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3 Forms of Equivalence Class TestingNormal• only equivalence classes are valid and invalid input values• emphasis is on "single failures"• works well when variables have a valid range• test cases: check valid case, then check invalid combinations by usingone invalid value with remaining valid values.Weak• more complex equivalence classes of valid input values• variables may have several ranges of valid values• test cases "cover" valid combinationsStrong• equivalence classes as in weak form• cross product of equivalence classes of valid input values• presumes variables are independentWe compare these for a function of three variables, F(x, x, x)123

4 Forms of Equivalence Class TestingNormal: classes of valid values of inputsRobust: classes of valid and invalid values of inputsWeak: (single fault assumption) one from each classStrong: (multiple fault assumption) one from each class in Cartesian ProductWe compare these for a function of three variables, F(x1, x2, x3)