This volume covers the significant advances made in the field of optical oceanography over the last decade. It is the most complete description of the subject to date and is written in a format suitable for both researchers and students in oceanography, geophysics, biology, and biochemistry. An eclectic blend of information, the book covers the theories, experiments, and instrumentation that now characterize the ways in which optical oceanography is studied. The most significant element of the text is its interdisciplinary flavour. The reader is led from the physical concepts of radiative transfer, through the experimental techniques used in the lab' and at sea and process-oriented discussions of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for oceanic optical variability. (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book contains updated, reviewed versions of some selected papers on "Sea-Level Changes and their Effects" presented at the International Ocean and Atmosphere Pacific Conference (OAP 95), held in Adelaide, South Australia, 23-27 October 1995. In addition several reviewed articles on important topics not covered by the papers presented at OAP 95 were invited. The articles in this volume will find an audience among coastal developers, marine biologists and environmentalists. They cover a range of topics including the efforts of long-term sea-level rise on coastal flows and its impact on mangrove communities, the determination of long-term sea-level change relative to the vertical motion of the land, to the numerical modelling of short term sea-level changes due to tides, tsunamis and the weather. (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Need for a Caribbean Tsunami Warning System Overview of Potential Tsunami Sources in the Caribbean Sea Region The Tsunami Evidence in the Caribbean: Paleotsunami Studies Recent Caribbean Programs and Studies Tsunami Physics and Modeling Efforts.

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This book aims to present the overall existing tsunami hazard in the Caribbean Sea region, a region which is typically only associated with hurricanes. It initially presents an overview of all of the existing tsunami-causing factors found in the region: earthquakes, sub-aerial and submarine landslides, and submarine explosions. This is followed by field evidence of recent and pre-historic tsunami events, which gives credibility to all of this effort. The next section is a description of the tsunami hazard mitigation efforts being carried out locally and in collaboration with national and international programs. The final part is dedicated to the presentation of related recent research results. (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This review volume is divided into two parts. The first part includes five review papers on various numerical models. Pedersen provides a brief but thorough review of the theoretical background for depth-integrated wave equations, which are employed to simulate tsunami runup. LeVeque and George describe high-resolution finite volume methods for solving the nonlinear shallow water equations. The focus of their discussion is on the applications of these methods to tsunami runup. In recent years, several advanced 3D numerical models have been introduced to the field of coastal engineering to calculate breaking waves and wave structure interactions. These models are still under development and are at different stages of maturity. Rogers and Dalrymple discuss the Smooth Particles Hydrodynamics (SPH) method, which is a meshless method. Wu and Liu present their Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model for simulating the landslide-generated waves. Finally, Frandsen introduces the lattice Boltzmann method with the consideration of a free surface. The second part of the review volume contains the descriptions of the benchmark problems with eleven extended abstracts submitted by the workshop participants. All these papers are compared with their numerical results with benchmark solutions.

"Oceans and Society: Blue Planet" (www.oceansandsociety.org) is a global initiative bringing together many ocean-observing programmes with a societal benefit focus. It was created in 2011 as a Task within the Work Plan of the Group on Earth Observations (GEO). The Geneva-based GEO is a voluntary partnership of some 90 governments and 77 intergovernmental, international, and regional organisations. It is committed to integrating global observations through strengthened cooperation and coordination among global observing systems and research programmes. Blue Planet held its inaugural Symposium in Ilhabela, Brazil, in November 2012. Participants from some 25 countries, representing a diverse array of international programmes, presented and discussed issues including the coordination of and information access from global ocean observing systems for open ocean, coastal and inland ecosystems; operational ocean forecasting; applications of observations for sustainable fishery and aquaculture; and capacity building. A major outcome of the Symposium was the production of this book. The contributions to the Symposium served as a starting point, and were developed to provide a comprehensive overview of the scope and breadth of the "Oceans and Society: Blue Planet" initiative. Targeted at all stakeholders within the ocean and marine community, this volume discusses current activities and future actions and raises awareness for the further development and implementation of the Blue Planet agenda. Readers will learn more about ocean observations, how they can be integrated, and their applications to benefit society as a whole. (source: Nielsen Book Data)

From the origin of the leak, to the amount of oil released into the environment, to the spill's duration, the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill poses unique challenges to human health. The risks associated with extensive, prolonged use of dispersants, with oil fumes, and with particulate matter from controlled burns are also uncertain. There have been concerns about the extent to which hazards, such as physical and chemical exposures and social and economic disruptions, will impact the overall health of people who live and work near the area of the oil spill. Although studies of previous oil spills provide some basis for identifying and mitigating the human health effects of these exposures, the existing data are insufficient to fully understand and predict the overall impact of hazards from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on the health of workers, volunteers, residents, visitors, and special populations. Assessing the Effects of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill on Human Health identifies populations at increased risks for adverse health effects and explores effective communication strategies to convey health information to these at-risk populations. The book also discusses the need for appropriate surveillance systems to monitor the spill's potential short- and long-term health effects on affected communities and individuals. Assessing the Effects of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill on Human Health is a useful resource that can help policy makers, public health officials, academics, community advocates, scientists, and members of the public collaborate to create a monitoring and surveillance system that results in "actionable" information and that identifies emerging health risks in specific populations. (source: Nielsen Book Data)

On January 8 and 9, 2009, the Ocean Studies Board of the National Research Council, in response to a request from the Office of Naval Research, hosted the "Oceanography in 2025" workshop. The goal of the workshop was to bring together scientists, engineers, and technologists to explore future directions in oceanography, with an emphasis on physical processes. The focus centered on research and technology needs, trends, and barriers that may impact the field of oceanography over the next 16 years, and highlighted specific areas of interest: submesoscale processes, air-sea interactions, basic and applied research, instrumentation and vehicles, ocean infrastructure, and education. To guide the white papers and drive discussions, four questions were posed to participants: What research questions could be answered? What will remain unanswered? What new technologies could be developed? How will research be conducted? (source: Nielsen Book Data)

11 Appendix C The Gap Between Simulation and Understanding in Climate Modeling--

12 Appendix D Workshop Agenda--

13 Appendix E Workshop Participants--

14 Appendix F Abbreviations and Acronyms--

15 Appendix G Committee and Staff Biographies.

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The National Academies' Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (BASC) held a workshop to explore and evaluate current efforts to model physical processes of coupled atmosphere-land-ocean (A-L-O) models. Numerical models of the atmosphere and ocean are central to weather prediction, research, and education. Although great strides have been made over the past few decades in understanding the atmosphere and ocean, modeling capabilities, and numerical A-L-O simulations, some unresolved processes in the models do not adequately represent knowledge of the underlying physics. Moreover, there is evidence that further progress in numerical simulations is being impeded by the slow pace of improvement in the representation of key physical processes in the models and the fact that geophysical flow models are not receiving the attention needed to make these tools more useful and accurate. These models often are used to predict future events, so it is imperative that their underlying physical processes be represented as robustly as possible. During the workshop, the parameterization of physical processes in A-L-O models was addressed, including associated errors, testing, and efforts to improve the use of parameterizations. Participants also examined intellectual and scientific challenges in modeling and highlighted the idea that some of the key impediments to progress in representing physical processes are primarily cultural in nature. (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book describes the development of ocean sciences over the past 50 years, highlighting the contributions of the National Science Foundation (NSF) to the field's progress. Many of the individuals who participated in the exciting discoveries in biological oceanography, chemical oceanography, physical oceanography, and marine geology and geophysics describe in the book how the discoveries were made possible by combinations of insightful individuals, new technology, and in some cases, serendipity. In addition to describing the advance of ocean science, the book examines the institutional structures and technology that made the advances possible and presents visions of the field's future. This book is the first-ever documentation of the history of NSFa (TM)s Division of Ocean Sciences, how the structure of the division evolved to its present form, and the individuals who have been responsible for ocean sciences at NSF as a /rotatorsa and career staff over the past 50 years. (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Preface A. Tropical Cyclone: Addressing Hurricane Intensity through Angular Momentum and Scale Energetics Approaches.- On the Prediction of Tropical Cyclones over the Indian Region using a Synthetic Vortex Scheme in a Mesoscale Model.- Numerical simulation of Andhra Severe Cyclone (2003): Model sensitivity to the Boundary Layer and Convection Parameterisation.- B. Mesoscale Variability and Modelling: Impact of Doppler Radar Wind in Simulating the Intensity and Propagation of Rainbands Associated with Mesoscale Convective Complexes using Mm5-3dvar System.- Observation of Sea Breeze Front and its Induced Convection over Chennai in southern Peninsular India using Doppler Weather Radar.- Variability of Convective Activity over the North Indian Ocean and its Associations with Monsoon Rainfall over India.- Sensitivity of Mesoscale Precipitation Dynamics to Surface Soil and Vegetation Contrasts over the Carolinas Sandhills.- The Assimilation of GPS Radio Occultation Data and its Impact on Rainfall Prediction along the West Coast of India during Monsoon 2002.- An Experiment Using the High Resolution Eta and WRF Models to Forecast Heavy Precipitation over India.- Sensitivity of Mesoscale Model Forecast during a Satellite Launch to Different Cumulus Parameterization Schemes in MM5.- C. Seasonal Monsoon: Experimental Seasonal Forecast of Monsoon

This volume contains many original findings on mesoscale processes in atmospheric and oceanic systems through mathematical modeling, numerical simulations and field experiments. These scientific papers examine and provide the latest developments on a range of topics that include tropical cyclones/hurricanes, mesoscale variability and modeling, seasonal monsoons and land surface processes including atmospheric boundary layer. (source: Nielsen Book Data)