TY - JOUR
T1 - Forecasting district-scale energy dynamics through integrating building network and long short-term memory learning algorithm
JF - Applied Energy
Y1 - 2019/04//
SP - 217
EP - 230
A1 - Wei Wang
A1 - Tianzhen Hong
A1 - Xiaodong Xu
A1 - Jiayu Chen
A1 - Ziang Liu
A1 - Ning Xu
KW - Building Energy Modeling
KW - Building network
KW - Data-driven prediction
KW - District-scale
KW - Long short-term memory networks
AB - With the development of data-driven techniques, district-scale building energy prediction has attracted increasing attention in recent years for revealing energy use patterns and reduction potentials. However, data acquisition in large building groups is difficult and adjacent buildings also interact with each other. To reduce data cost and incorporate the inter-building impact with the data-driven building energy model, this study proposes a deep learning predictive approach that fuses the building network model with a long short-term memory learning model for district-scale building energy modeling. The building network was constructed based on correlations between the energy use intensity of buildings, which can significantly reduce the computational complexity of the deep learning models for energy dynamic prediction. Five typical building groups with energy use data from 2015 to 2018 on two institutional campuses were selected to perform the validation experiment with TensorFlow. Based on the prediction error assessments, the results suggest that for total building energy use intensity prediction, the proposed model can achieve a mean absolute percentage error of 6.66% and a root mean square error of 0.36 kWh/m2, compared to 12.05% and 0.63 kWh/m2 of the conventional artificial neural network model and to 11.06% and 0.89 kWh/m2 for the support vector regression model.
VL - 248
UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261919307494
JO - Applied Energy
DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.085
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - From Theory to Practice: Lessons Learned from an Advanced M&V Commercial Pilot
T2 - International Energy Program Evaluation Conference
Y1 - 2019/
A1 - Eliot Crowe
A1 - Jessica Granderson
A1 - Samuel Fernandes
AB - Advanced measurement & verification (M&V), or M&V 2.0, is an energy data analysis method using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) data in combination with analytics to quantify energy efficiency project savings. Advanced M&V is viewed as an enabler for underutilized behavioral, retrocommissioning, and holistic multi-measure efficiency efforts, as quantifying savings for these programs with existing methods has typically been very challenging. Despite its promise, there are still several unanswered questions about the use of advanced M&V such as: How accurately can these tools quantify energy savings? How can advanced M&V satisfy regulatory requirements for rigorous savings estimates? Where and how does advanced M&V intersectwith traditional impact evaluation and the principles of 'embedded' evaluation, measurement & verification (EM&V)? Pilots are being pursued in various regions and program contexts to address these research questions. However, results from these pilots are rarely made public, meaning that lessons may not be widely shared and the scope of analyses varies widely.The paper presents encouraging results from a recent advanced M&V pilot and discusses key process-related aspects such as managing AMI data and refining analysis methodologies. An approach to reviewing and classifying projects based on savings characteristics and magnitude is demonstrated, as a potential risk management tool. The authors also demonstrate how advanced M&V can identify underperforming projects and non-routine events in a timely manner. The paper also outlines lessons learned from this and other recent pilot activity and barriers to be overcome in moving toward the goal of widespread adoption of holistic meter-based programs.
JF - International Energy Program Evaluation Conference
UR - https://submit.escholarship.org/dspace-preview/qt2hd384rc/content/Crowe_IEPEC_2019_Published.pdf?key=o5vsti8ker6x6h12gz12kgptpg0jrqo
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Field evaluation of performance of HVAC optimization system in commercial buildings
JF - Energy and Buildings
Y1 - 2018/08//
SP - 577
EP - 586
A1 - Jessica Granderson
A1 - Guanjing Lin
A1 - Rupam Singla
A1 - Samuel Fernandes
A1 - Samir Touzani
VL - 173
UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778818302305
JO - Energy and Buildings
DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.05.048
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - A Framework for Monitoring-Based Commissioning: Identifying Variables That Act as Barriers and Enablers to the Process
JF - Energy and Buildings
Y1 - 2018/06//
SP - 331
EP - 346
A1 - Nora Harris
A1 - Tripp Shealy
A1 - Hannah Kramer
A1 - Jessica Granderson
A1 - Georg Reichard
KW - challenges
KW - drivers
KW - EMIS
KW - motivators
AB - The practice of monitoring-based commissioning (MBCx) using energy management and information systems (EMIS) has been shown to enable and help sustain up to 20% energy savings in buildings. Despite research that has quantified the costs, benefits, and energy savings of MBCx, the process remains under-utilized. To understand why MBCx is not more frequently adopted and how to encourage its use, this research synthesizes qualitative data from over 40 organizations, currently engaging in MBCx. The outcome of this research is a framework containing variables that emerged from the qualitative data, marked as barriers or enablers, organized by phases of the MBCx process. The framework is comprised of 51 emergent variables that fall within 13 different categories. The variables that most frequently act as barriers are data configuration, measurement & verification (M&V), developing specifications for EMIS, and data architecture. Although some variables that act as barriers for one organization were identified as enablers for another. For example, payback/ROI was considered a barrier 7 times and an enabler 3 times. One organization had difficulty making the business case for the initial investment for MBCx due to lack of cost information, while another was able to justify large investments with documented savings of previously implemented measures identified through MBCx. The framework formally validates barriers found in previous research, and can be used by practitioners to better understand common experiences with MBCx. This research highlights the need for a similar collective data set to validate common enablers to MBCx and also the need for empirical research to determine relationships between variables.
VL - 168
JO - Energy and Buildings
DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.033
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - A Framework for Privacy-Preserving Data Publishing with Enhanced Utility for Cyber-Physical Systems
JF - ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks
Y1 - 2018/12//
SP - 1
EP - 22
A1 - Fisayo Caleb Sangogboye
A1 - Ruoxi Jia
A1 - Tianzhen Hong
A1 - Costas Spanos
A1 - Mikkel Baun Kjærgaard
KW - cyber physical systems
KW - deep learning
KW - k-anonymity
KW - Privacy preservation
KW - Smart buildings
AB - Cyber-physical systems have enabled the collection of massive amounts of data in an unprecedented level of spatial and temporal granularity. Publishing these data can prosper big data research, which, in turn, helps improve overall system efficiency and resiliency. The main challenge in data publishing is to ensure the usefulness of published data while providing necessary privacy protection. In our previous work (Jia et al. 2017a), we presented a privacy-preserving data publishing framework (referred to as PAD hereinafter), which can guarantee k-anonymity while achieving better data utility than traditional anonymization techniques. PAD learns the information of interest to data users or features from their interactions with the data publishing system and then customizes data publishing processes to the intended use of data. However, our previous work is only applicable to the case where the desired features are linear in the original data record. In this article, we extend PAD to nonlinear features. Our experiments demonstrate that for various data-driven applications, PAD can achieve enhanced utility while remaining highly resilient to privacy threats.
VL - 14
IS - 3-4
JO - ACM Trans. Sen. Netw.TOSN
DO - 10.1145/329407010.1145/3275520
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Full scale laboratory experiment on the cooling capacity of a radiant floor system
JF - Energy and Buildings
Y1 - 2018/
A1 - Jovan Pantelic
A1 - Stefano Schiavon
A1 - Baisong Ning
A1 - Eleftherios Burdakis
A1 - Paul Raftery
A1 - Fred S. Bauman
AB - Direct solar radiation on a cooled radiant floor increases its cooling capacity. There is limited measured evidence of this phenomenon reported in the literature. We assessed the effect of solar radiation, increased air movement, and carpet on the cooling capacity of the radiant floor in a laboratory exposed to the outside environment. We performed experiments for different chilled water supply temperature. The cooling capacity of the chilled radiant floor was measured to increase from 32 up to 110 W/m2 under direct solar radiation. The surface temperature region exposed to solar radiation reached a peak temperature of 26°C while the unexposed areas were between 20 and 21°C. Increasing the chilled water supply temperature from 12 to 18°C caused a decrease in cooling capacity from ∼110 to ∼95 W/m2. Higher air speeds along the floor created by ceiling fans increased the radiant slab cooling capacity by ∼12% (from 32 to 36 W/m2) when the operative temperature was 24°C and, up to ∼19% (40 W/m2) when it is increased to 26°C. The presence of thin carpet tiles reduced the radiant floor cooling capacity for ∼5% compared to an exposed floor slab.
VL - 170
DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.002
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - A Framework for Quantifying the Impact of Occupant Behavior on Energy Savings of Energy Conservation Measures
Y1 - 2017/
A1 - Kaiyu Sun
A1 - Tianzhen Hong
AB - To improve energy efficiency—during new buildings design or during a building retrofit—evaluating the energy savings potential of energy conservation measures (ECMs) is a critical task. In building retrofits, occupant behavior significantly impacts building energy use and is a leading factor in uncertainty when determining the effectiveness of retrofit ECMs. Current simulation-based assessment methods simplify the representation of occupant behavior by using a standard or representative set of static and homogeneous assumptions ignoring the dynamics, stochastics, and diversity of occupant's energy-related behavior in buildings. The simplification contributes to significant gaps between the simulated and measured actual energy performance of buildings.This study presents a framework for quantifying the impact of occupant behaviors on ECM energy savings using building performance simulation. During the first step of the study, three occupant behavior styles (austerity, normal, and wasteful) were defined to represent different levels of energy consciousness of occupants regarding their interactions with building energy systems (HVAC, windows, lights and plug-in equipment). Next, a simulation workflow was introduced to determine a range of the ECM energy savings. Then, guidance was provided to interpret the range of ECM savings to support ECM decision making. Finally, a pilot study was performed in a real building to demonstrate the application of the framework. Simulation results show that the impact of occupant behaviors on ECM savings vary with the type of ECM. Occupant behavior minimally affects energy savings for ECMs that are technology-driven (the relative savings differ by less than 2%) and have little interaction with the occupants; for ECMs with strong occupant interaction, such as the use of zonal control variable refrigerant flow system and natural ventilation, energy savings are significantly affected by occupant behavior (the relative savings differ by up to 20%). The study framework provides a novel, holistic approach to assessing the uncertainty of ECM energy savings related to occupant behavior, enabling stakeholders to understand and assess the risk of adopting energy efficiency technologies for new and existing buildings.
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - A Field Study of Wall Furnace Venting and Coincident Exhaust Fan Usage in 16 Northern CA Apartments
Y1 - 2016/
A1 - Brett C. Singer
A1 - Brennan Less
A1 - William W. Delp
A1 - Andrew D Brooks
A1 - Sebastian Cohn
A1 - Brian Finn
AB - To inform efforts to improve combustion appliance testing in residential energy efficiency programs, we studied the frequency of coincident fan use and depressurization-induced downdrafting and spillage from atmospherically vented (i.e., natural draft) wall furnaces in airtight apartments. Indoor environmental conditions, heating appliance operation, use of exhaust fans, and cooking with stovetop or oven were monitored for approximately three weeks each in 16 apartment units in two buildings in Northern California. Apartments also were assessed using standard combustion appliance safety test methods and enhanced protocols. Monitoring occurred in February and March of 2016, with heating demand corresponding to 7.3 ± 0.5 heating degree-days at a 65ºF reference temperature. Most of the furnaces spilled combustion products when the apartments were depressurized in the “worst-case” challenge condition of all exhaust fans operating at their highest settings and all windows closed. Many also spilled under less challenging conditions (e.g., with kitchen exhaust fan on low and bathroom fan operating). On average, bathroom exhaust fans were operated 3.9% of monitored minutes (13.5% max), and cooking (burner or kitchen fan operation) occurred 4.6% of minutes (max 13.3%). Event lengths averaged 17 minutes (max 540) and 34 minutes (max 324), respectively. Their coincident operation averaged 0.34% of minutes (max 2.0%), with average event length of 13 minutes (max 92 minutes). This suggests that the operation of apartment units at or near the currently used worstcase challenge condition is quite rare. Wall furnace burners operated an average of 2.8% of minutes (max of 8.9%), with average burner cycle length of 14 minutes (max 162). Coincident bath fan use, cooking and wall furnace operation was very rare, occurring only a handful of times across all apartments. The highest rate was 0.075% of monitored minutes in one apartment, and the longest event length was 12 minutes. Exhaust fan operation in this study may have been more frequent than typical as participants were asked to use an exhaust fan whenever cooking or bathing. Consistent with the low levels of coincident operation, unambiguous spillage occurred in only 4 apartments and the longest event was 5 minutes. The frequency of partial spillage is unknown, owing to a lack of a clear signal from monitored parameters. Downdrafting during exhaust fan use occurred in all 13 of the apartments with relevant data, and 9 of these units had 10 or more events. Exhaust fans also sometimes led to weakened draft, even if downdrafting did not occur. Each unambiguous spillage event identified in the study was immediately preceded by downdrafting. The observed occurrence of downdrafting and spillage may have been impacted in those apartments with the most severe drafting problems (i.e., appliances spilled combustion pollutants under ‘natural’ test conditions), because occupants in these units were instructed to open windows whenever using the kitchen exhaust fan.
U2 - LBNL-1006274
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Fluorescent Cooling of Objects Exposted to Sunlight - The Ruby Example
JF - Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
Y1 - 2016/
SP - 312
EP - 317
A1 - Paul H. Berdahl
A1 - Sharon S. Chen
A1 - Hugo Destaillats
A1 - Thomas W. Kirchstetter
A1 - Ronnen M. Levinson
A1 - Michael A. Zalich
KW - Al2O3
KW - Cr
KW - Fluorescent cooling
KW - Quantum efficiency
KW - Ruby
AB - Particularly in hot climates, various pigments are used to formulate desired non-white colors that stay cooler in the sun than alternatives. These cool pigments provide a high near-infrared (NIR) reflectance in the solar infrared range of 700–2500 nm, and also a color specified by a reflectance spectrum in the 400–700 nm visible range. Still cooler materials can be formulated by also utilizing the phenomenon of fluorescence (photoluminescence). Ruby, Al2O3:Cr, is a prime example, with efficient emission in the deep red (~694 nm) and near infrared (700–800 nm). A layer of synthetic ruby crystals on a white surface having an attractive red color can remain cooler in the sun than conventional red materials. Ruby particles can also be used as a red/pink pigment. Increasing the Cr:Al ratio produces a stronger (darker) pigment but doping above ~3 wt% Cr2O3 causes concentration quenching of the fluorescence. The system quantum efficiency for lightly doped ruby-pigmented coatings over white is high, 0.83±0.10.
VL - 157
U2 - LBNL-1006729
DO - 10.1016/j.solmat.2016.05.058
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Fuel consumption impacts of auto roof racks
JF - Energy Policy
Y1 - 2016/01/05/
SP - 325
EP - 333
A1 - Chen, Yuche
A1 - Alan K. Meier
AB - The after-market roof rack is one of the most common components attached to a vehicle for carrying over-sized items, such as bicycles and skis. It is important to understand these racks’ fuel consumption impacts on both individual vehicles and the national fleet because they are widely used. We estimate the national fuel consumption impacts of roof racks using a bottom-up approach. Our model incorporates real-world data and vehicle stock information to enable assessing fuel consumption impacts for several categories of vehicles, rack configurations, and usage conditions. In addition, the model draws on two new data-gathering techniques, on-line forums and crowd-sourcing. The results show that nationwide, roof racks are responsible for 0.8‰ of light duty vehicle fuel consumption in 2015, corresponding to 100 million gallons of gasoline per year. Sensitivity analyses show that results are most sensitive to the fraction of vehicles with installed roof racks but carrying no equipment. The aerodynamic efficiency of typical roof racks can be greatly improved and reduce individual vehicle fuel consumption; however, government policies to minimize extensive driving with empty racks—if successful—could save more fuel nationally.
VL - 92
UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516300714?via%3Dihub
JO - Energy Policy
DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.031
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Fusion of Mobile In Situ and Satellite Remote Sensing Observations of Chemical Release Emissions to Improve Disaster Response
Y1 - 2016/09//
A1 - Ira Leifer
A1 - Christopher Melton
A1 - Jason Frash
A1 - Marc L. Fischer
A1 - Xinguang Cui
A1 - John Murray
A1 - David S. Green
KW - aerosol
KW - atmospheric transport
KW - disaster response
KW - Megacity
KW - methane
KW - plume
KW - Remote sensing
AB - Chemical release disasters have serious consequences, disrupting ecosystems, society, and causing significant loss of life. Mitigating the destructive impacts relies on identification and mapping, monitoring, and trajectory forecasting. Improvements in sensor capabilities are enabling airborne and space-based remote sensing to support response activities. Key applications are improving transport models in complex terrain and improved disaster response.Understanding urban atmospheric transport in the Los Angeles Basin, where topographic influences on transport patterns are significant, was improved by leveraging the Aliso Canyon leak as an atmospheric tracer. Plume characterization data was collected by the AutoMObile trace Gas (AMOG) Surveyor, a commuter car modified for science. Mobile surface in situ CH4 and winds were measured by AMOG Surveyor under Santa Ana conditions to estimate an emission rate of 365±30% Gg yr-1. Vertical profiles were collected by AMOG Surveyor by leveraging local topography for vertical profiling to identify the planetary boundary layer at ~700 m. Topography significantly constrained plume dispersion by up to a factor of two. The observed plume trajectory was used to validate satellite aerosol optical depth-inferred atmospheric transport, which suggested the plume first was driven offshore, but then veered back towards land. Numerical long-range transport model predictions confirm this interpretation. This study demonstrated a novel application of satellite aerosol remote sensing for disaster response.
U2 - LBNL-1006289
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Field Testing of Telemetry for Demand Response Control of Small Loads
Y1 - 2015/11//
A1 - Steven Lanzisera
A1 - Adam Z. Weber
A1 - Anna Liao
A1 - Oren Schetrit
A1 - Sila Kiliccote
A1 - Mary Ann Piette
AB - The electricity system in California, from generation through loads, must be prepared for high renewable penetration and increased electrification of end uses while providing increased resilience and lower operating cost. California has an aggressive renewable portfolio standard that is complemented by world-leading greenhouse gas goals. The goal of this project was to evaluate methods of enabling fast demand response (DR) signaling to small loads for low-cost site enablement. We used OpenADR 2.0 to meet telemetry requirements for providing ancillary services, and we used a variety of low-cost devices coupled with open-source software to enable an end-to-end fast DR. The devices, architecture, implementation, and testing of the system is discussed in this report. We demonstrate that the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart Home movements provide an opportunity for diverse small loads to provide fast, low-cost demand response. We used Internet-connected lights, thermostats, load interruption devices, and water heaters to demonstrate an ecosystem of controllable devices. The system demonstrated is capable of providing fast load shed for between $20 and $300 per kilowatt (kW) of available load. The wide range results from some loads may have very low cost but also very little shed capability (a 10 watt [W] LED light can only shed a maximum of 10 W) while some loads (e.g., water heaters or air conditioners) can shed several kilowatts but have a higher initial cost. These costs, however, compare well with other fast demand response costs, with typically are over $100/kilowatt of shed. We contend these loads are even more attractive than their price suggests because many of them will be installed for energy efficiency or non-energy benefits (e.g., improved lighting quality or controllability), and the ability to use them for fast DR is a secondary benefit. Therefore the cost of enabling them for DR may approach zero if a software only solution can be deployed to enable fast DR after devices are installed for other reasons. We recommend that the DR research community continue to engage with the IoT community to encourage the use of documented and open development interfaces. A library of device drivers and machine-readable interface specifications would significantly reduce the burden on users or system integrators for deploying systems in large numbers of buildings in California.
U2 - LBNL-1004415
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Findings from an Advanced Demand Response Smart Grid Project to Improve Electricity Reliability in India
T2 - India Smart Grid Week 2015
Y1 - 2015/
A1 - Rongxin Yin
A1 - Girish Ghatikar
A1 - Ranjit Deshmukh
A1 - Aamir Hussain Khan
KW - Data Analytics
KW - demand response
KW - india
KW - Load Duration Curve
KW - measurement & verification
KW - power sector
AB - Two significant challenges for a reliable supply of electricity in India are increasing demand and generation deficits. Commercial and industrial buildings in India consume approximately 44% of the nation’s electricity. India had a 4.7% supply deficit during the period of April to September 2014.1 A smart grid initiative by Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited (TPDDL) evaluated the technical capability and potential for increased reliability and readiness of commercial and industrial buildings for automated demand response (AutoDR). The advanced Smart Grid project included smart meters and an interoperable communication and DR management system with advanced data analytics for automated dispatch and load reduction when the grid is under stress. The project covered an area of more than 250 square kilometers and included about 167 high-end industrial and commercial customers in TPDDL territory. The study identified and characterized each consumer sector’s load duration curve and aggregated power demand. A total of 144 consumers’ 15-minute interval meter data was analyzed to identify the DR potential of each consumer sector using well-established baseline methodologies. The study characterized each customer sector’s load profile and AutoDR measures and evaluated baseline models for the measurement and verification of customer’s AutoDR performance. The study estimates the DR shed performance of AutoDR implementation for each type of consumer in the field study.
JF - India Smart Grid Week 2015
U2 - LBNL-6982E
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - From Policy to Compliance: Federal Energy Efficient Product Procurement
Y1 - 2015/11//
A1 - Anna Scodel
A1 - Laurèn DeMates
AB - Federal buyers are required to purchase energy-efficient products in an effort to minimize energy use in the federal sector, save the federal government money, and spur market development of efficient products. The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP)’s Energy Efficient Product Procurement (EEPP) Program helps federal agencies comply with the requirement to purchase energy-efficient products by providing technical assistance and guidance and setting efficiency requirements for certain product categories. Past studies have estimated the savings potential of purchasing energy-efficient products at over $500 million per year in energy costs across federal agencies. Despite the strong policy support for EEPP and resources available, energy-efficient product purchasing operates within complex decision-making processes and operational structures; implementation challenges exist that may hinder agencies’ ability to comply with purchasing requirements. The shift to purchasing green products, including energy-efficient products, relies on “buy in” from a variety of potential actors throughout different purchasing pathways. Challenges may be especially high for EEPP relative to other sustainable acquisition programs given that efficient products frequently have a higher first cost than non-efficient ones, which may be perceived as a conflict with fiscal responsibility, or more simply problematic for agency personnel trying to stretch limited budgets. Federal buyers may also face challenges in determining whether a given product is subject to EEPP requirements.Previous analysis on agency compliance with EEPP, conducted by the Alliance to Save Energy (ASE), shows that federal agencies are getting better at purchasing energy-efficient products. ASE conducted two reviews of relevant solicitations for product and service contracts listed on Federal Business Opportunities (FBO), the centralized website where federal agencies are required to post procurements greater than $25,000. In 2010, ASE estimated a compliance rate of 46% in 2010, up from an estimate of 12% in 2008.Our work updates and expands on ASE’s 2010 analysis to gauge agency compliance with EEPP requirements. We analyzed a dataset of 765 solicitations posted to FBO during the federal fiscal year 2015 and developed two metrics to evaluate compliance: legal and effective. Legal compliance measures whether a solicitation has met a minimum standard of compliance with EEPP mandates, while effective compliance is a more subjective measure that goes beyond legal compliance to assess the likelihood of a given solicitation’s leading to a compliant purchase. Our results reveal:There is significant missed opportunity for achieving energy savings in the federal governmentFederal compliance with EEPP is below 50%, suggesting that strong policy is insufficient to ensure complianceThe variation within both agency-level and office-level compliance highlights that there are institutional features that improve or hinder the ability to complyIf a product category is covered by ENERGY STAR it is more likely that the agency will receive an efficient product than if the product category is covered exclusively by FEMPEffective compliance is achieved differently for various solicitation types, and messaging and materials directed at federal agencies should address these differencesEnergy-efficient product procurement in particular and sustainable acquisition more generally are two of many federal goals competing for time and resources. Efforts to understand what structural factors can easily improve compliance without additional burdens on staff will be critical in improving compliance. To that end, we intend to continue this research by conducting in-depth interviews with federal contracting officers and other staff to unravel the systems that lead to higher or lower compliance rates. We expect that this analysis and our continued work will be useful to federal organizations providing guidance to agencies and others working to implement sustainability goals within institutions.
U2 - LBNL-1003934
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Fast DR: Controlling Small Loads over the Internet
T2 - ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Y1 - 2014/08//
A1 - Sila Kiliccote
A1 - Steven Lanzisera
A1 - Anna Liao
A1 - Oren Schetrit
A1 - Mary Ann Piette
AB - Current state-of-the-art demand response systems are expensive due to extreme reliability constraints in telemetry, control, and metering. The typical cost of enabling a site for regulation services is between $50k and $80k. These costs are orders of magnitude too high for small loads to participate in high-value grid services. Traditional demand response (DR) schedules events in advance and provides basic on/off control. We developed fast DR measurement and communication technologies, which are scalable cost-effective demand response systems with sufficient reliability for real-time control and monitoring of loads over the internet, and we demonstrated an example system for under $100. We installed FastDR systems for lighting, motor, and thermostat control along with power metering at a total of 10 sites, including 6 commercial buildings and 4 residential buildings. This demonstration addressed the following important methodological questions: 1) Can we reliably control loads simultaneously and with low latency across multiple sites within a specified response time; 2) How reliable is using the internet or 4G cellular network as the mode of control and metering; and 3) Can existing Smart Meters provide data for real-time telemetry services. Testing shows fast DR is capable of control to response in 4 seconds and loads complete transition in seconds to less than one minute depending on load type. We demonstrated 4s regulation services and synchronized load control, and we successfully met specifications for ancillary services across the US. Telemetry via the 4G cellular network demonstrated 94.5% success rate, and residential Internet demonstrated a 98% success rate.
JF - ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
CY - Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, CA
U2 - LBNL-185726
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Field Experience with and Potential for Multi-time Scale Grid Transactions from Responsive Commercial Buildings
T2 - ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Y1 - 2014/08//
A1 - Mary Ann Piette
A1 - Sila Kiliccote
A1 - Girish Ghatikar
AB - The need for and concepts behind demand response are evolving. As the electric system changes with more intermittent renewable electric supply systems, there is a need to allow buildings to provide more flexible demand. This paper presents results from field studies and pilots, as well as engineering estimates of the potential capabilities of fast load responsiveness in commercial buildings. We present a sector wide analysis of flexible loads in commercial buildings, which was conducted to improve resource planning and determine which loads to evaluate in future demonstrations. These systems provide important capabilities for future transactional systems. The field analysis is based on results from California, plus projects in the northwest and east coast. End-uses considered include heating, ventilation, air conditioning and lighting. The timescales of control include day-ahead, as well as day-of, 10-minute ahead and even faster response. This technology can provide DR signals on different times scales to interact with responsive building loads. We describe the latency of the control systems in the building and the round trip communications with the wholesale grid operators.
JF - ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
CY - Asilomar Convention Center, Pacific Grove, CA
U2 - LBNL-185827
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Field Study Methods and Results from a Market Trial of Night Market Vendors in Rural Kenya
JF - Light & Engineering
Y1 - 2014/
A1 - Alstone, P
A1 - Radecsky, K
A1 - Arne Jacobson
A1 - Evan Mills
AB - We evaluated the uptake of grid-independent LED lighting among night vendors in two small Kenyan towns during the "early days" of the solar- LED market. The methods we used combine social geography with energy and technology analysis to understand LED lighting adoption patterns in the context of a market that is getting its first exposure to LED technology, a situation that is repeating itself in villages and towns across the developing world. Of 23 night vendors to whom we offered LED lanterns at realistic market prices, 14 (61%) opted to purchase. We identified wide variations in baseline kerosene fuel use, significant fluctuations in the pricing of kerosene, an only partial degree to which kerosene was displaced, the value of highfrequency utilization information derived from embedded data loggers, consumer willingness to pay for improved lights, and significantly confounding effects of market spoiling due to prior experience with low-quality LED products. In a likely response to significant reductions in kerosene prices during the trial period, a non-adopter control group increased kerosene use by 70%.
VL - 22
UR - http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/abstract?site=eds&scope=site&jrnl=02362945&AN=96733129&h=qJCyBoRzBF%2b2zSEUC9HzfvkbOyJa7PqJkq6sR2%2bWEQ9tzkP9EoJQWxBG1%2fWbML%2b68y1JfLx7PUTpIxRWyobJhA%3d%3d&crl=f&resultLocal=ErrCrlNoResults&resultNs=Ehost&crlhashurl=login.aspx
IS - 2
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde exposure mitigation in US residences: In-home measurements of ventilation control and source control
Y1 - 2014/
A1 - Erin L. Hult
A1 - Henry Willem
A1 - Phillip N. Price
A1 - Toshifumi Hotchi
A1 - Marion L. Russell
A1 - Brett C. Singer
KW - acetaldehyde
KW - formaldehyde
KW - indoor air quality
KW - Indoor airPLUS
KW - LEED
KW - voc
AB - Measurements were taken in new US residences to assess the extent to which ventilation and source control can mitigate formaldehyde exposure. Increasingventilation consistently lowered indoor formaldehyde concentrations. However, at a reference air exchange rate of 0.35 h-1, increasing ventilation was up to 60% less effective than would be predicted if the emission rate were constant. This is consistent with formaldehyde emission rates decreasing as air concentrations increase, as observed in chamber studies. In contrast, measurements suggest acetaldehyde emission was independent of ventilation rate. To evaluate the effectiveness of source control, formaldehyde concentrations were measured in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified/Indoor airPLUS homes constructed with materials certified to have low emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOC). At a reference air exchange rate of 0.35 h-1, and adjusting for home age, temperature and relative humidity, formaldehyde concentrations in homes built with low-VOC materials were 42% lower on average than in reference new homes with conventional building materials. Without adjustment, concentrations were 27% lower in the low-VOC homes. The mean and standard deviation of formaldehyde concentration were 33 µg m-3 and 22 µg m-3 for low-VOC homes and 45 µg m-3 and 30 µ g m-3 for conventional.
U2 - LBNL-6886E
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Formaldehyde Transfer in Residential Energy Recovery Ventilators
JF - Building and Environment
Y1 - 2014/
A1 - Erin L. Hult
A1 - Henry Willem
A1 - Max H. Sherman
KW - energy recovery ventilator
KW - formaldehyde
KW - indoor air quality
AB - The rotary enthalpy wheel design used in many energy recovery ventilators (ERVs) is designed to transfer heat and moisture between supply and exhaust air streams. The wheel, however, can also transfer formaldehyde and other indoor contaminants from the exhaust stream to the supply stream through air leakage, entrainment in the porous wheel, and adsorption/desorption to the filter medium. This contaminant transfer reduces the benefit of the mechanical ventilation provided by the device. Field and chamber experiments were used to quantify the formaldehyde transfer efficacy (the fraction of formaldehyde transferred from the exhaust stream to the supply stream) in a common ERV model under varied conditions. In field experiments, the transfer efficacy was approximately 29%. Chamber tests showed formaldehyde transfer efficacy between 10 and 29%. The bulk of the transfer was due to air leakage and entrainment within the wheel, with up to 30% of the transfer attributed adsorption/desorption from the filter medium. The transfer efficacy decreased with increasing air exchange rate and supply air temperature. The transfer efficacy increased as the supply and exhaust streams were unbalanced in flow rate. Overall, the air leakage through the device substantially exceeded the product rating of 10%, with 27-28% air leakage measured in field experiments and 12-19% air leakage in chamber experiments.
U2 - LBNL-6580E
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - From Energy Audits to Home Performance: 30 Years of Articles in Home Energy Magazine
T2 - 2014 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Y1 - 2014/08//
A1 - Alan K. Meier
AB - Home Energy Magazine has been publishing articles about residential energy efficiency for 30 years. Its goal has been to disseminate technically reliable and neutral information to the practitioners, that is, professionals in the business of home energy efficiency. The articles, editorials, letters, and advertisements are a kind of window on the evolution of energy conservation technologies, policies, and organizations. Initially, the focus was on audits and simple retrofits, such as weatherstripping and insulation. Instrumentation was sparse— sometimes limited to a ruler to measure depth of attic insulation—and a blower door was exotic. CFLs were heavy, awkward bulbs which might, or might not, fit in a fixture. Saving air conditioning energy was not a priority. Solar energy was only for the most adventurous. Thirty years on, the technologies and business have moved beyond just insulating attics to the larger challenge of delivering home performance and achieving zero net energy. This shift reflects the success in reducing space heating energy and the need to create a profitable industry by providing more services. The leading edge of the residential energy services market is becoming much more sophisticated, offering both efficiency and solar systems. The challenge is to continue providing relevant and reliable information in a transformed industry and a revolutionized media landscape.
JF - 2014 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
CY - Pacific Grove, California
U2 - LBNL-6934E
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - The Five-Phase Method for Simulating Complex Fenestration with Radiance
Y1 - 2013/09//
A1 - Andrew McNeil
AB - The "five-phase method" is an extension of the three-phase method that more closely follows the standard daylight coefficient model for dynamic daylight simulations proposed by Bourgeois et al (2008). More specifically, the five-phase method handles the direct solar component separately from the sky and interreflected solar component to achieve better accuracy of the distribution of direct solar light in a room for complex glazing systems (CFS).
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - A Framework to Survey the Energy Efficiency of Installed Motor Systems
T2 - 2013 Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems
Y1 - 2013/08//
A1 - Prakash Rao
A1 - Ali Hasanbeigi
A1 - Aimee T. McKane
KW - energy efficiency of motor systems
KW - motor systems
AB - While motors are ubiquitous throughout the globe, there is insufficient data to properly assess their level of energy efficiency across regional boundaries. Furthermore, many of the existing data sets focus on motor efficiency and neglect the connected drive and system. Without a comprehensive survey of the installed motor system base, a baseline energy efficiency of a country or region's motor systems cannot be developed. The lack of data impedes government agencies, utilities, manufacturers, distributers, and energy managers when identifying where to invest resources to capture potential energy savings, creating programs aimed at reducing electrical energy consumption, or quantifying the impacts of such programs. This paper will outline a data collection framework for use when conducting a survey under a variety of execution models to characterize motor system energy efficiency within a country or region. The framework is intended to standardize the data collected ensuring consistency across independently conducted surveys. Consistency allows for the surveys to be leveraged against each other enabling comparisons to motor system energy efficiencies from other regions. In creating the framework, an analysis of various motor driven systems, including compressed air, pumping, and fan systems, was conducted and relevant parameters characterizing the efficiency of these systems were identified. A database using the framework will enable policymakers and industry to better assess the improvement potential of their installed motor system base particularly with respect to other regions, assisting in efforts to promote improvements to the energy efficiency of motor driven systems.
JF - 2013 Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems
CY - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
U2 - LBNL-1003886
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - A Fresh Look at Weather Impact on Peak Electricity Demand and Energy Use of Buildings Using 30-Year Actual Weather Data
JF - Applied Energy
Y1 - 2013/11//
SP - 333
EP - 350
A1 - Tianzhen Hong
A1 - Wen-Kuei Chang
A1 - Hung-Wen Lin
KW - Actual meteorological year
KW - building simulation
KW - energy use
KW - Peak electricity demand
KW - Typical meteorological year
KW - weather data
AB - Buildings consume more than one third of the world’s total primary energy. Weather plays a unique and significant role as it directly affects the thermal loads and thus energy performance of buildings. The traditional simulated energy performance using Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data represents the building performance for a typical year, but not necessarily the average or typical long-term performance as buildings with different energy systems and designs respond differently to weather changes. Furthermore, the single-year TMY simulations do not provide a range of results that capture yearly variations due to changing weather, which is important for building energy management, and for performing risk assessments of energy efficiency investments. This paper employs large-scale building simulation (a total of 3162 runs) to study the weather impact on peak electricity demand and energy use with the 30-year (1980–2009) Actual Meteorological Year (AMY) weather data for three types of office buildings at two design efficiency levels, across all 17 ASHRAE climate zones. The simulated results using the AMY data are compared to those from the TMY3 data to determine and analyze the differences. Besides further demonstration, as done by other studies, that actual weather has a significant impact on both the peak electricity demand and energy use of buildings, the main findings from the current study include: (1) annual weather variation has a greater impact on the peak electricity demand than it does on energy use in buildings; (2) the simulated energy use using the TMY3 weather data is not necessarily representative of the average energy use over a long period, and the TMY3 results can be significantly higher or lower than those from the AMY data; (3) the weather impact is greater for buildings in colder climates than warmer climates; (4) the weather impact on the medium-sized office building was the greatest, followed by the large office and then the small office; and (5) simulated energy savings and peak demand reduction by energy conservation measures using the TMY3 weather data can be significantly underestimated or overestimated. It is crucial to run multi-decade simulations with AMY weather data to fully assess the impact of weather on the long-term performance of buildings, and to evaluate the energy savings potential of energy conservation measures for new and existing buildings from a life cycle perspective.
PB - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
VL - 111
U2 - LBNL-6280E
DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.019
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - A Fresh Look at Weather Impact on Peak Electricity Demand and Energy Use of Buildings Using 30-Year Actual Weather Data
JF - Applied Energy
Y1 - 2013/11//
SP - 333
EP - 350
A1 - Tianzhen Hong
A1 - Wen-Kuei Chang
A1 - Hung-Wen Lin
KW - Actual meteorological year
KW - building simulation
KW - energy use
KW - Peak electricity demand
KW - Typical meteorological year
KW - weather data
AB - Buildings consume more than one third of the world’s total primary energy. Weather plays a unique and significant role as it directly affects the thermal loads and thus energy performance of buildings. The traditional simulated energy performance using Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data represents the building performance for a typical year, but not necessarily the average or typical long-term performance as buildings with different energy systems and designs respond differently to weather changes. Furthermore, the single-year TMY simulations do not provide a range of results that capture yearly variations due to changing weather, which is important for building energy management, and for performing risk assessments of energy efficiency investments. This paper employs large-scale building simulation (a total of 3162 runs) to study the weather impact on peak electricity demand and energy use with the 30-year (1980–2009) Actual Meteorological Year (AMY) weather data for three types of office buildings at two design efficiency levels, across all 17 ASHRAE climate zones. The simulated results using the AMY data are compared to those from the TMY3 data to determine and analyze the differences. Besides further demonstration, as done by other studies, that actual weather has a significant impact on both the peak electricity demand and energy use of buildings, the main findings from the current study include: (1) annual weather variation has a greater impact on the peak electricity demand than it does on energy use in buildings; (2) the simulated energy use using the TMY3 weather data is not necessarily representative of the average energy use over a long period, and the TMY3 results can be significantly higher or lower than those from the AMY data; (3) the weather impact is greater for buildings in colder climates than warmer climates; (4) the weather impact on the medium-sized office building was the greatest, followed by the large office and then the small office; and (5) simulated energy savings and peak demand reduction by energy conservation measures using the TMY3 weather data can be significantly underestimated or overestimated. It is crucial to run multi-decade simulations with AMY weather data to fully assess the impact of weather on the long-term performance of buildings, and to evaluate the energy savings potential of energy conservation measures for new and existing buildings from a life cycle perspective.
PB - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
VL - 111
U2 - LBNL-6280E
DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.019
ER -
TY - Generic
T1 - Functional Mock-Up Unit Import in EnergyPlus For Co-Simulation
T2 - 13th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation
Y1 - 2013/08//
A1 - Thierry Stephane Nouidui
A1 - Michael Wetter
A1 - Wangda Zuo
AB - This paper describes how to use the recently implemented Functional Mock-up Unit (FMU) for co-simulation import interface in EnergyPlus to link EnergyPlus with simulation tools packaged as FMUs. The interface complies with the Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) for co-simulation standard version 1.0, which is an open standard designed to enable links between different simulation tools that are packaged as FMUs. This article starts with an introduction of the FMI and FMU concepts. We then discuss the implementation of the FMU import interface in EnergyPlus. After that, we present two use cases. The first use case is to model a HVAC system in Modelica, export it as an FMU, and link it to a room model in EnergyPlus. The second use case is an extension of the first case where a shading controller is modeled in Modelica, exported as an FMU, and used in the EnergyPlus room model to control the shading device of one of its windows. In both cases, the FMUs are imported into EnergyPlus which models the building envelope and manages the data-exchange between the envelope and the systems in the FMUs during run-time.
JF - 13th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation
CY - Chambery, France
U2 - LBNL-6413E
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Functional Testing Protocols for Commercial Building Efficiency Baseline Modeling Software
Y1 - 2013/09//
A1 - David A. Jump
A1 - Phillip N. Price
A1 - Jessica Granderson
A1 - Michael D. Sohn
AB - As advanced metering infrastructure including time-of-use and smart meter technology penetrates more and more buildings in utility service areas, an abundance of rich short-time interval data is becoming available. Software vendors are mining this data to provide energy management services to customers, establish energy baselines, and track performance over time.The test protocols in this report were developed to guide testing of software products with baseline modeling and savings estimation functionality that may be used to estimate whole-building energy savings over a period of time. Savings measurement and verification (M&V) requires comparing the amount of energy actually used to the amount of energy the building would have used had energy efficiency measures not been implemented. The energy the building would have used cannot be measured; it must be estimated with a baseline model. The accuracy of the savings estimate is therefore directly dependent on the accuracy of the baseline model.
PB - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
CY - Berkeley
U2 - LBNL-6593E
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Facilitating energy savings with programmable thermostats: evaluation and guidelines for the thermostat user interface
JF - Ergonomics
Y1 - 2012/09//
A1 - Therese Peffer
A1 - Daniel Perry
A1 - Marco Pritoni
A1 - Cecilia Aragon
A1 - Alan K. Meier
AB - Thermostats control heating and cooling in homes – representing a major part of domestic energy use – yet, poor ergonomics of these devices has thwarted efforts to reduce energy consumption. Theoretically, programmable thermostats can reduce energy by 5–15%, but in practice little to no savings compared to manual thermostats are found. Several studies have found that programmable thermostats are not installed properly, are generally misunderstood and have poor usability. After conducting a usability study of programmable thermostats, we reviewed several guidelines from ergonomics, general device usability, computer–human interfaces and building control sources. We analysed the characteristics of thermostats that enabled or hindered successfully completing tasks and in a timely manner. Subjects had higher success rates with thermostat displays with positive examples of guidelines, such as visibility of possible actions, consistency and standards, and feedback. We suggested other guidelines that seemed missing, such as navigation cues, clear hierarchy and simple decision paths.
VL - 56
UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00140139.2012.718370
IS - Issue 3: Ergonomics and Sustainability
DO - 10.1080/00140139.2012.718370
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Fact Sheet: Improving Energy Efficiency for Server Rooms and Closets
Y1 - 2012/09//
A1 - H.Y. Iris Cheung
A1 - Roozbeh Mahdavi
A1 - Steve E. Greenberg
A1 - Richard E. Brown
A1 - William F. Tschudi
A1 - Pierre Delforge
A1 - Joyce Dickerson
KW - Closets
KW - efficiency
KW - energy
KW - Fact Sheet
KW - Server Rooms
AB - Is there a ghost in your IT closet? If your building has one or more IT rooms or closets containing between 5 and 50 servers, chances are that they account for a significant share of the building's energy use (in some cases, over half!). Servers, data storage arrays, networking equipment, and the cooling and power conditioning that support them tend to draw large amounts of energy 24/7, in many cases using more energy annually than traditional building loads such as HVAC and lighting.The good news is that there are many cost-effective actions, ranging from simple to advanced, that can dramatically reduce that energy use, helping you to save money and reduce pollution.
U2 - LBNL-5935E
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Fast Automated Demand Response to Enable the Integration of Renewable Resources
Y1 - 2012/
A1 - David S. Watson
A1 - Nance Matson
A1 - Janie Page
A1 - Sila Kiliccote
A1 - Mary Ann Piette
A1 - Karin Corfee
A1 - Betty Seto
A1 - Ralph Masiello
A1 - John Masiello
A1 - Lorin Molander
A1 - Samuel Golding
A1 - Kevin Sullivan
A1 - Walt Johnson
A1 - David Hawkins
AB - This study examines how fast automated demand response (AutoDR) can help mitigate grid balancing challenges introduced by upcoming increases in intermittent renewable generation resources such as solar and wind in an environmentally friendly and cost effective manner. This study gathers data from multiple sources to determine the total electric end-use loads in the commercial and industrial sectors of California. The shed capacity available from AutoDR in these sectors varies based on many factors including weather, time of year and time of day. This study estimates that the lowest shed capacity could occur on cold winter mornings and the highest on hot summer afternoons. Based on this analysis, a large-scale deployment of fast AutoDR could provide between 0.18 and 0.90 GW of DR-based ancillary services from the existing stock of commercial and industrial facilities throughout California. With modest investments to upgrade and expand use of automated control systems in commercial and industrial facilities the estimated shed potential could approximately double to between 0.42 and 2.07 GW. Deployed costs for fast AutoDR (installation, materials, labor and program management) are about 10% of the deployed costs of grid scale battery storage. However, AutoDR in California has less capacity than what is required to meet the grid balancing challenges introduced by the 2020 renewable portfolio standard goals. There are many different types of ancillary services necessary to keep the electric grid in balance. Though AutoDR may not be suitable for all forms of ancillary services, the lower installed cost of AutoDR indicates that it should be considered for use in the time domains and capacities for which it is applicable. By combining AutoDR with traditional gas fired thermal generation and battery storage technologies, an optimal mix of generation, AutoDR and storage should be considered to meet upcoming challenges introduced by the increased use of renewable generation.
PB - CEC/LBNL
U2 - LBNL-5555E
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Fenestration of Today and Tomorrow: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities
JF - Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
Y1 - 2012/01//
SP - 1
EP - 28
A1 - Bjørn Petter Jelle
A1 - Andrew Hynd
A1 - Arlid Gustavsen
A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh
A1 - Howdy Goudey
A1 - Robert Hart
KW - Fenestration
KW - Low-e
KW - Multilayer glazing
KW - Smart window
KW - Solar cell glazing
KW - Vacuum glazing
AB - Fenestration of today is continuously being developed into the fenestration of tomorrow, hence offering a steadily increase of daylight and solar energy utilization and control, and at the same time providing a necessary climate screen with a satisfactory thermal comfort. Within this work a state of the art market review of the best performing fenestration products has been carried out, along with an overview of possible future research opportunities for the fenestration industry. The focus of the market review was low thermal transmittance (U-value). The lowest centre of glass Ug-values found was 0.28 W/(m2K) and 0.30 W/(m2K), which was from a suspended coating glazing product and an aerogel glazing product, respectively. However, the majority of high performance products found were triple glazed. The lowest frame U-value was 0.61 W/(m2K). Vacuum glazing, smart windows, solar cell glazing, window frames, self cleaning glazing, low-emissivity coatings and spacers were also reviewed, thus also representing possibilities for controlling and harvesting the solar radiation energy. Currently, vacuum glazing, new spacer materials and solutions, electrochromic windows and aerogel glazing seem to have the largest potential for improving the thermal performance and daylight and solar properties in fenestration products. Aerogel glazing has the lowest potential U-values, ~ 0.1 W/(m2K), but requires further work to improve the visible transmittance. Electrochromic vaccum glazing and evacuated aerogel glazing are two vacuum related solutions which have a large potential. There may also be opportunities for completely new material innovations which could revolutionize the fenestration industry.
VL - 96
U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-5304E
DO - 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.08.010
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Field Demonstration of Automated Demand Response for Both Winter and Summer Events in Large Buildings in the Pacific Northwest
JF - Energy Efficiency
Y1 - 2012/12//
A1 - Mary Ann Piette
A1 - Sila Kiliccote
A1 - Junqiao Han Dudley
AB - There are growing strains on the electric grid as cooling peaks grow and equipment ages. Increased penetration of renewables on the grid is also straining electricity supply systems and the need for flexible demand is growing. This paper summarizes results of a series of field test of automated demand response systems in large buildings in the Pacific Northwest. The objective of the research was two fold. One objective was to evaluate the use demand response automation technologies. A second objective was to evaluate control strategies that could change the electric load shape in both winter and summer conditions. Winter conditions focused on cold winter mornings, a time when the electric grid is often stressed. The summer test evaluated DR strategies in the afternoon. We found that we could automate both winter and summer control strategies with the open automated demand response communication standard. The buildings were able to provide significant demand response in both winter and summer events.
IS - Special Issue on Smart G
U2 - LBNL-6216E
DO - 10.1007/s12053-013-9206-x
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Field Testing of Automated Demand Response for Integration of Renewable Resources in California’s Ancillary Services Market for Regulation Products
Y1 - 2012/
A1 - Sila Kiliccote
A1 - Phillip N. Price
A1 - Mary Ann Piette
A1 - Geoffrey C. Bell
A1 - Pierson, Steve
A1 - Edward Koch
A1 - Carnam, Jeremy
A1 - Hugo Pedro
A1 - John Hernandez
A1 - Albert K. Chiu
AB - Increasing renewable generation resources supply electricity to 33% by 2020 in California will require solving several problems simultaneously. In California, 33% penetration of renewable generation resources propose four major challenges:unpredictable and steep ramps;making up for errors in forecasting these resources;intra-hour variability; andover generation in the middle of the night.Storage and demand response are being proposed as ways to address these challenges. Following successful tests using demand response for non-spinning reserves in California Independent System Operator’s ancillary services market, we explored the use of demand response for regulation up and down products in the same market. Regulation is the capability to inject or withdraw power from resources in response to automatic generator control signals to meet the Area Control Error needs of the Independent System Operator. Resources participating in regulation are characterized and certified to meet certain requirements. The objectives of this project were to evaluate if the demand response resources could meet the requirements to replace the generators in this market and if OpenADR would be able to meet the communication speed requirements. Three facilities were recruited to the project: two campuses and one agricultural pumping station. Each site was equipped with an OpenADR client that could receive the automatic generator control signals converted into OpenADR information exchange model. The results showed thatthe pseudo generator model did not work well for demand response resources;converting automatic generator control signals to OpenADR signals did not introduce significant communication delays;accuracy of load forecasts may introduce significant problems with demand response participation; andlatencies due to the facility control system may be a major barrier.
PB - LBNL
U2 - LBNL-5556E
ER -
TY - Generic
T1 - Folk Labeling: Insights on Improving Usability and Saving Energy Gleaned from After-Market Graffiti on Common Appliances
T2 - 2012 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Y1 - 2012/
A1 - Marco Pritoni
A1 - Therese Peffer
A1 - Jessica Granderson
A1 - Margarita Kloss
A1 - Alan K. Meier
A1 - Cecilia Aragon
AB - The after-market labeling of a device by its users often indicates problematic usability, which can affect the device's energy consumption. For example, when people find a lighting control panel difficult to use, they often write instructions on a piece of paper and affix it nearby as a reminder to themselves and to help others. We collected over a hundred examples of these “folk labels” from commercial and residential buildings through an online contest inviting people to upload photos of folk label examples, informal solicitation of colleagues, online searches, and personal observation. Some folk labels offered guidance or reminders (e.g., turn off light before fan on a projector); some provided specific instructions for multi-function controls or addressed problems identifying orientation or direction (right/left, on/off). We categorized these folk labels (e.g., by location, subject, form, etc.), and analyzed them according to usability guidelines and heuristics1 . In addition, we evaluated their potential impact on energy consumption. We found that most folk labels indicated usability issues in three areas: visibility of available options, natural mappings, and consistency. For example, one light switch looked like a simple toggle ON-OFF control, but actually could control various dimming options (violated “visibility of available options” principle). One would naturally turn the light on full power if one did not know how to use the dimming capability. We discovered that folk labeling provides a simple means of identifying usability problems.
JF - 2012 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
CY - Pacific Grove, CA
UR - https://faculty.washington.edu/aragon/pubs/FolkLabeling2012.pdf
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - A framework for simulation-based real-time whole building performance assessment
JF - Building and Environment
Y1 - 2012/08//
SP - 100
EP - 108
A1 - Xiufeng Pang
A1 - Michael Wetter
A1 - Prajesh Bhattacharya
A1 - Philip Haves
KW - building controls virtual test bed
KW - building performance
KW - energy modeling
KW - energyplus
KW - real-time building simulation
AB - Most commercial buildings do not perform as well in practice as intended by the design and their performances often deteriorate over time. Reasons include faulty construction, malfunctioning equipment, incorrectly configured control systems and inappropriate operating procedures. One approach to addressing this problems is to compare the predictions of an energy simulation model of the building to the measured performance and analyze significant differences to infer the presence and location of faults. This paper presents a framework that allows a comparison of building actual performance and expected performance in real time. The realization of the framework utilized the EnergyPlus, the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed (BCVTB) and the Energy Management and Control System (EMCS) was developed. An EnergyPlus model that represents expected performance of a building runs in real time and reports the predicted building performance at each time step. The BCVTB is used as the software platform to acquire relevant inputs from the EMCS through a BACnet interface and send them to the EnergyPlus and to a database for archiving. A proof-of-concept demonstration is also presented.
VL - 54
U2 - 0360-1323
ER -
TY - Generic
T1 - Facilitating energy savings through enhanced usability of thermostats
T2 - ECEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency
Y1 - 2011/
A1 - Alan K. Meier
A1 - Therese Peffer
A1 - Marco Pritoni
A1 - Cecilia Aragon
A1 - Daniel Perry
AB - Residential thermostats play a key role in controlling heating and cooling systems. Occupants often find the controls of programmable thermostats confusing, sometimes leading to higher heating consumption than when the buildings are controlled manually. A high degree of usability is vital to a programmable thermostat’s effectiveness because, unlike a more efficient heating system, occupants must engage in specific actions after installation to obtain energy savings. We developed a procedure for measuring the usability of thermostats and tested this methodology with 31 subjects on five thermostats. The procedure requires first identifying representative tasks associated with the device and then testing the subjects’ ability to accomplish those tasks. The procedure was able to demonstrate the subjects’ wide ability to accomplish tasks and the influence of a device’s usability on success rates. A metric based on the time to accomplish the tasks and the fraction of subjects actually completing the tasks captured the key aspects of each thermostat’s usability. The procedure was recently adopted by the Energy Star Program for its thermostat specification. The approach appears suitable for quantifying usability of controls in other products, such as heat pump water heaters and commercial lighting.
JF - ECEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency
CY - Belambra Presqu’île de Giens, France
UR - https://www.eceee.org/library/conference_proceedings/eceee_Summer_Studies/2011/6-innovations-in-buildings-and-appliances/facilitating-energy-savings-through-enhanced-usability-of-thermostats/
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - From Carbon to Light: A New Framework for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reducitons from Replacing Fuel-Based Lighting with LED Systems.
JF - Energy Efficiency
Y1 - 2011/
A1 - Evan Mills
A1 - Arne Jacobson
KW - Clean development mechanism Energy efficiency LED lighting Carbon emissions Developing countries
AB - There is considerable well-intended, yet wishful anticipation about reducing greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fuel-based lighting in the developing world with grid-independent light-emitting diode (LED) lighting systems. Most estimates gloss over important practical realities that stand to erode a genuinely significant potential. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the leading system for quantifying the benefits of such projects in developing countries and embodying them in a market-based platform for trading carbon credits. However, compliance with methodologies for highly decentralized, small-scale energy saving projects currently employed in the CDM is viewed by developers of as onerous, time-consuming, and costly. In recognition of the problem, the CDM has recently placed priority on improved methodologies for estimating carbon dioxide reductions from displacement of fuel-based lighting with energy-efficient alternatives. The over-arching aim is to maintain environmental integrity without stifling sustainable emission-reduction projects and programs in the field. This article informs this process by laying out a new framework that shifts the analytical focus from highly costly yet narrow and uncertain baseline estimations to simplified methods based primarily on deemed values that focus on replacement lighting system quality and performance characteristics. The result—many elements of which have been adopted in a new methodology approved by the CDM—is more structured and rigorous than methodologies used for LED projects in the past and yet simpler to implement, i.e., entailing fewer transaction costs. Applying this new framework, we find that some off-grid lighting technologies can be expected to yield little or no emissions reductions, while well-designed ones, using products independently certified to have high quality and durability, can generate significant reductions. Enfolding quality assurance within the proposed framework will help stem “market spoiling” currently underway in the developing world—caused by the introduction of substandard off-grid lighting products—thereby ensuring carbon reduction additionality (emissions reductions that would have not occurred in the absence of the CDM program).
DO - 10.1007/s12053-011-9121-y
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Future of DR
Y1 - 2011/
A1 - Sila Kiliccote
A1 - Mary Ann Piette
A1 - David S. Watson
A1 - Girish Ghatikar
KW - autodr training at pg&e's pacific energy center
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Fast and informative flow simulation in a building by using fast fluid dynamics model on graphics processing unit
JF - Building and Environment
Y1 - 2010/
SP - 747
EP - 757
A1 - Wangda Zuo
A1 - Qingyan Chen
VL - 45
IS - 3
ER -
TY - Generic
T1 - Fast simulation of smoke transport in buildings
T2 - the 41st International HVAC&R congress
Y1 - 2010/
A1 - Wangda Zuo
A1 - Qingyan Chen
JF - the 41st International HVAC&R congress
CY - Beograd, Serbian
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Findings from Seven Years of Field Performance Data for Automated Demand Response in Commercial Buildings
T2 - 2010 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Y1 - 2010/
A1 - Sila Kiliccote
A1 - Mary Ann Piette
A1 - Johanna L. Mathieu
A1 - Kristen Parrish
AB - California is a leader in automating demand response (DR) to promote low-cost, consistent, and predictable electric grid management tools. Over 250 commercial and industrial facilities in California participate in fully-automated programs providing over 60 MW of peak DR savings. This paper presents a summary of Open Automated DR (OpenADR) implementation by each of the investor-owned utilities in California. It provides a summary of participation, DR strategies and incentives. Commercial buildings can reduce peak demand from 5 to 15% with an average of 13%. Industrial facilities shed much higher loads. For buildings with multi-year savings we evaluate their load variability and shed variability. We provide a summary of control strategies deployed, along with costs to install automation. We report on how the electric DR control strategies perform over many years of events. We benchmark the peak demand of this sample of buildings against their past baselines to understand the differences in building performance over the years. This is done with peak demand intensities and load factors. The paper also describes the importance of these data in helping to understand possible techniques to reach net zero energy using peak day dynamic control capabilities in commercial buildings. We present an example in which the electric load shape changed as a result of a lighting retrofit.
JF - 2010 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
CY - Pacific Grove, CA
U2 - LBNL-3643E
U4 -

August 15-20, 2010

ER -
TY - Generic
T1 - Fast parallelized flow simulations on graphic processing units
T2 - the 11th International Conference on Air Distribution in Rooms (RoomVent 2009)
Y1 - 2009/
A1 - Wangda Zuo
A1 - Qingyan Chen
JF - the 11th International Conference on Air Distribution in Rooms (RoomVent 2009)
CY - Busan, Korea
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Feasibility of Achieving a Zero-Net-Energy, Zero-Net-Cost Homes
Y1 - 2009/
A1 - Sara Al-Beaini
A1 - Sam Borgeson
A1 - Brian E. Coffey
A1 - David Gregory
A1 - Kyle S. Konis
A1 - Corinne Scown
A1 - Jelena Simjanovic
A1 - John Stanley
A1 - Bret Strogen
A1 - Iain S. Walker
PB - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
CY - Berkeley
U2 - LBNL-3067E
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Field Measurements of Innovative Indoor Shading Systems in a Full-Scale Office Testbed
JF - ASHRAE Transactions
Y1 - 2009/10//
SP - 706
EP - 728
A1 - Eleanor S. Lee
A1 - Dennis L. DiBartolomeo
A1 - Joseph H. Klems
A1 - Robert D. Clear
A1 - Kyle S. Konis
A1 - Mehry Yazdanian
A1 - Byoung-Chul Park
AB - The development of spectrally selective low-e glass with its superior solar control and high daylight admission has led to widespread use of large-area, "transparent" or visually clear glass windows in commercial building facades. This type of façade can provide significant inherent daylighting potential (ability to offset lighting energy use) and move us closer to the goal of achieving zero energy buildings, if not for the unmitigated glare that results from the unshaded glazing. Conventional shading systems result in a significant loss of daylight and view. Can innovative shading solutions successfully balance the tradeoffs between daylight, solar heat gains, discomfort glare, and view?To investigate this issue, a six-month solstice-to-solstice field study was conducted in a sunny climate to measure the thermal and daylighting performance of a south-facing, full- scale, office testbed with large-area windows and a variety of innovative indoor shading systems. Indoor shading systems included manually-operated and automated roller shades, Venetian blinds, daylight-redirecting blinds, and a static translucent diffusing panel placed inboard of the window glazing. These innovative systems were compared to a reference shade lowered to block direct sun.With continuous dimming controls, all shading systems yielded lighting energy savings between 43-69% compared to a non-dimming case, but only the automated systems were able to meet visual comfort criteria throughout the entire monitored period. Cooling loads due to solar and thermal loads from the window were increased by 2-10% while peak cooling loads were decreased by up to 14%. The results from this experiment illustrate that some indoor shading systems can preserve daylight potential while meeting comfort requirements. Trends will differ significantly depending on application.
VL - 115
IS - 2
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Final Report on Residential Integrated Ventilation Energy Controller
JF - Energy Innovations Small Grant
Y1 - 2009/06//
A1 - Max H. Sherman
A1 - Iain S. Walker
A1 - Darryl J. Dickerhoff
VL - 55044A
ER -
TY - Generic
T1 - Fault Diagnostics and Supervised Testing: How Fault Diagnostic tools can be Proactive?
T2 - Eleventh International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Controls
Y1 - 2008/11//
A1 - Massieh Najafi
A1 - David M. Auslander
A1 - Peter L. Bartlett
A1 - Philip Haves
AB - The topic of fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) is studied from the perspective of proactive testing. Unlike most research focus in the diagnosis area in which system outputs are analyzed for diagnosis purposes, in this paper the focus is on the other side of the problem: manipulating system inputs for better diagnosis reasoning. In other words, the question of how diagnostic mechanisms can direct system inputs for better diagnosis analysis is addressed here. It is shown how the problem can be formulated as decision making problem coupled with a Bayesian Network based diagnostic mechanism. The developed mechanism is applied to the problem of supervised testing in HVAC systems.
JF - Eleventh International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Controls
UR - http://www.actapress.com/Content_of_Proceeding.aspx?proceedingID=503
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Field and Laboratory Evaluation of a New Ramping Techniques for Duct Leakage Testing
JF - ASHRAE Transactions
Y1 - 2008/
SP - 494
EP - 504
A1 - Iain S. Walker
A1 - Darryl J. Dickerhoff
AB - The DeltaQ duct leakage test has been developed over the past several years as an alternative to duct pressurization testing. A new ramping technique for obtaining the measured data has been developed in order to increase resolution at low envelope pressures and to make the test quicker and easier to perform. This study performed laboratory and field testing to investigate the bias and precision of the ramping technique and to determine test limits and recommendations for good practice. The laboratory testing compared the DeltaQ testing results to known measured leakage on a specially built tight duct system with known added leaks to evaluate potential biases and showed that the biases for the ramping test are typically less then 1% of system blower flow, with a range of zero to 1.5% of system blower flow. Additional pressurization tests were performed in the laboratory and showed that 0.1 in. water (25 Pa) pressurization tests have about 2 to 2.5 times the uncertainty bias for an individual test compared to DeltaQ. Correction factors to account for the pressure offset on the building envelope due to leakage imbalances and the change in duct static pressures due to duct leakage were found to be effective at reducing high leakage airflow over-predictions by reducing average flows by 10 cfm (5 L/s). The field testing used repeated tests in individual houses to examine repeatability and precision uncertainty. The experiences from field testing have shown that ramping is more time efficient and time savings are about 10 to 15 minutes and that the repeatability uncertainty is 1% of the 50 Pa (0.2 in. water) envelope leakage flow. Field tests to determine suitability for confirming zero duct leakage have shown that the same repeatability uncertainty can also be applied to the estimation of zero duct leakage. More houses need to be field tested for repeatability to confirm the finding that envelope leakage dominates over wind induced pressure fluctuations.
VL - 114
U1 - 2.5
U2 - LBNL-62262
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Field Test Results of Automated Demand Response in a Large Office Building
T2 - 8th International Conference on EcoBalance
Y1 - 2008/
A1 - Junqiao Han Dudley
A1 - Mary Ann Piette
A1 - Sila Kiliccote
AB - Demand response (DR) is an emerging research field and an effective tool that improves grid reliability and prevents the price of electricity from rising, especially in deregulated markets. This paper introduces the definition of DR and Automated Demand Response (Auto-DR). It describes the Auto-DR technology utilized at a commercial building in the summer of 2006 and the methodologies to evaluate associated demand savings. On the basis of field tests in a large office building, Auto-DR is proven to be a reliable and credible resource that ensures a stable and economical operation of the power grid.
JF - 8th International Conference on EcoBalance
T3 - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on EcoBalance
CY - Tokyo, Japan
U2 - LBNL-1131e
U4 -

Report of Chief Administrative Officer, U.S. House of Representatives to Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Majority Leader Steny H. Hoyer

ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Filtered cathodic arc deposition with ion-species-selective bias
JF - Review of Scientific Instruments
Y1 - 2006/
A1 - André Anders
A1 - Nitisak Pasaja
A1 - Sakon Sansongsiri
A1 - Sunnie H.N. Lim
AB - A dual-cathode arc plasma source was combined with a computer-controlled bias amplifier such as to synchronize substrate bias with the pulsed production of plasma. In this way, bias can be applied in a material-selective way. The principle has been applied to the synthesis metal-doped diamond-like carbon films, where the bias was applied and adjusted when the carbon plasma was condensing, and the substrate was at ground when the metal was incorporated. In doing so, excessive sputtering by too-energetic metal ions can be avoided while the sp3/sp2 ratio can be adjusted. It is shown that the resistivity of the film can be tuned by this species-selective bias. The principle can be extended to multiple-material plasma sources and complex materials.
U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-61733
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Federal Participation in LEED in 2005
T2 - Greenbuild Expo 2005
Y1 - 2005/11//
A1 - Christopher T. Payne
A1 - Beverly Dyer
AB - The federal government is an active participant in promoting sustainable design, construction and operations and in the use of USGBC's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System. This paper presents an overview of sustainable construction activities in the federal sector in 2005.
JF - Greenbuild Expo 2005
CY - Atlanta, GA
U2 - LBNL-59281
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Findings from the 2004 Fully Automated Demand Response Tests in Large Facilities
Y1 - 2005/10//
A1 - Mary Ann Piette
A1 - David S. Watson
A1 - Naoya Motegi
A1 - Norman Bourassa
AB - This report describes the results of the second season of research to develop and evaluate the performance of new Automated Demand Response (Auto-DR) hardware and software technology in large facilities. Demand Response (DR) is a set of time dependent activities that reduce or shift electricity use to improve electric grid reliability, manage electricity costs, and provide systems that encourage load shifting or shedding during times when the electric grid is near its capacity or electric prices are high. Demand Response is a subset of demand side management, which also includes energy efficiency and conservation. The overall goal of this research project was to support increased penetration of DR in large facilities through the use of automation and better understanding of DR technologies and strategies in large facilities. To achieve this goal, a set of field tests were designed and conducted. These tests examined the performance of Auto-DR systems that covered a diverse set of building systems, ownership and management structures, climate zones, weather patterns, and control and communication configurations.Electric load shedding that is often part of a DR strategy can be achieved by modifying end-use loads. Examples of load shedding include reducing electric loads such as dimming or turning off non-critical lights, changing comfort thermostat set points, or turning off non-critical equipment. Levels of automation in DR can be defined as follows. Manual Demand Response involves a labor-intensive approach such as manually turning off or changing comfort set points at each equipment switch or controller. Semi-Automated Demand Response involves a pre-programmed load shedding strategy initiated by a person via centralized control system. Fully-Automated Demand Response does not involve human intervention, but is initiated at a home, building, or facility through receipt of an external communications signal. The receipt of the external signal initiates pre-programmed shedding strategies. We refer to this as Auto-DR. One important concept in Auto-DR is that a homeowner or facility manager should be able to "opt out" or "override" a DR event if the event comes at time when the reduction in enduse services is not desirable.
U2 - LBNL-58178
U3 -

E21401

U5 -

demand response

ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Federal participation in LEED
T2 - Greenbuild 2004
Y1 - 2004/11//
A1 - Christopher T. Payne
A1 - Beverly Dyer
AB - The federal government has been an active participant in the development and use of USGBC's Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design Green Building Rating System (LEED). This paper presents a review of this participation and some expectations for ongoing partnership.
JF - Greenbuild 2004
CY - Portland, OR
U2 - LBNL-56721
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Field Power Measurements of Imaging Equipment
Y1 - 2004/05//
A1 - Marla C. McWhinney
A1 - Gregory K. Homan
A1 - Richard E. Brown
A1 - Judy A. Roberson
A1 - Bruce Nordman
A1 - John F. Busch
KW - Enduse
KW - Energy End-Use Forecasting
KW - EUF
AB - According to the U.S. Department of Energy, electricity use by non-PC commercial office equipment is growing at an annual rate of nearly 5% (AEO 2003). To help address this growth in consumption, U.S. EPA periodically updates its ENERGY STAR specifications as products and markets change. This report presents background research conducted to help EPA update the ENERGY STAR specification for imaging equipment, which covers printers, fax machines, copiers, scanners, and multifunction devices (MFDs). We first estimated the market impact of the current ENERGY STAR imaging specification, finding over 90% of the current market complies with the specification. We then analyzed a sample of typical new imaging products, including 11 faxes, 57 printers and 19 copiers/MFD. For these devices we metered power levels in the most common modes: active/ready/sleep/off, and recorded features that would most likely affect energy consumption. Our metering indicates that for many products and speed bins, current models consume substantially less power than the current specification. We also found that for all product categories, power consumption varied most considerably across technology (i.e. inkjet vs. laser). Although inkjet printers consumed less energy than laser printers in active, ready and sleep-mode, they consumed more power on average while off, mostly due to the use of external power supplies. Based on these findings, we developed strategies for the ENERGY STAR program to achieve additional energy reductions. Finally, we present an assessment of manufacturer's ENERGY STAR labeling practices.
PB - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
CY - Berkeley, CA
SN - LBNL-54202
U2 - LBNL-54202
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - A First-Generation Prototype Dynamic Residential Window
Y1 - 2004/10//
SP - 11
A1 - Christian Kohler
A1 - Howdy Goudey
A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh
AB - We present the concept for a "smart" highly efficient dynamic window that maximizes solar heat gain during the heating season and minimizes solar heat gain during the cooling season in residential buildings. We describe a prototype dynamic window that relies on an internal shade, which deploys automatically in response to solar radiation and temperature. This prototype was built at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory from commercially available "off-the-shelf" components. It is a stand-alone, standard-size product, so it can be easily installed in place of standard window products. Our design shows promise for near-term commercialization. Improving thermal performance of this prototype by incorporating commercially available highly efficient glazing technologies could result in the first window that could be suitable for use in zero-energy homes. The units predictable deployment of shading could help capture energy savings that are not possible with manual shading. Installation of dynamically shaded windows in the field will allow researchers to better quantify the energy effects of shades, which could lead to increased efficiency in the sizing of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment for residences.
U1 -

ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Functional Testing Guide for Air Handling Systems: From the Fundamentals to the Field
Y1 - 2003/05//
A1 - David Sellers
A1 - Hannah Friedman
A1 - Tudi Haasl
A1 - Norman Bourassa
A1 - Mary Ann Piette
AB - The Functional Testing Guide for Air Handlers: From the Fundamentals to the Field (Functional Testing Guide) provides both a practical understanding of the fundamentals of air handling systems and field tips for functional testing. The Functional Testing Guide also reviews the energy and performance implications of common problems and provides links to test procedures. The Functional Testing Guide allows easy access to the many functional tests collected in the Commissioning Test Protocol Library (CTPL) developed by Pacific Gas & Electric Company. The CTPL is the largest existing collection of functional test procedures, including many non-copyrighted test procedures that can be customized to suit individual system configurations. Since the test procedures in the CTPL do not include detailed explanations, the Functional Testing Guide explains the "how" and "why" behind the functional tests in the CTPL. Understanding the reasoning behind test procedures and how to interpret and act upon the results is essential for successful testing. Together, the Functional Testing Guide and the CTPL will help commissioning providers standardize their functional testing procedures and improve quality control, two issues which continue to burden the commissioning industry. The Functional Testing Guide also covers design issues as a basis for design review and to help identify solutions for failed functional tests. The information in the Functional Testing Guide will help commissioning providers:Understand how to test from a systems perspectiveIdentify common problems and the root causes of these problemsCustomize test procedures to meet the needs of their specific projectsUnderstand why a specific test sequence is being executedUnderstand the possible outcomes and necessary precautions for the test sequenceUnderstand the costs and benefits of the test sequencesCommissioning providers are the primary audience for the Functional Testing Guide and the CTPL. The commissioning providers using the Functional Testing Guide should already be familiar with the commissioning process, HVAC fundamentals, and the building construction process and industry.
N1 -

Download from http://www.peci.org/ftguide

U2 - LBNL-52571
U3 -

43AJF3

U5 -

Commissioning & Diagnostics

ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Fundamentals of Pulsed Plasmas for Materials Processing
JF - Surface and Coatings Technology
Y1 - 2003/
SP - 301
EP - 311
A1 - André Anders
AB - Pulsed plasmas offer the use of much higher power (during each pulse) compared to continuously operated plasmas, and additional new parameters appear such as pulse duty cycle. Pulsed processing may help meeting the demands of increasingly sophisticated materials processes, including thin film deposition, plasma etching, plasma cleaning of surfaces, and plasma immersion ion implantation. The high kinetic energy of ions allows processes to occur far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Pulsed plasmas are driven by external pulsed power sources, and one has to consider the power source and the plasma as a coupled system. The dynamic plasma impedance is a key quantity from an electrical engineering point of view. From a plasma physics point of view, one needs to consider the dynamics of plasma species, their density and energy distribution, ionization and recombination reactions, and, most importantly, the development of transient sheaths. Dimensionless scaling parameters are a useful tool putting the variety of plasma parameters in relation to characteristic quantities. This is illustrated by several examples of pulsed processes relevant to thin film deposition. The emerging technology of pulsed sputtering is discussed in detail including the possibility to achieve the mode of self-sustained self-sputtering during each pulse.
VL - 183
U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-51683
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Field Testing of Component-Level Model-Based Fault Detection Methods for Mixing Boxes and VAV Fan Systems
T2 - 2002 American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Y1 - 2002/05//
A1 - Peng Xu
A1 - Philip Haves
AB - An automated fault detection and diagnosis tool for HVAC systems is being developed, based on an integrated, life-cycle, approach to commissioning and performance monitoring. The tool uses component-level HVAC equipment models implemented in the SPARK equation-based simulation environment. The models are configured using design information and component manufacturers' data and then fine-tuned to match the actual performance of the equipment by using data measured during functional tests of the sort using in commissioning. This paper presents the results of field tests of mixing box and VAV fan system models in an experimental facility and a commercial office building. The models were found to be capable of representing the performance of correctly operating mixing box and VAV fan systems and detecting several types of incorrect operation.
JF - 2002 American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
CY - Pacific Grove, California
U2 - LBNL-50678
U3 -

80FJ53

U4 -

August 18-23, 2002

U5 -

CD

ER -
TY - Generic
T1 - Field Testing of Component-Level Model-Based Fault Detection Methods for Mixing Boxes and VAV Fan Systems
T2 - 2002 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Y1 - 2002/08//
A1 - Peng Xu
A1 - Philip Haves
AB - An automated fault detection and diagnosis tool for HVAC systems is being developed, based on an integrated, lifecycle, approach to commissioning and performance monitoring. The tool uses component-level HVAC equipment models implemented in the SPARK equation-based simulation environment. The models are configured using design information and component manufacturers' data and then fine-tuned to match the actual performance of the equipment by using data measured during functional tests of the sort using in commissioning. This paper presents the results of field tests of mixing box and VAV fan system models in an experimental facility and a commercial office building. The models were found to be capable of representing the performance of correctly operating mixing box and VAV fan systems and detecting several types of incorrect operation.
JF - 2002 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
CY - Asilomar, California, USA
U2 - LBNL-50678
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - From Design Through Operations-Results from New Construction Performance Contract and Beyond
T2 - 2002 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Y1 - 2002/05//
A1 - Naoya Motegi
A1 - Mary Ann Piette
A1 - Scott Wentworth
AB - As part of the High Performance Commercial Building Systems program, LBNL has been working with the City of Oakland to understand the ongoing performance of the Oakland Administration Buildings. The primary objective of this research is to understand the performance targets and ongoing performance of two buildings that were the subject of a new construction performance contract. Secondary objectives include examining the building performance information systems developed as part of the new construction performance contract and evaluating the role of the energy management and control system (EMCS) as a data acquisition tool to provide recommendations for future new construction projects. We examine the results of the performance contract in detail, and provide additional performance metrics that go beyond what was required in the performance contract. We found that the energy cost intensities (ECI) linked to the project ranged from $1.08/ft2 to $1.44/ft2. Changes in floor area, energy costs, rate schedules, and energy use complicate the evaluation of the performance because of the lack of tracking of underlying data and assumptions. Overall, Oakland has two large office buildings with relatively low-energy use (50 kBtu/ft2-yr site electricity and gas use). We compare this energy-use intensity with a number of related benchmarks. Additional end-use, HVAC performance, and diagnostics data are discussed.
JF - 2002 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
CY - Pacific Grove, CA
U2 - LBNL-50738
U3 -

80FJ52

U4 -

August 18-23, 2002

U5 -

CD

ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Future Advanced Windows for Zero-Energy Homes
T2 - ASHRAE Transactions
Y1 - 2003/06//
SP - 871
EP - 888
A1 - Joshua S. Apte
A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh
A1 - Yu Joe Huang
AB - Over the past 15 years, low-emissivity and other technological improvements have significantly improved the energy efficiency of windows sold in the United States. However, as interest increases in the concept of zero-energy homes—buildings that do not consume any nonrenewable or net energy from the utility grid—even today's highest-performance window products will not be sufficient. This simulation study compares today's typical residential windows, today's most efficient residential windows, and several options for advanced window technologies, including products with improved fixed or static properties and products with dynamic solar heat gain properties. Nine representative window products are examined in eight representative U.S. climates. Annual energy and peak demand impacts are investigated. We conclude that a new generation of window products is necessary for zero-energy homes if windows are not to be an energy drain on these homes. Windows with dynamic solar heat gain properties are found to offer significant potential in reducing energy use and peak demands in northern and central climates, while windows with very low (static) solar heat gain properties offer the most potential in southern climates.
JF - ASHRAE Transactions
CY - Kansas City, MO
VL - 109, pt 2
U1 -

U2 - LBNL-45867
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Field Surveys of Office Equipment Operating Patterns
Y1 - 2001/09//
A1 - Carrie A. Webber
A1 - Judy A. Roberson
A1 - Richard E. Brown
A1 - Christopher T. Payne
A1 - Bruce Nordman
A1 - Jonathan G. Koomey
KW - Enduse
KW - Energy End-Use Forecasting
KW - EUF
AB - This paper presents the results of 11 after-hours walk-throughs of offices in the San Francisco CA and Washington D.C. areas. The primary purpose of these walk-throughs was to collect data on turn-off rates for various types of office equipment (computers, monitors, printers, fax machines, copiers, and multifunction products). Each piece of equipment observed was recorded and its power status noted (e.g. on, off, low power). Whenever possible, we also recorded whether power management was enabled on the equipment. The floor area audited was recorded as well, which allowed us to calculate equipment densities. We found that only 44 percent of computers, 32 percent of monitors, and 25 percent of printers were turned off at night. Based on our observations we estimate success rates of 56 percent for monitor power management and 96 percent for enabling of power management on printers.
PB - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
CY - Berkeley, CA
SN - LBNL-46930
U2 - LBNL-46930
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Final Report on Internet Addressable Light Switch
Y1 - 2001/
A1 - Francis M. Rubinstein
A1 - Pete Pettler
AB - This report describes the work performed to develop and test a new switching system and communications network that is useful for economically switching lighting circuits in existing commercial buildings. The first section of the report provides the general background of the IBECS (Integrated Building Environmental Communications System) research and development work as well as the context for the development of the new switching system. The research and development effort that went into producing the first proof-of-concept (the IBECS Addressable Power Switch or APS) and the physical prototype of that concept is detailed in the second section. In the third section of the report, we detail the refined Powerline Carrier Based IBECS Title 24 Wall Switch system that evolved from the APS prototype. The refined system provided a path for installing IBECS switching technology in existing buildings that may not be already wired for light level switching control. The final section of the report describes the performance of the IBECS Title 24 Switch system as applied to a small demonstration in two offices at LBNLs Building 90. We learned that the new Powerline Carrier control systems (A-10 technology) that have evolved from the early X-10 systems have solved most of the noise problems that dogged the successful application of X-10 technologies in commercial buildings. We found that the new A-10 powerline carrier control technology can be reliable and effective for switching lighting circuits even in electrically noisy office environments like LBNL. Thus we successfully completed the task objectives by designing, building and demonstrating a new switching system that can provide multiple levels of light which can be triggered either from specially designed wall switches or from a digital communications network. By applying commercially available powerline carrier based technologies that communicate over the in-place lighting wiring system, this type of control can be economically installed even in existing buildings that were not wired for dual-level lighting.
U1 -

Lighting Systems Group

U2 - LBNL-49974
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Fouling of HVAC Fin and Tube Heat Exchangers
Y1 - 2001/09//
A1 - Jeffrey A. Siegel
A1 - Van P. Carey
AB - Fin and tube heat exchangers are used widely in residential, commercial and industrial HVAC applications. Invariably, indoor and outdoor air contaminants foul these heat exchangers. This fouling can cause decreased capacity and efficiency of the HVAC equipment as well as indoor air quality problems related to microbiological growth. This paper describes laboratory studies to investigate the mechanisms that cause fouling. The laboratory experiments involve subjecting a 4.7 fins/cm (12 fins/inch) fin and tube heat exchanger to an air stream that contains monodisperse particles. Air velocities ranging from 1.5 – 5.2 m/s (295 ft/min– 1024 ft/min) and particle sizes from 1 – 8.6 µm are used. The measured fraction of particles that deposit as well as information about the location of the deposited material indicate that particles greater than about 1 µm contribute to fouling. These experimental results are used to validate a model that describes the relative importance of several deposition mechanisms including impaction, Brownian diffusion, turbophoresis and gravitational settling. The analysis is extended to apply to different fin spacings and particle sizes typical of those found in indoor air.
U2 - LBNL-47668
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Field Measurements of the Interactions between Furnaces and Forced Air Distribution Systems
JF - ASHRAE Transactions
Y1 - 1998/
SP - 1805
EP - 1816
A1 - Iain S. Walker
A1 - Mark P. Modera
AB - Measurements on three gas and two electric furnaces have been made to examine the field performance of these furnaces and their interactions with their forced-air distribution systems. The distribution systems were retrofitted as part of this study and the impact of retrofitting on furnace performance is discussed. In addition to field measurements, this paper will discuss how forced-air furnace systems are treated in proposed ASHRAE Standard 152P, and applies the resulting equations to the systems tested in the field. The distribution system calculations in Standard 152P are compared to the current methods employed in the "Furnaces" chapter of ASHRAE's HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook, showing how the distribution system efficiencies calculated using Standard 152P can be incorporated into the handbook.
VL - 104
U1 - 2.5
U2 - LBNL-40587
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Field Testing to Characterize Suite Ventilation in Recently Constructed Mid- and High-Rise Residential Buildings
Y1 - 1998/11//
A1 - Craig P. Wray
A1 - Ian G. Theaker
A1 - Peter Moffatt
AB - This report characterizes ventilation in residential suites located in ten buildings in major metropolitan areas of Canada. All buildings were between six (6) and thirty-two (32) stories high and were built between 1990 and 1995.Ventilation in mid- and high-rise residential buildings is a particularly complex issue to investigate and to discuss in a report.This report answers three key questions:What are the key parameters that characterize suite ventilation?What field tests are required to collect data that determine these parameters?Based in field tests of ten suites, what are their ventilation characteristics?The field performance tests showed suite ventilation to be highly influenced by weather, suite location within the building, and treatment of both interior and corridor access doors. As a result, ventilation within a suite at any given time is very difficult to predict. The test results also showed there are substantial amounts of transfer air entering the test suites.To ensure suite ventilation is both controlled and adequate under normal operating conditions, the building industry will need to develop and follow a strict set of ventilation design practices.
N1 -

ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Field Validation of Algebraic Equations for Stack and Wind Driven Air Infiltration Calculations
JF - HVAC&R Research
Y1 - 1998/
SP - 119
EP - 139
A1 - Iain S. Walker
A1 - David J. Wilson
AB - Explicit algebraic equations for calculation of wind and stack driven ventilation were developed by parametrically matching exact solutions to the flow equations for building envelopes. These separate wind and stack effect flow calculation procedures were incorporated in a simple natural ventilation model, AIM- 2, with empirical functions for superposition of wind and stack effect and for estimating wind shelter. The major improvements over previous simplified ventilation calculations are: a power law pressure-flow relationship is used to develop the flow equations form first principles, the furnace or fireplace flue is included as a separate leakage site and the model differentiates between houses with basements (or slab-on- grade) and crawlspaces. Over 3400 hours of measured ventilation rates from the test houses at the Alberta Home Heating Research Facility were used to validate the predictions of ventilation rates and to compare the AIM-2 predictions to those of other ventilation models. The AIM-2 model had bias and scatter errors of less than 15% for wind-dominated ventilation, and less than 7% for buoyancy ("stack-effect") dominated cases.
VL - 4
U1 - 2.3
U2 - LBNL-42361
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Field Validation of Equations for Stack and Wind Driven Air Infiltration Calculations
JF - ASHRAE HVAC&R Research Journal
Y1 - 1998/04//
SP - 119
EP - 140
A1 - Iain S. Walker
A1 - David J. Wilson
VL - 4
IS - 2
ER -
TY - Generic
T1 - Fault Modelling in Component-based HVAC Simulation
T2 - Building Simulation '97
Y1 - 1997/09//
A1 - Philip Haves
AB - Models of faulty components or processes may either be used on-line as part of a fault detec- tion and diagnosis (FDD) system or may be used in simulations to train or test FDD procedures. Some faults may be modelled by choosing suit- able values of the parameters of fault free models, whereas other faults require specific extensions to fault free models. An example of the modelling of various faults in a cooling coil subsystem is pre- sented and different methods of using simulation in testing and training are discussed.
JF - Building Simulation '97
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
UR - http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS1997/BS97_P101.pdf
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Field Investigation of Duct System Performance in California-Light Commercial Buildings
Y1 - 1997/
A1 - William W. Delp
A1 - Nance Matson
A1 - Eric Tschudy
A1 - Mark P. Modera
A1 - Richard C. Diamond
AB - Light commercial buildings, one- and two-story with package roof-top HVAC units, make up approximately 50% of the non-residential building stock in the U.S. Despite this fact little is known about the performance of these package roof-top units and their associated ductwork. These simple systems use similar duct materials and construction techniques as residential systems (which are known to be quite leaky). This paper discusses a study to characterize the buildings, quantify the duct leakage, and analyze the performance of the ductwork in these types of buildings.The study tested fifteen systems in eight different buildings located in northern California. All of these buildings had the ducts located in the cavity between the drop ceiling and the roof deck. In 50% of these buildings, this cavity was functionally outside both the building's air and thermal barriers. The effective leakage area of the ducts in this study was approximately 2.6 times that in residential buildings. This paper looks at the thermal analysis of the ducts, from the viewpoint of efficiency and thermal comfort. This includes the length of a cycle, and whether the fan is always on or if it cycles with the cooling equipment. 66% of the systems had frequent on cycles of less than 10 minutes, resulting in non-steady-state operation.
U1 -

1.4

U2 - LBNL-40102
ER -
TY - Generic
T1 - Field Measurements of Efficiency and Duct Retrofit Effectiveness in Residential Forced Air Distribution Systems
T2 - Proceedings of the 1996 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Pacific Grove, CA
Y1 - 1996/
SP - 147
EP - 156
A1 - David A. Jump
A1 - Iain S. Walker
A1 - Mark P. Modera
AB - Forced air distribution systems can have a significant impact on the energy consumed in residences. It is common practice in U.S. residential buildings to place such duct systems outside the conditioned space. This results in the loss of energy by leakage and conduction to the surroundings. In order to estimate the magnitudes of these losses, 24 houses in the Sacramento, California, area were tested before and after duct retrofitting. The systems in these houses included conventional air conditioning, gas furnaces, electric furnaces and heat pumps. The retrofits consisted of sealing and insulating the duct systems. The field testing consisted of the following measurements: leakage of the house envelopes and their ductwork, flow through individual registers, duct air temperatures, ambient temperatures, surface areas of ducts, and HVAC equipment energy consumption. These data were used to calculate distribution system delivery efficiency as well as the overall efficiency of the distribution system including all interactions with building load and HVAC equipment. Analysis of the test results indicate an average increase in delivery efficiency from 64% to 76% and a corresponding average decrease in HVAC energy use of 18%. This paper summarizes the pre- and post-retrofit efficiency measurements to evaluate the retrofit effectiveness, and includes cost estimates for the duct retrofits. The impacts of leak sealing and insulating will be examined separately.
JF - Proceedings of the 1996 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Pacific Grove, CA
PB - American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, Washington, DC
VL - 1
U1 - 2.5
U2 - LBL-38537
ER -
TY - Generic
T1 - A Fault Detection and Diagnosis Method Based on First Principles Models and Expert Rules
T2 - Tsinghua HVAC-95
Y1 - 1995/09//
A1 - Tim I. Salsbury
A1 - Philip Haves
A1 - Jonathan A. Wright
JF - Tsinghua HVAC-95
CY - Bejing, China
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Field Measurements of Ventilation Rates in Attics
JF - Building and Environment
Y1 - 1995/
SP - 333
EP - 347
A1 - Iain S. Walker
A1 - Tom W. Forest
AB - Field tests were carried out in two flat ceiling, residential attics at a dedicated test site over a two year period. The scope of this paper is to present measurements of ventilation rates, indoor-attic exchange rates, temperatures and wood moisture contents at various locations in the attics. Attic ventilation rates are correlated with wind speed, wind direction, and attic-outdoor temperature difference. Wind speed is shown to be the dominant driving force for ventilation; however, wind direction is important particularly when the attic is sheltered.
VL - 30
IS - 3
U1 - 2.3
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Findings from a Low-Energy, New Commercial-Buildings Research and Demonstration Project
JF - Energy
Y1 - 1995/
SP - 471
EP - 482
A1 - Mary Ann Piette
A1 - Bruce Nordman
A1 - Odon D. Buen
A1 - Richard C. Diamond
VL - 20
U1 - 1.1
U2 - LBL-36506
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Formation of Metal Oxides by Cathodic Arc Deposition
T2 - International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films, April 24-28, 1995
Y1 - 1995/04//
A1 - Simone Anders
A1 - André Anders
A1 - Michael D. Rubin
A1 - Zhien Wang
A1 - Sebastien Raoux
A1 - Fanping Kong
A1 - Ian G. Brown
KW - Cathodic arc deposition
KW - Oxide formation
AB - Metal oxide thin films are of interest for a number of applications. Cathodic arc deposition, which is an established and industrially applied technique for the formation of nitrides (e.g. TIN), can also be used for metal oxide thin film formation. A cathodic arc plasma source with the desired cathode material is operated in an oxygen atmosphere of appropriate pressure, and metal oxides of various stoichiometric composition can be formed on different substrates. We report here on a series of experiments on metal oxide formation by cathodic arc deposition for different applications. Black copper oxide has been deposited on accelerator components to increase the radiative heat transfer between the parts. Various metal oxides such as tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, nickel oxide and vanadium oxide have been deposited on ITO glass to form electrochromic films for window applications. Tantalum oxide films are of interest for replacing polymer electrolytes. Optical waveguide structures can be formed by refractive index variation using oxide multilayers. We have synthesized multilayers of Al2O3/Y2O3/Al2O3/Si as possible basic structures for passive optoelectronic integrated circuits, and Al2-xErxO3 thin films with a variable Er concentration which is a potential component layer for the production of active optoelectronic integrated devices such as amplifiers or lasers at a wavelength of 1.53 pm. Aluminum and chromium oxide films have been deposited on a number of substrates to impart improved corrosion resistance at high temperature. Titanium sub-oxides which are electrically conductive and corrosion resistant and stable in a number of aggressive environments have been deposited on various substrates. These sub-oxides are of great interest for use in electrochemical cells. Common features of all these depositions are the high deposition rate typical for cathodic arc deposition, the good adhesion of the films due to the high metal ion energy, and the advantage of an environmentally clean method in comparison to wet-chemical oxide formation techniques.
JF - International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films, April 24-28, 1995
CY - San Diego, CA
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(95)02508-1
U1 -

U2 - LBL-30646
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Fenestration Systems as Luminaires of Varying Candle Power Distribution
T2 - 1990 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, October 7-12, 1990
Y1 - 1990/10//
A1 - Konstantinos M. Papamichael
KW - lamp accessories
KW - light transmission
KW - lighting
AB - When designing a fenestration system, it is often required to determine its luminous performance, that is the way it allows daylight to enter the space and contribute to the required illumination levels. This can be achieved either through use of scale models or through computer simulation. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages.On one hand, scale models allow the simulation of the luminous performance of any fenestration system, including consideration of outdoors and indoors parameters, such as exterior and interior obstructions, space geometries and surfaces reflectance. However, the construction of scale models is time consuming and expensive. Parametric studies require the use of many models, or a sophisticated, changeable one. Moreover, the use of scale models requires appropriate luminous source(s) to simulate the light from the sun, sky and ground, dictating testing under real or simulated sky conditions, which introduces additional limiting issues: real sky conditions are beyond the designers control and simulated ones require highly sophisticated and expensive facilities.
JF - 1990 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, October 7-12, 1990
PB - IEEE
CY - Seattle, WA
VL - 2
U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBL-28431
DO - 10.1109/IAS.1990.152463
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Failure and Degradation Modes in Selected Solar Materials: A Review
Y1 - 1989/
A1 - Carl M Lampert
AB - It is widely known that most materials used in solar energy conversion and building energy control applications suffer from two major restrictions, the first being the cost effectiveness of the material in a particular use and the second being durability. In the solar field, cost has been a very important factor and has restricted development of more expensive but efficient materials. The issue of durable lifetime is coupled to the cost; since in many cases a more expensive material might have greater durability or operational lifetime. This investigation looks into selected solar materials and how they degrade, fail or cease to function in their specific solar application, and explores methods by which certain materials can have their operational life extended. This report documents work conducted as part of Task 10: Solar Materials RSGD of the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Program.
U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBL-27814
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Fenestration Performance Analysis Using an Interactive Graphics-Based Methodology on a Microcomputer
T2 - ASHRAE Transactions
Y1 - 1989/
A1 - Robert Sullivan
A1 - Stephen E. Selkowitz
AB - We show the development and implementation of a new methodology that can be used to evaluate the energy and comfort performance of fenestration in non-residential buildings. The methodology is based on the definition of a fenestration system "figure of merit". The "figure of merit" is determined by considering five non-dimensional performance indices representing heating energy, cooling energy, cooling energy peak, thermal comfort, and visual comfort. These indices were derived by performing a regression analysis of several thousand hour-by-hour building heat transfer simulations of a prototypical office building module using the DOE-2 simulation program.The regression analysis resulted in a series of simplified algebraic expressions that related fenestration configuration variables to performance parameters. We implemented these equations in a "hypermedia" environment — one that integrates graphics, sound, animation, and calculation sequences — and created a prototype fenestration performance design tool. Inputs required by the program consist of geographic location, building type, perimeter space, and envelope definition. Outputs are the calculated performance indices for electricity and fuel use, peak electric load, and thermal and visual comfort.
JF - ASHRAE Transactions
VL - 95
U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBL-26070
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - A Field Evaluation of Daylighting System Performance
T2 - Advanced Building Technology, 10th CIB Congress, September 21-26, 1986
Y1 - 1986/09//
A1 - Charles C. Benton
A1 - M. Warren
A1 - Stephen E. Selkowitz
A1 - Rudolph R. Verderber
A1 - J. McBride
A1 - Oliver C. Morse
A1 - James E. Jewell
KW - daylighting
KW - electric light dimming
KW - energy conservation
KW - fenestration monitoring
KW - office buildings
AB - This paper describes the performance of a 56,000-m2 office building emphasizing the use of daylighting for ambient illumination. Natural light serves 3,000 employees in open-plan offices through the building's five floors. The architectural scheme includes ceilings that slope from 4.25 m (perimeter) to 2.75 m (center), 3.5-m-deep light shelves at the exterior walls, and a central atrium providing light to interior spaces. An electric lighting system supplements available daylight, when necessary, using fluorescent fixtures with continuously dimming ballasts controlled by photocells. Monitoring during a one-year period has confirmed that the daylighting elements of the building provide ambient illumination in a pattern predicted by the design studies. Between 8AM and 6PM on an average summer day, the buildings southern half can potentially maintain the target illuminance of 350 lux with an electric lighting load of 44% full power. The northern half of the building would require less electrical lighting at 31% of full power. However, actual measured electrical power consumption for ambient lighting is higher at 75% of full power for the south side and 50% of full power for the north side. The daylighing component of interior illuminance peaks at seven times the target level for ambient light. Proper design and tuning of the electric light control system was determined essential for the realization of projected savings in electric power consumption.
JF - Advanced Building Technology, 10th CIB Congress, September 21-26, 1986
CY - Washington, D. C.
N1 -

Intrnational Council for Building Research, Studies and Documentation

U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBL-20118
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Field Measurement of Light Shelf Performance in a Major Office Installation
T2 - 11th National Passive Solar Conference, June 8-14, 1986
Y1 - 1986/03//
A1 - Charles C. Benton
A1 - B. Erwine
A1 - M. Warren
A1 - Stephen E. Selkowitz
AB - Electric lighting is a major component of electrical energy use in large commercial buildings and has additional significant impact on the cooling energy requirements. This paper evaluates the monitored performance of such an integrated lighting scheme in a recently completed 600,000-ft2 office structure located in the San Francisco Bay Area. Decentralized data acquisition systems monitored 62 different locations in the building between May 1985 and January 1986, recording average illuminance levels and corresponding ambient lighting power usage across the north and south building sections. A graphic summary of data compares the performance of effectiveness of the buildings lightshelf system for north and south orientations. One counterintuitive conclusion of the study is that the dimmer north side light shelf scheme exhibits a higher potential (69% reduction from full power) for electric light reduction than the brighter south side scheme (56% reduction).
JF - 11th National Passive Solar Conference, June 8-14, 1986
CY - Boulder, CO
U1 -

U2 - LBL-22531
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Fluorescent Lamp Fixtures and Ballasts
T2 - EPRI Lighting and Utility Seminar
Y1 - 1984/05//
A1 - Rudolph R. Verderber
AB - This paper discusses the basic parameters of a fluorescent lighting system that affect the illumination level. The parameters include the thermal performance of the fixture and the ballast factor, voltage regulation, and thermal regulation of the ballast/lamp system. Fixtures determine the minimum lamp-wall temperature of the lamps and are described as hot or cold. That is, the lamp-wall temperatures can vary from 39 to 61 °C. In general, cool fixtures tend to provide higher light levels and are more efficacious for a given ballast/lamp system.Solid-state fluorescent ballast/lamp systems have been measured and show a variation in light output from 6170 to 3780 lumens for the two-lamp, F-40, T-12, rapid-start lamps. Lighting designers must obtain this information in order to accurately predict illumination levels in a space.
JF - EPRI Lighting and Utility Seminar
CY - San Francisco, CA
U1 -

Lighting Systems Group

U2 - LBL-17929
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Free convective turbulent flow within the trombe wall channel
JF - Solar Energy
Y1 - 1984/
SP - 253
EP - 264
A1 - Tom R. Borgers
A1 - Hashem Akbari
KW - building design
KW - Heat Island
AB - A study of free convective turbulent heat transfer between parallel plates has been made. The initial flow is assumed to remain laminar until a combination of geometry, temperature, and flow rate conditions reach a pre-defined level. At this point the model used in this study assumes transition and permits laminar flow to gradually develop into fully turbulent flow. Turbulent flow characteristics are predicted by a mixing length model which incorporates empirical parameters used in the literature. Using air as the fluid, a wide range of channel geometries, relative surface temperatures, and flow rates have been examined. Guided by the very limited available experimental data, computations were made and several correlations were developed to enable important quantities to be estimated given the channel geometry, surface temperatures, and inlet air temperature.
VL - 33
IS - 3-4
N1 -

0038-092XAdded to JabRef: 2010.04.28

DO - 10.1016/0038-092X(84)90156-7
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Field Study on Occupancy Scheduling as a Lighting Management Strategy
JF - Lighting Design + Application
Y1 - 1983/
A1 - Francis M. Rubinstein
A1 - Mahmut Karayel
A1 - Rudolph R. Verderber
AB - Experimental results from a major demonstration of an advanced lighting energy management system at the World Trade Center are presented. The energy-saving benefits of automatically scheduling the operation of the lighting system to conform to occupancy patterns are examined. The energy saved by scheduling was measured by comparing lighting energy consumption without scheduling to consumption with scheduling. The benefits of a variety of switching scheduling are compared and the relationship between energy savings and sector size discussed. Using a loose automatic schedule with 1000 ft2 zones, lighting energy consumption was reduced by 30% relative to baseline consumption. With a tighter schedule, energy consumption was reduced 36-37%. Based on a simple economic analysis, scheduling is shown to be a cost-effective strategy for reducing energy consumption in buildings.
VL - 14
U1 -

Lighting Systems Group

U2 - LBL-15382
ER -
TY - RPRT
T1 - Field Testing of Wind Cooling Effects on Navy Buildings
Y1 - 1983///
A1 - Max H. Sherman
A1 - Darryl J. Dickerhoff
A1 - David T. Grimsrud
PB - Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
CY - Berkeley
U2 - LBL-14925
ER -
TY - CONF
T1 - Fundamental Problems with Visual Performance Research Described in the CIE 19/2 Report
T2 - 1983 IES Annual Conference
Y1 - 1983/
A1 - Robert D. Clear
A1 - Sam M. Berman
AB - The CIE 1912 model of performance cannot be used to predict performance or productivity. We present counter-examples to the link assumed in CIE 19/2 between performance and productivity. Statistical arguments show that the fitting parameters are not physically determined as was thought and that the curve fitting in the CIE 1912 report does not constitute a validation.Some critics of CIE 1912 have suggested that RQQ #6 be used in its place for lighting calculations. RQQ #6 is simply a consensus of present practice. The more robust visibility trends presented in CIE 19/2 are inconsistent with the recommendations in RQQ #6. Careful use of the material in CIE 19/2 could lead to better recommendations than are exemplified by RQQ #6.
JF - 1983 IES Annual Conference
CY - Los Angeles, CA
U1 -

U2 - LBL-9937
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Free convective laminar flow within the trombe wall channel
JF - Solar Energy
Y1 - 1978/08//
SP - 165
EP - 174
A1 - Hashem Akbari
A1 - Tom R. Borgers
KW - building design
KW - Heat Island
AB - Free convective laminar heat transfer between the channel surfaces of the Trombe wall has been investigated. Considered in this study were the velocity profiles normal and parallel to the direction of fluid flow, the pressure drop due to flow acceleration at the channel entrance, and the effect of dissimilar but uniform channel surface temperatures for a wide range of flow rates and temperatures.A finite difference procedure was used to solve the governing equations in dimensionless form using air as the fluid. After comparison with available experimental data, results have been reduced, and several correlations developed to enable important performance characteristics to be estimated given the channel thickness, height, and surface temperatures.
VL - 22
IS - 2
N1 -