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Research suggests that women may be more responsive to treatment within women-only treatment facilities or groups, because they feel less intimidated or concerned about being stigmatized in such settings, because of a desire to obtain services specific to their needs, or because they seek shelter from intimate partner violence.

A minority of participants (16%) had a secure adult attachment style in which they found it easy to be emotionally close to others.

While attachment styles did change over time, most notably a reduction in the percentage of women exhibiting a fearful attachment style (discomfort in getting close to others), the move to a dismissing attachment style (preferring not to depend on others or have others depend on them) was not a positive sign of growth.

Participants showed personal growth in social support and improvement in their psychological symptoms.

While participants had expectations for their children that were age-appropriate, they lacked empathy for their children, tended to favor physical punishment, tended toward parentification of their children (reversed roles), and tended toward an authoritarian relationship (restricting power/independence) with their children.

Given the cyclical nature of abuse, the lack of improvement in parenting attitudes over time shows a high need among this population for additional parenting intervention.

While previous national research found that custodial treatment programs report that they provide women offenders with treatment, housing, and welfare assistance; the percentage of women actually receiving such assistance may be small.

Compared to previously reported research on an earlier group of Forever Free and comparison women, service needs have increased in all areas.

“They help you realize that you aren’t that bad; that you have a lot of mistaken beliefs. You need to take a look at what you really are; that covered a lot of areas for me.” [LT]

“They explained why; just like elementary school; over and over again until you got it. But it was based on self-esteem. Conglomeration of a lot of different aspects. They really worked with you to make sure you really understood about all the different aspects of drug and alcohol use.” [LT]

You need resources, places to go. The CDC doesn’t provide you with anything. There is voc rehab through the parole agency, but you have to apply in advance. [LT]

Drug programs need job placement services. They need to help you educate yourself. There are all these computers here at [Program C] and they are going unused. [Res]

Residential programs need to inform us. We learn a lot of things here through word of mouth. A lot of us didn’t know about the Department of Voc Rehab, grants, schools, etc. and found out about them through other residents. [Program C] doesn’t help with job placement—they just tell you to go out and get a job. [Res]