The IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques focuses on that part of engineering and theory associated with microwave/millimeter-wave components, devices, circuits, and systems involving the generation, modulation, demodulation, control, transmission, and detection of microwave signals. This includes scientific, technical, and industrial, activities. Microwave theory and techniques relates to electromagnetic waves usually in the frequency region between a few MHz and a THz; other spectral regions and wave types are included within the scope of the Society whenever basic microwave theory and techniques can yield useful results. Generally, this occurs in the theory of wave propagation in structures with dimensions comparable to a wavelength, and in the related techniques for analysis and design..

A 64-channel massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transceiver with a fully digital beamforming (DBF) architecture for fifth-generation millimeter-wave communications is presented in this paper. The DBF-based massive MIMO transceiver is operated at 28-GHz band with a 500-MHz signal bandwidth and the time division duplex mode. The antenna elements are arranged as a 2-D array, which has 16 c...
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The market for driver assistance systems based on millimeter-wave radar sensor technology is gaining momentum. In the near future, the full range of newly introduced car models will be equipped with radar based systems which leads to high volume production with low cost potential. This paper provides background and an overview of the state of the art of millimeter-wave technology for automotive ra...
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This paper presents a 3-D statistical channel impulse response (IR) model for urban line of sight (LOS) and non-LOS channels developed from 28- and 73-GHz ultrawideband propagation measurements in New York City, useful in the design of 5G wireless systems that will operate in both the ultra-high frequency/microwave and millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum to increase channel capacities. A 3GPP-like s...
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In this paper, we propose a beam-oriented digital predistortion (BO-DPD) technique for power amplifiers (PAs) in hybrid beamforming massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmitters, which can achieve linearization of the transmitted signal in the main beam direction and address the DPD implementation issue in the hybrid beamforming array. In massive MIMO hybrid beamforming transmitters, ...
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A rigorous yet computationally efficient 3-D numerical method has been proposed based on modified alternatingdirection-implicit finite-difference time-domain (ADI FDTD) methods. It has the capability of modeling the anisotropic and dispersive properties of magnetic material. The proposed algorithm solves Maxwell's equations and Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation jointly and simultaneously, requiring...
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This paper reviews recent advances in biomedical and healthcare applications of Doppler radar that remotely detects heartbeat and respiration of a human subject. In the last decade, new front-end architectures, baseband signal processing methods, and system-level integrations have been proposed by many researchers in this field to improve the detection accuracy and robustness. The advantages of no...
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Phase-locked loops (PLLs) for ultra-wideband, low noise, and linear frequency ramp synthesis exhibit a wide variation of the loop gain, if no compensation method is applied. This impairs the performance of the PLL and the corresponding microwave measurement systems. To overcome the disadvantages of existing compensation techniques, we present a new compensation method based on a phase-frequency de...
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This paper proposes a uniform digital predistortion technique for concurrent multiband envelope tracking (ET) power amplifiers (PAs) under various supply modulation types, i.e., different envelopes. It is achieved by successfully dissolving the conventional envelope functions into the proposed model formulas, and derived in detail for typical scenarios, such as peak envelope (PE), average envelope...
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This paper presents a 32-element phased array centered at 64 GHz using multiple SiGe chips on a single printed-circuit board. The antenna element is a series-fed patch array, which provides directivity in the elevation plane. The transmit array results in an effective isotropic radiated power of 42± 2 dBm at 63–65.5 GHz, while the receive array provides an electronic gain of 24 dB and a system noi...
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Gallium-nitride power transistor (GaN HEMT) and integrated circuit technologies have matured dramatically over the last few years, and many hundreds of thousands of devices have been manufactured and fielded in applications ranging from pulsed radars and counter-IED jammers to CATV modules and fourth-generation infrastructure base-stations. GaN HEMT devices, exhibiting high power densities coupled...
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We show that microstructures built from nonmagnetic conducting sheets exhibit an effective magnetic permeability /spl mu//sub eff/, which can be tuned to values not accessible in naturally occurring materials, including large imaginary components of /spl mu//sub eff/. The microstructure is on a scale much less than the wavelength of radiation, is not resolved by incident microwaves, and uses a ver...
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This paper presents a new asymmetric Class-F-1/F Doherty power amplifier (DPA) consisting of a Class-F-1carrier amplifier and a Class-F peaking amplifier. The asymmetric current waveform due to different harmonic loading conditions offers an asymmetric fundamental current in load modulation region, ensuring an improvement in the performance at the peak output power. In this p...
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In this paper, a high-efficiency frequency-reconfigurable CMOS power amplifier (PA) design technique is presented at 24 and 28 GHz using integrated tunable neutralization and matching networks. To cope with the adverse effects of gate-drain capacitance (Cgd) in millimeter-wave (mm-wave) CMOS PAs in deep-submicrometer technologies, we propose a reconfigurable coupling-coefficient-based t...
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This paper presents a new class of cavity-based triple-band filters employing resonators that support three operation modes. The proposed triple-band filters do not require junctions and can achieve an equivalent Chebyshev performance with fewer cavities, thus significantly reducing the footprint when compared to traditional approaches. The filter facilitates a systematic design approach starting ...
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In this paper, a new approach for the development of planar metamaterial structures is developed. For this purpose, split-ring resonators (SRRs) and complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) coupled to planar transmission lines are investigated. The electromagnetic behavior of these elements, as well as their coupling to the host transmission line, are studied, and analytical equivalent-circuit ...
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A new method of active incoherent microwave imaging is presented that uses noise signals and spatial frequency sampling. Building on interferometric spatial frequency sampling arrays developed in radio astronomy, active incoherent microwave imaging utilizes the transmission of noise signals to implement the first active imaging method that samples in the spatial frequency domain. In comparison to ...
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This paper presents the first demonstration of an active power divider operating from 100 MHz to 200 GHz. The circuit is based on a distributed architecture, where two output lines are fed replicas of the signals traveling in the shared input line. The gain element employed in the distributed divider consists of a triple-stacked cascode that exploits internal feedback to increase its equivalent tr...
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For the first time, a planar crossover with balanced and single-ended (SE) paths composed of double rings is presented. The parameters' constraint is extracted, and rigorous derivations are provided. In addition, the relationships between the parameter values and the bandwidths are thoroughly analyzed. Finally, a prototype is designed and fabricated, which achieved 36.9% and 37.7% 1-dB insertion-l...
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Millimeter-wave imaging techniques and systems have been developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, for the detection of concealed weapons and contraband at airports and other secure locations. These techniques were derived from microwave holography techniques that utilize phase and amplitude information recorded over a two-dimensional aperture to reconstruct a fo...
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This paper provides tables which contain the conversion between the various common two-port parameters, Z, Y, H, ABCD, S, and T. The conversions are valid for complex normalizing impedances. An example is provided which verifies the conversions to and from S parameters.<<ETX>>
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The dual-mode characteristics of the half-mode substrate-integrated rectangular cavity (HMSIRC) are systematically analyzed for the first time and experimentally demonstrated by two planar substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) dual-band bandpass filters (DBBPFs) with widely separated passbands. The mode spectrums in an HMSIRC and their constraint relationships are comprehensively investigated first...
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In this paper, a dual-channel dielectric resonator (DR) filter is presented for the first time. Two bandpass filters (BPFs) are integrated as one dual-channel filter with two input ports and two output ports. By using a common quad-mode DR shared by two second-order BPFs, only one metallic cavity is needed, which greatly reduces the circuit size. Frequency control of the DR is investigated and ele...
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This paper presents a novel power combining architecture, referred to as distributed efficient power amplifier (DEPA) that mitigates the inherent bandwidth limiting factors in a Doherty power amplifier (DPA), namely, impedance inversion and load modulation, by distributing the conventional auxiliary amplifier of the DPA to multiple auxiliary subamplifiers along a broadband multisection impedance t...
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Two passive phase shifters (PSs) are proposed to minimize insertion loss (IL) in bulk CMOS technology for 28-GHz fifth generation integrated phased-array transceivers. The first PS is based on a true delay phase shift structure, where a modification is proposed to facilitate the use of larger switch size minimizing the IL in the bypass mode. The second PS is based on matched high-pass and low-pass...
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We present a frequency-selective surface (FSS) that is specially designed and optimized for ambient RF energy harvesting. The unit cell geometry incorporates channeling features in order to combine the collected power from multiple unit cells, allowing for efficient operation under low-power conditions. To demonstrate its performance, we designed and fabricated a matched full-wave rectifier integr...
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This paper reports on, for the first time, the design of filtering couplers with reconfigurable frequency. The reconfigurable filtering transmission lines (RFTLs) with 90° or -90° phase shift are first designed, and then the reconfigurable filtering couplers are constructed by substituting the basic unit of quarter-wavelength (λ/4) transmission line in the conventional couplers with the proposed R...
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In this paper, we propose a method for designing the narrowband filtering rat-race couplers using the quad-mode dielectric resonator (DR) for the first time. The filtering ratrace couplers are designed in single-cavity configuration with one quad-mode DR and four feeding probes, featuring compact size. Based on the investigation on resonant frequencies of a rectangular DR, a quad-mode DR is first ...
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The substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique makes it possible that a complete circuit including planar circuitry, transitions, and rectangular waveguides are fabricated in planar form using a standard printed circuit board or other planar processing techniques. In this paper, guided wave and modes characteristics of such an SIW periodic structure are studied in detail for the first time. A ...
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In this paper, a new class of compact Chebyshev differential-mode (DM) bandpass filters with intrinsic commonmode (CM) rejection is proposed and demonstrated on λ/4 coplanar stripline (CPS) resonators with an improved unloaded quality factor (Qu). The distinct advantage of the proposed λ/4 CPS resonator with higher Qu than slotline resonator, together with intrinsic CM rejection of CPS line, can d...
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Chipped radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensor systems have been studied for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. However, the use of chip in sensor tags and its standardized narrowband operation contribute shortcomings in cost, durability, and detection capability. This paper presents a novel use of the frequency signature-based chipless RFID for metal crack detection and charac...
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This paper presents an airflow analysis and a shielding effectiveness (SE) analysis for a multilayered waveguide-below-cutoff array (WBCA) used to prevent electromagnetic penetration. The performance of the conventional unit square WBCA and the multilayered WBCA is compared. For the airflow analysis, the simulations are performed at the entrance and exit of the shielding structure when an airflow ...
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This paper proposes a low-loss Butler matrix using patch element and honeycomb concept on substrate integrated suspended line (SISL) platform. The SISL Butler matrix is composed of four couplers, two crossovers, and four phase shifters. Both the coupler and crossover are implemented using patch elements for ease of fabrication and low conductor loss. We adopt the honeycomb concept to integrate all...
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In view of the requirements for high-speed, highly reliable wireless implant communication, we have developed an implant transceiver working at a 10–60-MHz band. The developed transceiver is based on an impulse radio technology with multipulse position modulation to increase the communication speed and reliability, and utilizes the automatic equalization technique to suppress waveform distortion a...
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A new type of metallic electromagnetic structure has been developed that is characterized by having high surface impedance. Although it is made of continuous metal, and conducts dc currents, it does not conduct ac currents within a forbidden frequency band. Unlike normal conductors, this new surface does not support propagating surface waves, and its image currents are not phase reversed. The geom...
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Terahertz technology applications, sensors, and sources are briefly reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the less familiar components, instruments, or subsystems. Science drivers, some historical background, and future trends are also discussed.
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A highly integrated three-state diplexer (TSD) on a single planar elliptical structure is for the first time presented in this paper. Three resonant modes are investigated in a planar elliptical resonator, e.g., two TM11 degenerate modes and one TM21 mode. These three resonant modes are designed to form three filtering channels, which are further combined to generate three states of a diplexer, na...
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We demonstrate microwave scattering suppression by a near-zero-index metamaterial (NZIM) composed of dielectric spheres. The NZIM is designed based on numerical simulations, and is shown by near-field measurements that the medium with dielectric spheres of yttria-stabilized zirconia with the dielectric constant 34 and the radius 1.5 mm arranged in a hexagonal lattice of the lattice constant 3.5 mm...
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RF harvesting circuits have been demonstrated for more than 50 years, but only a few have been able to harvest energy from freely available ambient (i.e., non-dedicated) RF sources. In this paper, our objectives were to realize harvester operation at typical ambient RF power levels found within urban and semi-urban environments. To explore the potential for ambient RF energy harvesting, a city-wid...
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This paper describes the design and implementation of a W-band phased-array system with printed circuit board (PCB) integrated antennas in two polarizations capable of multi-gigabit spectrally efficient wireless communication. The chipset is manufactured in a 0.18-μm SiGe BiCMOS technology with fT/fMAXof 240-/270-GHz and is flip-chipped onto a lowcost organic PCB with integra...
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This paper presents a complete design procedure for in-line evanescent mode filters using an innovative pseudoelliptic structure, namely, the strongly coupled resonator triplet (SCRT). The SCRT can be seen as the combination of a strongly coupled resonator pair (SCRP) and a third resonator next to the pair. Compared to the SCRP, which at the passband frequencies generates a pole and a transmission...
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A class of frequency-reconfigurable input-reflectionless/absorptive RF/microwave filters is presented. They consist of tunable complementary-duplexer architectures that are composed of a main and an auxiliary channel with opposite filtering transfer functions. By loading the auxiliary channel with a reference-impedance resistor and by taking the output node of the main channel as the output termin...
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This paper presents closed form expressions for self-inductance and mutual inductance of circular wire-wound coils (WWCs) used in near-field wireless power transfer systems. The calculation of the radius of the coils, inspired from the Archimedean spiral found in many biological organisms, is used to model the self-inductance of single- and multilayer spiral coils. The value of the mutual inductan...
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A new approach for the design of a balanced bandpass filter (BPF) is presented in this paper. Stemming from the mode degeneration properties of a square patch resonator, a complete set of resonant modes in a right-angled isosceles triangular patch resonator (RAITPR) is thoroughly investigated so as to construct a modified RAITPR with one electric wall and two magnetic walls along its three sides f...
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This paper presents the design and characterization of a load modulated balanced amplifier for telecom base station applications adopting a novel mode of operation. The theory of operation is described explaining the main differences compared to Doherty amplifiers, in particular the RF bandwidth advantages and, on the other hand, the intrinsic nonlinear behavior. The specific design strategy that ...
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This paper presents a wideband 2 ×13-bit in-phase/quadrature-phase (I/Q) RF digital-to-analog converter-based all-digital modulator realized in 65-nm CMOS. The isolation between I and Q paths is guaranteed employing 25% duty-cycle differential quadrature clocks. With a 1.3-V supply and an on-chip power combiner, the digital I/Q transmitter provides more than 21-dBm RF output power within a frequen...
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Aims & Scope

The IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques focuses on that part of engineering and theory associated with microwave/millimeter-wave components, devices, circuits, and systems involving the generation, modulation, demodulation, control, transmission, and detection of microwave signals. This includes scientific, technical, and industrial, activities. Microwave theory and techniques relates to electromagnetic waves usually in the frequency region between a few MHz and a THz; other spectral regions and wave types are included within the scope of the Society whenever basic microwave theory and techniques can yield useful results. Generally, this occurs in the theory of wave propagation in structures with dimensions comparable to a wavelength, and in the related techniques for analysis and design..

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Aims & Scope

The IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques focuses on that part of engineering and theory associated with microwave/millimeter-wave components, devices, circuits, and systems involving the generation, modulation, demodulation, control, transmission, and detection of microwave signals. This includes scientific, technical, and industrial, activities. Microwave theory and techniques relates to electromagnetic waves usually in the frequency region between a few MHz and a THz; other spectral regions and wave types are included within the scope of the Society whenever basic microwave theory and techniques can yield useful results. Generally, this occurs in the theory of wave propagation in structures with dimensions comparable to a wavelength, and in the related techniques for analysis and design.