4 Overview: WhatAre Accumulators? A 3D nonlinear FE simulation of an Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer (EPDM) hydro-pneumatic accumulator bladder at 3:1 compression ratio will be presented Accumulators are used as part of a hydraulic system so that: The pump size can be reduced and retain ability to cope with extremes of demand The supply circuit can respond more quickly to sudden demands The system pressure fluctuations are smoothed

5 Overview: WhatAre Accumulators? A polymer bladder divides the accumulator into two cavities: 1. One connected to an open hydraulic system 2. The other a closed volume containing nitrogen Accumulator retention bead is compressed Initial pre charge pressure is applied to the nitrogen cavity Subsequent hydraulic system pressure causes significant deformation and collapse of the bladder

6 Overview: Why Accumulator Simulations? Ensure that buckling (whether lobes) does not occur in the working zone between Max/Min system pressure The trilobe collapse with an acorn shaped bladder (as in this presentation) will always occur so cannot be limited to a great extent The buckling load and shape is interesting in this case from a numerical validation point of view The prediction of strain is a key issue in all accumulator geometries For acorn accumulators having a horizontal split line when mounted on its side, a strain concentration can significantly influence the design strength Accumulators can invert with a multipoint petal buckle, and then fail circumferentially along a mould split line if a peak petal deformation coincides at this point The ability to provide a high compression ratio without failure is essential to the design

7 Overview: What Are We Looking At? Numerical results are compared to physical test results for: The buckling mode The buckling pressure factor Post buckling behaviour In addition, the numerical maximum strain levels are compared with known material limits

8 Product & Material Testing

9 Product Testing Specially developed transparent case Vacuum gradually applied to the accumulator (Maximum MPa) Vacuum pump attached to left hand side Pressure transducer attached downstream Pressure at initial buckling measured as MPa The numerical analysis will apply the pressure difference as a vacuum to the accumulator

12 Material Testing Interactive Experimental Data Curve Fitting used Provide a stable and accurate set of hyperelastic material coefficients Best fit obtained using 3 terms for the Ogden strain energy function Small strain fit crucial for correct buckling behaviour Both tensile-only and the full tensile-compression data were used to obtain consistent coefficients over the strain range of the test

13 NumericalAnalysis: General Features Used

14 NumericalAnalysis: Cavity Definition Cavity defined from a continuous set of element faces Mostly from the accumulator, but closed by special cavity elements Volume automatically calculated Open or Closed cavities possible Openin this case Application of gas pressure could also been carried out directly but P-V characteristics would not be available Pressure updated incrementally within the cavity: P = Po + P The density is then updated: M = ρv Accumulator Elements Cavity Faces

15 NumericalAnalysis: Contact & Friction Marc automatically handles the changing contact conditions (incl. self contact, separation, sliding and friction A bilinear friction model is used Based on an elastoplastic concept Provides an accurate model in the presence of large relative deformations and friction coefficients in excess of 1.5 Friction between EPDM and the external cavity ~0.5 Friction between EPDM ~0.8 Contact Shown in Yellow

16 NumericalAnalysis: Linear Buckling

17 NumericalAnalysis: Linear Buckling Linear (eigenvalue) buckling analysis initially performed Internal pressure applied as a preload First mode predicted as a trilobe, at MPa (RT test MPa) 14% difference Analysis time few minutes The shape agrees with general observation: If the outer diameter of the cavity is smaller than its length a trilobe collapse is found If the outer diameter is ~1.5 times its length, then a penta-lobe is found

20 NumericalAnalysis: Post Buckling Control Automatic limits imposed on the magnitude of iterative displacement (δu) Effective way to control runaway displacements during the iterative procedure Particularly useful for initially loose assemblies and for buckling analyses involving sudden and large deformation Used in all subsequent analyses shown F i δu u

27 NumericalAnalysis: Results Comparison Close-up view around initial buckling point Good correlation in the responses between the different numerical solutions used Response shows an good correlation with test for the Initial buckling load Estimated buckling load range: MPa With accurate material testing, very close correlation can be achieved with large strain buckling of elastomers Arc-Length produced closest correlation, as would be expected Linear buckling correlation is more of a happy coincidence

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