...polemicist, and popularizer of evolutionary theory. In his books Ontogeny and Phylogeny (1977), The Mismeasure of Man (1981), Time’s Arrow, Time’s Cycle (1987), and Wonderful Life (1989), he traced the course and significance of various controversies in the history of evolutionary biology,......

weekly literary journal founded in 1902 as a supplement to The Sunday Times of London, long famous for its coverage of all aspects of literature and widely considered the finest literary review in the English language. TLS sets the tone and standards for excellence in the field of literary criticism. It presents reviews of major books of fiction and nonfiction published in every language, a...

The Times was established in 1881. Harrison Gray Otis became a partial owner of the paper in 1882 and incorporated it within a public corporation, the Times-Mirror Company (the hyphen was later dropped from the name), in 1884. The paper prospered, soon becoming an important political power in California and a major voice in the southern part of the state. Although......

English typographer, scholar, and historian of printing, particularly remembered for his design of Times New Roman, later called the most successful new typeface of the first half of the 20th century....

...He was particularly impressed by Tieck’s ideas on mysticism and the divine energy found in nature, and with that in mind he began working on his cycle of drawings titled Times of Day in 1803, a series of four allegorical works that represent morning, midday, evening, and night as well as the four seasons and the life cycle—birth, maturity, decline,......

English-language morning daily newspaper published in Mumbai, Ahmadabad, and Delhi. It is one of India’s most influential papers, and its voice has frequently coincided with that of the national government....

daily newspaper published in London, one of Britain’s oldest and most influential newspapers. It is generally accounted, with The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph, one of Britain’s “big three” and has long been recognized as one of the world’s greatest newspapers....

...and all news, editorial columns, and much of its archival content was opened to the public. In 2006 the Times launched an electronic version, the Times Reader, which allowed subscribers to download the current print edition. The following year the publication relocated to the newly constructed New York Times Building in Manhattan. Soon......

square in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, formed by the intersection of Seventh Avenue, 42nd Street, and Broadway. Times Square is also the centre of the Theatre District, which is bounded roughly by Sixth and Eighth avenues to the east and west, respectively, and by 40th and 53rd streets to the south and north, respectively....

daily newspaper published in London, one of Britain’s oldest and most influential newspapers. It is generally accounted, with The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph, one of Britain’s “big three” and has long been recognized as one of the world’s greatest newspapers....

morning daily newspaper published in New York City, long the newspaper of record in the United States and one of the world’s great newspapers. Its strength is in its editorial excellence; it has never been the largest newspaper in terms of circulation....

...music’s doyenne, Joan Baez, Dylan made his first appearance at the Newport Folk Festival and was virtually crowned the king of folk music. The prophetic title song of his next album, The Times They Are A-Changin’ (1964), provided an instant anthem....

...appeared in 1794. Eight others were published in New Orleans at the turn of the 19th century, and the rural parishes likewise published their own papers. The New Orleans Times-Picayune, one of the state’s oldest newspapers, has the largest circulation in Louisiana. There are about 20 other dailies published in the state. Louisiana is well served by numerous......

...killed Pupienus and Balbinus, and in August 238 proclaimed the young Gordian sole emperor. The government was directed first by his mother and later by his father-in-law, the praetorian prefect Timesitheus. In 242 Gordian accompanied Timesitheus on a campaign against the Persians. After successes in battle, the prefect died of an illness in 243 and was replaced by Philip the Arabian. In the......

Operation of single-track routes on the basis of a timetable alone, which was common on early lines in the United States, had the disadvantage that, if one train were delayed, others also would be delayed, since it was impossible to change the meeting points. By using the telegraph, and later the telephone, the dispatcher could issue orders to keep trains moving in unusual circumstances or to......

...trend of the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula, the Píndos sweep down from the Albanian and Macedonian frontiers, creating a powerful barrier. The two passes of Métsovon and Mount Timfristós divide the range into three units: a fairly open segment in the north where impervious shales and sandstones have weathered and formed into extensive upland valleys and gently......

ancient Roman city, the site of which, at present-day Timgad, on the high plateau north of the Aurès Mountains in northeastern Algeria, offers the most thoroughly excavated and best-preserved Roman remains in North Africa. Thamugadi, founded by the emperor Trajan in ad 100, proved to be of strategic importance in the defense of Numidia. Its long prosperity was derived from the ferti...

Exacting timing and measurement of performances are a vital part of athletics, not only to determine winners at the meet in question but also to provide marks that can be compared for record purposes. Fully automatic timing, using photography, is required for world records and all major competitions. Timing, once done in fifths of a second and then in tenths, now is done in hundredths of a......

...down very gradually at a rate of typically a millionth of a second per year. The ratio of a pulsar’s present period to the average slowdown rate gives some indication of its age. This so-called characteristic, or timing, age can be in close agreement with the actual age. For example, the Crab Pulsar, which was formed during a supernova explosion observed in 1054 ce, has a characte...

Another type of belt used on some internal-combustion engines for connecting the crankshaft and camshafts is the toothed, or timing, belt. This is a flat belt with evenly spaced transverse teeth that fit in matching grooves on the periphery of the pulley. The positive drive these belts provide has many advantages but lacks overload protection....

All four valve events—inlet opening, inlet closing, exhaust opening, and exhaust closing—are accordingly displaced appreciably from the top and bottom dead centres. Opening events are earlier and closing events are later to permit ramps to be incorporated in the cam profiles to allow gradual initial opening and final closing to avoid slamming of the valves. Ramps are provided to......

...west-central Crete (Modern Greek: Kríti), in the nomós (department) of Réthímnon, southern Greece. One of Ídi’s two peaks, Timios Stavros, at 8,058 feet (2,456 m), is Crete’s highest mountain. According to one legend Zeus was reared in the Ídiean cave on the peak’s scrub-covered slopes. The well-known Kamares......

When Oparin was nine, his family moved to Moscow because there was no secondary school in their village. While majoring in plant physiology at Moscow State University, Oparin was influenced by K.A. Timiryazev, a Russian plant physiologist, who had known the English naturalist Charles Darwin. The indirect effect of Darwin upon Oparin’s thinking can be found in many of the latter’s writings....

județ (county), southwestern Romania, bounded by Serbia on the southwest. The Western Carpathian Mountains lie in the eastern portion of the county, with settlement areas in the valleys and lowlands. The Timiș, Bega, and Poganiș rivers drain southwestward through the county....

river, rising in the Cernei Mountains at the western end of the Southern Carpathian Mountains in Romania, and flowing north, west, then south in an arc through Caransebeş and Lugoj to enter the Danube River at Pančevo, east of Belgrade, Serbia, after a course of 211 miles (340 km). Its exit from the Carpathians, via the Domaneşnea gap, forms part of the import...

mountain pass, southwestern Romania, located in the Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathians). The pass links the Tisza River plain and the city of Timișoara (northwest) with the Danubian Plain (southeast). The Banat Mountains, including the Almaj and Semenic ranges, lie west of the Timiș-Cerna Gap. The mountain ranges of Vâlcan, Retezat, Tarcul, Cernei, and Mehedinți are situated east of the gap....

river, rising in the Cernei Mountains at the western end of the Southern Carpathian Mountains in Romania, and flowing north, west, then south in an arc through Caransebeş and Lugoj to enter the Danube River at Pančevo, east of Belgrade, Serbia, after a course of 211 miles (340 km). Its exit from the Carpathians, via the Domaneşnea gap, forms part of the import...

palm grove settlement, the largest of the Touat oasis group, southwestern Algeria, in the Sahara. Adrar’s historical name was given it by the local Berber (Amazigh) people, the Timmi, who established their ksar (fortified village) here. The modern name is derived from the Berber adrar...

city, Cochrane district, east-central Ontario, Canada, on the Mattagami River, 130 miles (210 km) north of Sudbury. The region was settled after the discovery of gold there in 1905. Mining operations began in 1907, and by the time of the 1909 gold rush, the settlement at nearby Porcupine had established itself as the regio...

highest point (1,952 feet [595 metres]) in Wisconsin, U.S. It lies in the north-central part of the state in Price county, a few miles southeast of Prentice, near Ogema, between two sections of Chequamegon National Forest. It was probably named for a local pioneer settler. Timms Hill is located in a county park....

highest point (1,952 feet [595 metres]) in Wisconsin, U.S. It lies in the north-central part of the state in Price county, a few miles southeast of Prentice, near Ogema, between two sections of Chequamegon National Forest. It was probably named for a local pioneer settler. Timms Hill is located in a county park....

copper-mining site, in the southern Negev, Israel, north of Elat. The presence of copper in Palestine is mentioned in the Bible, and archaeologists have identified remnants of ancient smelting operations at Timnaʿ, complete with crude furnaces and slag heaps, as being of the Egyptian pharaonic and Solomonic periods. The ancient mines, called Mikhrot Shelomo ha-Melekh (“King Solo...

The heartland of the Qatabān people was Wadi Bayḥān, with the capital, Timnaʿ, at its northern end, and Wadi Ḥarīb, immediately west of Bayḥān. As in the case of Maʿīn, the earliest references are in Sabaean inscriptions; native Qatabānian inscriptions do not seem to antedate the 4th century bce. Timnaʿ was destroyed by......

...the Democratic Republic of the Congo into Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. Some authorities recognize a smaller, darker variant, Psittacus erithacus timneh, as a separate species, the Timneh parrot (P. timneh). Its range extends from Guinea-Bissau south and east into Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d’Ivoire....

group of some 1.6 million people of central and northwestern Sierra Leone who speak a language (also called Temne) of the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo family. The Temne are mainly farmers whose staple crop is rice, supplemented by peanuts (groundnuts), cotton, cassava, and millet; cash crops are palm kernels and kola nuts. Rice, cattle, and goats are als...

The biggest box-office success of the century, judged by length of first run, was the Timocrate (1656) of Pierre Corneille’s younger brother Thomas, a prolific playwright adept at gauging the public taste. Timocrate was exactly contemporary with the précieux novels of Madeleine de Scudéry,......

In Timon Lucian recounts how Timon, after impoverishing himself by his generosity and becoming a hermit, is restored to wealth, once again to be surrounded by toadies to whom he gives short shrift. Other human frailties Lucian satirized are the folly of bargaining with the gods by sacrifices, crying over spilt milk when bereaved, and the love of telling or listening to strange tales. In......

Unlike the plots of his great tragedies, the story of Timon of Athens is simple and lacks development. It demonstrates events in the life of Timon, a man known for his great and universal generosity, who spends his fortune and then is spurned when he requires help. He puts on a feast, invites his fair-weather friends, serves them warm water, and throws it in their......

tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, probably written sometime in 1605–08 and published in the First Folio of 1623 from an authorial manuscript, probably unfinished. Some parts of the play may be by Thomas Middleton. It belongs to Shakespeare’s late experimental period, when he explored a new kind of tragic form....

island of the Malay Archipelago, easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands between the Savu and Timor seas. Western Timor, with an area of 6,120 square miles (15,850 square km), is administered as part of Nusa Tenggara Timur provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. The eastern half of the island, 5,641 square miles (14,609 square km) in area, is the independent state of East Timor...

surface oceanic current flowing southwest along the coast of Timor in the Indonesian Archipelago. The Timor Current is fed from the Arafura and Banda seas of the Pacific Ocean and transports between 35 and 53 million cubic feet (1 and 1.5 million cubic metres) of water per second....

arm of the Indian Ocean, lying southeast of the island of Timor, Indonesia, and northwest of Australia. Located at latitude 10° S and influenced alternately by the southeast trade winds and the monsoon belt, the area is well known for generating typhoons. About 300 miles (480 km) wide, it covers about 235,000 square miles (610,000 square km) and opens west into the Indian Ocean and east into the A...

island country in the eastern Lesser Sunda Islands, at the southern extreme of the Malay Archipelago. It occupies the eastern half of the island of Timor, the small nearby islands of Atauro (Kambing) and Jaco, and the enclave of Ambeno, including the town of Pante Makasar, on the northwestern coast of Timor. Dili is the ca...

island country in the eastern Lesser Sunda Islands, at the southern extreme of the Malay Archipelago. It occupies the eastern half of the island of Timor, the small nearby islands of Atauro (Kambing) and Jaco, and the enclave of Ambeno, including the town of Pante Makasar, on the northwestern coast of Timor. Dili is the ca...

...pattern have been rare throughout the world, but in this area they included irrigation, and even occasional terracing, by the Antillean Arawak, Arhuaco, Chibcha, Jirajara, Páez, and Timote, all of whom showed evidence of other cultural elaborations as well. In contrast with such highly developed groups, a few cultures in the area were based more on hunting or fishing than on......

...and the letters carefully made in an epigraphic, or inscription, style, especially the square E, four-barred Σ, and arched Ω; the whole layout gives the effect of an inscription. In the Timotheus roll in Berlin (dated 350–330 bce) or in the curse of Artemisia in Vienna (4th century bce), the writing is cruder, and ω is in transition to what is afterward its......

perennial grass of the family Poaceae. Timothy is native to most of mainland Europe and is widely cultivated as a hay and a pasture grass in North America and the United Kingdom. The plant is named after American farmer Timothy Hanson, who promoted its use outside New England and among British farmers in the early 1700s....

...relationships between fish and the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of their environment and the application of that new understanding to reversing the decline in fishery resources. The Timothy R. Parsons Medal was established in 2005 by the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans, with Parsons and fellow marine biologist Daniel M. Ware as the first recipients. He was made......

either of two New Testament writings addressed to Timothy, one of Paul’s most faithful coworkers. They (and the Letter of Paul to Titus) have been called Pastoral Epistles since the end of the 18th century, because all three deal principally with church administration and the growth of heresies. The interpretation of the letters depends in part on who actually wrote them. The majority of scholars ...

case in which the U.S. First Circuit Court of Appeals on May 24, 1989, ruled that, under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA; now the Individuals with Disabilities Act [IDEA]), school boards were required to provide special-education services to any disabled student regardless of the severity of his or her disabilities....

...EFEMP1 (EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1). Sorsby fundus dystrophy, which is clinically similar to wet AMD, is caused by mutations in a gene known as TIMP3 (tissue-inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3). These forms of macular degeneration, with the exception of Stargardt macular dystrophy, are inherited as autosomal dominant traits; disease occurs......

...of Mount Postăvarul (5,912 feet [1,802 metres]). Other tourist areas are found in the Bucegi mountain range and on Mount Piatra Craiului. Teutonic Knights built a citadel on the summit of Mount Timpa (3,150 feet [960 metres]) during the 13th century. The citadel was destroyed by the voïvode (military governor) of Ioan Corvin in 1455, and the stones were later used......

orchestral kettledrums. The name has been applied to large kettledrums since at least the 17th century. The permanent orchestral use of timpani dates from the mid-17th century, early examples being in Matthew Locke’s Psyche (1673) and Jean-Baptiste Lully’s opera Thésée (1675). At first they were mainly confin...

lake in northern Utah, U.S., the largest inland body of salt water in the Western Hemisphere and one of the most saline inland bodies of water in the world. The lake is fed by the Bear, Weber, and Jordan rivers and has no outlet. The lake has fluctuated greatly in size, depending on the rates of evaporation and the flow of the rivers that feed it. Its surface area has varied fro...

limestone cave system in American Fork Canyon, north-central Utah, U.S. The monument is on the northwestern slope of Mount Timpanogos (11,750 feet [3,581 metres]), the second highest peak of the rugged Wasatch Range, north of Provo. Established in 1922, it occupies an area of 0.4 square mile (1 square km)....

limestone cave system in American Fork Canyon, north-central Utah, U.S. The monument is on the northwestern slope of Mount Timpanogos (11,750 feet [3,581 metres]), the second highest peak of the rugged Wasatch Range, north of Provo. Established in 1922, it occupies an area of 0.4 square mile (1 square km)....

highest point (1,952 feet [595 metres]) in Wisconsin, U.S. It lies in the north-central part of the state in Price county, a few miles southeast of Prentice, near Ogema, between two sections of Chequamegon National Forest. It was probably named for a local pioneer settler. Timms Hill is located in a county park....

...The canal does not take the shortest route across the isthmus, which is only 75 miles (121 km). Instead, it utilizes several lakes: from north to south, Lake Manzala (Buḥayrat al-Manzilah), Lake Timsah (Buḥayrat al-Timsāḥ), and the Bitter Lakes—Great Bitter Lake (Al-Buḥayrah al-Murrah al-Kubrā) and Little Bitter Lake (Al-Buḥayrah......

...The canal does not take the shortest route across the isthmus, which is only 75 miles (121 km). Instead, it utilizes several lakes: from north to south, Lake Manzala (Buḥayrat al-Manzilah), Lake Timsah (Buḥayrat al-Timsāḥ), and the Bitter Lakes—Great Bitter Lake (Al-Buḥayrah al-Murrah al-Kubrā) and Little Bitter Lake (Al-Buḥayrah......

Repercussions were felt in 2009 when the results of the 2007 Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)—assessments given to fourth- and eighth-grade students in 59 countries and 8 other jurisdictions—confirmed that students in Asia were at the top of the world in math and science achievement. The assessments, reported in late December 2008, showed that students in Hong Kong and......

North American Indian tribe that inhabited the northeast coast of what is now Florida. This name is also used for the language they spoke. The estimated population of Timucua speakers was 13,000 in 1650, with 8,000 speaking Timucua proper and the remainder speaking various sister tongues. Their first European contact was probably with the expedition of Ponce de León in the 16th ...

...features a restored plantation house and slave cabins. The city also has its own National Football League team, the Jaguars. Big Talbot Island and Little Talbot Island state parks are nearby. The Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve (established 1988) protects an area of 72 square miles (185 square km) of coastal wetlands just north of the St. Johns River, and Guana River State Park is......

least numerous of the indigenous ethnic groups of Indonesian Borneo, living mostly in the hilly southwestern uplands of northeastern Malaysia and speaking a distinctive Austronesian language also called Murut. Of Proto-Malay stock, their prehistoric ancestors migrated from Asia. The Murut were historically headhunters living in longhouse settlements on hilltops for defense; they were gradually di...

jewel that is in fact not a ruby but one of the world’s largest polished red magnesia spinels (see ruby spinel). The unfaceted, 361-carat stone is set in the imperial state crown of England. It is inscribed with the names and dates of six of its owners. The earliest is Shāh Jahāngīr, 1612, and the latest is Aḥmad Shāh Durrānī, 1754....

Before an outbreak of cholera among his troops forced his return to Afghanistan, Aḥmad married Ḥazrat Baygam, daughter of the Indian Mughal emperor Muḥammad Shah. His son Tīmūr remained behind as viceroy of the Punjab and married the daughter of India’s puppet emperor ʿĀlamgīr II. Tīmūr was driven out in 1758 by a force of Sikhs,......

(fl. 15th–16th century ce), dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane). The period of Timurid rule was renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia....

a chemical element belonging to the carbon family, Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table. It is a soft, silvery white metal with a bluish tinge, known to the ancients in bronze, an alloy with copper. Tin is widely used for plating steel cans used as food containers, in metals used for bearings, and in solder....

principal Etruscan deity, god of the thunderbolt, sky, and storm. He was identified with the Greek god Zeus and the Roman god Jupiter. Tinia together with his wife Uni (identified with Greek Hera and Roman Juno) and Menerva (or Menrva, Roman Minerva) formed the supreme triad of the Etruscan pantheon....

...cathodic reaction that adsorbs the electrons. The process can be stopped by isolating the metal from the water with an impermeable barrier. One of the older applications of this idea is the tin can. Unlike steel, tin is not affected by the acids in food, so that a layer of tin placed on steel sheet protects the steel in the can from corrosion....

...foreign films, including Ingmar Bergman’s Cries and Whispers (1972), Federico Fellini’s Amarcord (1973), and Volker Schlöndorff’s The Tin Drum (1979). Corman sold New World Pictures in 1983 and founded Concorde-New Horizons, a company devoted strictly to movie production....

...metal, and low-temperature casting alloys. Tin oxide, in which tin is in the +4 oxidation state, is useful in making ceramic bodies opaque, as a mild abrasive, and as a weighting agent for fabrics. Tin fluoride and tin pyrophosphate, in which tin is in the +2 oxidation state, are used in dentifrices. Organic tin compounds act as stabilizers in certain plastics and as wood preservatives. A......

...urban. Having moved to Quebec in 1939 after a stay in Europe, the Franco-Manitoban Gabrielle Roy drew a convincing portrait of working-class Montreal in Bonheur d’occasion (1945; The Tin Flute), for which she received the Prix Fémina. She also wrote much autobiographical fiction set in rural Manitoba. Roger Lemelin’s Les Plouffe (1948; The......

automobile built by the Ford Motor Company from 1908 until 1927. Conceived by Henry Ford as practical, affordable transportation for the common man, it quickly became prized for its low cost, durability, versatility, and ease of maintenance. More than 15 million Model Ts were built in Detroit and Highland Park, Mich. (The automobile was also assembled at a Ford plant in Manchest...

On her way Dorothy befriends a Scarecrow (Ray Bolger) in search of a brain, a Tin Man (Jack Haley) looking for a heart, and a Cowardly Lion (Bert Lahr) in need of some courage. They are tormented by the witch on their journey but manage to reach the Emerald City. Before the Wizard of Oz will grant their wishes, however, he demands that they bring him the Wicked Witch of the West’s broomstick.......

...psychological drama Nuts (1987), in which he costarred with Barbra Streisand. One of Dreyfuss’s best films from this period is director Barry Levinson’s Tin Men (1987), a comedy both darkly satiric and nostalgically bittersweet, in which Dreyfuss and Danny DeVito portray rival aluminum-siding salesmen in early 1960s Baltimore....

In addition to the heating electrode applications noted above, tin oxide also is used in carbon monoxide gas sensors for home and industry. Adsorption of carbon monoxide at contacts between particles of SnO2 produces local charge states that alter the electric properties (e.g., resistance, capacitance) of the porous, polycrystalline material. When life-threatening......

A special form of shears used for sheet-metal work, called tin shears, or tin snips, is equipped with high-leverage handles to facilitate cutting the metal. Another special form, pruning shears, are designed for trimming shrubs and trees....

A special form of shears used for sheet-metal work, called tin shears, or tin snips, is equipped with high-leverage handles to facilitate cutting the metal. Another special form, pruning shears, are designed for trimming shrubs and trees....

...War tale with Robert Ryan and Aldo Ray as a lieutenant and a sergeant, respectively, who must put aside their differences when they and their men are trapped behind enemy lines. The Tin Star (1957) used polar opposites Henry Fonda and Anthony Perkins to good effect as a seasoned bounty hunter and a greenhorn sheriff, respectively. Mann’s version of Erskine Caldwell’s......

...from the fourth column of the periodic table (germanium, tin, and lead) combine with the chalcogenides from the sixth row to form good binary semiconductors such as germanium telluride (GeTe) or tin sulfide (SnS). They have the sodium chloride structure, where each atom has six neighbours. Although not tetrahedrally bonded, they are good semiconductors....

...the legislature—which it now declared to be a constituent assembly tasked with drafting a new constitution—to convene. Moreover, the military regime did not release the NLD’s leaders, Tin U, a former general and colleague of Ne Win, and Aung San Suu Kyi, the daughter of the nationalist leader Aung San, both of whom had been under house arrest since July 1989; another leader, Sein......