.ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. - Farmers, towns and tribes slammed water-intake gates shut as a sludge-laden plume from a Colorado mine spill rolled down principal rivers in the desert Southwest on Monday, prompting local officials and families to demand answers about possible long-term threats from heavy metals borne along by the spill.

Colorado and New Mexico declared stretches of the Animas and San Juan rivers to be disaster areas as the orange-colored waste stream estimated to be 100 miles long churned downstream toward Lake Powell in Utah after the spill Wednesday at the abandoned Gold King mine.

The Navajo Nation, which covers parts of New Mexico, Utah and Arizona, also declared an emergency as it shut down water intake systems and stopped diverting water from the San Juan River.

Members of the tribal council were frustrated during a special meeting Monday and echoed the sentiment of New Mexico officials that the federal government needs to be held accountable.

New Mexico Gov. Susana Martinez, who toured the region over the weekend, said she was heartbroken and called the spill a catastrophe.

"It's absolutely devastating," she said.

The 3 million gallons of mine waste included high concentrations of arsenic, lead and other heavy metals. Workers with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency accidentally unleashed the spill as federal and contract workers inspected the abandoned mine site near Silverton, Colorado.

The EPA has said the contaminants were rolling too fast to be an immediate health threat. Experts and federal environmental officials say they expect the river system to dilute the heavy metals before they pose a longer-term threat.

The EPA said stretches of the rivers would be closed for drinking water, recreation and other uses at least through Aug. 17.

Dissolved iron in the waste turned the long plume an alarming orange-yellow — a look familiar to old-time miners who call it "yellow boy" — so "the water appears worse aesthetically than it actually is, in terms of health," said Ron Cohen, a civil and environmental engineering professor at the Colorado School of Mines.

Tests show some of the metals have settled to the bottom and would dissolve only if conditions became acidic, which isn't likely, Cohen said.

The best course for the EPA would be to leave the metals where they settle, he said, noting that next spring's mountain snowmelt would help dilute the contaminants further and flush them downstream.

No die-off of wildlife along the river has yet been detected. Federal officials say all but one of a test batch of fingerling trout deliberately exposed to the water survived over the weekend.

As a precaution, state and federal officials along the river system have ordered public water systems to turn off intake valves as the plume passes. Boaters and fishing groups have been told to avoid affected stretches of the Animas and San Juan rivers, which are crowded with rafters and anglers in a normal summer.

Congress members, state officials and residents contend the EPA is not providing quick answers about long-term impacts from the spill.

"There are more people who want to know, 'OK, what's going to happen now? Are you going to fix this?'" said Michele Truby-Tillen, a spokeswoman for the San Juan County Office of Emergency Management in New Mexico. '"How are we going to protect our families? How long am I not going to be able to shower at my house?"

Navajo Council members and New Mexico Environment Secretary Ryan Flynn said the EPA needs to compensate those who have been affected.

The state also has demanded that the federal government develop a plan for helping farmers who have been left without irrigation water.

In Cedar Hill, New Mexico, a family farm that serves as many as 3,000 customers in the Four Corners region has been forced to stop irrigating dozens of acres of crops.

D'rese Sutherland of Sutherland Farmers said she received advanced warning from farmer friends in Colorado last week about the approaching plume.

"By the weekend, without any rain, we'll be in trouble," she said. "There's nothing we can do but wait and see what happens."

Members of New Mexico's congressional delegation sent a letter to EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy, expressing concern over the failure of the agency to notify New Mexico sooner about the problem.

They also asked that the federal agency develop a plan for dealing with the lack of water for communities in San Juan County and the Navajo Nation.

The EPA released a statement saying it was sharing information as quickly as possible with the public as its experts evaluate any effects of the spill. It also provided information about its claims process.

Recreational businesses along the rivers said they were losing thousands of dollars.

"We had lots of trips booked. Right now we're just canceling by the day," said Drew Beezley, co-owner of 4 Corners Whitewater in Durango, Colorado.

He said his company has had to cancel 20 rafting trips so far, and his dozen employees are out of work until the river is deemed safe to enter again.

"We don't really know what the future holds yet," said Beezley, who estimates that he's lost about $10,000 worth of business since the spill last week. "We don't know if the rest of this season is just scrapped."

The EPA has considered adding a section of the Animas River in Colorado as a Superfund cleanup site at least since the 1990s because heavy metals from Gold King and other defunct mines were killing fish and other species.

The designation would have brought federal clean-up funds, but some in Colorado opposed the move in part because of the stigma attached. The EPA agreed to allow local officials to lead clean-up efforts instead.

We (EPA, the mis-named federal environmental protection club and associates) accidentally spilled the stuff they made the miners store in holding ponds. We thought it was toxic but now that it's been released it ain't soooo bad now is it?

Easy does it you miners, everyone blames you for this bad government action. Well no, it doesn't involve dredging nor discharge permits. EPA geniuses, those college educated whizz-kids turned the valve the wrong way, sorry.

So, our EPA identified their defined threat, forced the miners to contain it, and then released it. EPA and superfund sites are real expensive. But that's OK, environmentalists know the EPA heart was in the right place. You just cannot expect the EPA to act with responsibility nor face liability.

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If you think this is an "accident" - think again. Its a well planned effort to make mining look bad. As long as the waste was constrained, it had minimal impacts. Now that its all released, every corner of the world will hear about it.

Reminds me of the old Ghostbusters movie where the EPA wants to shut down the "ghost holding grid" and the ghostbuster dude warns of terrible repercussions if that happens. The EPA goes ahead anyway as they always know best.

I have experience with the EPA and they normally have folks who have no idea what they are doing in charge. What matters is not what they know but what they believe and if they are on board with the EPA mantra to save the planet by shutting down business.

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Well, yes there it is then. It's a broad spectrum the range between accidental and premeditated toxic dump. Why bother to ask for the source of blame? Without a doubt, fault lies in the advancement of our worship of environmentalism as it relates to what's best for all things non-human. An experiment.

Can the EPA create the next Nagasaki right here in the western US? Population is sparse and Colorado's water is more valuable than the old miner's gold. Worldwide attention should be easy to funnel down to mining and the need of people to consume the alleged toxins at any price. What will be the experiment's intended result?

Maybe it's an attempt to show how much our environmental direction has shifted from good to bad.