European and Asian range reviewed by Spitzenberger (1970, 1990c); N African distribution mapped by Vesmanis (1987). Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977) discussed the African records south of the Sahara. Probably includes Podihikkura; see Nowak and Paradiso (1983:141). The records east of Afghanistan, particularly from S India (macrotis, nilgirica) are only tentatively included; Corbet (1978c:31) expressed doubt on the conspecificy of the Indian forms. The same applies to records from further east (Feiler and Nadler, 1997). Many authors included fellowesgordoni, hosei, madagascariensis, and malayanus in etruscus, however, in the present list they are all treated as valid species.