Юшкова, Ангелина Николаевна - WikiVisually

1. Союз Советских Социалистических Республик – The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states

2. Россия – Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians

3. Спартак (спортивное общество) – Spartak is an international fitness and sports society that unites some countries of the former Soviet Union. It was founded in 1921 in Moscow as the Moscow Sports Circle by footballer Nikolai Starostin, in 1926 it came under the sponsorship of the food workers union. In 1934, it adopted the name of Spartak, after the ancient Roman slave, rebel and athlete Spartacus and it was dissolved in 1987 and reformed in 1991 as an international society among six nations of the former Soviet Union. Spartak was the first and the largest All-Union Voluntary Sports Society of workers of state trade, producers cooperation, light industry, civil aviation, education, culture, in 1936 Spartak organized and successfully conducted a sports parade at the Moscows Red Square. In 1960 the society was reorganized into the Voluntary Sport Society, there were 23,000 physical culture collectives in the society in 1975, that united 6.2 million people. There were 40 sports disciplines cultivated in the society in 1975, the society possessed 238 stadiums,89 swimming pools,1,800 sports halls,1,300 football grounds,2,600 sports camps,264 Children and Youth Sport Schools. In 1987 Spartak was abolished and all its assets were transferred back to trade unions, in 1991 the society was reorganized as an international. Currently the society has affiliation in six countries of the former Soviet Union, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Nikolai Starostin Semyon Privis Gennadiy Mikhalchuk Pyotr Sobolev Yevgeniy Arkhipov Vladimir Vekshin Nikolai Ozerov Anna Alyoshina VSS Spartak was awarded Order of Lenin

4. Воронеж – Voronezh is a city and the administrative center of Voronezh Oblast, Russia, straddling the Voronezh River and located 12 kilometers from where it flows into the Don. The city sits on the Southeastern Railway, which connects European Russia with the Urals and Siberia, the Caucasus and Ukraine, and its population in 2016 was estimated to be 1,032,895, up from 889,680 recorded in the 2010 Census. Voronezh originates as a settlement of the Kievan Rus in about the 12th century, the Voronezh River is likely named for the settlement, then in the Principality of Chernigov. In the 17th century, Voronezh gradually evolved into a sizable town, weronecz is shown on the Worona river in Resania in Joan Blaeus map of 1645. Peter the Great built a dockyard in Voronezh where the Azov Flotilla was constructed for the Azov campaigns in 1695 and 1696 and this fleet, the first ever built in Russia, included the first Russian ship of the line, Goto Predestinatsia. The Orthodox diocese of Voronezh was instituted in 1682 and its first bishop, owing to the Voronezh Admiralty Wharf, for a short time, Voronezh became the largest city of South Russia and the economic center of a large and fertile region. In 1711, it was made the seat of the Azov Governorate, in the 19th century, Voronezh was a center of the Central Black Earth Region. Manufacturing industry as well as bread, cattle, suet, a railway connected Voronezh with Moscow in 1868 and Rostov-on-Don in 1871. During World War II, Voronezh was the scene of fighting between Russian and combined Axis troops. The Germans used it as an area for their attack on Stalingrad. In June 1941, two BM-13 artillery installations were built at the Voronezh excavator factory, in July, the construction of Katyushas was rationalized so that their manufacture became easier and the time of volley repetition was shortened from five minutes to fifteen seconds. More than 300 BM-13 units manufactured in Voronezh were used in a counterattack near Moscow in December 1941, in October 22,1941, the advance of the German troops prompted the establishment of a defense committee in the city. On November 7,1941, there was a troop parade, only three such parades were organized that year, in Moscow, Kuybyshev, and Voronezh. In late June 1942, the city was attacked by German and Hungarian forces, in response, Soviet forces formed the Voronezh Front. By July 6, the German army occupied the western suburbs before being subjected to a fierce Soviet counter-attack. The city wasnt completely under Axis control, in July 24 frontline was stabilised along Voronezh river and this was the opening move of Case Blue. Until January 25,1943, parts of the Second German Army, during Operation Little Saturn, the Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive, and the Voronezhsko-Kastornenskoy Offensive, the Voronezh Front exacted heavy casualties on Axis forces. On January 25,1943, Voronezh was liberated after ten days of combat, during the war the city was almost completely ruined, with 92% of all buildings destroyed

5. Медаль ордена «За заслуги перед Отечеством» – The Medal of the Order For Merit to the Fatherland was established on March 2,1994 by Presidential Decree №442. Its award criteria were modified on January 6,1991 by Presidential Decree 19, civilian Division first and second class. Awarded to citizens of the Russian Federation for outstanding achievements in fields of industry, construction, science, education, health, culture, transport. Military Division first and second class, the Medal of the Order For Merit to the Fatherland is 32mm in diameter and made of silver, the medal first class is gold plated. The obverse bears a likeness of the Order, a double headed eagle over a red-enamel cross pattée. On the reverse, the motto of the Order BENEFIT, HONOUR, at the bottom, laurel leaves, the year of establishment 1994 and the award serial number. In the case of the division, the sword device is added between the medal suspension ring and the pentagonal mount. The medal hangs from a standard Russian pentagonal mount covered by a scarlet ribbon