Health Encyclopedia

Pancreatitis

What is pancreatitis?

Pancreatitis is the redness and swelling (inflammation) of the pancreas. This happens when digestive juices or enzymes attack the pancreas.

The pancreas lies behind your stomach on the left side of your belly. It is close to the first part of your small intestine (the duodenum).

The pancreas is a gland. It does 2 main things:

It makes enzymes and sends them into your small intestine. These enzymes help break down food.

It makes the hormones insulin and glucagon and sends them into your bloodstream. These hormones control your body’s blood sugar level.

Pancreatitis may be sudden (acute) or ongoing (chronic).

Acute pancreatitis

Is a sudden inflammation

Lasts for a short time

Lets the pancreas return to normal afterward

May cause serious problems or be deadly in severe cases

Chronic pancreatitis

Is a long-lasting inflammation that comes and goes over time

Causes permanent damage to the pancreas

Often causes scarring of pancreatic tissue

May cause the pancreas to stop making enzymes and insulin in severe cases

What causes pancreatitis?

The most common causes of pancreatitis include:

Alcohol abuse

Lumps of solid material (gallstones) found in the gallbladder. Gallstones block the pancreatic duct so the enzymes can’t get out of the pancreas.

Other causes of pancreatitis include:

Belly injury or surgery

High levels of fat particles (triglycerides) in the blood

Very high levels of calcium in the blood

Certain medicines, such as estrogens, steroids, and thiazide diuretics

Infections, such as mumps, hepatitis A or B, or salmonella

Cystic fibrosis

A tumor

Certain genetic defects

Congenital abnormalities in the pancreas

Trauma to the pancreas

Cigarette smoking

What are the symptoms of pancreatitis?

Each person’s symptoms may vary. Symptoms may include:

Severe belly pain that may spread to your back or chest (it may feel worse after you eat)

Nausea

Vomiting

Rapid heart rate

Fever

Swelling and feeling sore or tender in your upper belly

Fluid buildup in your belly

Lowered blood pressure

Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)

The symptoms of pancreatitis may look like other health problems. Always see your healthcare provider to be sure.

How is pancreatitis diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider will look at your past health. He or she will give you a physical exam.

You may have some blood tests done. You may also have some imaging tests including:

Belly X-ray. Makes images of internal tissues, bones, and organs.

Ultrasound (also called sonography). Uses sound waves to see the internal organs of the belly. It also checks how blood is flowing through different blood vessels.

EUS (endoscopic ultrasound). This is an internal type of ultrasound done through a flexible tube (endoscope) inserted through the mouth while you are sleeping.

ERCP or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. This is used to find and treat problems in your liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. It uses X-ray and a long, flexible tube with a light and camera at one end (an endoscope). The tube is put into your mouth and throat. It goes down your food pipe (esophagus), through your stomach, and into the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). A dye is put your bile ducts through the tube. The dye lets the bile ducts be seen clearly on X-rays.

CT scan (computed tomography scan). This imaging test shows detailed images of any part of the body such as the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than regular X-rays.

MRCP (magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography). This uses MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to make detailed images of your pancreas, gallbladder, and pancreatic and bile ducts. A dye is shot (injected) into your vein so that the images can be seen more clearly.

How is pancreatitis treated?

The treatment goal is to rest the pancreas and let it heal.

In most cases, you:

Will be in the hospital for a few days

Will be given IV (intravenous) fluids

Will be given pain medicine and medicines that fight bacterial infections (antibiotics)

If mild, you may be able to eat clear liquids or a low-fat diet. However, if severe, you may not be able to eat or drink for a few days to let your pancreas rest. A feeding tube may need to be used in some situations.

Pancreatitis often gets better in a few days.

If any problems happen, treatment may include:

NG tube (nasogastric tube). This is a thin tube passed down your nose and into your stomach. It is used if vomiting is a problem. The tube can be used for a few weeks. It can be used to remove fluid and air and give your pancreas more time to heal. It can also be used to put liquid food into your stomach as you heal.

ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography). This is used to find and treat problems in your liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. It uses X-ray and a long, flexible, lighted tube (an endoscope). The tube is put into your mouth and throat. It goes down your food pipe (esophagus), through your stomach, and into the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). A dye is injected into the bile ducts through the tube. The dye lets the bile ducts be seen clearly on X-rays. The tube has tools in it. The tools can remove fluid and blockages and take out gallstones. They can also put stents (firm tubes) in the ducts to keep them open.

Surgery to remove gallstones or your gallbladder. This is done if gallstones or your gallbladder are causing pancreatitis.

If you have chronic pancreatitis you may also:

Have to avoid alcohol (if your pancreatitis is caused by alcohol abuse)

Have to stop smoking

Need enzyme supplements to help digest your food

Need insulin (if you get diabetes)

Need to eat small high-protein, low-fat meals

Need surgery to remove the permanently damaged part of your pancreas. In advanced situations, a special transplant called islet cell transplant is done.

Need medicine for chronic pain

What are the complications of pancreatitis?

Acute pancreatitis usually gets better on its own over time. Most people recover without any problems. A small number of cases end up with fluid collections around the pancreas that require drainage.

Chronic pancreatitis may also get better on its own. But that can take longer, after a few attacks. Chronic pancreatitis has a greater risk of long-term problems such as:

Diabetes

Chronic pain

Diarrhea

Weight loss

Low vitamin levels from malabsorption

A collection of fluid (pseudocyst) around the pancreas

Bile duct blockages

Permanent pancreas damage

Pancreatic cancer

Key points about pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is the redness and swelling (inflammation) of the pancreas.

It may be sudden (acute) or ongoing (chronic).

The most common causes are alcohol abuse and lumps of solid material (gallstones) in the gallbladder.

The goal for treatment is to rest the pancreas and let it heal.

You will likely be in the hospital for a few days.

You may need drainage of abnormal fluid collections, imaging tests to evaluate the pancreas for disease, and rarely surgery to permanently damaged part of the pancreas.

It is very important to stop smoking and drinking or the pancreatitis will usually happen again and worsen.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:

Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.

Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.

Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.

At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.

Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.

Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.

Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.

Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.

If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.

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