tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75424073056169679402014-10-14T14:47:43.037-07:00vijayawada fansvijayawada fanshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15668221226984233841noreply@blogger.comBlogger151125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7542407305616967940.post-62185997293345724612012-04-19T02:43:00.000-07:002012-04-19T02:43:26.382-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Vqid0RwXess/T4_dUtnmFII/AAAAAAAAAY4/h_zAHWWJS1c/s1600/395817_235016693257270_100002468243892_483727_1728435553_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Vqid0RwXess/T4_dUtnmFII/AAAAAAAAAY4/h_zAHWWJS1c/s640/395817_235016693257270_100002468243892_483727_1728435553_n.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-i_-1wMSZnpc/T4_dWQiSG6I/AAAAAAAAAZA/5834clds-9g/s1600/395829_235770789848527_100002468243892_485541_1021573849_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; 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text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K5R7PnlKZKw/T4_VTS0J6zI/AAAAAAAAAXA/MxIW7xSseSY/s1600/545623_264158127009793_100002468243892_558957_1591672120_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K5R7PnlKZKw/T4_VTS0J6zI/AAAAAAAAAXA/MxIW7xSseSY/s320/545623_264158127009793_100002468243892_558957_1591672120_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><a href="http://pawan%20kalyan%20gabbar%20singh/" target="_blank">pawan kalyan gabbar singh</a><br /></div>vijayawada fanshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15668221226984233841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7542407305616967940.post-68572205575998053412012-04-19T01:59:00.001-07:002012-04-19T01:59:17.988-07:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" height="480" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vocfCelYhx8/T4_TmoSfwVI/AAAAAAAAAW4/mO0RoFqJJi0/s640/ndk.jpg" title="" width="640" /><a href="http://pawan%20kalyan%20gabbar%20singh/" target="_blank">pawan kalyan gabbar singh</a></div>vijayawada fanshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15668221226984233841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7542407305616967940.post-66016548742902093822012-02-21T05:23:00.002-08:002012-02-21T05:23:30.350-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading"><i>Magic Magic 3D</i></h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vevent" style="font-size: 90%; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr> <th class="summary" colspan="2" style="font-size: 110%; font-size: 125%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">Magic Magic 3D</th> </tr><tr class=""> <td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chota_Jadugar.jpg"><img alt="" height="314" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Chota_Jadugar.jpg/220px-Chota_Jadugar.jpg" width="220" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 95%; line-height: 1.5em;">DVD cover for the Hindi dub</span></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Directed by</th> <td class="description">Jose Punnoose</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Produced by</th> <td class="">Navodaya</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Written by</th> <td class="">T. K. Rajeev Kumar<br />Raghunath Paleri</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Starring</th> <td class="">Suraj Balajee<br /><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.P._Balasubramaniam" title="S.P. Balasubramaniam">S.P. Balasubramaniam</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirlok_Malik" title="Tirlok Malik">Tirlok Malik</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooja_Kumar_%28model%29" title="Pooja Kumar (model)">Pooja Kumar</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Music by</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharreth" title="Sharreth">Sharreth</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Release <span class="nowrap">date(s)</span></th> <td class="">04 April 2003</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Running time</th> <td class="">105 minutes</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Country</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Language</th> <td class=""> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (dubbed)</li><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> (dubbed)</li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table><i><b>Magic Magic 3D</b></i> is a 2003 Indian <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam language</a> film in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic 3D</a> that stars Suraj Balajee, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.P._Balasubramaniam" title="S.P. Balasubramaniam">S.P. Balasubramaniam</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirlok_Malik" title="Tirlok Malik">Tirlok Malik</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooja_Kumar_%28model%29" title="Pooja Kumar (model)">Pooja Kumar</a>. It was simultaneously dubbed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>, with the Hindi dub being titled as <i><b>Chota Jadugar</b></i> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">छोटा जादूगर</span>; meaning <i>Little Magician</i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Magic_3D#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">&nbsp;[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Magic_3D#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Magic_3D#Plot"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Plot</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Magic_3D#Cast"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cast</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Magic_3D#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Magic_3D#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_Magic_3D&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Plot">Plot</span></h2>A great Magician Acharya (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.P._Balasubramaniam" title="S.P. Balasubramaniam">S.P. Balasubramaniam</a>) and his grandson Indrajeet (Suraj Balajee) live happily in a palatial (plastic) house. The boy's mother passed away when he was an infant. The loving grandfather teaches him all the magic but does not sent him to school for basic education. Suddenly Indrajeet’s father (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirlok_Malik" title="Tirlok Malik">Tirlok Malik</a>) who runs a successful Indian channel in America lands up to take away his son for education. Indrajeet refuses to leave his grandfather but is (packed in a carton) and sent by magic to New York!!<br />Indrajeet wakes up in another house (plastic) where he finds a Malayalam/Tamil/Hindi speaking English woman waking him up. He meets his stepmother (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooja_Kumar_%28model%29" title="Pooja Kumar (model)">Pooja Kumar</a>) but soon he runs away from home and befriends three run-aways and a wonder dog who belongs to Boss and Lude, two funny petty thieves. Meanwhile Acharya comes to New York in search of his grandson who gets kidnapped by the bumbling idiots and in the climax he, along with the dog, saves Indrajeet using all the 3D effects in the world!<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_Magic_3D&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Cast">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cast">Cast</span></h2><ul><li><b>Suraj Balajee</b> as Indrajeet</li><li><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.P._Balasubramaniam" title="S.P. Balasubramaniam">S.P. Balasubramaniam</a></b> as Acharya</li><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirlok_Malik" title="Tirlok Malik">Tirlok Malik</a></b> as Indrajeet's father</li><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooja_Kumar_%28model%29" title="Pooja Kumar (model)">Pooja Kumar</a></b> as Indrajeet's stepmother</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_Magic_3D&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</span></h2>The film was negatively reviewed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify" title="Sify">Sify</a>, who stated that it "is technically tacky, made in a shoddy manner and lacks a basic storyline that will not gel with today’s children".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Magic_3D#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_Magic_3D&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Magic_3D#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0309800/" rel="nofollow">Chota Jadugar at IMDB</a></li><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Magic_3D#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=12990371&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2429" rel="nofollow">Movie Review: Magic Magic</a></li></ol></div></div><div class="articleFeedback" id="mw-articlefeedback"><div class="articleFeedback-panel"> <div class="articleFeedback-buffer articleFeedback-ui"> <div class="articleFeedback-switch articleFeedback-switch-report articleFeedback-visibleWith-form" rel="report">View page ratings</div><div class="articleFeedback-title articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">Rate this page</div><div class="articleFeedback-explanation articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"><a class="articleFeedback-explanation-link" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article%20Feedback%20Tool">What's this?</a></div><div class="articleFeedback-ratings"><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="trustworthy"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Trustworthy</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="objective"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Objective</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="complete"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Complete</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="wellwritten"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Well-written</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div></div><div class="articleFeedback-options"> <div class="articleFeedback-expertise articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> <input disabled="disabled" id="articleFeedback-expertise-general" type="checkbox" value="general" /><label class="articleFeedback-expertise-disabled" for="articleFeedback-expertise-general">I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)</label> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-notices articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div></div></div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indian_3D_films" title="Category:Indian 3D films">Indian 3D films</a></li></ul></div></div>vijayawada fanshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15668221226984233841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7542407305616967940.post-5550048829692720632012-02-12T21:39:00.001-08:002012-02-12T21:39:33.743-08:00Motion picture rating system From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Parental Guidance" redirects here. For the Singaporean TV series, see Parental Guidance (TV series). For the Judas Priest song, see Parental Guidance (song). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008) A motion picture rating system is designated to classify films with regard to suitability for audiences in terms of issues such as sex, violence, substance abuse, profanity, impudence or other types of mature content. A particular issued rating can be called a certification, classification, certificate or rating. This is designed to help parents decide whether a movie is suitable for their children. Yet, the effectiveness of these designations is widely disputed. Also, in some jurisdictions a rating may impose on movie theaters the legal obligation of refusing the entrance of children or minors to the movie. Furthermore, where movie theaters do not have this legal obligation, they may enforce restrictions on their own. Ratings are often given in lieu of censorship. Movie theaters often have time restrictions on what time kids can come in with their parent. In countries such as Australia, an official government censorship system decides on ratings; in other countries, such as the United States, it is done by industry committees with little, if any official government status. In most countries, however, films that are considered morally offensive have been censored, restricted, or banned. Even if the film rating system has no legal consequences, and a film has not explicitly been restricted or banned, there are usually laws forbidding certain films, or forbidding minors to view them. The influence of specific factors in deciding a rating varies from country to country. For example, in countries such as the US, films with strong sexual content are often restricted to adult viewers, whereas in countries such as France and Germany, sexual content is viewed much more leniently. On the other hand, films with violent content are often subject in countries such as Germany and Finland to high ratings and even censorship, whereas countries such as the US offer more lenient ratings to violent movies. Other factors may or may not influence the classification process, such as being set within a non-fictional historical context, whether the film glorifies violence or drug use, whether said violence or drug use is carried out by the protagonist, with whom the viewer should empathize, or by the antagonist. In Germany, for example, films depicting explicit war violence in a real war context (such as the Second World War) are handled more leniently than films with purely fictional settings. A film may be produced with a particular rating in mind. It may be re-edited if the desired rating is not obtained, especially to avoid a higher rating than intended. A film may also be re-edited to produce an alternate version for other countries. Contents [hide] 1 Comparison 2 Australia 3 Austria 3.1 Cinema 3.2 DVD and video 4 Belgium 5 Brazil 5.1 Former ratings 6 Bulgaria 7 Canada 7.1 Home video ratings 7.1.1 Outside Québec 7.1.2 In Québec 8 Chile 9 People's Republic of China 10 Colombia 11 Czech Republic 12 Denmark 13 Egypt 14 Estonia 15 Finland 16 France 17 Germany 18 Greece 19 Hong Kong 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 22 India 23 Indonesia 24 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Japan 27 Latvia 28 Malaysia 29 Maldives 30 Malta 31 Mexico 32 Netherlands 33 New Zealand 34 Nigeria 35 Norway 36 Pakistan 37 Peru 38 Philippines 39 Poland 40 Portugal 40.1 Special classifications 41 Romania 42 Russia 42.1 History 42.2 Action board of classification 43 Singapore 44 South Africa 45 Spain 46 Sweden 47 Switzerland 48 Republic of China (Taiwan) 49 Thailand 50 Turks and Caicos Islands 51 United Arab Emirates 52 United Kingdom 52.1 Former ratings 53 United States 53.1 Ratings 53.1.1 Former 53.1.2 Film Advisory Board 54 Venezuela 55 Sources 56 See also 57 External links [edit] Comparison A comparison of currently active film rating systems, showing age on the horizontal axis. Note however that the specific criteria used in assigning a classification can vary widely from one country to another. Thus a color code or age range cannot be directly compared from one country to another. Country/System 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Adult Other Notes Australia ACB G PG M MA15+ R18+/X18+ RC MA15+ and R18+ are legally restricted. X18+ is banned in all states of Australia except for the territories. RC (Refused Classification) is banned publicly but can be viewed privately. Brazil MJ/DEJUS L 10 12 14 16 18 N/A Argentina Atp 13 16 18 N/A Belgium KT/EA KNT/ENA E Bulgaria A B C D X F Only D-rated and X-rated films are restricted. F-rated films are banned. Canada CHVRS [1] G PG 14A 18A and R AA The 18A rating was introduced because a few films were too strong for the 14A rating but did not have enough violence or sexual content to get banned or A rated. A Colombia MoC T 7 12 15 18/X Banned Czech Republic U 12 15 18 N/A Denmark Medierådet A 7 11 15 F Children turned seven can watch 11-rated and 15-rated films provided they are accompanied by an adult. F is only used on homevideo, as "Fritaget" exempt from classification, mostly documentaries, stand-up and educational material Egypt General Audience (Unrestricted) Adult (Restricted) N/A Estonia PERE L MS-6 K-12 K-14 K-16 N/A Movies which are rated K-12, K-14 and K-16 require age proof. MS-12 Finland FBFC S K-7 K-12 K-16 K-18 N/A Children up to 2 years younger than the given rating can watch movies rated K-3 to K-15 when accompanied by an adult. Country/System 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Adult Other Notes France MoC U -10 -12 -16 -18 N/A The "-10" rating only exists for television. Germany FSK FSK 0 FSK 6 FSK 12 FSK 16 FSK 18 N/A All ratings are restricted. Greece K K-13 K-17 N/A Films which are rated K-17 require age proof. Hong Kong TELA I IIA IIB III N/A Only persons aged 18 and above are permitted to watch Category III films. Hungary KN 6 12 16 18 X N/A Iceland Smáís L 7 12 14 16 18 N/A India CBFC U U/A A S The "S" rating is sometimes used to restrict films to certain audience only. Indonesia IFCB A/SU BO-A BO BO-R/R D N/A Republic of Ireland IFCO G 12/12A 15/15A/16 18 N/A The categories 12A, 15A and 16 only exist for cinema. Video releases of movies with these ratings usually get, if they are rated 12A, they are rated 12, if they are rated 15A, they are rated 15, and if rated 16, they are rated 18. PG Italy MiBAC T VM14 VM18 N/A Japan Eirin G PG-12 R15+ R18+ N/A Country/System 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Adult Other Notes South Korea ALL 12 15 18 Restricted Rating restriction rating is none. Latvia NCC U 7+ 12+ 16+ 18+ N/A The U, 7+, 12+ and 16+ ratings are unrestricted. If the 18+ rating appears blue it is unrestricted but if it is red then it is restricted. Malaysia Film Censorship Board U PG-13 18 Banned All 18 based rating such as 18SG, 18SX, 18PA and 18PL are merged to 18 due to direction by Film Censorship Board. Maldives NBC G PG 12+ 15+ 18+/18+R PU Any film with an 18+R classification should advertise with a warning on specified contents presumed directly or indirectly affecting an individual. PU films are allowed for professional use only. Mexico RTC AA A B B-15 C D N/A The "B-15" rating is for cinema only. Netherlands Kijkwijzer AL 6 9 12 16 N/A 12-rated programs can only air past 8PM and 16-rated programs can only air past 10PM. New Zealand OFLCNZ G PG R13/R15/R16 R18 N/A All ages may watch an M title, but parents are advised that the content is more suitable for mature people 16 years and over. Nobody under the given age can legally see an R rated film, although sometimes an RP rating is provided meaning that those under the given age must watch under adult supervision. M Nigeria NFaVCB G PG 12/12A 15 18 N/A Norway A 7 11 15 18 N/A Children up to four years younger than the given rating (with the exception of 18-rated films) can watch the film provided they are accompanied by an adult. Peru Apt 14 18 N/A Children under the given rating cannot watch unless accompanied by an adult. Philippines MTRCB GP R-13 R-18 X Until the early 2000s, a plain R rating was used instead of the current R-13 and R-18 ratings. This previous rating restricted the audience to those above 17. PG-13 Poland KRRiT BO 7 12 15 18A 18 N/A 7 is not considered an official rating. Country/System 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Adult Other Notes Portugal CCE M/0 M/6 M/12 M/16 M/18 N/A Singapore MDA G PG/PG13 NC16 M18 R21 N/A Movies rated "R21" are excluded from television ads and video releases. South Africa FaPB G PG 13 16 R18/X18 N/A X18-rated media is prevented from having a cinema release or a television advertisement. Sweden Statens medieråd Btl 7 11 15 (Unrated) N/A Younger children can watch 7-rated films, and if at least 7 years old 11-rated, if accompanied by an adult at least 18 years old. Some rental shops and adult cinemas use an unofficial "18 år" (from 18 years) rating Republic of China GIO 普 (General) 護 (Protect) 輔 (Counsel) 限 (Restrict) N/A Children up to six years younger than 12 (Protect) or 18 (Counsel) may watch however only if under parental guidance. Thailand P/G 13+ 15+ 18+ X18+ Banned Before the rating system was introduced often cut were made to reduce sexual content. United Kingdom BBFC U PG 12A/12 15 18 R18 Rejected 12A legally requires parental supervision for those under 12. 15 does not allow people below that age to be admitted, supervised or otherwise. R18 is usually reserved for pornographic content only, but, on rare cases, the cert has been given out to programs with extreme graphic violence/gore. Films marked "Rejected" are banned. United States MPAA G PG PG-13 R NC-17 NR (Not Rated) Unrated NC-17 means those who are 17 or under are not allowed in, thus one must be 18 or over for admittance. NR and Unrated cannot be viewed in theaters, however, can be broadcasted on Television and/or released on Home Video. United States FAB C/F PD PD-M EM AO N/A This rating system is only used for films which are exempt from classification by the MPAA. Canada CAC G PG 12 16 18 21 This rating system is the same as the CHVRS. It only exists for cartoons. Canada CHVRS (1994–2005) G PG/DP 14 18 XXX NA (Not Approved) This rating system is the same as the CHVRS. It only exists for rental. DP means "parental guidance" in French. XXX means "explicit material". Country/System 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Adult Other Notes Key: Spring Green + Lime – All ages may watch. Yellow – Parental guidance is suggested. Orange – Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted. Red + Brown – Restricted to an older audience unless accompanied by an adult. Black – Restricted to adults only. Purple – Doesn't have a rating but public viewing prohibited but can be bought if not in a public store. Explanations of specific ratings are available below. [edit] Australia Main article: Australian Classification Board Australian Ratings The Classification Board and Classification Review Board are government-funded organizations which classifies all films that are released for public exhibition. E – Exempt from classification. Films that are exempt from classification must not contain contentious material (i.e. material that would ordinarily be rated M or higher). G – General. The content is very mild in impact. PG – Parental guidance recommended. There are no age restrictions. The content is mild in impact. M – Recommended for mature audiences. There are no age restrictions. The content is moderate in impact. MA15+ – Mature Accompanied. Unsuitable for children younger than 15. Children younger than 15 years must be accompanied by a parent or guardian. The content is strong in impact. R18+ – Restricted to 18 years and over (Only films). Adults only. The content is high in impact. X18+ – Restricted to 18 years and over (Only films). Films with this rating have pornographical content. No violence nor "fetishes", including spanking, may only be legally sold in the two territories (ACT and the Northern Territory but may be purchased interstate via mail order). The content is sexually explicit in impact. RC – Refused Classification. Banned from sale or hire in Australia. Films are rated RC if their content exceeds the guidelines. The content is extremely high in impact. [edit] Austria [edit] Cinema Motion pictures are rated in Austria by a commission of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, the Arts and Culture (Bundesministerium für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur). This commission issues an age recommendation for each title from the following list: Freigegeben für alle Altersstufen – no age restriction Freigegeben ab 6 Jahren – not recommended for people younger than 6 years of age Freigegeben ab 10 Jahren – not recommended for people younger than 10 years of age Freigegeben ab 12 Jahren – not recommended for people younger than 12 years of age Freigegeben ab 14 Jahren – not recommended for people younger than 14 years of age Freigegeben ab 16 Jahren – not recommended for people younger than 16 years of age The ratings are published on the ministries website and can be either accepted or changed by the nine federal states. [edit] DVD and video Home video releases are not rated in Austria Usually the German FSK-ratings are printed on the cases, although they do not have any legal meaning. For this reason many films which are banned in Germany can be bought on DVD in Austria. [edit] Belgium There are only three classifications for movies shown in Belgian movie theatres: KT/EA – Kinderen Toegelaten/Enfants Admis (Children Admitted) – Allowed for all KNT/ENA – Kinderen Niet Toegelaten/Enfants Non Admis (Children Not Admitted) – Not allowed for children younger than 16 years of age E – Exempt For DVD releases, Belgium uses the same system as the Netherlands. [edit] Brazil Symbols used by the Ministry of Justice for the film ratings Movies are rated in Brazil by the DJCTQ, or Department of Justice, Rating, Titles and Qualification (Departamento de Justiça, Classificação, Títulos e Qualificação in Portuguese), controlled by the Brazilian Ministry of Justice (Ministério da Justiça). No "parental guidance" ratings are used. The same rating system is also used for television shows. The DJCTQ uses the following system: L Livre para Todos os Públicos (General Audiences): This rating means that the film contains no objectionable content and can be viewed by anyone, regardless of age. 10 Não Recomendado para Menores de 10 Anos (Not Recommended for Viewers younger than 10 Years of Age): This film is recommended for persons with or over 10 years of age. May contain mild sexual and coarse language, obscenities, threat, mild physical or verbal aggression, drug allusions. 12 Não Recomendado para Menores de 12 Anos (Not Recommended for Viewers younger than 12 Years of Age): This film is recommended for persons with or over 12 years of age. May contain nudity, sexual language, obscenities, violence, sexuality, exposure of people in embarrassing or degrading situations, detailed description of a crime and aggressive acts, physical or verbal aggression (murder or mistreatment of animals, for example), exposure of a corpse, legal or illegal drug use. 14 Não Recomendado para Menores de 14 Anos (Not Recommended for Viewers younger than 14 Years of Age): This film is recommended for persons with or over 14 years of age. May contain nudity, intimate petting, heavy sexual and coarse language, violence (physical or verbal aggression, murder, torture and suicide), illegal drug use, frequent and explicit legal drug use. 16 Não Recomendado para Menores de 16 Anos (Not Recommended for Viewers younger than 16 Years of Age): This film is recommended for persons with or over 16 years of age. May contain sexual intercourse, nudity and heavy petting, graphic violence (murder and heavy physical aggression, torture, rape, mutilation, sexual abuse), explicit illegal drug use, induction to drug use. 18 Não Recomendado para Menores de 18 Anos (Not Recommended for Viewers younger than 18 Years of Age): This film is forbidden for people younger than 18 years of age. It may contain explicit sex, pornography, extreme violence (murder, torture, rape, mutilation, graphic exposure of a corpse), frequent and explicit illegal drug use and incest. It is also used to rate pornographic films. People younger than the minimum age indicated by the rating can watch the movie accompanied by their parents or an adult guardian, except for pornographic films. The films are rated by trained raters and, more recently, the DJCTQ has surveyed the audience's opinions on the ratings indicated for specific films. No "parental guidance" ratings are used. [edit] Former ratings ER Especialmente Recomendado para Crianças e Adolescentes (Especially Recommended for Children and Teenagers): This rating means that the film is especially advised for children and teenagers. [edit] Bulgaria The Bulgarian film rating system is defined in the Film Industry Law (or Act) of 2003. The National Film Rating Committee examines every film that is going to be distributed in the country and gives it a rating. In practice, the ratings are rarely displayed on posters and in film advertisements, but almost all DVDs have them on the back cover. Bulgarian film ratings Rating Accompanying inscription When is it given A Recommended to children "When the film is for children and has an educational nature." B No age restrictions "When the film confirms the ideals of humanism, promotes national and world culture or by no means contradicts to the universally accepted moral norms in the country and there are no restrictive recommendations by the Committee." C Not recommended to children younger than 12 years of age. "When the film contains certain erotic scenes or scenes with drinking, taking drugs or stimulants or a few scenes of violence." D No people younger than 16 years of age are admitted. "When the film contains quite a number of erotic scenes or scenes with drinking, taking drugs or stimulants or a considerable number of scenes showing strong violence and gore." X No people younger than the age of 18 are admitted. "When the film is naturally erotic and may contain scenes of strong gory violence and maiming with a high level of frequency." F "Films the contents of which is contrary to the universal rules of morality, that laud or exculpate atrocity, violence or taking drugs, that incite to racial, sexual, religious or national hatred, are not rated." Note: unrated films can not be distributed, as no visa is given. Before 2003 there was another rating system which was very similar to the current one (the same letter ratings were used, but the meaning of most letters was different; for example "B" stood for "not recommended for persons under the age of 12"). In practice, the rating "B" is given to most popular American films, even if they receive a more restrictive one in other countries. In 2007, a few changes to the law were made, the effect of which will probably not be big for the rating system, though a film's rating could change. These changes are in effect from January 1, 2008. Note: parts of the table above uses quotes from the English translation of the Bulgarian Film Industry Act published on the website of the Union of Bulgarian Film Makers. [edit] Canada Main article: Canadian motion picture rating system Movie ratings in Canada are a provincial responsibility, and each province has its own legislation, rules and regulations regarding rating, exhibition and admission. Ratings are required for theatrical showings of movies, but are not required for home video. Film festivals which show unrated films (because they are independent films or foreign films not submitted for ratings) are treated as private showings by selling memberships to the festival, which circumvents the theatrical rating requirement. There are currently six film classification offices rating movies in Canada, each an agency of a provincial government: in British Columbia, Saskatchewan and the Yukon, the British Columbia Film Classification Office; in Alberta, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Alberta Film Ratings; in Manitoba, the Manitoba Film Classification Board; in Ontario, the Ontario Film Review Board; in Quebec, la Régie du cinéma du Québec; in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, the Maritime Film Classification Board. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador has not legislated on film ratings and does not have a dedicated agency; some theatres use the ratings of the Maritime Film Classification Board. [edit] Home video ratings For more details on this topic, see Canadian Home Video Rating System. [edit] Outside Québec Rating Letter(s) meaning Rating meaning G General Audience All ages (Green) PG Parental Guidance Parental guidance is advised (Blue) 14A 14 Accompaniment Under 14s must be accompanied by an adult at least 18 years old (purple or yellow) 18A 18 Accompaniment Under 18 must be accompanied by an adult at least 18 years old. (In Manitoba and the Maritimes, people under 14 are prohibited from viewing the film. (orange or yellow) R Restricted No one under the age of 18 will be admitted. (Red) [edit] In Québec Quebecrating-G.pngQuebecrating-13.pngQuebecrating-16.pngQuebecrating-18.png In Québec, the Régie du cinéma ratings apply to home video products. Sticker rating labels must be provided by the distributor, and displayed on rental material. The ratings are as follows: G Suitable for all. Violence is allowed but it must be in a fantasy context and non-explicit. If there is any swearing it must be appropriate for younger children. Sexual content must be kept to an extreme minimum. Horror elements may be present but only in a way which is unlikely to scare younger children. Drug use is not allowed. 13+ Unsuitable for children under age 13. Children under 13 must be accompanied by an adult at all times. Stronger fantasy violence may be present, but if there is any blood it will be kept to a minimum. Explicit language is allowed but it cannot be used throughout. Mild sexual content is allowed, as is very mild sexual nudity but only if it is brief and implied. Strong horror moments are acceptable if it is deemed to be appropriate for young teenagers. Infrequent use of milder drugs is allowed. 16+ Unsuitable for children under age 16. Children under 16 will not be allowed to buy media with this rating regardless of whether they are accompanied by an adult. Realistic violence is allowed to a certain extent, and moderate detail of injury is also acceptable. There is no restrictions on language at the "16+" category. Moderate sexual content and mild sexual nudity is acceptable. Horror mixed with violence is acceptable in most cases. Drug use is permitted so long as it is not explicit. 18+ Most certainly unsuitable for children, and therefore off-limits from children. (A prime example is the R-rated drama Fight Club) Media with this category must be placed in a separate room. Pretty much anything that is not appropriate for children is accepted so long as it is within the law. This rating is very rarely used. [edit] Chile The Council of Cinematographic Classification (Consejo de Calificación Cinematográfica) uses the following system: TE (Todo Espectador) – For all audiences. Mayores de 14 años – Suitable for people aged 14 and older. Children younger than 14 may be accompanied by a parent or guardian 18 or older. Mayores de 18 años – Suitable for people aged 18 and older. Children younger than 18 may be accompanied by a parent or guardian 18 or older. Other categories Inconveniente para menores de 6 años (Inonvenient for children under 6 years) – Not suitable for children younger than 6 years 18/S – Suitable for people aged 18 and older with sexually explicit content. This indication signifies that the film essentially contains scenes of real and explicit sexual activity . 18/V – Suitable for people 18 and older with extreme violence [edit] People's Republic of China See also: Film industry in China The first film rating system of the People's Republic of China was expected to come out in 2005 as a part of the Motion Picture Industry Promotion Law (Chinese: 电影促进法).[2] However, the National People's Congress has not passed such a law. [edit] Colombia As of June 22, 2005, the Ministry of Culture issued its new rating system. The classifications are: T: for general audiences. The T stands for "Todos" which means "all". 6: for movies suitable for children aged 6 and above. 12: for movies suitable for children aged 12 and above. 15: for movies suitable for children aged 15 and above. 18: for movies suitable for people aged 18 and above. X: for pornography. Banned: for movies "containing elements inciting to crime or making a concrete endorsement of it." E: Exempt. [edit] Czech Republic U – Suitable for all audiences PG – Parental Guidance recommended for children under 12 12 – Suitable for children 12 and over 15 – Suitable for children 15 and over 18 – Suitable for viewers 18 and over E – Exempt from classification [edit] Denmark Prior to 1997, the releases in Denmark were rated by the National Board of Film Censorship and the possible classifications were: TILLADT FOR ALLE: Approval of the film for general admittance. TILLADT OVER 7 ÅR: Approval of the film for admittance of children from the age of 7. (Introduced in 1980) TILLADT OVER 12 ÅR: Approval of the film for admittance of children from the age of 12. (Introduced in 1960) TILLADT OVER 16 ÅR: Approval of the film for admittance of children from the age of 16. The laws were then relaxed and the ratings were made less strict. The Media Council for Children and Young People currently rates films. The classifications from then on was: Dkcensuralle.gif Approval of the film for general admittance. Dkcensur7.gif Approval of the film for general admittance, but not recommended for children younger than the age of 7. Dkcensur11.gif Approval of the film for admittance of children from the age of 11. Dkcensur15.gif Approval of the film for admittance of children from the age of 15. Dkcensurfri.gif Exempt from classification – only usen on home video products (mostly documentaries, Danish stand-up shows and educational material) Children who have turned 7 are allowed admission to all films if accompanied by an adult (a person turned 18). Consequently it is the responsibility of the parents to ensure that their children do not watch violent and hard-core pornographic films. Films accessible to the public do not have to be classified by the Media Council but consequently must be labeled as 15 – approval of the film for admittance of children from the age of 15 – no matter the content of the film. At Cinemas the 11 and 15 classifications are restricted, and the cinema has to make sure that you are the right age, or if over 7 years old, accompanied by an adult. On the home video market, only 15 is restricted, and the retailer must make sure that the purchaser is 15 years or older. It is illeagal to sell a 15 certified movie to a person under 15 years. [edit] Egypt The Egyptian government has only three movie classifications: General Audience – Everyone is admitted. Adults Only – Restricted to audiences aged 18 and above. Exempt from Classification Usually excessive violence, nudity, and sexuality is cut from motion pictures in order to release with a General audience certificate. [edit] Estonia PERE – Suitable even for the youngest children L – For all audiences with no age limit MS-6 – Under 6 not recommended MS-12 – Under 12 not recommended K-12 – Under 12 not allowed. The film contains moderate language and violence, nudity without sexual context and mild drug use. Age checking is mandatory. K-14 – Under 14 not allowed. The film contains explicit language, intense violence, nudity, mild sex scenes and drug use. Age checking is mandatory. K-16 – Under 16 not allowed. The film contains explicit language and violence, nudity, sex scenes/pornography and illegal or explicit drug use. Age checking is mandatory. Films rated MS-6 and MS-12 are allowed for these age groups only under parental guidance. But, K-12, K-14 and K-16 are not allowed even under parental guidance. The Estonian rating system is considered to be milder than in the USA and Western Europe.[3] [edit] Finland The Finnish Board of Film Classification has a film classification system under which films are classified into one of the following categories: K-3 (formerly S) – For all ages (green sign) The content is mild in this category, K-3 movies are unlikely to contains violence or sexual material or horror. Documentary films without graphic detail also receive this rating. K-7 – Only for persons 7 years or older (yellow sign) The content is mild to moderate. Violence is permitted but is limited to comic context or animated. K-7 films may contain drug references and sexual material but should be very limited. Most animations and comedies receive this rating. K-11 – Only for persons 11 years or older (orange sign) The content is moderate. Violence and horror are permitted, but they must not be very detailed. Drug use and sexual material are permitted but without very much of details. Fantasy films like Harry Potter receive this rating. K-13 – Only for persons 13 years or older (orange sign) Content is moderate to strong. Graphic violence is allowed, but only in a comedic context. Drug use can be graphic but limited. Horror and extended sexual material is allowed. But must not be aggressive. Movies like Avatar and Inception are likely to earn this rating. K-15 – Only for persons 15 years or older (orange sign) The content is strong to very strong. Violence in K-15 category is often very graphic and sometimes cruel/sadistic. Detailed and bloody violence is allowed but must not exceed any kind of prolonged or very sadistic acts. Horror can be supernatural or realistic. Horror combined with very grotesque images is not allowed. Drug use can be graphic and frequent. Sexual material (including assault) is allowed, but must not be overused for the story-line. Movies like Final Destination and Funny Games are likely to receive this rating. K-18 – Only for persons 18 years or older (red sign) The content is very strong to extreme. Movies in this category include very graphic violence with sadistic manners. Drug use has no limits. Sado-masochistic sexual acts are allowed, but must not encourage the seer to mimic it in real-life. This rating applies as well for "unchecked" material released in Finland K-E – Exempt As of 1/1/2012 The Ratings Changed. The New Ratings are: S – Allowed for Everyone. 7 – Restricted to Children Under 7. 12 – Restricted to Children Under 12. 16 – Restricted to Children Under 16. 18 – Restricted to Minors. E – Exempt. Alltough films rated 7-16 movies can be sold to a person who's no more younger than three years and must be accompanied with an adult. A person two years younger than the given rating is permitted to see a film in a movie theater when accompanied by an adult, except for 18-rated films. Only material intended to be accessible to minors (those below 18 years of age) is subject to mandatory inspection. A proper notification is sufficient for adult material. However, the board has the right to inspect material suspected of violating laws or material which was not properly notified. [edit] France Prior to showing in theaters, a license (visa d'exploitation) must be obtained from the Ministry of Culture. Upon the advice of the commission pertaining to cinema movies, the minister decides either not to grant the license (a very rare occurrence), or to grant a license among the 6 following: U (Tous publics) valid for all audiences. 10 (Déconseillé aux moins de 10 ans) unsuitable for children younger than 10 (this rating is only used for TV), on cinema its "avertissement" (warning), it means that some scenes may disturb young children and sensitive people, and on DVDs its written "accord parental" (parental guidance). 12 (Interdit aux moins de 12 ans) unsuitable for children younger than 12 or forbidden in cinemas for under 12. 16 (Interdit aux moins de 16 ans) unsuitable for children younger than 16 or forbidden in cinemas for under 16. 18 (Interdit aux mineurs) unsuitable for children younger than 18 or forbidden in cinemas for under 18. E exempt Each rating can be accompanied by a special "warning". In practice, the ministry always follows the decision of the commission. In addition, a movie bearing the "-18" rating may be considered "pornographic or inciting to violence" (colloquially referred to as "X-rated"). In this case, it bears high taxation and may be showed only in specific theatres, which are now rare in France. This classification is not used for merely violent movies, or movies containing mere erotic scenes. Classifications, as all administrative decisions, may be appealed before the courts (Conseil d'État at litigation). The movie Baise-Moi went from -16 to -18 and was branded as "pornographic". Related link: [1] (in French) [edit] Germany The Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft (Voluntary Self-Regulation of the Film Industry, FSK) has a film classification system under which films are classified into one of the following categories: Ohne Altersbeschränkung (FSK 0): no age restriction (white sign) Freigegeben ab 6 Jahren (FSK 6): no children younger than 6 years admitted (yellow sign) Freigegeben ab 12 Jahren (FSK 12): children 12 or older admitted, children between 6 and 11 only when accompanied by parent or a legal guardian (green sign) Freigegeben ab 16 Jahren (FSK 16): children 16 or older admitted, nobody under this age admitted (blue sign) Keine Jugendfreigabe (FSK 18): "no youth admitted", only adults. This rating was previously called "Nicht freigegeben unter 18 Jahren." (red sign) Infoprogramm or Lehrprogramm: "educational programming". This rating is not issued by the FSK, but may be self-applied to films seeking to educate their audience (e.g. documentaries, instructional films, etc.), provided they do not contain any material "evidently harmful to the development of children and youths".[4] Films with this rating may be sold without any age restriction. All the above ratings also contain the phrase "gemäß §14 JuSchG" (in accordance with §14 of the Youth Protection Law), signifying that they are legally binding, rather than being mere recommendations. SPIO/JK: This certificate, issued by the Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft (Head Organisation of the Film Industry, SPIO), attests that, in the eyes of the SPIO, a particular film does not violate German law, such as the ban on "glorification of violence." However, films with such a certificate may still be banned and are frequently put on the "Index". The certificate simply protects the producer/seller of a film that later gets indexed from prosecution, as he or she can claim that they had reason to believe the film did not, in fact, violate any laws. As films with this certificate are not rated by the FSK, they may be sold only to persons aged 18 or older. Furthermore, while a rating by the FSK is not legally required for a film to be sold, "unrated" films may be sold only to adults, and since most retail chains and virtually all cinemas will sell/show only films with an FSK rating, all films are normally submitted to the FSK for classification, with the exception of films that will most likely be refused a certificate (pornography or films containing extremely strong violence, for example). After a title has received a rating for a cinematic release, the FSK must approve this rating again for a home entertainment release. Some titles therefore have different FSK certificates for the cinematic release and for the DVD release. Usually, the FSK applies stricter rules to the home releases and therefore sometimes the distributors have to release a tamed down version. After 10 years, films may be resubmitted to the FSK for re-rating. Older films which have gained a FSK 18 certificate during the '50s or '60s often gain a much lower certificate now, due to a more liberal approach the FSK now takes in issuing ratings. However, due to the cost involved in resubmitting a film, it is common practice to keep the old certificate for the cinematic release and only submit bonus materials or extended scenes for classification. This leads to the seemingly paradoxical result of extended, and more violent versions of previously rated films gaining a lower certificate than the original version. Further to the above restrictions, it is also illegal to supply a film with an FSK 18, Keine Jugendfreigabe or SPIO/JK certificate, including those not on the index, without definitive means to supply proof of age. This severely limits distribution of films with these certificates, and thus it is extremely common for distributors to supply a cut version with a lower certificate so that the film can be distributed by mail order or Internet. Almost all major online distributors have declined to distribute FSK 18 or Keine Jugendfreigabe films due to the legal difficulties in the past. Shopping centers, malls have been selling films with this certificate since 2002. Amazon Germany started selling titles with this certification in November 2006. Many smaller online retailers provide an FSK 18 section which may be accessed only by sending a scanned copy of the buyer's identification card or providing the ID card's number (which includes the date of birth encoded). The legality of this practice, however, is as yet untested. In September 2006, Amazon.de became the first major retailer to provide FSK 18 rated films, by making use of an ID checking service offered by the German postal service. Before 2003, state prosecutors were able to confiscate FSK18 titles to put them on the index or ban them completely from distribution. Thus, many sellers were put off from selling these titles in the first place and instead sold the cut versions that usually carried the FSK16-tag. Under the new law of 2003, however, movies with an FSK18 certificate can no longer be confiscated or put on the index. The FSK may refuse to give an FSK18-tag because it deems the material too violent and/or sexually charged to even grant it an FSK-18 certificate. The distributor may then resubmit a cut version or refer it to the Juristenkommission for a certificate attesting that the film does not violate applicable law. Or distribute it completely unrated, which is equally limited as distributing a film listed on the "Index" – sublist A. [edit] Greece Any movies that will be shown in Greek movie theatres, whether local or foreign, must be classified. There are four ratings for movies shown in Greece and they are: K – Suitable film for everyone, including children. The film does not contain violence, drug abuse, or sexual content. K-13 – Suitable film for children 13+. The film may contain mild violence and adult themes. This is not recommended for those under 13 but not restricted. K-17 – Suitable film for adults 17+. The film may contain violence, drug abuse, and mild pornographic scenes. An ID card certifying the age is required in all Greek cinemas and DVD rental shops in order to get a cinema ticket or rent a DVD of a "K-17" rated film. This category is legally restricted. E – Exempt [edit] Hong Kong Main article: Hong Kong motion picture rating system An official government agency issues ratings for any movie that will be shown in Hong Kong movie theatres, instead of a private institution. They are: I – suitable for all ages (circle sign) IIA – some content is unsuitable for children; parental guidance suggested (square sign) IIB – some content is unsuitable for children and young persons; parental guidance suggested (square sign) III – for aged 18 and above only (triangle sign) Of the four levels, Levels I, IIA, and IIB are unrestricted. Only Level III is a restricted category. Ticket sellers in movie theatres have a legal right to check the identity of a person who wishes to watch a Level III film to ensure legal compliance. [edit] Hungary Hungarian ratings are decided by the Rating Committee of the National Office of Film[5]: KN – suitable for all (category I.) 6 – not suitable for childen under 6.(category II.) 12 – not suitable for children under 12. (category III.) 16 – not suitable for children under 16. (category IV.) 18 – not suitable for people under 18. (category V.) X – only for adults (category VI.) Before 2004, there was 14 instead of 12, and there was not any fifth category. [edit] Iceland SmáÍs movie rating labele Kvikmyndaeftirlit Ríkisins was started in 1932 and ran until 1997. That year the name changed into Kvikmyndaskoðun and ran until 2006. Since 1997 the board does not edit movies. The old rating system from Kvikmyndaeftirlit Ríkisins and Kvikmyndaskoðun is still valid and is as follows: L: Suitable for all LH: Not suitable for very young viewers replaced by 7 10: Passed only for children 10 and older replaced by 7 12: Passed only for children 12 and older 14: Passed only for children 14 and older 16: Passed only for children 16 and older AB: Banned (1932–1997) replaced by 18 From July 1, 2006 Kvikmyndaskoðun was closed and Smáís has taken over the responsibility of rating systems in Iceland. Simultaneously, a new rating system started and is as following: L: Suitable for all 7: Passed only for 7 and older 12: Passed only for 12 and older 14: Passed only for 14 and older 16: Passed only for 16 and older 18: Passed only for 18 and older Certain films that have been rated as "LH" or "10" under the old system have been re-rated as "7". [edit] India Sample Censor certificate issued by Indian Censor Board that appears just before the beginning of a film. "V/U" implies that the film is sanctioned for video exhibition and given a rating of Unrestricted Public Exhibition. In India, Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) is responsible for certifying films meant for public exhibition. The Censor Board presently gives four categories of certificates, namely, U: Unrestricted Public Exhibition throughout India, U/A: Unrestricted public exhibition with parental guidance for children below the age of 10 A: Public exhibition restricted to adults above 18 years only, S: Exhibition to restricted audience such as doctors etc. Additionally, V/U, V/A are used for video releases with U and A carrying the same meaning as above. [edit] Indonesia Motion pictures shown in Indonesia must undergo reviewing by the Indonesian Film Censor Board (Lembaga Sensor Film). Other than issuing certificates, the LSF also reviews and issues permits for film-related advertising, such as movie trailers and posters. LSF has the authority to cut scenes from films. Certificates are issued based on the following categories: SU (Semua Umur): All ages A (Anak-anak): Children (2–12 years) BO-A (Bimbingan Orangtua-Anak-anak): Parental Guidance-Children BO (Bimbingan Orangtua): Parental Guidance (parental supervision is strongly recommended for persons under 13 years) BO-SU (Bimbingan Orangtua-semua-umur): Parental Guidance-All Ages R (Remaja): Teen (All ages admitted years and over) D (Dewasa): Adult (All ages admitted and over) [edit] Ireland The Irish Film Classification Office (IFCO) under which theatrical films are placed into one of the following categories: G – General – Suitable for viewing by anyone. PG – Parental Guidance – Parental guidance is recommended for children under the age of 12. 12A – Parental Guidance required for children under 12 – A person over 18 years of age must accompany a child under the age of 12 when seeing a film theatrically. Prior to 2004 this used to be 12PG. 15A – Parental Guidance required for children under 15 – A person over 18 years of age must accompany a child under the age of 15 when seeing a film theatrically. Prior to 2004 this used to be 15PG. 16 – Films classified in this category are considered to be suitable for persons of sixteen or over. Children under this age cannot be admitted to screenings. Violent content, crude and sexual content, and depiction of violence may be stronger than in films designated 15A. Introduced in 2004. 18 – Adults only – The film is suitable only for adults. Nobody under this age can be admitted. 9 Songs in October 2004 became the first film featuring explicit sex scenes to receive a certificate. Films without certification are not ipso facto banned and have been shown at film festivals and arthouse clubs such as the Irish Film Institute. For video releases (VHS and DVD), categories G, PG and 18 share the same meanings as above, however, there is no 16, and categories 12 and 15 are mandatory, not advisory. There used to be an additional category, 12RA, for video releases. This means that children under 12 can watch the video however an adult of at least 18 years old must accompany him/her. This is an extremely rarely used rating. Due to there not being a "16" classification for home media it the movie is sometimes cut on the video version in order to meet the guidelines of the "15" classification. All videos and DVDs (except for exempt videos such as music videos and educational material) must be submitted for classification by the IFCO and then displayed on the front of the packaging, the back of the packaging and on the individual discs. The rating of a movie may be appealed up to six months after the release of a film. After this period expires the same uncut film is not allowed to be appealed until at least seven years after the release. Originally, IFCO used to ban far more films, however they still occasionally ban films (i.e. Boy Eats Girl was banned due to a suicide attempt but was appealed and was re-rated as 15A). [edit] Italy It was enforced since 1963 and all films aimed to be shown in Italy are classified into one of the following categories by the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities: T: All ages admitted. The mark is a circle with a huge T inside on a green background. V.M.14: Nobody under the age of 14 years is allowed, parental guidance is strongly advised. The movie is likely to contain either sexual content, violence and some drug use. The mark is a circle with a 14 inside on an orange background. Examples in this category: Smokin'Aces, Drive Angry, Severance and Final Destination 5 V.M.18: Nobody under the age of 18 years is allowed, for older audiences only. The movie is likely to contain very explicit and strong sexual content, strong and/or extreme violence and gore or really explicit drug use. The mark is a circle with an 18 inside on a red or bordeaux background. Examples in this category: Hard Candy, Fight Club, A clockwork orange and American History X In the past, pornographic or disturbing movies like Deep Throat and Last Summer were given a special X rating, but this rating does not take part of the official censorship and is used today only for pornographic videos. Some films were even banned for their extreme pornographic contents, disturbing violence or for their political connotation. For example were banned Freaks, Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom and Cannibal Holocaust, although these bans were lifted after. Few films like Last Tango in Paris were even sentenced to be burnt at the stake. The laws which allow such bans are still in force today, although have fallen into disuse. [edit] Japan A Japanese film rating regulator known as Eirin (映倫?) (full-name: Eiga Rinri Kanri Iinkai (映画倫理管理委員会?)) has a film classification system under which films are classified into one of the following categories: G: General audiences, all ages admitted. PG-12: Some material may be inappropriate for children under the age of 12. Parental or adult accompaniment recommended. The film contains mature themes, partial nudity, explicit language, some violence, etc. which is inappropriate for people under 12. R15+: No children under 15 admitted. The film contains adult themes, nudity, explicit language, violence, sexual situations, etc. which is inappropriate for people under 15. R18+: No children under 18 admitted. The film contains adult themes, detailed violence, explicit sex, sexual violence, pornographic content, drug use, etc. which is inappropriate for people under 18. [edit] Latvia In Latvia, the film presenters added classification is the same as the one applied by the producers of the film. However, this could change from 2008, because in July 2007 the government of Latvia made a law that indicates a more strict classification policy. The classifications are approved by the National Cinema Center (Latvian: Nacionālais Kino Centrs). There is a new 'refreshed' rating system from July 2007. (The following classifications will operate as of September 2007) U: rated for all ages (added in July 2007). 7+: Not recommended for viewers younger than 7. 12+: Not recommended for viewers younger than 12. 16+: Not recommended for viewers younger than 16. 18+ (blue): Not recommended for minors. 18+ (red): Prohibited from viewing by minors. X: Prohibited from public viewing. [edit] Malaysia See also: Censorship in Malaysia Malaysia's motion picture rating system was introduced in 1996. According to the Ministry of Home Affairs, all films in Malaysia, whether local or foreign, are scrutinised and then categorised by the Film Censorship Board Film Control Division before being distributed and screened to the public. The board was established under the Film Censorship Act 1952 and was later replaced by the Film Censorship Act 2002. In accordance to this act, the Film Censorship Board is appointed by the Minister of Home Affairs. A panel is then appointed by the chairman of the board to view each film. Once the film is viewed, the board then categorises the film as follows: Approved Passed Clean (i.e. without cuts) (Lulus Bersih) (in this case the movie distributor can place "No Cuts!" on the film's advertisement.) Passed with Cuts (Lulus Dengan Potongan) (usually should the content of a scene is deemed inappropriate for screening by the Board. Usually these are nudity and/or sex scenes which are extended and/or irrelevant to the film's plot.) Not Approved Forbidden (Haram) (Equivalent to "Refused Classification", these films are banned from being screened or sold in Malaysia) Rejected (Ditolak) (Application was refused without viewing the film in question) Should a film be approved, the Board then assigns one of the following rating to it: U (Umum, literally General Audiences) – For general audiences. (Triangular sign) PG-13 – Children under 13 not admitted unless accompanied by an adult. Film may contain scenes that are inappropriate for younger children. This classification was introduced in 2007. Examples include The Dark Knight. (Circle with a horizontal line in the middle through its diameter) 18 – This film is for aged 18 years and above only. No people under this age will be admitted. Film may contain adult themes, explicit scenes, mature content, nudity, strong language, and/or sex, etc. Shutter Island and Fire of Conscience are two of the first movies to be classified under this rating. This rating is used for 18+ movies released after 14 April 2010. Any 18+ movies shown in cinemas after that date will be classified as 18. The rating still uses the circle sign that the previous ratings 18SG, 18SX, 18PA and 18PL used. Any movies previously classified using the old 18+ ratings will now be re-classified as 18. However, video classification that still rated as the previous 18+ ratings is still valid. Categories U and PG-13 are unrestricted, only 18 is a restricted category. Prior to April 2010, there were four 18+ classification with two letters added, however, it has been abolished due to direction by the Film Censorship Board. The ratings are listed below: 18SG (Seram, Ganas, literally Graphic Violence and Horror/Terror) – Film contains strong violence, gore or horror/terror that people may find objectionable. 18SX (Seks, literally Sexual Content) – Film contains sex scenes, nudity and/or sexual dialogues/references that people may find objectionable. 18PA (Politik, Agama, literally Strong Religious or Political Elements) – Film contains elements which include religious, social or political aspects that people may find objectionable. 18PL (Pelbagai, literally Variety) – Film may contain strong violence, gore, horror/terror, sex scenes, nudity, sexual dialogues/references, religious, social and/or political aspects people may find objectionable. (Example: A film with strong violence and sexual references will be classified as 18PL). 18+ rated films require an accompanying adult for underaged patrons, though cinemas reserve the right to refuse sale or deny admission to underages even with adult accompaniment as they see fit or needed. All film and cinema advertisements in newspapers must clearly show the classification for a movie. For clarity reasons, cinema schedules in local newspapers only state the movie's rating if it is not rated as "U". All three ratings in use also cover other types of films (e.g. direct-to-video, documentaries, etc.) not released in cinemas. Due to piracy of music CDs and DVD/VCDs in Malaysia, all original musical works or movies on any format are required to have a hologram sticker with the words "Tulen KPDN & HEP Original". For films, a movie certification sticker by the Film Censorship Board of Malaysia (Lembaga Penapisan Filem Malaysia) bearing the signature of the director and the words "Pengerusi Lembaga Penapisan Filem Malaysia", a serial number and the films classification is required before it can be sold. [edit] Maldives With the formation of National Bureau of Classification on December 29, 2005, a new classification regulation and a new rating system for movies were introduced. A classification certificate must be obtained first, before a movie or a movie-related production is released for commercial use including its trailers. NBC has the authority to cut scenes from movies. Classification certificates issued are based on the following categories: New NBC film ratings.jpg G – General viewing. No material that may evoke fear or concern, no violence, no sexual acts, no language, no drug abuse, no nudity. PG – Parental Guidance. No material that may evoke fear or concern, no violence, no sexual acts, no language, no drug abuse, no nudity. However, viewing films of this category requires parental guidance for those under 8. This rating is rarely used. 12+ – For viewers aged 12 and above. Mild violence, no sexual acts, infrequent harsh language, light drug abuse in productions that target this age group. 15+ – For viewers aged 15 and above. Moderate violence, no sexual acts, some harsh language, moderate drug abuse. 18+ – For viewers aged 18 and above. Strong violence, sexual scenes, harsh language, strong drug abuse, veiled nudity. 18+R – 18+ and Restricted. High level violence, sexual scenes, harsh language, strong drug abuse, veiled nudity. Contents of this category may be inappropriate for some individuals. PU – Released for PROFESSIONAL USE ONLY and is not classified for commercial use. Violence, nudity, sex scenes and strong language are released for educational, artistic and intellectual purposes under this category. Frontal nudity and sex scenes are censored. Pornography is banned. [edit] Malta In Malta, the vast majority of motion pictures do not receive a separate release/distribution, which means that local distributors import DVDs and Blu-ray Discs that bear classifications appointed in other countries: mainly, Great Britain and the United States. Motion picture consumers, therefore, refer to the BBFC, or its North American counterpart, for viewership guidance. Where public viewing is concerned, however, by rule of law, distributors must submit motion pictures to be shown in cinemas, for example, or for theatre reproduction, to a Government-appointed Board of Film and Stage Classification, which classifies productions in one of the following criteria: U (Universal) – Suitable for all. PG (Parental Guidance) – Some material may be unsuitable for younger children. Children under the age of 12 are to be accompanied by an adult. 12 – Suitable only for persons 12 years and older. Nobody under this age will be admitted. 14 – Suitable only for persons 14 years and older. Nobody under this age will be admitted. 16 – Suitable only for persons 16 years and older. Nobody under this age will be admitted. 18 – Suitable only for persons 18 years and older. Nobody under this age will be admitted. Banned – As a final resort, there are instances in which a few motion pictures as well as theatre productions have been banned from public viewing. This ban also extends to hardcore as well as softcore pornographic material, which remains illegal in the country as of 2010. Naturally, since Maltese authorities regulate only public viewing material, it remains possible to acquire a film that the Board of Film and Stage Classification have classified as Banned at a DVD/Blu-ray disk shop, provided the shop imports from countries where the film has not been denied distribution, or is otherwise restricted. One example of such a film, available at local DVD shops yet banned for public viewing at the nation's cinemas, is Ken Park. In spite of the widespread importation practices described above, pornographic material generally remains unavailable at local shops. Unlike the BBFC, the Board of Film and Stage Classification does not cut motion pictures per se: the last motion picture cut, a brutal religious drama that was similarly classified as prohibited in Sweden, was heavily edited for viewership in 1985. The film, left largely unintelligible, garnered a negative response from the public, which led authorities to abandon their practice of tampering with films. Due in part to this reluctance, the possibility of having a film banned for public viewing in Malta is perhaps slightly greater than it is elsewhere, although changes in Maltese society, and the church's ever-diminishing loss of clout, have allowed, in this regard, for a tolerant environment that mirrors the practices of other European countries. [edit] Mexico The General Directorate of Radio, Television and Cinematography (in Spanish, Dirección General de Radio, Televisión y Cinematografía, or RTC[2]) is the issuer of ratings for television programs (although only one channel in Mexico explicitly shows the classification on each program, XEIMT-TV in Mexico City) and motion pictures. The RTC is a dependency of the Department of State (Secretaría de Gobernación). It has its own classification system, as follows: AA Informative-only rating: Specially suited for the interests of children under 7. This rating is usually seen in conjunction with animated TV shows or movies aimed at children. TV shows and movies under this rating have little to no violence, offensive language, and/or drug abuse. Sexual content is limited to mild affection and/or platonic friendship. A Informative-only rating: General Audience. Suited for persons ages 7–11. Minimum or no violence, sexual or drug use content. B Informative-only rating: For children 12 or over. Parental guidance suggested. Minimum and specifically motivated non-extreme violence. Sex can be shown, so long as it's implied. Nudity might be present, but not in an erotic or degrading manner. Drug use can be referenced, but actual consumption and any scenes condoning or glorifying drug abuse are prohibited. Language may be dirty, but no verbal violence. B-15 Informative-only rating: For children 15 or over. More explicit content than B rating, but extreme violence, explicit sexual content, drug abuse (or scenes of drugs being glorified), and verbal violence is still prohibited. C Restrictive rating: For adults over 18. High degree of violence (including cruelty), sexual content, and/or drug abuse/references. Verbal violence and offensive language is permitted, but only for narrative purposes. D Restrictive rating: Adults-only. Commonly known as X-rated. May contain strong sexual situations, explicit language, and extreme violence. [edit] Netherlands In the Netherlands, the Kijkwijzer system is used, which is executed by the NICAM. Unrestricted: AL Suitable for all ages (in Dutch: Alle Leeftijden). 6 Not recommended for children younger than 6 years. Replaced the older MG6 ("Meekijken Gewenst"), where parental guidance was recommended for viewers younger than 6 years. 9 Not recommended for children younger than 9 years. Now a standard rating. First used for Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban because of very frightening elements. 12 Not recommended for children younger than 12 years; broadcasting is not allowed before 20:00 (8:00 p.m.). Restricted: 16 Not allowed for children younger than 16 years; hence, according to Wetboek van Strafrecht art. 240A, it is forbidden to admit such a person to a screening, or rent out, sell, or give the movie (DVD, video, computer file, etc.) to such a person; broadcasting is not allowed before 22:00 (10:00 p.m.). Mostly, these icons are used along with other symbols, displaying if a movie contains violence, sexual content, frightening scenes, drug or alcohol abuse, discrimination, or coarse language. These symbols are also used for TV-programs in the Netherlands. The TV channel mostly chooses for Black / White. But Nickelodeon uses: Orange / White (Except TeenNick (Evening Block): Black / White.), Disney Channel uses: Blue / Purple, Disney XD uses: Green / Black. [edit] New Zealand Main article: Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand) New Zealand Ratings The Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 gives the Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand) the power to classify publications into three categories: unrestricted, restricted, or "objectionable". With a few exceptions, films, videos, DVDs and restricted computer games must carry a label before being offered for supply or exhibited to the public. The currently available unrestricted ratings are: G Suitable for general audiences. PG Parental guidance may be needed for younger viewers. M Suitable for mature audiences 16 years and over. The most common restricted ratings are: R13 Restricted to persons 13 years and over. R16 Restricted to persons 16 years and over. R18 Restricted to persons 18 years and over. The least common restricted ratings are: R15 Restricted to persons 15 years and over. RP13 Children under age 13 not admitted unless accompanied by an adult. RP16 Children under age 16 not admitted unless accompanied by an adult. R Restricted to a certain audience. Under New Zealand law it is possible for the New Zealand Film and Video Labelling Body to give an unrestricted rating to a film if it has been given an unrestricted rating by either the Australian Classification Board in Australia or, if the Australian Board has not reviewed it, the British Board of Film Classification, and it is not likely to be restricted under New Zealand censorship law. If a film has received a restricted rating (of at least 15+) in either Australia or the UK it must be classified by the OFLC. The OFLC may restrict a film to a certain audience, either by age or by purpose. The Office can assign any age restriction, but R13, R16 and R18 are most commonly used, with R15 used less often. Persons under the age restriction may not see the film under any circumstance, even with parental consent. However, the Office may assign an RP rating (i.e. RP13 or RP16) which allows children under the age of classification to see the film with an accompanying parent or adult guardian. The Office may also restrict a film to a certain purpose, in which case the R rating is used. The film is considered objectionable unless the conditions of the restriction are met. This may mean that a film is limited to viewing for study or research purposes, theatrical release, or for screening at film festivals. For instance, the film Irréversible is classified R18, but with additional restrictions limiting it to "the purposes of theatrical exhibition or study in tertiary institutions only". [edit] Nigeria The National Film and Video Censors Board classifies films, videos, DVDs, and VCDs. The categories are: G: General admittance. PG: Parental Guidance suggested. 12: Suitable for children aged 12 years and older. 12A: Same as 12, but younger children can be admitted if accompanied. 15: Suitable for children aged 15 years and older. 18: Suitable for people aged 18 years and older. RE: Restricted Exhibition: can be shown only subject to certain restrictions. [edit] Norway In Norway all movies have to be registered by the Norwegian Media Authority (Medietilsynet, formerly Filmtilsynet), a government agency, to be exhibited commercially. Though if distributors wish, they can just register the movie with the agency without any need for approval, but the distributor is then obligated not to admit anyone under the age of 18. The distributor is also responsible that the movie does not violate Norwegian law (only applies to movies with "degrading hardcore sexual content"). Movies are rated using the following classifications: A (all ages) No violence/threat content, sex and nudity must be limited this appeals for documentaries aswell 7 (ages 7 and up) Comic violence, sex scenes, drug use, horror elements must be minimal. 11 (ages 11 and up) Moderate violence, coarse language, sex scenes, nudity, moderate drug use, suicide scenes and attempts 15 (ages 15 and up) Strong bloody violence and gore, strong drug use, strong sex scenes and nudity, glorification of suicide 18 (adults only) Strong gory and sadistic violence, gross content, explicit drug use, frequent sex scenes and nudity, aggressive behaviour Films rated 7, 11 or 15 may also be seen by children accompanied by a parent or adult guardian if the child has turned 4, 8 or 11 years, respectively. In addition to the ratings, the board indicates if a movie is suitable for children, families, youths or adults. A film may be given a rating even though it is intended for an older age group, e.g. an "A" film might be intended for adults if it does not contain material unsuitable for young children. The Norwegian Media Authority have a somewhat greater tolerance for bad language and suggestive content than certain other countries, therefore films rated PG-13 in USA, might be given '7+' or the 'Suitable for all' rating. Examples are The Simpsons Movie or Step Up. The board also indicates if a rating is "hard". A "hard" 11/15 rating is usually indicated by the text "not advised for children/youths under 11/15" ("frarådes barn/ungdom under 11/15 år"), however this does not affect if children under the given age are allowed to see the film if accompanied. In 2000 a Board of Appeal was established. Prior to this the ratings board could choose to reclassify a film. [edit] Pakistan In Pakistan all films are applied to Central Board of Film Censors No Restriction: Suitable For Everyone UR:Unrated PG: Parental Guidance Required For Under 10 PG-13: Parental Guidance Required For Under 13 R or AO:18+ X:Pornographic Content [edit] Peru The motion picture rating system for movies shown in Peruvian movie theatres are: Apt General audiences. All ages are admitted. 14 Intense violence and language. No children under 14 admitted without the company of an adult. 18 Extreme graphic violence, language and drug abuse. This rating also extends to pornography films. No children under 18 admitted without the company of an adult. [edit] Philippines Main article: Movie and Television Review and Classification Board#Motion_pictures In the Philippines, motion pictures are rated by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board, a special agency of the Office of the President. Television programmes are also rated (see the article). There are 6 different ratings the board utilizes. These are: Unrestricted G — All ages admitted. Partially restricted but suggested PG-7 - Children under 7 must be accompanied by an adult, otherwise he/she would be rejected PG-13 — Children under 13 must be accompanied by an adult, otherwise he/she would be rejected. Restricted R-13 — Strictly for persons 13 years old and over. R-18 — Strictly for persons 18 years old and over. X — Not for public viewing. However, on this system, there are no pictogram intended for each rating. [edit] Poland Polish television rating certificates. Ratings in Poland are not set by any board or advisory body, but it rather depends on distribution company, cinema or television station. In case of television, the supervisory body – Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji (KRRiT, The National Council of Radio Broadcasting and Television) can impose fines upon those responsible for improper rating of a broadcast, or lack of it. Rating for movies shown in cinemas: AL (All) – Suitable for everyone 7 – Suitable for children 7 years and older (this rating is not considered 'official', but it's used by some cinemas. Other variations include '6', '8', '9' or '10') 12 – Suitable for children 12 years and older 15 – Suitable for children 15 years and older AP – (Adult Persons) Only for adults 21 – [EMERGENCY RATING] Only for adults, contains graphic and "unnecessary" violence; only a few movies have been rated 21 (namely Irréversible, Le Dobermann, Caligula, and Baise-Moi). Ratings for programmes and movies shown on television: Green circle – for everyone Yellow triangle – age indicated in triangle (7, 12, 16) Red circle – for adults (18 years) [edit] Portugal Movies are rated in Portugal by the Comissão de Classificação de Espectáculos of the Ministry of Culture. In cinemas the ratings are mandatory whereas for video releases they are merely advisory. The categories are the following: M/0 Suitable for all audiences. This is used mostly for movies and videos that are particularly recommended for young children. M/6 Passed for viewers aged 6 and older. May have some mild content/foul language. This is also the lowest rating a subtitled movie can get. M/12 Passed for viewers aged 12 and older. Younger viewers must be accompanied by an adult. Movies rated M/12 may contain strong violence and some gore (if in a comic context). Implied sex and sexual references, suicide, strong language and drug references M/16 Passed for viewers aged 16 and older. Younger viewers must be accompanied by an adult. Movies rated M/16 may contain strong bloody violence and gore, sexual violence, aggressive language, sex scenes with some nudity, drug use, M/18 Passed for viewers aged 18 and older. Younger viewers must be accompanied by an adult, although if they are too young the person responsible for admission into movie theaters can deny entrance. Movies rated M/18 may contain high level violence and gore, strong sustained sexual violence, glorification of suicide, frequent sex scenes, pornographic aspects, frequent aggresive strong language, strong drugs use [edit] Special classifications These classifications can be added to the previous ones: Pornographic (M/18-P) Generic characteristics: content is considered pornographic if it contains, cumulatively: a) exploitation of situations to try to arouse the spectator; b) low aesthetic quality. Specific characteristics: the first level (hardcore: content that presents a very thorough demonstration of real sexual acts being perpetrated, with the exhibition of genitalia); the second level (softcore: content that presents a very insistent and thorough demonstration of simulated sexual acts). Quality (M/4-Q, M/6-Q, M/12-Q, M/16-Q, M/18-Q) Content that, due to its artistic, thematic, educational and technical aspects deserve this attribute. [edit] Romania National Audiovisual Council of Romania rating system: A.P. Acordul părinţilor. (Parental guidance) 12 Interzis copiilor sub 12 ani. (Forbidden under the age of 12) 15 Nerecomandat copiilor sub 15 ani. (Not recommended under 15 years of age) 18 Interzis minorilor sub 18 ani. (Forbidden under 18 years of age – white sign) 18* Interzis minorilor sub 18 ani. (Not for under 18 years of age – contains pornographic images – red sign) [edit] Russia [edit] History USSR had a board of film classification: Для любой зрительской аудитории (For all ages) – Suitable for all. Для любой зрительской аудитории (за исключением некоторых сеансов) (For all ages except some films) – Suitable for all except some films. Для лиц старше 16 лет (For people above 16 years) – Unsuitable for children under 16 years It was later canceled. In 2001 two ratings were added (12 and 18) and in 2005 one rating was added (14). [edit] Action board of classification Фильм разрешён для показа в любой зрительской аудитории (Film allowed for any age) – All ages are admitted. No age restrictions. Детям до 10 лет фильм разрешён в сопровождении родителей (Film allowed for children under 10 if they accompanied by parents) – Parental guidance under 10 years. Фильм разрешён детям, достигшим 14 лет (Film for children above 14) – Unsuitable for children under 14. Film has adult topics. Фильм разрешён детям старше 16 лет (Film for children above 16) – Unsuitable for children under 16. Film has violence, fear or excessive bloodshed. Фильм разрешён детям старше 18 лет (Film for children above 18) – Unsuitable for children under 18. Film has discrimination, violence or bare bodies. Фильмы, которым отказано в классификации (Refused Classification) – Banned. [edit] Singapore See also: Censorship in Singapore and Cinema of Singapore The revised film rating system which took effect from 15th July 2011 Introduced in July 1991. Movies in Singapore are rated by Media Development Authority. The categories are: G General – Suitable for all ages. This category is rarely used except mainly for animated films. PG Parental Guidance – Suitable for all ages, but should provide guidance to their young. This is the most common rating for movies and video releases in Singapore for years. PG13 Parental Guidance 13 – Introduced since 15 July 2011, this is an advisory rating that falls between PG and NC16. The rating will also be extended to free-to-air television for broadcasting after 10pm. NC16 No Children Under 16 – For persons 16 years and above. (Note: The first film to be rated NC16 was Saving Private Ryan, which could not be passed as a PG film due to the violence present in the film, but lacked an adult theme to be rated R(A)) M18 Mature 18 – For persons 18 years and above. It was introduced in 2004. R21 Restricted 21 – For persons 21 years and above only (formerly known as R(A),Restricted (Adult)). Films under this category are excluded from screening in residential areas, television advertisements and video releases. Orange rectangles are restricted ratings whereas green circles are general ratings. The rating PG13 is a new rating. G, have no restriction on age and all audiences are allowed admission. Regulation on the presence of adults for PG and PG13 rated shows are advised but not strictly enforced. NC16, M18 and R21 groups are restricted to persons of the specified age or above of the particular group. Even if accompanied by a parent or guardian, no person under the specified age may be admitted; cinemas are legally obligated to check the identity document of every patron attending a film with a restricted rating. [edit] South Africa South African ratings are issued, certified and regulated by the Film and Publication Board. All broadcasters, cinemas and distributors of DVD/video and computer games must comply with the following: G – This is a film that does not contain any obscenity, and is suitable for family viewing. PG – Parental guidance recommended for young children (Those Under 6). Low impact classifiable elements.[6] 9M – Those under 9 must be accompanied by an adult.[6] 10 – Viewers must be 10 or older.[7] [edit] Spain Attitudes toward film censorship in Spain are unusual due to the adverse effect of dictatorship and heavy censorship until 1975 under General Francisco Franco. Therefore, most Spanish citizens are against censorship of any kind and prefer personal responsibility and liberalism, thus very few people show serious respect for certification of films. For example, cinemas in Spain never ask for identification.[citation needed] APTA – Suitable for all audiences Especialmente Recomendada para la Infancia – Especially suitable for small children 7 – Suitable for audiences 7 and older 12 – Suitable for audiences 12 and older 16 – Suitable for audiences 16 and older 18 – Suitable for audiences 18 and older Película X – Pornographic movie, violence apology, and not allowed for those under 21. Films with the Película X rating are only allowed in eight theaters in Spain. In 2009, Saw VI was the first film to be classified "Película X" solely for its violent content. Buena Vista, the distributor, unsuccessfully appealed the decision.[8][9] The film achieved wider release in October 2010, after edits were made to achieve an "18" rating. [edit] Sweden Statens medieråd (the Swedish Media Council)[10] was founded January 1, 2011, when the former Statens biografbyrå (National Board of Film Classification) merged with Medierådet (formerly also called The Swedish Media Council). The Media Council is a government agency with the aims to reduce the risk of harmful media influences among minors and to empower minors as conscious media users. The task of the Swedish Media Council’s film classification[11] is to determine whether films are liable to harm the well-being of children in different age groups. The Swedish age classifications are not to be regarded as recommendations of suitability for children, but relate only to the risk of harm to children’s well-being according to the law SFS 2010:1882.[12] The examination of the Swedish Media Council focus on violence and do not take into account the religious, political or moral attitude of films. Nor do they act as an arbiter of taste. Every film is classified in its own unique context and the age ratings are based on expertise and experience. The rating is not mainly based on parental taste, in opposite to the USA. Only a very limited amount of violence is allowed in films for very young children. The classification process also includes assessments of film sequences that may have a terrifying effect on young children, including films and sequences that are difficult for children to understand and liable to cause confusion and fear. Since cinema films in most cases are subtitled and not dubbed in Sweden, the possibility for children to read the subtitles is sometimes an issue. Films do not have to be submitted for classification if they are screened for audiences over the age of 15, or not intended for public viewing. However, this is the practice: when a film is rated, it can not be considered to violate any laws regarding its content. It is a criminal offense to hire or sell videos containing unlawful depictions of violence, thus meaning that the distributor could be held responsible for the content of a film if unrated. It is illegal also to rent or sell videos depicting realistic violence to children below the age of 15. The censors, scientific professionals in the field of behavioural sciences, are contracted for a term of two years (so that they do not become habituated) and rate films so that they are not harmful in any psychological or behavioral sense for a certain age group – and not if the film is suitable for the age group, a common misconception. Violence is seen as far more socially disruptive than consensual sexual acts, nudity or strong language, which is generally looked at more liberally than violence. This can have the effect that some PG or PG-13 rated films in USA are being rated "15 years" in Sweden for violence, while some films getting an R in USA for containing profanity or depictions of sexuality are rated at 7 or 11 years, or even for all audiences. (For example, The King's Speech was allowed for all audiences in Sweden and R-rated in the United States for profanity). The censorship of films for adults (over 15 years) was abolished January 1, 2011. The following categories are used: Btl (Barntillåten = Children allowed) – Suitable for all ages. 7 – Deemed non-harming for children of at least 7 years of age. Younger children are admitted if accompanied by an adult 18 or older. 11 – Deemed non-harming for children of at least 11 years of age. Children of at least 7 years of age are admitted if accompanied by an adult 18 or older. 15 – Not rated, means that no one under 15 years of age is admitted, may include strong violence, strong drug use, explicit depictions of sexual activity. This also includes pornography; however, that is usually not shown at ordinary cinemas. Videos and DVDs are not rated by Statens medieråd,[13] but distributors will usually assign unofficial recommendations with the same age limits as the official ratings. There are unofficial ratings used by some television channels, rental shops and adult cinemas to hinder persons below the age of 18 years to be exposed to pornography, such as Barnförbjuden ("prohibited for minors"), 18 År ("18 years") and Vuxenfilm ("movies for adults"). [edit] Switzerland Switzerland is composed of 26 cantons, each having their own rating system. The entries below are examples for the cantons of Vaud and Geneva. 0 – Universal. Suitable for all 6 – No one under the age of 6 admitted 10 – No one under the age of 10 admitted 12 – No one under the age of 12 admitted 14 – No one under the age of 14 admitted 16 – No one under the age of 16 admitted 18 – No one under the age of 18 admitted [edit] Republic of China (Taiwan) Taiwan did not have motion picture rating system until April 1994. The GIO in Taiwan divides licensed films into one of the following four categories pursuant to its issued Regulations Governing the Classification of Motion Pictures of the Republic of China (電影片分級處理辦法 in traditional Chinese): General audiences category (普遍級(普)) – General audiences are able to view. (green sign) Protected category (保護級(護)) – Children under 6 years old are not allowed to view. Children aged at least 6 but less than 12 require guidance of accompanying parents, teachers, or adult relatives to view. (blue sign) Parental guidance category (輔導級(輔)) – Children under 12 years old are not allowed to view. People aged at least 12 but less than 18 require attentive guidance of parents or teachers to view. (yellow sign) Restricted category (限制級(限)) – People under 18 years old are not allowed to view. (red sign) Film advertisements use a single Chinese character surrounded by a square to show the film's category. Television stations must clearly show a film's rating before the start, and after each commercial break. Related and official link: Classifications of movies (in traditional Chinese) [edit] Thailand See also: Cinema of Thailand Before the introduction of the rating system, films are subject to the 1930 Film Act, under which films must be viewed by the Board of Censors, which can then impose cuts on the films prior to release. The board is composed of members of the Royal Thai Police and the Ministry of Culture, with advisory roles from the Buddhist religion, educators and the medical community. Most cuts are made for sexual content, while acts of violence are typically left untouched. A motion picture rating system was proposed in the Film and Video Act of 2007, and was passed on December 20, 2007 by the Thai military-appointed National Legislative Assembly. Under the law, the ratings, in effect since August 2009, are: P – Promotional, film is educational and viewing is encouraged for all Thai people. G – Suitable for everyone. 13+ – Films not suitable for viewers under 13 years old. 15+ – Films not suitable for viewers under 15 years old. 18+ – Films not suitable for viewers under 18 years old. 20+ – Films not suitable for viewers under 20 years old. Banned – Films that are not allowed to screen publicly in the Kingdom. The draft law had been met with resistance from the film industry and independent filmmakers under the Free Thai Cinema Movement. Activists had hoped for a less-restrictive approach than the 1930 Film Act, but under the Film and Video Act, films are still be subject to censorship, or can be banned from release altogether if the film is deemed to "undermine or disrupt social order and moral decency, or might impact national security or the pride of the nation". As of 2007, a supplementary law or ministerial regulation to implement the rating system was yet to be drafted, and the 1930 Film Act remained in place.[14][15][16][17] [edit] Turks and Caicos Islands The British colony of Turks and Caicos Islands has its own motion picture rating system which was unchanged since its installation in 1934. Symbol Name Definition/Notes U Universal Available to anyone who wishes to see the film A Universal with caution May contain some scenes that may not be suitable for very young children. AA Seven or over The person must be seven or over to see the film X Eleven or over The person must be eleven or over to see the film AA Thirteen or over The person must be thirteen or over to see the film X Sixteen or over The person must be sixteen or over to see the film AA Sixteen with privilege The person must be sixteen or over in order to see the film alone, but under 16s can be permitted if accompanied by a parent or guardian over the age of 18 X Eighteen The person must be eighteen or over to see the film [edit] United Arab Emirates The Ministry of Information and Culture of the United Arab Emirates rates all movies according to a set standard. G (General Audience) – Suitable for all ages. PG-13 – Under 13 not admitted unless accompanied by an individual over 13. Some material may not be suitable for children. Introduced early 2010. PG-15 – Under 15 not admitted unless accompanied by an individual over 15. Some material may not be suitable for children. 15+ – No persons under 15 admitted. 18+ – No persons under 18 admitted. Rarely used: PG – Some material may not be suitable for children. PG-18 – Under 18 not admitted unless accompanied by an individual over 18. Some material may not be suitable for children. Notes: These ratings only apply to theatrical releases. For DVDs and video games, these are all imported from US, UK, Australia, India etc. with the approval of Ministry of Information and Culture. If disapproved, it will not be available in the country. All pornographic movies are banned by law in the United Arab Emirates, and movies with pornographic scenes are edited to fit within the rating guidelines. In October 2008, the Ministry of Information and Culture began requiring ID for films rated 15+ and 18+. In early 2010, the rating PG-13 was silently introduced. Films that was supposed to be PG-13 but instead PG-15 (such as Avatar and Tooth Fairy) were changed into PG-13 and some films already shown as PG-15 were changed to PG-13 as well. However, some films that are PG-15 (such as The Bounty Hunter) are not changed. [edit] United Kingdom UK film classification certificates. Uc was retired in 2009 Main articles: British Board of Film Classification, History of British Film Certificates The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) rates both motion pictures and videos (and an increasing number of video games). The rating system was introduced in 1913 and, as of 1985, also rates videos. County authorities are ultimately responsible for film ratings for cinema showings in their area. County Councils often ignore the BBFC advised rating and rate films with another BBFC certificate in their county only, e.g.: the BBFC rates a film as 15 but the County council gives the film a 12A rating in their county. Rating certificates from the BBFC are not legally binding whereas those for videos are. British cinemas generally stick closely to the policy of ratings and a young person may often be asked for proof of age if deemed younger than the rating. The current BBFC system is: U (Universal) Suitable for all. (The board states that while they cannot predict what might upset a particular child, a 'U' film should be suitable for audiences aged 5 and older). PG (Parental Guidance) General viewing but some scenes may be unsuitable for young children. (It is the board's policy that movies rated 'PG' should not disturb a child of about 8 years of age or older; however, parents are advised to consider whether the content may upset young or more sensitive children). 12A (12 Accompanied/Advisory) Recommended for 12 years and older. People under 12 years must be accompanied by an adult. (Exclusively for cinema, '12A' was first implemented on The Bourne Identity and, contrary to popular belief, not on Spider-Man, which was first released months before, under the previously fully restrictive 12 certificate, and then immediately re-released to take advantage of the new guidelines). 12 Recommended for 12 years and older. Nobody younger than 12 may rent or buy a '12' rated video. (Until 31 August 2002, this mandatory certificate used to apply to cinema exhibitions as well). 15 Suitable only for 15 years and older. Nobody younger than 15 may see a '15' film in a cinema. Nobody younger than 15 may rent or buy a '15' rated video (these films may contain offensive or emotionally harrowing scenes or strong language and violence). 18 Suitable only for adults. Nobody younger than 18 may see an '18' film in a cinema. Nobody younger than 18 may rent or buy an '18' rated video (These films may contain extreme gore/violence and/or sexually explicit content). R18 (Restricted 18) To be shown only in specially licensed cinemas, or supplied only in licensed sex shops, and to adults that are older than 18 years old. (These films contain sexually explicit, pornographic content.) The 12A, 12, 15, 18 and R18 categories are restricted, and it is against the law for anybody under the age given on the packaging. Films may receive a different rating when released on DVD/video to that at the cinema. It is not unusual for certain films to be refused classification, effectively banning them from sale or exhibition in the UK. Sometimes compulsory cuts are made to films, such as cuts to sexual violence and animal cruelty. Any media which has been banned receives an 'R' certificate (Rejected). Videos deemed by their distributors to be exempt under the Video Recordings Act 1984 (typically non-fiction content such as music videos, sporting highlights, fitness videos, nature films, etc.) may bear the mark E (for exempt), though this is not a rating and the BBFC does not maintain a symbol. The BBFC also provides ratings for video games which may be unsuitable for sale to young people or children (such as Grand Theft Auto). However, the majority of games are merely rated by the voluntary PEGI rating system, that replaced the ELSPA rating system. It is very rare for a video game to be banned in the United Kingdom, as many controversial games have been released under more recent and more lenient directorship at the organisation, although it has happened once to Manhunt 2. [edit] Former ratings The list of ratings that the BBFC either a. retired or b. replaced with another rating. Uc Suitable for all but especially suitable for children under age 5. Used for video only. Retired in 2009. A Some cinemas ruled that children must be accompanied by an adult. In 1970 the description was changed to "those 5 years old and up admitted but those under age 14 are not recommended". The rating was replaced by PG in 1982. AA Suitable only for 14 years and older. Nobody younger than 14 may see an 'AA' film in a cinema. The rating was replaced by 15 in 1982. X Suitable only for adults. Nobody younger than 16 may see an 'X' film in a cinema. The age limit was raised to 18 in 1970. The rating was replaced by 18 in 1982. H Contains horror themes or horrific material. Some cinemas ruled that children under age 16 cannot be admitted. The rating was replaced by X in 1951. [edit] United States ‹ The template below (Cleanup) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus.› This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (Consider using more specific cleanup instructions.) Please help improve this section if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (November 2007) Main article: Motion Picture Association of America film rating system Prior to 1968, some large cities and states had public rating boards which determined whether films were suitable for display to the public in theatres. The United States Supreme Court in the case of Freedman v. Maryland 380 U.S. 51 (1965) effectively ended government operated rating boards when it decided that a rating board could only approve a film; it had no power to ban a film. A rating board must either approve a film within a reasonable time, or it would have to go to court to stop a film from being shown in theatres. Other court cases decided that since television stations are federally licensed, local rating boards have no jurisdiction over films shown on television. When the movie industry set up its own rating system, most state and local boards ceased operating. [edit] Ratings See also: TV Parental Guidelines, Entertainment Software Rating Board, and Film Advisory Board In the United States, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), through the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA), issues ratings for movies. The system was instituted in November 1968 and is voluntary; however, most movie theater chains will not show unrated domestic films and most major studios have agreed to submit all titles for rating prior to theatrical release. Most films will have the MPAA insignia at the end of the closing credits. Earlier films that had full opening credits such as The Poseidon Adventure would bear the insignia in the opening. The ratings (as of 2010) are: G – General Audiences – All Ages Admitted. There is no content that would be objectionable to most parents. These films may contain beyond polite language but no swearing. As with violence it must be mild, if any, without any blood or gore. This is one of only two ratings dating back to 1968 that still exists today. PG – Parental Guidance Suggested – Some Material May Not Be Suitable For Children. These films are generally appropriate for children age 9 and older and may contain milder swear words, brief smoking, crude or suggestive humor, short and infrequent horror moments and/or mild violence. Usually no drug use is acceptable in this category. Topless men may be present but topless women are not usually acceptable unless in an educational or scientific context or if the nudity is only shown briefly. A few racial insults may also be heard. Before the creation of PG-13, many "PG" films (e.g. Jaws and Watership Down) included explicit bloody violence. Content such as this helped lead to the creation of the "PG-13" rating. PG-13 – Parents Strongly Cautioned – Some Material May Be Inappropriate For Children Under 13. These films may contain sex references, up to four uses of explicit language, drug innuendo, strong crude/suggestive humor, mature/political themes, moderately long horror moments and/or moderate action violence. There are usually no restrictions on non-sexual nudity. However, extreme bloodshed is rarely present. This is the minimum rating at which drug content is present; with the exception of Austin Powers and Click. Marijuana smoking is the only illegal drug use that can be depicted in a PG-13 film, with the exception of Forrest Gump, in which a brief scene depicts an actress snorting cocaine. While PG-13 films usually have more profanity than PG films, this is not necessarily the case. A film that is given a PG-13 rating due to profane language and/or racial insults is given this rating because it contains more of these elements than a PG rating would permit, or the film contains uses of stronger profanities than a PG would permit. A film rated PG-13 for "intense violence" is given this rating if blood is present in a violent way. The films Gremlins and Indiana Jones: Temple of Doom are well known as the movies that PG-13 was created for. In recent years, this rating has been used for the majority of American films released. Some films that have received a PG-13 rating have a director's cut with an R rating. Daredevil is just an example of this practice.[18] R – Restricted – Under 17 Requires Accompanying Parent Or Adult Guardian. These films may contain mild or implied sex scenes, prolonged nudity, strong violence often with blood and gore, strong horror scenes and explicit/illegal/prolonged drug use. A movie rated R for profanity often has more severe or frequent swearing than the PG-13 rating would permit. An R-rated movie may have more blood, gore, drug use, nudity, or graphic sexuality than a PG-13 movie would permit. Some R-rated films have an "unrated" DVD release with scenes of violence, sexual material, or profanity that have been edited from the original cut. At its inception, the R certificate permitted patrons aged 16 and older to attend unaccompanied, but this was raised to 17 in the 1970s. NC-17 – No Children 17 And Under Admitted. These films may contain strong graphic violence with loads of blood and gore, sex scenes, depraved, abhorrent behavior, sexual nudity, or any other elements which, at present, most parents would consider too strong and therefore off-limits for viewing by their children and teenagers. It is rare for a movie to get rated NC-17 due to swearing or drug use. NC-17 does not necessarily mean obscene or pornographic in the oft-accepted or legal meaning of those words. For example, the movie Robocop had to delete a few exceptionally violent scenes to avoid receiving a then-X rating. The Board does not and cannot mark films with those words. These terms are legally ambiguous, and their interpretation varies from case to case. The NC-17 designation implies that the Ratings Board has determined that due to the content of the film, it should be intended for adults only. NC-17 replaced the X rating in 1990. Many films which received X-ratings prior to the 1990 change received a re-rating of NC-17. Many theater companies and local operators will not play NC-17 titles and some newspapers and magazines will not run ads for these films. Most NC-17 titles have limited theatrical release, usually in smaller theaters, or are released directly to video or DVD. Most NC-17 titles also have an edited versions released on video and/or DVD that are either unrated or R-rated. [edit] Former M – For mature audiences (used 1968–70). This rating is now defunct (although it is still used in the videogame rating system). Most films given this rating were re-rated PG, PG-13, or R. It was the precursor to GP, another defunct rating that is considered identical to PG. GP or General audiences – parental guidance suggested – In 1970–71, the MPAA found that the "M" rating was viewed by audiences as seedier and more adult than its intended meaning (to signify films containing material that may not be appropriate for some children). In response, the designation was changed to "GP". Shortly afterward the MPAA changed it to PG– (Parental Guidance Suggested), after some people thought that it meant "General Patronage". SMA – "Suggested for mature audiences". Not an official rating, but an advisory used for a number of years prior to the MPAA ratings in 1968. This advisory appeared on certain films with mature themes or violence. X – The precursor to the current NC-17 rating that unlike the other ratings was not trademarked. Because it was not trademarked it became so widely used by the U.S. pornography industry that the MPAA replaced it with the NC-17 rating in 1990. This has led to the misconception that NC-17 means pornographic in content. [edit] Film Advisory Board The Film Advisory Board (FAB) has instituted a rating system based on the level of maturity of the material's intended audience, rather than the film's content. While the FAB ratings system is not as recognized or well known as the MPAA's rating system, it is in use by a number of commercial video distributors for direct-to-video releases that would have been impractical to submit to the MPAA. The Film Advisory Board has six ratings categories. Each includes a brief description as to the rating's explanation, such as "Violence in Battle Scenes", "Substance Abuse" or "Brief Nudity". The ratings as of 2008 are: C – Children. Suitable for children ages 10 and younger. F – Family. Suitable for all ages (Equal to MPAA's G rating). PD – Parental Discretion. Parental discretion is advised (Equal to MPAA's PG rating). Formerly known as M. PD-M – Parental Discretion-Mature. Suitable for years 13 and older (Equal to MPAA's PG-13 rating). Formerly known as VM. EM – Extremely Mature. Ages 17 and older only (Equal to MPAA's R and NC-17 ratings, depending on description). AO – Adults Only. Ages 18 and older only (Equal to MPAA's old X rating. Previously equal to MPAA's NC-17 rating until 2003). [edit] Venezuela The motion picture rating system used in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela varies from small child audiences to unrated films. The letter designations work in conjunction with ages: AA: Suitable for audiences of small kids A: Suitable for audiences 7 years or older B: Suitable for audiences 12 years or older C: Not permitted for audiences younger than 15 years D: Not permitted for audiences younger than 18 years Sin calificación: Unrated, for adults Films that usually are rated "PG-13" or "R" sometimes change their ratings, either in a lower or higher level. For example: the 2009 motion picture Watchmen was rated "C", which is the same as "R" in the USA, but with a 15 years limit. However, the film The King's Speech was rated "B", which is the same as "PG-13" in the United States. [edit] Sources ^ Note that this rating system is used outside Québec only. ^ First film rating scheme in the making By Zhu Linyong (China Daily), Updated: 2004-12-17 00:25 ^ Forum Cinemas (Estonian) ^ http://www.spio.de/media_content/555.pdf SPIO guidelines concerning the self-assignment of ratings (pdf, in German) ^ http://www.ortt.hu/belso_oldal.php?belso_id=55 ^ a b rgrepublic of South Africa. Volume 502, number 29816. "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Government printer (South Africa). pp. 4. http://www.fpb.gov.zsrgzs rgrepublic of South Africa. Volume 502, number 29816.. Retrieved 2zrg.[dead link] ^ Court Lifts Restriction on Sexual Movies, Chosun Ilbo, January 23, 2009, retrieved 2010-07-18 ^ "Spain Bans Saw VI". Starpulse.com. 2009-10-23. ^ "Saw VI, calificada X en España. Ban "Saw VI"". SpanishDict. 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2009-10-25. ^ "Swedish Media Council". statensmedierad.se. Retrieved 2011-08-21. ^ "Film Classification". statensmedierad.se. Retrieved 2011-08-21. ^ "Lag (2010:1882) om åldersgränser för film som ska visas offentligt". notisum.se (in Swedish). 2010-12-09. ^ "FAQ-Film Classification". statensmedierad.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2011-08-23. ^ Rithdee, Kong. December 20, 2007. Thailand passes controversial film act, Variety (magazine); retrieved 2007-12-21 ^ AsiaMedia :: Beware the watchdogs of cinema ^ The Nation: Life ^ Will Reforms Make Censorship Worse?, Simon Montlake, Time, October 11, 2007, retrieved 2007-10-12 ^ http://www.mpaa.org/2007-Theatrical-Market-Statistics.pdf [edit] See also Pornography in the United States Pink permits Television content rating systems Video game content rating system [edit] External links The Netherlands film board's comparison of film classifications issued for twelve recent films by the classification boards of the UK, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Denmark, and Sweden. IMDb's information about rating systems from all over the world. FilmClassifications.com Information regarding film classifications from Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. Australia Australian Classification Board. Denmark Medierådet for Børn og Unge (The Media Council for Children and Young People). Finland Valtion Elokuvatarkastamo. France Centre National de la Cinématographie (CNC). Germany Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft e. V. (SPIO) Iceland Smáís. Irish Film Censor's Office. Japan Administration Commission of Motion Picture Code of Ethics. Korea Korea Media Rating Board. Malaysia Lembaga Penapisan Filem Malaysia (Malaysia Film Filter Board) Netherlands Kijkwijzer (and Nicam). New Zealand Office of Film & Literature Classification. Norway Media Authority. Philippines Movie and Television Review and Classification Board Singapore Media Development Authority. Sweden Statens medieråd. South African Film and Publications Board. Spanish Film Academy (ACE). United Kingdom British Board of Film Classification (BBFC). USA Motion Picture Association of America. USA VoMeR (Voluntary Media Rating) YouTube YouTube Rating System<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Motion picture rating system</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="dablink">"Parental Guidance" redirects here. For the Singaporean TV series, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_Guidance_%28TV_series%29" title="Parental Guidance (TV series)">Parental Guidance (TV series)</a>. For the Judas Priest song, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_Guidance_%28song%29" title="Parental Guidance (song)">Parental Guidance (song)</a>.</div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove"><tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" /></div></td> <td class="mbox-text">This article <b>needs additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit">improve this article</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><i>(June 2008)</i></small></td> </tr></tbody></table>A <b>motion picture rating system</b> is designated to classify films with regard to suitability for audiences in terms of issues such as sex, violence, substance abuse, profanity, impudence or other types of mature content. A particular issued rating can be called a <b>certification</b>, <b>classification</b>, <b>certificate</b> or <b>rating</b>.<br />This is designed to help parents decide whether a movie is suitable for their children. Yet, the effectiveness of these designations is widely disputed. Also, in some jurisdictions a rating may impose on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theaters</a> the legal obligation of refusing the entrance of children or minors to the movie. Furthermore, where movie theaters do not have this legal obligation, they may enforce restrictions on their own. Ratings are often given in lieu of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>. Movie theaters often have time restrictions on what time kids can come in with their parent.<br />In countries such as Australia, an official government censorship system decides on ratings; in other countries, such as the United States, it is done by industry committees with little, if any official government status. In most countries, however, films that are considered morally offensive have been censored, restricted, or banned. Even if the film rating system has no legal consequences, and a film has not explicitly been restricted or banned, there are usually laws forbidding certain films, or forbidding minors to view them.<br />The influence of specific factors in deciding a rating varies from country to country. For example, in countries such as the US, films with strong sexual content are often restricted to adult viewers, whereas in countries such as France and Germany, sexual content is viewed much more leniently. On the other hand, films with violent content are often subject in countries such as Germany and Finland to high ratings and even censorship, whereas countries such as the US offer more lenient ratings to violent movies.<br />Other factors may or may not influence the classification process, such as being set within a non-fictional historical context, whether the film glorifies violence or drug use, whether said violence or drug use is carried out by the protagonist, with whom the viewer should empathize, or by the antagonist. In Germany, for example, films depicting explicit war violence in a real war context (such as the Second World War) are handled more leniently than films with purely fictional settings.<br />A film may be produced with a particular rating in mind. It may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-edited_film" title="Re-edited film">re-edited</a> if the desired rating is not obtained, especially to avoid a higher rating than intended. A film may also be re-edited to produce an alternate version for other countries.<br /><br /><table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">&nbsp;[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Comparison"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Austria"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Austria</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Cinema"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cinema</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#DVD_and_video"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">DVD and video</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Belgium"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Belgium</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Brazil"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Brazil</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Former_ratings"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Former ratings</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Bulgaria"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Bulgaria</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Home_video_ratings"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Home video ratings</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Outside_Qu.C3.A9bec"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Outside Québec</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#In_Qu.C3.A9bec"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">In Québec</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Chile"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Chile</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#People.27s_Republic_of_China"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">People's Republic of China</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Colombia"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Colombia</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Czech_Republic"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Czech Republic</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Denmark"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Denmark</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Egypt"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Egypt</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Estonia"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Estonia</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Finland"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Finland</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#France"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Germany</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Greece"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">Greece</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Hong_Kong"><span class="tocnumber">19</span> <span class="toctext">Hong Kong</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Hungary"><span class="tocnumber">20</span> <span class="toctext">Hungary</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Iceland"><span class="tocnumber">21</span> <span class="toctext">Iceland</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#India"><span class="tocnumber">22</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Indonesia"><span class="tocnumber">23</span> <span class="toctext">Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Ireland"><span class="tocnumber">24</span> <span class="toctext">Ireland</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Italy"><span class="tocnumber">25</span> <span class="toctext">Italy</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Japan"><span class="tocnumber">26</span> <span class="toctext">Japan</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Latvia"><span class="tocnumber">27</span> <span class="toctext">Latvia</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Malaysia"><span class="tocnumber">28</span> <span class="toctext">Malaysia</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Maldives"><span class="tocnumber">29</span> <span class="toctext">Maldives</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Malta"><span class="tocnumber">30</span> <span class="toctext">Malta</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Mexico"><span class="tocnumber">31</span> <span class="toctext">Mexico</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Netherlands"><span class="tocnumber">32</span> <span class="toctext">Netherlands</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#New_Zealand"><span class="tocnumber">33</span> <span class="toctext">New Zealand</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Nigeria"><span class="tocnumber">34</span> <span class="toctext">Nigeria</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Norway"><span class="tocnumber">35</span> <span class="toctext">Norway</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Pakistan"><span class="tocnumber">36</span> <span class="toctext">Pakistan</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Peru"><span class="tocnumber">37</span> <span class="toctext">Peru</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Philippines"><span class="tocnumber">38</span> <span class="toctext">Philippines</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Poland"><span class="tocnumber">39</span> <span class="toctext">Poland</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Portugal"><span class="tocnumber">40</span> <span class="toctext">Portugal</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Special_classifications"><span class="tocnumber">40.1</span> <span class="toctext">Special classifications</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Romania"><span class="tocnumber">41</span> <span class="toctext">Romania</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Russia"><span class="tocnumber">42</span> <span class="toctext">Russia</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#History"><span class="tocnumber">42.1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Action_board_of_classification"><span class="tocnumber">42.2</span> <span class="toctext">Action board of classification</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Singapore"><span class="tocnumber">43</span> <span class="toctext">Singapore</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#South_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">44</span> <span class="toctext">South Africa</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Spain"><span class="tocnumber">45</span> <span class="toctext">Spain</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Sweden"><span class="tocnumber">46</span> <span class="toctext">Sweden</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Switzerland"><span class="tocnumber">47</span> <span class="toctext">Switzerland</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Republic_of_China_.28Taiwan.29"><span class="tocnumber">48</span> <span class="toctext">Republic of China (Taiwan)</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Thailand"><span class="tocnumber">49</span> <span class="toctext">Thailand</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"><span class="tocnumber">50</span> <span class="toctext">Turks and Caicos Islands</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#United_Arab_Emirates"><span class="tocnumber">51</span> <span class="toctext">United Arab Emirates</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">52</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Former_ratings_2"><span class="tocnumber">52.1</span> <span class="toctext">Former ratings</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">53</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Ratings"><span class="tocnumber">53.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ratings</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Former"><span class="tocnumber">53.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Former</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Film_Advisory_Board"><span class="tocnumber">53.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Film Advisory Board</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Venezuela"><span class="tocnumber">54</span> <span class="toctext">Venezuela</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">55</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-69"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">56</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-70"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">57</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Comparison">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Comparison">Comparison</span></h2>A comparison of currently active film rating systems, showing age on the horizontal axis. Note however that the specific <i>criteria</i> used in assigning a classification can vary widely from one country to another. Thus a color code or age range cannot be directly compared from one country to another.<br /><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"><tbody><tr> <th>Country/System</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10</th> <th>11</th> <th>12</th> <th>13</th> <th>14</th> <th>15</th> <th>16</th> <th>17</th> <th>18</th> <th>Adult</th> <th>Other</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Classification_Board" title="Australian Classification Board">ACB</a></th> <td colspan="7" style="background: lime;">G</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: yellow;">PG</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: orange;">M</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: red; color: white;">MA15+</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">R18+/X18+</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: purple; color: white;">RC</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>MA15+ and R18+ are legally restricted. X18+ is banned in all states of Australia except for the territories. RC (Refused Classification) is banned publicly but can be viewed privately.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJCTQ" title="DJCTQ">MJ/DEJUS</a></th> <td colspan="9" style="background: lime;">L</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: yellow;">10</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: orange;">12</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">14</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: brown; color: white;">16</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span></th> <td colspan="12" style="background: lime;">Atp</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: yellow;">13</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">16</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span></th> <td colspan="15" style="background: lime;">KT/EA</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: black; color: white;">KNT/ENA</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">E</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span></th> <td colspan="3" style="background: springgreen;">A</td> <td colspan="8" style="background: lime;">B</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange;">C</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">D</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">X</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: purple; color: white;">F</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Only D-rated and X-rated films are restricted. F-rated films are banned.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> CHVRS <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <td colspan="9" rowspan="2" style="background: lime;">G</td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background: yellow;">PG</td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">14A</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: brown; color: white;">18A and R</td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: purple; color: white;">AA</td> <td rowspan="2" style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>The 18A rating was introduced because a few films were too strong for the 14A rating but did not have enough violence or sexual content to get banned or A rated.</small></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">A</td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a class="external text" href="http://www.mincultura.gov.co/eContent/library/documents/DocNewsNo931DocumentNo1198.DOC" rel="nofollow">MoC</a></th> <td colspan="6" style="background: lime;">T</td> <td colspan="5" style="background: yellow;">7</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: red; color: white;">12</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: brown; color: white;">15</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">18/X</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: purple; color: white;">Banned</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span></th> <td colspan="11" style="background: lime;">U</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: yellow;">12</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: orange;">15</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" class="thumbborder" height="17" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a class="external text" href="http://www.medieraadet.dk/html/gb/media_council_gb.htm" rel="nofollow">Medierådet</a></th> <td colspan="6" style="background: lime;">A</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: yellow;">7</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: red; color: white;">11</td> <td colspan="5" style="background: brown; color: white;">15</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: purple; color: white;">F</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Children turned seven can watch 11-rated and 15-rated films provided they are accompanied by an adult.<br />F is only used on homevideo, as "Fritaget" exempt from classification, mostly documentaries, stand-up and educational material</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span></th> <td colspan="17" style="background: lime;">General Audience (Unrestricted)</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">Adult (Restricted)</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span></th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: springgreen;">PERE</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: lime;">L</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="background: yellow;">MS-6</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">K-12</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: brown; color: white;">K-14</td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">K-16</td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td rowspan="2" style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Movies which are rated K-12, K-14 and K-16 require age proof.</small></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange;">MS-12</td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="Finnish Board of Film Classification">FBFC</a></th> <td colspan="6" style="background: lime;">S</td> <td colspan="5" style="background: yellow;">K-7</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange;">K-12</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">K-16</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">K-18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Children up to 2 years younger than the given rating can watch movies rated K-3 to K-15 when accompanied by an adult.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th>Country/System</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10</th> <th>11</th> <th>12</th> <th>13</th> <th>14</th> <th>15</th> <th>16</th> <th>17</th> <th>18</th> <th>Adult</th> <th>Other</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Culture_%28France%29" title="Minister of Culture (France)">MoC</a></th> <td colspan="9" style="background: lime;">U</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: yellow;">-10</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange;">-12</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">-16</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">-18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>The "-10" rating only exists for television.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiwillige_Selbstkontrolle_der_Filmwirtschaft" title="Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft">FSK</a></th> <td colspan="5" style="background: lime;">FSK 0</td> <td colspan="6" style="background: yellow;">FSK 6</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange;">FSK 12</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">FSK 16</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">FSK 18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>All ratings are restricted.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span></th> <td colspan="12" style="background: lime;">K</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange;">K-13</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: black; color: white;">K-17</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Films which are rated K-17 require age proof.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_and_Entertainment_Licensing_Authority" title="Television and Entertainment Licensing Authority">TELA</a></th> <td colspan="12" style="background: lime; color: black;">I</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: yellow;">IIA</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: orange;">IIB</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">III</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Only persons aged 18 and above are permitted to watch Category III films.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span></th> <td colspan="5" style="background: lime;">KN</td> <td colspan="6" style="background: yellow;">6</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange;">12</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">16</td> <td style="background: brown; color: white;">18</td> <td style="background: black; color: white;">X</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" class="thumbborder" height="16" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> Smáís</th> <td colspan="6" style="background: lime;">L</td> <td colspan="5" style="background: yellow;">7</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: orange;">12</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">14</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: brown; color: white;">16</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Certification" title="Central Board of Film Certification">CBFC</a></th> <td colspan="11" style="background: lime;">U</td> <td colspan="6" style="background: yellow;">U/A</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">A</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: purple; color: white;">S</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>The "S" rating is sometimes used to restrict films to certain audience only.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> IFCB</th> <td colspan="3" style="background: lime;">A/SU</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: yellow;">BO-A</td> <td colspan="5" style="background: orange;">BO</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: red; color: white;">BO-R/R</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: black; color: white;">D</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Film_Classification_Office" title="Irish Film Classification Office">IFCO</a></th> <td colspan="11" rowspan="2" style="background: lime;">G</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: red; color: white;">12/12A</td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: brown; color: white;"><small>15/15A/16</small></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td rowspan="2" style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>The categories 12A, 15A and 16 only exist for cinema. Video releases of movies with these ratings usually get, if they are rated 12A, they are rated 12, if they are rated 15A, they are rated 15, and if rated 16, they are rated 18.</small></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="3" style="background: yellow;">PG</td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Cultural_Heritage_and_Activities_%28Italy%29" title="Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities (Italy)">MiBAC</a></th> <td colspan="13" style="background: lime;">T</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange;">VM14</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">VM18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirin" title="Eirin">Eirin</a></th> <td colspan="11" style="background: lime; color: black;">G</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: yellow;">PG-12</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: red; color: white;">R15+</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">R18+</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th>Country/System</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10</th> <th>11</th> <th>12</th> <th>13</th> <th>14</th> <th>15</th> <th>16</th> <th>17</th> <th>18</th> <th>Adult</th> <th>Other</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span></th> <td colspan="11" style="background: lime;">ALL</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: orange;">12</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: red; color: white;">15</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: purple; color: white;">Restricted Rating</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>restriction rating is none.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nfc.lv/" rel="nofollow">NCC</a></th> <td colspan="6" style="background: lime;">U</td> <td colspan="5" style="background: yellow;">7+</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: red; color: white;">12+</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: brown; color: white;">16+</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">18+</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>The U, 7+, 12+ and 16+ ratings are unrestricted. If the 18+ rating appears blue it is unrestricted but if it is red then it is restricted.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Censorship_Board_of_Malaysia" title="Film Censorship Board of Malaysia">Film Censorship Board</a></th> <td colspan="12" style="background: lime;">U</td> <td colspan="5" style="background: yellow;">PG-13</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: purple; color: white;">Banned</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>All 18 based rating such as 18SG, 18SX, 18PA and 18PL are merged to 18 due to direction by Film Censorship Board.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives"><img alt="Maldives" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/22px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a class="external text" href="http://nbc.gov.mv/app.php" rel="nofollow">NBC</a></th> <td colspan="7" style="background: lime;">G</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: yellow;">PG</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: red; color: white;">12+</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: brown; color: white;">15+</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;"><small>18+/18+R</small></td> <td colspan="1" style="background: purple; color: white;">PU</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Any film with an 18+R classification should advertise with a warning on specified contents presumed directly or indirectly affecting an individual. PU films are allowed for professional use only.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> RTC</th> <td colspan="6" style="background: springgreen;">AA</td> <td colspan="5" style="background: lime;">A</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: yellow;">B</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: orange;">B-15</td> <td style="background: red; color: white;">C</td> <td style="background: black; color: white;">D</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>The "B-15" rating is for cinema only.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a class="external text" href="http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/" rel="nofollow">Kijkwijzer</a></th> <td colspan="5" style="background: lime;">AL</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: yellow;">6</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: orange;">9</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: red; color: white;">12</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: black; color: white;">16</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>12-rated programs can only air past 8PM and 16-rated programs can only air past 10PM.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/22px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Film_and_Literature_Classification_%28New_Zealand%29" title="Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)">OFLCNZ</a></th> <td colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background: lime; color: black;">G</td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="2" style="background: yellow;">PG</td> <td colspan="5" style="background: red; color: white;">R13/R15/R16</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">R18</td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td rowspan="2" style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>All ages may watch an M title, but parents are advised that the content is more suitable for mature people 16 years and over. Nobody under the given age can legally see an R rated film, although sometimes an RP rating is provided meaning that those under the given age must watch under adult supervision.</small></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="5" style="background: orange; color: black;">M</td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/" rel="nofollow">NFaVCB</a></th> <td colspan="7" style="background: lime;">G</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: yellow;">PG</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: orange;">12/12A</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: red; color: white;">15</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" class="thumbborder" height="16" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span></th> <td colspan="6" style="background: lime;">A</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange;">7</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: red; color: white;">11</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: brown; color: white;">15</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Children up to four years younger than the given rating (with the exception of 18-rated films) can watch the film provided they are accompanied by an adult.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/22px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span></th> <td colspan="13" style="background: lime;">Apt</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: red; color: white;">14</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: brown; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Children under the given rating cannot watch unless accompanied by an adult.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_and_Television_Review_and_Classification_Board" title="Movie and Television Review and Classification Board">MTRCB</a></th> <td colspan="12" rowspan="2" style="background: lime; color: black;">GP</td> <td colspan="5" style="background: red; color: white;">R-13</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">R-18</td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: purple; color: white;">X</td> <td rowspan="2" style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Until the early 2000s, a plain <b>R</b> rating was used instead of the current R-13 and R-18 ratings. This previous rating restricted the audience to those above 17.</small></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="5" style="background: orange; color: black;">PG-13</td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajowa_Rada_Radiofonii_i_Telewizji" title="Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji">KRRiT</a></th> <td colspan="6" style="background: lime;">BO</td> <td colspan="5" style="background: yellow;">7</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: orange;">12</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: red; color: white;">15</td> <td style="background: brown; color: white;">18A</td> <td style="background: black; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>7 is not considered an <i>official</i> rating.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th>Country/System</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10</th> <th>11</th> <th>12</th> <th>13</th> <th>14</th> <th>15</th> <th>16</th> <th>17</th> <th>18</th> <th>Adult</th> <th>Other</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> CCE</th> <td colspan="5" style="background: lime;">M/0</td> <td colspan="6" style="background: yellow;">M/6</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange;">M/12</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">M/16</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">M/18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/22px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Development_Authority" title="Media Development Authority">MDA</a></th> <td colspan="11" style="background: lime;">G</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: yellow;">PG/PG13</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">NC16</td> <td style="background: brown; color: white;">M18</td> <td style="background: black; color: white;">R21</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Movies rated "R21" are excluded from television ads and video releases.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a class="external text" href="http://www.fpb.gov.za/" rel="nofollow">FaPB</a></th> <td colspan="9" style="background: lime;">G</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: yellow;">PG</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: red; color: white;">13</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: brown; color: white;">16</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">R18/X18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>X18-rated media is prevented from having a cinema release or a television advertisement.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a class="external text" href="http://statensmedierad.se/Om-Statens-medierad/In-English/" rel="nofollow">Statens medieråd</a></th> <td colspan="6" style="background: lime;">Btl</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange; color: black;">7</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: red; color: white;">11</td> <td colspan="5" style="background: black; color: white;">15<br />(Unrated)</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Younger children can watch 7-rated films, and if at least 7 years old 11-rated, if accompanied by an adult at least 18 years old.<br />Some rental shops and adult cinemas use an unofficial "18 år" (from 18 years) rating</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China" title="Republic of China"><img alt="Republic of China" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a class="external text" href="http://www.gio.gov.tw/" rel="nofollow">GIO</a></th> <td colspan="5" style="background: lime;">普<br />(General)</td> <td colspan="6" style="background: orange;">護<br />(Protect)</td> <td colspan="6" style="background: red; color: white;">輔<br />(Counsel)</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">限<br />(Restrict)</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Children up to six years younger than 12 (Protect) or 18 (Counsel) may watch however only if under parental guidance.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/22px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span></th> <td colspan="12" style="background: lime;">P/G</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: yellow;">13+</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: orange;">15+</td> <td style="background: red; color: white;">18+</td> <td style="background: black; color: white;">X18+</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: purple; color: white;">Banned</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>Before the rating system was introduced often cut were made to reduce sexual content.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> BBFC</th> <td colspan="7" style="background: lime;">U</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: yellow;">PG</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: red;">12A/12</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: brown; color: white;">15</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: black; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: black; color: white;">R18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: purple; color: white;"><small>Rejected</small></td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>12A legally requires parental supervision for those under 12. 15 does not allow people below that age to be admitted, supervised or otherwise. R18 is usually reserved for pornographic content only, but, on rare cases, the cert has been given out to programs with extreme graphic violence/gore. Films marked "Rejected" are banned.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" title="Motion Picture Association of America">MPAA</a></th> <td colspan="9" style="background: lime;">G</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: yellow; color: black;">PG</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange; color: black;">PG-13</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: red; color: white;">R</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">NC-17</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: purple; color: white;">NR (Not Rated)<br />Unrated</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>NC-17 means those who are 17 or under are not allowed in, thus one must be 18 or over for admittance. NR and Unrated cannot be viewed in theaters, however, can be broadcasted on Television and/or released on Home Video.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Advisory_Board" title="Film Advisory Board">FAB</a></th> <td colspan="9" style="background: lime;">C/F</td> <td colspan="3" style="background: yellow;">PD</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange;">PD-M</td> <td style="background: red; color: white;">EM</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">AO</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: white; color: black;">N/A</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>This rating system is only used for films which are exempt from classification by the MPAA.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cartoon_Association_of_Canada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Cartoon Association of Canada (page does not exist)">CAC</a></th> <td colspan="9" style="background: lime;">G</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: yellow;">PG</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: orange;">12</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: red; color: white;">16</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: black; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: purple; color: white;">21</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>This rating system is the same as the CHVRS. It only exists for cartoons.</small></td> </tr><tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> CHVRS (1994–2005)</th> <td colspan="9" style="background: lime;">G</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: yellow;">PG/DP</td> <td colspan="4" style="background: red; color: white;">14</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: brown; color: white;">18</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: black; color: white;">XXX</td> <td colspan="1" style="background: purple; color: white;">NA (Not Approved)</td> <td style="line-height: 75%; width: 150px;"><small>This rating system is the same as the CHVRS. It only exists for rental. DP means "parental guidance" in French. XXX means "explicit material".</small></td> </tr><tr> <th>Country/System</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10</th> <th>11</th> <th>12</th> <th>13</th> <th>14</th> <th>15</th> <th>16</th> <th>17</th> <th>18</th> <th>Adult</th> <th>Other</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr></tbody></table><small>Key:</small><br /><ul><li><small><span style="background: springgreen; border: solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;<b>Spring Green</b> &nbsp;</span>+<span style="background: lime; border: solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;<b>Lime</b>&nbsp;</span> – <i>All ages may watch</i>.</small></li><li><small><span style="background-color: #fff200; border: solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;<b>Yellow</b>&nbsp;</span> – <i>Parental guidance is suggested</i>.</small></li><li><small><span style="background-color: #f88017; border: solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>Orange</b>&nbsp;</span> – <i>Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted</i>.</small></li><li><small><span style="background-color: #ec1d25; border: solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>Red</b>&nbsp;</span>+<span style="background: brown; border: solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>Brown</b>&nbsp;</span> – <i>Restricted to an older audience unless accompanied by an adult</i>.</small></li><li><small><span style="background-color: black; border: solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>Black</b>&nbsp;</span> – <i>Restricted to adults only</i>.</small></li><li><small><span style="background-color: purple; border: solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>Purple</b>&nbsp;</span> – <i>Doesn't have a rating but public viewing prohibited but can be bought if not in a public store</i>.</small></li></ul><small>Explanations of specific ratings are available below.</small><br /><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Australia">Australia</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Classification_Board" title="Australian Classification Board">Australian Classification Board</a></div><div class="floatright"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Classificationsau.png" title="Australian Ratings"><img alt="Australian Ratings" height="422" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/Classificationsau.png/200px-Classificationsau.png" width="200" /></a></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Classification_Board" title="Australian Classification Board">Classification Board</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Classification_Review_Board" title="Australian Classification Review Board">Classification Review Board</a> are government-funded organizations which classifies all films that are released for public exhibition.<br /><ul><li><span style="background-color: lightgrey; border: solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;<b>E</b>&nbsp;</span> – <b>Exempt from classification</b>. Films that are exempt from classification must not contain contentious material (i.e. material that would ordinarily be rated M or higher).</li><li><span style="background-color: #0db14b; border: solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>G</b>&nbsp;</span> – <b>General</b>. <i>The content is very mild in impact</i>.</li><li><span style="background-color: #fff200; border: solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;<b>PG</b>&nbsp;</span> – <b>Parental guidance recommended</b>. There are no age restrictions. <i>The content is mild in impact</i>.</li><li><span style="background-color: #00aeef; border: solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>M</b>&nbsp;</span> – <b>Recommended for mature audiences</b>. There are no age restrictions. <i>The content is moderate in impact</i>.</li><li><span style="background-color: #ec1d25; border: solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>MA15+</b>&nbsp;</span> – <b>Mature Accompanied</b>. Unsuitable for children younger than 15. Children younger than 15 years must be accompanied by a parent or guardian. <i>The content is strong in impact</i>.</li><li><span style="background-color: black; border: solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>R18+</b>&nbsp;</span> – <b>Restricted to 18 years and over</b> (Only films). Adults only. <i>The content is high in impact</i>.</li><li><span style="background-color: black; border: solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>X18+</b>&nbsp;</span> – <b>Restricted to 18 years and over</b> (Only films). Films with this rating have pornographical content. No violence nor "fetishes", including spanking, may only be legally sold in the two territories (ACT and the Northern Territory but may be purchased interstate via mail order). <i>The content is sexually explicit in impact</i>.</li><li><span style="background-color: purple; border: solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>RC</b>&nbsp;</span> – <b>Refused Classification</b>. Banned from sale or hire in Australia. Films are rated RC if their content exceeds the guidelines. <i>The content is extremely high in impact</i>.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Austria">Austria</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cinema">Cinema</span></h3>Motion pictures are rated in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> by a commission of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, the Arts and Culture (Bundesministerium für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur). This commission issues an age recommendation for each title from the following list:<br /><ul><li><b>Freigegeben für alle Altersstufen</b> – no age restriction</li><li><b>Freigegeben ab 6 Jahren</b> – not recommended for people younger than 6 years of age</li><li><b>Freigegeben ab 10 Jahren</b> – not recommended for people younger than 10 years of age</li><li><b>Freigegeben ab 12 Jahren</b> – not recommended for people younger than 12 years of age</li><li><b>Freigegeben ab 14 Jahren</b> – not recommended for people younger than 14 years of age</li><li><b>Freigegeben ab 16 Jahren</b> – not recommended for people younger than 16 years of age</li></ul><br />The ratings are published on the ministries website and can be either accepted or changed by the nine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Austria" title="States of Austria">federal states</a>.<br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: DVD and video">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="DVD_and_video">DVD and video</span></h3>Home video releases are not rated in Austria Usually the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Germany" title="Motion picture rating system">German FSK-ratings</a> are printed on the cases, although they do not have any legal meaning. For this reason many films which are banned in Germany can be bought on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> in Austria.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Belgium">Belgium</span></h2>There are only three classifications for movies shown in Belgian movie theatres:<br /><ul><li><b>KT/EA</b> – <b>Kinderen Toegelaten/Enfants Admis</b> (Children Admitted) – Allowed for all</li><li><b>KNT/ENA</b> – <b>Kinderen Niet Toegelaten/Enfants Non Admis</b> (Children Not Admitted) – Not allowed for children younger than 16 years of age</li><li><b>E</b> – Exempt</li></ul>For DVD releases, Belgium uses the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#Netherlands">same system as the Netherlands</a>.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Brazil">Brazil</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazilian_film_and_TV_rating_system.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brazilian_film_and_TV_rating_system.png/150px-Brazilian_film_and_TV_rating_system.png" width="150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazilian_film_and_TV_rating_system.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Symbols used by the Ministry of Justice for the film ratings</div></div></div>Movies are rated in Brazil by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJCTQ" title="DJCTQ">DJCTQ</a>, or Department of Justice, Rating, Titles and Qualification (<i>Departamento de Justiça, Classificação, Títulos e Qualificação</i> in Portuguese), controlled by the Brazilian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_ministry" title="Justice ministry">Ministry of Justice</a> (<i>Ministério da Justiça</i>). No "parental guidance" ratings are used. The same rating system is also used for television shows.<br />The DJCTQ uses the following system:<br /><ul><li><span style="background-color: #00cc00; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>L</b>&nbsp;</span> <b>Livre para Todos os Públicos</b> (General Audiences): This rating means that the film contains no objectionable content and can be viewed by anyone, regardless of age.</li><li><span style="background-color: dodgerblue; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>10</b>&nbsp;</span> <b>Não Recomendado para Menores de 10 Anos</b> (Not Recommended for Viewers younger than 10 Years of Age): This film is recommended for persons with or over 10 years of age. May contain mild sexual and coarse language, obscenities, threat, mild physical or verbal aggression, drug allusions.</li><li><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black;">&nbsp;<b>12</b>&nbsp;</span> <b>Não Recomendado para Menores de 12 Anos</b> (Not Recommended for Viewers younger than 12 Years of Age): This film is recommended for persons with or over 12 years of age. May contain nudity, sexual language, obscenities, violence, sexuality, exposure of people in embarrassing or degrading situations, detailed description of a crime and aggressive acts, physical or verbal aggression (murder or mistreatment of animals, for example), exposure of a corpse, legal or illegal drug use.</li><li><span style="background-color: orange; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>14</b>&nbsp;</span> <b>Não Recomendado para Menores de 14 Anos</b> (Not Recommended for Viewers younger than 14 Years of Age): This film is recommended for persons with or over 14 years of age. May contain nudity, intimate petting, heavy sexual and coarse language, violence (physical or verbal aggression, murder, torture and suicide), illegal drug use, frequent and explicit legal drug use.</li><li><span style="background-color: red; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>16</b>&nbsp;</span> <b>Não Recomendado para Menores de 16 Anos</b> (Not Recommended for Viewers younger than 16 Years of Age): This film is recommended for persons with or over 16 years of age. May contain sexual intercourse, nudity and heavy petting, graphic violence (murder and heavy physical aggression, torture, rape, mutilation, sexual abuse), explicit illegal drug use, induction to drug use.</li><li><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>18</b>&nbsp;</span> <b>Não Recomendado para Menores de 18 Anos</b> (Not Recommended for Viewers younger than 18 Years of Age): This film is forbidden for people younger than 18 years of age. It may contain explicit sex, pornography, extreme violence (murder, torture, rape, mutilation, graphic exposure of a corpse), frequent and explicit illegal drug use and incest. It is also used to rate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">pornographic films</a>.</li></ul>People younger than the minimum age indicated by the rating can watch the movie accompanied by their parents or an adult guardian, except for pornographic films. The films are rated by trained raters and, more recently, the DJCTQ has surveyed the audience's opinions on the ratings indicated for specific films. No "parental guidance" ratings are used.<br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Former ratings">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Former_ratings">Former ratings</span></h3><ul><li><span style="background-color: white; border: solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;<b>ER</b>&nbsp;</span> <b>Especialmente Recomendado para Crianças e Adolescentes</b> (Especially Recommended for Children and Teenagers): This rating means that the film is especially advised for children and teenagers.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</span></h2>The Bulgarian film rating system is defined in the <a class="external text" href="http://www.nfc.bg/page.php?category=110" rel="nofollow">Film Industry Law (or Act)</a> of 2003. The National Film Rating Committee examines every film that is going to be distributed in the country and gives it a rating. In practice, the ratings are rarely displayed on posters and in film advertisements, but almost all DVDs have them on the back cover.<br /><table class="wikitable"><caption>Bulgarian film ratings</caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rating</th> <th>Accompanying inscription</th> <th>When is it given</th> </tr><tr> <td>A</td> <td>Recommended to children</td> <td>"When the film is for children and has an educational nature."</td> </tr><tr> <td>B</td> <td>No age restrictions</td> <td>"When the film confirms the ideals of <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bg:%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="wiktionary:bg:хуманизъм">humanism</a>, promotes national and world culture or by no means contradicts to the universally accepted moral norms in the country and there are no restrictive recommendations by the Committee."</td> </tr><tr> <td>C</td> <td>Not recommended to children younger than 12 years of age.</td> <td>"When the film contains certain erotic scenes or scenes with drinking, taking drugs or stimulants or a few scenes of violence."</td> </tr><tr> <td>D</td> <td>No people younger than 16 years of age are admitted.</td> <td>"When the film contains quite a number of erotic scenes or scenes with drinking, taking drugs or stimulants or a considerable number of scenes showing strong violence and gore."</td> </tr><tr> <td>X</td> <td>No people younger than the age of 18 are admitted.</td> <td>"When the film is naturally erotic and may contain scenes of strong gory violence and maiming with a high level of frequency."</td> </tr><tr> <td>F</td> <td><br /></td> <td>"Films the contents of which is contrary to the universal rules of morality, that laud or exculpate atrocity, violence or taking drugs, that incite to racial, sexual, religious or national hatred, are not rated." Note: unrated films can not be distributed, as no visa is given.<br /></td> </tr></tbody></table>Before 2003 there was another rating system which was very similar to the current one (the same letter ratings were used, but the meaning of most letters was different; for example "B" stood for "not recommended for persons under the age of 12").<br />In practice, the rating "B" is given to most popular American films, even if they receive a more restrictive one in other countries.<br />In 2007, a few changes to the law were made, the effect of which will probably not be big for the rating system, though a film's rating could change. These changes are in effect from January 1, 2008.<br />Note: parts of the table above uses quotes from the <a class="external text" href="http://www.filmmakersbg.org/zakon-kino-eng.htm" rel="nofollow">English translation</a> of the <a class="external text" href="http://www.filmmakersbg.org/zakon-kino-bg.htm" rel="nofollow">Bulgarian Film Industry Act</a> published on the website of the <a class="external text" href="http://www.filmmakersbg.org/ubfm-eng.htm" rel="nofollow">Union of Bulgarian Film Makers</a>.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Canada">Canada</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_motion_picture_rating_system" title="Canadian motion picture rating system">Canadian motion picture rating system</a></div>Movie ratings in Canada are a provincial responsibility, and each province has its own legislation, rules and regulations regarding rating, exhibition and admission. Ratings are required for theatrical showings of movies, but are not required for home video. Film festivals which show unrated films (because they are independent films or foreign films not submitted for ratings) are treated as private showings by selling memberships to the festival, which circumvents the theatrical rating requirement.<br />There are currently six film classification offices rating movies in Canada, each an agency of a provincial government:<br /><ul><li>in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Film_Classification_Office" title="British Columbia Film Classification Office">British Columbia Film Classification Office</a></b>;</li><li>in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <b><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberta_Film_Ratings&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Alberta Film Ratings (page does not exist)">Alberta Film Ratings</a></b>;</li><li>in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Film_Classification_Board" title="Manitoba Film Classification Board">Manitoba Film Classification Board</a></b>;</li><li>in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Film_Review_Board" title="Ontario Film Review Board">Ontario Film Review Board</a></b>;</li><li>in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, la <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gie_du_cin%C3%A9ma_%28Quebec%29" title="Régie du cinéma (Quebec)">Régie du cinéma du Québec</a></b>;</li><li>in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Film_Classification_Board" title="Maritime Film Classification Board">Maritime Film Classification Board</a></b>.</li></ul>The province of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> has not legislated on film ratings and does not have a dedicated agency; some theatres use the ratings of the Maritime Film Classification Board.<br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Home video ratings">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Home_video_ratings">Home video ratings</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">For more details on this topic, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Home_Video_Rating_System" title="Canadian Home Video Rating System">Canadian Home Video Rating System</a>.</div><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Outside Québec">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Outside_Qu.C3.A9bec">Outside Québec</span></h4><table border="1" class="wikitable"><tbody><tr> <th>Rating</th> <th>Letter(s)<br />meaning</th> <th>Rating<br />meaning</th> </tr><tr> <td>G</td> <td><b>G</b>eneral<br />Audience</td> <td>All ages (Green)</td> </tr><tr> <td>PG</td> <td><b>P</b>arental<br /><b>G</b>uidance</td> <td>Parental guidance<br />is advised (Blue)</td> </tr><tr> <td>14A</td> <td><b>14</b><br /><b>A</b>ccompaniment</td> <td>Under 14s must be<br />accompanied by<br />an adult at least<br />18 years old (purple or yellow)</td> </tr><tr> <td>18A</td> <td><b>18</b><br /><b>A</b>ccompaniment</td> <td>Under 18 must be accompanied by an adult at least 18 years old. (In Manitoba and the Maritimes, people under 14 are prohibited from viewing the film. (orange or yellow)</td> </tr><tr> <td>R</td> <td><b>R</b>estricted</td> <td>No one under the age of 18 will be admitted. (Red)</td> </tr></tbody></table><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: In Québec">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="In_Qu.C3.A9bec">In Québec</span></h4><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quebecrating-G.png"><img alt="Quebecrating-G.png" height="62" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Quebecrating-G.png/60px-Quebecrating-G.png" width="60" /></a><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quebecrating-13.png"><img alt="Quebecrating-13.png" height="62" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Quebecrating-13.png/60px-Quebecrating-13.png" width="60" /></a><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quebecrating-16.png"><img alt="Quebecrating-16.png" height="62" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Quebecrating-16.png/60px-Quebecrating-16.png" width="60" /></a><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quebecrating-18.png"><img alt="Quebecrating-18.png" height="62" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Quebecrating-18.png/60px-Quebecrating-18.png" width="60" /></a><br />In Québec, the <i>Régie du cinéma</i> ratings apply to home video products. Sticker rating labels must be provided by the distributor, and displayed on rental material.<br />The ratings are as follows:<br /><ul><li><b>G</b> Suitable for all. Violence is allowed but it must be in a fantasy context and non-explicit. If there is any swearing it must be appropriate for younger children. Sexual content must be kept to an extreme minimum. Horror elements may be present but only in a way which is unlikely to scare younger children. Drug use is not allowed.</li></ul><ul><li><b>13+</b> Unsuitable for children under age 13. Children under 13 must be accompanied by an adult at all times. Stronger fantasy violence may be present, but if there is any blood it will be kept to a minimum. Explicit language is allowed but it cannot be used throughout. Mild sexual content is allowed, as is very mild sexual nudity but only if it is brief and implied. Strong horror moments are acceptable if it is deemed to be appropriate for young teenagers. Infrequent use of milder drugs is allowed.</li></ul><ul><li><b>16+</b> Unsuitable for children under age 16. Children under 16 will not be allowed to buy media with this rating regardless of whether they are accompanied by an adult. Realistic violence is allowed to a certain extent, and moderate detail of injury is also acceptable. There is no restrictions on language at the "16+" category. Moderate sexual content and mild sexual nudity is acceptable. Horror mixed with violence is acceptable in most cases. Drug use is permitted so long as it is not explicit.</li></ul><ul><li><b>18+</b> Most certainly unsuitable for children, and therefore off-limits from children. (A prime example is the R-rated drama Fight Club) Media with this category must be placed in a separate room. Pretty much anything that is not appropriate for children is accepted so long as it is within the law. This rating is very rarely used.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Chile">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Chile">Chile</span></h2>The Council of Cinematographic Classification (<i>Consejo de Calificación Cinematográfica</i>) uses the following system:<br /><ul><li><b>TE</b> <i>(Todo Espectador)</i> – For all audiences.</li><li><b>Mayores de 14 años</b> – Suitable for people aged 14 and older. Children younger than 14 may be accompanied by a parent or guardian 18 or older.</li><li><b>Mayores de 18 años</b> – Suitable for people aged 18 and older. Children younger than 18 may be accompanied by a parent or guardian 18 or older.</li></ul><dl><dt>Other categories</dt></dl><ul><li><b>Inconveniente para menores de 6 años</b> <i>(Inonvenient for children under 6 years)</i> – Not suitable for children younger than 6 years</li><li><b>18/S</b> – Suitable for people aged 18 and older with sexually explicit content. This indication signifies that the film essentially contains scenes of real and explicit sexual activity .</li><li><b>18/V</b> – Suitable for people 18 and older with extreme violence</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="People.27s_Republic_of_China">People's Republic of China</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_industry_in_China" title="Film industry in China">Film industry in China</a></div>The first film rating system of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> was expected to come out in 2005 as a part of the Motion Picture Industry Promotion Law (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">电影促进法</span>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> has not passed such a law.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Colombia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Colombia">Colombia</span></h2>As of June 22, 2005, the <a class="external text" href="http://www.mincultura.gov.co/eContent/library/documents/DocNewsNo931DocumentNo1198.DOC" rel="nofollow">Ministry of Culture</a> issued its new rating system. The classifications are:<br /><ul><li><b>T</b>: for general audiences. The T stands for "Todos" which means "all".</li><li><b>6</b>: for movies suitable for children aged 6 and above.</li><li><b>12</b>: for movies suitable for children aged 12 and above.</li><li><b>15</b>: for movies suitable for children aged 15 and above.</li><li><b>18</b>: for movies suitable for people aged 18 and above.</li><li><b>X</b>: for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>.</li><li><b>Banned</b>: for movies "containing elements inciting to crime or making a concrete endorsement of it."</li><li><b>E</b>: Exempt.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Czech Republic">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</span></h2><ul><li><b>U</b> – Suitable for all audiences</li><li><b>PG</b> – Parental Guidance recommended for children under 12</li><li><b>12</b> – Suitable for children 12 and over</li><li><b>15</b> – Suitable for children 15 and over</li><li><b>18</b> – Suitable for viewers 18 and over</li><li><b>E</b> – Exempt from classification</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Denmark">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Denmark">Denmark</span></h2>Prior to 1997, the releases in Denmark were rated by the National Board of Film Censorship and the possible classifications were:<br /><ul><li><b>TILLADT FOR ALLE</b>: Approval of the film for general admittance.</li></ul><ul><li><b>TILLADT OVER 7 ÅR</b>: Approval of the film for admittance of children from the age of 7. (Introduced in 1980)</li></ul><ul><li><b>TILLADT OVER 12 ÅR</b>: Approval of the film for admittance of children from the age of 12. (Introduced in 1960)</li></ul><ul><li><b>TILLADT OVER 16 ÅR</b>: Approval of the film for admittance of children from the age of 16.</li></ul>The laws were then relaxed and the ratings were made less strict. The <a class="external text" href="http://www.medieraadet.dk/html/gb/media_council_gb.htm" rel="nofollow">Media Council for Children and Young People</a> currently rates films. The classifications from then on was:<br /><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dkcensuralle.gif"><img alt="Dkcensuralle.gif" height="33" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Dkcensuralle.gif" width="48" /></a> Approval of the film for general admittance.<br /><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dkcensur7.gif"><img alt="Dkcensur7.gif" height="33" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Dkcensur7.gif" width="48" /></a> Approval of the film for general admittance, but not recommended for children younger than the age of 7.<br /><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dkcensur11.gif"><img alt="Dkcensur11.gif" height="31" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Dkcensur11.gif" width="31" /></a> Approval of the film for admittance of children from the age of 11.<br /><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dkcensur15.gif"><img alt="Dkcensur15.gif" height="35" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Dkcensur15.gif" width="35" /></a> Approval of the film for admittance of children from the age of 15.<br /><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dkcensurfri.gif"><img alt="Dkcensurfri.gif" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Dkcensurfri.gif" width="45" /></a> Exempt from classification – only usen on home video products (mostly documentaries, Danish stand-up shows and educational material)<br />Children who have turned 7 are allowed admission to all films if accompanied by an adult (a person turned 18). Consequently it is the responsibility of the parents to ensure that their children do not watch violent and hard-core pornographic films.<br />Films accessible to the public do not have to be classified by the Media Council but consequently must be labeled as 15 – approval of the film for admittance of children from the age of 15 – no matter the content of the film.<br />At Cinemas the 11 and 15 classifications are restricted, and the cinema has to make sure that you are the right age, or if over 7 years old, accompanied by an adult.<br />On the home video market, only 15 is restricted, and the retailer must make sure that the purchaser is 15 years or older. It is illeagal to sell a 15 certified movie to a person under 15 years.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Egypt">Egypt</span></h2>The Egyptian government has only three movie classifications:<br /><ul><li><b>General Audience</b> – Everyone is admitted.</li></ul><ul><li><b>Adults Only</b> – Restricted to audiences aged 18 and above.</li></ul><ul><li><b>Exempt from Classification</b></li></ul>Usually excessive violence, nudity, and sexuality is cut from motion pictures in order to release with a General audience certificate.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Estonia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Estonia">Estonia</span></h2><ul><li><b>PERE</b> – Suitable even for the youngest children</li><li><b>L</b> – For all audiences with no age limit</li><li><b>MS-6</b> – Under 6 not recommended</li><li><b>MS-12</b> – Under 12 not recommended</li><li><b>K-12</b> – Under 12 not allowed. The film contains moderate language and violence, nudity without sexual context and mild drug use. Age checking is mandatory.</li><li><b>K-14</b> – Under 14 not allowed. The film contains explicit language, intense violence, nudity, mild sex scenes and drug use. Age checking is mandatory.</li><li><b>K-16</b> – Under 16 not allowed. The film contains explicit language and violence, nudity, sex scenes/pornography and illegal or explicit drug use. Age checking is mandatory.</li></ul>Films rated MS-6 and MS-12 are allowed for these age groups only under parental guidance. But, K-12, K-14 and K-16 are not allowed even under parental guidance. The Estonian rating system is considered to be milder than in the USA and Western Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Finland">Finland</span></h2>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="Finnish Board of Film Classification">Finnish Board of Film Classification</a> has a film classification system under which films are classified into one of the following categories:<br /><ul><li><b>K-3</b> (formerly S) – For all ages (green sign) The content is mild in this category, K-3 movies are unlikely to contains violence or sexual material or horror. Documentary films without graphic detail also receive this rating.</li><li><b>K-7</b> – Only for persons 7 years or older (yellow sign) The content is mild to moderate. Violence is permitted but is limited to comic context or animated. K-7 films may contain drug references and sexual material but should be very limited. Most animations and comedies receive this rating.</li><li><b>K-11</b> – Only for persons 11 years or older (orange sign) The content is moderate. Violence and horror are permitted, but they must not be very detailed. Drug use and sexual material are permitted but without very much of details. Fantasy films like <i>Harry Potter</i> receive this rating.</li><li><b>K-13</b> – Only for persons 13 years or older (orange sign) Content is moderate to strong. Graphic violence is allowed, but only in a comedic context. Drug use can be graphic but limited. Horror and extended sexual material is allowed. But must not be aggressive. Movies like Avatar and Inception are likely to earn this rating.</li><li><b>K-15</b> – Only for persons 15 years or older (orange sign) The content is strong to very strong. Violence in K-15 category is often very graphic and sometimes cruel/sadistic. Detailed and bloody violence is allowed but must not exceed any kind of prolonged or very sadistic acts. Horror can be supernatural or realistic. Horror combined with very grotesque images is not allowed. Drug use can be graphic and frequent. Sexual material (including assault) is allowed, but must not be overused for the story-line. Movies like <i>Final Destination</i> and <i>Funny Games</i> are likely to receive this rating.</li><li><b>K-18</b> – Only for persons 18 years or older (red sign) The content is very strong to extreme. Movies in this category include very graphic violence with sadistic manners. Drug use has no limits. Sado-masochistic sexual acts are allowed, but must not encourage the seer to mimic it in real-life. This rating applies as well for "unchecked" material released in Finland</li><li><b>K-E</b> – Exempt</li></ul>As of 1/1/2012 The Ratings Changed. The New Ratings are:<br /><ul><li><b>S</b> – Allowed for Everyone.</li><li><b>7</b> – Restricted to Children Under 7.</li><li><b>12</b> – Restricted to Children Under 12.</li><li><b>16</b> – Restricted to Children Under 16.</li><li><b>18</b> – Restricted to Minors.</li><li><b>E</b> – Exempt.</li></ul>Alltough films rated 7-16 movies can be sold to a person who's no more younger than three years and must be accompanied with an adult.<br />A person two years younger than the given rating is permitted to see a film in a movie theater when accompanied by an adult, except for 18-rated films.<br />Only material intended to be accessible to minors (those below 18 years of age) is subject to mandatory inspection. A proper notification is sufficient for adult material. However, the board has the right to inspect material suspected of violating laws or material which was not properly notified.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="France">France</span></h2>Prior to showing in theaters, a license (visa d'exploitation) must be obtained from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Culture_%28France%29" title="Minister of Culture (France)">Ministry of Culture</a>. Upon the advice of the commission pertaining to cinema movies, the minister decides either not to grant the license (a very rare occurrence), or to grant a license among the 6 following:<br /><ul><li><b>U</b> (Tous publics) valid for all audiences.</li><li><b>10</b> (Déconseillé aux moins de 10 ans) unsuitable for children younger than 10 <i>(this rating is only used for TV)</i>, on cinema its "avertissement" (warning), it means that some scenes may disturb young children and sensitive people, and on DVDs its written "accord parental" (parental guidance).</li><li><b>12</b> (Interdit aux moins de 12 ans) unsuitable for children younger than 12 or forbidden in cinemas for under 12.</li><li><b>16</b> (Interdit aux moins de 16 ans) unsuitable for children younger than 16 or forbidden in cinemas for under 16.</li><li><b>18</b> (Interdit aux mineurs) unsuitable for children younger than 18 or forbidden in cinemas for under 18.</li><li><b>E</b> exempt</li></ul>Each rating can be accompanied by a special "warning". In practice, the ministry always follows the decision of the commission.<br />In addition, a movie bearing the "-18" rating may be considered "pornographic or inciting to violence" (colloquially referred to as "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rated" title="X-rated">X-rated</a>"). In this case, it bears high taxation and may be showed only in specific theatres, which are now rare in France. This classification is not used for merely violent movies, or movies containing mere erotic scenes.<br />Classifications, as all administrative decisions, may be appealed before the courts (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_%28France%29" title="Council of State (France)">Conseil d'État</a></i> at litigation). The movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baise-moi" title="Baise-moi">Baise-Moi</a></i> went from -16 to -18 and was branded as "pornographic".<br /><i>Related link:</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cnc.fr/Site/Template/T11.aspx?SELECTID=1288&amp;ID=761&amp;t=1" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> (in French)<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Germany">Germany</span></h2>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiwillige_Selbstkontrolle_der_Filmwirtschaft" title="Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft">Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft</a> (Voluntary Self-Regulation of the Film Industry, FSK) has a film classification system under which films are classified into one of the following categories:<br /><ul><li><b>Ohne Altersbeschränkung (FSK 0)</b>: no age restriction (white sign)</li><li><b>Freigegeben ab 6 Jahren (FSK 6)</b>: no children younger than 6 years admitted (yellow sign)</li><li><b>Freigegeben ab 12 Jahren (FSK 12)</b>: children 12 or older admitted, children between 6 and 11 only when accompanied by parent or a legal guardian (green sign)</li><li><b>Freigegeben ab 16 Jahren (FSK 16)</b>: children 16 or older admitted, nobody under this age admitted (blue sign)</li><li><b>Keine Jugendfreigabe (FSK 18)</b>: "<i>no youth admitted</i>", only adults. This rating was previously called <i>"Nicht freigegeben unter 18 Jahren."</i> (red sign)</li></ul><ul><li><b>Infoprogramm</b> or <b>Lehrprogramm</b>: "educational programming". This rating is not issued by the FSK, but may be self-applied to films seeking to educate their audience (e.g. documentaries, instructional films, etc.), provided they do not contain any material "evidently harmful to the development of children and youths".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Films with this rating may be sold without any age restriction.</li></ul>All the above ratings also contain the phrase "gemäß §14 JuSchG" (in accordance with §14 of the Youth Protection Law), signifying that they are legally binding, rather than being mere recommendations.<br /><ul><li><b>SPIO/JK</b>: This certificate, issued by the Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft (Head Organisation of the Film Industry, SPIO), attests that, in the eyes of the SPIO, a particular film does not violate German law, such as the ban on "glorification of violence." However, films with such a certificate may still be banned and are frequently put on the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundespr%C3%BCfstelle_f%C3%BCr_jugendgef%C3%A4hrdende_Medien" title="Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien">Index</a>". The certificate simply protects the producer/seller of a film that later gets indexed from prosecution, as he or she can claim that they had reason to believe the film did not, in fact, violate any laws. As films with this certificate are not rated by the FSK, they may be sold only to persons aged 18 or older.</li></ul>Furthermore, while a rating by the FSK is not legally required for a film to be sold, "unrated" films may be sold only to adults, and since most retail chains and virtually all cinemas will sell/show only films with an FSK rating, all films are normally submitted to the FSK for classification, with the exception of films that will most likely be refused a certificate (pornography or films containing extremely strong violence, for example).<br />After a title has received a rating for a cinematic release, the FSK must approve this rating again for a home entertainment release. Some titles therefore have different FSK certificates for the cinematic release and for the DVD release. Usually, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiwillige_Selbstkontrolle_der_Filmwirtschaft" title="Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft">FSK</a> applies stricter rules to the home releases and therefore sometimes the distributors have to release a tamed down version.<br />After 10 years, films may be resubmitted to the FSK for re-rating. Older films which have gained a <i>FSK 18</i> certificate during the '50s or '60s often gain a much lower certificate now, due to a more liberal approach the FSK now takes in issuing ratings. However, due to the cost involved in resubmitting a film, it is common practice to keep the old certificate for the cinematic release and only submit bonus materials or extended scenes for classification. This leads to the seemingly paradoxical result of extended, and more violent versions of previously rated films gaining a lower certificate than the original version.<br />Further to the above restrictions, it is also illegal to supply a film with an <i>FSK 18</i>, <i>Keine Jugendfreigabe</i> or <i>SPIO/JK</i> certificate, including those not on the index, without definitive means to supply proof of age. This severely limits distribution of films with these certificates, and thus it is extremely common for distributors to supply a cut version with a lower certificate so that the film can be distributed by mail order or Internet. Almost all major online distributors have declined to distribute <i>FSK 18</i> or <i>Keine Jugendfreigabe</i> films due to the legal difficulties in the past. Shopping centers, malls have been selling films with this certificate since 2002. Amazon Germany started selling titles with this certification in November 2006. Many smaller online retailers provide an FSK 18 section which may be accessed only by sending a scanned copy of the buyer's identification card or providing the ID card's number (which includes the date of birth encoded). The legality of this practice, however, is as yet untested. In September 2006, Amazon.de became the first major retailer to provide FSK 18 rated films, by making use of an ID checking service offered by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Post" title="Deutsche Post">German postal service</a>.<br />Before 2003, state prosecutors were able to confiscate FSK18 titles to put them on the index or ban them completely from distribution. Thus, many sellers were put off from selling these titles in the first place and instead sold the cut versions that usually carried the FSK16-tag. Under the new law of 2003, however, movies with an FSK18 certificate can no longer be confiscated or put on the index. The FSK may refuse to give an FSK18-tag because it deems the material too violent and/or sexually charged to even grant it an FSK-18 certificate. The distributor may then resubmit a cut version or refer it to the <i>Juristenkommission</i> for a certificate attesting that the film does not violate applicable law. Or distribute it completely unrated, which is equally limited as distributing a film listed on the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundespr%C3%BCfstelle_f%C3%BCr_jugendgef%C3%A4hrdende_Medien" title="Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien">Index</a>" – sublist A.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Greece">Greece</span></h2>Any movies that will be shown in Greek movie theatres, whether local or foreign, must be classified. There are four ratings for movies shown in Greece and they are:<br /><ul><li><b>K</b> – Suitable film for everyone, including children. The film does not contain violence, drug abuse, or sexual content.</li><li><b>K-13</b> – Suitable film for children 13+. The film may contain mild violence and adult themes. This is not recommended for those under 13 but not restricted.</li><li><b>K-17</b> – Suitable film for adults 17+. The film may contain violence, drug abuse, and mild pornographic scenes. An <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">ID card</a> certifying the age is required in all Greek cinemas and DVD rental shops in order to get a cinema ticket or rent a DVD of a "K-17" rated film. This category is legally restricted.</li><li><b>E</b> – Exempt</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Hong Kong">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_motion_picture_rating_system" title="Hong Kong motion picture rating system">Hong Kong motion picture rating system</a></div>An official government agency issues ratings for any movie that will be shown in Hong Kong movie theatres, instead of a private institution. They are:<br /><ul><li><b>I</b> – suitable for all ages (circle sign)</li><li><b>IIA</b> – some content is unsuitable for children; parental guidance suggested (square sign)</li><li><b>IIB</b> – some content is unsuitable for children and young persons; parental guidance suggested (square sign)</li><li><b>III</b> – for aged 18 and above only (triangle sign)</li></ul>Of the four levels, Levels I, IIA, and IIB are unrestricted. Only Level III is a restricted category. Ticket sellers in movie theatres have a legal right to check the identity of a person who wishes to watch a Level III film to ensure legal compliance.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hungary">Hungary</span></h2>Hungarian ratings are decided by the Rating Committee of the National Office of Film<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>:<br /><ul><li><b>KN</b> – suitable for all (category I.)</li><li><b>6</b> – not suitable for childen under 6.(category II.)</li><li><b>12</b> – not suitable for children under 12. (category III.)</li><li><b>16</b> – not suitable for children under 16. (category IV.)</li><li><b>18</b> – not suitable for people under 18. (category V.)</li><li><b>X</b> – only for adults (category VI.)</li></ul>Before 2004, there was <b>14</b> instead of <b>12</b>, and there was not any fifth category.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Iceland">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Iceland">Iceland</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 77px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leyfdollum.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="258" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/Leyfdollum.jpg/75px-Leyfdollum.jpg" width="75" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leyfdollum.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>SmáÍs movie rating labele</div></div></div><b>Kvikmyndaeftirlit Ríkisins</b> was started in 1932 and ran until 1997. That year the name changed into <b>Kvikmyndaskoðun</b> and ran until 2006. Since 1997 the board does not edit movies. The old rating system from Kvikmyndaeftirlit Ríkisins and Kvikmyndaskoðun is still valid and is as follows:<br /><ul><li><b>L</b>: Suitable for all</li><li><b>LH</b>: Not suitable for very young viewers replaced by <b>7</b></li><li><b>10</b>: Passed only for children 10 and older replaced by <b>7</b></li><li><b>12</b>: Passed only for children 12 and older</li><li><b>14</b>: Passed only for children 14 and older</li><li><b>16</b>: Passed only for children 16 and older</li><li><b>AB</b>: Banned (1932–1997) replaced by <b>18</b></li></ul>From July 1, 2006 Kvikmyndaskoðun was closed and Smáís has taken over the responsibility of rating systems in Iceland. Simultaneously, a new rating system started and is as following:<br /><ul><li><b>L</b>: Suitable for all</li><li><b>7</b>: Passed only for 7 and older</li><li><b>12</b>: Passed only for 12 and older</li><li><b>14</b>: Passed only for 14 and older</li><li><b>16</b>: Passed only for 16 and older</li><li><b>18</b>: Passed only for 18 and older</li></ul>Certain films that have been rated as "LH" or "10" under the old system have been re-rated as "7".<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="India">India</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vegamcensorcertificate-1.gif"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="169" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Vegamcensorcertificate-1.gif/220px-Vegamcensorcertificate-1.gif" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vegamcensorcertificate-1.gif" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Sample Censor certificate issued by Indian Censor Board that appears just before the beginning of a film. "V/U" implies that the film is sanctioned for <i>video</i> exhibition and given a rating of <i>Unrestricted Public Exhibition</i>.</div></div></div>In India, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Certification" title="Central Board of Film Certification">Central Board of Film Certification</a> (CBFC) is responsible for certifying films meant for public exhibition.<br />The Censor Board presently gives four categories of certificates, namely,<br /><ul><li><b>U</b>: Unrestricted Public Exhibition throughout India,</li><li><b>U/A</b>: Unrestricted public exhibition with parental guidance for children below the age of 10</li><li><b>A</b>: Public exhibition restricted to adults above 18 years only,</li><li><b>S</b>: Exhibition to restricted audience such as doctors etc.</li></ul>Additionally, <b>V/U</b>, <b>V/A</b> are used for video releases with U and A carrying the same meaning as above.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Indonesia">Indonesia</span></h2>Motion pictures shown in Indonesia must undergo reviewing by the Indonesian Film Censor Board <a class="external text" href="http://www.lsf.go.id/" rel="nofollow">(Lembaga Sensor Film)</a>. Other than issuing certificates, the LSF also reviews and issues permits for film-related advertising, such as movie trailers and posters. LSF has the authority to cut scenes from films. Certificates are issued based on the following categories:<br /><ul><li><b>SU</b> (<i>Semua Umur</i>): All ages</li><li><b>A</b> (<i>Anak-anak</i>): Children (2–12 years)</li><li><b>BO-A</b> (<i>Bimbingan Orangtua-Anak-anak</i>): Parental Guidance-Children</li><li><b>BO</b> (<i>Bimbingan Orangtua</i>): Parental Guidance (parental supervision is strongly recommended for persons under 13 years)</li><li><b>BO-SU</b> (<i>Bimbingan Orangtua-semua-umur</i>): Parental Guidance-All Ages</li><li><b>R</b> (<i>Remaja</i>): Teen (All ages admitted years and over)</li><li><b>D</b> (<i>Dewasa</i>): Adult (All ages admitted and over)</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ireland">Ireland</span></h2>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Film_Classification_Office" title="Irish Film Classification Office">Irish Film Classification Office</a> (IFCO) under which theatrical films are placed into one of the following categories:<br /><ul><li><b>G</b> – <i>General</i> – Suitable for viewing by anyone.</li><li><b>PG</b> – <i>Parental Guidance</i> – Parental guidance is recommended for children under the age of 12.</li><li><b>12A</b> – <i>Parental Guidance required for children under 12</i> – A person over 18 years of age must accompany a child under the age of 12 when seeing a film theatrically. Prior to 2004 this used to be <b>12PG</b>.</li><li><b>15A</b> – <i>Parental Guidance required for children under 15</i> – A person over 18 years of age must accompany a child under the age of 15 when seeing a film theatrically. Prior to 2004 this used to be <b>15PG</b>.</li><li><b>16</b> – Films classified in this category are considered to be suitable for persons of sixteen or over. Children under this age cannot be admitted to screenings. Violent content, crude and sexual content, and depiction of violence may be stronger than in films designated 15A. Introduced in 2004.</li><li><b>18</b> – <i>Adults only</i> – The film is suitable only for adults. Nobody under this age can be admitted. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_Songs" title="9 Songs">9 Songs</a></i> in October 2004 became the first film featuring explicit sex scenes to receive a certificate.</li></ul>Films without certification are not <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipso_facto" title="Ipso facto">ipso facto</a></i> banned and have been shown at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">film festivals</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">arthouse</a> clubs such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Film_Institute" title="Irish Film Institute">Irish Film Institute</a>.<br />For video releases (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>), categories <b>G</b>, <b>PG</b> and <b>18</b> share the same meanings as above, however, there is no <b>16</b>, and categories <b>12</b> and <b>15</b> are mandatory, not advisory.<br />There used to be an additional category, <b>12RA</b>, for video releases. This means that children under 12 can watch the video however an adult of at least 18 years old must accompany him/her. This is an extremely rarely used rating.<br />Due to there not being a "16" classification for home media it the movie is sometimes cut on the video version in order to meet the guidelines of the "15" classification.<br />All videos and DVDs (except for exempt videos such as music videos and educational material) must be submitted for classification by the IFCO and then displayed on the front of the packaging, the back of the packaging and on the individual discs.<br />The rating of a movie may be appealed up to six months after the release of a film. After this period expires the same uncut film is not allowed to be appealed until at least seven years after the release.<br />Originally, IFCO used to ban far more films, however they still occasionally ban films (i.e. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Eats_Girl" title="Boy Eats Girl">Boy Eats Girl</a> was banned due to a suicide attempt but was appealed and was re-rated as 15A).<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Italy">Italy</span></h2>It was enforced since 1963 and all films aimed to be shown in Italy are classified into one of the following categories by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Cultural_Heritage_and_Activities_%28Italy%29" title="Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities (Italy)">Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities</a>:<br /><ul><li><b>T</b>: All ages admitted. The mark is a circle with a huge <i>T</i> inside on a green background.</li></ul><ul><li><b>V.M.14</b>: Nobody under the age of 14 years is allowed, parental guidance is strongly advised. The movie is likely to contain either sexual content, violence and some drug use. The mark is a circle with a <i>14</i> inside on an orange background. Examples in this category: <i>Smokin'Aces</i>, <i>Drive Angry</i>, <i>Severance</i> and <i>Final Destination 5</i></li></ul><ul><li><b>V.M.18</b>: Nobody under the age of 18 years is allowed, for older audiences only. The movie is likely to contain very explicit and strong sexual content, strong and/or extreme violence and gore or really explicit drug use. The mark is a circle with an <i>18</i> inside on a red or bordeaux background. Examples in this category: <i>Hard Candy</i>, <i>Fight Club</i>, <i>A clockwork orange</i> and <i>American History X</i></li></ul>In the past, pornographic or disturbing movies like <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Throat" title="Deep Throat">Deep Throat</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Summer" title="Last Summer">Last Summer</a></i> were given a special X rating, but this rating does not take part of the official censorship and is used today only for pornographic videos. Some films were even banned for their extreme pornographic contents, disturbing violence or for their political connotation. For example were banned <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks" title="Freaks">Freaks</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal%C3%B2,_or_the_120_Days_of_Sodom" title="Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom">Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibal_Holocaust" title="Cannibal Holocaust">Cannibal Holocaust</a></i>, although these bans were lifted after. Few films like <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Tango_in_Paris" title="Last Tango in Paris">Last Tango in Paris</a></i> were even sentenced to be burnt at the stake. The laws which allow such bans are still in force today, although have fallen into disuse.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Japan">Japan</span></h2>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> film rating regulator known as <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirin" title="Eirin">Eirin</a></b> <span style="font-weight: normal;">(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">映倫</span><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets" title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color: #0000ee; font: bold 80% sans-serif; padding: 0 .1em; text-decoration: none;">?</span></a></sup></span>)</span> (full-name: <b>Ei</b>ga <b>Rin</b>ri Kanri Iinkai <span style="font-weight: normal;">(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">映画倫理管理委員会</span><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets" title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color: #0000ee; font: bold 80% sans-serif; padding: 0 .1em; text-decoration: none;">?</span></a></sup></span>)</span>) has a film classification system under which films are classified into one of the following categories:<br /><ul><li><b>G</b>: General audiences, all ages admitted.</li><li><b>PG-12</b>: Some material may be inappropriate for children under the age of 12. Parental or adult accompaniment recommended. The film contains mature themes, partial nudity, explicit language, some violence, etc. which is inappropriate for people under 12.</li><li><b>R15+</b>: No children under 15 admitted. The film contains adult themes, nudity, explicit language, violence, sexual situations, etc. which is inappropriate for people under 15.</li><li><b>R18+</b>: No children under 18 admitted. The film contains adult themes, detailed violence, explicit sex, sexual violence, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornographic</a> content, drug use, etc. which is inappropriate for people under 18.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: Latvia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Latvia">Latvia</span></h2>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, the film presenters added classification is the same as the one applied by the producers of the film. However, this could change from 2008, because in July 2007 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Latvia" title="Government of Latvia">government of Latvia</a> made a law that indicates a more strict classification policy. The classifications are approved by the <a class="external text" href="http://www.nfc.lv/" rel="nofollow">National Cinema Center</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <span lang="lv"><i>Nacionālais Kino Centrs</i></span>). There is a new 'refreshed' rating system from July 2007. (The following classifications will operate as of September 2007)<br /><ul><li><b>U</b>: rated for all ages (added in July 2007).</li><li><b>7+</b>: Not recommended for viewers younger than 7.</li><li><b>12+</b>: Not recommended for viewers younger than 12.</li><li><b>16+</b>: Not recommended for viewers younger than 16.</li><li><b>18+ (blue)</b>: Not recommended for minors.</li><li><b>18+ (red)</b>: Prohibited from viewing by minors.</li><li><b>X</b>: Prohibited from public viewing.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Malaysia">Malaysia</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Censorship in Malaysia</a></div>Malaysia's motion picture rating system was introduced in 1996. According to the Ministry of Home Affairs, all films in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, whether local or foreign, are scrutinised and then categorised by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Censorship_Board_of_Malaysia" title="Film Censorship Board of Malaysia">Film Censorship Board</a> Film Control Division before being distributed and screened to the public. The board was established under the Film Censorship Act 1952 and was later replaced by the Film Censorship Act 2002. In accordance to this act, the Film Censorship Board is appointed by the Minister of Home Affairs. A panel is then appointed by the chairman of the board to view each film.<br />Once the film is viewed, the board then categorises the film as follows:<br /><ul><li>Approved <ul><li>Passed Clean (i.e. without cuts) (Lulus Bersih) (in this case the movie distributor can place "No Cuts!" on the film's advertisement.)</li><li>Passed with Cuts (Lulus Dengan Potongan) (usually should the content of a scene is deemed inappropriate for screening by the Board. Usually these are nudity and/or sex scenes which are extended and/or irrelevant to the film's plot.)</li></ul></li></ul><ul><li>Not Approved <ul><li>Forbidden (Haram) (Equivalent to "Refused Classification", these films are banned from being screened or sold in Malaysia)</li><li>Rejected (Ditolak) (Application was refused without viewing the film in question)</li></ul></li></ul>Should a film be approved, the Board then assigns one of the following rating to it:<br /><ul><li><b>U</b> (<i>Umum</i>, literally General Audiences) – For general audiences. (Triangular sign)</li></ul><ul><li><b>PG-13</b> – Children under 13 not admitted unless accompanied by an adult. Film may contain scenes that are inappropriate for younger children. This classification was introduced in 2007. Examples include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_%28film%29" title="The Dark Knight (film)">The Dark Knight</a>. (Circle with a horizontal line in the middle through its diameter)</li></ul><ul><li><b>18</b> – This film is for aged 18 years and above only. No people under this age will be admitted. Film may contain adult themes, explicit scenes, mature content, nudity, strong language, and/or sex, etc. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_Island_%28film%29" title="Shutter Island (film)">Shutter Island</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_of_Conscience" title="Fire of Conscience">Fire of Conscience</a> are two of the first movies to be classified under this rating. This rating is used for 18+ movies released after 14 April 2010. Any 18+ movies shown in cinemas after that date will be classified as <b>18</b>. The rating still uses the circle sign that the previous ratings <b>18SG</b>, <b>18SX</b>, <b>18PA</b> and <b>18PL</b> used. Any movies previously classified using the old 18+ ratings will now be re-classified as <b>18</b>. However, video classification that still rated as the previous 18+ ratings is still valid.</li></ul>Categories <b>U</b> and <b>PG-13</b> are unrestricted, only <b>18</b> is a restricted category.<br />Prior to April 2010, there were four 18+ classification with two letters added, however, it has been abolished due to direction by the Film Censorship Board. The ratings are listed below:<br /><ul><li><b>18SG</b> (<i>Seram, Ganas</i>, literally Graphic Violence and Horror/Terror) – Film contains strong violence, gore or horror/terror that people may find objectionable.</li></ul><ul><li><b>18SX</b> (<i>Seks</i>, literally Sexual Content) – Film contains sex scenes, nudity and/or sexual dialogues/references that people may find objectionable.</li></ul><ul><li><b>18PA</b> (<i>Politik, Agama</i>, literally Strong Religious or Political Elements) – Film contains elements which include religious, social or political aspects that people may find objectionable.</li></ul><ul><li><b>18PL</b> (<i>Pelbagai</i>, literally Variety) – Film may contain strong violence, gore, horror/terror, sex scenes, nudity, sexual dialogues/references, religious, social and/or political aspects people may find objectionable. (Example: A film with strong violence and sexual references will be classified as <b>18PL</b>).</li></ul>18+ rated films require an accompanying adult for underaged patrons, though cinemas reserve the right to refuse sale or deny admission to underages even with adult accompaniment as they see fit or needed.<br />All film and cinema advertisements in newspapers must clearly show the classification for a movie. For clarity reasons, cinema schedules in local newspapers only state the movie's rating if it is not rated as "U". All three ratings in use also cover other types of films (e.g. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">direct-to-video</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentaries" title="Documentaries">documentaries</a>, etc.) not released in cinemas.<br />Due to piracy of music CDs and DVD/VCDs in Malaysia, all original musical works or movies on any format are required to have a hologram sticker with the words "Tulen KPDN &amp; HEP Original". For films, a movie certification sticker by the Film Censorship Board of Malaysia (Lembaga Penapisan Filem Malaysia) bearing the signature of the director and the words "Pengerusi Lembaga Penapisan Filem Malaysia", a serial number and the films classification is required before it can be sold.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section: Maldives">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Maldives">Maldives</span></h2>With the formation of <a class="external text" href="http://nbc.gov.mv/app.php" rel="nofollow"><b>National Bureau of Classification</b></a> on December 29, 2005, a new classification regulation and a new rating system for movies were introduced. A classification certificate must be obtained first, before a movie or a movie-related production is released for commercial use including its trailers. NBC has the authority to cut scenes from movies. Classification certificates issued are based on the following categories:<br /><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_NBC_film_ratings.jpg"><img alt="New NBC film ratings.jpg" height="60" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/New_NBC_film_ratings.jpg" width="446" /></a><br /><ul><li><b>G</b> – General viewing. No material that may evoke fear or concern, no violence, no sexual acts, no language, no drug abuse, no nudity.</li><li><b>PG</b> – Parental Guidance. No material that may evoke fear or concern, no violence, no sexual acts, no language, no drug abuse, no nudity. However, viewing films of this category requires parental guidance for those under 8. This rating is rarely used.</li><li><b>12+</b> – For viewers aged 12 and above. Mild violence, no sexual acts, infrequent harsh language, light drug abuse in productions that target this age group.</li><li><b>15+</b> – For viewers aged 15 and above. Moderate violence, no sexual acts, some harsh language, moderate drug abuse.</li><li><b>18+</b> – For viewers aged 18 and above. Strong violence, sexual scenes, harsh language, strong drug abuse, veiled nudity.</li><li><b>18+R</b> – 18+ and Restricted. High level violence, sexual scenes, harsh language, strong drug abuse, veiled nudity. Contents of this category may be inappropriate for some individuals.</li><li><b>PU</b> – Released for PROFESSIONAL USE ONLY and is not classified for commercial use. Violence, nudity, sex scenes and strong language are released for educational, artistic and intellectual purposes under this category.</li></ul>Frontal nudity and sex scenes are censored. Pornography is banned.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section: Malta">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Malta">Malta</span></h2>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, the vast majority of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_pictures" title="Motion pictures">motion pictures</a> do not receive a separate release/distribution, which means that local distributors import <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Discs</a> that bear classifications appointed in other countries: mainly, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Motion picture consumers, therefore, refer to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBFC" title="BBFC">BBFC</a>, or its North American counterpart, for viewership guidance. Where public viewing is concerned, however, by rule of law, distributors must submit motion pictures to be shown in cinemas, for example, or for theatre reproduction, to a Government-appointed Board of Film and Stage Classification, which classifies productions in one of the following criteria:<br /><ul><li><b>U (Universal)</b> – Suitable for all.</li><li><b>PG (Parental Guidance)</b> – Some material may be unsuitable for younger children. Children under the age of 12 are to be accompanied by an adult.</li><li><b>12</b> – Suitable only for persons 12 years and older. Nobody under this age will be admitted.</li><li><b>14</b> – Suitable only for persons 14 years and older. Nobody under this age will be admitted.</li><li><b>16</b> – Suitable only for persons 16 years and older. Nobody under this age will be admitted.</li><li><b>18</b> – Suitable only for persons 18 years and older. Nobody under this age will be admitted.</li><li><b>Banned</b> – As a final resort, there are instances in which a few motion pictures as well as theatre productions have been banned from public viewing. This ban also extends to hardcore as well as softcore pornographic material, which remains illegal in the country as of 2010.</li></ul>Naturally, since Maltese authorities regulate only public viewing material, it remains possible to acquire a film that the Board of Film and Stage Classification have classified as <b>Banned</b> at a DVD/Blu-ray disk shop, provided the shop imports from countries where the film has not been denied distribution, or is otherwise restricted. One example of such a film, available at local DVD shops yet banned for public viewing at the nation's cinemas, is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Park" title="Ken Park">Ken Park</a>.<br />In spite of the widespread importation practices described above, pornographic material generally remains unavailable at local shops.<br />Unlike the BBFC, the Board of Film and Stage Classification does not cut motion pictures per se: the last motion picture cut, a brutal religious drama that was similarly classified as <b>prohibited</b> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, was heavily edited for viewership in 1985. The film, left largely unintelligible, garnered a negative response from the public, which led authorities to abandon their practice of tampering with films. Due in part to this reluctance, the possibility of having a film <b>banned</b> for public viewing in Malta is perhaps slightly greater than it is elsewhere, although changes in Maltese society, and the church's ever-diminishing loss of clout, have allowed, in this regard, for a tolerant environment that mirrors the practices of other European countries.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Mexico">Mexico</span></h2>The General Directorate of Radio, Television and Cinematography (in Spanish, <i>Dirección General de Radio, Televisión y Cinematografía</i>, or <i>RTC</i><a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.rtc.gob.mx/" rel="nofollow">[2]</a>) is the issuer of ratings for television programs (although only one channel in Mexico explicitly shows the classification on each program, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEIMT-TV" title="XEIMT-TV">XEIMT-TV</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>) and motion pictures. The RTC is a dependency of the Department of State (<a class="external text" href="http://www.segob.gob.mx/" rel="nofollow"><i>Secretaría de Gobernación</i></a>). It has its own classification system, as follows:<br /><ul><li><b>AA</b> Informative-only rating: Specially suited for the interests of children under 7. This rating is usually seen in conjunction with animated TV shows or movies aimed at children. TV shows and movies under this rating have little to no violence, offensive language, and/or drug abuse. Sexual content is limited to mild affection and/or platonic friendship.</li><li><b>A</b> Informative-only rating: General Audience. Suited for persons ages 7–11. Minimum or no violence, sexual or drug use content.</li><li><b>B</b> Informative-only rating: For children 12 or over. Parental guidance suggested. Minimum and specifically motivated non-extreme violence. Sex can be shown, so long as it's implied. Nudity might be present, but not in an erotic or degrading manner. Drug use can be referenced, but actual consumption and any scenes condoning or glorifying drug abuse are prohibited. Language may be dirty, but no verbal violence.</li><li><b>B-15</b> Informative-only rating: For children 15 or over. More explicit content than <b>B</b> rating, but extreme violence, explicit sexual content, drug abuse (or scenes of drugs being glorified), and verbal violence is still prohibited.</li><li><b>C</b> Restrictive rating: For adults over 18. High degree of violence (including cruelty), sexual content, and/or drug abuse/references. Verbal violence and offensive language is permitted, but only for narrative purposes.</li><li><b>D</b> Restrictive rating: Adults-only. Commonly known as X-rated. May contain strong sexual situations, explicit language, and extreme violence.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Netherlands">Netherlands</span></h2>In the Netherlands, the <a class="external text" href="http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/changelanguage.php?l=/index.php?" rel="nofollow"><i>Kijkwijzer</i></a> system is used, which is executed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_the_Classification_of_Audiovisual_Media" title="Netherlands Institute for the Classification of Audiovisual Media">NICAM</a>.<br />Unrestricted:<br /><ul><li><b>AL</b> Suitable for all ages (in Dutch: <b>A</b>lle <b>L</b>eeftijden).</li><li><b>6</b> Not recommended for children younger than 6 years. Replaced the older <b>MG6</b> ("<b>M</b>eekijken <b>G</b>ewenst"), where parental guidance was recommended for viewers younger than 6 years.</li><li><b>9</b> Not recommended for children younger than 9 years. Now a standard rating. First used for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_%28film%29" title="Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)">Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</a></i> because of very frightening elements.</li><li><b>12</b> Not recommended for children younger than 12 years; broadcasting is not allowed before 20:00 (8:00 p.m.).</li></ul>Restricted:<br /><ul><li><b>16</b> Not allowed for children younger than 16 years; hence, according to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_law#Criminal_law" title="Netherlands law">Wetboek van Strafrecht</a> art. 240A, it is forbidden to admit such a person to a screening, or rent out, sell, or give the movie (DVD, video, computer file, etc.) to such a person; broadcasting is not allowed before 22:00 (10:00 p.m.).</li></ul>Mostly, these icons are used along with other symbols, displaying if a movie contains violence, sexual content, frightening scenes, drug or alcohol abuse, discrimination, or coarse language.<br />These symbols are also used for TV-programs in the Netherlands. The TV channel mostly chooses for Black / White. But Nickelodeon uses: Orange / White (Except TeenNick (Evening Block): Black / White.), Disney Channel uses: Blue / Purple, Disney XD uses: Green / Black.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Film_and_Literature_Classification_%28New_Zealand%29" title="Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)">Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 119px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NzfilmratingS.PNG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="265" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/NzfilmratingS.PNG" width="117" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NzfilmratingS.PNG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>New Zealand Ratings</div></div></div>The <i>Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993</i> gives the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Film_and_Literature_Classification_%28New_Zealand%29" title="Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)">Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)</a> the power to classify publications into three categories: unrestricted, restricted, or "objectionable". With a few exceptions, films, videos, DVDs and restricted computer games must carry a label before being offered for supply or exhibited to the public.<br />The currently available unrestricted ratings are:<br /><ul><li><span style="background-color: #52ad36; color: black;">&nbsp;<b>G</b>&nbsp;</span> Suitable for general audiences.</li><li><span style="background-color: #ffed00; color: black;">&nbsp;<b>PG</b>&nbsp;</span> Parental guidance may be needed for younger viewers.</li><li><span style="background-color: #ffed00; color: black;">&nbsp;<b>M</b>&nbsp;</span> Suitable for mature audiences 16 years and over.</li></ul>The most common restricted ratings are:<br /><ul><li><span style="background-color: #ed1c19; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>R13</b>&nbsp;</span> Restricted to persons 13 years and over.</li><li><span style="background-color: #ed1c19; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>R16</b>&nbsp;</span> Restricted to persons 16 years and over.</li><li><span style="background-color: #ed1c19; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>R18</b>&nbsp;</span> Restricted to persons 18 years and over.</li></ul>The least common restricted ratings are:<br /><ul><li><span style="background-color: #ed1c19; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>R15</b>&nbsp;</span> Restricted to persons 15 years and over.</li><li><span style="background-color: #ed1c19; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>RP13</b>&nbsp;</span> Children under age 13 not admitted unless accompanied by an adult.</li><li><span style="background-color: #ed1c19; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>RP16</b>&nbsp;</span> Children under age 16 not admitted unless accompanied by an adult.</li><li><span style="background-color: #ed1c19; color: white;">&nbsp;<b>R</b>&nbsp;</span> Restricted to a certain audience.</li></ul>Under New Zealand law it is possible for the New Zealand Film and Video Labelling Body to give an unrestricted rating to a film if it has been given an unrestricted rating by either the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Classification_Board" title="Australian Classification Board">Australian Classification Board</a> in Australia or, if the Australian Board has not reviewed it, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a>, and it is not likely to be restricted under New Zealand censorship law. If a film has received a restricted rating (of at least 15+) in either Australia or the UK it must be classified by the OFLC.<br />The OFLC may restrict a film to a certain audience, either by age or by purpose. The Office can assign any age restriction, but R13, R16 and R18 are most commonly used, with R15 used less often. Persons under the age restriction may not see the film under any circumstance, even with parental consent. However, the Office may assign an RP rating (i.e. RP13 or RP16) which allows children under the age of classification to see the film with an accompanying parent or adult guardian.<br />The Office may also restrict a film to a certain purpose, in which case the R rating is used. The film is considered objectionable unless the conditions of the restriction are met. This may mean that a film is limited to viewing for study or research purposes, theatrical release, or for screening at film festivals. For instance, the film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irr%C3%A9versible" title="Irréversible">Irréversible</a></i> is classified R18, but with additional restrictions limiting it to "the purposes of theatrical exhibition or study in tertiary institutions only".<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Edit section: Nigeria">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Nigeria">Nigeria</span></h2>The <a class="external text" href="http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/" rel="nofollow">National Film and Video Censors Board</a> classifies films, videos, DVDs, and VCDs. The categories are:<br /><ul><li><b>G</b>: General admittance.</li><li><b>PG</b>: Parental Guidance suggested.</li><li><b>12</b>: Suitable for children aged 12 years and older.</li><li><b>12A</b>: Same as 12, but younger children can be admitted if accompanied.</li><li><b>15</b>: Suitable for children aged 15 years and older.</li><li><b>18</b>: Suitable for people aged 18 years and older.</li><li><b>RE</b>: Restricted Exhibition: can be shown only subject to certain restrictions.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Norway">Norway</span></h2>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> all movies have to be registered by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Media_Authority" title="Norwegian Media Authority">Norwegian Media Authority</a> (<i>Medietilsynet</i>, formerly <i>Filmtilsynet</i>), a government agency, to be exhibited commercially. Though if distributors wish, they can just register the movie with the agency without any need for approval, but the distributor is then obligated not to admit anyone under the age of 18. The distributor is also responsible that the movie does not violate Norwegian law (only applies to movies with "degrading hardcore sexual content").<br />Movies are rated using the following classifications:<br /><ul><li><b>A</b> (all ages) No violence/threat content, sex and nudity must be limited this appeals for documentaries aswell</li><li><b>7</b> (ages 7 and up) Comic violence, sex scenes, drug use, horror elements must be minimal.</li><li><b>11</b> (ages 11 and up) Moderate violence, coarse language, sex scenes, nudity, moderate drug use, suicide scenes and attempts</li><li><b>15</b> (ages 15 and up) Strong bloody violence and gore, strong drug use, strong sex scenes and nudity, glorification of suicide</li><li><b>18</b> (adults only) Strong gory and sadistic violence, gross content, explicit drug use, frequent sex scenes and nudity, aggressive behaviour</li></ul>Films rated 7, 11 or 15 may also be seen by children accompanied by a parent or adult guardian if the child has turned 4, 8 or 11 years, respectively. In addition to the ratings, the board indicates if a movie is suitable for children, families, youths or adults. A film may be given a rating even though it is intended for an older age group, e.g. an "A" film might be intended for adults if it does not contain material unsuitable for young children. The Norwegian Media Authority have a somewhat greater tolerance for bad language and suggestive content than certain other countries, therefore films rated PG-13 in USA, might be given '7+' or the 'Suitable for all' rating. Examples are <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons_Movie" title="The Simpsons Movie">The Simpsons Movie</a></i> or <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_Up_%28film%29" title="Step Up (film)">Step Up</a></i>.<br />The board also indicates if a rating is "hard". A "hard" 11/15 rating is usually indicated by the text "not advised for children/youths under 11/15" ("frarådes barn/ungdom under 11/15 år"), however this does not affect if children under the given age are allowed to see the film if accompanied. In 2000 a Board of Appeal was established. Prior to this the ratings board could choose to reclassify a film.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Pakistan">Pakistan</span></h2>In Pakistan all films are applied to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Censors" title="Central Board of Film Censors">Central Board of Film Censors</a><br /><ul><li><b>No Restriction</b>: Suitable For Everyone</li><li><b>UR</b>:Unrated</li><li><b>PG</b>: Parental Guidance Required For Under 10</li><li><b>PG-13</b>: Parental Guidance Required For Under 13</li><li><b>R</b> or <b>AO</b>:18+</li><li><b>X</b>:Pornographic Content</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="Edit section: Peru">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Peru">Peru</span></h2>The motion picture rating system for movies shown in Peruvian movie theatres are:<br /><ul><li><b>Apt</b> General audiences. All ages are admitted.</li><li><b>14</b> Intense violence and language. No children under 14 admitted without the company of an adult.</li><li><b>18</b> Extreme graphic violence, language and drug abuse. This rating also extends to pornography films. No children under 18 admitted without the company of an adult.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Philippines">Philippines</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_and_Television_Review_and_Classification_Board#Motion_pictures" title="Movie and Television Review and Classification Board">Movie and Television Review and Classification Board#Motion_pictures</a></div>In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, motion pictures are rated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_and_Television_Review_and_Classification_Board" title="Movie and Television Review and Classification Board">Movie and Television Review and Classification Board</a>, a special agency of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Office of the President</a>. Television programmes are also rated (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_and_Television_Review_and_Classification_Board#Television" title="Movie and Television Review and Classification Board">the article</a>).<br />There are 6 different ratings the board utilizes. These are:<br /><b>Unrestricted</b><br /><ul><li><b>G</b> — All ages admitted.</li></ul><b>Partially restricted but suggested</b><br /><ul><li><b>PG-7</b> - Children under 7 must be accompanied by an adult, otherwise he/she would be rejected</li><li><b>PG-13</b> — Children under 13 must be accompanied by an adult, otherwise he/she would be rejected.</li></ul><b>Restricted</b><br /><ul><li><b>R-13</b> — Strictly for persons 13 years old and over.</li><li><b>R-18</b> — Strictly for persons 18 years old and over.</li><li><b>X</b> — Not for public viewing.</li></ul>However, on this system, there are no pictogram intended for each rating.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Poland">Poland</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 52px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polish_tv_rating_system.svg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="275" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Polish_tv_rating_system.svg/50px-Polish_tv_rating_system.svg.png" width="50" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polish_tv_rating_system.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Polish television rating certificates.</div></div></div>Ratings in Poland are not set by any board or advisory body, but it rather depends on distribution company, cinema or television station. In case of television, the supervisory body – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajowa_Rada_Radiofonii_i_Telewizji" title="Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji">Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji</a> (KRRiT, The National Council of Radio Broadcasting and Television) can impose fines upon those responsible for improper rating of a broadcast, or lack of it.<br /><ul><li>Rating for movies shown in cinemas: <ul><li><b>AL <i>(All)</i></b> – Suitable for everyone</li><li><b>7</b> – Suitable for children 7 years and older (this rating is not considered 'official', but it's used by some cinemas. Other variations include '6', '8', '9' or '10')</li><li><b>12</b> – Suitable for children 12 years and older</li><li><b>15</b> – Suitable for children 15 years and older</li><li><b>AP</b> – (Adult Persons) Only for adults</li><li><b>21</b> – [EMERGENCY RATING] Only for adults, contains graphic and "unnecessary" violence; only a few movies have been rated 21 (namely <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irr%C3%A9versible" title="Irréversible">Irréversible</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobermann_%28film%29" title="Dobermann (film)">Le Dobermann</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula_%28film%29" title="Caligula (film)">Caligula</a></i>, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baise-moi" title="Baise-moi">Baise-Moi</a></i>).</li></ul></li></ul><ul><li>Ratings for programmes and movies shown on television: <ul><li><b>Green circle</b> – for everyone</li><li><b>Yellow triangle</b> – age indicated in triangle <i>(7, 12, 16)</i></li><li><b>Red circle</b> – for adults <i>(18 years)</i></li></ul></li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46" title="Edit section: Portugal">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Portugal">Portugal</span></h2>Movies are rated in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> by the <a class="external text" href="http://www.cce.org.pt/" rel="nofollow">Comissão de Classificação de Espectáculos</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_%28Portugal%29" title="Ministry of Culture (Portugal)">Ministry of Culture</a>. In cinemas the ratings are mandatory whereas for video releases they are merely advisory. The categories are the following:<br /><ul><li><b>M/0</b> Suitable for all audiences. This is used mostly for movies and videos that are particularly recommended for young children.</li><li><b>M/6</b> Passed for viewers aged 6 and older. May have some mild content/foul language. This is also the lowest rating a subtitled movie can get.</li><li><b>M/12</b> Passed for viewers aged 12 and older. Younger viewers must be accompanied by an adult. Movies rated M/12 may contain strong violence and some gore (if in a comic context). Implied sex and sexual references, suicide, strong language and drug references</li><li><b>M/16</b> Passed for viewers aged 16 and older. Younger viewers must be accompanied by an adult. Movies rated M/16 may contain strong bloody violence and gore, sexual violence, aggressive language, sex scenes with some nudity, drug use,</li><li><b>M/18</b> Passed for viewers aged 18 and older. Younger viewers must be accompanied by an adult, although if they are too young the person responsible for admission into movie theaters can deny entrance. Movies rated M/18 may contain high level violence and gore, strong sustained sexual violence, glorification of suicide, frequent sex scenes, pornographic aspects, frequent aggresive strong language, strong drugs use</li></ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=47" title="Edit section: Special classifications">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Special_classifications">Special classifications</span></h3>These classifications can be added to the previous ones:<br /><ul><li><b>Pornographic</b> <i>(M/18-P)</i> Generic characteristics: content is considered pornographic if it contains, cumulatively: a) exploitation of situations to try to arouse the spectator; b) low aesthetic quality. Specific characteristics: the first level (hardcore: content that presents a very thorough demonstration of real sexual acts being perpetrated, with the exhibition of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">genitalia</a>); the second level (softcore: content that presents a very insistent and thorough demonstration of simulated sexual acts).</li><li><b>Quality</b> <i>(M/4-Q, M/6-Q, M/12-Q, M/16-Q, M/18-Q)</i> Content that, due to its artistic, thematic, educational and technical aspects deserve this attribute.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=48" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Romania">Romania</span></h2>National Audiovisual Council of Romania rating system:<br /><ul><li><b>A.P.</b> Acordul părinţilor. (Parental guidance)</li><li><b>12</b> Interzis copiilor sub 12 ani. (Forbidden under the age of 12)</li><li><b>15</b> Nerecomandat copiilor sub 15 ani. (Not recommended under 15 years of age)</li><li><b>18</b> Interzis minorilor sub 18 ani. (Forbidden under 18 years of age – white sign)</li><li><b>18*</b> Interzis minorilor sub 18 ani. (Not for under 18 years of age – contains pornographic images – red sign)</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=49" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Russia">Russia</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=50" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h3>USSR had a board of film classification:<br /><ul><li><b>Для любой зрительской аудитории</b> (For all ages) – Suitable for all.</li><li><b>Для любой зрительской аудитории (за исключением некоторых сеансов)</b> (For all ages except some films) – Suitable for all except some films.</li><li><b>Для лиц старше 16 лет</b> (For people above 16 years) – <i>Unsuitable for children under 16 years</i></li></ul>It was later canceled. In 2001 two ratings were added (12 and 18) and in 2005 one rating was added (14).<br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=51" title="Edit section: Action board of classification">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Action_board_of_classification">Action board of classification</span></h3><ul><li><b>Фильм разрешён для показа в любой зрительской аудитории</b> (Film allowed for any age) – All ages are admitted. No age restrictions.</li><li><b>Детям до 10 лет фильм разрешён в сопровождении родителей</b> (Film allowed for children under 10 if they accompanied by parents) – Parental guidance under 10 years.</li><li><b>Фильм разрешён детям, достигшим 14 лет</b> (Film for children above 14) – Unsuitable for children under 14. Film has adult topics.</li><li><b>Фильм разрешён детям старше 16 лет</b> (Film for children above 16) – Unsuitable for children under 16. Film has violence, fear or excessive bloodshed.</li><li><b>Фильм разрешён детям старше 18 лет</b> (Film for children above 18) – Unsuitable for children under 18. Film has discrimination, violence or bare bodies.</li><li><b>Фильмы, которым отказано в классификации</b> (Refused Classification) – Banned.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=52" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Singapore">Singapore</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Singapore" title="Censorship in Singapore">Censorship in Singapore</a>&nbsp;and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Cinema of Singapore</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 452px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FilmRatings.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="189" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FilmRatings.JPG/450px-FilmRatings.JPG" width="450" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FilmRatings.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The revised film rating system which took effect from 15th July 2011</div></div></div>Introduced in July 1991. Movies in Singapore are rated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Development_Authority" title="Media Development Authority">Media Development Authority</a>. The categories are:<br /><ul><li><b>G</b> General – Suitable for all ages. This category is rarely used except mainly for animated films.</li><li><b>PG</b> Parental Guidance – Suitable for all ages, but should provide guidance to their young. This is the most common rating for movies and video releases in Singapore for years.</li><li><b>PG13</b> Parental Guidance 13 – Introduced since 15 July 2011, this is an advisory rating that falls between PG and NC16. The rating will also be extended to free-to-air television for broadcasting after 10pm.</li><li><b>NC16</b> No Children Under 16 – For persons 16 years and above. (Note: The first film to be rated NC16 was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan" title="Saving Private Ryan">Saving Private Ryan</a>, which could not be passed as a PG film due to the violence present in the film, but lacked an adult theme to be rated <b>R(A)</b>)</li><li><b>M18</b> Mature 18 – For persons 18 years and above. It was introduced in 2004.</li><li><b>R21</b> Restricted 21 – For persons 21 years and above only (formerly known as <b>R(A)</b>,<b>Restricted (Adult)</b>). Films under this category are excluded from screening in residential areas, television advertisements and video releases.</li></ul>Orange rectangles are restricted ratings whereas green circles are general ratings. The rating PG13 is a <b>new</b> rating.<br />G, have no restriction on age and all audiences are allowed admission. Regulation on the presence of adults for PG and PG13 rated shows are advised but not strictly enforced. NC16, M18 and R21 groups are restricted to persons of the specified age or above of the particular group. Even if accompanied by a parent or guardian, no person under the specified age may be admitted; cinemas are legally obligated to check the identity document of every patron attending a film with a restricted rating.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=53" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="South_Africa">South Africa</span></h2><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> ratings are issued, certified and regulated by the Film and Publication Board. All broadcasters, cinemas and distributors of DVD/video and computer games must comply with the following:<br /><ul><li><b>G</b> – This is a film that does not contain any obscenity, and is suitable for family viewing.</li><li><b>PG</b> – Parental guidance recommended for young children (Those Under 6). Low impact classifiable elements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-za-gazette502.29816_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-za-gazette502.29816-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>9M</b> – Those under 9 must be accompanied by an adult.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-za-gazette502.29816_5-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-za-gazette502.29816-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>10</b> – Viewers must be 10 or older.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=54" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Spain">Spain</span></h2>Attitudes toward film censorship in Spain are unusual due to the adverse effect of dictatorship and heavy censorship until 1975 under General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>. Therefore, most Spanish citizens are against censorship of any kind and prefer personal responsibility and liberalism, thus very few people show serious respect for certification of films. For example, cinemas in Spain never ask for identification.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2008">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><ul><li><b>APTA</b> – Suitable for all audiences</li><li><b>Especialmente Recomendada para la Infancia</b> – Especially suitable for small children</li><li><b>7</b> – Suitable for audiences 7 and older</li><li><b>12</b> – Suitable for audiences 12 and older</li><li><b>16</b> – Suitable for audiences 16 and older</li><li><b>18</b> – Suitable for audiences 18 and older</li><li><b>Película X</b> – Pornographic movie, violence apology, and not allowed for those under 21.</li></ul>Films with the Película X rating are only allowed in eight theaters in Spain. In 2009, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_VI" title="Saw VI">Saw VI</a></i> was the first film to be classified "Película X" solely for its violent content. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Vista_Distribution" title="Buena Vista Distribution">Buena Vista</a>, the distributor, unsuccessfully appealed the decision.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-spain-x_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-spain-x-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The film achieved wider release in October 2010, after edits were made to achieve an "18" rating.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=55" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sweden">Sweden</span></h2>Statens medieråd (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> Media Council)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> was founded January 1, 2011, when the former Statens biografbyrå (National Board of Film Classification) merged with Medierådet (formerly also called The Swedish Media Council). The Media Council is a government agency with the aims to reduce the risk of harmful media influences among minors and to empower minors as conscious media users.<br />The task of the Swedish Media Council’s film classification<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> is to determine whether films are liable to harm the well-being of children in different age groups.<br />The Swedish age classifications are not to be regarded as recommendations of suitability for children, but relate only to the risk of harm to children’s well-being according to the law <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Code_of_Statutes" title="Swedish Code of Statutes">SFS</a> 2010:1882.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><br />The examination of the Swedish Media Council focus on violence and do not take into account the religious, political or moral attitude of films. Nor do they act as an arbiter of taste. Every film is classified in its own unique context and the age ratings are based on expertise and experience. The rating is not mainly based on parental taste, in opposite to the USA.<br />Only a very limited amount of violence is allowed in films for very young children. The classification process also includes assessments of film sequences that may have a terrifying effect on young children, including films and sequences that are difficult for children to understand and liable to cause confusion and fear. Since cinema films in most cases are subtitled and not dubbed in Sweden, the possibility for children to read the subtitles is sometimes an issue.<br />Films do not have to be submitted for classification if they are screened for audiences over the age of 15, or not intended for public viewing. However, this is the practice: when a film is rated, it can not be considered to violate any laws regarding its content. It is a criminal offense to hire or sell videos containing unlawful depictions of violence, thus meaning that the distributor could be held responsible for the content of a film if unrated. It is illegal also to rent or sell videos depicting realistic violence to children below the age of 15.<br />The censors, scientific professionals in the field of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_sciences" title="Behavioural sciences">behavioural sciences</a>, are contracted for a term of two years (so that they do not become habituated) and rate films so that they are not harmful in any psychological or behavioral sense for a certain age group – and not if the film is suitable for the age group, a common misconception. Violence is seen as far more socially disruptive than consensual sexual acts, nudity or strong language, which is generally looked at more liberally than violence. This can have the effect that some PG or PG-13 rated films in USA are being rated "15 years" in Sweden for violence, while some films getting an R in USA for containing profanity or depictions of sexuality are rated at 7 or 11 years, or even for all audiences. (For example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech" title="The King's Speech">The King's Speech</a> was allowed for all audiences in Sweden and R-rated in the United States for profanity).<br />The censorship of films for adults (over 15 years) was abolished January 1, 2011.<br />The following categories are used:<br /><ul><li><b>Btl</b> (<i>Barntillåten</i> = Children allowed) – Suitable for all ages.</li></ul><ul><li><b>7</b> – Deemed non-harming for children of at least 7 years of age. Younger children are admitted if accompanied by an adult 18 or older.</li></ul><ul><li><b>11</b> – Deemed non-harming for children of at least 11 years of age. Children of at least 7 years of age are admitted if accompanied by an adult 18 or older.</li></ul><ul><li><b>15</b> – Not rated, means that no one under 15 years of age is admitted, may include strong violence, strong drug use, explicit depictions of sexual activity. This also includes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>; however, that is usually not shown at ordinary cinemas.</li></ul>Videos and DVDs are not rated by Statens medieråd,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> but distributors will usually assign unofficial recommendations with the same age limits as the official ratings.<br />There are unofficial ratings used by some television channels, rental shops and adult cinemas to hinder persons below the age of 18 years to be exposed to pornography, such as <i>Barnförbjuden</i> ("prohibited for minors"), <i>18 År</i> ("18 years") and <i>Vuxenfilm</i> ("movies for adults").<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=56" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Switzerland">Switzerland</span></h2>Switzerland is composed of 26 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>, each having their own rating system. The entries below are examples for the cantons of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>.<br /><ul><li><b>0</b> – Universal. Suitable for all</li><li><b>6</b> – No one under the age of 6 admitted</li><li><b>10</b> – No one under the age of 10 admitted</li><li><b>12</b> – No one under the age of 12 admitted</li><li><b>14</b> – No one under the age of 14 admitted</li><li><b>16</b> – No one under the age of 16 admitted</li><li><b>18</b> – No one under the age of 18 admitted</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=57" title="Edit section: Republic of China (Taiwan)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Republic_of_China_.28Taiwan.29">Republic of China (Taiwan)</span></h2>Taiwan did not have motion picture rating system until April 1994. The <a class="external text" href="http://www.gio.gov.tw/" rel="nofollow">GIO</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> divides licensed films into one of the following four categories pursuant to its issued <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Regulations_Governing_the_Classification_of_Motion_Pictures_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="s:Regulations Governing the Classification of Motion Pictures of the Republic of China">Regulations Governing the Classification of Motion Pictures of the Republic of China</a> (<a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%87%E5%88%86%E7%B4%9A%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E8%BE%A6%E6%B3%95" title="s:zh:電影片分級處理辦法">電影片分級處理辦法</a> in traditional Chinese):<br /><ul><li><b>General audiences category</b> (普遍級(普)) – General audiences are able to view. (green sign)</li><li><b>Protected category</b> (保護級(護)) – Children under 6 years old are not allowed to view. Children aged at least 6 but less than 12 require guidance of accompanying parents, teachers, or adult relatives to view. (blue sign)</li><li><b>Parental guidance category</b> (輔導級(輔)) – Children under 12 years old are not allowed to view. People aged at least 12 but less than 18 require attentive guidance of parents or teachers to view. (yellow sign)</li><li><b>Restricted category</b> (限制級(限)) – People under 18 years old are not allowed to view. (red sign)</li></ul>Film advertisements use a single Chinese character surrounded by a square to show the film's category. Television stations must clearly show a film's rating before the start, and after each commercial break.<br /><i>Related and official link:</i> <a class="external text" href="http://www.gio.gov.tw/info/law/movie/3.htm" rel="nofollow">Classifications of movies</a> (in traditional Chinese)<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=58" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Thailand">Thailand</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema of Thailand</a></div>Before the introduction of the rating system, films are subject to the 1930 Film Act, under which films must be viewed by the Board of Censors, which can then impose cuts on the films prior to release. The board is composed of members of the Royal Thai Police and the Ministry of Culture, with advisory roles from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> religion, educators and the medical community. Most cuts are made for sexual content, while acts of violence are typically left untouched.<br />A motion picture rating system was proposed in the Film and Video Act of 2007, and was passed on December 20, 2007 by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_National_Security" title="Council for National Security">Thai military</a>-appointed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" title="National Assembly of Thailand">National Legislative Assembly</a>. Under the law, the ratings, in effect since August 2009, are:<br /><ul><li><b>P</b> – Promotional, film is educational and viewing is encouraged for all Thai people.</li><li><b>G</b> – Suitable for everyone.</li><li><b>13+</b> – Films not suitable for viewers under 13 years old.</li><li><b>15+</b> – Films not suitable for viewers under 15 years old.</li><li><b>18+</b> – Films not suitable for viewers under 18 years old.</li><li><b>20+</b> – Films not suitable for viewers under 20 years old.</li><li><b>Banned</b> – Films that are not allowed to screen publicly in the Kingdom.</li></ul>The draft law had been met with resistance from the film industry and independent filmmakers under the Free Thai Cinema Movement. Activists had hoped for a less-restrictive approach than the 1930 Film Act, but under the Film and Video Act, films are still be subject to censorship, or can be banned from release altogether if the film is deemed to "undermine or disrupt social order and moral decency, or might impact national security or the pride of the nation".<br />As of 2007, a supplementary law or ministerial regulation to implement the rating system was yet to be drafted, and the 1930 Film Act remained in place.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Will_reforms_16-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-Will_reforms-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=59" title="Edit section: Turks and Caicos Islands">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Turks_and_Caicos_Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</span></h2>The British colony of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> has its own motion picture rating system which was unchanged since its installation in 1934.<br /><table class="wikitable"><tbody><tr> <th>Symbol</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Definition/Notes</th> </tr><tr> <td align="center"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UNIVERSALturks.JPG" title="U"><img alt="U" height="70" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/UNIVERSALturks.JPG/70px-UNIVERSALturks.JPG" width="70" /></a></td> <td><b>Universal</b></td> <td><i>Available to anyone who wishes to see the film</i></td> </tr><tr> <td align="center"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UNIVERSALWCturks.JPG" title="A"><img alt="A" height="72" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/UNIVERSALWCturks.JPG/70px-UNIVERSALWCturks.JPG" width="70" /></a></td> <td><i><b>Universal with caution</b></i></td> <td><i>May contain some scenes that may not be suitable for very young children.</i></td> </tr><tr> <td align="center"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UNIVERSALSOOturks.JPG" title="AA"><img alt="AA" height="74" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/UNIVERSALSOOturks.JPG/70px-UNIVERSALSOOturks.JPG" width="70" /></a></td> <td><i><b>Seven or over</b></i></td> <td><i>The person must be seven or over to see the film</i></td> </tr><tr> <td align="center"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UNIVERSALEOOturks.JPG" title="X"><img alt="X" height="74" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/UNIVERSALEOOturks.JPG/70px-UNIVERSALEOOturks.JPG" width="70" /></a></td> <td><i><b>Eleven or over</b></i></td> <td><i>The person must be eleven or over to see the film</i></td> </tr><tr> <td align="center"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UNIVERSALTOOturks.JPG" title="AA"><img alt="AA" height="71" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/UNIVERSALTOOturks.JPG/70px-UNIVERSALTOOturks.JPG" width="70" /></a></td> <td><i><b>Thirteen or over</b></i></td> <td><i>The person must be thirteen or over to see the film</i></td> </tr><tr> <td align="center"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UNIVERSALSIXOOturks.JPG" title="X"><img alt="X" height="71" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/UNIVERSALSIXOOturks.JPG/70px-UNIVERSALSIXOOturks.JPG" width="70" /></a></td> <td><i><b>Sixteen or over</b></i></td> <td><i>The person must be sixteen or over to see the film</i></td> </tr><tr> <td align="center"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UNIVERSALSIXWPturks.JPG" title="AA"><img alt="AA" height="71" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/UNIVERSALSIXWPturks.JPG/70px-UNIVERSALSIXWPturks.JPG" width="70" /></a></td> <td><i><b>Sixteen with privilege</b></i></td> <td><i>The person must be sixteen or over in order to see the film alone, but under 16s can be permitted if accompanied by a parent or guardian over the age of 18</i></td> </tr><tr> <td align="center"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UNIVERSALEturks.JPG" title="X"><img alt="X" height="71" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/UNIVERSALEturks.JPG/70px-UNIVERSALEturks.JPG" width="70" /></a></td> <td><i><b>Eighteen</b></i></td> <td><i>The person must be eighteen or over to see the film</i></td> </tr></tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=60" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</span></h2>The <b>Ministry of Information and Culture</b> of the United Arab Emirates rates all movies according to a set standard.<br /><ul><li><b>G</b> (General Audience) – Suitable for all ages.</li><li><b>PG-13</b> – Under 13 not admitted unless accompanied by an individual over 13. Some material may not be suitable for children. Introduced early 2010.</li><li><b>PG-15</b> – Under 15 not admitted unless accompanied by an individual over 15. Some material may not be suitable for children.</li><li><b>15+</b> – No persons under 15 admitted.</li><li><b>18+</b> – No persons under 18 admitted.</li><li><b>Rarely used:</b> <ul><li><b>PG</b> – Some material may not be suitable for children.</li><li><b>PG-18</b> – Under 18 not admitted unless accompanied by an individual over 18. Some material may not be suitable for children.</li></ul></li></ul>Notes:<br /><ul><li>These ratings only apply to theatrical releases. For DVDs and video games, these are all imported from US, UK, Australia, India etc. with the approval of Ministry of Information and Culture. If disapproved, it will not be available in the country.</li><li>All pornographic movies are banned by law in the United Arab Emirates, and movies with pornographic scenes are edited to fit within the rating guidelines.</li><li>In October 2008, the Ministry of Information and Culture began requiring ID for films rated 15+ and 18+.</li><li>In early 2010, the rating PG-13 was silently introduced. Films that was supposed to be PG-13 but instead PG-15 (such as Avatar and Tooth Fairy) were changed into PG-13 and some films already shown as PG-15 were changed to PG-13 as well. However, some films that are PG-15 (such as The Bounty Hunter) are not changed.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=61" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 140px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BBFC_ratings.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="248" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1b/BBFC_ratings.JPG" width="138" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BBFC_ratings.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>UK film classification certificates. Uc was retired in 2009</div></div></div><dl><dd><i>Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_British_film_certificates" title="History of British film certificates">History of British Film Certificates</a></i></dd></dl>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a> (BBFC) rates both motion pictures and videos (and an increasing number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>). The rating system was introduced in 1913 and, as of 1985, also rates videos. County authorities are ultimately responsible for film ratings for cinema showings in their area. County Councils often ignore the BBFC advised rating and rate films with another BBFC certificate in their county only, e.g.: the BBFC rates a film as 15 but the County council gives the film a 12A rating in their county. Rating certificates from the BBFC are not legally binding whereas those for videos are. British cinemas generally stick closely to the policy of ratings and a young person may often be asked for proof of age if deemed younger than the rating.<br />The current BBFC system is:<br /><ul><li><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBFC" title="BBFC">U (Universal)</a></b> Suitable for all. (The board states that while they cannot predict what might upset a particular child, a 'U' film should be suitable for audiences aged 5 and older).</li><li><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBFC" title="BBFC">PG (Parental Guidance)</a></b> General viewing but some scenes may be unsuitable for young children. (It is the board's policy that movies rated 'PG' should not disturb a child of about 8 years of age or older; however, parents are advised to consider whether the content may upset young or more sensitive children).</li><li><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12A_certificate" title="12A certificate">12A (12 Accompanied/Advisory)</a></b> Recommended for 12 years and older. People under 12 years must be accompanied by an adult. (Exclusively for cinema, '12A' was first implemented on <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bourne_Identity_%282002_film%29" title="The Bourne Identity (2002 film)">The Bourne Identity</a></i> and, contrary to popular belief, not on <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_%28film%29" title="Spider-Man (film)">Spider-Man</a></i>, which was first released months before, under the previously fully restrictive 12 certificate, and then immediately re-released to take advantage of the new guidelines).</li><li><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_certificate" title="12 certificate">12</a></b> Recommended for 12 years and older. Nobody younger than 12 may rent or buy a '12' rated video. (Until 31 August 2002, this mandatory certificate used to apply to cinema exhibitions as well).</li><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_certificate" title="15 certificate">15</a></b> Suitable only for 15 years and older. Nobody younger than 15 may see a '15' film in a cinema. Nobody younger than 15 may rent or buy a '15' rated video (these films may contain offensive or emotionally harrowing scenes or strong language and violence).</li><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_certificate" title="18 certificate">18</a></b> Suitable only for adults. Nobody younger than 18 may see an '18' film in a cinema. Nobody younger than 18 may rent or buy an '18' rated video (These films may contain extreme <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore" title="Gore">gore</a>/violence and/or sexually explicit content).</li><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R18_certificate" title="R18 certificate">R18 (Restricted 18)</a></b> To be shown only in specially licensed cinemas, or supplied only in licensed sex shops, and to adults that are older than 18 years old. (These films contain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">sexually explicit</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornographic</a> content.)</li></ul>The 12A, 12, 15, 18 and R18 categories are restricted, and it is against the law for anybody under the age given on the packaging.<br />Films may receive a different rating when released on DVD/video to that at the cinema. It is not unusual for certain films to be refused classification, effectively banning them from sale or exhibition in the UK. Sometimes compulsory cuts are made to films, such as cuts to sexual violence and animal cruelty. Any media which has been banned receives an 'R' certificate (Rejected).<br />Videos deemed by their distributors to be exempt under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Recordings_Act_1984" title="Video Recordings Act 1984">Video Recordings Act 1984</a> (typically non-fiction content such as music videos, sporting highlights, fitness videos, nature films, etc.) may bear the mark <b>E</b> (for <i>exempt</i>), though this is not a rating and the BBFC does not maintain a symbol. The BBFC also provides ratings for video games which may be unsuitable for sale to young people or children (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_%28series%29" title="Grand Theft Auto (series)">Grand Theft Auto</a>). However, the majority of games are merely rated by the voluntary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_European_Game_Information" title="Pan European Game Information">PEGI</a> rating system, that replaced the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_and_Leisure_Software_Publishers_Association" title="Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association">ELSPA</a> rating system. It is very rare for a video game to be banned in the United Kingdom, as many controversial games have been released under more recent and more lenient directorship at the organisation, although it has happened once to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_2" title="Manhunt 2">Manhunt 2</a>.<br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=62" title="Edit section: Former ratings">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Former_ratings_2">Former ratings</span></h3>The list of ratings that the BBFC either a. retired or b. replaced with another rating.<br /><ul><li><b>Uc</b> Suitable for all but especially suitable for children under age 5. Used for video only. Retired in 2009.</li><li><b>A</b> Some cinemas ruled that children must be accompanied by an adult. In 1970 the description was changed to "those 5 years old and up admitted but those under age 14 are not recommended". The rating was replaced by PG in 1982.</li><li><b>AA</b> Suitable only for 14 years and older. Nobody younger than 14 may see an 'AA' film in a cinema. The rating was replaced by 15 in 1982.</li><li><b>X</b> Suitable only for adults. Nobody younger than 16 may see an 'X' film in a cinema. The age limit was raised to 18 in 1970. The rating was replaced by 18 in 1982.</li><li><b>H</b> Contains horror themes or horrific material. Some cinemas ruled that children under age 16 cannot be admitted. The rating was replaced by X in 1951.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=63" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span></h2><div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="tfd" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA; color: black; font-size: xx-small; padding: 0; text-align: center;">‹ The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">template</a> below (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cleanup" title="Template:Cleanup">Cleanup</a></i>) is being considered for deletion. See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion#Template:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion">templates for discussion</a> to help reach a consensus.›</div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup"><tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" /></div></td> <td class="mbox-text">This section <b>may require <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a></b>. (Consider using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup">more specific cleanup instructions</a>.) Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit">improve this section</a> if you can. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Motion_picture_rating_system" title="Talk:Motion picture rating system">talk page</a> may contain suggestions. <small><i>(November 2007)</i></small></td> </tr></tbody></table><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America_film_rating_system" title="Motion Picture Association of America film rating system">Motion Picture Association of America film rating system</a></div>Prior to 1968, some large cities and states had public rating boards which determined whether films were suitable for display to the public in theatres. The United States Supreme Court in the case of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman_v._Maryland" title="Freedman v. Maryland">Freedman v. Maryland</a></i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation" title="Case citation">380 U.S. 51</a> (1965) effectively ended government operated rating boards when it decided that a rating board could only approve a film; it had no power to ban a film. A rating board must either approve a film within a reasonable time, or it would have to go to court to stop a film from being shown in theatres. Other court cases decided that since television stations are federally licensed, local rating boards have no jurisdiction over films shown on television. When the movie industry set up its own rating system, most state and local boards ceased operating.<br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=64" title="Edit section: Ratings">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ratings">Ratings</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Parental_Guidelines" title="TV Parental Guidelines">TV Parental Guidelines</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">Entertainment Software Rating Board</a>,&nbsp;and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Advisory_Board" title="Film Advisory Board">Film Advisory Board</a></div>In the United States, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" title="Motion Picture Association of America">Motion Picture Association of America</a> (MPAA), through the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA), issues ratings for movies. The system was instituted in November 1968 and is voluntary; however, most movie theater chains will not show unrated domestic films and most major studios have agreed to submit all titles for rating prior to theatrical release. Most films will have the MPAA <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignia" title="Insignia">insignia</a> at the end of the closing credits. Earlier films that had full opening credits such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poseidon_Adventure_%281972_film%29" title="The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)">The Poseidon Adventure</a></i> would bear the insignia in the opening.<br />The ratings (as of 2010) are:<br /><ul><li><b>G</b> – General Audiences – All Ages Admitted. There is no content that would be objectionable to most parents. These films may contain beyond polite language but no swearing. As with violence it must be mild, if any, without any blood or gore. This is one of only two ratings dating back to 1968 that still exists today.</li><li><b>PG</b> – Parental Guidance Suggested – Some Material May Not Be Suitable For Children. These films are generally appropriate for children age 9 and older and may contain milder swear words, brief smoking, crude or suggestive humor, short and infrequent horror moments and/or mild violence. Usually no drug use is acceptable in this category. Topless men may be present but topless women are not usually acceptable unless in an educational or scientific context or if the nudity is only shown briefly. A few racial insults may also be heard. Before the creation of PG-13, many "PG" films (e.g. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaws_%28film%29" title="Jaws (film)">Jaws</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watership_Down_%28film%29" title="Watership Down (film)">Watership Down</a></i>) included explicit bloody violence. Content such as this helped lead to the creation of the "PG-13" rating.</li><li><b>PG-13</b> – Parents Strongly Cautioned – Some Material May Be Inappropriate For Children Under 13. These films may contain sex references, up to four uses of explicit language, drug innuendo, strong crude/suggestive humor, mature/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> themes, moderately long horror moments and/or moderate action violence. There are usually no restrictions on non-sexual nudity. However, extreme bloodshed is rarely present. This is the minimum rating at which drug content is present; with the exception of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Powers_%28film_series%29" title="Austin Powers (film series)">Austin Powers</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_%282006_film%29" title="Click (2006 film)">Click</a></i>. Marijuana smoking is the only illegal drug use that can be depicted in a PG-13 film, with the exception of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Gump" title="Forrest Gump">Forrest Gump</a></i>, in which a brief scene depicts an actress snorting cocaine. While PG-13 films usually have more profanity than PG films, this is not necessarily the case. A film that is given a PG-13 rating due to profane language and/or racial insults is given this rating because it contains more of these elements than a PG rating would permit, or the film contains uses of stronger profanities than a PG would permit. A film rated PG-13 for "intense violence" is given this rating if blood is present in a violent way. The films <i>Gremlins</i> and <i>Indiana Jones: Temple of Doom</i> are well known as the movies that PG-13 was created for. In recent years, this rating has been used for the majority of American films released. Some films that have received a PG-13 rating have a director's cut with an R rating. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_%28film%29" title="Daredevil (film)">Daredevil</a></i> is just an example of this practice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul><ul><li><b>R</b> – Restricted – Under 17 Requires Accompanying Parent Or Adult Guardian. These films may contain mild or implied sex scenes, prolonged nudity, strong violence often with blood and gore, strong horror scenes and explicit/illegal/prolonged drug use. A movie rated R for profanity often has more severe or frequent swearing than the PG-13 rating would permit. An R-rated movie may have more blood, gore, drug use, nudity, or graphic sexuality than a PG-13 movie would permit. Some R-rated films have an "unrated" DVD release with scenes of violence, sexual material, or profanity that have been edited from the original cut. At its inception, the R certificate permitted patrons aged 16 and older to attend unaccompanied, but this was raised to 17 in the 1970s.</li><li><b>NC-17</b> – No Children 17 And Under Admitted. These films may contain strong graphic violence with loads of blood and gore, sex scenes, depraved, abhorrent behavior, sexual nudity, or any other elements which, at present, most parents would consider too strong and therefore off-limits for viewing by their children and teenagers. It is rare for a movie to get rated NC-17 due to swearing or drug use. NC-17 does not necessarily mean obscene or pornographic in the oft-accepted or legal meaning of those words. For example, the movie <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robocop" title="Robocop">Robocop</a></i> had to delete a few exceptionally violent scenes to avoid receiving a then-X rating. The Board does not and cannot mark films with those words. These terms are legally ambiguous, and their interpretation varies from case to case. The NC-17 designation implies that the Ratings Board has determined that due to the content of the film, it should be intended for adults only. NC-17 replaced the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rated" title="X-rated">X rating</a> in 1990. Many films which received X-ratings prior to the 1990 change received a re-rating of NC-17. Many theater companies and local operators will not play NC-17 titles and some newspapers and magazines will not run ads for these films. Most NC-17 titles have limited theatrical release, usually in smaller theaters, or are released directly to video or DVD. Most NC-17 titles also have an edited versions released on video and/or DVD that are either unrated or R-rated.</li></ul><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=65" title="Edit section: Former">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Former">Former</span></h4><ul><li><b>M</b> – For mature audiences (used 1968–70). This rating is now defunct (although it is still used in the videogame rating system). Most films given this rating were re-rated PG, PG-13, or R. It was the precursor to <b>GP</b>, another defunct rating that is considered identical to <b>PG</b>.</li></ul><ul><li><b>GP</b> or <b>General audiences – parental guidance suggested</b> – In 1970–71, the MPAA found that the "M" rating was viewed by audiences as seedier and more adult than its intended meaning (to signify films containing material that may not be appropriate for some children). In response, the designation was changed to "GP". Shortly afterward the MPAA changed it to PG– (Parental Guidance Suggested), after some people thought that it meant "General Patronage".</li></ul><ul><li><b>SMA</b> – "Suggested for mature audiences". Not an official rating, but an advisory used for a number of years prior to the MPAA ratings in 1968. This advisory appeared on certain films with mature themes or violence.</li></ul><ul><li><b>X</b> – The precursor to the current NC-17 rating that unlike the other ratings was not trademarked. Because it was not trademarked it became so widely used by the U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a> industry that the MPAA replaced it with the NC-17 rating in 1990. This has led to the misconception that NC-17 means pornographic in content.</li></ul><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=66" title="Edit section: Film Advisory Board">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Film_Advisory_Board">Film Advisory Board</span></h4>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Advisory_Board" title="Film Advisory Board">Film Advisory Board</a> (FAB) has instituted a rating system based on the level of maturity of the material's intended audience, rather than the film's content. While the FAB ratings system is not as recognized or well known as the MPAA's rating system, it is in use by a number of commercial video distributors for direct-to-video releases that would have been impractical to submit to the MPAA. The Film Advisory Board has six ratings categories. Each includes a brief description as to the rating's explanation, such as "Violence in Battle Scenes", "Substance Abuse" or "Brief Nudity". The ratings as of 2008 are:<br /><ul><li><b>C</b> – Children. Suitable for children ages 10 and younger.</li></ul><ul><li><b>F</b> – Family. Suitable for all ages (Equal to MPAA's G rating).</li></ul><ul><li><b>PD</b> – Parental Discretion. Parental discretion is advised (Equal to MPAA's PG rating). Formerly known as <b>M</b>.</li></ul><ul><li><b>PD-M</b> – Parental Discretion-Mature. Suitable for years 13 and older (Equal to MPAA's PG-13 rating). Formerly known as <b>VM</b>.</li></ul><ul><li><b>EM</b> – Extremely Mature. Ages 17 and older only (Equal to MPAA's R and NC-17 ratings, depending on description).</li></ul><ul><li><b>AO</b> – Adults Only. Ages 18 and older only (Equal to MPAA's old X rating. Previously equal to MPAA's NC-17 rating until 2003).</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=67" title="Edit section: Venezuela">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Venezuela">Venezuela</span></h2>The motion picture rating system used in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela varies from small child audiences to unrated films. The letter designations work in conjunction with ages:<br /><ul><li><b>AA</b>: Suitable for audiences of small kids</li><li><b>A</b>: Suitable for audiences 7 years or older</li><li><b>B</b>: Suitable for audiences 12 years or older</li><li><b>C</b>: Not permitted for audiences younger than 15 years</li><li><b>D</b>: Not permitted for audiences younger than 18 years</li><li><b>Sin calificación</b>: Unrated, for adults</li></ul>Films that usually are rated "PG-13" or "R" sometimes change their ratings, either in a lower or higher level. For example: the 2009 motion picture <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen_%28film%29" title="Watchmen (film)">Watchmen</a></i> was rated "C", which is the same as "R" in the USA, but with a 15 years limit. However, the film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech" title="The King's Speech">The King's Speech</a></i> was rated "B", which is the same as "PG-13" in the United States.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=68" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span></h2><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> Note that this rating system is used outside Québec only.</li><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-12/17/content_400848.htm" rel="nofollow">First film rating scheme in the making By Zhu Linyong (China Daily), Updated: 2004-12-17 00:25</a></li><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.forumcinemas.ee/Tickets/Ratings" rel="nofollow">Forum Cinemas</a> <span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(Estonian)</span></li><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.spio.de/media_content/555.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.spio.de/media_content/555.pdf</a> SPIO guidelines concerning the self-assignment of ratings (pdf, in German)</li><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.ortt.hu/belso_oldal.php?belso_id=55" rel="nofollow">http://www.ortt.hu/belso_oldal.php?belso_id=55</a></li><li id="cite_note-za-gazette502.29816-5">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-za-gazette502.29816_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-za-gazette502.29816_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.fpb.gov.zsrgzs/" rel="nofollow">rgrepublic of South Africa. Volume 502, number 29816. "<span class="error">Error: no <code>|title=</code> specified when using {{</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Cite web</a>}}</span>". Government printer (South Africa). pp. 4<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.fpb.gov.zsrgzs/" rel="nofollow">http://www.fpb.gov.zsrgzs</a> rgrepublic of South Africa. Volume 502, number 29816.</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2zrg</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22error%22%3EError%3A+no+%3Ccode%3E%26%23124%3Btitle%26%2361%3B%3C%2Fcode%3E+specified%26%2332%3Bwhen+using+%7B%7B%5B%5BTemplate%3ACite+web%7CCite+web%5D%5D%7D%7D%3C%2Fspan%3E%5B%5BCategory%3AArticles+with+incorrect+citation+syntax%7CMotion+picture+rating+system%5D%5D&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pages=pp.+4&amp;rft.pub=Government+printer+%28South+Africa%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpb.gov.zsrgzs+rgrepublic+of+South+Africa.+Volume+502%2C+number+29816.&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Motion_picture_rating_system"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since November 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li><li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/01/23/2009012361006.html" rel="nofollow">Court Lifts Restriction on Sexual Movies</a>, <i>Chosun Ilbo</i>, January 23, 2009, retrieved 2010-07-18</li><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2009/10/23/spain_bans_saw_vi_" rel="nofollow">"Spain Bans Saw VI"</a>. Starpulse.com. 2009-10-23.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Spain+Bans+Saw+VI&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2009-10-23&amp;rft.pub=Starpulse.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.starpulse.com%2Fnews%2Findex.php%2F2009%2F10%2F23%2Fspain_bans_saw_vi_&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Motion_picture_rating_system"></span></li><li id="cite_note-spain-x-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-spain-x_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.spanishdict.com/answers/109915/saw-vi-calificada-x-en-espaa.-ban-saw-vi-for-violence" rel="nofollow">"Saw VI, calificada X en España. Ban "Saw VI""</a>. SpanishDict. 2009-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 2011-08-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Swedish+Media+Council&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=statensmedierad.se&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatensmedierad.se%2FOm-Statens-medierad%2FIn-English%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Motion_picture_rating_system"></span></li><li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://statensmedierad.se/Om-Statens-medierad/In-English/Film-Classification/" rel="nofollow">"Film Classification"</a>. statensmedierad.se<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-08-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Film+Classification&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=statensmedierad.se&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatensmedierad.se%2FOm-Statens-medierad%2FIn-English%2FFilm-Classification%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Motion_picture_rating_system"></span></li><li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/lag/20101882.htm" rel="nofollow">"Lag (2010:1882) om åldersgränser för film som ska visas offentligt"</a>. notisum.se (in Swedish). 2010-12-09.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Lag+%282010%3A1882%29+om+%C3%A5ldersgr%C3%A4nser+f%C3%B6r+film+som+ska+visas+offentligt&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2010-12-09&amp;rft.pub=notisum.se+%28in+Swedish%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.notisum.se%2Frnp%2Fsls%2Flag%2F20101882.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Motion_picture_rating_system"></span></li><li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://statensmedierad.se/Filmgranskning/FAQ-filmgranskning/#11" rel="nofollow">"FAQ-Film Classification"</a>. statensmedierad.se (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-08-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=FAQ-Film+Classification&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=statensmedierad.se+%28in+Swedish%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatensmedierad.se%2FFilmgranskning%2FFAQ-filmgranskning%2F%2311&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Motion_picture_rating_system"></span></li><li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> Rithdee, Kong. December 20, 2007. <a class="external text" href="http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117978081.html?categoryid=13&amp;cs=1" rel="nofollow">Thailand passes controversial film act</a>, <i>Variety (magazine)</i>; retrieved 2007-12-21</li><li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=72464" rel="nofollow">AsiaMedia&nbsp;:: Beware the watchdogs of cinema</a></li><li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/life/20070628/" rel="nofollow">The Nation: Life</a></li><li id="cite_note-Will_reforms-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-Will_reforms_16-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1670261,00.html" rel="nofollow">Will Reforms Make Censorship Worse?</a>, Simon Montlake, <i>Time</i>, October 11, 2007, retrieved 2007-10-12</li><li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.mpaa.org/2007-Theatrical-Market-Statistics.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.mpaa.org/2007-Theatrical-Market-Statistics.pdf</a></li></ol></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=69" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography_in_the_United_States" title="Pornography in the United States">Pornography in the United States</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_permits" title="Pink permits">Pink permits</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_content_rating_systems" title="Television content rating systems">Television content rating systems</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_content_rating_system" title="Video game content rating system">Video game content rating system</a></li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_rating_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=70" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/pagina.php?id=30" rel="nofollow">The Netherlands film board's</a> comparison of film classifications issued for twelve recent films by the classification boards of the UK, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Denmark, and Sweden.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://imdb.com/updates/guide/certificates" rel="nofollow">IMDb</a>'s information about rating systems from all over the world.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.filmclassifications.com/" rel="nofollow">FilmClassifications.com</a> Information regarding film classifications from Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.classification.gov.au/" rel="nofollow">Australia</a> Australian Classification Board.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.medieraadet.dk/" rel="nofollow">Denmark</a> Medierådet for Børn og Unge (The Media Council for Children and Young People).</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.vet.fi/" rel="nofollow">Finland</a> Valtion Elokuvatarkastamo.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.cnc.fr/" rel="nofollow">France</a> Centre National de la Cinématographie (CNC).</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.spio.de/" rel="nofollow">Germany</a> Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft e. V. (SPIO)</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.smais.is/" rel="nofollow">Iceland</a> Smáís.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ifco.ie/" rel="nofollow">Irish</a> Film Censor's Office.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.eirin.jp/english/" rel="nofollow">Japan</a> Administration Commission of Motion Picture Code of Ethics.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.kmrb.or.kr/kmrb_2008/english/" rel="nofollow">Korea</a> Korea Media Rating Board.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.filemkita.com/maklumat/1/lpf_02.html" rel="nofollow">Malaysia</a> Lembaga Penapisan Filem Malaysia (Malaysia Film Filter Board)</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/" rel="nofollow">Netherlands</a> Kijkwijzer (and Nicam).</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.censorship.govt.nz/" rel="nofollow">New Zealand</a> Office of Film &amp; Literature Classification.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.medietilsynet.no/" rel="nofollow">Norway</a> Media Authority.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.mtrcb.gov.ph/" rel="nofollow">Philippines</a> Movie and Television Review and Classification Board</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.mda.gov.sg/Public/MediaClassification/FilmsAndVideos/Pages/RatingsFilmsandVideos.aspx" rel="nofollow">Singapore</a> Media Development Authority.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://statensmedierad.se/Om-Statens-medierad/In-English/" rel="nofollow">Sweden</a> Statens medieråd.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.fpb.gov.za/" rel="nofollow">South African</a> Film and Publications Board.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.academiadecine.com/" rel="nofollow">Spanish</a> Film Academy (ACE).</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/" rel="nofollow">United Kingdom</a> British Board of Film Classification (BBFC).</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.mpaa.org/" rel="nofollow">USA</a> Motion Picture Association of America.</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://vomer.info/" rel="nofollow">USA</a> VoMeR (Voluntary Media Rating)</li><li><a class="external text" href="http://help.youtube.com/support/youtube/bin/answer.py?hl=en&amp;answer=146399" rel="nofollow">YouTube</a> YouTube Rating System</li></ul></div></div>vijayawada fanshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15668221226984233841noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7542407305616967940.post-36585618708530692992012-02-07T01:43:00.003-08:002012-02-07T01:43:08.371-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading"><i>Bloodstone</i> (1988 film)</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vevent" style="font-size: 90%; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr> <th class="summary" colspan="2" style="font-size: 110%; font-size: 125%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">Bloodstone</th> </tr><tr class=""> <td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BloodstoneVHScover.jpg"><img alt="" height="346" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/BloodstoneVHScover.jpg/220px-BloodstoneVHScover.jpg" width="220" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 95%; line-height: 1.5em;">VHS video cover</span></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Directed by</th> <td class="description"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_H._Little" title="Dwight H. Little">Dwight H. Little</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Produced by</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Amritraj" title="Ashok Amritraj">Ashok Amritraj</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunanda_Murali_Manohar" title="Sunanda Murali Manohar">Sunanda Murali Manohar</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Written by</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Mastorakis" title="Nico Mastorakis">Nico Mastorakis</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Starring</th> <td class=""> Brett Stimely<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinikanth" title="Rajinikanth">Rajinikanth</a><br />Anna Nicholas<br />music = <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilayaraja" title="Ilayaraja">Ilayaraja</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Grant" title="Jerry Grant">Jerry Grant</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Distributed by</th> <td class=""> Omega Entertainment<br />released = October 7, 1988</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Running time</th> <td class="">91 minutes</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Country</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Language</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> </tr></tbody></table><i><b>Bloodstone</b></i> is a 1988 American mystery-adventure film produced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Amritraj" title="Ashok Amritraj">Ashok Amritraj</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunanda_Murali_Manohar" title="Sunanda Murali Manohar">Sunanda Murali Manohar</a>, directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_H._Little" title="Dwight H. Little">Dwight H. Little</a> and written by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Mastorakis" title="Nico Mastorakis">Nico Mastorakis</a>; starring Brett Stimely, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajnikanth" title="Rajnikanth">Rajnikanth</a> and Anna Nicholas. It was filmed in southern India, the story revolving around a mythical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a> called the <i>Bloodstone</i>.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloodstone_%281988_film%29&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Plot">Plot</span></h2>In 12th Century India, a huge ruby was bestowed with the power of good and the curse of evil by the spilled blood of Princess Lafla. In the 18th Century, the British stole it. In today's India, small-time crook Paul Lorre steals the stone back, but while attempting delivery to international fence Ludwig Van Hoeven, realizes the authorities are onto him and slips the priceless gem into the baggage of the unsuspecting Sandy and Stephanie McVey, Lorre manages to indicate the American couple and their streetwise <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab" title="Taxicab">taxi</a> driver Shyam Sabu <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinikanth" title="Rajinikanth">Rajinikanth</a> to Van Hoeven's thugs. Sabu realizes that he is being followed, but he does not see the huge ruby fall into a crevice inside his trunk while dropping Sandy and Stephanie at their hotel. Soon Sandy and Sabu are both in action; Sandy in a brutal fight with two thieves ransacking his room and Sabu in a life-or-death car chase and shootout.<br />Stephanie gets kidnapped by Van Hoeven's thugs. Van Hoeven contacts Sandy and proposes Stephanie in exchange for the gem at the waterfalls on the road to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>. Without the ruby, Sandy has no option but the police, but Sabu produces the stone, igniting a vicious fight between the two equally matched men, ending in a second agreement. Sandy will pay well, but the ruby is his to exchange for Stephanie's life. They prepare for a conflict while Sabu lets his heathen friends know that their help may be needed. At every corner, the bungling Ramesh is attempting to keep up with the furious pace, always managing somehow to fail. Sandy and Sabu are ambushed while exiting the rain forests but survive the shootout and capture two of Van Hoeven's men, learning of the lone secret passage before tossing them over the waterfalls.<br />Van Hoeven is giving a festive, lavish party. But Sandy and Sabu have penetrated the palace with plans of their own, when they... drop unexpectedly. The ruby proves to be a fake and they are moments from execution when Sabu's heathens storm the fortress and a bloody mêlée ensues. Sandy, Stephanie and Sabu escape directly into the gun barrels of Ramesh's men. They are clean, Van Hoeven is arrested and Inspector Ramesh is a hero... but the Bloodstone is still missing.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloodstone_%281988_film%29&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Cast">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cast">Cast</span></h2><ul><li>Brett Stimely ... Sandy McVey</li><li>Rajinikanth ... Shyaam Sabu</li><li>Anna Nicholas ... Stephanie</li><li>Charlie Brill ... Inspector Ramesh</li><li>Jack Kehler ... Paul Lorre</li><li>Christopher Neame ... Van Hoeven</li><li>Tej Sapru ... Manu</li><li>Bob Christo ... Haggerty</li><li>Deep Dhillon ... Tanjeer</li><li>Carol Teasdale ... Anna</li><li>Laura Albert ... Kim Chi</li><li>Marjean Holden ... Shirley</li><li>Dhanushkodi ... Maniam</li><li>Bill Marley ... British husband</li><li>Janet Lord ... British wife</li></ul></div>vijayawada fanshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15668221226984233841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7542407305616967940.post-85119944370177318312012-02-04T05:28:00.000-08:002012-02-04T05:28:12.513-08:00Funny photo effects<a href="http://www.photofacefun.com/result/7723f4739f35bac944fe97b052ad0429#.Ty0yV_0U6dc.blogger">Funny photo effects</a>vijayawada fanshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15668221226984233841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7542407305616967940.post-70380833979970743192012-02-04T01:40:00.003-08:002012-02-04T01:40:06.097-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading"><i>The Frighteners</i></h1><div id="bodyContent"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="dablink">For the Matt Helm spy novel by Donald Hamilton, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners_%28novel%29" title="The Frighteners (novel)">The Frighteners (novel)</a>.</div><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vevent" style="font-size: 90%; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr> <th class="summary" colspan="2" style="font-size: 110%; font-size: 125%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">The Frighteners</th> </tr><tr class=""> <td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frighteners_ver1.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="338" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/Frighteners_ver1.jpg/220px-Frighteners_ver1.jpg" width="220" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 95%; line-height: 1.5em;">Theatrical release poster</span></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Directed by</th> <td class="description"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Produced by</th> <td class="">Peter Jackson<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Selkirk" title="Jamie Selkirk">Jamie Selkirk</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Written by</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Walsh" title="Fran Walsh">Fran Walsh</a><br />Peter Jackson</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Starring</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trini_Alvarado" title="Trini Alvarado">Trini Alvarado</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dobson" title="Peter Dobson">Peter Dobson</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Astin" title="John Astin">John Astin</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Wallace" title="Dee Wallace">Dee Wallace Stone</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Combs" title="Jeffrey Combs">Jeffrey Combs</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Busey" title="Jake Busey">Jake Busey</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Music by</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Elfman" title="Danny Elfman">Danny Elfman</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Cinematography</th> <td class="">John Blick<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Bollinger" title="Alun Bollinger">Alun Bollinger</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Editing by</th> <td class="">Jamie Selkirk</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Studio</th> <td class=""><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WingNut_Films" title="WingNut Films">WingNut Films</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Distributed by</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios" title="Universal Studios">Universal Pictures</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Release <span class="nowrap">date(s)</span></th> <td class="">July 19, 1996</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Running time</th> <td class="">110 minutes</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Country</th> <td class="">United States<br />New Zealand</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Language</th> <td class="">English</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Budget</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>30 million<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stress_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-stress-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Box office</th> <td class="">$29,359,216</td> </tr></tbody></table><i><b>The Frighteners</b></i> is a 1996 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">comedy horror</a> film directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a> and co-written with his wife, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Walsh" title="Fran Walsh">Fran Walsh</a>. The film stars <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trini_Alvarado" title="Trini Alvarado">Trini Alvarado</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dobson" title="Peter Dobson">Peter Dobson</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Astin" title="John Astin">John Astin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Wallace" title="Dee Wallace">Dee Wallace Stone</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Combs" title="Jeffrey Combs">Jeffrey Combs</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Busey" title="Jake Busey">Jake Busey</a>. <i>The Frighteners</i> tells the story of Frank Bannister (Fox), an architect who develops psychic abilities allowing him to see, hear, and communicate with ghosts after his wife's murder. He initially uses his new abilities to work with various spirits to cheat money out of customers for his "ghosthunting" business. However, the spirit of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murderer</a> comes back from Hell, able to attack the living and the dead, prompting Frank to investigate the supernatural presence.<br />Jackson and Walsh conceived the idea for <i>The Frighteners</i> during the scriptwriting phase of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Creatures" title="Heavenly Creatures">Heavenly Creatures</a></i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a> hired the duo to write the script, with the original intention of Zemeckis directing <i>The Frighteners</i> as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_%28media%29" title="Spin-off (media)">spin-off</a> film of the television series, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_from_the_Crypt_%28TV_series%29" title="Tales from the Crypt (TV series)">Tales from the Crypt</a></i>. With Jackson and Walsh's first draft submitted in January 1994, Zemeckis believed the film would be better off directed by Jackson, produced by Zemeckis and funded/distributed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios" title="Universal Studios">Universal Pictures</a>. The visual effects were created by Jackson's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weta_Digital" title="Weta Digital">Weta Digital</a>, which had only been in existence for three years. This, plus the fact that <i>The Frighteners</i> required more digital effects shots than almost any movie made up until that time, resulted in the eighteen-month period for effects work by Weta Digital being largely stressed.<br />Despite a rushed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> schedule, Universal Pictures was so impressed with Jackson's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_cut" title="Rough cut">rough cut</a> on <i>The Frighteners</i>, the studio moved the theatrical release date closer by four months. The film was not a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office" title="Box office">box office</a> success, but received generally positive reviews from critics. <i>The Frighteners</i> is also Michael J. Fox's last leading role in a live-action feature film; Fox then went on to a four-year run on the television series <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_City" title="Spin City">Spin City</a></i> before semi-retiring in 2000 due to the effects of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<br /><table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">&nbsp;[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#Plot"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Plot</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#Cast"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cast</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#Development"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Development</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#Production"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Production</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#Visual_effects"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Visual effects</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#Soundtrack"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Soundtrack</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#Release"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Release</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#Box_office"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Box office</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#Critical_reception"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Critical reception</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#Home_media"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Home media</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Frighteners&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Plot">Plot</span></h2>In 1990, architect Frank Bannister loses his wife, Debra, in a car accident. He gives up his profession, letting his unfinished "dream house" sit incomplete for years. Following the accident, Frank gains the power to see ghosts and befriends three: a 1970s gangster named Cyrus, a 1950s nerd named Stuart and a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunslinger" title="Gunslinger">gunslinger</a> from the Old West called the Judge. Cyrus, Stuart and the Judge haunt houses in the area to accumulate work for Frank's ghostbusting business; Frank then "exorcises" the houses for a fee, even though he is depicted by locals as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_trick" title="Confidence trick">con man</a>. Five years later, Dr. Lucy Lynskey summons Frank, who recently conned her and her husband Ray. Frank discovers that Ray has been killed (just after he left), and an encounter with his ghost leads Frank to discover that an entity resembling the Grim Reaper is killing people and marking numbers on their foreheads that only the psychic can see.<br />Frank tries helping the people whom the Reaper is targeting because his wife Debra died with a similar number, 13, carved into her forehead. Because Frank can see the numbers ahead of time he can foretell the murders, but this puts him under suspicion with the police and FBI agent Milton Dammers. Highly <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal-retentive" title="Anal-retentive">anal</a> and disturbed from years of undercover work, Dammers is convinced that Frank is responsible for the killings, using some sort of psychic power to stop the hearts of those he subconsciously wishes dead while creating the visage of the Grim Reaper to absolve himself of guilt. Frank is captured and detained after the town's newspaper editor, Madga, who despised Frank's reputation, is killed. While Frank is being detained, Lucy begins to investigate the murders and becomes a target of the Reaper. She is attacked while visiting Frank in jail, but they the manage to escape with the help of Cyrus and Stuart, who are both killed in the process. Frustrated by his inability to fight the Reaper in a mortal body, Frank wants to commit suicide so he can stop the Reaper's killing spree. Instead, Lucy helps Frank have a near death experience by entering hypothermia and using barbiturates to stop his heart. Dammers abducts Lucy, then confesses that he had been a victim of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahn_Ranch#The_Manson_Family" title="Spahn Ranch">his "Family" in 1969</a>. Frank appears to come to Lucy's aid. In his ghostly form, Frank confronts the Reaper and discovers that the killer is the ghost of Johnny Bartlett, a hospital orderly who killed 12 people in a killing spree 32 years ago, seeking to achieve the world record for serial killer victims, then died in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">electric chair</a>.<br />Frank reveals Bartlett's true form, but his spirit is forced back into his body by Lucy resuscitating him. After learning the Reaper's identity, Lucy worries that Patricia will become one of Bartlett's targets. She goes to Patricia's house and discovers that Patricia is on friendly terms with Bartlett's ghost, who tells her to kill Lucy. Patricia kills her mother and tries to kill Lucy, but Frank rescues her. Lucy and Frank trap Bartlett's spirit in his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urn</a>, which they find in Patricia's room. Hoping to take the ashes to holy ground, they run for the chapel of the now-abandoned psychiatric hospital to send Bartlett's ghost to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>. Frank realizes that this is the hospital where the original crimes were committed, helplessly reliving the events of Bartlett's killing spree in flashback visions, while Patricia, armed with a shotgun, and Dammers chase them through the ruins. Dammers throws the ashes away, releasing Bartlett's ghost again before his head is blown off by Patricia. Bartlett's ghost and Patricia hunt down Frank and Lucy. Frank realizes that Bartlett's ghost drove the two off the road and killed Frank's wife. Patricia used Frank's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_knife" title="Utility knife">utility knife</a> to cut the number into her forehead.<br />Out of bullets, Patricia strangles Frank with the shotgun, then prepares to kill Lucy. Frank's spirit, however, returns and rips Patricia's spirit from her body, dragging her up the Corridor of Life (the passage to Heaven) with him. Bartlett grabs Patricia's ghost, while Frank makes it to Heaven, where he's reunited with Cyrus and Stuart. The three watch as Bartlett and Patricia's spirits are dragged to Hell. After meeting Debra's spirit, Frank learns it is not yet his time and is sent back to his body (Cyrus tells him to start living and Debra asks him to be happy), waking up in Lucy's arms. Frank and Lucy fall in love, and due to her experiences, Lucy can now see ghosts as well. Frank returns to being an architect, demolishing the dream house for his wife that he never finished and building a life with Lucy. As for Dammers, he is a spirit, riding around in the back of Sheriff Walt Perry's car.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Frighteners&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Cast">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cast">Cast</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a> as Frank Bannister: Although Jackson and Walsh envisioned <i>The Frighteners</i> as a low budget film with unknown actors, Zemeckis suggested casting his <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_%28series%29" title="Back to the Future (series)">Back to the Future</a></i> star Michael J. Fox in the lead role. Fox became enthusiastic about working with Jackson when he saw <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Creatures" title="Heavenly Creatures">Heavenly Creatures</a></i> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival" title="Toronto International Film Festival">Toronto International Film Festival</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-biography_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-biography-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Fox read the script and was impressed by its "weirdness and macabre" nature.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-camp_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-camp-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trini_Alvarado" title="Trini Alvarado">Trini Alvarado</a> as Dr. Lucy Lynskey: The character is named after <i>Heavenly Creatures</i> star <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Lynskey" title="Melanie Lynskey">Melanie Lynskey</a>, who also cameos in <i>The Frighteners</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-biography_1-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-biography-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dobson" title="Peter Dobson">Peter Dobson</a> as Ray Lynskey: Lucy's health-obsessed and comically hot-headed husband who dislikes Frank's tactics.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Astin" title="John Astin">John Astin</a> as The Judge: Jackson went on to cast John's son <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Astin" title="Sean Astin">Sean Astin</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samwise_Gamgee" title="Samwise Gamgee">Samwise Gamgee</a> in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy" title="The Lord of the Rings film trilogy">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-biography_1-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-biography-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Combs" title="Jeffrey Combs">Jeffrey Combs</a> as Special Agent Milton Dammers: Eccentric FBI agent who has a vendetta against Bannister. He is a former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">undercover agent</a> known for his work with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cultists</a>, which caused him to sustain multiple massive mutilations and driven to the brink of insanity. Jackson opted to cast Combs as Dammers because he was a fan of the actor's work in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-Animator" title="Re-Animator">Re-Animator</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-camp_2-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-camp-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Wallace" title="Dee Wallace">Dee Wallace</a> as Patricia Ann Bradley: Barlett's mentally ill lover- escaping execution at the time of the original murders as she was underage- who is under strict observance from her elderly mother.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Busey" title="Jake Busey">Jake Busey</a> as Johnny Charles Bartlett: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_murderer" title="Mass murderer">Mass murderer</a> who continues his work in the afterlife, focusing on increasing his body count as a form of competition with other famous murderers.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_McBride" title="Chi McBride">Chi McBride</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Fyfe" title="Jim Fyfe">Jim Fyfe</a> as Cyrus and Stuart: Frank's deceased associates for his ghosthunting business.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Evans_%28actor%29" title="Troy Evans (actor)">Troy Evans</a> as Sheriff Walt Perry: Local law enforcement officer and ally to Frank.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julianna_McCarthy" title="Julianna McCarthy">Julianna McCarthy</a> as Old Lady Bradley: Patricia's elderly and obsessed mother and former director of the psychiatric hospital.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawthorne" title="Elizabeth Hawthorne">Elizabeth Hawthorne</a> as Magda Rees-Jones: A snooty British local television news anchor.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Bloomfield" title="Angela Bloomfield">Angela Bloomfield</a> as Debra Bannister: Frank's deceased wife.</li></ul><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a> cameos as a man with piercings. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Lynskey" title="Melanie Lynskey">Melanie Lynskey</a> cameos as a deputy. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Lee_Ermey" title="R. Lee Ermey">R. Lee Ermey</a> cameos as the Ghost of Sgt. Hiles.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Frighteners&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Development">Development</span></h2><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a> and wife/co-writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Walsh" title="Fran Walsh">Fran Walsh</a> conceived the idea for <i>The Frighteners</i> in 1992, during the scriptwriting phase of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Creatures" title="Heavenly Creatures">Heavenly Creatures</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bob_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-Bob-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Together, they wrote a three-page <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_treatment" title="Film treatment">film treatment</a> and sent it to their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_agent" title="Talent agent">talent agent</a> in Hollywood. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a> viewed their treatment with the intention of directing <i>The Frighteners</i> as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_%28media%29" title="Spin-off (media)">spin-off</a> film of the television series, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_from_the_Crypt_%28TV_series%29" title="Tales from the Crypt (TV series)">Tales from the Crypt</a></i> (which he helped produce).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-blood_4-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-blood-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-better_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-better-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Zemeckis hired Jackson and Walsh to turn their treatment into a full-length screenplay in January 1993.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-biography_1-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-biography-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The husband and wife duo completed their first draft for <i>The Frighteners</i> in early-January 1994. Zemeckis was so impressed with their script, he decided <i>The Frighteners</i> would work better directed by Jackson, executive produced by Zemeckis and funded/distributed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios" title="Universal Studios">Universal Pictures</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-better_5-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-better-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Universal <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlight" title="Greenlight">greenlighted</a> the film to commence <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">pre-production</a> on a $26 million budget in April 1994.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bob_3-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-Bob-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-market_6-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-market-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The studio also granted Jackson and Zemeckis total <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_control" title="Artistic control">artistic control</a> and the right of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_cut_privilege" title="Final cut privilege">final cut privilege</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-blood_4-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-blood-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Frighteners&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Production">Production</span></h3>The decision to film <i>The Frighteners</i> entirely in New Zealand was Jackson's idea.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Zemeckis and Universal agreed on the condition that Jackson made New Zealand look similar to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-camp_2-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-camp-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Principal photography</a> began on May 14, 1995 and lasted until November 16, which is one of the longest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_schedule" title="Shooting schedule">shooting schedules</a> Universal Pictures ever approved of. Six weeks into the shoot, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographer</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Bollinger" title="Alun Bollinger">Alun Bollinger</a> had a serious car accident. His replacement, John Blick, later alternated duties with Bollinger for much of the rest of the shoot.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-long_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-long-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_shooting" title="Location shooting">Location shooting</a> primarily included <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> and three weeks spent in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyttelton,_New_Zealand" title="Lyttelton, New Zealand">Lyttelton</a>. Interior scenes were compiled at Camperdown Studios in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramar,_New_Zealand" title="Miramar, New Zealand">Miramar</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-camp_2-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-camp-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Frighteners&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Visual effects">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Visual_effects">Visual effects</span></h3>Jackson's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weta_Digital" title="Weta Digital">Weta Digital</a> created the visual effects, which included <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a>, as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale models</a> (which were necessary to make <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> look American),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-biography_1-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-biography-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup" title="Prosthetic makeup">prosthetic makeup</a> and practical effects with help from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weta_Workshop" title="Weta Workshop">Weta Workshop</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_effects_supervisor" title="Visual effects supervisor">Visual effects supervisor</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taylor_%28filmmaker%29" title="Richard Taylor (filmmaker)">Richard Taylor</a> explained that effects work on <i>The Frighteners</i> was complex due to Weta's inexperience with computer technology in the mid-1990s. Prior to this film, Weta worked largely with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_effects" title="Physical effects">physical effects</a>. With so many ghosts among its main cast, <i>The Frighteners</i> required more digital effects shots than almost any movie made up till that time. For a special effects company that had been in existence less than three years, the eighteen-month period for completing <i>The Frighteners</i> was largely stressful.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-long_8-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-long-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Some shots were handled by a small New Zealand company called Pixel Perfect, many of whose employees would eventually join Weta Digital.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-biography_1-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-biography-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Baker_%28makeup_artist%29" title="Rick Baker (makeup artist)">Rick Baker</a> was hired to design the prosthetic makeup for The Judge, portrayed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Astin" title="John Astin">John Astin</a> (the detachable jawbone was later added digitally). However, Baker was not able to apply Astin's five hours of makeup himself due to his commitment on <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutty_Professor_%281996_film%29" title="The Nutty Professor (1996 film)">The Nutty Professor</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-long_8-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-long-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Makeup artist Brian Penikas (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_trilogy" title="Pirates of the Caribbean trilogy"><i>Pirates of the Caribbean</i> trilogy</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull">Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</a></i>) fulfilled Baker's duties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Indy_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-Indy-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><br />The extended shooting schedule for <i>The Frighteners</i> owed much to the fact that scenes where ghosts and human characters interacted had to be filmed twice; once with human characters acting on set, and then with the ghost characters acting against a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">blue screen</a>. The two elements would later be digitally composited into one shot with the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_screen_%28filmmaking%29" title="Split screen (filmmaking)">split screen photography</a>. Such sequences required precise timing from the cast as they traded dialogue with characters who were merely blank air.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-long_8-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-long-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The hardest challenge for the digital animators at Weta was creating the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_%28personification%29" title="Death (personification)">Grim Reaper</a>, which went through many transformations before finding physical form.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Indy_9-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-Indy-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> "We set out with the intention of doing the Reaper as a rod <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">puppet</a>, maybe shooting it in a water tank," Jackson commented. "We even thought of filming someone, dressed in costume, at different camera speeds."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-long_8-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-long-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Test footage was shot with puppets and a man in a Reaper suit, but in the end, it was decided that using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> would be the easiest task. Another entirely computerized character called "the Gatekeeper", a winged <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherub</a> who helps guard the cemetery, was deleted from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_cut_privilege" title="Final cut privilege">final cut</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Japan_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-Japan-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><br />With digital effects work running behind schedule, producer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a> convinced Wes Takahashi (from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a>' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light &amp; Magic">Industrial Light &amp; Magic</a>) to help work on <i>The Frighteners</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Japan_10-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-Japan-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> "The shots Zemeckis showed me were pretty remarkable," Takahashi reflected, "but there were still about 400 shots to do, and everyone was kind of worried."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stress_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-stress-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Takahashi was quickly drafted as a visual effects supervisor, and began looking at the schedule, trying to work out whether <i>The Frighteners</i> could be finished in time. "There was no way we'd make the deadline. I figured out a concerted plan involving Jackson and Zemeckis to convince Universal it was worthy of asking for more money."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stress_0-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-stress-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The executives at Universal proposed splitting some of the shots to visual effects companies in the United States, but Jackson, for whom the film was a chance to show New Zealand filmmaking could stand alongside Hollywood, convinced Universal otherwise.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stress_0-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-stress-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Instead, <i>The Frighteners</i> received an accelerated release date, four months earlier than planned, and an additional $6 million in financing, with fifteen digital animators and computer workstations (some were borrowed from Universal and other effects companies in the US). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Adamson" title="Andrew Adamson">Andrew Adamson</a> was hired as a digital effects supervisor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Frighteners&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Soundtrack">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</span></h2><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vevent haudio" style="width: 22em;"><tbody><tr> <th class="summary album" colspan="2" style="background-color: gainsboro; font-size: 125%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">The Frighteners</th> </tr><tr> <th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: gainsboro; text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack_album" title="Soundtrack album">Soundtrack album</a> by <span class="contributor"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Elfman" title="Danny Elfman">Danny Elfman</a></span></th> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Released</th> <td class="published">July 19, 1996</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></th> <td class="category"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Length</th> <td class="">41:14</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Label</a></th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Records" title="Universal Records">Universal</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: gainsboro; text-align: center;">Professional reviews</th> </tr><tr class=""> <td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"> <div style="margin: 0; padding: 0; text-align: left;"> <table cellpadding="2" class="multicol"><tbody><tr> <td> <img alt="" height="19" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Ambox_warning_pn.svg/22px-Ambox_warning_pn.svg.png" width="22" /><br /></td> <td> The reviews parameter has been deprecated. Please move reviews into the “Reception” section of the article. See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albums/Moving_infobox_reviews_into_article_space" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Albums/Moving infobox reviews into article space">Moving reviews into article space</a>.<br /></td> </tr></tbody></table><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic" title="Allmusic">Allmusic</a> <span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="3/5 stars"><img alt="3/5 stars" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" /><img alt="" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" /><img alt="" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" /><img alt="" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_empty.svg/11px-Star_empty.svg.png" width="11" /><img alt="" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_empty.svg/11px-Star_empty.svg.png" width="11" /></span> <a class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/r238037" rel="nofollow">link</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmtracks.com" title="Filmtracks.com">Filmtracks</a> <span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="3/5 stars"><img alt="3/5 stars" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" /><img alt="" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" /><img alt="" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" width="11" /><img alt="" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_empty.svg/11px-Star_empty.svg.png" width="11" /><img alt="" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_empty.svg/11px-Star_empty.svg.png" width="11" /></span> <a class="external text" href="http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/othello_ballet.html" rel="nofollow">link</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: gainsboro; text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Elfman" title="Danny Elfman">Danny Elfman</a> chronology</th> </tr><tr class=""> <td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"> <table style="background: transparent; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; width: 33%;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Beauty_%281994_film%29#Soundtrack" title="Black Beauty (1994 film)">Black Beauty</a></i><br />(1994)</td> <td style="padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0.1em; width: 33%;"><i>The Frighteners</i><br />(1996)</td> <td style="padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; width: 33%;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_Black_%28film%29#Soundtracks" title="Men in Black (film)">Men in Black</a><br />(1997)</i></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">film score</a> was written and composed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Elfman" title="Danny Elfman">Danny Elfman</a>. It was released in 1996 on <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_cassette" title="Audio cassette">cassette</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Records" title="Universal Records">Universal Records</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allmusic_12-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-allmusic-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> The closing credits play "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28Don%27t_Fear%29_The_Reaper" title="(Don't Fear) The Reaper">(Don't Fear) The Reaper</a>", written by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Dharma" title="Buck Dharma">Buck Dharma</a> and performed by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_music" title="New Zealand music">New Zealand</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> band <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mutton_Birds" title="The Mutton Birds">The Mutton Birds</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> The Mutton Birds version of the song had been previously released as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-side" title="B-side">B-side</a> to their single "She's Been Talking" released in 1996.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><br />Critical reception of the soundtrack was average. Jason Ankeny of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album" title="Album">album</a> database <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic" title="Allmusic">Allmusic</a> described the soundtrack as "imaginative" giving it three stars out of five.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allmusic_12-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-allmusic-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> This was a lower rating on the site then Elfman's other scores of the era, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_%28film%29" title="Mission: Impossible (film)">Mission: Impossible</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Attacks%21" title="Mars Attacks!">Mars Attacks!</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flubber_%28film%29" title="Flubber (film)">Flubber</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> The soundtrack review website Filmtracks referred to the album as "lacking much cohesion or singular creativity".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><dl><dt>Track Listing</dt></dl>All songs written and composed by Danny Elfman.<br /><div class="tracklist" style="margin: -1px 21em 0 0; padding: 4px;"> <table cellpadding="0" class="tracklist" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-width: 0px; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr> <th class="tlheader" style="background-color: #eeeeee; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; width: 2em;">No.</th> <th class="tlheader" style="background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: left; width: 100%;">Title</th> <th class="tlheader" style="background-color: #eeeeee; padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; width: 4em;">Length</th> </tr><tr style="background-color: white;"> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">1.</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">"The Lads" &nbsp;</td> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right;">2:00</td> </tr><tr style="background-color: #f7f7f7;"> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">2.</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">"Poltergeists" &nbsp;</td> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right;">2:05</td> </tr><tr style="background-color: white;"> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">3.</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">"Victim #38" &nbsp;</td> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right;">1:52</td> </tr><tr style="background-color: #f7f7f7;"> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">4.</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">"Who's Next?" &nbsp;</td> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right;">1:39</td> </tr><tr style="background-color: white;"> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">5.</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">"The Garden" &nbsp;</td> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right;">3:08</td> </tr><tr style="background-color: #f7f7f7;"> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">6.</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">"Chilly" &nbsp;</td> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right;">1:29</td> </tr><tr style="background-color: white;"> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">7.</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">"Time" &nbsp;</td> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right;">4:41</td> </tr><tr style="background-color: #f7f7f7;"> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">8.</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">"Patty's Place" &nbsp;</td> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right;">2:12</td> </tr><tr style="background-color: white;"> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">9.</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">"Flashbacks" &nbsp;</td> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right;">1:07</td> </tr><tr style="background-color: #f7f7f7;"> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">10.</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">"Patty Attack" &nbsp;</td> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right;">3:04</td> </tr><tr style="background-color: white;"> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">11.</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">"Frank's Wife" &nbsp;</td> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right;">0:50</td> </tr><tr style="background-color: #f7f7f7;"> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">12.</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">"Doom" &nbsp;</td> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right;">3:08</td> </tr><tr style="background-color: white;"> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">13.</td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">"Heaven" &nbsp;</td> <td style="padding-right: 10px; text-align: right;">1:46</td> </tr></tbody></table></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Frighteners&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Release">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Release">Release</span></h2>The original release date was October 31, 1996, but after Universal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_executive" title="Studio executive">studio executives</a> viewed a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_cut" title="Rough cut">rough cut</a> of <i>The Frighteners</i>, they were impressed enough to move the release date to their "summer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_%28entertainment%29" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">blockbuster</a> slot" on July 19, 1996.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-shop_18-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-shop-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> In addition, Universal offered the filmmaker the opportunity to make <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_%282005_film%29" title="King Kong (2005 film)">King Kong</a></i>, which was not released until 2005.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> Jackson often disputed over the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" title="Motion Picture Association of America">Motion Picture Association of America</a> (MPAA) over the film's rating. Aware that he was meant to be delivering Universal a PG-13 rating, Jackson tried his best to omit the amount of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_violence" title="Graphic violence">graphic violence</a> as much as possible, but the MPAA still believed <i>The Frighteners</i> deserved an R rating.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fright_20-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-fright-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Frighteners&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Box office">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Box_office">Box office</span></h3><i>The Frighteners</i> was released in the United States in 1,675 theaters, earning $5,565,495 during its opening weekend. The film eventually grossed $16,759,216 in the United States and $12,600,000 internationally, coming to a worldwide total of $29,359,216.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>The Frighteners</i> was not a financial success, mostly due to competition from <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_%28film%29" title="Independence Day (film)">Independence Day</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> In later interviews taken years after <i>The Frighteners'</i> release, Jackson commented he was disappointed by Universal's ubiquitous marketing campaign, including a poster which "didn't tell you anything about the picture",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-biography_1-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-biography-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> which he believed was the primary reason the film was not a financial success.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-market_6-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-market-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the film opened on the same day the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">Atlanta Summer Olympics</a> began; when Jackson realized this and told the studio, they answered "'We don't think so; our research indicates that's not the case...' And I just thought how the hell do they know? There had only ever been three Olympic Games held in the United States in one hundred years!'" Jackson acknowledged <i>The Frighteners</i><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">'</span> tone made it hard to pigeon-hole and sell, and his experience on the film made him understand the importance of marketing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-biography_1-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-biography-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Frighteners&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Critical reception">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Jackson01.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="321" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Peter_Jackson01.jpg/220px-Peter_Jackson01.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Jackson01.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Jackson received two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award" title="Saturn Award">Saturn Award</a> nominations.</div></div></div><i>The Frighteners</i> received generally positive reviews from film critics. As of December 2011, 69% of the 28 reviewers selected by review aggregator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> gave the film a positive review, certifying it "Fresh."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Turan" title="Kenneth Turan">Kenneth Turan</a> of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> stated "Director Peter Jackson, at home with all kinds of excess in New Zealand, keeps everything spinning nicely, not even losing a step when the mood turns increasingly disturbing."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Maslin" title="Janet Maslin">Janet Maslin</a> from <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> enjoyed <i>The Frighteners</i>, but "walked out the theater with mixed emotions," she commented that "Peter Jackson deserves more enthusiasm for expert, imaginative effects than for his live actors anyhow. These lively touches would leave <i>The Frighteners</i> looking more like a more frantic <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetlejuice" title="Beetlejuice">Beetlejuice</a></i> if Jackson's film weren't so wearyingly overcrowded. <i>The Frighteners</i> is not immune to overkill, even though most of its characters are already dead."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Jeff Vice of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i> praised the acting in the film, with the performances of Fox and Alvarado in particular, but said that there were also "bits that push the taste barrier too far and which grind things to a screeching halt", and that if "Jackson had used the restraint he showed in <i>Heavenly Creatures</i>, the movie could have "been the best of its kind".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> Critic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Null" title="Christopher Null">Christopher Null</a> praised the film, as he described it as a mixture between <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostbusters_%28film%29" title="Ghostbusters (film)">Ghostbusters</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Peaks" title="Twin Peaks">Twin Peaks</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-null_27-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-null-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Michael Drucker of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a> said that although the film wouldn't make Jackson's top five of movies, it "is a harmless and fun dark comedy that you'll enjoy casually watching from time to time".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kong_28-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-Kong-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>The Frighteners</i> received mixed reviews from critics from Jackson's native country, New Zealand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fright_20-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-fright-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br />Conversely, Todd McCarthy of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i> thought that the movie should have remained an episode of <i>Tales from the Crypt</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> Critic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Berardinelli" title="James Berardinelli">James Berardinelli</a> believed that although <i>The Frighteners</i> wasn't "a bad film", it was "a disappointment, following Jackson's powerful, true-life matricide tale, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Creatures" title="Heavenly Creatures">Heavenly Creatures</a></i>", and because of that "<i>The Frighteners</i> fell short of expectations by being just one of many in the long line of 1996 summer movies."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-reelviews_30-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-reelviews-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a></i><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">'</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a>, felt that Jackson was more interested in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup" title="Prosthetic makeup">prosthetic makeup</a> designs, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> and special effects than writing a cohesive storyline.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> Ebert and critic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Siskel" title="Gene Siskel">Gene Siskel</a> gave it a "two thumbs down" rating on their TV show <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Movies_with_Gene_Siskel_and_Roger_Ebert" title="At the Movies with Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert">At the Movies with Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Siskel.2FEbert_32-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-Siskel.2FEbert-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Reader" title="Chicago Reader">Chicago Reader</a></i> critic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenbaum" title="Jonathan Rosenbaum">Jonathan Rosenbaum</a>, described the film's special effects as "ugly, aggressive" and "proliferating", saying that "trying to keep interested in [the special effects] was like trying to remain interested in a loudmouth shouting in [his] ear".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Edward Guthmann of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i> stated that "instead of moving the horror genre in new directions, <i>The Frighteners</i> simply falls apart from its barrage of visual effects and the overmixed onslaught of Danny Elfman's music score".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle" title="The Austin Chronicle">The Austin Chronicle</a></i><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">'</span>s Joey O'Brien, said that although the screenplay was "practically loaded with wild ideas, knowingly campy dialogue and offbeat characterizations", it "switched gears" too fast and too frequently that "the audience is left struggling to catch up as [<i>The Frighteners</i>] twists and turns its way unmercifully towards a literally out-of-its-words finale".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup><br />At the 23rd <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award" title="Saturn Award">Saturn Awards</a>, the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy &amp; Horror Films honored Jackson with nominations for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Direction" title="Saturn Award for Best Direction">Best Direction</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Writing" title="Saturn Award for Best Writing">Best Writing</a>, the latter he shared with wife <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Walsh" title="Fran Walsh">Fran Walsh</a>. <i>The Frighteners</i> also was nominated the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Horror_Film" title="Saturn Award for Best Horror Film">Saturn Award for Best Horror Film</a>, and for its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Special_Effects" title="Saturn Award for Best Special Effects">Special Effects</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Make-up" title="Saturn Award for Best Make-up">Make-up</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Baker_%28makeup_artist%29" title="Rick Baker (makeup artist)">Rick Baker</a>) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Make-up" title="Saturn Award for Best Make-up">Music</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Elfman" title="Danny Elfman">Danny Elfman</a>). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Combs" title="Jeffrey Combs">Jeffrey Combs</a> were also nominated for their work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Frighteners&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Home media">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Home_media">Home media</span></h2><i>The Frighteners</i> was first released on DVD in August 1998, but included no special features.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> To coincide with the release of Jackson's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_%282005_film%29" title="King Kong (2005 film)">King Kong</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kong_28-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-Kong-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios_Home_Entertainment" title="Universal Studios Home Entertainment">Universal Studios Home Entertainment</a> issued a double-sided <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director%27s_cut" title="Director's cut">director's cut</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> of the film in November 2005,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-amazon_38-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-amazon-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> which featured a version of <i>The Frighteners</i> that was 14 minutes longer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-null_27-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-null-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> The other side includes a documentary prepared by Jackson and Wing Nut Films originally for the Laserdisc release.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-amazon_38-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-amazon-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> The director's cut was also made available in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-Ray" title="Blu-Ray">Blu-Ray</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Frighteners&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-stress-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-stress_0-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-stress_0-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-stress_0-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-stress_0-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book">Pryor, Ian (2003). <i>Peter Jackson: From Prince of Splatter to Lord of the Rings</i>. New York City: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dunne_Books" title="Thomas Dunne Books">Thomas Dunne Books</a>. pp.&nbsp;204–205. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-32294-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-32294-1">0-312-32294-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Peter+Jackson%3A+From+Prince+of+Splatter+to+Lord+of+the+Rings&amp;rft.aulast=Pryor%2C+Ian&amp;rft.au=Pryor%2C+Ian&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B204%E2%80%93205&amp;rft.place=New+York+City&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BThomas+Dunne+Books%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-312-32294-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-biography-1">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-biography_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-biography_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-biography_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-biography_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-biography_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-biography_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-biography_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-biography_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Sibley" title="Brian Sibley">Sibley, Brian</a> (2006). <i>Peter Jackson: A Film-maker's Journey</i>. London: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. pp.&nbsp;261, 303–322, 331–333. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-717558-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-717558-2">0-00-717558-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Peter+Jackson%3A+A+Film-maker%27s+Journey&amp;rft.aulast=Sibley%2C+Brian&amp;rft.au=Sibley%2C+Brian&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B261%2C+303%E2%80%93322%2C+331%E2%80%93333&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BHarperCollins%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-00-717558-2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-camp-2">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-camp_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-camp_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-camp_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-camp_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> Pryor, p.196-200</li><li id="cite_note-Bob-3">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-Bob_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-Bob_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Pryor, p.191-195</li><li id="cite_note-blood-4">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-blood_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-blood_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Helms, Michael (July 1996). "The Frighteners". <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangoria_%28magazine%29" title="Fangoria (magazine)">Fangoria</a></i>: pp.&nbsp;35–41.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Frighteners&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BFangoria+%28magazine%29%7CFangoria%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Helms%2C+Michael&amp;rft.au=Helms%2C+Michael&amp;rft.date=July+1996&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B35%E2%80%9341&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-better-5">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-better_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-better_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Sibley, p.273-279</li><li id="cite_note-market-6">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-market_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-market_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Sibley, p.330-339</li><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Archerd" title="Army Archerd">Archerd, Amy</a> (1995-02-15). <a class="external text" href="http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117862643" rel="nofollow">"Cates thinks diverse noms make for good TV"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cates+thinks+diverse+noms+make+for+good+TV&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BVariety+%28magazine%29%7CVariety%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Archerd%2C+Amy&amp;rft.au=Archerd%2C+Amy&amp;rft.date=1995-02-15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2Farticle%2FVR1117862643&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-long-8">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-long_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-long_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-long_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-long_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-long_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> Pryor, p.201-203</li><li id="cite_note-Indy-9">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-Indy_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-Indy_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Vaz, Mark Cota (June 1996). "<i>The Frighteners</i>: The Thrill of the Haunt". <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinefex" title="Cinefex">Cinefex</a></i>: pp.&nbsp;67–71.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27The+Frighteners%27%27%3A+The+Thrill+of+the+Haunt&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCinefex%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Vaz%2C+Mark+Cota&amp;rft.au=Vaz%2C+Mark+Cota&amp;rft.date=June+1996&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B67%E2%80%9371&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-Japan-10">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-Japan_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-Japan_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Sibley, p.320-329</li><li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> Pryor, pp. 300-309</li><li id="cite_note-allmusic-12">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-allmusic_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-allmusic_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/r238037" rel="nofollow">"The Frighteners overview"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic" title="Allmusic">Allmusic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Frighteners+overview&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BAllmusic%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fr238037&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p165401" rel="nofollow">"The Mutton Birds: overview"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic" title="Allmusic">Allmusic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Mutton+Birds%3A+overview&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BAllmusic%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fp165401&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000002P1W" rel="nofollow">"The Frighteners: Music From The Motion Picture [SOUNDTRACK</a>"]. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Frighteners%3A+Music+From+The+Motion+Picture+%5BSOUNDTRACK%5D&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BAmazon.com%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000002P1W&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/r365085" rel="nofollow">"She's Been Talking"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic" title="Allmusic">Allmusic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=She%27s+Been+Talking&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BAllmusic%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fr365085&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4180" rel="nofollow">"Danny Elfman discography"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic" title="Allmusic">Allmusic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Danny+Elfman+discography&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BAllmusic%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fp4180&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/frighteners.html" rel="nofollow">"Filmtracks: The Frighteners"</a>. <i>Filmtracks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Filmtracks%3A+The+Frighteners&amp;rft.jtitle=Filmtracks.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmtracks.com%2Ftitles%2Ffrighteners.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-shop-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-shop_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Thompson" title="Anne Thompson">Thompson, Anne</a> (1996-08-02). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293602,00.html" rel="nofollow">"Little Shop of Horror"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Little+Shop+of+Horror&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BEntertainment+Weekly%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Thompson%2C+Anne&amp;rft.au=Thompson%2C+Anne&amp;rft.date=1996-08-02&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ew.com%2Few%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C293602%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> Sibley, p.210-319</li><li id="cite_note-fright-20">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-fright_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-fright_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Pryor, p.206-211</li><li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=frighteners.htm" rel="nofollow">"The Frighteners"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Frighteners&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BBox+Office+Mojo%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Dfrighteners.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Woods, Mark (1996-12-31). <a class="external text" href="http://www.variety.com/vstory/VR1117436171" rel="nofollow">""Daylight" in Money O'Seas"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%22Daylight%22+in+Money+O%27Seas&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BVariety+%28magazine%29%7CVariety%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Woods%2C+Mark&amp;rft.au=Woods%2C+Mark&amp;rft.date=1996-12-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2Fvstory%2FVR1117436171&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/frighteners/" rel="nofollow">"The Frighteners"</a>. <i>Rotten Tomatoes</i>. Flixster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-12-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Frighteners&amp;rft.atitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&amp;rft.pub=Flixster&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Ffrighteners%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Turan" title="Kenneth Turan">Turan, Kenneth</a> (1996-07-19). <a class="external text" href="http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-movie960719-3,0,6464899.story" rel="nofollow">"<i>Frighteners</i> Jolts Both Nerves and Funny Bone"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Frighteners%27%27+Jolts+Both+Nerves+and+Funny+Bone&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BLos+Angeles+Times%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Turan%2C+Kenneth&amp;rft.au=Turan%2C+Kenneth&amp;rft.date=1996-07-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calendarlive.com%2Fmovies%2Freviews%2Fcl-movie960719-3%2C0%2C6464899.story&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Maslin" title="Janet Maslin">Maslin, Janet</a> (1996-07-19). "Ghosts All Over the Place". <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ghosts+All+Over+the+Place&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+New+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Maslin%2C+Janet&amp;rft.au=Maslin%2C+Janet&amp;rft.date=1996-07-19&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Vice, Jeff (1996-07-23). <a class="external text" href="http://deseretnews.com/movies/review/1,5208,653,00.html" rel="nofollow">"Frighteners, The"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Frighteners%2C+The&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BDeseret+News%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Vice%2C+Jeff&amp;rft.au=Vice%2C+Jeff&amp;rft.date=1996-07-23&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeseretnews.com%2Fmovies%2Freview%2F1%2C5208%2C653%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-null-27">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-null_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-null_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Null" title="Christopher Null">Null, Christopher</a> (1996). <a class="external text" href="http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/The-Frighteners" rel="nofollow">"The Frighteners"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmcritic.com" title="Filmcritic.com">Filmcritic.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Frighteners&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Null%2C+Christopher&amp;rft.au=Null%2C+Christopher&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BFilmcritic.com%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmcritic.com%2Fmisc%2Femporium.nsf%2Freviews%2FThe-Frighteners&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-Kong-28">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-Kong_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-Kong_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Drucker, Michael (2005-12-14). <a class="external text" href="http://dvd.ign.com/articles/675/675620p1.html" rel="nofollow">"I Can't Believe It's Not Burton"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=I+Can%27t+Believe+It%27s+Not+Burton&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BIGN%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Drucker%2C+Michael&amp;rft.au=Drucker%2C+Michael&amp;rft.date=2005-12-14&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdvd.ign.com%2Farticles%2F675%2F675620p1.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">McCarthy, Todd (July 15, 1996). <a class="external text" href="http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117905416.html?categoryid=31&amp;cs=1" rel="nofollow">"The Frighteners"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Frighteners&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BVariety+%28magazine%29%7CVariety%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=McCarthy%2C+Todd&amp;rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Todd&amp;rft.date=July+15%2C+1996&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2Freview%2FVE1117905416.html%3Fcategoryid%3D31%26cs%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-reelviews-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-reelviews_30-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Berardinelli" title="James Berardinelli">Berardinelli, James</a> (1996). <a class="external text" href="http://www.reelviews.net/php_review_template.php?identifier=391" rel="nofollow">"The Frighteners"</a>. <i>ReelViews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Frighteners&amp;rft.atitle=ReelViews&amp;rft.aulast=Berardinelli%2C+James&amp;rft.au=Berardinelli%2C+James&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reelviews.net%2Fphp_review_template.php%3Fidentifier%3D391&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Ebert, Roger</a> (1996-07-19). <a class="external text" href="http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19960719/REVIEWS/607190303/1023" rel="nofollow">"The Frighteners"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Frighteners&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BChicago+Sun-Times%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Ebert%2C+Roger&amp;rft.au=Ebert%2C+Roger&amp;rft.date=1996-07-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frogerebert.suntimes.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F19960719%2FREVIEWS%2F607190303%2F1023&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-Siskel.2FEbert-32"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-Siskel.2FEbert_32-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Ebert, Roger</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Siskel" title="Gene Siskel">Siskel, Gene</a> (1996-07-19). <a class="external text" href="http://bventertainment.go.com/tv/buenavista/ebertandroeper/index2.html?sec=6&amp;subsec=Frighteners" rel="nofollow">"The Frighteners"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Movies_with_Gene_Siskel_and_Roger_Ebert" title="At the Movies with Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert">At the Movies with Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Frighteners&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BAt+the+Movies+with+Gene+Siskel+and+Roger+Ebert%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BRoger+Ebert%7CEbert%2C+Roger%5D%5D%3B+%5B%5BGene+Siskel%7CSiskel%2C+Gene%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BRoger+Ebert%7CEbert%2C+Roger%5D%5D%3B+%5B%5BGene+Siskel%7CSiskel%2C+Gene%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=1996-07-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbventertainment.go.com%2Ftv%2Fbuenavista%2Febertandroeper%2Findex2.html%3Fsec%3D6%26subsec%3DFrighteners&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenbaum" title="Jonathan Rosenbaum">Rosenbaum, Jonathan</a> (1996). <a class="external text" href="http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/quick-change-artists/Content?oid=891073" rel="nofollow">"Quick Change Artists"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Reader" title="Chicago Reader">Chicago Reader</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Quick+Change+Artists&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BChicago+Reader%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Rosenbaum%2C+Jonathan&amp;rft.au=Rosenbaum%2C+Jonathan&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Fquick-change-artists%2FContent%3Foid%3D891073&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Guthmann, Edward (1996-07-19). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1996/07/19/DD61313.DTL" rel="nofollow">"Film Review – "Frighteners" Busted by Special Effects"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>: p.&nbsp;D13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Film+Review+%26ndash%3B+%22Frighteners%22+Busted+by+Special+Effects&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BSan+Francisco+Chronicle%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Guthmann%2C+Edward&amp;rft.au=Guthmann%2C+Edward&amp;rft.date=1996-07-19&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3BD13&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F1996%2F07%2F19%2FDD61313.DTL&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">O'Brien, Joey (1996-07-19). <a class="external text" href="http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Calendar/Film?Film=oid%3A138104" rel="nofollow">"The Frighteners"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Chronicle" title="Austin Chronicle">Austin Chronicle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Frighteners&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BAustin+Chronicle%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Brien%2C+Joey&amp;rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Joey&amp;rft.date=1996-07-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austinchronicle.com%2Fgyrobase%2FCalendar%2FFilm%3FFilm%3Doid%253A138104&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html" rel="nofollow">"Past Saturn Awards"</a>. <i>Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy &amp; Horror Films</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Past+Saturn+Awards&amp;rft.atitle=Academy+of+Science+Fiction%2C+Fantasy+%26+Horror+Films&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saturnawards.org%2Fpast.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/078322799X/" rel="nofollow">"The Frighteners (1996)"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Frighteners+%281996%29&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BAmazon.com%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2F078322799X%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-amazon-38">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-amazon_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-amazon_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000ASATYO/" rel="nofollow">"The Frighteners (Director's Cut) (1996)"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Frighteners+%28Director%27s+Cut%29+%281996%29&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BAmazon.com%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000ASATYO%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li><li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000O179EA/" rel="nofollow">"The Frighteners (Peter Jackson's Director's Cut) [HD DVD</a> (1996)"]. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Frighteners+%28Peter+Jackson%27s+Director%27s+Cut%29+%5BHD+DVD%5D+%281996%29&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BAmazon.com%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000O179EA%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li></ol></div><dl><dt>Further reading</dt></dl><ul><li><span class="citation book"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jahn" title="Michael Jahn">Michael Jahn</a> (July 1996). <i>The Frighteners: A Novel</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelization" title="Novelization">Novelization</a> of the film. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley_Books" title="Berkley Books">Berkley Books</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1572971875" title="Special:BookSources/978-1572971875">978-1572971875</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Frighteners%3A+A+Novel&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BMichael+Jahn%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BMichael+Jahn%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=July+1996&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BBerkley+Books%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=978-1572971875&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Frighteners&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt116365/" rel="nofollow"><i>The Frighteners</i></a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/v136526" rel="nofollow"><i>The Frighteners</i></a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllRovi" title="AllRovi">AllRovi</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=frighteners.htm" rel="nofollow"><i>The Frighteners</i></a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/frighteners/" rel="nofollow"><i>The Frighteners</i></a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></li><li><span class="citation news"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Corliss" title="Richard Corliss">Richard Corliss</a> (2004-04-26). <a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1970858_1970890_1971159,00.html" rel="nofollow">"The 2004 Time 100: Peter Jackson"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+2004+Time+100%3A+Peter+Jackson&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BTime+%28magazine%29%7CTime%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BRichard+Corliss%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BRichard+Corliss%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2004-04-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1970858_1970890_1971159%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Frighteners"></span></li></ul><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" id="collapsibleTable0" style="background: transparent; border-spacing: 0; color: inherit;"><tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frighteners#" id="collapseButton0">hide</a>]</span> <div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar"> <ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Peter_Jackson" title="Template:Peter Jackson"><span style="background: none transparent; border: none;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Peter_Jackson" title="Template talk:Peter Jackson"><span style="background: none transparent; border: none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Peter_Jackson&amp;action=edit"><span style="background: none transparent; border: none;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a></div></th> </tr><tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">1980s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Taste" title="Bad Taste">Bad Taste</a></i> (1987)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_the_Feebles" title="Meet the Feebles">Meet the Feebles</a></i> (1989)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">1990s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braindead_%28film%29" title="Braindead (film)">Braindead</a></i> (1992)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Creatures" title="Heavenly Creatures">Heavenly Creatures</a></i> (1994)</li><li><i><strong class="selflink">The Frighteners</strong></i> (1996)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">2000s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring">The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> (2001)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers">The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers</a></i> (2002)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King</a></i> (2003)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_%282005_film%29" title="King Kong (2005 film)">King Kong</a></i> (2005)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lovely_Bones_%28film%29" title="The Lovely Bones (film)">The Lovely Bones</a></i> (2009)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">2010s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit_%282012_film%29" title="The Hobbit (2012 film)">The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey</a></i> (2012)</li><li><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit_%282012_film%29" title="The Hobbit (2012 film)">The Hobbit: There and Back Again</a></i> (2013)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Producer</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Stereos" title="Valley of the Stereos">Valley of the Stereos</a></i> (1992)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Brown_Genius" title="Jack Brown Genius">Jack Brown Genius</a></i> (1997)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_9" title="District 9">District 9</a></i> (2009)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin_%28film%29" title="The Adventures of Tintin (film)">The Adventures of Tintin</a></i> (2011)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_of_Memphis" title="West of Memphis">West of Memphis</a></i> (2012)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Other</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valley_%28film%29" title="The Valley (film)">The Valley</a></i> (1976)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgotten_Silver" title="Forgotten Silver">Forgotten Silver</a></i> (1995)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_Line_%282008_film%29" title="Crossing the Line (2008 film)">Crossing the Line</a></i> (2008)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Companies</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weta_Workshop" title="Weta Workshop">Weta Workshop</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weta_Digital" title="Weta Digital">Weta Digital</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Road_Post" title="Park Road Post">Park Road Post</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table><div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="good-star" style="display: none; 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src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GG7k0-___94/TyOeDKauBAI/AAAAAAAAAVw/jmg1YCBIc44/s320/423033_297851096929048_116263491754477_778418_849622454_n+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div>vijayawada fanshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15668221226984233841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7542407305616967940.post-4603667475264795962012-01-23T23:12:00.005-08:002012-01-23T23:12:26.088-08:00teja<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading"><i>The Day After Tomorrow</i></h1><div id="bodyContent"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="jump-to-nav"> Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#p-search">search</a> </div><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="dablink">For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow_%28disambiguation%29" title="The Day After Tomorrow (disambiguation)">The Day After Tomorrow (disambiguation)</a>.</div><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vevent" style="font-size: 90%; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr> <th class="summary" colspan="2" style="font-size: 110%; font-size: 125%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">The Day After Tomorrow</th> </tr><tr class=""> <td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Day_After_Tomorrow_movie.jpg"><img alt="" height="328" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/The_Day_After_Tomorrow_movie.jpg/220px-The_Day_After_Tomorrow_movie.jpg" width="220" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 95%; line-height: 1.5em;">Theatrical release poster</span></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Directed by</th> <td class="description"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Emmerich" title="Roland Emmerich">Roland Emmerich</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Produced by</th> <td class="">Roland Emmerich<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gordon" title="Mark Gordon">Mark Gordon</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Written by</th> <td class="">Roland Emmerich<br />Jeffrey Nachmanoff</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Starring</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Quaid" title="Dennis Quaid">Dennis Quaid</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Gyllenhaal" title="Jake Gyllenhaal">Jake Gyllenhaal</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Rossum" title="Emmy Rossum">Emmy Rossum</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Holm" title="Ian Holm">Ian Holm</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela_Ward" title="Sela Ward">Sela Ward</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Music by</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Kloser" title="Harald Kloser">Harald Kloser</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Cinematography</th> <td class="">Ueli Steiger</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Editing by</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brenner_%28editor%29" title="David Brenner (editor)">David Brenner</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Studio</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centropolis_Entertainment" title="Centropolis Entertainment">Centropolis Entertainment</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Distributed by</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Release <span class="nowrap">date(s)</span></th> <td class="">May 17, 2004 <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(New Mexico premiere)</span></span><br />May 21, 2004 <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(Berlin premiere)</span></span><br />May 24, 2004 <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(New York City premiere)</span></span><br />May 26, 2004 <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(UK premiere)</span></span><br />May 28, 2004 <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(United States)</span></span></td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Running time</th> <td class="">124 minutes</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Country</th> <td class="">United States</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Language</th> <td class="">English</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Budget</th> <td class="">$125 million</td> </tr><tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Box office</th> <td class="">$544,272,402<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BoxOfficeMojo_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-BoxOfficeMojo-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr></tbody></table><i><b>The Day After Tomorrow</b></i> is a 2004 American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science-fiction</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">disaster film</a> that depicts the catastrophic effects of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a> in a series of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events that usher in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_cooling" title="Global cooling">global cooling</a> which leads to a new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>. The film did well at the box office, grossing $542,771,772 internationally. Domestically, it is the sixth highest grossing movie not to be #1 in the US box office (behind <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Big_Fat_Greek_Wedding" title="My Big Fat Greek Wedding">My Big Fat Greek Wedding</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks_%28film%29" title="Alvin and the Chipmunks (film)">Alvin and the Chipmunks</a></i> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks:_The_Squeakquel" title="Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel">its sequel</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_%282009_film%29" title="Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)">Sherlock Holmes</a></i>, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age:_Dawn_of_the_Dinosaurs" title="Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs">Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs</a></i>), but worldwide, it is third behind only <i>Ice Age 3</i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Royale_%282006_film%29" title="Casino Royale (2006 film)">Casino Royale</a></i>. The movie was filmed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, and is the highest grossing Hollywood film in history to be filmed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (if adjusted for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>).<br /><i>The Day After Tomorrow</i> premiered in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> on May 17, 2004 and was released worldwide from May 26 to May 28 except in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, where it was released June 4 and June 5, respectively. The film was originally planned for release in summer 2003. The film made $110,000,000 in global DVD sales, bringing its total film gross to $654,771,772.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">&nbsp;[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#Plot"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Plot</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#Cast"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cast</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#Production"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Production</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#Home_media"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Home media</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#Releases"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Releases</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#Historical_events"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical events</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#Books_and_literature"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Books and literature</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#Film"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Film</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#Television"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Television</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Plot">Plot</span></h2>Jack Hall (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Quaid" title="Dennis Quaid">Dennis Quaid</a>) is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatologist" title="Paleoclimatologist">paleoclimatologist</a> on an expedition in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> with colleagues Frank (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_O._Sanders" title="Jay O. Sanders">Jay O. Sanders</a>) and Jason (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash_Mihok" title="Dash Mihok">Dash Mihok</a>). They are drilling for ice core samples on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larsen_Ice_Shelf" title="Larsen Ice Shelf">Larsen Ice Shelf</a> for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> when the shelf breaks off and Jack almost falls to his death. Later in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi,_India" title="New Delhi, India">New Delhi</a>, Jack presents his findings on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a> at a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> conference, where diplomats and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> Raymond Becker (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Welsh" title="Kenneth Welsh">Kenneth Welsh</a>) are unconvinced by Jack's findings.<br />However, Professor Terry Rapson (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Holm" title="Ian Holm">Ian Holm</a>) of the Hedland Climate Research Centre in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> believes in Jack's theories. Several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">buoys</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic</a> simultaneously show a massive drop in the ocean temperature, and Rapson concludes that melting <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_ice" title="Polar ice">polar ice</a> is disrupting the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic current</a>. He contacts Jack, whose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">paleoclimatological</a> weather model shows how climate changes caused the first <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age" title="Ice Age">Ice Age</a>, and can predict what will happen. Jack thought the events would take hundreds or thousands of years, but his team, along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a> Janet Tokada (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamlyn_Tomita" title="Tamlyn Tomita">Tamlyn Tomita</a>), builds a forecast model with their combined data.<br />Across the world, violent weather causes mass destruction, including a massive snowstorm in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi,_India" title="New Delhi, India">New Delhi</a>, a powerful hailstorm striking <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan, and a series of devastating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. President Blake (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_King" title="Perry King">Perry King</a>) authorizes the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">FAA</a> to suspend all air traffic due to severe turbulence. At the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) three astronauts see a huge storm system spanning the northern hemisphere, delaying their returning home. The situation worsens when the latter develops into three massive <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a>-like <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstorm" title="Superstorm">superstorms</a> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_%28cyclone%29" title="Eye (cyclone)">eyes</a> holding super-cooled air that instantly freezes anything it comes in contact with. Jack's theories become reality in seven to ten days' time.<br />Meanwhile, Jack's son Sam (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Gyllenhaal" title="Jake Gyllenhaal">Jake Gyllenhaal</a>) is in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> for an academic competition with his friends Brian and Laura (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjay_Smith" title="Arjay Smith">Arjay Smith</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Rossum" title="Emmy Rossum">Emmy Rossum</a>), where they also befriend a student named J.D. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Nichols" title="Austin Nichols">Austin Nichols</a>). On the flight over there is severe turbulence and Sam grabs Laura's hand in fright. During the competition, birds migrating south suddenly fill the sky as animals all over New York become agitated. The weather becomes increasingly violent with intense winds and rains, causing the traffic-jammed Manhattan streets to become flooded knee-deep in a mix of rainwater, saltwater, and sewage. Sam calls his father, promising to be on the next train home, but the subways and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a> are closed due to flooding. As the storm worsens a massive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">tidal wave</a> hits <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, causing major flooding and killing thousands in the chaos. Sam and his friends seek shelter in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>, but not before Laura gets wounded, cutting her leg on a submerged taxicab.<br />While survivors in the northern United States are forced to stay inside due to the cold, President Blake orders the evacuation of the southern states, causing almost all of the refugees to head to Mexico. Initially Mexico closes its US border, but President Blake negotiates to open the border. Jack and his team set out for Manhattan to find his son. Their truck crashes into a tractor just past <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, so the group continues on <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoes" title="Snowshoes">snowshoes</a>. During the journey, Frank falls through the glass roof of a snow-covered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping mall</a>. As Jason and Jack try to pull Frank up, the glass under them continues to crack and Frank sacrifices himself by cutting the rope and falling to the floor far below. Meanwhile in Mexico, Vice President Raymond Becker hears from the Secretary of State that President Blake's motorcade was caught in one of the superstorms before he could make it to Mexico, so Becker is sworn in as the new President.<br />Inside the library, Sam warns everyone to stay indoors, but few listen. The small group that remains burns books to stay alive and breaks the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending machine</a> for food. Laura appeared to have a cold, so Sam comforts her and later confesses that he joined the team because he held feelings for Laura. Laura and Sam share a kiss. Soon after, the group find out that Laura is afflicted with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_poisoning" title="Blood poisoning">blood poisoning</a> due to her cut leg being infected. So Sam, Brian and J.D. search for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> in a derelict Russian cargo ship that drifted inland, and are attacked by starving <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf" title="Gray wolf">wolves</a>. The eye of the superstorm begins to pass over the city, instantly freezing everything from the top-down. The three barely get back to the library with the medicine, food and supplies they were able to scavenge.<br />During the deep freeze, Jack and Jason take shelter in an abandoned <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy%27s" title="Wendy's">Wendy's</a> restaurant, then resume their journey after the astronauts confirm the storm's dissipation, finally arriving in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. They discover the library buried in snow, but find Sam's group alive. They radio this in and the President orders in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="UH-60 Black Hawk">Black Hawk</a> helicopters. President Becker orders search and rescue teams to look for other survivors (having been given hope by the survival of Sam's group) as he gives his first address to the nation. As the main characters are evacuated and flown over the city, they see that hundreds of other helicopters searching for more survivors find success as people from other skyscrapers flock to the roofs, looking for a ride to safety. The movie concludes with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> looking down at Earth from the Space Station, showing most of the northern hemisphere covered in ice and snow, with one of the astronauts calling it "the clearest atmosphere [he's] ever seen."<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Cast">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cast">Cast</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Quaid" title="Dennis Quaid">Dennis Quaid</a> as Professor Jack Hall, government climatologist and father of Sam Hall.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Gyllenhaal" title="Jake Gyllenhaal">Jake Gyllenhaal</a> as Sam Hall, teenage son of Jack and Lucy Hall.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Rossum" title="Emmy Rossum">Emmy Rossum</a> as Laura Chapman, a 17-year-old love interest and classmate of Sam Hall.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Holm" title="Ian Holm">Ian Holm</a> as Professor Terry Rapson, colleague of Jack Hall stationed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela_Ward" title="Sela Ward">Sela Ward</a> as Dr. Lucy Hall, physician/doctor, wife of Jack and mother of Sam.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Britton_%28actor%29" title="Christopher Britton (actor)">Christopher Britton</a> as Vorsteen, associate of Jack.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjay_Smith" title="Arjay Smith">Arjay Smith</a> as Brian Parks, best friend and classmate of Sam Hall.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash_Mihok" title="Dash Mihok">Dash Mihok</a> as Jason Evans, friend and colleague of Jack.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_O._Sanders" title="Jay O. Sanders">Jay O. Sanders</a> as Frank Harris, friend and colleague of Jack.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Roiz" title="Sasha Roiz">Sasha Roiz</a> as Parker, an astronaut aboard the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Nichols" title="Austin Nichols">Austin Nichols</a> as J.D., rival turned friend of Sam.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Lester" title="Adrian Lester">Adrian Lester</a> as Simon, colleague and friend of Terry Rapson.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamlyn_Tomita" title="Tamlyn Tomita">Tamlyn Tomita</a> as Janet Tokada, Hurricane specialist for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, colleague of Jack Hall.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Plummer" title="Glenn Plummer">Glenn Plummer</a> as Luther, a homeless man in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> who remains in the library and survives with the group.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_King" title="Perry King">Perry King</a> as President Blake, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Welsh" title="Kenneth Welsh">Kenneth Welsh</a> as Raymond Becker, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> who ends up becoming the President of the United States.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Sloan" title="Amy Sloan">Amy Sloan</a> as Elsa, a woman who remains in the library and survives with the group.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_McCarthy" title="Sheila McCarthy">Sheila McCarthy</a> as Judith, the librarian who remains in the library and survives with the group.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Serrano" title="Nestor Serrano">Nestor Serrano</a> as Gomez, director of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Production">Production</span></h2>The movie was inspired by <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Global_Superstorm" title="The Coming Global Superstorm">The Coming Global Superstorm</a></i>, a book co-authored by <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM" title="Coast to Coast AM">Coast to Coast AM</a></i> talk radio host <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Bell" title="Art Bell">Art Bell</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitley_Strieber" title="Whitley Strieber">Whitley Strieber</a>. Strieber also wrote the film's novelization. The book "The Sixth Winter" written by Douglas Orgill and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gribbin" title="John Gribbin">John Gribbin</a> and published in 1979, follows a similar theme. So does the novel <i>Ice!</i>, by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Federbush" title="Arnold Federbush">Arnold Federbush</a>, published in 1978.<br />Shortly before and during the release of the movie, members of environmental and political advocacy groups distributed pamphlets to moviegoers describing what they believed to be the possible effects of global warming. Although the film depicts some effects of global warming predicted by scientists, such as rising sea levels, more destructive storms, and disruption of ocean currents and weather patterns, it depicts these events happening much more rapidly and severely than is considered scientifically plausible, and the theory that a "superstorm" will create rapid worldwide climate change does not appear in the scientific literature. When the film was playing in theaters, much criticism was directed at U.S. politicians concerning their rejection of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> and climate change. The film's scientific adviser was Dr. <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Molitor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Michael Molitor (page does not exist)">Michael Molitor</a>, a leading climate change consultant who worked as a negotiator on the Kyoto Protocol.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</span></h2><i>The Day After Tomorrow</i> generated mixed reviews from both the science and entertainment communities. The online entertainment guide, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, rated the film at 45%, with an average rating of 5.3/10.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a>, of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a></i>, praised the film's special effects, giving the film three stars out of four. Environmental activist and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> columnist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a> called <i>The Day After Tomorrow</i> "a great movie and lousy science."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><br />In a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> editorial by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Michaels" title="Patrick J. Michaels">Patrick J. Michaels</a>, a Research Professor of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Sciences" title="Environmental Sciences">Environmental Sciences</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a> skeptic, Michaels called the film "propaganda," noting, "As a scientist, I bristle when lies dressed up as 'science' are used to influence political discourse."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> In a <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Daily" title="Space Daily">Space Daily</a></i> editorial by Joseph Gutheinz, a college instructor and retired NASA Office of Inspector General, Senior Special Agent, Gutheinz called the film "a cheap thrill ride, which many weak-minded people will jump on and stay on for the rest of their lives."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><br />Paleoclimatologist William Hyde of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> was asked on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> whether he would be seeing the film; he responded that he would not unless someone were to offer him $100.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Other readers of the newsgroup <a class="external text" href="http://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.sf.written/msg/c1cbbf4e51a446c5" rel="nofollow">took this as a challenge</a>, and (despite Hyde's protests) <a class="external text" href="http://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.sf.written/browse_thread/thread/ac6dd528c0f1db55/02880b2438d8dfc9?#02880b2438d8dfc9" rel="nofollow">raised the necessary funds</a>. Hyde's <a class="external text" href="http://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.sf.written/msg/6e52157aaf63775f" rel="nofollow">review</a> criticized the film's portrayal of weather phenomena that stopped at national borders, and finished by saying that it was "to climate science as <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_%281931%29" title="Frankenstein (1931)">Frankenstein</a></i> is to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_transplant" title="Heart transplant">heart transplant</a> surgery", as quoted in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>.<br />In 2008, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> Movies listed <i>The Day After Tomorrow</i> as one of Top 10 Scientifically Inaccurate Movies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> The film was criticized for depicting several different <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> phenomena occurring over the course of hours, instead of the possible time frame of several decades or centuries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><br />Over its four-day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> opening, the film grossed $85,807,341; however, it still ranked #2 for the weekend, behind <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_2" title="Shrek 2">Shrek 2</a></i>'s $95,578,365 4-day tally, however <i>The Day After Tomorrow</i> led the per-theater average chart with a 4-day average of $25,053, compared to <i>Shrek 2</i>'s 4-day average of $22,633. At the end of its box office run, it grossed $186,740,799. Its worldwide gross was $542,771,772.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BoxOfficeMojo_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-BoxOfficeMojo-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span></h2>There was some controversy regarding the casting of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Welsh" title="Kenneth Welsh">Kenneth Welsh</a> as the Vice-President of the United States due to his striking physical resemblance to then Vice-President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Emmerich" title="Roland Emmerich">Roland Emmerich</a> later confirmed that he deliberately chose Welsh for that very reason. Emmerich stated that the characters of the President and Vice-President in the film were intended to be a not-so-subtle criticism of the environmental policies of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency of George W. Bush</a>. The White House did not respond to requests for comment on the film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-USAToday_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-USAToday-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><br />In response to accusations of insensitivity by including scenes of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> being destroyed less than three years after the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11th_attacks" title="September 11th attacks">September 11th attacks</a>, Emmerich claims that it was necessary to depict the event as a means to showcase the increased unity people now have when facing a disaster, because of 9/11.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Black_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-Black-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UGO_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-UGO-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CC_12-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-CC-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><br />A number of scientists were critical of the scientific aspects of the film:<br /><ul><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_P._Schrag" title="Daniel P. Schrag">Daniel P. Schrag</a></b>, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatologist" title="Paleoclimatologist">paleoclimatologist</a> and professor of Earth and planetary sciences at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, expressed both support and concern about the film, stating that "On the one hand, I'm glad that there's a big-budget movie about something as critical as climate change. On the other, I'm concerned that people will see these over-the-top effects and think the whole thing is a joke. . . We are indeed experimenting with the Earth in a way that hasn't been done for millions of years. But you're not going to see another ice age – at least not like that."</li><li><b>Marshall Shepherd</b>, a research meteorologist at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> expressed similar sentiments, stating that "I'm heartened that there's a movie addressing real climate issues. But as for the science of the movie, I'd give it a D minus or an F. And I'd be concerned if the movie was made to advance a political agenda."</li><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_J._Weaver" title="Andrew J. Weaver">Andrew Weaver</a></b>, a climatologist at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">University of Victoria</a> said, "It's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Towering_Inferno" title="The Towering Inferno">The Towering Inferno</a></i> of climate science movies, but I'm not losing any sleep over a new ice age, because it's impossible."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-USAToday_9-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-USAToday-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Home media">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Home_media">Home media <span id="DVD"></span></span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Releases">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Releases">Releases</span></h3><ul><li><i>The Day After Tomorrow</i> was first released on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> in North America on October 12, 2004, in both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_screen" title="Full screen">full screen</a> versions. It also had a limited <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> release with a full screen format.</li><li>A 2-disc "collector's edition" containing production featurettes, two documentaries (a "behind-the-scenes" and another called "The Forces of Destiny"), <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboards" title="Storyboards">storyboards</a> and concept sketches was released on May 24, 2005.</li><li>The film was released in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition video</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a> in North America on October 2, 2007, and in the United Kingdom on April 28, 2008, in full <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a> with a lossless <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTS-HD_Master_Audio" title="DTS-HD Master Audio">DTS-HD Master Audio</a> track but with few bonus features.</li></ul>The film made $110,000,000 in DVD sales, bringing its total film gross to $652,771,772.<br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; max-width: 175px;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Video-x-generic.svg"><img alt="Portal icon" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" width="28" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></b></i></td> </tr></tbody></table></div><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Historical events">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_events">Historical events</span></h4><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Storm_of_the_Century" title="1993 Storm of the Century">1993 Storm of the Century</a>, a large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclonic</a> storm that occurred on March 12–13, 1993, on the East Coast of North America.</li></ul><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Books and literature">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Books_and_literature">Books and literature</span></h4><ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Global_Superstorm" title="The Coming Global Superstorm">The Coming Global Superstorm</a></i>, a book on which the movie is based.</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty_Degrees_Below" title="Fifty Degrees Below">Fifty Degrees Below</a></i>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a> novel in which greenhouse warming similarly disrupts the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>; the rate of cooling is somewhat less exaggerated.</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Degrees:_Our_Future_on_a_Hotter_Planet" title="Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet">Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet</a></i> a non-fiction book.</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_of_the_Great_Freeze" title="Time of the Great Freeze">Time of the Great Freeze</a></i>, a novel by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> about a second <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age" title="Ice Age">Ice Age</a>.</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_in_Winter" title="The World in Winter">The World in Winter</a></i>, a 1962 book by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Christopher" title="John Christopher">John Christopher</a> about the beginning of a new ice age.</li></ul><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Film">Film</span></h4><ul><li><i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_%281998_TV_Movie%29&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Ice (1998 TV Movie) (page does not exist)">Ice (1998 TV Movie)</a></i>, a film with a similar premise starring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Show" title="Grant Show">Grant Show</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_Kier" title="Udo Kier">Udo Kier</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_La_Rue" title="Eva La Rue">Eva La Rue</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_%28film%29" title="2012 (film)">2012</a></i></li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowing_%28film%29" title="Knowing (film)">Knowing</a></i></li></ul><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Television">Television</span></h4><ul><li>"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Midnight_Sun" title="The Midnight Sun">The Midnight Sun</a>," an episode of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone" title="The Twilight Zone">The Twilight Zone</a></i> in which Earth is rapidly heating.</li><li><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstorm_%28docudrama%29" title="Superstorm (docudrama)">Superstorm</a></i>, a 2007 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a>.</li><li>"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Days_Before_the_Day_After_Tomorrow" title="Two Days Before the Day After Tomorrow">Two Days Before the Day After Tomorrow</a>", an episode of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> that parodies the film.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References <span id="Notes"></span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-BoxOfficeMojo-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-BoxOfficeMojo_0-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-BoxOfficeMojo_0-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dayaftertomorrow.htm" rel="nofollow">"The Day After Tomorrow (2004)"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. Retrieved April 16, 2011.</li><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.leesmovieinfo.net/Video-Sales.php?y=2004&amp;type=3" rel="nofollow">"Lee's Movie Info - DVD Sales Chart - 2004 Full Year"</a>. <i>Lee'sMovieInfo.net</i>. Retrieved April 16, 2011.</li><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/day_after_tomorrow/?beg=20&amp;int=20&amp;page=2" rel="nofollow">"The Day After Tomorrow Movie Reviews"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></i>. Retrieved April 16, 2011.</li><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> Monbiot, George. (May 14, 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,4120,1215824,00.html" rel="nofollow">"A hard rain's a-gonna fall"</a>. <i>Guardian.co.uk</i>. Retrieved April 16, 2011.</li><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> Patrick J. Michaels. <a class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2004-05-24-michaels_x.htm" rel="nofollow">"'Day After Tomorrow': A lot of hot air"</a>. <i>USAToday.com</i>. Retrieved April 16, 2011.</li><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> Joseph Richard Gutheinz Jr.. (May 27, 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/news/oped-04n.html" rel="nofollow">"There Will Be A Day After Tomorrow"</a>. <i>SpaceDaily.com</i>. Retrieved April 16, 2011.</li><li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.sf.written/msg/73a4e274f2dc4a03?dmode=source" rel="nofollow">http://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.sf.written/msg/73a4e274f2dc4a03?dmode=source</a></li><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://movies.yahoo.com/photos/collections/gallery/903/#photo4" rel="nofollow">"Top 10 Scientifically Inaccurate Movies"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Movies" title="Yahoo! Movies">Yahoo! Movies</a></i> (July 23, 2008). Retrieved April 16, 2011.</li><li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/05/040512044611.htm" rel="nofollow">"Disaster Flick Exaggerates Speed Of Ice Age"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily.com</i> (May 13, 2004). Retrieved April 16, 2011</li><li id="cite_note-USAToday-9">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-USAToday_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-USAToday_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Bowles, Scott. (May 26, 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/educate/college/firstyear/articles/20040530.htm" rel="nofollow">"'The Day After Tomorrow' heats up a political debate"</a>. <i>USAToday.com</i>. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-Black-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-Black_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Todd Gilchrist (May, 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.blackfilm.com/20040528/features/rolandemmerich.shtml" rel="nofollow">"The Day After Tomorrow: An Interview with Roland Emmerich"</a>. <i>BlackFilm.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 16, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Day+After+Tomorrow%3A+An+Interview+with+Roland+Emmerich&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Todd+Gilchrist&amp;rft.au=Todd+Gilchrist&amp;rft.date=May%2C+2004&amp;rft.pub=%27%27BlackFilm.com%27%27&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackfilm.com%2F20040528%2Ffeatures%2Frolandemmerich.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Day_After_Tomorrow"></span></li><li id="cite_note-UGO-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-UGO_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Daniel Robert Epstein. <a class="external text" href="http://www.ugo.com/channels/filmTv/features/thedayaftertomorrow/rolandemmerich.asp" rel="nofollow">"Roland Emmerich of The Day After Tomorrow (20th Century Fox) Interview"</a>. <i>UGO.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 16, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Roland+Emmerich+of+The+Day+After+Tomorrow+%2820th+Century+Fox%29+Interview&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Daniel+Robert+Epstein&amp;rft.au=Daniel+Robert+Epstein&amp;rft.pub=%27%27UGO.com%27%27&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ugo.com%2Fchannels%2FfilmTv%2Ffeatures%2Fthedayaftertomorrow%2Frolandemmerich.asp&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Day_After_Tomorrow"></span></li><li id="cite_note-CC-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-CC_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Thomas Chau (May 27, 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cinecon.com/news.php?id=0405271" rel="nofollow">"INTERVIEW: Director Roland Emmerich on "The Day After Tomorrow""</a>. <i>Cinema Confidential</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 16, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=INTERVIEW%3A+Director+Roland+Emmerich+on+%22The+Day+After+Tomorrow%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Thomas+Chau&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Chau&amp;rft.date=May+27%2C+2004&amp;rft.pub=%27%27Cinema+Confidential%27%27&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinecon.com%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D0405271&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Day_After_Tomorrow"></span></li><li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0160393/" rel="nofollow">http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0160393/</a></li></ol></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;"><tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png" width="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: <i><b><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Day_After_Tomorrow">The Day After Tomorrow</a></b></i></td> </tr></tbody></table><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0319262/" rel="nofollow"><i>The Day After Tomorrow</i></a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/v281154" rel="nofollow"><i>The Day After Tomorrow</i></a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllRovi" title="AllRovi">AllRovi</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/day_after_tomorrow/" rel="nofollow"><i>The Day After Tomorrow</i></a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="http://movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hv&amp;cf=info&amp;id=1808417410&amp;intl=us" rel="nofollow"><i>The Day After Tomorrow</i></a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Movies" title="Yahoo! Movies">Yahoo! Movies</a></li></ul><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" id="collapsibleTable0" style="background: transparent; border-spacing: 0; color: inherit;"><tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow#" id="collapseButton0">hide</a>]</span> <div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar"> <ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Roland_Emmerich" title="Template:Roland Emmerich"><span style="background: none transparent; border: none;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Roland_Emmerich" title="Template talk:Roland Emmerich"><span style="background: none transparent; border: none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Roland_Emmerich&amp;action=edit"><span style="background: none transparent; border: none;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Films directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Emmerich" title="Roland Emmerich">Roland Emmerich</a></div></th> </tr><tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">1980s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Noah%27s_Ark_Principle" title="The Noah's Ark Principle">Das Arche Noah Prinzip</a></i> (1984)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_%281985_film%29" title="Joey (1985 film)">Joey</a></i> (1985)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood-Monster" title="Hollywood-Monster">Hollywood-Monster</a></i> (1987)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">1990s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_44" title="Moon 44">Moon 44</a></i> (1990)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Soldier_%281992_film%29" title="Universal Soldier (1992 film)">Universal Soldier</a></i> (1992)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_%28film%29" title="Stargate (film)">Stargate</a></i> (1994)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_%28film%29" title="Independence Day (film)">Independence Day</a></i> (1996)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_%281998_film%29" title="Godzilla (1998 film)">Godzilla</a></i> (1998)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">2000s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patriot_%282000_film%29" title="The Patriot (2000 film)">The Patriot</a></i> (2000)</li><li><i><strong class="selflink">The Day After Tomorrow</strong></i> (2004)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10,000_BC_%28film%29" title="10,000 BC (film)">10,000 BC</a></i> (2008)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_%28film%29" title="2012 (film)">2012</a></i> (2009)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">2010s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_%28film%29" title="Anonymous (film)">Anonymous</a></i> (2011)</li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div><div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;oldid=471745919">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_Tomorrow&amp;oldid=471745919</a>" </div><div class="articleFeedback" id="mw-articlefeedback"><div class="articleFeedback-panel"> <div class="articleFeedback-buffer articleFeedback-ui"> <div class="articleFeedback-switch articleFeedback-switch-report articleFeedback-visibleWith-form" rel="report">View page ratings</div><div class="articleFeedback-title articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">Rate this page</div><div 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