Book with Three Authors

MLA Handbook 5.5.4

Works Cited Format:

In-text Citation:

First Author's Last Name, First Author's First Name, Second Author's First Name and Last Name, and Third Author's First Name and Last Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium.

Book with More than Three Authors

First Author's Last Name, First Author's First Name, et al. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium.

Or:

First Author's Last Name, First Author's First Name, Second Author's First Name and Last Name, Third Author's First Name and Last Name, Fourth Author's First Name and Last Name, Fifth Author's First Name and Last Name, and Sixth Author's First Name and Last Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium.

Note: If a book is anonymous and has no author's or editor's name, begin the entry with the title. Alphabetize the entry with the title, omitting any initial A, An, or The. (The Holy Bible is an exception and the full title should be included. It is alphabetized under h).

(Merriam-Webster's Thesaurus 206)

Or:

According to Merriam-Webster's Thesaurus...(206).

Note: The full title can be included if it is short, otherwise an abbreviated version is acceptable. When abbreviating, begin with the word by which it is alphabetized.

A Foreword, Preface, Introduction or Afterword

MLA Handbook 5.5.8

Works Cited Format:

In-text Citation:

Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Foreword, Preface, Introduction or Afterword." Foreword [or Preface, Introduction or Afterword]. Title of Book. Ed. Editor's Names. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. inclusive page numbers. Medium.

Ebook (Chapter)

MLA Handbook 5.6.2.c and 5.5.6

Works Cited Format:

In-text Citation:

Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Chapter." Title of Book. Ed. Name of Editor(s). Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Database Name. Web. Day Month Year Accessed.

Note: If an online journal does not use page numbers, use n. pag. instead.

Henry uses triangulation to study the United Kingdom's Buddhist population.

Note: If an electronic publication does not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or another type of reference marker, cite the entire work. It is best to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than using a parenthetical reference.

Note: If page numbers not given, use n. pag. When page numbers are not continuous, use first page number and a plus sign.

Malcolm discusses a painting of the Queen...

Note: If an electronic publication does not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or another type of reference marker, cite the entire work. It is best to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than using a parenthetical reference.

Note: For articles not printed on consecutive pages, give the first page number followed by a plus sign. For magazines published weekly or biweekly, give the complete date of publication (day month year).

Harmon reports that many indigenous groups are wary of the National Geographic Society's DNA project.

Notes: If an electronic publication does not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or another type of reference marker, cite the entire work. It is best to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than using a parenthetical reference.

Also, a page number is unnecessary if an article is only one page long. Again, include the author's name in the text of your document rather than using a parenthetical reference.

Note: If page numbers not given, use n. pag. When page numbers are not continuous, use first page number and a plus sign.

Harmon reports that many indigenous groups are wary of the National Geographic Society's DNA project.

Notes: If an electronic publication does not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or another type of reference marker, cite the entire work. It is best to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than using a parenthetical reference.

Also, a page number is unnecessary if an article is only one page long. Again, include the author's name in the text of your document rather than using a parenthetical reference.

Omit the introductory article (a, an, the) from the title of an English-language newspaper; however, keep the introductory article for titles of foreign newspapers (e.g. Le Figaro). If a newspaper title does not include the city name in its title, then add it in brackets (e.g. Daily News [New York]). A city name is not needed for a nationally published paper (e.g. USA Today).

For articles not printed on consecutive pages, give the first page number followed by a plus sign.

Donelly reports that Dr. Margaret Chan is expected to become the next director-general of the World Health Organization.

Note: The Reference List format example to the left is only one page long; therefore, the entire work is cited. When citing an entire work, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than in a parenthetical reference.

Note: Within the works cited list, alphabetize works with no author by the first significant word in the title, omitting articles such as a, an and the.

According to the newspaper article "Number of Out-of-Wedlock Births a Record," the number of unwed mothers giving birth in their twenties has risen dramatically.

Note: For the parenthetical reference use a shortened version of the title in place of the author's name.

The Reference List Format example to the left is only one page long; therefore, the entire work is cited. When citing an entire work with an unknown author, it is preferable to include the title of the article in the text of your document, rather than in a parenthetical reference.

In her letter to the editor, Arsham stated that she felt as though her American citizenship had been usurped.

Note:The Reference List Format example to the left is only one page long; therefore, the entire work is cited. When citing an entire work, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than in a parenthetical reference.

Website, Blog or Twitter Posting

Website

MLA Handbook 5.6.2

Works Cited Format:

In-text Citation:

Name of Author, Compiler or Editor. Title of Work (italicize the title if the work stands alone, or put the title in quotation marks if the work is part of a larger whole). Title of Website (if different from the Title of Work). Version or Edition of Site. Publisher or Sponsor (if unknown, use N.p.), Day Month Year of Publication (if unknown, use n.d.). Web. Day Month Year Accessed.

Note: If some of the citation information is missing, use what is available.

John Milburn reports on the newly declassified documents from Dwight Eisenhower's presidency.

Note: If an electronic source does not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or another type of reference marker, cite the entire work. It is best to include the author's/editor's name in the text of your document rather than using a parenthetical reference.

Blog Posting

MLA Handbook 5.6.2

Works Cited Format:

In-text Citation:

Name of Author. Title of Work [italicize the title if the work stands alone, or put the title in quotation marks if the work is part of a larger whole]. Title of Blog [if different from the Title of Work]. Version or Edition of Site. Publisher or Sponsor [if unknown, use N.p.], Day Month Year of Publication [if unknown, use n.d.]. Web. Day Month Year Accessed.

Note: When citing an electronic source that does not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or another type of reference marker, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than in a parenthetical reference.

Personal Communication

Letter Author's Last Name, Letter Author's First Name. Letter to the author. Date of Letter. Medium of Delivery.

Carroll, Jonathan. Letter to the author. 6 Jun 2012. TS.

Note: Medium of delivery can be TS (typescript, a work prepared by a machine), or MS (manuscript, a work written by hand).

Jonathan Carroll wrote in a letter...

Note: The Reference List format example to the left is only one page long; therefore, the entire work is cited. When citing an entire work, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than parenthetical reference.

Recorded Music-Individual Tracks

MLA Handbook 5.7.2

Works Cited Format:

In-text Citation:

Name of Composer, Conductor or Performer [depends on your emphasis]. "Title of Specific Piece." Perf. Performers' Names [use only if different from the name(s) listed at the beginning of the entry]. Title of Recording. Name of Manufacturer, Year of Issue [if unknown, put n.d.]. Medium.

Recorded Music-Entire Album

MLA Handbook 5.7.2

Works Cited Format:

In-text Citation:

Name of Composer, Conductor or Performer [depends on your emphasis]. Title of Recording. Perf. Performers' Names [use only if different from the name(s) listed at the beginning of the entry]. Name of Manufacturer, Year of Issue [if unknown, put n.d.]. Medium.

Horowitz, Vladimir. The Last Recording. Sony Classical, 1990. CD.

Vladimir Horowitz gave memorable performances on his album entitled The Last Recording.

Note: When citing a non-print source, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than in a parenthetical reference.

Note: If the work is in a private collection, give the name of the collection in place of the institution name. If the collector is unknown or anonymous write Private Collection and leave off the city name.

Edward Hopper's 1929 landscape Railroad Sunset is similar to his other landscape paintings.

Note: When citing a non-print source, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than in a parenthetical reference.

Three Authors

More than 3 Authors

MLA Handbook 6.2

Note: For a work with more than three authors, you may give the first author's last name followed by et al., or you may list all the authors' last names. Follow the form you used for your bibliographic entry. For instance, if you listed all the names in your bibliographic entry, then list all the names in your parenthetical reference.

(First Author's Last Name et al. Page Number(s))

(Dasco et al. 122)

Or

(First Author's Last Name, Second Author's Last Name, Third Author's Last Name, Fourth Author's Last Name, Fifth Author's Last Name and Sixth Author's Last Name Page Number(s))

Multiple Works in the Same Parenthesis

Indirect Sources

MLA Handbook 6.4.7

Note: An indirect source is a source that quotes or paraphrases another source. An example would be Sontag's On Photography cited in Zelizer's book Remembering to Forget, and you have not read Sontag. In the text of the paper, name the original source of information, and in the parenthetical reference use qtd. in (quoted in) before the indirect source.

Bible and Other Classical Works

MLA Handbook 6.4.8

Note: The first time you cite the Bible, italicize the version of the Bible you are using, then include book, chapter and verse. For all subsequent citations using the same version, leave out the version name. The book name may be abbreviated if they have a longer title (ex. Gen instead of Genesis).