Abstract

Mannose receptor is a member of the C-type lectin receptor family involved in pathogen molecular-pattern recognition, and plays a critical role in shaping host immune response. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MRC1 gene may affect expression levels and differences in the structure and function of proteins in different individuals, thereby affecting individual susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis. However, to date, MRC1 polymorphisms associated with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis have not yet been reported. The present study aimed to investigate potential associations of SNPs in the MRC1 gene with pulmonary tuberculosis in a Chinese population. Six SNPs (G1186A, G1195A, T1212C, C1221G, C1303T and C1323T) in exon 7 of the MRC1 gene were genotyped using the PCR and DNA sequencing methods in the pulmonary tuberculosis patients and the healthy controls. Linkage disequilibrium analysis was performed between polymorphic sites. The study found that the allele frequency of G1186A (rs34039386) of the MRC1 gene in a Chinese population was higher in the pulmonary tuberculosis group than the healthy control group. There was a significant difference in frequency distribution between the two groups (P = 0.037; OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-0.98). Genotypic analysis also indicated that the AG genotypes in a Chinese population were significantly correlated with pulmonary tuberculosis (P < 0.01; OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.37-0.87). After adjustment for age and gender, G1186A sites were found to be dominant (P < 0.01; OR = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.40-0.87), over-dominant (P = 0.045; OR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.47-0.99) and additive models (P = 0.041; OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.59-0.99) in association with pulmonary tuberculosis. But, no association was found between the other 5 SNPs (G1195A, T1212C, C1221G, C1303T and C1323T) and tuberculosis (P > 0.05). This study is the first to report that genetic variants in the MRC1 gene can be associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in a Chinese population, and may reduce the risk of infecting pulmonary tuberculosis. This also provides a new experimental basis to clarify the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world's most serious public health threats. Over the past several years, China is most profoundly affected by TB. Each year, the new cases of TB account for 18% of the world's population [1]. Although about one third of the world's population is thought to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), only 5-15% of people develop clinically active TB during their lifetime [2]. Some evidence suggests that certain genetic factors may be involved in innate immunity and play important roles in susceptibility to TB at the individual level. Genetic studies showed that both genes and environmental factors are associated with the pathogenesis of TB [3, 4]. Therefore, it is important to identify genes that mediate susceptibility to TB.

TB is an infectious disease caused by MTB, which mainly lives on the monocyte/macrophage system. Cellular immunity is involved in resistance to infectious disease caused by MTB. Activated macrophages perceive the invasion of MTB and lead to active and passive immune response, such as, antigen presenting, T cell activation, B cell activation, the production of interleukin (IL), interferon (IFN) and transformation growth factor (TGF) [5]. So, monocyte/macrophage system plays a key role in the early identification of MTB and the incidence of pulmonary TB [5]. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are located on the surface of the macrophages and dendritic cells, which belong to the body's natural immune system and are the core of the receptor molecules identifying the pathogen. Many classes of PRRs have been described, including Toll-like receptors (TLR), NOD-like receptors (NLR) and C-type lectin receptors (CLR) [6-8]. Recently, polymorphisms in the TLR [3, 9-18] and NLR [19, 20] genes have been shown to be associated with susceptibility to pulmonary TB. The mannose receptor (MR) belongs to CLR, and the predisposition of MRC1 gene variants to pulmonary TB have not been reported yet.

MR is a member of the CLR family, which plays an important role in innate immunity [21]. MR is predominantly present on alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells and recognizes glycan structures containing mannose, fucose and N-acetylglucoasmine, which are commonly found on the cell walls of pathogenic micro-organism such as mycobacteria, fungus, parasites, and yeast [6, 22, 23]. MR binds to mannose-capped lipoarabinomannans (ManLAM), a cell wall component of MTB [24, 25], loaded to the antigen-presenting cells (APC), and then presented to T cells which play a role in immune response [26]. MR can also help macrophages to phagocytize MTB [27, 28] and plays an important role in innate immunity [25, 26]. The MRC1 gene, encoding the human MR, is located on chromosome 10p12 and consist of 30 exons. Several reports have shown that the MRC1 gene is associated with the susceptibility to some diseases, such as asthma, sarcoidosis and leprosy [29-31]. We speculated that the MRC1 gene may be an excellent candidate for susceptibility to TB, and tested for associations between MRC1 polymorphisms and the pulmonary TB in our Chinese case-control analysis.

Materials and Methods

Patients and Control Subjects

A total of 222 Chinese subjects with pulmonary TB, aged 18-66 years (mean age 37.5 ± 8.6 years) were recruited from the Sixth Hospital of Shaoxing and Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital. The diagnosis of pulmonary TB was made according to established criteria [32], 98 cases were confirmed by the M. tuberculosis cultures and 124 cases were diagnosed by chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) revealing evidence of typical active tuberculosis. A total of 232 healthy controls, aged 20-64 years (mean age 39.6 ± 9.4 years) were recruited from the Zhejiang Hospital between October 2008 and July 2011 (Table 1).

The early morning, fasting blood samples from the patients and controls were collected in 3.0 mL EDTA tubes and stored at -70 °C. For each gene polymorphisms, it was ensured that the final selected samples of TB patients were similar to controls in the ratio of gender, age, presence of TB history of relatives, BCG vaccination and Tuberculin skin test (>10 mm). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine (Zhejiang University, China), and informed consents were obtained from all subjects before blood sampling.

Data are reported as number with percent in parentheses, unless otherwise stated. TB: tuberculosis; ND: not determined. aDifference between total patients and controls (t test). bDifference between total patients and controls (χ2 test).

SNPs in the MRC1 gene were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. Genomic DNAs were extracted from the peripheral blood leukocytes with DNA extraction kit (QIAamp® DNA Blood Min Kit, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instruction.

The PCR primer included forward: TTGAGGCTGCAATGAGACAT and reverse: AGTGTAAGGTAGACTGCTCT. The PCR was performed by denaturing at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles at 95 °C for 50 s, 63 °C for 50 s, and 72 °C for 30 s, and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The amplified products were purified with PCR cleaning kit (AxyPrep PCR cleaning kit, USA) and then identified by scanning with the ABI 3100 sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA).

Statistical Analysis

The chi-square test was used to compare allele and genotype distribution in the TB patients and control subjects by the two-tailed Fisher exact method with the GraphPad Prism version 5.01 software. The odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by Miettinen's method. The value of OR is used to estimate the relative risk. If the value of OR is equal to 1, it indicates that the factor has no effect on the incidence of disease. If the value of OR is greater than 1, it indicates that the factor is a risk to the incidence of disease. If the value of OR is less than 1, it indicates that the factor is protective.

Pairwise linkage disequilibrium was calculated with SNPstas (http://bioinfo.iconcologia.net/SNPstats), which was estimated by calculating pairwise based on D′(D′value is the relative size of the LD linkage disequilibrium, which is on behalf of the differences between the expected haplotype frequency and the observed haplotype frequency and scaled in [−1,1] range) and R (R is the correlation coefficient between alleles) that are on behalf of the degree of linkage disequilibrium between each pair of SNPs [33]. Values of D′> 0.75 were considered to be strong pairwise linkage disequilibrium and we construct haplotypes between each pair of SNPs. Haplotype frequencies and associations were calculated with expectation-maximization algorithm. Using logistic regression method, we calculated the allele combinations of OR values and 95% CI referring to the highest frequency of haplotype allele and the additive genetic model. P value was calculated to estimate haplotype association with pulmonary TB.

Results

The MRC1 gene was amplified and sequenced by PCR in all samples. Six polymorphisms were found in this region. All MRC1 SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control group and the pulmonary TB group (P > 0.05) (Table 2). The frequencies of the G/G, A/G and A/A genotypes for the G1186A site in the control group were 0.267, 0.517 and 0.216, respectively, while, the frequencies of the three genotypes in the pulmonary TB group were 0.383, 0.423 and 0.194, respectively. The frequency of A/G genotype was lower in the pulmonary TB group than the control group and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01; OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.37 - 0.87), but the frequency of A/A genotype was not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). No significant differences between patients and controls were observed in the genotype distribution of G1195A, T1212C, C1221G, C1303T and C1323T (P > 0.05) (Table 3).

The allele frequency of G for the G1186A was higher in the pulmonary TB group than the control group and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.037; OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-0.98) (Table 2). The allele frequencies of G1195A, T1212C, C1221G, C1303T and C1323T were not significantly different between patients and controls (P > 0.05) (Table 2).

Table 2

Distribution of the MRC1 SNP allele frequencies in the TB group (n=222) and the control group (n=232) in a Chinese population.

SNP sites

Allele

Controls N(Freq)

Patients N(Freq)

P value

OR (95% CI)

G1186A

G

244(0.526)

264(0.595)

0.037

1

A

220(0.474)

180(0.405)

0.76(0.58-0.98)

HWE(P)

0.57

0.07

G1195A

G

464(1.000)

441(0.993)

0.076

1

A

0(0.000)

3(0.007)

7.37(0.38-143.1)

HWE(P)

1.00

0.92

T1212C

T

404(0.871)

376(0.847)

0.302

1

C

60(0.129)

68(0.153)

1.22(0.84-1.77)

HWE(P)

0.61

0.05

C1221G

C

464(1.000)

441(0.993)

0.076

1

G

0(0.000)

3(0.007)

7.37(0.38-143.1)

HWE(P)

1.00

0.92

C1303T

C

462(1.000)

441(0.993)

0.076

1

T

0(0.000)

3(0.007)

7.37(0.38-143.1)

HWE(P)

1.00

0.92

C1323T

T

457(0.989)

434(0.977)

0.168

1

C

5(0.011)

10(0.023)

2.11(0.73-6.21)

HWE(P)

0.87

0.73

SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; HWE: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; OR: odd ratio; CI: confidence interval; N: number of alleles; Freq: frequency. P value and OR were obtained by Chi-square test. Two-tailed Fisher's exact test was used because of small sample numbers. All of the MRC1 SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Table 3

Distribution of the MRC1 SNP genotype frequencies in the TB group (n=222) and the control group (n=232) in a Chinese population.

SNP sites

Genotype

Controls N (Freq)

Patients N (Freq)

P value

OR (95% CI)

G1186A

GG

62(0.267)

85(0.383)

1

AG

120(0.517)

94(0.423)

<0.01

0.57(0.37-0.87)

AA

50(0.216)

43(0.194)

0.079

0.63(0.37-1.06)

G1195A

GG

232(1.000)

219(0.986)

1

AG

0(0.000)

3 (0.014)

0.076

7.42(0.38-144.5)

AA

0(0.000)

0(0.000)

---

---

T1212C

TT

175(0.754)

163(0.734)

1

CT

54(0.233)

50(0.225)

0.978

0.99(0.64-1.54)

CC

3(0.013)

9(0.041)

0.068

3.22(0.86-12.1)

C1221G

CC

232(1.000)

219(0.986)

1

CG

0(0.000)

3(0.014)

0.076

7.42(0.38-144.5)

GG

0(0.000)

0(0.000)

---

---

C1303T

CC

232(1.000)

219(0.986)

1

CT

0(0.000)

3(0.014)

0.076

7.42(0.38-144.5)

TT

0(0.000)

0(0.000)

---

---

C1323T

TT

226(0.978)

212(0.955)

1

CT

5(0.022)

10(0.045)

0.164

2.13(0.72-6.34)

CC

0(0.000)

0(0.000)

---

---

SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; OR: odds ratios; CI: confidence intervals; N: number of alleles; Freq: frequency. P-value and OR were obtained by Chi-square test. Two-tailed Fisher's exact test was used because of small sample numbers.

We performed logistic repression analysis with all SNPs using a recessive model adjusted for age and sex and observed that G1186A SNP was associated with the pulmonary TB in co-dominant, dominant (P < 0.01; OR = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.40-0 .87), over-dominant (P = 0.045; OR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.47-0 .99) and additive model (P = 0.041; OR = 0.76; 95% CI ,0.59-0 .99) (Table 4, Table 5). According to the minimum Akaike information criterion (AIC), this genetic model was the dominant mode. However, the genetic model of other SNPs did not correlate with the pulmonary TB (P > 0.05).

Pairwise LD between the 6 SNPs of the MRC1 gene was calculated for the cases and controls in a Chinese population (Figure 1). We found strong LD (D′> 0.75, P < 0.0001) between some pairs of markers in the MRC1 gene including G1186A and C1221G, G1186A and C1323T, G1195A and T1212C, G1195A and G1221C, G1195A and C1303T, T1212C and C1221G, T1212C and C1303T, C1221G and C1303T. Therefore, based on logistic-regression analyses, we observed that the haplotype of each SNP pair was associated with pulmonary TB (Table 6). We found that the frequency of the haplotype AGTCCT in the pulmonary TB group was higher than the control group, whereas, the frequency of the haplotype GGTCCT, GGCCCT, GGTCCC in the pulmonary TB group was lower than the control group. All haplotypes with the MRC1 gene polymorphisms showed no significant association with pulmonary TB (Table 6).

Figure 1

Linkage disequilibrium analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MRC1 gene in a Chinese population. The number at the intersection of each pair of SNPs represents the pairwise D, D′, r2 and P values between two SNPs. Values of D′ > 0.75 were considered to be strong pairwise linkage disequilibrium.

(Click on the image to enlarge.)

Table 4

Association of MRC1 polymorphisms with TB in a Chinese population with logistic regression.

Discussion

Recent studies have reported that MR plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunity [7]. These receptors activate immune response by extracellular carbohydrate recognition that binds the glycan structures of microbial pathogens, and may play an important role in TB infection [23]. However, polymorphisms in the MRC1 gene, encoding MR, have not been reported to be associated with pulmonary TB. We postulated that MRC1 polymorphisms may be associated with the development of pulmonary TB. Six SNPs in exon 7 of the MRC1 gene were analyzed. The results showed that both the frequency of genotype (P = 0.037; OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-0.98) and allele (P < 0.01; OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.37-0.87) for the G1186A (rs34039386) site were significantly different between the pulmonary TB group and the control group. The OR values of genotype and allele for G1186A were less than 1, indicating that MRC1 polymorphisms have effects on the development of pulmonary TB, and may reduce the risk of being infected with pulmonary TB.

The G1186A site of MRC1 is non-synonymous mutation that changes Gly to Ser. The mutation of this site may change the function of MR, which may also affect the binding of MR protein to polysaccharide structure on the MTB surface, thus, contributing to the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors. Meanwhile, we also analyzed association between the established haplotype of MRC1 gene and the incidence of pulmonary TB. The results showed that haplotype AGTCCT, GGTCCT, GGCCCT and GGTCCC in the MRC1 gene had no significant association with pulmonary TB (P > 0.05). In addition, the other 5 polymorphism sites of MRC1 gene [G1195A (rs71497223, Gly396Ser), T1212C (rs71497224, Ile404Ile), C1221G (rs34284571, Leu407Phe), C1303T (Leu435Phe) and C1323T (Asn441Asn)] also showed no significant association with pulmonary TB (P > 0.05), suggesting that these polymorphism sites were not associated with susceptibility to pulmonary TB.

Andrea et al. [29] found that the allele frequency of G1186A site in the exon 7 of MRC1 gene had significant disparity between leprosy per se cases and healthy controls in the Vietnamese population (P = 0.036, OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.60-0.96). The OR value was less than 1, and the results showed that this site has significant protective role for leprosy and may reduce the risk of leprosy infection. Similarly, the allele frequency of G1186A site was also found to be significantly different between leprosy per se cases and healthy controls (P = 0.016, OR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.06-1.70) in the Brazilian population [29]. The OR value was more than 1, suggesting that this polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to leprosy. Hattori et al. [30] reported that the allele frequency of G1186A site in the exon 7 of MRC1 gene had no significant association with asthma in the Japanese population. We proposed that the individual differences caused by genetic factors, may be the key factor in the difference of disease susceptibility and the gene polymorphisms [4]. In the present study, we analyzed alleles, genotypes and haplotypes, and concluded that the G1186A polymorphism of MRC1 gene was associated with TB, and may have a protective function.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from Zhejiang Province Special Sci-Tech Projects (No.2009C03011-3), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81072724), and National Special Sci-Tech Projects (No.2012ZX10005001-006; No.2008ZX10005-010).