Summary

Together, the authors of Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives have in excess of fifty years of law enforcement experience with a variety of agencies such as the United States Postal Inspection Service, the United States Marshal's Service, the Sacramento Sheriff s Department, the New York Police Department and the California State Police. Prom this perspective the authors have written a well-balanced, comprehensive text on criminal investigation. This Tenth edition has been updated and includes two newly rewritten chapters on Interviewing and the Detection of Deception, and the Interrogation Process. New discussion regarding witness motivation, the importance of separating witnesses, and the need to get a commitment from a witness have been added to the chapter on Direct and Circumstantial Evidence. A new section on computer databases has been added to the chapter on Basic Investigative Leads. Added to the end of each chapter is a new "related web sites" section for additional research and information on the chapter topic. In addition, a new case study has been added to this edition. These case studies that are included at the end of each chapter are designed to highlight the chapter content and enhance the learning process. Criminal Investigation Basic Perspectives, Tenth Edition is a resource that will prepare students for the challenging world of criminal investigation.

Table of Contents

Preface

xii

PART I Elements of Investigation

Chapter 1 The Initial Investigation

3

(22)

The Legal Significance of Evidence

4

(1)

Coordination of the Crime Scene

4

(2)

Systematic Search Procedures

6

(14)

Collecting Evidence

9

(1)

Marking Evidence

9

(2)

Establishing the Chain of Possession

11

(1)

Packaging Physical Evidence

12

(2)

Matching Physical Evidence with Known Standards

14

(2)

Transporting Evidence

16

(1)

Handling Infected Evidence

17

(1)

Identifying Physical Changes at the Scene

18

(1)

Conducting a Final Survey of the Scene

19

(1)

Media Relations

20

(1)

Chapter Review

20

(2)

CASE STUDY: Incredible Evidence

20

(2)

Discussion Questions

22

(1)

Library Assignment

23

(1)

Workbook Project

23

(1)

Related Web Sites

23

(1)

Notes

24

(1)

Chapter 2 Direct and Circumstantial Evidence

25

(22)

Direct Evidence

25

(7)

Locating Witnesses at the Crime Scene

25

(3)

Revisiting the Crime Scene

28

(1)

Canvassing the View Area

28

(1)

Canvassing the Neighborhood

29

(1)

Issuing Pleas for Public Cooperation

30

(2)

Circumstantial Evidence

32

(12)

Weapons

32

(3)

Blood

35

(2)

Imprints and Impressions

37

(4)

Tool Marks

41

(1)

Dust, Dirt, and Other Traces

41

(2)

Questioned Documents

43

(1)

Other Evidence

43

(1)

Chapter Review

44

(1)

CASE STUDY: Revenge

44

(1)

Discussion Questions

45

(1)

Library Assignment

45

(1)

Workbook Project

45

(1)

Related Web Sites

46

(1)

Notes

46

(1)

Chapter 3 Records of the Crime Scene

47

(22)

Field Notes

47

(1)

Preliminary Investigative Report

48

(4)

Photography

52

(2)

Sketches

54

(5)

Videotapes

59

(1)

Progress Reports

60

(1)

Discovery

61

(1)

Chapter Review

61

(6)

CASE STUDY: The Lucky Market Case

61

(6)

Discussion Questions

67

(1)

Library Assignment

67

(1)

Workbook Project

67

(1)

Related Web Sites

67

(1)

Notes

68

(1)

Chapter 4 Laboratory and Technical Services

69

(16)

Criminalistics: Forensic Science

70

(1)

DNA "Fingerprinting"

71

(2)

Laboratory Determinations

73

(3)

Laboratory Equipment

76

(3)

Voiceprint Identification

79

(1)

Cryptography

80

(1)

Chapter Review

81

(1)

CASE STUDY: Child Abduction

81

(1)

Discussion Questions

82

(1)

Library Assignment

83

(1)

Workbook Project

83

(1)

Related Web Sites

83

(1)

Notes

83

(2)

Chapter 5 Basic Investigative Leads and Informants

85

(30)

Basic Leads

85

(16)

Victim's Background

87

(1)

Benefit

88

(1)

Opportunity

88

(1)

Knowledge

89

(1)

Field Contact Reports

90

(1)

Vehicles

90

(1)

Weapons

91

(1)

Fingerprints

92

(1)

Stolen Property

93

(2)

Modus Operandi

95

(1)

Computer Databases

95

(1)

Offender Registration

96

(2)

Photographs of Known Criminals

98

(1)

Composite Sketches

98

(1)

Injured Suspects

99

(1)

Linkage Between Suspect and Crime Partners

100

(1)

Informants

101

(5)

Basic-Lead Informants

102

(1)

Participant Informants

103

(1)

Covert Informants

104

(1)

Accomplice-Witnesses

105

(1)

Chapter Review

106

(7)

CASE STUDY: The Shugars and Smith Case

106

(7)

Discussion Questions

113

(1)

Library Assignment

113

(1)

Workbook Project

113

(1)

Related Web Sites

113

(1)

Notes

114

(1)

Chapter 6 Major Investigative Techniques

115

(22)

Surveillance

115

(7)

Visual Surveillance

115

(3)

Audio Surveillance

118

(3)

Contact Surveillance

121

(1)

Search Warrants

122

(1)

Police Intelligence: Criminal Investigation Information

123

(3)

Proactive Investigation

125

(1)

Undercover Police Agents

125

(1)

Lineups

126

(2)

Chapter Review

128

(7)

CASE STUDY: The Brown Case

128

(7)

Discussion Questions

135

(1)

Library Assignment

135

(1)

Workbook Project

136

(1)

Related Web Sites

136

(1)

Notes

136

(1)

Chapter 7 Interviewing and the Detection of Deception

137

(14)

Interview Essentials

137

(4)

Privacy

137

(1)

Rapport Building

138

(1)

Competency and Credibility Issues

139

(1)

Interview Structure

140

(1)

Listening

140

(1)

Detection of Deception

141

(4)

Physical Signs of Deception

141

(1)

Polygraph Testing

142

(3)

Recollection Refreshment

145

(2)

Investigative Hypnosis

145

(1)

Cognitive Interview

146

(1)

Written Statement of a Witness

147

(1)

Chapter Review

147

(1)

CASE STUDY: Robbery Interview

147

(1)

Discussion Questions

148

(1)

Library Assignment

148

(1)

Workbook Project

149

(1)

Related Web Sites

149

(1)

Notes

149

(2)

Chapter 8 Interrogation of Suspects

151

(14)

Interrogation Law

151

(2)

The Waiver

153

(2)

Interrogation Essentials

155

(2)

Privacy

155

(1)

Prior Investigation

155

(1)

Approach

156

(1)

Why People Confess

157

(1)

The Suspect's Dilemma: The Crime Partner

158

(1)

Documentation of the Confession

158

(2)

Chapter Review

160

(1)

CASE STUDY: Interrogation of a Robbery Suspect

160

(1)

Discussion Questions

161

(1)

Library Assignment

162

(1)

Workbook Project

162

(1)

Related Web Sites

162

(1)

Notes

162

(3)

Chapter 9 The Arrest of the Accused Person

165

(26)

The Broadcast Alarm

166

(2)

Records as Sources of Information

168

(1)

Wanted Notices

169

(3)

The Arrest

172

(4)

Pedigree

174

(2)

Case Preparation

176

(3)

The Defendant's Identity

176

(1)

The Defendant and the Corpus Delicti

177

(1)

Negative Evidence

178

(1)

Lawful Procedures

178

(1)

Arrangement of Evidence

178

(1)

The "Package," or Case Folder

179

(1)

The Decision to Charge

179

(1)

Closure of an Investigation

180

(2)

Chapter Review

182

(5)

CASE STUDY Double Murder-Ms. Wylie and Ms. Hoffert

182

(5)

Discussion Questions

187

(1)

Library Assignment

187

(1)

Workbook Project

187

(1)

Related Web Sites

187

(1)

Notes

188

(3)

PART II Investigation of Major Crimes

Chapter 10 Physical Assaults

191

(26)

Homicide

191

(16)

"Suspicious Death" Investigation

191

(2)

The Autopsy as an Extension of the Crime Scene

193

(1)

Medicolegal Laboratory Services

193

(2)

Suicide, Accident, or Criminal Homicide?

195

(1)

Identification of Victim

196

(1)

Time of Death

197

(2)

Exhumation

199

(1)

Checklist for the Investigation of Criminal Homicide

199

(3)

Patterns of Criminal Homicide

202

(2)

Motive for Murder-Relationships

204

(1)

Multicide

205

(2)

Stalking

207

(1)

Assaults

207

(2)

Child Abuse

209

(3)

Chapter Review

212

(3)

CASE STUDY: Autopsy Surgeon

212

(3)

Discussion Questions

215

(1)

Library Assignment

215

(1)

Workbook Project

215

(1)

Related Web Sites

215

(1)

Notes

216

(1)

Chapter 11 Sexual Assaults

217

(18)

Rape

217

(9)

Initial Action

218

(2)

Follow-Up Interview of Victim

220

(2)

Follow-Up Interviews of Witnesses

222

(1)

Personality Profile of the Serial Rapist

222

(1)

Arrest of the Suspect

223

(1)

Case Preparation

224

(1)

Problems of Proof

225

(1)

Child Sexual Abuse

226

(5)

Incest

226

(1)

Pedophilia

227

(1)

The Child as Victim-Witness

228

(2)

Missing Children

230

(1)

Chapter Review

231

(1)

CASE STUDY: East Area Rapist

231

(1)

Discussion Questions

232

(1)

Library Assignment

233

(1)

Workbook Project

233

(1)

Related Web Sites

233

(1)

Notes

233

(2)

Chapter 12 Robbery

235

(16)

Components of Robbery

235

(5)

The Target in Robberies

240

(1)

Identification Evidence

241

(1)

Checklist for the Investigation of Robbery

242

(2)

Repeat-Offender Cases

244

(1)

Carjacking

245

(1)

Outline of the Carjacking Investigation

245

(1)

Problems of Proof

246

(1)

Chapter Review

247

(1)

CASE STUDY: This is a Holdup!

247

(1)

Discussion Questions

248

(1)

Library Assignment

249

(1)

Workshop Project

249

(1)

Related Web Sites

249

(1)

Notes

249

(2)

Chapter 13 Arson, Bombings, and Hate Crimes

251

(20)

Arson

251

(12)

The Suspicious Fire Concept

252

(3)

Burn Patterns: Structural Fires

255

(1)

Burn Patterns: Nonstructural Fires

256

(1)

Ignition and Place of Origin of Fire

257

(1)

The Fire Scene

258

(2)

Fire Scene Photographs

260

(1)

The Continuing Arson Investigation

261

(2)

Bombings

263

(2)

Problems of Proof in Arson and Bombing Cases

265

(1)

Hate Crimes

265

(1)

Chapter Review

266

(1)

CASE STUDY: Motive for Arson

266

(1)

Discussion Questions

267

(1)

Library Assignment

268

(1)

Workbook Project

268

(1)

Related Web Sites

268

(1)

Notes

268

(3)

Chapter 14 Property Crimes

271

(34)

Burglary

271

(7)

Types of Burglars

273

(2)

Burglary as a Behavioral Concept

275

(1)

Safe Burglars

276

(1)

Burglary Scene Investigation

277

(1)

Postscene Investigation

278

(1)

Known Burglars

278

(1)

Theft

278

(10)

The Attack

280

(1)

Modus Operandi Searches

281

(1)

The Universe of Suspects

282

(1)

Criminal Receivers of Stolen Property

283

(1)

Auto Theft

284

(2)

Theft by Employees

286

(2)

Fraud

288

(12)

Elements of Fraud

289

(1)

Bunco Schemes and Con Games

289

(4)

The Bank Examiner Fraud

293

(1)

Fraudulent Checks

293

(1)

Credit Card Frauds

294

(1)

Consumer and Business Frauds

294

(2)

Workplace Frauds

296

(1)

ATM Frauds

297

(1)

Identity Theft

298

(1)

Computer Fraud

298

(1)

Investigation of Frauds

299

(1)

Chapter Review

300

(1)

CASE STUDY: The Year My Life Was Stolen

300

(1)

Discussion Questions

301

(1)

Library Assignment

302

(1)

Workbook Project

302

(1)

Related Web Sites

303

(1)

Notes

303

(2)

Chapter 15 Dangerous Drugs

305

(24)

Entrapment

307

(1)

The Drug Scene

307

(4)

Heroin

308

(1)

Cocaine

308

(1)

Marijuana

308

(1)

Amphetamine and Methamphetamine

309

(1)

Phencyclidine

309

(1)

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

310

(1)

Ecstasy

311

(1)

Rohypnol

311

(1)

Drug-Selling Organizations

311

(2)

Drug Investigations

313

(8)

Pickup Arrests

313

(1)

Arrests Based on "Buys"

314

(1)

Search Warrants

315

(3)

Warrantless Searches

318

(1)

"Working Up" Investigations

319

(2)

Raids

321

(1)

Problems of Proof

321

(1)

Chapter Review

322

(4)

CASE STUDY: Dangerous Drugs Law Enforcement-Roles and Story Lines

322

(4)

Discussion Questions

326

(1)

Library Assignment

326

(1)

Workbook Project

326

(1)

Related Web Sites

326

(1)

Notes

327

(2)

Chapter 16 Special Investigations

329

(28)

Vice

329

(2)

Gambling

329

(1)

Prostitution

330

(1)

Organized Crime

331

(3)

Nature of Operations

331

(1)

Characteristic Activity

332

(1)

Investigative Alerts

332

(1)

Gang Activity

333

(1)

Problems of Proof

334

(1)

Terrorism

334

(8)

Terrorist Groups

336

(2)

Preventive Intelligence

338

(2)

Role of Police Operations Units

340

(1)

The Criminal Investigator's Role

340

(1)

Problems of Proof

341

(1)

Computer Crime

342

(4)

Hackers and Their Tools

342

(1)

Computer Fraud

343

(1)

Child Pornography and Exploitation

344

(1)

Cybercrime Investigation and Prevention

345

(1)

Hit and Run

346

(6)

The Hit-and-Run Operator

346

(1)

The Alarm

346

(2)

The Scene Search

348

(1)

Stakeouts

349

(1)

Transfer Evidence

350

(1)

Accountability

351

(1)

Possible Murder

351

(1)

Chapter Review

352

(1)

CASE STUDY: Hit and Run

352

(1)

Discussion Questions

353

(1)

Library Assignment

354

(1)

Workbook Project

354

(1)

Related Web Sites

354

(1)

Notes

354

(3)

Chapter 17 The Investigator as Witness and Ethical Awareness

357

(14)

The Investigator as Witness

357

(6)

Action Prior to Court Appearance

357

(2)

General Behavior

359

(2)

Nonverbal Communication

361

(1)

Conduct After Testifying

362

(1)

Ethical Awareness

363

(2)

Crime and Outrageous Conduct

363

(1)

Impact of Misconduct on Criminal Investigation

364

(1)

Standards for Criminal Investigators

364

(1)

Prevention of Misconduct

364

(1)

Chapter Review

365

(4)

CASE STUDY: The Special Crime Squad

365

(4)

Discussion Questions

369

(1)

Library Assignment

369

(1)

Workbook Project

369

(1)

Related Web Sites

370

(1)

Notes

370

(1)

Appendix A Case Briefs

371

(6)

Appendix B Federally Controlled Substances Law

377

(4)

Appendix C Identity Theft: What to Do If It Happens to You

381

(4)

Glossary

385

(22)

Selected Bibliography

407

(4)

Index

411

Excerpts

The tenth edition of Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives was written to keep abreast of the changes in the field of criminal investigation. The chapter on Interviewing and the Detection of Deception and the chapter on the Interrogation of Suspects have been extensively rewritten. These changes are reflective of new insights in these areas, 1n addition new segments were added to three chapters: Witness motivation, separation of witnesses, obtaining a commitment from a witness and information on gunshot residue examinations (Chapter 2, "Direct and Circumstantial Evidence") Computer databases ('Basic Investigative Leads and Informants") Search warrants ("Major Investigative Techniques") Federal Controlled Substances Law ("Appendix B") One new case study, designed W enhance the learning process, has been added to this edition. The case study method of instruction facilitates learning by linking case content to textbook topics and by encouraging the exchange of opinions and viewpoints among students during discussion sessions. The case studies in this book are designed to contribute to this type of learning process. Each case provides factual information that is likely to promote analysis and discussion and thus aid in developing the student's ability to analyze, evaluate, and reason. The topic of discussion is focused on the facts of each case study, but only the range of student opinions and ideas limits the scope of the discussion. Some cases are presented in straight narrative style, while others are written in dialogue form as the best means of joining the personalities and the situations of a case study. Each case presents a real-life situation or episode experienced some time in the past. There has been no "doctoring" to develop points, theories, or problems. However, names, dates, and locations have been altered in some instances to avoid embarrassing any persons or their families.