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3232Managing Supply Module 1 SLPhttps://alicekingcommunityschool.org/managing-supply-module-1-slp/
Sat, 02 Feb 2019 03:16:50 +0000https://ricorp.net/?p=4The supply management of the products helps the market stakeholders to determine their flow in the market from the time they were manufactured to the time when it reaches the customer (Mentzer, 2001). The product passes several processes before reaching to the end user including the storage and movement of raw materials, inventory processes, and […]

]]>The supply management of the products helps the market stakeholders to determine their flow in the market from the time they were manufactured to the time when it reaches the customer (Mentzer, 2001). The product passes several processes before reaching to the end user including the storage and movement of raw materials, inventory processes, and supply of end-user products. However, this research paper identifies one consumer product that is manufactured in the USA and describes the manufacturing company for the product in terms of its market share, its product competitors, and its supply chain in the larger market. In addition, the paper overlooks on the activities surrounding the product development and its introduction into the market.

This research paper identifies the leather jacket as the consumer product for the deeper discussion. A leather jacket refers to the lengthy coat made from the tanned animal hides. It is typically dyed brown or black, although there are possibilities of using other colors. However, leather jackets are manufactured for different purposes including the association of sub-cultural practices including the music, police, motorcyclists, military aviators, and greasers, among others. They were worn for fashionable or protective reasons since they sometimes create an intimidating appearance.

Most of the leather jackets are made using the animal hides, especially from the meat industry where they are perceived to be sustainable waste materials (Heidemann, 1993). The manufacturing of the leather jackets is a worldwide venture where most of the companies supply or import the manufactured products internationally to satisfy the increasing market demand. Among the companies, which manufactures leather jackets in the USA is the Schott NYC.

Schott NYC is a manufacturing company based in New York and was established in 1913 by two brothers Jack Schott and Irving. It is headquartered at New York City but has branches at Elizabeth and Union. The company was the pioneer of zipper jackets, which became popular to motorcyclists and actors. Moreover, Schott NYC made various types of clothing for US Army during the Second World War and later for other law enforcers. The entire Schott family owns the company privately.

The leather jackets are the only products manufactured by Schott NYC, where their productions are driven by the innovative designs and use of modern culture for their brands. The use of innovative designs to make their products improves their competitive advantages against the product’s competitors.
For instance, the design of Perfecto jackets led to the popularity of the company since it was the first leather jacket to be designed for the motorcyclists. Such innovations aimed at satisfying the protective needs of the motorcyclists. The company also introduced a new design of leather jacket in 1940s, which was later followed by several new designs (Gellers, 1999). The evolutionally releases of the product revolutionized the American culture since the Perfecto jackets became a popular wear during the Rock and Roll movements, and extended its consumer taste to the rock movement. The brand’s label “Made in America” creates the perceptions of the American pride and originals that helps in maintaining the American identity.

However, Schott NYC sells its products directly to the consumers and wholesalers through their website where orders can be made for shipment to any person at any global location. The company uses its website to penetrate the retail market across the world. The annuals sales of the company are estimated to be around $6.5 million as captured in 2003 financial results, which creates adequate resources in the market against its competitors, as referenced in the International Directory of Company Histories. Its competitors include Energie, Marc New York, and Vanson. They market share are unpredictable since.

Another perspective of discussing about the Schott NYC’s leather jackets is its supply chain. Among the supplies and materials needed to make leather jackets includes animal hides and skins, often cowhide. Most of the Schott NYC’s raw materials are imported from different countries such as China, India, and Hong Kong. Among the companies that export raw materials to Schott NYC includes Ningbo Xindege Garment Co Ltd and Yantai Funua Clothing, among other suppliers. The NVOs and Carriers used to transport the raw materials include Shipco Transport Inc., Glc Ocean Lines Ltd, and Panda Logistics USA Inc. However, most of the Schott NYC’s imports are shipped through specific ports including Los Angeles, CA, Newark, NJ, and New York, NY.

In the downstream supply chain, the Schott NYC’s customers include the police, motorcyclists, actors, musicians, sportsmen, and celebrities. For example, the Japanese Guiter Wolf, Marlon Brando, and Kanye West wore the company’s leather jackets during their performances. The company also sell its products to various distributors, retailers, and wholesalers. They include Amazon’s www.ebay.com, www.Zalando.co.uk, and Wal-Mart stores.www.ebay.com and www.Zalando.co.uk are ecommerce platforms where the customers purchase for the product directly and shipment made on the purchased product. Wal-mart stores are headquartered at Bentonville, Arkansas, U.S.

]]>Marriage and role of women and menhttps://alicekingcommunityschool.org/marriage-and-role-of-women-and-men/
Sat, 02 Feb 2019 02:04:44 +0000https://ricorp.net/?p=4Consider his advice on marriage and the roles of men and women in the First letter to the Corinthians” (Crawford et al. 2:27), and compare and contrast these ideas about marriage and the roles of wife and husband to those expressed by Chaucer in the Wife of Bath’s tale from the Canterbury Tales and those […]

]]>Consider his advice on marriage and the roles of men and women in the First letter to the Corinthians” (Crawford et al. 2:27), and compare and contrast these ideas about marriage and the roles of wife and husband to those expressed by Chaucer in the Wife of Bath’s tale from the Canterbury Tales and those expressed in The Thousand and One Nights

When St. Paul was writing the letter to the Corinthians, he talked about marriage and the role of men and women. St. Paul is seen as the primary promulgators of patriarchal ideas in Christian cultures. This is because he gives more power to men than women. He asserts that men have authority over women body whereas women do not have any authority over their body. Additionally, he gives men freedom to leave their wife if they are not satisfied. He says that a man has the right to do whatever his heart directs him to do. However, a woman is advised to endure all the difficulties in marriage when his man is alive. He asserted many things regarding to marriage. For instance, he portrays the truth that women are bound to their husband incase he is alive.

He also suggested that women have the authority to marry whom they like incase their husbands are dead. He says that married women have to concern themselves with things that please their husbands. He argues the unmarried women and widows should remain as they are. However, he said that if they tend to loss self-control, it is advisable for them to marry whomever they love. He says that no married women should ever leave their husbands and if they have to do that, it is good for them to remain unmarried. He cautions men not to divorce their women. According to St. Paul, men and women have different roles. For instance, a man should be the head of the family and has authority over his wife (1 Corinthians 7). Women have a responsibility to honor their husbands and obey them. They have a role of taking care of their children.

The story of the “Wife of Bath’s tale from the Canterbury Tales” tends to point out some important ideas about marriage and roles of women and men (Chaucer 176). The main character is “the wife” and she tends to portray the difficulties she experienced during her marriage life. This wife had married five husbands. She had a perception that whenever one divorces a man she should not remain a widow instead she should find another man to marry (Chaucer 176). She presents some argument about those who claims that once a husband has died a woman should become a nun. The fact that she was married to five men, she had a lot of wealth as she was inheriting everything when they divorce (Chaucer 176). Therefore, she was only looking for a man with outstanding characteristics; however, the man she married turned to be problematic.

She asserts that men and women should have equal opportunities to rule the family. She curses men who refuse to be ruled by their wife. According to this story, the wife should play same roles that a man carries. One of the differences between St. Paul and The wife of Baths’ tale is their ideas on marriage and role of man and women. For instance, St. Paul asserts that men have authority over women whereas the story of the wife opposes this argument. Another difference is that St. Paul argues women to remain widowed if they have control whereas the story of the wife opposes the claim that widowed women should become nuns.

According to St. Paul, men have the mandate of being the head of the family, but the story of the Wife curses those men that refuse to be ruled by their wives. This is different in the story of one thousands and one night. This is because men and women have different roles that they play during the night. For instance, women will turn to be slaves and concubines and they must respect their men (Hovannisian 16). Others were faithful while others tend to be unfaithful. There are also a number of women who are magician and others are not. On the other hand, men have the role of being the head of the family and should be respected by their wives. This story is different from that one of the Wife as some of the women are still virgin and they are willing to live that way.

]]>Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation about Intersco Asia Pacifichttps://alicekingcommunityschool.org/discussion-conclusion-and-recommendation-about-intersco-asia-pacific/
Sat, 02 Feb 2019 00:51:19 +0000https://ricorp.net/?p=4Intersco Asia Pacific has been a company trying to make it in the cosmetics and skincare industry, having broken up from Intersco Group, the parent company from Milan. Over the period that it has conducted business, Intersco Asia Pacific has undergone several transformations and challenges that have forced it to change its perspective on the […]

]]>Intersco Asia Pacific has been a company trying to make it in the cosmetics and skincare industry, having broken up from Intersco Group, the parent company from Milan. Over the period that it has conducted business, Intersco Asia Pacific has undergone several transformations and challenges that have forced it to change its perspective on the industry. The problems with the new market, suppliers and competition have made the company review both its short term and long term goals. However, the new strategies that have been set in place are expected to make the company more competitive and adapt better to the changing environment.

Transforming Intersco Asia Pacific has been a challenge for Intersco Asia Pacific in terms of technology, customer retention, product quality and pricing of products. The managers have made recommendations as to why the company should remain competitive in the cosmetics industry and these projections are meant to make Intersco Asia Pacific a formidable competitor. The interviews conducted with the manager proved to be helpful in providing insight for the writing of this report. However, being a company with limited resources, Intersco Asia Pacific has enjoyed some market share although not with some hiccups along the way.

From the interviews conducted among the managers of Intersco Asia Pacific, it was evident that Intersco Asia
Pacific was a company with the potential to become a market leader. With the projected increase in production of products as a result of the expansion of floor space, Intersco Asia Pacific is likely to command a sizable market within the next few years. Following a search for new suppliers and market, Intersco Asia Pacific can finally make to become competitive in terms of price reduction, customer acquisition and retention. Following the breaking away from Intersco Group, Intersco Asia Pacific has had the misfortune of dealing with obsolete products that are not suitable for the Asia Market, lack of financial backing, increase in wages as a result of reduced retirement age and a reduced number of sales volumes.

On the other hand, following the SWOT analysis, Intersco Asia Pacific has the potential to incorporate other factors that will ultimately make it a valuable investment. Despite having the potential to become a market leader, Intersco Asia Pacific has been prone to several setbacks, most profoundly being the level of competition from other countries. Also, facing several threats like the emergence of new competitors has derailed the company in terms of expansion and profitability.

5.2 Conclusion

This part of the study only seeks to provide a summary of the information that was collected from the interviews conducted at Intersco Asia Pacific for the purpose of this study. The managers present while the collection of data was more than helpful in the writing of this report. Intersco Asia Pacific has been a company that has come up from the ranks to become a budding competitor in the cosmetics industry. Following the problems that the company has faced, there has been an increase in speculation of the future of the company. However, the recent advancements in terms of floor space, technology and marketing strategies, it is safe to say that Intersco Asia Pacific is headed in the right direction.

Data collected from the interviews shows that Intersco Asia Pacific has a long way to go in terms of marketing and creation of a bigger and brighter future for the company. The managers provided sufficient information during the interviews that gave away the potential for the company. Following the split from Intersco Group, Intersco Asia Pacific has had to come up with strategies to deal with a new market which is Asia. The new market has brought with it several challenges that have forced the company into a tight corner.

The European market that was the sole source of business for Intersco Group was a different beast from the Asian market. The measures taken by the managers to combat the situation have been more than pronounced in terms of ensuring that Intersco Asia Pacific remains profitable in a market that is not so favoring to new companies. The new proposals for increased floor space for production are the main addition to the repertoire of the company.

The problems that Intersco Asia Pacific faces are not unique to the company alone but are rather consistent with all emerging companies in any given market. The managers interviewed proposed that changes needed to be made in order for the company to remain profitable and operational in the Asian market. Changes in the environment, changes in customer preferences and changes in leadership have been the major factors derailing the progress an establishment of Intersco Asia Pacific as a formidable competitor. However, in the event that the company engages in financial backings opportunities, then the company is set to have a big and bright future in the cosmetics and skincare.

This segment outlines the proposed reforms that can be used in order to make Intersco Asia Pacific perform better as a company and a worthwhile competitor in the skincare industry. Following the interviews conducted and the subsequent data collected about the company, there is a clear cut way out for the problems that Intersco Asia Pacific were facing at the time of the interviews. The general manager, highlighted that the proposed plans for expansion are in line with the projected potential for the company. Being a small company in an emerging market, Intersco Asia Pacific has the potential to become one of the biggest companies in the cosmetics and skin care market.

The first recommendation for Intersco Asia Pacific would be to find financial backing for the expansion of the company. It is through financial effort that the company can improve on the factors that make the company weak financially. For example, the company should increase finances in order to increase its floor space for both production and storage. When Intersco Asia Pacific increases its floor space to be used for production more products shall be produced which in turn shall reduce the prices for products that are availed to the customers. Also, an increase in financial backing shall propel Intersco Asia Pacific to new heights in terms of marketing that shall be used to acquire and retain customers at Intersco Asia Pacific. The added finances shall also assist the company to expand to other regions of the market that would be impossible at the current state of the company.
The second recommendation made from the data collected was that Intersco Asia Pacific required finding new suppliers for their raw materials. Having to deal with the Italian suppliers whose products are obsolete and still have a large lead time is highly demeaning to the company in terms of professionalism and quality. The reason Intersco Asia Pacific was losing so many of its customers was because some of them were getting impatient, waiting for their products to arrive. Also, having to import from Italy because that was the main supplier while the time of Intersco Group is a major setback for Intersco Asia Pacific. Intersco group is located in Milan; therefore products from Italy are best suited for the market that it serves. Having moved to Malaysia, Intersco Asia Pacific has the right to seek new suppliers whose products are fit for the current market, and flexible to adapt to changing trends.

The third and final recommendation for Intersco Asia Pacific is to employ technological advancement as fast as possible because it is only through technology that a lot can be accomplished. For example, it is through technology that the company shall be able to assess the quality of the products they send out to the market. Moreover, for a business to remain competitive, it has to do so from all fronts, and technology is among them.

On the other hand, the company should adopt technological intensive approaches rather than labor intensive approaches during the production of their products. Having more technology and less human input in the factories ensures that wages are kept at a minimum, which in turn increase the profits for the company. The problem of reduced retirement age from 65 to 60 has greatly affected the company’s profitability in terms of retirement benefits. Also, the costs of recruitments and trainings have set back the company in terms of revenue because with the increase in retirees, so does the company has to hire and train more personnel. Therefore, from the data collected and analyzed, it is important for Intersco Asia Pacific to adopt a technological approach in terms of production mainly because it saves both on the cost of production and the relative time taken to produce the required products.

This study has been most insightful into the potentials, threats and risks that face a new company in a new market. The process of data collection for this study was carried out without prejudice or presumptions and, therefore, the recommendations given are solely as a result of the careful analysis of data obtained during research. It is, therefore, my opinion as the researcher and the writer of this dissertation that if the recommendations given can be adopted into the company, then profitability is guaranteed, market forces notwithstanding.

]]>Data Analysis of Intercos Asia Pacifichttps://alicekingcommunityschool.org/data-analysis-of-intercos-asia-pacific/
Fri, 01 Feb 2019 23:37:52 +0000https://ricorp.net/?p=4This chapter deals with data collected from the managers of Intercos Asia Pacific in relation to the study’s research objectives. This chapter seeks to discuss the results of the structures questionnaires that were issued to 10 participants. Before the research was conducted, the interviewees were provided with a rationale and purpose of the study so […]

]]>This chapter deals with data collected from the managers of Intercos Asia Pacific in relation to the study’s research objectives. This chapter seeks to discuss the results of the structures questionnaires that were issued to 10 participants. Before the research was conducted, the interviewees were provided with a rationale and purpose of the study so that they could understand better why the questions posed to them were done in that manner.

Furthermore, interviewees had been assured that the information they would provide was strictly for academic use and the inclusion of their identities was requested, which they readily approved. The object of this study was to establish the problems facing Intercos Asia Pacific as a business entity, having split from Intercos group. This is the manner in which the study accounts for the factors and the perception of the company.

Conducting this study entails collection of a detailed account of the functioning of Intercos Asia Pacific as a business entity in the cosmetics and skincare industry. It is assumed that the competence, innovation and the persistence of the managers directly influences the natir and tenacity of the business. Of particular importance is the accomplishment of the study’s goals and objectives which are to be instrumental in the analysis of Intercos Asia Pacific as an institution. The objectives shall be used to gauge both the present and prospective future of the company and propose recommendations in cases that require change.

4.2 Introduction.

Intercos Asia Pacific is a privately owned Malaysian Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) that manufactures cosmetic and skincare products not limited to powders, emulsions and lipsticks. Following the separation of Intercos Asia Pacific from Intercos Group in 2013, Intercos Asia Pacific has sought to establish itself as a contender for the title of market leader in the cosmetics and skincare industry in Asia. The difference in opinions towards strategic planning for Intercos group was the main reason for the fallout and the opposing managers were given permission to break away. Since time immemorial, it has been paramount that businesses learn how to adapt to changing environments and preferences in order to remain profitable.

However, for young and budding companies like Intercos Asia Pacific, fierce competition from already established competitors poses a unique challenge in terms of growth and expansion. Therefore, Intercos Asia Pacific has had to battle a few problems in order to establish itself and at the same time provide the required services to the right clientele. This chapter seeks to analyze the problems and give recommendations on the way forward for Intercos Asia Pacific. Being a small company with limited resources, a new market and a strong leadership, Intercos Asia Pacific is bound to face a few hurdles along the way.

4.3 Methods

The study was conducted via the conducting of interviews to various top ranking officials of Intercos Asia Pacific. Time was taken to sit down and conduct interviews between the researcher and the managers of different departments at the times that were most convenient for the managers. For this reason alone, the method used for interviews was random. There were no criteria or sequence used for interviewing the managers because the number of managers was sizable and the managers were equally busy individuals. Eight managers were interviewed during the research; one assistant manager and the general manager were the participants of the interviews conducted. However, there was no need for follow ups primarily because the information obtained through the interviews was rigid and not subject to much change before the completion of the study.

4.3.1 Study Design.

As stated earlier, the mode of interviews was random because of the small number of interviewees in the company. The second reason why there was no planning in sequence of interviews was because of the extreme indulgence that the managers were in at the time of interviews. Their availability was impromptu and therefore, the researcher had to fit into the managers’ timetables. Another reason why random method of data collection was used was because it would trump bias and discrimination in terms of seniority within the company. By randomly selecting the interviewees, it ensured that no corporate hierarchical norms would be barriers for provision of information.
On the other hand, collection of data at this stage did not matter for criteria because all the data was later complied after the interviews were completed in readiness for the writing of this report. It is therefore important to understand that the information provided was not biased discriminatory or incorrect because of the method used to collect data from Intercos Asia Pacific managers.

4.3.2 Subjects

The subjects used for the collection of data within Intercos Asia Pacific were the managers. Being a new company, it is only the managers that knew the workings of the company both in and out. The employees who were working at Intercos Asia Pacific at the time could provide biased information mainly because their views would only be limited to the department in which they work.

The interviews were conducted between March 24th and March 25th 2015 whereby the interviews were carried out within the company premises in order for provision of certain relevant documentations as proof. At the time of data collection, the company had been more labor intensive than technology intensive in terms of production. In the offices however, the company was up to code in terms of technology and technological expertise. Under the leadership of the general manager, the interviewees were very cooperative in terms of openness about the company and their readiness to assist where possible.

4.3.3 Data Collection.

The subjects for this study were the senior management personnel of Intercos Asia Pacific Company with the exception of one assistant manager. Managers were identified as the respondents to the interviews because they knew the company better than anybody else. Having split from Intercos Group, the managers came together and formed the Intercos Asia Pacific company. Although not built from the ground up, the disconnection with the mother company in Milan saw the reduction in resources as well as financial benefits that it would enjoy as a member of the Intercos Group.

On the other hand, the relocation of the company from Milan to Malaysia saw the company undergo new structuring in terms of market, leadership and functioning. These reasons were the indication that managers should be the subjects of the study. They understood about the transition, how the company was fairing, and especially so, the projection for Intercos Asia Pacific as a company.

All managers were eligible for interviews except that the sales and marketing manager was not available at the time of data collection. For this reason, the assistant manager stepped in and provided the information that was required for the study. All managers who participated in the study signed consent of their willful participation in the collection of information for this study. Consequently, all the managers who provided information have been mentioned in the report outlining their views and opinions.

During the duration for the collection of interviews, all mangers had been interviewed and their responses recorded for the purpose of writing this report. All interviews were conducted to completion because the subjects provided ample time for the interviews that were enough for data collection as well as some highlights necessary for the research. They provided information to the best of their knowledge in the departments that they represented, thus making data collection easier.

4.3.4 Data Analysis.

There were three main objectives of the study. The first was to pin point the issues that were affecting the company at the time of the interviews. Following the separation of Intercos Asia Pacific from the mother company in Milan and the subsequent relocation to Milan, Intercos Asia Pacific faced some profound setbacks. The first setback was the amount of sales volumes that the company had. Although estimates show that they are about $2million, further information shows that there was potential for more. The lack of sales was primarily because of the amount of obsolete products in the company’s stores. Products imported from Italy had proved to be unfit for the Asian market and therefore the company had products that could not be sold. This amount of stock was huge hindrance to the amount of profits that the company would be making.

Another problem facing the company in general was the inability to retain customers. A problem as profound as such was caused by the amount of lead time for inventory from suppliers. As was evidenced from the managers interviewed, suppliers were taking a lot of time before they could deliver products, causing impatience among customers.
On the other hand the lead time was affecting the functioning of the company because suppliers took too long to send over samples that could be used for marketing and the subsequent acquisition of new customers. Since the company had not included the services of financial institutions like banks, the amount of finances in the company were limited. The company was not tenacious enough to get loans that would propel it to conduct more business.

The problem of pricing had become constant whereby Intercos Asia Pacific could not price their products lower than their competitors because of the cost of acquisition of raw materials. Imported materials had gotten more costly and the company had not had a solution besides scouting for new suppliers. These problems were pulling the company down with each financial period. From the data collected, it was evident that competitors like Korea, Japan and China were providing products at a much lower price than Intercos Asia Pacific.

The second objective of the study was to provide justifiable solutions to the major issues that Intercos Asia Pacific was facing at the time of the study. First of all, from the interviews conducted, it was evident that suppliers were the major cause of all problems faced by Intercos Asia Pacific. The first solution to the problems was to acquire new suppliers. It was evident that the products from Italy were of little use to the Malaysian market.

Furthermore, Intercos Asia Pacific was spending funds on shipping costs which in turn takes too long to be delivered, causing the company to lose valuable clients. If the suppliers, both Swiss and Italian would provide quick response to the needs of Intercos Asia Pacific, then it would be easier to conduct business. Having been separated from the mother company in Milan, Intercos Asia Pacific was bound to face some financial hiccups along the way. The integration of financial institutions like banks should have been the first order of business for Intercos Asia Pacific. If banks can lend money to the company, then Intercos Asia Pacific would not have issues like lack of inventory or obsolete products hindering the continuation of business.

According to the interviews conducted, Intercos Asia Pacific was expanding and in search of new markets for its products all around the world, not just in Asia. This would be a huge step fir the company in terms of market and customer base expansion. This would even prompt the expansion of the companies to new regions where new manufacturing facilities and offices could be located.

The third objective of the study was to weigh the potential of the proposed solutions to the company. As it was reiterated by the managers, most of the problems at Intercos Asia Pacific were caused by the suppliers. Therefore, a change from the existing suppliers to new ones would do the company much good. Moreover, the company would find a supplier whose products were fit for the Asian market and whose prices were better than those of the Italian suppliers. The new suppliers would have to have a shorter lead time as compared to the Swiss and Italian suppliers in order to facilitate a quick response time for samples and in turn keep the customers happy and satisfied.

As the finance manager proposed the integration of Intercos Asia Pacific with financial institutions like banks, the company would be able to increase the amount of resources at their disposal in terms of inventory, technology and personnel. This recommendation was financially sound in terms of the company’s future as a market player in the cosmetics and skincare industry. Managers were keen to be innovative in terms of technology and marketing trends in the economy and for this reason, the projected future of Intercos Asia Pacific is bright and promising. New marketing strategies like giving of samples, reduction in prices and education of customers is one of the most profound ways of acquiring and maintaining clients that Intercos Asia Pacific intends to adopt.

]]>Study conducted in Intersco Asia Pacifichttps://alicekingcommunityschool.org/study-conducted-in-intersco-asia-pacific/
Fri, 01 Feb 2019 22:24:02 +0000https://ricorp.net/?p=4The main purpose of this study conducted in Intersco Asia Pacific is to examine the past, present and projected future operation and viability of Intersco Asia Pacific having split from Intersco Group and established itself as an individual entity in the cosmetic and skincare industry. The major purposes addressed by this chapter are to describe […]

]]>The main purpose of this study conducted in Intersco Asia Pacific is to examine the past, present and projected future operation and viability of Intersco Asia Pacific having split from Intersco Group and established itself as an individual entity in the cosmetic and skincare industry. The major purposes addressed by this chapter are to describe the methodology that was used in data collection, in this study, explain the choosing of the target group of the research methodology, and describe the procedure used to conduct research and providing an explanation for the data collected this chapter seeks to introduce how the research methodology employed to conduct this research was important in both data collection and development of the theory.

First and foremost it is relevant to point out that Grounded Theory Methodology was considered during the collection of data for this study. Grounded Theory Methodology (GMT) advocates for the creation of new theories that consist of interrelated concepts rather than testing the already existing theories. However, a study that is guided by GTM is not designed to seek representativeness in order to achieve generalisability, but instead, it aims to explain and in some instances, predict phenomena, all based on the collected empirical data. Data collection typically encompasses in-depth interviews but sometimes it includes other forms of data collection such as existing researched literature and sometimes qualitative data. In this study, the major form of data collection was interviews.

The study utilized interviews as the appropriate mode of data collection. As it is widely accepted, interviews provide a fact-finding opportunity which consequently leads to adequate provision of information, thus facilitating proper interpretations of findings. Interviews provide a one-on-one basis of data collection with the interviewee that other forms of data collection methods like questionnaires would fail to capture.

The researcher chose to use this form of data collection considering the need to acquire first hand information from the interviewees.

The study was conducted using managers of Intersco Asia Pacific as the interviewees for this study. The main reason why managers were chosen was because they knew every bit of the company, from top to bottom. Following the split from Intersco Group, the opposing managers came together and formed Intersco Asia Pacific. Therefore, they were present from the very first day Intersco Asia Pacific became a legal entity. Another reason why managers were selected as the target group for interviews was because they had spent more time in Intersco Asia Pacific than any other employee there. Their perspective towards the company was unparalleled since they were sticking their reputation on Intersco Asia Pacific.

The first manager to be interviewed during the study was Mrs. Stephanie Tan who was the commercial director in the sales and marketing, customer service and packaging department. She described that the main reasons for the decrease in sales volumes over the previous two years was because customers were having problems on their end, financially. Another reason for the continuous decline in sales was the change in ownership of Red Earth that had been a valuable customer for Intersco Asia Pacific. The new owners seemed to have changed suppliers for their products.

Mr. Phua, the operation’s manager, on the other hand, was asked the same question and his response was quite different. He stated that the lack of innovation was derailing the company in achieving new status as a market leader. He also cited the fact that their supplier from Italy was producing goods that were more suited for the European rather than the Asian market. When Ms. Cheang was interviewed she stated that customers were unable to work with the standards from Italy. They encountered some problems as the delayed packaging from china and Taiwan hence taking much time to sample again. Mr. WC. Chang stated that the direct labor together with rental utilities caused decrease in sale volumes because the customers prefer minimum price but good quality goods. According to Ms. Paige Lim, competitors from Korea, China, Thailand and Indonesia contributed to the decrease.

Ms. Irene Ho, the HR and Admin manager, when asked about what contributed to the decrease in sales volumes in Intersco Asia Pacific, she stated that the overall economic situation in Asia was to blame. The increase in salaries, according to the minimum wage law was considered an increase in expenditure for Intersco Asia Pacific. The law also restricted foreign workers who had been valuable input in the company.

Puan Azlinda Abdul Aziz, the quality assurance manager, said that to her R;D was the most valuable. The market requires quality products and, therefore, expectations will continue to get higher every other time. Mr. TK Young the finance manager reiterated that the product Intersco Asia Pacific was not suitable for the customers the company was serving. The bulk products imported from Italy were not suitable for making cheaper products. He stressed the point that, the current market required products that were pocket friendly.

Intersco Asia Pacific suffered problems in profitability whereby it continues to decline with the years of its existence. Mrs. Stephanie Tan the commercial director in the sales and marketing, customer service and packaging department acknowledged this problem and stated that it was due to two reasons. The first one was the field fee that Intersco Asia Pacific had to incur. In the previous year, the fee had increased by 3% while the pricing of the product continued to do poorly in the market. The second reason was operation, whereby she and Mr. Phua cited the increase in operational costs while the pricing of products remained the same in the market.

When asked about the same question of profitability, Ms. Cheang pointed out the lack of utilization of products in the warehouse. Ms. Wang,the quality control manager, accepted the fact that the failure to utilize materials in the warehouse cost the company a great deal of profits. On the other hand, Ms. WC Chang the production manager pointed a few reasons that contributed to the decline in profitability this included direct labor, rental, utilities, packaging and infrastructure. He said that the customers preferred minimum price and good quality. According to Ms. Paige Linn, the assistant sales and marketing manager, there was no decline in profitability in Intersco Asia Pacific, but instead the company was only getting better.

Mrs. Stephanie Tan, the commercial director in the sales and marketing, customer service and packaging department was asked to give her reason for the increase in annual costs for Intersco Asic Pacific. According to her, the increase in rent for the Intersco Asic Pacific offices of 100,000 was the major kick. Also, the minimum wages law which stipulated an increase from 500 to 900 cost Intersco Asic Pacific a great deal of revenue. This was an increase of 30% not forgetting the EPF which also cost the company the revenue. When the operations manager, Mr. Phua was asked about the same incident, he also cited rental prices as well as over capacity of Intersco Asic Pacific. He specifically cited the fact that there were 9 guards taking care of a single location.

Ms. Cheang, the customer service manager and Ms Wong the quality control manager had a different opinion regarding the reasons for increase in annual costs for Intersco Asic Pacific. Customers were imposing penalties to the company because of delayed delivery of products because they were either being shipped or the freight charges had caused a delay in delivery of goods. The field fee for Intersco Asia Pacific needed to be decreased such that the little products that were coming in for Intersco Asia Pacific could be accommodated. The lead time for products from Italy was causing the company too many problems to begin with much less an increase in annual costs.

The production manager Mr. WC Chang, when asked about the increase in annual costs for Intersco Asia Pacific, he cited the problem of capacity as the main hindrance. Intersco Asia Pacific was not performing to the required capacity mainly because of its floor space and the resources it had to import. The company was not able to perform as it was required because of the financial constraints it was undergoing.
Ms. Paige Lim the assistant and marketing manger was quick to respond on the issue stating that packaging cost had increased over the years. The cost of acquiring packaging materials had significantly gone up yet the price of the products could not be reduced to fill in this gap. The problem of suppliers had become relevant in terms of revenue spent by Intersco Asia Pacific.

Both the Italian and Swiss suppliers would sometimes supply in bulk and sometimes fail to supply as many products as were required by Intersco Asic Pacific Ms. Irene Ho, the human resource and admin manager cited the minimum retirement age being too low. For example in 2013, the minimum retirement age was between 55 and 60. This cost the company more revenue in terms of pension schemes and retirement benefits. Ms. Irene also said that the costs incurred by the company in terms of medical and health expenses for its employees was increasing by the year, given that the number of employees close to retirement was getting bigger by the year.

Puan Azlinda Abdul Aziz, the quality control manager, when asked about the reasons for increase in annual costs for Intersco Asia Pacific cited the production process. The extra costs incurred in freight charges had proven to be sizable primarily because this problem was occurring often, yet the products were more suited for another market. On the other hand, the resending and reworking of products increased the time spent waiting by the customer, thus causing a potential risk of losing the customer. The finance manager, Mr. TK Yong was adamant to say the customer’s demand was not meeting the MOQ. This was a clear indication that the forecasting done by Intersco Asia Pacific personnel was inaccurate. The prediction was that the company would make more sales in coming years and the demand for its products would continue to grow, with minor setbacks. iv. Causes of obsolete inventory.

According to the commercial director in the sales and marketing, customer service and packaging department, Mrs. Stephanie Tan, the main cause of having obsolete products in the Intersco Asia Pacific inventory was the buying of bulk from Italy. On the other hand, Swiss suppliers use the Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ) for packaging Intersco Asia Pacific products. Mr. Phua, the operations manager at Intersco Asia Pacific also agrees with the point that MOQ has been a cause of having obsolete products in the Intersco Asia Pacific inventory. He also brought up a valuable point that the company was chasing customers trying to convince them to buy the little products that the company has or else the other batches would be more expensive due to MOQ purchases again.

Ms. Cheang, the customer service manager had something to say about the level of obsolete products in Intersco Asia Pacific. Her’s was an optimistic view whereby she does not perceive the non-selling products as obsolete, but an opportunity to venture into another market. She stated that the obsolete products were not totally useless because there were some ways that they could be used instead of having them lie around in the stores. The production manager, Mr. WC Chang cited MOQ as a possible cause of Intersco Asia Pacific having obsolete products. He also stated that there are customers who purchase products from Intersco Asia Pacific but never come around to collect them.

The Assistant sales and marketing manager, Ms. Paige Linn brought some interesting points to the interview. She said that sometimes the company, based on the forecast that sometimes proves to be unreliable orders more products. Sometimes, trends in the market can be misleading and so the company sometimes buys lots of like products with the hope that their demand shall go up.

Causes of flat cash flow

The commercial director in the sales and marketing, customer service and packaging department Mrs. Stephanie Tan made a point to elaborately answer this question. Intersco Asia Pacific was facing problems of cash flow over the years and there are several factors that can be pin-pointed to indicate the reason and source. For instance, the pay up capital was always kept at a minimum and so the company did not have much to go on in terms of conducting huge transactions.

Moreover, all purchases were done in cash and in light of this point, Mrs. Tan does not see it as having negative cash flow. She gave an example of 2009 whereby Intersco Asia Pacific owed 9 million to Italy and 3 million to other suppliers. However, during the time of the interview, Italy was owed only 0.5 million while customers owed Intersco Asia Pacific 7 million. To crown it all up, the cash on hand was 2 million for Intersco Asia Pacific, which showed that the company did not have negative cash flow. Mr. Phua, the operations manager cited MOQ as the major cause of flat cash flow in Intersco Asia Pacific but did not explain further on this.

How customer can increase their purchases.

According to Mrs. Stephanie Tan, maintenance of good customer service, provision of quality products within an acceptable lead time, innovative technology, competitive pricing and the search of new customers and new markets should be top of Intersco Asia Pacific’s agenda. Mr. Phua agreed that the facilities at the company were outdated and needed modernization if not replacement. Ms. Cheang, the customer service manager pointed that in order for Intersco Asia Pacific customers to return for more products, it was paramount that the pricing becomes competitive. She also said that service delivery levels for Intersco Asia Pacific had to improve if any progress was to be made in any manner.

Ms. Wong agreed that there was need for improvement in pricing as well as lead time for products so that customers are not disappointed due to the failure or lateness in deliver of products that they have already purchased or ordered from Intersco Asia Pacific.

Customer retention

According to the production manager, Mr. WC Chang, the issue of service delivery is unquestionable. Without proper service, the company would lose a huge piece of it customer base which would be a huge blow to the company. Ms. Linn, stressed the point that contact with customers had to be constant in order for them to feel assured that the company was keen on the kind of products they sold and the satisfactory level in the market. Mr. Yong, on the other hand, stated that there was a lack in relationship management between Intersco Asia Pacific and the customers. He added that S;M was not nearly good enough for both the company and the customers. If the customers were to remain loyal to Intersco Asia Pacific, then the system had to be tweaked a little.

Increasing customers

Mrs. Tan suggested that for Intersco Asia Pacific to acquire new clients there was a need for exhibitors and meetings whereby the company would showcase its products to potential clients. Moreover, if potential clients would be give free samples to try out during market research, and then there would be a chance of the potential clients becoming long term clients of Intersco Asia Pacific. In addition, contacting of locals would be a preferable deal whereby they would provide opinions for Intersco Asia Pacific’s products as well as provide information on market changes. The operations manager, Mr. Phua pointed out that exploiting new region, provision of halal was very important for the company. This would make the company more appealing to customers of Islamic religion, who are the major targets as customers for Intersco Asia Pacific products.

Ms. Cheang stated that having a Halal logo would greatly increase the credibility of the company particularly because there were a dwindling number of customers over the years. Ms. Linn proposed that a search online would greatly increase the number of customers served by Intersco Asia Pacific. Having a website that would advertise these products would go a long way in attracting new customers. The concept of halal was also approved be Ms. Linn.

Competing with direct competitors

The cosmetics industry can be brutal at times, as was stated by Mrs. Tan, and having a large number of competitors meant that Intersco Asia Pacific would have to stand out. With local, Italian, Swiss, Thai and Korean as well as Chinese competitors would be a tall order for Intersco Asia Pacific.

Decreasing cost ration vs. Sales Volume

For this concept, Mrs. Tan suggested that a decrease in the cost of materials purchased, enhancement of local R;D, improvement of technology would go a long way in reducing cost ratio. On the other hand, even though the packaging cost was not easy to decrease, it should be minimized, otherwise, the purchase of mold would better the cost of packaging, which would in turn increase sales and reduce the cost of packaging. The operations manager suggested that I order to keep both the sales volume and the cost ratios at a minimum, and then more negotiating power was needed so that Intersco Asia Pacific could acquire products at a cheaper price.

Activities as departmental heads that would increase annual sales volumes.

According to the commercial director in the sales and marketing, customer service and packaging department, in order to increase sales, Mrs. Tan would propose the increase in the number of new customers just like the Chinese have formed affiliation with other countries. Diversification in terms of starting a new business unit, perhaps introducing a new product would suit the company in terms of increasing sales. The Operations manager, Mr. Phua suggested customer education to increase sales volumes whereby they would be informed on both advancements in the hardware and software bit of the business. This would in turn make them happier since they would be up-to-date on new products that sellers were offering.

Improving on product development time and the communication between IAP and the customer was recommended by Ms.
Cheang, the customer service manager. She also noted that because different customers have different needs, she would conduct customer analysis to figure out what the customers’ preferences were. The production manager, Mr. WC Chang stated that if it were up to him, then he would ensure that the company enlisted as little labor as possible, made sure that wastage was kept at a minimum, and there was controlled consumer usage.

On the other hand, Ms. Linn’s thoughts drifted towards forming a bigger customer base that would provide an eminent source of income for the company. She would also form a strong team that would ensure that customers remained happy and satisfied with products provided by Intersco Asia Pacific. Ms. Irene Ho, the HR; Administration manager was adamant on having most of the work being done manually. The costs of developing, improving and repairing technological gadgets was too much. According to her, online banking would greatly improve customer reliance because she would propose opening up of new branches in new locations thus facilitating ease of access for customers.

The finance manager had the final say whereby he stated that customers would lean more on Intersco Asia Pacific because of ISO 9000. While saying this, he meant that his plans would be those of social accountability SA 8000, which would translate to more sales for Intersco Asia Pacific.
, market forces notwithstanding.

]]>Microeconomics-two-period Model of Intertemporal Consumer Choicehttps://alicekingcommunityschool.org/microeconomics-two-period-model-of-intertemporal-consumer-choice/
Fri, 01 Feb 2019 21:10:42 +0000https://ricorp.net/?p=4Intertemporal choice refers to the way in which a consumer’s current decisions influence the available options in the future. Thus, intertemporal choice denotes the study of relative value assigned to more than one payoff at varied instances in time. Majority of the consumption choices obliges decision-makers to trade-off expenses and gains at varied points in […]

]]>Intertemporal choice refers to the way in which a consumer’s current decisions influence the available options in the future. Thus, intertemporal choice denotes the study of relative value assigned to more than one payoff at varied instances in time. Majority of the consumption choices obliges decision-makers to trade-off expenses and gains at varied points in time. The principal component of intertemporal choices lies in the comprehension of the consumer-savings decisions made by consumers. This decision relies on tradeoffs, which consumers can encounter between the present and the future consumption periods (Deaton & Muellbauer 1994).

Buchanan (1976) cites the Ricardian equivalence theorem that postulates that under some given conditions, the deficit of the government’s budget remains irrelevant. To understand these decisions, it is imperative to put up a straightforward two-period-model of the economy, with such key variables as the actual rate of interest at which the government and consumers lend and borrow.

This paper supposes that consumers have two periods, present and the future. Over their existence, consumers receive income Yo presently and Yf in the future, which is affected by the tax rates per each period to and tf present and future tax rates respectively. The users must make sound choices about the quantity of the current consumption, Co, as well as the future’s consumption amount, Cf. Moreover, the user must choose the current savings, s, for carrying forward into the future, which can be included into future consumption. This paper further assumes that (1+r) denotes the gross savings’ return. With consumers’ income stream, everyone must choose three things- Co,S and Cf– throughout their existence.

Consumers encounter budget constraints in both the current and future periods. Simply put, this budget constraint implies that the consumer’s expenditures in each period can only be within his or her existing wealth. It is correct to argue that the consumer in this case (with two periods) faces two constraints, which can be written as follows:

Co+So=Yo-to (present) and
Cf=(1+r)So+Yf- tf (future)

Individual consumption behavior models start with the perception of a person maximizing satisfaction level (utility) from current consumption Co, and future consumption Cf. This could be represented as follows:

Max U= f(Co, Cf)
=U(Co)+?LU(Ct)(1+p)-t

For a given consumer, this utility derived from consumption is discounted at ‘p’, which is the time preference rate, for future consumption. Higher amounts of this time preference rate mean lower fulfillment from the future consumption in comparison to the present consumption expenses. This pattern of consumption is restrained by the present Yo and future (expected) income levels, E[Yf]. the future income levels’ expectations, in this model, are founded on personal talents and skills, as well as possession of income generating resources Wo. Besides, patterns of consumption are constrained by ‘r’, the existing rates of interest that stands for aa reward or payment for preceding Co. Consequently, the two-period model will be denoted as:

Max U=f(Co,Cf)
Based on [Yp-Co] (1+r)+Wo=Cf-Yf

As aforementioned, the consumption of a given consumer should not surpass his or her wealth in any given period. Therefore, the consumer (in the first period) can only use the present income, while the second period has the future savings and savings brought forward from the previous period for consumption. Buchanan (1976) highlights that savings could either be positive or negative. This is illustrated in the following figures:

In case So<0, then the consumer borrowed to finance his or her higher consumption in the initial consumption phase. Therefore, this consumer shall pay back this loan in period two at an interest rate of (1+r), hence giving up some future consumption. On the contrary, if So>0, then the consumer made some savings in the first consumption phase in order to finance higher consumption in the future. Therefore, this consumer will receive their savings plus (1+r) gross return, and have a superior future consumption.

]]>Information Systemhttps://alicekingcommunityschool.org/information-system/
Fri, 01 Feb 2019 19:57:17 +0000https://ricorp.net/?p=4The research is aimed at determining the roles and the impacts of Information Systems in Quality Assurance as well as establishing the link between the two. It also establishes the ways in which the two work hand in hand to ensure quality control for delivery of high quality products and services for the entire organizational […]

]]>The research is aimed at determining the roles and the impacts of Information Systems in Quality Assurance as well as establishing the link between the two. It also establishes the ways in which the two work hand in hand to ensure quality control for delivery of high quality products and services for the entire organizational success. The research determines this fact by establishing how businesses benefit from incorporating Information Systems in Quality Assurance process. The research uses qualitative analysis and uses general organizational Quality Assurance processes as the subject in the research and a reflection of quality control success. Secondary data is used to analyze pre-existing conditions and collect information that has been collected in previous studies to incorporate to the primary data collected.

Collectively the two sets of data give a comprehensive study that depicts the truth of the roles and the impacts of quality assurance in quality assurance. The study collects its data through interviews and questionnaires, which are later analyzed in graphs that show the results in statistics and figures that allow the results to be easily interpreted. The research has been structured in three parts, where each has a different objective that has been analyzed and they are collectively used to form a comprehensive analysis of the topic. The first part establishes the effectiveness of sales promotion in enhancing customer awareness. The study establishes various ways in which quality assurance can be improved by integration of Information system in the process to meet the growth objectives of a business. The study is completed by giving recommendations on the topic.

In the present world, information systems have become the backbone of almost every organizational activity, globally (Jackowski, 2006, p. 103). As a matter of fact, organizational departments in almost every sector; that is education, finance, marketing, sales, government, manufacturing and health care among others have embraced the use of Information Systems (IS) especially in the verge of internet connectivity and computer literacy (Sprague, 2008,p.226). Information system refers to the software’s and the hardware’s that reliably and effectively supports data demanding application through a process of managing and processing information. In other words, an information system is a database, which is computerized and technically designed to create, accept, manage, control and process information (Deng & Chi, 2012, p.98).

Presently, activities have been automated to fit the high demand in the markets and to serve as many clients as an organization can. For instance, Banks have embraced the use of information systems to create an efficient flow of processes and to increase the number of the served clients. In addition, when we are travelling, it is evident that a series of digital operations are conducted to determine the next flights and to determine the availability of hotels. All these activities have been possible due to the availability of the interconnected information systems that increase speed and enhance efficiency (Watson, 2014, p. 234).

On the other hand, quality assurance is a company oriented approach that is process centered to ensure that a particular organization or company delivers the best services or products to its current and the potential customers (Zhao & Xia, 2014, p. 124). Most importantly, quality assurance (QA) in an organization comprises of quality control as well as the testing processes that ensure the management team delivers what was planned. The two terms; that is quality assurance and quality control are used interchangeably although in most cases quality assurance (QA) focuses on improving the results rather than materializing on the results only. Moreover, Quality Assurance (QA) is a systematic endeavor and has a process that is always followed to ensure a company’s results are desirable (Lowry et al., 2013, p. 998).

According to Jajodia (2008), the use of information systems in quality assurance is a valued step in the process as it enhances quality and the organization’s management team can predict successful end outcomes. As matter of fact, information systems in quality control are concerned with how well the software artifacts employed match with the quality assurance process.

Research aim

The research aim is to explore and establish the role and impact of (IS) information system on the quality assurance process (QA system), as well as investigating the relation between the information system (IS) and the quality assurance system (QA). Rather, the aim of the study is to determine the significance and the role of Information systems in the dawn of Quality assurance in almost all organizational sectors. Evidently, the research will seek to uncover the truth regarding how companies and other organizations in the world adopt the two for efficient and smooth running of their institutional operations. Finally, the research will reach to determine the benefits that accrue as a result of incorporating information system knowledge in t quality assurance in diverse local, regional and multinational corporations.

Research Objectives and Research Questions

As noted above, the primary objective of the study is to explore and establish the role and impact of (IS) information system on the quality assurance process (QA system), as well as investigating the relation between the information system (IS) and the quality assurance system (QA). The subsequent information presents the objectives and research questions of the study.
Research objectives

To amplify the understanding of the concept Information systems, its role and its impact on quality assurance (QA)
To investigate the positive aspects linked with information system when incorporated in quality assurance process in diverse organizational endeavors.
To determine the role and impacts of information system and quality assurance in different organizational capacities.
To investigate the various benefits that are associated with information system in the threshold of Quality assurance.
To establish the relation between the information system (IS) and the quality assurance system (QA)

1.5 Hypothesis

The research is based on the following hypothesis;
Information system is very important in all processes of organizational quality assurance.
The execution of quality assurance in the absence of information systems especially in the internet era leads to poor performance hence poor end results.
The concept of Quality assurance has greatly evolved in the internet age and information systems have played a major role in substantiating all quality assurance processes
Information system application in quality assurance is the backbone and the foundation for the success realized by the modern corporations.
With increased technological advancement and computer literacy, the application of information systems in quality assurance result to profit augmentation and the realization
Research questions
What is the importance or significance Incorporating information system in quality assurance process?
What can be done to improve the current strategies information system and its link with Quality assurance?
What major aspects contribute towards effective blending of Information systems especially in the current technological world?
What is the role of information system in quality assurance?
What is the relationship between Information system and quality assurance.

Research Rationale

Information system (IS) being one of the strategies that organizations employ in getting in-touch with the best Quality Assurance (QA) processes, the current changes in technology and the advancements in development of software’s makes Information system to be of significance in almost all organizational endeavors (Piattini, 2010, p. 132). However, much concentration has been put in respect to the advantages that organizations gain with their overall performance. The issue of changing with the changing developments in the world of software and information system advancements has been sidelined when addressing the advantages and effects of the systems in Quality assurance (QA). Organizational awareness in this case refers to the concept of providing various communication activities with the institutional performance and knowledge with respect to the available products or services.

Building a company’s confidence in producing the best products and offering quality services is an issue of significant importance in organizational operations simply because it offers an opportunity for making better goods and services. Therefore, the introduction of information systems in Quality assurance (QA) systems as well as changing the systems with the latest advancements is an important activity that ought to yield significant results of which will be discovered through this study (Singh, 2007, p. 233). This helps an organization to create strong relationship with customers, simply because it never becomes obsolete.

Once all the stakeholders in an organization ranging from the subordinate staff to the management team are aware of the addition of information systems into the quality assurance process, they normally get connected to it in some way and work hard to avoid individual blames from their seniors. Positive connection is in most cases fostered by the organization where it continues engaging in training and mentoring activities after a certain period with the aim of making sure that employees do not forget about the organizational goals and objectives. Understanding more about the roles and the impacts of information systems in quality assurance on the organizational performance will be of great importance in promoting managerial activities as well as streamlining the production process and promoting all aspects of managerial decision-making.

Literature review

In the present world, information systems have become the backbone of almost every organizational activity, globally (Jackowski, 2006, p. 103). As a matter of fact, organizational departments in almost every sector; that is education, finance, marketing, sales, government, manufacturing and health care among others have embraced the use of Information Systems (IS) especially in the verge of internet connectivity and computer literacy (Sprague, 2008,p.226). Information system refers to the software’s and the hardware’s that reliably and effectively supports data demanding application through a process of managing and processing information. In other words, an information system is a database, which is computerized and technically designed to create, accept, manage, control and process information (Deng & Chi, 2012, p.98).

Information system refers to the composition of the people and computers used to process information and interpret them. The resultant information is aimed to support management, operations and in decision making. The 1980s pyramid of systems shows the hierarchy of the organization. They include; transaction processing system, management information systems, decision support system and the executive systems at the top. As the time goes, coupled with technological changes experienced, new categories of information systems have emerged, some of which do not fit the original pyramid model. There has been an increase of use of the information systems by various companies for the basis of increasing productivity, production of quality products, providing quality services, creating customer confidence and making timely decisions.

As a result, information system has become the prime reason for the success and failure of the company to compete in competitive business environment. This therefore shows the great impact of information system on business operation in today’s world. It is for this reason that designing an information system of high quality is important so that organization can compete successfully in the global market as well as work towards assessing the needs of individuals, groups and organizations as part of the quality assurance process.. The experts should understand the business operation of a company before they can design a comprehensive system, because every business environment is likely to be different.

In the process of learning the operation of a given company, an expert is expected to design a business profile and consider a number of business models. Where a business profile covers company ownership, structure and management, its customers and suppliers. The business model on the other end forms a brick-and-mortar type, a virtual store, and so on. Business process therefore, explains a certain process, activity and the results expected.

Quality Assurance refers to a planned system of review procedures conducted by personnel not directly involved in the inventory development process. The reviews are preferably done by an independent third party upon finalized inventory following the implementations of the quality control procedures. The process of the reviews involves verifying if data quality objectives were met, ensuring that the inventory represents the best possible estimates of business effluents and intakes given the latest state of scientific knowledge and data available and support the effectiveness of the Quality Control programme.

While the Quality Control refers to the activities that include general methods such as accuracy checks on data acquisition and calculations and the use standardized procedures for the emission calculations, measurements, estimating uncertainties, archiving information and reporting (Jackowski, 2006, p. 103). The Quality Accuracy system is only part of the inventory agencies do not have unlimited resources. Quality control requirements, improved accuracy and reduced uncertainty need to be balanced against requirements for timeliness and cost effectiveness.

Presently, activities have been automated to fit the high demand in the markets and to serve as many clients as an organization can. For instance, Banks have embraced the use of information systems to create an efficient flow of processes and to increase the number of the served clients. In addition, when we are travelling, it is evident that a series of digital operations are conducted to determine the next flights and to determine the availability of hotels. All these activities have been possible due to the availability of the interconnected information systems that increase speed and enhance efficiency (Watson, 2014, p. 234).

On the other hand, quality assurance is a company-oriented approach that is process centered to ensure that a particular organization or company delivers the best services or products to its current and the potential customers (Zhao & Xia, 2014, p. 124). In other words, Quality Assurance is any systematic process of checking to see whether a product or service being developed is meeting specified requirements also refers to the processes and procedures that systematically monitor different aspects of a service, process or facility to detect, correct and ensure that quality standards are being met.

Most importantly, quality assurance (QA) in an organization comprises of quality control as well as the testing processes that ensure the management team delivers what was planned. The two terms; that is quality assurance and quality control are used interchangeably although in most cases quality assurance (QA) focuses on improving the results rather than materializing on the results only. Moreover, Quality Assurance (QA) is a systematic endeavor and has a process that is always followed to ensure a company’s results are desirable (Lowry et al., 2013, p. 998).
According to Jajodia (2008), the use of information systems in quality assurance is a valued step in the process as it enhances quality and the organization’s management team can predict successful end outcomes. As matter of fact, information systems in quality control are concerned with how well the software artifacts employed match with the quality assurance process.

Information system (IS) being one of the strategies that organizations employ in getting in-touch with the best Quality Assurance (QA) processes, the current chages in technology and the advancements in development of software’s makes Information system to be of significance in almost all organizational endeavors (Piattini, 2010, p. 132). However, much concentration has been put in respect to the advantages that organizations gain with their overall performance. Organizational awareness in this case refers to the concept of providing various communication activities with the institutional performance and knowledge with respect to the available products or services (Deng & Chi, 2012, p.294).

Building a company’s confidence in producing the best products and offering quality services is an issue of significant importance in organizational operations simply because it offers an opportunity for making better goods and services. Therefore, the introduction of information systems in Quality assurance (QA) systems as well as changing the systems with the latest advancements is an important activity that ought to yield significant results of which will be discovered through this study (Singh, 2007, p. 233). This helps an organization to create strong relationship with customers, simply because it never becomes obsolete.

Once all the stakeholders in an organization ranging from the subordinate staff to the management team are aware of the addition of information systems into the quality assurance process, they normally get connected to it in some way and work hard to avoid individual blames from their seniors (Jackowski, 2006, p. 103). Positive connection is in most cases fostered by the organization where it continues engaging in training and mentoring activities after a certain period with the aim of making sure that employees do not forget about the organizational goals and objectives. Understanding more about the roles and the impacts of information systems in quality assurance on the organizational performance will be of great importance in promoting managerial activities as well as streamlining the production process and promoting all aspects of managerial decision-making.

Ideally, information system commonly abbreviated IS refers to collection of both human and technical resources in a view to providing proper storage, distribution communication and computing all or some parts of the important information that is required by an enterprise for proper functioning (Briggs, 2014, p.110). Information system is a very vital element for the success of any business especially with the current technological changes. Information system is responsible for data processing within an enterprise. Information systems assist in analyzing and organizing huge data that in turn helps an enterprise effectively usual problem and challenges that directly relate and are relevant to the enterprise in question.

The application of information system in computing data is gaining much acceptance especially in this era whereby many organizations are dealing with extremely huge data that need proper organization in the database (Cecez-Kecmanovic, Kautz & Abrahall, 2014, p. 570). The software that are used in information system basically organizes analyses and then converts raw data to useful information that is used by the management for decision making within an organization. Information system software exists as both specialized and general. The general are design to perform varied types of analysis whereas the specific information system software is design to perform specific analysis with an organization. For instance, geographic information system and enterprise information system perform specific and different analyses as per the organizations requirements.

An information system consists if information system components that enhances and sustains the operation of the software to achieve the organizations goals. For example, it contains the hardware that are important at enhancing data input and output after analysis for the purpose of decision making (Weiyin et all., 2011, p. 240). Then the network, which is the heart of information system works by connecting different people within the organization that are using same information system. This enables different users to access information from the system even when they are far or working at different places. Then last is the procedure, a component of information system that gives guidelines and procedures followed when using a specific system. The specific information needed to answer or solve a specific problem within the organization will employ a specific but relevant procedure.

There exist different types of information system kin the organization based on where they are used in relation to the heretical organization of a given enterprise. For instance, the middle and senior managers normally use management information system and decision support systems to effectively execute their duties for the success of an organization (Hui & Yue, 2012, p. 120). On the other hand, directors use the executive information system since they usually make key decision s upon which the success of an enterprise is entirely based. The subordinates use transaction information system because their activities revolve around carrying out transaction on behalf of the organization
The role of information system in quality assurance process

All organization are mandated to establish control and monitor quality assurances and quality control systems to ensure that set standards are implemented with a view to providing client s with quality goods and services that fully satisfy client needs (Seidel, Recker & vom Brocke, 2013, p. 1275). Quality assurance and quality control are used concurrently and entails all attempts that focus on granting confidence that quality needs and expectation of the enterprises clients are fulfilled. To achieve this, quality systems should be set in line with business objectives .the top managers is very critical at establishing the workability and the efficiency of quality assurance through making informed decisions based on the information derived from raw data that is processed by information system software within an organization.

Effective quality assurance controls are concerned with putting in place activities and techniques that ensure that customer expectation are met besides fulfilling the business core motives of profit maximization. Jun, H, & King, W 2008, p. 312). Therefore, the quality assurance strategies suggested by the top managers should not be economically detrimental to the enterprise operation. These calls for selection of strategies whose implementation requires readily available inputs that cost effective and are capable of yielding highly. It is worth noting that establishing a relevant Information System within an organization is a basic foundation in building a working Quality Assurance process, and helps develop deeper insights into its in all aspects related to quality delivery and meeting of customers and stakeholders needs.

Quality assurance in any organization is charged to quality assurance departments whose tasks requires provision of efficient, effective and reliable quality assurance systems and procedures to all operational units within the enterprise. The department of quality assurance in organizations is controlled and operated by highly qualified a person who poses high interpersonal skills.

According to Jackowski (103), dedication of quality assurance department to skilled personnel, the first and a very key step to fulfilling customers needs with respect to good and services offered by the enterprise. In fact, the information system converts the raw data to useful information that is used by the decision makers especially from the quality department. Upon collecting and analyses of information emphasize is made to various units of the organization to keen watch of the quality concerns of the customers and respond to their needs.

Due to its ability to stores data with enhancement from its various components, information system is critical at keeping at database that contains the policies and mechanism set in place by the management as a measure to controlling quality matters within an organization. This for instance may include the working instructions, guidelines and approaches to production and as a basic inclusion in the production endeavors, it assists in establishing the means by which quality assurance can be automated.

The ability of quality documents in an organization is an indicator of the management’s efforts towards quality achievement and sustenance (Jackowski, 2006, p. 103). These documents and policies also ensure that all organization workers are up to date within the organization goals as far as quality delivery is concerned. Keeping an organized database of quality requirements is a milestone towards attainment of requirement quality standards and at the same times remaining competitive in business.

In order for the organization to offer high quality and maintain its business motives of profit maximization, information system has a great role to play. In satisfying customers, information system is applied to create new goods and services delivery with a view to developing a new markets approach and customers satisfaction through automation to reduce cost and times waste especially on carrying out transactions. For efficiency in service delivery, information system offers an approach for combining innovations and internet to boost productivity and quality sustenance (Mastrogiacomo, Missonier & Bonazzi, 2014, p. 60). In addition, keeping all workers especially those in quality department linked with those in production section through internet aided computers facilities quick response to quality issues rapid therefore maintaining the customers trust with respect to quality delivery.

Most importantly, information system is a very vital tool in quality maintenance sustenance within an organization through storage of employee’s personal profile giving a clear description of their qualifications, responsibilities that can be used by the management in conducting quality assessment to identify the specific employees responsible for a given task that has quality concerns (Jackowski, 2006, p. 198). In case of any mishandling, the roots cause can be traced and there for impose stricter measures for quality maintenance.

The primary merit of information systems is their ability to provide a user with the information needed to do any kind of task effectively and efficiently. The workflow towards the system of operation becomes easier to work on. Moreover, Information systems identify techniques, which accelerate the performance of all quality assurance activities in an organization .This facilitates on how efficiency and effective a task can be accomplished within a short duration of time but at the same time minding quality. In fact, an accrued and complicated task to a user is simplified once Information System (IS) is applied .

Information systems are required by organizations to track, keep, manipulate and convey information to the appropriate people hence satisfying the requirements of quality assurance teams in an organization hence fastening the way an organization operates. In addition, information system offers a platform for an organization to track any fraud events within its environment hence encouraging transparency its entire endeavor (Jackowski, 2006, p. 213). In places where a massive and crude data needs a large capacity of storage, an information system plays a major role in prompting for efficiency in the best way possible. It is also through the incorporation of Information System in quality assurance that organizations are able to streamline and effect their operations into a cohesive functioning unit. It can assist in tracing some information in an organization for obtaining the lost or forged data.

In broad spectrum, Information Systems support business decision-making by providing management with critical data hence prompting the managers and directors to work towards delivering quality products and services and developing the basic understanding of how Quality Assurance can be enhanced through automation. (Mora et al., 2003).

Inherently, Information System (IS) serves to enhance the organization’s communication, reduce human labor, support short- and long-term business goals and distribute complex or take action thus acquiring quality end results. The level of management decision making is normally, supported by information system a successful organization irrespective of its size, shape and employee and it is shaped by the level of Information system integration in an organization Quality Assurance process. .It also assists in developing organizational strategies, goals as well the objectives.

Furthermore, Information System (IS) monitors strategic performance of the organization and its overall direction in the political, economy and competitive business environment. It provide information in form of reports and displays to the managers and business professional that enforce day –to-day decision-making needs (Mora et al., 2003). Normally information has been specified in advance to meet expectations on operational and tactical levels of an organization.

Information systems (IS) have importantly transformed the way the quality assurance practices are undertaken in different organizations. According to Mora et al., (2003), it is hard to find an organization that does not apply technology, automation or information system to run its operational and transaction processes.

As a matter of fact, most types of information systems used in business organizations are Electronic and mobile commerce systems, Management information systems and Decision support systems and in the quality assurance process, they enhance speed and consistency. Once automation takes over some the burden of the more mundane and routine tasks, the urgent speed increases productivity. Nevertheless, Computer information systems are programmed to have wonderful ability to curb duplicates, point out inconsistencies and combine data together to make it more manageable and plan-able (Mora et al., 2003). This enlightens the ability and capability for higher degrees of accuracy and efficiency hence delivering quality goods and services that meet customer expectations.

Identifying the data need of an organization is very crucial in keeping track of the relevant data that is required for evaluating customer’s satisfaction. This is achieved through use of information system to establish the organization data needs. The data is then automatically framed to provide the historical and current perspectives thus enabling the data managers to fully understand their key role in quality assurance through proper data collection, entering and analysis (Tiwana, Konsynski ; Venkatraman, 2013, p. 10).

The role of information system in quality assurance spans from templates to testing in project planning and management to ensure quality product is delivered. It describes standardized model for quality assurance in product development and project work from the perspective of the team members and Quality Assurance personnel. The information system is used by various personnel in a company, who collectively ensures quality assurance. They include members of R;D, account managers and project steering boards. The project management needs to know that the software is built according to the plans and procedures it as defined. Personnel need to know that their work is of good quality and meets the standards (Tiwana, Konsynski ; Venkatraman, 2013, p. 10). Users should get visibility quality assurance activities; so that they will be assured that the product will fit its purpose.

The software project management plan should declare the objectives of the project. This takes the form of statements of deliverables and delivery dates, statements of required functionality, performance and quality. The software experts examine the statement of objectives and check that all plans are consistent with them. The plan should state the phases and estimated cost of each phase, define life cycle approach to be applied in the project such as incremental delivery, waterfall or evolutionary (Mavengere, 2014, p. 112). A process model defines all the major activities. Each activity should define; entry criteria, inputs, tasks, outputs and exit criteria.

Information system plays a critical role in providing guidelines, testing methods and acceptance criteria for the project deliverables and creates a precise and a fruitful order that enhances better understanding of how the Quality Assurance function acting as a means of continuous improvement within an organization. It also covers the phases from certification plan to test cases, from certification sessions to sign off.

The templates and check lists contained in information system give detailed information on how to create the certification plan, test cases, test reports, building tests, running scenarios and tracking defects. It also supports the analysis of test data and coverage statistics, to provide a clear picture of the solution’s accuracy and quality at each point of its life cycle.The system also helps in carrying out projects as production-like repeatable processes where agreed standard methods are followed systematically in project quality planning, defect management and correction, as well as in maintenance and future upgrades. All this procedure has been made easy and possible through computerized system, where specialized software’s such as Neoxen, PMIs, PMBOK, PRINCE2, SEI, CMMI. Six Sigma and MSF have been developed to serve the purpose (Mavengere, 2014, p. 112).

The benefit of using information system in quality assurance is felt in dealing with initiatives of different sizes. The methodology presented in is used in feasibility study, change survey, specification and design projects as well as in implementation and deployment projects. The use of the system promotes systematization and repeatability and saves time in the long run. The use of the methodology of information system repeatedly will become easier and more professional. The high pressures to provide high quality solutions in time, shortening development and deployment schedules, geographically distributed organizations, limited resources and high number of professional employees make quality assurance the ultimate challenge. These challenges are coupled with coordinating simultaneous projects and managing diverse and distributed project teams.

To solve these challenges, the information system has adopted re-defined quality assurance methodologies and is committed to improving standardized and automated test processes to assist in centralizing, organizing, prioritizing and documenting the quality assurance efforts (Mavengere, 2014, p. 212).

The impact of Information system in quality assurance

In the current competitive business world, it is almost a commonplace to describe the current business environment setting as unstable in all its aspects as the completion has been augmented by the fact that most of the organizations have embraced the current technology (Mavengere, 2014, p. 112).

The organizations have always suffered from the changes of their customer’s tastes and preferences hence the need to embrace information systems in quality assurance to ensure that products manufactured and transferred to the markets including the services offered are of high quality and blend well with what the customers want. Therefore, organizations have integrated information systems in all processes of quality assurance in order to maintain the current clients and attract new customers. Most importantly, the use of computer software’s and hardware’s in management control, productivity and customer servicing has been the foundation for business survival (Babbie, 2008, p. 234). Organizations, which have incorporated Information systems (IS) in Quality Assurance (QA) endeavors, have been living in the safe side as pertains performance and building of customer loyalty.

Essentially, information system; that is a series of interconnected computing software’s and hardware’s have developed a renown reputation whereby they have led to standardized operations in all aspects of organizational performance. According to Boland (2011), to gain maximum benefit from an organizational information capacity, it widely understood that an interested individual should maximize on exploiting all its capacities. Inherently, Information systems in an organizational perspective rapidly process data from the inputs of the company to generate information that is useful for managing all the related activities. This enhances efficiency, reliability, speed and accuracy as (IS) blends significantly in the quality assurance process by ensuring automation in Quality Assurance as well as creating a well grasped understanding of the basics of quality production and delivery of services.

As defined in the introduction, information system refers to a collection of multiple pieces of equipment involved in the dissemination of information. For instance, they include; Hardware, software, computer system connections and information, information system users, and the system’s housing are all part of information system (Tiwana, Konsynski ; Venkatraman, 2013, p. 176). Through the interconnected hardware and software systems and with the availability of information system users good organization and competence among diverse organizational departments is attained. Moreover, adoption of the basic and the most critical instrument in information system for quality assurance being the information system housing; (IS) housing

According to Mavengere (2014), in the present world Information systems in Quality Assurance (QA) is a fundamental requirement in all organizational activities. As Mavengere (2014) critically discusses it in his work, customers in the current competitive world are the backbone for any organizational success. Bearing in mind that quality assurance (QA), is the most important part of every company’s production processes and service deliver endeavors, it is significantly crucial for the management team together with the quality assurance team should value each and every individual contribution in enhancing the process. This essentially means that it should embrace any aspect of Information System that helps in monitoring the employees for quality purpose.
Inherently, Information System (IS) allows monitoring of the workers who are valuable part of any organization and ensures that continuous success is achieved through effective monitoring of the quality of services as well as the monitoring of the quality of goods offered (Boland, 2011, p. 123). Since in different organizations there are different employees with diverse titles, the process of monitoring their service delivery operations and their production capacities can only be achieved through the adoption of a quick and reliable quality assurance process.
The mentioned quick and reliable service can only be provided by the quality assurance departments only through the adoption and effective incorporation of Information System (IS) in the entire process (Briggs, 2014, p. 108More importantly, the processes in the verge of Information systems struggles to eliminate defects in the manufactured goods and the services offered and work hand in hand to improve the process control while at the same time reducing the quality control costs in the long run (Babbie, 2008, p. 234).

According to Cecez-Kecmanovic, Kautz ; Abrahall (2014), another impact of Information system (IS) in quality assurance is the aspect of giving the management teams peace of mind and confidence in what the organization offers in terms of goods and services delivered. Through the adoption of Is in any organization, the quality assurance team is able to identify any problems in the company’s endeavor to satisfy its customers and triggers corrective mechanisms early enough hence preventing defects in the in the final products upholding the organizations reputation besides augmenting the chances of success, profoundly.

Essentially, early identification of problems in organizational process is critical important in that the final processes are protected from any ill-fated endeavor and the process is enhanced by the integration of software’s, hardware’s and other technological systems in the entire quality assurance process (Chemuturi, 2010, p. 23). In the event of the incorporation of Information System (IS) in quality assurance process within an organization, the departmental managers and directors develop a lot of confidence that the organizations quality management disciplines are being adhered hence assured of success and at the end significant business profits.

Information system is widely incorporated in different management aspects as a means to ensure effective and realistic quality assurance mechanisms. For instance, it is possible for the management teams to exercise authority in the process of exercising authority especially in quality assurance with the help of Information systems (Deng, ; Chi, 2012, p. 317). Good managers in the quality assurance departments depend more on the use of Information Systems (IS) together with their authority to drive the quality assurance process towards achieving the organizational goals and objectives more than the authority they have For organizations to realize quality product and service delivery as a result of effective quality assurance endeavors, information System must be incorporated in the process.

More importantly, an Information system assists the quality assurance department in achieving the set objectives through providing a platform for setting automated and digitized goals that are demanding and attainable in the long run (Jackowski, 2006, p.231). This is accompanied by a continual monitoring, which is offered by the devices associated with Information System (IS) hence the early corrections are effected from the deviations realized. For this reason, Information systems assist high achievers to be more enthusiastic with regard to their tasks, a process that ends up spreading to others. Through the integration of Information System in the Quality assurance process it is quite true that any affected group within an organization is able to quickly regroup when setbacks do occur.

In each and every organization, there are conflicting demands that in most case require immediate response,, time and resources for their solutions to be found. According to Lowry (2013), information system plays a major role in assisting the workforce which steps to adopt first in an endeavor to deliver high quality goods and services that conform to the organizations requirements and the customer expectations (Jun ; King, 2008, p. 310). As a matter of fact, Information systems assists quality assurance workforce in making the significant listing of the mechanisms to adopt in order to achieve the organizational principles, quick determination of the organizational task requirements as well as assisting in determining of the time to be used up in the different quality assurance processes. All this happens in an effective, immediate and reliable since Information systems are automated in every setting.

Additionally, Mastrogiacomo, Missonier ; Bonazzi (2014), argue that Information System ensures that all the activities ranging from inventory taking, material management production and manufacturing to storage and marketing succeed. Through the systems organizations can plan, measure the actual departmental progress and take the necessary corrective measures in the event of deviations (Seidel, Recke ; Brocke, 2013, p. 423). This means that Information system provides a basic platform for organizations to prepare automated target budgets, success criteria as well as conducting regular monitoring of the employee performance practices that promote delivery of high quality products and services that meet the institutional expectations as well as customer requirements.

In this case, information systems assist the management teams in managing their workforce, managing the customers, identifying the causes of any organizational problems as well as in determining the alternative approaches necessary in their journey to offer the quality (Jun ; King, 2008, p. 310).
Research Approach

In this research, it is of importance to note and keep in mind that the researcher followed and open and easy to follow approach. For instance, an effective research provides the basic answers to the available research questions as well basing the entire research practices on validity, precision, impartiality and practicing economical approaches in the best way possible (Tiwana, Konsynski ; Venkatraman, 2013, p. 67). As a matter of fact, the entire research adopted a qualitative and a descriptive survey structure approach. Most importantly, descriptive research tries to figure out what, when, where, and how observable facts, which the study is, concerned with answer the research questions and meet the research objectives.

The major function of the descriptive research is to characterize the state of affairs as it is in the present world by providing information on the phenomena under investigation; in this case information systems (IS) in Quality Assurance (QA).

In this study, descriptive research served a bigger push in providing a systematic description that is factual and valid in the best way possible hence prompting the collection of the necessary data in absence of impartiality. This technique was significantly important in that it allowed the researcher to describe what Information systems in the entire quality assurance process do. In addition, the process assisted in defining the major roles of the information system in quality assurance as well as describing how they are and where they are mostly used besides providing a well-structured ideology on the impacts of information systems in quality assurance.

Qualitative research approach is also adopted in the study since it assists in investigating the societal constructivist paradigm. In addition, the research greatly relied on the socially constructed realism of the corporate world and the corporate link with automated quality assurance process. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the approach is based on comparing different realms of data and investigating on different perceptions of diverse institutions based on organizational performance and the significant role played by information systems in enhancing quality of products and services offered. The methodology to be incorporated in the research will aim at determining the essential role that information systems play in ensuring that the organizations attains growth through offering quality goods and services.

The qualitative research strategy in this study promotes efficiency and simplicity whereby although there are no facts to be compared as part of quantitative research, the elementary make of the research is based on a reality that cannot be distorted.

Research philosophy

In the entire research, the philosophy to be incorporated in almost all aspects is deductive in nature whereby the reality is that Quality Assurance in the era of Information Systems has enhanced performance and working diversities as depicted by researchers and organizational management teams. In addition, reality proves that managers agree organizations perform quality assurance processes with the understanding that information systems strategy should be implemented following the bets procedure for the results to be the best. The argument will be based on the assumption that of the individuals who perceive that information system can and have the ability to profoundly augment Quality Assurance (QA) endeavors.

Target Population

According to Kothari (2011), a population refers to the total number of elements which are used to make inferences at the end of a study. In this case, the target population is different organizations which embrace Information systems in quality assurance and which act as points of reference for the whole study. Adoption of the target population in this case is of great importance as it allows the study to be more accurate and precise. However, throughout the study, secondary data acted as the major source of Information about information systems in quality assurance with regards to different target population.
Data collection methods

Primary research

The study was successful due to the fact that it embraced the use of questionnaires and interviews as the sources of primary data as well as the use books, journals and other relevant articles to study more about information systems in the dawn of quality assurance. The above stated methods were utilized in a broad spectrum by the researcher to collect significant information from different organizations to establish the role of information systems in quality assurance, identify in wide view the impacts of information systems in organizational quality assurance activities as well as exploring the link between quality assurance and information systems. Notably, the questionnaires were introduced in the study in order to address particular study questions and objectives.

The research used both close ended and open ended questionnaires, later they were distributed to the target respondents; that is different organizations for them to have a chance to fill them and ensure collection of required information. On the other hand, the interviews used in the study included both telephone and personal interviews to the top managers in the same organization because it was hard to find them physically.

The use of interviews for the purpose of primary data collection is supported by the fact that it helps to obtain first hand information from the participants, it is easy to conduct and does not consume much time (Newman, ; Mcneil, 2008, p. 216). Data collection procedure used in this case is survey questionnaires, which will entail diverse participants including staff, customers and managers of different corporations that incorporate information systems in quality assurance. They were interviewed based on their views and perception regarding information systems in quality assurance and its effect to the performance and competitive advantage of the organization.

The clients in this case were required to establish whether organizations especially those that were in the top rank in using information systems in quality assurance ensure satisfaction of their needs and expectations. The research question for the study were developed and presented to different individuals in a manner that ensures participants can provide their views and perception regarding the topic of the study. Essentially, the use of questionnaire in the study was supported by the fact that they ensure comprehensive cross-examination of the participations and thus more reliable and adequate data. In addition, the use of questionnaires is incorporated in this particular study due to the fact that it is mainly associated with qualitative research approach (Schensul, L., Schensul ; Lecompte, 2009, p. 54

Interviews

The researcher used interview with the aim to obtain detailed data regarding the research topic. With the help of interview as a primary data collection technique, the researcher had room to gain direct insights from the respondents and ensure the participant in the study in a more vigorous way (Babbie, 2008, p. 115). Besides the techniques facilitating in depth interviews, it was proven to be time consuming as several hours were used to interview one participant. The technique also has the drawback in that it has to ensure standardization due to varying answers (Kvale ; Brinkmann, 2009, p. 101).

Questionnaires

A questionnaire can be defined as standardized set of questions that are used to collect data regarding a particular subject or phenomenon. According to Remenyi (2012), the use of questionnaire in this study is effective as it supports qualitative research whereby the researcher will be in a position to obtain simple measurements regarding a sample which can be later used to make inferences. This implies that the researcher used minimum financial resources as far as questionnaires are concerned. The use of questionnaires in this study were also supported by the fact indicated by Brace ( 2008), that questionnaires are simple to administer and analyze the data there in. finally, the questionnaires were seen more appropriate in the study due to the fact that they help to eliminate bias among the respondents (Gillham, 2007, p. 341).

Secondary research

Apart from primary data sources, the research used secondary research as an important source of significant information regarding the phenomenon being investigated. Secondary sources of data in this case included books, journals, internet and brochures. This method of data collection was adopted to investigate how information systems blend in the process of quality assurance in different organizational setting

Sample method and size

According to Wesselman, (2007), a sample refers to the portion of the population to be investigated. The notion of sample helps the researchers to study a section of the population and then make inferences for the whole population. Sampling in this case is essential to obtain diverse vies and perceptions of the respondents involved. The method of sampling used in this case is random sampling which aimed to ensure elimination of bias. A number of employee, managers and customers were involved in filling in the questionnaires while the rest were involved in giving their views regarding the incorporation of information systems in quality assurance, establishing the role and the impacts brought about by information systems in quality assurance.

How the study ensured reliability and validity

Essentially, a good research should ensure reliability and validity. Validity in this case seeks to ensure that the research questions formulated are rooted in the central focus of the study. On the other hand, reliability is based on generalization in that is the study is to be repeated and the same parameters used, similar results should be obtained or rather there should be aspects of consistency (Connaway ; Powell, 2010, p. 34). Providing information out of ensured participants provided adequate, right and required information.

Relationship between research objectives, aim, questions and research methods

The study ensured that the research question, objectives and aim were linked to ensure a single alignment and investigation of the research topic. In this case, the study objectives are based on understanding the roles and the impacts of information systems in quality assurance which is based on the entire literature review. In the same way, the research objectives and research questions are linked with the literature review so as to focus on the aim of the study. Notably, the research methodology in this case has adopted a framework that ensures connection of between the research background and various data collection techniques.

Research ethics

The study addressed all issues related to research ethics to ensure reliability and acceptability of the results. The issues addressed in this case include but no limited to confidentiality and privacy of the respondents and clients. The study recognized the right to privacy of individuals and offered them first priority. To ensure the participants provide the right information, they were informing prior to the study that the research had academic purpose only. To address the aspect of ethics further, the study required the respondents to fill the consent form before participating in the study. In this case, signing the consent form by the respondents meant that they would provide appropriate information regarding the study topic out of will. More importantly, all issues related to ethics as laid down in the consent form were followed up to the last.

Results, Analysis and Discussion

Results

The study or rather the research presents the significance, the roles and the impacts of information system in quality assurance as well as exploring the link between quality assurance and information system. The data collection techniques aimed to explore and uncover the respondent’s perception and views in regard to the incorporation of information system in quality assurance in the widest view possible.

Data analysis and discussion

The researcher collected both primary and secondary data with the aim to investigate the topic of the study. The researcher in this case gathered data and organized them in a systematic way that allows easy analysis. To allow both qualitative and quantitative research, the researcher found it essential to collect both numeric and string data. Evidently, the data represented measurements and characteristics of different variables used in the investigation. The researcher first summarized and later described the data using expressive statistics.

The data was then edited carefully to ensure completeness, accuracy and elimination of errors that may be contained. Moreover, the researcher in this case aimed to guarantee meaningful results and inferences. The importance of explanatory statistics in this case was to allow the researcher to describe various variables used in the study to establish the aspects of information systems in quality assurance and the manner in which the process should be implemented and aligned with the diverse organizational perspectives. Later, the researcher presented the data inform of charts, table and graphs to ensure depiction of various characteristics of the variables used in the study.

Notably, the researcher used computer software to generate charts, tables and graphs. Collectively, the primary aim of analyzing the raw data was to establish the relationship that exists between information systems and quality assurance process. More importantly, the researcher used the results to make general conclusion on how information systems can impact on the performance of organizations especially in the quality assurance progression. In addition, Electronic survey questionnaires were used in the study to ensure easy accessibility of the respondents as they were from diverse regions.

The whole study targeted various participants including organization management team, sales persons and customers. The study targeted a sample population of 120 participants; however, only 90 responses were received indicating 75% response rate. The results indicate that 25% of the targeted customers did not respond to the questionnaires send to them. This percentage represents a total number of 30 individuals including different management teams. Survey questionnaires targeted customers from a broad occupation spectrum ranging from business and industrial.

More importantly, the results indicate that there are consistent levels of employee and management team satisfaction with aspects of improvements noted in both quarters. Evidently, all survey questionnaire questions were developed in such a way that ensures they provide enough and required information based on the research questions and objectives. In this case, the researcher developed the central pathway of the research against the outcomes, thus, occupation, reliability, employee and management analysis, responsiveness, capabilities, communication, services, and products among others. The results show that organization; particularly the ones that integrate information systems in quality assurance should target improving the link between the two from different departmental angles.

Most importantly, there is overall efficiency and organizational satisfaction in almost every organization with the use of information systems particularly due to introduction of information systems. In this case, the results show the importance of integrating information systems in quality assurance to ensure quality outputs, quality storage, effective inventory processes, material management and promoting quality in all processes of product production to ensure effective services to the customers. With respect to the aspect of alignment of the two processes, that is, information systems and quality control, the results indicate that effective alignment is imperative as it ensures the production and service delivery at large are given the chance for stakeholder and management satisfaction in every step.

In a broad spectrum, all the research findings reflect the already written literature review, research questions and the central objectives of the study. This helps to establish the role of information systems in quality assurance procedures in which the process should be implemented to ensure success of diverse organizations.
Demographic and occupation factors

With respect to the aspect of occupation and demographic factors, the survey was sent to customers, employee and managers from diverse organizations including business function and industrial sectors. In the case of industry sector, various customers and employees from sectors including non-business organizations among others provided their views and perception regarding the impacts of information systems integration in quality assurance of both the production and maintenance in an organizational perspective. Evidently, most of the organizations indicated that employees, managers and customers preferred the integration of information systems in the processes as they claimed that the efficiency and the speed of the same as depicted in the graphs below derived from the questionnaires and the interviews.

Figure 1: The above graph depicts the perceptions of the employees towards the integration of information systems in quality assurance within diverse organizational structures.

On the other hand, managers felt that information systems in quality assurance were expensive to embrace.

Similarly, customers from various sectors from who participated in the study were happy with the information systems as they enhanced production of quality products.

Conclusion

Evidently, Information systems are complex processes to implement but very important in organizational activities and it calls for an organization to use a well organized and systematic procedure to ensure realization of the process goals. The process requires an organization to develop training and development programs that seeks to ensure employees as well as their managers have the required skills and experiences to ensure customer services in better and effective manner through production and delivery of quality products and services.

The research above indicates the extent to information system is of significance to an organization Quality assurance performance and satisfaction of the customer’s needs as well as establishing how automation of the Quality assurance process as and the incorporation of Information System in the process creates quality production and quality delivery of services hence ensuring continuous growth of the process and the organization at large . In addition, the research enumerates the importance that accrues to organizations when they information systems in an effective and efficient manner.

With respect to the organization in question in this particular study, it is evident that diverse management teams have taken the aspects of information systems in quality assurance in different ways. For instance, the manner in which management team perceive about information system (IS) is not the same way stakeholders perceive the same process. Managers and their subordinates recognize the importance of integrating information systems (IS) in Quality assurance to production of quality deliverables.. This in turn will ensure that organizations marketing teams are well endowed to handle customer’s needs and expectations.

The whole research including results of data analysis and the literature review indicates how introduction of a information systems in the quality control and quality assurance process result to development of a new production culture which is different from the previous one. In addition, the concept of quality assurance process in organizations puts more emphases to the fact that the process must be implemented using the right procedure for an organization to realize the positive effects of the progression. Notably, various positive impacts of the process have been identified by the literature review together with the respondent involved in the study.

In this case, the sales process is associated with benefits but not limited to enhancing the responsiveness, capabilities, services, products, reliability, management performance and more importantly competitive advantage in the long- run. For an organization to thrive with the use of information systems especially in a competitive business environment, adoption of effective strategies is paramount. In a broad spectrum, Information system (IS) plays a crucial role in guaranteeing positive organizational performance in a given organization. In this case, developing mechanisms that aim to ensure proper incorporation of (IS) in Quality Assurance (QA) should be a central goal for a success driven organization.

The other important aspect deduced from this particular study is that effective alignment of information system in quality assurance is imperative. With respect to alignment of the two processes, it is evident from the research that organizations should ensure proper alignment between the two. In this case, sales persons should guarantee customer satisfaction in every step. Based on the literature review, it is paramount to address the needs and concern of the customers hence organizations should introduce Information system in determination of quality and in the quality assurance process at large.

However, the study indicates that organizations still address the needs and concerns of the customers in their own style. In other words, quality assurance staffs lack a common mean to approach the determination of eminence.
Information system has been identified to have the capacity to provide evidence and guide on what aspect works or not work within an organization in a quicker and in an efficient manner. Information system integration in quality assurance process also provides opportunities for different organizations in the business world to get involved with the customers through maintenance of quality. For instance, the process allows the quality assurance department to get into contact with the production teams for the better of their customers.

The research also indicates that effective assimilation of Information system (IS) in the quality assurance process gives the employees, the management and the customers a chance to deliver and obtain best services on time respectively. Essentially, relationship between an organization staff and the customers at all levels should be effective to ensure success within all business functions. The research indicates that the success of business is based on the loyalty of the customers that is build through a good reputation, trust and delivery of quality products or goods.

The customers in the same regard should ensure they provide the sales people with concerns and issues that hinder effective production and release of product so that the organization can strategize on the mechanisms to take in the quality assurance (QA) process through the use of information systems (IS). This is to ensure organization through the efforts of the Quality Assurance team provide the customers with the effective and convenient services through providing various options of value added initiatives and take consultative approach, moving away from features and benefits of the product or service and price driven conversations.

Recommendation

As pointed from the above research, it is evident that organizations should adopt and implement information systems in quality assurance process to enjoy wide range of benefits associated with effective implementation of the process. Notably, for realization of the benefits associated with information systems in the world of technological advancements within an organization, corporations should implement the process in the right and required or rather the ideal procedure. Organizations should embrace Information systems in all Quality Assurance processes by creating an automated platform that works towards achieving a continuous improvement in terms of quality production and quality service delivery.

In fact, the organizations require to realize that quality assurance process should integrate information systems and their related software and hardware components in an organized and systematic procedure and should be treated as such. Failure to implement the process in a systematic and organized manner, organizations will realize little or no change in quality enhancement. Essentially, the quality assurance teams in different organizations have the role to address the needs and concerns of the customers as they arise in every step or rather stage of customers loyalty. In this case, organizations should ensure effective alignment of quality assurance process with the aim to ensure effective addressing of customers needs and concerns.

With respect to the aspect of alignment, organizations should ensure that the information systems in quality assurance have the capacity to address the goals and the objectives of the quality assurance department. In addition, Organization should implement programs that seek to provide training and development in terms of information system development. As evident from the research, information system in the entire quality assurance process is all about ensuring a more effective organizational operations and more so in satisfaction of customers’ needs.

Organization should employ all kind of resources including technical, expertise and finances to ensure that the quality assurance teams are well endowed in terms of handling all operations. This is of great importance as finally it translates to enhanced performance and improved competitive advantage. Evidently, the quality assurance department plays a vital role in promoting organizational products and services to the market; this implies that they are often in touch with the sales department as they receive customer’s tastes for quicker translation into the desired goods. In this regard, improving the information systems would mean that they are able to learn the situation in the ground and advise the organization management or the people in charge accordingly. This further replicate to coming up with solutions and alternatives that best fit the situation of the ground.

Technological support for information systems can also be essential to the quality assurance executives and organizations at large as it provide a platform on which the institution can address the needs and concerns of the customers in a faster, convenient and more accessible way. Organizations can use technology to facilitate information systems as well as the entire quality assurance process in that it allows the organization to reach more customers and make the customers to know the kind of services and products provided. In simple terms, organization should adopt technology while implementing the quality assurance goals in the entire process within their organization to make the process more effective and efficient.

]]>Integrated approach to catchment and coastal managementhttps://alicekingcommunityschool.org/integrated-approach-to-catchment-and-coastal-management/
Fri, 01 Feb 2019 18:43:39 +0000https://ricorp.net/?p=4With the increased challenges of environmental conservation along the coastal regions and catchment areas, an integrated approach will play an imperative role. The approach has been applied in Australia, with an aim of fostering a sustainable growth and development. The Victoria Coastal zone indicates how the community, government and the costal management committees can work […]

]]>With the increased challenges of environmental conservation along the coastal regions and catchment areas, an integrated approach will play an imperative role. The approach has been applied in Australia, with an aim of fostering a sustainable growth and development. The Victoria Coastal zone indicates how the community, government and the costal management committees can work together towards a sustainable environmental management (Commonwealth of Australia, 2011).

The coastal regions foster economic, cultural and social development, explaining the main reason why efforts should be taken to protect them. In the Victoria Zone, about $9.8 billion in revenue is added to the economy. This comes from various economic activities such as tourism, commercial fishing and oil production. The coastal regions have also created direct and indirect employment opportunities to about 23,000 locals (Commonwealth of Australia, 2011).
Further, several investors have decided to invest in the Victorian Coastal Zone owing to its economic viability. While the catchment and coastal areas have various benefits to the community, the preservation of these regions has always been a major problem. One of the main strategies employed by the Coastal Management Committees (CMCs) is the use of the integrated approach. This is where the major stakeholders are required to take decisive and informed actions towards the preservation of the catchment and coastal regions.

In the Victoria Coastal Zone, the main parties in play are the government, the coastal management committees and the community members (Balint, et al., 2011). The integration processes has been conceptualized as one of the main strategies that can ensure a sustainable growth and protection of the catchment and coastal regions. While the integration approach has been said to be an objective strategy, it has failed due to a number of factors, which include lack of capacity on the part of the community, self-interests, lack of common vision and objectives, and financial constraints.

The paper will focus on the factors that inhibit the integration in catchment and coastal management. The paper will demonstrate that while the government and other policy makers have invested a lot of funds towards integration, there are still major problems facing the catchment areas and the coastal regions. The population increase coupled with the encroachment of these environmental regions has been a major challenge. Over-exploitation of the natural resources and lack of proactive measures in ensuring a sustainable development as one interacts with nature will cause major problems.

The communication gap existing among the stakeholders has watered down the benefits of integration. This owes to
the fact that every stakeholder has different expectations, and goals that they are pursuing, while still claiming to protect the environment. The lack of knowledge and understanding of the major environmental factors such as cyclones, tsunamis, and other related issues, makes some stakeholders less competent. The paper will also provide the recommendations on what needs to be done in ensuring that the integration efforts yield the expected results.

One of the main factors is effective communication. All the stakeholders ought to be treated as equal partners; hence no one should act without any consultation. One of the main aims by the government should be to ensure that the local communities benefit directly from the economic activities taking place within the catchment and the coastal regions. This has been demonstrated in the Victoria Coastal Zone where thousands of locals have benefited from employment opportunities. Further, there is a need to ensure that mobilization and sensitization programs are held regularly with an aim of reminding the community members of their responsibilities in taking care of the environment.

Factors inhibiting integration of the catchment and coastal management

Conflict of interest

This remains one of the greatest challenges to the management of the coastal regions. As indicated before, the coastal regions have offered investment opportunities, and have also contributed to the economic development. The Victoria Coastal zone, for instance, has provided fishing, oil production and tourism opportunities that have also employed thousands of the local communities (Commonwealth of Australia, 2011). For this reason, the government, and the local communities have a direct interest into what is taking place at the coastal and catchment areas.

In most cases, the self-interests seem to supersede the need to take proactive measures towards the protection of the environment. Any actions that seem to interfere with the current status quo may be resisted by the interested parties. For instance, the community members would want to know how they will benefit from any activities that take place within their zones. Currently, the population growth and the increased economic activities along the coastal regions are exerting more pressure on the existing natural resources. With the increased number of tourists annually, the rate of consumption increases.

While the government and the local communities will benefit from economic, cultural and social development, there is a challenge on the whole issue of promoting a sustainable development. Unless these interests are addressed in an objective way, the current integration will not yield any major benefits.

Leadership issues

The success of the integration approach towards the coastal management depends on the quality of leadership (Australian Public Service Commission, 2007). This is especially at the community level where the leader is expected to sensitize the community members on the need to engage in activities that will contribute to the conversation of the environment.

One of the main problems that have been established is some stakeholders lack leaders with the relevant knowledge and experience in matters of environmental management. At the community level, this problem is common. For this reason, the community members may not be able to achieve their set objectives of ensuring that they participate fully in conservation programs without supervision from the coastal management committees.

The local communities, for instance, should be able to understand the environmental disasters that are frequently experienced in their regions (Australian Public Service Commission, 2007). These include catastrophes such as Tsunamis, cyclones and other negative implications of global warming. Further, through their leadership, the local communities need to have the knowledge and competence that will enable them to detect and solve any environmental issues. Another major challenge of leadership is failing to communicate effectively to their subjects, which later leads to conflicts and lack of trust.

Financial and other capacity challenges

Low financial capacity, influence of other groups, and the perception that certain stakeholders are not the ‘authorities’ hamper the integration (Australian Public Service Commission, 2007). As indicated before, the integration approach can work when all members feel appreciated, and have access to all the necessary resources.
One of the main negative effects, especially at the local communities is that the government relies more on volunteers. While this shows responsibility on the part of the community, these people can opt out of the program at any time. Lack of financial capacity hampers certain activities that would lead to environmental conservation.
While the government has been given the authority to protect the catchment and coastal areas of the Coastal Management Act of 1995, the local communities and other stakeholders are not recognized. According to the Act, the government, through relevant constitutionally established agents, has the prerogative to prepare a coastal management plan, and execute any strategies that it deems right to address the current situation. This means that the decision taken by the local communities are superseded by those made by the state. This means that while the government may collaborate with other stakeholders, it has the power of influence, and may use this to advance its own agenda. It is this kind of scenario that at times makes other stakeholders feel inadequate, powerless and disenchanted.

Recommendations to promote integration

Promote transformational leadership

As mentioned before, leadership plays a vital role in ensuring that the subjects are empowered to act. The transformational leadership is based on establishing strong bonds with the subjects. It is a relation oriented kind of leadership, whose main aim is to provide an environment where the subjects can learn and improve their skills. Transformational leadership will ensure that the community members have all the necessary knowledge in dealing with the issues of environmental conservation. To facilitate this, community leaders should assess the knowledge and experience gap in order to provide the necessary resources. The leader should also focus on the strengths and weaknesses of the members, in order to know where the improvement is needed.

Ensuring effective communication within the group is also vital. A transformation leader should be more of a listener. He/she should give the subjects an opportunity to make any recommendations and suggestions, rather than being the only sole decision maker. Further, the leadership should ensure that the participants are given an opportunity to participate in the decision making process. The leadership at the government level should also improve. There is a need to involve all the stakeholders in all the decision making, rather than reporting to them what needs to be done. Further, the leadership should seek to promote transparency and accountability in order to foster a sense of trust among the rest of the stakeholders.

Financial and technical support

While it is imperative that the members of the community offer volunteer to conserve their surrounding environment, financial support is needed. This is especially to the management committees at the local level who are key decision makers. They sacrifice most of their time, and may need remunerations to motivate them. Further, the finances will go into ensuring that other stakeholders are trained on matters of environmental conservation. This will add the level of knowledge, which will be translated into success of the catchment and coastal management. Further, the government should come up with strategies that will ensure that the conservation groups at the community level are recognized, and their decisions approved so long as they are consistent with the vision of the coastal management.

As indicated before, the decisions made by other stakeholders may not be taken seriously, since they lack the legal authority. The government should ensure that it works closely with such stakeholders to prevent such embarrassing situations, which in most cases discourage cooperation.

Ensure equitable distribution of resources

One of the main reasons why the community members feel motivated to participate in environmental conservation is having a share of the resources. While the government has ensured that the local communities benefit from the employment opportunities created by investors near the coastal regions, there are still a lot that need to be done. Part of the proceeds of the current mining activities, tourism and fishing should be used in the conservation of the environment, training the local communities on matters of environmental conservation, and upgrading the current infrastructure such as roads, health and learning institutions. Through this, the community members will feel the need to conserve the environment, owing to the fact that it will be perceived as a source of their livelihood.
Mobilization and Sensitization program

The government through agencies such as the coastal management committees should allocate more finances towards sensitization programs. The community members should understand why they need to conserve the environment, and why each of them is should take the responsibility. Through these programs, the government, through the coastal management experts that equip the relevant stakeholders with the right skills that will ensure that they become competent. The main actors (such as the government) should be able to lead by example on conservation matters. This includes the need to pass stringent laws that seek to punish those who are bent on polluting the environment. This may include the regulation of the economic activities along the coastal regions, such as the offshore mining, and extraction of oil.

Constant communication and monitoring

The relationship between the stakeholders is maintained by constant communication. Proper channels should be established to ensure that the information is able to flow freely from top to bottom and vice versa. The government should seek to remove any bureaucracies that may interfere with effective communication. Further, there is need to ensure that constant monitoring of the established programs is done. This will ensure that any errors can be corrected, before it can cause any damage. The monitoring and evaluation will also enable the relevant authority to employ other strategies, should the current ones prove to be unprofitable. It is also a way through which the stakeholders can measure their performance, and know whether they are able to achieve the set goals and objectives.

In conclusion, the catchment and coastal management has gained momentum owing to the dangers posed to the flora and fauna. The coastal regions provide livelihood to the community members. Such regions are endowed with natural resources such as oil and minerals. The coastal regions also offer a serene environment where people can have fun and also relax. In Victoria Coastal Zones, economic activities such as fishing, extraction of oil and tourism continues to take place. This has created employment opportunities to thousands of the local communities. This should how importance the coastal regions are to the communities and the whole nation, hence the need to protect them. While there are a number of strategies that are used to achieve this objective, the integration of all the relevant stakeholders is necessary.

The management of the catchment and coastal regions should not be a responsibility of only one party, but a number of them. However, integration has been hampered by lack of finances and technical capacities on the part of some stakeholders, poor leadership, vested interests and inequitable distribution of resources. However, addressing these challenges will assist in alleviating the current challenge. This will see the success of integration towards the management of the catchment and coastal regions.

References

Australian Public Service Commission 2007, Tackling Wicked Problems: A Public Policy Perspective, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.

]]>Drug and alcohol abuse and its effects on suicidehttps://alicekingcommunityschool.org/drug-and-alcohol-abuse-and-its-effects-on-suicide/
Fri, 01 Feb 2019 17:31:32 +0000https://ricorp.net/?p=4There is a positive correlation between drug and alcohol abuse and suicide. Globally, it is estimated that close to a million suicide relate deaths are reported. The situation has become worse in the United States, where statistics indicate that the suicide rate in the population between 35-55 has between 1999 and 2013. The statistics indicate […]

]]>There is a positive correlation between drug and alcohol abuse and suicide. Globally, it is estimated that close to a million suicide relate deaths are reported. The situation has become worse in the United States, where statistics indicate that the suicide rate in the population between 35-55 has between 1999 and 2013. The statistics indicate that between this period, suicide related deaths have increased from 21.5% to 27.5% per 100,000 individuals. In the United States, for instance, the 2010 statistics indicated that the number of suicide related deaths surpassed that of the accidents. While about 33,600 died out of accident related deaths, more than 38,300 died of suicide (Christiansen, 2011).

The suicide rate is also said to increase with age, with the highest being experienced as one nears 50 (Bertolote, 2008). This is an age that represents the baby boomers, who are said to be the most affected by the suicide related behaviors. Frustrations, as they try to get good jobs and improve their living standards have been a major contributing factor to the current problem. Several studies have indicated that indeed there exists a relationship between alcohol and drug abuse and the increased suicide rates. In the United States, the alcohol abuse in the middle age population (between 35-55 years) has risen by 13% perception from the late 90s (Christiansen, 2011). While the number of middle aged population abusing alcohol has been on the rise, the use of hard drugs such as heroine and cocaine decreases. This is highest in the age between 18-29. Some of the major reasons that have contributed to increased alcohol abuse include the financial constraints, marriage issues, divorce, retirement, and death of loved ones. These issues are associated with the middle and an aging population.

In the United States, for instance, the domestic problem, and divorce have been on the rise. Statistics indicate that over 50% of the marriages contracted annually are more likely to end in divorce. Socioeconomic factors have also exerted more pressure on this age group. Drugs and alcohol abuse is seen as a defense mechanism used by such people to respond to the social, economic and cultural problems facing them. However, social isolation may follow, the relationship between the friends, family members and the victim deteriorates. Lack of social bonds has been cited as one of the main factors that leads to suicidal behavior.

Social and cultural factors

The increased alcohol and drug abuse which later causes suicidal behavior is caused by both the sociocultural issues. Culturally, alcohol is generally accepted in the society. It is legal, readily available and affordable, making one of the most consumed substances. While there are age restrictions, statistics indicate that a huge number of teenagers below the age of 13 are using alcohol and other substances. Alcohol is also used in celebrating various milestones in life, and has therefore been associated with merrymaking. While taking alcohol is not a problem, the situation changes when one develops tolerance, physical dependency, have more craving for alcohol and is unable to control oneself. In this situation, one has become addicted, and therefore likely to abuse alcohol.

As indicated above, the social factors leading to the increased alcohol and substance abuse include divorce, financial constraint and loss of loved ones. These issues can also lead to suicidal thoughts. For instance, loss of loved ones through death and divorce may lead to loneliness. According to Emile Durkheim, one of the main causes of suicide has been lack of social bonds. This social problem has been common, especially in the United States, when the individualistic culture is so prevalent. However, the statistics have also indicated that males are more affected that the female. This owes to the fact that females tend to form strong relations with similar others, and are more likely to express their feelings. The opposite is true for the men, explaining why the suicidal rate is also likely to be higher.

The economic constraint has also been a major contributor to increased suicidal behavior globally. In the United States, the American dream exerts more pressure on the citizens as everyone yearns to accumulate wealth and improve the living standards. However, this may not materialize owing to various frustrations. The rise in unemployment, high inflation, and increased number of low-wage jobs are some of the main problems facing millions of the citizens (Barak et al., 2011).

The high cost of education has also locked out many aspiring learners. This means that they are unable to compete favorably for a top managerial position with their counterparts. These frustrations, coupled with other family related stresses have the potential to prompt one to abuse alcohol and other drugs. As this behavior continues, one becomes callous to one’s physical health and life in general. Others lose touch with life, and become hopeless. As indicated before, it is also possible that some people will lose friends and family bonds, especially when they become violent.

Due to guilty feelings, some victims may also avoid relationships with their family members. Lack of strong bonds with the family members and feelings of disenchantment, powerlessness and hopelessness are the major catalysts of suicide.

Sociological perspectives

Sociological perspectives have also focused on the issue of suicide, and tried to explain why it has been on the rise. In this theory of suicide, Emile Durkheim indicates that the lack of social bonds has been one of the contributing factors. According to him, social bond plays an important role in integrating oneself to the family members. One feels loved and appreciated when they belong to healthy relations (Conner et al., 2007). Such people have high self-esteem. On the contrary, individuals who fail to establish strong social bonds will suffer from feelings of isolation, estrangement and loneliness. According to Emile Durkheim, the situation may be exacerbated by the loss of loved ones. This may especially follow after divorce or death.

The empty nest syndrome (where children become independent) has also been a major cause of loneliness to most parents. This sociological perspective indicates that when people are unable to control these situations, they may result to behaviors that are likely to increase the chances for suicidal tendencies. Drugs and alcohol abuse are some of the major behavior that prevalent in the middle aged population. Unlike women, men are more likely to fall for this trap. In his explanation, Durkheim indicated that men are more likely to commit suicide than men, a situation that has been supported by the current statistics (Joiner et al., 2006). According to him, women are more likely to establish strong social bonds. They are also likely to share what they go through. This assists them in alleviating their psychological and emotional issues related. The situation is different in men. They tend to internalize their problems, which acts against them. They consume more drugs and alcohol as a way of responding to this problem. Suicide follows, when one feels more isolated, powerless and hopeless.

Interpersonal-Psychological perspective

According to this perspective of suicide, the perceived burdensomeness and social alienation cause major problems (Orden et al., 2008). This perspective is related to that of Durkheim in the sense that it is based on social relations. It indicated that prior to committing suicide, a majority of the victims will be under the impression that they are being a burden to their family members or friends. They may feel that their behavior is causing a lot of problems to others, especially when they inflict emotional and physical pain to them. In this kind of situation, these victims feel that their death is the best solution for preventing this kind of pain to others. While this is just an irrational perception, the victims will commit suicide. This perspective also indicates that lack of belongingness will also result in a similar problem. The explanation is similar to that of Durkheim, that lack of social bonds may lead to one feeling lonely, isolated and hated. This prompts them to engage in suicidal behaviors.

Justification of study

The study is justified by the fact that suicide has become a common social phenomenon globally. As indicated before, over a million individuals die annually out of suicide, a situation that is exacerbated by the increased consumption of alcohol, drugs and other substances. The suicide incidences have social and economic effects on the society. It is a loss to the family members, where the deceased may suffer emotionally and financially. This is especially if they depended on the victims. In the United States, it is estimated that the government spends millions of dollars in the treatment of various diseases related to alcohol and drug abuse (Levi, 2007) These include the liver diseases and high blood pressure. Further, the increased alcohol use has negative implications on the family. The rise in domestic violence has also been attributed to the consumption of alcohol and drugs. There is also a link between the road accidents and driving under the influence of alcohol. For this reason, the whole issue of alcohol and drug abuse, and the increased suicide do not only affect the victims, but also the family members, friends and the nation. This is therefore a problem worth looking into in order to get to the root, and find an amicable solution.

Target policy makers

The study targets the government and the society members. The study will seek to make recommendations that the government can utilize in the creation of policies that will ensure that the challenge is addressed. The government can establish more affordable rehabilitation centers to assist the addicts of alcohol and drugs. Further, the government will allocate more funds towards the activities that will ensure that the victims are assisted. Further, the family members and friends play an imperative role of social support to the family members. They will understand that they have the greatest responsibility of showing love and care to the victim of drugs and alcohol abuse. Establishing the strong bonds with such victims will play an important role in reducing the incidences of suicide. It is therefore assumed that the government and the relevant family members will be able to ensure that the current challenge will be mitigated.

Methodology of the study

Methodology is conceptualized as an objective framework within which a study is conducted. It involves the scientific processes that were followed to design the research instruments, and to collect and analyze the data (Creswell, 2009). The main goal of the study was to explore whether planting trees had any economic benefits in Canada. In this study, both primary and secondary research techniques were used. The primary research ensured the collection of the first-hand information from the selected sample. The secondary research provided insights into the primary research.

Population and Sample

The population refers to all the target subjects of the study. For the purpose of this study, the target population was a section of the population aged 30-55 years. With the high number of people, there was need to have a representative sample. It is a subset of the whole population, whose characteristics are assumed to reflect that of the target subject. For the purpose of the study, a representative sample of 20 individuals was used. The researcher assumes that the smaller the sample, the higher the reliability and consistency of the data collected. The gender issues were also taken into consideration to ensure that there was no biasness.

Inclusion criteria

This refers to the minimum qualification that the subjects of the study had to meet before they could be allowed to participate in the research. All the subjects of the study had to be between 30-55 years old. Secondly, the subjects must have experienced drug or alcohol abuse.

Sampling techniques

For the purpose of this study, the random, snowball and the convenient sampling techniques were used. All these sampling techniques were chosen owing to their effectiveness in the study. For instance, the random sampling will ensure that biasness is avoided, as all the potential subjects are given equal opportunity to participate in the study. Each of the methods is discussed below.

Random sampling

Under this sampling technique, the subjects of the study were chosen indiscriminately, given they meet the inclusion criteria (Adèr, 2008). This method is imperative owing to the fact it ensures that every subject is given an equal chance to participate in the study. For this reason, it is possible to mitigate biased data, which could make the study less reliable. The method is also simple to use, and economical. While the method has a lot of advantages, it has major weaknesses. For instance, it is not possible to tell whether the selected subjects are relevant to the study. They may not have the knowledge that is necessary for the study. This leads to the collection of irrelevant information that is not helpful for the study. This explains why the researcher chose to use more than one sampling technique.

Snowballing sampling technique

This method is the most appropriate when the researcher is not very familiar with the environment and the subjects of the study. In this method, the researcher approaches a familiar respondent, who will later propose another relevant subject (Tabachnick, 2009). For instance, it would be difficult to know someone who has contemplated suicide. However, it is possible to find someone who knows such a person, and this would be helpful. The main advantage of this sampling technique is that the researcher deals with the subjects who are relevant to the study.

This ensures that the information collected is credible. It is, however, worth noting that the selected sampling method may fail to yield the expected results, especially due to the fact that the researcher and the subjects are not familiar with each other.

Convenience sampling

This is a sampling technique, obtaining the subjects from their convenient places. These places include streets, restaurants, and learning institutions. The method is very efficient given the fact that it is one of the fastest in collecting the research data. However, the main disadvantage is that the respondents may provide misleading information, especially if they are in a hurry.

Data collection methods

To collect the research data, both primary and secondary data collection methods were used.

Primary methods of data collection

Primary data collection methods involve obtaining the data, using questionnaires and interviewing techniques. It is the method to collect the first-hand information from the target sample. The questionnaires make the part of the data collection process, due to their effectiveness in obtaining information from the target population. Both open-ended and closed questions were used in the questionnaires. In open-ended questions, the subjects had as much information as possible. The closed questions ensured that the clients provided ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ responses.

One of the main advantages of using questionnaires is that respondents limit their answers to a strictly defined set of questions. This prevents obtaining any kind of irrelevant information, which is the major disadvantage when using the interviewing techniques. The questionnaires are helpful to gather information within a short time, owing to the fact that a larger number of subjects can fill in them simultaneously.

At the same time, limiting responses to a strictly defined set of options may lead to collecting biased information, especially when the questionnaires contain the leading questions.

The interviewing techniques occupy a special place in the present study, given their many advantages. They assist in obtaining more information and clarifying it. Also it is possible for the researcher to focus on both verbal and non-verbal communication. The subject may be saying one thing, while the body language is indicating the other. These discrepancies help the researcher to know whether the respondent is providing credible information.

However, the interviewing techniques have a number of setbacks. They are time consuming owing to the fact that it is possible to interview only one subject at a time. They also make the research expensive.

Data analysis

They ensure the relevancy of the data. In the initial stages, the main goal is to ensure that the collected data is of a high quality. For the purpose of this study, the descriptive analysis (mean, median and standard deviation) facilitated the research. The descriptive analysis transformed the collected data into tangible figures, and diagrams that helped the targeted audience to understand the discussed issues.

Validity and reliability tests

In conducting a study, it is imperative to ensure the validity and reliability of the study instruments. In the present research, the pilot study ensured the validity and the reliability of the research instruments. The pilot study covered a smaller sample, with the main aim of correcting any errors in the research instruments, or the research questions.

Ethical considerations

Ethical considerations aim to establish the efficient relationship between the subjects and the researcher. The main goal is to ensure that the researcher adheres to the professional requirements while conducting the study. For the purpose of this study, the researcher did not compel the subjects to provide the information. Prior to filling the questionnaire, the subjects had to sign the consent form, indicating that their participation in the study was on a voluntary basis. Also the subjects did not have to write their names, so that to protect their confidentiality. The respondents had the right to opt out of the study at any time, if their conscience compelled them to.

Privacy

Apart from the issue of consent, the researcher sought to protect the privacy of the subjects. One of the ways was to ensure it was that the respondents did not mention their names in the questionnaires. This played a huge role in ensuring that the subjects were protected against any form of psychological or emotional harm.

Right to information

The researcher understood that the subjects had the right to know the object of the study. The subjects had the right to know how they will benefit from the study, and why they should take part in it. The respondents will be informed that the study will assist in establishing any relationship between alcohol abuse and increased rates of suicide in the middle aged group. The subjects also discovered that the research would provide recommendations to the policy makers on how this problem can be addressed.

Disclosure of the financial sources

It is an ethical consideration for the researcher to disclose the financial sources to the target audience. The source of income can assist in telling the motive of the study, and whether it is objective. In most cases, a researcher can be financed for the purpose of conducting a study that taints an image of a specific body, or individuals. The present study is independent, meaning that all the results provided did not have any external influences. This implies that the collected data is more reliable, and therefore acceptable in making good decisions.

Conclusion and expected results

It is expected that the study will demonstrate that indeed there is a positive correlation between the drugs and alcohol abuse with the increased suicide rates. The research will also indicate that various social and economic factors are to blame for increase consumption of alcohol and suicide. It will also be indicated that the suicidal thoughts may occur when the victims perceive themselves as a bother to the family members and friends. They may also commit suicide when they feel unappreciated, unloved and a burden to others. However, the study will demonstrate that the family members and friends will play an imperative role in mitigating the current challenge.

They have to establish strong social bonds with the victim as this can help them (victims) have high self esteem and be positive in life. It will also be established that the high cost of seeking services from the counselors and the rehabilitation centers had a negative effect. The government will therefore need to allocate more resources that will facilitate the construction of more rehabilitation centers and make the cost more affordable.

]]>Discretion and Hiding the Truthhttps://alicekingcommunityschool.org/discretion-and-hiding-the-truth/
Fri, 01 Feb 2019 16:18:10 +0000https://ricorp.net/?p=4Discretion and Hiding the Truth As is in every establishment of a workforce there is a hierarchy of position, in the police force there is a chain of command. This chain of command directs the manner through which information command and reporting flows in the department. As such, the police force is arranged in a […]

As is in every establishment of a workforce there is a hierarchy of position, in the police force there is a chain of command. This chain of command directs the manner through which information command and reporting flows in the department. As such, the police force is arranged in a hierarchy of grade in line with the powers of command each officer possesses. That is from the bottom to the top on how information flows. This means that every officer reports to a one grade higher officer and so forth. In my role as a patrol officer I report to the sergeant at site or sergeant on duty. Equality, I am bound to take orders from this sergeant in accordance with procedures of work and cases. This means that I must do what the sergeant officer or any other officer above the sergeants rank orders me to do; but must be with the knowledge of the sergeant on duty. However, this duty is legally bound which means that the activities and procedures bound by it are also legally bound. Anything that is out of the realm of professional legal conduct is not binding in the observation of this duty.

The falsifying of the arresting report by the sergeant is morally wrong and unconstitutional. This renders it an illegal act. As a result of this it does not hold as a binding order of duty to be asked to go with the flow of the falsified report. The sergeant cannot order a lower ranking police officer; such as a patrol officer like me, to agree on falsified information. There is no legal duty binding this to the police officer thus the decision on what to do is entirely dependent on their moral character.

In this situation would not agree to go with the flow of the falsified report. This is illegal and unconstitutional which means it has a great effect on the weighing of the case against the accused (Levine, 2008). According to the constitution, the accused has the right of getting a full and true hearing. The falsification of the arrest report obstructs on this making it unlawful.

Additionally, there are ethical laws and regulations that all police officers are bound by in their work. These hold more grounds than any professional or personal duty an officer may hold over another as they are equally binding to all ranks. Falsifying an arrest report and knowing about it and going with it is as such a breach of ethics and is protected under the federal criminal enforcement (FDLE, 2013).

As stipulated in the beginning, there is a chain of command in the police force. This chain of command holds in passing information as well as holding officers responsible and accountable for their actions. In reporting this case, I would follow the chain of command from the grade above my sergeants grade; the sergeants bosses. They should know the manner through which such a case is treated and inform me. This means that I should be part of the resultant actions until a conclusion that establishes the true report and punishes the sergeant and his team is achieved. This would involve the superiors filing a case report with the FBI and the Attorney general’s office through the public prosecutor which will commence an investigation into the falsified report and those involved such as the sergeant.

However, in most of these cases there is a lot of reluctance in pursuit of justice within the department if it means the prosecution of a fellow police officer. A silent blue code of conduct exists in the force that makes police morally obligated to protect their own in such cases regardless of the consequences of their actions (Mullen, 2000). In the possibility that this should happen there will be a lot of laxity in pursuing the case, delay, threats, and even the dismissal of my involvement among others. This I will handle by climbing higher the chain of command in the police force to the top.

In the case that this still has no effect and no action is being taken against the sergeant and towards the case, I then report it further. This means reporting the matter directly to the attorney general’s office and to the FBI. Both the attorney general’s office through the public prosecutors’ office and the FBI will investigate the matter. The public prosecutors’ office will focus on authenticating the credibility of the falsified arrest report as per my claims, while the FBI will launch a full review investigation against the sergeant and his accomplices in falsifying the report and knowingly concealing that the report was falsified (FDLE, 2013).

The challenging of a falsified police arrest report is hard and even harder is the launching of an investigation against police officers to prove that they actually did falsify the report. However, with the right procedure and determination, the truth shall be achieved. A truth that will enable on launch of a case against the arrested suspect based on true information as per his rights, and the prosecution of corrupt individuals in the police force.