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THENATONA
J~~~~~~~~$t
1936
CRANI3ERRYMAGAZINE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
i~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ I --·r
'~
"Kw>
· · · ~·~ 4 -K L~~ 1
'iij
·
Seeking the Holy Grail of ig Yields~~~~~~~
CArz8~ PI1ii
Febuar Ilfl I 2 ~iiino :l
~~~~~~::i i~ ~ ~~~'1 Dxx w 43
Q:::::::Vol.56, No.2 CONTENTS
iA15:::·~;irtes
lllllllllillllSouth 036l6lllll
Carverl,M
08) 866 Marketing Order Referendum Set 3
................................................
7 Cosmic Cranberries....................................................................... 5
:PUILISIIERIEDITOR: CAROLYNGlt;MORE
A.DVJSO.RS&:CO--:Ri:.RESPONDEN~TS: Cran Station at Long Beach Saved for Now ................................. 6
AsSCH in? Dire-......................................... 9
Dmorai'elle Al Turgeon: Inventing Since the 1950s
ccln Nutrient Status of ai.....lNE .JERSE-;Phli ii .Wisconsin Bll Cranberries .........................11
°
lOiAi-: Alcll:i Maylr Make the Most of Your Accountant's Services ............................. 20
OREGON--r:·thuoo Cu ntyt Departitmenits:
Pol, ! f~Extens~ion
WASH1NGmTON. Kim t&DPh
:Paitten1DAscIat Hti
10 Regional Notes
Unitl~ll~Lon Beach l... 16 Letters to the Editor
.............. ll
WISCONtiN--TodD PlanerUWo CnAcoIS^r,
tur ~al Agent,Fred18 Te~i/ RoperUWEMad}ison; Mass. Cranberry Station Notes
C::RABRRE'S is:o m:otl Cauolye 21 Obituaries
pulifhe by!R:?ii!:~
::::SecondClasspostageispaidati...... haer,.:M:A...
the.:.S..
the So
!PostO..f....cerice!is.$20a : ear $35/or:toyas..
Back copies$350,Retireda year in a ^lllother couils from cranberry work, AI Turgeon still
. .............. ........... ......... s i............. .....................r b ildin d fii g Here e is esting......
iP..ostmaster, sendForm3749tohis new ri lin.g dryfrulit harvester which loads directly into three-barrelbins,
CRABERlllllR cI··ti13;8lllllllllll,Oand can be detachedfrom the tractor.Story, page 9.
llIEShlP
^^~~~~~ATO^^~~ 0N ~~~~Specializing in
CRANBERRY * COMPLETE BOG * DITCHING
GROWERS SERVICE MANAGEMENT
* CUSTOM
.........\ 0 HARVESTING HERBICIDE
KiyJ ~ ) (WET & DRY) APPLICATION
IAM ^· NETTING * SANDING
Office D. Beaton K. Beaton P. Beaton
(508) 295-2222 (508) 888-1288 (508) 295-2207 (508) 947-3601
Complete line of portable Crisafulli Pumps 2" -16" *5 B5
Plastic netting for suction boxes l lll
CMC Grower Hot Line: 1-(800) 253-0862
Marketing Order Referendum Set
The U.S. Department of Agriculture an-
nounced on Dec. 27, 1991, that cranberry
producers and processors will vote on pro-
posed amendments to the federal marketing
order for cranberries. This vote comes two
years after the initial hearings were held on
the proposed amendments.
Ballots and a summary of the proposed
amendments were mailed to all eligible
voters on Jan. 11, 1992; the voting was
slated for Jan. 13-31.
Daniel D. Haley, AMS administrator,
said the amendments are intended to im-
prove the administration, operation and
functioning of the cranberry marketing or-
der program. Voting is open to cranberry
growers and processors in Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey,
Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon,
Washington and Long Island in New York,
cranberry growing areas under the provi-
sions of the order.
Haley said the proposed amendments
would authorize the Cranberry Marketing
Committee to conduct production research
and development projects; calculate an-
nual allotments on the basis ofsales histo-
ries; limit tenure for committee members
to three consecutive two-year terms of
office; establish provisions regarding ex-
cess cranberries, which would allow pro-
ducers to deliver their entire crop during a
year of volume controls; and require han-
dlers to pay assessments on the weight of
cranberries they acquire instead of on the
weight of cranberries they handle.
Vines for (a
To become effective, the amendments
must be approved by two-thirds ofthe growers
voting. Results will be announced by the
March 4, 1992 meeting of the Cranberry
Marketing Committee in Washington, D.C.,
said CMC general manager, David
Farrimond. Approved changes will be incorporated
by August this year, he noted.
The proposal authorizing the Committee
to conduct production and development
projects addresses the concern that recent
cutbacks in funding to state universities and
extension programs could jeopardize cranberry
research.
The background information published in
the Federal Registeron Dec. 27 noted, "More
and more, federal and state laws have been
(Continuednextpage.)
Spring
1992
Sale
Ben Lear
Crowley
Stevens
l
~-
| .
S..
EJ
CRANBERRIESIN
$3,500 Pilgrims $5,000
$1,750 LeMunyon $5,000
$3,300 Howes $2,500
Early Blacks $2,500
Contact:
Russell Lawton
1 It(508)
947-7465
98 E.Grove St.
Middleboro, MA 02346
Northland Cranberries,Inc.
Le Roy Miles
(715) 424-4444
800 First Ave. South St.
Wisconsin Rapids, Wl 54494
Cranberries February 1992 Page 3
implemented which restrictthe use ofchemicals
and oversee water use. In addition, it is M* BAILEY PUMPS
becoming more difficult to expand produc-i as ac u ets I U
tion in wetlands which are protected by
federal and state laws. Research projects
l
which address these concerns would ben-Jr Wers
efit all cranberry growers and help ensure
adequate supplies and increased quality of
cranberries to consumers." Financial assistance for
The proposed changes would also imple-lasi a
Scholarships and Medical
ment a sales history program that would T
replace the present base quantity system Assistance is available for The original open centrifugal pump
and streamline record keeping. Under this r r, r used extensively by cranberry growers
proposal, a grower's sales history would be Cranberry Growers, their forrrigation and drainage for morethan
calculated annually based on the grower's Employees and the families 70 years.
sales, and expressed as an average of the o b w c
best four of the previous six years. Each bothwhen nanc need Capacityfrom2,000to 6,000G.P.M.
year, a grower's sales history would be can be shown.
automatically recalculated with the newest · Casing Type: Stocksizes 10", 14", 16"
crop year's sales being added and the oldest For information, contact:20".
crop year's sales being dropped from the
six-year period. Sales history would be URANN FOUNDATION Less expensive type for lower lifts,
transferred along with the acreage on which without casing. Stock sizes 6", 9, 12
it was earned, ensuring that a buyer or P.O. Box 788 and 17".
lessee receives sales history on acreage
bought or leased. Brockton MA 02403 GRIFFITH CRANBERRYCO.,INC.
Mr. Farrimond urges growers with any 7Lakeview St., So. Carver, MA 02366
questions to contact him at the CMC office. 7744 (508) 866-9371
Phonenumbersthereare: 1-(800)-253-0862, elepone508) 866-4052 (answeringmachine)
(508)291-1510;FAXis(508)291-1511. +
IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT DESIGNED
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Electric -Engine Drivers WEBSTER QUICK COUPLERS
LOW LIFT PUMPS w/RISERS -Proven!
$ To save $ on your irrigation products, call us collect for prices.
A Most Complete Inventory of Irrigation Accessories
...... LARCHMONr
IRRIGATION / SNOWMAKING
P.O. Box 66, II Larchmont Lane
Lexington, Massachusetts 02173 (617) 862-2550
P~_2_ -_ ~~~~~~~~~FAX
No. (617) 862-0 173
Page 4 February1992 Cranberries
^n^^^
~COSMIC
* CRANBERRIES
Another milestone in cranberry history
was made on a chilly Saturday morning on
Nov. 16th, 1991 when cranberryplants were
rocketed about 200 miles above the Earth.
No, NASA was not providing a Thanksgiv-
ing treat to any stranded Shuttle astronauts!
Actually this was the continuation ofa series
of experiments involving the use of space
for plant science and eventual commercial-
ization. Cranberry and three other plant
tissues were carried into space by a Starfire
1rocket. It was a perfect flight.launched at
the White Sands Missile Range in south-
western New Mexico. The 52 foot, 2-stage
rocket carriedapayloadofabout600 pounds
primarily composed of material-science
experiments. However, about 20 pounds of
that total payload was a set of biology
experiments. The experiments were funded
by private industry in association with pro-
grams sponsored by NASA.
The launch, called Consort 4, is part ofa
pioneering program to promote commer-
cializationofspace. In 1986, NASA created
several Centers for the Commercial Devel-
opment of Space (CCDS) at participating
universities to encourage industry and uni-
versity involvement in space studies. One of
these was established at Madison, Wisc. as
the Wisconsin Center of Space Automation
and Robotics. NASA provides funding,
through the CCDS's, for the initial experiments
such as ours. The expectation is that
private industry will begin to invest in and
utilize space research.
The Consort series (1through 4) was organized
by the University of Alabama-
Huntsville'sCCDSwith a numberofindus-
try sponsors "renting" research space on
the rockets. The Pennsylvania State
University's (PSU) CCDS developed what
they call "Biomodules" which were de-|
signed to facilitate experiments in space
using animal or plant tissues. These
Biomodules were flown on the last three
Consort missions. The original intent was
to investigate animal cell function under
near-weightlessness, or microgravity, in
order tounderstand the basis ofsome physi-
ological problems experienced by astro-
nauts in space. PSU also wanted to test the
versatility of its Biomodules by including
other sorts of tissues, and so plants were
invited on Consort 4.
Ray Bula, executive director of the Uni-
versity ofWisconsin's CCDS was asked to
participate byproviding plant materials for
one of the Biomodules. He, in turn, called
upon Dr. Brent McCown to provide a plant
biology experiment and that is where I
became involved. The plant tissues sent
into space were to represent types of tissues
commonly used in plant biotechnology
and thus lay the groundwork for future
experiments and private industry involve-
ment. Cranberry stem sections used for
genetic transformation experiments (see
Cranberries54:9 pp. 3-5) were among the
tissues that were readily available and fit
some of the objectives of the program. I
designed and carried out the experiment
and chaperoned it to New Mexico.
The experiment with plant tissues was to
determine ifthe tissues would survive the
rocket flight in PSU's Biomodules, if the
By Rod Serres
Biomodules could be useful for plant experiments,
and if plant tissues developed
normally after space flight. At a 200 mile
elevation above Earth, the "Stevens" cranberry
plants experienced about eight minutes
of microgravity before plummeting
back to the ground. In addition, considerable
acceleration and deceleration forces
were evident. The entire rocket flight lasted
only 15 minutes and within three hours, the
rocket-flown tissues were recovered and
transferred to fresh culture medium. All the
tissues survived the flight and are now
being grown for observation in our laboratory
at Madison.
Further research involving the effects of
near-weightlessness on plant tissue ofthis
type is planned. Microgravity may allow us
to study elusive aspects ofplant cell development
or may even enhance genetic transformation
efficiencies. For example, will
more cells incorporate inserted foreign DNA
(genes) while growing in weightlessness
than when grown on Earth? How will the
expression (function) of the genes be affected
by weightlessness?
Cranberries have "earned their wings",
and have a good chance of being included
on future missions. +
Available Spring
Available for Spring of 1992
Pilgrims and Stevens
Market Prices
(608) 378-4069
Or Write:
Jensen Cranberry Bogs, Inc.
Route 2 Box 92
Warrens, Wl 54666
Cranberries February1992 Page 5
WISCONSIN CRANBERRY
HEADQUARTERS FOR
AG CHEMICALS < >
CLE
Cole/Grower Service
537 Atlas Ave., P.O. Box 7211, Madison, WI 53707
537 Atlas Ave., P.O. Box 721 I, Madison, WI 53707
(608) 221 -6204 ror I-(800) 362-8049
/
(608)or 221-6204
-(80) 362-8049n
IV^~~ 7^iR~~ Ines1
f^ ^
lV i Vnes for Salle
^ims Stevens
I Cl^Ric il gri Stevens
hberPr s
IBen L
Richben eerrSys
Bn L
Farms Ltd. rwles
Call: (604) 273-0777 B^ 11280 Mellis Drive
os^c""~~~
Fax: (604) 273-7856 R Richmond, B.C.
V6XiA^^fS~ 1L7
IL7 Canada
^^^ V6X
f^~
CONSULTING
ENGINEERS
iw CONSULTING ENGINEERS
/7^^f~~ ^^^^SUVEOR
T
\SURVEYORS
Extensive experience in all aspects of cranberry land
development: evaluation, purchase, survey, design,
permit acquisition,
phased construction and planting
permit acquisition, phased construction and planting
both in wetlands and uplands.
Have references. Will travel.
Contact: Will Lee
10968 Highway 54 East
Wisconsin Rapids, WI 54494
(715) 424-3 131
Page 6 February1992 Cranberries
Cran Station
a Long each
Saved for Now
Washington growers bought some time
fortheir cherished cranberry station in Long
W in iv i
lBeach. Washington State University administrators
had announced last October
that the station would be shut down until
mid-1992. Stormed by grower protests and
a letter writing campaign, university offi|||\
e facility
|cials agreed to keep the research1 operational until at least June 30, 1992.
"Basically we got their attention," said
Bob Whannel. "We bought some time."
A state wide fiscal crisis, with anticipa
tion ofa $1billion deficit had forced a 12.5
|earsT percent budget reduction on WSU.
"We were asked to take basically a 100
pergmancentcut,"Mr.Whaelsaid. "We made
a point that we didn't think it was fair." He
noted that no meaningful cuts were taken
anywhere on the west side ofthe state, other
than phasing out positions filled by people
scheduled for retirement.
Armed with protest signs saying "Un
111OW~/fair! Cranberry Research Taking 100%
Cut", and "Has WSU forgotten its land-
grant mission?", some 50 growers met
university administrators in early December
to work out alternatives for keeping the
station running. A letter writing camnpaign
was also effective in pointing out the viabil
~~~~~~~~~~T~~
| |ity of the station.
"Our next step is to organize a meeting
wfit Bureau as an umbrella sponsor
~~
with Farmn
and to sit down with the president of WSU
and ask if he has a commitment to a land
grant charter."
The research facility that has been in
operation since 1923, is one of only two
university facilities in the nation devoted
exclusively to cranberries. Some 30 area
growers account for the lion's share of the
Evergreen State's $8 million harvest. An
other 90growers i the Grayland area of
other 90growers in the Grayland area of
northem Pacific County and southern Grays
Harbor Counmity are also served by the facility.
The station's first director, D. J. Crowley,
||was the first to introduce the use of overhead
sprinklers for frost protection, amethod
now used wherever cranberries are grown
and on other crops around the world. +
Kenneth Olson The Company ou Keep Charles R Nelson, CLU
New York Life e Ompany IU 1 ?. New York Life
P.O. Box 100 3610 Oakwood Mall Drive
Black River Falls, WI 54615 Eau Claire, WI 54701
Bus. (715) 284-5168 Bus. (715) 834-4174
Family estate planning has been very important to cranberry growers in recent years.
Ken and Chuck have been helping growers to develop plans which minimize income and
estate taxes, provide liquidity to pay estate taxes, and make it possible to pass the family
business on to the next generation while treating other family members fairly.
Chuck has represented New York life since 1969 and Ken since 1977. They do business
with growers in Wisconsin as well as in Massachusetts and New Jersey. Thanks to their
friends in Cranberryland, they are both members of the company's Chairman's Council,
which represents the top 250 agents from a total agency force of 11,000.
G.A.F. Engineering Inc.
is,. . is ... is.
New England's leading designer land use planning through surveying
for the cranberry industry, engineering excellence, through precision.
Featuring:
Including: Services Include:
*Advisory services.
*Site assessment and evaluation. *Engineering studies. . Perimeter surveys.
*Cranberry bog design. *Hydrologic surveys. . Title plans.
*Water supply. *D.E.P. filings. . Topographic surveys.
*Irrigation and flood control. *E.P.A. filings. . Soil surveys.
• Pumping facilities. *Army Corps permits. . Construction staking.
Land reclamation and soil conservation collection treatment and Land Court surveys.
disposal systems. *Wetlands boundaries.
oSanitary sewer pumping facilities. . Plot plans.
FStorm water management systems.
__ *Water supply and distribution systems. Otherservices include.
· : _ *Waterfront structures.
Pumin facilities.Environmental studies. . Construction bid document
g ·
· Percolation tests. preparation.
9Subsurface sewage disposal systems. · Construction coordination and
·Siteplans. i Contract selection and negotiation.
* * ,*.Wetlands filings. · Aerial photography.
· Wetlands restoration Wetlands filings.
· Legal descriptions of land. r Construction supervision.
· Earth removal permits. · Construction management.
Covers Loss ofProductionDue to:
-Adverse weather conditions
-Insects, PlantDiseaseand Wildlife Damage '
-Unavoidablefailureof the irrigationwater supply
Failureor breakdown of irrigationequipment orfacilities,
due to direct damagefiro an insurablecause
Reasonable, nonprohibitivecost, startingat $45 per acre
Arthur G. Carroll
Crop Insurance Agency
1-800-531-4700
Al Hall Home Office
Charlton City, MA 01508 RFD 2, Box 764
(508) 248-7943 eves. Limerick, ME 04048
Protect Your Crop Investment -Give Yourself Peace of Mind
RANB E RRY GROWERS
I FARM PACKAGES
~~~~N ^ ___mSFARM PLATES
COMMERCIAL
S A
HOME AUTO
U V
_ _ __y^4
R| =({{{INSURANCE ___
EB \ _ AGENCY M
M 0
0CAIT
O INSURANCE YSPECIALISTS IR
R LOU GAMMONS CHARLES ADAMS E
328 BEDFORD ST. RI. 18 234 WEST CENTER ST.
LAKEVILLE MA. 02347 W.BRIDGEWATER MA. 02379
(508) 947-3460 (508) 587-5640
—: : : : lllllll
lll:lllllllllllllltllllllllll
1 I.............new.
invented his way into the cranberry industry.
He always wasone ofthose guys who
was tinkeringand fabricating something
In the 1950s he came to know a few
^^~~~~ ^~~ ^^. ^hoe ~~~~~~ I built acranbe rrygrow erstroughahy draulic backagf
ency he owned in Dartmouth, Mass.
4^^^K~~.> ....
A$25,000 incentive
offered by Oceand
~'~'~-'itotry to upstage the Furford picker. Al-| o
Al Turgeofferhas been takesdry arversionerforatest ride
his detachinable
"Bob Hammond w anted me to build a
sander for his bogs," Al recalled. "He
came everyday with his lunch and sat in my
_garage. WhenIwas finished he said 'cralright,
I want two more.' Ithbuilt em andhe still
In 1963 grower David Mann came out to
WillJulius have business with atjob offer. A ccepted
Al's Fufod thelastwod?When a
work a fertil fielde for inven-
Of a quicker, moretion.haAt thatd time David been experi
foundbog
menting with water-harvesting and his operation
was perhapsthe first to harvest by
told the ownberry
on saving
overharvedry sting. Picking meantyou
soon caughtto the due of help
wet
a pickingheadon it The.day we started,
couldor pick in the rain ice,"
Al said.
ago for Dave. We picked the cranberries
wet, and put them in the dryer. A tub
attached toabackshoe lifted cranberries
I would like to.)buy it. I called up Dave, ad
onto atruckathat wasfitted with portable
drier. Hot air wasberblown on aries s
the
fall, it conveyor. That didn't
they moved onto a
work too wellHe were
Besidesecause once the berries
wet they didn't keepwell," Al said.
betterbuilttaaI thought. yof
first ditch picker,
and the first airboat," Al said. "I was
"I cne out with tThree
ClarkoGriffithere.'scrand
is one of the hopefuls. Retired after
setts
waere tested last fall, none have
bog in South
the
A $25,000 incentivehffered by Ocean
Spray Cranberries,Inc. to the first
Will Julius Furford have last word?
inventor
R ;nthinksc"Ibog.
cranberries. He has already invested
of a quicker, more efficient dry harvester
has inspiredinventors inthe U. S. and Canada
to try to upstage the Furford picker. Al-
though offerrel
the bin.een out for three years
and some were tested last fall, none have
past the test.
Al Turgeon ofBuzzards Bay, Massachu-
setts is one of the hopefuls. Retired after
three decades ofbog work, he still lives and
thinks cranberries. He has already invested
$25,000 of his retirement funds and three
years of labor trying to perfect a better dry
harvester.
To win the prize, the harvester must pick
60 barrels an hour, bruise less than five
percent ofthe berries, leave less than five
percent ofthe crop on the bog, not damage
the bog more than a Furford, and use the
three barrel bin.
a swing action to them sothey do not dig the
reel. Combs swing around aId scrape the
wasork. tested last
picked 100 pounds a built
Whenr boAl'smachine
minute, dane
percent ofthe fruitad left 22percent on the
knives are timed with the reels to cut off
Sincesthen he haays s lowered the
damage to two percent and is working on
thao driving throughthe Everglades
loweringthe get22 percentis left behind. and saw an
His machine is a deryversion theofwat
reel. "Combs swing around anCraerrd
scrape the
berries off the bog and throw them on to the
conveyors," Al said. "The comb bars have
a swing action to them so they do not dig the
bog. They will swing before they dig. A set
ofknives are timed with the reels to cut off
any briars from the combs."
His harvester is fitted on a tractor, and for
versitility can be removed to free the tractor
for other bog work.
Al's workshop isn't a fancy one. He built
the machine in a unheated dirt floor garage
so small,he had toremove the doors and use
pry bars to get his harvester out.
No stranger to bog devices, Al sort of
erairboat there. I swung in and told the owner
I would like to buy it. I called up Dave, and
he said 'if you think you can do something
with it, buy it.' When we got it home, I put
a picking head on it. The day we started,
Dave said it wouldn't work. It worked
better than I thought."
That airboat was first used for harvesting
in 1987. "Noone else uses it," Al admitted,
"but it will catch on. There are no wheel
tracks, no falling in ditches. It also sands."
Besides inventing, Al enjoys wintering in
Florida with his wife of eight-years, Irene.
Three ofhis four grown children have cranberry
juice in their veins; they all work on
cranberry bogs. +
CranberresFebruary1991 Page 9
TIR 11 1Vt
Ikeg0ional es§oC
Massachusetts
February 18; March 16
AnnualCranberryStationGrowers'sMeet-
ings at the Elks Hall, East Wareham. Featur-
ing updates of cranberry research.
February 4-7; 24-27
Short Coursein IntegratedPestManage-
ment.Each 4-day course open to the first 50
applicants. $60 fee. Contact Craig
Hollingsworth (413) 545-1055.
February 27
Cape Cod Cranberry Growers' Associa-
tion Winter Meeting, Plimouth Plantation,
Plymouth, Mass. Registration, 7:45 -8:15
a.m.; meeting to 4:30 p.m. Information to
be sent to all Association members, or call
the office at (508) 295-4895.
Washington, D.C.
March 4
CranberryMarketing Conmmittee's Win-
terMeeting, to review 1991 crop statistics,
and to develop 1992 marketing policy pro-
!
l LIrLIi.. :
•r;~~ '.
jections of demand, production and inven-
tory. Referendum results willbe announced.
Wisconsin
March 18-19
WSCGA sponsoredGrowersSchool,Mead
Inn, Wisconsin Rapids, WI. 1992 at the
Mead Inn in Wisconsin Rapids. Registra-
tion materials will be sent in late February
to those who have participated in the past.
For more information, contact Teryl Roper
at (608) 262-9751, or Tod Planer at (715)
421-8440.
August 12
WSCGA Sunmmer Meeting, Warrens, WI.
lSeptember 24-28
Fall Growers Tours, a special WSCGA
event this year to welcome growers from
other areas to Wisconsin. All interested
growers are invited to attend. The agenda
includes marsh and receiving station tours,
visits to machinery manufacturers, special
interests and more. Call (715) 423-2070 for
more information.
Cranberry Board Seeks Proposals
The Wisconsin Cranberry Board, Inc. has
$100,000 in grants available for projects
aimed at growth, development and educational
awareness ofthe cranberry industry.
Proposals mustbe submitted to the board by
March 1, 1992, in order to be eligible.
Project proposals will be reviewed at the
WCB board meeting March 17 in Wisconsin
Rapids.
For more information, contact the Wisconsin
Cranberry Board, Inc., at P.O. Box
1351, Wisconsin Rapids, WI 54495-1351
or call (715) 423-2070.
Water Control Design Contest
A competition for improved water controlstructures
is open to Bay State growers
and their employees.
Awards up to $1,000 are offered for new
flume concepts, novel flashboard designs,
better flmne management ideas, leakage
preventionr etc.
preliminary sketches are due by Feb. 14
Pilgrim RC&D Area, 40-48 North
a St.hMiddleboro, MA 02346. Contact
Marc MacQueen, at (508) 946-1558.
Federal Disaster Assistance
Farmers who experienced a weather-related
disaster in the 1990 or 1991 growing
season are advised that the application period
for federal assistance is Feb. 3 through
March 13 at your county ASCS office.
Forallyour
i^c growing needs.
s
1 11, a R.E. Morse & Son, Inc...
supplying agricultural
chemicals, fertilizer
. ^W^ ~iY wand power equipment
" ' .2f ':•. ' '.-'S's'-:•. -- .. ..
l(^\\^\ CRANBERRY HIGHWAY * WEST WAREHAM, MASSACHUSETTS 02576
Page INC. 10rari(508) 295-1553
Page 10 February1992 Cranberries
Nutrient Status of Wisconsin Cranberries
by Teryl R. Roper' and Sherry M. Coombs2
University of Wiisconsin-Madison
Cranberry growers have used many fer-1 .liiiII I...I.. I ......... .. ...
.......................ttllftl Ill .. .~tlf11ft~ttt :: ... ...............
tilization programs over the years in the.MACRONUTRIENTSquest for the perfect mineral nutrition program
that will create a 300 barrel per acre Proposed Levels
crop. Some have resulted in increased yields ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~%................... ...........
in some years and some marshes. Others h
have not. The reality is that there are many Ill llll:11......
factors at play in producing a high yield
including soil type, site, water availability, ' ..................................,.
temperature, sunlight, management practices,
mud general vigor of the vines. What
works well for your neighbor won't neces
sarily work for you. Mineral nutrition is
only one piece of the total yield puzzle. Phosphorus <0.13 0.13 to 0.18 >0.19
tIfi at l ys vutsoper y i ...... ................................. ...... . . ................ 'A: :R :
proper usdo t ... ... ... ........................................................ :......................,.......................................................................................................
...............
Plant analysis is th.e quantitative determi-;r.................................... . ........................................
nation of the essential elements in plant Pot:sium-< 0.50 to 0.90 >0.9:I
tissue. Elements included by the University.
ofWisconsin Soil and Plant Analysis Lab Calcium <0.30 0.31 to 0.60 >0.60
include: nitrogen (N), phQsphorus (P), potassiumn
(K), calciu n (Ca) ,mag nesiu n (Mg),......................................................··::···::·: ··:::··· :.:··:.: ···............ ...............
::···:: ··..····.
...........................................................iiiiii jilll~~~~.
sulfur (S), iron §(Fe), mrivmgvmiese (ir''h0i), cop-.......*rji~~~~:~'':ii;'.-. I:.51......... . ... 5::t60.;...........20..ii..............ijii:.>0... 0..................
per (Cu), zinc (Zn), and boronf e ssor,(B).oSodi~umf Hort i :~~~~~~~~~~~~.....................................,........................................................... .. .... ......
A s s i s t ant Pro Department -I... ................. ....................... ........................ ..............................................................................................................
(Na)and aluminum (Al) are also included, Sulfur <0.07 0.08 to 0.20 >0.20
though they are not.essential. Sodiun improves
the quality ofsome crops and aluminum
can be toxic iln some low pH soils..M'iCRONUTR ENT::Si........i.l.....
If properly used, results of pl~ant analysis iiitilliiiiiiiiili.
and a soil test can be a guide for efficient .. . .................................-.......................................
ppm
crop production. Soil tests provide estiimates
ofinutrient needs but not allpieces of Iro >80
the production puzzle are supplied by just a
soil test. Plant analysis allows you to evaluate
yomfr fertilizer and management prac-Boron <1 10-20 >20
tices by providing a nutritional "photograph"
of the crop. These "photographs" ' .'c~.':~p:" p~ .. . 6;~;~~:0>I.: ........ .......
~~"~.;".r:~.~" 5.;~ .:...;}
canr be used to help identify nutritional
disorders, evaluate fertilizer efficiency, and
Zinc <15 I 5-30 >30
determine availabilityofelements forwhich
no reliable soil test exists.
(Conztinued next page.) Man·B:"gane;~ <10 >20
se··.·:'-:o :10D2100
1Assistan~tProfessor, DepartmnentofHor~ticulture.
Table 1.Proposed concentrations of cranberry tissue samples for determining the
2Director, Soil andl Planzt Anaulysis Lab, nutritional status of cranberry. From: Lloyd Peterson, Department of Horticul-
Department ofSoil Science. ture, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Cranberries February1992 Page 11
Between 1981 and 1989 the Soil and
Plant Analysis Lab at the University of Histogram of Xi: Cranberry Shoot %N
Wisconsin-Madisonhas analyzed about 400
cranberry plant and soil samples. While this 1[ _1 ___
is not a great number, it may be representative
ofthe cranberry marshes in the state as l-----. critlcal val :: ...
1 80
a whole. We have plotted some test results
for the major nutrients for cranberry plants Q 6
and soil in figures 1-9. In each figure the l
proposed critical tissue level has been iden-40.
tified at the top. The critical levels are also
shown in Table 1. Below this number the 20. — 'I"I
tissue sample would be considered defi
cient in that nutrient. Additions ofnutrients .4 .6 .8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
to deficient vines should result in a positive Cranberry Shoot %N
response. Samples containing more than
the critical level are to
considered have
level are to have Figure 1. Above, cranberry tissue nitrogen levels from Wisconsin between
sufficientnutritionfor good yield. Addition
sufficient nutrition for s t m | 1981 and 1989. The critical level for tissue nitrogen is 0.9%.
ofnutrients above yearly maintenance doses
probably will not result in a yield response.
Nitrogen Histogram of Xi: Cranberry Shoot %P
First lets look at nitrogen (N) (Fig. 1). Over 100
the past several years, 75 percent of the v90
lu
samples were sufficient in nitrogen. These 80
levels are reasonable as too much nitrogen 70
can cause rank vine growth and lead to 60-
decreased yields. This suggests that most § 50
marshes have enough nitrogen and adding 40
large quantities ofnitrogen may be counter-3 . __
productive. However, the 25 percent of 2.0 . . ...
samples that are below the 0.9% N may .
profit by having more N added. In these : :
beds it likely won't matter what form ofN .04 .06 .0 .0 .12 .14 .16 .18 .2 .22 .24 .26 .28 .3
is provided (liquid, granular, organic, or Cranberry Shoot % P
foliar). These vines should show improvement
given any N. However, during hot
days beds established on peat may release Figure 2.Above, cranberry tissue phosphorus levels from Wisconsin between
enough nitrogen from mineralization pro-1981 and 1989. The critical level for tissue potassium is 0.5%.
cesses to supply significant amounts of
usable nitrogen.
Histogram of Xi: Cranberry Shoot %K
Phosphorus 140— — — ' ' '' ' ' '
Phosphorus (P) is also important to cran-
berry production (Fig. 2). About 75 percent .. .
ofthe samples were in the sufficient range 1
(0.14% or higher). A few samples were in
the high range (above 0.19%). Adding large 8
amounts of phosphate fertilizer to these critical value
vines already having sufficient tissue P
levels will probably not increase yields. 40. ------'
However, the vines represented by the 25 20
percent deficient samples may profit by ......
additions ofphosphate fertilizer. Phosphate 0' ' " —':':
?—...........—......—......
is relatively immobile in soils because it is .2 4 6 8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
fixed very tightlyto specific soil adsorption C r
sites. Availability of fixed phosphate to
plants is affected by soil pH and soil potash Figure 3. Above, cranberry tissue potassium levels from Wisconsin between
content. Plants should have adequate levels 1981 and 1989. The critical level for tissue potassium is 0.5%.
Page 12 February1992 Cranberries
——___________________ ~available P if soil test levels are maintained
___._
Histogram of X1: Cranberry Shoot % Mg at 25 ppm (50 lbs/acre) with a pH less than
140—.. . .\ .. ... 6.5.
Potassium
100 The other major element of interest is po8
g_ ____ tassium (K) (Fig. 3). Ninety four percent
60 of the samples had tissue potassium at or
6criticl valu above the critical level of0.5%. Only 6% of
'4:|00 _s___.g. . p had_______ lvsb
samples had tissue K levels below critical.
iii iiiiiiiiiiiiilSe#02i ' Although potassium deficiency may occur
...................
egg we;A~;;
20. —i—- ......-.. in Wisconsin cranberries, the likelihood is
2::.:,0,..:. %~ :~ iii:':~ |extremely low because beds have adequate
,,.m.,:~
.05 .1 .15 .2 .25 .3 .35 natural Kreserves.
Cranberry Shoot %Mg
'—_______ ______ ' Magnesium
Magnesium (Mg) is an important element
Figure 4. Above, cranberrytissue magnesium levels from Wisconsin between forplant growth. The vast majority of our
1981 and 1989. The critical level for tissue magnesium is 0.15%. samples (88%) were sufficient for Mg (Fig.
4). Only 12 percent ofthe beds would profit
from remedial applications of Mg. A good
Histogram of X1: Cranberry Shoot Zn ppm source ofmagnesium isdolomitic lime. Ifa
.140, , , , , . —'..,-. . .... . . change in soil pH is not desirable, Epsom
I ________ _________________________________ 1 [ I I salts (MgSO) may be applied. Magnesium
deficiency symptoms in Wisconsin cran100
|" " | berries should be rare.
|Ii .|. ... .. . . |Micronutrients
60..' — Levels of micronutrients are of concern to
|crial value ___ many growers. These elements are required
I . I I. in very small amounts (parts per million)
201o. __ • • yet are critical to normal plant growth. Our
____________I I of the critical levels of mi-
o~ ~understanding
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 cronutrients is limited, and in some in-
Cranberry Shoot Zn ppm stances is based on greenhouse work which
may not apply well to field conditions.
With the exception of zinc, virtually all
Figure 5. Above, cranberry tissue zinc levels from Wisconsin between 1981 the plant samples analyzed were sufficient
and 1989. The critical level for tissue zinc is 15 ppm. in all nicroelements. Roughly 10 percent
ofthe samples were below the critical level
for zinc (Fig. 5). However, as soil pH
Histogram of XI:Sht B pm decreases, zinc availability increases. So, if
Cranberry
Histogram of X1: Cranberry Shoot B ppm , ,
120 .. . . . . . . . . a bed has zinc deficiency it may be solved
by applying a small amount of sulfur to
100o. reduce the soil pH.
Boron is known to be an important micro-
l 8 llg — -- ----nutrient for flower formation and function.
6§0L:I I I The mechanics ofthe function of Bare not
o I'.. known. Boron is quite immobile in plants
cr|hicaivliu« ___ 0 I and may not be is sufficient concentration
in rapidly growing tissues such as floral
20 ............ meristems. Our data show that virtually all
of the tissue samples had adequate boron
o. ~iIi-H-^-a J . i (Fig. 6). Boron application has been shown
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 to be beneficial when applied to other fruit
cranberry Shoot Bppm crops. No definitive data are yet available
for cranberries, however. We are suggest-
Figure 6. Above, cranberrytissue boron levels from Wisconsin between 1981 ing a tentative critical level of 10 ppm. At
and 1989. The critical level for tissue boron is 10 ppm. this time there is no scientific data to sug
(Continuednext page.)
Cranberries Feburary1992 Page 13
gest cranberries will benefit from further
... 60. . .
Histogram
...
of
.
X1 :
.
Soil pH
. .—.
boron application. Because plants have a
very fine line between enough and too
much micronutrient, potential toxicities can
, ~50t0~~~~o.F~ —z i —.occur ~ci~ with indiscriminate applications.
Soil pH
30 ----------_-----__----.. Soil pH is another important factor for
cranberry production. The optimum pH for
l o __20. i a I to be be
_______cranberry growth is considered
|—........ ~{~~~g 1 1 e .O~~~~~~~~~~tween
1 _1 DII
4.0 and 5.5. The bulk of the samples
0o. _______________________. .tested (80%) were in that range (Fig. 7). The
beds represented by the remaining 20 per-
o.L cent of samples could benefit from soil pH
3.5 4 4.5 i5 5.5 6 6.5 7 adjustment. Caution should be taken to not
overadjust. Decreasing high pH will increase
availability of phosphorus, and most
Figure 7. Above, soil pH for Wisconsin cranberry beds sampled 1981-1989. micronutrients.micronutrients. HavingsoilveryacidicHaving soil very acidic (pH
5.5. <<4.0) may create increases in the soluble
forms.of aluminum and cause toxicity.
~Optimumtrp~ soil rpH1 is 4.0
lI 5 SScattergram for columns: X1Y1 Relating soil and tissue element
.45—. .—,—.—'—. —'——'—'—'' —concentrations
.4 O| Another area where there is some confusion
is the relationship between soil element
.35 ' concentration and tissue element concen.
31 tration. We like to think that if more fertil325U
°O izer is applied to the soil that the tissue
0
I| | .b25^^o ° 0mo 0 content of the applied elements will also
.2E1 c °fO)Ci >8 O0 increase within a shortperiod oftime. How
| .15. ob Jn O o i ever, when we plot the relationship be
·&
l .1C^ O° OO 0 soil nutrient
% § ||tween available and tissue
I I 4 oo^~~~~~~~ 0 l nutrient analysis, the result isnot definitive.
o l~~~
•. | ,The
05... —•,—...1•—————p'a' plots for available soil P and K and
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Soil P lbs/a leafpotassium and phosphorus (Figs.8&9)
illustrate the point. For both elements there
is a broad range of soil concentrations, yet
Figure 8. Above, the relationship between Wisconsin cranberry tissue phos- the tissue concentrations are very narrow.
phorus levels and available soil phosphate between 1981 and 1989. This suggests that other factors beyond soil
availability control the content of the elements
in tissues. We know what some, but
——Scatt—1rgrmcolumns: 1 for |not all, of these are. Apparently, having
2.75,
Scattergram
.
for columns: X
.
IY1
enough of an element in the soil is impor
2.5 a tant, but adding more will not necessarily
2.25; increase the tissue concentration of that
2 2 element. Furthermore, higher tissue nutri
0 1.751 . ent levels do not necessarily result in corre°
1.5. E a sponding yield increase.
1.25 a0a
I . 7 8 aa a . Choosing specific needs for your
° .75.0 a °°a00 -beds
.5 0 0a0 . The cranberry industry in Wisconsin has
.251 O aa , followed many individual fertilizer pro-
o°. . .... . .. —.—.—1—,— l-lgrams on the quest for the holy Grail ofhigh
0 50 100 200 oil 350 450
150 S 300 400 yields.Someprogramshave called forfre
quent applications of small amounts of
.____________— | [ fertilizer at great expense. In some in-
Figure 9. Above, the relationship between Wisconsin cranberry tissue potas-stances the cost of application was higher
sium levels and available soil potash between 1981 and 1989. than the cost of materials. These data sug
(Continuednext page.)
Page 14 February 1992 Cranberries
. ^..... .
and tissue nutrient content; and that tissue V* Srl
sampling for sufficiency of mineral ele-AES 1LE :
ments is a good way to help choose the · · · · · ·· · · · · · · ·· ·· · · ·
specific elements yourbeds may need. + C
gest that other factors may influence yields *. .. .. • ..
P IMS STEvES * CROWLVEYS
* 0
I
LEASE WANTED: CHECK OUR PRICES!
Experienced grower seeking ·
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Carver, MA 02330
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Cranberries February 1992 Page 15
Readers are encouraged to respond to Cranberries
articles and offer views and analysis of cranberry
industry trends and issues. Write to:
Carolyn Gilmore, Editor
Cranberries
--if -1 t yTp P.O. Box 858
South Carver, MA 02366
FAX: (508) 866-2970
mightbeantedcranberries.Needess
might be planted in cranberries. Needless to
say at present prices I'm moving slowly.
The pH isi generally 4.4 and the peat soil is
about 15" above sea level. Screened sand is
expensive, however. My concern is that if
is that if
we build up quite an investment here and
then get a really bad storm. How badly can
bad . lycan
we be hurt? The perimeter dikes around the
e b u e p i r
bwilkeepofo assausets
I've visited both the Massachusetts Cran-
Can cranberries tolerate an "ocean spray"?
Dear Ms. Gilmore:
On the last page of your October issue
there are pictures ofwhat happens when a
dike fails. I'd like to know what happens to
the cranberries. I know that in the '38
hurricane some bogs on Cape Cod were
salted down and that they eventually recov-
ered. I would appreciate it if your fine
magazine could do a follow up of the
Piscitelli bog.
This is of concern to me since we have a
two acre co-operative experiment with
Cornell University in growing cranberries.
The first acre was planted in 1990 and the
second in 1991. This is on fonner salt marsh
that was diked in 1944. The dikes are nine
orten feethigh, 30 feet wide at the base and
generally wide enough for a tractor at the
crest. I built them two feet higher than any
0XTI ') a e_>
tide we'd ever had but said I could not
.^ , •i
afford to build against eternity. Our prob-
. * /,,. < ,. ." . .
lem is neverhurricane surges, since Peconic
Bay [see map below] has many points and
• ^r» 'i^ r .. i' , J
islands and hurricanesare oftoo short dura-
tion. The same points and islands are what
cause aproblem in abad threedaynor'easter.
They won't let the water recede at low tide
before anotherhigh tide moves water in. (Insthlpl expeco
them most helpful. We expect to sell most
o pla t ou ose
o or present pant atingour roadside
market which currently is handling about
acresoffrit
There ae two more points that migh
interest you: About 60 years ago there were
more
re
than 250 acres of commercial bog on
m ore 250 acres of commercial bog on
than
Eastern Long Island. None are left, except
secondlbasalfrte
ours. Secondlv we are basically frost free
c row risst
and
visit us someday?
John Wickham, Long Island, N.Y.
Mary Lou Piscitelli reports that her
Wareham,Massachusettsbogs
thatwere inundated by a hurricanecaused
wsalt
water surge lastAugust 'is still there.
was a little down, about30 to 40 barrels
all events we've only had one small break
in all these years. That did not even fill the
system of canals and drains. The area en-
closed is about 75 acres of marshland and
50 acres of upland. There are nearly two
miles of dike.)
^. i ^ J^ ' i
Since the dikes were erected for agricul-
tural purposes, I have no trouble with our
DEC. Besides land already in production, I
have about 40 acres in reeds and bushes thatttn
(J2 ' |
A , i o \L ~'"'|family'sEast
I^ go^ I ^^^ ,/y~ l~ ~
4~ ~~/~
E^HI~~~ r _
G u
' — .4 [
[>arv/_~
~
[^ I[:~,^%,~^^ " -—
s , 't.
>i/>'<-'^~P~~ 'It
h / } (
c./~ s'C^
cct |
A G,^6t~4a "~ ^~ ^
'." \ per acreless than our otherproperty. 7Tey
~S h^ a~ I ^ ^II ^(look
like they have recovered." (The
^^^, =^. = " I Piscitellishadreportedthat they were able
t 2.7
1 I . %^ ______ ,. rinsethe bogs thoroughlywith freshirrigat2L^
co" ATake Coff^l Long Island Expressway to ion water.)
U ,. -Exit 73, follow Old Country Road ! Anothergrower, DavidMann, of nearby3 1 ; n aa ffi t I (Rt. 58) east to Route 25 to Cut-Buzzards Bay has a bog that is often sub-
P ^8~c~a chogue, approximately 14 miles. jected to salt waterflooding, and experi
d 1/ 9 *Lr—"6 y^ -o o toremove the saltwaterwithin a day, and
'
Page 16 February 1991 Cranberries
encedinundationfromthe same hurricane puts vines under stress, (e.g., poor soil Wickham planted a small areato find out
surge. "Itdoesgrow densevines, so Iguess aeration, drought conditions, poor nutri-how well the land he has will support a
they will standoccasionalflooding,but the tional conditions, length of exposure to reasonably good production. This would
productionwill suffer, " he said. saltwater) makes them susceptible to in-make it easierto predicthow the vines may
"I hadInterstateHighway495go through jury. Generally, the soonerthe saltwateris respond to a totalflood.
anotherset ofbogs ofmine, which resulted removed from the bog, (by drainage or "FredChandler'spaperon some effects
in the longest hearing(30 days) ever con-freshwater), the less damage is likely. It is ofhurricaneCarolon cranberrybogs may
ducted before our state environmental improbable that under these conditions a be of help."
agency, " he said. (See Cranberries,Octo-bog willeverbeoutofproductionasaresult (This waspublishedin the Dec. 1959 issue
ber1990.) "We introducedsufficient evi-ofa briefflood with seawater. of Cranberries.I am sending it to yu.-C.
dence to convince the statethat saltrun-off "I wouldfeel more comfortable if Mr. Gilnore, editor/publisher)
from the highway would be detrimentalto
cranberryproduction, resultingin a rede-What is the current pice of cranberies?
sign ofthe highway anda banon the use of
saltonthisone-milesectionrunningthrough Dear Ms. Gilmore: John S. Ropes, Jr., of OceanSpray, Inc.,
my land. I'm brand new in this business ofgrowing offers thefollowing explanation:
Dr. Karl Deubert of the University of cranberries. I'm seriously considering fi-"We often receive inquiries as to the
Massachusetts CranberryStation in East nancing some people in Southern Chile currentpriceforcranberriespaidto grow-
Wareham, Mass., offers these comments: where the climatic and soil conditions of ers. It is difficult to give asinglefiguredue
"From what I read in Mr. Wickham 's Oregon and Washington can be duplicated to a number of variables.
letter, it may be worth the effort to grow re growing cranberries so I have lots and "Ocean Spray, as the predominanthancranberries.
Cranberriesarefairlyresis-lots to learn. dler, talks aboutapoolpriceto itsgrowers;
tantto salt, i.e., shortterm exposure rather Since my home is here in the Napa Valley however, thispoolpriceis anaverageprice
thanprolonged exposure, which couldre-where wine grapes is one of the leading paidtoallgrowersthattakesintoconsidersult
in permanent damage, depending on industries, I'm constantly exposed to ar-ationpaymentforequityorstockaswell as
the conditionthe vines arein. YWhere vines |tides in various publications as to what the an average incentivepayment andfinally,
are producing well, short exposures uwill grape growers are receiving for their differ-the cash portionof the payment.
result in crop reductions, probably as a ent types of grapes. "Other handlers alsopay theirgrowers
result ofthe effects ofsodium on theplant. Do you have any information as to how variousprices basedon whether or not the
Regularsanding with coarse sand to keep much pound or barrel the cranberry grower fruit isfresh orprocessed,whether thefruit
the soil drained, and a good supply of was receiving either from Ocean Spray or is highly colored or poor in color;further
freshwater seem to be the key to a good the other buyers of cranberries? I would considerationwould be penaltiesfor very
appreciate whatever information or litera-low colorfimit, and various cleaning or
return.
"The effects ofa totalfloodwithseawater ture you could send me on what the grower detrashingcharges thatmight be applied.
depend on variousfactors.Everything that does receive for his crops. ''"ebest averagepriceacrossthe indus-
W. L. Simmons, Napa, CA try is listed (below) in the USDA bulletin.
Table 81--Cranberries: Acreage harvested, yield per acre, production, utilization, season-average grower price,
and value, United States, 1970 to date
Year Acreage
harvested
Yield
per acre
Production 1/
Total Utilized Fresh
Utilization
Processed Shrinkage 2/
Price
3/
Dollars/
Value
1,000
Acres -1,000 barrels 4/--barrel dollars
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
21,745
22,410
22,590
23,100
23,40023,300
23,080
22,540
23,120
23,200
93.7
101.1
92.0
90.9
95.6
89.1
104.3
93.3
106.3
106.7
2,036.6
2,264.8
2,078.0
2,100.3
2,236.02,075.12,407.3
2,102.2
2,458.5
2,475.5
1,844.6
1,639.8
2,078.0
2,100.3
2,236.0
2,075.1
2,407.3
2,102.2
2,458.5
2,475.5
367.0
401.0
321.5
398.5
317.5
310.9
407.0
405.5
404.0
302.0
1,400.0
1,158.8
1,567.1
1,407.2
1,486.7
1,444.21,755.5
1,454.0
1,917.7
2,067.0
77.6
80.0
189.4
231.6
431.8
320.0
244.8
242.7
136.8
106.5
10.70
10.70
12.50
13.50
11.00
13.10
13.50
18.10
21.50
26.70
19,675
17,599
26,021
28,384
24,715
27,112
32,454
38,154
52,903
66,039
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
23,190
23,150
23,350
24,050
24,620
25,700
26,300
26,700
27,300
27,500
27,800
116.3
112.0
130.1
124.2
134.9
135.6
140.3
127.0
149.5
136.3
123.6
2,697.5
2,593.0
3,039.0
2,986.0
3,322.0
3,485.0
3,690.0
3,391.0
4,080.0
3,747.0
3,436.0
2,697.5
2,593.0
3,039.0
2,986.0
3,322.0
3,485.0
3,690.0
3,391.0
4,080.0
3,747.0
3,436.0
326.1
479.6
494.1
321.3
297.8
313.8
342.2
304.3
274.2
254.5
216.2
2,259.6
1,977.1
2,380.8
2,588.3
2,940.5
3,093.2
3,201.4
3,030.0
3,738.8
3,407.5
3,196.8
111.8
136.3
164.1
76.4
83.7
78.0
146.4
56.7
67.0
85.0
23.0
33.20
41.50
40.20
44.80
46.70
46.30
44.70
44.50
45.70
44.00
44.50
89,462
107,494
122,297
133,830
155,081
161,439
165,086
150,906
186,340
164,720
152,830
I/ Differences between total and utilized production are cranberries that were put in set-aside under the Cranberry Marketing Order. Cranberries put inset-aside, but
sold forexports, are included inutilized production. 2/Cranberries paid for by processors and lostbecause of dehydration and berry breakdown afterdelivery. 3/Equivalent
returns at first delivery point, screened basis of utilized production. 4/ I barrel = 100 pounds. Source: Nationaal Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA.
Cranberries February1992 Page 17
Massachusetts Cranberry
Station and Field Notes Convert your Ranger, S-I 0,
Preparedby IrvingE. Demoranville or any mini-truck into
Extension CranberrySpecialist A TRUE
Weather
DECEMBER was warm, averaging three de-WORKING TRUCK!
grees a day above normal. Maximum tem-:
perature was 62 degrees on the 9th and
minimum was 11 degrees on the 19th. | a
Generally, the first half of the month was
warm, the third week cold and the last week
alternating cold and warm.
Precipitation totaled 3.54 inches, about 2/
3 inch below normal. There were 15 days lj i i
with measurable amounts, with 0.96 inch
on the 3rd as the greatest storm. There was The Scoe-tLITE aluminum body plus a dual wheel kit
atotal of5 inches ofsnow, which is normal. will make your vehicle into an economical work horse
FOR THE YEAR 1991, temperature averaged "Our Ranger and S-10 have more floor space than a full size pickup, but get 20+ MPG."
2.1 degreesabove normal, making itour4th It's STRONG, LIGHT-WEIGHT and GREAT LOOKING!
warmest ever recorded, exceeded by 1990,
1953 and 1949. The months of February, For more information call or write:
March, April, May, June, August, October TRUCK CAPS UNLIMITED
and December were substantially above . 8 W
normal. There were two cool, but not cold Nrt arver Rt. W3727eh
months. Maximum for the year was 96 -Or Call Toll FRE 1800-642-7121
degrees on July 21st, minimum was three
degrees on January 26th.
Precipitation totalled 49.74 inches, or
nearly three inches above normal. Substantially
above normal months were March, Integrated Pest Management
'
September and November. There were no I E l
extremely dry months, but the period May -8 experience
through August was about 25 percent below A p
nonnal, causing drought conditions. Total Herbicide Applications
snowfall was about half of normal, the -26' boom system
smallest amount since 1980. Sunshine was -air blown granules
about nine percent above normal for the * -
year. For the period May through August, ke Sylva -foam marker
sunshine was 17.5 percent above normal; P.O. Box 221 -no sprinkler removal
May was the big contributor at 27 percent Wareham, MA 02571
above normal. + (508) 997-3293 Contact today for early spring service
LeBoeuf Heads Urann Fund
Robert LeBoeuf has been appointed ad-Dragline Work -All Kinds
ministrator for the Urann Foundation, re-
placing Howard Weyland who retired in 3 Size Draglines
December 1991. Mr. Weyland had served
the foundation since its inception in 1963. Clam & Scalping Buckets
Mr. LeBoeuf is a retired Ocean Spray
professional who held a number of leader-I 1, /2 & 2 '/2 Yard Buckets
ship positions during his 34 years with the
cooperative. Route I ll_
The Urann Foundation, established by l
the late Marcus L. Urann, offers scholar- Necedah, Wi 54646 . 10 8565. 24ll;36llB
ships and medical assistance to Bay State
growers. + l l l l-
Page18 February1992 Cranberries
The CranberryInstitute Meets
The winter board meeting of The Cranberry
Institute was held in Richmond, BritishColumbiaDec.
10-1, 1991.Newoffic-VINES FOR SALE SPRING 1992
ers elected were Ralph May, chairman;
Eric Jonjak, vice chairman; Dick Priceper ton: Discounts on orders over 15 tons or with
Indermuehle, secretary/treasurer. Donna 10% paymnt by January 31, 1992.
Jeffers replaced Chris Makepeace on the Stevens $3000
board. Also serving are Malcolm McPhail Crowleys $1,200 Contact us now to reserve vines for spring
and Tom Darlington. +
CIR? iG. l| I * 4IBrockman, Inc. · 4409 Brockman Rd. Vesper, WI 54489
L
SERVICES
CRANBERRY PROPERTY
APPRAISALS
Listings and Sales of
Cranberry Properties.
License # 68987
Lawrence W. Pink
Old Cordwood Pather
Duxbury, MA 02332 ...
(617)934-6076 EXCAVATOR RAKE FOR WATERWAY MAINTENANCE
Sizes available from 2' to 6 'long
Clogged Suction Screen? Can be bolted to bucket or pinned to dipper arm
t Tines are 3/4"vc x 1/2" heat treated alloy steel
This Screen · Custom rakes made to order
Stays Clean
AGAR MFG. CO., 89 Harris St., Pawtucket, RI 02861
~ ~~~"~~~313 ~ ~Phone:401) 724-2260 FAX: 725-8560
1401)
SURE-FLO__________Crberries February1992 Page19
'" , ¥:Self-Cleaning
Strainers
capacities to
5000 gpm
4822486
Save Time and Money -Quantities of 10,000 yards and up
eliminates screen scrubbing in Southeastern Massachusetts
and maximizes pump Complete site work bog construction and finish contouring of surrounding
New optional stainless steel 32 upland plus the best price for your material!
TM
wire mesh coverings jRASON Voily® Sealants PolvTOC Pond Unsr*
Particles swell to 30 Avolcanic clay powder that swells and seals when Ahigh density poly-
Manufactured by times their size when .. wet to form an impervious barrier insoils for pond ethylene geotextile
Perfectionwetand hold to'~ construction. For use under sand and new bog custom made on site,
Spri
Perfection Sprinkler Co. w times their any size. Increase your y~ec~
et3400 construction. Allows bog and reservoir construction
at any elevation. *Avai/ab/e Carver, water storage capacity.
atRASP, MA
P.O. Box 1363 construction or --,·, contamination liability.
Ann Arbor, MI 48106 when rebuilding. . ;,,... *Availablethrough StearnsIrrigation
313 761-5110 FAX 313 761-8659 Michael Coan -(508) 866-5285 Sam White &Sons, Sand &Gravel, Medfield, MA -1508) 359-7291
Cranber-ies February1992 Page19
Make the Most of Your Accountant's Services
The typical small business owner views
his independent accountant as an unavoid-
able burden. An accountant produces finan-
cial statements necessary to satisfy creditor
requirements. The accountant also com-
pletes income tax returns and otherrequired
government filings. An accountant also may
offer financial advice or guidance to insure
internal control of the flow of a finn's
funds.
Most business managers recognize the
more common services an independent ac-
countant can provide. Butmany don't know
the full range of services available from a
qualified independent accountant. So, this
discussion reviews some benefits a busi-
ness can achieve from other services avail-
able through independent accountants.
Write-up
Many small businesses cannot justify the
expense necessary to employ a full-time
bookkeeper. Insuch cases,youraccountant
can complete a periodic "write-up".
That means that you do the basic book-
keeping chores daily. The accountant then
helps close the books at the end of each
month. Closing the books involves entering
the entries in your journals and ledgers
necessary to produce a valid trial balance.
The accountant also will reconcile your
bank statements and prepare necessary in-
terim tax returns.
Note that sometimes a smaller business
may need a write-up on only a quarterly or
semi-annual basis. But more frequent write-
ups help provide you with more reliable
financial information. That provides a bet-
ter foundation for management decisions.
General Ledger Write-up
This engagement involves less than the
above "write-up". For this, you (or your
bookkeeper) make the entries outlined
above. The accountant then posts the Gen-
eral Ledger and reviews the bank reconcili-
ation. He also can prepare interim tax re-
ports or review those already prepared.
Page 20 February 1992 Cranberries
by Bryan E. Milling
Audit
When appropriate, your accountant can
come annually, quarterly, or monthly to
audit the books and records maintained by
your internal staff.
In one instance, an accountant may do the
necessary auditing tests necessary to pro-
duce an unqualified opinion about a firn's
financial condition and operating results.
Certified statements enjoy the most credit-
ability among creditors and other users of
financial statements.
As an alternative, an accountant may
dispose with many audit tests required for a
certified statement and produce a reviewed
financial statement. The opinion that ac-
companies areviewed statement shows that
a firm's financial statement appear to con-
form to Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (GAAP). However, the absence
of the tests associated with an unqualified
opinion inevitably make the statements less
reliable.
As another alternative, an accountant can
produce compiled financial statements. In
this instance, he merely recreates the finan-
cial information recorded on your account-
ing records. He will do few--if any--audit
procedures.
Since he does no audit tests, a clear
disclaimer will accompany the accounting
opinion that comes with a compiled state-
i ent. The accountant does not vouch for
any of the figures included in the finn's
financial statements. Logically, creditors
lend the least credibility to compiled finan-
cial statements,
From a different perspective, more atten-
tive accounting services become necessary
if a business (or business owner) stands a
likely candidate for an audit by the Internal
Revenue Service (IRS). A regularreview of
your accounting records helps insure that
an IRS audit doesn't lead to an unhappy
surprise. That can occur anytime the IRS
disallows previous expense deductions.
Of course, the above premises for an
accountant's services stand as defensive
measures. They represent measures that
help insure that a firm presents a fair,
accurate accounting picture of its financial
circumstances. That helps preclude potential
problems that can develop when abusiness
innocently provides creditors (or oth-.
ers) with inaccurate financial information.
Interpretation
After he prepares the financial documents,
your accountant should help you interpret
the numbers that make up your finn's income
statements and balance sheets.
That typically will involve some fundamental
financial ratio analysis. Your accountant
also can help evaluate your receivables
or inventory management efforts.
He may help identify potential financial
problems. That can help provide time to
cure those problems before they become
severe.
Budgets and Tax Considerations
Your accountant can help you prepare fi
nancial and cash flow budgets for your
business. Financialbudgets provide thebasis
for anticipating and improving your finn's
operating results. Cash flow budgets help
anticipate gaps in a firm's cash flow. That
foresight provides time for the necessary
management action to fill those gaps and
preclude cash flow problems.
Tax considerations should enter every
majorbusinessdecisionprocess.Thatmakes
your accountant a logical participant in
decisions that can influence your income
tax obligations. Any tax savings available
to a business comes from planning before a
major business decision. Changing a con
tract after the fact for tax purposes remains
suspect to the IRS. So, ask first and follow
your account's advice. A legal reduction in
taxes may result. +
(BiyanE.Milling works inl te bankingfield
and is a college instrnctor of accounting
andfinance. He haswritten extensivelyfor
trade andprofessionalpublications.)
RESEARCH ASSISTANT Obituaries
P/T position avail @ Cranberry Experiment Station
C RI ANBERRY for motivated, indiv interested in lab/field/green-
house duties in IPM program. Exp in biology/ Iva Rezin, teacher
GROWERS entomology/cranberriespref. Mustbeabletowork Iva (Stallard) Rezin, wife of the late
independently. 16 hours per week/flexible. Lloyd Rezin, died Sept. 21, 1991 at the ageREAVLTYContact H.Sandier @ (508) 295-2212. of95 inPort Edwards, Wisc. She was buried
Antique Stoves in the Forest Hill Cemetery, Wisconsin
Listingsof buyers and sellers
Antique Stoves
Rapids, Wise.
Mrs. Rezin was born Jan. 7, 1886, in
welcomed on cranberry Bought, sold, restored Mrs. Rezin was born Jan. 7, 1886, i
cea and uan Humbird, Wise., daughter of Frank
acreageand upland. 1 _9 '.Over·
er
400 instock Delia Stallard
and
· Large parts inventory Delia Stallard.
^l v nry||
A* ppraisals.1_ 7 P1917
~AppDraisals.~ .rpai~rts She married Lloyd Rezin on June 21,
Repairs inClark County,and the couple moved
DOUGLAS R. BEATON tothe townofCranmoorin 1919 where they
E. Sandwich, Mass. 02537 Barnstable Stove Shop operated a marsh that had belonged to a
(508) 888-1288 I WEST Box 472, Route 149 great-uncle, Thomas Rezin. Lloyd Rezin
WEST BARNSTABLE, MA 02668 passed away in 1957. Mrs. Rezin continued
508-362-9913 to live at the marsh, (owned now by her son
Send $1 for brochure Daniel Rezin), until her 95th year.
She was employed as a teacher in the
—heHuIJ 1 -EDK^ |1950s and 60s inthe Mill Creek, Dexterville
The IKOHfLER and Saratoga areas of Wisconsin. She was
Charles W. Harris COMMAND known as a strong supporter of the cran-
CompleS IVIIaIA as a
arry berry industry and used her earningsComrpany 1 _ teacher to build the cranberry warehouse
451 Old Somerset Avenue • ^M^ that is still in use on the marsh.
Survivors include a son, Daniel, of Wis-
North Dighton, Mass. 02764 consin Rapids, Wisc., six daughters, Helen
Phone (508) 824-5607 Gottschalk and Muriel Bender, both of
AMES Wisconsin Rapids; Koral Lewis, Whitakers,
P
/ 1 1 1 N.C.; Jane Leonard, Sturtevant; Patricia
AntisyphonAntisyphon Devices
Devices Miller, Bloomington, Minn., and Suzannme
SpRAINBIRD MYT Hill of Madison; a sister, Mabel Stuve, of
Sprinklers YOUR NE T Owen, Wisc., 24 grandchildren; mad 37
HALE REPLACEMENT great-grandchildren. She was predeceased
Pumps ENGINE. by herparents, a son and two grandchildren.
Highest Quality Products With It's easy. With Command 5's compact
'SatisfactionGuaranteed design, you can drop it inmost any small
engine application. From water reels to Mary E. Beaton
dry harvesters, pumps to herbicide Mary E. (Ward) Beaton, wife of cranspreaders,
wheel-offs to generators; berry grower Peter Beaton, died at her
Products for bog Command 5works on the bog. Outlasts Lakeville, Mass. home on Jan. 7, 1992
construction applications: imports. after a long illness. She was 41, daughterof
Kohlr C d . DRichard Ward ofWinston Salem, N.C., and
* ray Bales * Kohler Command 5. Drop us in.
* HayBales * KohComman ropuithe late Madeline (Donahue) Ward.
* Erosion ControlProducts * KOHLER o Mrs. Beaton was born in Wareham, Mass.
andwasa 1968graduateofWarehamHigh
* Siltation Fence** md
* GradeStakes * School.
* Soil Reinforcement * For more information regarding the ease Survivors include her widower and fa*
Slope Stabilization * of drop-in replacement, give us a call or ther; three daughters, Marjorie, Michelle
DrainageFab.ic by. adastopMeredith, of Lakeville; two sisters,
*DrainageFabricn * Madeline Cornwell of Nashville, Ga., and
~*Bob CatRental * I I C[BRIGGS&STRATON] \ | Alllle Griffin of Walkertown, N.C.; two
________1_____________________| borthers, Kevin Ward of Wareham and
.. T . . DavidWard ofPocasset; ald several nlieces
685TNorth Man Sr^et South Shore's Authorized Service Distributor68^5 North Main Street FRANKLIN SMALL ENGINE DIVISION and nephews.
West Bridgewater, MA 02379 797 No. Montello St., Brockton, MA 02401 eral mass was eld Ja. i
Phone: (508) 580-3400 (508) 583-6667 1(800) 8786667 Lakeville at Sts. Martha and Mary Church.
Cranberries February1992 Page21
HAVE YOU MISSED THESE ARTICLES?
CranberriesMagazinehas been a source ofinformation to the growers for 56 years. Our reader service makes available
copies of articles listed below, or from our index. Order the title you want to update your horticultural library.
ARTICLES
($2.00 each, includingpostage andhandling)
290 The Effect of Cranberry Tipworm on Upright Recovery on Massachusetts Cranberry Bogs
689 Pollen Source and Set of Cranberries
590 Cross Pollination of Cranberries
790 Does Bee-Scent Attract Honey Bees & Enhance Cranberry Pollination?
890 Ground Penetrating Radar: Unearthing a Bog's Deep Secrets
990a Transgenetic Cranberry: Major Scientific Breakthrough
990b Federal Wetlands Regulations: What Growers Need to Know
1190 Control of False Lily-of-the-Valley in Cranberries
1290 Agriculture, as Defined by Massachusetts Regulators
191 PreCast Pump Wells
391 Julius Furford's Inventive Acumen
291 Rewriting the Natural History of Cranberry Weevil
591a Fruit Rot Fungicide Studies in Massachusetts, 1990
591b Chemigation Math
691 Two-Year-Old Bed Timing Study
791a Biennial Bearing in Cranberries
791b Current Cranberry Studies Across North America, 1991
891 Factors Affecting the Breakdown and Movement of Pesticides in the Soil
1191 Cranberry Institute: Bringing It All Together
1291a Paul Morse: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom (Double M CranberryCo. finds ways to boostyield
while conserving waterandfertilizer.)
1291b Pesticide Registration Status Update: The Bad News is ... The Good News Is ...
SHOPTALK Series: Necessary information for the workshop.
($6. 00 each or bothfor $10.00)
890s The Heart of the Electrical System: The Battery
990s Separating Fact from Friction (LubricationTheory andPractice)
BOOKS
The American Cranbetnyby Paul Eck: now $45.00 each; 2 or more to same address: $40.00 each
The Genus Vaccinium in North America by S.P. Vander Kloet: $46.50
(Add $2.75 postage/handling per book order)
BACK COPIES: Cranberries,The National CranberryMagazine, $3.50 each, when available.
INDEX: Covering Volume 1(1936) to Volume 53 (1989), inclusive (100 pp., $6.50 including postage).
SUBSCRIPTIONS: In the U.S.: $20/year; $35/two years. In Canada: $25 U.S./ year. Foreign addresses: $30/year.
Your Order ...
Quantity Description Cost Total
Order articles by number. Send a U.S. bank draft to: Cranberries, P.O. Box 858, Southt Canrer, MA 02366
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THENATONA
J~~~~~~~~$t
1936
CRANI3ERRYMAGAZINE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
i~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ I --·r
'~
"Kw>
· · · ~·~ 4 -K L~~ 1
'iij
·
Seeking the Holy Grail of ig Yields~~~~~~~
CArz8~ PI1ii
Febuar Ilfl I 2 ~iiino :l
~~~~~~::i i~ ~ ~~~'1 Dxx w 43
Q:::::::Vol.56, No.2 CONTENTS
iA15:::·~;irtes
lllllllllillllSouth 036l6lllll
Carverl,M
08) 866 Marketing Order Referendum Set 3
................................................
7 Cosmic Cranberries....................................................................... 5
:PUILISIIERIEDITOR: CAROLYNGlt;MORE
A.DVJSO.RS&:CO--:Ri:.RESPONDEN~TS: Cran Station at Long Beach Saved for Now ................................. 6
AsSCH in? Dire-......................................... 9
Dmorai'elle Al Turgeon: Inventing Since the 1950s
ccln Nutrient Status of ai.....lNE .JERSE-;Phli ii .Wisconsin Bll Cranberries .........................11
°
lOiAi-: Alcll:i Maylr Make the Most of Your Accountant's Services ............................. 20
OREGON--r:·thuoo Cu ntyt Departitmenits:
Pol, ! f~Extens~ion
WASH1NGmTON. Kim t&DPh
:Paitten1DAscIat Hti
10 Regional Notes
Unitl~ll~Lon Beach l... 16 Letters to the Editor
.............. ll
WISCONtiN--TodD PlanerUWo CnAcoIS^r,
tur ~al Agent,Fred18 Te~i/ RoperUWEMad}ison; Mass. Cranberry Station Notes
C::RABRRE'S is:o m:otl Cauolye 21 Obituaries
pulifhe by!R:?ii!:~
::::SecondClasspostageispaidati...... haer,.:M:A...
the.:.S..
the So
!PostO..f....cerice!is.$20a : ear $35/or:toyas..
Back copies$350,Retireda year in a ^lllother couils from cranberry work, AI Turgeon still
. .............. ........... ......... s i............. .....................r b ildin d fii g Here e is esting......
iP..ostmaster, sendForm3749tohis new ri lin.g dryfrulit harvester which loads directly into three-barrelbins,
CRABERlllllR cI··ti13;8lllllllllll,Oand can be detachedfrom the tractor.Story, page 9.
llIEShlP
^^~~~~~ATO^^~~ 0N ~~~~Specializing in
CRANBERRY * COMPLETE BOG * DITCHING
GROWERS SERVICE MANAGEMENT
* CUSTOM
.........\ 0 HARVESTING HERBICIDE
KiyJ ~ ) (WET & DRY) APPLICATION
IAM ^· NETTING * SANDING
Office D. Beaton K. Beaton P. Beaton
(508) 295-2222 (508) 888-1288 (508) 295-2207 (508) 947-3601
Complete line of portable Crisafulli Pumps 2" -16" *5 B5
Plastic netting for suction boxes l lll
CMC Grower Hot Line: 1-(800) 253-0862
Marketing Order Referendum Set
The U.S. Department of Agriculture an-
nounced on Dec. 27, 1991, that cranberry
producers and processors will vote on pro-
posed amendments to the federal marketing
order for cranberries. This vote comes two
years after the initial hearings were held on
the proposed amendments.
Ballots and a summary of the proposed
amendments were mailed to all eligible
voters on Jan. 11, 1992; the voting was
slated for Jan. 13-31.
Daniel D. Haley, AMS administrator,
said the amendments are intended to im-
prove the administration, operation and
functioning of the cranberry marketing or-
der program. Voting is open to cranberry
growers and processors in Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey,
Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon,
Washington and Long Island in New York,
cranberry growing areas under the provi-
sions of the order.
Haley said the proposed amendments
would authorize the Cranberry Marketing
Committee to conduct production research
and development projects; calculate an-
nual allotments on the basis ofsales histo-
ries; limit tenure for committee members
to three consecutive two-year terms of
office; establish provisions regarding ex-
cess cranberries, which would allow pro-
ducers to deliver their entire crop during a
year of volume controls; and require han-
dlers to pay assessments on the weight of
cranberries they acquire instead of on the
weight of cranberries they handle.
Vines for (a
To become effective, the amendments
must be approved by two-thirds ofthe growers
voting. Results will be announced by the
March 4, 1992 meeting of the Cranberry
Marketing Committee in Washington, D.C.,
said CMC general manager, David
Farrimond. Approved changes will be incorporated
by August this year, he noted.
The proposal authorizing the Committee
to conduct production and development
projects addresses the concern that recent
cutbacks in funding to state universities and
extension programs could jeopardize cranberry
research.
The background information published in
the Federal Registeron Dec. 27 noted, "More
and more, federal and state laws have been
(Continuednextpage.)
Spring
1992
Sale
Ben Lear
Crowley
Stevens
l
~-
| .
S..
EJ
CRANBERRIESIN
$3,500 Pilgrims $5,000
$1,750 LeMunyon $5,000
$3,300 Howes $2,500
Early Blacks $2,500
Contact:
Russell Lawton
1 It(508)
947-7465
98 E.Grove St.
Middleboro, MA 02346
Northland Cranberries,Inc.
Le Roy Miles
(715) 424-4444
800 First Ave. South St.
Wisconsin Rapids, Wl 54494
Cranberries February 1992 Page 3
implemented which restrictthe use ofchemicals
and oversee water use. In addition, it is M* BAILEY PUMPS
becoming more difficult to expand produc-i as ac u ets I U
tion in wetlands which are protected by
federal and state laws. Research projects
l
which address these concerns would ben-Jr Wers
efit all cranberry growers and help ensure
adequate supplies and increased quality of
cranberries to consumers." Financial assistance for
The proposed changes would also imple-lasi a
Scholarships and Medical
ment a sales history program that would T
replace the present base quantity system Assistance is available for The original open centrifugal pump
and streamline record keeping. Under this r r, r used extensively by cranberry growers
proposal, a grower's sales history would be Cranberry Growers, their forrrigation and drainage for morethan
calculated annually based on the grower's Employees and the families 70 years.
sales, and expressed as an average of the o b w c
best four of the previous six years. Each bothwhen nanc need Capacityfrom2,000to 6,000G.P.M.
year, a grower's sales history would be can be shown.
automatically recalculated with the newest · Casing Type: Stocksizes 10", 14", 16"
crop year's sales being added and the oldest For information, contact:20".
crop year's sales being dropped from the
six-year period. Sales history would be URANN FOUNDATION Less expensive type for lower lifts,
transferred along with the acreage on which without casing. Stock sizes 6", 9, 12
it was earned, ensuring that a buyer or P.O. Box 788 and 17".
lessee receives sales history on acreage
bought or leased. Brockton MA 02403 GRIFFITH CRANBERRYCO.,INC.
Mr. Farrimond urges growers with any 7Lakeview St., So. Carver, MA 02366
questions to contact him at the CMC office. 7744 (508) 866-9371
Phonenumbersthereare: 1-(800)-253-0862, elepone508) 866-4052 (answeringmachine)
(508)291-1510;FAXis(508)291-1511. +
IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT DESIGNED
ESPECIALLY FORTHE CRANBERRY INDUSTRY
30WSH
LARCHMONT WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD BY ANYONE
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Lexington, Massachusetts 02173 (617) 862-2550
P~_2_ -_ ~~~~~~~~~FAX
No. (617) 862-0 173
Page 4 February1992 Cranberries
^n^^^
~COSMIC
* CRANBERRIES
Another milestone in cranberry history
was made on a chilly Saturday morning on
Nov. 16th, 1991 when cranberryplants were
rocketed about 200 miles above the Earth.
No, NASA was not providing a Thanksgiv-
ing treat to any stranded Shuttle astronauts!
Actually this was the continuation ofa series
of experiments involving the use of space
for plant science and eventual commercial-
ization. Cranberry and three other plant
tissues were carried into space by a Starfire
1rocket. It was a perfect flight.launched at
the White Sands Missile Range in south-
western New Mexico. The 52 foot, 2-stage
rocket carriedapayloadofabout600 pounds
primarily composed of material-science
experiments. However, about 20 pounds of
that total payload was a set of biology
experiments. The experiments were funded
by private industry in association with pro-
grams sponsored by NASA.
The launch, called Consort 4, is part ofa
pioneering program to promote commer-
cializationofspace. In 1986, NASA created
several Centers for the Commercial Devel-
opment of Space (CCDS) at participating
universities to encourage industry and uni-
versity involvement in space studies. One of
these was established at Madison, Wisc. as
the Wisconsin Center of Space Automation
and Robotics. NASA provides funding,
through the CCDS's, for the initial experiments
such as ours. The expectation is that
private industry will begin to invest in and
utilize space research.
The Consort series (1through 4) was organized
by the University of Alabama-
Huntsville'sCCDSwith a numberofindus-
try sponsors "renting" research space on
the rockets. The Pennsylvania State
University's (PSU) CCDS developed what
they call "Biomodules" which were de-|
signed to facilitate experiments in space
using animal or plant tissues. These
Biomodules were flown on the last three
Consort missions. The original intent was
to investigate animal cell function under
near-weightlessness, or microgravity, in
order tounderstand the basis ofsome physi-
ological problems experienced by astro-
nauts in space. PSU also wanted to test the
versatility of its Biomodules by including
other sorts of tissues, and so plants were
invited on Consort 4.
Ray Bula, executive director of the Uni-
versity ofWisconsin's CCDS was asked to
participate byproviding plant materials for
one of the Biomodules. He, in turn, called
upon Dr. Brent McCown to provide a plant
biology experiment and that is where I
became involved. The plant tissues sent
into space were to represent types of tissues
commonly used in plant biotechnology
and thus lay the groundwork for future
experiments and private industry involve-
ment. Cranberry stem sections used for
genetic transformation experiments (see
Cranberries54:9 pp. 3-5) were among the
tissues that were readily available and fit
some of the objectives of the program. I
designed and carried out the experiment
and chaperoned it to New Mexico.
The experiment with plant tissues was to
determine ifthe tissues would survive the
rocket flight in PSU's Biomodules, if the
By Rod Serres
Biomodules could be useful for plant experiments,
and if plant tissues developed
normally after space flight. At a 200 mile
elevation above Earth, the "Stevens" cranberry
plants experienced about eight minutes
of microgravity before plummeting
back to the ground. In addition, considerable
acceleration and deceleration forces
were evident. The entire rocket flight lasted
only 15 minutes and within three hours, the
rocket-flown tissues were recovered and
transferred to fresh culture medium. All the
tissues survived the flight and are now
being grown for observation in our laboratory
at Madison.
Further research involving the effects of
near-weightlessness on plant tissue ofthis
type is planned. Microgravity may allow us
to study elusive aspects ofplant cell development
or may even enhance genetic transformation
efficiencies. For example, will
more cells incorporate inserted foreign DNA
(genes) while growing in weightlessness
than when grown on Earth? How will the
expression (function) of the genes be affected
by weightlessness?
Cranberries have "earned their wings",
and have a good chance of being included
on future missions. +
Available Spring
Available for Spring of 1992
Pilgrims and Stevens
Market Prices
(608) 378-4069
Or Write:
Jensen Cranberry Bogs, Inc.
Route 2 Box 92
Warrens, Wl 54666
Cranberries February1992 Page 5
WISCONSIN CRANBERRY
HEADQUARTERS FOR
AG CHEMICALS < >
CLE
Cole/Grower Service
537 Atlas Ave., P.O. Box 7211, Madison, WI 53707
537 Atlas Ave., P.O. Box 721 I, Madison, WI 53707
(608) 221 -6204 ror I-(800) 362-8049
/
(608)or 221-6204
-(80) 362-8049n
IV^~~ 7^iR~~ Ines1
f^ ^
lV i Vnes for Salle
^ims Stevens
I Cl^Ric il gri Stevens
hberPr s
IBen L
Richben eerrSys
Bn L
Farms Ltd. rwles
Call: (604) 273-0777 B^ 11280 Mellis Drive
os^c""~~~
Fax: (604) 273-7856 R Richmond, B.C.
V6XiA^^fS~ 1L7
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CONSULTING
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Extensive experience in all aspects of cranberry land
development: evaluation, purchase, survey, design,
permit acquisition,
phased construction and planting
permit acquisition, phased construction and planting
both in wetlands and uplands.
Have references. Will travel.
Contact: Will Lee
10968 Highway 54 East
Wisconsin Rapids, WI 54494
(715) 424-3 131
Page 6 February1992 Cranberries
Cran Station
a Long each
Saved for Now
Washington growers bought some time
fortheir cherished cranberry station in Long
W in iv i
lBeach. Washington State University administrators
had announced last October
that the station would be shut down until
mid-1992. Stormed by grower protests and
a letter writing campaign, university offi|||\
e facility
|cials agreed to keep the research1 operational until at least June 30, 1992.
"Basically we got their attention" said
Bob Whannel. "We bought some time."
A state wide fiscal crisis, with anticipa
tion ofa $1billion deficit had forced a 12.5
|earsT percent budget reduction on WSU.
"We were asked to take basically a 100
pergmancentcut"Mr.Whaelsaid. "We made
a point that we didn't think it was fair." He
noted that no meaningful cuts were taken
anywhere on the west side ofthe state, other
than phasing out positions filled by people
scheduled for retirement.
Armed with protest signs saying "Un
111OW~/fair! Cranberry Research Taking 100%
Cut", and "Has WSU forgotten its land-
grant mission?", some 50 growers met
university administrators in early December
to work out alternatives for keeping the
station running. A letter writing camnpaign
was also effective in pointing out the viabil
~~~~~~~~~~T~~
| |ity of the station.
"Our next step is to organize a meeting
wfit Bureau as an umbrella sponsor
~~
with Farmn
and to sit down with the president of WSU
and ask if he has a commitment to a land
grant charter."
The research facility that has been in
operation since 1923, is one of only two
university facilities in the nation devoted
exclusively to cranberries. Some 30 area
growers account for the lion's share of the
Evergreen State's $8 million harvest. An
other 90growers i the Grayland area of
other 90growers in the Grayland area of
northem Pacific County and southern Grays
Harbor Counmity are also served by the facility.
The station's first director, D. J. Crowley,
||was the first to introduce the use of overhead
sprinklers for frost protection, amethod
now used wherever cranberries are grown
and on other crops around the world. +
Kenneth Olson The Company ou Keep Charles R Nelson, CLU
New York Life e Ompany IU 1 ?. New York Life
P.O. Box 100 3610 Oakwood Mall Drive
Black River Falls, WI 54615 Eau Claire, WI 54701
Bus. (715) 284-5168 Bus. (715) 834-4174
Family estate planning has been very important to cranberry growers in recent years.
Ken and Chuck have been helping growers to develop plans which minimize income and
estate taxes, provide liquidity to pay estate taxes, and make it possible to pass the family
business on to the next generation while treating other family members fairly.
Chuck has represented New York life since 1969 and Ken since 1977. They do business
with growers in Wisconsin as well as in Massachusetts and New Jersey. Thanks to their
friends in Cranberryland, they are both members of the company's Chairman's Council,
which represents the top 250 agents from a total agency force of 11,000.
G.A.F. Engineering Inc.
is,. . is ... is.
New England's leading designer land use planning through surveying
for the cranberry industry, engineering excellence, through precision.
Featuring:
Including: Services Include:
*Advisory services.
*Site assessment and evaluation. *Engineering studies. . Perimeter surveys.
*Cranberry bog design. *Hydrologic surveys. . Title plans.
*Water supply. *D.E.P. filings. . Topographic surveys.
*Irrigation and flood control. *E.P.A. filings. . Soil surveys.
• Pumping facilities. *Army Corps permits. . Construction staking.
Land reclamation and soil conservation collection treatment and Land Court surveys.
disposal systems. *Wetlands boundaries.
oSanitary sewer pumping facilities. . Plot plans.
FStorm water management systems.
__ *Water supply and distribution systems. Otherservices include.
· : _ *Waterfront structures.
Pumin facilities.Environmental studies. . Construction bid document
g ·
· Percolation tests. preparation.
9Subsurface sewage disposal systems. · Construction coordination and
·Siteplans. i Contract selection and negotiation.
* * ,*.Wetlands filings. · Aerial photography.
· Wetlands restoration Wetlands filings.
· Legal descriptions of land. r Construction supervision.
· Earth removal permits. · Construction management.
Covers Loss ofProductionDue to:
-Adverse weather conditions
-Insects, PlantDiseaseand Wildlife Damage '
-Unavoidablefailureof the irrigationwater supply
Failureor breakdown of irrigationequipment orfacilities,
due to direct damagefiro an insurablecause
Reasonable, nonprohibitivecost, startingat $45 per acre
Arthur G. Carroll
Crop Insurance Agency
1-800-531-4700
Al Hall Home Office
Charlton City, MA 01508 RFD 2, Box 764
(508) 248-7943 eves. Limerick, ME 04048
Protect Your Crop Investment -Give Yourself Peace of Mind
RANB E RRY GROWERS
I FARM PACKAGES
~~~~N ^ ___mSFARM PLATES
COMMERCIAL
S A
HOME AUTO
U V
_ _ __y^4
R| =({{{INSURANCE ___
EB \ _ AGENCY M
M 0
0CAIT
O INSURANCE YSPECIALISTS IR
R LOU GAMMONS CHARLES ADAMS E
328 BEDFORD ST. RI. 18 234 WEST CENTER ST.
LAKEVILLE MA. 02347 W.BRIDGEWATER MA. 02379
(508) 947-3460 (508) 587-5640
—: : : : lllllll
lll:lllllllllllllltllllllllll
1 I.............new.
invented his way into the cranberry industry.
He always wasone ofthose guys who
was tinkeringand fabricating something
In the 1950s he came to know a few
^^~~~~ ^~~ ^^. ^hoe ~~~~~~ I built acranbe rrygrow erstroughahy draulic backagf
ency he owned in Dartmouth, Mass.
4^^^K~~.> ....
A$25,000 incentive
offered by Oceand
~'~'~-'itotry to upstage the Furford picker. Al-| o
Al Turgeofferhas been takesdry arversionerforatest ride
his detachinable
"Bob Hammond w anted me to build a
sander for his bogs" Al recalled. "He
came everyday with his lunch and sat in my
_garage. WhenIwas finished he said 'cralright,
I want two more.' Ithbuilt em andhe still
In 1963 grower David Mann came out to
WillJulius have business with atjob offer. A ccepted
Al's Fufod thelastwod?When a
work a fertil fielde for inven-
Of a quicker, moretion.haAt thatd time David been experi
foundbog
menting with water-harvesting and his operation
was perhapsthe first to harvest by
told the ownberry
on saving
overharvedry sting. Picking meantyou
soon caughtto the due of help
wet
a pickingheadon it The.day we started,
couldor pick in the rain ice"
Al said.
ago for Dave. We picked the cranberries
wet, and put them in the dryer. A tub
attached toabackshoe lifted cranberries
I would like to.)buy it. I called up Dave, ad
onto atruckathat wasfitted with portable
drier. Hot air wasberblown on aries s
the
fall, it conveyor. That didn't
they moved onto a
work too wellHe were
Besidesecause once the berries
wet they didn't keepwell" Al said.
betterbuilttaaI thought. yof
first ditch picker,
and the first airboat" Al said. "I was
"I cne out with tThree
ClarkoGriffithere.'scrand
is one of the hopefuls. Retired after
setts
waere tested last fall, none have
bog in South
the
A $25,000 incentivehffered by Ocean
Spray Cranberries,Inc. to the first
Will Julius Furford have last word?
inventor
R ;nthinksc"Ibog.
cranberries. He has already invested
of a quicker, more efficient dry harvester
has inspiredinventors inthe U. S. and Canada
to try to upstage the Furford picker. Al-
though offerrel
the bin.een out for three years
and some were tested last fall, none have
past the test.
Al Turgeon ofBuzzards Bay, Massachu-
setts is one of the hopefuls. Retired after
three decades ofbog work, he still lives and
thinks cranberries. He has already invested
$25,000 of his retirement funds and three
years of labor trying to perfect a better dry
harvester.
To win the prize, the harvester must pick
60 barrels an hour, bruise less than five
percent ofthe berries, leave less than five
percent ofthe crop on the bog, not damage
the bog more than a Furford, and use the
three barrel bin.
a swing action to them sothey do not dig the
reel. Combs swing around aId scrape the
wasork. tested last
picked 100 pounds a built
Whenr boAl'smachine
minute, dane
percent ofthe fruitad left 22percent on the
knives are timed with the reels to cut off
Sincesthen he haays s lowered the
damage to two percent and is working on
thao driving throughthe Everglades
loweringthe get22 percentis left behind. and saw an
His machine is a deryversion theofwat
reel. "Combs swing around anCraerrd
scrape the
berries off the bog and throw them on to the
conveyors" Al said. "The comb bars have
a swing action to them so they do not dig the
bog. They will swing before they dig. A set
ofknives are timed with the reels to cut off
any briars from the combs."
His harvester is fitted on a tractor, and for
versitility can be removed to free the tractor
for other bog work.
Al's workshop isn't a fancy one. He built
the machine in a unheated dirt floor garage
so small,he had toremove the doors and use
pry bars to get his harvester out.
No stranger to bog devices, Al sort of
erairboat there. I swung in and told the owner
I would like to buy it. I called up Dave, and
he said 'if you think you can do something
with it, buy it.' When we got it home, I put
a picking head on it. The day we started,
Dave said it wouldn't work. It worked
better than I thought."
That airboat was first used for harvesting
in 1987. "Noone else uses it" Al admitted,
"but it will catch on. There are no wheel
tracks, no falling in ditches. It also sands."
Besides inventing, Al enjoys wintering in
Florida with his wife of eight-years, Irene.
Three ofhis four grown children have cranberry
juice in their veins; they all work on
cranberry bogs. +
CranberresFebruary1991 Page 9
TIR 11 1Vt
Ikeg0ional es§oC
Massachusetts
February 18; March 16
AnnualCranberryStationGrowers'sMeet-
ings at the Elks Hall, East Wareham. Featur-
ing updates of cranberry research.
February 4-7; 24-27
Short Coursein IntegratedPestManage-
ment.Each 4-day course open to the first 50
applicants. $60 fee. Contact Craig
Hollingsworth (413) 545-1055.
February 27
Cape Cod Cranberry Growers' Associa-
tion Winter Meeting, Plimouth Plantation,
Plymouth, Mass. Registration, 7:45 -8:15
a.m.; meeting to 4:30 p.m. Information to
be sent to all Association members, or call
the office at (508) 295-4895.
Washington, D.C.
March 4
CranberryMarketing Conmmittee's Win-
terMeeting, to review 1991 crop statistics,
and to develop 1992 marketing policy pro-
!
l LIrLIi.. :
•r;~~ '.
jections of demand, production and inven-
tory. Referendum results willbe announced.
Wisconsin
March 18-19
WSCGA sponsoredGrowersSchool,Mead
Inn, Wisconsin Rapids, WI. 1992 at the
Mead Inn in Wisconsin Rapids. Registra-
tion materials will be sent in late February
to those who have participated in the past.
For more information, contact Teryl Roper
at (608) 262-9751, or Tod Planer at (715)
421-8440.
August 12
WSCGA Sunmmer Meeting, Warrens, WI.
lSeptember 24-28
Fall Growers Tours, a special WSCGA
event this year to welcome growers from
other areas to Wisconsin. All interested
growers are invited to attend. The agenda
includes marsh and receiving station tours,
visits to machinery manufacturers, special
interests and more. Call (715) 423-2070 for
more information.
Cranberry Board Seeks Proposals
The Wisconsin Cranberry Board, Inc. has
$100,000 in grants available for projects
aimed at growth, development and educational
awareness ofthe cranberry industry.
Proposals mustbe submitted to the board by
March 1, 1992, in order to be eligible.
Project proposals will be reviewed at the
WCB board meeting March 17 in Wisconsin
Rapids.
For more information, contact the Wisconsin
Cranberry Board, Inc., at P.O. Box
1351, Wisconsin Rapids, WI 54495-1351
or call (715) 423-2070.
Water Control Design Contest
A competition for improved water controlstructures
is open to Bay State growers
and their employees.
Awards up to $1,000 are offered for new
flume concepts, novel flashboard designs,
better flmne management ideas, leakage
preventionr etc.
preliminary sketches are due by Feb. 14
Pilgrim RC&D Area, 40-48 North
a St.hMiddleboro, MA 02346. Contact
Marc MacQueen, at (508) 946-1558.
Federal Disaster Assistance
Farmers who experienced a weather-related
disaster in the 1990 or 1991 growing
season are advised that the application period
for federal assistance is Feb. 3 through
March 13 at your county ASCS office.
Forallyour
i^c growing needs.
s
1 11, a R.E. Morse & Son, Inc...
supplying agricultural
chemicals, fertilizer
. ^W^ ~iY wand power equipment
" ' .2f ':•. ' '.-'S's'-:•. -- .. ..
l(^\\^\ CRANBERRY HIGHWAY * WEST WAREHAM, MASSACHUSETTS 02576
Page INC. 10rari(508) 295-1553
Page 10 February1992 Cranberries
Nutrient Status of Wisconsin Cranberries
by Teryl R. Roper' and Sherry M. Coombs2
University of Wiisconsin-Madison
Cranberry growers have used many fer-1 .liiiII I...I.. I ......... .. ...
.......................ttllftl Ill .. .~tlf11ft~ttt :: ... ...............
tilization programs over the years in the.MACRONUTRIENTSquest for the perfect mineral nutrition program
that will create a 300 barrel per acre Proposed Levels
crop. Some have resulted in increased yields ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~%................... ...........
in some years and some marshes. Others h
have not. The reality is that there are many Ill llll:11......
factors at play in producing a high yield
including soil type, site, water availability, ' ..................................,.
temperature, sunlight, management practices,
mud general vigor of the vines. What
works well for your neighbor won't neces
sarily work for you. Mineral nutrition is
only one piece of the total yield puzzle. Phosphorus <0.13 0.13 to 0.18 >0.19
tIfi at l ys vutsoper y i ...... ................................. ...... . . ................ 'A: :R :
proper usdo t ... ... ... ........................................................ :......................,.......................................................................................................
...............
Plant analysis is th.e quantitative determi-;r.................................... . ........................................
nation of the essential elements in plant Pot:sium-< 0.50 to 0.90 >0.9:I
tissue. Elements included by the University.
ofWisconsin Soil and Plant Analysis Lab Calcium <0.30 0.31 to 0.60 >0.60
include: nitrogen (N), phQsphorus (P), potassiumn
(K), calciu n (Ca) ,mag nesiu n (Mg),......................................................··::···::·: ··:::··· :.:··:.: ···............ ...............
::···:: ··..····.
...........................................................iiiiii jilll~~~~.
sulfur (S), iron §(Fe), mrivmgvmiese (ir''h0i), cop-.......*rji~~~~:~'':ii;'.-. I:.51......... . ... 5::t60.;...........20..ii..............ijii:.>0... 0..................
per (Cu), zinc (Zn), and boronf e ssor,(B).oSodi~umf Hort i :~~~~~~~~~~~~.....................................,........................................................... .. .... ......
A s s i s t ant Pro Department -I... ................. ....................... ........................ ..............................................................................................................
(Na)and aluminum (Al) are also included, Sulfur <0.07 0.08 to 0.20 >0.20
though they are not.essential. Sodiun improves
the quality ofsome crops and aluminum
can be toxic iln some low pH soils..M'iCRONUTR ENT::Si........i.l.....
If properly used, results of pl~ant analysis iiitilliiiiiiiiili.
and a soil test can be a guide for efficient .. . .................................-.......................................
ppm
crop production. Soil tests provide estiimates
ofinutrient needs but not allpieces of Iro >80
the production puzzle are supplied by just a
soil test. Plant analysis allows you to evaluate
yomfr fertilizer and management prac-Boron <1 10-20 >20
tices by providing a nutritional "photograph"
of the crop. These "photographs" ' .'c~.':~p:" p~ .. . 6;~;~~:0>I.: ........ .......
~~"~.;".r:~.~" 5.;~ .:...;}
canr be used to help identify nutritional
disorders, evaluate fertilizer efficiency, and
Zinc <15 I 5-30 >30
determine availabilityofelements forwhich
no reliable soil test exists.
(Conztinued next page.) Man·B:"gane;~ <10 >20
se··.·:'-:o :10D2100
1Assistan~tProfessor, DepartmnentofHor~ticulture.
Table 1.Proposed concentrations of cranberry tissue samples for determining the
2Director, Soil andl Planzt Anaulysis Lab, nutritional status of cranberry. From: Lloyd Peterson, Department of Horticul-
Department ofSoil Science. ture, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Cranberries February1992 Page 11
Between 1981 and 1989 the Soil and
Plant Analysis Lab at the University of Histogram of Xi: Cranberry Shoot %N
Wisconsin-Madisonhas analyzed about 400
cranberry plant and soil samples. While this 1[ _1 ___
is not a great number, it may be representative
ofthe cranberry marshes in the state as l-----. critlcal val :: ...
1 80
a whole. We have plotted some test results
for the major nutrients for cranberry plants Q 6
and soil in figures 1-9. In each figure the l
proposed critical tissue level has been iden-40.
tified at the top. The critical levels are also
shown in Table 1. Below this number the 20. — 'I"I
tissue sample would be considered defi
cient in that nutrient. Additions ofnutrients .4 .6 .8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
to deficient vines should result in a positive Cranberry Shoot %N
response. Samples containing more than
the critical level are to
considered have
level are to have Figure 1. Above, cranberry tissue nitrogen levels from Wisconsin between
sufficientnutritionfor good yield. Addition
sufficient nutrition for s t m | 1981 and 1989. The critical level for tissue nitrogen is 0.9%.
ofnutrients above yearly maintenance doses
probably will not result in a yield response.
Nitrogen Histogram of Xi: Cranberry Shoot %P
First lets look at nitrogen (N) (Fig. 1). Over 100
the past several years, 75 percent of the v90
lu
samples were sufficient in nitrogen. These 80
levels are reasonable as too much nitrogen 70
can cause rank vine growth and lead to 60-
decreased yields. This suggests that most § 50
marshes have enough nitrogen and adding 40
large quantities ofnitrogen may be counter-3 . __
productive. However, the 25 percent of 2.0 . . ...
samples that are below the 0.9% N may .
profit by having more N added. In these : :
beds it likely won't matter what form ofN .04 .06 .0 .0 .12 .14 .16 .18 .2 .22 .24 .26 .28 .3
is provided (liquid, granular, organic, or Cranberry Shoot % P
foliar). These vines should show improvement
given any N. However, during hot
days beds established on peat may release Figure 2.Above, cranberry tissue phosphorus levels from Wisconsin between
enough nitrogen from mineralization pro-1981 and 1989. The critical level for tissue potassium is 0.5%.
cesses to supply significant amounts of
usable nitrogen.
Histogram of Xi: Cranberry Shoot %K
Phosphorus 140— — — ' ' '' ' ' '
Phosphorus (P) is also important to cran-
berry production (Fig. 2). About 75 percent .. .
ofthe samples were in the sufficient range 1
(0.14% or higher). A few samples were in
the high range (above 0.19%). Adding large 8
amounts of phosphate fertilizer to these critical value
vines already having sufficient tissue P
levels will probably not increase yields. 40. ------'
However, the vines represented by the 25 20
percent deficient samples may profit by ......
additions ofphosphate fertilizer. Phosphate 0' ' " —':':
?—...........—......—......
is relatively immobile in soils because it is .2 4 6 8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
fixed very tightlyto specific soil adsorption C r
sites. Availability of fixed phosphate to
plants is affected by soil pH and soil potash Figure 3. Above, cranberry tissue potassium levels from Wisconsin between
content. Plants should have adequate levels 1981 and 1989. The critical level for tissue potassium is 0.5%.
Page 12 February1992 Cranberries
——___________________ ~available P if soil test levels are maintained
___._
Histogram of X1: Cranberry Shoot % Mg at 25 ppm (50 lbs/acre) with a pH less than
140—.. . .\ .. ... 6.5.
Potassium
100 The other major element of interest is po8
g_ ____ tassium (K) (Fig. 3). Ninety four percent
60 of the samples had tissue potassium at or
6criticl valu above the critical level of0.5%. Only 6% of
'4:|00 _s___.g. . p had_______ lvsb
samples had tissue K levels below critical.
iii iiiiiiiiiiiiilSe#02i ' Although potassium deficiency may occur
...................
egg we;A~;;
20. —i—- ......-.. in Wisconsin cranberries, the likelihood is
2::.:,0,..:. %~ :~ iii:':~ |extremely low because beds have adequate
,,.m.,:~
.05 .1 .15 .2 .25 .3 .35 natural Kreserves.
Cranberry Shoot %Mg
'—_______ ______ ' Magnesium
Magnesium (Mg) is an important element
Figure 4. Above, cranberrytissue magnesium levels from Wisconsin between forplant growth. The vast majority of our
1981 and 1989. The critical level for tissue magnesium is 0.15%. samples (88%) were sufficient for Mg (Fig.
4). Only 12 percent ofthe beds would profit
from remedial applications of Mg. A good
Histogram of X1: Cranberry Shoot Zn ppm source ofmagnesium isdolomitic lime. Ifa
.140, , , , , . —'..,-. . .... . . change in soil pH is not desirable, Epsom
I ________ _________________________________ 1 [ I I salts (MgSO) may be applied. Magnesium
deficiency symptoms in Wisconsin cran100
|" " | berries should be rare.
|Ii .|. ... .. . . |Micronutrients
60..' — Levels of micronutrients are of concern to
|crial value ___ many growers. These elements are required
I . I I. in very small amounts (parts per million)
201o. __ • • yet are critical to normal plant growth. Our
____________I I of the critical levels of mi-
o~ ~understanding
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 cronutrients is limited, and in some in-
Cranberry Shoot Zn ppm stances is based on greenhouse work which
may not apply well to field conditions.
With the exception of zinc, virtually all
Figure 5. Above, cranberry tissue zinc levels from Wisconsin between 1981 the plant samples analyzed were sufficient
and 1989. The critical level for tissue zinc is 15 ppm. in all nicroelements. Roughly 10 percent
ofthe samples were below the critical level
for zinc (Fig. 5). However, as soil pH
Histogram of XI:Sht B pm decreases, zinc availability increases. So, if
Cranberry
Histogram of X1: Cranberry Shoot B ppm , ,
120 .. . . . . . . . . a bed has zinc deficiency it may be solved
by applying a small amount of sulfur to
100o. reduce the soil pH.
Boron is known to be an important micro-
l 8 llg — -- ----nutrient for flower formation and function.
6§0L:I I I The mechanics ofthe function of Bare not
o I'.. known. Boron is quite immobile in plants
cr|hicaivliu« ___ 0 I and may not be is sufficient concentration
in rapidly growing tissues such as floral
20 ............ meristems. Our data show that virtually all
of the tissue samples had adequate boron
o. ~iIi-H-^-a J . i (Fig. 6). Boron application has been shown
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 to be beneficial when applied to other fruit
cranberry Shoot Bppm crops. No definitive data are yet available
for cranberries, however. We are suggest-
Figure 6. Above, cranberrytissue boron levels from Wisconsin between 1981 ing a tentative critical level of 10 ppm. At
and 1989. The critical level for tissue boron is 10 ppm. this time there is no scientific data to sug
(Continuednext page.)
Cranberries Feburary1992 Page 13
gest cranberries will benefit from further
... 60. . .
Histogram
...
of
.
X1 :
.
Soil pH
. .—.
boron application. Because plants have a
very fine line between enough and too
much micronutrient, potential toxicities can
, ~50t0~~~~o.F~ —z i —.occur ~ci~ with indiscriminate applications.
Soil pH
30 ----------_-----__----.. Soil pH is another important factor for
cranberry production. The optimum pH for
l o __20. i a I to be be
_______cranberry growth is considered
|—........ ~{~~~g 1 1 e .O~~~~~~~~~~tween
1 _1 DII
4.0 and 5.5. The bulk of the samples
0o. _______________________. .tested (80%) were in that range (Fig. 7). The
beds represented by the remaining 20 per-
o.L cent of samples could benefit from soil pH
3.5 4 4.5 i5 5.5 6 6.5 7 adjustment. Caution should be taken to not
overadjust. Decreasing high pH will increase
availability of phosphorus, and most
Figure 7. Above, soil pH for Wisconsin cranberry beds sampled 1981-1989. micronutrients.micronutrients. HavingsoilveryacidicHaving soil very acidic (pH
5.5. <<4.0) may create increases in the soluble
forms.of aluminum and cause toxicity.
~Optimumtrp~ soil rpH1 is 4.0
lI 5 SScattergram for columns: X1Y1 Relating soil and tissue element
.45—. .—,—.—'—. —'——'—'—'' —concentrations
.4 O| Another area where there is some confusion
is the relationship between soil element
.35 ' concentration and tissue element concen.
31 tration. We like to think that if more fertil325U
°O izer is applied to the soil that the tissue
0
I| | .b25^^o ° 0mo 0 content of the applied elements will also
.2E1 c °fO)Ci >8 O0 increase within a shortperiod oftime. How
| .15. ob Jn O o i ever, when we plot the relationship be
·&
l .1C^ O° OO 0 soil nutrient
% § ||tween available and tissue
I I 4 oo^~~~~~~~ 0 l nutrient analysis, the result isnot definitive.
o l~~~
•. | ,The
05... —•,—...1•—————p'a' plots for available soil P and K and
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Soil P lbs/a leafpotassium and phosphorus (Figs.8&9)
illustrate the point. For both elements there
is a broad range of soil concentrations, yet
Figure 8. Above, the relationship between Wisconsin cranberry tissue phos- the tissue concentrations are very narrow.
phorus levels and available soil phosphate between 1981 and 1989. This suggests that other factors beyond soil
availability control the content of the elements
in tissues. We know what some, but
——Scatt—1rgrmcolumns: 1 for |not all, of these are. Apparently, having
2.75,
Scattergram
.
for columns: X
.
IY1
enough of an element in the soil is impor
2.5 a tant, but adding more will not necessarily
2.25; increase the tissue concentration of that
2 2 element. Furthermore, higher tissue nutri
0 1.751 . ent levels do not necessarily result in corre°
1.5. E a sponding yield increase.
1.25 a0a
I . 7 8 aa a . Choosing specific needs for your
° .75.0 a °°a00 -beds
.5 0 0a0 . The cranberry industry in Wisconsin has
.251 O aa , followed many individual fertilizer pro-
o°. . .... . .. —.—.—1—,— l-lgrams on the quest for the holy Grail ofhigh
0 50 100 200 oil 350 450
150 S 300 400 yields.Someprogramshave called forfre
quent applications of small amounts of
.____________— | [ fertilizer at great expense. In some in-
Figure 9. Above, the relationship between Wisconsin cranberry tissue potas-stances the cost of application was higher
sium levels and available soil potash between 1981 and 1989. than the cost of materials. These data sug
(Continuednext page.)
Page 14 February 1992 Cranberries
. ^..... .
and tissue nutrient content; and that tissue V* Srl
sampling for sufficiency of mineral ele-AES 1LE :
ments is a good way to help choose the · · · · · ·· · · · · · · ·· ·· · · ·
specific elements yourbeds may need. + C
gest that other factors may influence yields *. .. .. • ..
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* 0
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Cranberries February 1992 Page 15
Readers are encouraged to respond to Cranberries
articles and offer views and analysis of cranberry
industry trends and issues. Write to:
Carolyn Gilmore, Editor
Cranberries
--if -1 t yTp P.O. Box 858
South Carver, MA 02366
FAX: (508) 866-2970
mightbeantedcranberries.Needess
might be planted in cranberries. Needless to
say at present prices I'm moving slowly.
The pH isi generally 4.4 and the peat soil is
about 15" above sea level. Screened sand is
expensive, however. My concern is that if
is that if
we build up quite an investment here and
then get a really bad storm. How badly can
bad . lycan
we be hurt? The perimeter dikes around the
e b u e p i r
bwilkeepofo assausets
I've visited both the Massachusetts Cran-
Can cranberries tolerate an "ocean spray"?
Dear Ms. Gilmore:
On the last page of your October issue
there are pictures ofwhat happens when a
dike fails. I'd like to know what happens to
the cranberries. I know that in the '38
hurricane some bogs on Cape Cod were
salted down and that they eventually recov-
ered. I would appreciate it if your fine
magazine could do a follow up of the
Piscitelli bog.
This is of concern to me since we have a
two acre co-operative experiment with
Cornell University in growing cranberries.
The first acre was planted in 1990 and the
second in 1991. This is on fonner salt marsh
that was diked in 1944. The dikes are nine
orten feethigh, 30 feet wide at the base and
generally wide enough for a tractor at the
crest. I built them two feet higher than any
0XTI ') a e_>
tide we'd ever had but said I could not
.^ , •i
afford to build against eternity. Our prob-
. * /,,. < ,. ." . .
lem is neverhurricane surges, since Peconic
Bay [see map below] has many points and
• ^r» 'i^ r .. i' , J
islands and hurricanesare oftoo short dura-
tion. The same points and islands are what
cause aproblem in abad threedaynor'easter.
They won't let the water recede at low tide
before anotherhigh tide moves water in. (Insthlpl expeco
them most helpful. We expect to sell most
o pla t ou ose
o or present pant atingour roadside
market which currently is handling about
acresoffrit
There ae two more points that migh
interest you: About 60 years ago there were
more
re
than 250 acres of commercial bog on
m ore 250 acres of commercial bog on
than
Eastern Long Island. None are left, except
secondlbasalfrte
ours. Secondlv we are basically frost free
c row risst
and
visit us someday?
John Wickham, Long Island, N.Y.
Mary Lou Piscitelli reports that her
Wareham,Massachusettsbogs
thatwere inundated by a hurricanecaused
wsalt
water surge lastAugust 'is still there.
was a little down, about30 to 40 barrels
all events we've only had one small break
in all these years. That did not even fill the
system of canals and drains. The area en-
closed is about 75 acres of marshland and
50 acres of upland. There are nearly two
miles of dike.)
^. i ^ J^ ' i
Since the dikes were erected for agricul-
tural purposes, I have no trouble with our
DEC. Besides land already in production, I
have about 40 acres in reeds and bushes thatttn
(J2 ' |
A , i o \L ~'"'|family'sEast
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E^HI~~~ r _
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