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Fact, Fiction, Farce and Lies! What happened to the Bank Bears?

I have some good news and some bad news. The good news is that that market neutral strategy illustrated through the blog research is working like a charm (I will be posting some results soon). The market has been on a massive bullish tear, to the dismay of market bears. Well, the new strategy works and it allows us to profit from both bullish and bearish moves. I have transformed my personal portfolio to the market neutral strategy. The bad news is that the problems that caused those of us who know how to count to be bearish are still abound and have apparently been conspired into the bin of ignorance.

Accounting boards, banks, media and sell side analysts in general appear content to ignore the facts, change the way we count losses (after all, losses are,,, well,,, losses. Right???!!!), and generally sweep the banking problems under the rug in anticipation of bubbling our way out of the problem or at least concealing it long enough through accounting shenanigans to allow accounting profits to somehow paper over economic losses. Good luck with that. Underlying fundamentals are still deteriorating, albeit potentially at a slower pace, as share prices are literally flying through the roof. Those who are in the market and are bullish or not market neutral are, in my opinion, playing with fire. It is gambling to buy stock just because the stocks prices are going up. I know it feels good when the prices go higher after you buy the stock, but the underlying fundamentals are atrocious and if one were to get caught in a nasty correction, one could not have said it was "impossible to see coming". This is exactly the same scenario that played out in the dot.com bubble. Bulls were justified because share prices went higher, not because underlying values increased. When reality hit (and it always does hit, that's whey they call it reality) folks were literally wiped out.

I will anecdotally illustrate some of that fire investors are playing with in the banking sector. While I was browsing through the extremely interesting, if not controversial Zerohedge.com blog, I came across this video of Elizabeth Warren, who heads the Congressional Oversight Committee's investigation of the banks. I will like my readers to listen to it then continue reading this post.

Wells Fargo and over $100 billion of economic losses????

In the case of Wells Fargo, we have applied high LTV ARM loss rates to calculate the losses on HELOCs (which comprises of total 1-4 family junior lien mortgages and line of credit) since the direct HELOC data was not available for WFC. The total losses in these loans are expected to skyrocket as can be seen from the raw, and unbiased NY Fed and FDIC call sheet data (see The Re-Release of the Open Source Mortgage Default Model and Green Shoots are Being Fertilized by Brown Turds in the Mortgage Markets). It is a small wonder why the Treasury failed to use this government data to run the bank stress tests, for if they did the outcome would have been far different, and decidedly much more negative. We have taken a conservative approach in valuing the loan losses due to which the total loan losses in the HELOCs alone would be 56.4% or US$62.1 billion.

We have segregated the total HELOC loans as owner occupied and non-owner occupied based on the proportion mentioned in the FDIC data derived spreadsheet for each respective states. Than, applying the default rate assumption made in this sheet for High Risk ARM (owner occupied - 65% & non-owner occupied - 95%) we calculated the total default rate for each state.

Further, we applied the recovery rate based on the current LTV to arrive at the total charge-off in the next two years.

The total losses are expected to jump to US$187.4 billion in the adverse case in the coming two years. Wells Fargo's current Tangible Common Equity (TCE) stands at 3.28%, which is significantly lower than the prescribed limit of 4%. According to our estimate, the bank's TCE would fall to 1.56% at the end of 2010 after adjusting for accounting and economic losses. Considering the massive anticipated losses in the next two years, Wells Fargo's capital would fall short by US$34.3 billion and not US$13.7 billion as shown by the SCAP result (see America, You have been outright lied to! Bamboozled! Swindled! Hoodwinked! The Worst Case Scenario, Welcome to the Big Bank Bamboozle!, and The Real Stress Test Results) to maintain a TCE ratio of 4% in the pessimistic case. As Wells Fargo has raised US$8.6 billion capital it would still be required to raise additional US$25.65 billion as a safeguard against a deeper economic downturn or a recovery marred by another negative dip, OR a recovery hampered by lingering unemployment OR a recovery contrained by floundering property sector OR a recovery pulled down by mediocre growth.

Wells share price is up nearly 400% since March while nearly every compreshensive credit metric (if calculated using real, unbiased data in a real, unbiased fashion) forecasts a very, very different outcome.

Real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans comprise prime loans and Alt-A loans. Since the complete breakdown of loans into prime and Alt-A is not known for Wells Fargo, we have assumed the default rate of Alt-A loans in the US. Thereafter, we adjusted this default rate to factor in the prime real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans. We computed the net loss rate for two years (2009 and 2010) based on the Alt-A default rate to arrive at the overall default rate. We then applied the recovery rates, based on the decline in the housing prices and LTV, to calculate the total loss rate. We assumed the loss rate to be 20% lower than the loss rate of the Alt-A loan in each state as some proportion of the loans could be prime loans. The S&P Case-Shiller Index has declined around 18.9%, 29.3% and 29.2% since 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively, as majority of these loan value have been wiped out completely due to the severe correction in prices while the LTV still remains very high. Based on the current LTV, we have assumed the recovery rate to derive the loss rate for 2009 and 2010.

The total impaired loans would thus have a loss rate of 31.2% in the coming two years while loss rate in the real estate 1-4 family first mortgage would be 20.1%. The Federal Reserve loss rate of 7-8.5% is far too optimistic to give a true picture.

Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage

Impaired Loans

Current LTV

Overall Defaults rates

Recovery rate: Case-Shiller - LTV

Loss rate for 2009 and 2010

California

128%

34.8%

12.0%

30.6%

Florida

124%

38.6%

12.0%

34.0%

New Jersey

108%

36.6%

21.4%

28.8%

Arizona

146%

36.5%

12.0%

32.1%

Other

112%

40.2%

19.4%

32.4%

Total Impaired Loans

31.2%

All other loans

California

125%

22.4%

12.0%

15.8%

Florida

122%

29.2%

12.0%

20.6%

New Jersey

105%

23.3%

21.4%

14.7%

Virginia

110%

25.7%

16.7%

17.1%

New York

87%

22.6%

35.0%

11.8%

Pennsylvania

111%

27.0%

16.7%

18.0%

North Carolina

85%

31.8%

35.0%

16.5%

Texas

91%

31.5%

28.2%

18.1%

Georgia

104%

30.4%

21.4%

19.1%

Arizona

139%

28.6%

12.0%

20.2%

Other

110%

28.6%

12.0%

20.2%

Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage

20.1%

Wells Fargo acquired home equity loans from Wachovia, which carries the highest default risk as its portfolio largely comprises second lien mortgages. The value of the home equity portfolio is US$128.9 billion.

Home equity portfolio

US$ mn

Core portfolio

California

31,784

Florida

12,067

New Jersey

8,086

Virginia

5,653

Pennsylvania

5,129

Other

56,342

Total core portfolio

119,061

Liquidating Portfolio

California

3,835

Florida

492

Arizona

233

Texas

179

Minnesota

122

Other

5,001

Total liquidating portfolio

9,862

Total core and liquidating portfolios

128,923

The value of Wells Fargo's pick-a-pay portfolio (home loans) is US$93.2 billion of which US$39.7 billion or 42.6% is impaired loans. The principal balance of the impaired loans is US$61.6 billion. This loan has the highest probability of risk and could result in complete writedown. Currently, the LTV in majority of the states is above 100%, with California and Arizona having the highest - 161% and 152%, respectively. Despite writing down US$21.9 billion, the carrying value at these two states hovered around 100%, implying high risk.

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage comprises home equity line of credit (HELOC) and second/junior lien mortgage. Home equity carries a very high risk of default due to high LTV and being second lien mortgage. We segregated the loans into owner occupied and non-owner occupied based on the state-wise proportion published by FDIC. Thereafter, applying the respective default rate of each category we arrived at the weighted average default rate.

To determine net charge-offs, we have considered the recovery rate based on historical recovery rates applied in conjunction with the current LTV. The table below gives the recovery rates used to determine net charge-offs.

Current LTV

Recovery rate

Basis

Greater than

120%

12.0%

(recovery rates during 1990-1991, lowest since 1976)

Greater than

110%

16.7%

Greater than

100%

21.4%

(average recovery rate since 1976)

Greater than

90%

28.2%

Less than

<90%

35.0%

(highest recovery rate since 1976)

Source: FDIC and Boombustblog.com Analysis

We estimated the current LTV for home equity loans based on the housing price decline calculated using the Case-Shiller Index of each state and LTV at origination to determine the current LTV. Impaired loans have a two-year loss rate of 67.5%, while other loans have a loss rate of 56.4%. We have assumed impaired loans to have a 0% recovery rate in each of the states. The non-impaired home equity loans would have a loss rate of 56.4% for 2009 and 2010, while the Federal Reserve's estimated loss rate is 21-28% for the same period.

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage

High Risk Subprime ARM Loans (Low FICO and high LTV)

Current LTV

Owner Occupied

Non- Owner Occupied

Default rate

Recovery Rate

Loss Rate

Impaired Loans

65.0%

95.0%

California

128%

93.7%

6.3%

66.9%

0%

66.9%

Florida

124%

88.7%

11.3%

68.4%

0%

68.4%

New Jersey

108%

91.5%

8.5%

67.6%

0%

67.6%

Arizona

146%

91.9%

8.1%

67.4%

0%

67.4%

Other

112%

91.0%

9.0%

67.7%

0%

67.7%

Total Impaired Loans

67.5%

All other loans:

California

128%

93.7%

6.3%

66.9%

12%

58.9%

Florida

124%

88.7%

11.3%

68.4%

12%

60.2%

New Jersey

108%

91.5%

8.5%

67.6%

21%

53.1%

Virginia

111%

91.1%

8.9%

67.7%

17%

56.4%

New York

90%

92.0%

8.0%

67.4%

28%

48.4%

Pennsylvania

111%

90.0%

10.0%

68.0%

17%

56.6%

North Carolina

86%

88.3%

11.7%

68.5%

35%

44.5%

Texas

89%

91.6%

8.4%

67.5%

35%

43.9%

Georgia

105%

88.5%

11.5%

68.5%

21%

53.8%

Arizona

146%

91.9%

8.1%

67.4%

12%

59.3%

Other

112%

91.0%

9.0%

67.7%

17%

56.4%

Home equity portfolio

56.4%

Loan Charge-off in 2009

Pessimistic Case

Base Case

Optimistic Case

Assumptions

Commercial

2.44%

2.14%

1.84%

In the US, commercial and industrial loan charge-off was 1.76% in December 2008. The Federal Reserve has pegged this charge-off between 2.5% and 4%.

Other real estate mortgage

2.20%

1.80%

1.40%

Total real estate charge-off stood at 1.75% in Dec 2008.

Real estate construction

5.62%

5.12%

4.62%

Construction and land development charge-off stood at 5.12% in the US in 4Q 08.

Lease financing

0.89%

0.74%

0.47%

In the US, lease financing charge-off was 0.62% in 4Q 08.

Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage

12.03%

10.13%

11.03%

Computed based on state-wise loan rate.

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage

16.19%

28.18%

15.19%

Computed based on state-wise loan rate.

Credit card

15.47%

14.00%

12.28%

Wells Fargo charge-off on credit card stood at 10.13% in 1Q 09. Furthermore, Federal Reserve assumptions for the same stood at 9%-10%.

Our assumption is based on regression analysis. The charge-off on foreign loan stood at 0.4% at the end of 4Q 08.

Total losses based on the 1Q 2009 outstanding loan balance

Pessimistic Case

Loan Portfolio (US$ million)

Outstanding Balance 1Q 2009

Loan losses in 2009 and 2010

Commercial and commercial real estate:

Commercial

191,711

9,355

Other real estate mortgage

104,934

4,617

Real estate construction

33,912

3,812

Lease financing

14,792

264

Total commercial and commercial real estate

345,349

18,049

Consumer:

Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage

242,947

51,643

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage

109,748

62,958

Credit card

22,815

7,059

Other revolving credit and installment

91,252

7,300

Total consumer

466,762

128,960

Foreign

31,468

926

Total Loans

843,579

147,934

Securities

1Q 2009

Total

Available for Sale

223,581

13,652

Trading Account

46,497

VIEs & QSPEs exposure as on December 31, 2008

1,902,631

25,800

Total Loan Losses

187,386

Federal Reserve loan loss computation

Federal Reserve Computation (US$ billion)

Loan losses in 2009 and 2010

As % of loans

First Lien Mortgages

32.4

11.9%

Second/Junior Lien Mortgages

14.7

13.2%

Commercial and Industrial Loans

9

4.8%

Commercial Real Estate Loans

8.4

5.9%

Credit Card Loans

6.1

26.0%

Securities (AFS and HTM)

4.2

NA

Trading & Counterparty

NA

NA

Other

11.3

NA

Total Loan Losses

86.1

Capital to be raised

13.7

Capital to be raised - Impact on TCE

Capital to be raised US$ million

Min Tangible Equity Capital Ratio

Pessimistic Case

Base Case

Optimistic Case

2.25%

10,635

9,461

8,250

2.50%

14,009

12,865

11,684

2.75%

17,383

16,270

15,119

3.00%

20,757

19,674

18,553

3.25%

24,131

23,078

21,988

3.50%

27,505

26,482

25,422

3.75%

30,879

29,886

28,857

4.00%

34,253

33,290

32,291

4.25%

37,627

36,694

35,726

4.50%

41,001

40,098

39,160

4.75%

44,375

43,502

42,595

5.00%

47,749

46,906

46,029

Wells Fargo's current Tangible Common Equity (TCE) stands at 3.28%, which is significantly lower than the prescribed limit of 4%. According to our projection, the bank's TCE would fall to 1.56% at the end of 2010 after adjusting for accounting and economic losses of US$187.4 billion in the adverse case. (According to the Federal Reserve stress test, losses in the next two years would total US$86.1 billion, which is much lower than our assumption). Furthermore, resources other than capital available to absorb losses totaled US$60.4 billion, marginally higher than the Federal Reserve estimate of US$60.0 billion. Though the Federal Reserve resources available to absorb losses are similar, the loan losses estimate does not match. This is mainly due to Wells Fargo's huge off-balance sheet exposure of US$1.9 trillion in 1Q 08, up from US$1.79 trillion in 4Q 08, and home equity loan exposure of US$128.9 billion. Considering the massive anticipated losses in the next two years, Wells Fargo's capital would fall short by US$34.3 billion and not US$13.7 billion as shown by the SCAP result to maintain a TCE ratio of 4% in the pessimistic case. To increase the TCE to 4% in the optimistic case, Wells Fargo would have to raise US$32.9 billion to endure the recessionary pressure.

According to the press release, on May 9, 2009, Wells Fargo raised US$8.6 billion capital by issuing 392.15 million shares at US$22 per share. This diluted the earnings by around 8.4%. However, in the pessimistic case scenario, the bank would still be required to raise additional US$25.65 billion as a safeguard against a deeper recession.