Here's an interesting Opinion [PDF] from the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in the case Douglas v USDC Central District.

The question the appeals court was asked to answer, in its own words, was:

We consider whether a service provider may change the
terms of its service contract by merely posting a revised contract on its website.

It's a significant ruling, in that it's the first time this issue has reached a federal appeals court.

It involves a man, Joe Douglas, who signed up with AOL for telephone services. AOL then sold the business to Talk America, which then posted on its website four significant changes in the terms, a requirement of arbitration of disputes, a choice of law provision pointing to New York law, a class action waiver, and adding additional charges.

For years, the customer paid the additional charges, but he did so by automatic credit card. So he never visited the website and says he never saw the new terms.

When he finally realized that there were new service charges, he didn't wish to agree to them and filed a class action lawsuit charging Talk America with violations of the Federal Communications Act, breach of contract and violations of several California consumer protection statutes. Talk America moved to compel arbitration based on the modified contract Douglas said he'd never seen, and the district court granted the motion.

Now, when the lower court ruled against Douglas, he was in a bit of a pickle because the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 16, doesn't authorize interlocutory appeals of a district court order compelling arbitration. Once arbitration has got you, it's really got you, as you will see when you read the ruling. In the courts words, to overturn an arbitration award, "a party
needs to show 'affirmative misconduct' or 'irrational[ity]' in
the arbitration to vacate" it. That's why companies like arbitration instead of the regular court system, I suppose. And here is the guy wanting to do a class action, and now he's been told he has to go through arbitration, but the same court that is upholding that requirement is at the same time upholding the other new terms added, presumably, including the waiver of any class actions. Worse, as the court explains, if he won the arbitration regarding damages claims, on what basis would he then have standing to appeal? It would then be theoretically possible that the decision that forced arbitration on him would also insulate the decision from any review.

Interlocutory appeals are rare, even when they are allowed. I hope you remember this next time you agree to any contract demanding arbitration to settle all disputes. So, with usual options closed to him, and arbitration by necessity closing off any class action, what to do? Douglas petitioned for a writ of mandamus. You surely don't see those every day, and they succeed even less often. It's what the law calls an extraordinary remedy, meaning you can't just ask for it like ordering a hamburger at McDonald's. There are very strict rules on elements that must exist for a court to even think about granting such a motion, including that the lower court has to have made an error of law, which doesn't happen that often, and it's entirely discretional on the part of the court.

So by now things must have looked like winning even the right to be heard was a long shot. The lower court had held the customer to the new terms, even though he'd never seen them and hadn't agreed or accepted them or, according to Mr. Douglas, in fact had any notice at all. That meant the class action lawsuit was no more.

The appeals court has now reversed that lower court, granting Douglas' Writ of Mandamus. When you read the ruling, you'll see how fortunate Douglas was that the court chose California law, not New York's, where his goose would have been thoroughly cooked, I think. The case was decided by judges Alex Kozinski, Ronald M. Gould and Consuelo M. Callahan. Here's one part of the ruling, where the court pointed out the significance:

The district court’s order enforcing new contractual terms when a customer is only given notice of the terms by having the contract posted on the internet “raises new and important problems” and addresses “issues of law of first impression.” Bauman, 557 F.2d at 655. This is the first time any federal court of appeals has considered whether to enforce a modified contract with a customer where the customer claims that the only notice of the changed terms consisted of posting the revised contract on the provider’s website. This issue is also of some significance, as it potentially affects the relationship of numerous service providers with millions of customers, and thus deserves immediate resolution.

I don't want you to imagine that this means that all such changes in terms are now overthrown, even if you are fortunate enough to live in the 9th Circuit. You likely know by now that nothing in the law is that simple. Everything is fact-based, for one thing. You will see in the opinion how many "if...then" steps this guy had to get past. For another, the US system has accurately been described as a system of multiple autonomous courts, the federal system being just one of those systems making up the whole picture of how US courts work. And there are various hierarchies within that federal system too. California is a good state to live in if you wish protection from unconscionable contract terms. No doubt about that. But other courts will look at this decision, if only because it's the first such case on this question to arrive at the federal appeals level, so it's definitely of interest. Here's how Federal Courthouse News Service sums it up:

Talk America changed the terms of an agreement plaintiff made with AOL for telephone services after Talk America bought that portion of AOL's company. Per curiam, the circuit finds that a long distance telephone service provider may not change the terms of a service contract by merely posting a revised contract on its website. The district court thus erroneously held that Douglas was bound by the terms of the revised contract when he was not notified of the changes. The district court erroneously applied California law of both procedural and substantive unconscionability.

Here's the decision in full.

******************************

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

___________________________

JOE DOUGLAS, on behalf of himself
and on behalf of all others
similarly situated,

Petitioner,

v.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE CENTRAL
DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA,

Respondent,

TALK AMERICA INC., a
Pennsylvania corporation,

Real Party in Interest.

_______________________________________

No. 06-75424

D.C. No. CV-06-03809-GAF

OPINION

_______________________________________

On Petition for Writ of Mandamus
to the United States District Court
for the Central District of California

We consider whether a service provider may change the
terms of its service contract by merely posting a revised contract on its website.

Facts

Joe Douglas contracted for long distance telephone service
with America Online. Talk America subsequently acquired
this business from AOL and continued to provide telephone
service to AOL's former customers. Talk America then added
four provisions to the service contract: (1) additional service
charges; (2) a class action waiver; (3) an arbitration clause;
and (4) a choice-of-law provision pointing to New York law.
Talk America posted the revised contract on its website but,
according to Douglas, it never notified him that the contract
had changed. Unaware of the new terms, Douglas continued
using Talk America's services for four years.

After becoming aware of the additional charges, Douglas
filed a class action lawsuit in district court, charging Talk
America with violations of the Federal Communications Act,
breach of contract and violations of various California consumer protection statutes. Talk America moved to compel
arbitration based on the modified contract and the district
court granted the motion. Because the Federal Arbitration
Act, 9 U.S.C. § 16, does not authorize interlocutory appeals
of a district court order compelling arbitration, Douglas petitioned for a writ of mandamus.

Analysis

[1] Because a writ of mandamus is an extraordinary remedy, we have developed five factors that cabin our power to
grant the writ:

1. "The party seeking the writ has no other adequate means, such as a direct appeal, to attain
the relief he or she desires."

2. "The petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in
a way not correctable on appeal."

3. "The district court's order is clearly erroneous as
a matter of law."

4. "The district court's order is an oft-repeated
error, or manifests a persistent disregard of the
federal rules."

5. "The district court's order raises new and important problems, or issues of law of first impression."

Bauman v. U.S. Dist. Court, 557 F.2d 650, 654-55 (9th Cir.
1977).

The third factor is a necessary condition for granting a writ
of mandamus. Executive Software N. Am., Inc. v. U.S. Dist.
Court, 24 F.3d 1545, 1551 (9th Cir. 1994). But "all five factors need not be satisfied at once." Valenzuela-Gonzalez v.
U.S. Dist. Court, 915 F.2d 1276, 1279 (9th Cir. 1990). If the
district court clearly erred, we determine whether the four
additional factors "in the mandamus calculus point in favor of
granting the writ." Executive Software, 24 F.3d at 1551.

[2] 1. Douglas alleges that Talk America changed his service contract without notifying him. He could only have
become aware of the new terms if he had visited Talk America's website and examined the contract for possible changes.
The district court seems to have assumed Douglas had visited
the website when it noted that the contract was available on
"the web site on which Plaintiff paid his bills." However,
Douglas claims that he authorized AOL to charge his credit
card automatically and Talk America continued this practice,
so he had no occasion to visit Talk America's website to pay
his bills. Even if Douglas had visited the website, he would
have had no reason to look at the contract posted there. Parties
to a contract have no obligation to check the terms on a periodic basis to learn whether they have been changed by the
other side.1 Indeed, a party can't unilaterally change the terms
of a contract; it must obtain the other party's consent before
doing so. Union Pac. R.R. v. Chi., Milwaukee, St. Paul &
Pac. R.R., 549 F.2d 114, 118 (9th Cir. 1976). This is because
a revised contract is merely an offer and does not bind the
parties until it is accepted. Matanuska Valley Farmers Cooperating Ass'n v. Monaghan, 188 F.2d 906, 909 (9th Cir.
1951). And generally "an offeree cannot actually assent to an
offer unless he knows of its existence." I Samuel Williston &
Richard A. Lord, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts § 4:13,
at 365 (4th ed. 1990); see also Trimble v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co.,
255 N.Y.S. 292, 297 (App. Div. 1932) ("An offer may not be
accepted until it is made and brought to the attention of the
one accepting."). Even if Douglas's continued use of Talk
America's service could be considered assent, such assent can
only be inferred after he received proper notice of the proposed changes. Douglas claims that no such notice was given.

Crawford v. Talk America, Inc., No. 05-CV-0180-DRH,
2005 WL 2465909, at *4 (S.D. Ill. Oct. 6, 2005), and Bischoff
v. DirecTV, Inc., 180 F. Supp. 2d 1097, 1103-06 (C.D. Cal.
2002), on which the district court relied, are not to the contrary. The customers in these cases received notice of the
modified contract by mail. The service provider in Bischoff
mailed the contract to the customer, 180 F. Supp. 2d at 1101,
and the service provider in Crawford gave notice to the customer that she could see the contract terms online or call the
service provider to learn of the terms. 2005 WL 2465909, at
*3 n.3. Furthermore, Crawford and Bischoff involved new
customers who necessarily would be on notice that they were
required to assent to contract terms as a predicate for using
the service. By contrast, the California Court of Appeal has
held that a revised contract containing an arbitration clause is
unenforceable against existing customers, even when they are
given notice by mail. Badie v. Bank of Am., 67 Cal. App. 4th
779, 801 (Ct. App. 1998).

[3] The district court thus erred in holding that Douglas was
bound by the terms of the revised contract when he was not
notified of the changes. The error reflects fundamental misapplications of contract law and goes to the heart of petitioner's
claim. It would alone be sufficient to satisfy the third Bauman
factor, but the district court also committed two additional
errors. Even if Douglas were bound by the new terms of the
contract (which he is not for the reasons already explained),
the new terms probably would not be enforceable in California because they conflict with California's fundamental policy
as to unconscionable contracts.2In New York, as in California, a contract is unconscionable only if it is both procedurally
and substantively unconscionable. See Armendariz v. Found.
Health Psychcare Servs., Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 83, 114 (2000);
Gillman v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 73 N.Y.2d 1, 10
(1988). That's where the similarities end. The district court
erred in analyzing California law as to both procedural and
substantive unconscionability.

[4] The district court held that the arbitration clause in the
modified contract is not procedurally unconscionable (and
therefore enforceable) because Douglas had meaningful alternative choices for telephone service. Under New York law
this choice forecloses any procedural unconscionability claim.
See Ranieri v. Bell Atl. Mobile, 759 N.Y.S.2d 448, 449 (App.
Div. 2003). However, after the district court made its ruling,
we noted that California "has rejected the notion that the
availability . . . of substitute . . . services alone can defeat a
claim of procedural unconscionability." Nagrampa v. MailCoups, Inc., 469 F.3d 1257, 1283 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc).
In California, a contract can be procedurally unconscionable
if a service provider has overwhelming bargaining power and
presents a "take-it-or-leave-it" contract to a customer -- even
if the customer has a meaningful choice as to service providers. Id at 1284.

[5] Likewise, the district court held that the class action
waiver provision is not substantively unconscionable. Such
waivers aren't substantively unconscionable under New York
law. See Hayes v. County Bank, 811 N.Y.S.2d 741, 743 (App.
Div. 2006); Tsadilas v. Providian Nat'l Bank, 786 N.Y.S.2d
478, 480 (App. Div. 2004); Ranieri, 759 N.Y.S.2d at 449. The
district court cited Provencher v. Dell, Inc., 409 F. Supp. 2d
1196, 1201 (C.D. Cal. 2006), for the proposition that California law was in accord, but the California Court of Appeal in
Cohen v. DirecTV, Inc., 142 Cal. App. 4th 1442, 1455 n.13
(Ct. App. 2006), expressly disavowed Provencher. A class
action waiver provision thus may be unconscionable in California. Whether it is depends on the facts and circumstances
developed during the course of litigation. The district court
clearly erred in holding that the clauses (assuming that they
are part of the contract at all) are consistent with California
policy and therefore enforceable as a matter of law.

Because we find that the district court committed clear
errors of law, we turn to the remaining four Bauman factors.

[6] 2. The first and second Bauman factors weigh in
favor of granting mandamus relief.3 If Douglas is forced to
arbitrate, he "has no other adequate means" of ensuring that
he can continue as the class representative. Bauman, 557 F.2d
at 654. This would "prejudice[ ]" Douglas "in a way not correctable on appeal." Id.

If Douglas wins the arbitration and is awarded all the damages he asks for, then his individual claim would be rendered
moot.4 Douglas couldn't avoid mootness by moving to vacate
the arbitration award solely because he wanted to continue as
the class representative. There are only four permissible
grounds for vacating an arbitration award: (1) "the award was
procured by corruption, fraud, or undue means"; (2) "there
was evident partiality or corruption in the arbitrators"; (3) the
arbitrators "refus[ed] to postpone the hearing" even when
there was sufficient cause to postpone, "refus[ed] to hear evidence pertinent and material to the controversy" or engaged
in "other misbehavior"; and (4) "where the arbitrators
exceeded their powers." 9 U.S.C. § 10(a). In sum, a party
needs to show "affirmative misconduct" or "irrational[ity]" in
the arbitration to vacate an arbitration award. Kyocera Corp.
v. Prudential-Bache Trade Servs., Inc., 341 F.3d 987, 998
(9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). Losing the opportunity to continue
as a class representative doesn't come close to meeting this
standard.

[7] If Douglas's individual claim is rendered moot because
it is fully satisfied as a result of the arbitration, he would lose
his status as class representative because he would no longer
have a concrete stake in the controversy. It is also doubtful
that he could appeal the district court's order confirming an
award that fully satisfied his individual claim, and he would
thus have no opportunity to challenge the district court's order
compelling the arbitration in the first place. It is thus entirely
possible that the district court's clear error in compelling arbitration would be insulated from appellate review. Bauman,
557 F.2d at 654.

[8] 3. The fifth Bauman factor also favors mandamus
relief. The district court's order enforcing new contractual
terms when a customer is only given notice of the terms by
having the contract posted on the internet "raises new and
important problems" and addresses "issues of law of first
impression." Bauman, 557 F.2d at 655. This is the first time
any federal court of appeals has considered whether to
enforce a modified contract with a customer where the customer claims that the only notice of the changed terms consisted of posting the revised contract on the provider's
website. This issue is also of some significance, as it potentially affects the relationship of numerous service providers
with millions of customers, and thus deserves immediate resolution.

* * *

[9] Because four of the five Bauman factors favor mandamus relief, and only one factor (the fourth) militates against
it, we conclude that the balance of factors favors issuing the
writ. The district court's order compelling arbitration is
vacated.

PETITION GRANTED.

1
Nor would a party know when to check the website for possible
changes to the contract terms without being notified that the contract has
been changed and how. Douglas would have had to check the contract
every day for possible changes. Without notice, an examination would be
fairly cumbersome, as Douglas would have had to compare every word of
the posted contract with his existing contract in order to detect whether it
had changed.

2
Under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. § 2, "[a]rbitration
agreements . . . are subject to all defenses to enforcement that apply to
contracts generally." Ingle v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., 328 F.3d 1165,
1170 (9th Cir. 2003). Thus, "[t]o evaluate the validity of an arbitration
agreement, federal courts `should apply ordinary state-law principles that
govern the formation of contracts.' " Id (quoting First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995)). Such state-law principles
come from the law of a particular state -- not federal general common law
under the FAA. See First Options, 514 U.S. at 944. Here, Douglas has
raised the state law defenses of lack of contract formation and unconscionability, so we must determine which state's law applies.

Under California's choice-of-law rules, the district court may not
enforce the choice-of-law provision pointing to New York law if (1) New
York's substantive law is contrary to a fundamental policy entrenched in
California's substantive law and (2) California has a "materially greater
interest" than New York in determining the issue. Wash. Mut. Bank, FA
v. Superior Court, 24 Cal. 4th 906, 916-17 (2001) (quoting Restatement
(Second) of Conflict of Laws § 187(2)). To determine which state has the
materially greater interest, we look to the domicile of the parties and the
place of the wrong. See Reich v. Purcell, 67 Cal. 2d 551, 555 (1967). California certainly has an interest in protecting the thousands of citizens in
the California subclass of this class action from unconscionable contracts.
And this interest is materially greater than New York's interest because
Talk America is a Pennsylvania corporation with its principal place of
business in Pennsylvania. Therefore, if New York law conflicts with a
fundamental policy of California, the choice-of-law provision cannot be
enforced and California law would apply.

3
We generally examine the first and second factors together. SeeBauman, 557 F.2d at 654 (the second factor "is closely related to the first").

4
If Douglas were to lose the arbitration or were awarded less than he
seeks, his claim would not be moot, as he would be able to challenge the
district court's order compelling arbitration as part of his appeal of the
arbitration award. See Sanford v. MemberWorks, Inc., 483 F.3d 956, 960
(9th Cir. 2007) (reversing a district court's order compelling arbitration
when the plaintiff received an arbitration award on a restitution claim but
"[t]he arbitrator found for [defendant] on [plaintiff's] other claims").