No, this information may not be helpful to you if:

Your eye doctor has said that you have another form of glaucoma, such as closed-angle, juvenile, congenital, traumatic, neovascular, refractory, or inflammatory glaucoma.

Your eye doctor has not told you that you have open-angle glaucoma or has not suggested that you start treatment for this condition.

What will this summary tell me?

This summary will tell you about medicines, laser surgery, and traditional surgery to treat open-angle glaucoma.

It will discuss what research says about how well these treatments work and possible side effects.

You can use this information when talking with your eye doctor about what treatment may be right for you.

Note: The research for this summary was done only with people age 40 and older.

Where does this information come from?

Researchers funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), a Federal Government research agency, reviewed 109 studies published through October 2011 on treatments for open-angle glaucoma. The report was reviewed by clinicians, researchers, experts, and the public. You can read the report by selecting the link to “Research Review” in the box titled, “Full Reports” on the right side of this Web page.

Understanding Your Condition

What is open-angle glaucoma?

Open-angle glaucoma is one of several kinds of glaucoma (a condition that leads to vision loss). Glaucoma is the result of damage to your optic nerve (the nerve that sends images to your brain). Over time, this damage can cause you to lose the ability to see.

Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly, and most people are not aware of any symptoms. Your eye doctor can check to see if your optic nerve is being damaged. Glaucoma usually happens in both eyes, but one eye may be worse than the other.

A first symptom of glaucoma you may notice is difficulty with your side vision (called “peripheral vision,” pronounced pe-RIF-uh-ral). It may also be difficult to see things in bright light or when you go between light and dark.

Without treatment, your field of vision (the amount you are able to see) gets less and less until you cannot see at all. Your eye doctor can do tests to check for glaucoma. This is why it is important to see your eye doctor regularly.

What causes open-angle glaucoma?

Open-angle glaucoma is the result of damage to your optic nerve. One thing that can damage your optic nerve is an increase in the pressure in your eyes. Some people’s optic nerves are more sensitive to an increase in pressure than other people’s. Your eye pressure may be at a level considered normal, and you can still have damage to your optic nerve. Increased pressure can happen if the fluid inside your eyes is not draining properly.

Your eyes are always making and draining fluid. This fluid keeps the pressure in your eyes at the correct level so they stay the right shape so you can see.

Fluid drains from your eyes through a drainage system between the iris and cornea called an “angle” and out through canals (as shown in the diagram below). In people with open-angle glaucoma, the angle to the canals is open, but the fluid is not draining properly.

There may be several reasons why your eyes are not draining fluid properly. The canals may be too narrow, or they may be blocked.

If fluid cannot drain out, then it builds up inside your eyes. This could increase the pressure inside your eyes. If the pressure becomes too high for your eyes, it can damage your optic nerve and decrease your ability to see.

What are the risk factors for glaucoma?

People with an increased risk of developing glaucoma include:

African Americans over age 40

People over age 60 (especially Latinos)

People with a family history of glaucoma

People with increased eye pressure

How does the eye doctor check for glaucoma?

Your eye doctor may do several tests to look for glaucoma, including:

Checking your eye pressure

You may have glaucoma even if your eye pressure is at a level considered normal. This is why the eye doctor does additional tests to check for glaucoma.

Measuring your side vision (called a visual field test)

Dilating (widening with medicine drops) the pupils of your eyes so that your eye doctor can see your optic nerve

In glaucoma, the optic nerve is damaged slowly over time. You cannot feel the damage being done to your eyes, and your eyesight may seem normal. That is why it is important for your eye doctor to perform tests to check for glaucoma.

How common is open-angle glaucoma?

Two to 3 million people in the United States (around 1 percent of Americans) have open-angle glaucoma.

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in the United States and around the world.

Understanding Your Options

How is open-angle glaucoma treated?

Eye doctors treat open-angle glaucoma by lowering the pressure in your eyes. There are no treatments to fix damaged optic nerves. Once sight is lost, there is no way to bring it back.

There are three types of treatment for glaucoma: medicine, laser surgery, and traditional surgery. None of these treatments will cure your glaucoma, but they can help stop the damage to your optic nerve.

Medicine is often the first treatment for glaucoma and works in one of two ways:

Making your eyes produce less fluid

Increasing the outflow of fluid from inside your eyes

Laser surgery works in one of two ways:

Helping your eyes drain fluid better

Decreasing the amount of fluid that your eyes produce (this type of laser surgery is not discussed in this summary)

Traditional surgery works in one of two ways:

Redirecting fluid to bypass the part of the drainage system in your eyes that is not working properly

Making new pathways for fluid to drain from your eyes

Medicine

Many people with glaucoma will be treated first with medicine.

There are many types of glaucoma medicine. Each type of medicine has several brand names.

Most medicines are eye drops that you put in your eyes one or more times a day.

Some eye doctors may suggest glaucoma medicines that are pills, but this is much less common because of their side effects.

It is important to always use your glaucoma eye drop medicine or take your glaucoma pills exactly as your doctor tells you. You should do your best to avoid missing even one day of medicine. It is also important to continue to see your eye doctor regularly for checkups.

Medicines for Lowering Eye Pressure

Type of Medicine

Brand Name

How Taken

Taken How Often

Generic Available?

Drug Name

*These medicine were not studied in the research for this summary.

Prostaglandin Analogs

Lumigan®

Eye drops

Once a day

No

Bimatoprost

Travatan Z®

No

Travoprost

Xalatan®

Yes

Latanoprost

Zioptan®

No

Tafluprost*

Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists

Betagan®

Eye drops

Twice a day

Yes

Levobunolol

Betoptic S®

Yes

Betaxolol

Ocupress®

Yes

Carteolol

Timoptic®

Yes

Timolol

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Azopt®

Eye drops

Three times a day

No

Brinzolamide

Trusopt®

Yes

Dorzolamide

Diamox®

Pills

Twice a day

Yes

Acetazolamide

Neptazane®*

Yes

Methazolamide*

Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists

Alphagan® P

Eye drops

Three times a day

Yes

Brimonidine

Miotics

Isopto®
Carpine*

Eye drops

Up to 4 times a day

Yes

Pilocarpine*

Combination Medicines

Combigan®

Eye drops

Twice a day

No

Brimonidine and timolol

Cosopt®

Yes

Dorzolamide and timolol

What does research say about possible benefits of glaucoma medicines?

All the glaucoma medicines studied in the research work to lower eye pressure.

Prostaglandin analogs (Lumigan®, Travatan Z®, Xalatan®) and the combination of the medicines dorzolamide and timolol (Cosopt®) seem to lower eye pressure better than the other medicines.

People who use medicine to treat their glaucoma are less likely to have optic nerve damage and lose their side vision than people who are not treated.

What are the possible side effects of glaucoma medicines?

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists the following possible side effects for glaucoma medicines.

In general, glaucoma eye drop medicines have these possible side effects:

Redness in and around the eyes

Blurred vision

Burning and stinging

Itching

Increased tears

The feeling that something is in your eye

Sensitivity to light

Dry eye

Eye or eyelid discomfort

Prostaglandin analogs (Lumigan®, Travatan Z®, Xalatan®, Zioptan®) can cause the following side effects:

Darkened color of the iris (the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil)

Darkened color of the eyelid

Eyelash changes (increased length, thickness, color, or number of lashes)

Diamox® and Neptazane® pills can cause the following side effects:

Loss of appetite

Nausea and vomiting

Diarrhea

Drowsiness

Bad taste in your mouth

Tingling in your hands or feet

Severe anemia

Ringing in your ears

Kidney stones

A rash

The FDA warns that the pill medicines for glaucoma may have severe side effects or may cause allergic reactions. If you are taking high doses of aspirin or have liver, kidney, heart, or lung disease, you should check with your eye doctor before taking Diamox® or Neptazane®.

People with breathing conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema should check with their eye doctor before using one of these medicines to treat their glaucoma.

These medicines can lower blood pressure and pulse, especially in people who take beta-blocker pills (medicine used to treat high blood pressure). People who take beta-blocker pills for high blood pressure should check with their eye doctor before using one of these medicines to treat their glaucoma.

People with insulin-dependent diabetes may not know or feel when their blood sugar is low while using one of these eye drop medicines. These people should check with their eye doctor and the doctor who treats their diabetes before using one of these medicines to treat their glaucoma.

What does research say about the possible side effects of glaucoma medicines?

Eye redness is the most common side effect of glaucoma eye drop medicines.

Out of prostaglandin analogs, latanoprost (Xalatan®) seems to cause less eye redness than bimatoprost (Lumigan®) or travoprost (Travatan Z®).

Timolol (Timoptic®) appears to cause less eye redness than prostaglandin analogs. However, timolol (Timoptic®) is more likely to cause side effects such as shortness of breath and a slow heart rate.

Laser Surgery

Another option to treat glaucoma is laser surgery. Eye doctors can use a focused beam of light—a laser—to help your eyes drain better.

Laser surgery can be done in an outpatient surgery center and does not require staying in a hospital. Usually each eye is done in a separate visit several days to weeks apart. The entire surgery may take only minutes to complete. Eye drops are used to numb your eye so you do not feel pain. You sit in a chair during the surgery, and the eye doctor uses a special microscope and lens to guide the laser beam into your eye.

What does research say about possible benefits of laser surgery?

Researchers found that laser surgery works to lower eye pressure in people with glaucoma.

Laser surgery may reduce the need for glaucoma medicines, but there is not enough research to know this for certain. Some people who have laser surgery may need to keep using medicine to treat their glaucoma.

People who have laser surgery to treat their glaucoma are less likely to have optic nerve damage or lose their side vision than people who are not treated.

What are the possible side effects of laser surgery?

Note: Laser surgery does not cure glaucoma. Some people who have laser surgery may still need to use medicine to treat their glaucoma. The effects of laser surgery may wear off after several years, and your eye doctor may suggest another laser surgery or other treatment. After laser surgery, it is important to continue to see your eye doctor regularly for checkups.

Traditional Surgery

Traditional surgery is a third option to treat glaucoma. Traditional surgery for glaucoma can be done by:

Redirecting fluid so it bypasses the part of the drainage system in your eyes that is not working properly

Creating new drainage pathways for the fluid in your eyes

Sometimes this is done by putting small drainage devices such as tubes in your eyes.

These surgeries are done in an operating room. Each eye is usually done in a separate visit 4 to 6 weeks apart. Before the surgery, medicines are used to numb your eye so you do not feel pain. You are also given medicine to help you relax.

Note: Traditional surgery does not cure glaucoma. Some people who have traditional surgery may still need to use medicine to treat their glaucoma. The effects of surgery may wear off after several years, and your eye doctor may suggest another surgery or other treatment. After surgery, it is important to continue to see your eye doctor regularly for checkups.

What does research say about possible benefits of traditional surgery?

Researchers found that a type of surgery to create new drainage pathways called a “trabeculectomy” (pronounced trab-EK-you-lect-oh-me) works to lower eye pressure.

People who have a trabeculectomy to treat their glaucoma are less likely to have optic nerve damage or lose their side vision than people who are not treated.

There is not enough research comparing all types of traditional surgery to know for certain which works the best.

More research is needed to know whether traditional surgery works better or worse than medicines or laser surgery to help you keep your side vision or reduce the damage to your optic nerve in the long run.

What are the possible side effects and risks of traditional surgery?

All glaucoma surgeries come with some risk of bleeding, infection, and vision loss, although these are rare.

Some surgeries increase your risk of developing cataracts.

Comparing Glaucoma Treatments

Medicines

Laser Surgery

Traditional Surgery

Description

Eye drops that are used or pills that are taken one or more times a day

Surgery with a laser that is done in an outpatient surgery center that only takes a few minutes

The effects of this surgery may wear off after several years.

Surgery done in an operating room.

The effects of this surgery may wear off after several years.

Possible Benefits

Lowers eye pressure

Prostaglandin analogs (Lumigan®, Travatan Z®, Xalatan®) and a combination of the medicines dorzolamide and timolol (Cosopt®) seem to lower eye pressure better than the other medicines.

Helps prevent optic nerve damage and loss of side vision

Lowers eye pressure

Helps prevent optic nerve damage and loss of side vision

My reduce the need for medicines to treat glaucoma, but there is not enough research to know this for certain

Some people who have laser surgery may still need to use medicine to treat their glaucoma.

The pills may cause more severe side effects or allergic reactions than the eye drop medicines.

Temporary eye redness, blurred vision, increased eye pressure, and swelling in the eye (all of these usually go away within 24 hours after surgery)

Increased risk of bleeding, infection, and vision loss, although these are rare

Increased risk of developing cataracts

Making a Decision

What should you think about?

There are many things to consider when deciding how best to treat your glaucoma. The treatment your eye doctor suggests will depend on:

How much damage, if any, has already happened to your optic nerve

Your other medical conditions

When deciding how to treat your glaucoma, you should think about:

Possible benefits and side effects of each treatment option

How you feel about medicines, laser surgery, or traditional surgery

What is the cost of treatment?

The cost to you for treating glaucoma depends on:

Your health insurance

The type of surgery you have

Whether the medicine comes in a generic form (generic medicines cost less than brand-name medicines)

Wholesale Prices of Glaucoma Medicines

The wholesale prices of medicines for glaucoma are listed below. Wholesale prices are the prices paid by pharmacies. These prices are given here so you can compare the costs of different medicines to see which are more expensive and which are less expensive. The cost to you for each medicine depends on your health insurance and whether the medicine comes in a generic form.

Brand Name

Strength

Taken How Often

Price per Month of Brand Name*

Drug Name

Price per Month of Generic*

* Prices are the average wholesale prices listed from RED BOOK Online® rounded to the nearest $5. Generic prices are the middle value in the range of prices listed from different manufacturers. The actual prices of the medicines may be higher or lower than the prices listed here, depending on the manufacturer used by your pharmacy.

NA = price is not available; NG = no generic form

Prostaglandin Analogs

Lumigan®

0.01%

Once a day

$115

Bimatoprost

NG

0.03%

$115

NG

Travatan Z®

0.004%

Once a day

$115

Travoprost

NG

Xalatan®

0.005%

Once a day

$120

Latanoprost

$90

Zioptan®

0.0015%

Once a day

$115

Tafluprost

NG

Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists

Betagan®

0.25%

Twice a day

$25

Levobunolol

$15

0.5%

Twice a day

$40

$20

Betoptic S®

0.25%

Twice a day

$185

Betaxolol

NA

0.5%

NA

$125

Ocupress®

1%

Twice a day

NA

Carteolol

$20

Timoptic®

0.25%

Twice a day

$125

Timolol

$15

0.5%

$135

$20

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Azopt®

1%

Three times a day

$135

Brinzolamide

NG

Trusopt®

2%

Three times a day

$85

Dorzolamide

$70

Diamox®

250 mg

Twice a day

NA

Acetazolamide

$266

500 mg (extended release)

$390

$260

Neptazane®

50 mg

Twice a day

$210

Methazolamide

$180

Three times a day

$315

$270

Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists

Alphagan® P

0.1%

Three times a day

$180

Brimonidine

NA

0.15%

$200

$180

Miotics

Isopto® Carpine

1%

Up to 4 times a day

$85

Pilocarpine

$70

2%

$85

$75

4%

$90

$80

Combination Medicines

Combigan® P

0.2-0.5%

Twice a day

$105

Brimonidine and timolol

NG

Cosopt®

0.2-0.5%

Twice a day

$80

Dorzolamide and timolol

$60

Ask your eye doctor

Can my glaucoma be treated with medicine, or do you think I will need laser surgery or traditional surgery?

What if I also have or later develop cataracts?

Which medicine is best for me?

How will we know if the medicine is not working?

What happens if I miss a dose of the medicine?

Are there ways to help me remember to take it?

Could my glaucoma medicine interact with other medicines I am taking?

If I need laser surgery or traditional surgery, how long will I be away from work or other activities?

If I have surgery, will I still need medicine?

Is it a one-time surgery, or will I need another surgery in the future?

What serious side effects should I look for, and when should I contact you about them?

How often should I have my eyes checked to make sure the treatment is working?

Source

The information in this summary comes from the report Treatment for Glaucoma: Comparative Effectiveness, April 2012. The report was produced by the Johns Hopkins University Evidence-based Practice Center through funding by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).

This summary was prepared by the John M. Eisenberg Center for Clinical Decisions and Communications Science at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. It was written by Amelia Williamson Smith, M.S., Thomas Workman, Ph.D., Silvia Orengo-Nania, M.D., and Michael Fordis, M.D. Illustrations were created by Douglas Alexander. People with glaucoma reviewed this summary.