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Intimate Partner Violence

Historically called "domestic violence," "intimate partner violence" describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by
a current or former intimate partner or spouse. This type of violence can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples.

Violence by an intimate partner is linked to both immediate and long-term health, social, and economic consequences. Factors
at all levels — individual, relationship, community, and societal — contribute to intimate partner violence. Preventing intimate
partner violence requires reaching a clear understanding of those factors, coordinating resources, and fostering and initiating
change in individuals, families, and society.

Types of Intimate Partner Violence

NIJ has often partnered with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on the issue of violence against women,
in particular by cosponsoring the National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS). The CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, which spotlights injury and violence prevention topics, defines four main types of intimate partner violence: [1]

Physical violence is the intentional use of physical force (e.g., shoving, choking, shaking, slapping, punching, burning, or use of a weapon,
restraints, or one's size and strength against another person) with the potential for causing death, disability, injury, or
physical harm.

Sexual violence can be divided into three categories: (1) the use of physical force to compel a person to engage in a sexual act unwillingly,
whether or not the act is completed; (2) an attempted or completed sexual act involving a person who, because of illness,
disability, or the influence of alcohol or other drugs, or because of intimidation or pressure, is unable to understand the
nature or condition of the act, decline participation, or communicate unwillingness to engage in the act; and (3) abusive
sexual contact.

Threats of physical or sexual violence communicate the intent to cause death, disability, injury, or physical harm through the use of words, gestures, or weapons.

Psychological/emotional violence traumatizes the victim by acts, threats of acts, or coercive tactics (e.g., humiliating the victim, controlling what the
victim can and cannot do, withholding information, isolating the victim from friends and family, denying access to money or
other basic resources). In most cases, emotional violence has been preceded by acts or threats of physical or sexual violence.

Stalking is often included among types of intimate partner violence. Stalking generally refers to harassing or threatening behavior
that an individual engages in repeatedly, such as sending the victim unwanted presents, following or laying in wait for the
victim, damaging or threatening to damage the victim's property, appearing at a victim's home or place of business, defaming
the victim's character or spreading rumors, or harassing the victim via the Internet by posting personal information. [2] As with perpetrators of physical and sexual violence, stalkers may be motivated by a desire to exert control over their victims.
Stalking and intimate partner violence may co-occur.