Recall from part 2, that in 1965, the US scientist J.O. Fletcher, outlined the three basic approaches to warming the planet:

“Three basic approaches have been proposed (Fletcher, 1965): (1) influencing the surface reflectivity of the ice to cause more absorption of solar heat;(2) large-scale modification of Arctic cloud conditions by seeding;(3) increasing the inflow of warm Atlantic water into the Arctic Ocean.” Emphasis mine

We have outlined how the first approach may have been implemented under the mask of industrial emissions. Now we shall examine the evidence for the second.

In this paper written in 1969 by Fletcher for the Rand Corporation, Fletcher discusses modification of cloud cover over the North Polar Basin by Cloud Seeding. The intent of such an operation is quite clearly for causing a warming to melt the Arctic ice.

“Still another form of growing pollution, and one whose possible effects have received little study, is the creation of cirrus cloudiness (vapour trails) by the exhaust products of high-flying aircraft.” Emphasis mine

“It has for example been noted that the creation or dissipation of high cloudiness has an enormous influence on the heat budget of the atmosphere and of the surface. It is estimated that it would take only sixty C-5 aircraftto deliver 1kg per km2 per day over the entire Arctic Basin (10 to the 7 km2). Thus, it is a large but not impossible task to seed such enormous areas.” Emphasis mine

“These numbers demonstrate not only the enormous thermal leverage that might be exercised by influencing mean cloudiness, but also the range of influence that might be possible, depending on cloud type, height, and its influence on the regional heat budget.” Emphasis mine

Time series of seasonally averaged cloud fraction over the arctic seas in spring (March, April, May). Provided by Axel J. Schweiger.

Spatial distribution of trends in cloud cover over twenty years. Provided by Axel J. Schweiger.

Eastman and Warren have also revealed such an increase:

“Significant trends are present in Arctic cloudiness over the ocean and land. The trends are not uniform over the Arctic, but large regions displaying similar trends are common. Arctic clouds are changing differently over the land and ocean, but overall the trend from 1971 through 2007 shows a slight increase in total cloud cover during all seasons. Emphasis mine

This has enhanced the warming of the Arctic:

“Overall, relationships between ice, temperature, and clouds indicate that cloud changes in recent decades may enhance the warming of the Arctic and may be acting to accelerate the decline of Arctic sea ice.” Emphasis mine

Eastman and Warren eliminate sulphates as culprits for the increasing trend:

“Correlations with temperature and sea ice extent are strongest during spring and autumn when the cloud longwave effect dominates. It is shown that low clouds have a strong positive relationship with temperature during these seasons.However, the trend of Arctic aerosols has gone in the opposite direction, as Quinn et al. (2007) have observed with the decreasing sulfate aerosols since the mid-1990s at surface stations in the Arctic. Emphasis mine

Eastman and Warren mention Arctic aerosols because they were shown by NASA scientists in 2009 to have accounted for 45 percent or more of the warming that has occurred in the Arctic during the previous three decades.

They identified two types, sulphates and black carbon, as playing a critical role.

“Researchers used an electron microscope to capture these images of black carbon attached to sulfate particles. The spherical structures in image A are sulfates; the arrows point to smaller chains of black carbon. Black carbon is shown in detail in image B. Image C shows fly ash, a product of coal-combustion, that's often found in association with black carbon. While black carbon absorbs radiation and contributes to warming, sulfates reflect it and tend to cool Earth. Credit: Peter Buseck, Arizona State University”

Sulphates (A) are said to have a net cooling effect on climate through scattering solar radiation. This is the reason why scientists such as David Keith and earlier, Mikhail Budyko, recommended they should be emplaced into the stratosphere. However, this effect is less pronounced the higher the latitude due to decreased solar radiation. Yet, sulphates also play a significant role in lower cloud formation and for the same reason, sunlight being weak in the Arctic, clouds exert a net warming effect, trapping heat that makes its way there.

Now we have established that levels of these aerosols, products of coal and oil combustion, have decreased in the Arctic north of 70° latitude since the 1990’s, eliminating industrial emissions as suspects. We have also confirmed the increase of black carbon due to gas flaring and wildfireswithin the Arctic circle but south of 71° latitude, in alignment with schemes to alter the climate.

This leaves the neglected aerosol, fly ash (C), also a product of combustion. It is often found in association with black carbon, ash being the inorganic, mineralised component left behind after the carbonaceous material has been burned away. Note its spherical structure. It is an excellent cloud seed for both lower and upper clouds and of particular importance as will be revealed in due course.

Vogelmann and Lubin have determined that increased aerosol levels lead to a corresponding increase in clouds and change the nature of those clouds to enhance their warming properties.

“Using data from the DOE ARM Climate Research Facility in Barrow, Alaska, Vogelmann and Lubin determined that enhanced aerosol amounts can make clouds emit more thermal energy to the surface. In an aerosol-cloud process, increased aerosol concentrations cause the cloud droplets to become smaller and, within clouds of fixed water amounts, more abundant. Vogelmann and Lubin discovered that this process makes many clouds more opaque and emit more thermal energy to the surface, by an average of 3.4 watts per square meter, which is comparable to that by increased greenhouse gases.”Emphasis mine.

Recall that from 1975 to 2016, although global temperatures increased by 0.75 °C on average, at the North Pole, they increased by 3.07°C, whilst at the South pole, they only rose by 0.65°C, slightly less than at the equator.

When we couple this with observed cloud cover at both poles we see that in the Arctic, 60° - 90° N, the IPCC reported in 2001, for actual observed values, average year-round cloud cover was about 70% whilst, curiously, in the Antarctic it was about 3%.

He observed that contrails were becoming more frequent and might have an effect on the underlying heat economy. He linked this observation to projects for modifying the climate discussed by Fletcher in the 60s and speculated that they were already underway.

“The writer himself has seen instances in which a single contrail seemed to grow until it became an overcast covering the whole sky. If the contrail were indeed responsible, which is by no means certain, this would constitute definite proof that contrails are capable of a significant effect on local weather, and even possibly on global climate, if such occurrences are widespread and frequent.”“The possible consequences of this are considerable, in fact, it seems probable that one of the projects for modifying the global climate discussed by Fletcher (1965), namely modification of the cloud cover over the polar basin by cloud seeding, is already underway, although the scale is still more modest than he envisioned.” Emphasis mine

If all this sounds familiar, it’s because it is.

Modification of cloud cover by means of aircraft dispensing aerosols which cause artificial cirrus clouds to blanket the sky.

What some claim to be chemtrails, and others claim to be persisting, spreading contrails, have the common factor of originating from particulatesemitted from the jet that act as ice nuclei and seeds for human-induced cirrus clouds. As confirmed by atmospheric scientist, Jasper Kirkby:

“…these are clouds which are seeded by jets dumping aerosols into the upper atmosphere.”

They are evidence that large regions of the atmosphere, prior to aircraft emissions, lack sufficient aerosols to form clouds.

Contrails are artificially induced cirrus clouds. Like cirrus clouds they form from ice nucleating on small particles at around 10km, cruise altitude. These particles, known as ice nuclei, play an essential role in contrail formation. The core of each ice crystal is thus, not ice. Claiming that contrails “are essentially ice” is false and disingenuous, as it leaves out the essential role of these tiny seeds, without which, contrails, contrail cirrus and aviation-induced clouds would simply not occur.

Dane Wigington, who refers to these formations as neither chemtrails nor contrails, prefers the term Particulate Trail. This is accurate as it is based on our understanding of how these artificial clouds arise.

The phenomena featuring in voluminous photographic evidence and causing concern on the part of the public are referred to by NASA as Persistent Spreading Contrails. Such evidence in such global profusion falsifies the notion that they only form “occasionally” when the atmospheric conditions are “just right”

As the name implies, these spread out, covering a large area, thousands of square kilometres, and affect the climate. In fact, spreading is an inaccurate term, as the ice nuclei entrain further atmospheric ice from the point of origin and grow in size. The resulting cirrus formations contain many thousands of times the amount of atmospheric water vapour compared to the relatively insignificant water vapour produced by the jet engines. They do not merely merge with pre-existing cirrus clouds, they generate entirely new, artificial, cirrus cloud formations of vast proportions.

Related phenomena, aviation-induced cirrus clouds, occur when particulates are released from aircraft, without visible trails, and later entrain water vapour from the atmosphere to form cirrus formations.

“Aviation-induced cirrus can occur through two different pathways: via contrails spreading out and by injection of aerosols into the upper troposphere to provide ice nuclei that may subsequently form cirrus clouds [Lee et al., 2009].”

In fact, the initial line-shaped trail, with water contributed from both the jet engine and the atmosphere, is not in itself necessary for aviation-induced clouds to occur. It is the injection of aerosols, ice nuclei, that is the key factor. They disperse and entrain water from the surrounding atmosphere to grow to cover areas that have been recorded as large as 50,000square kilometres.

In 1968,Reid A. Bryson, a professor of Meteorology, claimed that jet aircraft contrails had increased cirrus cloud cover by5% to 10% in the regions where jets had been operating.

He estimated that if the day came when 300 supersonic transports were in the air at one time, the region of operation of most SST’s “might easily be 100% covered with cirrus clouds.”

In the 1970’s the problem of the unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons from jets was in the forefront of the public mind. This was resolved in the 80’s, when the High Bypass TurbofanEngine began to be phased in, the transition being completed around 1995. This pumped in extra air to the engine which ran more efficiently as a result, not dumping unburned smoky fuel. These engines were now 90% efficient as compared with the earlier designs which were less than 20% efficient. As result, far less fuel was required to fly from one destination to another. By implication, presumably far fewer particulates of the kind that led to contrail cirrus were emitted.

If we assume a roughly five-fold increase in efficiency, then we can also assume a corresponding reduction in extra aviation induced cirrus cloud coverage from 5-10% to 1-2% in the regions where jets were operating.

However, since 1970, air traffic has increased by around ten-fold, this assumed extra cirrus cloud coverage should have also increased to around 10%-20% in the regions where jets operate.

Olivier Boucherfound a correlation between air traffic corridors, specifically the spatial distribution of aviation fuel consumption and the increase in cirrus cloud cover.

Over the ten-year period under study, with an average annual growth of 3.2% in total fuel consumption, he found cirrus frequency increased globally on average by 1.1% and 3.5% for land and ocean, respectively, with regional average increases of 2.9% to 4.6% over the principal flight corridors.

This matches well with the HIRS polar orbiting satellite datareported byWylie and Menzel which found that, in the regions 60°N to 60°S, cirrus clouds had increased globally by 1.95% on average, per decade.

Over 4 decades that’s around an 8% global increase in cirrus cloud cover. Over the principal flight corridors, this would constitute an increase from around 11.6%-18.4%.

In the regions 60°N to 60°S, lower clouds have a net-cooling effect, this being less pronounced the further one moves towards the poles, until over the Arctic they have a net-warming effect.

Upper clouds have a net-warming effect, this being more pronounced the further one moves towards the poles.

“Experiment measurements of the net change in radiation associated with high thin clouds suggest a 0.2 W m−2 per 1% of condensation trail or high-level cloudiness

I therefore estimate that the trend in cirrus amount over the continental regions of high air traffic (2.9% as discussed above) would correspond locally to an additional cloud radiative forcing of about 0.7 W m−2”

In the same vein, an 8% global increase in cirrus cloud cover over 4 decades would result in a global forcing of 1.6 W m−2. Given that the forcing from increases in CO2 from 1979 (1.027W m−2 at383ppm) to 2014 (1.909 W m−2 at 481ppm) amount to 0.882 W m−2, it is clear that aviation-induced cloud cover is a game-changing factor for the climate.

The Real Cold War

After hints were leaked in 1971, of Project Popeye, a cloud-seeding campaign to increase rainfall over the Ho Chi Minh trail in order to bog down enemy troops, the US ostensibly cut its budget for weather warfare.

In 1978, the Environmental Modification Treaty was brought into effect after being signed by 51 countries in 1977 and 1978, tolimit environmental modification to peaceful, non-military purposes.

What if this treaty, effectively between the US and USSR, was really about thrashing out the joint project to melt the polar icecap and turn the Arctic Ocean into a warm water lake, modifying the climate to one more congenial to the northern temperate zones? Ironically, this project would, in effect, constitute a long-term covert act of war against the poorer countries situated closer to the equator and, through the dislocations to global agriculture, the poor of the world.

The Link in the Chain

We attain a glimpse of an overt intention to induce warming in this paper published in 1983.

“Abstract. The effects of thin to moderately thick cirrus clouds on daytime air temperature rise or nighttime air temperature fall near the ground can be approximated as linearly proportional to the change in solar heating, or nocturnal radiative cooling, of the surface, produced by the clouds. It is estimated that a uniform overcast of cirrus with a thickness comparable to an average aircraft contrail will reduce daytime heating by 10 to 20% and nighttime cooling by up to 50% compared to the heating and cooling that would have occurred in cloudless conditions.” Emphasis mine

“Recently it has been shown that under some circumstances it may be cost-effective to stimulate artificially the formation of cirrus clouds in clear ice-supersaturated air in order to reduce nocturnal cooling in urban areas during the cold season (Detwiler and Cho,1982)” Emphasis mine

“Clouds could also be used to moderate temperatures in agricultural areas when extremely hot or cold conditions present problems. Changes in both surface temperatures and evapotranspiration may result if cloud cover is altered.” Emphasis mine

“Cloud-cover modification techniques have received little attention in the past from weather modification researchers compared to the attention given to the development of precipitation enhancement and hail suppression techniques.” Emphasis mine

“ Changnon (1981) has speculated that aircraft contrails already may be inadvertently moderating temperatures in portions of the mid-western United States. Here, we will be concerned with the production of cirrus clouds in clear, or mostly clear, air by seeding with ice-forming nucleants.” Emphasis mine

As hinted at in the paper above, the application of weather modification had been, at least officially, geared towards the development of precipitation enhancement and hail suppression techniques in the form of cloud seeding, which entered the realms of accepted science in 1946. One application of cloud seeding, that of cloud-cover modification, receives less attention but is of the utmost relevance to this study. This application is the link in the chain that draws together cloud seeding for “localized precipitation influences” with the geoengineering proposals outlined in 1962 by Harry Wexler for ”… planetary-scale manipulation of the Earth’s shortwave and longwave radiationbudget.”

After this period, the picture becomes darker, the signal of intentional climate modification is all but wiped out by the hysterical noise of the semi-factual, carbon dioxide driven cover story. We are left with traces of such an intent, left behind unintentionally and we have to raise our powers of deduction to a higher pitch.

In Plane Sight

We can now postulate that the commercial airline industry, operating at precisely the altitudes where cirrus form, has been used as a major delivery mechanism in the troposphere for the aerosols required for artificial cirrus enhancement.

To supplement these jets in recent times, drones have most probably been used. In fact, modern commercial jet planes can now be controlled remotely to the extent that one with no pilot and empty of passengers, is basically a drone.

Orchestrated under this guise of commercial air traffic, aircraft of commercial, military and undisclosed origin are emplacing particulate matter, as yet undisclosed, into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere for the purpose of seeding vast artificial cirrus cloud and polar stratospheric cloud formations.

If this were to be a clandestine operation, then using commercial jets would be the most effective way of concealment – in plane sight.

Indeed, this is the strategy employed by certain spy planes.

Ghost Riders

“NATO operates a fleet of modified Boeing 707 Airborne Warning & Control System (AWACS) aircraft equipped with long-range radar and passive sensors capable of detecting air and surface contacts over long distances.” Emphasis mine

These jets operate in both the upper troposphere where commercial aircraft cruise, and, conveniently obscured by the cirrus cloud cover they provide, in the stratosphere.

What indications do we have that this would be an orchestrated and clandestine campaign?

We would be looking for:

Trails that exhibit irregular flight paths that circle around and seem to have no fixed destination. This would be to maximize coverage and supplement and fine tune the coverage already caused by commercial air traffic.

“The radiative forcing due to a distinct pattern of persistent contrails that form into contrail-induced cirrus near and over the UK is investigated in detail for a single case study during March 2009.

The development of the contrail-induced cirrus is tracked using a number of high-resolution polar orbiting and lower-resolution geostationary satellite instruments and is found to persist for a period of around 18 h, and at its peak, it covers over 50,000 km2.”