UT Study: Critical Ice Shelf “Tearing apart at the seams”.

March 28, 2012

In this series of Landsat images of the outer edge of Pine Island Glacier from 1972 to 2011, you can see how the coastline (red line) advances seaward (to the left), then shifts back inland as large masses of ice calve off, and then starts the cycle over again. Meanwhile, the northern shear margin (above center), where the glacier clings to neighboring ice or rock, fractures and retreats. Produced by Joseph MacGregor and Ginny Catania, (Institute for Geophysics / University of Texas at Austin).

A new study examining nearly 40 years of satellite imagery has revealed that the floating ice shelves of a critical portion of West Antarctica are steadily losing their grip on adjacent bay walls, potentially amplifying an already accelerating loss of ice to the sea.

The most extensive record yet of the evolution of the floating ice shelves in the eastern Amundsen Sea Embayment in West Antarctica shows that their margins, where they grip onto rocky bay walls or slower ice masses, are fracturing and retreating inland. As that grip continues to loosen, these already-thinning ice shelves will be even less able to hold back grounded ice upstream, according to glaciologists at The University of Texas at Austin’s Institute for Geophysics (UTIG).

Reporting in the Journal of Glaciology, the UTIG team found that the extent of ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea Embayment changed substantially between the beginning of the Landsat satellite record in 1972 and late 2011. These changes were especially rapid during the past decade. The affected ice shelves include the floating extensions of the rapidly thinning Thwaites and Pine Island Glaciers.

“Typically, the leading edge of an ice shelf moves forward steadily over time, retreating episodically when an iceberg calves off, but that is not what happened along the shear margins,” says Joseph MacGregor, research scientist associate and lead author of the study. An iceberg is said to calve when it breaks off and floats out to sea.

“Anyone can examine this region in Google Earth and see a snapshot of the same satellite data we used, but only through examination of the whole satellite record is it possible to distinguish long-term change from cyclical calving,” says MacGregor.

The shear margins that bound these ice shelves laterally are now heavily rifted, resembling a cracked mirror in satellite imagery until the detached icebergs finally drift out to the open sea. The calving front then retreats along these disintegrating margins. The pattern of marginal rifting and retreat is hypothesized to be a symptom, rather than a trigger, of the recent glacier acceleration in this region, but this pattern could generate additional acceleration.

“As a glacier goes afloat, becoming an ice shelf, its flow is resisted partly by the margins, which are the bay walls or the seams where two glaciers merge,” explains Ginny Catania, assistant professor at UTIG and co-author of the study. “An accelerating glacier can tear away from its margins, creating rifts that negate the margins’ resistance to ice flow and causing additional acceleration.”

The UTIG team found that the largest relative glacier accelerations occurred within and upstream of the increasingly rifted margins.

The observed style of slow-but-steady disintegration along ice-shelf margins has been neglected in most computer models of this critical region of West Antarctica, partly because it involves fracture, but also because no comprehensive record of this pattern existed. The authors conclude that several rifts present in the ice shelves suggest that they are poised to shrink further.

Related

This article about P.I.G. reminds me of a recent US news & World Report article, and a recent RealScience article about the 6 years of missing Landsat Arctic ice extent data, and the general topic of “spin.” Here’s part of the headline of the US News & World Report article about sea level:

“…The bad news is the extra water [added to the oceans] from 2003-2010 would fill Lake Erie eight times.”

What they didn’t mention is that Lake Erie is a relatively shallow lake, which contains just 2% of the water in the Great Lakes. Moreover, comparing the volume of water in a lake to the volume of water added to the oceans is an apples to oranges comparison (or, more aptly, a mustard seeds to oranges comparison). If they’d compared apples to apples (ocean water to ocean water), their headline would have been something like this:

“At the rate the extra water is being added to the oceans, it would increase the volume of water in the oceans by 1% in 300 centuries, if it continued that long.”

Nature published a research paper about the unfolding event. Evidently, modestly increasing regional ocean temperatures (+ 0.2 C) melted an opening under the edge of the shelf. The opening allowed a shift in a warm (4.0 C) current which now flows under the glacial shelf – hollowing out a growing destabilizing cavity. Tipping points happen.