Specifies that duplicate rows can appear in the result set. ALL is the default.

DISTINCT

Specifies that only unique rows can appear in the result set. Null values are considered equal for the purposes of the DISTINCT keyword.

TOP (expression ) [ PERCENT ] [ WITH TIES ]

Indicates that only a specified first set or percent of rows will be returned from the query result set. expression can be either a number or a percent of the rows.

For backward compatibility, using the TOP expression without parentheses in SELECT statements is supported, but we do not recommend it. For more information, see TOP (Transact-SQL).

< select_list >

The columns to be selected for the result set. The select list is a series of expressions separated by commas. The maximum number of expressions that can be specified in the select list is 4096.

*

Specifies that all columns from all tables and views in the FROM clause should be returned. The columns are returned by table or view, as specified in the FROM clause, and in the order in which they exist in the table or view.

table_name | view_name | table_alias.*

Limits the scope of the * to the specified table or view.

column_name

Is the name of a column to return. Qualify column_name to prevent an ambiguous reference, such as occurs when two tables in the FROM clause have columns with duplicate names. For example, the SalesOrderHeader and SalesOrderDetail tables in the AdventureWorks database both have a column named ModifiedDate. If the two tables are joined in a query, the modified date of the SalesOrderDetail entries can be specified in the select list as SalesOrderDetail.ModifiedDate.

expression

Is a constant, function, any combination of column names, constants, and functions connected by an operator or operators, or a subquery.

Specifies a method, property, or field of a CLR user-defined type. Use . for an instance (nonstatic) method, property, or field. Use :: for a static method, property, or field. To invoke a method, property, or field of a CLR user-defined type, you must have EXECUTE permission on the type.

property_name

Is a public property of udt_column_name.

field_name

Is a public data member of udt_column_name.

method_name

Is a public method of udt_column_name that takes one or more arguments. method_name cannot be a mutator method.

The following example selects the values for the Location column, defined as type point, from the Cities table, by invoking a method of the type called Distance:

Is an alternative name to replace the column name in the query result set. For example, an alias such as Quantity, or Quantity to Date, or Qty can be specified for a column named quantity.

Aliases are used also to specify names for the results of expressions, for example:

USE AdventureWorks;

GO

SELECT AVG(UnitPrice) AS 'Average Price'

FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail;

column_alias can be used in an ORDER BY clause. However, it cannot be used in a WHERE, GROUP BY, or HAVING clause. If the query expression is part of a DECLARE CURSOR statement, column_alias cannot be used in the FOR UPDATE clause.

The length of data returned for text or ntext columns that are included in the select list is set to the smallest value of the following: the actual size of the text column, the default TEXTSIZE session setting, or the hard-coded application limit. To change the length of returned text for the session, use the SET statement. By default, the limit on the length of text data returned with a SELECT statement is 4,000 bytes.

The SQL Server Database Engine raises exception 511 and rolls back the current running statement if either of the following behavior occurs:

The SELECT statement produces a result row or an intermediate work table row exceeding 8,060 bytes.

The DELETE, INSERT, or UPDATE statement tries an action on a row exceeding 8,060 bytes.

An error occurs if no column name is specified to a column created by a SELECT INTO or CREATE VIEW statement.