Roman Withdrawal From Britain
The end of Roman rule in Britain was the transition from Roman Britain
to post-Roman Britain. Roman rule ended in different parts of Britain
at different times, and under different circumstances.
In 383, the usurper
Magnus MaximusMagnus Maximus withdrew troops from northern and
western Britain, probably leaving local warlords in charge. Around
410, the Romano-British expelled the magistrates of the usurper
Constantine III, ostensibly in response to his failures to use the
Roman garrison he had stripped from Britain to protect the island.
Roman Emperor Honorius replied to a request for assistance with the
RescriptRescript of Honorius, telling the Roman cities to see to their own
defence, a tacit acceptance of temporary British self-government.
Honorius was fighting a large-scale war in
ItalyItaly against the Visigoths
under their leader Alaric, with
RomeRome itself under siege
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England In The High Middle AgesEngland in the High Middle AgesEngland in the High Middle Ages includes the history of England
between the Norman Conquest in 1066 and the death of King John,
considered by some to be the last of the Angevin kings of England, in
1216. A disputed succession and victory at the
Battle of HastingsBattle of Hastings led
to the conquest of England by William of Normandy in 1066. This linked
the crown of England with possessions in France and brought a new
aristocracy to the country that dominated landholding, government and
the church. They brought with them the French language and maintained
their rule through a system of castles and the introduction of a
feudal system of landholding. By the time of William's death in 1087,
England formed the largest part of an Anglo-Norman empire, ruled by
nobles with landholdings across England, Normandy and Wales
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England In The Late Middle Ages
England in the
Late Middle AgesLate Middle Ages concerns the history of England during
the late medieval period, from the thirteenth century, the end of the
Angevins, and the accession of Henry III – considered by many to
mark the start of the
PlantagenetPlantagenet dynasty – until the accession to
the throne of the
Tudor dynastyTudor dynasty in 1485, which is often taken as the
most convenient marker for the end of the
Middle AgesMiddle Ages and the start of
the
English RenaissanceEnglish Renaissance and early modern Britain.
At the accession of Henry III only a remnant of English holdings
remained in Gascony, for which English kings had to pay homage to the
French, and the barons were in revolt. Royal authority was restored by
his son who inherited the throne in 1272 as Edward I. He reorganized
his possessions, and gained control of Wales and most of Scotland
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Scotland In The Middle AgesScotlandScotland in the Middle Ages concerns the history of
ScotlandScotland from the
departure of the Romans to the adoption of major aspects of the
RenaissanceRenaissance in the early sixteenth century.
From the fifth century northern Britain was divided into a series of
petty kingdoms. Of these the four most important to emerge were the
Picts, the Gaels of Dál Riata, the Britons of Strathclyde and the
Anglo-SaxonAnglo-Saxon kingdom of Bernicia, later taken over by Northumbria.
After the arrival of the
VikingsVikings in the late eighth century,
Scandinavian rulers and colonies were established along parts of the
coasts and in the islands.
In the ninth century the Scots and
PictsPicts combined under the House of
Alpin to form a single Kingdom of Alba, with a
PictishPictish base and
dominated by Gaelic culture
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Scotland In The Early Middle AgesScotlandScotland was divided into a series of kingdoms in the early Middle
Ages, i.e. between the end of Roman authority in southern and central
Britain from around 400 CE and the rise of the kingdom of
AlbaAlba in 900
CE. Of these, the four most important to emerge were the Picts, the
Scots of Dál Riata, the Britons of Alt Clut, and the Anglian kingdom
of Bernicia. After the arrival of the
VikingsVikings in the late 8th century,
Scandinavian rulers and colonies were established on the islands and
along parts of the coasts. In the 9th century, the House of Alpin
combined the lands of the Scots and
PictsPicts to form a single kingdom
which constituted the basis of the kingdom of Scotland.
ScotlandScotland has an extensive coastline and vast areas of difficult
terrain and poor agricultural land
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Scotland In The Late Middle AgesScotlandScotland in the Late Middle Ages, between the deaths of Alexander III
in 1286 and James IV in 1513, established its independence from
England under figures including
William WallaceWilliam Wallace in the late 13th
century and Robert Bruce in the 14th century. In the 15th century
under the Stewart Dynasty, despite a turbulent political history, the
Crown gained greater political control at the expense of independent
lords and regained most of its lost territory to approximately the
modern borders of the country
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Wales In The Early Middle AgesWalesWales in the early Middle Ages covers the time between the Roman
departure from
WalesWales c. 383 and the rise of
Merfyn FrychMerfyn Frych to the throne
of Gwynedd c. 825. In that time there was a gradual consolidation of
power into increasingly hierarchical kingdoms. The end of the early
Middle Ages was the time that the
Welsh languageWelsh language transitioned from the
Primitive Welsh spoken throughout the era into Old Welsh, and the time
when the modern
England–Wales borderEngland–Wales border would take its near-final form,
a line broadly followed by Offa's Dyke, a late eighth-century
earthwork. Successful unification into something recognisable as a
Welsh state would come in the next era under the descendants of Merfyn
Frych.
WalesWales was rural throughout the era, characterised by small settlements
called trefi
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Wales In The High Middle AgesWalesWales in the High Middle Ages covers the 11th to 13th centuries in
Welsh history. Beginning shortly before the Norman invasion of the
1060s and ending with the
Conquest of Wales by Edward IConquest of Wales by Edward I between 1278
and 1283, it was a period of significant political, cultural and
social change for the country.
End of the first millennium[edit]
By the later centuries of the first millennium, according to Wendy
Davies, a clearer pattern of development is seen, and the expansion
and subsequent domination of the Welsh Kingdom of Gwynedd, a province
of north-west Wales, is fairly well-established. The aforementioned
kingdoms of the south-east seem to have remained relatively isolated
until the eleventh century (102).
Throughout this period, the English
SaxonsSaxons exerted some influence over
Wales, if only by settlement at times
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Wales In The Late Middle AgesWalesWales in the Late Middle Ages covers the period from the death of
Llywelyn ap GruffuddLlywelyn ap Gruffudd in late 1282 to the incorporation of
WalesWales into
the
Kingdom of EnglandKingdom of England by the Laws in
WalesWales Acts 1535-1542.Contents1 Death of Llywelyn
2 King Edward I and rebellions
3 The Black Death
4 Glyndŵr's rebellion
5 Wars of the Roses
6 Annexation to England
7 Notes
8 ReferencesDeath of Llywelyn[edit]
See also: Conquest of
WalesWales by Edward I
After the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, his brother Dafydd ap
Gruffydd carried on resistance for a few months, but was never able to
control any large area. He was captured and executed by hanging,
drawing and quartering at Shrewsbury in 1283. King Edward I of England
now had complete control of Wales
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History Of Ireland (400–800)
The early medieval history of Ireland, often called Early Christian
Ireland, spans the 5th to 8th centuries, from the gradual emergence
out of the protohistoric period (
Ogham inscriptionsOgham inscriptions in Primitive
Irish, mentions in Greco-Roman ethnography) to the beginning of the
Viking Age. The period notably includes the Hiberno-Scottish mission
of
ChristianisedChristianisedIrelandIreland to regions of pagan Britain and the spread of
Irish cultural influence to Continental Europe.[1]Contents1 Overview
2 Early Christian history2.1 Ecclesiastical history
2.2 Political history3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External linksOverview[edit]
At the start of the period,
IrelandIreland had emerged from a mysterious
decline that archaeological evidence suggests had hit population
levels and standards of living from c
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History Of Ireland (800–1169)
The history of
IrelandIreland 800–1169 covers the period in the history of
IrelandIreland from the first
VikingViking raids to the Norman invasion. The first
two centuries of this period are characterised by
VikingViking raids and the
subsequent Norse settlements along the coast.
VikingViking ports were
established at Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork and Limerick, which
became the first large towns in Ireland.
IrelandIreland consisted of many semi-independent túatha, and during the
entire period, attempts were made by various factions to gain
political control over the whole of the island. For the first two
centuries of this period, this was mainly a rivalry between putative
High Kings of
IrelandIreland from the northern and southern branches of the
Uí Néill
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