Ungefähres Erscheinungsdatum des Manyōshū.
Angeblicher Kompilator des Konjaku monogatarishū 今昔物語集. Diese Datierung wird jedoch von mehreren Historikern angezweifelt,
da sie zu früh zu sein scheint. Die tatsächliche Kompilierung soll zwischen 1120 und 1140 stattgefunden haben.
<span style="text-align:justify;">
<p>Angeblich geschrieben zwischen 923 und 931; wird allerdings u.a. von Wakayabashi 1995 angezweifelt. Als wahrscheinlicher gilt,
dass die Passage mit dem Tengu erst später, vermutlich Mitte/Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts hinzugefügt wurde. Die Passagen im
<i>Sōō kashō-den</i> und im <i>Meishō ryaku-den</i> verwenden die Bezeichnung <i>tenko</i> 天狐
(Himmelsfuchs), während im <i>Shūi ōjōden</i> und im <i>Kojidan</i> die
Bezeichnung <i>tengu</i> 天狗 (Himmelshund) Verwendung findet.</p>
<blockquote><span style="font-size:.8em;">
<p style="text-indent:1em;">In the seventh year of Jogan (865), Empress Somedono had been agonized
by a tenko, a celestial fox, for several months. Priests with supernatural
power from various temples tried, but could not subdue the tenko. The tenko
announced: "Unless the buddhas of the three period appear, who would dare
subdue me or know my name." Finally, Priest Sōō was summoned. He
prayed for two three days, but his prayers showed no miraculous effect.
Sōō returned to his temple and facing the Fudo Myōō, told him what was
happening. He prayed hard, but somehow, the Myōō turned his back and
faced the west. When Sōō sat in the west, then the Myoo again turned his
back and this time faced the east. Sōō sat in the east, and the Myōō now
turned his back and like he did in the beginning, faced the south. Sōō sat in
the south. With tears in his eyes, Sōō said, "I have always served the Myōō,
and never had other thoughts. What wrong have I done that makes you tum
your back towards me?"</p>
<p style="text-indent:1em;">Finally, the Myōō spoke: " ... In the past there was a priest called Ki no
Sōjō (Shinzei, the son of San'en of the Ki family. People call him Ki no
Sōjō, the Priest of Ki). While he was alive, he kept my spell. But now, due
to wrong attachment, he fell to the tenkodō, the realm of tenko, and is now
possessing and agonizing the empress.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1em;">In order to keep the original vow made by him, I protect this tellko. It is
because of my spell that I cannot seize this tenko. You shall now go to the
palace and secretly tell the tenko, 'Are you not Kakinomoto no Tenko. the
incarnation of Ki no Sōjō?' and as you lower your head, perform the ritual of
Daiitoku. Then, you will be able to seize him .... "</p>
<p style="text-indent:1em;">Sōō was surprised, then was deeply moved. His head touched his feet,
and he bowed several times. Later, when he was summoned to the palace, he
did as the Myōō told him. He was able to seize the tenko; the tenko yielded.
From then on, the tenko never returned. In a little while, it attained
emancipation. The empress was not agonized ever after.</p>
</span>
</blockquote>
<p>Vgl. Wakabayashi 1995, S. 25.</p>
</span>
<span style="text-align:justify;">
<p>Angeblich geschrieben zwischen 923 und 931; wird allerdings u.a. von Wakayabashi 1995 angezweifelt. Als wahrscheinlicher gilt,
dass die Passage mit dem Tengu erst später, vermutlich Mitte/Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts hinzugefügt wurde. Die Passagen im
<i>Sōō kashō-den</i> und im <i>Meishō ryaku-den</i> verwenden die Bezeichnung <i>tenko</i> 天狐
(Himmelsfuchs), während im <i>Shūi ōjōden</i> und im <i>Kojidan</i> die
Bezeichnung <i>tengu</i> 天狗 (Himmelshund) Verwendung findet.</p>
<blockquote><span style="font-size:.8em;">
<p style="text-indent:1em;">In the seventh year of Jogan (865), Empress Somedono had been agonized
by a tenko, a celestial fox, for several months. Priests with supernatural
power from various temples tried, but could not subdue the tenko. The tenko
announced: "Unless the buddhas of the three period appear, who would dare
subdue me or know my name." Finally, Priest Sōō was summoned. He
prayed for two three days, but his prayers showed no miraculous effect.
Sōō returned to his temple and facing the Fudo Myōō, told him what was
happening. He prayed hard, but somehow, the Myōō turned his back and
faced the west. When Sōō sat in the west, then the Myoo again turned his
back and this time faced the east. Sōō sat in the east, and the Myōō now
turned his back and like he did in the beginning, faced the south. Sōō sat in
the south. With tears in his eyes, Sōō said, "I have always served the Myōō,
and never had other thoughts. What wrong have I done that makes you tum
your back towards me?"</p>
<p style="text-indent:1em;">Finally, the Myōō spoke: " ... In the past there was a priest called Ki no
Sōjō (Shinzei, the son of San'en of the Ki family. People call him Ki no
Sōjō, the Priest of Ki). While he was alive, he kept my spell. But now, due
to wrong attachment, he fell to the tenkodō, the realm of tenko, and is now
possessing and agonizing the empress.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1em;">In order to keep the original vow made by him, I protect this tellko. It is
because of my spell that I cannot seize this tenko. You shall now go to the
palace and secretly tell the tenko, 'Are you not Kakinomoto no Tenko. the
incarnation of Ki no Sōjō?' and as you lower your head, perform the ritual of
Daiitoku. Then, you will be able to seize him .... "</p>
<p style="text-indent:1em;">Sōō was surprised, then was deeply moved. His head touched his feet,
and he bowed several times. Later, when he was summoned to the palace, he
did as the Myōō told him. He was able to seize the tenko; the tenko yielded.
From then on, the tenko never returned. In a little while, it attained
emancipation. The empress was not agonized ever after.</p>
</span>
</blockquote>
<p>Vgl. Wakabayashi 1995, S. 25.</p>
</span>
<span style="text-align:justify;">
<p>Angeblich geschrieben zwischen 923 und 931; wird allerdings u.a. von Wakayabashi 1995 angezweifelt. Als wahrscheinlicher gilt,
dass die Passage mit dem Tengu erst später, vermutlich Mitte/Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts hinzugefügt wurde. Die Passagen im
<i>Sōō kashō-den</i> und im <i>Meishō ryaku-den</i> verwenden die Bezeichnung <i>tenko</i> 天狐
(Himmelsfuchs), während im <i>Shūi ōjōden</i> und im <i>Kojidan</i> die
Bezeichnung <i>tengu</i> 天狗 (Himmelshund) Verwendung findet.</p>
<blockquote><span style="font-size:.8em;">
<p style="text-indent:1em;">In the seventh year of Jogan (865), Empress Somedono had been agonized
by a tenko, a celestial fox, for several months. Priests with supernatural
power from various temples tried, but could not subdue the tenko. The tenko
announced: "Unless the buddhas of the three period appear, who would dare
subdue me or know my name." Finally, Priest Sōō was summoned. He
prayed for two three days, but his prayers showed no miraculous effect.
Sōō returned to his temple and facing the Fudo Myōō, told him what was
happening. He prayed hard, but somehow, the Myōō turned his back and
faced the west. When Sōō sat in the west, then the Myoo again turned his
back and this time faced the east. Sōō sat in the east, and the Myōō now
turned his back and like he did in the beginning, faced the south. Sōō sat in
the south. With tears in his eyes, Sōō said, "I have always served the Myōō,
and never had other thoughts. What wrong have I done that makes you tum
your back towards me?"</p>
<p style="text-indent:1em;">Finally, the Myōō spoke: " ... In the past there was a priest called Ki no
Sōjō (Shinzei, the son of San'en of the Ki family. People call him Ki no
Sōjō, the Priest of Ki). While he was alive, he kept my spell. But now, due
to wrong attachment, he fell to the tenkodō, the realm of tenko, and is now
possessing and agonizing the empress.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1em;">In order to keep the original vow made by him, I protect this tellko. It is
because of my spell that I cannot seize this tenko. You shall now go to the
palace and secretly tell the tenko, 'Are you not Kakinomoto no Tenko. the
incarnation of Ki no Sōjō?' and as you lower your head, perform the ritual of
Daiitoku. Then, you will be able to seize him .... "</p>
<p style="text-indent:1em;">Sōō was surprised, then was deeply moved. His head touched his feet,
and he bowed several times. Later, when he was summoned to the palace, he
did as the Myōō told him. He was able to seize the tenko; the tenko yielded.
From then on, the tenko never returned. In a little while, it attained
emancipation. The empress was not agonized ever after.</p>
</span>
</blockquote>
<p>Vgl. Wakabayashi 1995, S. 25.</p>
</span>
<span style="text-align:justify;">
<p>Angeblich geschrieben zwischen 923 und 931; wird allerdings u.a. von Wakayabashi 1995 angezweifelt. Als wahrscheinlicher gilt,
dass die Passage mit dem Tengu erst später, vermutlich Mitte/Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts hinzugefügt wurde. Die Passagen im
<i>Sōō kashō-den</i> und im <i>Meishō ryaku-den</i> verwenden die Bezeichnung <i>tenko</i> 天狐
(Himmelsfuchs), während im <i>Shūi ōjōden</i> und im <i>Kojidan</i> die
Bezeichnung <i>tengu</i> 天狗 (Himmelshund) Verwendung findet.</p>
<blockquote><span style="font-size:.8em;">
<p style="text-indent:1em;">In the seventh year of Jogan (865), Empress Somedono had been agonized
by a tenko, a celestial fox, for several months. Priests with supernatural
power from various temples tried, but could not subdue the tenko. The tenko
announced: "Unless the buddhas of the three period appear, who would dare
subdue me or know my name." Finally, Priest Sōō was summoned. He
prayed for two three days, but his prayers showed no miraculous effect.
Sōō returned to his temple and facing the Fudo Myōō, told him what was
happening. He prayed hard, but somehow, the Myōō turned his back and
faced the west. When Sōō sat in the west, then the Myoo again turned his
back and this time faced the east. Sōō sat in the east, and the Myōō now
turned his back and like he did in the beginning, faced the south. Sōō sat in
the south. With tears in his eyes, Sōō said, "I have always served the Myōō,
and never had other thoughts. What wrong have I done that makes you tum
your back towards me?"</p>
<p style="text-indent:1em;">Finally, the Myōō spoke: " ... In the past there was a priest called Ki no
Sōjō (Shinzei, the son of San'en of the Ki family. People call him Ki no
Sōjō, the Priest of Ki). While he was alive, he kept my spell. But now, due
to wrong attachment, he fell to the tenkodō, the realm of tenko, and is now
possessing and agonizing the empress.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1em;">In order to keep the original vow made by him, I protect this tellko. It is
because of my spell that I cannot seize this tenko. You shall now go to the
palace and secretly tell the tenko, 'Are you not Kakinomoto no Tenko. the
incarnation of Ki no Sōjō?' and as you lower your head, perform the ritual of
Daiitoku. Then, you will be able to seize him .... "</p>
<p style="text-indent:1em;">Sōō was surprised, then was deeply moved. His head touched his feet,
and he bowed several times. Later, when he was summoned to the palace, he
did as the Myōō told him. He was able to seize the tenko; the tenko yielded.
From then on, the tenko never returned. In a little while, it attained
emancipation. The empress was not agonized ever after.</p>
</span>
</blockquote>
<p>Vgl. Wakabayashi 1995, S. 25.</p>
</span>
<p>Sammlung von Geschichten aus Indien, China und Japan.</p>
<p>Die Geschichten über Tengu befinden sich in dem japanischen Teil, in dem auch die buddhistischen Geschichten
untergebracht sind; andere Geister, Dämonen und übernatürliche Erscheinungen werden außerhalb der religiösen Geschichten
erwähnt.</p>
<span style="text-align:justify;">
<p>Auch: Ushiwakamaru. Bruder von Minamoto no Yoritomo, der durch dessen Intrige den Tod fand. Yoshitsune, der im Kampf unbesiegt
gewesen sein soll, wird nachgesagt, dass ihm der Tengu Sōjōbō auf dem Berg Kurama die Schwertkunst beigebracht hat.</p>
<p>Dank seiner Künste konnte er den Kriegermönch Benkei auf einer Brücke durch gewaltige Luftsprünge besiegen. Der
Mönch wurde daraufhin bis zum Tod der beiden Gefolgsmann von Yoshitsune.</p>
</span>
<p>Ein Mann wird von Tengu von seinen Geschwüren geheilt, die sich durch die Heilung
bei ihm für eine außergewöhnliche Tanzdarbietung bedankten.</p>
<p>Vgl. Möller 2004, S. 32 und Mills: <i>Tales from Uji</i>, S. 137-140.</p>
Verfasser des 1776 veröffentlichten 'Tengu-Schädel Diskurses' jap. <i>Tengu sharekōbe mekiki engi</i>.
<span style="text-align:justify;">
<p>Hiraga Gennai veröffentlicht seinen Tengu-Schädel-Diskurs als Kritik an selbstgefälligen Wissenschaftlern und
Ärzten sowie als Klage über mangelnden Respekt an seiner Person.</p>
<p>Wichtig, weil der Begriff des Tengu hier in seiner Eigenschaft als "überheblich" und "arrogant" in Bezug auf
die kritisierten Personen verwendet wird.</p>
<p>"Der japanische <i>tengu</i> ist ein Ungeheuer (<i>chimimô ryô</i>) ohne eine bestimmte Gestalt.
Heutzutage malt man allgemein die <i>daitengu</i> mit einer langen Nase, die durch das Gefühl des Hochmutes geformt wurde,
die <i>konoha tengu</i> und <i>mizotobi tengu</i>
haben dagegen einen langen Schnabel, weil sie zuviel reden. Abbildungen mit Flügeln und Strohsandalen zeigen die Fähigkeit
des Fliegens und Gehens. Der <i>tengu</i> wohnt auf den Zypressen (<i>sugi</i>), aber daß er keine Miete
für seine Wohnung bezahlt, zeigt seine Pflichtvergessenheit. Der Fächer steht für seinen Geiz. Das sind aber alles Vorstellungen
der Maler und in Wirklichkeit ist der <i>tengu</i> ohne Gestalt. Der Weise spricht nicht über diese rauhbeinigen
Gesellen (<i>kairiki ranshin</i>); dies jetzt als Schädel eines tengu zu bezeichnen, damit möchten Sie uns zum Narren halten."</p>
<div style="text-align:right">- S. 185 in Möller, Jörg (1996): Hiraga Gennais Tengu-Schädel-Diskurs, In: Nachrichten der Gesellschaft für Natur- und
Völkerkunde Ostasiens, Vol. 66, nos.1-2 (whole nos. 159-160 1996).</div>
<p>Vgl. Möller 2004, S. 16-21.</p>
</span>
<p><span style="font-size: small;">Vor langer, langer Zeit war da einmal ein <strong>Markup</strong>.</span></p><blockquote><p>Der versucht folgende lustigen Sachen.</p></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: small;">Er erstellte diese Liste:</span></p><ul><li>punkt 1</li><li>punkt 2</li><li>punkt 3</li></ul><p><span style="font-size: small;">Und dann formulierte er einen Abschlusskommentar</span><br></p>