Although the Unified Modeling Language (UML) facilitates software
modeling, its object-oriented approach is arguably less than ideal for
developing and validating conceptual data models with domain experts.
Object Role Modeling (ORM) is a fact-oriented approach specifically
designed to facilitate conceptual analysis and to minimize the impact on
change. Since ORM models can be used to derive UML class diagrams, ORM
offers benefits even to UML data modelers. This 10-part series provides a
comparative overview of both approaches. Part 1 provides some historical background on both approaches,
identifies several design criteria for modeling languages, and discusses
how object reference and single-valued attributes are modeled in both.

Second in a series of articles examining data modeling in UML from the
perspective of ORM. This paper compares UML multi-valued attributes with
ORM relationship types, including basic constraints on both. As part of
this discussion, we also consider how these structures may be
instantiated, using UML object diagrams or ORM fact tables.

Third in a series of articles examining data modeling in UML from the
perspective of ORM. This paper compares UML associations and related
multiplicity constraints with ORM relationship types and related
uniqueness, mandatory role and frequency constraints. It also contrasts
instantiation of associations using UML object diagrams and ORM fact
tables.

Fourth in a series of articles examining data modeling in UML from the
perspective of ORM, this paper examines associations in more detail,
contrasting ORM nesting with UML association classes, and ORM
co-referencing with UML qualified associations, then discusses exclusion
constraints, and summarizes how the two methods compare with respect to
terms and notations for data structures and instances.

Tenth in a series of articles examining data modeling in the UML from
the perspective of ORM, this paper discusses changeability and collection
types in UML and ORM.

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Although facilitating the transition to object-oriented code, UML's
implementation concerns render it less suitable for developing and
validating a conceptual model with domain experts. This can be remedied by
using a fact-oriented approach for the conceptual modeling, from which UML
class diagrams may be derived. This paper examines the relative strengths
and weaknesses of UML and Object Role Modeling (ORM) for data modeling,
and indicates how models in one notation can be translated into the other.

This paper further examines the relative strengths and weaknesses of
ORM and UML for data modeling, focusing on attribute multiplicity,
association arity, advanced constraints and subtyping. This analysis is
given wider generality by addressing various language design principles
(e.g. parsimony, orthogonality, convenience, expressibility) and
illustrating how metamodel extensibility can be used to capture some
features of one approach within the other.

This paper presents a detailed comparison of the conceptual data
modeling capabilties of UML and ORM. It is based on the EMMSAD’98
conference paper listed above, but has been revised and extended for
journal publication.

This paper discusses various problems with UML (e.g. poor support for
verbalization, weak constraint primitives, and multiplicity constraints
that do not scale properly for n-aries) and shows how ORM can compensate
for these deficiencies.

This slide presentation
was included in the panel session “Research Issues for the Unified
Modeling Language and Unified Process”, at the IRMA-2002 Conference held
in Seattle May 2002. It includes links to several proposals for UML 2.0,
and notes some weaknesss of UML class diagrams in comparision with ORM.