Chapter 27 Study Guide

Chapter #27: Identifications

Richard Olney - A statesman that was the Secretary of State for President Cleveland. He probably advised that it was not a good idea for the US to annex Hawaii

Alfred Thayer - A Navy captain who wrote about the influence of a strong navy, and that if the navy was strong it could dominate the powers overseas. He contributed to imperialism with his book The Influence of Sea Power on History which defined naval strategy.

Valeriano Weyler - The Spanish general sent down to Cuba to control the citizens there. He was known for locking the Cubans that wanted freedom from Spain and letting them rot in prison.

de Lome Letter - A letter published by the Spanish Dupey de Lome. It criticized President McKinley and enraged the American citizens, drawing them into war with Spain.

Emilio Aguinaldo -revolutionary Filipino who commanded his Filipino troops to help American George Dewey to acquire Manila from Spain. He later led Filipinos against the US in 1899 because of their denied freedom after the war.Jingoism A form of patriotism that celebrated itself by having aggressive foreign policies, such as the Big Stick policy, in which TR bullied many of the nations that were overseas. Teller Amendment - act of Congress in 1898 that stated that when the United States had rid Cuba of Spanish misrule, Cuba would be granted freedom

Rough Riders - The group of troops TR gathered that focused on combat with horses. They went to Cuba to fight without their horses and captured San Juan Hill.

Anti-Imperialist League - The group of congressmen and citizens that were against American imperialism, including Mark Twain and many other famous people. They were not a prominent group.

Foraker Act - set up a Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico that dealt with their domestic affairs. In 1917, the same act gave the Puerto Ricans United States citizenship.

Insular cases - The word “insular” refers to “islands.” In 1901 and 1903, these Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag. In other words, the newly acquired islands of Puerto Rico and the Philippines would not have all the rights of American citizens.

Platt Amendment - The amendment for America with Cuba that set a relationship in with Cuba was free but had to have America agree with its actions and give it land such as Guantanamo.

Spheres of Influence - The regions in which China was to be divided so that it was shared by the European powers, each nation grabbing a coastal region and calling it theirs.Philippine Insurrection The revolt of the Filipinos that brought US attention and had the US imprison many revolutionists in the Philippines.

Open Door Policy - In 1899, Hay avoided any problems with trade by sending notes to each country that held power in China asking them to keep trade open and tariffs low in all Chinese cities.

Boxer Rebellion - The Boxers were a group of Chinese revolutionaries that despised western intervention in China. The rebellion resulted in the deaths of thousands of converted Chinese Christians, missionaries, and foreign legions. It took 5 countries' armies and four months to stop the rebellion.

Big Stick Policy - The policy when TR bullies the smaller countries around to get what he wants so that America can benefit from imperialism through the army.

Roosevelt Corollary -The Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine. In it, Roosevelt stated that the U.S. would use the military to intervene in Latin American on behalf of Europe, if necessary.

Portsmouth Conference - This was a meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries.

Gentlemen’s Agreement - The Gentlemen’s Agreement was negotiated by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1908 with the Japanese government. The Japanese agreed to limit immigration, and Roosevelt agreed to convince the San Francisco School Board that segregation of Japanese schoolchildren should be stopped.

Root-Takahira Agreement - In 1908, the United States and Japan signed this agreement saying they would both honor the territorial possessions of the respective countries that were in the Pacific Ocean, and they would also uphold China's Open Door Policy

Chapter #27: Guided Reading Questions

America Turns OutwardKnow: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement 1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?Some factors that encouraged America to look overseas because of the stories of people going overseas and glorifying it, such as William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. Also, there was a strong religious base because some people such as Josiah Strong called upon the people the spread the word of Christianity. America also had its interests in the South American countries and wanted them to be under the US’s domain and control. The United States also had many disputes with other countries about their foreign lands and policies. The United States went against Germany, Italy, Chile, Canada and even the British for disputes of land and power. The British Guiana was a huge problem for America and almost went to war with them, but the conflict was actually about Venezuela.

Spurning the Hawaiian PearKnow: Queen Liliuokalani2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?President Cleveland did not want to annex Hawaii because he thought the way that the Americans took over the land was unfair and unjust. During the 1800’s, Hawaii was mostly considered American territory with American sugar and fruit companies running the island. This bothered the natives, especially their queen, Liliuokalani. She did want to have the Hawaiian islands as part of the Americans because the Americans wanted to lower the tariffs on the imports from the island, so they decided that they wanted it to be an official territory. The Queen said no and they didn’t bother with what she said, staged a revolt, and dethroned the queen. President Cleveland heard of this, since it was all a local revolt, and said that he was not going to annex.

Cubans Rise in RevoltKnow: General Weyler3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?General Weyler came to Cuba to crush a revolt and ended up putting many civilians into concentration camps that were terrible and killed many. Thus, the American public clamored for action, but Cleveland wouldn’t do anything.

Dewey's May Day Victory at ManilaKnow: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey 4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?Commodore Dewey had such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet because of the modern weapons that were on the US ships. The US were outnumbered by four ships, but could easily outgun them. Before the war even brewed out, Teddy Roosevelt already sent George Dewey to the Philippines so that could hurt Spain in their colonies. Led by insurgents, the Americans easily took over the Spanish Fleets and soon Manila. During the conflict, McKinley agreed to annex Hawaii on the grounds that it will serve as a halfway point between California and the Philippines.The Confused Invasion of CubaKnow: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill5. Describe the fighting in Cuba.The fighting in Cuba was very ill-planned for the Americans and the Spanish both. The Spanish drew its forced in a narrow harbor, which was good for defending but not for staying since they had to get out slowly and would be trapped their later by being surrounded by the US Navy. Many US soldiers were not adequately prepared to enter the Caribbean region with their wool outfits and many died from diseases and sicknesses from the heat. Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders had to fight without their horses, a huge drawback for them. In the end, the US surrounded the Cuban forces and as a result of that were able to take Santiago with ease and freed Cuba from Spain with an armistice.

America's Course (Curse?) of EmpireKnow: Anti-Imperialist League 6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?The arguments for the annexation of the Philippines was that it would provide a new market for the American companies. It was much better to have the Philippines governed by the Americans than the natives because warlords would struggle over power. It was also better a choice than to give it back the Spain because they would misrule and abuse the natives there. The arguments against the annexation was that it would make Americans look like imperialist bullies that are trying to take over the world. Also, having a place settled in the Philippines is a great distance and could be hard to rule. America also already had lots of land to care for already that are barely populated, so they were ruled out for that.

Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants?The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government and in 1917 Congress granted Puerto Ricans full American citizenship. The US helped to transform Puerto Rico and worked wonders in sanitation, transportation, beauty, and education.

Perplexities in Puerto Rico and CubaKnow: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.In the Insular Cases, The Supreme Court barely ruled that the Constitution did not have full authority on how to deal with the islands, essentially letting Congress do whatever it wanted with them. Basically, the cases said the island residents do not necessarily share the same rights as Americans. General Leonard Wood and Walter Reed helped get rid of yellow fever in Cuba. The Platt Amendment was Cuba’s Constitution and stated the US could intervene and restore order if necessary and that the US could trade freely with Cuba and receives 2 bays for naval bases.

New Horizons in Two Hemispheres9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?The outcomes of the Spanish-American war were that America was now considered a world power and that America gained the new lands of Cuba and Philippines. America also enjoyed a new sense of nationalism and enjoyed marches which created the tradition of having marches and marching bands. It also allowed Americans to accept a larger army, because they believed that’s what world power was defined by, a strong navy and imperialism was easy..

"Little Brown Brothers" in the PhilippinesKnow: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?The Filipinos had assumed they would receive freedom after the Spanish-American War, but they didn’t and revolted against the US. It was led by Emilio Aguinaldo who used guerilla warfare. Finally, Aguinaldo was captured and William Taft developed a strong attachment toward the Filipinos had eventually gave them independence.

Hinging the Open Door in ChinaKnow: Boxer Rebellion11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?No, the involvement of Americans in China did not help the Chinese at all because the US was there to damage and asked for open trade borders, which was the last strand that forced the Boxer Rebellion to happen. This caused all the European countries and the US to attack Chinese in a joint strike and also charged China for the damages that happened. These were not beneficial and ever since, they forced China to accept an open borders trade system that they did not enjoy because they like to stay closed..

Makers of America: The Filipinos12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain.At first, the Filipino immigrants were welcomed with open arms in America as America promised democracy and proceeded to annex them. However, the Americans had promised freedom after the Spanish-American war, but the US didn’t give them it. So, they revolted and finally gained independence. Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?13. What issues were important in the 1900 election?Bryan concentrated on imperialism, a bad move, considering that Americans were tired of the subject. McKinley claimed that “Bryanism”, not imperialism, was the problem and that if Bryan became president, he would shake up the prosperity that was in America at the time.

TR: Brandisher of the Big StickKnow: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?TR promised to carry out McKinley’s policies. He was a man with short temper, large glasses, and a stubborn mentality in which he always thought he was right. He rapidly developed into a master politician and a maverick uncontrollable by party machines and believed a president should lead.

Building the Panama CanalKnow: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?The Panama route was chosen for use for the canal because it was where Philippe Bunau-Varilla talked a deal down by $60 million dollars, which would make it only cost $40 million for the canal. However, there was a problem with the construction since Panama was part of Colombia, they had to get permission from Colombia. Colombia rejected the idea so the US encouraged a Panama revolt and bullied the Colombians so that they could get the Panama Canal built so that it connected the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, designed by George Washington Goethals of Westpoint.

TR's Perversion of Monroe's DoctrineKnow: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?The Roosevelt Corollary stated that in future cases of debt problems, the US would take over and handle any intervention in Latin American on behalf of Europe, thus keeping Europe away and the Monroe Doctrine intact. It said that no one could bully Latin America except the US. It didn’t bear too well with Latin America, and when US marines landed in Cuba to bring back order to the island, it seemed like an extension of the Bad Neighbor policy.

Roosevelt on the World StageKnow: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth 17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?In 1904 Teddy Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize because he was the mediator of different conflicts when he was called to do so during his presidency. For example, Japan called TR to mediate after the Russo-Japanese War. The 3 nations met in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and talked of peace. Japan felt that they won and deserve the islands they were fighting over. However, both parties got only half of what they wanted and went home with sour feelings. However, peace happened so it was ok. North African was also peaceful after TR intervened and he was awarded for being peaceful.

Japanese Laborers in CaliforniaKnow: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?The school board in California at first banned and tried to separate the Chinese, Japanese and Korean students out of white schools. This hurt the American-Japanese relations. Then TR came and made the Gentlemen’s Agreement and asian students were once again accepted into white schools. Then TR made a world tour with the American Navy and Japan was the most welcoming nation to the US, showing a friendly relationship between the two nations.

Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion.I think race and gender were important. The idea of dominance over countries even farther west appealed to the masses that were looking for adventure. The Anglo-Saxon supremacy also contributed because the arrogance of whites looking for domination helped push for the conquering of other countries. America’s love for imperialism began as yellow- journalism took over the minds of Americans encouraging them to enjoy going overseas and gaining land to save them from the mistreatment of other nations. It was argued that the beginnings of imperialism for Americans began when they wanted to expand its economic markets. These people were called revisionists and often criticized Americans for its actions and how it needed to stay out of the global businesses.