The Trump administration said that no major trading partner met its currency manipulation criteria but nine countries required close attention as Washington presses tariffs and negotiations to address trade deficits.

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In a semi-annual report to the US Congress, the US Treasury Department said it reviewed the policies of an expanded set of 21 major US trading partners.

"No major US trading partner met the relevant 2015 legislative criteria for enhanced analysis" as a currency manipulator, but nine "merit close attention to their currency practices and macroeconomic policies", the department said in a statement.

Besides Singapore and Malaysia, the other trading partners added to the list were: China, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea and Vietnam.

"Singapore runs one of the largest current account surpluses in the world as a share of GDP at 17.9 per cent in 2018. Notwithstanding this large external surplus with the rest of the world, Singapore has consistently run a bilateral goods trade deficit with the United States, which in 2018 totalled US$6 billion," the US Treasury said in its report.

Singapore's central bank said in a statement that the current account surplus "should be viewed in context". The country ran large deficits in the early years of its development but this turned into a surplus as the economy matured, it said.

"With rising affluence that will raise consumption, Singapore’s current account surplus will be reduced when public and private savings are drawn down for the needs of an ageing population," it added.

The US Treasury report also highlighted that Singapore made net foreign exchange purchases of at least US$17 billion last year, equivalent to 4.6 per cent of its gross domestic product.

"While certain structural factors contribute to Singapore’s large current account surplus, Singapore should undertake reforms that will lower its high saving rate and boost low domestic consumption, while striving to ensure that its real exchange rate is in line with economic fundamentals, in order to help narrow its large and persistent external surpluses," it said.

The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) said in its statement that it does not engage in currency manipulation for export advantage.

It said Singapore's monetary policy framework, which is centred on the exchange rate, "has always been aimed at ensuring medium-term price stability" and will continue to do so.

"MAS does not and cannot use the exchange rate to gain an export advantage or achieve a current account surplus," it said. "A deliberate weakening of the Singapore dollar would cause inflation to spike and compromise MAS’ price stability objective."

Malaysia was cited for its "significant" bilateral trade surplus with the US since 2015, reaching US$27 billion last year.

"However, Malaysia’s current account surplus has narrowed substantially over the past decade on higher consumption and investment, falling to 2.1 per cent of GDP in 2018."

The US Treasury also noted Malaysia's currency intervention, estimating that its central bank made net sales of foreign exchange of 3.1 per cent of GDP last year to resist the ringgit's depreciation.

Malaysia’s central bank said in a statement that the country supported free and fair trade and does not practise unfair currency practices.

"Bank Negara Malaysia’s intervention over the last few years has been in both directions of the foreign exchange market," it said. "Any intervention is limited to ensuring an orderly market and avoiding excessive volatility of the exchange rate that may affect macroeconomic stability.

"The fact that the ringgit has over the years faced multiple episodes of significant appreciation and depreciation points to the flexibility of the exchange rate," it added.

READ: China warns US not to politicise exchange rates

The central bank also said that Malaysia's inclusion on the US watchlist for currency manipulation has "no consequences" for the country's economy.

The report, usually released in April, was delayed this year and Treasury expanded its monitoring criteria to include not just America's 12 largest trading partners but any country with more than US$40 billion in bilateral goods trade. It also lowered the current account surplus threshold from 3 per cent of GDP to 2 per cent, suggesting an expanded list of countries surveyed.