Where Prophet Muhammad (P) lived?

"Are these verses not clearly stating that all the messengers, who were sent before Muhammad (P), were from the nearby or surrounding towns which were destroyed and their ruins were left as signs for people of Muhammad (P) to see and in those ruins they were walking? So Where were those towns? And where was the Mother of Towns?

Are there any evidences to prove that the prophets and their people mentioned in above verses were living in area surrounding current city of Makkah?"

All the previous messengers living in Makkah or around it?

There were some messengers living in the Arabian peninsula long before the Arabs became a community there. But we know that the Arabs who are descendents of Ismael didn't have any messengers before Muhammad (S).

The Qur'an cannot be bound only into a certain Space and Time. The addressee of all those verses you quote are all the people who choose to believe in the Qur'an and study it and generally, the whole mankind.

The first receivers of the Qur'an were aware of their previous communities and ancestors by the way of hearsay and poetry so that they must have heard about Aad, Thamud, Lut, and etc. from those sources and also from the books that were/are present with Jews and Christians.

I don't think the point of those verses is that everybody should certainly witness those ruins and dwellings leftover from the previous communities in order to draw lessons from the Qur'an. Likewise, not everyone is witnessing the expansion of the Universe, or the existence of elementary particles, which need sophisticated instruments and calculations; but from the scientific sources we learn about them and come to accept them.

51:47 And it is We who built the heaven with power, and certainly, it is We who are steadily expanding it.

36:36 Glory to Him Who has created pairs of everything that the earth grows, and of themselves, and of things they have no knowledge yet.
[This discovery of all things existing in pairs earned the British physicist Paul Dirac the Nobel Prize in 1933]