sites of the Baltic Exchange, the headquarters of a global marketplace for ship sales and shipping information. On 10 April 1992 the Provisional IRA detonated a bomb close to the Exchange, the Exchange Hall was a celebrated fixture of the ship trading market. The Baltic Exchange and the Chamber of Shipping sold the land to Trafalgar House in 1995, the salvaged material was eventually sold for £800,000 and moved to Tallinn, Estonia, where it awaits reconstruction as the centrepiece of the citys commercial sector. In 1996, Trafalgar House submitted plans for the Millennium Tower, the Gherkin nickname was applied to the current building at least as long ago as 1999, referring to that plans highly unorthodox layout and appearance. On 23 August 2000, Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott granted planning permission to construct a much larger than the old Exchange on the site. The site was special because it needed development, was not on any of the sight lines, the plan for the site was to reconstruct the Baltic Exchange. GMW Architects proposed a new rectangular building surrounding a restored exchange—the square shape would have the type of floor plan that banks liked. This gave the architect a free hand in the design, it eliminated the restrictive demands for a large, capital-efficient, money-making building, Swiss Res low level plan met the planning authoritys desire to maintain Londons traditional streetscape with its relatively narrow streets. The mass of the Swiss Re tower was not too imposing, like Barclays Banks former City headquarters in Lombard Street, the idea was that the passer-by in neighbouring streets would be nearly oblivious to the towers existence until directly underneath it. The building was constructed by Skanska, completed in December 2003, the primary occupant of the building is Swiss Re, a global reinsurance company, which had the building commissioned as the head office for its UK operation. The building uses energy-saving methods, which allow it to use half the power that a tower would typically consume. Gaps in each floor create six shafts that serve as a ventilation system for the entire building. The shafts create a giant double glazing effect, air is sandwiched between two layers of glazing and insulates the office space inside. Architects promote double glazing in residential houses, which avoids the inefficient convection of heat across the narrow gap between the panes, but the tower exploits this effect. The shafts pull warm air out of the building during the summer, the shafts also allow sunlight to pass through the building, making the work environment more pleasing, and keeping the lighting costs down

27.
The Shard
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Standing 309.7 metres high, the Shard is the tallest building in the United Kingdom, the fourth-tallest building in Europe and the 107th-tallest building in the world. It is also the second-tallest free-standing structure in the United Kingdom, the Shards construction began in March 2009, it was topped out on 30 March 2012 and inaugurated on 6 July 2012. Practical completion was achieved in November 2012, the towers privately operated observation deck, The View from The Shard, was opened to the public on 1 February 2013. The glass-clad pyramidal tower has 72 habitable floors, with a gallery and open-air observation deck on the 72nd floor. It was designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano and replaced Southwark Towers, the Shard was developed by Sellar Property Group on behalf of LBQ Ltd and is jointly owned by Sellar Property and the State of Qatar. Sellar flew to Berlin in the spring of 2000 to meet the Italian architect Renzo Piano for lunch, the inquiry took place in April and May 2003, and on 19 November 2003, the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister announced that planning consent had been approved. The government stated that, Mr Prescott would only approve skyscrapers of exceptional design, for a building of this size to be acceptable, the quality of its design is critical. He is satisfied that the tower is of the highest architectural quality. This enabled them to pay off the costs incurred and to buy out the Southwark Towers occupational lease from the buildings tenants. Vacant possession of the site was secured a year later, after PricewaterhouseCoopers completed the relocation of their operations, in September 2007, preparations for the demolition of Southwark Towers began. However, later that month, turbulence in the financial markets reportedly put the Shards construction in jeopardy. In November 2007, building contractor Mace was awarded the contract to build the Shard for a price of no more than £350 million. However, this increased to almost £435 million in October 2008. In April 2008, demolition of Southwark Towers was visibly under way, and by October, the building had been reduced in height. The demolition was completed in early 2009, and site preparation began for the construction of the Shard, in late 2007, the gathering uncertainty in the global financial markets sparked concerns about the viability of the Shard. However, in January 2008, Sellar announced that it had secured funding from a consortium of Qatari investors, the consortium included Qatar National Bank, QInvest, Qatari Islamic Bank and the Qatari property developer Barwa Real Estate, as well as Sellar Property. The deal involved a buyout of the Halabi and CLS Holdings stakes, the new owners promised to provide the first tranche of finance, allowing construction of the tower to begin. In 2009, the State of Qatar consolidated its ownership of London Bridge Quarter, including the Shard, London Bridge Quarter is today jointly owned by the State of Qatar and Sellar Property

28.
Leadenhall Building
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122 Leadenhall Street, or the Leadenhall Building, is a 225 m tall building on Leadenhall Street in London. The commercial skyscraper, opened in July 2014, was designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners and is known as The Cheesegrater because of its distinctive wedge shape. It is one of a number of new tall buildings recently completed or currently under construction in the City of London financial area, including 20 Fenchurch Street,22 Bishopsgate, and The Scalpel. The building is opposite the Lloyds building, also designed by Rogers and that building was demolished in preparation for redevelopment of the site. The project, initially delayed due to the crisis, was revived in 2010. On 1st March 2017 British Land and Oxford properties agreed to sell the building to C C Land, prior to the sites previous redevelopment in the 1960s, it had been used as the head office of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company for over a century. Since 1840, P&O had worked in the offices of Willcox & Anderson. However, business east of the Gulf of Suez increased in the resulting in the company needing newer and larger offices. It was the P&O directors obligation to provide new space, in November 1845, the Kings Arms inn and hotel at 122 Leadenhall Street was put up for sale. The freehold was bought by P&O for £7,250, which commissioned a architect, Beachcroft. The cost of the new building was estimated at £8,000, in March 1848, P&O moved into the new office. In 1854, P&O unsuccessfully attempted to purchase the building at 121 Leadenhall Street. They also bought leases of 80 years from St. Thomass Hospital on the properties at Nos.123,124 and 125 Leadenhall Street which were demolished to create a new frontage at No.122. The new building provided office space, some of which was for rent. By the mid-1960s P&O needed to redevelop the site to provide increased office space again, at the same time, the Commercial Union Assurance Company was also planning a redevelopment on an adjacent site on the corner of St. Mary Axe. Both companies would have frontages to the new concourse and would retain site areas equivalent to those enclosed by the original boundaries, when completed in 1969, the building at 122 Leadenhall Street was 54 m tall with 14 storeys above and three storeys under ground. It was originally designed as a pair with the Commercial Union headquarters by the architects Gollins Melvin Ward Partnership and it is an example of a tension structure, at the time, it was considered one of the most complex glass-fronted buildings in the United Kingdom. The architect acknowledged the influence of Mies van der Rohe, the building was extensively damaged by an IRA bomb in the early-1990s and subsequently had to be reclad

29.
One Canada Square
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One Canada Square, often referred to simply as Canary Wharf, is a skyscraper in Canary Wharf, London. It was the tallest building in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2010, standing at 770 feet above ground level, in late 2010, it was surpassed by the Shard. The building is clad with stainless steel rather than natural stone. One of the predominant features of the building is the roof, which contains a flashing aircraft warning light. The distinctive pyramid pinnacle is 800 feet above sea level, One Canada Square is primarily used for offices, though there are some retail units on the lower ground floor. It is a location for offices and as of November 2015 was 100% let. The building is recognised as a London landmark, and it has gained attention through film, television. The original plans for a district on Canary Wharf came from G Ware Travelstead. He proposed three 260 m towers, Travelstead was unable to find the money for his project, so he sold the plans to Olympia & York in 1987. Olympia & York grouped all three towers into a known as Docklands Square, and the main tower was designated DS7 during planning. Docklands Square was later renamed Winston Square before finally being renamed as Canada Square, the architects chosen to design One Canada Square were Cesar Pelli & Associates, Adamson Associates, and Frederick Gibberd Coombes & Partners. They designed the tower with a shape to Three World Financial Center, New York City. The shape was also reminiscent of Big Ben. To comply with air safety regulations, the architects took five floors off the tower. The final height of 824 feet was permitted, otherwise, the developers would have had to dismantle what was necessary to fit the height restriction, the design of the tower received a fair share of criticism. According to Cesar Pelli, the most damaging criticism came from Prince Charles, other criticisms came from former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who said that the building was not quite stunning. Construction on the began in 1988. Lehrer McGovern contracted out most of the work to Balfour Beatty because the Canary Wharf Tower was a building to build

30.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886

31.
Business Week
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Bloomberg Businessweek is an American weekly business magazine published by Bloomberg L. P. Businessweek was founded in 1929, the magazine was created to provide information and interpretation about what was happening in the business world and it is headquartered in New York City. Megan Murphy was appointed editor of the magazine in November 2016, Businessweek was first published in September 1929, weeks before the stock market crash of 1929. The magazine provided information and opinions on what was happening in the world at the time. Businessweek was originally published to be a resource for business managers, however, in the 1970s, the magazine shifted its strategy and added consumers outside of the business world. Since 1975, Businessweek has carried more annual advertising pages than any magazine in the United States. Stephen B. Shepard served as editor-in-chief from 1984 until 2005 when he was chosen to be the dean of the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism. Under Shepard, Businessweeks readership grew to more than six million in the late 1980s and he was succeeded by Stephen J. Adler of The Wall Street Journal. Businessweek suffered a decline during the recession as advertising revenues fell one-third by the start of 2009. In July 2009, it was reported that McGraw-Hill was trying to sell Businessweek and had hired Evercore Partners to conduct the sale. Because of the liabilities, it was suggested that it might change hands for the nominal price of $1 to an investor who was willing to incur losses turning the magazine around. In late 2009, Bloomberg L. P. bought the magazine—for a reported price between $2 million to $5 million plus assumption of liabilities—and renamed it Bloomberg BusinessWeek. It is now believed McGraw-Hill received the high end of the price, at $5 million. Currently, the magazine still loses $30 million per year, about half of the $60 million it was reported losing in 2009, Adler resigned as editor-in-chief and was replaced by Josh Tyrangiel, who had been deputy managing editor of Time magazine. In early 2010, the title was restyled Bloomberg Businessweek as part of a redesign. Megan Murphy is the editor of the magazine in the eight years of Bloomberg ownership. The magazine is losing between $20-$30 million a year. The magazine is to undergo changes in the second quarter of 2017

32.
The Sydney Morning Herald
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The Sydney Morning Herald is a daily compact newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1831 as the Sydney Herald, the SMH is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Australia, the newspaper is published six days a week. It is available at outlets in Sydney, regional New South Wales, Canberra, the Sydney Morning Herald includes a variety of supplements, including the magazines Good Weekend, and Sunday Life. By February 2016, average circulation had fallen to 104,000, similarWeb rates the site as the fifth most visited news website in Australia and as the 42nd newspapers website globally, attracting more than 15 million visitors per month. In 1931 a Centenary Supplement was published, the original four-page weekly had a print run of 750. In 1840, the newspaper began to publish daily, in 1841, an Englishman named John Fairfax purchased the operation, renaming it The Sydney Morning Herald the following year. Fairfax, whose family were to control the newspaper for almost 150 years, based his editorial policies upon principles of candour, honesty and we have no wish to mislead, no interest to gratify by unsparing abuse or indiscriminate approbation. During the decade 1890, Donald Murray worked there, the SMH was late to the trend of printing news rather than just advertising on the front page, doing so from 15 April 1944. Of the countrys metropolitan dailies, only The West Australian was later in making the switch, in 1949, the newspaper launched a Sunday edition, The Sunday Herald. Four years later, this was merged with the newly acquired Sun newspaper to create The Sun-Herald, in 1995, the company launched the newspapers web edition smh. com. au. The site has grown to include interactive and multimedia features beyond the content in the print edition. Around the same time, the organisation moved from Jones Street to new offices at Darling Park and built a new printing press at Chullora, the SMH has since moved with other Sydney Fairfax divisions to a building at Darling Island. In May 2007, Fairfax Media announced it would be moving from a format to the smaller compact or tabloid-size, in the footsteps of The Times. Fairfax Media dumped these plans later in the year, however, in June 2012, Fairfax Media again announced it planned to shift both broadsheet newspapers to tabloid size, in March 2013. Fairfax also announced it would cut staff across the group by 1,900 over three years and erect paywalls around the papers websites. The subscription type is to be a model, limiting readers to a number of free stories per month, with a payment required for further access. In July 2013 it was announced that the SMHs news director, Darren Goodsir, would become Editor-in-Chief, on 22 February 2014, the final Saturday edition was produced in broadsheet format with this too converted to compact format on 1 March 2014. Ahead of the decommissioning of the plant at Chullora in June 2014

33.
The Times
–
The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817

34.
Evening Standard
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The London Evening Standard is a local, free daily newspaper, published Monday to Friday in tabloid format in London. It is the dominant local/regional evening paper for London and the area, with coverage of national and international news. In October 2009, the paper ended a 180-year history of paid circulation and became a free newspaper, the newspaper was founded by barrister Stanley Lees Giffard on 21 May 1827, as the Standard. The early owner of the paper was Charles Baldwin, under the ownership of James Johnstone, The Standard became a morning paper from 29 June 1857. The Evening Standard was published from 11 June 1859, by the end of the 19th century, the evening edition eclipsed its morning counterpart. Both The Standard and the Evening Standard were acquired by C. Arthur Pearson in 1904, in May 1915, Edward Hulton purchased the Evening Standard from Davison Dalziel. Dalziel had purchased both papers in 1910, and closed The Standard, the paper, in 1916. Hulton introduced the gossip column Londoners Diary, originally billed as a written by gentlemen for gentlemen. It became a staunchly Conservative paper, harshly attacking Labour in 1945 in a campaign that backfired. In the 1960s, the paper was now upstaged by The Evening News, during the decade, the paper also began to publish the comic strip Modesty Blaise that bolstered the papers sales throughout the 1970s. In 1987 the Evening News was briefly revived to compete with Robert Maxwells London Daily News, in 1988 it incorporated the byline Incorporating the Evening News, which remained until the papers sale in 2009. A few years earlier,12 percent of the paper was sold to Justin Shaw, Associated News keeps the remaining 24 percent. In November 2009, it was announced that the London Evening Standard would drop its midday News Extra edition from 4 January 2010 with the first edition being the West End Final, previously there were three editions each weekday, excluding Bank holidays. The first, News Extra, went to print at 10,00 am and was available around 11 am in central London, slightly later in more outlying areas. The page changes were indicated by stars in the bottom corner of each page. In January 2010, circulation was increased to 900,000, in May 2009, the newspaper launched a series of poster ads, each of which prominently featured the word Sorry in the papers then-masthead font. These ads offered various apologies for past editorial approaches, such as Sorry for losing touch, none of the posters mentioned the Evening Standard by name, although they featured the papers Eros logo. Ex-editor Veronica Wadley criticised the Pravda-style campaign saying it humiliated the papers staff, the campaign was designed by McCann Erickson

35.
Sydney Morning Herald
–
The Sydney Morning Herald is a daily compact newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1831 as the Sydney Herald, the SMH is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Australia, the newspaper is published six days a week. It is available at outlets in Sydney, regional New South Wales, Canberra, the Sydney Morning Herald includes a variety of supplements, including the magazines Good Weekend, and Sunday Life. By February 2016, average circulation had fallen to 104,000, similarWeb rates the site as the fifth most visited news website in Australia and as the 42nd newspapers website globally, attracting more than 15 million visitors per month. In 1931 a Centenary Supplement was published, the original four-page weekly had a print run of 750. In 1840, the newspaper began to publish daily, in 1841, an Englishman named John Fairfax purchased the operation, renaming it The Sydney Morning Herald the following year. Fairfax, whose family were to control the newspaper for almost 150 years, based his editorial policies upon principles of candour, honesty and we have no wish to mislead, no interest to gratify by unsparing abuse or indiscriminate approbation. During the decade 1890, Donald Murray worked there, the SMH was late to the trend of printing news rather than just advertising on the front page, doing so from 15 April 1944. Of the countrys metropolitan dailies, only The West Australian was later in making the switch, in 1949, the newspaper launched a Sunday edition, The Sunday Herald. Four years later, this was merged with the newly acquired Sun newspaper to create The Sun-Herald, in 1995, the company launched the newspapers web edition smh. com. au. The site has grown to include interactive and multimedia features beyond the content in the print edition. Around the same time, the organisation moved from Jones Street to new offices at Darling Park and built a new printing press at Chullora, the SMH has since moved with other Sydney Fairfax divisions to a building at Darling Island. In May 2007, Fairfax Media announced it would be moving from a format to the smaller compact or tabloid-size, in the footsteps of The Times. Fairfax Media dumped these plans later in the year, however, in June 2012, Fairfax Media again announced it planned to shift both broadsheet newspapers to tabloid size, in March 2013. Fairfax also announced it would cut staff across the group by 1,900 over three years and erect paywalls around the papers websites. The subscription type is to be a model, limiting readers to a number of free stories per month, with a payment required for further access. In July 2013 it was announced that the SMHs news director, Darren Goodsir, would become Editor-in-Chief, on 22 February 2014, the final Saturday edition was produced in broadsheet format with this too converted to compact format on 1 March 2014. Ahead of the decommissioning of the plant at Chullora in June 2014

36.
International Standard Serial Number
–
An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial

37.
Twitter
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Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy

38.
Flickr
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Flickr is an image hosting and video hosting website and web services suite that was created by Ludicorp in 2004 and acquired by Yahoo on March 20,2005. The Verge reported in March 2013 that Flickr had a total of 87 million registered members, in August 2011 the site reported that it was hosting more than 6 billion images and this number continues to grow steadily according to reporting sources. Photos and videos can be accessed from Flickr without the need to register an account, registering an account also allows users to create a profile page containing photos and videos that the user has uploaded and also grants the ability to add another Flickr user as a contact. For mobile users, Flickr has official mobile apps for iOS, Android, and PlayStation Vita, operating systems, Flickr was launched in February 2004 by Ludicorp, a Vancouver-based company founded by Stewart Butterfield and Caterina Fake. The service emerged from tools originally created for Ludicorps Game Neverending, Flickr proved a more feasible project, and ultimately Game Neverending was shelved, Butterfield later launched a similar online game, Glitch, which closed down in November 2012. Early versions of Flickr focused on a room called FlickrLive with real-time photo exchange capabilities. The successive evolutions focused more on the uploading and filing backend for individual users and it was eventually dropped as Flickrs backend systems evolved away from Game Neverendings codebase. Key features of Flickr not initially present are tags, marking photos as favorites, group photo pools and interestingness, Yahoo acquired Ludicorp and Flickr in March 2005. The acquisition reportedly cost $22 to $25 million, during the week of 26 June –2 July 2005, all content was migrated from servers in Canada to servers in the United States, and all resulting data become subject to United States federal law. In May 2007, Yahoo announced that Yahoo Photos would close down on 20 September 2007, after which all photos would be deleted and this move was criticized by some users. Flickr upgraded its services from beta to gamma in May 2006, in December 2006, upload limits on free accounts were increased to 100 MB a month and were removed from Flickr Pro accounts, which originally had a 2 GB per month limit. On 9 April 2008, Flickr began allowing paid subscribers to upload videos, on 2 March 2009, Flickr added the facility to upload and view HD videos, and began allowing free users to upload normal-resolution video. At the same time, the set limit for free accounts was lifted, in 2009, Flickr announced a partnership with Getty Images in which selected users could submit photographs for stock photography usage and receive payment. In 2010, this was changed so that users could label images as suitable for stock use themselves, the Justified View is paginated between 72 and 360 photos per page but unpaginated in search result presentation. Tech Radar described the new style Flickr as representing a sea change in its purpose, many users criticized the changes, and the sites help forum received thousands of negative comments. In March 2014, Flickrs New Photo Experience, a user interface redesign, on May 7,2015, Yahoo overhauled the site, adding a revamped Camera Roll, a new way to upload photos and upgraded the sites apps. The new Uploadr application was available for Macs, Windows. In June 2008, Flickr co-founder Stewart Butterfield announced his resignation, which followed his wife and co-founder Caterina Fake, Butterfield wrote a humorous resignation letter to Brad Garlinghouse

39.
Skyscraper
–
A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it

40.
Liverpool
–
Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea

41.
West Tower
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West Tower is a 40-storey tall skyscraper in Liverpool, England. The building was the tower to be built by Carillion in Liverpool for property developers Beetham. With a spire height of 140 metres and 40 floors, West Tower is Liverpool’s tallest building, the joint 21st tallest in the United Kingdom, the building commands views across the city, over the Mersey to the Wirral and as far as Blackpool on a clear day. The first five floors are the new headquarters for the Beetham Organization, however, unlike St. Johns Beacon, West Tower has no antennas on the roof. Therefore, when considering height excluding antennas, West Tower is the highest building in Liverpool, the five floors of Beetham’s offices are set back between concrete columns and are fully glazed to provide an animated façade at street level. A glazed lift and stair serving the office are accommodated between raking fins with views to the river, the 127 apartments are clad in a fully glazed perimeter curtain wall of random clear and opaque panels and are orientated to provide views of both the city and river. The upper penthouse floors are tiered back to incorporate external terraces behind glazed balustrade screens, the 34th floor is home to Liverpools highest restaurant, Panoramic. This floor is clad in a clear glass perimeter offering diners views of the city of Liverpool. At the 4th Liverpool Daily Post Regional Property Awards in association with RBS and this prize was awarded for best use of land which would normally have stood barren, creation of an iconic building, and best use of limited space. In February 2011, the West Tower went into administration after the parent companies were hit by falling property prices, out of the 123 apartments,106 had been purchased as buy to let investments, while 17 were owner-occupied or unsold. Beetham Organization homepage Aedas Architects homepage

42.
10 Upper Bank Street
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10 Upper Bank Street is a 32-story office building located in Canary Wharf, in the Docklands area of London. It was completed in 2003 and is 151 m tall and it was designed by the architects Kohn Pedersen Fox and built by Canary Wharf Contractors. Most of the building is occupied by the law firm Clifford Chance, Clifford Chance FTSE MasterCard UK Total Infosys Deutsche Bank Tall buildings in London http, //www. 10upperbankstreet. com From emporis. com

43.
20 Fenchurch Street
–
20 Fenchurch Street is a commercial skyscraper in London that takes its name from its address on Fenchurch Street, in the historic City of London financial district. It has been nicknamed The Walkie-Talkie because of its distinctive shape, construction was completed in spring 2014, and the top-floor sky garden was opened in January 2015. The 34-storey building is 160 m tall, making it the sixth-tallest building in the City of London, designed by architect Rafael Viñoly and costing over £200 million,20 Fenchurch Street features a highly distinctive top-heavy form which appears to burst upward and outward. A large viewing deck, bar and restaurants are included on the top three floors, these are, with restrictions, open to the public. The tower was proposed at nearly 200 m tall but its design was scaled down after concerns about its visual impact on the nearby St Pauls Cathedral. It was subsequently approved in 2006 with the revised height, even after the height reduction there were continued concerns from heritage groups about its impact on the surrounding area. The project was consequently the subject of an inquiry, in 2007 this ruled in the developers favour. In 2015 it was awarded the Carbuncle Cup for the worst new building in the UK in the previous 12 months, the previous building at 20 Fenchurch Street was 91 m tall with 25 storeys and was built in 1968 by Land Securities. The architect was William H. Rogers, the building was formerly occupied by Dresdner Kleinwort and was notable for being one of the first tall buildings in the City of London, and for its distinctive roof. It was one of the towers nearest to the River Thames when viewed from the end of London Bridge. In 2007, one of the floors was used in the drama series Party Animals. Demolition of the building was completed in 2008, the new tower at 20 Fenchurch Street was designed by Uruguayan architect Rafael Viñoly in a postmodern style. The top-heavy design is intended to maximise floor space towards the top of the building. The building utilises double and triple-glazed panelised aluminium cladding on its exterior, the garden spans the top three floors, which are accessible by two express lifts and include a large viewing area, terrace, bar and two restaurants. Fourteen double-deck lifts serve the office floors of the building. The south side of the structure is ventilated externally to improve efficiency and decrease solar gain, there is a southern entrance in addition to the main northern entrance set back from Fenchurch Street. In January 2009, Canary Wharf Contractors began piling on the site of 20 Fenchurch Street, piling and ground works were completed in June 2009. In January 2011, work at the basement level of the tower began, by the end of October 2011, the building was rising above street-level

44.
22 Marsh Wall
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22 Marsh Wall, also known as The Landmark, is a pair of residential skyscrapers in Docklands, London, and is among the tallest structures in the city. The towers are located on the edge of the Canary Wharf estate, close to the River Thames. By August 2007 all 276 apartments had been reserved, luxury shops occupy the ground and 1st floors, fully encompassed within a glass-covered piazza. A 24-hour concierge and residents gymnasium are among the other features. In 2007, the development received recognition as the Best High Rise Development, media related to 22 Marsh Wall at Wikimedia Commons Official website Skyscrapernews data Case Study of Structure

45.
25 Bank Street
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25 Bank Street is an office tower in Canary Wharf, in the Docklands area of London. It is currently home to the European headquarters of the investment bank J. P. Morgan & Co, the building was developed in 2001–2003 by Canary Wharf Group as one of five new buildings on its Heron Quays site. The building was designed by architects Cesar Pelli & Associates Architects, before construction,25 Bank Street had been earmarked by Canary Wharf Group for occupation by Enrons European subsidiary. This plan was abandoned in 2001, prior to Enrons collapse later that year, from 2004,25 Bank Street served as the European headquarters of Lehman Brothers until the banks insolvency in September 2008. The building continued to be used by the administrators and various sub tenants before being sold to JPMorgan Chase for £495 million in 2010. In July 2000, Canary Wharf Group formally announced the development of the 11-acre Heron Quays site and this would involve the construction of five buildings providing a total of 3,300,000 sq ft of Grade A office space. During the development phase, the five buildings were designated HQ1 to HQ5,25 Bank Street, along with its neighbours HQ3 and HQ4 were all designed by César Pelli in the International style, featuring complementary external cladding of stainless steel, glass and stone. 25 Bank Street and 40 Bank Street, which are of equal height, are conjoined by the West Winter Garden glass-enclosed concourse, and all provide enclosed access to an underground retail mall. The building is designed around a concrete core containing elevators, washrooms and services. There are 5 basement levels, a floor, mezzanine. The lower levels, up to level 8, incorporate large podium areas on the south and this allows large trading floors to be accommodated, each with a 50,000 sq ft floorplate. The south podium incorporates a secondary core, in July 2000 Enron Europe opened negotiations with Canary Wharf Group to take 130,060 sq m of space on the Canary Wharf estate. The HQ1 and HQ2 sites were earmarked for use by Enron in a mixed use development that would include a mini-power station and this development was planned to supplement Enron’s Victoria headquarters at 40 Grosvenor Place. The negotiations were discontinued early in 2001, prior to Enron’s insolvency later that year. On 3 April 2001, Canary Wharf Group announced that it had concluded a 30-year lease agreement with Lehman Brothers for the entirety of the space in HQ2, the construction of 25 Bank Street was undertaken by Canary Wharf Contractors, with an overall build time of 32 months. The geography of the site presented considerable access challenges in that it was surrounded by water on three sides, with two thirds of the side in the former dock. A coffer dam was constructed in the dock to enable the water to be pumped out, at the end of the project the coffer dam was removed and the fill loaded onto barges for removal. The construction of the concrete core was subcontracted to Byrne Bros Ltd

Monument to the Great Fire of London
–
It stands at the junction of Monument Street and Fish Street Hill,202 ft tall and 202 ft from the spot in Pudding Lane where the Great Fire started on 2 September 1666. Another monument, the Golden Boy of Pye Corner, marks the point near Smithfield where the fire was stopped. Constructed between 1671 and 1677, it was built on the site of St. Margar

1.
Modern day view of the Monument, designed by Sir Christopher Wren.

2.
Viewing platform at the top of the Monument.

3.
The Monument depicted in a picture by Sutton Nicholls, c. 1753.

4.
Views published in The Graphic, 1891.

Southwark
–
Southwark is a district of Central London and part of the London Borough of Southwark. Situated 1.5 miles east of Charing Cross, it one of the oldest parts of London. It historically formed an ancient borough in the county of Surrey, made up of a number of parishes, as an inner district of London, Southwark experienced rapid depopulation during the

1.
Southwark Cathedral

2.
View from Tower Bridge towards Southwark district: City Hall and the rest of More London development in the foreground, Shard London Bridge skyscraper (under construction at time of photo) in the background.

London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city

1.
Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace and Central London skyline

4.
The name London may derive from the River Thames

SE postcode area
–
The SE postcode area, also known as the London SE postcode area, is the part of the London post town covering part of south-east London, England. The postcode area originated in 1857 as the SE district, in 1868 it gained some of the area of the abolished S district, with the rest going to SW. SE28 is a later addition carved out of the existing dist

Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a

1.
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

WSP Group
–
WSP Global Inc. is a Canadian-based business providing management and consultancy services to the built and natural environment. It is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, ltd and Les Consultants Dupuis, Côté Inc. began operating in Quebec City in 1959. In 1969 in England, WSP was established by Chris Cole, in 1976, it was a founder member of the

1.
WSP Global Inc.

Brookfield Multiplex
–
Multiplex is a leading international contractor. Multiplex was founded in 1962 in Perth, Western Australia by John Roberts and it went on to build many large projects such as King Street Wharf in Sydney and Wembley Stadium. In December 2003, it listed on the Australian Stock Exchange with the code of MXG, Multiplex announced in late November 2006 t

1.
Brookfield Place (Perth) is the second tallest building in Western Australia.

2.
Wembley Stadium under construction

Elephant and Castle
–
The Elephant and Castle is a major road junction in South London, England, in the London Borough of Southwark. The name is derived from a coaching inn. The Elephant, as abbreviated, consists of major traffic junctions connected by a short road called Elephant and Castle. Between these junctions, on the side, is the Elephant and Castle Shopping Cent

1.
The "elephant and castle" from the 14th century choir stalls at Chester Cathedral

2.
Elephant and Castle statue.

3.
Street layout in 1888

New Zealand House
–
The High Commission of New Zealand in London is the diplomatic mission of New Zealand in the United Kingdom. It is housed in a known as New Zealand House on Haymarket, London. As well as containing the offices of the High Commissioner, the building hosts the New Zealand consulate in London. Since 1995, it has been a Grade II Listed Building, the Hi

1.
High Commission of New Zealand in London Te Kāinga Māngai Kāwanatanga o Aotearoa i Rānana

2.
The High Commission entrance

3.
The High Commission tower

Heygate Estate
–
The Heygate Estate was a large housing estate in Walworth, Southwark, South London comprising 1214 homes. The estate was demolished between 2011 and 2014 as part of the regeneration of the Elephant and Castle area. Home to more than 3,000 people, it was situated adjacent to Walworth Road and New Kent Road, the estate was used extensively as a filmi

1.
View of the main site of the Heygate Estate from Strata

Wind turbines
–
A wind turbine is a device that converts the winds kinetic energy into electrical power. Wind turbines are manufactured in a range of vertical and horizontal axis types. The smallest turbines are used for such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Slightly larger turbines can be used for ma

1.
Offshore wind farm, using 5 MW turbines REpower 5M in the North Sea off the coast of Belgium.

Simon Milton (politician)
–
Sir Simon Henry Milton was a British Conservative politician. He lately served as Londons Deputy Mayor for Policy and Planning, Milton was a director of Ian Greer Associates, a parliamentary lobbying company with close links to the Tory party which was at the centre of the Cash-for-questions scandal in the 1990s. Milton was the son of Clive and Rut

1.
Statue of Sir Simon Milton

Simon Hughes
–
Sir Simon Henry Ward Hughes is a British politician. Hughes was Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2010 to 2014 and he was the Member of Parliament for the constituency of Bermondsey and Old Southwark from 1983 until 2015. Until 2008 he was President of the Liberal Democrats, Hughes has twice run unsuccessfully for the leadership of the pa

1.
The Right Honourable Sir Simon Hughes

Bahrain World Trade Center
–
The Bahrain World Trade Center is a 240-metre-high, 50-floor, twin tower complex located in Manama, Bahrain. The towers were built in 2008 by the architectural firm Atkins. It is the first skyscraper in the world to integrate wind turbines into its design, the wind turbines were developed, built and installed by Danish company Norwin A/S. The struc

1.
The three wind turbines are at the centre of the two skyscrapers.

Cogeneration
–
Cogeneration or combined heat and power is the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power refers to the generation of electricity. Cogeneration is a more efficient use of fuel. All thermal power plants emit heat during electricity generation, whic

1.
Trigeneration cycle

2.
Masnedø CHP power station in Denmark. This station burns straw as fuel. The adjacent greenhouses are heated by district heating from the plant.

Rainwater harvesting
–
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off. Its uses include water for gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, the harvested water can also be used as drinking water, longer-term storage and for other purposes such as groundwater recharge. Ra

1.
Rainwater capture and storage system at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City.

2.
A cistern for rainwater storage

3.
EEAST Model for LCAs of Rainwater Harvesting Systems.

4.
Ratagul Freshwater Flooded Forest, Bangladesh

David Chipperfield
–
Sir David Alan Chipperfield CBE RA RDI RIBA is a British architect. He established David Chipperfield Architects in 1985, Rowan Moore, the architecture critic of the Guardian of London, described his work as serious, solid, not flamboyant or radical, but comfortable with the history and culture of its setting. He deals in dignity, in gravitas, in m

1.
Sir David Chipperfield

2.
Neues Museum, Berlin

3.
Housing building in Madrid

4.
City of Justice, Barcelona

Hopkins Architects
–
Hopkins Architects is a prominent British architectural firm established by architects Sir Michael and Patricia, Lady Hopkins. The practice was established in 1976 by Michael and Patty Hopkins and is now run by six senior partners, the founders were awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects Royal Gold Medal in 1994 and Michael Hopkins was a

1.
Practice information

2.
The London 2012 Velodrome, one of the Practice's most well-known works

3.
The Schlumberger Cambridge Research Centre, opened in 1985, was one of Hopkins' earliest buildings and shows the Practice's distinctive use of a suspended, high-tech, fabric roof

4.
Subrata Roy Sahara Stadium at Gahunje, the home ground of Pune Warriors India from 2012–2013

Caruso St John
–
Caruso St John is an architectural firm established in 1990 by Adam Caruso and Peter St John. Caruso St John have gained a reputation for excellence in designing contemporary projects in the public realm. The practice came to attention with The New Art Gallery Walsall. Current and past clients include Tate Britain, the V&A, English Heritage and the

1.
New Art Gallery Walsall

Will Alsop
–
Will Allen Alsop, OBE RA is a British architect and Professor of Architecture at University for the Creative Artss Canterbury School of Architecture. He is responsible for distinctive and controversial modernist buildings which are usually distinguished by their use of bright colours. In 2000, Alsop won the Stirling Prize, the most prestigious awar

1.
Will Alsop in his Battersea office aLL Design

2.
Will Alsop's apartment block at New Islington, Manchester (2009), is situated alongside the Ashton Canal, and the facades feature the names of local waterways. 9 storeys high, the building has been said to look like three potato chips on top of each other.

3.
THEPUBLIC, West Bromwich. The design has been likened to a massive fish tank or a Fresian cow.

4.
Cardiff Bay Visitor Centre Cardiff, Wales Completed 1991

Institution of Civil Engineers
–
The Institution of Civil Engineers is an independent professional association for civil engineers and a charitable body which exists to deliver benefits to the public. Based in London, ICE has nearly 89,000 members, ICE supports the civil engineering profession by offering professional qualification, promoting education, maintaining professional et

1.
The Institution's headquarters at One Great George Street

2.
Institution of Civil Engineers

3.
The ICE library at One Great George Street

Carbuncle Cup
–
The Carbuncle Cup is an architecture prize, given annually by the magazine Building Design to the ugliest building in the United Kingdom completed in the last 12 months. It is intended to be a response to the prestigious Stirling Prize. The Carbuncle Cup award was launched in 2006, with the first winner being Drake Circus Shopping Centre in Plymout

Building Design
–
Building Design, or BD, is a weekly architectural magazine and digital title in the United Kingdom. BD was launched in 1970 by publisher Morgan Grampian as a closed circulation weekly as high-tech architecture was just starting to take-off and it ceased its print edition in March 2014, remaining a digital only publication. Unlike most other archite

1.
Building Design

Daily Telegraph
–
It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a

1.
The Sunday Telegraph

2.
The Daily Telegraph front page on 29 June 2015

3.
In 1882 The Daily Telegraph moved to new Fleet Street premises, which were pictured in the Illustrated London News.

4.
The Daily Telegraph building in 1974

Ipsos MORI
–
Ipsos MORI is the second largest market research organisation in the United Kingdom, formed by a merger of Ipsos UK and MORI, two of Britains leading survey companies, in October 2005. Ipsos MORI conduct surveys for a range of major organisations as well as other market research agencies. Ipsos MORIs Social Research Institute works extensively for

1.
Ipsos MORI

30 St Mary Axe
–
30 St Mary Axe is a commercial skyscraper in Londons primary financial district, the City of London. It was completed in December 2003 and opened in April 2004, after plans to build the 92-storey Millennium Tower were dropped,30 St Mary Axe was designed by Norman Foster and Arup Group and it was erected by Skanska, with construction commencing in 2

The Shard
–
Standing 309.7 metres high, the Shard is the tallest building in the United Kingdom, the fourth-tallest building in Europe and the 107th-tallest building in the world. It is also the second-tallest free-standing structure in the United Kingdom, the Shards construction began in March 2009, it was topped out on 30 March 2012 and inaugurated on 6 July

1.
The Shard in April 2015, viewed from the "Sky Garden" atop 20 Fenchurch Street.

2.
The Southwark Towers office block, which was demolished in 2008 to make way for The Shard

3.
Internal structure of the Shard's spire and radiator floors, seen from the 72nd-floor observatory

4.
The Shard pictured from Great Tower Street in April 2012

Leadenhall Building
–
122 Leadenhall Street, or the Leadenhall Building, is a 225 m tall building on Leadenhall Street in London. The commercial skyscraper, opened in July 2014, was designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners and is known as The Cheesegrater because of its distinctive wedge shape. It is one of a number of new tall buildings recently completed or current

1.
The Leadenhall Building (with the Heron Tower and 30 St Mary Axe in the background and the Lloyd's building in front), viewed from the Monument in 2014

2.
The 1969 building at 122 Leadenhall Street in a black and white photograph taken in 2007

3.
The 1969 building undergoing demolition in 2007

One Canada Square
–
One Canada Square, often referred to simply as Canary Wharf, is a skyscraper in Canary Wharf, London. It was the tallest building in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2010, standing at 770 feet above ground level, in late 2010, it was surpassed by the Shard. The building is clad with stainless steel rather than natural stone. One of the predominant f

1.
One Canada Square, Canary Wharf. The second-tallest building in the United Kingdom.

2.
A view from the top floor, May 2000

3.
The pyramid roof at night

4.
Canary Wharf: Aircraft warning lights

The Guardian
–
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are re

4.
The Guardian' s Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name The Manchester Guardian

Business Week
–
Bloomberg Businessweek is an American weekly business magazine published by Bloomberg L. P. Businessweek was founded in 1929, the magazine was created to provide information and interpretation about what was happening in the business world and it is headquartered in New York City. Megan Murphy was appointed editor of the magazine in November 2016,

1.
January 10, 2011 cover of Bloomberg Businessweek

The Sydney Morning Herald
–
The Sydney Morning Herald is a daily compact newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1831 as the Sydney Herald, the SMH is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Australia, the newspaper is published six days a week. It is available at outlets in Sydney, regional New South Wales, Canberra, the Sydney Morning He

1.
The front page of The Sydney Morning Herald on 30 March 2007.

2.
The cover of the newspaper's first edition, on 18 April 1831

The Times
–
The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff,

1.
Front page of The Times from 4 December 1788

2.
Roy Thomson

3.
A wounded British officer reading The Times's report of the end of the Crimean War, in John Everett Millais ' painting Peace Concluded.

4.
John Walter, the founder of The Times

Evening Standard
–
The London Evening Standard is a local, free daily newspaper, published Monday to Friday in tabloid format in London. It is the dominant local/regional evening paper for London and the area, with coverage of national and international news. In October 2009, the paper ended a 180-year history of paid circulation and became a free newspaper, the news

1.
Headlines of the Evening Standard on the day of London bombing on 7 July 2005, in Waterloo Station

4.
The Evening Standard has a fleet of delivery vans painted in a distinctive orange and white livery

Sydney Morning Herald
–
The Sydney Morning Herald is a daily compact newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1831 as the Sydney Herald, the SMH is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Australia, the newspaper is published six days a week. It is available at outlets in Sydney, regional New South Wales, Canberra, the Sydney Morning He

1.
The front page of The Sydney Morning Herald on 30 March 2007.

2.
The Sydney Morning Herald

3.
The cover of the newspaper's first edition, on 18 April 1831

International Standard Serial Number
–
An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first d

1.
ISSN encoded in an EAN-13 barcode with sequence variant 0 and issue number 5

Twitter
–
Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, Califo

4.
Twitter's San Francisco, California headquarters, as seen from a corner on Market Street

Flickr
–
Flickr is an image hosting and video hosting website and web services suite that was created by Ludicorp in 2004 and acquired by Yahoo on March 20,2005. The Verge reported in March 2013 that Flickr had a total of 87 million registered members, in August 2011 the site reported that it was hosting more than 6 billion images and this number continues

1.
Typical Flickr album sets

Skyscraper
–
A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscra

1.
The Burj Khalifa, in Dubai (United Arab Emirates), has been the tallest skyscraper in the world since 2009, with a height of 829.8 m.

2.
The 16th-century city of Shibam consisted entirely of over 500 high-rise tower houses.

3.
The Two Towers of Bologna in the 12th century reached 97.2 m (319 ft) in height.

Liverpool
–
Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on

4.
Inaugural journey of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830, the first ever commercial railway line.

West Tower
–
West Tower is a 40-storey tall skyscraper in Liverpool, England. The building was the tower to be built by Carillion in Liverpool for property developers Beetham. With a spire height of 140 metres and 40 floors, West Tower is Liverpool’s tallest building, the joint 21st tallest in the United Kingdom, the building commands views across the city, ove

1.
West Tower

2.
West Tower viewed from ground level

4.
West Tower under construction in May, 2007

10 Upper Bank Street
–
10 Upper Bank Street is a 32-story office building located in Canary Wharf, in the Docklands area of London. It was completed in 2003 and is 151 m tall and it was designed by the architects Kohn Pedersen Fox and built by Canary Wharf Contractors. Most of the building is occupied by the law firm Clifford Chance, Clifford Chance FTSE MasterCard UK To

1.
10 Upper Bank Street

2.
Buildings

20 Fenchurch Street
–
20 Fenchurch Street is a commercial skyscraper in London that takes its name from its address on Fenchurch Street, in the historic City of London financial district. It has been nicknamed The Walkie-Talkie because of its distinctive shape, construction was completed in spring 2014, and the top-floor sky garden was opened in January 2015. The 34-sto

1.
20 Fenchurch Street nearing completion in 2014

2.
The previous building on the site, as seen from the Monument

3.
March 2012

4.
October 2012

22 Marsh Wall
–
22 Marsh Wall, also known as The Landmark, is a pair of residential skyscrapers in Docklands, London, and is among the tallest structures in the city. The towers are located on the edge of the Canary Wharf estate, close to the River Thames. By August 2007 all 276 apartments had been reserved, luxury shops occupy the ground and 1st floors, fully enc

1.
The Landmark, 22 Marsh Wall

25 Bank Street
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25 Bank Street is an office tower in Canary Wharf, in the Docklands area of London. It is currently home to the European headquarters of the investment bank J. P. Morgan & Co, the building was developed in 2001–2003 by Canary Wharf Group as one of five new buildings on its Heron Quays site. The building was designed by architects Cesar Pelli & Asso

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25 Bank Street

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Ceremonial plaque from the opening of 25 Bank Street in 2004. Later, in 2010, this would be auctioned by the Lehman administrators for £28,750

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Level 31 at 25 Bank Street was used by Lehman Brothers as a client reception area; it contained meeting rooms and hospitality suites featuring fine art and furnishings.

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An engraving by Claes Visscher showing Old London Bridge in 1616, with what is now Southwark Cathedral in the foreground. The spiked heads of executed criminals can be seen above the Southwark gatehouse.

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Detail of Old London Bridge on the 1632 oil painting "View of London Bridge" by Claude de Jongh

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This pedestrian alcove, now in Victoria Park, Tower Hamlets, is one of the surviving fragments of the old London Bridge that was demolished in 1831.