AbstractThis paper delves into the idea of passive design in the construction process. The paper will seek to identify major aspects of passive design and their benefits, as well as compare the traditional methods currently employed. These aspects will stress different ways, or techniques, that one could utilize in order to retrofit a dated building or apply to new construction. The three reasons why one would include passive design in their structure are as follows: 1. to improve the comfort of the individuals 2. to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from heating, cooling, mechanical venting, and lighting and 3. to reduce or eliminate heating and cooling bills. Due to the evidence herein, passive design can greatly reduce the energy consumption that is required to maintain a comfortable, habitable area, and in turn help save our valuable resources.

INTRODUCTIONGreen building is quickly becoming a “buzz” word in the construction industry. Green building is essentially controlling parts of the construction process, including the design all the way to conception, in order to minimize the effect on the environment surrounding the structure. “The construction industry alone has a tremendous impact in the way the natural environment is affected by human activities; whenever construction takes place, the surrounding environment will get affected. Due to this, the emphasis has been placed on sustainable development and both the need and responsibility of citizens and companies alike to do their utmost to reduce or minimize the impact” (1). One of the ways that a company can effectively reduce their impact on the environment as well as build a more self-sustaining structure is through “passive design.”

Passive design is the art of using natural elements and understanding a structure’s surroundings in order to heat, cool, and light a structure. This way of building has been around for centuries, first utilized by the Chinese and Greeks. Instead of climate maps or sun cycles, they used experience and whatever primitive concepts they had. The Greek philosopher Aeschylus wrote “Only primitives and barbarians lack knowledge of houses turned to face the winter sun” (2). Even the famous Roman baths had large, southern facing windows which would attract the heat into the pools. From there, passive solar design was not a large factor until after World War I, where people starting trying new window techniques and insulating experiments. While these steps from ancient until the 1940’s were with less technology, the world’s current push of sustainable building as well as new scientific breakthroughs daily has lead us to where we are today.

With the information from ancient civilizations and the new information that is being gathered, we are at a position where passive design can really take root as a standard for construction. While many may not share that vision, it may be a vision that is forced on our future generations. Some see the upfront costs of green building, or passive designing, to be too high for the reward. However, the financial costs as well as the overall durability of a building are greatly affected in a positive way. It is the intent of this paper to prove that passive design can improve habitable comfort, reduce or eliminate heating and cooling bills, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from heating, cooling, mechanical ventilation, and lighting of a structure. We will also discuss four ways and techniques which influence the passive design of a building. MAIN BENEFITS OBTAINED

Improve Habitable Comfort

This graph (3) shows the typical 30 year building costs, of which 92% of costs are caused by occupancy. This should not be confused with operating costs, which are the costs to maintain a facility. Occupancy costs are the costs most often associated with the salaries and wages of the employees...

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...Technology
PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN
For more information, contact:
Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy
Clearinghouse (EREC)
1-800-DOE-3732
www.eren.doe.gov
Or visit the BTS Web site at
www.eren.doe.gov/buildings
Or visit the Sustainable
Buildings Industry Council
Web site at
www.sbicouncil.org
PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN TOOLS
One of the best ways to design an energyefficient house featuringpassive solar
techniques is to use a computer simulation
program. Energy-10 is a PC-based design tool
that helps identify the best combination of
energy-efficient strategies, including
10am - 5pm
NAHB Research Center
800-898-2842
www.nahbrc.org
5pm - 11pm
U.S. Department of Energy's
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
Buildings Technology Center
423-574-5178
www.ornl.gov/ORNL/BTC
Factsheets on insulation are
available from the Energy
Efficiency and
Renewable Energy
Clearinghouse (EREC)
1-800-DOE-3732
www.eren.doe.gov
NOTICE: Neither the United
States government nor any
agency thereof, nor any of their
employees, makes any warranty,
express or implied, or assumes
any legal liability or responsibility
for the accuracy, completeness,
or usefulness of any information,
apparatus, product, or process
disclosed. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein
do not necessarily state or reflect
those of the United States government or any agency...

...PASSIVE ENERGY DESIGNPassivedesign is the key to sustainable building.
ANSRUTA -10031AA032
VAISHNAVI-10031AA063
LIKITHA-10031AA016
MANIKANTA-10031AA051
SHADING
Shading should be designed to take into account the sun's path in summer and
winter.
In general, midday summer sun is not difficult to exclude through windows that
face within 20° of solar north. The sun’s high angle means that it will not enter
these windows during the summer months if shaded by eaves or external shades.
Orientati
on
Sun
direction
Time of day
Type of shading
North
High angle
Middle of day
Fixed or adjustable
above window
East-west
Low angle
Morning/evening
Adjustable
screens/shutters
NE/NW
Low angle
Morning/evening
(winter)
Adjustable shading
It is more difficult to shade east and west faces as they receive low morning and
afternoon sun. Where low sun is a problem, keep east and west facing glazing to
a minimum.
ORIENTATION OF THE BUILDING
•For maximum solar gain, a building will be located, oriented and
designed to maximize window area facing north (or within 20
degrees of north)
•Orientation for solar gain will also depend on other factors such as
proximity to neighboring buildings and trees that shade the site.
•An ideal site for passive solar design will:
be flat or north-sloping
be free of obstructions to the north
be able to accommodate a building with a relatively
large north-facing...

...Passive Solar Design
ITT Technical Institute
Cap Stone
[ April 6, 2012 ]
Passive Solar DesignPassive solar homes are houses designed to use the suns energy to heat the home. With this design it is also easy to cool these homes. The design has been around since men have walked the earth. It is so basic that it often gets over looked by architectural designers today. With the price of fossil fuel, and global warming, we can no longer over look this housing design.
Our ancestors, who did not have fossil fuels or electricity, had a better knowledge of passive solar design than most people today. The best example of this is the Anasazi people who lived in southwestern U.S. (Kennedy, J. F., Smith, M. G., &amp; Wanek, C. 2002, p.26). They carved their homes in rock ledges with huge over-hangs, the reason for doing this was that in the summer the sun is higher in the sky, and the over-hangs would block the sun and keep their homes cooler. When the sun is lower in the sky during the winter the sun directly hits these homes to heat them. These homes were made out of thick stone and when the suns light hit the stone walls its heat would be stored in the rock, and when the sun went down at night the rock released the heat and kept the homes warm in the cooler night air. In the summer these homes had the exact opposite...

...PASSIVE SOLAR INTRODUCTION Passive solar is a “GREEN BUILDING “technique, which depends on natural convection process rather than mechanical transmitting source, which captures the heat energy of sun and delivers it during winter and pumps out the heat in summer, using heat distribution methods. Some of the heat distribution methods are Convection, Conduction, and Radiation. However components of passive solar heating are, the aperture area of the house, absorber area of the house, thermal mass of the house, heat distribution, and solar control. When these components work together it contributes to an efficient green building. In passive solar technique, glazing plays a vital role in absorption, transmission and distribution of solar radiations, moreover placing large windows in south side it increases the absorption of solar radiation, which will be essential during winter. The radiation getting in through the glazing is absorbed by concrete or masonry walls, stone floor slabs etc. These materials help in increasing absorption, density and have high specific heat capacity. This high energy heat is stored or retained by thermal mass of the material, which therefore transmits the heat absorbed when needed. There are four types of passive solar technique: suntempered, direct gain, indirect gain and isolated gain. Direct gain technique is very popular in residential applications, sun-tempered is used to...

...﻿PART A
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Each of the four directors of the company stand in a fiduciary position to the company and thus liable for their acts of omission and commission to the shareholders of the company. They did not take adequate safeguards while deciding to invest a relatively huge sum of $20 million in a completely new business venture.
Section 232(2) and (3) of the Corporations Act has provided the followings:
An officer including a director of a corporation shall be duty bound to act with honesty of intentions as well as actions while exercising his powers vested while discharging his duties. This has been well documented in the case of Australian Growth ResourcesCorporation Pty Ltd v. Van Reesma (1988) 13 ACLR 261.Arthur who has already acquired stakes in Weaves Pty Limited should have disclosed his position to the Board of directors of Chance ltd. He was in a position to influence the Board and thus acted with sufficient and provable dishonesty. He is liable to be prosecuted under s.233.
It has been an established fact that if certain business decisions are taken and they don’t serve any rational purpose for the betterment...

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Student: Willie Rice
Research Design
BTM7103-8-7
Research Design
The beginner researcher has to consider numerous things in the research process. The focus should not only be on the development of a research problem; it should include the approach needed for solving or studying the problem. There are two research methods that this paper will explore: qualitative and quantitative methods. Each method has different approaches and requirements that are unique to them. Many factors should be considered when choosing between each method. In order to have a better understanding of each research method, it is necessary to define them. Additionally, this paper will discuss each method’s strengths, weaknesses, and applicability of each research method as it pertains to my tentative research purpose.
According to Leedy and Ormrod (2013), quantitative and qualitative research some similarities in their processes. Although, there are similarities that exist, each process method is done differently. The researchers who use the quantitative method may begin with one hypothesis, and then choose the variables to study. Upon choosing the variables, the researcher would collect data and then conduct a statistical procedure to analyze the data. This process is very different from the qualitative research method. The researcher that uses the qualitative research method would possibly start with a research question instead of a...