HISTORY OF THE LOS ANGELES RIVER

Over ten million years ago, the Los Angeles area was submerged in water. The formation of mountain ranges
yielded what is now the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys. These areas once drained unconstrained run-off
into the Los Angeles basin, providing a topography of shrubs, forests, and dense woods. In recent times with
agriculture and development, the River was a major source of water. Early flood control protection developed
the River as a channel, that conveys water and sediment from mountain slopes during rain storms.

Los Angeles County is a semiarid region that receives less than fifteen inches of rain per year. Although the
County would remain generally dry without the assistance of innovative irrigation systems, some of the surrounding
mountainous areas receive more than forty inches of rain per year.

The River and its rich plant and animal habitat provided a livelihood for the Gabrielino Indians, one of the
largest group of Indians in North America. Although it is unclear today what this group called themselves, they
are referred to as the Tongva. Over 1000 years ago, the Tongva established a settlement on the banks of the
River near where Los Angeles City Hall stands today. They were designated by missionaries as the Gabrielino for
the Mission San Gabriel in Los Angeles County, and included a smaller group, the Fernandeño for the San Fernando
Mission in the San Fernando Valley. Gabrielino territory encompassed much of present-day Los Angeles and Orange
Counties, including Santa Catalina, as well as parts of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties.

In 1769, Spanish explorers found more than two hundred Indians at the Yangna site of what is now downtown Los
Angeles near Union Station, west of the River. Gaspar de Portolá was the first European to pass through the
region, naming the River "Rio de Porciúncula". Later, in 1776, Juan Bautista de Anza led an expedition to
establish an exploratory route from Mexico to San Francisco, where he and colonists founded a mission and presidio.
As important as the River was to the Gabrielino, it was also a pivotal part of the European existence in California.

The Los Angeles River changed course between flowing west into the Santa Monica Bay along the course of Ballona
Creek and flowing south towards San Pedro Bay. The San Gabriel River once emptied into the ocean along the path
of the Los Angeles River today. In 1815 the Los Angeles River floods washed away the original Pueblo de Los Angeles.
In 1825 a flood caused swamps to be formed between the Pueblo location and the ocean causing the River to flow
southerly into its current location. In 1861 another flood caused the San Fernando Valley to flood, washing away
river banks and water distribution systems. The three Rivers mostly flowed as underground streams with shallow
surface streams in the dry season and tremendous flood flows during very wet seasons. By 1904 pumping wells
depleted local aquifers at a time when California was the leading agricultural state. William Mulholland,
superintendent of the Los Angeles Water company, proposed that Los Angeles area needed other water sources to
support its growing agricultural industry and population.

The 1914 flood caused $10 million in damages throughout the developing basin and brought a public outcry for
action to address the recurrent flooding problems. The following year, the Los Angeles County Flood Control
District was formed. Early flood control efforts included some channelization and the need for reservoirs.
Taxpayers approved bond issues in 1917 and 1924 to build the initial major dams. However, taxpayers were not
willing to provide enough funds for substantial infrastructure downstream of the dams. After two more destructive
floods in the 1930s, Federal assistance was requested and the Army Corps of Engineers took a lead role in
channelizing the River. Channelization began in 1938, and by 1960, the project was completed to form a fifty-one
mile engineered waterway.

Before channelization of the River, flood control projects and utilization of the River as a source of water
changed the system of streams, wetlands, and swamps of the natural lands. Channelization provided flood control
for the increasingly developed region and a consistent path for the River course. Today, the banks of the River
are almost fully lined along its entire length. Only three portions of the channel bottom remain unpaved:
through the Sepulveda Flood Control Basin in the San Fernando Valley, near Griffith Park through Elysian Valley
where ground water levels prevent it from being paved, and at the River estuary in Long Beach where the River
empties into the Pacific Ocean.

In 1990, Congress authorized funding for the Army Corps of Engineers to study increased flooding along portions of
the Los Angeles River. The Corps' study developed into a project for increasing the flood carrying capacity of the
lower Los Angeles River, Rio Hondo Channel, and Compton Creek, known as the LACDA Project. When completed, the
LACDA Project will prevent flooding from a 100-year rainfall event to over 500,000 people in an 82-square mile
area. In addition, the LACDA Project will improve the aesthetics and recreational opportunities along the Los
Angeles River and Rio Hondo (LARIO) Trail.

The LARIO Trail system is comprised of 22 miles of bike and equestrian trails along the Los Angeles and Rio Hondo
Channel. The Trail begins near the Whittier Narrows Dam, continues along the Rio Hondo Channel until its confluence
with the River, then runs along the River to the Pacific Ocean. The LARIO Trail, maintained by County Departments
of Public Works and Parks and Recreation, provides connections to seven parks adjacent to the Los Angeles River
and Rio Hondo Channel.