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[Guest Post] COVID-19: The Invisible Enemy Revisited

The IPKat recently reported, here, on taken measures by the Israeli government to order the equivalent of a compulsory license to enable local companies to make use of the inventions in the search for effective treatment of the COVID-19 virus. Kat friends Alejandro Luna and Portia Guidotti (Olivares) consider how Mexico successfully controlled a pandemic virus in the past, without the need for compulsory licenses.

In 2009, Mexico battled an outbreak of a new strain of influenza, the AH1N1 disease, also known as swine flu. The first symptoms appeared in the country at the beginning of April 2009 and, sometime thereafter, two already marketed medicines indicated for influenza, TAMIFLU® (OSELTAMIVIR) and RELENZA® (ZANAMIVIR), were found to be effective against the disease. The government imposed tight measures across the country. Millions of face masks were handed out to citizens and Mexico City carried out a 10-day quarantine.

Eleven years later, we are in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis. COVID-19, contrary to AH1N1, is a coronavirus, rather than a strain of influenza. For this reason, we still know relatively little about the disease and although a vaccine is currently in the early stages of clinical trials, to date, no treatment has been identified and universally agreed-upon.

COVID-19 treatments and patents

There is evidence that medicines currently indicated and marketed for other diseases might be effective in the treatment of the COVID-19 disease. The majority are still in the experimentation stage, but the results appear to be positive. REMDESIVIR, which was tried only on a few patients in Wuhan, seemed to work well. CLOROQUINA, a treatment for malaria, has been shown to be useful for the treatment of serious cases of pneumonia. LOPINAVIR, a treatment for HIV, has proved to be useful. FAVIPIRAVIR has also shown positive results.

Some of these products are currently patent-protected or are in the process of obtaining protection, while others are already in the public domain. There is concern that if they are approved as treatments for the COVID-19 virus, and there is a shortage of supply, third party pharmaceutical companies will not be able to produce the medicine without infringing the patent. This could deter these third-party companies from producing the medicine to combat the shortage in the fear of facing an infringement action.

Compulsory license regulations in Mexico

The Mexican Industrial Property Law provides for the grant of compulsory licenses in the event of a national emergency, such as a serious disease as declared by the General Health Council. This law helps protect against the risk that patent protection will hinder the production and/or supply of drugs in the event of a health crisis.

According to Article 77 of the Industrial Property Law and Article 55 of its Regulations, the following conditions inter alia must be met for the grant of a compulsory license:

There must be a risk that the lack of a compulsory license would prevent, hinder or increase the price of the supply, distribution or access to the patented product.

The General Health Council must issue a declaration of emergency in the Official Gazette, justifying priority attention for the serious disease.

Once the declaration of emergency is published, third party pharmaceutical companies can request a compulsory license from the Mexican Patent Office (IMPI).

Through an agreement with the Secretary of Economy, IMPI may decide to grant the license and, if so, publish a declaration stating that the exploitation of certain patents may be carried out by the grant of a license for the public benefit;

Subject to a successful challenge by the affected patentee to the grant of license and the declaration is upheld by IMPI, the Ministry of Health will establish the production conditions, quality controls, duration and scope of application of the license;

IMPI will determine the appropriate royalties the licensee is to pay the patent holder, upon hearing submissions from both parties;

The compulsory license is neither exclusive nor transferrable and will be in effect for as long as the public health emergency requires.

AH1N1 in 2009 and COVID-19 now

In the 2009 AH1N1 crisis, there were facts that could have led to the grant of compulsory licenses for the public benefit. In April 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised its alert level for the AH1N1 crisis from phase four to phase five, signalling that a pandemic was imminent. At that time, there were already two available treatments for the AH1N1 disease.

Nonetheless, the requirements for compulsory licenses were not met, as there was nothing that indicated that the patent holders were unable to supply to drugs, that they had set prices too high or that they were blocking distribution. The General Health Council also had not published a declaration of emergency in the Official Gazette.

There are signs that the COVID-19 pandemic is more serious and advanced. It has already been declared a pandemic by the WHO. Currently, there is no universally accepted treatment or cure.

Conclusion

There has been no precedent for a compulsory license being granted in Mexico, despite coming close during the pandemic of the AH1N1 disease. If a universal treatment for COVID-19 does become available and if it is protected by patents, the hope is that, similarly, such treatment will not be in short supply and therefore compulsory licenses will not be necessary.

There are also other mechanisms that were used in 2009 that avoided the need for compulsory licenses, such as free licenses, patents dedicated to the public and pandemic pricing. Whether the current circumstances will lead to a different result under the provisions of the Mexican compulsory license provisions merits close attention.

1 comment:

One thing to add about this informative post is that the relevant provision in Mexico’s patent law (Art. 77) was reformed in 2004. While many countries, following the 2001 Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, were introducing compulsory licensing provisions (or modifying existing provisions) to make the issue of CLs easier and quicker, and thus a more agile tool for negotiating prices of patented drugs, Mexico went in the opposite direction and reformed Article 77 to increase the obstacles to issuing CLs, thus making this a less agile tool for price negotiations.

The point here is not to debate the Mexican legislation or CLs, in general or in Mexico, but simply to note that whether a CL is issued depends not just on the situation in a country at a given time and the government in power addressing the situation, but also the instruments available. Mexican health authorities in 2009, no matter how alarmed they might have been by patents on drugs used to treat H1NI, were constrained by a patent law was redesigned to inhibit such action.

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