Biocontrol agent:Antiblemma acclinalisStatus in Hawaii:Antiblemma acclinalis was released in 1995 on Oahu and Kauai. It has been found since on Oahu, but has not been collected there recently [as of 2009] (perhaps because of the many natural enemies of lepidopterans present in Hawaii). No recovery effort has been made on Kauai.
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Biocontrol agent:Ategumia ebulealisStatus in Hawaii:Ategumia ebulealis was released on Oahu in 1970 and on the Big Island in 1972. It was first recovered on Oahu in 1974, but was never recovered on the Big Island. Parasitoids are probably reducing the effectiveness of this moth.
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Biocontrol agent:Ategumia matutinalisStatus in Hawaii:Ategumia matutinalis, a pyralid leaf roller, was collected from the melastomes Heterotrichum cymosum in Puerto Rico and Clidemia hirta in Trinidad, West Indies. It was released in Hawaii in 1969 to control Clidemia hirta. Parasitism of the leaf roller's larvae by four species of hymenopterans may account for low field populations, suggesting that biotic interference limits the effectiveness of this biocontrol agent.
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Biocontrol agent:Carposina bullataStatus in Hawaii: Very small numbers of Carposina bullata were released in two sites on Oahu in 1995 and 1998, and 129 adult moths were release in the lower Puna district on the Big island between 1998 and 2000. The species was recovered once in 2002 in Puna, but has not been found since. Its status remains uncertain.
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Biocontrol agent:Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.s. clidemiaeStatus in Hawaii:Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.s. clidemiae has proven to be an effective control agent under conditions of high humidity, similar to zones infested by the target species (Clidemia hirta) in Hawaii. It has established on all the [main?] Hawaiian Islands except Lanai.
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Biocontrol agent:Eurytoma sp. "black"Status in Hawaii: Testing of Eurytoma sp. "black" by Burkhart (1986, 1988) "found [it] to be of no value" for biocontrol of Clidemia hirta.
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Biocontrol agent:Liothrips urichiStatus in Hawaii:Liothrips urichi is established in Hawaii as a biocontrol agent for Clidemia hirta. However, it is not as effective as it otherwise might have been due because of predation of the agent by other insects.
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Biocontrol agent:Lius poseidonStatus in Hawaii:Lius poseidon was released on Oahu and Kauai in 1988, and has since been released on Maui, Molokai, and the Big Island.
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Biocontrol agent:Mompha trithalamaStatus in Hawaii:Momphatrithalama, introduced to Hawaii in 1995 as a biocontrol agent for Clidemia hirta, appears to be established on both Oahu and Hawaii.
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