ethnicity is a “given”, a subjectively held sense of shared identity based on objective cultural traits

the constructivist/instrumentalist approach

believes that ethnicity is artificially constructed, not a nature or a given phenomenon, often “hyped up” by elites and politicians so that they can play the “ethnic card”

Traditional approach

oppression, eliminate ethnic differences, building a new identity (former Soviet Union and East Germany) by coercion

Integration approach

soft “melting pot” approach

Definition

Huntington’s definition; A revolution is a rapid, fundamental, and violent domestic change in the dominant values and myths of society, in its political institutions, social structure, leadership and government activities and politics

----is a term generally used to describe a nation with a low level of material well being. There is no single internationally-recognized definition of developed country, and the levels of development may vary widely within so-called developing countries, with some developing countries having high average standards of living.

What are the different approaches toward understanding modernization before the 1960?s

A lot of developing countries became independent

Bandung Conference was held by developing countries to try and set up themselves

?non-aligned movement? they didn?t want to copy the western motto, wanted to develop their own.

What specific theories were proposed

Tolalotarian theory- total control, an official ideology, a single mass party the led typically by one man, a system of terrorist police, complete control of mass communications, central control and direction of the entire economy, monopoly of all weapons,

System theory (David Easton)- believed that for a political system to sustain itself it had to have ?food? or input, and also output,

Input function- Requires demand and support- you have to have people demand things from the government, they want the government to do something for them, for it to survive it has to have support from the citizens in the society.

Output function- The policies, government makes policies to meet the demands of the people.

Feedback function- the government evaluates the system and decides if it is working and makes changes accordingly.

Input functions: interest articulations/ getting demands- people articulate their interest to government through interest groups

Interest aggregation- take an extra step and offer a policy alternative (job of political parties in a democracy.

Political socialization- passing off of the dominate political culture from one generation to another, and main political values. Family influences is key, mainstream media

Political recruitment- recruitment of political leaders, recruitment of the masses, they have to become players in the system, you are a voter and thus a player.

Political communication- communication between government and the society Government functions- rule-making, rule-applications

Feedback function- the government evaluates the system and decides if it is working and makes changes accordingly.

Structure-functionalism (Gabriel Almond and James Coleman)

What are some of the common assumptions of the early modernization theories

Modernization is a phased process

Is a homogenizing process- look more like the U.S.

Is an irreversible process

Is a progressive process

Is a lengthy process

Stages of societal development

Primitive society

Slavery Society

Feudal- land owners and tenants

Capitalist- Owners of business v workers

Socialist- Public ownership, For Marx the source of evil is private ownership because it casues exploitation. ?from each according to your ability, to each according to your contribution?

Economic base- conquer tribes, so slaves became working class and the slave owners became the exploiting class

Superstructure- not directly related to economics; arts.

How did Lenin modify Marxism

If there is more equal production/relationships then that will foster faster economic development.

Early dependency theories-

Emphasizing international and external factors- never talked about international factors.

Development if the developed countries and underdevelopment if the developing countries are on the same side of the coin

Dependency relationships between the core countries and the perioheral countries cover all areas.

Dependency is incompatible with TW development as long as the developing countrues have relationship with the developed countries then there will not be any development, the TW is dictated by the Developed countries.

Modified dependency theories

Dependent development

Cutting ties with the core countries

Domestic revolution

WORLD SYSTEM THEORY -

Core, periphery and semi-periphery- believed that the world is a complete entity that cannot be divided up; says that dependent theorist have to cut ties is wrong and not possible to do because it is a whole system and everything is connected, like it or not. Says there has to be a world socialist revolution to get rid of the old system and implement a new system; recognizes that there is development in semi and peripheral countries, you can change up or down in the categories, there is mobility in the three categories.

Motives of Colonialism-

Religious/cultural motvies- priests were first to go out and explore the world in order to indoctrinate and spread their gospel to other cultures

Economic motives- want for resources

Territorial ambition- conquer more land

Strategic motives- Hong king- for seaports and supply base as a springboard

Population surplus- too many people so somewhere to export people

Prestige- big powers for comparison with other countries to show power through colonization.

Two types

British- hands off approach, they allow for local economies, easier to use local elite to rule themselves because it is harder to send your own people to rule all and it will make it hard for you to rule

French type-hands on, Send every administrator including police chief, they believed if you are educated properly then you will become a proper Frenchmen

Two approaches to the understanding of ethnicity

the primordial approach: ethnicity is a ?given?, a subjectively held sense of shared identity based on objective cultural traits.

the constructivist/instrumentalist approach: believes that ethnicity is artificially constructed, not a nature or a given phenomenon, often ?hyped up? by elites and politicians so that they can play the ?ethnic card?

How to Solve Ethnic Conflicts

Nation- a group of people who share a common language, history, cultural traditions, religion and have a feeling of commonality and togetherness. They also desire to be separate from other national groups, which can mean total independence or high levels of autonomy. Nation is both a cultural concept and a political concept. Nationalism- is foremost a state of mind, an act of consciousness, a sentimental feeling of togetherness, and it can also be a movement to achieve autonomy or interdependence.

the primordial approach: ethnicity is a ?given?, a subjectively held sense of shared identity based on objective cultural traits.

the emotional satisfaction that one receives from belonging to a group (group attachment feelings)

a shared belief in a myth of origin or the history of a group

social relations within which ethnic group members live in

How to Solve Ethnic Conflicts

Traditional approach: oppression, eliminate ethnic differences, building a new identity (former Soviet Union and East Germany) by coercion. Mixed results.

Integration approach: soft ?melting pot? approach

Pluralistic approach; to protect, promote or even celebrate ethnic differences, make them coexist, building a civic nation

Terrorism is both a strategy and a movement in today?s world

Who is a terrorist

How do you define revolution

Definition: Huntington?s definition; A revolution is a rapid, fundamental, and violent domestic change in the dominant values and myths of society, in its political institutions, social structure, leadership and government activities and politics. Revolutions are thus to be distinguished from insurrections, revolts, coups and wars of independence.