Asian Americans in government and politics

Asian Americans have a high level of political incorporation in terms of their actual voting population.[1] However, as a result of this group's historically low voting rates, overall political incorporation of the general population is relatively low, although the population of this group has increased in size by 600% in 30 years due to immigration, heavy naturalization and voter outreach efforts have provided this primarily foreign-born community with less than 1% of voters.[2] The low political incorporation of Asian Americans has posed a concern especially when the fact that the group is the fastest growing demographic in the U.S. is taken into account.[3][4]

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In some areas where Asian Americans have large populations, Asian Americans have elected Asian American candidates at the city and local level; examples of this include Vietnamese Americans in Orange County[2] and Chinese Americans in San Francisco.[5] However, this is not always the case.[6]

George Ariyoshi, who served as the Governor of Hawaii from 1974 to 1986, was the first American of Asian descent to be elected governor of a state of the United States.[7] He continues to hold the record as the longest-serving state governor in Hawaii.

David Ige, current governor of Hawaii since December 1, 2014, is of Japanese-American descent, like Ariyoshi, and is additionally the first person of Okinawan descent to hold office in the U.S.[8]

In 1996 Gary Locke was elected governor of the state of Washington, becoming the first Chinese American to be elected governor in United States history and the first Asian American governor on the mainland. Locke served as governor from 1997-2005.[10]

Dalip Singh Saund, an Indian American from Imperial and Riverside Counties, was the first South Asian American elected into Congress, and was one of only three Indian Americans to have been elected, serving from 1957 to 1963.[20]Hiram Fong, who served three decades in the Senate from 1959 to 1977, became the first Chinese American member of Congress,[20] and first Asian American senator.[21]Daniel Inouye (who served from 1959-2012) was the first Japanese American in the House and later the first in Senate. Spark Matsunaga was the second Japanese American to serve in the House (served 1971-77). Matsunaga and S. I. Hayakawa were the second and third Japanese Americans to serve in the Senate. Matsunaga served in the Senate between 1977 and 1990, while Hayakawa served in the Senate between 1977 and 1983.

Patsy Mink (served 1965-77 and again from 1990–2002) was the first Asian American woman and the first Japanese American woman to serve in Congress.[20]Norman Mineta (served 1975-95) was the fourth Japanese American to serve in the House. Bob Matsui (served 1979-2005) was the fifth Japanese American to serve in the House. Daniel Kahikina Akaka, appointed as U.S. senator of Hawaii in 1990, and then subsequently reelected for two terms in 1994 and 2000, is the first senator of native Hawaiian descent.[22] Bobby Scott, elected in 1993, is the first US born member of Congress to have Filipino ancestry,[23] he was joined by Jay Kim, the first Korean American to be elected to Congress,[24] as well as the first Korean elected to a national office outside of Korea;[25] since he left office there have been no Korean Americans in Congress. In 1998, David Wu was elected and became the only Chinese American of Taiwanese ancestry to serve be a member of Congress.[26] Wu resigned in 2011,[27] which was followed by a brief absence of Taiwanese Americans in Congress until the election of Grace Meng in 2012.

John Ensign, who is part Filipino American,[28] was elected to the senate in 2000 and resigned in 2011;[29] there have been no Filipino American senators since. In 2008, Joseph Cao of Louisiana became the first elected Vietnamese American in Congress;[20] since he left office in 2011 there have been no Vietnamese Americans in Congress. Also in 2008, Multiracial Filipino American Steve Austria was elected, becoming the first first-generation Filipino elected to Congress, he chose not to run for re-election in 2012.[30] In 2010, Inouye was sworn in as President Pro Tempore making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in American history, that same year, Charles Djou became the first Thai American to be elected to Congress;[31][32] he left Congress in 2011,[33] and no Thai American served in the Congress until Tammy Duckworth was elected in 2012 as the first female Thai American, as well as the first Thailand-born representative. In 2011, Representative Hansen Clarke became the first Bangladeshi American to service in Congress;[34] he lost his seat after being defeated in the 2012 primary,[35] no Bangladeshi Americans have served in Congress since.

From the 1940s to the 1990s most Asian Americans were anti-communist refugees who had fled mainland China, North Korea or Vietnam, and were strongly anti-Communist. Many had ties to conservative organizations;[44][45] in recent years, more liberal Asian-American groups such as newer Chinese and Indian immigrants have greatly changed the Asian-American political demographics, as well as a larger proportion of younger Asian Americans, many of whom have completed college degrees.[46]

Despite their growing trend of voting for Democrats in national elections, Asian Americans have tended to identify as independents and have not developed strong ties to political parties as a group.[53] Due to the smaller size of the groups population, in comparison to the population as a whole, it has been difficult to get an adequate sampling to forecast voter outcomes for Asian Americans;[54] in 2008, polls indicated that 35% considered themselves non-partisan, 32% Democrats, 19% independents, and 14% Republicans.[55] The 2012 National Asian American Survey found that 51% considered themselves non-partisan, 33% Democrats, 14% Republicans, and 2% Other;[56][57]Hmong, Indian, and Korean Americans strongly identified as Democrats, and Filipino and Vietnamese Americans most strongly identified as Republicans.[57] In 2013, according to the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, Chinese Americans were the least likely Asian American ethnicity to have a party affiliation, with only one third belonging to a party.[58] The 2016 National Asian American Survey found that 41% of Asian Americans identified as non-partisan, 41% as Democrats (a modest increase from 2008 and 2012), and 16% as Republicans.[52]

Neither the Republican nor Democratic parties have financed significant efforts to the registration of Asian Americans, however much more attention has been focused on contributions from Asian Americans,[59] having once been referred to as potential "Republican Jews",[60] as recently as 2006, the outreach efforts of America's two major political parties have been unbalanced, with the Democratic Party devoting more resources in attracting Asian Americans.[61] In 2016, a majority of Asian-Americans possessed the same political views on racial profiling, education, social security, and immigration reform as the Democratic Party; the efforts to attract Asian-Americans has produced a proportionally significant growth in Democratic affiliation by Asian-Americans from 2012 to 2016 by 12 percent.[62] Political affiliation aside, Asian Americans have trended to become more politically active as a whole, with 2008 seeing an increase of voter participation by 4% to a 49% voting rate.[63]

^Pat Gee (13 June 2010). "Djou makes history as Thai American". Star Advertiser. Retrieved 21 February 2012. Besides being the first Republican from Hawaii elected to Congress in 20 years, U.S. Rep. Charles Djou is the first person of Thai ancestry to serve in Congress.

^"New Congress Includes More Women, Minorities". New York Times. Associated Press. 4 January 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015. There are 34 Hispanic lawmakers, including 10 Republicans, as well as 10 Asian-Americans and two Native Americans, both Oklahoma Republicans. Democrat Mazie Hirono of Hawaii is the only Asian-American in the Senate.Krogstad, Jens Manuel (12 January 2015). "114th Congress is most diverse ever". Fact Tank. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 13 March 2015.

^Matthew Hilburn (17 January 2013). "Asian-American Vote Reveals Nuances". Voice of America. Retrieved 25 January 2013. Chinese-Americans were the least likely to affiliate with a party. Magpantay suggested that only one third of Chinese-Americans belong to a party, compared with 71 percent among all Asian-Americans, because of the negative association of the word party with the Communist Party in China.

1.
Asian Americans
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Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The term refers to a group that includes diverse populations who have ancestral origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia. This includes people who indicate their race on the census as Asian or reported entries such as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other Asian. Asian Americans with no other ancestry comprise 4. 8% of the U. S. population, although migrants from Asia have been in parts of the contemporary United States since the 17th century, large-scale immigration did not begin until the mid-18th century. Nativist immigration laws during the 1880s-1920s excluded various Asian groups, eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States, after immigration laws were reformed during the 1940s-60s, abolishing national origins quotas, Asian immigration increased rapidly. Analyses of the 2010 census have shown that Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial or ethnic minority in the United States, starting in the first few years of the 2000 decade, Asian American earnings began exceeding all other racial groups for both men and women. For example, in 2008 Asian Americans had the highest median household income overall of any racial demographic, in 2012, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country. In 2015, Asian American men were the highest earning racial group as they earned 117% as much as white American men, once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account, Asian Americans are no more likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in poverty. As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the history of this term. Prior to the late 1960s, people of Asian ancestry were referred to as Oriental, Asiatic. Today, Asian American is the term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the US Census Bureau definition, which all people with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia. This is chiefly because the census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, Asian person in the United States is sometimes thought of as a person of East Asian descent. In vernacular usage, Asian is often used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds. This differs from the U. S. Census definition and the Asian American Studies departments in many universities consider all those of East, before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro. Asian Americans had also been classified as other, in 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on Asian or Pacific Islander. The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, by the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry as a subcategory. The 2000 census onwards separated the category into two separate ones, Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, the definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts

2.
Demography of the United States
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As of March 16,2017, the United States has a total resident population of 324,700,000, making it the third most populous country in the world. It is very urbanized, with 81% residing in cities and suburbs as of 2014, california and Texas are the most populous states, as the mean center of U. S. population has consistently shifted westward and southward. New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2015 is 1.84 children per woman, which is below the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1. Compared to other Western countries, in 2012, U. S. fertility rate was lower than that of France, Australia, the United States Census Bureau shows a population increase of 0. 75% for the twelve-month period ending in July 2012. Though high by industrialized country standards, this is below the average annual rate of 1. 1%. There were about 125.9 million adult women in the United States in 2014, the number of men was 119.4 million. At age 85 and older, there were almost twice as many women as men, people under 21 years of age made up over a quarter of the U. S. population, and people age 65 and over made up one-seventh. The national median age was 37.8 years in 2015, the United States Census Bureau defines White people as those having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who reported White or wrote in such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab. Whites constitute the majority of the U. S. population, Non-Hispanic whites make up 62. 6% of the countrys population. The American population almost quadrupled during the 20th century—at a growth rate of about 1. 3% a year—from about 76 million in 1900 to 281 million in 2000 and it reached the 200 million mark in 1968, and the 300 million mark on October 17,2006. Population growth is fastest among minorities as a whole, and according to the Census Bureaus estimation for 2012,50. 4% of American children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups. Hispanic and Latino Americans accounted for 48% of the population growth of 2.9 million between July 1,2005, and July 1,2006. Immigrants and their U. S. -born descendants are expected to provide most of the U. S. population gains in the decades ahead, the Census Bureau projects a U. S. population of 417 million in 2060, which is a 38% increase from 2007. However, the United Nations projects a U. S. population of 402 million in 2050, in an official census report, it was reported that 54. 4% of births in 2010 were non-Hispanic white. This represents an increase of 0. 34% compared to the previous year, which was 54. 06%. Under the law, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, around a million people legally immigrated to the United States per year in the 1990s, up from 250,000 per year in the 1950s. In 2009, 37% of immigrants originated in Asia, 42% in North America, in 1900, non-Hispanic whites comprised almost 97% of the population of the 10 largest American cities

3.
Orange County, California
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Orange County is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,010,232 making it the third-most populous county in California, the sixth-most populous in the United States and its county seat is Santa Ana. It is the second most densely populated county in the state, the countys four largest cities, Anaheim, Santa Ana, Irvine, and Huntington Beach each have populations exceeding 200,000. Several of Orange Countys cities are on the Pacific coast, including Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, Laguna Beach, Orange County is included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Thirty-four incorporated cities are located in the county, the newest is Aliso Viejo, Anaheim was the first city, incorporated in 1870, when the region was still part of neighboring Los Angeles County. Whereas most population centers in the United States tend to be identified by a major city and it is mostly suburban except for some traditionally urban areas at the centers of the older cities of Anaheim, Fullerton, Huntington Beach, Orange, and Santa Ana. There are several edge city-style developments such as Irvine Business Center, Newport Center, the county is famous for its tourism as the home of attractions like Disneyland, Knotts Berry Farm, and several beaches along its more than 40 miles of coastline. It is part of the Tech Coast, members of the Tongva, Juaneño, and Luiseño Native American groups long inhabited the area. After the 1769 expedition of Gaspar de Portolà, a Spanish expedition led by Junipero Serra named the area Valle de Santa Ana, on November 1,1776, Mission San Juan Capistrano became the areas first permanent European settlement. Among those who came with Portolá were José Manuel Nieto and José Antonio Yorba, both these men were given land grants—Rancho Los Nietos and Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, respectively. The Nieto heirs were granted land in 1834, the Nieto ranches were known as Rancho Los Alamitos, Rancho Las Bolsas, and Rancho Los Coyotes. Yorba heirs Bernardo Yorba and Teodosio Yorba were also granted Rancho Cañón de Santa Ana and Rancho Lomas de Santiago, other ranchos in Orange County were granted by the Mexican government during the Mexican period in Alta California. A severe drought in the 1860s devastated the industry, cattle ranching. In 1887, silver was discovered in the Santa Ana Mountains, attracting settlers via the Santa Fe and this growth led the California legislature to divide Los Angeles County and create Orange County as a separate political entity on March 11,1889. The county is said to have named for the citrus fruit in an attempt to promote immigration by suggesting a semi-tropical paradise–a place where anything could grow. Other citrus crops, avocados, and oil extraction were important to the early economy. Orange County benefited from the July 4,1904 completion of the Pacific Electric Railway, the link made Orange County an accessible weekend retreat for celebrities of early Hollywood. It was deemed so significant that Pacific City changed its name to Huntington Beach in honor of Henry E. Huntington, president of the Pacific Electric, Transportation further improved with the completion of the State Route and U. S. Route 101 in the 1920s

4.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush

5.
Bobby Jindal
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Piyush Bobby Jindal is an American politician who was the 55th Governor of Louisiana between 2008 and 2016, and previously served as a U. S. Congressman and as the chairman of the Republican Governors Association. In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed Jindal as principal adviser to the U. S. Secretary of Health and he first ran for governor of Louisiana in 2003, but lost in the run-off election to Democratic candidate, Kathleen Blanco. In 2004, he was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives, becoming the second Indian American in Congress, Jindal was re-elected in 2011 in a landslide, winning more than 65% of the vote. Until the election of South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley in 2010, he was the first, on June 24,2015, Jindal announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election. He suspended his campaign in November 2015, subsequently announcing his support for Marco Rubio, Piyush Jindal was born on June 10,1971, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He is the first of two sons of Raj and Amar Jindal, from Punjab, India and they both applied for immigration years later. His father is an engineer and graduate of Guru Nanak Dev University. His mother is a graduate of Rajasthan University and worked in nuclear physics at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education, prior to emigrating to the United States, both his parents were lecturers at an Indian engineering college. At the time of their move to the US, Raj Jindal was to be a candidate in physics. They left Malerkotla, Punjab, India in January 1971, six months before their son was born, Jindals paternal grandfather was a Cawnpore merchant, and his maternal grandfather was a Ferozepur banker. The family settled near Louisiana State University, Jindal attended Baton Rouge Magnet High School, graduating in 1988 at the top of his class. While in high school, he competed in tournaments, started various enterprises such as a computer newsletter, retail candy business. He spent free time working in the stands at LSU football games, Jindal graduated from Brown University in 1992 at the age of 20, with honors in two majors, biology and public policy. He was one of 50 students nationwide admitted to the Program in Liberal Medical Education, Jindal is also credited with leading Browns College Republicans student group. Jindal was named to the 1992 USA Today All-USA Academic Team and he applied to and was accepted by both Harvard Medical School and Yale Law School, but studied at New College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar. He received an M. Litt. degree in science with an emphasis in health policy from the University of Oxford in 1994. Jindals interest in Christianity was formed in high school through his friends and he began attending Roman Catholic Church, and in the fall of 1989 he was baptized in Providence

6.
Governor of Louisiana
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This is a list of the Governors of Louisiana, from acquisition by the United States in 1803 to the present day, for earlier governors of Louisiana see List of colonial governors of Louisiana. In 1803, Europe was about to become involved in a continental war, the French Empire, led by Napoleon, had begun an aggressive expansionist policy which challenged the interests of United Kingdom. When the Haitian Revolution, with British support, overthrew the French colonial rule on that island, to finance this, Napoleon sold the colony of Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. From 1804 to 1812, the area which would eventually become the modern state was known as the Territory of Orleans. The vast area to the north was called the Louisiana Territory, notes † Murdered/Died in office This is a table of congressional, other governorships, and other federal offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Louisiana except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Louisiana who are living at this time. The most recent governor, and also the most recently serving governor, Louisiana Secretary of State website Cemetery Memorials by La-Cemeteries

7.
George Ariyoshi
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George Ryoichi Ariyoshi is an American politician and lawyer who served as the third Governor of Hawaii from 1974 to 1986. He is a member of the Democratic Party and he assumed the governorship when John A. Burns was declared incapacitated. When he was elected, Ariyoshi became the first American of Asian descent to be elected governor of a state of the United States. He also holds the record as the state governor in Hawaiʻi. Ariyoshi is now considered a statesman of the Democratic Party of Hawaiʻi. Born in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, to Japanese immigrant parents, Ariyoshi graduated in 1944 from McKinley High School, as World War II drew to a close, he served as an interpreter with the U. S. Army Military Intelligence Service in Japan. Upon returning stateside, he first attended the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, then transferred to Michigan State University and he then went on to receive his law degree from the University of Michigan Law School in 1952. Ariyoshis political career began in 1954 when he was elected to the Hawaii Territorial House of Representatives and he was later elected to the Hawaii Territorial Senate in 1958, then to the Hawaii State Senate in 1959. He served in the senate until 1970 when he ran for and was elected Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii in 1970 with Governor John A. Burns, when Governor Burns fell ill in October 1973, Ariyoshi assumed his constitutional role as acting governor. In the election of 1974, he was elected governor in his own right and he was re-elected in 1978 with Jean King as lieutenant governor and in 1982 with John D. Waihee III as lieutenant governor. Ariyoshis administration was marked by fiscal conservatism as the economic boom came to an end. He guided the state through its first economic recession and he has gathered some criticism for having only people with Japanese surnames on his staff, many were relatives. Barred by term limits from seeking another term in 1986, Ariyoshi was succeeded by Waihee, after leaving public office, he served in a variety of corporate and non-profit capacities. Ariyoshi married Jean Miya Hayashi in 1955 in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi and they have a daughter, Lynn, born in 1957, and two sons, Ryozo, born in 1959, and Donn,1961. In her book Washington Place, A First Ladys Story, Jean Ariyoshi credits former police officer Larry Mehau as becoming responsible for her familys safety, Mehau was also named Neighbor Islands Coordinator for her husbands campaign for governor. In the book she states that Mehau, although having a reputation as being honest and she does not mention why he was given this nickname, but the press did so because he was accused of having ties to the criminal underworld. According to Jean Ariyoshi, Mehau offered his help but told her husband, I know Im controversial and her husband responded, Ive known you for a long time and Ive known you to be a good and honest person. What kind of friend would I be if I said I want your help, Im not afraid to have people know of our friendship

8.
David Ige
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David Yutaka Ige is an American politician who serves as the eighth and current Governor of Hawaii, in office since 2014. A Democrat, he served in the Hawaii State Senate, representing the 16th district. In the 2014 Hawaii gubernatorial election, he won the Democratic primary by defeating incumbent Governor Neil Abercrombie with 66% of the vote, Ige defeated Republican Duke Aiona and Independent Mufi Hannemann in the general election with 49. 5% of the vote. He assumed office on December 1,2014, David Ige was born and raised in Pearl City, Hawaii, and is the fifth of six sons of Tokio and Tsurue Ige, both of Japanese descent. During World War II, Tokio served in the 100th Battalion/442nd Infantry Regimental Combat Team and was awarded the Purple Heart, after the war, his father worked as a steelworker on construction projects while his mother worked as a nurse and dental hygienist. Tokio Ige died in 2005 at the age of 86, Tsurue, now retired, resides in Pearl City. David Ige attended public schools in Pearl City – Pearl City Elementary School, Highlands Intermediate School and he also participated in community sports, beginning with eight years of playing in the Pearl City Little League. At the newly built Pearl City High School, Ige excelled in many activities, in his junior year, he was elected student body vice president, and he served as senior class president the following year. His campaign for student body president stressed diversity and an end to bullying, Ige also led his varsity tennis team to a championship and was honored as the “Scholar-Athlete of the Year. ”He graduated fifth in his class of more than 500 students in 1975. Ige attended the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering, while at UH, he served as student body secretary and an officer of several honor societies as well as treasurer and vice-president of his fraternity, Phi Delta Sigma. UH is where Ige met his wife, Dawn, with whom he has three children, Lauren, Amy, and Matthew, after college, while working for GTE Hawaiian Tel, Ige took graduate courses at UH and earned a Master of Business Administration degree in decisions sciences. In 1986, Hawaii Business Magazine named him one of the university’s Top 10 MBA students, prior to being elected governor of Hawaii, Ige served as program/project manager with Robert A. Ige and Associates, Inc. Before that, he worked as an engineer for GTE Hawaiian Tel for more than 18 years and he served in the Hawaii State Senate from 1995 through 2015. During his legislative career, Ige has served as the chairman of nine different committees and he focused much of his career as a legislator on information and telecommunications policy. In the Legislature, he co-authored the Hawaii Telecommunications and Information Industries Act that established the information network. He has also been at the center of Hawaii’s efforts to diversify its economy, Ige was responsible for establishing seed capital and venture capital programs, software development initiatives, and technology transfer programs. Ige won reelection to the Hawaii State Senate in 2012, after defeating Republican challenger and former U. S. Naval Air crewman, Army Captain, Greco was the first challenger Ige faced in a general election in over a decade. Ige ran against incumbent Neil Abercrombie in the Democratic primary for the 2014 gubernatorial election, though he was outspent in the race by the incumbent, Ige defeated Abercrombie by 66% to 31%

9.
Okinawa Island
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Okinawa Island is the largest of the Okinawa Islands and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. The island is approximately 70 miles long and an average 7 miles wide and it is roughly 640 kilometres south of the rest of Japan, roughly the same distance off the coast of China, and 500 km north of Taiwan. Okinawa has been a strategic location for the United States Armed Forces since the end of World War II. The island hosts around 26,000 US military personnel, about half of the complement of the United States Forces Japan. Okinawa contains 96% of the US military stationed in Japan, US bases in Okinawa played critical roles in the Korean War, Vietnam War, War in Afghanistan and Iraq War. The presence of the US military in Okinawa has caused controversy both on the island and elsewhere in Japan. The time when human beings first appeared in Okinawa remains unknown, Early Okinawan history is defined by midden or shell heap culture, and is divided into Early, Middle, and Late Shell Mound periods. The Early Shell Mound period was a society, with wave-like opening Jomon pottery. In the latter part of period, archaeological sites moved near the seashore. In Okinawa, rice was not cultivated until the Middle Shell Mound period, Shell rings for arms made of shells obtained in the Sakishima Islands, namely Miyakojima and Yaeyama islands, were imported by Japan. In these islands, the presence of shell axes,2500 years ago, after the Late Shell Mound period, agriculture started about the 12th century, with the center moving from the seashore to higher places. This period is called the Gusuku period, Gusuku is the term used for the distinctive Ryukyuan form of castles or fortresses. Many gusukus and related cultural remains in the Ryukyu Islands have been listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites under the title Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu. There are three perspectives regarding the nature of gusukus, 1) a holy place, 2) dwellings encircled by stones, in this period, porcelain trade between Okinawa and other countries became busy, and Okinawa became an important relay point in eastern-Asian trade. Ryukyuan kings, such as Shunten and Eiso, were important rulers, an attempted Mongolian invasion in 1291 during the Eiso Dynasty ended in failure. Hiragana was imported from Japan by Ganjin in 1265, noro, village priestesses of the Ryukyuan religion, appeared. The Sanzan period began in 1314, when the kingdoms of Hokuzan and Nanzan declared independence from Chūzan, the three kingdoms competed with one another for recognition and trade with Ming China. King Satto, leading Chūzan, was successful, establishing relations with Korea

10.
Ben Cayetano
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Benjamin Jerome Ben Cayetano was the 5th Governor of the State of Hawaii from 1994 to 2002. He is the first Filipino American to serve as a governor in the United States. Born in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, Cayetano was estranged from his mother at a young age, Cayetano was raised by his father in Kalihi, an ethnic Filipino neighborhood west of Downtown Honolulu. He would grow up as a latchkey child, in Kalihi, he attended Wallace Rider Farrington High School, a public school aptly known locally as Home of the Governors as its buildings were named after several early Hawaiʻi statesmen. The school was only a few blocks from his home, Cayetano received poor grades throughout his years at Farrington and was often disciplined by his teachers and counselors. He barely made marks qualifying him to graduate, upon graduation Cayetano married Lorraine Gueco, his high school sweetheart. After the birth of his son Brandon in 1959, he worked a variety of jobs, such as a metal-packer in a junkyard, truck driver, apprentice electrician. Frustrated by what he felt were racially motivated and politically unfair hiring practices, he and his moved to Los Angeles. Cayetano attended Los Angeles Harbor College and eventually transferred to the University of California, in 1968, he graduated from UCLA with a major in political science and minor in American history. In 1971, he earned his Juris Doctor degree from Loyola Law School and he then began his career in public service in 1972 when he was appointed to the Hawaii Housing Authority. In 1974, he was elected to the house as a Democrat representing Pearl City. Cayetano joined the John D. Waihee III gubernatorial ticket in 1986, the Waihee/Cayetano ticket was re-elected to a second term in 1990. Term limits forced Waihee into retirement and the Democratic Party nominated Cayetano to run for Governor of Hawaiʻi in 1994, with attorney Mazie K. Hirono as his running mate, Cayetano was voted into office. In 1998, Mayor of Maui Linda Lingle was nominated by the Republican Party to run against Cayetano on an agenda of government reform, for months leading into election day, Cayetano trailed Lingle in the major media polls. In the closest election in Hawaiis history, Cayetano won a term by a single percentage point validated by an official recount of ballots. Cayetano left office in December 2002 and he was succeeded by former Republican challenger Lingle. Throughout his tenure in office, Cayetano had to contend with economic uncertainty, on education, the Cayetano administration built thirteen new schools, and he was able to persuade the teachers union to extend the school year by seven days. Also under his administration, the University of Hawaiʻi system gained autonomy over internal affairs, on January 19,2012, Cayetano came out of retirement to run for the office of Honolulu Mayor

11.
Filipino Americans
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Filipino Americans are Americans of Filipino descent. The term Filipino American is sometimes shortened to Fil-Ams, or Pinoy, according to Filipino American historian Dawn Mabalon, the earliest appearance of the term Pinoy, was in a 1926 issue of the Filipino Student Bulletin. The article that featured the terms, is titled, Filipino Women in U. S, excel in Their Courses, Invade Business, Politics. Some Filipinos believe that the term Pinoy was coined by Filipinos who came to the United States to distinguish themselves from Filipinos living in the Philippines, Filipinos in North America were first documented in the 16th century, with small settlements beginning in the 18th century. Mass migration did not begin until the early 20th Century when the Philippines was ceded from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris, Philippine independence was recognized by the United States on July 4,1946. Immigration was reduced significantly during the 1930s, except for those who served in the United States Navy, Filipino sailors were the first Asians in North America. Mass migration began in the early 20th century when, for a following the 1898 Treaty of Paris. During the 1920s, a majority of Filipino workers who arrived in the United States lacked necessary training, after independence in 1946, Filipino American numbers continued to grow. The population of Filipino immigrant workers, as well the quality of their skills, improved following the passing of the Immigration Act of 1965. The 2010 Census counted 3.4 million Filipino Americans, while the United States Department of State in 2011 estimated the total at 4 million, the total at 4 million, or 1. 1% of the U. S. population. They are the second largest self-reported Asian ancestry group after Chinese Americans according to 2010 American Community Survey. They are also the largest population of Overseas Filipinos, significant populations of Filipino Americans can be found in California, Hawaii, the New York metropolitan area and Illinois. The history of Spanish and American rule and contact with merchants, Filipino American cultural identity has been described as fluid, adopting aspects from various cultures, that said there has not been significant research into the culture of Filipino Americans. In areas of sparse Filipino population, they often form loosely-knit social organizations aimed at maintaining a sense of family and these organizations generally arrange social events, especially of a charitable nature, and keep members up-to-date with local events. Organizations are often organized into regional associations, the associations are a small part of Filipino American life. Filipino Americans formed close-knit neighborhoods, notably in California and Hawaii, a few communities have Little Manilas, civic and business districts tailored for the Filipino American community. Reflecting its 333 years of Spanish rule, many Filipinos adopted Hispanic surnames, due to the legacy of colonization, Filipinos are considered Latinos of Asia. Despite being from Asia, Filipinos are sometimes called Latinos due to their relationship to Spanish colonialism

12.
Gary Locke
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Gary Faye Locke is an American politician. Locke was the United States ambassador to China and he was the 21st Governor of Washington and served in the Obama administration as United States Secretary of Commerce. Locke is the first governor in the continental United States of Asian descent and he is also the first Chinese American to serve as the U. S. ambassador to China. Gary Locke was born on January 21,1950, in Seattle, Washington, a third-generation Chinese American with paternal ancestry from Taishan, Guangdong, China, Locke is the second of five children of James Locke, who served as a staff sergeant in the U. S. Fifth Armored Division during World War II and his wife, Julie, is from Hong Kong. His paternal grandfather left China in the 1890s and moved to the United States, Gary Locke did not learn how to speak English until he was five years old and entered kindergarten. Locke graduated with honors from Seattle’s Franklin High School in 1968 and he achieved Eagle Scout rank and received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. Through a combination of part-time jobs, financial aid, and scholarships, Locke attended Yale University and he later received his juris doctor from Boston University School of Law in 1975. In 1982, Locke was elected to Washington states South Seattle district in the Washington House of Representatives, eleven years later, in 1993, Locke was elected as King Countys executive, defeating incumbent Tim Hill. In 1996, Locke won the Democratic primary and general election for governor of Washington and his political committee was fined $2,500 by regulators in 1997 after admitting to state campaign finance law violations during his successful campaign. Locke faced criticism from fellow Democrats for embracing the Republican Partys no-new-taxes approach to dealing with Washingtons budget woes during, in his final budget, Locke suspended two voter-passed school initiatives and cut state education funding. On the national stage, Democrats saw Gary Locke as a possible vice-presidential choice, in 1997, Locke was a guest at that years State of the Union address. Locke was chosen to give his partys response to George W. Bushs 2003 State of the Union Address. In a surprise move, Locke announced in July 2003 that he would not seek a third term, saying, Despite my deep love of our state, Bushs 2003 State of the Union address, may have played a role in Lockes decision to leave office after two terms. The governors office received hundreds of threatening letters and e-mails, others threatened to kill his children and his official portrait, painted by Michele Rushworth, was unveiled in the state capitol by Governor Christine Gregoire on January 4,2006. After leaving office, Locke joined the Seattle office of law firm Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, in their China. During the leadup to the 2008 Democratic presidential primary, Governor Locke signed on as Washington co-chairman of Democratic candidate Hillary Clintons bid for President. On December 4,2008, the Associated Press reported that Locke was a candidate for Secretary of the Interior in then-President-elect Barack Obamas cabinet

13.
Washington (state)
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It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, the Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. The area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president. To distinguish it from the U. S. capital, which is named for George Washington, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State, or, in more formal contexts. Washingtonians and other residents of the Pacific Northwest refer to the state simply as Washington, calling the nations capital Washington, D. C. or, often, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state

14.
Contiguous United States
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The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U. S. states plus Washington, D. C. on the continent of North America. S. The greatest distance entirely within the 48 contiguous states is 2,802 miles, the greatest north-south line is 1,650 miles. Together, the 48 contiguous states and Washington, D. C. occupy an area of 3,119,884.69 square miles. Of this area,2,959,064.44 square miles is land, composing 83. 65% of U. S. land area, officially,160,820.25 square miles is water area, composing 62. 66% of the nations total water area. The contiguous United States would be placed 5th in the list of states and dependencies by area. The 2010 census population of area was 306,675,006, comprising 99. 33% of the nations population. While conterminous U. S. has the meaning of contiguous U. S. other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity. The term was in use prior to the admission of Alaska and Hawaii as states of the United States, the District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part of CONUS. OCONUS is derived from CONUS with O for outside added, thus referring to Outside of Continental United States, the term Lower 48 is also used to refer to the conterminous United States. The National Geographic style guide recommends the use of contiguous or conterminous United States instead of lower 48 when the 48 states are meant, both Alaskans and Hawaiians have unique labels for the contiguous United States because of their own locations relative to them. Alaska became the 49th state of the United States on January 3,1959, Alaska is on the northwest end of the North American continent, but separated from the rest of the United States Pacific coast by the Canadian province of British Columbia. In Alaska, given the ambiguity surrounding the usage of continental, several other terms have been used over the years. Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States on August 21,1959 and it is the southernmost and so far, the latest state to join the Union. Not part of any continent, Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean, about 2,200 miles from North America, in Hawaii and overseas American territories, for instance, the terms the Mainland or U. S. Mainland are often used to refer to the continental United States, apart from off-shore US islands, a few continental portions of the contiguous US are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada. Point Roberts, Washington, Elm Point, Minnesota, and the Northwest Angle in Minnesota are three such places, alburgh, Vermont, is not directly connected by land, but is accessible by road via bridges from within Vermont and from from New York. The 48 contiguous United States are, Washington, D. C. is distinct from the state of Washington, extreme points of the United States Mainland Definition of continental Definition of contiguous Definition of coterminous and conterminous

15.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River

16.
Reconstruction Era
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Johnson followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates. Lincolns last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen, whereas Johnson was opposed to this. A Republican coalition came to power in all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy, using the U. S. Army. The Bureau protected the rights of freedmen, negotiated labor contracts. Thousands of Northerners came South as missionaries, teachers, businessmen, rebuilding the rundown railroad system was a major strategy, but it collapsed when a nationwide depression struck the economy. The Radicals in the House of Representatives, frustrated by Johnsons opposition to Congressional Reconstruction, filed impeachment charges, in early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmens Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature. Meanwhile, self-styled Conservatives strongly opposed reconstruction and they alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers, excessive state spending and ruinous taxes. Southern democrats and conservatives violently counterattacked and had regained power in each redeemed Southern state by 1877, meanwhile, public support for Reconstruction policies, requiring continued supervision of the South, faded in the North, as voters decided that the Civil War and years of conflict should stop. Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States, in the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times, federal Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877. In recent decades most historians follow Foner in dating the Reconstruction of the south as starting in 1863 rather than 1865, Reconstruction policies were debated in the North when the war began, and commenced in earnest after Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1,1863. As Confederate states came back under control of the US Army, President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee, Arkansas and he experimented by giving land to blacks in South Carolina. By fall 1865, the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity, Republicans in Congress, refusing to accept Johnsons lenient terms, rejected new members of Congress, some of whom had been high-ranking Confederate officials a few months before. Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedmens Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen and that same year, Congress removed civilian governments in the South, and placed the former Confederacy under the rule of the U. S. Army. In ten states, coalitions of freedmen, recent black and white arrivals from the North, Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction. Most of the violence was carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan members attacked and intimidated blacks seeking to exercise their new civil rights, as well as Republican politicians in the south favoring those civil rights. One such politician murdered by the Klan on the eve of the 1868 presidential election was Republican Congressman James M. Hinds of Arkansas, widespread violence in the south led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871, which suppressed the Klan. Nevertheless, white Democrats, calling themselves Redeemers, regained control of the state by state, sometimes using fraud. The end of Reconstruction was a process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states

17.
Nikki Haley
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Nimrata Nikki Haley is the 29th and current United States Ambassador to the United Nations. She served as the 116th Governor of South Carolina from January 2011 to January 2017, before her tenure as governor, Haley was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives. Haley was the first female Governor of South Carolina and the second Indian-American, after fellow Republican Bobby Jindal, Haley delivered the official Republican response to President Barack Obamas 2016 State of the Union Address on January 12,2016. In 2016, then-Governor Haley was named among The 100 Most Influential People by Time magazine, Haley was born Nimrata Randhawa in Bamberg, South Carolina, on January 20,1972, to an Indian American Sikh family. She was always called Nikki, which means one, by her family. Her parents, father Ajit Singh Randhawa and mother Raj Kaur Randhawa, are immigrants from Amritsar District, Punjab and her father had been a professor at Punjab Agricultural University, and her mother had received her law degree from the University of Delhi. Haleys parents immigrated to Canada, after her received a scholarship offer from the University of British Columbia. When her father received his PhD degree in 1969, he moved his family to South Carolina, when Haley was five years old, her parents entered her in the Miss Bamberg contest. The contest traditionally crowned a queen and a white queen. Since the judges decided Haley did not fit either category, they disqualified her, Haley has two brothers, Mitti, a retired member of the United States Army Chemical Corps who served in Desert Storm, and Charan, a web designer. She has one sister, Simran, a radio host and Fashion Institute of Technology alumna, at age 12, Haley began helping with the bookkeeping in her mothers ladies clothing shop. In 1989, Haley graduated from Orangeburg Preparatory Schools and she graduated from Clemson University, with a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting. Haley worked for FCR Corporation, a management and recycling company, before joining her mothers business, Exotica International. The family business grew to become a multimillion-dollar company, Haley was named to the board of directors of the Orangeburg County Chamber of Commerce in 1998. She was named to the board of directors of the Lexington Chamber of Commerce in 2003, Haley became treasurer of the National Association of Women Business Owners in 2003 and president in 2004. She chaired the Lexington Gala to raise funds for the local hospital and she also serves on the Lexington Medical Foundation, Lexington County Sheriffs Foundation, and West Metro Republican Women. She is president of the South Carolina Chapter of the National Association of Women Business Owners and was chair for the 2006 Friends of Scouting Leadership Division campaign and she has spoken at Rotary clubs in South Carolina. In 2004, Haley ran for the South Carolina House of Representatives for a district in Lexington County and she challenged incumbent state Representative Larry Koon in the Republican primary—the real contest in this heavily Republican district

18.
Governor of South Carolina
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The Governor of the State of South Carolina is the head of state for the State of South Carolina. Under the South Carolina Constitution, the governor is also the head of government, the governor is the ex officio commander-in-chief of the National Guard when not called into federal use. The governors responsibilities include making yearly State of the State addresses to the South Carolina General Assembly, submitting an executive budget, there are three legal requirements set forth in Section 2 of Article IV of the South Carolina Constitution. Be at least 30 years of age, citizen of the United States and a resident of South Carolina for 5 years preceding the day of election. Watkins, which reaffirmed that religious tests for public offices violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and this requirement, however, has still not been removed from the Constitution of South Carolina. Section 3 of Article IV states that no person shall be elected governor for more than two successive terms, for clarification, a person can hold an unlimited amount of terms as governor as long as such person does not serve more than two consecutive terms. Since Henry McMaster assumed the office of governor after Nikki Haley resigned, he is eligible to serve the remainder of Haleys term, according to the South Carolina Constitution, the Governor, Exercises supreme executive authority. Appoints directors to 14 cabinet agencies, but most appointments are shared with the General Assembly, serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the South Carolina National Guard. Serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the South Carolina State Guard, which is an auxiliary of the National Guard organized for in-state homeland defense, grants reprieves and commutes death sentences to life imprisonment. Calls the General Assembly to a session in extraordinary circumstances. Adjourns the General Assembly as he shall think proper, Exercises veto and a Line-item veto power on budget bills. Declares a state of emergency and oversees relief in the event of a disaster, declares public schools and government offices closed during civil or weather emergencies. Serves as the ex officio chair of the board of trustees of all state universities, submits a budget proposal to the General Assembly every January. Delivers a state of the address, from time to time, to the General Assembly. Appoints United States Senators in cases of vacancy to serve until the next election, appoints county Sheriffs in cases of vacancy to serve until the next election. During impeachment or when the governor is temporarily disabled or absent from office, if the governor elect is unable to fulfill the duties of the office of the governor, the lieutenant governor will become governor when the incumbent governors term expires. Should the Lieutenant Governorship become vacant, the President Pro Tempore will immediately become Lieutenant Governor, should the Governor be unable to fulfill his duties, the Lieutenant Governor must become Governor. If he refuses, he must resign as Lieutenant Governor, likewise, this applies to the President Pro Tempore and the Speaker of the House

19.
Lexington County, South Carolina
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Lexington County is a county located in the U. S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 262,391, and its county seat and largest town is Lexington. The county was created in 1785 and its name commemorates the Battle of Lexington in the American Revolutionary War. Lexington County is part of the Columbia, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 758 square miles, of which 699 square miles is land and 59 square miles is water. The largest body of water is Lake Murray, the average US city gets 25 inches of snow per year. The number of days with any measurable precipitation is 104, on average, there are 218 sunny days per year in Lexington County, SC. The July high is around 92 degrees, the comfort index, which is based on humidity during the hot months, is a 29 out of 100, where higher is more comfortable. The US average on the index is 44. As of the census of 2000, there were 216,014 people,83,240 households, the population density was 309 people per square mile. There were 90,978 housing units at a density of 130 per square mile. 1. 92% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,22. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the family size was 3.01. In the county, the population was out with 26. 10% under the age of 18,8. 30% from 18 to 24,31. 60% from 25 to 44,23. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 94.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $44,659, and the median income for a family was $52,637. Males had an income of $36,435 versus $26,387 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,063, about 6. 40% of families and 9. 00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11. 10% of those under age 18 and 9. 30% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 262,391 people,102,733 households, the population density was 375.4 inhabitants per square mile

20.
South Carolina House of Representatives
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The South Carolina House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Carolina General Assembly, the upper house being the South Carolina Senate. It consists of 124 Representatives elected to two terms at the same time as US Congressional elections. Unlike many legislatures, seating on the floor is not divided by party and this is a legacy of the original apportionment of the chamber. Until 1964, each county was a district, with the number of representatives determined by the countys population. 21 were members of the Union Reform Party of South Carolina, two of the Union Reform members from Chesterfield were later replaced by Republicans from a resolution passed in the House. All 33 were members of the Conservative Party of South Carolina, the origins of the southern strategy, two-party competition in South Carolina, 1950–1972. Reynolds, John S. Reconstruction in South Carolina, the Post and Courier The State South Carolina House of Representatives 2007 seating chart Project Vote Smart – State House of South Carolina links to each Representative

21.
Sikhism in the United States
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Sikhism is a religion originating from South Asia which was introduced into the United States during the 19th century. The United States also has a number of converts to Sikhism. Sikh men are typically identifiable by their beards and Turbans. Sikh temples have also damaged due to being mistaken for mosques. Thind requested citizenship at the end of the war, being granted and revoked twice, far larger numbers of Sikhs served in World War II, and all American wars following. Currently, a Sikh doctor, Kamaljeet S. Kalsi, and dentist, Tejdeep Singh Rattan, are the only Sikh officers to be permitted to serve in uniform with beard and turban. In addition, Simranpreet Lamba was permitted to enlist, with exemption to wear his turban and beard, in 2010 due to his knowledge of Punjabi, in 2016, the New York City Police Department began to allow turbans, subject to standards compatible with unimpeded performance of duty. Many Sikhs started life in America working in mills, mines. Many early Sikh immigrants were restaurant owners, in 1956, Dalip Singh Saund became the first Asian Indian-born person to be elected to the United States House of Representatives. City planner Satyendra Huja was elected mayor of Charlottesville, Virginia in January 2012, amarjit Singh Buttar was elected in December 2001 to the Vernon, Connecticut Board of Education and won re-election in 2011. United States Ambassador to the United Nations and former Governor of South Carolina Nikki Haley was born a Sikh and later converted to Christianity. The largest and most rapidly growing Sikh community in New York City is based in the Richmond Hill area of the borough of Queens, conversely, in the Sikh Foundation of Virginia, most members comprise both recent and more established Jatt Sikhs, Ramgarhia Sikhs, and Sikh Rajputs. Most Sikhs of Española, New Mexico are non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism and these attacks were committed because many Americans incorrectly think Sikhs are Muslim Terrorists, with the appearance of terrorists such as Osama Bin Laden being the reason for that assumption. Sikhs have been a part of the American populace for more than 130 years, near the end of the 19th century, the state of Punjab of British India was hit hard by British practices of mercantilism. Many Sikhs emigrated to the United States and began arriving to work on farms in California and they traveled via Hong Kong to Angel Island, California, the western counterpart to Ellis Island in New York Harbor. A big effect on Sikh migration to the western states occurred during World War I and World War II, Sikhs fought bravely during these wars and began to live in England after their serving period. Among the Sikhs who already lived in America prior to the wars, many Sikhs joined them, mainly during World Wars I, among those who served in the US military include Bhagat Singh Thind in World War I. As a result of the September 11 attacks, some Sikh Americans have become subject to discrimination, balbir Singh Sodhi, a gas station owner, was killed on September 15,2001 due to being mistaken for a Muslim

22.
Kamala Harris
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Kamala Devi Harris is an American attorney and politician who is the junior United States Senator from California. She is a member of the Democratic Party and served as the 32nd Attorney General of California, Harris graduated from Howard University and University of California, Hastings College of the Law. She worked as a Deputy District Attorney in Alameda County, California, in 2003, she was elected District Attorney of San Francisco, defeating incumbent Terence Hallinan. She was re-elected in 2007 and served from 2004 to 2011, Harris was elected Californias Attorney General in 2010 and re-elected in 2014. Harris was the first woman, the first Jamaican American, the first Asian American, Harris was born in Oakland, California. She has one sister, Maya, a lawyer and public policy advocate, who later married Tony West. The family moved to Berkeley, California where both of Kamalas parents attended graduate school and they also introduced their daughter to civil rights protests, which were common during that time in Berkeley. Kamalas parents divorced when she was young, Shyamala continued to raise her daughters in Berkeley, where the family lived in a black neighborhood and the girls sang in a Baptist choir. Her mother eventually moved the family to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, after graduating from Montreals Westmount High School in Quebec, Harris attended Howard University in Washington, D. C. where she majored in political science and economics. At Howard, Harris was elected to the liberal arts student council as freshman class representative, a member of the debate team, Harris then returned to California, earning her Juris Doctor from University of California, Hastings College of the Law in 1989. Harris failed the California bar exam her first time, later observing and she was admitted to the State Bar of California in 1990. Harris served as a Deputy District Attorney in Alameda County, California, Harris says she sought a career in law enforcement because she wanted to be at the table where decisions are made. After 1998, she became Managing Attorney of the Career Criminal Unit in the San Francisco District Attorneys Office. In 2000, San Francisco City Attorney Louise Renne recruited Harris to join her office, where she was Chief of the Community and Neighborhood Division, which oversees civil code enforcement matters. After the Fajitagate scandal, Harris defeated two-term incumbent Terence Hallinan in the 2003 election to become District Attorney of the City and County of San Francisco, in April 2004, San Francisco Police Department Officer Isaac Espinoza was shot and killed in the line of duty. Three days later D. A. Harris announced she would not seek the death penalty, during Officer Espinozas funeral at St. Marys Cathedral U. S. Harris still refused. Officer Espinozas killer was convicted of the murder and sentenced to life in prison, as D. A. Harris started a program that gives first-time drug dealers the chance to earn a high-school diploma and find employment. Over eight years the program has produced fewer than 300 graduates and she was re-elected when she ran unopposed, in 2007

23.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor

24.
State attorney general
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The state attorney general in each of the 50 U. S. states and territories is the chief legal advisor to the state government and the states chief law enforcement officer. In some states, the attorney general serves as the head of a department of justice. 43 states have an attorney general. Elected attorneys general serve a term, except in Vermont. Seven states do not elect an attorney general, in Alaska, Hawaii, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Wyoming, the attorney general is a gubernatorial appointee. The attorney general in Tennessee is appointed by the Tennessee Supreme Court for an eight-year term, in Maine, the attorney general is elected by the state Legislature for a two-year term. The District of Columbia and two U. S. territories, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, elect their attorneys general for a four-year term,2014 marked the first year that the District of Columbia and Northern Mariana Islands held an election for the office. In American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the U. S. Virgin Islands, in Puerto Rico, the attorney general is officially called the secretary of justice, but is commonly known as the Puerto Rico attorney general. List of attorneys general by U. S. states and territories, Rows of the Attorney General table below are color coded indicating the political party of the office holder

25.
John Chiang (California politician)
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John Chiang is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who has served as the California State Treasurer since January 5,2015. He previously served as California State Controller from 2007 to 2015, on May 17,2016, Chiang announced his campaign for Governor of California in the 2018 race. Chiang is the son of immigrants from Taiwan, Chiangs mother, Shen Yin-hsiang, was a Tainan native, who studied abroad in Japan before immigrating to the United States to pursue further studies. Chiangs parents met at the University of Notre Dame, and soon married, Chiang was born in New York City and grew up in Chicago. Chiang attended Carl Sandburg High School where he served as student body vice-president alongside student body president Dave Jones and he graduated with honors with a degree in finance from the University of South Florida and has a law degree from Georgetown University Law Center. Chiangs decision to pursue law was influenced by his grandfather, Shen Rong. He moved to Los Angeles in 1987 where he got involved with the Democratic Party of the San Fernando Valley, Chiang began his career as a tax law specialist for the IRS. He worked as an attorney for then-California State Controller Gray Davis and he was appointed to the California Board of Equalization in 1997 after incumbent Brad Sherman resigned after being elected to the U. S. House of Representatives. Chiang was then elected to the office in 1998 and elected to a second term in 2002. He was Chair and represented the Fourth District, primarily serving southern Los Angeles County, Chiang ran for California State Controller in 2006. He won the Democratic primary with 53%, defeating State Senator Joe Dunn, in the general election, he defeated Republican State Assemblyman Tony Strickland by over 870,000 votes. Chiang was inaugurated on January 8,2007, Chiangs actions were praised as having gotten a needed discussion reignited. In June 2007, a U. S. District Judge banned the State Controllers office from seizing unclaimed property because the State was not giving fair notice to the owner and public. By October 2007, the U. S. District Judge found that Chiangs measures satisfie constitutional due process, Chiang claimed that he had both constitutional and statutory authority to continue payments and that Schwarzenegger was trying to make Chiang do something thats improper and illegal. He received support from the Democratic leadership in the state Senate, when Schwarzenegger issued a formal executive order, Chiang sent a formal letter to Schwarzenegger reiterating his position. At a rally of workers in Los Angeles, Chiang called them innocent victims of a political struggle. Chiang ran for a term in 2010. He was unopposed in the Democratic primary and faced a rematch with Strickland in the general election, Chiang defeated him again, by over 1.83 million votes

26.
Betty Yee
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Betty T. Yee is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who has served as California State Controller since 2015. She previously served as a member of the California Board of Equalization from 2004 to 2015 and she won the open seat for Controller in the 2014 election, with 54% of the vote. A native of the Parkside district of San Francisco, Yees parents emigrated from Guangdong Province and she handled the books in her familys neighborhood laundry and dry cleaning business while she grew up. She went on to attend Golden Gate University, from which she earned a degree in Public Administration. Yee worked for the Legislature and was then Governor Gray Daviss Chief Deputy Director for Budget, the governor and legislative leaders made decisions that sometimes didnt agree with our recommendations. She then became the Chief Deputy to Board of Equalization member Carole Migden and she was appointed to fill the seat when Migden vacated it after being elected to the State Senate. Yee was elected in her own right to the California Board of Equalization in 2006 from the 1st Board District and was re-elected in 2010 and she led the successful effort to force Amazon. com to collect sales taxes on online purchases, the so-called Amazon tax. She ran for California State Controller in the 2014 election to succeed term-limited Democrat John Chiang, in the nonpartisan blanket primary, Republican Ashley Swearengin, the Mayor of Fresno, and Yee finished first and second, respectively. Swearengin and Yee competed in the election, which Yee won by 3,810,304 votes to 3,249,668. As State Controller, Yee will sit on the California State Lands Commission and she supports investing in alternative energy and opposes fracking for oil. An advocate of tax reform, she opposes extending Governor Jerry Browns temporary tax increases, instead proposing to lower the sales tax. Yee also serves as Vice President of California Women Lead, a nonprofit, Betty T. Yee, Board Member, State Board of Equalization Betty Yee for Controller 2014

27.
David Oh
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Oh is a member of the City Council of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Oh was elected in November 2011 and re-elected in November 2015 and he is the only U. S. military veteran currently serving on the city council. He has lived on the block in Southwest Philadelphia since 1963. Ohs father, the late Rev. Ki Hang Oh, founded Philadelphia’s first Korean-American church in 1953 and served as its Pastor until his death in 2006. In 1958, Oh’s cousin, In Ho Oh, a student at the University of Pennsylvania, was murdered by a group of teenage boys while mailing a letter to his parents. Because of their faith, In Ho Oh’s parents requested leniency for the boys, Oh started a community service center in his name. In Ho Oh is buried at historic Old Pine Cemetery where his tombstone reads, “To turn sorrow into Christian purpose. ”Oh attended public school except for his freshman year of high school when he attended Christopher Dock Mennonite High School, Lansdale. He transferred to Central High School, Philadelphia, PA where he received his High School Diploma, Oh graduated from Dickinson College and Rutgers Universitys Law School-Camden. While in law school, Oh started a free legal services program for indigent Asian Americans. For this and other works, Oh received a Human Rights Award from the Philadelphia Commission on Human Relations, upon graduation from law school, Oh worked for three years as an Assistant District Attorney in Philadelphia. In 1988, Oh resigned from the District Attorneys Office to join the U. S. Army and was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant and served in the 20th Special Forces Group, Army National Guard. Upon his return to Philadelphia after completing training, Oh volunteered for the next year providing free legal services full-time. Oh opened his law practice in 1990. Several months later, he closed his practice when he was activated with the 20th Special Forces Group for Operation Desert Storm, the war ended quickly before he was deployed. Oh returned to Philadelphia and re-opened his law practice, Ohs law practice grew and he incorporated it as The Law Firm David Oh, PC. In 2008, Oh merged his law firm into Zarwin Baum DeVito Kaplan Schaer Toddy, Oh was elected to Philadelphia City Council in 2011 for a four-year term. Oh continued his relationship with Zarwin Baum until February 2015 when he resigned from the firm and he has not been affiliated with a law firm since then. Oh was re-elected to a term in November 2015 and sworn-in on January 4,2016

28.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland

29.
Daniel Inouye
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Daniel Ken Dan Inouye was a United States Senator from Hawaii from 1963 to 2012. Inouye also served as chairman of the U. S. Senate Committee on Appropriations, Inouye fought in World War II as part of the 442nd Infantry Regiment. He lost his arm to a grenade wound and received several military decorations, including the nations highest military award. Returning to Hawaii, he earned a law degree and was elected to Hawaiis territorial House of Representatives in 1953, and to the territorial Senate in 1957. When Hawaii achieved statehood in 1959, Inouye was elected as its first member of the U. S. House of Representatives, Inouye was the most senior U. S. senator at the time of his death. He is one of the longest-serving U. S, senators in history, second only to Robert Byrd. Inouye was the first Japanese American to serve in the U. S. House of Representatives and he never lost an election in 58 years as an elected official, and exercised an exceptionally large influence on Hawaii politics. At the time of his death, Inouye was the second-oldest sitting U. S. senator, seven and one-half months younger than Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey and he was a Medal of Honor recipient and a posthumous recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Daniel Inouye was born on September 7,1924, in Honolulu, Hawaii and he was a Nisei Japanese American, the son of a Japanese immigrant father and a mother whose parents had migrated from Japan. He grew up in the Bingham Tract, a Chinese-American enclave in the predominantly Japanese American community of Mōʻiliʻili in Honolulu, Inouye graduated from Honolulus President William McKinley High School. During the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Inouye served as a medical volunteer, in 1943, when the U. S. Army dropped its enlistment ban on Japanese Americans, Inouye curtailed his premedical studies at the University of Hawaii and enlisted in the Army. He volunteered to be part of the segregated all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team and this army formation was mostly made up of second-generation Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. Inouye was promoted to sergeant within his first year, and he was assigned as a platoon sergeant and he received a battlefield commission to second lieutenant for his actions there, becoming the youngest officer in his regiment. He continued to carry the coins throughout the war in his pocket as good luck charms. On April 21,1945, Inouye was grievously wounded while leading an assault on a heavily defended ridge near San Terenzo in Tuscany, Italy, called the Colle Musatello. The ridge served as a strongpoint of the German fortifications known as the Gothic Line, as he led his platoon in a flanking maneuver, three German machine guns opened fire from covered positions 40 yards away, pinning his men to the ground. Inouye stood up to attack and was shot in the stomach, ignoring his wound, he proceeded to attack and destroy the first machine gun nest with hand grenades and his Thompson submachine gun. As his squad distracted the third machine gunner, Inouye crawled toward the final bunker, Inouyes horrified soldiers moved to his aid, but he shouted for them to keep back out of fear his severed fist would involuntarily relax and drop the grenade

30.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length

31.
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
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The president pro tempore of the United States Senate, also president pro tem, is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Unlike the vice president, the president pro tempore is a member of the Senate. Selected by the Senate at large, the president pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges, during the vice presidents absence, the president pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. Since 1890, the most senior senator in the majority party has generally chosen to be president pro tempore. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949, the current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6,2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office, although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. The president pro tempore is third in the line of succession, following the vice president. Additional duties include appointment of various officers, certain commissions, advisory boards. The officeholder is an ex member of various boards and commissions. With the secretary and sergeant at arms, the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol, the office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789. The first president pro tempore, John Langdon, was elected on April 6 the same year, originally, the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate. Until the 1960s, it was practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions. Until 1891, the president pro tempore only served until the return of the president to the chair or the adjournment of a session of Congress. Between 1792 and 1886, the president pro tempore was second in the line of succession following the vice president. When President Andrew Johnson, who had no president, was impeached and tried in 1868. Wades radicalism is thought by historians to be a major reason why the Senate. The President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House were removed from the line of succession in 1886. Both were restored to it in 1947, though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker, William P. Frye served as President pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 (54th–62nd Congress, a tenure longer than anyone else

32.
Members of the 111th United States Congress
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The 111th United States Congress, in session from 2009 to 2010, consisted of 541 elected officials from 50 states, five territories, and the District of Columbia. It is the legislature of the United States of America. The Senate has 100 members, the House of Representatives has 435 members, there were 13 Jews, two Cuban Americans, one Native Hawaiian and one African American, Roland Burris. The average age of senators in 2007 was 62 years, the oldest senator was Frank Lautenberg, born January 23,1924. The youngest senator was Carte Goodwin, born February 27,1974, the top five religious affiliations in the 111th Congress were Roman Catholic, Baptist, Methodist, Jewish, and Presbyterian. Protestant denominations have held a majority throughout congressional history, reflecting Americans traditional demographics. In the 111th Congress,54. 7% of seats were held by members of Protestant denominations,45 Jews served in the 111th Congress. Eleven representatives and six senators were members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Senator Olympia Snowe, as well as Representatives John Sarbanes, Zack Space, Gus Bilirakis, Dina Titus, Niki Tsongas and Melissa Bean are Orthodox Christians. In 2007, Keith Ellison of Minnesota became the first practicing Muslim to become a member of the United States Congress and he was joined by André Carson of Indiana following a special election on March 11,2008. Mazie Hirono of Hawaii and Hank Johnson of Georgia became the first two Buddhists to be elected to the United States Congress on November 7,2006. Johnson is a member of the Soka Gakkai movement and Hirono is a member of the Jodo Shinshu sect, Senator Kent Conrad and Representatives Walt Minnick and Pete Stark were the only Unitarian Universalists that served in the 111th Congress. In a response to a March 2007 survey from the Secular Coalition for America, one member of the 111th Congress is a Quaker, Representative Rush Holt. Nine members of the 111th Congress were categorized Not Given / Unspecified / Unavailable / Dont Know, Hawaii is the only state that currently holds a majority non-Christian House delegation, both representatives Mazie Hirono and Colleen Hanabusa are Buddhists. There have been six openly LGB members in the history of Congress, gerry Studds became the first openly gay man to serve in congress when he publicly announced his sexuality in 1982. Barney Frank first spoke publicly about his sexual orientation in 1987, steve Gunderson, elected in 1980 and outed in 1994, and Jim Kolbe, elected in 1984 and outed in 1996, are two other previous members of Congress who were openly gay. Current Senator Tammy Baldwin is the first and so far only open lesbian to win election to Congress, in 1998, she became the first ever openly gay person to win election to Congress as a non-incumbent. She went on to become the first openly gay person to win election to the U. S. Senate in 2012, former California representative Michael Huffington is bisexual, but did not come out until after his term had ended. Jared Polis is the first openly gay man to have elected to the House as a freshman

33.
Benito Legarda
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He was born in Manila, Spanish Philippines on September 27,1853 to a Spanish mestizo family. He attended the Jesuits’ College and the University of Santo Tomas of Manila and he started his political life as a member of President Emilio Aguinaldos cabinet at Malolos and vice president of the Filipino Congress. He later became a member of the Philippine Commission 1901 and was elected as a Resident Commissioner to the Sixtieth and he was not a candidate for renomination to the Sixty-third Congress in 1912, in large part due to opposition to his candidacy from the Philippine Assembly. He founded the Federalista party during the part of the 20th century. He was an upper-class Filipino who cooperated with the United States, benito Legarda died on August 27,1915, in Evian-les-Bains, France. He is buried at the Manila North Cemetery, biographical Directory of the United States Congress

34.
Pablo Ocampo
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Ocampo was a Filipino politician who was a Resident Commissioner from the Philippine Islands to the United States Congress. Ocampo was born in Manila, Spanish Philippines on January 25,1853 and he studied law at San Juan de Letran College and the University of Santo Tomas graduating in 1882. Ocampo served as the Resident Commissioner from the Philippine Islands to the United States Congress from November 22,1907 to November 22,1909 and he served as a Manilla representative in the 2nd Philippine Legislature from March 28,1910 to February 6,1912. Ocampo died on February 5,1925 in Manila and he is buried at the La Loma Catholic Cemetery

35.
60th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from March 4,1907 to March 4,1909, during the last two years of Theodore Roosevelts presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twelfth Census of the United States in 1900, both chambers had a Republican majority. May 30,1908 — Aldrich-Vreeland Act, ch,229,35 Stat.5461908 — The Federal Employers Liability Act,5645 U. S. C. §51 et seq. November 16,1907, Oklahoma was admitted as the 46th state, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Lyon of New York, elected December 2,1907 Postmaster, Samuel Langum of New York, elected December 2,1907 Clerk at the Speaker’s Table, biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress. Archived from the original on June 1,2006, archived from the original on June 1,2006. Archived from the original on June 1,2006, official Congressional Directory for the 60th Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 60th Congress, 1st Session, official Congressional Directory for the 60th Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 60th Congress, 2nd Session, official Congressional Directory for the 60th Congress, 2nd Session

36.
Resident Commissioner of the Philippines
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It was similar to current non-voting members of Congress such as Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico and delegates from Washington, D. C. Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and other United States territories, like current non-voting members, Resident Commissioners could speak and otherwise participate in the business of the House, but did not have full voting rights. Two were sent until 1937 when after the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the Philippines was a United States territory from 13 August 1898 until Philippine independence was internationally recognized on 4 July 1946. The office was first created by the Philippine Organic Act section 8 and re-authorized on its subsequent replacements—the Jones Law of 1916 section 20, the procedures for appointment of the Resident Commissioners were ambiguous and a source of friction. Under the Insular Government, they were appointed by the American government-appointed Philippine Commission with agreement of the fully elected and this conflict ended when the Tydings-McDuffle Act dissolved the Commission and replaced it with the Philippine Senate, the upper house of the new Philippine Commonwealth legislature. List of Asian Americans in the United States Congress List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress Resident Commissioner

37.
Dalip Singh Saund
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Dalip Singh Saund was an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives. He served the 29th District of California from January 3,1957 to January 3,1963 and he was the first Sikh American, the first Asian American, the first Indian American and the first member of a non-Abrahamic faith to be elected to Congress. Born in Chhajulwadi, Punjab, India, to a Sikh family and he immigrated to the United States originally to study agriculture at the University of California, Berkeley. While at the university, he obtained a degree and a PhD. He thereafter remained in the United States, becoming a successful farmer, later, he campaigned to allow Hindus, as all people of South Asian descent were called at that time, to become naturalized citizens. After the Luce-Celler Act was passed in 1946, he applied for naturalization and became an American citizen in 1949. He ran for election in 1950 as a Justice of the Peace for Westmoreland township, California, and won the election and he later ran again for the same post and won. In November 1955, he announced his campaign to run for the House of Representatives as a Democrat and won an election for a seat against a famous Republican aviator. He was re-elected twice, becoming the first Sikh American, the first Asian American, in May 1962, Saund suffered a severe stroke which left him unable to speak or walk without assistance. He was defeated for reelection in November 1962 by Republican Patrick Martin by a 56% to 44% margin, stockton, California, Pacific coast Khalsa Diwan society. LCC DS421. S25 OCLC253315388 Congressman From India, LCC E748. S28 A3 Gandhi, the man and his message. List of Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress

38.
Imperial County, California
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Imperial County is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 174,528, the county seat is El Centro. Established in 1907, it was the last county to be formed in California, Imperial County comprises the El Centro, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is also part of the Southern California border region, the smallest but most economically diverse region in the state and it is located in the Imperial Valley, in the far southeast of California, bordering both Arizona and Mexico. The Imperial Valley is a pot of Anglo-American and Chicano/Latino cultures. On the American side, the majority of residents are of Mexican American heritage, the entire valley is a multi-ethnic mixture of whites, Asian Americans, some African Americans and Native Americans. In 2014, Imperial County had the second highest percentage of unemployed people of any county in the United States, Spanish explorer Melchor Díaz was one of the first Europeans to visit the area around Imperial Valley in 1540. The explorer Juan Bautista de Anza also explored the area in 1776, years later, after the Mexican-American War, the northern half of the valley was annexed by the U. S. while the southern half remained under Mexican rule. Small scale settlement in natural aquifer areas occurred in the early 19th century, in 1905, torrential rainfall in the American Southwest caused the Colorado River to flood, including canals that had been built to irrigate the Imperial Valley. Since the valley is partially below sea level, the waters never fully receded, but collected in the Salton Sink in what is now called the Salton Sea, Imperial County was formed in 1907 from the eastern portion of San Diego County. Much of the Imperial Land Companys land also existed in Mexico, the objective of the company was commercial crop farming development. By 1910, the company had managed to settle and develop thousands of farms on both sides of the border. The Mexican Revolution soon after severely disrupted the companys plans, nearly 10,000 farmers and their families in Mexico were ethnically cleansed by the rival Mexican armies. By the 1950 census, over 50,000 residents lived in Imperial County alone, most of the population was year-round but would increase every winter by migrant laborers from Mexico. Until the 1960s, the farms in Imperial County provided substantial economic returns to the company, currently, El Centro has one of the U. S highest unemployment rates and ranks one of the states poorest counties or have a lower than state and national average annual household income. Fort Yuma is located on the banks of the Colorado River in Winterhaven, first established after the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848, it was originally located in the bottoms near the Colorado River, less than 1-mile below the mouth of the Gila River. It was to defend the newly settled community of Yuma, Arizona on the side of the Colorado River. In March 1851 the post was moved to an elevation on the Colorados west bank, opposite the present city of Yuma, Arizona

39.
Riverside County, California
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Riverside County, California is one of fifty-eight counties in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,189,641, making it the 4th-most populous county in California, the name was derived from the city of Riverside, which is the county seat. Riverside County is included in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, the county is also included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA Combined Statistical Area. There is a concentration of sprawling tract housing communities around Riverside and along the Interstate 10,15. Roughly rectangle-shaped, Riverside County covers 7,208 square miles in Southern California, geographically, the county is mostly desert in the central and eastern portions, but has a Mediterranean climate in the western portion. Most of Joshua Tree National Park is located in the county, the resort cities of Palm Springs, Palm Desert, Indian Wells, La Quinta, Rancho Mirage, and Desert Hot Springs are all located in the Coachella Valley region of Riverside County. Large numbers of Los Angeles area workers have moved to the county in recent years to take advantage of affordable housing. Along with neighboring San Bernardino County, it was one of the fastest growing regions in the prior to the recent changes in the regional economy. In addition, smaller, but significant, numbers of people have been moving into Southwest Riverside County from the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area, the cities of Temecula and Murrieta accounted for 20% of the increase in population of the county between 2000 and 2007. The indigenous peoples of what is now Riverside County are the Luiseño, Cupeño, the Luiseño lived in the Aguanga and Temecula Basins, Elsinore Trough and eastern Santa Ana Mountains and southward into San Diego County. The Cahullia lived to the east and north of the Luiseño in the valleys, Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains. The first European settlement in the county was a Mission San Luis Rey de Francia estancia or farm, grain and grapes were grown here. In 1819, the Mission granted land to Leandro Serrano, mayordomo of San Antonio de Pala Asistencia for the Mission of San Luis Rey for Rancho Temescal, following Mexican independence and the 1833 confiscation of Mission lands, more ranchos were granted. New Mexican colonists founded the town of La Placita on the east side of the Santa Ana River at the extremity of what is now the city of Riverside in 1843. When the initial 27 California counties were established in 1850 the area known as Riverside County was divided between Los Angeles County and San Diego County. In 1853 the eastern part of Los Angeles County was used to create San Bernardino County, between 1891 and 1893 several proposals, and legislative attempts, were put forth to form new counties in Southern California. These proposals included one for a Pomona County and one for a San Jacinto County, none of the proposals were adopted until a measure to create Riverside County was signed by Governor Henry H. Markham on March 11,1893. The new county was created from parts of San Bernardino County, on May 2,1893, seventy percent of voters approved the formation of Riverside County

40.
South Asia
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Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian Plate, which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush. South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land by West Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, the current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form the countries of South Asia. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985, South Asia covers about 5.1 million km², which is 11. 51% of the Asian continent or 3. 4% of the worlds land surface area. The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion or about one fourth of the worlds population, overall, it accounts for about 39. 49% of Asias population and is home to a vast array of peoples. The area of South Asia and its extent is not clear cut as systemic. Aside from the region of South Asia, formerly part of the British Empire, there is a high degree of variation as to which other countries are included in South Asia. Modern definitions of South Asia are consistent in including Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar is included by some scholars in South Asia, but in Southeast Asia by others. Some do not include Afghanistan, others question whether Afghanistan should be considered a part of South Asia or the Middle East, the mountain countries of Nepal and Bhutan, and the island countries of Sri Lanka and Maldives are generally included as well. Myanmar is often added, and by various deviating definitions based on often substantially different reasons, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the common concept of South Asia is largely inherited from the administrative boundaries of the British Raj, with several exceptions. The Aden Colony, British Somaliland and Singapore, though administered at various times under the Raj, have not been proposed as any part of South Asia. Additionally Burma was administered as part of the Raj until 1937, the 562 princely states that were protected by but not directly ruled by the Raj became administrative parts of South Asia upon joining Union of India or Dominion of Pakistan. China and Myanmar have also applied for the status of members of SAARC. This bloc of countries include two independent countries that were not part of the British Raj – Nepal, and Bhutan, Afghanistan was a British protectorate from 1878 until 1919, after the Afghans lost to the British in the Second Anglo-Afghan war. The United Nations Statistics Divisions scheme of sub-regions include all eight members of the SAARC as part of Southern Asia, population Information Network includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka as part of South Asia. Maldives, in view of its characteristics, was admitted as a member Pacific POPIN subregional network only in principle, the Hirschman–Herfindahl index of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific for the region includes only the original seven signatories of SAARC. The British Indian Ocean Territory is connected to the region by a publication of Janes for security considerations, the inclusion of Myanmar in South Asia is without consensus, with many considering it a part of southeast Asia and others including it within South Asia. Afghanistan was of importance to the British colonial empire, especially after the Second Anglo-Afghan War over 1878–1880, Afghanistan remained a British protectorate until 1919, when a treaty with Vladimir Lenin included the granting of independence to Afghanistan. Following Indias partition, Afghanistan has generally included in South Asia

41.
Indian Americans
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Indian Americans or Indo-Americans are Americans whose ancestry belongs to any of the many ethnic groups of the Republic of India. As the most socio-economically successful minority group in the U. S. Indian Americans comprise 4 million people. Indian Americans are the countrys third-largest Asian group alone or in combination with other races after Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans, the U. S. Census Bureau uses the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with the indigenous peoples of the Americas commonly referred to as American Indians. In the Americas, historically, the term Indian has been most commonly used to refer to the people of the continents after European colonization in the 15th century. Qualifying terms such as American Indian and East Indian were and are used to avoid ambiguity. Since the 1980, Indian Americans have been categorized as Asian Indian by the United States Census Bureau, while East Indian remains in use, the term South Asian is often chosen instead for academic and governmental purposes. Indian Americans are a subgroup of South Asian Americans, a group also includes Bangladeshi Americans, Bhutanese Americans, Nepalese Americans, Pakistani Americans, Sri Lankan Americans. The Naturalization Act of 1790 made Asians ineligible for citizenship, with limited to whites only. Indian immigration began in the century, with more than two thousand Indians living in the United States, primarily on the West Coast, by the end of the century. The presence of Indian-Americans also helped develop interest in Eastern religions in the US, Swami Vivekananda arriving in Chicago at the Worlds Fair led to the establishment of the Vedanta Society. Many Punjabis migrated to the western US in the 19th and early 20th century followed by many other, prior to 1965, Indian immigration to the U. S. was small and isolated, with fewer than fifty thousand Indian immigrants in the country. The Bellingham riots in Bellingham, Washington on September 5,1907 epitomized the low tolerance in the U. S. for Indians, although labeled Hindu, the majority of Indians were Sikh. In the 1923 case, United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, the Court also argued that the racial difference between Indians and whites was so great that the great body of our people would reject assimilation with Indians. It was after the Luce–Celler Act of 1946 that a quota of 100 Indians per year could immigrate to the U. S. at least twenty Indian American enclaves characterized as a Little India have emerged in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Other metropolitan areas with large Indian American populations include Atlanta, Baltimore–Washington, Boston, Chicago, worth, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and San Francisco–San Jose–Oakland. Please note that data for multi-racial Asian Americans has not yet released by the US Census Bureau. In 2006, of the 1,266,264 legal immigrants to the United States,58,072 were from India, between 2000 and 2006,421,006 Indian immigrants were admitted to the U. S. up from 352,278 during the 1990–1999 period. According to the 2000 U. S. census, the growth rate for Indians from 1990 to 2000 was 105.87 percent

42.
Hiram Fong
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Hiram Leong Fong, born Yau Leong Fong, was an American businessman and politician from Hawaii. He is most notable for his service as Republican United States Senator from 1959 to 1977, in 1964, Fong became the first Asian American to run for his partys nomination for President of the United States. Asian-American Patsy Mink, also from Hawaii, sought the nomination as a Democrat in 1972, Fong was born in the Honolulu neighborhood of Kalihi on the island of Oahu as the seventh of 12 children of father Fong Sau Howe and mother Fong Lum Shee. He attended local schools and graduated from McKinley High School in 1924. In 1930, Fong obtained a degree from the University of Hawaii at Manoa and he returned to Honolulu and worked in the Office of the Prosecuting Attorney of Honolulu. In 1938, Fong went into legal practice and founded the firm of Fong, Miho, Choy. In 1942, he changed his name to Hiram, during World War II he served as a major in the United States Army Air Forces as a Judge Advocate, later retiring as a colonel from the United States Air Force Reserve. The same year he founded his law office, Fong entered elected political life as a member of the Hawaii Territorial House of Representatives where he became Speaker of the House from 1948 to 1954. During this time, he was one of the foremost leaders in the fight to make Hawaii a state, Fong founded several businesses after leaving the legislature. Upon achieving statehood through the Admission Act of 1959, Hawaii returned Fong to elected office becoming one of its first United States Senators and he served alongside former Governor of Hawaii Oren E. Long, a Democrat and popular territorial leader. Fong sought civil rights legislation in the Senate and supported both the Vietnam War and President Nixon during the Watergate scandal, Senator Fong was booed by a hearing audience for defending George Romney, Secretary of Housing and Development, in the wake of a real estate industry scandal. He twice ran favorite son campaigns for the Republican presidential nomination, in 1964, he became the first Asian American to receive votes for president at a major party convention, receiving the votes of the Hawaii and Alaska delegations. Fong was the first Hawaii-born individual to run for President of the United States, along with the papers, Sen. Fong also provided generous financial support towards their preservation and processing. The bulk of the cover the years that Sen. Fong served in Congress. Included in the collection are series of Washington office files, Hawaii office files, Post Office and Civil Service Committee materials, campaign memorabilia, photographs, also in the papers are a few professional and personal materials from his pre-Congressional life such as Harvard Law School notes. Approximately 80 boxes of books accompanied Sen. Fongs papers, several dedicated to him for his important work on Senate committees such as the Post Office and Civil Service Committee. A few of the books were kept with the congressional collection, a gift book plate was designed for these incorporating the senators noted signature. The papers were processed in 2003 by archivist Dorothy Dee Hazelrigg, a Finding Aid, which provides detailed listings of the materials, is available at The Sen. Hiram L. Fong Papers web site

43.
Chinese Americans
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Chinese Americans, also known as the American Chinese, are Americans who have full or partial Han Chinese ancestry. Chinese Americans constitute one group of overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans, the Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community outside of Asia. It is also the third largest in the Chinese diaspora, behind the Chinese communities in Thailand, the Chinese American community comprises the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans, comprising 25. 9% of the Asian American population as of 2010. Americans of Chinese descent, including those with partial Chinese ancestry constitute 1. 2% of the total U. S. population as of 2010, according to the 2010 census, the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.8 million. In 2010, half of Chinese-born people living in the United States resided in the states of California, the first Chinese immigrants arrived in 1820, according to U. S. government records. 325 men are known to have arrived before the 1849 California Gold Rush, There were 25,000 immigrants by 1852, and 105,465 by 1880, most of whom lived on the West Coast. They formed over a tenth of Californias population, nearly all of the early immigrants were young males with low educational levels from six districts in Guangdong Province. In the 1850s, Chinese workers migrated to the United States, first to work in the mines, but also to take agricultural jobs. As the numbers of Chinese laborers increased, so did the strength of anti-Chinese attitude among other workers in the American economy, the Chinese laborers worked out well and thousands more were recruited until the railroads completion in 1869. Chinese labor provided the workforce needed to build the majority of the Central Pacifics difficult route through the Sierra Nevada mountains. American objections to Chinese immigration took many forms, and generally stemmed from economic and cultural tensions, Most Chinese laborers who came to the United States did so in order to send money back to China to support their families there. At the same time, they also had to repay loans to the Chinese merchants who paid their passage to America and these financial pressures left them little choice but to work for whatever wages they could. Non-Chinese laborers often required much higher wages to support their wives and children in the United States, therefore, many of the non-Chinese workers in the United States came to resent the Chinese laborers, who might squeeze them out of their jobs. Some advocates of anti-Chinese legislation therefore argued that admitting Chinese into the United States lowered the cultural and moral standards of American society, others used a more overtly racist argument for limiting immigration from East Asia, and expressed concern about the integrity of American racial composition. Because anti-Chinese discrimination and efforts to stop Chinese immigration violated the 1868 Burlingame-Seward Treaty with China, the Chinese population rose from 2,716 in 1851 to 63,000 by 1871. In the decade 1861-70,64,301 were recorded as arriving, 77% were located in California, with the rest scattered across the West, the South, and New England. Most came from Southern China looking for a life, escaping a high rate of poverty left after the Taiping Rebellion. In 1879, advocates of immigration restriction succeeded in introducing and passing legislation in Congress to limit the number of Chinese arriving to fifteen per ship or vessel, republican President Rutherford B. Hayes vetoed the bill because it violated U. S. treaty agreements with China

44.
Spark Matsunaga
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Spark Masayuki Matsunaga was a United States Senator from Hawaii, serving from 1977 until his death in 1990. Matsunaga grew up on the Hawaiian island of Kauai and graduated from Kauai High School and he attended the University of Hawaii and received his bachelors degree in 1941. After his release from the Army as a Captain, Matsunaga entered Harvard Law School and he served as a public prosecutor and private-practice attorney, and was a member of both the Hawaiian statehood delegation to Congress and the territorial legislature. After Daniel Inouye was elected to the Senate, Matsunaga succeeded him as the sole member of the House of Representatives. After Hawaii was split into districts for the 1970 elections, Matsunaga was elected for Hawaiis 1st congressional district, comprising Honolulus inner ring and that year, with Hiram Fong retiring, Matsunaga defeated Hawaiis other House representative, Patsy Mink for the Democratic Party nomination for Senator. Matsunaga went on to serve in the United States Senate from 1977 until his death in 1990, Matsunaga went to Toronto General Hospital for treatment and died in Toronto on April 15,1990 at the age of 73 from prostate cancer. His flag draped casket lay in state in the rotunda of the State Capitol in Honolulu, Matsunaga was known for his sense of humor. One such famous incident involved Matsunaga and then-Secretary of State Alexander Haig at a White House reception for Japanese Prime Minister Zenko Suzuki in 1981, Haig reportedly mistook Matsunaga for a member of the Japanese delegation and asked if he spoke English. Matsunaga replied, Yes, Mr. Secretary, I do — and I had the honor of voting for your confirmation the other day, Matsunaga became a well-known figure in Asia as the incident is often cited by Asian American and Asian media. In 1997, Matsunagas widow donated his papers to the University of Hawaii at Manoa, there were approximately 1200 boxes of material including documents, photographs, videos, and memorabilia from his 28 years in Congress. Approximately 3000 books, journals, published reports, and state, a few were kept with the papers and others were added to the collections of University of Hawaii at Manoa Library, other UH campuses, or academic institutions in the Pacific region. The papers were processed by archivist Ellen Chapman and are available to researchers in the Archives & Manuscripts Department by appointment. A Finding Aid, which provides a timeline, series descriptions, also for 22 years Matsunaga presented legislation in Congress for the creation of the position of United States Poet Laureate. In 1985, legislation was passed authorizing the position of Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress. A bronze statue honoring him is in the Spark M. Matsunaga International Childrens Garden For Peace at the Storybook Theatre of Hawaii in his hometown of Hanapepe, Matsunagas portrait currently appears on US Series I Bonds in the $10,000 denomination. There is also a school in Germantown, Maryland, named after him. The VA Hospital in Honolulu is named Spark M. Matsunaga VA Medical Center,459 Patterson Road Honolulu, HI96819 808-433-0600 | 800-214-1306 http, //www. hawaii. va. gov/ United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Spark M. Matsunaga biography United States Institute of Peace

45.
S. I. Hayakawa
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Hayakawa was a Canadian-born American academic and politician of Japanese ancestry. He was an English professor, and served as president of San Francisco State University, professionally, Hayakawa was a linguist, psychologist, semanticist, teacher and writer. He was an instructor at the University of Wisconsin from 1936 to 1939, in addition to such motivation, he acknowledged his debt as follows, My deepest debt in this book is to the General Semantics of Alfred Korzybski. I have also drawn heavily upon the works of other contributors to semantic thought, R. F. Maier, Jurgen Ruesch, Gregory Bateson, Rudolf Dreikurs, Milton Rokeach. I have also found extremely helpful the writings of anthropologists, especially those of Benjamin Lee Whorf, Ruth Benedict, Clyde Kluckhohn, Leslie A. White, Margaret Mead. He was a lecturer at the University of Chicago from 1950 to 1955, during this time he presented a talk at the 1954 Conference of Activity Vector Analysts at Lake George, New York, in which he discussed a theory of personality from the semantic point of view. This was later published as The Semantic Barrier and this was a definitive lecture as it discussed the Darwinism of the survival of self as contrasted with the survival of self-concept. His ideas on general semantics influenced A. E. van Vogts Null-A novels, The World of Null-A and The Pawns of Null-A. Van Vogt in The World of Null-A makes Hayakawa a character, introducing him as, Professor Hayakawa is todays Mr. Null-A himself, Hayakawa was an English professor at San Francisco State College from 1955 to 1968. In the early 1960s, he helped organize the Anti Digit Dialing League, among the students he trained were commune leader Stephen Gaskin and author Gerald Haslam. He became president of San Francisco State College during the turbulent period of 1968 to 1973, while Ronald Reagan was governor of California and he became president emeritus in 1973. Hayakawa wrote a column for the Register & Tribune Syndicate from 1970 to 1976, in 1968–69, there was a bitter student and Black Panthers strike at San Francisco State University in order to establish an ethnic studies program. It was a news event at the time and chapter in the radical history of the United States. The strike was led by the Third World Liberation Front supported by Students for a Democratic Society, the Black Panthers and it was threatened that if these demands were not immediately and completely satisfied the entire campus was to be forcibly shut down. Hayakawa became popular with voters in this period after he pulled the wires out from the loud speakers on a protesters van at an outdoor rally. Much like Jimmy Carter, Hayakawa touted himself as a political outsider, on the Democratic side, incumbent John Tunney faced a surprisingly strong challenge from another political outsider, Tom Hayden. Haydens extremely liberal candidacy forced Tunney to run more to the left in the primary, nevertheless, Tunney was favored to easily win re-election. Comfortably ahead in the polls, Tunney did not aggressively campaign until the final weeks before the election, but Hayakawas position as a political outsider was popular in the wake of the Watergate Scandal

46.
Patsy Mink
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Patsy Matsu Takemoto Mink was an American politician from the U. S. state of Hawaii. Mink was a third generation Japanese American and member of the Democratic Party and she also was the Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Mink served in the U. S. House of Representatives for a total of 12 terms, representing Hawaiis first, while in Congress she was noted for co-authoring the Title IX Amendment of the Higher Education Act. Mink was the first non-white woman and the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, from 1978 to 1981 Mink served as the president of Americans for Democratic Action. On August 30,2002, Mink was hospitalized in Honolulus Straub Clinic and her condition steadily worsened, and on September 28,2002, Mink died in Honolulu of viral pneumonia, at age 74. Minks parents were second-generation Japanese Americans or Nisei and she was a Sansei, or third-generation descendant of Japanese emigrants. Her father, Suematsu Takemoto, was a civil engineer and her mother, Mitama Tateyama, was a homemaker. Takemoto graduated from the University of Hawaii in 1922, Takemoto was the first Japanese American to graduate from the University of Hawaii. For several years, Minks father Takemoto was the only Japanese American civil engineer working in Maui and he was passed over and not promoted several times during his career and instead, the positions were offered to white Americans. He resigned his position in 1945 in the aftermath of World War II. Takemoto established his own surveying company in Honolulu. Minks maternal grandparents were Gojiro Tateyama and his wife Tsuru, Gojiro was born in the Empire of Japan during the 19th century. He arrived in the Territory of Hawaii late in the century and he later moved to Maui, and was initially employed as a worker for the East Maui Irrigation Company. Subsequently, Gojiro was employed as a manager and filling station employee. He also delivered mail throughout the backcountry of Maui, the Tateyamas lived in a shack by Waikamoi Stream. Mink was born in Hāmākua Poko on the island of Maui and she attended Maui High School and in her junior year won her first election to become student body president. The month before her election, Honolulu was attacked by Japan, as a consequence, most of the student body was uncomfortable with anything that was Japanese-oriented. In order to get elected, Mink had to overcome these hard feelings, Mink was the only female who had ever showed ambition for student office in the schools history, something that was unheard of at the time

The term Reconstruction Era, in the context of the history of the United States, has two senses: the first covers the …

The Southern economy had been ruined by the war. Charleston, South Carolina: Broad Street, 1865

A political cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln, 1865, entitled "The Rail Splitter At Work Repairing the Union." The caption reads (Johnson): Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever. (Lincoln): A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended.

Monument in honor of the Grand Army of the Republic, organized after the war

Map showing Senate party membership at the start of the 60th Congress. Red states are represented by two Republicans and blue by two Democrats. Purple states are represented by one senator from each party.