A Short Course BookDigital Desktop Studio PhotographyThe Complete Guide To Lighting and Photographing Small Objects with your Digital Camera

Using Continuous Lights

A collapsible light stand.
Courtesy of Smith-Victor.

Reflectors for photoflood and other bulbs are available for almost any light stand. Courtesy of Smith-Victor.

A boom mounted on a light stand lets you position a light over the subject without the stand being in the picture.Courtesy of Smith-Victor.

A compact fluorescent (CFLs) bulb.

Calumet's Tri-Lite uses three fluorescent bulbs that throw off almost no heat. This lets you position the light close to a subject for the highest levels of illumination without damaging the subject with intense heat.

The least expensive lights for the digital desktop studio are swing-arm desk lamps. They combine the stand and reflector in one unit.

To see if your fuses or circuit breakers will handle the lights you want to use, add up all of the wattages and divided by 110 to calculate the number of amps the lights will draw. If the number is higher than the rating of your fuses or circuit breakers, use less power, or plug the lights into different circuits.

One thing digital cameras have made popular again is the continuous studio light that stays on all of the time, much like the table or desk lamp you read by. These lights fell out of favor in film photography when strobes came along because they require filters on the camera or flash to match the light to the film. Choosing the right filters takes more knowledge and experience than most of us have, especially since you can't see the results until the film is developed. However, with digital cameras, white balance eliminates this concern so continuous lights are again popular, especially in home and small business studios. One big advantage of continuous lights is that you can see their effects on the setup as you view the scene directly or on the camera's monitor. As you move the lights, you can see the highlights and shadows change on the subject. This allows you to interact with the lighting setup much more than you can when using strobes. It's almost as if you are painting with light.

The only real problem with continuous lights is the heat that some kinds of bulbs throw off—specifically tungsten and quartz-halogen bulbs. Newer lights that run much cooler have dramatically reduced, and even eliminated this problem. There are three parts of these lights to consider: stands, reflectors, and bulbs.

Stands

Stands come in a variety of styles and prices. Their purpose is to hold lights, umbrellas, diffusers, softboxes, and other lighting devices in a fixed position. They are usually collapsible for easy storage, and have legs in sections so their height can be adjusted. You can add a boom to hold lights, reflectors, diffusers, gobos, or other objects out at a distance. In desktop photography, stands need not be too tall-6 to 8 feet should suffice.

Reflectors

Reflectors vary from those found in hardware stores to expensive professional units. There are a number of things to consider when buying or using reflectors:

How to they attach to the stand you plan on using? If the attachment isn't a good one, the lights can easily slip out of position at almost any time.

What is the size and the angle of light the reflector projects? Some project narrower beams than others and some are even classified as spot or broad because of their angles.

What is the maximum wattage they are designed for?

Bulbs

The bulb is the most critical part of the continuous lighting system.

Tungsten lamps, especially photofloods, throw off a lot of heat. Some also have an unusually short life span—as low as 3 hours. Because these were the only bulbs available when continuous lights were last widely used, they account for the alternate name for continuous lighting "hot lights".

HMI (Halide Metal Oxide) lamps are small, very expensive arc lamps that generate four or more times the light of tungsten bulbs with less heat. The light is also perfectly daylight balanced.

Fluorescent bulbs are inexpensive, cooler, require 90% less power, and last 100 times longer than tungsten lights—up to 10,000 hours. They can also be dimmed to 3% of their full power and provide a more consistent color temperature. A new type of fluorescent bulb, called a compact fluorescent (CFL) comes in a variety of color temperatures. The 6500°K bulb emits white light commonly called "Cool Daylight" and 5000°K bulbs match midday light. You can screw one of these bulbs into a regular fixture for cool light. Because these bulbs have so many good features, they are the authors' number one choice for digital desktop photography.

Although a digital camera's white balance control can capture normal colors under a wide variety of lighting conditions, you should be aware that different types of lights cast different colors on a setup. This is why when shooting in homes, photos often have a warm reddish cast, while those taken under some florescent lights look greenish. When choosing studio lights, especially continuous lights, you should investigate two color-related terms used to describe them—color temperature and color rendering index.

Color temperature describes how cool or warm the light source appears. For example, incandescent lamps have a warmer, more reddish appearance than colder, bluer HMI lamps. Color Temperature is expressed in degrees Kelvin (K). Daylight on a clear day is about 6500° Kelvin—a mix of direct sun at 5500°K and skylight at 9500°K. Lights with lower color temperatures look red; those with higher color temperatures look blue. To picture this imagine a blacksmith heating an iron bar. It first gets red hot, then as its temperature increases, it becomes white hot, and finally, blue white hot. To measure the color temperature of a light, you can use a color meter. These are fairly expensive and although crucial with film photography, they are not as useful with digital cameras because of white balance control.

The Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a relative measure of how colors shift when illuminated by a particular lamp as compared to a reference source such as daylight. Daylight has a CRI of 100, the highest possible CRI. The closer the CRI of a light source is to 100, the "truer" it renders color.

The power of continuous lights is usually given in watts, but occasionally in lumens.

Watts describe the power consumed, not the light emitted. For example, there are many different lighting fixtures that use 100 watt lamps, but the output efficiency of these lamps will vary by 100% or more.

Lumens indicates the lighting intensity of continuous lighting. It's a measure of the total light output of the lamp. A 27 watt CFL lamp has 1750 lumens, the same as a 100 watt tungsten bulb.

Reflector efficiency ensures that the available light will be focused on the subject to be photographed and not on areas outside the camera's field-ofview.

Generally, the brighter the light, the smaller the aperture you can use or the farther the lights can be positioned from the subject. However, for tabletop photography, almost any bright light will work. Some continuous lights are equipped with a dimmer switch. This lets you adjust the light's brightness without having to change it's distance to the subject. The only thing to be aware of is that adjusting brightness also affects the light's color temperature. Be sure to adjust your camera's white balance after adjusting the light's brightness.