Role of Ultrasound in the Early Detection of an Ectopic Pregnancy.

CASE STUDY: Role of Ultrasound in the early detection of an ectopic pregnancy. Introduction. Ectopic pregnancy is the fourth most common cause of maternal death in the United Kingdom, accounting for 80% of early pregnancy deaths (Lewis and Drife 2004).Furthermore, it is still the most common cause of maternal death in the 1st trimester of pregnancy (Condous G 2006) affecting 1:100 pregnancies (Ectopic Pregnancy Trust 2007).For this case study I will discuss the essence of scanning women who present in EPU’s with a positive pregnancy test and any symptoms of a possible ectopic pregnancy. CASE REPORT

This is the case of 32yrs old primigravida referred to an early pregnancy unit by her GP with a history of irregular menstrual cycle, heavy bleeding for a week and a positive pregnancy test which she did 10days earlier. Conception was spontaneous. Her Gestational age by her LMP was 4weeks and 4days. A transvaginal ultra-sound was performed which identified the absence of an intrauterine gestation sac. The endometrial thickness was 2.0mm, midline echo intact and thin and homogenous. The right ovary was visible and normal; the left ovary was visible and normal with a corpus luteum. An adnexal mass separate from the ovary was found adjacent to the left ovary (appendix 1). There was free fluid in the pouch of Douglas with was ground glass appearance which was consistent with haemoperitoneum and was tender to the left were the mass was situated (appendix 2). In view of the findings a left tubal ectopic was diagnosed. In keeping with the department protocol an urgent BHCG and progesterone was done whiles she was referred to the emergency team for further management. Result came back as BHCG 72 iu/l and progesterone 3.00nmol/l.. She had a laparoscopic salpingectomy for a left tubal ectopic pregnancy. Histology of the product removed laparoscopically was positive of an ectopic, and a repeat BHCG was repeated after a week. The patient was started on antibiotics and...

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...An ectopicpregnancy, or eccysis, is a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo implants outside the uterine cavity.[1]With rare exceptions, ectopicpregnancies are not viable. Furthermore, they are dangerous for the mother, since internal haemorrhage is a life-threatening complication. Most ectopicpregnancies occur in the Fallopian tube (so-called tubal pregnancies), but implantation can also occur in the cervix, ovaries, and abdomen. An ectopicpregnancy is a potentialmedical emergency, and, if not treated properly, can lead to death.
In a typical ectopicpregnancy, the embryo adheres to the lining of the fallopian tube and burrows into the tubal lining. Most commonly this invades vessels and will cause bleeding. This intratubal bleeding hematosalpinx expels the implantation out of the tubal end as a tubal abortion. Tubal abortion is a common type of miscarriage. There is no inflammation of the tube in ectopicpregnancy. The pain is caused by prostaglandins released at the implantation site, and by free blood in the peritoneal cavity, which is a local irritant. Sometimes the bleeding might be heavy enough to threaten the health or life of the woman. Usually this degree of bleeding is due to delay in diagnosis, but sometimes, especially if the implantation is in the...

...In a normal pregnancy, a fertilized egg travels from the location of fertilization (the fallopian tube) to the uterus. Sometimes however, the egg grows in the wrong place, which is known as an ectopicpregnancy. Ectopicpregnancy was first documented as early as 1693 during a routine autopsy performed on a female prisoner condemned to death and executed (Speroff, pg. 947). In order to understand ectopicpregnancy one must understand the normal physiology of conception, how and why things can go wrong to cause ectopicpregnancy, how it is diagnosed, and how it is treated.
Each month, with the menstrual cycle every woman goes through hormonal changes. The pituitary gland (located in the brain) releases hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The FSH stimulates a follicle in the ovaries, which then grows and secretes estrogen. The estrogen levels continue increasing and lead to the thickening of the uterine lining (mucosa). The mucosa thickens and fills with blood vessels in preparation for implantation of an embryo. After the mucosa develops, a surge of LH causes ovulation, which is the release of an egg from the ovary into the fallopian tube.
During sexual reproduction, the sperm of the male enters the vagina, passes through the cervix and uterus, and goes to the fallopian tube where it...

...General Topics: Pregnancy
Narrow Topic: Teenage Pregnancy
Thesis Statement: EarlyPregnancy places young women’s health and lives at risk as teenage girls over15 years of age twice as like to die from childbirth compared to women in their twenties.
Outline
I. EarlyPregnancy
A. Definition
B. Classification
II. Causes of EarlyPregnancy
A. Curiosity
B. Lack of Knowledge
C. Experimenting
III. Effects
A. Death
B. Poverty
C. Stop of schooling
IV. Conclusion
Table of Content
Introduction…………………………………..1
What is EarlyPregnancy…………………2
Different Attitudes………………………………3
Teen Sex………………………………………….4
The Role of Sex Education……………………….5-9
* The School
* The Church
* Parents and Home Sexuality Education
What can done?…………………………………10-13
* Education
* Support from parent
* Support Community
Pregnancy Loss…………………………………13-20
* Ultrasound
* Risk
* Presentation
* Causes
* Options
* The Next Cycle
* Recurrent losses
Conclusion…………………………………………21
Introduction
*
Earlypregnancy has so many connotations to so many people to the youth it is simply another stage in their life, a result of their teen-age children and to the remaining state of...

...﻿EctopicPregnancy
I bet you are thinking what is an ectopicpregnancy. It’s a pregnancy thats abnormal it occurs outside the mother’s womb (uterus). This could be caused by many things like: Previous ectopicpregnancy, smoking, Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), Fallopian tube surgery and so on. Early sign of ectopicpregnancy may feel like a normal pregnancy may have symptom like: missed menstrual period, tender breasts, fatigue, nausea, increased urination. First stage may include vaginal bleeding, abdominal/pelvic pain. As the stages progresses other symptoms may develop such as: heavy bleeding, dizziness, syncope, signs of shock, and shoulder pain. Once you arrive at the hospital, a pregnancy test, a pelvic exam, and an ultrasound test may be performed to view the uterus’ condition and fallopian tubes.If an ectopicpregnancy has been confirmed, the health care provider will decide on the best treatment based on your medical condition and your future plans for pregnancy. If the doctor suspects that the fallopian tube has ruptured, emergency surgery is necessary to stop the bleeding. In some cases, the fallopian tube and ovary may be damaged and will have to be removed.If the fallopian tube has not ruptured and the pregnancy has not...

...EarlypregnancyEarlypregnancy factor (EPF) or early conception factor (ECF) is a protein associated with mammalian embryos shortly after fertilization.[1][2] It may be composed of more than one molecule.[3][4] It was first described in 1976.[4]
Detection[edit]
Earlypregnancy factor is tested for rosette inhibition assay. EPF is present in the maternal serum (blood plasma) shortly after fertilization; EPF is also present in cervical mucus[5] and in amniotic fluid.[6]
EPF may be detected in sheep within 72 hours of mating,[7] in mice within 24 hours of mating,[8] and in samples from media surrounding human embryos fertilized in vitro within 48 hours of fertilization[9] (although another study failed to duplicate this finding for in vitro embryos).[10] EPF has been detected as soon as within six hours of mating.[11]
Because the rosette inhibition assay for EPF is indirect, substances that have similar effects may confound the test. Pig semen, like EPF, has been shown to inhibit rosette formation - the rosette inhibition test was positive for one day in sows mated with a vasectomized boar, but not in sows similarly stimulated without semen exposure.[12] A number of studies in the years after the discovery of EPF were unable to reproduce the consistent detection of EPF in post-conception females, and the validity of the discovery experiments...

...﻿A RESEARCH PAPER
THE CAUSES OF EARLYPREGNANCY IN TODAY’S GENERATION
SUBMITTED BY:
Ma. Veronica A. Pelayo
BSE- English
SUBMITTED TO:
Mrs. Cecil V. Sabordo
Instructor
English Profiency Instruction 2
2nd sem sy. 2014
Topic Outline
The Causes of EarlyPregnancy in Today’s Generation
Thesis Statement: There are many reasons why today’s Generation is involved in earlyPregnancy
I. Causes of Teen Pregnancy
A. Lack of good education
1. Reasons for lack of education
a. Discomfort
b. Fear of sexual activity
c. Uncertainty
2. Results
a. Unprotected sex
b. Misuse of protection
c. Consequences
B. Increased sexual activity in teens
1. Reasons for increased sexual activity
a. Peer pressure
b. Misunderstanding the significance of sex.
About 16 million adolescents girls give every year-most in low- and middle-income countries. An estimated three million girls aged 15-19 undergo unsafe abortions every year. In low-and middle-income countries, complications from pregnancy and childbirth are a leading cause of death girls aged 15-19 years.
Teenage pregnancy is one of the problems in today’s society. Many teenagers today don’t know how big responsibility to raise a child when they are young too. Becoming a parent is a big responsibility that should give priority, but how can teenagers can...

...EarlyPregnancy
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...﻿Definition:
What is earlypregnancy?
Earlypregnancy is considered “socially problematic” such as : broken families, discrimination and some teenagers feel they all alone. In addition, people believes that being pregnant in an early age are at the high risk for poor health outcomes during pregnancy such as checkups ,vitamins and even exercise and it is a result of being a child mother because they are young not to know what the right things to do. And even in the child birth she didn’t know how to care with her baby because she’s too young. And in the process of growing up of her child most of them does not able to teach a good attitude to their child because even them their parents haven’t teach them well so the history repeat itself. But in the other way around some child mother care, teach and give their all attention to their baby because they don’t want that their baby would be same after them.
What Age they considered as earlypregnancy?
It is 15 years old and below. Because it have a high rate of infant mortality which is 13 per1000 live births, very low birthweigth =24 and very preterm delivery = 43. Compare to 16-19 years old infant mortality = 8, very low birthweight = 15 and very preterm delivery = 22. So this analysis signified that 15 years old and below considered early...