VHF ANTENNAS

For some years now I have been designing and building
my own VHF/UHF/SHF antennas. Some have been pretty standard designs, modified
to suit the materials available and my construction techniques. Most of
them were designed by "rule of thumb" using information from
text books and a bit of educated guesswork. I still tend to use that approach
now, but have had the advantage of being able to analyze before building
using ELNEC and EZNEC and then doing some tweaking to get what I
want out of the antenna. Occasionally, I come up with something completely
novel like the "Absorber" and the "Omni-flyswatter"
but more often what I think is novel has actually been done before eg.
The ESSEQUE HF antenna. I thought I was doing something "new"
by applying a VHF technique to HF, but Andy came up with a very similar
design and Jim ( N????) an almost identical design. His predates mine
and was published ( unbeknown to me) in QST in 1992. His wasn't original
either he adapted a CB (27 MHz) design and actually calculated the choke/trap
coil whereas I used educated guesswork and experimental measurement to
arrive at something with very similar dimensions.

The DOUBLE TURNSTILE ANTENNA

I designed these originally for contest use.
The first one was for 4m. It was so successful that we used them for all
bands from 6m to 70 cm. The 70 cm antenna is actually two of these stacked,
making it a quad turnstile not to be confused with a turnstile quad, which
uses two quad elements in an octahedral arrangement.( I even used the
70 cm one on 23 cm, but it no longer has an omnidirectional pattern at
the higher frequency!) I have also built one for 10m.

Design philosophy. As we were entering the restricted
section, we were only allowed one antenna per band. We were always short
handed, so needed to have an antenna that was easy to erect and simple
to use. The obvious antenna was an omni, because it did away with the
rotator.( Less to carry, less to wire up, less to go wrong, less power
required therefore smaller generator could be used and less fuel etc etc..
All in al less weight to carry up the hil! But it needed to be horizontally
polarized and have gain. The 4m antenna turned out to have more gain (>
8dBi) than the average 4m beam that contesters were using at the time
( 4 el Yagi) and it had a smaller footprint on the ground. The main lobe
was also at a very low angle ( about 6 deg above the horizon) and there
were no minor lobes below this. So ground noise pick-up was also virtually
eliminated. But the main advantage was that it stopped the operators twiddling
the rotators we previously had and wasting time because they would insist
on peaking up an already fully readable signal because " your not
very strong old man". Another advantage was that being omni every
other station heard you all the time wherever theyt were ( propagation
conditions permitting) which keeps the operating frequency clear. ( More
effective if running QRO rather than the (RSGB) QRP limit of 25 W that
we ran. In fact we only had 10 W on 4m! It didn't stop us working Cyprus
one year on 4m) Time to erect one of these antennas on site is about 10
- 15 mins for two people and slightly more than double that for a single
person. In practice we actually used 3 or 4 people for safety and put
them up to the regulation maximum height of 10 m. Anymore just got in
the way. I regularly put these up on my own albeit at lower heights when
out portable.

The design: All the elements are driven via
a phasing/impedance matching harbness. This makes construction easy as
all the elements are the same length. There are four half-wave dipoles
altogether in the double turnstile and eight half-wave dipoles in the
quad (UHF) turnstile. Cut them to size using a tape measure and pipe cutter
or hacksaw. The insulators to support the elements are crucial. They need
to be able to support the antenna in the correct orientation ie in a cross
and attach & insulate them from the vertical boom. Most of the phasing
harness is also enclosed in the boom. This is for aesthetic reasons and
electrical reasons - no radiation/pick-up on the harness. ( The UHF version
is different in that I was unable to cram the harness inside the pole
without compromising the antenna with thin lossy co-ax.)

The original design used a rather mechanically and electrically
weak joint in the co-ax, which was buried in the middle of the supporting
pole (boom). The design has since been replaced by the one shown, which
only has connections at the elements and below the support pole, where
they are accessible. The insulators were originally commercial crossed
dipole centres (originally manufactured for Band I TV antennas), with
the centres machined out on a lathe, to take the support pole.These are
still available, but are relatively expensive. For the larger antennas
on the lower frequencies, I used some 40 mm plastic pipe clamps which
were originally part of the packing for some hand rails. Extra support
was added in the form of hardwood strips about 40 mm wide by 5 mm thick
and about 300 mm long. The elements were cable-tied to these. Metal clamps
and plastic insulating strips could be used, but I would avoid Perspex.
A suitable source of plastic are polypropylene/polyethylene kitchen chopping
boards sold in hardware stores etc.

The coaxial harness introduces the correct 90 deg phasing
between the crossed dipoles in each pair and keeps top and bottom pairs
in phase. It is important that the elements are connected as shown ( ie
don't interchange braid and centre conductor). I normally leave the antenna
with stubs connected ( 10, 6 & 4m) to the phasing harness; the commercial
centres uysed in the 2m version can be left wired and just the elements
removed using the wing nuts. The 70 cm version is so small that this is
easily transported on a roof rack without any disassembly. There are two
sections of 75 ohm coax ( ordinary low loss TV coax can be used here)
which act as quarter wave transformers. The velocity factor of the cable
needs to be taken into account when measuring these. The effect of these
is to give a better match to the 50 ohm coaxial feeder line, but it isn't
perfect. Do not attempt to fiddle with these lengths or the lengths of
the elements to get a better match as this will destroy the radiation
pattern. It is pretty close to circular and the take-off angle just above
the horizon to take advantage of normal tropospheric range enhancement
due to refraction. The higher lobes ( see radiation pattern diagrams )
are useful if there is any Es or F1/F2 propagation (mainly 10 & 6m),
as they can enhance single & chordal hop propagation.

Lastly the 10 m version is included here. Not really VHF,
but close! A beam to give you 8-10 dBi of gain is serious engineering
and expense. The double turnstile I made for this band cost me about £30
in new aluminium in 2001 and has about the same erp as a 400 W linear
to a dipole, when driven by Joe Averages 100 W Tx! Plus you get all that
gain on receive. Each element is 2.5 m long; cable lengths are: 1 lambda
= 6.66m; 1/2 lambda = 3.33 m, 1/4 lambda = 1.66 m. The top of this antenna
should be guyed with non-conductive guys (nylon or polypropylene).

All these antennas should be modelled against real ground
to get the true picture. As free space antennas they look pretty poor.
Best results will be obtained if you can mount them on top of a conductive
cone-shaped hill, which is what we had at Burton Dasset contest site.
This ultimately led to the omni flyswatter for 23 cms and above, though
it also owed a lot to an airfield lighting design I was involved with
in the 1980's.

The OMNI FLYSWATTER for SHF.

The advantages of using a flyswatter lie on the fact that
you can mount a large ( therefore unwieldy) dish on the ground and just
rotate the mirror ( flyswatter, so called because of its shape). The omni
flyswatter does exactly the same except that you don't have to rotate
the 'swatter. The penalty is that you lose just 3 dB of gain ( theoretically
& in practice not much more). What's half an "S"-point amongst
friends? The benefit is everyone (within range) gets to hear you all the
time and only half an s-point down on what would have been if you had
aimed the dish directly at them. This is a BIG plus plus advantage in
contesting and indeed any microwave operation when calling CQ. The way
I had it arranged in the original tests I could quickly point the beam
(dish) at the station for comparative tests, with them hardly noticing,
albeit they were getting circular polarization from the direct beam.

How's
it work? You use your existing dish, but change the feed to give circular
polarization ( left or right handed will do so don't worry about it).
Aim the dish at the sky. Spirit level or plumb-line required; it must
beam exactly vertically. Hang the reflector over the dish. This reflector
must be a cone with an included solid angle of 90 deg. ie if you put a
set square on the point of the cone, it will touch opposite sides of the
cone wherever you put it.). This cone is hung point downward with the
point directly above the centre of the dish. The cone must not be tilted.
The circularly polarized signal from the dish is reflected in all directions
with a vertical beam width of that of the dish. The 3 db loss is down
to the fact that you had to split the signal in two to generate the circular
polarization. The actual loss will be down to less than 100% reflective
efficiency and over-illumination of the cone ( make the cone bigger than
the dish if you can). Even a mesh cone like I used will have better than
90% reflection co-efficient, so I would expect the losses to be less than
4 dB in practice.If all this sounds impossible, just remember the dish
has a 3 D lobe with gain in the vertical plane, the horizontal plane and
every other plane in between. The reflecting cone squashes this gain into
a disc which extends out toward the horizon. The nay-sayers suggest that
the gain is a lot less than this because the beam is spread over 360 degrees.*
This is true, but the reason it is spread like this is because it is rotating
at the signal frequency ie at 1,300 million times a second.** This means
that the receiving station is getting a peak power sample every seven
nanoseconds ( approx). The receiver sees this as if it were a direct signal
being beamed at it continuously, hence doesn't notice any drop in signal
power ( except the 3 dB loss due to the circular polarization.) This loss
can be eliminated if the receiving station is also using circular polarization
( although it must be correctly matched to the transmitter polarization.)
As most other stations will be horizontally polarized this will usually
be of no consequence. *Think what would happen if the cone were replaced
by a . plane mirror ie ordinary flyswatter but rotating at high speed.
This would scan the horizon like a radar beam. This does the same thing
electronically but much faster than you could ever hope to mechanically
rotate it. ** for 1.3 GHz Tx/Rx frequuency.