Read these articles

What makes a great teacher? The list is perhaps endless, but many would agree that classroom management is a crucial skill that any teacher needs. Classroom management is a term used to describe the processes …

The challenge of mastering another language can affect the students’ motivation and learning approach in several ways during the learning process and depending on their language level. In the paper Changes in Motivation Among Chinese …

LiBRI is an international journal for specialists in linguistics, literature, cultural studies, and related fields. Paul Rastall is contributing with a research in the latest volume of the LiBRI journal: Questioning Communication Models and Constructs …

As our society is more and more interested in consumption, Radu Ursanu, professor at The Faculty of Economics and Business Administration from Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi proposed an analysis on how the state …

In the latest BRAIN journal, a few researchers joined forces in developing a study on Technological Advent and Dynamics of the Network Society, with a reference to the MiddleAged Approach. Elena-Mădălina Vătămănescu, Elena-Alexandra Gorgos, Andreia-Gabriela …

It is safe to affirm that in the present days, digital devices have become indispensable. However, the emotional state of the users of said devices tends to be ignored or considered a dispensable input. In …

In the entitled article The Values of Antiquity in Contemporary Literature and Arts, Ph.D. and lecturer, Paula Onofrei is aiming to find the common grounds between the art of the Antiquity and the art of …

BRAIN journal exhibits a creative study on the Participative Teaching, utilizing strategies like Mobile Devices and Social Network for K-12 Children. Livia Stefan and Dragos Gheorghiu from Bucharest, Romania have inquired about the participatory pedagogical investigate, …

Daniela Dănciulescu (University of Craiova), Mihaela Colhon (University of Craiova) and Gheorghe Grigoraș (Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași) worked on a study which extends the method presented in a work of Tudor (Preda) (2010), …

Organizational performance is given by the efficiency of the employees and how well they work as a team. The paper “Team Management Styles within the Present Social and Economic Context”, written by Costin Dămășaru, Colonescu …

LiBRI: The Evolution of Na in Bantu Languages

H.M. Batibo and Marie-Françoise Rombi have reflected upon the evolution of Na in Bantu Languages and have brought their research to light in the latest volume of LiBRI journal.

The link word na in Bantu languages has been identified as one of the forms inherited from the ancestral language, commonly known as Proto-Bantu (Guthrie, 1971; Greenberg,1948; Meeussen, 1969). This form has been reconstructed in Proto-Bantu with the meaning of “and” and “with”.

The two functions of na in Proto-Bantu

Its primary part has been perceived as to connection together two syntactic units in a coordinative or cooperative way. This paper analyzes the two unique elements of na as a marker of coordination or relationship of syntactic units in Bantu dialects. It demonstrates how a few dialects have broadened its utilization through the procedure of grammaticalization to expect different capacities. Consequently, the paper closes by watching that the development of the na structure is one of the cases in which words in Bantu dialects have advanced to obtain different capacities (Polomé, 1977; Guthrie, 1971). Be that as it may, there are likewise cases in which units having a place with one linguistic classification change to different classifications.

The procedure of grammaticalization of the na did not end by stretching out it from a cooperative to a possessive verb just, additionally from possessive verb to a genitive frame, that is a structure showing that a given thing is part or has a place with another thing. This is typically communicated by the relational word “of”.

In this manner, the development of na in the contemporary Bantu dialects has reached out in part and utilization in order to incorporate different capacities. Bantu dialects are typically described by lexical things, which regularly change their semantic ascribes because of ecological, utilization or useful parts.

Be that as it may, there are likewise cases in which units fitting in with one linguistic classification change to different classifications. This happens, particularly during the time spent grammaticalization.

The connection word or connective na, in Bantu dialects, fits in with the linguistic class of words, given that it can work as both relational word and conjunction. Be that as it may, it has experienced numerous major charges to procure inflectional properties, in a few Bantu dialects, through the procedure of grammaticalization. Therefore, new capacities rose, supplanting some of its prior parts. Additionally, new structures have seemed to assume control over a portion of the capacities which were once accepted by this word.