It was the residence of India's second Prime Minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964-1966) and where his body lay in state on 11 January 1966.[4] Today his biographical museum, Lal Bhadur Shastri Memorial is at 1, Moti Lal Nehru Place (formerly 10 Janpath), adjacent to the complex.[5][6]

The house was the residence of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri who succeeded Jawaharlal Nehru in 1960s. Adjacent to the complex, facing the roundabout is Lal Bhadur Shastri Memorial at 1, Moti Lal Nehru Place.[7]

During the era of Congress-led UPA government from 2004 to 2014, "10 Janpath" became synonymous with Sonia Gandhi, in political parlance, especially when used in conjunction with its power tussle with 7 Race Course Road (now called 7 Lok Kalyan Marg), the official residence of the Indian Prime Minister (then Manmohan Singh) e.g. 10 Janpath V/s 7 Race Course Road or ‘10, Janpath more important than 7, Race Course’,[8][9][10]

1.
Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969, after serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and she was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansass public schools. As First Lady of the United States, Clinton fought for gender equality, because her marriage survived the Lewinsky scandal, her role as first lady drew a polarized response from the public. Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York and she was re-elected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate, as Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring, during which she advocated the U. S. military intervention in Libya. Leaving office after Obamas first term, she wrote her book and undertook speaking engagements. Clinton made a presidential run in 2016. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U. S. political party, despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote, Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican rival Donald Trump. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26,1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. In 1995, Clinton claimed that her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, however, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Clinton was raised in a United Methodist family, living first in Chicago and her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent, and managed a small but successful textile business. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian, Scottish, Clinton has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. As a child, Rodham was a student of her teachers at the public schools that she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in such as swimming and baseball, and earned numerous badges as a Brownie. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in the student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for the National Honor Society

2.
Janpath
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Janpath, translated Peoples Path, is one of the main roads in New Delhi. It starts out as Radial Road 1 in Connaught Place, adjacent to Palika Bazaar, and runs North-South perpendicular to, originally called Queens Way, it was an important part of Lutyens design of the Lutyens Delhi, upon the inauguration of new capital of India in 1931. Janpath Market is one of the most famous markets for tourists in New Delhi, the market essentially is a long line of boutique stores selling products which are hard to find in the malls and multi-chain stores of the city. The long line of boutiques is a heaven for budget travellers and shoppers, buyers of handicrafts and garments, curio, in the north this road stretches from the Connaught Place. In the south it ends up at the intersection of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road and junction of South end road and Tees January Marg, commercial offices can be found along Janpath, as its central location accounts for high real estate values. To the south of Rajpath, the road is residential, with the exception of the National Museum. The Janpath market stretches around 1. 5-km from the Outer Circle of Connaught Place to Windsor Place, Janpath Market is one of the most famous markets for tourists in New Delhi. The market essentially is a line of boutique stores selling products which cannot be found in todays malls. It is also one of the oldest markets of New Delhi with establishment of some dating back to 1950. It is most popular for the exquisite Pashmina Shawl from Kashmir, most markets in Delhi are known to carry duplicates however one can find the original quality here. Among other exquisite items are the Kashmiri wool shawls and scarves, Indian Kurtis and Churidars brass ornaments and artefacts, carpets, the Indian Tourist Office is on the corner of Janpath and Connaught Lane, and good maps can be purchased there. Between Fire Lane and the Imperial Hotel, the Tibetan Market can be found which has a range of Himalayan arts and crafts. Musical instruments, wall hangings and bead shops are in abundance, behind the Tibetan Market, on Tolstoy Marg, is the Jantar Mantar, an astrological instrument of immense proportions which is well worth a visit. The Janpath Market also has an abundance of walking vendors who sell trinkets, such as necklaces, chunky jewellery, jootis, drums, horns and postcards, particularly to foreigners, most of whom now know about the bargaining required. Most speak good English and are good at bartering, South of Rajpath is the National Museum, which will take half a day to wander through. Intersection with Rajpath Intersection of Akbar road and Motilal Nehru Marg, Dr. Rajendra Prashad road, one junction is at Windsor place, where intersection of Ashok road is made by junction of Ferozshah road and Raisina road. Construction had been underway for the Janpath Metro Station as part of Phase III of the Delhi Metro Project by The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, the Janpath Metro Station is a part of the 9.37 km long Central Secretariat – Kashmere Gate corridor also called the Heritage Line. The Janpath metro station opened on 26 June 2014, the corridor will be connecting Old Delhi like Daryaganj, Delhi Gate and Red Fort with the business hub of Delhi at Janpath

3.
New Delhi
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New Delhi is the capital of India and one of Delhi citys 11 districts. The National Capital Region is a larger entity comprising the entire National Capital Territory along with adjoining districts. The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V and it was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by Viceroy, New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister of India Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Calcutta was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911, Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi. The Government of British India felt that it would be easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India. The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894. The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens, who first visited Delhi in 1912, the contract was given to Sobha Singh. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad fort, construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed Lutyens Delhi was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britains imperial aspirations. Soon Lutyens started considering other places, however, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroys House at one end with Paharganj at the other. During the projects early years, many believed it was a gate from Earth to Heaven itself. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a number of heritage sites in the North side. A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroys House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was considered the site of Indraprastha

4.
Sonia Gandhi
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Sonia Gandhi is an Italian-born Indian politician, who has served as President of the Indian National Congress party since 1998. She is the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi who belonged to the Nehru–Gandhi family and she finally agreed to join politics in 1997, in 1998, she was elected President of the Congress party. She has served as the Chairperson of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in the Lok Sabha since 2004, in September 2010, on being re-elected for the fourth time, she became the longest serving president in the 125-year history of the Congress party. Her foreign birth has been a subject of debate and controversy. Also controversial was her friendship with Italian businessman Ottavio Quattrocchi. Although Sonia is the fifth person to be leader of the Congress Party. She spent her adolescence in Orbassano, a town near Turin, being raised in a traditional Roman Catholic family and her father, Stefano Maino, was a building mason, who owned a small construction business in Orbassano. Stefano fought against the Soviet military alongside Hitlers Wehrmacht on the front in World War II, he called himself a loyal supporter of Benito Mussolini. Her mother and two still live around Orbassano. In 1964, she went to study English at the Bell Educational Trusts language school in the city of Cambridge, in 1965 at a Greek restaurant she met Rajiv Gandhi, who was enrolled in Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. Sonia and Rajiv Gandhi married in 1968, in a Hindu ceremony following which she moved into the house of her mother-in-law and then Prime Minister, the couple had two children, Rahul Gandhi and Priyanka Vadra. Despite belonging to the influential Nehru family, Sonia and Rajiv avoided all involvement in politics, Rajiv worked as an airline pilot while Sonia took care of her family. When Indira Gandhi was ousted from office in 1977 in the aftermath of the Indian Emergency, Sonia Gandhis involvement with Indian public life began after the assassination of her mother-in-law and her husbands election as prime minister. As the prime ministers wife she acted as his official hostess, in 1984, she actively campaigned against her husbands sister-in-law Maneka Gandhi who was running against Rajiv in Amethi. At the end of Rajiv Gandhis five years in office, the Bofors scandal broke out, Ottavio Quattrocchi, an Italian business man believed to be involved, was said to be a friend of Sonia Gandhi, having access to the Prime Ministers official residence. The BJP has alleged that she appeared on the voters list in New Delhi prior to obtaining Indian citizenship in April 1983, former senior Congress leader and current President of India Pranab Mukherjee said that she surrendered her Italian passport to the Italian Embassy on 27 April 1983. Italian nationality law did not permit dual nationality until 1992, so, by acquiring Indian citizenship in 1983, she would automatically have lost Italian citizenship. After Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in 1991 and Sonia Gandhi refused to become Prime Minister, over the next few years, however, the Congress fortunes continued to dwindle and it lost the 1996 elections

5.
Indian National Congress
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The Indian National Congress is one of two major political parties in India, the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party. Congress was founded in 1885 during the British Raj, its founders include Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, there have been seven Congress Prime Ministers, the first being Jawaharlal Nehru, and the most recent Manmohan Singh. The partys social liberal platform is considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics. From 2004 to 2014, the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance, a coalition of regional parties. As of March 2017, the party is in power in five states, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Meghalaya, in Bihar, it is a part of the ruling coalition. The Congress has previously directly ruled Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, in the 2014 general election, the Congress had its poorest post-independence general election performance, winning only 44 seats of the 543-member house. The party primarily endorses social liberalism—seeking to balance individual liberty and social justice, the Congress was founded in 1885 by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society movement, including Scotsman Allan Octavian Hume. It has been suggested that the idea was conceived in a meeting of 17 men after a Theosophical Convention held in Madras in December 1884. Hume took the initiative, and in March 1885 the first notice convening the first Indian National Union to meet in Poona the following December was issued. Its objective was to obtain a share in government for educated Indians and to create a platform for civic. The first meeting was scheduled to be held in Poona, Hume organised the first meeting in Bombay with the approval of the Viceroy Lord Dufferin. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first president of the Congress, the first session was held from 28–31 December 1885, representing each province of India, the Partys delegates comprised 54 Hindus and 2 Muslims, the rest were of Parsi and Jain backgrounds. It also included Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Mohammed Ali Jinnah—later leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan. The Congress was transformed into a movement by Surendranath Banerjea and Sir Henry Cotton during the partition of Bengal in 1905. Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915, in 1923 following the deaths of policemen at Chauri Chaura, Gandhi suspended the agitation. In protest, a number of leaders, Chittaranjan Das, Annie Besant, the Khilafat movement collapsed and the Congress was split. Although its members were predominantly Hindu, it had members from other religions, economic classes, at the Congress 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, Purna Swaraj was declared as the partys goal, declaring 26 January 1930 as Purna Swaraj Diwas, Independence Day. The same year, Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the party for demanding full independence, the British government allowed provincial elections in India in the winter of 1936–37 under the Government of India Act 1935

6.
Lal Bahadur Shastri
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Lal Bahadur Shastri was the Prime Minister of the Republic of India and a leader of the Indian National Congress party. Shastri joined the Indian independence movement in the 1920s, deeply impressed and influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, he became a loyal follower, first of Gandhi, and then of Jawaharlal Nehru. He led the country during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 and his slogan of Jai Jawan Jai Kisan became very popular during the war and is remembered even today. Shastri was born at the house of his grandparents in Mughalsarai, Varanasi in a Kayastha Hindu family. Shastris paternal ancestors had been in the service of the zamindar of Ramnagar near Varanasi, Shastri was the second child and eldest son of his parents, he had an elder sister, Kailashi Devi. In April 1906, When Shastri was hardly one year old, his father, had recently been promoted to the post of deputy tahsildar. Ramdulari Devi, then only 23 and pregnant with her third child and she gave birth to a daughter, Sundari Devi, in July 1906. Thus, Shastri and his sisters grew up in the household of his maternal grandfather, in Shastris family, as with many Kayastha families, it was the custom in that era for children to receive an education in the Urdu language and culture. This is because Urdu/Persian had been the language of government for centuries, before being replaced by English, therefore, Shastri began his education at the age of four under the tutelage of a maulvi, Budhan Mian, at the East Central Railway Inter college in Mughalsarai. He studied there until the sixth standard, in 1917, Bindeshwari Prasad was transferred to Varanasi, and the entire family moved there, including Ramdulari Devi and her three children. In Varanasi, Shastri joining the standard at Harish Chandra High School. At this time, he decided to drop his surname of Verma. In January 1921, when Shastri was in the 10 standard and three months from sitting the examinations, he attended a public meeting in Benares hosted by Gandhi. He was soon arrested and jailed, but was let off as he was still a minor. Recognising the need for the volunteers to continue their educations, Kripalani. Sharma, had founded a school centered around nationalist education to educate the young activists in their nations heritage. Among the first students of the new institution, Shastri graduated with a degree in philosophy. He was given the title Shastri, the title was a bachelors degree awarded by the Vidyapith, but it stuck as part of his name

7.
Jawaharlal Nehru
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Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence. He is considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state, a sovereign, socialist, secular and he was also known as Pandit Nehru due to his roots with the Kashmiri Pandit community while many Indian children knew him as Chacha Nehru. The son of Motilal Nehru, a prominent lawyer and nationalist statesman and Swaroop Rani, Nehru was a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge and the Inner Temple, where he trained to be a barrister. Upon his return to India, he enrolled at the Allahabad High Court, and took an interest in national politics, a committed nationalist since his teenage years, he became a rising figure in Indian politics during the upheavals of the 1910s. He became the prominent leader of the factions of the Indian National Congress during the 1920s. As Congress President in 1929, Nehru called for independence from the British Raj. Nehru and the Congress dominated Indian politics during the 1930s as the country moved towards independence, but these achievements were seriously compromised in the aftermath of the Quit India Movement in 1942, which saw the British effectively crush the Congress as a political organisation. The Muslim League under his old Congress colleague and now bête noire, negotiations between Nehru and Jinnah for power sharing failed and gave way to the independence and bloody partition of India in 1947. As Prime Minister, he set out to realise his vision of India, the Constitution of India was enacted in 1950, after which he embarked on an ambitious program of economic, social and political reforms. Chiefly, he oversaw Indias transition from a colony to a republic, while nurturing a plural, in foreign policy, he took a leading role in Non-Alignment while projecting India as a regional hegemon in South Asia. Under Nehrus leadership, the Congress emerged as a party, dominating national and state-level politics and winning consecutive elections in 1951,1957. He remained popular with the people of India in spite of troubles in his final years. In India, his birthday is celebrated as Childrens Day, Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad in British India. His father, Motilal Nehru, a barrister who belonged to the Kashmiri Pandit community. His mother, Swaruprani Thussu, who came from a well-known Kashmiri Brahmin family settled in Lahore, was Motilals second wife, Jawaharlal was the eldest of three children, two of whom were girls. The elder sister, Vijaya Lakshmi, later became the first female president of the United Nations General Assembly, the youngest sister, Krishna Hutheesing, became a noted writer and authored several books on her brother. Nehru described his childhood as a sheltered and uneventful one and he grew up in an atmosphere of privilege at wealthy homes including a palatial estate called the Anand Bhawan. His father had him educated at home by governesses and tutors

8.
United Progressive Alliance
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The United Progressive Alliance is a coalition of centre-left political parties in India formed after the 2004 general election. One of the members of UPA is Indian National Congress, whose National President Sonia Gandhi is also the chairperson of the UPA, the UPA was formed soon after the 2004 general elections when it had become clear that no party had won an absolute majority. The hitherto ruling Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance had won 169 seats in the 543-member 14th Lok Sabha, as opposed the UPAs tally of 222 seats. The Left Front with 59 MPs, the Samajwadi Party with 39 MPs, V. Narasimha Rao, and earlier governments of V. P. Singh and Chandra Shekhar. An informal alliance had existed prior to the elections as several of the current constituent parties had developed seat-sharing agreements in many states, however, it was only after the election that the results of negotiations between parties were announced. Hence, government policies were generally perceived as centre-left, reflecting the centrist policies of the INC, during the tenure of Jharkhand Chief Minister Madhu Koda, the constituents of the UPA were, by mutual consent, supporting his government. On 22 July 2008, the UPA narrowly survived a vote of confidence in the parliament brought on by the Left Front withdrawing their support in protest at the India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement. The Congress party and its leaders along with then SP leader Amar Singh were accused for cash for vote scam in which they were accused for buying votes in Lok Sabha to save the government, the enquiry is still going on for the same. In the Indian General Election in 2009, the UPA won 262 seats, initially, UPA was given external support from the Left Front which totalled 59 MPs. Nevertheless, these parties were not a part of the government, the UPA thus had at least 335 MPs out of 543 supporting it at the time of its formation. The Left parties, despite ideological differences with the Congress, supported the UPA to ensure a secular government, chandrashekar Rao, who resigned his Lok Sabha seat. On 21 June 2008, the Bahujan Samaj Party, or the BSP, with 18 seats and their leader Mayawati said that she wouldnt enter an electoral alliance with either the Congress or the BJP. She also accused both parties of misusing the Central Bureau of Investigation or the CBI and attempting to implicate her in the Taj Corridor Case and she also accused Congress of making false promises to help the people of Bundelkhand and Poorvanchal regions as they were suffering from drought. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA, addressing a news conference, Owaisi said his party was compelled to take the decision due to the communal behaviour of Kiran Kumar Reddys government in Andhra Pradesh. The MIMs decision came after the government allegedly allowed construction of a canopy over a temple abutting the historic Charminar in alleged violation of orders to maintain status quo. Owaisi criticised the chief minister for ignoring the court order to maintain status quo. On 1 October 2012 the Jharkhand Vikas Morcha, led by Babulal Marandi, the JVM was part of the UPA. Though this did not impact the stability of the government, the JVMs withdrawal of support came two weeks after a major UPA ally, the Trinamool Congress, pulled out of the alliance

9.
7 Race Course Road
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7, Lok Kalyan Marg is the official residence and principal workplace of the Prime Minister of India, where he lives and holds most of his official or political meetings. Situated on Lok Kalyan Marg, New Delhi, the name of the PMs residence complex is Panchavati. It does not have the Prime Minister’s Office but has a room for informal meetings. The entire Lok Kalyan Marg, which lies right across the road, is closed to the public, Rajiv Gandhi was the first Prime Minister to reside at 7 Lok Kalyan Marg in 1984. It does not house the Prime Ministers Office, which is located in the South Block of the Secretariat Building, on Raisina Hill nearby in New Delhi, the nearest Delhi Metro station is Race Course. The current address of the residence came into being in September 2016, the house was earlier called 7, Race Course Road, which changed to 7, Lok Kalyan Marg, following the renaming of the road, on which the residence is situated. Earlier, the Prime Ministers of India lived in their own house or house allotted to them through Parliament allotment by virtue of being an MP. Jawaharlal Nehru took up residence in Teen Murti Bhavan, which used to be the residence of the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army in British India, after Nehrus death in 1964, the building was converted to the Nehru Memorial Museum & Library. The next Prime Minister of India Lal Bahadur Shastri chose 10 Janpath and it was later allotted to the Congress party, though a part of it became biographical museum, Lal Bhadur Shastri Memorial at 1, Moti Lal Nehru Place, adjacent to the complex. The current resident of 10 Janpath is Congress President, Sonia Gandhi, former Chief Justice of India Sudhi Ranjan Das had previously lived at this address before Mrs. Gandhi. Rajiv Gandhi her son and successor as PM, along with his family, became the first occupant of 7, Lok Kalyan Marg, then called 7, Race Course Road, in 1984. The subsequent Prime Minister V. P. Singh made it into a permanent residence of the Prime Minister, gujral and some of his predecessors, used 7, Lok Kalyan Marg as Prime Ministers Office. The 14th and current Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi chose 5, Lok Kalyan Marg as his residence as the 7 LKM was being refurbished at that time,7, Lok Kalyan Marg was chosen as Modis office. A government notification on 30 May 1990, officially designated these bungalows as the residence of Indian Prime Minister. The current address of the house came into being in September 2016, the house was earlier called 7, Race Course Road, which changed to 7, Lok Kalyan Marg, following the renaming of the road, on which the residence is situated. The bungalows of the 7 LKM were originally designed by Robert Tor Russell, who was part of British architect Edwin Lutyens’ team, the 12 acres Prime Ministers residence was built in the 1980s. It does not have his office inside the house, but has a room for informal meetings. Bungalow 1, LKM is a helipad for the service of Prime Minister which is being used so since September 2003, earlier it was resided in by Dr. Samudrala Venugopal Chary, a TRS who vacated it on government’s requests with a purpose of beefing up the security

10.
Manmohan Singh
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Manmohan Singh is an Indian economist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. The first Sikh in office, Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term, born in Gah, Singhs family migrated to India during its partition in 1947. After obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford, Singh worked for the United Nations during 1966–69 and he subsequently began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Over the 70s and 80s, Singh held several key posts in the Government of India, such as Chief Economic Advisor, Reserve Bank governor and Planning Commission head. In 1991, as India faced an economic crisis, newly elected Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao surprisingly inducted the apolitical Singh into his cabinet as Finance Minister. Over the next few years, despite opposition, he as a Finance Minister carried out several structural reforms that liberalised Indias economy. Subsequently, Singh served as Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004, in 2004, when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance came to power, its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh. In 2008, opposition to a civil nuclear agreement with the United States nearly caused Singhs government to fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support. Although Indias economy grew rapidly under UPA I, its security was threatened by several terrorist incidents, the 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister. After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race to the office of the Prime Minister of India during 2014 Indian general election. Singh was never a member of the Lok Sabha but continues to serve as a member of the Indian Parliament, Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, into a Sikh family. He lost his mother when he was young and was raised by his paternal grandmother. After the Partition of India, his family migrated to Amritsar, India and he completed his Economics Tripos at University of Cambridge as he was a member of St Johns College in 1957. Joan Robinson was a brilliant teacher, but she sought to awaken the inner conscience of her students in a manner that very few others were able to achieve. She questioned me a deal and made me think the unthinkable. She propounded the left wing interpretation of Keynes, maintaining that the state has to play more of a if you really want to combine development with social equity. Kaldor influenced me more, I found him pragmatic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Robinson was an admirer of what was going on in China

11.
Indian Express
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The Indian Express is an English-language Indian daily newspaper. It is published in Mumbai by Indian Express Group, in 1999, eight years after the groups founder Ramnath Goenkas death in 1991, the group was split between the family members. The southern editions taking the name The New Indian Express, while the editions, based in Mumbai, retaining the original Indian Express name. The Indian Express is published at nine locations—Delhi, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune, Kolkata, Vadodara, Chandigarh, Lucknow, in 1931, the Indian Express was started by an Ayurvedic doctor, P. Varadarajulu Naidu, at Chennai, being published by his Tamil Nadu press. Soon under financial difficulties, he sold the newspaper to Swaminathan Sadanand, the founder of The Free Press Journal, in 1933 The Indian Express opened its second office in Madurai, launching the Tamil edition, Dinamani. Sadanand introduced several innovations and reduced the price of the newspaper, faced with financial difficulties, he sold a part of his stake to Ramanath Goenka as convertible debentures. In 1935, when The Free Press Journal finally collapsed, and after a court battle with Goenka. Later Goenka bought the remaining 26% of the held by Sadanand. The newspaper then came under Goenkas sole control, taking the already anti-establishment tone of the paper to greater heights, also at that time, it faced stiff competition from the well established The Hindu and the Mail, as well as several other prominent newspapers. In the late 1930s the newspapers circulation was no more than 2000, in 1939 Goenka bought Andhra Prabha, another prominent Telugu daily newspaper. The name Three Musketeers was often used for the three dailies, in 1940 the whole premises was gutted by fire. This relocation also helped the Express obtain better high speed printing machines, some claimed the Goenka had deliberately set fire to escape financial embarrassment. In later years Goenka started the Mumbai edition with the landmark Express Towers as his office when he bought the Morning Standard in 1944, two years later it became the Mumbai edition of The Indian Express. Later, editions were started in cities, the Madurai edition in 1957, the Bangalore edition in 1965. The Delhi edition started was when the Tej groups Indian News Chronicle was acquired in 1951, in 1990 the group bought the Sterling group of magazines, along with it the Gentleman magazine

12.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

13.
Rediff.com
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Rediff. com is an Indian news, information, entertainment and shopping web portal, founded in 1996 as Rediff On The NeT. It is headquartered in Mumbai, with offices in Bangalore, New Delhi, according to Alexa, Rediff. com is the No.24 Indian web portal. It has more than 300 employees, most of the visitors to Rediff. com are from India, while the rest come primarily from the US and China. In April 2001, Rediff. com acquired and began offering India Abroad, as of February 2011, it ranked 295 on Alexa. Rediff. com was the domain name registered in India in 1996. However according to the records of Network Solutions, the registrar of Rediff. com, in 2001, Rediff. com was alleged to be in violation of the Securities Act for filing materially false prospectus in relation to an IPO of its American depositary shares. In April 2016, the Company decided to delist from NASDAQ, citing the high cost of reporting requirements, rediffmail – Web based and app-based e-mail which has around 95 million registered usernames. Rediff Shopping – An online and app-based marketplace, headquartered in Mumbai, India, selling mobile phones, shopping, apparel and accessories, valentine gifts and home utility, Rediff News App – On 14 September 2012, Rediff launched its Android App for Rediff News. Rediff iShare – From 10 July 2007, Rediff users were able to upload their videos, music and pictures to the Rediff iShare multimedia platform

14.
The Hindu
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The Hindu is an English-language Indian daily newspaper. Headquartered at Chennai, The Hindu was published weekly when it was launched in 1878 and it is the second most circulated English-language newspaper in India, with average qualifying sales of 1.45 million copies as of Jan−Jun 2016. The Hindu has its largest base of circulation in southern India, the newspaper and other publications in The Hindu Group are owned by a family-held company, Kasturi and Sons Ltd. In 2010, The newspaper employs over 1,600 workers, most of the revenue comes from advertising and subscription. The Hindu became, in 1995, the first Indian newspaper to offer an online edition, started in order to support the campaign of Sir T. About 80 copies of the issue were printed at Srinidhi Press, Georgetown on one rupee. Subramania Iyer became the first editor and Veera Raghavacharya, the first managing director of the newspaper, the paper initially printed from Srinidhi Press but later moved on Scottish Press, then, The Hindu Press, Mylapore, and finally to the National Press on Mount Road. Started as a newspaper, the paper became a tri-weekly in 1883. A single copy of the newspaper was priced at four annas, the offices moved to rented premises at 100 Mount Road on 3 December 1883. The newspaper started printing at its own press there, named The National Press, the Hindu was initially liberal in its outlook and is now considered left leaning. Its editorial stances have earned it the nickname, the Maha Vishnu of Mount Road, in between, there were more views than news. The partnership between Veeraraghavachariar and Subramania Iyer was dissolved in October 1898, Iyer quit the paper and Veeraraghavachariar became the sole owner and appointed C. However, The Hindus adventurousness began to decline in the 1900s and so did its circulation, Kasturi Ranga Iyengars ancestors had served the courts of Vijayanagar and Mahratta Tanjore. Since then the newspaper has been owned entirely by the members of the Kasturi Ranga Iyengar family, in the late 1980s, when its ownership passed into the hands of the familys younger members, a change in political leaning was observed. Worldpress. org lists The Hindu as an independent newspaper. Joint managing director N. Murali said in July 2003, It is true that our readers have been complaining that some of our reports are partial, but it also depends on reader beliefs. On 3 and 23 September 2003, the letters column carried responses from readers saying the editorial was biased. In 1987–88, The Hindus coverage of the Bofors arms deal scandal, the investigation was led by a part-time correspondent of The Hindu, Chitra Subramaniam, reporting from Geneva, and was supported by Ram in Chennai

15.
Outlook (magazine)
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Outlook is a weekly general interest English news magazine published in India. Outlook was first issued in October 1995 with Vinod Mehta as the editor in chief, the magazine is owned by the Raheja group. The publisher is Outlook Publishing India Pvt. Ltd and it features contents from politics, sports, cinema, and stories of broad interests. Rajesh Ramachandran ABHISHEK CHAUDHARY Editor Krishna Prasad Rajesh Ramachandran e Tarun Tejpal Vinod Mehta Arundhati Roy Official website

16.
DNA (newspaper)
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Daily News and Analysis is an Indian broadsheet launched in 2005 and published in English from Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Pune, Jaipur, Bengaluru and Indore in India. It is the first English broadsheet daily in India to introduce an all-colour page format and it targets a young readership and is owned and managed by Diligent Media Corporation. A high-profile advertising campaign with the tagline, Speak up, its in your DNA, preceded the birth of Daily News, the context into which the publication was introduced was described by the Indian media as tumultuous, with price cuts and competitive activity occurring. In an announcement on its front page on 1 February 2010, former editor-in-chief Aditya Sinha announced that DNA would drop its edit page, dNAs decision was considered bold and attracted much criticism in the field. DNA subsequently began providing, where appropriate, expert opinion and comments in different pages of the newspaper, IRS also ranked DNA as sixth among the top ten English dailies in India. DNA is the second most-read English broadsheet in the city of Mumbai and it registering 86 percent growth in average per-issue readership over the five years since the IRS survey in the second half of 2006, nearly doubling the issue readership from 444,000. In 2012, Quarter, DNA added 21,000 readers, in February 2007, DNA announced that its paid circulation had reached 400,000 in Mumbai. It had previously reached 300,000 in October 2006, in May 2006, DNA authorised Ernst & Young to certify its circulation figures. They submitted their report in July, putting its circulation at 270,000. Today, DNA is the choice of 1506,000 readers in Mumbai alone. The paper is available on the World Wide Web, their e-paper site. They also have presence on social media and there are news apps for mobile phones. DNA organises a yearly Mumbai marathon called DNA I Can for women only, Zee Entertainment Enterprises Zee News Official website

17.
Wikimapia
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Created by Alexandre Koriakine and Evgeniy Saveliev on May 2006, since then it has become a popular mapping website. Although the projects name is reminiscent to that of Wikipedia and that the share the wiki philosophy. According to the website, Wikimapia is an open-content collaborative mapping project, aimed at marking all geographical objects in the world and it aims to create and maintain a free, complete, multilingual and up-to-date map of the whole world. Wikimapia intends to contain detailed information about every place on Earth, the Wikimapia website provides a Google Maps API-based interactive web map that consists of user-generated information layered on top of Google Maps satellite imagery and other resources. The navigation interface provides scroll and zoom functionality similar to that of Google Maps, the Wikimapia layer is a collection of objects with a polygonal outline and linear features. Streets are connected by intersection points to form a street grid, both kinds of items may have textual descriptions and photos attached to them. Viewers are able to click on any marked object or street segment to see its description, descriptions can be searched by a built-in search tool. Tools for refining existing places according to category as well as measuring distances between objects are also available, the interface is available in many languages, and the textual description of each item may have multiple versions in different languages. Wikimapia maps can also be embedded on other websites, the data in Wikimapia is derived from voluntary crowdsourcing. All users, registered or unregistered, are allowed to add a place on the Wikimapia layer, using a simple graphical editing tool, users are able to draw an outline or polygon that matches the satellite image layer underneath. Each object or tag has specific information fields which include categories, a description, street address. Users are likewise capable of uploading several relevant photos, fewer restrictions in map editing are given to registered users, who are able to edit and/or delete existing places as well as draw linear features. A watchlist could be set up to monitor all activity or object changes made in one or more of the assigned rectangular areas on the map. The website is maintained and developed by a team of administrators. Improvements are largely based on a system from registered users through public forum discussions, bug reports. The registered user community is largely self-organized, with users communicating through an internal message system, map editing rewards the user experience points and milestone awards assigned by the system. Registered users are automatically ranked in levels according to accumulated experience points, with higher levels gaining access to advanced tools, a registered user may be promoted to an Advanced User status as other existing AUs deem it fit. Additional editing and moderation tools, which includes the authority to ban users are given to an Advanced User, special roles of maintaining the website forum, place categories, and the Wikimapia Documentation are also given by the Wikimapia Team to some users

18.
Seva Dal
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The Seva Dal is the grassroots front organization of the Indian National Congress. The organization has a chapter in all the states of the Indian Union, the members of the organization are known for wearing the Gandhi topi. It is headed by a Chief Organizer, the present Chief Organizer is Mahendra Joshi, unable to tolerate the rigors of prison, most of them tendered written apologies to the colonial authorities. However, members of the Hubli Seva Mandal, founded by N. S. Hardikar refused to yield and this uncompromising stance gained the attention of the Congress national leadership that had gathered in Nagpur to participate in the satyagraha. It was here that the idea of establishing an organisation of volunteers to combat the Raj was born, at the Kakinada session of the Congress in 1923, a board under Dr N S Hardikar was constituted for setting up the Dal. The Seva Dal was established as the Hindustani Seva Mandal on January 1,1924, according to the resolution at Kakinada, the Dal was to work under the supervision of the Congress partys working committee. Jawaharlal Nehru was its first president, umabai Kundapur was the founding president of the womens wing of the Dal. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay was closely associated with the organisation, especially in the 1930s, in 1931, the Congress Working Committee decided to rename the Hindustani Seva Dal as the Congress Seva Dal, making it the central volunteer organisation of the Congress. Every province was to have an officer commanding the provincial Seva Dal. The organisation also focused specifically on three categories of people, children, adolescents and adults, all Seva Dal members were required to take an oath, which, among other things, required them to stay aloof from political activity in the Congress. The task of imparting training and organising volunteers was given to the Dal in 1938, under Hardikar, an Academy for physical training was established and training camps established at several places across India. Colonial Government of India banned Sewa Dal in 1932 for setting up a womens army, west Bengal government banned Sewa Dal in 1948. Jawaharlal Nehru got the ban lifted, on the principle that bans are justified only under exceptional circumstances

19.
Indian Youth Congress
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The Indian Youth Congress is the youth wing of the Indian National Congress party. The Indian Youth Congress was a department of the Indian National Congress from the period just after the Partition of India in 1947 until the late 1960s. Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi was the first elected governor of the Indian Youth Congress, he later became Minister of Information and Broadcasting, narayan Dutt Tiwari was the first President. During the 1970s, under the leadership of Sanjay Gandhi, the Youth Congress undertook activities such as tree plantation, family planning, after the death of Sanjay Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi took over in charge of the Youth Congress. After he became minister in 1984, Rajiv Gandhi reduced the voting age to 18. It has over 7,900,000 members across India, the Indian Youth Congress has its headquarters in New Delhi and is headed by Amrinder Singh Raja Warring. There are 39 office bearers at the level, followed by the state, Loksabha, Assembly. In all,174,000 committees have been formed at the Booth level, in 2011,2,500 Youth Congress activists rallied and protested in Calcutta against the violent attacks on its supporters by the All India Trinamool Congress party. This saw procession of 4,000 Congress workers and detainment about 25,000 Youth Congress activists across the state, kunal Choudhary Is the President of Madhya Pradesh Youth Congress. A memorandum was submitted to Deputy Commissioner, in January 2013, a 17 kilometer rally was held in Kannur demanding the dissolution of BJP government for failing to provide good administration and losing the support of the majority. The protests were led by J&K youth Congress president Mohammad Shahnawaz Choudhary, in January 2015, Indian National Congress Vice President Rahul Gandhi directed nationwide protest against Land Acquisition Ordinance brought in by Indian Central government. The protest took place in part of country

20.
Indian National Trade Union Congress
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Indian National Trade Union Congress is the trade union wing of the Indian National Congress. It was founded 3 May 1947, and is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation, according to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, INTUC had a membership of 3,892,011 in 2002. INTUC is widely accepted as a union that works with the management and is not a typical confrontational organisation. The foundation of INTUC on 3 May 1947-just 3 months before India attained independence, acharya JB Kripalani, who was then President of the Indian National Congress inaugurated the Founding conference of INTUC which was presided over by Sardar Vallabhai Patel. Since inception, INTUC has been maintaining very close relationship with AICC, on several occasions there have been discussions over the relationship between INTUC and AICC and the need for having continuous dialogue between the two organisations on issues of mutual interests. In order to have regular interaction between the INTUC & AICC a five-member Committee was appointed by the AICC in 1967 and Gulzarilal Nanda was the Convener, similarly during 2002, an Advisory Committee was formed under the Chairmanship of Pranab Mukherjee. Three General Secretaries represented AICC in the Committee, on behalf of INTUC, G. Sanjeeva Reddy, General Secretary and two Vice-Presidents were represented. To place industry under national ownership and control in suitable form in order to realise the aforesaid objectives in the quickest time, to organise society in such a manner as to ensure full employment and the best utilisation of its manpower and other resources. To secure increasing association of the worker in the administration of industry, to promote generally the social civic and political interest of the working class to secure an effective and complete organisation of all categories of workers, including agricultural labour. To guide and co-ordinate the activities of the affiliated organisations, to assist and co-ordinate the activities of the affiliated organisations. To assist in the formation of trade unions, to promote the organisation of workers of each industry on a nationwide basis. To assist in the formation of Regional or Pradesh Branches or Federations, to secure speedy improvement of conditions of work and life and of the status of the workers in industry and society. To obtain for the various measures of social security, including adequate provision in respect of accidents, maternity, sickness, old age. To secure a wage for every worker in normal employment. To regulate hours and other conditions of work in keeping with the conditions of the workers and to ensure the enforcement of legislation for the protection. To secure redressal of grievances, without stoppages of work, by means of negotiations and conciliation, to make necessary arrangements for the efficient conduct satisfactory and speedy conclusion of authorised strikes or satyagraha. To foster the spirit of solidarity, service, brotherhood co-operation, to develop in the workers a sense of responsibility towards the industry and community. To raise the standard of efficiency and discipline

21.
The Emergency (India)
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In India, the Emergency refers to a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi unilaterally had a state of emergency declared across the country. The order bestowed upon the Prime Minister the authority to rule by decree, allowing elections to be suspended, for much of the Emergency, most of Gandhis political opponents were imprisoned and the press was censored. Several other human rights violations were reported from the time, including a forced mass-sterilisation campaign spearheaded by sanjay Gandhi, the Emergency is one of the most controversial periods of independent Indias history. Between 1967 and 1971, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi came to obtain control over the government. The first was achieved by concentrating the central governments power within the Prime Ministers Secretariat, rather than the Cabinet, whose elected members she saw as a threat and distrusted. For this she relied on her principal secretary, P. N. Haksar, further, Haksar promoted the idea of a committed bureaucracy that required hitherto-impartial government officials to be committed to ideology of the ruling party of the day. Within the Congress, Indira ruthlessly outmanoeuvred her rivals, forcing the party to split in 1969—into the Congress, a majority of the All-India Congress Committee and Congress MPs sided with the prime minister. Indiras party was of a different breed from the Congress of old, in the coming years, Indiras influence was such that she could install hand-picked loyalists as chief ministers of states, rather than they being elected by the Congress legislative party. Indiras ascent was backed by her appeal among the masses that was aided by her governments near-radical leftward turns. The prime minister was especially adored by the disadvantaged sections—the poor, Dalits, women, for them, she was their Indira Amma, a personification of Mother India. In the 1971 general elections, the people rallied behind Indiras populist slogan of Garibi Hatao. to award her a huge majority, by the margin of its victory, historian Ramachandra Guha later wrote, Congress came to be known as the real Congress, requiring no qualifying suffix. In December 1971, under her proactive war leadership, India routed arch-enemy Pakistan in a war led to the independence of Bangladesh. Awarded the Bharat Ratna the next month, she was at her greatest peak, for her biographer Inder Malhotra, even opposition leaders, who routinely accused her of being a dictator and of fostering a personality cult, referred to her as Durga, a Hindu goddess. In the Golaknath case, the Supreme Court said that the Constitution could not be amended by Parliament if the changes affect basic issues such as fundamental rights, to nullify this judgement Parliament, dominated by the Indira Gandhi Congress, passed the 24th Amendment in 1971. Similarly, after the government lost a Supreme Court case for withdrawing the privy purse given to erstwhile princes and this gave constitutional validity to the governments abolition of the privy purse and nullified the Supreme Courts order. This judiciary–executive battle would continue in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati case, with a wafer-thin majority of 7 to 6, the bench of the Supreme Court restricted Parliaments amendment power by stating it could not be used to alter the basic structure of the Constitution. Subsequently, Prime Minister Gandhi made A. N. Ray—the senior most judge amongst those in the minority in Kesavananda Bharati—Chief Justice of India, Ray superseded three judges more senior to him—J. Hegde and Grover—all members of the majority in Kesavananda Bharati, Indira Gandhis tendency to control the judiciary met with severe criticism, both from the press and political opponents such as Jayaprakash Narayan

22.
Bofors scandal
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It was the biggest arms deal ever in Sweden, and money marked for development projects was diverted to secure this contract at any cost. The investigations revealed flouting of rules and bypassing of institutions, the Swedish company paid ₹640 million in kickbacks to top Indian politicians and key defence officials. Ram of the newspaper The Hindu, the journalist who secured the over 350 documents that detailed the payoffs was Chitra Subramaniam reporting for The Hindu. On 24 March 1986, a million contract between the Government of India and Swedish arms company Bofors was signed for supply of 410 155mm Howitzer field guns. As a result of the revelations, the Indian government blacklisted Bofors in 1987, the middleman associated with the scandal was Ottavio Quattrocchi, an Italian businessman who represented the petrochemicals firm Snamprogetti. Quattrocchi was reportedly close to the family of Rajiv Gandhi and emerged as a broker in the 1980s between big businesses and the Indian government. While the case was being investigated, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated for unrelated reasons by the LTTE, in 1997, the Swiss banks released some 500 documents after years of legal battle. In 1999, the Indian government lifted its blacklist on Bofors, the lifting of the ban came during the Kargil War, when the Bofors guns proved to be efficient but were crippled by a shortage of spare parts. On 22 October 1999 the Central Bureau of Investigation filed the first chargesheet against Quattrocchi, Win Chadha, Rajiv Gandhi, the defence secretary S. K. Bhatnagar, in second half of 2001, Win Chadha and S. K. Bhatnagar died. On 10 June 2002, Delhi High Court quashed all proceedings in the case so far, however, this was reversed by Supreme Court of India on 7 July 2003. Meanwhile, the government changed and Indian National Congress came to power after 2004 Lok Sabha elections. The two accounts, containing €3 million and $1 million, had been frozen, on 16 January, the Indian Supreme Court directed the Indian government to ensure that Ottavio Quattrocchi did not withdraw money from the two bank accounts in London. The CBI, the Indian federal law enforcement agency, on 23 January 2006 admitted that roughly Rs 210 million, about US $4.6 million, the British government released the funds later. However, on 16 January 2006, CBI claimed in an affidavit filed before the Supreme Court that they were still pursuing extradition orders for Quattrocchi, the Interpol, at the request of the CBI, has a long-standing red corner notice to arrest Quattrocchi. Quattrocchi was detained in Argentina on 6 February 2007, but the news of his detention was released by the CBI only on 23 February, Quattrocchi was released by Argentinian police. However, his passport was impounded and he was not allowed to leave the country, as there was no extradition treaty between India and Argentina, the case was presented in the Argentine Supreme Court. The government of India lost the case as the government of India did not provide a key court order which was the basis of Quattrocchis arrest. In the aftermath, the government did not appeal this decision because of delays in securing an official English translation of the courts decision, a Delhi court provided temporary relief for Quattrocchi from the case, for lack of sufficient evidence against him, on 4 March 2011

23.
INA Defence Committee
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Additional responsibilities of the committee also came to be the co-ordination of information on INA troops held captive, as well as arranging for relief for troops after the war. The committee declared the formation of the Congress defence team for the INA and included famous lawyers of the time, including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, Indian National Army INA trials, the courts-martial of INA officers at Delhi that began in late 1945. Maj Shah Nawaz Khan, Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon and Col. Prem Kumar Sahgal defendants in the first INA trial, captain Lakshmi Sahgal, who commanded the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, and was also the minister in Charge of Womens affairs in the Azad Hind Govt. Indian National Congress Letter from members of the Indian National Army Defence Committee to the Viceroy,15 Oct 1945. The British Library

24.
Congress Working Committee
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The Congress Working Committee is the executive committee of the Indian National Congress. It typically consists of fifteen members elected from the All India Congress Committee and it is headed by the Working President. The Working Committee has had different levels of in the party at different times, in the period prior to independence in 1947, the Working Committee was the centre of power, and the Working President was frequently more active than the Congress President. The centralised nature of Congress decision making has since caused observers in the states to informally describe instructions from Delhi as coming from the High Command, Indian National Congress All India Congress Committee Pradesh Congress Committee Official All India Congress Committee website Official Indian National Congress website

25.
Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee
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The Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee is the unit of the Indian National Congress for the state of Gujarat. It was formed in 1920 and its first president was Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, in November 2007, the Congress released a list of its party contestants for the first phase of two-phased elections in Gujarat. Congress lost the elections as the Bharatiya Janata Party got clear majority, Gujarat Pradesh Congress started its first office at Khamasa in Ahmedabad under leadership of Shri Kantilal Ghiya as a first President. In 1971, it was shifted to Shahpur, then it was shifted to Hawawala Blocks on Ashram Road, Ahmedabad. In 1977, it was shifted to Khanpur in the premises, then it was shifted to Vikram Chambers on Ashram Road. Then, the place where Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan stands at present was handed over to Congress by Late Shri Hitendrabhai Desai, Gujarat Congress was run from this premises, till the construction work started for Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan. Meanwhile it was shifted to Mirzapur earlier and then to Vasna, and on 28 December 2006 Political secretary of Hon. Congress President shri Ahmedbhai Patel hoisted the flag on new building

Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised

1.
Clinton as Secretary of State in 2009

2.
Mementos of Hillary Rodham's early life are shown at the William J. Clinton Presidential Center.

3.
Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton lived in this 980 square foot (91 m 2) house in the Hillcrest neighborhood of Little Rock from 1977 to 1979 while he was Arkansas Attorney General.

Janpath
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Janpath, translated Peoples Path, is one of the main roads in New Delhi. It starts out as Radial Road 1 in Connaught Place, adjacent to Palika Bazaar, and runs North-South perpendicular to, originally called Queens Way, it was an important part of Lutyens design of the Lutyens Delhi, upon the inauguration of new capital of India in 1931. Janpath Ma

1.
View south while crossing Janpath on foot with care, 2006.

2.
Commercial offices along Janpath, 2006.

3.
Popular Shawl boutique in Janpath.

4.
Night view of Janpath

New Delhi
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New Delhi is the capital of India and one of Delhi citys 11 districts. The National Capital Region is a larger entity comprising the entire National Capital Territory along with adjoining districts. The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V and it was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capit

3.
The Delhi Durbar of 1911, with King George V and Queen Mary seated upon the dais.

4.
The 1931 series celebrated the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government. The one rupee stamp shows George V with the "Secretariat Building" and Dominion Columns.

Sonia Gandhi
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Sonia Gandhi is an Italian-born Indian politician, who has served as President of the Indian National Congress party since 1998. She is the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi who belonged to the Nehru–Gandhi family and she finally agreed to join politics in 1997, in 1998, she was elected President of the Congress party. She has s

3.
With the then President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev during his State visit in December 2010.

4.
Sonia Gandhi welcomes US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton to her residence, 10 Janpath in New Delhi, India, 2009.

Indian National Congress
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The Indian National Congress is one of two major political parties in India, the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party. Congress was founded in 1885 during the British Raj, its founders include Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, there have been seven Congress Prime Ministers, the first being Jawaharlal Nehru, and the most recent Manmohan Singh

1.
A. O. Hume, one of the founders of the Indian National Congress

2.
Indian National Congress भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस

3.
First session of Indian National Congress, Bombay, 28–31 December 1885

4.
Mahatma Gandhi spinning yarn, in the late 1920s

Lal Bahadur Shastri
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Lal Bahadur Shastri was the Prime Minister of the Republic of India and a leader of the Indian National Congress party. Shastri joined the Indian independence movement in the 1920s, deeply impressed and influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, he became a loyal follower, first of Gandhi, and then of Jawaharlal Nehru. He led the country during the Indo-Pakista

1.
Lal Bahadur Shastri

2.
Shastri's statue in Mumbai

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Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie

4.
1954–1960

Jawaharlal Nehru
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Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence. He is considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state, a sovereign, socialist, secular and he was also known as Pandit Nehru due to his roots with the Kashmiri Pandit community while many Indian children kne

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Jawaharlal Nehru in 1947

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Nehru in khaki uniform as a member of Seva Dal.

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Nehru in 1918 with wife Kamala and daughter Indira

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Indira Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajiv Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi

United Progressive Alliance
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The United Progressive Alliance is a coalition of centre-left political parties in India formed after the 2004 general election. One of the members of UPA is Indian National Congress, whose National President Sonia Gandhi is also the chairperson of the UPA, the UPA was formed soon after the 2004 general elections when it had become clear that no pa

1.
UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi.

7 Race Course Road
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7, Lok Kalyan Marg is the official residence and principal workplace of the Prime Minister of India, where he lives and holds most of his official or political meetings. Situated on Lok Kalyan Marg, New Delhi, the name of the PMs residence complex is Panchavati. It does not have the Prime Minister’s Office but has a room for informal meetings. The

1.
Barack and Michelle Obama attend a dinner hosted by Dr. Manmohan Singh and Mrs. Gursharan Kaur at the Panchvati in 2010.

Manmohan Singh
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Manmohan Singh is an Indian economist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. The first Sikh in office, Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term, born in Gah, Singhs family migrated to India during its partition in 1947. After obtaining

1.
Manmohan Singh

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A renowned economist, Singh is shown here with Indian delegation at the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm.

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Manmohan Singh with American President Barack Obama at the White House. Singh is known to be a pro-US leader and has contributed substantially in cementing the ties between the two countries.

Indian Express
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The Indian Express is an English-language Indian daily newspaper. It is published in Mumbai by Indian Express Group, in 1999, eight years after the groups founder Ramnath Goenkas death in 1991, the group was split between the family members. The southern editions taking the name The New Indian Express, while the editions, based in Mumbai, retaining

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The publication's 4 August 2009 front page

International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning

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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

Rediff.com
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Rediff. com is an Indian news, information, entertainment and shopping web portal, founded in 1996 as Rediff On The NeT. It is headquartered in Mumbai, with offices in Bangalore, New Delhi, according to Alexa, Rediff. com is the No.24 Indian web portal. It has more than 300 employees, most of the visitors to Rediff. com are from India, while the re

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Main page as of 24 July 2009

The Hindu
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The Hindu is an English-language Indian daily newspaper. Headquartered at Chennai, The Hindu was published weekly when it was launched in 1878 and it is the second most circulated English-language newspaper in India, with average qualifying sales of 1.45 million copies as of Jan−Jun 2016. The Hindu has its largest base of circulation in southern In

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A close up view of the entrance to Kasturi Buildings, the head office of The Hindu

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The 16 March 2005 front page of The Hindu

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Headquarters of The Hindu in Anna Salai, Chennai

Outlook (magazine)
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Outlook is a weekly general interest English news magazine published in India. Outlook was first issued in October 1995 with Vinod Mehta as the editor in chief, the magazine is owned by the Raheja group. The publisher is Outlook Publishing India Pvt. Ltd and it features contents from politics, sports, cinema, and stories of broad interests. Rajesh

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The 17th Anninersary Issue of Outlook

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First Issue of Outlook

DNA (newspaper)
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Daily News and Analysis is an Indian broadsheet launched in 2005 and published in English from Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Pune, Jaipur, Bengaluru and Indore in India. It is the first English broadsheet daily in India to introduce an all-colour page format and it targets a young readership and is owned and managed by Diligent Media Corporation. A high-profi

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Daily News and Analysis

Wikimapia
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Created by Alexandre Koriakine and Evgeniy Saveliev on May 2006, since then it has become a popular mapping website. Although the projects name is reminiscent to that of Wikipedia and that the share the wiki philosophy. According to the website, Wikimapia is an open-content collaborative mapping project, aimed at marking all geographical objects in

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Wikimapia

Seva Dal
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The Seva Dal is the grassroots front organization of the Indian National Congress. The organization has a chapter in all the states of the Indian Union, the members of the organization are known for wearing the Gandhi topi. It is headed by a Chief Organizer, the present Chief Organizer is Mahendra Joshi, unable to tolerate the rigors of prison, mos

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Nehru in uniform with Seva Dal Volunteers in Allahabad

Indian Youth Congress
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The Indian Youth Congress is the youth wing of the Indian National Congress party. The Indian Youth Congress was a department of the Indian National Congress from the period just after the Partition of India in 1947 until the late 1960s. Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi was the first elected governor of the Indian Youth Congress, he later became Minister of I

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Indian Youth Congress भारतीय युवा कांग्रेस

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1975–1977

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1985–1987

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1990–1993

Indian National Trade Union Congress
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Indian National Trade Union Congress is the trade union wing of the Indian National Congress. It was founded 3 May 1947, and is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation, according to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, INTUC had a membership of 3,892,011 in 2002. INTUC is widely accepted as a union that works with

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Indian National Trade Union Congress

The Emergency (India)
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In India, the Emergency refers to a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi unilaterally had a state of emergency declared across the country. The order bestowed upon the Prime Minister the authority to rule by decree, allowing elections to be suspended, for much of the Emergency, most of Gandhis political opponents were

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Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, who had President of India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed proclaim a state of national emergency from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977

Bofors scandal
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It was the biggest arms deal ever in Sweden, and money marked for development projects was diverted to secure this contract at any cost. The investigations revealed flouting of rules and bypassing of institutions, the Swedish company paid ₹640 million in kickbacks to top Indian politicians and key defence officials. Ram of the newspaper The Hindu,

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Haubits FH77 howitzer, of the type around which the Bofors scandal centered.

INA Defence Committee
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Additional responsibilities of the committee also came to be the co-ordination of information on INA troops held captive, as well as arranging for relief for troops after the war. The committee declared the formation of the Congress defence team for the INA and included famous lawyers of the time, including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, Indian Nationa

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Indian National Army

Congress Working Committee
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The Congress Working Committee is the executive committee of the Indian National Congress. It typically consists of fifteen members elected from the All India Congress Committee and it is headed by the Working President. The Working Committee has had different levels of in the party at different times, in the period prior to independence in 1947, t

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Mahatma Gandhi attends a Congress Working Committee meeting at Anand Bhavan, Allahabad; Vallabhbhai Patel to the left, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit to the right, January 1940.

Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee
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The Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee is the unit of the Indian National Congress for the state of Gujarat. It was formed in 1920 and its first president was Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, in November 2007, the Congress released a list of its party contestants for the first phase of two-phased elections in Gujarat. Congress lost the elections as the Bh

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Young Indira with Mahatma Gandhi during his fast in 1924. Indira, who is dressed in a khadi garment, is following Gandhi's advocacy that khadi be worn by all Indians instead of British-made textiles

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Jairam Ramesh With Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, during a multilateral meeting of US President Barack Obama with Singh and the other leaders of the BASIC Bloc: Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, Brazilian President Lula da Silva and South African President Jacob Zuma during the United Nations Climate Change Conference, 18 Dec 2009.