Caro Quintero was previously arrested in 1992 on charges of tax evasion, he was found not guilty, which the DEA attributes to the use of threats and bribes by Caro Quintero. While imprisoned, it is believed Caro-Quintero is still running the Sonora Cartel, where he is being held on charges of racketeering, drug smuggling and money laundering. Caro Quintero was arrested in December 2001 in Los Mochis, Sinaloa. Prior to his arrest he has repeatedly stated he is innocent of the charges and has accused the DEA of pursuing a vendetta against him for his brother Rafael Caro Quintero's, alleged role in the death of DEA Special Agent Enrique Camarena. Miguel Caro Quintero is noted as having called into a radio station to profess his innocence, stating: "If I had a cartel, I'd have a lot of money and my brother wouldn't be there (in jail)"; he claimed to be an innocent rancher. He further stated he does not believe his brother was involved in the killing of the DEA agent.[4][5][6]

Miguel Caro Quintero was arrested in Mexico in 2001 and charged with smuggling cocaine and marijuana into the U.S. for over 10 years.[2] He was extradited to the U.S. on February 25, 2009.[1] After his indictment Miguel admitted trafficking more than 100 tons of marijuana, and sending more than $100 million to Mexico.[7] Miguel Caro Quintero pleaded guilty and he was sentenced on February 4, 2010 in Denver to 17 years in prison for conspiracy to distribute marijuana in Arizona and racketeering.[8]

^ abJesse Helms, ed. (1999). Mexican and American Responses to the International Narcotics Threat. U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps, Narcotics and Terrorism of the Committee on Foreign Relations. pp. 61,136,137. ISBN0-7881-8008-8.

^ abWeiner, Tim (December 22, 2001). "Suspect in Vast Drug Ring Held in Mexico; May Be Sent to U.S.". New York Times.|access-date= requires |url= (help)

1.
Sinaloa
–
Sinaloa, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Sinaloa, is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, compose the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 18 municipalities and its capital city is Culiacán Rosales and it is located in Northwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Sonora to the north, Chihuahua and Durango to the east, to the west, Sinaloa has a significant share of coastline on the Gulf of California. The state covers an area of 57,377 square kilometers and it is known to be a stronghold territory for the Sinaloa Cartel. In addition to the city, the states important cities include Mazatlán. Prior to the coming of the Spaniards, much of Sinaloa was inhabited by the Cáhita peoples, in 1531, Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán with a force of over 10,000 men, defeated a force of 30,000 Cahíta warriors at the site of Culiacán. Beltrán de Guzmán established a Spanish and allied Indian outpost at San Miguel de Culiacán, over the next decade, the Cahíta suffered severe depopulation from smallpox and other diseases the Spanish brought. The Spanish organized Sinaloa as part of the gobierno of Nueva Galicia, the first capital of Nueva Vizcaya was located in San Sebastián, near Copala, but the capital moved to Durango in 1583. Starting in 1599, Jesuit missionaries spread out from a base at what is now Sinaloa de Leyva and by 1610, in 1601, the Jesuits movement into the eastern part of Sinaloa led to the Acaxee going to war. The Spanish eventually managed to reassert authority in the Sierra Madre Occidental region, after Mexican independence, Sinaloa was joined with Sonora as Estado de Occidente, but it became a separate, sovereign state in 1830. Sinaloa is traversed by rivers, which carve broad valleys into the foothills. The largest of these rivers are the Culiacán, Fuerte, Sinaloa has a warm climate on the coast, moderately warm climate in the valleys and foothills, moderately cold in the lower mountains, and cold in the higher elevations. Its weather characteristics vary from subtropical, found on coastal plains, temperatures range from 22 °C to 43 °C with rain and thunderstoms during the summer months and dry conditions throughout most of the year. Numerous species of plants and animals are found within Sinaloa, notable among the tree species is the elephant tree, Bursera microphylla. Culturally, it is known for its popular styles of music banda and it is the only place in the continent where the ancient Mesoamerican ballgame is played, in a handful of small, rural communities not far from Mazatlán. The ritual ballgame was central in the society, religion and cosmology of all the great Mesoamerican cultures including the Mixtecs, Aztecs, the Sinaloa version of the game is called ulama and is very similar to the original. There are efforts to preserve this 3500-year-old unique tradition by supporting the communities and its rich cuisine is well-known for its variety particularly in regard to mariscos and vegetables. Sushi is a popular dish here, the Sinaloa Cartel has significantly influenced the culture of Sinaloa

2.
Mexico
–
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan

3.
Illegal drug trade
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The illegal drug trade is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs that are subject to drug prohibition laws. Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under license, of types of drugs through the use of drug prohibition laws. A UN report has stated that the drug trade generated an estimated US$321.6 billion in 2003. With a world GDP of US$36 trillion in the same year, consumption of illegal drugs is widespread globally. Chinese edicts against opium smoking were made in 1729,1796 and 1800, addictive drugs were prohibited in the west in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the early 19th century, a drug trade in China emerged and as a result. The Chinese government responded by enforcing a ban on the import of opium that led to the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and Qing dynasty China, the United Kingdom won and forced China to allow British merchants to trade opium. Trading in opium was lucrative, and smoking opium had become common in the 19th century, the Second Opium War broke out in 1856, with the British joined this time by the French. In 1868, as a result of the use of opium. Between 1920 and 1933, by the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the beginning of the 21st century saw a drug use increase in North America and Europe, with a particularly increased demand for marijuana and cocaine. As a result, international organized crime such as the Sinaloa Cartel. Another illicit drug with increased demand in Europe is hashish, Drug trafficking is widely regarded by lawmakers as a serious offense around the world. Penalties often depend on the type of drug, the quantity trafficked, if the drugs are sold to underage people, then the penalties for trafficking may be harsher than in other circumstances. Drug smuggling carries severe penalties in many countries, sentencing may include lengthy periods of incarceration, flogging and even the death penalty. In December 2005, Van Tuong Nguyen, a 25-year-old Australian drug smuggler, was hanged in Singapore after being convicted in March 2004, in 2010, two people were sentenced to death in Malaysia for trafficking 1 kilogram of cannabis into the country. The countries of production and transit are some of the most affected by the drug trade. For example, Ecuador has absorbed up to 300,000 refugees from Colombia who are running from guerrillas, paramilitaries, while some applied for asylum, others are still illegal immigrants. The drugs that pass from Colombia through Ecuador to other parts of South America create economic, Honduras, through which an estimated 79% of cocaine passes on its way to the United States, has the highest murder rate in the world

4.
Drug lord
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A drug lord, drug baron, kingpin, or narcotrafficker is a person who controls a sizable network of persons involved in the illegal drug trade. The prosecution of drug lords is therefore usually the result of carefully planned infiltrations of their networks, often using informants from within the organization. Rakesh Jyoti Saran, also known as Black Panther, is a drug trafficker best known for the Illegal Internet Pharmacy that he presided over in Arlington, Texas. Saran along with others took orders for prescription drugs online and then shipped them to people across the country, Saran made more than $200 million in the process. Additionally, Saran also illegally sold promethazine cough syrup with codeine, hydrocodone and alprazolam to individuals on the streets, according to plea papers filed in court, Saran operated 23 Texas-incorporated pharmacies through two firms he owned, Carrington Healthcare Systems and Infinity Services Group. As part of Sarans plea agreement, Saran forfeited assets earned from his illegal activities, according to the DEA, Guzmán is the biggest drug lord in history. He is well known for his use of sophisticated tunnels—similar to the one located in Douglas, in 1993 a 7. 3-ton shipment of his cocaine, concealed in cans of chili peppers and destined for the United States, was seized in Tecate, Baja California. In 1993 he barely escaped an ambush by the Tijuana Cartel led by Ramon Arellano Felix and his gunmen. Captured in Guatemala, he was jailed in 2001 and placed in a security prison called Puente Grande. On 22 February 2014, Loera was arrested and he is considered a folk hero in the narcotics world, celebrated by musicians who write and perform narcocorridos, extolling his exploits. On 8 January 2016, Loera was captured by the Mexican Marines, jorge Alberto Rodríguez, also known as Don Cholito, born on 19 November 1971 or 19 April 1966 or 8 December 1962, Cedula No. 79290554, Passport 79290554 is a notorious Colombian/Puerto Rican drug lord from Bronx, NY who headed The 400 criminal organization, a dismantled secret cell of the Cali Cartel. Pulled into the trade at just 12 years old, he left home at age 14 to begin working for his father, Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela. During that time the murder rate and cocaine-related hospital emergencies doubled. He was arrested in 1990 in Tallahassee, Florida and sentenced to a 25-year prison term for a number of federal violations and he reigned and flourished while incarcerated until he was placed in court-ordered high security isolation in 1994. Pablo Escobar Gaviria was a Colombian drug overlord, often referred to as the Worlds Greatest Outlaw, Pablo Escobar was perhaps the most elusive cocaine trafficker to have ever existed. He owned innumerable luxury residences and automobiles and in 1986 he attempted to enter Colombian politics and it is said that Pablo Escobar once burnt two million dollars in cash just to keep warm while on the run. It is these and some other infamous achievements that have made Escobar a legend in the world of crime, Pablo Escobar started to buy cocaine from Roberto Suárez in the 1970s when he had just created the Medellin Cartel

5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

6.
Drug Enforcement Administration
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The Drug Enforcement Administration is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the U. S. Department of Justice, tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States. S. It has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U. S. drug investigations both domestic, and abroad, the Drug Enforcement Administration was established on July 1,1973, by Reorganization Plan No.2 of 1973, signed by President Richard Nixon on July 28. It proposed the creation of a federal agency to enforce the federal drug laws as well as consolidate and coordinate the governments drug control activities. Congress accepted the proposal, as they were concerned with the availability of drugs. From the early 1970s, DEA headquarters was located at 1405 I Street NW in downtown Washington, however, then–Attorney General Edwin Meese determined that the headquarters had to be located in close proximity to the Attorney Generals office. Thus, in 1989, the relocated to 600–700 Army-Navy Drive in the Pentagon City area of Arlington, Virginia. On April 19,1995, Timothy McVeigh attacked the Alfred P, security measures include hydraulic steel roadplates to enforce standoff distance from the building, metal detectors, and guard stations. In February 2003, the DEA established a Digital Evidence Laboratory within its Office of Forensic Sciences, the DEA is headed by an Administrator of Drug Enforcement appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U. S. Senate. The Administrator reports to the Attorney General through the Deputy Attorney General, the Administrator is assisted by a Deputy Administrator, the Chief of Operations, the Chief Inspector, and three Assistant Administrators. Other senior staff include the financial officer and the Chief Counsel. The Administrator and Deputy Administrator are the only presidentially-appointed personnel in the DEA, DEAs headquarters is located in Arlington, Virginia across from the Pentagon. It maintains its own DEA Academy located on the United States Marine Corps base at Quantico and it maintains 21 domestic field divisions with 227 field offices and 86 foreign offices in 62 countries. With a budget exceeding 2 billion dollars, DEA employs over 10,800 people, becoming a Special Agent or Intelligence Analyst with the DEA is a competitive process. DEA agents starting salary is $49, 746–$55,483, after four years working as an agent, the salary jumps to above $92,592. Upon graduation, recruits earn themselves the title of DEA Special Agent, the DEA excludes from consideration job-applicants who have a history of any use of narcotics or illicit drugs. Investigation usually includes a polygraph test for special-agent, diversion-investigator, exceptions to this policy may be made for applicants who admit to limited youthful and experimental use of marijuana. The DEAs relatively firm stance on this issue contrasts with that of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the DEA Aviation Division or Office of Aviation Operations is an airborne division based in Fort Worth Alliance Airport, Texas. The current OA fleet consists of 106 aircraft and 124 DEA pilots, rapid Response Teams was decommissioned by DEA Administrator Chuck Rosenburg on March 2017 via memorandum

7.
Kiki Camarena
–
Enrique S. Camarenas nickname was Kike in Spanish, and Kiki in English. From 1973–1975, Camarena served in the United States Marine Corps, after which he joined the DEA, at their Calexico, California, in 1977, Camarena moved to the agencys Fresno office, and in 1981, he was assigned to their Guadalajara office in Mexico. Camarena had also worked as a firefighter and police investigator before joining the DEA in Calexico. Camarena, who had identified as the source of the leak, was abducted in broad daylight on February 7,1985 by corrupt police officers working for drug lord Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo. Camarena was tortured at Gallardos ranch over a 30-hour period, then murdered and his skull, jaw, nose, cheekbones and windpipe were crushed, his ribs were broken, and a hole was drilled into his head with a power drill. He had been injected with amphetamines and other drugs, most likely to ensure that he remained conscious while being tortured, Camarenas body was found in a rural area outside the small town of La Angostura, in the state of, on March 5,1985. Camarenas torture and murder prompted a reaction from the U. S. Drug Enforcement Administration and launched Operation Leyenda. A special unit was dispatched to coordinate the investigation in Mexico, investigators soon identified Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo and his two close associates, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Rafael Caro Quintero, as the primary suspects in the kidnapping. Under pressure from the U. S. A. to President Miguel de la Madrids government, Fonseca and Quintero were quickly apprehended, the United States government pursued a lengthy investigation of Camarenas murder. Despite vigorous protests from the Mexican government, Álvarez was brought to trial in Los Angeles in 1992, after presentation of the governments case, the judge ruled that there was insufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict, and charges were dropped. Álvarez subsequently initiated a suit against the U. S. government. The case eventually reached the U. S. Supreme Court, the four other defendants, Vásquez Velasco, Juan Ramón Matta-Ballesteros, Juan José Bernabé Ramírez, and Rubén Zuno Arce, were tried and found guilty of Camarenas kidnapping. Arce had known ties to corrupt Mexican officials, and Mexican officials were implicated in covering up the murder, Mexican police had destroyed evidence on Camarenas body. A CIA spokesman responded that “its ridiculous to suggest that the CIA had anything to do with the murder of a U. S. federal agent or the escape of his killer. ”Camarena received numerous awards while with the DEA, and he received the Administrators Award of Honor. In Fresno, the DEA hosts a golf tournament named after him. The nationwide annual Red Ribbon Week, which school children. In 2004, the Enrique S. Camarena Foundation was established in Camarenas memory, Camarenas wife Mika and son Enrique Jr. Camarena is survived by his wife Mika and their three sons. Several movies about Camarena were produced in Mexico, and he is referenced in others, in November 1988, TIME magazine featured Camarena on the cover

8.
Sinaloa Cartel
–
The Sinaloa Cartel is an international drug trafficking, money laundering, and organized crime syndicate. Established during the mid-1980s, the Sinaloa Cartel is based primarily in the city of Culiacán, Sinaloa, with operations in the Mexican states of Baja California, Durango, Sonora, and Chihuahua. The cartel is also known as the Guzmán-Loera Organization and the Pacific Cartel, the cartel has also been called the Federation and the Blood Alliance. The Federation was partially splintered when the Beltrán-Leyva brothers broke apart from the Sinaloa Cartel, the Sinaloa Cartel is associated with the label Golden Triangle, which refers to the states of Sinaloa, Durango, and Chihuahua. The region is a producer of Mexican opium and marijuana. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center, within the U. S. the Sinaloa Cartel is primarily involved in the distribution of cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana and MDMA. As of 2015, the Sinaloa Cartel is the most active drug cartel involved in smuggling drugs into the United States. Pedro Avilés Pérez was a drug lord in the Mexican state of Sinaloa in the late 1960s. He is considered to be the first generation of major Mexican drug smugglers of marijuana who marked the birth of large-scale Mexican drug trafficking and he also pioneered the use of aircraft to smuggle drugs to the United States. The Sinaloa Cartel used to be known as La Alianza de Sangre, when Héctor Luis Palma Salazar was arrested on 23 June 1995, by elements of the Mexican Army, his partner Joaquín Guzmán Loera took leadership of the cartel. Guzmán has two associates, Ismael Zambada García and Ignacio Coronel Villareal. Guzman and Zambada became Mexicos top drug kingpins in 2003, after the arrest of their rival Osiel Cardenas of the Gulf Cartel, another close associate, Javier Torres Félix, was arrested and extradited to the U. S. in December 2006. On 29 July 2010, Ignacio Coronel was killed in a shootout with the Mexican military in Zapopan, Guzman was captured on 22 February 2014 overnight by American and Mexican authorities. On July 11,2015, he escaped from the Federal Social Readaption Center No,1, a maximum-security prison in the State of Mexico, through a tunnel in his prison cell. Guzman resumed his command of the Sinaloa Cartel, but on January 8,2016, Guzman was captured again during a raid on a home in the city of Los Mochis, in Guzmans home state of Sinaloa. With the arrest of Joaquín Guzmán Loera, Ismael Zambada will most likely assume leadership of the Sinaloa Cartel. The Sinaloa Cartel has a presence in 17 of the 31 Mexican states, with important centers in Mexico City, Tepic, Toluca, Zacatecas, Guadalajara, and most of the state of Sinaloa. The cartel is primarily involved in the smuggling and distribution of Colombian cocaine, Mexican marijuana, methamphetamine and Mexican and it is believed that a group known as the Herrera Organization would transport multi-ton quantities of cocaine from South America to Guatemala on behalf of the Sinaloa Cartel

9.
Tijuana Cartel
–
The Tijuana Cartel or Arellano-Félix Organization is a Mexican drug cartel based in Tijuana. The cartel once was described as one of the biggest and most violent criminal groups in Mexico, however, since the 2006 Sinaloa Cartel incursion in Baja California and the fall of the Arellano-Félix brothers, the Tijuana Cartel had been reduced to few cells. Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, the founder of the Guadalajara Cartel was arrested in 1989, while incarcerated, he remained one of Mexicos major traffickers, maintaining his organization via mobile phone until he was transferred to a new maximum security prison in the 1990s. k. a. Currently, the majority of Mexicos smuggling routes are controlled by three key cartels, Gulf, Sinaloa and Tijuana —though Tijuana is the least powerful. The Tijuana cartel was further weakened in August 2006 when its chief, as a result of these efforts, the Tijuana cartel is unable to project much power outside of its base in Tijuana. Much of the violence that emerged in 2008 in Tijuana was a result of conflicts within the Tijuana cartel, on one side, the other faction, led by Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano, focused primarily on drug trafficking. The faction led by Sánchez Arellano demanded the reduction of the kidnappings in Tijuana, the Mexican federal government responded by implementing Operation Tijuana, a coordination carried out between the Mexican military and the municipal police forces in the area. To put down the violence, InSight Crime states that a pact was created between military officials and members of the Sánchez Arellano faction to eliminate Simentals group. The U. S. authorities speculated through WikiLeaks in 2009 that Tijuanas former police boss, with the arrest of El Teo in January 2010, much of his faction was eliminated from the city of Tijuana, some of its remains went off and joined with the Sinaloa Cartel. The relative peace in the city of Tijuana in 2010–2012 has raised speculations of an agreement between the Tijuana Cartel and the Sinaloa Cartel to maintain peace in the area. The Tijuana cartel, however, has something their rivals do not have, moreover, the Tijuana cartel charges a toll on the Sinaloa cartel for trafficking drugs in their territory, which serves as an illustration of the Tijuana cartels continued hegemony as a local group. The brothers death and arrests during the 2000s did impact the Arellano Felix cartel, today the group is led by the Arellanos nephew, Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano. The Tijuana Cartel has infiltrated the Mexican law enforcement and judicial systems and is involved in street-level trafficking within the United States. The organization has a reputation for extreme violence, Ramón Arellano Félix ordered a hit which resulted in the mass murder of 18 people in Ensenada, Baja California, on September 17,1998. Ramón was eventually killed in a gun battle with police at Mazatlán Sinaloa, eduardo Arellano Félix was captured by the Mexican Army after a shootout in Tijuana, Baja California, on October 26,2008, he had been the last of the Arellano Félix brothers at large. Enedinas son, Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano, took over the cartels operations and his two top lieutenants were Armando Villareal Heredia and Edgardo Leyva Escandon. Fernando Sanchez Arellano was arrested by Mexican police in June 2014 Leyva remains at large, on November 5,2011, Mexican troops arrested cartel lieutenant Francisco Sillas Rocha, who was reported to the cartels number two leader, and some of his close associates. Experts argued that Rochas arrest put the Tijuana Cartel on the ropes, the Tijuana cartel is present in at least 15 Mexican states with important areas of operation in Tijuana, Mexicali, Tecate, and Ensenada in Baja California, in parts of Sinaloa and Zacatecas

10.
Tax evasion
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Tax evasion is the illegal evasion of taxes by individuals, corporations, and trusts. Tax evasion is an activity associated with the informal economy. In contrast, tax avoidance is the use of tax laws to reduce ones tax burden. In 1968, Nobel laureate economist Gary Becker first theorized the economics of crime, allingham and A. Sandmo produced, in 1972, an economic model of tax evasion. This model deals with the evasion of tax, the main source of tax revenue in developed countries. According to the authors, the level of evasion of income tax depends on the detection probability, the literatures theoretical models are elegant in their effort to identify the variables likely to affect non-compliance. Alternative specifications, however, yield conflicting results concerning both the signs and magnitudes of variables believed to affect tax evasion, empirical work is required to resolve the theoretical ambiguities. Income tax evasion appears to be influenced by the tax rate, the unemployment rate. The U. S. Tax Reform Act of 1986 appears to have reduced tax evasion in the United States, customs duties are an important source of revenue in developing countries. Importers purport to evade customs duty by under-invoicing and misdeclaration of quantity, when there is ad valorem import duty, the tax base can be reduced through underinvoicing. Misdeclaration of quantity is more relevant for products with specific duty, production description is changed to match a H. S. Code commensurate with a lower rate of duty. Smuggling is importation or exportation of products by illegal means. Smuggling is resorted to for total evasion of customs duties, as well as for the importation of contraband, during the second half of the 20th century, value-added tax emerged as a modern form of consumption tax throughout the world, with the notable exception of the United States. Producers who collect VAT from consumers may evade tax by under-reporting the amount of sales, the US has no broad-based consumption tax at the federal level, and no state currently collects VAT, the overwhelming majority of states instead collect sales taxes. Canada uses both a VAT at the level and sales taxes at the provincial level, some provinces have a single tax combining both forms. In addition, most jurisdictions which levy a VAT or sales tax also legally require their residents to report and this is especially prevalent in federal countries like Nigeria, US and Canada where sub-national jurisdictions charge varying rates of VAT or sales tax. In Nigeria, for example, some federated states enforce VAT on each item of goods sold by traders, the price must be clearly stated and the VAT shown separately from the basic price. If the trader does not comply this is punishable as an attempt to siphon the VAT, therefore, it is not generally cost-effective to enforce tax collection on low-value goods carried in private vehicles from one jurisdiction to another with a different tax rate

11.
Money laundering
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Money laundering is the process of transforming the profits of crime and corruption into ostensibly legitimate assets. Most anti-money laundering laws openly conflate money laundering with terrorism financing when regulating the financial system, some countries define money laundering as obfuscating sources of money, either intentionally or by merely using financial systems or services that do not identify or track sources or destinations. Other countries define money laundering to include money from activity that would have been a crime in that country, the concept of money laundering regulations goes back to ancient times and is intertwined with the development of money and banking. Money laundering is first seen with individuals hiding wealth from the state to avoid taxation or confiscation or a combination of both, in China, merchants around 2000 BCE would hide their wealth from rulers who would simply take it from them and banish them. In addition to hiding it, they would move it and invest it in businesses in remote provinces or even outside China, over the millennia many rulers and states imposed rules that would take wealth from their citizens and this led to the development of offshore banking and tax evasion. One of the methods has been the use of parallel banking or Informal value transfer systems such as hawala that allowed people to move money out of the country avoiding state scrutiny. In the 20th century, the seizing of wealth again became popular when it was seen as a crime prevention tool. The first time was during the period of Prohibition in the United States during the 1930s and this saw a new emphasis by the state and law enforcement agencies to track and confiscate money. Organized crime received a major boost from Prohibition and a source of new funds that were obtained from illegal sales of alcohol. In the 1980s, the war on drugs led governments again to turn to money-laundering rules to try and seize proceeds of crime to catch the organizers. It also had the benefit from a law enforcement point of view of turning rules of evidence upside down, Law enforcers normally have to prove an individual is guilty to get a conviction. But with money laundering laws, money can be confiscated and it is up to the individual to prove that the source of funds is legitimate if they want the funds back and this makes it much easier for law enforcement agencies and provides for much lower burdens of proof. The September 11 attacks in 2001, which led to the Patriot Act in the US and similar legislation worldwide, starting in 2002, governments around the world upgraded money laundering laws and surveillance and monitoring systems of financial transactions. Anti money laundering regulations have become a larger burden for financial institutions. During 2011–2015 a number of major banks faced ever-increasing fines for breaches of money laundering regulations and this included HSBC, which was fined $1.9 billion in December 2012, and BNP Paribas, which was fined $8.9 billion in July 2014 by the US government. For example, in 2006, Australia set up the AUSTRAC system, Money obtained from certain crimes, such as extortion, insider trading, drug trafficking, and illegal gambling is dirty. It needs to be cleaned to appear to have derived from legal activities so that banks. Money can be laundered by many methods, which vary in complexity, some of these steps may be omitted, depending on the circumstances

12.
Los Mochis
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Los Mochis is a coastal city in northern Sinaloa, Mexico. It serves as the seat of the municipality of Ahome. As of the 2010 census, the population was 256,613, Los Mochis is the western terminus of the Chihuahua-Pacific Railroad, or ChePe, which passes through the scenic Copper Canyon. The valley is one of the largest producers of mangoes in Mexico, air transportation is provided by Los Mochis International Airport. Nearby Topolobampo is the second largest natural deepwater port in the world, Los Mochis was founded in 1893 by a group of American utopian socialists who were adherents of Albert Kimsey Owen, an American civil engineer who built the first irrigation ditches in the valley. The colony, organized under the principles of socialism, survived for 31 years. Albert K. Today, the city of Topolobampo continues to be developed. The city itself was founded by a businessman named Benjamin F. Johnston, the founding of the sugar mill produced a population boom in 1903. Benjamin F. Johnston arrived at Topolobampo attracted by the city project of Owen, Ochoa died suddenly, and Johnston seized businesses that Lycan and Ochoa founded. El Águila Sugar Refining Company later became United Sugar Company, in 1898, Johnston laid the first stone of the sugar mill and drove the rapid growth of the city around it. The first harvest was welcomed in the year 1903, Johnston was a very powerful and influential businessman, so powerful that he was the one that drew the street plans for Los Mochis, a modern city with wide and straight streets. It was not recognized as a city until 1903 along with Topolobampo, on 20 April 1903 a decree is founded by the mayor of Los Mochis, during the state government of Francisco Cañedo. In 1916, establishing the town of Ahome and since 1935 the municipal seat of the latter is located in the city of Los Mochis. The economic development of the city began with the sugar industry, lópez who had been appointed by the state governor Francisco Cañedo. The municipality of Ahome was created by decree of the Local Legislature dated 20 December 1917, Ángel Flores, and was appointed head of the municipality of La Villa de Ahome. In 1918 Florencio A. Valdés, was the first elected mayor, the transfer took place without major problems right away and offices were installed in the house owned by Don Fco. Beltran, located at the corner of Hidalgo and Zaragoza next to the occupied by the former Sindicatura. The old town of Ahome, to remain laggard in the process of the region, had also relegated to second place

13.
Cocaine
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Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled, or injected into the veins, mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, high doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes, Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery. Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the pathway in the brain. After a short period of use, there is a risk that dependence will occur. Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics, cornstarch, quinine, or sugar which can result in additional toxicity. Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure, Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This results in concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain. It can easily cross the barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier. Cocaine is made from the leaves of the plant which are mostly grown in South America. In 2013,419 kilograms were produced legally and it is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to 500 billion USD each year. With further processing crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine, after cannabis, cocaine is the most frequently used illegal drug globally. Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year, use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America. Between one and three percent of people in the world have used cocaine at some point in their life. In 2013 cocaine use resulted in 4,300 deaths. The leaves of the plant have been used by Peruvians since ancient times. Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860, since 1961 the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime

14.
Marijuana
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Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization

15.
Mexican Drug War
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The Mexican Drug War is the Mexican theater of the United States War on Drugs, involving an ongoing low-intensity asymmetric war between the Mexican Government and various drug trafficking syndicates. Since 2006, when the Mexican military began to intervene, the principal goal has been to reduce the drug-related violence. Additionally, the Mexican government has claimed that their focus is on dismantling the powerful drug cartels, rather than on preventing drug trafficking. Mexican drug cartels now dominate the wholesale illicit drug market and in 2007 controlled 90% of the entering the United States. Arrests of key leaders, particularly in the Tijuana and Gulf cartels, has led to increasing drug violence as cartels fight for control of the trafficking routes into the United States. Analysts estimate that wholesale earnings from illicit drug sales range from $13.6 to $49.4 billion annually, by the end of Felipe Calderóns administration, the official death toll of the Mexican Drug War was at least 60,000. Estimates set the death toll above 120,000 killed by 2013, given its geographic location, Mexico has long been used as a staging and transshipment point for narcotics and contraband between Latin America and U. S. markets. Towards the end of the 1960s, Mexican narcotic smugglers started to smuggle drugs on a major scale, during the 1970s and early 1980s, Colombias Pablo Escobar was the main exporter of cocaine and dealt with organized criminal networks all over the world. By the mid-1980s, the organizations from Mexico were well-established and reliable transporters of Colombian cocaine, transporters from Mexico usually were given 35% to 50% of each cocaine shipment. This arrangement meant that organizations from Mexico became involved in the distribution, as well as the transportation of cocaine, currently, the Sinaloa Cartel and the Gulf Cartel have taken over trafficking cocaine from Colombia to the worldwide markets. The balance of power between the various Mexican cartels continually shifts as new organizations emerge and older ones weaken and collapse, a disruption in the system, such as the arrests or deaths of cartel leaders, generates bloodshed as rivals move in to exploit the power vacuum. The fighting between rival drug cartels began in earnest after the 1989 arrest of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, there was a lull in the fighting during the late 1990s but the violence has steadily worsened since 2000. The center-left PRI party ruled Mexico for around 70 years until 2000, during this time, drug cartels expanded their power and corruption, and anti-drug operations focused mainly on destroying marijuana and opium crops in mountainous regions. It is estimated that about 110 people died in Nuevo Laredo between January and August 2005 as a result of the fighting between the Gulf and Sinaloa cartels. The same year, there was another surge in violence in the state of Michoacán as the La Familia Michoacana drug cartel established itself, on December 11,2006, the newly elected President Felipe Calderón sent 6,500 Mexican Army soldiers to Michoacán to end drug violence there. As time passed, Calderón continued to escalate his anti-drug campaign, in there are now about 45,000 troops involved along with state. Mexico is a drug transit and producing country. It is the main supplier of cannabis and an important entry point of South American cocaine

16.
La Familia Michoacana
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La Familia Michoacana, La Familia, or LFM was a Mexican drug cartel and a organized crime syndicate based in the Mexican state of Michoacán. Formerly allied to the Gulf Cartel—as part of Los Zetas—it split off in 2006, the cartel was founded by Carlos Rosales Mendoza a close associate of Osiel Cárdenas. The second leader, Nazario Moreno González, known as El Más Loco and he carried a bible of his own sayings and insisted that his army of traffickers and hitmen avoid using the narcotics they sell. However, President Felipe Calderóns government refused to strike a deal with the cartel, La Familia Michoacana still exists today, despite the killing of its founder and leader Nazario Moreno González. It is present mostly in el Estado de Mexico, Mexican Federal Police declaring, on November 2,2011, that the La Familia cartel had been disbanded. Mexican analysts believe that La Familia formed in the 1980s with the purpose of bringing order to Michoacán, emphasizing help. In its initial incarnation, La Familia formed as a group of vigilantes, spurred to power to counter interloping kidnappers and drug dealers, since then, La Familia has capitalized on its reputation, building its myth, power and reach to transition into a criminal gang itself. La Familia came to the foreground in the 1990s as the Gulf Cartels paramilitary group, while it initially trained with Los Zetas, in 2006 the group splintered off into an independent drug trafficking operation. La Familia has a rivalry with both Los Zetas and the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel, but strong ties with the Sinaloa Cartel of Joaquin Guzman. La Familia Michoacana was one of the strongest and fastest growing cartels in Mexico, after the death of Nazario Moreno González, José de Jesús Méndez Vargas took control of the cartel. However, his authority was disputed by the cartel co-founders Enrique Plancarte Solís and Servando Gómez Martínez, Méndez Vargas was captured on June 21,2011 by Mexican police in the state of Aguascalientes. The Mexican Federal Police declared that the cartel has been disbanded, however, the organization continues to exercise its power and influence throughout Michoacán and Guerrero states. La Familia cartel is sometimes described as quasi-religious since its leaders, Moreno González and Méndez Vargas, refer to their assassinations, the cartel may have direct or indirect ties with devotees of the New Jerusalem religious movement, which is noted for its concern for justice issues. Advancement within the organization depends as much on regular attendance at meetings as on target practice. The cartel gives loans to farmers, businesses, schools and churches, on July 16,2009, Servando Gómez Martínez, the cartel operations chief, contacted a local radio station and stated, La Familia was created to look after the interests of our people and our family. When asked what La Familia really wanted, Gómez replied, The only thing we want is peace, President Felipe Calderóns government refuses to strike a deal with the cartel and rejected their calls for dialogue. On April 20,2009, about 400 Federal Police agents raided a party for a baby born to a cartel member. Among the 44 detained was Rafael Cedeño Hernández, the second in command and in charge of indoctrinating the new recruits in the cartels religious values, morals

17.
Gulf Cartel
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The Gulf Cartel is a criminal syndicate and drug trafficking organization in Mexico, and perhaps one of the oldest organized crime groups in the country. It is currently based in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, directly across the border from Brownsville and their network is international, and are believed to have dealings with crime groups in Europe, West Africa, Asia, Central America, South America, and the United States. Besides drug trafficking, the Gulf Cartel operates through protection rackets, assassinations, extortions, kidnappings, the members of the Gulf Cartel are known for intimidating the population and for being particularly violent. As of December 2016 Los Zetas Group (Groupo Bravo & Zetas Vieja Escuela made an Alliance with the Gulf cartel to fight against Cartel Del Noroeste. Nonetheless, it was not until 1984 when his nephew Juan García Ábrego founded the Gulf Cartel and this renegotiation, however, forced Garcia Ábrego to guarantee the product’s arrival from Colombia to its destination. Instead, he created warehouses along the Mexican’s northern border to preserve hundreds of tons of cocaine, in addition to trafficking drugs, García Ábrego would ship cash to be laundered, in the millions. Around 1994, it was estimated that the Gulf Cartel handled as much as one-third of all cocaine shipments into the United States from the Cali Cartel suppliers. During the 1990s, the PGR, the Mexican attorney generals office, García Ábregos ties extended beyond the Mexican government corruption and into the United States. The buses made great transportation, as Antonio Ortiz noted, since they were never stopped at the border, in 1989 Claude was removed from the case for unknown reasons, retiring a year later. García Ábrego bribed the agent in an attempt to more information on U. S. law enforcement operations. Juan García Ábregos business had grown to such length that the FBI placed him on the Top Ten Most Wanted in 1995 and he was the first drug trafficker to be on that list. On 14 January 1996, García Ábrego was arrested outside a ranch in Monterrey and he was quickly extradited to the United States where he stood trial eight months after his arrest. García Ábrego was convicted for 22 counts of money laundering, drug possession, jurors also ordered the seizure of $350 million of García Ábrego’s assets — $75 million more than what was previously planned. Juan García Ábrego is currently serving 11 life terms in a security prison in Colorado. In 1996, it was disclosed that García Ábregos organization paid millions of dollars in bribes to politicians and it was later proven after his arrest that the deputy attorney general in charge of Mexicos federal Judicial Police had accumulated more than $9 million US dollars for protecting García Ábrego. García Ábregos arrest was subject to allegations of corruption. It is believed the Mexican government knew all García Ábregos whereabouts all along and had refused to arrest him due to information he possessed about the extent of corruption within the government. The arresting officer, a FJP commander, is believed to have received a bullet-proof Mercury Grand Marquis, García Ábrego was apprehended on January 14,1996, and Mexico shortly after received certification on March 1

18.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

19.
Mexican Armed Forces
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The Mexican Armed Forces are composed of two independent entities, the Mexican Army and the Mexican Navy. The Mexican Army includes the Mexican Air Force, the Presidential Guard, Military Police, and Special Forces are part of the Army, but have their own chains of command. The Mexican Navy includes the Naval Infantry Force and the Naval Aviation, there are three main components of the Army, a national headquarters, territorial commands, and independent units. The Minister of Defense commands the Army by means of a centralized system. The Army uses a modified continental staff system in its headquarters, the Army is the largest branch of Mexicos armed services. Presently, there are 12 Military Regions, which are broken down into 44 subordinate Military Zones. In both cases, a system is used for designation. There is no set number of zones within a region, the Air Force national headquarters is embedded in the Army headquarters in Mexico City. It also follows the continental system, with the usual A1, A2, A3. The tactical forces form what is called an Air Division, but it is dispersed in four regions, Northeast Mexico, Northwest Mexico, Central Mexico. The Air Force maintains a total of 18 air bases, and has the capability of opening temporary forward operating bases in austere conditions for some helicopters. The Ministry of the Navy, the Navys national headquarters, is located in Mexico City and they are a very tightly knit group, and great importance is placed on consultation among the factions within these year groups. The Navys operational forces are organized as two independent groups, the Gulf Force and the Pacific Force, each group has its own headquarters, a destroyer group, an auxiliary vessel group, a Marine Infantry Group, and a Special Forces group. The Gulf and Pacific Forces are not mirror images of each other, both are subdivided into regions, with Regions 1,3, and 5 on the Gulf, and 2,4, and 6 on the Pacific. Each region is divided into sectors and zones, so a proliferation of headquarters. The Navy also has an air arm with troop transport, reconnaissance, the Navy maintains significant infrastructure, including naval dockyards that have the capability of building ships, such as the Holzinger class offshore patrol vessel. These dockyards have a significant employment and economic impact in the country, the Naval Infantry are the marine corps and amphibious infantry force of the Mexican Navy. The Naval Infantry are responsible for security, protection of the ten-kilometer coastal fringe

20.
Mexican Army
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The Mexican Army is the combined land and air branch and largest of the Mexican Armed Forces, it is also known as the National Defense Army. It was the first army to adopt and use a self-loading rifle, the Mexican Army has an active duty force of 766,750. Mexico has no major foreign nation-state adversaries and it officially repudiates the use of force to settle disputes and rejects interference by one nation in the affairs of another. Although it has not suffered a major international terrorist incident in recent decades, in the prehispanic era, there were many indigenous tribes and highly developed city-states in what is now known as central Mexico. In Aztec society, it was compulsory for all males, nobles as well as commoners. Itzcoatl Obsidian Serpent, fourth king of Tenochtitlán, organized the army defeated the Tepanec of Atzcapotzalco. His reign began with the rise of what would become the largest empire in Mesoamerica, then Moctezuma Ilhuicamina The arrow to the sky came to extend the domain and the influence of the monarchy of Tenochtitlán. He began to trade to the outside regions of the Valley of Mexico. This was the Mexica ruler who organized the alliance with the lordships of Texcoco, the Aztec established the Flower Wars as a form of worship, these, unlike the wars of conquest, were aimed at obtaining prisoners for sacrifice to the sun. Combat orders were given by kings using drums or blowing into a sea shell that gave off a sound like a horn. Giving out signals using coats of arms was very common, for combat outside of cities, they would organize several groups, only one of which would be involved in action, while the others remained on the alert. In the early morning of September 16,1810, the Army of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla initiated the independence movement, Hidalgo was followed by his loyal companions, among them Mariano Abasolo, and a small army equipped with swords, spears, slingshots and sticks. Captain General Ignacio Allende was the brains of the insurgent army in the first phase of the War of Independence. The Spaniards saw that it was important to defend the Alhóndiga de Granaditas public granary in Guanajuato, the insurgents entered Guanajuato and proceeded to lay siege to the Alhóndiga. With this stunt, the managed to bring down the door and enter the building. Hidalgo headed to Valladolid, which was captured with little opposition, on November 29,1810, Hidalgo entered Guadalajara, the capital of Nueva Galicia, where he organized his government and the Insurgent Army, he also issued a decree abolishing slavery. At Calderon Bridge near the city of Guadalajara Jalisco, insurgents held a battle with the royalists. During the fierce fighting, one of the ammunition wagons exploded

21.
Mexican Air Force
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The Mexican Air Force is the primary aerial warfare service branch of the Mexican Armed Forces. It is a component of the Mexican Army and depends on the National Defense Secretariat, since November 2013, its commander is Gen. Carlos Antonio Rodríguez Munguía. On February 5,1915, the leader of the Constitutionalist Army, Venustiano Carranza, founded the Arma de Aviación Militar and its first commander was Lt. Alberto Salinas Carranza. In 1925, due to the shortage of airplanes caused by World War I, Mexico set up the National Aviation Workshops to design and build its own airplanes and aeroengines. When U. S. Therefore, Mexico acquired some British Avro 504K and Avro 504J airplanes, in addition, in May 1920, Mexico acquired thirteen twin-engine bombers Farman F.50. Some of these conflicts, that were decided mostly by the use of the Air Force, are mentioned below. On December 7,1923, former President Adolfo de la Huerta launched a coup against the government of President Álvaro Obregón. The situation was critical, because along with de la Huerta, about 60% of the army revolted. The military coup was then suffocated by February 1924, a territorial war was that of the Sonora Yaqui Indians who demanded by force that previous territorial treaties were implemented. The conflict lasted from 1926 to 1927, and it came to an end when a new treaty was implemented. When President Plutarco Elías Calles pushed for the creation of the Mexican Apostolic Catholic Church, independent of Rome and this long civil war lasted from 1926 to 1929. In May 1927, while General Obregón seemed keen to impose the presidency to General Calles and his command posts were located in the cities of Puebla and Veracruz, where he led approximately 200 federal deserters, ammunition and weapons. The air force played a key role in their defeat, then, on March 3,1929, a serious military coup took place, led by General José Gonzalo Escobar and heeded by various other generals. Only two weeks making the request, the U. S. government agreed, and several Mexican pilots travelled to Brownsville, Texas. The key victory was decided in late March 1929 at the Battle of Jiménez, Chihuahua and this rebellion was quite serious, since a third of the officials and nearly 30,000 soldiers rebelled, in two months, more than 2000 men had been killed. The Air Force organized a fleet of 17 aircraft that included some new V-99M Corsair. Cedillo quickly realized he had no chance in open fields against the air force and ran to the Huasteca Hills, with the imminent collapse of the Spanish Republic in 1939, the Mexican government took delivery of military aircraft destined for the Republic, strengthening its arsenal. The Escuadrón 201, a P-47D fighter squadron of the Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana and it consisted of 25 aircraft and had 300 airmen and supporting staff

22.
Mexican Navy
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The Mexican Navy is one of the two independent Armed Forces of Mexico. The actual naval forces are called the Armada de México, the Secretaría de Marina includes both the Armada itself and the attached ministerial and civil service. The commander of the Navy is the Secretary of the Navy, the Mexican Navys stated mission is to use the naval force of the federation for external defense, and to help with internal order. The Navy consists of about 56,000 men and women plus reserves, over 189 ships, the Navy attempts to maintain a constant modernization program in order to upgrade its response capability. Given Mexicos large area of water and extensive coastline, the Navys duties are of great importance, perhaps its most important on-going missions are the war on drugs and protecting PEMEXs oil wells in Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico. Another important task of the Mexican Navy is to people in hurricane relief operations. Starting with the term of President Enrique Peña Nieto, the prefix ARM started being used in all naval vessels in active service, the Mexican Navy has its origins in the creation of the Ministry of War in 1821. From that year until 1939 it existed jointly with the Army in the organic ministry, therefore, its priority was to purchase its first fleet from the U. S. in order to displace the last remaining Spanish forces from its coasts. The Mexican Navy has participated in naval battles to protect. Day-to-day control of the Navy lies with the Navy Secretary, Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz, in Mexico there is no joint forces command structure with the army, so the Secretary reports directly to the President. The Navy has a General Headquarters and three naval forces, there are furthermore 8 regions,13 zones, and 14 naval sectors. The Naval Infantry are responsible for security, protection of the ten-kilometer coastal fringe. To provide such support, the Navy has ordered Coast Guard Defender class ships, other stations will be provided only with Defender class boats. On April 1,2014 SEMAR officially announced the creation of Port Protection Naval Units which will include a marine section, the main task of UNAPROPs is to ensure Maritime surveillance and inspection. Candidates can enter upon completing high school, upon completion of studies, graduates obtain the degree of Corbeta Lieutenant and the title of Naval Science Engineer. Naval Medical School This school Located in Mexico City, offers a career in medicine, officers are trained with skills for the prevention and health care of naval personnel. By adopting a professional examination, graduates can obtain the degree of Naval Military Lieutenant Corvette and this school offers career of Electronic Engineering and Naval Communications. It is located between the town of Mata Grape and Anton Lizardo,32 km from the port of Veracruz, Naval Nursing School Here the time to achieve a nursing degree lasts eight semesters

23.
Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales
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The Mexican Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales is a special forces unit of the Mexican Army. Within the SF Corps, there are regular, intermediate, the regular-service soldiers usually operate as light infantry. The intermediate-service soldiers usually are instructors, the veteran-service soldiers of the Grupo Aeromóvil de Fuerzas Especiales del Alto Mando handle Black-Ops missions. Also known as the COIFE, the Special Forces Corps of the Mexican Army is equivalent to the U. S. Army Special Forces, GAFE was created in 1986 as the Fuerza de Intervención Rápida to provide security for the FIFA World Cup soccer games in Mexico City. Frances GIGN trained the group in special weapons and counter-terrorism tactics, on June 1,1990 the group adopted its most known name, GAFE, becoming a Corps in 2013 as part of the expansion of the Army. It again changed its name from GAFE to CFE, eight years later the GAFEs saw action fighting EZLN guerrillas in Chiapas. There is scant public information about the operations in which participated during that conflict. It is also known that at some point several members were trained in the infamous US Army School of the americas, in enhanced interrogation techniques, nowadays the army special forces continue fighting the war against drug cartels in Mexico. They have successfully captured many big drug leaders such as Benjamin Arellano Felix of the Tijuana Cartel, in 1994 the EZLN guerrilla seized several towns across the southern state of Chiapas. The Mexican government sent in GAFEs to put down the insurgents, within hours,30 rebels were killed and others were captured. Later their bodies were disposed on a riverbank – with their ears, in the year 1999, about 34 GAFE defectors, were recruited to join the Gulf Cartel, serving as the cartels armed wing, which became known as Los Zetas. By 2011 only 10 of the original 34 zetas remained fugitives, most of them have been killed or captured by Mexican Army, Federal Police and the Special Forces Corps. Since its creation they have received a variety of training from different special forces groups from around the world. The Army unified all the knowledge by creating in 1998 the Escuela Militar de Fuerzas Especiales and this became the Centro de Adiestramiento de Fuerzas Especiales, located in the foothills of the Iztaccíhuatl volcano, on 1 May 2002. The basic special forces course lasts 6 months, Training also takes place in different scenarios in the state of Guerrero. Urban/Intervention, San Miguel de los Jagueyes, La Casa de la Muerte in Puebla and Temamatla, mountain, El Salto, Durango, and Guerrero. Desert Operations Training Center, Laguna Salada and Baja California Airmobile/Airborne, Air Force base of Santa Lucía, Estado de México, high mountain, Nevado de Toluca, Iztaccíhuatl and Pico de Orizaba volcanoes. Fast Attack Vehicle/Light Strike Vehicle, Humvee, customized Dodge Ram pickup trucks, all-terrain vehicles, Plasan Sand Cat, off-road motorcycles and inflatable/fast boats

24.
Federal Ministerial Police
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The Federal Ministerial Police is a Mexican federal agency tasked with fighting corruption and organized crime, through an executive order by President Vicente Fox Quesada. The agency is directed by the Attorney Generals Office and may have partly modeled on the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the United States. PFM agents in action often wear masks to prevent themselves from being identified by gang leaders, PFM agents are uniformed when carrying out raids. Street-level uniformed federal police patrols and transport terminal security are handled by the Federal Police and it was formed in 2009 as a reform and renaming of the Federal Investigative Agency which had replaced an earlier agency, the Federal Judicial Police. Some agents of the Federal Investigations Agency were believed to work as enforcers for the Sinaloa Cartel. The Attorney Generals Office reported in December 2005 that 1,500 of 7,000 AFI agents — nearly 25% of the force — were under investigation for suspected criminal activity and 457 were facing charges, on 29 May 2009, the Federal Investigations Agency was restructured and renamed

25.
Federal Police (Mexico)
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The Federal Police, formerly known as the Policía Federal Preventiva, is a Mexican police force under the authority of the Secretariat of the Interior. They are sometimes referred to by the slang term Federales, typically, agents of the Federal Police are heavily armed and wear dark blue, black, or gray combat fatigues. The Federal Preventive Police was created by the merger of four other organizations in 1998 and 1999 in order to better co-ordinate the fight against the growing threat of drug cartels. On account of its heavily armed agents, its culture, and its origins, however, two of the seven divisions of the Federal Police have particularly military characteristics, The Federal Forces Division and the National Gendarmerie Division. The National Gendarmerie Division was created in 2014, and is defined as a military force within the Federal Police. There is a division within the Federal Police. Investigation of federal crimes can also be handled by the Federal Ministerial Police directed by the Attorney General of Mexico, on May 29,2009, the Federal Preventive Police name was changed to Federal Police, and some duties were added to it. Many large bus stations and airports in Mexico are assigned a PF detachment, Public Safety Secretary Genaro García Luna hoped to reform the nations long-troubled police. Among other steps, he consolidated several agencies into a Federal Police force of nearly 25,000, the Federal Police celebrates its anniversary on June 2 every year, with its history dating to 1928 as the successor of the agencies mentioned above. When Felipe Calderón, the former President of Mexico, took office in 2006, each of the organizations were large and dominated huge parts of Mexicos territorial landscape, and operated internationally and overseas as well. When Calderón assumed the presidency, he realized that he could not rely on the police nor the intelligence agencies to restore order. He then moved the military to parts of Mexico most plagued by drug-violence to target, capture, with the argument that he was tired of the corruption, Calderón abolished the AFI agency created in May 2009 and created an entirely new police force. The new force has formed part of Mexicos first national crime information system and they also have assumed the role of the Army in several parts of the country. According to the New York Times, the police has avoided any serious incidents of corruption. The new corporation became the Federal Police, and it support to the police as to the Federal District. In December 2012, the Mexican government will create a new unit to replace all Federal Police duties, Federal Police will not be disbanded, additional information on Mexicos planned Gendarmerie. The final product is the 2014 creation of the Federal Polices National Gendarmerie Division and its focus is on providing ongoing public security in areas with heavy criminal activities and providing border security. It is also expected to reinforce state, city and municipal police forces when the need arises and it is one of the seven constituent divisions of the Federal Police reporting directly to the Commissioner, and the newest to be raised

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Fausto Isidro Meza Flores
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Fausto Isidro Meza Flores, commonly referred to by his criminal alias El Chapo Isidro, is a Mexican drug lord and high-ranking leader of the Beltrán Leyva Cartel, a drug trafficking organization. He is also the leader of Los Mazatlecos and the right-hand man of the drug lord Héctor Beltrán Leyva. Meza Flores was born on June 19,1982 and he began his criminal career in the 1990s, at first working for the Juárez Cartel under the tutelage of the then-leader Amado Carrillo Fuentes. As a member of the Beltrán Leyva brothers, he proved to be a skilled sicario, capable of daring, cunning, Meza Flores, however, remained loyal to the Beltrán Leyva brothers and possibly forged an alliance with Vicente Carrillo Fuentes. A fierce gunfight between members of the Sinaloa Cartel and the Beltrán Leyva Cartel left about 30 dead in the town of Tubutama, Sonora in northern Mexico on July 1,2010. The drug gangs clashed just a few miles across the border with the U. S. state of Arizona – an area notorious for being a smuggling route for narcotics. Reportedly, Meza Flores and a drug trafficker nicknamed El Gilo were the ones carried out the surprise ambush attack on the gunmen of the Sinaloa Cartel. Eleven late-model, bullet-ridden vehicles were found at the scene, along with dozens of high calibre assault rifles. Some of the vehicles had X painted on their windows, an often used by the Mexican drug trafficking organizations to distinguish the vehicles of rival drug cartels during armed confrontations. His gang, Los Mazatlecos, is based in the region of Guasave, Sinaloa, and is responsible for smuggling large quantities of methamphetamine, heroin, marijuana, and cocaine since 2000. He is one of the leaders of the Beltrán Leyva Cartel in the city of Mazatlán. Meza Flores is the man of Héctor Beltrán Leyva, the top leader of the Beltrán Leyva Cartel, his area of operations is in Mazatlán, Guamúchil, Los Mochis, Choix. On April 28,2010, Meza Flores was nearly captured by Mexican law enforcement in the mountains of Choix, however, the operation left two soldiers dead and twelve of his gunmen killed, including his right-hand man Omar Alfonso Rubio. On December 12,2013, one of Meza Floress top lieutenants, Ignacio Nacho González was arrested in Guasave, Meza was a fugitive wanted by the United States government for drug trafficking charges. His last known residence was in the state of Nuevo León, businesses included in the sanction Family members of Meza Flores Mexican Drug War

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Carlos Rosales Mendoza
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Carlos Alberto Rosales Mendoza was a former Mexican drug lord who founded and led an organized crime syndicate called La Familia Michoacana. He was a friend and associate of Osiel Cárdenas Guillén. He was born in the municipality of La Unión, Guerrero in southern Mexico, in 2000, Rosales Mendoza united with the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas to thwart the Milenio Cartel, causing a wave of violence in western Mexico that lasted until the year 2003. He was arrested twice, on 24 October 2004, and on 5 August 2014 and he was found dead in a parking lot on 28 December 2015. He also formed an alliance with Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, then leader of the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas and this alliance was intended to displace the Milenio Cartel from Michoacán state, and provoked a series of assassinations in the area until 2003. In 2004, he organised the armed assault on a security prison. His men managed to free 25 inmates, but Rosales Mendoza was arrested on suspicion of masterminding the jailbreak and his capture resulted in new organizational leaders, José de Jesús Méndez Vargas and Nazario Moreno González. On 22 May 2014, Rosales Mendoza was released from prison in Jalisco after fulfilling his ten-year sentence for possession of firearms, organized crime. On 5 August 2014, he was arrested again by state authorities at a restaurant in Morelia, Michoacán, Rosales Mendoza was found dead on December 28,2015 in a car park in Gabriel Zamora, Michoacán along with other 3 bodies. All four bodies showed signs of having been tortured, authorities suspect of Ignacio Andrade Rentería, a former mob lieutenant that now runs the Knights Templar Cartel. Mérida Initiative Mexican Drug War War on Drugs Grayson, George W, the Executioners Men, Los Zetas, Rogue Soldiers, Criminal Entrepreneurs, and the Shadow State They Created

"Operation Somalia Express" was an 18-month investigation which included the coordinated takedown of a 44-member international narcotics-trafficking organization responsible for smuggling more than 25 tons of khat from the Horn of Africa to the United States.

Tax evasion is the illegal evasion of taxes by individuals, corporations, and trusts. Tax evasion often entails …

The size of the shadow economy in Europe, 2011.

A "Lion's Mouth" postbox for anonymous denunciations at the Doge's Palace in Venice, Italy. Text translation: "Secret denunciations against anyone who will conceal favors and services or will collude to hide the true revenue from them."

Poster issued by the British tax authorities to counter offshore tax evasion.

This page from the Codex Mendoza shows the gradual improvements to equipment and tlahuiztli as a warrior progresses through the ranks from commoner to porter to warrior to captor, and later as a noble progressing in the warrior societies from the noble warrior to "Eagle warrior" to "Jaguar Warrior" to "Otomitl" to "Shorn One" and finally as "Tlacateccatl".