BedauBiocomputation– Evolution as a Computational Process, Mark A. 1995 “Three Illustrations of Artificial Life's Working Hypothesis.” In, W. Banzhaf and F. Eeckman, eds., Springer-Verlag. {A reflection on ALife's “working hypothesis” that “simple computer models can capture the essential nature of [biological processes].” Proposes that the field of artificial life operates under the working hypothesis that simple computer models can capture the essential nature of living systems, and illustrates this hypothesis with work concerning punctuated equilibria, adaptation at the “edge of chaos”, and a law of adaptive evolutionary activity. -bk}

Bedau, Mark A. 1996 “The Nature of Life”. In Boden 1996. {Proposes a view of life centered on “supple adaptability” and explicates this concept in the context of artificial life models. -au}

BedauPhilosophical Perspectives: Mind, Causation, and World, Mark A. 1997 “Weak Emergence”, in James Tomberlin ed. , vol. 11 Blackwell Publishers. {Defines, illustrates, and defends a concept of emergence that is ubiquitous in artificial life and the other “sciences of complexity”. -au}

BedauBrain and Cognition, Mark A. 1997 “Emergent Models of Supple Dynamics in Life and Mind”,, 34: 5-27. special volume of papers from a Workshop on “A Bridge from Artificial Life to Artificial Intelligence”, edited by A. Moreno. {Developes the analogy between the dynamics of living and intelligent systems, and draws out some implications for how to understand the mind. -au}

BodenThe Philosophy of Artificial Life, Margaret A. 1996 . Oxford University Press. {Containing a goodly portion of the best papers listed here, plus a selection of new papers, this should be the “standard text” for some time to come. Also contains a bibliography of further reading. -bk}

CarianiToward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life, Peter 1992 “Some Epistemological Implications of Devices which Construct Their Own Sensors and Effectors.” In Francisco J. Varela and Paul Bourgine, eds. . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press A Bradford Book: 484-493.

Cliffhttp://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/, Dave 1994 “AI and A-Life: Never mind the blocksworld”. Cognitive Science Research Paper 323, University of Sussex. Click here to access this paper. {Dreyfus and Brooks-inspired critique of AI and ALife. -bk}

Clark, Andy 1994 “Autonomous Agents and Real-Time Success: Some foundational issues.” Paper presented at the 1994 American Philosophical Association Pacific Meeting, Los Angeles. {A philosophical look at the claims of situated roboticists like Brooks, Beer, and anti-Representationalists like Tim van Gelder. Suggests that the conclusions we should draw are not those which the roboticists claim primarily, Clark argues that “representation” needs to be reconceived, not eliminated. -bk}

ClarkBeing There: Putting, Body, and World Together Again, Andy 1997 . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press A Bradford Book. {Influenced by the ALife work going on at Sussex and elsewhere, Clark presents an approach to cognitive science fully informed by an ALife perspective. -bk}

DavidgeToward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life, Robert 1992 “Looking at Life.” In Francisco J. Varela and Paul Bourgine, eds. . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press A Bradford Book: 448-455.

DennettIntentional Stance, Daniel C. 1987 “Evolution, Error, and Intentionality,”, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 287-321. {Considers the intrinsic intentionality of a machine that was built to protect our bodies indefinitely, and by analogy the intrinsic intentionality of the bodies which DNA have designed to preserve them, as in Dawkins' 'selfish genes'. -bk}

DorinProceedings of ISIS: Information, Statistics and Induction in Science- from the abstract, A. 1996 “Computer Based Life, Possibilities and Impossibilities”,, Dowe, Korb, Oliver eds Melbourne, Australia, World Scientific Press, p237-246. {“The need for a concise definition for life has been accentuated by recent interest in computer based Artificial Life A-Life. We attempt to apply conventional approaches to defining life in the domain of computer programs.” .}

EmmecheToward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life, Claus 1992 “Life as an Abstract Phenomenon: Is Artificial Life Possible?” In Francisco J. Varela and Paul Bourgine, eds. . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press A Bradford Book: 466-474.

HarnadArtificial Life, S. 1994 “Levels of functional equivalence in reverse bioengineering.”, 1: 293-301. {Primarily a regurgitation of the arguments of Harnad 1994a, but a bit more clear in places. -bk}

HelmreichToward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life, Stefan 1992 “The Historical and Epistemological Ground of von Neumann's Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata and Theory of Games.” In Francisco J. Varela and Paul Bourgine, eds. . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press A Bradford Book: 385-391.

HelmreichSilicon Second Nature: Culturing Artificial Life at the Turn of a Millenium, Stefan 1998 . University of California Press. {Helmreich is an anthropologist of science who did his “fieldwork” at the Santa Fe Institute. This book is the result. -bk}

Hendriks-JansenProceedings of the 1993 European Conference on Artificial Life, Horst 1993 “Natural Kinds, Autonomous Robots, and History of Use”., 440-450. {Marries Maja Mataric's landmark-detecting and navigating robot with Ruth Millikan's “History of Use” to claim that interactively emergent patterns of situated activity constitute the most promising natural kinds for psychological explanations. -au}

KeeleyArtificial Life III, Brian. L. 1994 “Against the global replacement: on the application of the philosophy of artificial intelligence to artificial life.” In, C. G. Langton ed, SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Proc. Vol. XVII. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley: 569-587. {The original version appears in ALife III, but an improved version is available from the author. -au}

LangePhilosophy of Science, Marc, 1996 “Life, 'Artificial life,' and Scientific Explanation”., 63: 225-244. {An excellent exploration of how the term “life” has explanatory value in biology, even when vaguely defined and not reductively understood. -bk}

LangtonArtificial Life: An Overview.Artificial Life, Christopher G. 1995 ed., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. {This is the first three numbers of the first volume of, the journal, published in book form as an introduction to the field.-bk}

MaturanaVarelaAutopoesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living, Humberto R. and, Francisco J. 1980 . Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 42. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Co. {The technical, detailed presentation of an autopoetic theory of biology, in which living systems are seen as “self creators.” -bk}

McFarlandInternational Studies in the Philosophy of Science, David J. 1992 “Animals as Cost-Based Robots”., 6: 133-153. Reprinted in Boden 1996. {A concise introduction to 's approach to ethology, both natural and robotic. -bk}

Millerhttp://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/, Geoffrey E. 1995 “Artificial life as theoretical biology: how to do real science with computer simulation”. Cognitive Science Research Paper 378, University of Sussex. Click here to access this paper.

PatteeArtificial Life, H. H. 1989 “Simulations, Realizations, and Theories of Life.” In . Reprinted in Boden 1996. {Pattee argues that living systems are those which make “measurements,” in the sense of quantum physics probability-wave-collapsings. -bk}

PrigogineStengersOrder out of Chaos, I. &amp;, I. {theoretical foundations of information and complexity in living systems -ML}

PutnamJournal of Philosophy, Hilary 1964 “Robots: Machines or artificially created life?” . Early article on the philosophical issues in the creation of artificial life. -bk

RasmussenArtificial Life II, Steen 1990 “Aspects of Information, Life, Reality, and Physics.” In . Rather sketchy discussion of some big issues. -bk

Rosen, R. “Some Epistemological Issues in Physics and Biology.”

RosenDynamical System Theory in Biology, Robert 1970, Wiley-Interscience John Wiley and Sons, Inc..

RosenFundamentals of Measurement and Representation of Natural Systems, R. 1978 . New York: North Holland.

RosenLife Itself: A Comprehensive Inquiry into the Nature, Origin, and Fabication of Life, R. 1992 . New York: Columbia University Press. {Formal biology. In other words, lots of axioms and proofs, but only a single reference to a biological source. Seems like “castle-in-the-air” stuff to me, but some people I respect swear by it. -bk}

StewartToward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life., John 1992 “Life = Cognition: The Epistemological and Ontological Significance of Artificial Life.” In Francisco J. Varela and Paul Bourgine, eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press A Bradford Book: 475-483.

ToddLathamToward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life, Stephan and, William 1992 “Artificial Life or Surreal Art?” In Francisco J. Varela and Paul Bourgine, eds. . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press A Bradford Book: 504-513.

UedaArtificial Life V, Kanji 1997 “Differentiation of the Realms of Artifacts and Information: How does it Relate to Parts/Whole and Inside/Outside?” In, Christopher G. Langton and Katsunori Shimohara eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press A Bradford Book: 264-271.

von NeumanTheory of Self-Reproducing Automata, J. 1966, edited and completed by A.W. Burks. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. {Introduction to cellular automata and its application to biology.}

WebbSmithersToward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life, Barbara and, Tim 1992 “The Connection between AI and Biology in the Study of Behavior.” In Francisco J. Varela and Paul Bourgine, eds. . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press A Bradford Book: 421-428.