For most workers who joined or were employed in the asbestos industry, there was no indication that they were working with a hazardous material. However, for the minority employed in the ‘scheduled ...
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For most workers who joined or were employed in the asbestos industry, there was no indication that they were working with a hazardous material. However, for the minority employed in the ‘scheduled areas’ — in other words, workers engaged in jobs such as crushing, carding, spinning, and mattress-making — the situation was different. They came within the Medical Arrangements Scheme of 1931. They were handed a small booklet, a ‘Worker's Register’, which explained the basics of the medical and compensation scheme and gave them space to enter their job and medical examination details. The text contained no warnings about asbestosis or descriptions of the symptoms of the disease, though it did explain that workers would have to present themselves regularly before a Medical Board. This chapter examines how the Medical Board system operated in practice, drawing on internal documentation from Turner & Newall.Less

Medical Provision, Diagnosis, and Prescription

Geoffrey Tweedale

Published in print: 2001-03-22

For most workers who joined or were employed in the asbestos industry, there was no indication that they were working with a hazardous material. However, for the minority employed in the ‘scheduled areas’ — in other words, workers engaged in jobs such as crushing, carding, spinning, and mattress-making — the situation was different. They came within the Medical Arrangements Scheme of 1931. They were handed a small booklet, a ‘Worker's Register’, which explained the basics of the medical and compensation scheme and gave them space to enter their job and medical examination details. The text contained no warnings about asbestosis or descriptions of the symptoms of the disease, though it did explain that workers would have to present themselves regularly before a Medical Board. This chapter examines how the Medical Board system operated in practice, drawing on internal documentation from Turner & Newall.

The Asbestos Scheme was introduced in 1931. Like the dust and medical regulations, the legislation applied only to ‘scheduled areas’, in other words, the main preparatory and textile processes; the ...
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The Asbestos Scheme was introduced in 1931. Like the dust and medical regulations, the legislation applied only to ‘scheduled areas’, in other words, the main preparatory and textile processes; the making of insulation slabs and mattresses; the dry sawing and grinding of asbestos articles; and the cleaning of machinery. Workers such as laggers could theoretically claim compensation, but only if they could prove to the Medical Board that they were unfit — a difficult task when the medical scheme excluded them from periodic examination. Despite the limited nature of the Scheme, the official recognition of asbestos manufacture as a ‘dangerous trade’ was very worrying for the Turner & Newall directors. As regards to compensation, Turner & Newall set up its own Asbestosis Fund and made compensation ‘a purely internal question’ for the board.Less

Compensation for Asbestos Workers

Geoffrey Tweedale

Published in print: 2001-03-22

The Asbestos Scheme was introduced in 1931. Like the dust and medical regulations, the legislation applied only to ‘scheduled areas’, in other words, the main preparatory and textile processes; the making of insulation slabs and mattresses; the dry sawing and grinding of asbestos articles; and the cleaning of machinery. Workers such as laggers could theoretically claim compensation, but only if they could prove to the Medical Board that they were unfit — a difficult task when the medical scheme excluded them from periodic examination. Despite the limited nature of the Scheme, the official recognition of asbestos manufacture as a ‘dangerous trade’ was very worrying for the Turner & Newall directors. As regards to compensation, Turner & Newall set up its own Asbestosis Fund and made compensation ‘a purely internal question’ for the board.

The period after the Second World War was the most successful in Turner & Newall's history, when the company emerged as the ‘Asbestos Giant’. In 1949, the company's head office was moved to ...
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The period after the Second World War was the most successful in Turner & Newall's history, when the company emerged as the ‘Asbestos Giant’. In 1949, the company's head office was moved to Manchester and named, appropriately, Asbestos House. However, this expansion was bought at a price. More asbestos meant more dust and continued risk for Turner & Newall staff. It gradually became apparent that the risk included not only asbestosis, but also cancer.Less

Dust, Mortality, and the Cancer Hazard: 1940s to the Early 1960s

Geoffrey Tweedale

Published in print: 2001-03-22

The period after the Second World War was the most successful in Turner & Newall's history, when the company emerged as the ‘Asbestos Giant’. In 1949, the company's head office was moved to Manchester and named, appropriately, Asbestos House. However, this expansion was bought at a price. More asbestos meant more dust and continued risk for Turner & Newall staff. It gradually became apparent that the risk included not only asbestosis, but also cancer.

This chapter sheds more light on the central question of this book: why it took so many decades for the full implications of the asbestos health problem to be realized and acted upon. Data ...
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This chapter sheds more light on the central question of this book: why it took so many decades for the full implications of the asbestos health problem to be realized and acted upon. Data disseminated in the annual reports of the Chief Inspector of Factories showed that the Factory Inspectorate did provide important insights into the dangers of asbestos for those who cared to look. However, the culture of the Factory Inspectorate militated against dealing effectively with severe industrial hazards. Matters of health and safety involved a dialogue between the Inspectors and the bosses — a dialogue from which the workers were invariably excluded. Unions were largely ineffective in modifying the provisions of the 1931 legislation and gave health and safety a low priority. Evidence from Turner & Newall also highlights the difficulty trade unions faced in opposing a powerful commercial organization.Less

Countervailing Forces

Geoffrey Tweedale

Published in print: 2001-03-22

This chapter sheds more light on the central question of this book: why it took so many decades for the full implications of the asbestos health problem to be realized and acted upon. Data disseminated in the annual reports of the Chief Inspector of Factories showed that the Factory Inspectorate did provide important insights into the dangers of asbestos for those who cared to look. However, the culture of the Factory Inspectorate militated against dealing effectively with severe industrial hazards. Matters of health and safety involved a dialogue between the Inspectors and the bosses — a dialogue from which the workers were invariably excluded. Unions were largely ineffective in modifying the provisions of the 1931 legislation and gave health and safety a low priority. Evidence from Turner & Newall also highlights the difficulty trade unions faced in opposing a powerful commercial organization.

In retrospect, it seems remarkable that the asbestos industry should have declined so swiftly. It was the 1960s — especially the mid-1960s — when the tide turned. The first force for change was ...
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In retrospect, it seems remarkable that the asbestos industry should have declined so swiftly. It was the 1960s — especially the mid-1960s — when the tide turned. The first force for change was economic. Turner & Newall's profits hit a peak in the mid-1960s and then dipped as technology and the company's manufacturing profile changed. The other catalyst for change was the rising trend of suspensions and deaths. After 1931 it had been hoped that the suspension rate would fall as less dusty conditions made asbestosis a disease of the past. For a while — in the 1930s and early 1940s — it had seemed as if this might happen: then in the 1950s and early 1960s, the number of new cases of asbestosis in the UK began rising.Less

Lighting the Powder Trail

Geoffrey Tweedale

Published in print: 2001-03-22

In retrospect, it seems remarkable that the asbestos industry should have declined so swiftly. It was the 1960s — especially the mid-1960s — when the tide turned. The first force for change was economic. Turner & Newall's profits hit a peak in the mid-1960s and then dipped as technology and the company's manufacturing profile changed. The other catalyst for change was the rising trend of suspensions and deaths. After 1931 it had been hoped that the suspension rate would fall as less dusty conditions made asbestosis a disease of the past. For a while — in the 1930s and early 1940s — it had seemed as if this might happen: then in the 1950s and early 1960s, the number of new cases of asbestosis in the UK began rising.

The 1969 Regulations had for the first time set a quantitative limit for asbestos dust, yet neither the asbestos industry nor the government felt able to implement or enforce such a threshold ...
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The 1969 Regulations had for the first time set a quantitative limit for asbestos dust, yet neither the asbestos industry nor the government felt able to implement or enforce such a threshold immediately. The Factory Inspectorate stepped up its surveillance of asbestos factories and planned a new dust survey of the industry, but the demand for sampling was overwhelming. In industry itself, most of the asbestos textile factories in 1970 were operating over the 2-fibre limit and full compliance would clearly take some time. The situation was dire in Turner & Newall's overseas plants. In 1973, an inspection of the company's Canadian plant showed dangerous and dusty conditions. Of the 166 men exposed to asbestos for fifteen years or more, 91 current employees had asbestosis. The Canadian situation was mirrored in Turner & Newall's extensive African mining and manufacturing interests.Less

The Asbestos ‘Bomb’ Explodes

Geoffrey Tweedale

Published in print: 2001-03-22

The 1969 Regulations had for the first time set a quantitative limit for asbestos dust, yet neither the asbestos industry nor the government felt able to implement or enforce such a threshold immediately. The Factory Inspectorate stepped up its surveillance of asbestos factories and planned a new dust survey of the industry, but the demand for sampling was overwhelming. In industry itself, most of the asbestos textile factories in 1970 were operating over the 2-fibre limit and full compliance would clearly take some time. The situation was dire in Turner & Newall's overseas plants. In 1973, an inspection of the company's Canadian plant showed dangerous and dusty conditions. Of the 166 men exposed to asbestos for fifteen years or more, 91 current employees had asbestosis. The Canadian situation was mirrored in Turner & Newall's extensive African mining and manufacturing interests.

Although asbestos was once considered a miracle mineral, today even the word itself has ominous implications for all strata of our society. Incorporated in the past into over 3,000 different ...
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Although asbestos was once considered a miracle mineral, today even the word itself has ominous implications for all strata of our society. Incorporated in the past into over 3,000 different industrial and consumer products, as well as in building materials and military equipment, opportunities for exposure continue to be ever present in our environment. Thousands of workers and servicemen in a wide variety of trades have been disabled or have died consequent to the health effects of asbestos, and many more can be expected to be affected in years to come. Litigation continues, and financial awards have bankrupted many Fortune 500 companies and numerous smaller companies. While one might implicate our forefathers in this widespread, relentless medical catastrophe, only in recent decades has science appreciated the complexities of the problem and the long disease latencies. The characteristics and discovery of the unique fibrous minerals known as asbestos are considered in this book. A discussion of the major uses of these materials in the past follows. The epidemiology of the diseases asbestos cause and the risk associated with exposure are then discussed. Individual asbestos-associated diseases are considered in detail from clinical, pathologic, and pathogenic perspectives in the context of approaches to diagnosis and treatment. The authors also explore the history of regulatory efforts based on governmental actions, and the complex story of litigation related to asbestos-associated diseases. Finally, projections for the future worldwide occurrence of asbestos-related diseases are calculated.Less

Asbestos and Its Diseases

Published in print: 2008-04-17

Although asbestos was once considered a miracle mineral, today even the word itself has ominous implications for all strata of our society. Incorporated in the past into over 3,000 different industrial and consumer products, as well as in building materials and military equipment, opportunities for exposure continue to be ever present in our environment. Thousands of workers and servicemen in a wide variety of trades have been disabled or have died consequent to the health effects of asbestos, and many more can be expected to be affected in years to come. Litigation continues, and financial awards have bankrupted many Fortune 500 companies and numerous smaller companies. While one might implicate our forefathers in this widespread, relentless medical catastrophe, only in recent decades has science appreciated the complexities of the problem and the long disease latencies. The characteristics and discovery of the unique fibrous minerals known as asbestos are considered in this book. A discussion of the major uses of these materials in the past follows. The epidemiology of the diseases asbestos cause and the risk associated with exposure are then discussed. Individual asbestos-associated diseases are considered in detail from clinical, pathologic, and pathogenic perspectives in the context of approaches to diagnosis and treatment. The authors also explore the history of regulatory efforts based on governmental actions, and the complex story of litigation related to asbestos-associated diseases. Finally, projections for the future worldwide occurrence of asbestos-related diseases are calculated.

This chapter considers the magnitudes of risk for the development of asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma (MM), and lung cancer (LC) resulting from exposure to different airborne concentrations of ...
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This chapter considers the magnitudes of risk for the development of asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma (MM), and lung cancer (LC) resulting from exposure to different airborne concentrations of asbestos. Information on risk is obtained from epidemiological studies. The risk analysis requires three components: (i) the level of exposure, (ii) cases that have occurred, and (iii) factors that might confound or modify the exposure-response relationship.Less

Epidemiology and Risk Assessment

Graham W. GibbsGeoffrey Berry

Published in print: 2008-04-17

This chapter considers the magnitudes of risk for the development of asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma (MM), and lung cancer (LC) resulting from exposure to different airborne concentrations of asbestos. Information on risk is obtained from epidemiological studies. The risk analysis requires three components: (i) the level of exposure, (ii) cases that have occurred, and (iii) factors that might confound or modify the exposure-response relationship.

Asbestosis can be considered either a clinical disease, which is manifest functionally, and readily demonstrable by radiological means, or a pathological entity of variable degrees of severity, but ...
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Asbestosis can be considered either a clinical disease, which is manifest functionally, and readily demonstrable by radiological means, or a pathological entity of variable degrees of severity, but often as scattered localized lesions in the lungs in the absence of clinically evident respiratory insufficiency. This chapter considers the pathogenesis and pathological features of asbestosis from the perspective of its epidemiology.Less

John E. Craighead

Published in print: 2008-04-17

Asbestosis can be considered either a clinical disease, which is manifest functionally, and readily demonstrable by radiological means, or a pathological entity of variable degrees of severity, but often as scattered localized lesions in the lungs in the absence of clinically evident respiratory insufficiency. This chapter considers the pathogenesis and pathological features of asbestosis from the perspective of its epidemiology.

This chapter discusses the population characteristics of asbestos-associated diseases in the 20th century and presents a view of these characteristics for the 21st century. It considers the three ...
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This chapter discusses the population characteristics of asbestos-associated diseases in the 20th century and presents a view of these characteristics for the 21st century. It considers the three principal asbestos-associated diseases: malignant mesothelioma (MM), lung cancer (LC), and asbestosis. It describes trends in the asbestos-associated diseases in various countries, including both industrialized and developing countries.Less

Asbestos Exposure and Disease Trends in the 20th and 21st Centuries

Bertram PriceAdam Ware

Published in print: 2008-04-17

This chapter discusses the population characteristics of asbestos-associated diseases in the 20th century and presents a view of these characteristics for the 21st century. It considers the three principal asbestos-associated diseases: malignant mesothelioma (MM), lung cancer (LC), and asbestosis. It describes trends in the asbestos-associated diseases in various countries, including both industrialized and developing countries.