the Allies promised to cede Italy Austro-Hungarian controlled territories once victory was secured

encouraged Italy to join the Allies in 1915

Battle of Verdun

1916 battle between Germany and France, resulted in horrific casualties

propaganda

To maintain the spirit of the home front and to counter threats to national unity, governments resorted to the restriction of civil liberties, censorship of bad news, and villification of the enemy

Marxism

aka Communism, philosophy and movement that began in the middle of the nineteenth century with the work of Karl Marx

similar goals to socialism, but includes the belief that violent revolution is necessary to destroy the bourgeois world and institue a new world run by and for the proletariat

NEP (New Economic Policy)

compromise implemented by Lenin which temporarily restored the market economy and some private enterprise

Balkans

peninsula controlled by the Ottoman empire since the fifteenth century

a weakened Ottoman empire allowed the success of many national revolts, including the Balkan nationalities of Greece, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria

soviets

Russian elected councils that originated as strike committees during the 1905 St. Petersburg disorders

represented a form of local self-government that went on to become the primary unit of government in the USSR

Bolsheviks

Russian communist party headed by Lenin

armistice

a truce

The final armistice: between Allied powers and Germany, took effect on 11 November 1918 at 11 AM (11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month)

Treaty of Neuilly

1919 treaty between Allies and Bulgaria

Bulgaria ceded small portions of its territory

Balkan regions was spared in fear of destabilizing the region

Treaty of Sevres

1920 treaty between Allies and the Ottoman empire

effectively dissolved the empire

treaty accepted by sultan, but not by Turkish nationalists

mandate system

system that developed in the wake of WWI when the former colonies ended up mandates under European control, a thinly veiled attempt at continuing imperialism

Red army

army controlled by the Communist party

Five-Year Plan

First implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union in 1929 as an ambitious plan for rapid economic development

a staple of communist regimes in which every aspect of production was determined in advance for a five-year period

opposite of the free market concept

Bosnia-Herzegovina

twin provinces that had been under Austro-Hungarian rule since 1908

became the hotbed of pan-Serbian nationalism

Ferdinand’s visit to its capital, Sarajevo, in 1914, resulted in the archduke’s assassination

militarism

the tendency to regard military efficiency as the supreme ideal of the state and to subordinate all other interests to those of the military; the principle or policy of maintaining a large military establishment

policy used a lot during the war to keep up with the high demands

Dual Alliance

In 1879, Germany and Austria-Hungary formed a defensive pact that ensured reciprocal protection from a Russian attack and neutrality in case of an attack from any other power.

Germany was afraid of France, & Austria wanted to pursue their Balkan politics without Russia intervention

Plan XVII

French military strategy that relied heavily on offensive maneuvers

ultimatum

1914, Austrian ultimatum to Serbia led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia

1914, the German ultimatum to Russia and the ultimatum to France led to Germany declaring war on Russia

1914, Britain ultimatum to Germany led to Britain declaring war on Germany.

1914, Japanese ultimatum to Germany led to Japanese entry into the war

Marne

the German thrust toward Paris (1914) came to a halt at this French river

both sides undertook flanking maneuvers, “a race to the sea” that took them to the Atlantic coast

attrition

a wearing down or weakening of resistance, esp. as a result of continuous pressure or harassment

war quickly turned into a war of attrition in which the firepower of modern weapons slaughtered soldiers by the millions

no-man’s land

the deadly territory between opposing trenches

Battle of the Somme

To relieve pressure on Verdun, British forces counterattacked Germany at the Somme.

managed to gain a few thousand yards, for a high cost of human lives

TNT

explosive weapon used during WWI

women served an important role during the war by making shells, but the job was highly dangerous

Provisional government

temporary government instituted immediately after the March Revolution

Gained considerable public support for its reforms but failed to satisfy popular demands for an end to war and for land reform

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1918 treaty between Russia and Germany that ended Russia’s involvement in the war

gave Germany the possession or control of much of Russia’s territory and one-quarter of its population

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson’s proposal for a just and enduring postwar peace settlement

open covenants, free navigation, removal of all economic barriers, establishment of an equality of trade, reduction in national armaments, equal weight distributed between controlling government and colonial population, and a call for a “general association of nations”

Treaty of St. Germain

1919 treaty between the Allies and the Republic of Austria

Austria suffered severe territorial losses

Treaty of Lausanne

1923 treaty between Allies and the newly established Republic of Turkey

Allies officially recognized the republic

Yugoslavia

“Land of the South Slavs”, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes until 1929

example of successful self-determination, although tensions still remained between different nationalities

War communism

The Bolshevik policy of nationalizing industry and seizing private land during the Russian civil war

collectivization

Process beginning in the late 1920s by which Stalin forced the Russian peasants off their own land and onto huge collective farms run by the state

Many peasants revolted

millions died in the process

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian empire (1863-1914)

his assassination by a Serbian nationalist served as a catalyst for WWI

Bertrand Russell

philosopher who observed that the average Englishman positively wanted war

Wilfred Owen

war poet (1893-1918)

wrote Dulce et Decorum Est

Woodrow Wilson

United States President (1856-1924) who campaigned on a nonintervention platform, but enventually led his country into war in 1917

intensely promoted self-determination and the formation of the League of Nations

Josef Stalin

(1879-1953) leader of the Communist Party after Lenin’s death

Five-Year Plans, The Great Purge, collectivization

Gavrilo Princip

a young Bosnian Serb and a member of the Black Hand (1894-1918) who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife

Czar Nicholas II

the last Russian tsar (reigned 1894-1917)

Winston Churchill

(1874-1965), first lord of the Admirality (British navy), suggested that an Allied strike against the Ottomans would hurt the Germans

Georges Clemenceau

(1841-1929), representative leader of France at the Paris Peace Conference

Count von Schlieffen

German general (1833-1913) who devised the Schlieffen plan to avoid German war on two fronts

plan called for a swift knockout of France, follwed by defensive action against Russia.

plan failed because Russia reached Germany quicker than what was predicted

Helmuth von Moltke

(1800-1891), former chief of the Prussian General Staff, predicted that future wars would not end with a single battle, because the defeat of a nation would not be acknowledged until the whole strength of its people was broken

Vladimir Lenin

(1870-1924), a revolutionary Marxist at the head of the Bolshevik party

called for the transfer of power to the soviets and an end to Russian participation in the war

Lloyd George

(1863-1945), representative leader of Great Britain at the Paris Peace Conference

1905 Moroccan Crisis

French-German confrontation over Morocco

did not immediately lead to war, but led to increased tensions

British blockade

Britain attempted to deny food to Germany, hoping that starving masses would force the German government to capitulate.

Russo-Japanese War

The unexpected Japanese victory in the Sino-Japanese war increased tensions between Russia and Japan.