FEC Record: Advisory Opinions

AO 2014-02 Political Committee May Accept Bitcoins as Contributions

A nonconnected political committee may accept contributions in the form of bitcoin digital currency. It may also purchase bitcoins as an investment, but must sell the purchased bitcoins and deposit the proceeds from those sales into its campaign depository before spending the funds. The Commission was unable to approve a response by the required four affirmative votes as to whether a nonconnected committee may purchase goods and services using bitcoins it has received as contributions.

BackgroundBitcoin is a purely digital, privately-issued currency that was created in 2009. A bitcoin user may transfer digital bitcoins from their bitcoin “wallet” to other users or to merchants who accept bitcoins as payment, or users may transfer their bitcoins through third-party exchanges that allow the users to convert their bitcoins to government-issued currencies. While bitcoin transactions may be identified by the bitcoin addresses to and from which the bitcoins are transferred, the transactors themselves are not identified.

Make Your Laws PAC, Inc. (“MYL”), a nonconnected PAC registered with the FEC, wants to accept bitcoin contributions of up to $100 per contributor per election. Under its proposal, MYL would use an online form to request the contributor’s name, address, occupation and employer, and to affirm that the donor is not a foreign national and owns the bitcoins to be contributed. Only after a contributor provides this information will MYL provide that contributor with a one-time “linked address” by which to contribute bitcoins. MYL also wants to purchase bitcoins itself on open exchanges. For bitcoins received via contributions and by purchase, MYL proposes to either sell them for U.S. dollars, hold them for later sale, or disburse them in bitcoin form to pay for various administrative expenses associated with running the committee.

Analysis

Receipt of Bitcoin Contributions. The Federal Election Campaign Act (the Act) defines a contribution as “any gift, subscription, loan, advance, or deposit of money or anything of value made by any person for the purpose of influencing any election for Federal office.” 2 U.S.C. §431(8)(A)(i); 11 CFR 100.52(a). “Anything of value” includes “all in-kind contributions.” 11 CFR 100.52(d)(1). Committee treasurers must examine all contributions the committee receives to ensure that they comply with the Act’s contribution limits and source prohibitions, and must either deposit contributions into a campaign depository within 10 days of receipt, or return them to the contributor. 2 U.S.C. §432(c)(1)-(3) and (h) and 11 CFR 103.3(a) and (b).

The Commission concluded that bitcoins may be accepted as contributions under the Act. The screening procedures described in MYL’s request adequately satisfy its obligation to examine all contributions and to determine the eligibility of its contributors.

While holding bitcoins in a bitcoin wallet does not satisfy the Act’s requirement to deposit funds into a “campaign depository”1 within 10 days of receipt, Commission regulations allow committees to accept and receive contributions in the form of stocks, bonds, art objects and other similar items that cannot be deposited upon receipt, but will be liquidated at a later date. 11 CFR 104.13(b). The Commission concluded that bitcoins are like these items, and need not be deposited in a campaign depository within 10 days. Instead, bitcoins may be held in MYL’s bitcoin wallet until the bitcoins are liquidated. See Advisory Opinions 2000-30 (pac.com) and 1989-06 (Boehlert).

Valuation of Bitcoins. Like some stocks and foreign currencies, bitcoins can be exchanged for U.S. dollars on a number of public exchanges, and the current rate for bitcoins can be determined on a specific exchange at any given time. When receiving bitcoins as contributions, MYL should value those contributions based on the market value of bitcoins at the time the contributions are received.

Bitcoin Transactions Made by MYL. The Commission concluded that MYL may itself purchase bitcoins. Commission regulations allow a committee to transfer funds from the committee’s campaign depository for investment purposes. However, funds must be returned to the campaign depository before they are used to make committee expenditures. 11 CFR 103.3(a). See, for example, Advisory Opinions 1999-08 (Specter) and 1986-18 (Bevill).

Bitcoin Sales and Disbursements. Finally, the Commission concluded that MYL’s plan to sell its own bitcoins and deposit the proceeds would satisfy the campaign depository requirement of 11 CFR 103.3(a). However, the Commission could not approve a response by the required four affirmative votes as to whether MYL may purchase goods and services with bitcoins it has received as contributions.

Reporting Bitcoin Transactions. MYL should report the initial receipt of bitcoins much like in-kind contributions; any usual and normal fees deducted by the bitcoin processor should not be deducted from the reported value of the contribution. Those fees should instead be reported as operating expenditures. 11 CFR 102.9(b) and 104.3(b)(3) and (4).

The method of reporting the subsequent liquidation of bitcoins will depend on whether the bitcoin purchaser is known or unknown to the committee. If MYL sells the bitcoins directly to a purchaser and therefore knows the identity of that purchaser, the purchase itself is considered to be a contribution from the purchaser to MYL. 11 CFR 104.13(b)(2) and Advisory Opinion 1989-06 (Boehlert).

If however, the sale of bitcoins is made through an established market mechanism where the purchaser is not known to MYL, the purchaser is not considered to have made a contribution to the committee.

1 A “campaign depository” is defined as an account at a state bank, a federally chartered depository institution (including a national bank), or a depository institution with accounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, or the National Credit Union Administration. 2 U.S.C. §432(h)(1) and 11 CFR 103.2.