The primary purpose of this document is to establish
procedures which help avoid chemical carcinogen exposures to laboratory
workers, and to prevent contamination of the laboratory, equipment and
the environment.

Unlike industrial processes or repetitive assembly
line type operations, a research laboratory is constantly changing the
types of materials used and the methods for handling them. Researchers
dedicated to the same overall objectives may have significantly different
potentials for exposure when using the same materials. Ensuring safety
while working with extremely hazardous materials such as carcinogens requires
that the investigator or lab manager identify all points of hazard and
prevent exposure by instituting specific work practices, administrative
controls (i.e., minimizing the amount of time an individual is allowed
to work with a material) or engineering controls (i.e., the use of exhaust
ventilation) as appropriate. Prior to working with a carcinogenic material,
determine if a less toxic material may be substituted, and if not, purchase
and utilize the smallest amount of the material possible. The last line
of protection against exposures to a carcinogen (and the least desirable)
is the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Gloves, gowns, lab coats,
goggles, safety glasses, etc. can all fail to protect at times. The investigator
or lab manager should contact OEHS (828-1392) if an assessment of exposure
risk is needed. In some instances, air monitoring may be necessary, and
often required by OSHA, to establish
potential human exposure.

A wide variety of chemical compounds have been
found to be carcinogenic to humans and/or animals. All compounds that cause
cancer in any species should be regarded as potentially hazardous to humans
working directly with the material, as in a laboratory setting. The tables
at the end of this document list all currently identified carcinogens.
If you are concerned about a substance which does not appear in the tables,
contact OEHS for further assistance. The current American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) categories for carcinogens are
listed as follows:

A1 - Confirmed Human Carcinogen:
The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from
epidemiological studies of, or convincing clinical evidence in, exposed
humans.

A2 - Suspected Human Carcinogen:
The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at dose levels, by route(s)
of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s)
that are considered relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiological
studies are conflicting or insufficient to confirm an increased risk of
cancer in exposed humans.

A3 - Animal Carcinogen:The agent
is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s)
of administration, at site(s) of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s)
that are not considered relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiological
studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available
evidence suggests that the agent is not likely to cause cancer in humans
except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

A4 - Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen:
There is inadequate data on which to classify the agent in terms of its
carcinogenicity in humans and/or animals.

A5 - Not Suspected as a Human Carcinogen:
The agent is not suspected to be a human carcinogen on the basis of properly
conducted epidemiological studies in humans.

RISK ASSESSMENT

Carcinogenic activity of a particular chemical
is only one of the factors that determine the level of safety measures
to be implemented for each particular laboratory operation. The others
include: the physical state of the compound or preparation; the volatility
of the compound; the concentration and amount handled; the persistence
of the compound; and, the type of experiment. The risk involved when working
with carcinogens is related to both the quantity and the physical properties
of the material being handled and the complexity of the experimental procedure.
The risk is greatest when working with highly potent carcinogens, carcinogens
which are also highly toxic, large quantities, or when performing complex
manipulations. According to the degree of risk inherent in each particular
laboratory and laboratory operation, the investigator has the responsibility
for deciding the proper safety measures.

In order to assess risk of exposure to a hazardous
material, the means by which the body comes in contact with the material
must be known. There are essentially 3 ways in which a substance can enter
the body:

Inhalation - The most common way
that a substance can enter the body is by breathing the substance when
it is mixed in the surrounding air.

Ingestion - A substance may be directly
or indirectly taken into the mouth. Ingestion of a carcinogen is usually
done unknowingly and unintentionally through contaminated food or drink.

Absorption - The third way that
a carcinogen enters the body is through the skin. Many substances readily
penetrate the skin or damage the skin barrier.

It is beneficial to be aware of the various routes
of entry because the knowledge of how one might become exposed allows one
to utilize the appropriate preventive measures. Various personal and operational
procedures must be practiced in laboratories where chemical carcinogens
are handled.

PREVENTING EXPOSURE

Preventive measures include engineering and work
practice controls and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Engineering
and work practice controls are the primary methods used to control exposures.
Engineering controls isolate or remove the hazard from employees and are
used in conjunction with work practices. Work practice controls reduce
the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which the task is
performed. Personal protective equipment is specialized clothing or equipment
used by employees to protect against direct exposure to carcinogenic materials.
Such equipment includes: gloves, gowns, laboratory coats, aprons, face
shields, safety glasses or goggles and in some situations, respirators.
Under normal working conditions, protective clothing should be the last
line of defense in order to realistically achieve zero carcinogen exposure
level.

If possible, non-carcinogenic substances should
be substituted for chemical carcinogens. If this is not possible, all chemical
carcinogens must be treated as extremely hazardous materials. In almost
every instance, carcinogens should be handled in containment cabinets (glove
box/hood) and, therefore, protective equipment or clothing becomes the
secondary barrier between the chemical and the handler.

There is an enormous amount of controversy over
what is and is not a carcinogen. Among the group of substances known as
"suspect carcinogens," there is a wide variation in potency. All suspect
carcinogens should be handled carefully; however, the more potent carcinogens
(particularly those in class A1 and A2) should be handled with extreme
care. The following operating procedures apply to potent carcinogens. The
investigator must make some judgment about the level of risk to lab workers
and the VCU community and incoporate these procedures as necessary.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
FOR HANDLING CARCINOGENS

1. WORK AREA LABELING

Doors leading into areas where potent carcinogens
are used regularly should be marked distinctively with warning labels.
A sign stating one of the following should be highly visible at all entrance
and exit areas: "Caution - Cancer - Suspect Agent - Authorized Personnel
Only" or "Danger - Chemical Carcinogens - Authorized Personnel Only." Access
should be limited to persons involved in the experiment. Some carcinogens,
specifically regulated by OSHA, may have
additional requirements for the use of regulated areas. When regulated
areas are required by OSHA, OEHS will assist each department on a case
by case basis in establishing the areas. Doors to the laboratory should
be closed while work with carcinogens is being conducted. Doors must be
locked when the laboratory is unattended.

2. ENGINEERING AND WORK PRACTICE CONTROLS

Hoods, glove boxes, or isolation cabinets are
required protection for working with potent carcinogens, especially when
dusts or volatile liquids are being used. Hoods to be used for work with
carcinogens must be tested, before work is begun. Hoods should be re-tested
periodically, usually once a year or after any structural changes. Contact
OEHS to have fume hoods tested. Consideration must be given to where hoods
are to be exhausted. In some cases, exhausted air must be treated prior
to release. All manipulations involving chemical carcinogens should be
performed in such a way that the generation of dusts and aerosols is kept
to a minimum.

Avoid contamination of equipment. Contaminated
equipment and areas must be cleaned thoroughly, effectively and immediately
by laboratory staff. Prior to maintenance workers conducting work on laboratory
equipment, all work with carcinogens should cease and the area and equipment
must be thoroughly decontaminated.

All work surfaces which could be potentially exposed
to chemical carcinogens should be easily cleanable and/or covered with
shatterproof glass plates, stainless steel or plastic trays, dry absorbent
plastic-backed paper, foil, or other impervious and/or disposable material.
This allows for containment of spills and easy clean-up. It is very important
to keep working quantities to a minimum. The quantities present in a work
area should not exceed the amounts required for one week. Any excess should
be stored in an appropriate area. Vessels which contain carcinogens should
be properly labeled. Storage cabinets and/or refrigerators should bear
the appropriate warning about the potential cancer hazard.

3. DISPOSAL AND SPILL RESPONSE

Carcinogens must not be disposed of down the drain
or through the exhaust system. Waste carcinogens must be brought to OEHS
for disposal. A completed waste disposal form must accompany the material.
The container containing the carcinogen must be properly labeled. Additional
information concerning proper disposal procedures and the OEHS's Chemical
Waste Disposal Program can be obtained by calling 828-4866.

Spills must be anticipated before they occur.
A plan must be written and reviewed with appropriate personnel which covers
all likely incidents. Personal protective clothing must be available and
utilized for spills. For further assistance with preparing a spill response
plan, contact OEHS.

4. PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Eye and face protection in the laboratory is of
prime importance because of the possibility of a chemical splash or explosion
that could cause permanent damage. Eye protection - safety glasses or goggles
(as appropriate for the hazard) are required at all times in the laboratory
work environment. Eye protection must be ANSI approved. Safety glasses
are intended to prevent solid objects from entering the eyes. When there
is a potential for a splash, mist or vapor eye injury, goggles and possibly
a face shield must be worn.

In general, the laboratory worker should always
be aware of possible points of contamination. Hands should always be kept
away from areas of the face, especially the mouth, nose, and eyes. Care
must also be taken not to touch other items such as door knobs, telephones,
or elevator buttons with gloves worn while handling carcinogens. After
completion of a particular experiment, or upon suspected contamination,
all laboratory protective clothing should be removed and the hands, forearms,
face, and neck should be washed with soap and water. After a possible contamination,
the laboratory worker should also shower and dispose of any contaminated
personal or protective clothing.

When working with carcinogens, it is extremely
important to avoid all skin contact. A fully fastened laboratory coat or
disposable coveralls should be worn over street clothing. Clothing must
be examined daily for possible contamination and areas of wear and tear.
Contaminated laboratory clothing must be either disposed of or decontaminated
and laundered. Clothing containing holes or tears should be disposed of
appropriately. Gloves must be worn at all times when handling carcinogens
or contaminated equipment. The type of glove required, depends on the type
of carcinogen in use. Disposable gloves should be discarded after each
use and immediately after contamination. Contact OEHS for assistance in
glove selection.

5. INVENTORY AND MSDSs

An inventory of all carcinogens must be maintained
along with a material safety data sheet (MSDS) for each. MSDS should be
reviewed by all individuals who work within the same laboratory, regardless
of whether they are involved with hands on manipulation of the carcinogen.

6. TRANSPORTATION OF CARCINOGENS

Laboratory transfer of potent carcinogens must
be conducted in a sealed unbreakable outer container. The primary container
should be suitably sealed and the secondary container should contain enough
absorbent material, such as vermiculite, to cushion the primary container.
The packaging should be able to absorb the contents of the primary container
if a liquid spill should occur. The secondary or transfer container should
also be suitably labeled. Freight elevators should be utilized to transport
carcinogens (or other hazardous substances) within the building.

7. EMPLOYEE TRAINING

Laboratory employees must be specifically trained
on the potential hazards of carcinogens. Training must include: a) a description
of the carcinogenic hazards - local and systemic toxicity; b) description
of operations in which an exposure could occur; c) information on emergency
response actions of the laboratory; d) specific information to aid the
employee in recognizing and evaluating situations that may result in an
exposure; and, e) information concerning proper decontamination procedures.
All employee training must be fully documented and kept on file in the
laboratory's chemical hygiene plan.

8. MONITORING

In areas where acrylonitrile, arsenic, asbestos,
benzene, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, lead and vinyl chloride are used,
OEHS must be notified for a preview of operations and initial monitoring
of airborne concentrations. If concentrations are below prescribed levels,
additional monitoring may not be necessary. If levels exceed standards,
a compliance monitoring program is necessary with a designated amount and
frequency of sampling specified along with necessary corrective actions
to reduce exposures.

Depending upon the nature of the carcinogen, a
medical monitoring program may need to be established prior to the initiation
of a research study. The principle investigator, in consultation with the
Institutional Biosafety Committee, will designate those employees whose
activities place them at sufficient risk to require inclusion in a medical
monitoring program. The purposes of the medical monitoring program are:
a) to provide a mechanism by which job related illnesses can be detected;
b) to determine the level of risk for employees working in specific areas
with specific chemicals as compared with other employees; c) to determine
the adequacy of protective equipment and procedures; and, d) to verify
that hazardous agents/materials are not being introduced by the University
into the general population. Each employee participating in the medical
monitoring program shall report all significant illnesses to Employee Health
Services as soon as symptoms and/or an exposure are experienced.

9. EXPOSURES

Employees potentially exposed to a carcinogen
must immediately report the incident to their supervisor (and subsequently
to the principle investigator), and seek medical attention through the
ER or Employee Health (whichever is appropriate).

CHEMICAL AND PROCESSES CLASSIFIED
AS CARCINOGENS

CHEMICAL
NAME/PROCESS

CAS NO

IARC1

NTP2

NIOSH3

OSHA4

ACGIH5

A-alpha-C(2-Amino-9H- 2B

pyrideo[2,3-b]indole)

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Acetaldehyde

75-07-0

2B

A

P

.

A3

Acetamide

..

2B

.

.

.

.

2-Acetylaminofluorene

53-96-3

.

A

P

X

.

Acrylamide

79-06-1

2B

A

P

.

A2

Acrylonitrile

107-13-1

2A

A

X

X

A2

Actinomycin D

50-76-0

.

.

.

.

.

Adriamycin

23214-92-8

2A

A

.

.

.

AF-2[2-(2-Furyl)-3-

(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide]

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Alfatoxins

.

1

K

.

.

.

Aldrin

309-00-2

.

.

P

.

.

Aluminum Production

7429-90-5

1

.

.

.

.

2-Aminoanthraquinone

117-79-3

.

A

.

.

.

4-Aminodiphenyl

92-67-1

1

K

P

X

A1

0-Aminoazotoluene

.

.

A

.

.

.

1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone

82-28-0

.

A

.

.

.

Amitrole

61-82-5

.

A

P

.

.

para-Aminoazobenzene

.

2B

.

.

.

.

orsho-Anisidine

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Analgesic mixtures containing

Phenacetin

.

1

K

.

.

.

Androgenic (anabolic) steroids

.

2A

.

.

.

.

Aniline

62-53-3

.

.

P

.

.

0-Anisidine

90-04-0

.

.

P

.

.

0-Anisidine Hydrochloride

134-29-2

.

A

.

.

.

Antimony Trioxide Production

.

.

.

.

.

A2

Aramite

140-57-8

2B

.

.

.

.

Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds, Inorganic

7440-38-2

.

K

X

X

A1

Arsenic Trioxide Production

.

.

.

.

.

.

Asbestos

1332-21-4

1

K

X

X

.

Actinolite

.

.

.

.

X

.

Amosite

12172-73-5

.

.

.

.

A1

Anthophyllite

.

.

.

.

.

.

Chrysolite

12001-29-5

.

.

.

.

A1

Crocidolite

12001-28-4

.

.

.

.

A1

Tremolite

.

.

.

.

X

.

Other Forms

.

.

.

.

.

A1

Asphalt fumes

8052-42-4

.

.

X

.

.

Auramine (Technical Grade)

2465-27-2

.

.

.

.

.

Auramine,manufacture

.

1

.

.

.

.

Auramine,technical-grade

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Azaserine

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Azathioprine

446-86-6

1

K

.

.

.

Benz[a]anthracene

56-55-3

2A

A

.

.

A2

Benzene

71-43-2

1

K

X

X

A2

Benzidine

92-87-5

1

K

X

.

A1

Benzidine-based Dyes

.

2A

.

X

.

.

Benzo[b]fluoranthene

205-99-2

2B

A

.

.

A2

Benzo[j]fluoranthene

205-82-3

2B

A

.

.

.

Benzo[k]fluoranthene

207-08-9

2A

A

.

.

.

Benzo[a]pyrene

50-32-8

2A

A

.

.

A2

Benzotrichloride

98-07-7

.

A

.

.

.

Benzylviolet 4B

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Beryllium and Certain

Beryllium Compounds

7440-41-7

A

X

.

.

A2

Bete liquid with tobacco

.

1

.

.

.

.

N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-

2-naphthylamine(Chlornaphazine)

494-03-1

1

.

.

.

.

Bitumens, extracts of stem-

refined and air-refined

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Bischloroethyl Nitrosourea(BCNU)

154-93-8

2A

A

.

.

.

Bis-chloromethyle Ether (BCME)

542-88-1

1

.

.

.

.

Bleomycins

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Boot and Shoe Manufacture

.

1

.

.

.

.

Bracken fern

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Bromodichloromethane

.

.

A

.

.

.

1,3-Butadiene

106-99-0

2B

A

X

.

A2

1,4-Butanediol Dimethane-

Sulphonate (Myleran)

55-98-1

1

K

.

.

.

Butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA)

.

2B

A

.

.

.

Beta-Butyrolactone

.

2B

.

.

.

.

tert-Butyl chromate

1189-85-1

.

.

X

.

.

Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds

7440-43-9

2A

A

X

.

A2

Calcium Chromate

13765-19-0

.

.

.

.

A2

Carbon-Black Extracts

1333-86-4

2B

.

X

.

.

Carbon Tetrachloride

56-23-5

2B

A

X

.

A3

Captafol(Difolatan)

2425-06-1

.

.

P

.

.

Captan

133-06-2

.

.

P

.

.

Carpentry and Joinery

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Carrageenan (Degraded)

56-23-5

2B

.

.

.

.

Certain Combined Chemotherapy for Lymphomas

.

1

.

.

.

.

Chlorambucil

305-03-3

1

K

.

.

.

Chloramphenicol

56-75-7

2B

.

.

.

.

Chlordane

57-74-9

.

.

P

.

.

Chlordecone (Kepone)

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Chlorendic Acide

.

.

A

.

.

.

Chlorinated camphene

8001-35-2

.

.

P

.

.

Chlorinated Paraffins (C12, 60% chlorine)

.

.

A

.

.

.

Chlorodiphenyl

53469-21-9

.

.

P

.

.

Chlorodiphenyl

11097-69-1

.

.

P

.

.

1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-

1-nitrosourea (CCNU)

13010-47-4

2A

A

.

.

.

Alpha-Chlorinated toluenes

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Chloroform

67-66-3

2B

A

P

.

A2

bis(Chloromethyl) ether

542-88-1

.

K

X

X

A1

Chloromethyl Methyl Ether (Technical Grade)

107-30-2

.

K

P

X

A2

Chlorophenols (Occupational Exposure to)

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Chlorophenoxy herbicides

.

2B

.

.

.

.

3-Chloro-2-methylpropene

.

.

A

.

.

.

4-Chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine

.

2B

A

.

.

.

Chloroprene

126-99-8

.

.

X

.

.

Para-Chloro-ortho-toluidine

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Chromic acid

7738-94-5

.

.

X

.

.

Chromite Ore Processing (Chromate)

.

.

.

.

.

A1

Chromite Compounds, hexavalent

.

1

.

.

.

.

CHEMICAL
NAME/PROCESS

CAS NO

IARC1

NTP2

NIOSH3

OSHA4

ACGIH5

Chromium (VI), Compounds

18540-29-9

.

K

X

.

.

Water Soluble

.

.

.

.

.

.

Water Insoluble

.

.

.

.

.

A1

Chromyl chloride

14977-61-8

.

.

X

.

.

Chrysene

218-01-9

.

.

X

.

A2

C.I. Basic Red 9 Monohydrochloride

.

.

A

.

.

.

Cisplatin

15663-27-1

2A

A

.

.

.

Citrus Red No.2

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Coal Gasification

.

1

.

.

.

.

Coal Liquifaction

.

.

.

.

.

.

Coal-Tar Products

.

1

.

.

.

.

Coal-Tar Pitch Volatiles

65996-03-2

1

.

X

X

A1

Coke Oven Emissions

.

1

A

X

X

.

Combined Oral Contraceptives

1

.

.

.

.

.

Conjugated Estrogens

.

.

K

.

.

.

Creosotes

.

2A

.

.

.

.

para-Cresidine

120-71-8

2B

A

.

.

.

Cupferron

135-20-6

.

A

.

.

.

Cycasin

14901-08-7

2B

.

.

.

.

Cyclophosphamide

50-18-0

1

K

.

.

.

Dacarbazine

4342-03-4

2B

A

.

.

.

Daunomycin

.

2B

.

.

.

.

DDT

50-29-3

2B

A

P

.

.

N,N-Diacetylbenzidine

.

2B

.

.

.

.

2,4-Diaminoanisole and its salts

615-05-4

2B

.

P

.

.

2,4-Diaminoanisole Sulfate

39156-41-7

.

A

.

.

.

2,4-Diaminotoluene

95-80-7

2B

A

.

.

.

4,4-Diaminodiphenyl ether

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Dibenz[a,h]acridine

226-36-8

2B

A

.

.

.

Dibenz[a,j]acridine

224-42-0

2B

A

.

.

.

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

53-70-3

2A

A

.

.

.

7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole

194-59-2

2B

A

.

.

.

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

192-65-4

2B

A

.

.

.

Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene

189-64-0

2B

A

.

.

.

Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene

189-55-9

2B

A

.

.

.

Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

191-30-0

2B

A

.

.

.

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)

96-12-8

2B

A

X

X

.

1,2-Dibromoethane(EDB)

.

.

A

.

.

.

Dichloroacetylene

7572-29-4

.

.

P

.

.

Para-Dichlorobenzene

106-46-7

2B

.

P

.

A3

1,4-Dichlorobenzene

.

.

A

.

.

.

3,3 - Dichlorobenzidine

91-94-1

2B

A

P

.

A2

3,3 - Dichlorobenzidine Dihydrochloride

.

.

A

.

.

.

3,3 - Dichlorobenzidine Salts

.

.

.

.

X

.

1,2-Dichloroethane

.

2B

A

.

.

.

1,4-Dichloro-2-butene

764-41-0

.

.

.

.

A2

Dichloromethane

.

2B

A

.

.

.

1,3-Dichloropropene (technical-grade)

542-75-6

2B

A

P

.

.

Dieldrin

60-57-1

.

.

P

.

.

Dienestrol

84-17-3

.

.

.

.

.

Diepoxybutane

1464-53-1

2B

A

.

.

.

Diesel exhaust

.

.

.

P

.

.

Di(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether(DGE)

2238-07-5

.

.

.

.

.

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

117-81-7

2B

A

P

.

.

1,2-Diethylhydrazine

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Diethylstillbestrol (DES)

56-53-1

1

K

.

.

.

Diethyl Sulphate

64-67-5

.

A

.

.

.

Diglycidyl resorcinol ether

2238-07-5

2B

A

P

.

.

Dihydrosafrole

.

2B

.

.

.

.

3,3 - Dimethoxybenzidine

119-90-4

2B

A

.

.

.

4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene

60-11-7

2B

A

P

X

.

trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]

-5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride

79-44-7

2A

A

P

.

A2

3,3-Dimethylbenzidine

.

2B

A

.

.

.

1,1-Dimethylhydrazine

57-14-7

2B

A

P

.

A2

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Dimethyl Sulfate

77-78-1

2A

A

P

.

A2

Dimethylvinyl Chloride

.

.

A

.

.

.

Dinitrotoluene

25321-14-6

.

.

P

.

A2

1,4-Dioxane

123-91-1

2B

A

P

.

.

Direct Black 38, Technical

1937-37-7

.

A

.

.

.

Direct Blue 6, Technical

2602-46-2

.

A

.

.

.

Direct Brown 95, Technical

16071-86-6

.

.

.

.

.

Epichlorohydrin

106-89-8

2A

A

X

.

.

Erionite

.

1

K

.

.

.

Estrogens (Not Conjugated):

Estradiol - 17

.

.

A

.

.

.

Estrone

.

.

A

.

.

.

Ethinylestradiol

.

.

A

.

.

.

Mestranol

.

.

A

.

.

.

Ethylacrylate

140-88-5

2B

A

P

.

A2

Ethyl bromide

74-96-4

.

.

.

.

A2

Ethinylesttradiol

57-63-6

.

.

.

.

.

Ethylene Dibromide (EDB)

106-93-4

2A

.

P

.

A2

Ethylene Dichloride (EDC)

107-06-2

.

.

P

.

.

Ethyleneimine

151-56-4

.

.

P

X

.

Ethylene Oxide

75-21-8

2A

A

X

X

A2

N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea

.

2A

.

.

.

.

Ethylene Thiourea

96-45-7

2B

A

P

.

.

Ethyl Methanesulphonate

62-50-0

2B

A

.

.

.

Formaldehyde

50-00-0

2A

A

X

X

A2

2-(2-Formythydrazino)

-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole

.

2B

.

.

.

.

CHEMICAL NAME/PROCESS

CAS NO

IARC1

NTP2

NIOSH3

OSHA4

ACGIH5

Furniture Manufacture

.

1

.

.

.

.

2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-

acrylamide

3688-53-7

.

.

.

.

.

Gallium arsenide

1303-00-0

.

.

X

.

.

Gasoline

8006-61-9

.

.

X

.

.

Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6

methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3,2-d]imidazole)

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Glu-P-2 (2-

Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3,2-d}imidazole)

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Gyromitrine

16568-02-8

.

.

.

.

.

Glycidaldehyde

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Griseofulvin

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Hematite Underground Mining (with exposure to
radon)

.

1

.

.

.

.

Heptachlor

76-44-8

.

.

P

.

.

Hexachlorobenzene

118-74-1

.

A

.

.

.

Hexachlorobutadiene

87-68-3

.

.

P

.

A2

Hexachloroethane

67-72-1

.

.

P

.

A2

Hexamethyl Phosphoramide

680-31-9

2B

A

.

.

A2

Hydrazine

302-01-2

2B

A

P

.

A2

Hydrazine Sulfate

10034-93-2

.

A

.

.

.

Hydrazobenzene

122-66-7

.

A

.

.

.

ICR 170

146-59-8

.

.

.

.

.

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene

193-39-5

2B

A

.

.

.

Iron and Steel Founding

.

1

.

.

.

.

Iron Dextran Complex

88154-94-3

2B

A

.

.

.

IQ(2-Amino-3-methylimidazo

[4,5-f]quinoline

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Isopropyl Alcohol Manufacture

(Strong Acid Process)

67-63-0

1

.

P

.

.

Kepone (Chlordecone)

143-50-0

.

A

X

.

.

Lasiocarpine

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Lead and lead

compounds, inorganic

.

2B

.

.

X

.

Lead Chromate

7758-97-6

.

.

.

.

A2

Lead Acetate

301-04-2

.

A

.

.

.

Lead Phosphate

7446-27-7

.

A

.

.

.

Lindan and Other Haxachloro-

Cyclohexane Isomers

58-89-9

.

A

.

.

.

Malonaldehyde

542-78-9

.

.

P

.

.

Manufacture of Magenta

.

1

.

.

.

.

MeA-a-C(2-Amino-3-methyl-

9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole)

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Medroxyprogesterone acetate

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Melphalan

148-82-3

1

K

.

.

.

Merphalan

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Mestranol

72-33-3

.

.

.

.

.

Methoxsalen with Ultra-Violet

A Therapy (PUVA)

298-81-7

1

K

.

.

.

Methoxychlor

72-43-5

.

.

P

.

.

2-Methylaziridine

.

2B

A

.

.

.

Methylazoxymethanol and its acetate

.

2B

.

.

.

.

5-Methoxypsoralen

.

2A

.

.

.

.

5-Methylchrysene

3697-24-3

.

A

.

.

.

4,4-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)

(MOCA)

101-14-4

2A

A

.

.

A2

4,4-Methylenebis(n,n-dimethyl)

benzenamine

69522-43-6

.

A

P

.

.

4,4-Methylene bis(2-methylaniline)

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Methylene Chloride

75-09-2

.

.

P

.

A2

4,4-Methylene Dianiline

101-77-9

2B

A

X

.

A2

N-Methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG)

.

2A

.

.

.

.

N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea

.

2A

.

.

.

.

Methyl Bromide

74-83-9

.

.

P

.

.

Methyl Chloride

74-87-3

.

.

P

.

.

Methyl Hydrazine

60-34-4

.

.

P

.

A2

Methyl Iodide

74-88-4

.

.

P

.

A2

Methyl Methanesulphonate

66-27-3

2B

A

.

.

.

2-Methyl-nitroanthraquinone

(uncertain purity)

.

2B

.

.

.

.

N-Methyl-N-nitrosourethane

.

2B

.

.

.

.

N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitro-

guanidine

70-25-7

.

A

.

.

.

Methylthiouracil

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Metronidazole

443-48-1

2B

A

.

.

.

Michler's Ketone

90-94-8

.

A

.

.

.

Mineral Oils (untreated & mildly-treated)

.

1

.

.

.

.

Mirex

2385-85-5

2B

A

.

.

.

Mitomycin C

50-07-7

2B

.

.

.

.

Monochloroethane

.

.

.

P

.

.

Monocrotaline

.

2B

.

.

.

.

MOPP(combined therapy-

with nitrogen mustard, vicristine,

procarbazine and prednisone)

.

1

.

.

.

.

5-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-

[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidinone

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Mustard Gas (Sulphur mustard)

505-60-2

1

K

.

.

.

Nafenopin

.

2B

.

.

.

.

2-Naphthylamine

.

1

K

.

.

.

alpha-Naphthylamine

134-32-7

.

.

X

X

.

beta-Naphthylamine

91-59-8

.

.

X

X

A1

Nickel Carbonyl

13463-39-3

.

.

X

.

.

Nickel and Nickel Compounds

7440-02-0

1

A

X

.

.

Nickel, Inorganic Compounds

.

.

.

X

.

.

Nickel Refining

.

.

.

.

.

.

Nickel Sulfide Roasting,

Fume and Dust

.

.

.

X

.

A1

Niridazole

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Nitrilotriacetic Acid

139-13-9

.

A

.

.

.

5-Nitroacenaphthene

.

2B

.

.

.

.

5-Nitro-o-anisidine

99-59-2

.

.

.

.

.

4-Nitrodiphenyl

92-93-3

.

.

P

X

A1

p-Nitrochlorobenzene

100-00-5

.

.

P

.

.

Nitrofen

1836-75-5

2B

A

.

.

.

1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]

-2-imidazolidinone

.

2B

.

.

.

.

N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-

2-thiazolyl]acetamide

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Nitrogen Mustard

55-86-7

2A

A

.

.

.

Nitrogen Mustard N-oxide

.

2B

.

.

.

.

2-Nitronaphthalene

581-89-5

.

.

X

.

.

2-Nitropropane

79-46-9

2B

A

P

.

A2

N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine

924-16-3

2B

A

.

.

.

N-Nitrosodiethanolamine

1116-54-7

2B

A

.

.

.

N-Nitrosodiethylamine

55-18-5

2A

A

.

.

.

N-Nitrosodimethylamine

62-75-9

2A

A

P

X

A2

P-Nitrosodiphenylamine

156-10-5

.

.

.

.

.

N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine

621-64-7

2B

A

.

.

.

3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)

propionitrile

.

2B

.

.

.

.

CHEMICAL
NAME/PROCESS

CAS NO

IARC1

NTP2

NIOSH3

OSHA4

ACGIH5

4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-

1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone(NNK)

.

2B

A

.

.

.

N-Nitroso-n-ethylurea

759-73-9

.

A

.

.

.

N-Nitroso-n-methylurea

684-93-5

.

A

.

.

.

N-Nitrosomethylethylamine

.

2B

.

.

.

.

N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine

4549-40-0

2B

A

.

.

.

N-Nitrosomorpholine

59-89-2

2B

A

.

.

.

N-Nitrosonornicotine

16543-55-8

2B

A

.

.

.

N-Nitrosopiperidine

100-75-4

2B

A

.

.

.

N-Nitrosopyrrolidine

930-55-2

2B

A

.

.

.

N-Nitrososarcosine

13256-22-9

2B

A

.

.

.

Norethisterone

68-22-4

.

A

.

.

.

Ochratoxin A

.

.

A

.

.

.

Oestradiol-17B

50-28-2

.

.

.

.

.

Oestrogen replacement compounds

.

1

.

.

.

.

Oestrogens, nonsteroidal

.

1

.

.

.

.

Oestrogens,steroidal

.

1

.

.

.

.

Oestrone

53-16-7

.

.

.

.

.

Oil Orange SS

.

2B

.

.

.

.

4,4-Oxydianiline

.

A

.

.

.

.

Oxymetholone

434-07-1

.

.

.

.

.

Panfuran S

(containing dihydroxymethylfuratrizine)

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Perchloroethylene

127-18-4

.

.

.

.

A3

Pesticide Manufacture

and Formulation

.

.

.

.

.

.

Phenacetine

62-44-2

2A

A

.

.

.

Phenazopyridine

94-78-0

.

.

.

.

.

.Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride

136-40-3

2B

A

.

.

.

Phenobarbital

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Phenoxyacetic Acid Herbicides

(Occupational Exposure to)

.

.

.

.

.

.

Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride

.

2B

.

.

.

.

N-Phenyl-beta-naphthylamine

135-88-6

.

.

X

.

A2

O-Phenylenediamine

95-54-5

.

.

.

.

A2

Phenylhydrazine

100-63-0

.

.

P

.

A2

Phenytoin

57-41-0

2B

A

.

.

.

Phenytoin, Sodium Salt

630-93-3

.

.

.

.

.

Polybrominated Biphenyls(PBBs)

36355-01-8

2B

A

.

.

.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls(PCBs)

1336-36-3

2A

A

P

.

.

Ponceau MX

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Ponceau 3R

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Potassium bromate

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Procarbazine

671-16-9

.

.

.

.

.

Procarbazine Hydrochloride

366-70-1

2A

A

.

.

.

Progesterone

57-83-0

.

A

.

.

.

Progestins

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Propane Sultone

1120-71-4

.

.

.

.

A2

CHEMICAL
NAME/PROCESS

CAS NO

IARC1

NTP2

NIOSH3

OSHA4

ACGIH5

1,3-Propane sultone

.

2B

A

.

.

.

beta-Propiolactone

57-57-8

2B

A

P

X

A2

Propylene Dichloride (1,2-dichloropropane)

78-87-5

.

.

P

.

.

Propyleneimine

75-55-8

.

.

P

.

A2

Propylene oxide

75-56-9

2A

A

P

.

.

Propylthiouracil

51-52-5

2B

A

.

.

.

Reserpine

50-55-5

.

A

.

.

.

Rubber Industry(Certain Occupations)

.

1

.

.

.

.

Saccharin

81-07-2

2B

A

.

.

.

Safrole

94-59-7

2B

A

.

.

.

Selenium Sulfide

7446-34-6

.

A

.

.

.

Sequential Oral Contraceptives

.

1

.

.

.

.

Shale-Oils

.

1

.

.

.

.

Silica, crystalline

14464-46-1

2A

A

.

.

.

Quartz

.

.

A

.

.

.

Cristobalite

.

.

A

.

.

.

Tridymite

.

.

A

.

.

.

Sodium ortho-phenylphenate

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Soots, Tars, and Mineral Oils

.

1

A

.

.

.

Sterigmatocystin

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Steptozotocin

18883-66-4

2B

A

.

.

.

Styrene

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Styrene oxide

.

2A

.

.

.

.

Sulfallate

95-06-7

2B

A

.

.

.

Talc Containing-

(asbestiform fibers)

.

1

.

.

.

.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P

dioxin (TCDD)

1746-01-6

2B

A

P

.

.

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

79-34-5

.

.

P

.

.

Tetrachloroethylene

127-18-4

2B

A

P

.

.

Tetranitromethane

509-14-8

.

.

.

.

A2

Thioacetamide

62-55-5

2B

A

.

.

.

4,4-Thiodianiline

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Thiourea

62-56-6

2B

A

.

.

.

Thorium Dioxide

1314-20-1

.

K

.

.

.

Titanium Dioxide

13463-67-7

.

.

P

.

.

Tobacco products, smokeless

.

1

.

.

.

.

Tobacco smoke

.

1

.

.

.

.

O-Tlidine-based dyes

.

.

.

X

.

.

O-Tolidine

119-93-7

.

.

P

.

A2

Toluene diisocyanate

26471-62-5

2B

A

P

.

.

Toluenediamine (TDA)

95-80-7

.

.

P

.

.

O-Toluidine

95-53-4

2B

.

P

.

A2

O-Toluidine Hydrochloride

636-21-5

.

.

.

.

.

P-Toluidine

106-49-0

.

.

P

.

A2

Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes)

8001-35-2

2B

A

P

.

.

Treethylenemelamine

51-18-3

.

.

.

.

.

Trenimone

68-76-8

.

.

.

.

.

Treosulphan

299-75-2

1

.

.

.

.

Trichloroethylene

79-01-6

.

.

P

.

.

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

79-00-5

.

.

P

.

.

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

88-06-2

.

A

.

.

.

1,2,3-Trichloropropane

96-18-4

.

.

P

.

.

Tris(aziridinyl)-Para-benzoquinone

(Triaziquone)

68-76-8

.

.

.

.

.

Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine

Sulphide (Thiotepa)

52-24-4

.

A

.

.

A2

Tris(2,3,-dibromopropyl)phosphate

126-72-7

2A

A

.

.

.

Tryptophan P1

62450-06-0

.

.

.

.

.

Tryptophan P2

62450-07-1

.

.

.

.

.

Trp-P-1 (3-Amino-1,

4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole)

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Trp-P-2 (3-Amino-1-methyl

-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole)

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Trypan bule

.

2B

.

.

.

.

Uracil Mustard

66-75-1

2B

.

.

.

.

Uranium

7440-61-1

.

.

P

.

.

Urethane

51-79-6

2B

A

.

.

.

Vinyl Acetate

108-05-4

.

.

.

.

A3

Vinyl Bromide

593-60-2

2A

.

P

.

A2

Vinyl Chloride

75-01-4

1

K

X

X

A1

4-Vinyl Cyclohexene

100-40-3

.

.

.

.

A2

Vinyl Cyclohexene Dioxide

106-87-6

.

.

P

.

A2

Vinyl Fluoride

75-02-5

.

.

.

.

.

Vinylidene Chloride

(1,1-dichloroethylene)

75-35-4

.

.

P

.

.

Vinylidene Fluoride Monomer

75-38-7

.

.

.

.

.

Xylidine (mixed isomers)

1300-73-8

.

.

.

.

A2

Welding, fumes

and total particulates

.

.

P

.

.

.

Zinc chromates

13530-65-9

.

.

P

.

A1

NOTES

1. Compiled from International Agency for Research
on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of
chemicals to humans, chemicals, industrial processes and industries associated
with cancer in humans.

GROUP 1. The chemical, group of chemicals,
industrial process or occupational exposure is carcinogenic to humans.

GROUP 2A. The chemical, group of chemicals,
industrial process or occupational exposure is probably carcinogenic to
humans.

GROUP 2B. The chemical, group of chemicals,
industrial process or occupational exposure is possibly carcinogenic to
humans.

2. Compiled from U.S. Department of health and
Human Services, National Toxicology Program.

K. Substances or groups of substances,
and technological or manufacturing processes that are known to be carcinogenic.

A. Substances or groups of substances that
may reasonably be anticipated to be carcinogens.

3. Compiled from the NIOSH recommendations for
Occupational Safety and Health standards.

P. Substances or groups of substances that
have potential for carcinogenicity.

X. Those chemicals or chemical classes
currently regulated by OSHA as carcinogens.

4. Compiled from Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations,
Part 1910.1000 et. seq. 1984. Entries in this column are defined below.

X. Those chemical or chemicals classes
currently regulated by OSHA as carcinogens.

5. Compiled from American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).

A1. Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent
is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiological
studies of, or convincing clinical evidence in, exposed humans.

A2. Suspected Human Carcinogen: The agent
is carcinogenic in experimental animals at dose levels, by route of administration,
at site, of histologic type, or by mechanism that are considered relevant
to worker exposure. Available epidemiological studies are conflicting or
insufficient to confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans.

A3. Animal Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic
in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route of administration,
at site, of histologic type or by mechanism that are not relevant to worker
exposure. Available epidemiological studies do not confirm an increased
risk of cancer in exposed humans.