The only rabbi with a portrait from Amsterdam. Goodness, I hoep this isn't what Dutch Jews wore. Frankly, his hat doesn't look Jewish at all, although I'm not sure the Russian fur caps or turbans do either.

Shown here wearing a small black velvet kippah, he was also painted wearing a large Russian fur hat. This makes me wonder whether there wasn't a greater variation among all rabbis in the 19th century. My data is too limited.

I'm starting to notice a division: Jews from Southeastern Europe were more likely to wear large head coverings, and jews from Northeastern Europe were more likely to wear a small black velvet kippah, or nothing at all.