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FUENTE: Ramanathan V and Carmichael G Global and Regional Climate Change due to Black Carbon. Nature Geosciences, Vol. 1, p Atmospheric solar heating due to BC for the 2001 to 2003 period Black Carbon Pollution Emerges As Major Player In Global Warming… …soot and other forms of black carbon could have as much as 60 percent of the current global warming effect of carbon dioxide.

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Megacities can do the difference … NCAR MILAGRO project Mexico City Metropolitan Area GLOBAL CHANGES

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Reduction of vehicle energy consumption for all modes using existing technology for high-efficiency potential Development of strategies for non-transport alternatives, in combination with sustainable land use planning A modal shift to more environmentally-friendly modes, quickly implemented for passenger and freight transport Increased use of renewable energy in the transport sector as well, taking into account climate-efficiency as well as cost-efficiency, together with an optimal allocation of limited renewables in combination with safeguards against the increase of the carbon intensity of existing fossil fuels. Future Strategy To Face Transport Challenges … SOURCE: William & Flora Hewlett Foundation, Future Challenges of Transport and Environment

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NO POLICY option… Old used, dirty, and unsafety cars, called “chocolates” in Mexico, exports from the huge US market Canada and Mexico are importing used cars from the more than 14 million used vehicles US market. In Mexico there is more used cars sales than new. Many environmental and safety problems in the highways and urban areas are increasing due to these vehicles. Mexico will open the border in “Loteros” Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua

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“CHOCOLATES” >2,450,000 used vehicles from the US, 10 to 15 years old, were exported to Mexico in 2006 and %51% 21% SOURCE: Centro Mario Molina from SHCP data <6 Km/liter