Livio Tornabene, an adjunct research professor in Western’s Department of Earth Sciences and an investigator at the Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration (CPSX), said deciphering the origin of these pits assists planetary geologists like he and Gordon Osinski, CPSX acting director, in understanding how impact craters affect the hydrological and climatic history of Mars.

The pits range from a few meters to 3 kms in diameter and are observed in more than 200 well-preserved Martian craters, which range from 1 to 150 kms in diameter. The pits possess only slightly raised rims and no sign of definable ejecta deposits around them, which would normally result from smaller impacts of heavenly debris and thus make them distinguishable from other common Martian features. Their attributes and occurrence in Martian craters of all sizes and the range of preservation suggests that the phenomena may have formed throughout Mars’ geologic history.

“These images present evidence that there is a connection between volatiles like water and ice in the subsurface of Mars and the impact process,” said Tornabene, a former HiRISE operator and ongoing member of its science team. “A meteor impact obviously delivers a lot of energy and heat to the surface of Mars, so if you have frozen water present underground then heat delivered by the impact is going to react with it.”

Tornabene added one of the difficulties with studying Mars’ surface is that while it’s not as geographically active as Earth, it still has some activity.

“Unlike the moon, it’s hard to prove if craters on Mars formed the phenomenon or did they come later as a consequence of other geologic processes that occurred after the impact crater formed,” he said, noting the closest comparison to these pits on Earth form when lava interacts with groundwater or icy substrates.