• Instrumentality – Pragmatic nationalism in post-Mao China was in response to a legitimacy crisis of the communist regime. – Sanxin weiji ( “三信”危机 three spiritual/ideological crises) • A crisis of faith in socialism • A crisis of belief in Marxism • A crisis of trust in the Party – The Tiananmen Incident in 1989 and the urgent need of political indoctrination – Nationalism as bedrock of political belief Three Aspects of Pragmatic Nationalism

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• Instrumentality (cont.) – Nationalism or Patriotism • The The CCP leaders never officially endorsed nationalism. • Nationalism is politically risky while patriotism refers to love and support for China, which is indistinguishable from the Chinese state and the CCP. • The reality of a multinational state – 92% of population  Han Chinese – 8% of population  non-Han Chinese (55 ethnic minorities) – The total area of the minority nationalities is 64% of China’s territory. • Nationalism is a less acceptable term because it may arouse

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