form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex

Endomycorrhizal Fungi

extend their hypahe through the root cell wall and into the tubes formed by invagination

Asexual Reproduction of Fungi

-Produce large portions of spores
-Molds grow rapidly as mycelia and produce spores but can reproduce sexually
-Yeasts 'bud' and can also grow filamentous mycelia (no known sexual stage)

Sexual Reproduction of Fungi

-Mostly haploid cells (sporangium) and only diploid throughout the sexual life cycle
-Pheromones are released, plasmogamy (cytoplasm fusion), heterokaryon (nucleic fusion), two haploids pair off (dikaryotic), then the two haploid cells fuse to make a diploid cell (karyogamy), meiosis restores diploid position

-30000 species
-Molds and plant parasites (rusts and smuts)
-Club Fungus
-best at decomposing lignin
-reproduce sexually with basidiocarps that produce basidiospores
-Exist as mycelia most of their lives
-Basidiospores produce on the gills of the basidio cap

the archcegonia (vase shaped organ that produces a single egg retained within the base of the organ) and the antheridia which produce and release sperm into the environment

Placental transfer cells

sometimes present in the adjacent maternal tissue as well which enhance the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo through elaborate ingrowths of the wall surface

Bryophytes

-Gametophyte is the dominant stage
-Anteridia and Archegonia present
-SPorophyte grows from Archegonium
-Dependent on water for reproduction
-lack of vascular tissue limits size
-Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

Modified leaves that bear sporangia
Sori: fern sporophylls that produce clusters usually on the undersides of the sporophylls
Strobili: in lycophytes and in most gymnosperms, groups of sporophylls form cones