Exploratory find relationships that were not clear beforehand, useful for defining future studies, remember correlation does not imply causation

Inferential use a small dataset to say something about a larger population, most common goal of statistical analysis

Predictive use data from some object to predict something(values) for another object, important to measure the right values and to use as much data as possible

Causal what happens to one variable when you force another variable to change, usually requires a randomized study, this is the gold standard of data analysis

Mechanistic understanding the exact changes in variables that lead to changes in other variables for individual objects, typically from engineering and physical sciences, data analysis can be used to infer the parameters if the equations are known