Did a Supernova Mark 17th Century King's Birth?

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The royal wedding in England this month is sure to be packed full
of pomp, but a 17th century king of Great Britain might have the
event trumped with a supernova that announced his birth,
researchers say. The theory places the star explosion's discovery
50 years earlier than previously thought.

The glowing hot cloud known as Cassiopeia
A is the remnant of a massive star explosion — a supernova
— that occurred about 11,000 light-years away from Earth. The
light from that cosmic detonation was first visible on Earth
when it arrived sometime in the 17th century.

But the exact date of when Cas A's explosion could have been seen
from Earth has been a longstanding mystery in astronomy. Records
suggest the first "astronomer royal" of England, John Flamsteed,
may have recorded the supernova in 1680.

Still, the light from the supernova should have been easily
visible to everyone in the sky.

Now researchers argue that it was widely seen — as a "new" star
that may have marked the birth of the future King Charles II of
Great Britain on May 29, 1630. [ Top 10 Star
Mysteries ]

Merry monarch is born

Charles II, often known as the "Merry Monarch" for his lively,
hedonistic court, allegedly had a "noon-day star" appear at his
birth. This became a key (and perhaps dubious) feature in later
propaganda of the restoration of the monarchy that brought him
into power — his father, Charles I, was executed in 1649 at the
climax of the English Civil War.

"I saw a reproduced image of Charles II's 'noon-day star' in a
book and had a eureka moment," said researcher Martin Lunn,
former curator of astronomy at the Yorkshire Museum in England.
"It fit the classic description of a supernova, and I wondered if
it might be an observation of Cas A."

"The evidence for the light arriving sometime in the latter half
of the 17th century is based on assumed distances to Cassiopeia
A, as well as an assumed constant rate of speed for the knots of
ejected gas — both of these assumptions, however, are
problematic," Lunn told SPACE.com. "We can't be certain of the
exact distance of Cas A, and the speed of the knots of gas could
have varied due to
interstellar material. These variables mean at best we've
only been able to come up with an average range of dates.
Considering this ambiguity, a 1630 date for Cas A isn't beyond
the realm of possibility."

The trail continues

At the same time, historian Lila Rakoczy investigated what
historical evidence there might have been for this noon-day star.
There are many sources from the early 1660s cite this light in
the sky over Charles II's birth, including the poet John Dryden.

"Going back a little further, William Lilly, the famous
Parliamentarian astrologer, refers to the star, but dismisses it
as Venus, in his 1651 book, 'Monarchy or No Monarchy,'" Rakoczy
said. "I know of no references to the star in the 1640s, but this
is not surprising considering the country was preoccupied with
the English Civil War."

"Although plentiful, all of these sources are problematic because
they appear 20 to 30 years after the alleged event, and the star
event was used in the 1660s as a major tool of Restoration
propaganda, which makes it harder to trust the accuracy of the
event," Rakoczy explained.

"The strength of our case is that we have found a book,
'Britanniae Natalis,' from 1630, the year of Charles II's birth,
which helps address both problems — it isn't too far removed in
time from the event itself, and the English Civil War and
Restoration haven't happened yet, which means the political
undercurrents of the writing are far less problematic," she told
SPACE.com. "Moreover, the book has over a hundred authors, all of
whom were connected to Oxford University and consisted of the
cream of Britain's intelligentsia of the day. Collectively, they
represent a multitude of academic disciplines, political
persuasions and social backgrounds. One of them is even John
Bainbridge, the first Savilian professor of astronomy, so it's a
pretty impressive collection of characters."

"The number and variety of sources that refer to the new star
strongly suggest that an astronomical event really did take
place," Lunn said. "Our work raises questions about the current
method for dating supernovae, but leads to the exciting
possibility of solving a decades-old
astronomical puzzle."

"Our ideas have the potential to radically alter the way
astronomers calculate the distance to Cassiopeia A, the speed the
material is moving away from the center of the explosion, and how
the material might react with the interstellar medium around it,"
he added. "It may also possibly open doors for the next
generation of astronomers studying Cassiopeia A by allowing them
to consider the problem from a different dimension."'

Lunn and Rakoczy will detail their findings April 18 at the Royal
Astronomical Society's National Astronomy Meeting in Llandudno,
Wales.

"The date of 1670 is almost universally used by astronomers — it
has become somewhat stuck in a lot of people's minds," Lunn said.
"By proposing this earlier date, our results challenge
astronomers to completely review their investigations, which is
something that many of them will be reluctant to do. The fact
that this is a joint astronomy-history investigation rather than
being a purely astronomy one will also make some wary of our
conclusions. Arguably, we are operating outside the comfort zones
of a lot of mainstream astronomers."

"My hope is that those working on Cas A will simply give our case
a fair hearing before they make up their minds," Rakoczy said.

In terms of future work, "it would be interesting to see if other
observations can be found in the documentary record around 1630 —
not just in Britain but in other countries," Rakoczy said. "No
one, to our knowledge, has actively gone looking for them."

"As to whether or not we'll see a noon-day star appearing on
April 29, I couldn't possibly predict, although I somehow doubt
it," Rakoczy quipped.

Follow SPACE.com contributor Charles Q. Choi on Twitter @cqchoi. Visit
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