Gond Art Of Madhya Pradesh

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Madhya Pradesh, state of India. As its name implies—madhya means “central” and pradesh means “region” or “state”—it is situated in the heart of the country. The state has no coastline and no international frontier. It is bounded by the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the southwest, and Rajasthan to the northwest.

The capital is Bhopal, in the west-central part of the state. Area 119,016 square miles (308,252 square km). Pop. (2011) 72,597,565.
Land
Madhya Pradesh lies over a transitional area between the Indo-Gangetic Plain in the north and the Deccan plateau in the south. Its physiography is characterized by low hills, extensive plateaus, and river valleys.
Relief
The elevation of Madhya Pradesh ranges from 300 to 3,900 feet (90 to 1,200 metres).

In the northern part of the state the land rises generally from south to north, while in the southern part it increases in elevation toward the west. Important ranges of hills are the Vindhya Range, in the west, and its northern branch, the Kaimur Hills, both of which reach elevations of 1,500 feet (460 metres), and the Satpura, Mahadeo, and Maikala ranges, in the south, which have elevations of more than 3,000 feet (900 metres).

The Dhupgarh Peak (4,429 feet [1,350 metres]), near Pachmarhi in south-central Madhya Pradesh, is the state’s highest point. Northwest of the Vindhya Range is the Malwa Plateau (1,650 to 2,000 feet [500 to 600 metres]). Other features include the Rewa Plateau, in the rugged eastern region of the Vindhya Range, the Bundelkhand Upland, north of the Vindhyas, the Madhya Bharat Plateau, in the extreme northwest, and the Baghelkhand Plateau, in the northeast.

Drainage and soils
Madhya Pradesh contains the source of some of the most important rivers in the Indian peninsula: the Narmada, the Tapti (Tapi), the Mahanadi, and the Wainganga (a tributary of the Godavari). The Chambal forms the state’s northern border with Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Other rivers include tributaries of the Yamuna and the Son (itself a tributary of the Ganges [Ganga]).
Soils in Madhya Pradesh can be classified into two major groups.

Fertile black soils are found in the Malwa Plateau, the Narmada valley, and parts of the Satpura Range. Less-fertile red-to-yellow soils are spread over much of eastern Madhya Pradesh.
Climate
The climate in Madhya Pradesh is governed by a monsoon weather pattern. The distinct seasons are summer (March through May), winter (November through February), and the intervening rainy months of the southwest monsoon (June through September).

The summer is hot, dry, and windy; in Bhopal, low temperatures average in the upper 70s F (about 25 °C), while high temperatures typically reach the low 100s F (about 40 °C). Winters are usually pleasant and dry, with daily temperatures normally rising from about 50° (about 10 °C) into the upper 70s F (about 25 °C). Temperatures during the monsoon season usually range from the low 70s F (low 20s C) to the upper 80s F (low 30s C).

The average annual rainfall is about 44 inches (1,100 mm). In general, precipitation decreases westward and northward, from 60 inches (1,500 mm) or more in the east to about 32 inches (800 mm) in the west. The Chambal valley in the north averages less than 30 inches (750 mm) of rainfall per year. Most parts of Madhya Pradesh receive almost all of their precipitation in the monsoon months; however, there is considerable rainfall over the northern part of the state in December and January.

Plant and animal life
In the early 21st century, official statistics indicated that nearly one-third of the state’s total area was forested, but satellite imagery revealed the proportion to be closer to one-fifth. An even smaller percentage of Madhya Pradesh consists of permanent pasture or other grazing land. The main forested areas include the Vindhya Range, the Kaimur Hills, the Satpura and Maikala ranges, and the Baghelkhand Plateau.

Among the state’s most notable trees are teak and sal (Shorea robusta), both of which are valuable hardwoods; bamboo; salai (Boswellia serrata), which yields a resin used for incense and medicine; and tendu, the leaves of which are used for rolling bidis (Indian cigarettes).
The forests abound in large mammals, such as tigers, panthers, bears, gaurs (wild cattle), and many types of deer, including chital (spotted deer), sambar, blackbucks, and the rare barasingha (swamp deer).

The woodlands also are home to many species of birds. Madhya Pradesh has a number of national parks and many wildlife sanctuaries, of which the best known are Kanha National Park, in the southeastern part of the state, for the barasingha; Bandhavgarh National Park, in the east, for the endangered white tiger; and Shivpuri (Madhav) National Park, in the north, where there is a bird sanctuary. The Kanha National Park has a sanctuary for tigers, and the National Chambal Sanctuary (administered jointly with Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh), in the northwest, has been established for the conservation of (freshwater) Ganges river dolphins (Platanista gangetica), as well as crocodiles, gavials (crocodile-like reptiles), and various large terrestrial animals.

Kanha National ParkChital (Axis axis) in Kanha National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India.Altaipanther
People
Population composition
About one-fifth of the people in Madhya Pradesh are officially classified as members of Scheduled Tribes (a category embracing indigenous peoples who fall outside the predominant Indian social hierarchy). Among the most prominent of these tribes are the Bhil, Baiga, Gond, Korku, Kol, Kamar, and Maria.

Non-Scheduled peoples, who hold a higher status within the Indian social system, make up most of the remaining four-fifths of the state’s population.
Hindi, the official state language, is also the language most widely spoken in Madhya Pradesh. Eastern Hindi dialects, represented by Bagheli and Awadhi, are spoken in the southern and eastern parts of the state and in the upper Narmada River valley.

Bundeli, a Western Hindi dialect, is spoken in the central and northwestern districts of Madhya Pradesh; Malvi, recognized by some as a Western Hindi dialect as well, is the speech of western Madhya Pradesh.
The second most important language in terms of the number of speakers is Marathi. Urdu, Oriya, Gujarati, and Punjabi are each spoken by sizable numbers. Also spoken are Telugu, Bengali, Tamil, and Malayalam.

The Bhil speak Bhili, and the Gond speak Gondi.
Most of the people are Hindus. There are, however, significant minorities of Muslims, Jains, Christians, and Buddhists. There is also a small Sikh population.
Settlement patterns
Roughly three-fourths of the population of Madhya Pradesh is rural, but the distribution of this population is very uneven. Densely populated rural regions are confined largely to the river valleys—the upper Wainganga, the lower Chambal, and the Narmada—and to scattered patches on the Malwa Plateau in western Madhya Pradesh.

The largest urban areas are Bhopal, in west-central Madhya Pradesh; Indore, in the west; and Jabalpur (Jubbulpore), in the east-central region. Other major cities include Gwalior, in the north, Ujjain, in the west, and Sagar (Saugor), in the central part of the state.
Economy
Agriculture
Agriculture is the basis of Madhya Pradesh’s economy. Less than half of the land area is cultivable, however, and its distribution is quite uneven because of variations in topography, rainfall, and soils.

The main cultivated areas are found in the Chambal River valley and on the Malwa and Rewa plateaus. The Narmada valley, covered with river-borne alluvium, is another fertile region.
Agriculture in Madhya Pradesh is characterized by low productivity and the use of nonmechanized methods of cultivation. Because only a portion of the sown area is irrigated, the state’s agriculture has remained heavily dependent on rainfall; some regions often suffer from drought.

Irrigation in Madhya Pradesh is carried out primarily by means of canals, wells, and tanks (village lakes or ponds).
The most important crops are wheat, sorghum (jowar), corn (maize), rice, and pulses (legumes such as peas, beans, or lentils). Rice is grown principally in the east, where there is more rainfall, while in central and western Madhya Pradesh wheat and sorghum are more important. The state is one of the largest producers of soybeans in India.

Other crops include linseed, sesame, sugarcane, and cotton, as well as various millets, which are grown in hilly areas.
Livestock and poultry farming also are prominent in Madhya Pradesh. The state contains a significant portion of the country’s livestock—cows, buffaloes, goats, sheep, and pigs. In addition, the state’s many rivers, canals, ponds, and reservoirs support a fisheries industry.

Resources and power
Madhya Pradesh is rich in minerals, though these resources have yet to be fully exploited. There are large reserves of coal and important deposits of iron ore, manganese ore, bauxite, limestone, dolomite, copper, fireclay, and kaolin (china clay). At Panna, in the northeast, there are diamond reserves.
The state is well endowed with hydroelectric power potential, and a number of hydroelectric projects have been developed jointly with neighbouring states.

Madhya Pradesh also draws a portion of its power from several thermal stations located within the state. Most of these thermal plants are coal-fired.
Manufacturing
Overall, Madhya Pradesh has remained an industrially underdeveloped state. However, there are several centres of large- and medium-scale manufacturing, most notably in Indore, Gwalior, Bhopal, and Jabalpur, where industrial estates have been established as part of planned development.

The principal government-sponsored industries include paper milling, cement production, and the manufacture of heavy electrical items, microelectronics, and optical fibres. Cement works and paper mills also have been established in the private sector, as have facilities for the production of sugar, textiles (cotton, wool, silk, and jute), lumber, flour, and various seed and vegetable oils. Other products of Madhya Pradesh include fertilizer, synthetic fibres, and chemicals.

Of the state’s small-scale enterprises, the hand-loom industry has flourished, with saris (garments worn by Indian women) made in Chanderi, gold and silver thread embroidery produced in Bhopal, and carpets woven in Gwalior. The artisans of Gwalior also produce handmade pottery. Jabalpur and Sagar are well-known centres for the manufacture of bidis (hand-rolled cigarettes).
Transportation
In comparison with most other Indian states, Madhya Pradesh has a somewhat less developed infrastructure and communication network.

Although served by several national highways, the state has a low density of roads, especially in remote rural areas. However, the construction of bridges across the Narmada and other rivers has greatly helped the development of all-weather traffic routes. The main railroads that pass through the state were originally laid down to connect the ports of Chennai (Madras), Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta) with their hinterlands.

Important railway junctions include Bhopal, Ratlam, Khandwa, and Katni. Airports at Bhopal, Gwalior, Indore, Jabalpur, and Khajuraho offer domestic service.
Government and society
Constitutional framework
The structure of the government of Madhya Pradesh, like that of most other states of India, is determined by the national constitution of 1950. The head of state is the governor, who is appointed by the president of India.

The governor is aided and advised by the Council of Ministers, which is headed by a chief minister and is responsible to the elected, unicameral Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha). Madhya Pradesh has High Court benches at Indore, Gwalior, and Jabalpur, from which appeals can be made to the Supreme Court of India. Lower courts include district courts and family courts.
At the local level, the state is divided administratively into a number of divisions, which in turn are subdivided into numerous districts.

Each division is headed by a commissioner and each district by a collector. The collector exercises both executive and magisterial power. Since 1962 the lowest level of local administration has been entrusted to village panchayats (village councils). In addition, official grievance-redressal committees help to solve local problems.
Health and welfare
Every district in Madhya Pradesh has at least one hospital, typically in an urban centre, and hundreds of community and primary health centres and subcentres spread across the rural areas.

The state also has several eye hospitals, mental hospitals, and other specialized facilities for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis, venereal disease, and rabies, which, along with filariasis and leprosy, have remained major health concerns. Gwalior has a cancer research centre. Malaria, which was formerly endemic throughout Madhya Pradesh, has been virtually eradicated.
The government has implemented several social welfare programs, including adult literacy classes and various schemes directed toward the special problems of rural youths, the Scheduled Tribes, and members of other traditionally marginalized communities.

There are also a number of programs for women and girls, which include informal social service clubs called mahila mandals, schemes for helping rural women with problems of motherhood, and programs that make education available to girls from economically disadvantaged families. Grants-in-aid are given to social welfare and physical welfare institutions, while the government operates leprosy clinics, as well as homes for the impoverished or otherwise needy citizens.

Education
Roughly two-thirds of the state’s population is literate. There are schools for primary, middle, and high school education, as well as specialized schools for polytechnics, industrial arts, and crafts. Madhya Pradesh has a number of state universities; among these, the Dr. Harisingh Gour University (1946; formerly University of Saugar), located at Sagar, and Vikram University (1957), in Ujjain, are the oldest and best-known, while the music school at Khairagarh is one of the finest in India.

Jabalpur has an agricultural university, and there is an institute of journalism and public relations in Bhopal.
History
Rock paintings and stone and metal implements found in the rivers, valleys, and other areas of Madhya Pradesh indicate that the area has been inhabited since prehistoric times. One of the earliest kingdoms known to have existed in the region was Avanti, with its capital at Ujjain.

Located in the western part of present-day Madhya Pradesh, this state was part of the Mauryan empire (4th–3rd century bce) and was later known as Malwa. Attracted by the region’s fertile black soils, settlers from different parts of India migrated to Malwa via three important migratory routes—from the western coast, from the Deccan plateau, and from the ancient city of Shravasti and its surrounding territory in the north.

Dynastic rule
Among the various dynasties that ruled part or all of Madhya Pradesh between the 2nd century bce and the end of the 10th century ce were the Shungas (c. 185–c. 73 bce), who ruled in eastern Malwa, the Satavahanas (1st or 3rd century bce–3rd century ce), the Shakas (2nd–4th century ce), and the Nagas (2nd–4th century ce). The whole of Madhya Pradesh lying north of the Narmada River formed part of the Gupta empire (4th–5th century ce) and was the scene of a power struggle against the nomadic Hephthalites (Hunas) and the Kalachuris, the latter of whom occupied part of Malwa but only for a brief period.

Yashodharman was the Malwan king who defeated the Hephthalites in the 6th century. During the first part of the 7th century, Malwa was annexed by the emperor of northern India, Harsha (Harahavardhana).
By the 10th century the Kalachuris had risen again to occupy eastern Madhya Pradesh, including the Narmada valley; their contemporaries were the Paramaras of Dhar in what is now the western region, the Kachwahas of Gwalior in the north, and the Chandelas of Khajuraho, about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Jhansi.

Later the Tomaras ruled at Gwalior, and the tribal Gonds ruled over several districts.
Muslim and British rule
Muslim invasion of the area began in the 11th century. The Hindu domains of Gwalior were incorporated into the Delhi sultanate in 1231 by the sultan Iltutmish. Later, in the early 14th century, the Khaljī sultans of Delhi overran Malwa, which was subsequently annexed into the Mughal Empire by Akbar (ruled 1556–1605), the greatest of the Mughal emperors.

Maratha power extended into Malwa at the beginning of the 18th century, and a large part of what is now Madhya Pradesh had come under the control of an alliance of Maratha rulers—the Maratha confederacy—by 1760. With the defeat of the peshwas (hereditary Maratha chief ministers who centralized Maratha rule) in 1761, the Sindhia dynasty of Marathas was established at Gwalior in the north and the Holkar dynasty, also Maratha, at Indore in the southwest.

In the early 19th century the area became increasingly agitated as Pindari robber bands, composed of horsemen formerly attached to armies of Maratha chiefs, began to raid towns and villages from their hideouts in central India. The Pindaris, who received the tacit protection of the Sindhia and Holkar dynasties, had formed these autonomous bands beginning in the late 18th century, when the Maratha confederacy was weakening from internal dissension and from the growing military presence of the British.

By 1818 British armies were able to suppress not only the Pindaris but also the various Maratha dynasties. That year the Nerbudda (now Narmada) River and Saugor (now Sagar) territories, containing much of northern Madhya Pradesh (including Gwalior and Indore of the Sindhia and Holkar dynasties), were ceded to the emerging British Empire.
During the next 40 years the British consolidated their control over the area.

In the early 1830s British armies were required to suppress the thugs (Hindi: thag), a fraternity of assassins and plunderers (dating from at least the 14th century) who were roaming across central India. By 1854 all of Madhya Pradesh had fallen under British control. The present borders began to take shape in 1861, when the Sagar and Narmada territories and the Nagpur plain to the south were merged to create the Central Provinces.

In 1903, with the addition of the Muslim territory of Berar, the area was renamed the Central Provinces and Berar. This administrative unit, however, did not include those parts of the north and west of the present state (Malwa, Bundelkhand, and Baghelkhand) that from 1854 formed sections of the Central India Agency. The Muslim state of Bhopal, situated between the Central India Agency and the Central Provinces and Berar, remained a protectorate of the British.

Nagarajan Panchapagesan Ayyar Saraswati Raju
Madhya Pradesh since Indian independence
When India became independent in 1947, the new states of Madhya Bharat and Vindhya Pradesh were carved out of the old Central India Agency. Three years later, in 1950, the Central Provinces and Berar was renamed Madhya Pradesh. With the States Reorganization Act of 1956, Madhya Pradesh was redistributed along linguistic lines.

The act transferred the southern Marathi-speaking districts of Madhya Pradesh to the Bombay state (now in Maharashtra) and merged several Hindi-speaking areas—the states of Bhopal and Vindhya Pradesh, as well as most of Madhya Bharat—with Madhya Pradesh. In 2000 its eastern provinces became the state of Chhattisgarh.

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Items as Mementos and Gifts:
Lamp Shades, Baskets, Crafted Diyas, Teracotta Animals, Embroided Shoes, Oil Lamps, Leather Toys.
Traditional Handicrafts Hubs :
Bhopal – Mrignayani Emporium at Hamidia Road, Handicrafts Emporium.Indore – Mrignayani at Krishnapur Bridge.
Must Buy :
Buying the Dolls of Battobai, a Craftswomen in Gwalior, recognised for her Art of Doll Making all Over the World.
Inside Tip :
While Shopping in Local Markets, brush up your Bargaining Skills or there is a chance you will be duped.

Must Experience :
Watching the Metal or Iron Statue Being Carved by the Blacksmith. Witnessing the Making of Terracotta.
Where To Shop :
Bhopal – MP State Emporium, GTB Complex, TT Nagar for Fabrics and Saris, Women's Co-op Zari Centre, Pir Gate for Zari Work, New Market and Chowkf for Other Items.Indore – MT Market for Zari Work and Traditional Maheshwari and Chanderi Sarees.Top Khana at Jail Road for Handicrafts.

Rajwara for Jewellery and Handicrafts Emporium on MG Road for Souveniers.
Art and Crafts – Annotation of the Rich History
Madhya Pradesh has not only rich deposits of green woods, abundant wildlife and monumental heritage but too has a created a niche for itself though the art and crafts of the region. The credit of course goes to the people and their age old traditions that have been besieged upon them by their ancestors.

Amidst the ebullient festivity prevails the contrast variety of handicrafts that add charisma and uniqueness to Madhya Pradesh. Be it the silk of the region or the bamboo work, be it folk paintings or stone artifacts, terra cotta or Zari work, the intricate cravings of the métier will evoke the desire to ascertain more about the land and its people.
Folk Paintings - To Decorate Your House
Folk paintings of Madhya Pradesh are the representation of the times that date back to the pre historic times.

The paintings done in this region basically annotate the religions of the state. One can find diversification in the paintings of the different areas. The wall paintings of Bundelkhand, Gondwana, Malwa and Nimar are a blend of the social and cultural ambiance as well as the outpourings of religious devotions. The paintings in Bundelkhand are made by professional painters called as the Chiteras. Mud base is used to make these abstractions and the painter uses his finger to etch the paintings.

This process is called as the 'Lipai' in which the Rajwari women are a connoisseur. Pithora paintings are endemic to the Bhils and Bhilala tribes. The paintings basically cater to the object of daily life in bright multi coloured hues. Mandana wall and floor paintings are existent in the Malwa, Nimar and Tanwarghar regions of Madhya Pradesh. Red clay and cow dung is used as a base to make the embossed drawings.

The motifs of the design include the pictures of peacock, cats, lions and swastik.
Bamboo and Cane Canopy - For that Extra Adornment
The rural life of the people is very well resonated in their art and crafts that involves the age old knowledge to amalgamate with the new techniques. Bamboo that is abundantly produced in the regions of Shahdol, Balaghat, Mandla and Seoni, are used to produce a wide range of products like fishing traps, hunting tools and baskets.

Some of the tribes that are highly skilled in this job are the Gond, Baiga and Korku communities.
Metal and Iron Craft - Skill That Adds Life
The metal and Iron craft stands sui generis from all the other areas of the country. The skill required in producing them, is so very embedded in the hands and the minds of the artisans that they seem to add life in these artifacts. Metal craft which is also known as Dhokra work are hollow cast and and are produced by lost-wax process.

The Gond, Muria, Bhatra and Dhruva tribals are articulate in the production of these and only a few tools are required to make beautiful castings. Some of the produce includes crafted oil lamps, rice measure bowls and animal figurines. The Iron craft is predominantly an antediluvian practice that was passes on from one generation to the other. There are some tribes like the Gond, Muria, Bhatra, Dhruva that offer crafted diyas, on the marriage of their daughter.

They also produce tribal statues that have gained immense momentum among the masses as a decoration for their houses.
For the Floor and Walls - Carpets and Dhurries
Jammu and Kashmir might be the most celebrated state for the production of carpets, but Madhya Pradesh too has stood itself apart and apparently distinguished in this craftsmanship. The artisan here are excellent dyers beside being immaculate weavers.

This art was developed by the Mughals and Gwalior emerged as the center of this craft. Though synthetic colours are now in much use against the natural dyes, however, the woollen carpets that are available in floral and geometric designs are a must buy.Dhurries form an essential part of the accessories that are used in the houses across the state. These flat woven carpets are made from thick cotton woven fabric and the women folk are the adroit manufacturers of these Dhurries.

Available in varieties of colours and motifs of animals and flowers and even human beings, they are produced exclusively in rural homes of Sironj, Jhabua, Raigarh and Jabalpur.
Ornaments and Jewellery - For That Tribal Look
The tribal population of Madhya Pradesh are a huge fan of the ornaments and jewellery. A lot of beads, metalic droplets, cotton threads and specially feathers and cowries are used to make the traditional ornaments of the Adivasis (tribal).

Silver ornaments also occupy a considerable place. Tikamgarh, Jhabua and Sheopur-Kalan are the hubs for this art. These ornaments are as popular among the men as they are with the women. Malwa, Nimar and Bastar are regions where these ornaments are devoured by the women folk.
Stone Carvings and Pottery - Poetry of Fingers
The art of stone carving is perhaps the best in the world. Stone carvers had colonised this land since pre historic ages.

Passes on from generations as a family lore each region has their own peculiar style. The monuments and the temples standing in the region are evident of this fact. While Gwalior specialises in Jalli (Lattice) work, Jabalpur and Tikamgarh are renowned for statues of animals and human figures. If you look at a potter while performing this art, it will seem as if a musician is writing poetry with his fingers.

Known as Terracotta the articles produced range form a variety of colours and the most common designs are of animal figures and life size images of human forms.
A Handloom Workshop of Madhya Pradesh
Textile Weaving - The Exclusive Art of MP
Madhya Pradesh is acclaimed for its weaving. The Chanderi and Maheshwari saris are spun dominantly by the Muslims. Elaborate amount of silk and cotton is used and intricate work is done on them.

Kosa silk (Tussar silk) is also a famous product and Raigarh and Champa are important centers for this art. Being in juxtaposition to many other states, Madhya Pradesh has absorbed various art forms and developed it on its own land. Hand Block painting is one of the important art forms. The Malwa and Nimar regions are renowned for their hand block-printed cotton textiles. Natural colours of vegetables and natural dyes are used to colour them.

Batik (fabric is painted with wax and dyed in cold dyes) is practiced extensively in Indore and Bherongarh. Tie and dye too is an important form of the Indore and Ujjain regions.
Other Crafts
There are millions of art and crafts that reside in each house of the state. Dolls produced in the Gwalior, Bhopal and Jhabua are made of small pieces of clothes. Battobai, a craftswomen in Gwalior have been recognised for her art of doll making all over the world.

Ujjain is known for its paper mache art and a wide variety of natural colours are used to make birds replicas. Zari work of Bhopal is is also famous for its exquisite craftsmanship. Zari products include Jooties (shoes), purses and bags. Wood work too form an integral part of Madhya Pradesh craft.

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