Authors:Ramazan Erenler; Ozkan Sen, Huseyin Aksit, Ibrahim Demirtas, Ayse Sahin Yaglioglu, Mahfuz Elmastas, İsa TelciPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
The Origanum majorana L. belonging to the Lamiaceae family has a great potential and used as folk medicine against asthma, indigestion, headache, and rheumatism; in addition, the essential oils of this plant have been used widely in food industries. The plant materials have been harvested from the Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Field of Gaziosmanpasa University. Air‐dried plant materials were boiled in water, filtered then solvent part was extracted subsequently with hexane and ethyl acetate. The chromatographic method was applied for ethyl acetate extract to isolate bioactive secondary metabolites of which the structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques, basically 1D‐NMR, 2D‐NMR and LC‐QTOF. Antiproliferative and antioxidant activities were carried out of isolated secondary metabolites.
Results
5,6,3'‐trihydroxy‐7,8,4'‐trimethoxyflavone, hesperetin, hydroquinone, arbutin and rosmarinic acid were isolated from the water‐soluble ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts of Origanum majorana. Antioxidant activities of isolated compounds and water‐soluble ethyl acetate extract were investigated using the assays of DPPH•, ABTS·+, reducing power and total phenolic contents. The antiproliferative activities of the isolated compounds and plant extracts were investigated against C6 and HeLa cell lines using BrdU Cell Proliferation ELISA and xCELLigence assays, respectively. Both hesperetin and hydroquinone were determined to have stronger antiproliferative activities against C6 and HeLa cells than the other isolated compounds and 5‐FU.
Conclusion
The results showed that the extract and isolated compounds exhibited significant antioxidant activities. Hence, this plant has a potential to be a natural antioxidant in food industries and an anticancer drugs.PubDate: 2015-02-27T01:01:21.615588-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7155

Authors:Xiaosa Wu; Luyun Cai, Ailing Cao, Yanbo Wang, Tingting Li, Jianrong LiPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Collagen has a wide range of applications in food, biomedical and pharmaceutical products.
Results
The collagens in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) skin and swim bladder were extracted using acetic acid and pepsin, respectively. Higher yield (178 g kg−1) was obtained for pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) from fish skin than that PSC from swim bladder (114 g kg−1). Not surprisingly, yields of PSC from fish skin and swim bladder were also higher than that of acid soluble collagen (ASC) from the same organs (89 and 51 g kg−1). The SDS‐PAGE profile showed that ASC and PSC belonged to type I collagen, and PSC contained higher α‐components than ASC. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed that those collagens were almost similar in their protein secondary structures. The micrographs showed collagens had a spongy structure, and more pores were obtained in swim bladder than skin. Collagens showed high solubilities in acidic pH ranges. However, the solubilities decreased in the presence of NaCl at concentrations over 20 g kg−1.
Conclusion
Collagens were successfully extracted from the skin and swim bladder of grass carp. These byproducts could serve as an alternative source of collagens for a wide variety of applications in food and nutraceutical industries.PubDate: 2015-02-26T03:42:34.350419-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7154

Authors:Kyong‐Hee Nam; Hee Jae Shin, In‐Soon Pack, Jung‐Ho Park, Ho Bang Kim, Chang‐Gi KimPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Drought induces a number of physiological and biochemical responses in cereals. This study was designed to examine the metabolite changes in grains of drought‐tolerant transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) that over‐expresses AtCYP78A7 encoding cytochrome P450 protein using 1H‐NMR and GC‐MS.
Results
Principal component analysis showed that 1H‐NMR‐based profile was definitely separated by soil‐water status of well‐watered and water‐deficit. A discrimination of metabolites between transgenic and non‐transgenic grains appeared under both watering regimes. Variations in the levels of amino acids and sugars led to the discrimination of metabolites among genotypes. In particular, drought significantly enhanced the levels of γ–aminobutyric acid (244.6%), fructose (155.7%), glucose (211.0%), glycerol (57.2%), glycine (65.8%), and aminoethanol (192.4%) in the transgenic grains compared with the non‐transgenic control grains.
Conclusion
These changes in amounts of metabolites may assist in improving drought tolerance in transgenic rice by playing crucial roles in stress‐responsive pathways including GABA biosynthesis, sucrose metabolism, and antioxidant defenses.PubDate: 2015-02-26T02:10:57.238389-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7152

Authors:Ella Pagliarini; Monica Laureati, Caterina Dinnella, Erminio Monteleone, Cristina Proserpio, Edi PiasentierPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
This study investigated sensory properties and acceptability of different Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) dry‐cured hams. For each PDO, two genotypes were selected: ILxLW cross (reference hybrid) and Goland cross (commercial hybrid).
Results
According to descriptive analysis genetic variance affected few attributes describing Toscano and San Daniele hams sensory quality. The commercial hybrid Parma ham was distinct from the traditional one. Goland genotype was significantly higher in red color, saltiness, dryness and hardness and showed a lower intensity of pork‐meat odor/flavor and sweetness than the ILxLW. Consumer's acceptance was mainly influenced by the PDO technology. Genotype effect on acceptance was only observed in Toscano ham. PCR analysis revealed that Toscano ham was the preferred sample. Considering that the consumers involved were from Tuscany, it's likely that Toscano ham was the preferred product according to a higher familiarity with this product.
Conclusion
Sensory properties of ham samples were better discriminated according to their PDO than genotype. Likewise, consumer liking was more affected by the specific PDO technology than genetic type. Toscano ham resulted the most preferred and the most familiar product among the Tuscan consumers, indicating that familiarity with product was the best driver of dry‐cured ham preference.PubDate: 2015-02-26T02:10:40.508223-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7151

Authors:René LM Schils; Romke Postma, Debby van Rotterdam, Kor B ZwartPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: BACKGROUND
In regions with intensive livestock systems, the processing of manure into liquid mineral concentrates is seen as an option to increase the nutrient use efficiency of manures. The agricultural sector anticipates that these products may in future be regarded as regular mineral fertilizers. We assessed the agronomic suitability and impact on GHG and ammonia emissions of using liquid mineral concentrates on arable farms.
RESULTS
The phosphate requirements on arable farms were largely met by raw pig slurry, given its large regional availability. After the initial nutrient input by means of pig slurry, the nitrogen/phosphate ratio of the remaining nutrient crop requirements determined the additional amount of liquid mineral concentrates that can be used. For sandy soils, liquid mineral concentrates could supply 50% of the nitrogen requirement, whereas for clay soils the concentrates did not meet the required nitrogen/phosphate ratio. The total GHG emissions per kg of plant available nitrogen ranged from −65 to 33 kg CO2‐equivalents. It increased in the order digestates PubDate: 2015-02-24T01:38:33.321923-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7146

Authors:Junbeum Kim; Albina Yalaltdinova, Natalia Sirina, Natalia BaranovskayaPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: BACKGROUND
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a compilation and evaluation of the input energy and materials, output emissions and the potential environmental impacts of a product, service or system throughout its life cycle. While methodological issues of LCA are still being developed and much research is being conducted worldwide in order to improve them. One of the important advances in LCA is a regionalized LCA, meaning the development of regionalized databases, inventories, and impact assessment methods and models.
RESULTS
Regional emission information (REI) was developed and integrated with the characterization results in LCA of an agricultural product in the study area. Comparison of obtained outcomes with LCA characterization results that did not include REI shows that the characterization results taking REI into account are much higher as regards human toxicity, from 0.02% to 0.18%, freshwater ecotoxicity from 89% to 99% and terrestrial ecotoxicity from 8.006 % to 26.177%.
CONCLUSION
Results of current LCA studies on agricultural products and systems that do not include REI are underestimating the life cycle environmental impact. For the LCA of agricultural products and systems, the REI as well as regionalized life cycle inventory (LCI) data should be developed and integrated into the current LCA approach.PubDate: 2015-02-24T01:38:18.519573-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7149

Authors:Xiaoping Yang; Fanbin KongPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: BACKGROUND
The objective of this study was to determine whether green tea, black tea, and oolong tea have inhibitory potential against α‐glucosidase and whether they can be used to control postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
RESULTS
Green tea polyphenols (TP) strongly inhibited α‐glucosidase activity by non‐competitive inhibition with the IC50 value of 2.33 µg mL−1 and the inhibitory effect was dependent on TP concentration and incubation order. Green tea, black tea, and oolong tea also had dose‐dependent inhibitory potential with the IC50 values of 2.82, 2.25, and 1.38 µg mL−1 (µg polyphenol mL−1), respectively. The study also showed that the content of unprecipitated TP changed during enzymatic hydrolysis, leading to the change of the antioxidant activity. The change of the antioxidant activity of tea extracts revealed a similar trend to that of green TP during enzymatic hydrolysis.
CONCLUSION
Green TP, green tea, black tea, and oolong tea are excellent α‐glucosidase inhibitors and their inhibitory potency is mainly attributed to TP. These findings suggest that green tea, black tea, and oolong tea can be potentially used to the control of postprandial hyperglycemia.PubDate: 2015-02-24T01:37:45.290842-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7147

Authors:Arno G.B. Wouters; Ine Rombouts, Bert Lagrain, Jan A. DelcourPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: BACKGROUND
There is a growing interest in texturally and nutritionally satisfying vegetable alternatives for meat. Wheat gluten proteins have unique functional properties but a poor nutritional value in comparison to animal proteins. This study investigated the potential of egg white and bovine milk casein with well‐balanced amino acid composition to increase the quality of wheat gluten‐based protein‐rich foods.
RESULTS
Heating a wheat gluten (51.4 g) ‐ water (100.0 ml) blend for 120 minutes at 100 °C increased its firmness less than heating a wheat gluten (33.0 g) ‐ freeze dried egg white (16.8 g) ‐ water (100.0 ml) blend. In contrast, the addition of casein to the gluten‐water blend negatively impacted firmness after heating. Firmness was correlated to loss of protein extractability in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing medium during heating, which was higher with egg white than with casein. Even more, heat‐induced polymerization of the gluten‐water blend with egg white but not with casein was larger than expected from the losses in extractability of gluten and egg white on their own.
CONCLUSION
Structure formation was favored by mixing gluten with egg white but not with casein. These observations were linked to the intrinsic polymerization behavior of egg white and casein, but also to their interaction with gluten. Thus, not all nutritionally suitable proteins can be used for enrichment of gluten‐based protein‐rich foods.PubDate: 2015-02-19T02:04:05.191418-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7143

Authors:Doudou Yang; Jin Liang, Yunsheng Wang, Feng Sun, Hong Tao, Qiang Xu, Liang Zhang, Zhengzhu Zhang, Chi‐Tang Ho, Xiaochun WanPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: BACKGROUND
Tea waste was left after tea leaves were extracted by hot water to obtain water‐soluble components. But it still contains reusable energy substrate and nutrients which may pollute environment if it is dealt in inappropriate ways. Other agricultural wastes have been widely studied in cultivating of mushroom on various agricultural wastes. In the present study, we cultivated oyster mushroom using tea waste as substrate. To study the feasibility of reusing it, tea waste was added in substrate at different ratios in different experiment groups. Three mushroom strains (39, 71 and YOU) were compared and evaluated. Mycelia growth rate, yield, biological efficiency and growth duration were measured.
RESULTS
Substrate with different tea waste ratios showed different growth and yield performance. Substrate containing 40%‐60% of tea waste obtained the highest yield.
CONCLUSION
Tea waste could be used as an effective and economic substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation. This study also provided an available way dealing with massive tea waste.PubDate: 2015-02-18T02:40:27.80245-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7140

Authors:Hyeong Sang Kim; Koo Bok ChinPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: BACKGROUND
Tomato and tomato products provide various antioxidant activities, which could be changed by the processing method. This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of water soluble tomato powder (WSTP) as affected by different oven temperatures (60, 80 and 100 °C), and to evaluate the physicochemical property and antioxidative activity of pork patties containing these powders.
RESULTS
The contents of total phenolic compounds of WSTP ranged from 22.2 to 69.6g kg−1 dry matter. The antioxidant activities increased significantly with increasing drying temperatures (p < 0.05). The physicochemical properties of pork patties containing tomato powders were also evaluated. WSTP at 100 °C showed the highest redness value compared to those dried at 60 and 80 °C. Lipid oxidation of pork patties was retarded by 7 days with the addition of WSTP. Especially, pork patties containing WSTP showed antimicrobial activity at 14 days of refrigerated storage, regardless of drying temperatures.
CONCLUSION
WSTP, especially prepared at 100 °C, could be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in meat products.PubDate: 2015-02-17T01:38:03.177606-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7141

Authors:Massimiliano D'Imperio; Massimiliano Renna, Angela Cardinali, Donato Buttaro, Pietro Santamaria, Francesco SerioPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
The mineral silicon (Si) is an essential element for humans and a general component of the diet found mainly in plant‐based foods. The aim of this study was to obtain Si biofortificated leafy vegetables (tatsoi, mizuna, purslane, basil, swiss chard, and chicory) to use for the IV gamma products (ready to use). For the biofortified plants production, a floating system with 0, 50, and 100 mg L−1 of Si in nutrient solution, was used. In addition, the assessment of bioaccessibility of biofortified plants, by in vitro gastro‐digestion process, was performed.
Results
The added silicon in nutrient solution did not influence yield and colour of vegetables but a species‐related accumulation of Si was found: from 18 to 69 mg kg−1 fresh weight (FW) in tatsoi, from 19 to 106 mg kg−1 FW in mizuna, from 15 to 93 mg kg−1 FW in purslane, from 41 to 294 mg kg−1 FW in basil, from 17 to 76 mg kg−1 FW in Swiss chard, and from 23 to 76 mg kg−1 FW in chicory. The Si resulted bioaccessible in all species considered in a range from 23% (basil) to 64% (chicory).
Conclusion
The application of Si to the nutrient solution in the range 50–100 mg L−1 allows to obtain biofortified leafy vegetables. In addition, the biofortificated vegetables have showed, on average, much bioaccessible Si, respect to unbiofortified.PubDate: 2015-02-17T01:36:52.335629-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7142

Authors:Manoj Singh; Mamta Metwal, Vandana A. Kumar, Anil KumarPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Attempts were made to identify and characterize the calcium binding proteins (CaBPs) in grain filling stages of finger millet using different omics approaches.
Results
A distinctly observed blue color band of 48 kDa stained by Stains‐all was eluted and analyzed as calreticulin (CRT) using Nano liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (Nano LC–MS). Based on the top hits of peptide mass fingerprinting results, conserved primers were designed for isolation of the CRT gene from finger millet using calreticulin sequences of different cereals. The deduced nucleotide sequence analysis of 600 bp amplicon showed upto 91% similarity with CRT gene(s) of rice and other plant species and designated as EcCRT1. Transcript profiling of EcCRT1 showed different level of relative expression at different stages of developing spikes. The higher expression of EcCRT1 transcripts and protein were observed in later stages of developing spikes which might be due to greater translational synthesis of EcCRT1 protein during seed maturation in finger millet.
Conclusions
Preferentially higher synthesis of this CaBP during later stages of grain filling may be responsible for the sequestration of calcium in endoplasmic reticulum of finger millet grains.PubDate: 2015-02-14T04:38:09.372053-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7139

Authors:Giuseppe Genova; Roberta Tosetti, Pietro TonuttiPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Grape juice is an important dietary source of health‐promoting antioxidant molecules. Different factors may affect juice composition and nutraceutical properties. The effects of some of these factors (harvest time, pre‐processing ethylene treatment of grapes and juice thermal pasteurization) were here evaluated considering in particular the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity.
Results
Grapes (Vitis vinifera L., red‐skinned variety Sangiovese) were collected twice in relation to the technological harvest (TH) and 12 days before TH (early harvest, EH) and treated with gaseous ethylene (1,000 ppm) or air for 48 h. Fresh and pasteurized (78 °C for 30 minutes) juices were produced using a water‐bath. 3‐Way ANOVA showed that the harvest date had the strongest impact on total polyphenols, hydroxycinnamates, flavonols, and especially on total flavonoids. Pre‐processing ethylene treatment significantly increased the proanthocyanidin, anthocyanin and flavan‐3‐ol contents in the juices. Pasteurization induced a significant increase in anthocyanin concentration. Antioxidant capacity was enhanced by ethylene treatment and pasteurization in juices from both TH and EH grapes.
Conclusion
These results suggest that an appropriate management of grape harvesting date, postharvest and processing may lead to an improvement in nutraceutical quality of juices. Further research is needed to study the effect of the investigated factors on juice organoleptic properties.PubDate: 2015-02-14T04:29:31.827921-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7138

Authors:P.S.C. Sri Harsha; M. Mesias, V. Lavelli, F. J. MoralesPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Clinical evidences support the relationship between carbonyl stress and type II diabetes and its related pathologies. Methylglyoxal (MGO) is the major dicarbonyl compound involved in carbonyl stress. Therefore, efforts are being made to find dietary compounds from natural sources that could exert a MGO trapping response.
Results
The in vitro MGO trapping capacity of six red and seven white grape skin extracts (GSE) obtained from winemaking by‐products was investigated. Methanolic GSE exhibited a promising MGO trapping capacity that was higher in red GSE (IC50 2.8 mg mL−1) when compared with white GSE (IC50 3.2 mg mL−1). The trapping ability for red GSE correlated significantly with total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. However, no correlations were observed for white GSE, which suggests that other compounds were involved in the trapping activity.
Conclusion
GSE may be considered a natural source of carbonyl stress inhibitors, thus opening up its possible utilization as a nutraceutical ingredient. Further investigations are required to understand the mechanism involved in the carbonyl trapping ability of red and white grape skin samples and their relationship with glycation.PubDate: 2015-02-14T03:47:33.319852-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7137

Authors:Bin‐Bin Cao; Xin Jin, Hong‐Jian Yang, Sheng‐Li Li, Lin‐Shu JiangPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Ferulic acid (FA) and p‐coumaric acid (PCA) are widely distributed in graminaceous plant cell wall. This study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo digestibility of ester‐linked FA (FAest) and ester‐linked PCA (PCAest) in lactating dairy cow.
Results
Regarding corn stover, ensiled corn stover, whole corn silage, Chinese wild ryegrass and alfalfa hay with different phenolic acids profile, the in vitro rumen digestibility of forage FAest and PCAest was negatively correlated with ether‐linked FA content and original PCA : FA ratio in the forages. The concentration of both phenolic acids in culture fluids was low after a 72‐h incubation, and the mixed rumen microorganisms metabolized nearly all phenolic acids released into the culture fluids. FAest digestibility in whole digestive tract was negatively correlated with dietary PCA : FA ratio, but a converse result occurred with dietary PCAest digestibility. The digestibility in whatever rumen or the whole digestive tract was greater for FAest than PCAest.
Conclusion
Forage PCAest in comparison with FAest is not easily digested in either the rumen or whole digestive tract, and they were negatively affected by forage FAeth content and lignification indicated by the original dietary PCA : FA ratio.PubDate: 2015-02-13T03:43:06.095297-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7136

Authors:Rudy Caparros Megido; Taofic Alabi, Clément Nieus, Christophe Blecker, Sabine Danthine, Jan Bogaert, Éric Haubruge, Frédéric FrancisPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Health status of the indigenous people of the Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia, is significantly lower compared to the rest of the nation. The domestication and mass production of insects may represent a sustainable, cost effective and high quality alternative source of protein to traditional livestock. This study aimed to optimise a cheap and residential cricket breeding system based on unused wild resources. The cricket development, Teleogryllus testaceus (Walker), under seven diets composed of taro aerial parts, young cassava leaves, young cashew leaves and brown rice flour (with or without banana slices), versus a traditionally used broiler feed diet was studied.
Results
Cricket mortality was low in all diets, except the two cashew‐based diets. Total biomass was significantly higher under the broiler feed, in addition to the two diets containing a combination of cassava leaf powder and brown rice. Yet, crickets fed with the taro diet had the highest percentage of protein. Concerning the breeding system cost, units using cassava leaves were the cheapest ones.
Conclusion
Diets based of cassava leaves seems to be the most promising ones. Nevertheless, to produce crickets with a high body mass and a high protein level, a new experiment must be realised in which the cassava leaf maturity will be adapted to fit with the cricket growth stage. Moreover, to reduce the cost of the breeding units, handmade local products should be used instead of purchased components.PubDate: 2015-02-12T02:34:21.779734-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7133

Authors:Xianrong Zhou; Weijing Lin, Litao Tong, Xingxun Liu, Kui Zhong, Liya Liu, Lili Wang, Sumei ZhouPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: BACKGROUND
β‐Glucan has been widely considered to be the major ingredient which is responsible for the hypolipidemic effects of oat. Content determination of β‐glucan in naked oat cultivars in China has been largely performed for breeding and food processing. Since oat was generally consumed as oat flake in China, bioactivity evaluation of oat flake might be more direct and comprehensive than the inside β‐glucan. However, hypolipidemic activity of oat flake processed from Chinese oat cultivars was rarely reported.
RESULTS
The nutritional components of four naked oat cultivars were analyzed before they were processed to oat flakes. Hypolipidemic effects of oat flakes and the extracted β‐glucans were testified on rats fed a high‐fat diet for 30 days. Oat flakes and β‐glucans of different origin showed different preventing effects on hyperlipidemia. Among the four cultivars, β‐gucan of “Bayou‐1” showed the highest hypolipidemic effect. However, oat flake processed from “Dingyou‐7” showed the best bioactivity to mediate the increase of serum lipid.
CONCLUSION
The hypolipidemic effect of oat might not only depend on β‐glucan, but also be related to other components. “Dingyou‐7” might be suitable for oat flake processing for its superior bioactivity.PubDate: 2015-02-12T02:28:36.728137-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7135

Authors:Abugoch L; Tapia C, Plasencia D, Pastor A, Castro‐Mandujano O, López L, Escalona V.Pages: n/a - n/aAbstract: BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to evaluate quinoa protein (Q), chitosan (CH) and sunflower oil (SO) as edible film material as well as the influence of this coating to extend the shelf‐life of fresh blueberries stored at 4 °C and 75 % RH, this condition was used to simulate the storage condition of supermarkets and have adverse conditions to test the effect of the coating. The mechanical, barrier, and structural properties of the film were measured. The effectiveness of coating in fresh blueberries (CB) was evaluated by the changes of weight loss, firmness, color, molds and yeast count, pH, titratable acidity, and soluble solids content.
RESULTS
The tensile strength and elongation at break of edible film were 0.45 ± 0.29 MPa, and 117.2 ± 7%, respectively. The water vapor permeability was 3.3•10−12 ± 4.0•10−13 g s−1 m−1 Pa−1. In all of the color parameters CB presented significant differences. CB had slight delayed fruit ripening as evidenced by higher TA (0.3‐0.5 g citric acid 100 g−1) and lower pH (3.4 to 3.6) than control during storage, however it showed reduced firmness (until 38 %).
CONCLUSION
The use of Q/CH/SO as coating in fresh blueberries was able to control the growth of molds and yeasts during 32 d of storage, instead, the control showed an increasing between 1.8 to 3.1 log cycles (between 20–35 d).PubDate: 2015-02-11T06:25:52.202028-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7132

Authors:Weifeng Chen; Yucui Jin, Aiping Liu, Xiaohong Wang, Fusheng ChenPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a widely distributed mycotoxin produced by certain species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, is a nephrotoxic toxin that has been identified as a carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic and immunotoxic toxin. To reduce risk of its contamination, a rapid, inexpensive, suitable and on‐site assay for the detection of OTA is required. RESULTS: In this study, dot‐immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA) of OTA on high‐flow nitrocellulose membrane (NCM) was developed. Firstly, the colloidal gold was synthesized and colloidal gold‐PcAb conjugates against OTA were prepared at the optimum colloidal gold‐labeled pH value and package amount. Then the colloidal gold polyclonal antibody (gold‐PcAb) conjugates were used to develop OTA DIGFA and the results demonstrated a visual detection limit of approximately 10 ng mL−1 of OTA. In addition, this method had no cross‐reaction with zearalenone (ZEN), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and citrinin (CIT). CONCLUSION: These results indicated that the developed DIGFA assay could be applied for the actual detection of samples without complicated steps.PubDate: 2015-02-10T00:57:31.091854-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7130

Authors:Marta Balietti; Stefano R. Giannubilo, Belinda Giorgetti, Moreno Solazzi, Angelo Turi, Tiziana Casoli, Andrea Ciavattini, Patrizia FattorettiaPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Astaxanthin (Ax) is a ketocarotenoid belonging to the xanthophylls family with activity in antioxidation, integrity of cell membranes preservation and redox state and functional mitochondria integrity preservation. The aim was to investigate potential gender‐related differences in astaxanthin (Ax) effects aged rats brain.
Results
In females, IL1 beta was significantly lower in treated rats in both cerebral areas, and in cerebellum, treated animals had also a significantly higher concentration of IL10; in males, no differences were envisaged in cerebellum, but in hippocampus, IL1 beta and IL10 were significantly higher in treated rats.
Conclusion
These are the first results that showed gender‐related differences in the Ax effect on the aging brain, strengthening the necessity to carefully analyze female and male peculiarities when the anti‐aging potentialities of this ketocarotenoid are evaluated.
Our observation leads to the hypothesis that Ax exerted different anti‐inflammatory effects in female and in male brain.PubDate: 2015-02-10T00:57:12.404674-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7131

Authors:Cristina Castillo; Angel R. Mantecón, Juan Sotillo, Cándido Gutiérrez, Angel Abuelo, Joaquín HernándezPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
The marine plant Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile can be a source of fibre to increase the efficiency of product costs. The aim of the present study was to assess the productive (milk production and performance) and metabolic (blood metabolites) effects of P. oceanica into the ration of dairy goats as a substitute for straw. P. oceanica was used at 225 and 450 g goat−1 day−1 in lieu of barley straw.
Result
Supplementation with P. oceanica had no detrimental effects on the body weight, milk production and the metabolic status of goats. Goats fed with P. oceanica produced more milk‐fat and had a lower somatic cell count in milk, and showed a decreased risk of oxidative stress.
Conclusion
Goat can fed with P oceanic up to 450 g/ day without detrimental effects on milk production and health, therefore, P. oceanica can be a substitute for barley straw in the nutrition of goats.PubDate: 2015-02-10T00:57:01.62554-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7129

Authors:Brankica Raskovic; Jelena Lazic, Natalija PolovicPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Fig latex's physiological role is protection from pathogens. Latex is a rich source of proteases, predominantly ficin. Fig latex contains collagenolytic protease and chitinolytic enzymes, too. Our aim was to investigate changes in protein composition, enzyme and antifungal activities of fig latex during fruit ripening.
Results
Comparison of latex samples in different time periods showed uniform increase of protein concentration in chronological order. The content of collagenolytic protease did not differ significantly in the latex samples, while the content of ficin decreased. Ficin specific activity towards casein was the highest in the beginning of fruit development (about 80 U mg−1). Specific milk clotting activity increased as well as the abundance of casein band in the clots. Specific chitinolytic activity at the beginning of flowering was 6.5 times higher than the activity in the period when fruits are ripe. Antifungal activity is the most extensive in spring.
Conclusion
Ficin forms with different casein specificities are present in different proportions during fruit ripening which is of importance for applications in dairy industry. Protection mechanism against insects and fungi which relies on chitinolytic activity is the most important in the early phases of flowering and is replaced with other strategies during time.PubDate: 2015-02-09T05:37:39.746954-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7126

Authors:Soundarrajan Ilavenil; Mayakrishnan Vijayakumar, Da Hye Kim, Mariadhas Valan Arasu, Hyung Su Park, Sivanesan Ravikumar, Ki Choon ChoiPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important for processing of various food products. The genetically modified organisms have been contributed to improve the various food products. However, it has some limitation. Thus, discovery of wild strains from natural sources must be considered as the most suitable approach for identifying the new LAB. Therefore, we plan to isolate and characterize the LAB from Italian rye‐grass forage and evaluate their biological potentials.
Results
Totally 28 strains were isolated and screened their anti‐fungal and probiotic properties. Single strain was selected due to its antifungal and probiotic efficiency. The strain was identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus KCC‐23. The KCC‐23 showed effective inhibition against A. fumigatus, P.chrysogenum, P. roqueforti, Botrytis elliptica and F. oxysporum. Further, it survives against low pH, bile salts and gastric juice. It exhibited a significant aggregation and hydrophobicity property. The KCC‐23 effectively assimilated the cholesterol and it had ability to utilize the pre‐biotic such as raffinose and inulin. Finally, KCC‐23 exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity.
Conclusion
The P. pentosaceus‐KCC‐23 showed effective anti‐fungal, probiotic and anti‐oxidant properties would be promising isolate for exploitation in the formulation of food for ruminant and human.PubDate: 2015-02-06T02:30:23.993266-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7128

Authors:Yuchen Zhu; Pengpu Wang, Fei Wang, Mengyao Zhao, Xiaosong Hu, Fang ChenPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Acrylamide (AA) is a potential carcinogen widely existed in heat‐processed foods. Addition of glycine (Gly) has been shown to reduce the formation of AA. The objective of this work was to investigate the kinetics for the inhibition of AA by Gly in both asparagine (Asn)/glucose (Glc) and Asn/Glc/Gly potato model systems during heating at 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C.
Results
The simplified two consecutive first‐order kinetic model fitted well to the changes of AA in both systems. No significant difference in rate constant (kF) and apparent activation energy (EaF) was observed for AA formation between the two systems (p > 0.05). Whereas EaE and only kE (200 °C) for AA elimination in Asn/Glc/Gly system was significantly higher than Asn/Glc system (p < 0.05). The elimination reaction between Gly and AA was confirmed by the identification of their major reaction product 2‐((3‐amino‐3‐oxopropyl)amino)acetic acid in Asn/Glc/15N‐Gly system.
Conclusion
The reduction of AA by Gly predominantly attributed to the elimination reaction between Gly and AA.PubDate: 2015-02-05T06:32:55.163988-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7122

Authors:Peili Duan; Lijie Qin, Yeqiao Wang, Hongshi HePages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Water footprint (WF) methodology is essential for quantifying total water consumption of crop production and making efficient water management policies. This study calculated the green, blue, grey and total WFs of maize production in Northeast China from 1998 to 2012 and compared the values of the provinces. This study also analyzed the spatial variation and structure characteristics of the WFs on the prefecture level.
Results
The annual average WF of maize production was 1029 m3 ton−1, which was 51% green, 21% blue and 28% grey. The WF of maize production was highest in Liaoning Province, moderate in Heilongjiang Province and lowest in Jilin Province. The spatial differences of the WFs calculated for the 36 major maize production prefectures were significant in Northeast China. There was a moderate positive spatial autocorrelation among prefectures that had similar WFs. The Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation Index (LISA) analysis identified prefectures with higher WFs in the southeast region of Liaoning Province and southwest region of Heilongjiang Province and prefectures with lower WFs in the middle of Jilin Province.
Conclusion
Spatial differences in the WF of maize production were caused mainly by variations of climate conditions, soil quality, irrigation facilities and maize yield. The spatial distribution of the WFs can help provide a scientific basis for optimizing maize production distribution and then formulate strategies to reduce the WF of maize production.PubDate: 2015-02-05T02:25:39.647607-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7124

Authors:Jincheng Li; Jing Zhang, Huan Liu, Lidong Wu, Yi SongPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: BACKGROUND
A simple and fast modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was presented for determination of diazepam and its three major metabolites, nordiazepam, temazepam and oxazepam (benzodiazepines) in fish samples by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS) .
RESULTS
Muscle tissues were extracted with acetonitrile, and then cleaned with primary secondary amino (PSA). The chromatography separation was achieved within 5.0 min on a C18 column. The limit of detection (LODs) was 0.5 µg kg−1 and the limit of quantification (LOQs) was 2.5 µg kg−1. Average recoveries of diazepam and its main metabolites were in the range of 88.5%‐110.1%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 10.0%.
CONCLUSION
The proposed method for fish samples give good recoveries, linearity, precision and accuracy.PubDate: 2015-02-04T08:58:48.104525-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7123

Authors:Lenka Tomková‐Drábková; Vratislav Psota, Lenka Sachambula, Leona Leišová‐Svobodová, Alexandr Mikyška, Ladislav KučeraPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Polyphenols and phenolic acid are able to slow down or prevent oxidation processes and are therefore thought to have important effects in malting and brewing. Laccase catalyses the oxidation of a wide variety of substrates, including polyphenols. The aim of this paper was to determine the changes in polyphenol compounds and the relative expression of the HvLac1 gene during malting.
Results
The dominant phenolic acid were ferulic acid. The amount of ferulic acid increased, while the amount of vanillic acid decreased during malting. The highest levels of expression of the HvLac1 gene were observed during the third air rest period in varieties with the “Haruna Nijo” (HN) allele, as recommended for the production of beer with the protected geographical indication (PGI) “Česke pivo” (Czech Beer), whereas the highest expression was observed in the first day of germination in varieties with the “Morex” (M) allele. However, the profiles of HvLac1 gene expression in varieties with alternative alleles during malting were similar, and the level of polyphenol compounds throughout malting was different.
Conclusion
The polyphenol contents in barley increased several‐fold during malting, and the degree of increase differed with variety. The expression of HvLac1 transcript was similar in every barley variety.PubDate: 2015-02-02T04:19:51.610185-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7116

Authors:Yahan Zhou; Shunmin Li, Kaifang ZengPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule involved in numerous plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. To investigate the effects of NO on the control of postharvest anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in citrus fruit and its possible mechanisms, citrus fruit were treated with an NO donor.
Results
The results showed that exogenous NO released from 50 µmol · L−1 sodium nitroprusside aqueous solution could effectively reduce the disease incidence and lesion diameter of citrus fruit inoculated with C. gloeosporioides during storage at 20 °C. Exogenous NO could regulate hydrogen peroxide levels, stimulate the synthesis of phenolic compounds, and induce phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, catalase activities, and the ascorbate‐glutathione cycle. Furthermore, exogenous NO could inhibit weight loss, improve the ascorbic acid and titratable acidity contents, and delay the increase in the total soluble solids content in citrus fruit during storage at 20 °C.
Conclusions
The results suggested that the use of exogenous NO was a potential method for inducing the disease resistance of fruit to fungal pathogens and for extending the postharvest life of citrus fruit.PubDate: 2015-02-02T04:19:34.539231-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7117

Authors:Erik Claeys; Els Vossen, Stefaan De SmetPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
The analysis of α‐tocopherol in feed and animal‐derived foods usually involves a saponification step. However, since saponification often leads to losses of α‐tocopherol, a method for the determination of α‐tocopherol in feed and in animal‐derived foods was developed without a saponification step.
Results
In this method, α‐tocopherol is extracted with hot ethanol and the co‐extracted fat is removed by centrifugation. Removal of the fat fraction is made possible by the addition of water, to achieve an ethanol:water ratio of 40:7, followed by cooling on ice before centrifugation. This procedure allows removing the fat fraction, while α‐tocopherol is retained. Matrices differing in gross composition and α‐tocopherol content were analyzed: fresh pork, cooked ham, subcutaneous fat, liver, egg yolk, milk and a compound pig feed. Higher α‐tocopherol concentrations were found for this novel method compared to a conventional method with saponification, particularly for subcutaneous fat (p PubDate: 2015-02-02T04:19:19.875571-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7119

Authors:Abdul Manan Khan; Asif Ali Khan, Muhammad Tehseen Azhar, Luqman Amrao, Hafiza Masooma Naseer CheemaPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Plant production is severely affected by diseases. On other hand, R‐genes exhibited resistance against range of diseases and pathogens in plants. BACKGROUND: The nucleotide binding site and leucine rich repeat (NBS‐LRR) class of R‐genes is the most comprehensively studied in terms of sequence evolution and genome distribution and makes it a super‐family of R genes. The differential response for resistance against biotic and abiotic stress has been observed in cultivated and wild relatives of genus Gossypium. RESULTS: The efforts have been made to address the recent evolution of NBS‐LRR sequences within the Gossypium hrisutum and RGAs sequences derived from G. arboreum and G. raimondii. Percent identity and phylogenetic analysis of NBS‐LRR encoded RGAs from tetraploid new world cotton and its diploid ancestors, G. raimondii and G. arboreum suggest that the evolution of NBS‐LRR encoding sequences in G. hirsutum occurred by gradual accumulation of mutants that led to positive selection and slow rate of divergence within distinct R‐gene families. CONCLUSION: The allotetraploid genome of cotton after separating from its diploid parents experienced polyploidization, natural and artificial selection, hybrid necrosis, duplication and recombination which became the reason to shed off and evolve new genes for its survival. These driving forces influence the development of genomic architecture that makes it susceptible to diseases and pathogens as compared to donor parents.PubDate: 2015-02-02T04:19:00.725139-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7120

Authors:Lisa M Duizer; Allison LangfriedPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Characterization of the sensory properties of small molecular weight phenolic acids such as ferulic and vanillic acids has been limited. The objectives of this study were to characterize the sensory perceptions of these acids and the effects of their repeated consumption on sourness, bitterness and astringency. This knowledge will further understanding of their impact on the sensory characteristics of foods in which they are typically consumed.
Results
Two time‐intensity sensory evaluation experiments were conducted with nine trained panelists: a single sip study and a sequential sip study. Concentrations of phenolic acids typically found in whole grain bread were tested. For both experiments, vanillic acid was perceived to be significantly more sour than ferulic acid, and ferulic acid was perceived to be significantly more bitter than vanillic acid. Maximum sourness, bitterness and astringency intensities significantly increased with increasing molarity for both acids. During sequential sipping, astringency and bitterness intensity increased with each sip. Sourness, however, increased to sip 3 but did not significantly increase after that point.
Conclusion
This research demonstrates that even small quantities of phenolic acids can be perceived as increasingly bitter and astringent with repeated exposures.PubDate: 2015-02-02T04:18:45.231969-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7118

Authors:Asadatun Abdullah; Hartmut RehbeinPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
In spite of the many studies performed over the years, there are still problems in the authentication of closely related tuna species, not only for canned fish but also for raw products. With the aim of providing screening methods to identify different tuna species and related scombrids, segments of mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) and nuclear parvalbumin genes were amplified and sequenced or subjected to single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) analyses.
Results
The nucleotide diagnostic sites in the cyt b gene of 5 tuna species from Indonesia were determined in this study and used to construct a phylogenetic tree. In addition, the suitability of the nuclear gene that encodes parvalbumin for the differentiation of tuna species was determined by SSCP and RFLP analyses of an intron segment. The RFLP differentiated Thunnus albacares and from T. obesus, and fish species in the Thunnus genus could be distinguished from bullet tuna (Auxis rochei) by SSCP.
Conclusions
The parvalbumin‐based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems could serve as an additional tool in the detection and identification of tuna and other Scombridae fish species for routine seafood control. This reaction can be performed in addition to the cyt b analysis as previously described.PubDate: 2015-01-31T03:54:01.059742-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7111

Authors:Juan Wen; Jian‐Feng Xu, Yan Long, Jian‐Guo Wu, Hai‐Ming Xu, Jin‐Ling Meng, Chun‐Hai ShiPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Non‐essential amino acids are a good source of nitrogen and also very important contributors to the metabolic process. Analysis of quantitative trait locus (QTL) simultaneously located on the amphidiploid embryo and maternal plant nuclear genomes for non‐essential amino acid contents in rapeseed meal across different environments was conducive to further clarify the genetic mechanism of seed quality traits.
Results
28 QTLs associated with arginine (5 QTLs), histidine (4 QTLs), glutamic acid (3 QTLs), glycine (3 QTLs), proline (3 QTLs), alanine (4 QTLs) and aspartic acid (6 QTLs) contents were identified in present study. All of these QTLs had significant additive main effects from embryo and maternal plant nuclear genomes with 8 of them showing significant embryo dominance main effects and 12 showing notable QTL × environment interaction effects. Among them, 12 QTLs were major QTLs which could explain 13.27 ~ 35.71% of the phenotypic variation. Specially; and five QTL clusters associated with several QTLs related to multiple traits were distributed on chromosomes A1, A4, A5, A7 and C2.
Conclusion
Non‐essential amino acids in rapeseed meal could be simultaneously controlled by the genetic effects from the QTLs which were located on the chromosomes both in the embryo and maternal plant genetic systems.PubDate: 2015-01-31T02:48:44.111603-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7112

Authors:Yu Zhang; Hui Zhang, Li Wang, Haifeng Qian, Xiguang Qi, Xiangli Ding, Bo Hu, Jiajia LiPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Many previous studies have reported the role of oat β‐glucan (OBG) in the reduction of postprandial glucose, and hypothesised that OBG may form a protective layer along the intestinal wall, acting as a viscous barrier to decrease glucose transportation. This study examined whether the molecular weight (MW) and concentration of OBG affected the diffusion of glucose in vitro. The effect of OBG on glucose transportation in vitro and sodium‐potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+‐ATPase) activity in the everted small intestines of normal rats was also examined.
Results
In vitro, higher MWs and concentrations of OBG, increased the inhibitory effects on glucose diffusion and glucose adsorption. The transport of glucose by glucose transporters and Na+/K+‐ATPase activity in the small intestinal mucosa of rats were significantly lower following the addition of OBG than those in the absence of OBG at the same time‐points throughout glucose transportation (P < 0.05). In the OBG‐treated group, the Na+/K+‐ATPase activity decreased with increasing OBG MW. However, as the concentration of OBG in the solution increased, the Na+/K+‐ATPase activity in the small intestine increased due to stronger gastrointestinal motility. We also found that higher MWs of OBG had a greater inhibitory effect on intestinal disaccharidase activities in vitro.
Conclusion
Oat β‐glucan is able to adsorb glucose molecules, inhibit glucose transport, decrease the concentration of available glucose and suppress disaccharidase activities in the small intestine.PubDate: 2015-01-31T02:48:27.897161-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7114

Authors:Xiaoxia Dong; Zhemin LiPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Over the past 10 years, food safety incidents occured frequently in China. Food safety issues in the dairy sector have increasingly gained attention of Chinese government and the public. The objective of this research is to explore consumption changes of dairy products of different income groups after these dairy safety incidents. The research indicates that consumers’ response to dairy safety risk is very intense. Dairy consumption has experienced a declining trend in recent years, and the impact of dairy safety incidents has lasted for at least 5 years. Till 2012, dairy consumption had not yet fully recovered from the influence. Using the radom effect model, this study examined the relationship between food safety incident and consujmption. Overall, the results show that consumers in low income group are more sensitive to safety risk than high income group. It can be seen from this paper that the decrease of urban residents’ dairy consumption was mainly driven by changes in fresh milk consumption, while the decline of milk powder consumption which was affected by the crime culprit of melamine incident was relatively moderate, and milk powder consumption for high income group even increased.PubDate: 2015-01-29T01:36:51.061431-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7107

Authors:Chokri Zaghdoud; Micaela Carvajal, Diego A Moreno, Ali Ferchichi, María del Carmen Martínez‐BallestaPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
The complex interactions between CO2 increase and salinity were investigated in relation to decreased N supply, in order to determine the nutritional quality of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var Italica) plants under these conditions. Three different decreased‐N fertilisation regimes (NO3−/NH4+ ratios of 100:0, 50:50 and 0:100, respectively) were combined with ambient (380 ppm) and elevated (800 ppm) [CO2], under non‐saline (0 mM NaCl) and saline conditions (80 mM NaCl). Nutrients (minerals, soluble protein and total amino acids) and natural antioxidants (glucosinolates, phenolic acids, flavonoids and vitamin C) were determined.
Results
In NH4+‐fed broccoli plants a marked growth reduction was shown and a redistribution of amino acids to cope with NH4+ toxicity resulted in higher levels of indolic glucosinolate and total phenolic compounds. However, the positive effect of the higher [CO2] ‐ ameliorating adverse effects of salinity – was only observed when N was supplied as NO3−. Under reduced N‐fertilisation the total glucosinolates were increased by a decreased NO3−/NH4+ ratio and elevated [CO2] but were unaffected by salinity.
Conclusion
Under future climatic challenges, such as increased salinity and elevated [CO2], a clear genotypic dependence of S‐metabolism was observed in broccoli plants. In addition, an influence of the form in which N was supplied on plant nutritional quality was observed; a combined NO3−/NH4+ (50:50 ratio) supply allowed broccoli plants not only to deal with NH4+ toxicity but also to modify their glucosinolates content and profile. Thus, for different modes of N‐fertilisation, the interaction with climatic factors must be considered in the search for an optimal balance between yield and nutritional quality.PubDate: 2015-01-27T01:49:09.816147-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7102

Authors:Disha Chakravarty; Manisha B. Erande, Dattatray, J. LatePages: n/a - n/aAbstract: We report investigations on the use of graphene quantum dots for growth enhancement in Coriander (Coriandrum sativam L.) and Garlic plant (Allium Sativum) plants. The as received seeds of coriander and garlic were treated with 0.2 mg/ml of graphene quantum dots for 3 hrs before planting. It has been observed that the graphene quantum dots enhance the growth rate in these plants including leaves, roots, shoots, flowers, fruits with the seeds treated with graphene quantum dots. Our investigations open up the opportunity to use graphene quantum dots as plant growth regulator which can be used in a variety of other food plants for high yield.PubDate: 2015-01-27T01:47:02.083373-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7106

Authors:Smita Raithore; Sharon Dea, Greg McCollum, John A. Manthey, Jinhe Bai, Clotilde Leclair, Faraj Hijaz, Jan A Narciso, Elizabeth A. Baldwin, Anne PlottoPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Mandarins and mandarin hybrids have excellent flavor and color attributes making them good candidates for consumption as fresh fruit. When processed into juice, however, they are less palatable as they develop delayed bitterness when stored for a period of time. In this study, kinetics of delayed bitterness in two citrus mandarin hybrid siblings: ‘Ambersweet’ and USDA 1‐105‐106 were explored by sensory and instrumental analyses. In addition to the bitter limonoids, other quality factors (i.e., sugars, acids, pH, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and the ratio SSC/TA) were also measured.
Results
The two citrus hybrid siblings had different chemical profiles, which were perceived by taste panels. USDA 1‐105‐106 developed delayed bitterness when the juice was stored for more than 4 hours, similar to juice from ‘Navel’ oranges but ‘Ambersweet’ did not. Bitterness in ‘Ambersweet’ was more affected by harvest maturity as juice from earlier harvest had lower SSC but higher TA and bitter limonoids.
Conclusion
Since juice of USDA 1‐105‐106 shows delayed bitterness when stored for more than 4 hours, this cultivar is not suitable for juice processing. Our finding that siblings can differ in chemical and sensory properties emphasize the importance of post‐processing storage studies before releasing cultivars for juice.PubDate: 2015-01-23T02:32:45.933565-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7105

Authors:Kuei‐Chuan Chan; Hsieh‐Hsun Ho, Ming‐Cheng Lin, Chien‐Ning Huang, Hui‐Pei Huang, Chau‐Jong WangPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Previous studies have shown that mulberry polyphenolic compounds have an anti‐atherosclerotic effect in rabbits. Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the key determinant of the number of VSMCs in remodeling. To examine the effect of mulberry polyphenols (MPEs) on the apoptosis of VSMCs and thus the prevention of atherosclerosis, we investigated the ability of MPEs to induce apoptosis and the underlying mechanism.
Results
In this in vitro study, we found that mulberry polyphenol extracts initially activated JNK/p38 and p53, which in turn activated both Fas‐ligand and mitochondria pathways thereby causing mitochondria translocation of Bax and the reduction of Bcl‐2. This then triggered the cleavage of procaspases, finally resulting in apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells.
Conclusion
This study shows mulberry polyphenols may suppress atherosclerosis through stimulating apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells via activating JNK/p38 and p53 signaling.PubDate: 2015-01-23T02:32:29.540571-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7100

Authors:Nicoletta Pellegrini; Carlo AgostoniPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: In recent years, gluten free (GF) goods have become popular, fuelling a growing market as they do not only cater to individuals with medical needs, but also to consumers who seek a GF diet. In their development, it is pivotal to pay attention to nutritional quality. This review aims to provide some insights on the nutritional quality of GF products, focusing on major concerns and the strategies to overcome them. In order to mimic the viscoelastic properties of gluten, a large number of flours and starches and other ingredients have been used. Therefore, the different mixtures of these ingredients bring a wide difference in the nutritional composition of GF foods with respect to gluten‐containing counterparts. Several GF foodstuffs contain more fat, including saturated, and salt, but less minerals and vitamins than their equivalent with gluten. The increased fibre content and the improved technological processes have positively affected the glycemic responses from these goods. However, in order to improve their nutritional quality wholemeal GF cereals and pseudocereals with high nutritive value should replace the low nutritional GF flours and consequently the technological processes would be optimized. The improvement of the nutritional quality of GF products, and in turn that of the GF diet, should also be aimed at improving the risk of later chronic degenerative disorders, especially for infants and young children.PubDate: 2015-01-23T02:30:57.42984-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7101

Authors:Yali Yang; Isabel Achaerandio, Montserrat PujolàPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
The commercial potato cultivars are diverse, not only in their physical characteristics but also in their nutritional compositions and their content of functional compounds (resistant starch (RS), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA)), but there is little information about these differences. The aim of this study was to characterise the nutritional value (focusing in carbohydrates and functional compounds) and instrumental parameters of eight potato cultivars consumed in Spain and to determine whether these parameters are useful for classifying the cultivars.
Results
Significant Pearson's correlations were found due to the common and complex interactions between the constituents of potatoes and their properties (p PubDate: 2015-01-23T02:29:56.15102-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7104

Authors:Claudio Cornaggia; Ruth Ivory, David Mangan, Barry V. McClearyPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
The measurement of α‐amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) in sprout‐damaged grains is a crucial analysis yet a problematic one due to the typically low α‐amylase levels in these samples. A number of standardized methods such as the Falling Number Method and Ceralpha Method exist which are routinely used for the assay of α‐amylase. These methods, however, are either highly‐substrate dependent or lack the required sensitivity to assess sprout damage.
Results
Novel colorimetric and fluorometric reagents have been prepared (Amylase HR, Amylase SD, BzCNPG7 reagent and BzMUG7 reagent) for the direct and specific assay of α‐amylase activity in sprout‐damaged wheat. Assays employing these reagents have been developed and optimized to include a decolorisation step using activated charcoal. When used in a convenient assay format, Amylase SD ‐ containing EtNPG7, (II) as the colorimetric substrate and α‐glucosidase as the ancillary enzyme ‐ was found to be an excellent reagent for the assessment of sprout damage in wheat with incubations as short as 5 min.
Conclusion
The assay using Amylase SD is completely specific for α‐amylase. The use of the Amylase SD assay represents a sensitive and valid alternative to the traditionally used Falling Number values for the assessment of sprout‐damage in wheat samples.PubDate: 2015-01-23T02:29:38.87846-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7103

Authors:Ana Crespo‐Sempere; Cristina Selma‐Lázaro, Jeffrey D. Palumbo, Luis González‐Candelas, Pedro V. Martínez‐CulebrasPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
There are few studies dealing with the relationship between oxidative stress and ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis. In this work, we analyzed the effect of the oxidant stressor menadione and the antioxidants 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxytoluene (BHT), catechin, resveratrol and a polyphenolic extract on growth, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), OTA production and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes of Aspergillus carbonarius.
Results
Exposure to menadione concentrations higher than 20 μM led to increases in ROS and OTA levels and a decrease in growth rate. Exposure to 2.5‐10 mM BHT also led to higher ROS and OTA levels, although growth rate was only affected above 5 mM. Naturally occurring concentrations of catechin, resveratrol and polyphenolic extract barely affected growth rate, but they produced widely different effects on OTA production level depending on the antioxidant concentration used. In general, gene expression of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxiredoxin (PRX), was down regulated after exposure to oxidant and antioxidant concentrations that enhanced OTA production level.
Conclusion
A. carbonarius responds to oxidative stress increasing OTA production. Nevertheless, the use of naturally occurring concentrations of antioxidant phenolic compounds to reduce oxidative stress is not a valid approach by itself for OTA contamination control in grapes.PubDate: 2015-01-22T02:04:25.802422-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7077

Authors:Juan Yang; Nana Wu, Jie Peng, Xiaoquan Yang, Jian Guo, Shouwei Yin, Jinmei WangPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
A novel soy protein aggregate enriched with isoflavones (SPA‐IS), the mixture of soy protein and isoflavones (Mix), the isoflavones (IS), and the soy protein were obtained to investigate the preventive effects on osteoporosis (OP) induced by retinoic acid (RA) in Kunming (KM) mice.
Results
The serum osteocalcin (s‐BGP) levels in the Mix and SPA‐IS groups decreased compared with the model group (the RA‐induced OP mice) (p < 0.05). The trabecular analysis results prove the increased preventive effect of the SPA‐IS group over the Mix group, the IS group, and the soy protein group. The results of both left tibial maximum load and the 4th lumbar structural strength differ between the IS and the SPA‐IS groups.
Conclusion
The SPA‐IS exhibited obvious estrogenic activities on RA‐induced OP in KM mice compared to Mix, IS, and soy protein. The results suggest that it is potential for use of SPA‐IS in treatment of OP induced by intake of RA. The improvement of bone indicators might be attributed to the formation of aggregate particles and the improvement of IS solubility.PubDate: 2015-01-21T04:31:24.413932-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7098

Authors:Giuseppe Procida; Angelo Cichelli, Corrado Lagazio, Lanfranco S. ContePages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
The volatile fraction of virgin olive oil is characterized by low molecular weight compounds that vaporize at room temperature. In order to obtain an aroma profile similar to natural olfactory perception, volatile compounds composition was determined by applying dynamic headspace, performed at room temperature, with cryogenic trap directly connected to gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer. Samples were also evaluated according to UE and International Olive Council official methods for sensory evaluation. In this paper, the composition of the volatile fraction of 25 extra virgin olive oils from different regions of Italy was analyzed and some preliminary considerations on relationships between chemical composition of volatile fraction and sensory characteristics are reported.
Results
Forty‐two compounds were identified by means of the particular analytical technique used. All the analyzed samples, classified as extra virgin by Panel test, never present peaks whose magnitude is important enough in defected oils. The study was focused on the evaluation of volatile compounds responsible for the positive impact on olive odor properties (“green‐fruity” and “sweet”) and olfactory perception.
Conclusion
Chemometric evaluation of data, obtained through headspace analysis and Panel test evaluation, showed a correlation between chemical compounds and sensory properties. On the basis of the results, the positive attributes of virgin olive oil are divided into two separated groups as sweet or green types. As regards, sixteen volatile compounds with known positive impact on odor properties were extracted and identified. In particular, eight compounds seem correlated with sweet properties whereas green sensation appears to be correlated with eight other different substances. The content of the compounds at six carbon atoms prove to be very important in defining positive attributes of extra virgin olive oils and sensory evaluation.PubDate: 2015-01-19T05:57:59.918012-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7096

Authors:Combarros‐Fuertes P; Fernández D, Arenas R, Diezhandino I, Tornadijo M.E, Fresno J.M.Pages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Ripened cheese is among fermented food the most often associated with food‐poisoning from biogenic amines. The influence of ripening time, heat treatment of milk and the effect of using milk from a different ewe breed on the biogenic amines (BA) content of Zamorano cheese was studied by HPLC. Physicochemical, proteolytic and microbiological parameters were also studied.
Results
BA content increased significantly during ripening and their final values were around 400 mg Kg−1. Cheeses elaborated with raw milk duplicated the concentration of BA relative to those elaborated with pasteurized milk (72 °C for 20 seconds). The average levels of putrescine, spermine and tyramine were higher in cheeses made with a greater proportion of milk from Churra breed. Significant differences in microbial counts and nitrogen soluble in 5% phosphotungstic acid (PTA5%‐SN) were observed between the different batches.
Conclusion
Ripening time and heat treatment applied to milk were the factors that exercised the greatest influence upon the concentration of BA in Zamorano cheese.PubDate: 2015-01-16T02:01:51.31951-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7093

Authors:Daniso Beswa; Nomusa R. Dlamini, Eric O. Amonsou, Muthulisi Siwela, John DereraPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Pro‐vitamin A‐biofortified maize snacks with added leafy vegetable may have a potential as nutritious and health‐promoting products, especially in addressing vitamin A deficiency which is prevalent in developing regions. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of adding Amaranth leaf powder on the physical, antioxidant properties and pro‐vitamin A content of extruded pro‐vitamin A‐biofortified maize snacks. Extruded snacks were processed using four pro‐vitamin A‐biofortified maize varieties that were composited with Amaranth leaf powder at 0, 1 and 3% (w/w) substitution levels.
Results
At higher Amaranth concentration, the expansion ratio of the snacks decreased, whilst their hardness increased by as much as 93%. The physical quality of the snacks may thus need improvement. As Amaranth was increased, the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the snacks increased as well as the pro‐vitamin A content.
Conclusion
Pro‐vitamin A‐biofortified maize with added Amaranth has a potential for use in nutritious and healthy extruded snacks. There are limited studies reporting on processing pro‐vitamin A maize with complementary plant foods, which is common with white maize in Southern Africa‐ thus the current study serves as a baseline.PubDate: 2015-01-16T02:01:36.008689-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7092

Authors:Hágata Cremasco; Dionísio Borsato, Karina Gomes Angilelli, Olívio Fernandes Galão, Evandro Bona, Marcos Eduardo VallePages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
In this study, 20 samples of soybean, both transgenic and conventional cultivars, which were planted in two different regions, Londrina and Ponta Grossa, both located at Paraná, Brazil, were analysed. In order to verify whether the inorganic compound levels in soybeans varied with the region of planting, K, P, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu and B contents were analysed by an Artificial Neural network Self‐Organising Map.
Results
It was observed that with a topology 10 x 10, 8000 epochs, initial learning rate of 0.1 and initial neighbourhood ratio of 4.5, the network was able to differentiate samples according to region of origin. Among all of the variables analysed by the artificial neural network, the elements Zn, Ca and Mn were those which most contributed to the classification of the samples.
Conclusion
This means that samples planted in these two regions differ in their mineral content; however, conventional and transgenic samples grown in the same region show no difference in mineral contents in the grain.PubDate: 2015-01-16T02:01:17.75635-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7094

Authors:Paola Palmero; Ines Colle, Lien Lemmens, Tuyen Thi My Nguyen, Marc Hendrickx, Ann Van LoeyPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
High pressure homogenization disrupts cell structures assisting carotenoid release from the matrix and subsequent micellarization. However, lycopene bioaccessibility of tomato puree upon high pressure homogenization is limited by the formation of a process‐induced barrier. In this context, cell wall degrading enzymes were applied to hydrolyze the formed barrier and enhance lycopene bioaccessibility.
Results
The effectiveness of the enzymes in degrading their corresponding substrates was evaluated (consistency, amount of reducing sugars, molar mass distribution and immunolabeling). An in vitro digestion procedure was applied to evaluate the effect of the enzyme treatments on lycopene bioaccessibility. Enzyme treatments with pectinases and cellulase were proved to effectively degrade their corresponding cell wall polymers, however, no further significant increase of lycopene bioaccessibility was obtained.
Conclusion
A process‐induced barrier consisting of cell wall material is not the only factor governing lycopene bioaccessibility upon high pressure homogenization.PubDate: 2015-01-14T05:42:20.79766-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7088

Authors:Carmine Summo; Antonella Pasqualone, Vito M. Paradiso, Isabella Centomani, Gerardo Centoducati, Francesco CaponioPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Controversial results about the effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) rich in CO2 on the quality of different kinds of meat products are present in literature. In this investigation the degree of lipid degradation and the sensory characteristics of ripened sausages packed in modified atmosphere at 3 different carbon dioxide concentrations have been evaluated during 5 months of storage.
Results
The degree of hydrolytic degradation of the lipid fraction was found to decrease at increasing CO2 concentrations. Similarly, the oxidative phenomena occurred at lower rate when CO2 concentration increased. The variations in CO2 concentration influenced the perception of rancid flavor in the examined sausages.
Conclusion
The increase of CO2 in MAP allowed to slow down the evolution of the lipid oxidation, due to the minor extent of the hydrolytic degradation, whose products have pro‐oxidant activity. This effect was more evident in the first two months of storage.PubDate: 2015-01-14T05:42:06.013137-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7089

Authors:Greta Geldenhuys; Nina Muller, Lorinda Frylinck, Louwrens C. HoffmanPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Baseline research investigating the toughness of Egyptian goose meat is required. To achieve this, the study therefore investigates the post mortem pH and temperature decline (15 min – 4 h 15 min post mortem) in the pectoralis muscle (breast portion) of this gamebird species. It also explores the enzyme activity of the Ca2+ dependant protease (calpain system) and the lysosomal cathepsins during the rigor mortis period.
Results
No differences were found for any of the variables between genders. The pH decline in the pectoralis muscle occurs quite rapidly (c = ‐0.806; ultimate pH = ~5.86) compared to other species and it is speculated that the high rigor temperature (>20°C) may contribute to the increased toughness. No calpain I was found in Egyptian goose meat and the μ/m‐calpain activity remains constant during the rigor period while a decrease in calpastatin activity was observed. The cathepspin B, B & L and H activity increased over the rigor period.
Conclusions
Further research into the connective tissue content and myofibrillar breakdown during ageing is required in order to know if the proteolytic enzymes do in actual fact contribute to tenderisation.PubDate: 2015-01-14T05:41:36.72472-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7090

Authors:Hai‐Yan Ma; Bo Yang, Hong‐Wei Wang, Qi‐Yin Yang, Chuan‐Chao DaiPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Backround
The continuous cropping obstacles cause severe decline of peanut yield. The aim of this study was to investigate the remediation effect of Serratia marcescens on the continuously cropped peanut soil. A pot experiment under natural conditions was conducted to detect the peanut agronomic indexes, soil microorganism characteristics, soil enzymes activities and antagonism ability to typical pathogens at different growth stages. Four treatments were applied to the red soil as follows: an active fermentation liquor of S. marcescens (RZ‐21), a sterilized fermentation liquor (M), an equivalent fermentation medium (P) or distilled water (CK).
Results
S. marcescens significantly inhibited the two typical plant pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum A1 and Ralstonia solanacearum B1), and apparently reduced these two pathogens population in rhizosphere soil. The RZ‐21 treatment significantly increased the peanut yield, vine dry weight, root nodules and taproot length by 62.3%, 33%, 72% and 61.4%, respectively, followed by the M treatment. And P treatment also increased root nodules and root length slightly. RZ‐21 also enhanced the activities of soil urease, sucrase and hydrogen peroxidase at some different stages. In addition, RZ‐21 and M treatments increased the average population of soil bacteria and decreased the average population of fungi in the three critical peanut growth stages, except M in the case of fungal population of Flowering, thus balancing the structure of the soil microorganism community.
Conclusion
This is the first report of S. marcescens applied to continuously cropped peanut soil, suggesting that S. marcescens RZ‐21 has the potential to improve the soil environment and agricultural products, and develop sustainable management practices.PubDate: 2015-01-14T05:37:47.011622-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7087

Authors:Pratik Talukder; Shonima Talapatra, Nirmalya Ghoshal, Sarmistha Sen RaychaudhuriPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Plantago ovata, commonly called psyllium, is known to be a rich source of polyphenolic compounds. The present study was aimed at determining polyphenol content and studying their antioxidant activities in P. ovata during in vitro callus culture. An attempt was also made to enhance polyphenol content using external additives. The role of PAL gene in polyphenol accumulation was also studied.
Result
The study indicated the presence of significant amount of polyphenols including flavonoids in P. ovata callus. A gradual increase in polyphenol and flavonoid content was observed up to 3rd passage (63 days) of callus culture which declined at the next passage. The 3rd passage callus showed highest antioxidant activity. HPLC results indicated the presence of high amount of gallic acid and rutin in P. ovata calli; however, other polyphenols were also present but to a lesser extent. Additive supplementation was effective to enhance polyphenol production and in increasing antioxidant activity in P. ovata callus.
Conclusion
The present research reported accumulation of polyphenols in callus culture of P. ovata which could be applied for isolation of polyphenols for various beneficial purposes. It also indicated enhancement in the production of several polyphenols and also an increase in antioxidant activity in the additive treated callus.PubDate: 2015-01-14T05:37:30.91367-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7086

Authors:Mahmood Laghari; Zhiquan Hu, Muhammad Saffar Mirjat, Bo Xiao, Ahmed Ali Tagar, Mian HuPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Biochar has been mostly used in conventional arable soils for improving soil fertility. This study investigated the effect of biochars of different temperatures on plant growth and desert soil properties. Biochars of different temperatures (i.e., 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C) were mixed in the soil with 5% by mass, and the treatments were designated as T‐400, T‐500, T‐600, T‐700, and T‐800, respectively. Sorghum was used as a test crop, and the effect of biochar on plant height, yield, and soil properties was evaluated.
Results
Sorghum yield increased by 19% and 32% under T‐400 and T‐700, respectively, above the control. Biochar reduced depth‐wise moisture depletion in soil columns and hence improved soil water‐holding capacity by 14% and 57% under T‐400 and T‐700, respectively. Soil hydraulic conductivity was reduced by 15% and 42%, and moisture‐retention capacity was improved by 16% and 59%. Hence, sorghum net water‐use efficiency increased by 52% and 74% in T‐400 and T‐700, respectively. Biochar also improved soil total carbon, cation exchange capacity and plant nutrient content.
Conclusion
The addition of fast pyrolysis biochar made from pine sawdust improved the quality of Kubuqi Desert soil and enhanced plant growth. Hence, it can be used for desert modification.PubDate: 2015-01-13T06:56:50.207796-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7082

Authors:Raúl Pérez Gálvez; F. Javier Espejo Carpio, Emilia M. Guadix, Antonio GuadixPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Amino acid‐based fertilisers increase the bioavailability of nitrogen in plants and help withstand stress conditions. Besides, porcine blood protein hydrolysates are able to supply iron, which is involved in chlorophyll synthesis and improves the availability of nutrients in soil. A high degree of hydrolysis (DH) is desirable when producing a protein hydrolysate intended for fertilization, since it assures a high supply of free amino acids. Given the complexity of enzyme reactions, empirical approaches such as artificial neural networks (ANN) are preferred for modelization.
Results
Porcine blood meal was hydrolysed for 3 hours with subtilisin. The time evolution of the degree of hydrolysis was successfully modelled by means of a feedforward ANN comprising 10 neurons in the hidden layer and trained by the Levenberg‐Marquardt algorithm. The ANN model described adequately the influence of pH, temperature, enzyme concentration and reaction time upon DH, and was employed to estimate the optimal operation conditions (pH 6.67, 56.9 °C, enzyme to substrate ratio of 10 g kg−1 and 3 h of reaction) leading to the maximum DH (35.12%).
Conclusions
ANN modeling was a useful tool to model enzymatic reactions and was successfully employed to optimise the degree of hydrolysis.PubDate: 2015-01-13T06:56:16.041674-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7083

Authors:Esther Lai‐Har Tang; Jayakumar Rajarajeswaran, ShinYee Fung, M S KanthimathiPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Petroselinum crispum (English parsley) is a common herb of the Apiaceae family that is cultivated throughout the world and is widely used as a seasoning condiment. Studies have shown its potential as a medicinal herb. In this study, P. crispum leaf and stem extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant properties, protection against DNA damage in normal 3T3‐L1 cells, and the inhibition of proliferation and migration of the MCF‐7 cells.
Results
The dichloromethane extract of P. crispum exhibited the highest phenolic content (42.31 ± 0.50 mg GAE g−1) and ferric reducing ability (0.360 ± 0.009 mmol g−1) of the various extractions performed. The extract showed DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 3310.0 ± 80.5 µg mL−1. Mouse fibroblasts, 3T3‐L1, pre‐treated with 400 µg mL−1 of the extract showed 50.9% protection against H2O2‐induced DNA damage, suggesting its potential in cancer prevention. The extract (300 µg mL−1) inhibited H2O2‐induced MCF‐7 cell migration by 41 ± 4%. As cell migration is necessary for metastasis of cancer cells, inhibition of migration is an indication of protection against metastasis.
Conclusion
P. crispum has health promoting properties with the potential to prevent oxidative stress‐related diseases and can be developed into functional food.PubDate: 2015-01-13T01:52:23.016853-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7078

Authors:Montserrat Pinent; Anna Castell‐Auví, M. Inés Genovese, Joan Serrano, Angela Casanova, Mayte Blay, Anna ArdévolPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
The gastrointestinal tract (GI) is constantly exposed to reactive species released by the GI tract itself, and those present in food and beverages. Phenolic compounds may help in protecting the GI tract against damage produced by the reactive species. In this paper we have analyzed the effects of a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in two different intestinal cell types: the absorptive cell line Caco‐2, and the enter oendocrine cell line STC‐1. RESULTS: We show that GSPE prevents t‐BOOH‐induced oxidative stress in both cell lines, and that the effects are dose and time dependent. We have also analyzed whether GSPE has any in vivo effect, and found that 25 mg/kg bw cannot counteract the increase in intestinal ROS induced by the cafeteria diet. However, an acute (1 h) treatment of 1 g GSPE/kg bw reduces ROS in fasted animals and also decreases ROS induction by food. These effects were found only after a short‐term treatment. Furthermore, we have compared the in vitro GSPE effects with those of another proanthocyanidin‐rich extract from cupuassu seeds, though it has compounds with different structures. Cupuassu extract (CE) also shows antioxidant effects in both cell types, which suggests different mechanisms than those of GSPE. CONCLUSION: Natural proanthocyanidin‐rich extracts have an antioxidant effect in the gastrointestinal tract, acting on absorptive cells and enterohormone‐secreting cells, although the effects depend on the dose and period of treatment.PubDate: 2015-01-13T01:51:52.56644-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7079

Authors:Antonella Verzera; Gianluca Tripodi, Giovanna Dima, Concetta Condurso, Antonio Scacco, Fabrizio Cincotta, Dina Maria Letizia Giglio, Antonio SparacioPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Defoliation is a cultural practice for crop management in grapevines and the benefits effects have been demonstrated. Here, the influence of “early” leaf removal on the quality of Nero d'Avola wines was evaluated. Particular attention has been given to the volatile constituents responsible for the wine aroma but also to the total amount of polyphenolic compounds, anthocyanins and flavonoids.
Results
“Early” defoliation was manually applied and compared with non‐defoliated controls. The grapes were harvested in two different ripening times following their technological and phenolic maturity. Statistical quantitative differences resulted among the samples from the four theses. Both the time of harvest and the vine leaf removal determined variation in the wine composition. A large number of volatile constituents were identified and quantified; the OAV were calculated. Basal leaf removal reduced pH and increased titratable acidity, total amount of anthocyanins, flavonoids, polyphenols and color intensity in the wines from the 1st harvest. Interesting resulted the increase for fermentation and varietal aromas in the defoliated wines from the 1st harvest. Limited differences resulted between the wines from defoliated and control vines relative to the 2nd harvest. PCA which was applied to the compounds with an OAVs ≥ 0.5 allowed to distinguish the different theses.
Conclusion
“Early” leaf removal can lead to a positive effect on the quality of Nero d'Avola under the environmental conditions in which the present study was realized but particular attention has to be given to the time of grape harvest. The results also demonstrate that “early” defoliation can be applied to improve the wine quality also in Mediterranean area with a concentration of rainfall during winter, nearly aridity and high temperature in summer season.PubDate: 2015-01-10T03:31:30.116606-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7075

Authors:Amélie Serment; Sylvie Giger‐Reverdin, Philippe Schmidely, Ophélie Dhumez, Laurent P Broudiscou, Daniel SauvantPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
In vitro techniques are used to predict ruminant feedstuff values or characterize rumen fermentation. As the results are influenced by several factors, such as the relative effects of inocula and substrates, this study aimed to examine in vitro incubation of two total mixed rations (substrates) differing in their proportion of concentrate (low (L): 350 g kg−1 vs. high (H): 700 g kg−1) incubated in inocula provided by goats fed either a L or a H diet. Gas production and composition in carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2), volatile fatty acid (VFA), soluble carbohydrates (SC) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations, and pH of the fermentation fluid were measured.
Results
In comparison with the L inoculum and L substrate, the H ones produced more CO2 and CH4 gas, which led to higher SC and VFA concentrations, and lower acetate‐to‐propionate ratio and NH3 concentration, with a predominant effect of the inoculum.
Conclusion
The effects of the inocula and of the substrates were additive using donor animals adapted to the diets.PubDate: 2015-01-07T23:51:54.585905-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7076

Authors:Jiandong Ren; Jianping WuPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Backgound
Phosvitin is the principal phosphoprotein in egg yolk with great potential for uses as functional food ingredients in improving bone health. This study reported a thermal‐aided extraction method without using organic solvents or non‐food compatible chemicals.
Results
Egg yolk was two times diluted by water, and then extracted by 10% NaCl at 90 °C. Effects of pHs and heating temperatures on the extracts were examined. The phosvitin purity was increased from 75.7% at pH 8.0 to 80.1% at pH 5.0 and then started to decrease, but the yield decreased at decreasing pHs. The phosvitin purity increased at increasing temperature up to 90 °C, and then started to decrease at 95 °C, while the yield increased from 70 °C to 80 °C, and then started to decline at 85 °C.
Conclusion
A purity of 88.0% and a yield of 23.5 g/kg yolk dry matter were obtained at 90 °C. The purity and yield were comparable or higher than previous methods. The developed method in the study is simple, including mainly two steps: water dilution of egg yolk and NaCl extraction with heating, and can be scaled up for industrial production.PubDate: 2015-01-07T03:49:09.68181-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7073

Authors:Margaret A Cliff; Jessica R Law, Joost Lücker, Christine H Scaman, Allison R KermodePages: n/a - n/aAbstract: BACKGROUND
Seedling roots of anthocyanin‐rich corn (Zea mays) cultivars contain high levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity. The development of a natural dietary supplement comprised of corn roots could provide the means to improve the restrictive diet of phenylketonuria (PKU) patients by increasing their tolerance to dietary phenylalanine (Phe). Therefore, this research was undertaken to explore the sensory characteristics of roots of four corn cultivars, as well as develop and evaluate food products (cereal bar, beverage, jam‐like spread) to which roots had been added.
RESULTS
Sensory profiles of corn roots were investigated using 10 trained judges. Roots of Japanese striped corn seedlings were more bitter, pungent and astringent than white or yellow cultivars, while roots from the Blue Jade cultivar had a more pronounced earthy/mushroom aroma. Consumer research using 24 untrained panelists provided hedonic (degree‐of‐liking) assessments, for products with and without roots (controls). The former had lower mean scores than the controls; however, the cereal bar had scores above 5 on the 9‐point scale for all hedonic assessments compared to the other treated products.
CONCLUSION
By evaluating low‐Phe food products containing corn roots, this research ascertained that the root‐containing low‐Phe cereal bar was an acceptable ‘natural’ dietary supplement for PKU‐affected individuals.PubDate: 2015-01-07T03:48:53.867158-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7074

Authors:A. O'Gorman; L. BrennanPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Metabolomics focuses on the global study of metabolites in cells, tissues and biofluids. Analytical technologies such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and hyphenated mass spectrometry (MS) combined with advanced multivariate statistical methods allow us to study perturbations in metabolism. The close link between metabolism and nutrition has seen the application of metabolomics in nutritional research increase in recent times. Such applications can be divided into three main categories (1) the area of dietary biomarker identification, (2) diet‐related diseases and (3) nutritional interventions. The present perspective will give an overview of these applications and an outlook to the future.PubDate: 2015-01-07T02:59:32.616218-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7070

Authors:Yungao Li; Ming Miao, Xiangyin Chen, Bo Jiang, Miao Liu, Biao FengPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
The demand for difructose anhydride III (DFA III), a novel functional sweetener, is growing continuously. It is produced from inulin by inulin fructotransferase (IFTase). In this study, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), as a clean technology, was first applied to further improve the catalytic efficiency of IFTase in the process.
Results
The maximum activity of IFTase was obtained under 200 MPa and at 60 °C. Meanwhile, HHP lowered the energy barrier necessary for the enzymatic reaction, and decreased the volume between the reactants and the transition‐state. On this condition, the optimum of pH for the enzymatic reaction shifted from 5.5 to 6.0. The activity was further enhanced by 65.2 % in the presence of 1.5 mol L−1 NaCl.
Conclusion
The catalytic reaction of IFTase was performed under HHP for the first time. HHP, as a promising green technology for bioconversion, significantly accelerated the enzymatic reaction on the appropriate operational conditions.PubDate: 2015-01-07T02:59:17.244057-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7071

Authors:Piazzolla F, Pati S, Amodio M.L; Colelli G.Pages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Postponing the harvest of grapes is a common practice in Southern Italy, in order to delay harvest up to Christmas and make higher incomes from the sales. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of harvest time (over almost 3 months) on quality of table grapes (cv. Italia). The experiment was repeated for two years (2010 and 2011). In 2010 grapes were harvested starting from October 8 and after 11, 27, and 48 days. In 2011 5 harvest times were compared over a period of 56 days. Respiration rate, firmness, colour, sensorial attributes, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), phenols and antioxidant activity were measured. In addition, in second year, volatile compounds were evaluated.
Results
For both years harvest time influenced most of the parameters which indicated that metabolic changes took place on the plant. In 2010, harvest time influenced the respiration rate, cluster and berry appearance score, colour attributes, crunchiness, pH, TA, total phenol content and antioxidant activity. In 2011, harvest time influenced the respiration rate, colour attributes, most of sensorial attributes, TSS andTA. Generally, late harvested grapes showed higher firmness, berry appearance score, sweetness, fruity taste score, overall sensorial evaluation scores and TSS. Regarding the volatile compounds, terpene content decreased during ripeness while C6 compounds showed a non‐linear trend.
Conclusion
Results showed that table grape sensorial quality could increase with delaying harvest up to a certain time of the season, while excessive delay could reduce final grape quality.PubDate: 2015-01-07T02:58:49.658739-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7072

Authors:Shiori Koga; Ulrike Böcker, Anette Moldestad, Paola Tosi, Peter R. Shewry, Ellen F. Mosleth, Anne Kjersti UhlenPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of low to moderate temperatures on gluten functionality and gluten protein composition. Four spring wheat cultivars were therefore grown in climate chambers with three temperature regimes (day/night temperatures of 13/10, 18/15 and 23/20 °C) during grain filling.
Results
Temperatures strongly influenced grain weight and protein content. Gluten quality measured by resistance to extension (Rmax) was the highest in three cultivars grown at 13 °C. Rmax was positively correlated with the proportion of SDS‐unextractable polymeric proteins (%UPP). The proportions of ω‐gliadins and D‐type LMW‐GS were increased and the proportions of α‐ and γ‐gliadins, and B‐type LMW‐GS were decreased as temperature increased, while the proportion of HMW‐GS was constant between temperatures. The cultivar Berserk had strong and constant Rmax between the different temperatures.
Conclusion
Constant low temperatures, even as low as 13 °C, had no negative effects on gluten quality. The observed variation in the Rmax related to temperature could be explained more by %UPP than by changes in the proportions of HMW‐GS or other gluten proteins. The four cultivars responded differently to temperature as gluten from Berserk was stronger and more stable over a wide range of temperatures.PubDate: 2015-01-07T02:55:10.470065-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7068

Authors:Sunil Pareek; Daniel Valero, María SerranoPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Pomegranate is a subtropical and tropical fruit with great importance from the health point of view. Despite the increasing consumer awareness of the health benefits of pomegranate, consumption of the fruit is still limited due to poor postharvest handling, storage recommendations, short shelf life, and quality deterioration during transportation, storage and marketing. Occurrence of physiological disorders such as husk scald, splitting, and chilling injury are another challenges which reduces marketability and consumers acceptance. Recently, remarkable work on postharvest biology and technology has been done. Pomegranate is highly sensitive to low‐oxygen atmospheres (PubDate: 2015-01-07T02:54:53.151914-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7069

Authors:Salama A. Ouf; Abdulrahman H. Basher, Abdel‐Aleam H. MohamedPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Aspergillus niger has been reported as potentially dangerous pathogen of date‐palm fruits in Saudi Arabia due to the production of fumonisin B2 (FB2) and ochratoxin A (OTA). In a trail to disinfect this product, a double atmospheric pressure argon cold plasma (DAPACP) jet system was set up and evaluated against spore germination and mycotoxins production of the pathogen.
Results
The plasma jets were characterized photographically, electrically and spectroscopically. DAPACP jet length increases with the increase of argon flow rate, with optimum rate at 3.5 Lmin−1. The viability of A. niger spores, inoculated onto sterilized date palm fruit discs, progressively decreases with extension of the exposure time of DAPACP due to the more quantitative amount of OH and O radicals interacting with the examined samples. There was a progressive reduction of the amount of FB2 and OTA detected in date palm discs on extension of the exposure time of the plasma‐treated inoculums at flow rate of 3.5 Lmin−1. FB2 was not detected in the discs inoculated with 6‐ min plasma treated A. niger, while OTA was completely absent when the fungus was treated for 7.5‐ min.
Conclusion
DAPACP showed promising results in dry fruit decontamination and in inhibition of mycotoxins release by A. niger contaminating the fruits. The progress in the commercial application of cold plasma needs further investigation concerning the ideal width of the plasma output to enable it to cover wider surface of the sample and consequently inducing more plasma performancePubDate: 2014-12-30T02:27:20.126237-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7060

Authors:Zhichun Xie; Marie Thérèse Charles, Jinshuan Fan, Denis Charlebois, Shahrokh Khanizadeh, Daniel Rolland, Dominique Roussel, Martine Deschenes, Claudine DubePages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Ultraviolet‐C (UV‐C) has proven effective in extending shelf‐life, reducing disease incidence and increasing the levels of health‐promoting compounds in several crops. While most studies were conducted at the postharvest stage, our study examined the effect of preharvest UV‐C application in three strawberry cultivars (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ‘Albion’, ‘Charlotte’ and ‘Seascape’). UV‐C treatment was applied from the onset of flowering until the fruits reached commercial maturity on plants grown for two consecutive seasons under greenhouse conditions. The phytochemical profiles and antioxidant capacity of the fruits were assessed at harvest.
Results
The ellagic acid and kaempferol‐3‐glucuronide contents were significantly increased only in fruits of the cultivar ‘Albion’ collected from UV‐C treated plants in Season 1. UV‐C did not consistently affect the other phenolic compounds that were measured. Based on the results of the FRAP (ferric‐reducing antioxidant power), ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) and TPC (total phenolic content) assays, the antioxidant capacity of the three strawberry cultivars was not affected by UV‐C. Season and cultivar had a decisive impact on these parameters.
Conclusion
The effect of preharvest UV‐C on the levels of bioactive compounds in strawberry fruits appears to be cultivar‐dependent, with season or growing conditions having a significant impact.PubDate: 2014-12-29T02:04:04.338619-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7064

Authors:Roberto Massenti; Riccardo Lo Bianco, Amandeep K. Sandhu, Gu Liwei, Charles SimsPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
In order to evaluate the effect of HLB on quality components and flavonoid contents of ‘Valencia’ oranges, fruit from non‐infected trees (control), from infected trees but symptom‐less (asymptomatic) and from infected trees and showing clear HLB symptoms (symptomatic) were harvested in March and in May, 2013. Fruit peel, pulp and juice were separated, main quality components were determined, and hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, narirutin and didymin were quantified using liquid chromatography.
Results
Peel color, TSS and citric acid were similar in control and asymptomatic fruits. Symptomatic fruits were smaller, yielded less juice, had higher acidity and lower sugar and peel color than control fruits. In the peel, hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, narirutin and didymin were higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic and control fruits. Peel flavonoids decreased with fruit maturation. Also in pulp and juice, flavonoid content was higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic and control fruits.
Conclusions
These results show that asymptomatic fruits are similar to control fruits more than to symptomatic fruits, suggesting that secondary metabolism and physical properties of fruits are only affected at a later and more advanced stage of HLB infection. Despite the significant loss of quality, fruit with clear HLB symptoms accumulate high quantities of flavonoids in peel and pulp.PubDate: 2014-12-29T02:03:32.523463-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7061

Authors:Chao‐Zhi Zhu; Wan‐Gang Zhang, Guang‐Hong Zhou, Xing‐Lian XuPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
The objective of this study was to purify and identify antioxidant peptides present in the extract of Chinese dry‐cured Jinhua ham. Jinhua ham extracts were separated into five fractions (A‐E) by size‐exclusion chromatography. Each fraction was subjected to a simulated gastro‐intestinal (GI) digestion system and fractions showing strong antioxidant activities were collected and subjected to liquid chromatography combined with mass/mass‐spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for further purification and identification.
Results
Using MS/MS analysis, 33 peptides were identified in these fractions. Several key peptides were selected for synthesis and determined their antioxidant activity. The peptide showing strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity was GKFNV which showed 92.7% antioxidant activity at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, the peptide LPGGGHGDL showed the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and LPGGGT and HA showed strong inhibition activity against erythrocyte haemolysis (about 45%) before digestion. On the other hand, KEER may contribute to Fe2+‐chelating ability in fraction C after GI digestion.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Jinhua dry‐cured ham seems to be a potential source of antioxidant peptides generated in the products and GI digestion.PubDate: 2014-12-27T05:06:58.304896-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7065

Authors:Shurui Mao; Peng Gao, Zhaoxin Lu, Fengxia Lu, Chong Zhang, Haizhen Zhao, Xiaomei BiePages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Error‐Prone PCR is frequently used in directed revolution of enzymes to modify their quality. In this study, Error‐Prone PCR was used to improve the catalytic efficiency of β‐1,3‐1,4‐glucanase from Bacillus altitudinis YC‐9.
Resultes
By screening, the mutant Glu‐3060 with higher activity was selected among 5000 transformants. After induced with IPTG, the activity of the mutant Glu‐3060 reached 474.6U ml−1, resulting in 48.6% increment of the parent enzyme activity. Research on the characterization of the mutated enzyme showed the optimal pH of the mutated enzyme is 5.0, which is lower than the parent enzyme, but thermal stability are almost the same between them. The sequence analysis of the mutated enzyme revealed that there were 3 amino acids changed compared with the parent enzyme, including K142N, Q203L and N214D.
Conclusion
The three dimensional structure predicted by SWISS‐MODLE of the mutated enzyme Glu‐3060 showed that the three amino acids substitution made effect on the catalytic activity, the stability and the optimal pH of the enzyme, through changing the charge properties or the electron density, the forming of the secondary keys, the acidity of the amino acids and the side chain group. The sum effects of all the factors made the mutated enzyme activity increased, the optimal pH decreased and the thermostability maintain the same, all of which are more suitable for industrial use.PubDate: 2014-12-27T02:07:28.08228-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7066

Authors:Julia Siqueira Simoes; Eliane Teixeira Mársico, Adiano Gomes da Cruz, Mônica Queiroz de Freitas, Laís Higino Doro, Carlos Adam Conte‐JuniorPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
This research aimed to investigate whether consumer acceptance is affected by information on sustainable practices on the product label. Hedonic evaluations of freshwater prawns were performed by 80 consumers under three aspects. The blind condition: consumers taste samples without information; Expected: without tasting samples, consumers evaluated the message “Freshwater prawns were grown using sustainable practices, reducing environmental impacts caused by traditional breeding”; Informed where prawns were tasted and the card evaluated.
Results
For the entire consumer group, it was observed that the message about sustainability on packaging increased freshwater prawns acceptability (8.25, expected condition ‐ E versus 6.75, blind condition ‐ B). High scores were observed in all three‐test conditions, ranging from 6 (like slightly) to 9 (like extremely), on a 9 point scale.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that the use of sustainable information can influence consumers’ perception and increase their preference toward freshwater prawn, and even increase the sensory attributes of the product.PubDate: 2014-12-19T02:23:32.01863-05:0DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7055

Authors:Marcello Iriti; Elena Maria VaroniPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Health‐promoting properties of Mediterranean diet have been attributed, at least in part, to the chemical diversity of plant foods. Among phytochemicals, polyphenols represent the paradigm of the relationship between healthy foods and reduced risk of chronic‐degenerative diseases, even if, in the past few years, a new element enriched this scenario. Melatonin, and possibly other indoleamines recently discovered in some relevant Mediterranean foods, may represent a new factor contributing to the elucidation of the protective effects of diets rich in plant products. Therefore, in synergy with polyphenols and other bioactive phytochemicals (e.g., carotenoids, glucosinolates), melatonin may contribute to maximizing the benefits of healthy dietary styles. This brief survey deals with the occurrence of melatonin in the Mediterranean diet, with an emphasis on grape products, and focuses on the biological significance of dietary melatonin, an emerging and exciting topic in the field of nutritional sciences.PubDate: 2014-12-15T01:57:01.079333-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7051

Authors:Yin Wan; Huixiao Li, Guiming Fu, Xueyang Chen, Feng Chen, Mingyong XiePages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Though sesame seed oil contains high contents of unsaturated fatty acids and even a small amount of free fatty acids in its unrefined flavored oil, it shows remarkable stability than other dietary vegetable oils. The good stability of sesame seed oil against auto‐oxidation was ascribed not only to the inherent lignans and tocopherols, but also to the generated browning reaction products when sesame seeds were roasted. Also, there is an excellent synergistic effect among these three kinds of components. The lignans in sesame seed oil could be categorized into two types: the inherent lignans (sesamin, sesamolin) and the lignans (e.g. sesamol, sesamolinol, etc) that were mainly formed during oil production process. The highest level of tocopherols in sesame seed oil is γ‐tocopherol. This paper reviewed the antioxidant activities of lignans and tocopherols, as well as the browning reaction and its products in the sesame seed and/or its oil. It was indicated that the composition, structure of browning reaction products and their impacts on sesame ingredients need to be further studied to better explain the remaining mysteries of the sesame oil.PubDate: 2014-12-04T01:21:38.192226-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7035

Authors:Ricardo Arenas; Leticia González, Noelia Sacristán, María E. Tornadijo, José M. FresnoPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Physico‐chemical characteristics, proteolysis and lipolysis were studied throughout the ripening of eight batches of a traditional Spanish variety made from raw cow's milk, in order to establish basis for its industrial production.
Results
The main compositional characteristics of this cheese after 60 days of ripening were its high proportion of Total Solids (752 g Kg−1 of cheese), an average content of protein (452.8 g Kg−1 TS) and fat (475.1 g Kg−1 TS), and presence of residual lactose (12.5 g Kg−1 TS). Its pH value (4.04) was extremely low. Phosphorus (5.13 g Kg−1 TS) and sodium (8.29 g Kg−1 TS) were the most abundant mineral elements in cheese, whereas calcium levels (1.92 g Kg−1 TS) were very low. Proteolysis extension and depth were very low, which resulted in almost zero degradation of αs1‐ and β‐casein. Fat acidity increased during ripening, reaching final values of 50.1 mg KOH Kg−1 of fat. The main free fatty acid was C16:0, followed by C18:1 and C14:0.
Conclusion
These results suggest that this variety undergoes a limited proteolysis and moderate lipolysis during ripening. The low pH, the low calcium content and the limited proteolysis led to a crumbly texture in this cheese variety.PubDate: 2014-11-20T04:27:23.993171-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7011

Authors:Suresh Kumar; Fumihito Sugihara, Keiji Suzuki, Naoki Inoue, Sriraam VenkateswarathirukumaraPages: 702 - 707Abstract: BACKGROUND
Recent studies show that enzymatically hydrolysed collagen, the collagen peptide, is absorbed and distributed to joint tissues and has analgesic and anti‐inflammatory properties. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomised trial with collagen peptides isolated from pork skin (PCP) and bovine bone (BCP) sources was carried out to study the effectiveness of orally supplemented collagen peptide to control the progression of osteoarthritis in patients diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis. Improvement in treatment was assessed with reduction in Western Ontario McMaster Universities (WOMAC), visual analogue scale (VAS) and quality of life (QOL) scores from baseline to 13 weeks (Visit 7). Safety and tolerability were also evaluated.
RESULTS
There was significant reduction from baseline to Visit 7 in the primary end points of WOMAC and VAS scores and in the secondary end point of QOL score in subjects with PCP and BCP groups, while in subjects with placebo group the end point indices remained unaltered. Furthermore, all the score levels of WOMAC, VAS and QOL decreased significantly (P PubDate: 2014-06-24T00:57:12.003383-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6752