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100 almost as smooth as sheet metal; while others are more or less warped and show Band roughness. Whichever kind of sides are used, th-e windows are usually glazed by placing a sheet of heavy celluloid, which can be obtained from auto supply houses, back of the entire side, so it will be fastened down at top and bottom by the same wire nails or escutcheon pins which hold the side itself. Wood sides of either basswood, white pine, or balsa, (for lightness) are built up by many of the more particular mo- < \9 del makers. Exceptional •- 04 \ detail can be incorporated | |• 4 • this way, but the average , model railroader consid1.n_- ers that it is not worth the extra work involved. Ivji7 rw The same amount of patience and time put into one of the more usual 1-1 -£- methods of construction will give as good results as far as appearance is concerned, and with sheet metal construction the work stands up even better. Drawings 4,5,6, and 7 show the best method of wood construction. All parts for the car side are fitted together with tongue and groove work, and the entire side is then grooved into the roof and floor. The grooves above and below the window level are carried around the sides of each window by the vertical members, and allow each window to be inditidually glazed by placing thin glass in the grooves. The underframe of a modern passenger car consists of a steel girder running the length of the car under the middle of the floor. This girder "fishbellies" out between the trucks, and the dimensions of this fishbelly can be taken from ear plans. At two or three points, usually the ends of,the center, or deepest, length of girder, there are cross girders, also of the fishbelly type, slanting up to each side from the bottom of the center girder. These girders can be purchased as a cast assembly or they can be built up of wood or actual sheet metal. For the wood girder, saw thin wood to the outline of the girder, glue and nail it to the car bottom, and then glue a wider strip of cardboard along the edge to represent the flanges of the girder. Some older ears have truss rod underframes. The real frame of the car in this case is its wooden floor, built very much like the floor of a house. The truss rods serve as reinforcement and pre- THE MODEL RAILROADEIt vent a sag. These truss rods can be easily imitated with brass wire, soldered in place. Brass. rods with notches in the ends, can be used for the posts which hold the »uss rods away from the floor in the center. Trucks should be fastened to wood, floors by a plain wood screw of proper diameter and ample length. Thin steel washers between floor and truck serve to adjust the car height and also to take up wear and make the trucks turn easily. When cast underframes are used machine screws can be used for king pins, the holes in the underframe being drilled and tapped to fit. The best wearing and most accurate way of mounting trucks under a wood floor is to first affix a brass plate the width of the car and an inch or so long to the car bottom. This plate can be fastened at the corners with escutcheon pins or very small wood screws. If the trucks have side bearings they will rub on this bearing plate, and insure proper ridin'# qualities. The king pin should be a machine screw, fitting into a tapped hole in the plate and locked with a nut. A carrier for the coupler is usually cast on cast ends. If you use some other type of end, fit a length of wire underneath the car end so it will allow the coupler to swing from side to side and yet hold it in proper vertical alinement. The coupler itself should be pivoted as far back as the length of shank will allow. Some model railroaders have even used compound shanks, adding a length of brass strip, piyoted at the coupler and again pivoted further' back. If the coupler is affixed to a wood floor, a brass rubbing plate should be fastened to the floor first and the coupler then fastened to it with a machine screw. If automatic couplers are used the release bar should be of the underneath acting type. Couplers should be so rnounted the cars will couple as close together as possible. Clearance must be provided for minimum curvature, but not any additional. Diaphragms can be obtained now that work just like the real thing so that cars are always right together even on curves. The underbody details of passenger cars diger from car to car, even in the same series of the same railroad. The actual construction work is easy, as most of the pieces can be made up from brass or wood, and the difficult parts such as brake cylinders can be purchased as castings. Every passenger car has at least the brake equipment under it. This ·consists of three cylinders, the service reservoir, auxiliary reservoir, and the large emergency reservoir, the triple valve (a small arrangement of castings with four pipes running into it), and the brake cylinder itself. Sometimes two brake cylinders are used.