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During the last years, the accountancy of the results of the public companies in the values which evaluate the necessity of financing the public sector and the stock of the net debt of the public sector has guaranteed the fulfillment of the goals fixed to the primary surplus but has limited the quantity of the resources which the public companies can loan to invest. As we exam the treatment that the public companies receive in the agreements made by Brazil with IMF in relation to what is established in the IMF Manuals, in the European Union and in legal Brazilian diplomas, we find discrepancy of treatment, what makes us suppose that there are conditions even to include or to exclude the public companies accounts, not only on the definition of the results in terms of deficit or fiscal surplus, but also on the calculation of the values of the public debt. As we consider the manuals and the Brazilian legislation, we verify the possibility to adopt a similar treatment as the one which exists in the European Union, excluding these societies of the deficit and debt accounts. The object of this paper is to discuss the treatment of the accounts of the productive public companies in the budget of the public sector, using as example Petrobras, and analyze two possibilities: the first is the exclusion of these public companies accounts not only from the verification of the results in terms of deficit or fiscal surplus, but also in the calculation of the values of the public debt. The second possibility is that the accounts of these companies at least be removed from the primary surplus calculation. Petrobras, for example, has all of its investments paid by its own resources which come from the products it commercializes or are obtained at the market. Besides, Petrobras does not receive any public resource. On the contrary, it significantly contributes to the public income of the country, the states and the cities, by the means of payment of taxes, contributions, dividends and royalties by the oil and natural gas extraction. Petrobras is the biggest individual contributor of Brazil and has proposed a very important economy of foreign exchange reserves during its history. By these reasons, we suggest the exclusion of the accounts of the productive public companies of the deficit and debt accounts of the public sector. In the case that this suggestion may not be adopted, we suggest that at least these companies be excluded of the calculation of the primary surplus of the public sector. At this paper, we analyze the case of Petrobras, the federal public company which represents the best conditions to these suggestions.