Altruism is a behavior that benefits others at a cost to one’s own ability of survival and/or reproduction; that is, individual fitness. Thus, altruism poses great challenges to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural ...

Most habitats exhibit seasonal changes in environmental conditions. These seasonal patterns can vary among years, which can alter the timing of the seasonal life-history events, or phenologies, of species (e.g., emergence ...

Variation within species drives differences in population dynamics, interactions between species, and the functioning of complex ecosystems. Fittingly, understanding the factors that govern this intraspecific variation ...

Patterns of interactions could influence the biological systems at various levels and potentially affect the evolutionary history. Gene interactions could affect the relation among genotypes and their phenotypes. Polymorphisms ...

The behavioral and physical traits of adults can be strongly influenced by conditions experienced during development. Consequently, variation in natal habitat quality across a landscape and through time can also lead to ...