Traffic congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicularqueueing. The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic or modal split generates demand for space greater than the available road capacity; this point is commonly termedsaturation. There are a number of specific circumstances which cause or aggravate congestion; most of them reduce the capacity of a road at a given point or over a certain length, or increase the number of vehicles required for a given volume of people or goods. About half of U.S. traffic congestion is recurring, and is attributed to sheer weight of traffic; most of the rest is attributed to traffic incidents, road work and weather events.[2] Traffic research still cannot fully predict under which conditions a "traffic jam" (as opposed to heavy, but smoothly flowing traffic) may suddenly occur. It has been found that individual incidents (such as accidents or even a single car braking heavily in a previously smooth flow) may cause ripple effects (a cascading failure) which then spread out and create a sustained traffic jam when, otherwise, normal flow might have continued for some time longer.[3 Traffic congestion has a number of negative effects:

* Wasting time of motorists and passengers ("opportunity cost"). As a non-productive activity for most people, congestion reduces regional economic health. * Delays, which may result in late arrival for employment, meetings, and education, resulting in lost business, disciplinary action or other personal losses. * Inability to forecast travel time accurately, leading to drivers allocating more time to travel "just in case", and less time on productive activities. * Wasted fuel increasing air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions owing to increased idling, acceleration and braking. * Wear and tear on vehicles as a result of idling in traffic and frequent acceleration and braking, leading to more frequent repairs and replacements. * Stressed and frustrated motorists, encouraging road rage and reduced health of motorists * Emergencies: blocked traffic may interfere with the passage of emergency vehicles traveling to their destinations where they are urgently needed. * Spillover effect from congested main arteries to secondary roads and side streets as alternative routes are attempted ('rat running'), which may affect neighborhood amenity and real estate prices.

Wild deer and coyotes cause traffic snarls, and domestic animals get into the act as well. July 5 tends to have an unusual number of animal-related traffic problems, as pets, spooked by the fireworks on the previous day, have a greater propensity to wander onto freeways. Sadly, animal-related traffic jams are not all accidental. Sometimes litters of unwanted puppies are deliberately left on freeways to be run over. The California Department of Transportation often dispatches work crews to go out and collect trash bags of dead roosters the day after cockfights. Even worse than animals dying on the roads are people. Freeways are a popular place to end it. People jump off bridges and overpasses, or deliberately drive into other cars or off the road; the frequency of highway suicides rises around Valentine’s Day. There are also higher rates of highway-related suicide in the days following some other well-publicized suicide. All of this can halt traffic. And then there are the homicides. Deranged individuals have been known to...

...Bangkok's traffic problem has been getting worse since the government introduced a policy to refund tax for first-time car buyers.
Coupled with the Thai aspiration to own a car and get some status, this policy has resulted in five million vehicles in a city which can only cope with less than two million cars.
Once I got into a jam in downtown Bangkok, when I spent almost two hours moving less than a kilometre. Sometimes, my colleagues have arrived at work up to four hours late. I think the city should be more serious about public transport. People have better things to do than sit on the roads for hours every day.
Two or three weeks ago, travelling from Pathum Thani to central Bangkok, it took four and a half hours for a journey which usually takes less than an hour. Sirithep Vadrakchit, Thailand
Indonesians living in Jakarta have their own word for traffic jam - the inevitable "macet".
Your life is planned around the traffic jams which often continue through the day. Travelling even short distances can take hours and some parts of the city are in a constant state of jam.
Unfortunately there is little alternative. Public transport is poor and even recent initiatives such as a trans-Jakarta bus lane are inefficient and even contribute to the problem by clogging intersections and reducing road space while moving comparatively small numbers of people.
Last week I went out to visit our new house. My driver got lost and ended...

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Contents Page
Introduction 2
Methodology 3
Analysis Of Findings 4
Objective 1 4
Objective 2 5 - 6
Objective 3 7 - 8
Objective 4 9 - 10
Overall Conclusion 11
Self-Evaluation (Individual Skills) 12
Self Evaluation (Expo Performance) 13
Reference List 14
Appendices 15 - 16
Introduction:
The topic that I will be researching on will be an urban issue regarding transportation and the main focus of the topic would betraffic related issues in Melbourne. There are 4 key objectives relating to the focus of the topic which are:
1. What are the main causes of trafficcongestion?
2. How does traffic related issues affect people’s life every day?
3. Do freeways, highways and public transportation help to reduce traffic related issues?
4. What are the alternatives and strategies to reduce trafficcongestion?
The main reason why I chose this topic on traffic related issues in Melbourne is because it is an everyday hassle for one to encounter trafficcongestion thus there is a sense of urgency that alternatives and strategies must be implemented to alleviate the situation.
My group members are Jennifer Sun, Manish Sharma and Willis Hung Vo. Jennifer will be concentrating on objective 1, Manish will be focusing on objective 2, and Willis (Hung) on objective 3....

...HOW TO SOLVE TRAFFIC PROBLEMS
INTRODUCTION:
The physical use of roads by vehicles, when traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Trafficcongestion has a number of negative effects, wasting time of motorists and passenger’s congestion reduces regional economic health. Delays, which may result in, disciplinary action or other personal losses. Wasted fuel increasing air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions owing to increased idling, acceleration and braking. Blocked traffic may interfere with the passage of emergency vehicles traveling to their destinations where they are urgently needed. In the following essay we are going to discuss about the different solutions to solve the traffic issues.
ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Junction can be improved. Grade separation, using bridges (or, less often, tunnels) freeing movements from having to stop for other crossing movements. Ramp signaling, 'drip-feeding' merging traffic via traffic signals onto a congested motorway-type roadway. Reducing junctions. Local-express lanes, providing through lanes that bypass junction on-ramp and off-ramp...

...Some Possible Solutions to Reduce TrafficCongestion in Big Cities?" from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples.
What are some possible solutions to reduce trafficcongestion in big cities? Please, give specific reasons and examples.
Transportation is a function to provide for the movement of people and products from one place to another place safely and efficiently, with minimum negative impact on the environment. The main idea for transportation is based on trafficcongestion. Trafficcongestion is a critical problem which happens on roads which make traffic busy because roads full of cars and buses. Trafficcongestion challenges traffic vehicle flow in urban area and is prevented smooth traffic. A big city creates complex problems in daily life with traffic.
Firstly, congestion problems cannot be resolve only by applying physical constructing such as: build bridge, highways and increasing road capacity. It is necessary to build technology system for transportation management which is used for control of the traffic problems. Traffic control systems have direct influence on traffic problems which is help to improve traffic flow and reduce traffic...

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Case Study: Reduce Traffic By Resolving Contradictions
By KRD Pravin Population explosion is a curse as well as a boon for India. It is the second biggest market of the world. It is a strength, but at the same time it causes a scarcity of infrastructure and results in other infrastructure related issues. Mumbai is one of the most populated cities in the world. In numbers, Mumbai is roughly one percent of the Indian market. Residents of Mumbai face many problems on a daily basis such as housing, costly health facilities, scarcity of open space, water supply, crowded public transport (local trains as well as busses) and heavy traffic on roads – especially during rush hours. The main contributing factor to these problems is the growing population. Figure 1: The Streets of Mumbai "We are the problem" and "we struggle ourselves" to find the solution(s). The paradox is that there are many opportunities available a huge human resource is needed. But this great resource of humans constitutes the underlying problem – an imbalance between infrastructure and head count. A measurement system is needed to gauge the impact of travel-related problems on "quality of life" since it is intangible. An approximate measurement system for transportation, therefore, is also recommended for the problem of overcrowding in trains and trafficcongestion on roads. This system...

...Intelligent Traffic System (ITS) for Road Network Management in Islamabad
Mohammad Imran (Sp-2011/PhD EM/001)
Centre for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
Author Note
Mohammad Imran, Department of Engineering Management, Centre for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Mohammad Imran, Department of Engineering Management, Centre for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad. E-mail: imran_ced36@yahoo.com
Abstract
Trafficcongestion is a vexing problem felt by residents of most urban areas. Despite of high gasoline prices, rush hour gridlock and pollution, seemingly nothing can interfere with people’s love affair with the car. Building more roads cannot provide the answer to better traffic management as it cannot keep pace with the ever increasing vehicle population as well as limitation of the environment’s ability to sustain the impact. Unlike authorities in cities across the world where people are encouraged to make greater use of public transport, residents of Islamabad are handicapped to exercise this option due to absence of a mature and well integrated mass transit system. An intelligent traffic management system which can ensure smooth flow of traffic to manage congestion (delay, reliability and network resilience) for all people and freight movement on the road network is required...