We are aiming at biological discoveries and often develop tools and resources to make this happen. We usually work in new or emerging areas; for example we have projects that integrate drugs (and other small molecules) with cellular and phenotypic information to predict new uses for old drugs (e.g. Campillos et al., 2008, Science) or find biomolecules that cause disease or side effects. We study temporal and spatial aspects of protein networks to identify biological principles that determine function and evolution (e.g. de Lichtenberg et al., 2005, Science; Jensen et al., 2006, Nature; Kuehner et al., 2009, Nature). We study environmental aspects via comparative metagenomics (Tringe et al., 2005, Science; von Mering et al., 2007, Science; Qin et al., 2010, Nature) and hope to find marker genes for various diseases like obesity and cancer, and also to understand microbial community interactions, with application potential for human health and well-being. For example, our recent discovery of enterotypes - three distinct community compositions in the human gut analogous to blood groups (Arumugam et al., 2011 Nature) – was considered as one of the breakthroughs of 2011 by Science because it might explain different responses of people to drug intake and diet. In TARA OCEANS, we apply our know how in bioinformatics, networks and metabolomics to the analysis of Global Ocean Functional Biodiversity (Raes et al. MSB 2011, Gianoulis et al. PNAS 2009).