Abstract:

Background: Previous work designed a network-based protocol of cognitive training. This
programme exploits a mechanism of induced task-oriented co-activation of multiple regions that are part
of the default mode network (DMN), to induce functional rewiring and increased functional connectivity
within this network.

Objective: In this study, the programme was administered to patients with a diagnosis of mild cognitive
impairment to test its effects in a clinical sample.

Method: Twenty-three patients with mild cognitive impairment (mean age: 73.74 years, standard deviation
5.13, female/male ratio 13/10) allocated to the experimental condition, underwent one month of
computerised training, while fourteen patients (mean age: 73.14 years, standard deviation 6.16, female/
male ratio 7/7) assigned to the control condition underwent a regime of intense social engagement.
Patients were in the prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as confirmed by clinical follow ups
for at least two years. The DMN was computed at baseline and retest, together with other, control patterns
of connectivity, grey matter maps and neuropsychological profiles.

Results: A condition-by-timepoint interaction indicating increased connectivity triggered by the programme
was found in left parietal DMN regions. No decreases as well as no changes in the other networks
or morphology were found. Although between-condition cognitive changes did not reach statistical
significance, they correlated positively with changes in DMN connectivity in the left parietal region,
supporting the hypothesis that parietal changes were beneficial.

Conclusion: This programme of cognitive training up-regulates a pattern of connectivity which is pathologically
down-regulated in AD. We argue that, when cognitive interventions are conceptualised as tools
to induce co-activation repeatedly, they can lead to clinically relevant improvements in brain functioning,
and can be of aid in support of pharmacological and other interventions in the earliest stages of
AD.

Abstract:Background: Previous work designed a network-based protocol of cognitive training. This
programme exploits a mechanism of induced task-oriented co-activation of multiple regions that are part
of the default mode network (DMN), to induce functional rewiring and increased functional connectivity
within this network.

Objective: In this study, the programme was administered to patients with a diagnosis of mild cognitive
impairment to test its effects in a clinical sample.

Method: Twenty-three patients with mild cognitive impairment (mean age: 73.74 years, standard deviation
5.13, female/male ratio 13/10) allocated to the experimental condition, underwent one month of
computerised training, while fourteen patients (mean age: 73.14 years, standard deviation 6.16, female/
male ratio 7/7) assigned to the control condition underwent a regime of intense social engagement.
Patients were in the prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as confirmed by clinical follow ups
for at least two years. The DMN was computed at baseline and retest, together with other, control patterns
of connectivity, grey matter maps and neuropsychological profiles.

Results: A condition-by-timepoint interaction indicating increased connectivity triggered by the programme
was found in left parietal DMN regions. No decreases as well as no changes in the other networks
or morphology were found. Although between-condition cognitive changes did not reach statistical
significance, they correlated positively with changes in DMN connectivity in the left parietal region,
supporting the hypothesis that parietal changes were beneficial.

Conclusion: This programme of cognitive training up-regulates a pattern of connectivity which is pathologically
down-regulated in AD. We argue that, when cognitive interventions are conceptualised as tools
to induce co-activation repeatedly, they can lead to clinically relevant improvements in brain functioning,
and can be of aid in support of pharmacological and other interventions in the earliest stages of
AD.