Going into the season, the team was built around a veteran nucleus of John Edgerton, Walter Simmons, Hughes, Booth, and Davis, the line was light, but made up for with its aggressiveness.[1] Starting quarterbackFred Hume weighed just 122 pounds.[2]

The Washington University Bears of St. Louis gave the Commodores their only loss of the season, 12–11. Vanderbilt quarterback Fred Hume made a 50-yard gain, setting up John Edgerton's touchdown.[5] Washington fought hard and responded with a touchdown drive, with Cassell making the score. Washington made the extra point, and went up 6–5. Bryan scored another touchdown for Vanderbilt to make the score 11–6 at the half. Washington's Smith scored a touchdown in the second half, and Lehman kicked goal for the win.[5]

The 1901 team was likely the best football team in University of Nashville (Peabody) history. Coached by Charley Moran, the team defeated Sewanee 39–6 "and mopped up with about everything else."[8] The Commodores practiced in secret for ten days in preparation.[7] Vanderbilt faced Nashville on Thanksgiving Day and won 10–0 in front of 4 to 5,000 spectators,[9] using "Harvard tactics."[10] After thirty minutes of gameplay, John Edgerton scored a touchdown taking the wind out of the sails of Nashville rooters. A riot broke out downtown the next day. According to the account of the event in the Nashville Banner (repudiated in the Hustler), the trouble started when a number of Vanderbilt students "tried to paint the stone fence of the University of Nashville yellow and black."[11]

1.
Vanderbilt Commodores football
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The Vanderbilt Commodores football program represents Vanderbilt University in the sport of American football. The Commodores compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and they are currently coached by former Tennessee Titans wide receiver Derek Mason. Vanderbilt plays their games at Vanderbilt Stadium, located on the universitys Nashville. Adopting the nickname the Commodores after the 1897 season, the team has played in 1,250 games over 126 seasons. In that time, six coaches have led the Commodores to a bowl appearance, Art Guepe, Steve Sloan, George MacIntyre, Bobby Johnson, James Franklin. Four have led them to a championship, R. G. Acton, W. H. Watkins, James H. Henry. McGugin is the leader in seasons coached and games won, with 198 victories during his thirty years at Vanderbilt and he was awarded two National Championships retroactively by Clyde Berryman. Of the twenty-eight different head coaches who have led the Commodores, McGugin, Ray Morrison, Henry Russell Sanders, the current head coach is Derek Mason. Ole Miss is Vanderbilts cross-divisional rival in the SEC, Vanderbilt and Ole Miss have played 87 times since 1894. Ole Miss leads the series 50–38–2, the largest margin of victory was by 91 points won by Vanderbilt in 1915. Vanderbilt also holds the longest win streaks in the series from 1894 to 1938, having started in 1893, the Georgia-Vanderbilt football series has been played annually since 1968. The two are divisional opponents in the SEC East, the two are divisional opponents in the SEC East. The series, which rotates between Nashville, Tennessee and Lexington, Kentucky, is tied at 42–42–4 with the score being Vanderbilt 17-Kentucky 15.6. Vanderbilt and Tennessee have played 107 times since 1892, Tennessee leads the series 75–30–5, when the rivalry first started Vanderbilt dominated by taking 19 of the first 24 with 3 ties. After 1928, UT has dominated the rivalry with a record of Vanderbilt 71–11–2, the largest margin of victory for Vanderbilt was by 76 points in 1918 at Old Dudley Field in Nashville. The largest defeat was 65 points in 1994 at Vanderbilt Stadium, the longest win streaks for Vanderbilt is from 1901 to 1913. The longest win streak for Tennessee is 22, from 1983 to 2004, Vanderbilt and the Sewanee Tigers were both founding members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the Southern Conference, and the Southeastern Conference. It is the oldest of Vanderbilts rivalries, dating back to 1891 when Vanderbilt played its football game

2.
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
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The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association was one of the first collegiate athletic conferences in the United States. Twenty-seven of the current Division I FBS football programs were members of this conference at some point, the SIAA was founded on December 21,1894, by Dr. William Dudley, a chemistry professor at Vanderbilt, at the Kimball House in Atlanta. Dudley was a member of the Vanderbilt Athletic Association, formed in 1886 with Dr. W. M. Baskerville as president, most students at Vanderbilt were members. The early sports played on the Vanderbilt campus were baseball, bicycling, Dudley was primarily responsible for the formation of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Sewanees opposition stopped it from occurring, the original members were Alabama, Auburn, Georgia, Johns Hopkins, North Carolina, Sewanee, Vanderbilt, and Virginia. Virginia and North Carolina soon dropped before the inaugural 1895 season, the conference was originally formed for the development and purification of college athletics throughout the South. In 1903, a single-game football playoff occurred, but it seems to have been coordinated more so by the two competing schools than the conference itself, several other efforts over the years by individual schools to hold a conference title game fell through. Most SIAA titles claimed by schools in sports were actually more mythical in nature than officially sanctioned by the league. In 1915, a disagreement arose within the conference regarding the eligibility of freshman athletes, generally, the larger universities opposed the eligibility of freshman players, while the smaller schools favored it. As a result, some of the universities formed the Southern Intercollegiate Conference. At the conferences annual meeting on December 10,1920, the SIAA rejected proposals to ban freshman athletes, in protest, some schools that had voted in favor of the propositions immediately announced they would seek to form a new conference. In 1922, the Southern Conference underwent an expansion and added six more members, all at the expense of the SIAA, Florida, Louisiana State, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tulane, and Vanderbilt. With the departure of most of the colleges, the SIAA became a de facto small college conference in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s, the SIAA increased its membership with the addition of additional small universities. The conference eventually disbanded in 1942 with the onset of American involvement in World War II, original charter members are denoted in boldface. Invited charter members are denoted with an asterisk, in the era in which the SIAA operated, teams tended to join in December, therefore, the first year of conference play in a given sport was often the following calendar year. Conference affiliations reflect those for the 2016–17 school year

3.
Walter H. Watkins
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Walter Hudson Billy Watkins was an American football coach. He served as the football coach at Auburn University from 1900 to 1901. He also coached the Vanderbilt Commodores for two seasons from 1901 to 1902, compiling a record of 14–2–1, Watkins attended Princeton University where he was a prominent member of the baseball team and first substitute on the football team. He later worked as an attorney, walter H. Watkins at the College Football Data Warehouse

4.
John Edgerton
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John Emmett Edgerton was an industrialist who gained prominence as the president of the National Association of Manufacturers from 1921 to 1931. Edgerton was also an All-Southern college football fullback for the Vanderbilt Commodores of Vanderbilt University and he attended Cumberland University for prep school and his first year of college. After receiving the Wilson County Cartmell scholarship, he went to Vanderbilt University, earning an A. B. in 1902 and he played at Cumberland as a guard in 1896. Edgerton was a prominent member of the Vanderbilt football team, Edgerton was captain of the 1901 team. Edgerton was called by one contemporary writer one of the best backs yet produced in Dixie, Edgerton was also a member of the track team. In the spring semester of 1902, that honor was given to football star John Edgerton, Edgerton was considered such a celebrity that advertisers in the Hustler used his name to sell their products. One such ad read, John E. Edgerton will be glad to see his friends at Varley, Bauman & Bowers, One Price Clothiers, Hatters, Furnishers and Merchant Tailors. One account reads, John Edgerton, whose last year was 1903, was in speed, after leaving college he became one of the head masters at the Columbia Military Academy at Columbia, and is now manager and part owner of a woolen mill at Lebanon, Tenn. In 1904 Edgerton coached football at Memphis University School, edgerton’s national prominence led to notable government appointments. He also supported Prohibition causes and served as chairman of the United Prohibition Forces to preserve the Eighteenth Amendment, Edgerton was a vocal opponent of the Highlander Folk School

5.
Vanderbilt Stadium
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Vanderbilt Stadium is a football stadium located in Nashville, Tennessee. Completed in 1922 as the first stadium in the South to be used exclusively for college football, Vanderbilt Stadium hosted the Tennessee Oilers and the first Music City Bowl in 1998 and also hosted the Tennessee state high school football championships for many years. Vanderbilt Stadium is the smallest football stadium in the Southeastern Conference, the first facility was named for William Dudley, Dean of the Vanderbilt University Medical School from 1885 until his death in 1914. Dudley was responsible for the formation of the SIAA, the predecessor of the Southern Conference and Southeastern Conference, in 1895, in 1922, after a 74.2 winning percentage during the 18-year tenure of Coach McGugin, the Commodores had outgrown old Dudley Field. The football team played two games on the renamed Curry Field before moving to New Dudley Field in 1922, the new stadium, the first in the South built solely for football, was christened Dudley Field, and its capacity was 20,000. As evidence of Vanderbilts stature at the time, it dwarfed rival Tennessees Shields-Watkins Field, the first game played at Dudley Field was between the home-standing Commodores and the powerful Michigan Wolverines. A goal-line stand by the Commodores preserved a 0-0 tie, the following Friday, nearby Hume-Fogg High School played a game at Dudley. Senior Jimmy Armistead returned the kick for a touchdown, providing the first touchdown ever recorded in the stadium. Armistead would go on to a career at Vanderbilt and was the captain. In 1949, Vanderbilt officials built a press box at Dudley Field. Additional seating was added to the western side of stadium. On September 25,1954, Vanderbilt hosted the No, 10-ranked Baylor Bears in the first night game ever played on the Dudley Field surface. The lights had been installed so that Dudley Field would be able to host the Billy Graham Crusade on campus, in 1960, nearly 7,000 more seats are added to the stadium, with an expansion on the east side of the stadium near Memorial Gym. At a price of $250,000, officials installed what was then a state-of-the-art Astroturf synthetic surface in 1970, over the winter and spring of 1980–81, most of the Dudley Field grandstand was demolished. The 12,088 seats on each sideline—the only vestige of the old stadium—were raised ten feet through the use of 22 hydraulic jacks on each side of the stadium, the new venue was rechristened Vanderbilt Stadium. However, the surface itself is still called Dudley Field. The rebuilt stadium and its Fred Russell Press Box were designed to resemble a United States naval vessel slicing through the water—a nod to Vanderbilts naval themed-mascot, accordingly, the color scheme picked for the exterior of the stadium was battleship gray. The stadiums maximum capacity after the 1980–81 renovation was 41,000, the project cost $10.1 million, and the Commodores celebrated a sold-out dedication by taking a 23–17 comeback win over Maryland on September 12,1981

6.
1902 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
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The 1902 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1902 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. W. H. Watkins was in his second year coaching Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt was playing in its 13th season of football. The Commodores had wins over Cumberland, Ole Miss, Central of Kentucky, Tennessee, Washington University, Kentucky, Tulane, the Tulane and LSU contests were played with one days rest between games for the Commodores. In this era of football, touchdowns were awarded five points. In the first week of play, Vanderbilt defeated the Cumberland Bulldogs 45–0, the game was a tale of two halves. Vanderbilt scored four touchdowns in the first half, the starting lineup was, Howell, Lawler, Morgan, Perry, Graham, Massy, Bryan, Kyle, Davis, Tigert, Edgerton. Central gave Vanderbilt a surprise as the Commodores edged the Kentucky team 24 to 17,1902 had one of Tennessees strongest early elevens. Vanderbilt won 12 to 5 despite a line due to its running game. John Edgerton scored both Vanderbilt touchdowns, Tennessees only score was provided by an A. H. Douglas run around right end, breaking two tackles and getting the touchdown. Nash Buckingham had a 40-yard run through the line, jones Beene blocked and tackled well. The starting lineup was, Howell, Lawler, Morgan, Perry, Graham, Massey, Bryan, Kyle, Davis, Tigert, the Commodores beat the Washington University Bears 33–12. Both teams showed good offense but weak defense, Vanderbilt fooled Kentucky multiple times using a fake pass. The starting lineup was, Howell, Lawler, Morgan, Perry, Graham, Massey, Bryan, Kyle, Davis, Tigert, the Nashville Banner gave this report of the Commodores departure from Nashville, November 14 -- The Vanderbilt football squad left Thursday night for New Orleans. The regular varsity team except for staunch quarterback Frank Kyle boarded the train for the longest, hardest trip of the year, Kyle was left behind with a lame back. The boys will play Tulane Saturday and L. S. U, the Banner gave this report on the Tulane game played on Saturday, November 15, About 8,000 spectators witnessed the easy victory of Vanderbilt over Tulane Saturday, the score being 23 to 5. It was the largest crowd of the season, the playing of the Vanderbilt team in the first half was fast and furious, and a score of 23 was made. Tulane was saved from an egg by the drop kick of Westerfield from the 35-yard line. In the second half the game was close, blake took the place of Davis, and Wade that of Perry

7.
1901 LSU Tigers football team
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The 1901 LSU Tigers football team represented the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1901 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Edmond Chavanne left the Tigers following the 1900 season and was replaced by W. S. Borland as head coach in 1901, Tulane forfeited the game on November 16 due to a ruling from the SIAA. The 1901 edition of the Battle for the Flag against LSU was originally a 22-0 victory for Tulane and it was later forfeited after a petition to the SIAA, and was recorded as a 0-11 loss for Tulane. After the game, LSU protested to the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, several months later, the SIAA ruled the game an 11-0 forfeit in favor of LSU. Source,1901 LSU Tigers football team Roster from Fanbase. com and LSU, The Louisiana Tigers

8.
Cumberland Bulldogs football
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The Cumberland Phoenix football team represents Cumberland University in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, primarily competing in the Mid-South Conference. The Phoenix formerly competed in the TranSouth Athletic Conference and Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, Cumberland football began on October 26,1894 with a 6-6 tie with Peabody and finished that first year with a 2-1-1 season record. The early days of Cumberland football were very promising, the 1916 game against Georgia Tech is famous as the most lopsided-scoring game in the history of college football, Georgia Tech defeated Cumberland by a score of 222–0. For the 2008 season, CUs football earned a share of the Mid-South Conference West Division, in 2016, the team changed its name from Bulldogs to the Phoenix

9.
Kentucky Wildcats football
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The Kentucky Wildcats football program represents the University of Kentucky in the sport of American football. The Wildcats compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, until about 1913, the modern University of Kentucky was referred to as Kentucky State College and nearby Transylvania University was known as Kentucky University. In 1880, Kentucky University and Centre College played the first intercollegiate game in Kentucky. Kentucky State first fielded a team in 1881, playing three games against rival Kentucky University. The team was revived in 1891, both the inaugural 1881 squad and the revived 1891 squad have unknown coaches according to university records in winning two games and losing three. The 1891 teams colors were blue and light yellow, decided before the Centre–Kentucky game on December 19, a student asked What color blue. And varsity letterman Richard C. Stoll pulled off his necktie and this is still held as the origin of Kentuckys shade of blue. The next year light yellow was dropped and changed to white, the 1892 team was coached by A. M. Miller, and went 2–4–1. The greatest UK team of this era was the 1898 squad, to this day, the Immortals remain the only undefeated, untied, and unscored upon team in UK football history. The Immortals were coached by W. R. Bass and ended the year a perfect 7–0–0, head coach Jack Wright led the team to a 7–1 record in 1903, losing only to rival and southern champion Kentucky University. Fred Schacht posted a 15–4–1 record in two seasons but died unexpectedly after his second season, J. White Guyn also had success leading the Wildcats, posting a 17–7–1 record in his three years. Edwin Sweetland went 16–3 in three seasons but resigned due to poor health, Sweetland also served as Kentuckys first athletics director. The 1909 team upset the Illinois Fighting Illini, upon their welcome home, Philip Carbusier said that they had fought like wildcats, a nickname that stuck. John J. Tigert coached Kentucky for two seasons with each season having one loss, the 1916 team fought the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association co-champion Tennessee Volunteers to a scoreless tie. The years only a loss,45 to 0 to the Irby Curry-led Vanderbilt Commodores, was the dedication of Stoll Field, quarterbacks Curry and Kentuckys Doc Rodes were both selected All-Southern at years end. Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin stated If you would give me Doc Rodes, Coach Harry Gamage had a 32–25–5 record during his seven seasons from 1927 to 1933. A. D. Kirwan, who would go on to be the president of the university, coached the Wildcats from 1938 to 1944, longtime athletics director Bernie Shively also served as Kentuckys head football coach for the 1945 season. Coach Paul Bear Bryant was Kentuckys head football coach for eight seasons, Bear Bryant came to Kentucky from Maryland

10.
Vanderbilt University
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Vanderbilt University is a private research university founded in 1873 and located in Nashville, Tennessee. It was named in honor of shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt hoped that his gift and the greater work of the university would help to heal the sectional wounds inflicted by the Civil War. Today, Vanderbilt enrolls approximately 12,000 students from all 50 U. S. states and over 90 foreign countries in four undergraduate and six graduate, despite its urban surroundings, the campus itself is a national arboretum and features over 300 different species of trees and shrubs. Vanderbilt is ranked as one of the top universities for its teaching, research opportunities. It is ranked 15th on the list of best national universities generated by U. S. News & World Report, however, lack of funds and the ravaged state of the Reconstruction Era South delayed the opening of the college. Indeed, the McTyeires had met at St. Francis Street Methodist Church in Mobile, Cornelius Vanderbilt, who was the wealthiest man in the United States at the time, was considering philanthropy as he was at an advanced age. He had been planning to establish a university on Staten Island, New York, however, McTyeire convinced him to donate $500,000 to endow Central University in order to contribute to strengthening the ties which should exist between all sections of our common country. The endowment was increased to $1 million and would be only one of two philanthropic causes financially supported by Vanderbilt. Though he never expressed any desire that the university be named after himself, McTyeire, Vanderbilt died in 1877 without seeing the school named after him. One of the trustees, Hezekiah William Foote, was a Confederate veteran. The Treasurer of the Board of Trust from 1872 to 1875, Alexander Little Page Green, whose portrait hangs in Kirkland Hall, was a Methodist preacher and a former slave owner. His son-in-law, Robert A. Young, was a Methodist minister who served as the Financial Secretary on the Board of Trust from 1874 to 1882, retiring from the board in 1902. The first building, Main Building, later known as Kirkland Hall, was designed by William Crawford Smith, in the fall of 1875, about 200 students enrolled at Vanderbilt, and in October the university was dedicated. Bishop McTyeire was named Chairman of the Board of Trust for life by Vanderbilt as a stipulation of his endowment, McTyeire named Landon Garland, his mentor from Randolph-Macon College in Virginia and then-Chancellor of the University of Mississippi, as chancellor. Garland shaped the structure and hired the schools faculty, many of whom were renowned scholars in their respective fields. However, most of this faculty left after disputes with Bishop McTyeire, when the first fraternity chapter, Phi Delta Theta, was established on campus in 1876, it was shut down by the faculty, only to be reestablished as a secret society in 1877. Meanwhile, Old Gym, designed by Dutch-born architect Peter J. Williamson, was built in 1879–1880, by 1883, the Board of Trust passed a resolution allowing fraternities on campus, and more chapters were established in 1884. During the first 40 years, the Board of Trust, and therefore the university, was under the control of the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, conflicts escalated after James H. Kirkland was appointed chancellor in 1893

11.
Quarterback
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A quarterback is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the team and line up directly behind the offensive line. In modern American football, the quarterback is considered the leader of the offensive team. In modern American football, the quarterback is usually the leader of the offense, the quarterback touches the ball on almost every offensive play, and his successes and failures can have a significant impact on the fortunes of his team. Accordingly, the quarterback is among the most glorified and scrutinized positions in team sports, prior to each play, the quarterback will usually tell the rest of his team which play the team will run. After the team is lined up, the center will pass the ball back to the quarterback, usually on a running play, the quarterback will then hand or pitch the ball backwards to a half back or full back. On a passing play, the quarterback is almost always the responsible for trying to throw the ball downfield to an eligible receiver downfield. Depending on the scheme by his team, the quarterbacks role can vary. While quarterbacks in Canadian football need to be able to throw the ball often, in the NFL, quarterbacks are required to wear a uniform number between 1 and 19. In the CFL, the quarterback can wear any number from 0 to 49 and 70 to 99. Because of their numbering, quarterbacks are eligible receivers in the NCAA, NFHS, after a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious Super Bowl team is chosen for the Im going to Disney World. Campaign, whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not, examples include Joe Montana, Trent Dilfer, Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis murder trial the prior year. In addition to their role, quarterbacks are occasionally used in other roles. Most teams utilize a backup quarterback as their holder on placekicks, in the Wildcat, a formation where a halfback lines up behind the center and the quarterback lines up out wide, the quarterback can be used as a receiving target or a blocker. A more rare use for a quarterback is to punt the ball himself, Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway was known to perform quick kicks occasionally, typically when the Broncos were facing a third-and-long situation. As Roger Staubachs back-up, Dallas Cowboys quarterback Danny White was also the teams punter, ascending the starting role upon Staubachs retirement, White held his position as the teams punter for several seasons—a double duty he performed to All-American standard at Arizona State University. White also had two touchdown receptions as a Dallas Cowboy, both from the halfback option, if quarterbacks are uncomfortable with the formation the defense is using, they may call an audible change to their play

12.
Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice

13.
Centre Colonels football
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The Centre Colonels football team, historically also known as the Praying Colonels, represents Centre College in NCAA Division III competition. The Colonels currently play in the Southern Athletic Association, which was established in 2011, before the establishment of the SAA, Centre played 50 seasons in the Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference. Despite the schools size, the football team has historically had success. At the end of the 2008 season, the ranked as the 12th winningest school in Division III with an all-time record of 509–374–37. On April 9,1880, a Centre College team traveled to Lexington to play against Transylvania University in the first football game south of the Ohio River. The Colonels lost that game, and a rematch at home later in the month, the first officially recognized game of Centre and the University of Kentucky took place in 1891. In that series, the Colonels compiled an 20–13–2 record before the Kentucky athletic council decided to permanently drop Centre from their schedule after the 1929 season, from 1917 to 1924, Centre compiled a 57–8 record while playing against some of the best teams in the nation. After the 1920 season, Centre faced Texas Christian in the Fort Worth Classic, the Colonels convincingly routed them, 63–7. The 1921 Centre–Harvard game resulted in one of the most shocking upsets in football, with the Colonels winning. The star of game, back Alvin Bo McMillin, was twice named a consensus All-American. Center Red Weaver was named a consensus All-American alongside him in 1919, the Colonels finished the 1921 season undefeated, outscoring their opponents, 314-6. In the Dixie Classic, precursor to the modern Cotton Bowl Classic, Centre faced Texas A&M. Miscues contributed to the Colonels defeat and this is also the game in which Texas A&Ms 12th man tradition originated. In 1924 Centre defeated Georgia and Alabama and claims a southern title, as early as 1927 it was noticed this prior success was over. Centre again found success during the 1950s, in 1951, the Colonels finished the season with a 5–1 record and were invited to play Northern Illinois State in the Corn Bowl. The invitation, however, was rejected by the administration who wished to de-emphasize football. From 1954 to 1956, Centre compiled a winning streak. In 1955, the undefeated Colonels were again invited to a game, the Tangerine Bowl. In recent years, Centre has secured eight SCAC championships between 1980 and 2003, jack Teel Bruner, a safety from 1982 to 1985, became the second Centre Colonel inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame

14.
Montgomery, Alabama
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Montgomery /mɒntˈɡʌməri/ is the capital of the U. S. state of Alabama and is the county seat of Montgomery County. Named for Richard Montgomery, it is located on the Alabama River, as of the 2013 Census, Montgomery has a population of 201,332. It is the second-largest city in Alabama, after Birmingham, and is the 115th largest in the United States, the Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area had a 2010 estimated population of 374,536. It is the fourth-largest in the state and 136th among United States metropolitan areas, the city was incorporated in 1819 as a merger of two towns situated along the Alabama River. In February 1861, Montgomery was selected as the first capital of the Confederate States of America, until the seat of government moved to Richmond, Virginia, in May of that year. During the mid-20th century, Montgomery was a center of events and protests in the Civil Rights Movement, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Two ships of the United States Navy have been named after the city, Montgomery has also been recognized nationally for its downtown revitalization and new urbanism projects. It was one of the first cities in the nation to implement Smart Code Zoning, prior to European colonization, the east bank of the Alabama River was inhabited by the Alibamu tribe of Native Americans. The Alibamu and the Coushatta, who lived on the west side of the river, were descended from the Mississippian culture. This civilization had numerous chiefdoms throughout the Midwest and South along the Mississippi and its tributaries and its largest location was at Cahokia, in present-day Illinois east of St. Louis. The historic tribes spoke mutually intelligible Muskogean languages, which were closely related, present-day Montgomery is built on the site of two Alibamu towns, Ikanatchati, meaning red earth, and Towassa, built on a bluff called Chunnaanaauga Chatty. The first Europeans to travel through central Alabama were Hernando de Soto and his expedition, the next recorded European encounter occurred more than a century later, when an English expedition from Carolina went down the Alabama River in 1697. The first permanent European settler in the Montgomery area was James McQueen and he married a high-status woman in the Coushatta or Alabama tribe. Their mixed-race children were considered Muskogean, as both tribes had a system of property and descent. The children were considered born into their mothers clan. In 1785, Abraham Mordecai, a war veteran from a Sephardic Jewish family of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Coushatta and Alabama had gradually moved south and west in the tidal plain. By the time Mordecai arrived, Creek had migrated into and settled in the area, as they were moving away from Cherokee, when her people had to cede most of their lands after the 1813-14 Creek War, she joined them in removal to Indian Territory. Mordecai brought the first cotton gin to Alabama, the Upper Creek were able to discourage most European-American immigration until after the conclusion of the Creek War

15.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area

16.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010

17.
William A. Reynolds
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William Ayres Billy Reynolds was an American football player and coach of football and baseball. Reynolds was also the baseball coach at Cincinnati, North Carolina and Georgia. At North Carolina, as a coach, he coached the Tar Heels to an undefeated season in 1897 and had an overall record of 27–7–4 during his four seasons. As a baseball coach, Reynolds compiled a 21–5–1 record in two seasons at North Carolina, Reynolds did not enjoy the same level of success at Georgia in either sport. As the Georgia football head coach, he compiled a record of just 5–7–3 during his two-year stay, as a baseball coach, Reynolds fared better, posting a 13–9–1 record over two seasons. William A. Reynolds at the College Football Data Warehouse

18.
John J. Tigert
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John James Tigert, IV was an American university president, university professor and administrator, college sports coach and the U. S. Tigert was a native of Tennessee and the son and grandson of Methodist bishops, after receiving his bachelors degree, he earned his masters degree as a Rhodes Scholar. Tigert gained his greatest national prominence as the U. S, commissioner of Education from 1921 to 1928, and the third president of the University of Florida, from 1928 to 1947. He is remembered as an advocate for American public education, intercollegiate sports. Tigert was born in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1882, the son of a Methodist Episcopal minister, John James Tigert, III. Tigert received his education in the public schools of Kansas City, Missouri, and Nashville. He was admitted to Vanderbilt University in Nashville, where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity and his time at Vanderbilt overlaps with Grantland Rice. As a senior, Tigert was honored as an All-Southern halfback for the Vanderbilt Commodores football team, in his final game, he scored the first points netted all season against rival Sewanee. That same year, he married the former Edith Jackson Bristol and he later received an appointment as a professor of psychology and philosophy at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky. He was perhaps best known for his work on psychology in advertising, president Warren G. Harding appointed Tigert as the U. S. Commissioner of Education in 1921, and he served for seven years during the administrations of Harding, in particular, he took an interest in rural education, and advocated innovative ways to impart public education to a wider audience, including the use of radio. During his time in Washington, D. C. he also served a term as the president of Phi Delta Theta Fraternity. The Florida Board of Control selected Tigert as the president of the University of Florida in Gainesville. He assumed leadership of the university during a period of economic crisis in the state of Florida. The common thread of the nineteen years of Tigerts administration was doing more with less, faculty salary cuts were common, Tigert himself never drew his full authorized annual salary of $10,000. Among Tigerts many significant reforms, he decentralized the university budget to the level of the academic colleges. The University Council, composed of the president, the registrar, Tigert also established the faculty senate, the Institute of Inter-American Affairs and the Bureau of Economic and Business Research. One of his most influential reforms as president was the founding of the new University College as a division within the University of Florida in 1935

19.
Billy Suter
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Herman Milton Billy Suter was an American football and baseball player, coach, referee, and athletic director. He was also a newspaper publisher, Suter was born on December 10,1874 in Greensburg, Pennsylvania to Henry Suter. Henry was from Sutersville, Pennsylvania and died in 1883, Suter played for Washington & Jefferson and Penn State before enrolling at Princeton University. As a member of the Princeton Tigers he once ran for a 95-yard touchdown against Harvard, lady Jayne, coach of the 1898 Sewanee team, also a Princeton grad, was hired to coach in North Carolina. Jayne recommended Suter, with whom he had roomed at Princeton, Suter coached the famed Iron Men of the 1899 Sewanee Tigers which went 12–0, outscored opponents 322 to 10, and won 5 games on a 6-day road trip all by shutout. It is recalled memorably with the phrase. and on the day they rested. Grantland Rice was a shortstop on the Vanderbilt baseball team at the time as Suter coached Sewanee. Rice praised his value as a leader, yet he was one of the strictest disciplinarians Ive ever known, Suter coached the Georgetown Hoyas for a year, going 7–3. Once while officiating a game between Bucknell and V. P. I. in 1906 in which Bucknell won 10 to 0, V. P. I. had an 80-yard touchdown run derailed by a call from Suter. Fans disagreed with the call and rushed the field after Suter, players on both teams assisted Suter, and police eventually rushed in with revolvers drawn to restore order. After coaching, Suter went into the publishing business and he was a publisher in Washington, D. C. for four years, then he became the publisher of the Nashville Tennessean from 1907 to 1912, where he gave Grantland Rice his first job as a sports writer. There was an interval between publishing jobs from 1915 to 1918, Suter was a book publisher in New York City during this period, and at the time of the First World War worked for the Foreign Press Cable Service Bureau of the Committee on Publish Information. Suter, former president Herbert Hoover, and others then acquired the Washington Herald at the end of 1919, for which Suter, Suter throughout his life had once been publisher of the Herald, the Philadelphia Evening Times, The Elmira Advertiser and the Elmira Sunday Telegram. By 1924 he joined the New York City firm of Palmer, Suter, Billy Suter at the College Football Data Warehouse

20.
Peabody College
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Peabody College of Education and Human Development was founded in 1875 when the University of Nashville, located in Nashville, Tennessee, split into two separate educational institutions. Peabody was merged into Vanderbilt University in 1979, Peabody has been ranked as the top graduate school of education in the nation during the 2009,2010,2011,2012, and 2013 editions of the U. S. News & World Report graduate school rankings. Peabody traces its history to 1785, when Davidson Academy was chartered by the state of North Carolina, in 1806 the school was rechartered and used the name Cumberland College until 1826. The name changed to University of Nashville in 1827, in 1875, when the school was receiving financial assistance from the Peabody Education Fund started by George Peabody, the state legislature amended the charter to establish the State Normal School. In 1889 it became Peabody Normal College, after 1911, Peabody College was located directly across the street from the campus of Vanderbilt University. It later became affiliated with Vanderbilt University, and is now known as the Peabody College of Education and it was located on the site of the campus of the former Roger Williams University, a school for African American students which burned around 1906. The site was occupied by Peabody, which was then for whites. Peabody became a school of education, especially in the South. It seemed financially strong, due in part to an endowment that had been funded in part by its namesake, also, Peabody students were eligible for participation in Vanderbilt ROTC and the Vanderbilt Marching Band. In the early 1970s Peabody students became eligible to participate on Vanderbilt athletic teams, in 1954, Nancy Reed won the womens individual intercollegiate golf championship. The 50-acre campus with its 22 main buildings was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965 for its association with George Peabodys funding efforts. The former path was chosen, and Peabody became a part of Vanderbilt in 1979, for many years following the merger, Peabody maintained a considerable separate identity within Vanderbilt, but this is now somewhat diminished. In 2008, Peabody became the site of The Commons, the housing for all first-year Vanderbilt students, in an organizational sense, too, Peabody College constitutes a vital part of todays Vanderbilt. It is now the host of two government-funded national research centers, the National Center on School Choice and the National Center on Performance Incentives. Peabody was ranked first among American graduate schools of education in the 2009,2010,2011,2012, theodore Bilbo, Mississippi State Senator, Lt. Governor, Governor, and U. S. Senator Elizabeth Lee Bloomstein, history professor and clubwoman in Nashville George Doherty, Louisiana football coach, McGinnis was named acting president in 1944 on the retirement of Leon Renfroe Meadows and served until August 1946. The McGinnis Theater was named after him

21.
Charley Moran
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After graduating, he became an assistant to Pop Warner at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. Moran coached the University of Nashville football team in 1900 and 1901, the 1901 team was one of the Souths greatest. Moran played minor league baseball in 1902 for teams in Little Rock, Chattanooga, in 1903, Moran pitched for the National Leagues St. Louis Cardinals, who finished in last place, but he appeared in only three games before injuring his arm. He posted a 5.25 earned run average in his tenure of 24 innings, being charged with a loss without earning a win. He went back to the leagues to manage the Dallas Giants in 1904. He returned to the Cardinals as a catcher in 1908 and played in 21 games and his minor league career continued with teams in Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, Dallas and Montgomery until he suffered a broken leg in 1912. He briefly played with teams in Chattanooga and Brunswick in 1913 before retiring as a player, after managing an Austin team in 1914, he began umpiring, in the Texas League in 1915–16 and the Southern Association in 1917. Moran began coaching football in 1909 at Texas A&M, where he accumulated a 38–8–4 record as coach over six seasons through 1914. This may be incorrect as he was elevated to head coach after the game of the 1909 season. He became a National League umpire in 1918, a job he held through the 1939 season and he officiated in four World Series, serving as crew chief on the last two occasions. He was behind the plate on May 8,1929 when Carl Hubbell of the New York Giants pitched an 11–0 no-hitter against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Moran also resumed his career as a head coach in 1917 at Centre College. The first two games of the 1917 season were coached by Robert L, chief Myers, and the rest by Moran. According to Centre publications, Myers realized he was dealing with a group of exceptional athletes and he needed someone who could the team justice, and found that person in Charles Moran. His record including undefeated seasons in 1919 and 1921, when the team was led on the field by Hall of Fame quarterback Bo McMillin. On October 29,1921, Moran guided Centre College to a historic 6–0 upset of Harvard, the game, commonly appreviated C6-H0, was ranked the 3rd biggest upset in college football history by ESPN. During the 1921 season Moran began a friendship with future baseball commissioner Happy Chandler, Moran then moved to Bucknell University, where he had a 19–10–2 record from 1924 through 1926. He was co-coach with Ed Weir of the NFLs Frankford Yellow Jackets in 1927 and his final coaching job was at Catawba College from 1930 through 1933, where he had a 22–11–5 record

22.
Sewanee Tigers football
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The Sewanee Tigers football team represents Sewanee, The University of the South in the sport of American football. The Tigers compete in Division III as members of the Southern Athletic Association, three Sewanee Tigers are members of the College Football Hall of Fame. Henry Seibels, Henry D. Phillips, and Frank Juhan, the Sewanee Tigers were pioneers in American intercollegiate athletics and possessed the Deep Souths preeminent football program in the 1890s. Ellwood Wilson is considered the founder of Sewanee football and their 1899 football team had perhaps the best season in college football history, winning all 12 of their games,11 by shutout, and outscoring their opponents 322-10. Five of those wins, all shutouts, came in a period while on a 2. Ten of their opponents, including all five of their road trip victims. In 2012, the College Football Hall of Fame held a vote of the greatest historic teams of all time, the Tigers were shut out 26 times in their 37 SEC games, and were outscored by a combined total of 1163–84. According to a university historian, Guerry agreed to come to Sewanee only if the school stopped awarding athletic scholarships, in 1940, two years after Guerrys arrival, Sewanee withdrew from the SEC and subsequently deemphasized varsity athletics. Guerrys stance is sometimes credited as a step toward the 1973 creation of NCAA Division III. Yea, Sewanees Right. is the surviving last line of an old football cheer, up with the Church. –Yea, Sewanees Right. The heathen may have been the Methodists of Vanderbilt which would date the cheer in the 1890s, now used as an alternative motto and often shouted at the end of the Alma Mater. When used with the Alma Mater it is preceded by the formula of an extended pause followed by Yea

23.
Thanksgiving
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Thanksgiving Day is a national holiday celebrated in Canada, in the United States, in some of the Caribbean islands and in Liberia. It was originally celebrated as a day of giving thanks for the blessing of the harvest, similarly named festival holidays occur in Germany and Japan. Thanksgiving is celebrated on the second Monday of October in Canada and on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States, although Thanksgiving has historical roots in religious and cultural traditions, it has long been celebrated as a secular holiday as well. Prayers of thanks and special thanksgiving ceremonies are common among almost all religions after harvests, the Thanksgiving holidays history in North America is rooted in English traditions dating from the Protestant Reformation. It also has aspects of a harvest festival, even though the harvest in New England occurs well before the date on which the modern Thanksgiving holiday is celebrated. Before 1536 there were 95 Church holidays, plus 52 Sundays, the 1536 reforms reduced the number of Church holidays to 27, but some Puritans wished to completely eliminate all Church holidays, including Christmas and Easter. The holidays were to be replaced by specially called Days of Fasting or Days of Thanksgiving, unexpected disasters or threats of judgement from on high called for Days of Fasting. Special blessings, viewed as coming from God, called for Days of Thanksgiving, for example, Days of Fasting were called on account of drought in 1611, floods in 1613, and plagues in 1604 and 1622. Days of Thanksgiving were called following the victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588, an unusual annual Day of Thanksgiving began in 1606 following the failure of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 and developed into Guy Fawkes Day on November 5. Some researchers state that there is no compelling narrative of the origins of the Canadian Thanksgiving day, the origins of Canadian Thanksgiving are also sometimes traced to the French settlers who came to New France in the 17th century, who celebrated their successful harvests. The French settlers in the area typically had feasts at the end of the harvest season and continued throughout the winter season, as settlers arrived in Nova Scotia from New England after 1700, late autumn Thanksgiving celebrations became commonplace. New immigrants into the country—such as the Irish, Scottish, most of the US aspects of Thanksgiving, were incorporated when United Empire Loyalists began to flee from the United States during the American Revolution and settled in Canada. The 1621 Plymouth feast and thanksgiving was prompted by a good harvest, Pilgrims and Puritans who began emigrating from England in the 1620s and 1630s carried the tradition of Days of Fasting and Days of Thanksgiving with them to New England. In the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God, now called Oktober Feesten, Leidens autumn thanksgiving celebration in 1617 was the occasion for sectarian disturbance that appears to have accelerated the pilgrims plans to emigrate to America. Later in Massachusetts, religious thanksgiving services were declared by civil leaders such as Governor Bradford, the practice of holding an annual harvest festival did not become a regular affair in New England until the late 1660s. Thanksgiving proclamations were made mostly by church leaders in New England up until 1682, during the revolutionary period, political influences affected the issuance of Thanksgiving proclamations. Various proclamations were made by governors, John Hancock, General George Washington. James Baker maintains, The American holidays true origin was the New England Calvinist Thanksgiving, never coupled with a Sabbath meeting, the Puritan observances were special days set aside during the week for thanksgiving and praise in response to Gods providence

24.
Ancestry.com
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Ancestry. com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States, as of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over 2 million paying subscribers. User-generated content tallies to more than 70 million family trees, and subscribers have added more than 200 million photographs, scanned documents, and written stories. Ancestrys brands include Ancestry, AncestryDNA, AncestryHealth, AncestryProGenealogists, Archives. com, Family Tree Maker, Find a Grave, Fold3, Newspapers. com, and Rootsweb. Under its subsidiaries, Ancestry. com operates foreign sites that provide access to services and these include Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe and Asia. In 1990, Paul B. Allen and Dan Taggart, two Brigham Young University graduates, founded Infobases and began offering Latter-day Saints publications on floppy disks, in 1988, Allen had worked at Folio Corporation, founded by his brother Curt and his brother-in-law Brad Pelo. Infobases chose to use the Folio infobase technology, which Allen was familiar with, Infobases first products were floppy disks and compact disks sold from the back seat of the founders car. In 1994, Infobases was named among Inc. magazines 500 fastest-growing companies and their first offering on CD was the LDS Collectors Edition, released in April 1995, selling for $299.95, which was offered in an online version in August 1995. Ancestry officially went online with the launched Ancestry. com in 1996, with its roots as a genealogy newsletter started in 1983 by John Sittner, and became an established publishing company in 1984. Ancestry was relaunched as a magazine in January 1994, and went online in 1996, on January 1,1997, Infobases parent company, Western Standard Publishing, purchased Ancestry, Inc. publisher of Ancestry magazine and genealogy books. Western Standard Publishings CEO was Joe Cannon, one of the owners of Geneva Steel. In July 1997, Allen and Taggart purchased Western Standards interest in Ancestry, at the time, Brad Pelo was president and CEO of Infobases, and president of Western Standard. Less than six months earlier, he had been president of Folio Corporation, in March 1997, Folio was sold to Open Market for $45 million. The first public evidence of the change in ownership of Ancestry Magazine came with the July/August 1997 issue and that issues masthead also included the first use of the Ancestry. com web address. More growth for Infobases occurred in July 1997, when Ancestry, Inc. purchased Bookcraft, Infobases had published many of Bookcrafts books as part of its LDS Collectors Library. Pelo also announced that Ancestrys product line would be expanded in both CDs and online. Alan Ashton, an investor in Infobases and founder of WordPerfect, was its chairman of the board. Allen and Taggart began running Ancestry, Inc. independently from Infobases in July 1997, included in the sale were the rights to Infobases LDS Collectors Library on CD

25.
Open access
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Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use. These additional usage rights are granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses. There are multiple ways authors can provide access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it in a repository where it can be accessed for free, such as their institutional repository and this is known as green open access. Some publishers require delays, or an embargo, on when an output in a repository may be made open access. Several initiatives provide an alternative to the American and English language dominance of existing publication indexing systems, including Index Copernicus, SciELO and Redalyc. A second way authors can make their work open access is by publishing it in such a way that makes their research output immediately available from the publisher. This is known as open access, and within the sciences this often takes the form of publishing an article in either an open access journal. Pure open access journals do not charge fees, and may have one of a variety of business models. Many, however, do charge an article processing fee, widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s and early 2000s fueled the open access movement, and prompted both the green open access way and the creation of open access journals. Conventional non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, some non-open access journals provide open access after an embargo period of 6–12 months or longer. The Budapest statement defined open access as follows, There are many degrees, despite these statements emerging in the 2000s, the idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term open access was formally coined. Computer scientists had been self-archiving in anonymous ftp archives since the 1970s, the Subversive Proposal to generalize the practice was posted in 1994. Gratis OA refers to online access, and libre OA refers to free online access plus some additional re-use rights. The Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin definitions had corresponded only to libre OA, the re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific Creative Commons licenses, these almost all require attribution of authorship to the original authors. Open access itself began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of Internet, the momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA. Electronic publishing created new benefits as compared to paper publishing but beyond that, rather than applying traditional notions of copyright to academic publications, they could be libre or free to build upon. The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers, Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to