The 2000 presidential campaign of Harry Browne, investment banker and 1996 nominee of the Libertarian Party began on February 14, 2000.[1] On the third night of the 2000 Libertarian National Convention (July 3), Browne won the nomination on the first ballot over Don Gorman, Jacob Hornberger, and Barry Hess, with 493 votes (56.15% of the ballot), becoming the first Libertarian Party candidate to be nominated twice for President.[2]Art Olivier (former mayor of Bellflower, California) was nominated as Vice President on the 2nd ballot.

The ticket had ballot status in all 50 states and in the District of Columbia. Due to a dispute with the Arizona wing of the Party, L. Neil Smith was placed on the ballot instead of Browne. Admitting that he had little chance of winning, he stated that any vote for him instead of George W. Bush or Al Gore was an "endorsement, a statement, a declaration on behalf of smaller government."

Browne endorsed letting people having the option to opt out of social security, along with selling off unneeded and unconstitutional federal assets to provide lifetime retirement accounts, he also advocated the repealing of gun laws, the end to the War on Drugs and federal welfare, the complete departure of federal government involvement in health care and education, with a complete repeal of the income tax. He advised for a foreign policy in the vein of Washington and Jefferson, that "wishes good will toward people everywhere and is a threat to no other country.", with a preference for a stronger defense instead of strengthening the national offense. He advocated for the Internet to be kept free of taxation and censorship.[3]

From October to Election Day, he made 15 national TV appearances, 18 national radio appearances, 19 local TV appearances, 98 local radio appearances, 40 press interviews, 14 Internet interviews or articles, and 20 speeches, with five articles written and published.[4]

The campaign had two main goals, related more to the party than the election.[5]

Browne received 384,431 votes (0.36%), finishing in 5th place. He received 101,328 fewer votes than he did in his campaign four years prior, while finishing 64,464 votes behind Pat Buchanan and 2,498,524 behind Ralph Nader for third.

1.
United States presidential election, 2000
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The United States presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7,2000, Bush was seen as the early favorite for the Republican nomination and, despite a contentious primary battle with Senator John McCain and other candidates, secured the nomination by Super Tuesday. Bush chose former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his running mate, both major party candidates focused primarily on domestic issues, such as the budget, tax relief, and reforms for federal social insurance programs, although foreign policy was not ignored. Clinton and Gore often did not campaign together, a deliberate decision resulting from the Lewinsky sex scandal two years prior. This was the closest presidential election in the history, with a. 009% margin,537 votes. The narrow margin there triggered a mandatory machine recount the next day, after which Gore requested recounts in four counties, including populous South Florida, litigation ensued in numerous counties in both state and federal courts, ultimately reaching the Florida Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court. Nationwide, this was the presidential election in which the winner received fewer votes than his opponent. After the election, recounts conducted by news media organizations continued a primary focus on ballots that machines read as not showing a vote. Based on the review of these ballots, their results indicated that Bush would have won if certain recounting methods had been used, but that Gore might have won under other standards and scenarios. The Green Party gained widespread attention during the 2000 presidential election when the ticket composed of Ralph Nader. Nader was vilified by some Democrats, who accused him of spoiling the election for Al Gore, Naders impact on the 2000 election has remained controversial. Until 2016, this was the last time a Republican candidate won a vote in the region of New England. As of 2017, this was the last election where a Republican candidate won New Hampshire, traditionally, the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The partys delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the partys behalf, President Bill Clinton, a Democrat and former Governor of Arkansas, was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to restrictions of the Twenty-second Amendment. In accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment, his term expired at 12,00 noon EST on January 20,2001, Democratic candidates Al Gore, Vice President of the United States Bill Bradley, former U. S. Senator from New Jersey Al Gore from Tennessee was a consistent front-runner for the nomination, of these, only Wellstone formed an exploratory committee. Running an insurgency campaign, Bradley positioned himself as the alternative to Gore, the closest Bradley came to a victory was his 50–46 loss to Gore in the New Hampshire primary. On March 14, Al Gore clinched the Democratic nomination, none of Bradleys delegates were allowed to vote for him, so Gore won the nomination unanimously at the Democratic National Convention

2.
Harry Browne
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Harry Edson Browne was an American writer, politician, and investment advisor. He was the Libertarian Partys Presidential nominee in the U. S. elections of 1996 and 2000 and he is the author of 12 books that in total have sold more than 2 million copies. Browne was born in New York City and spent his growing up in Los Angeles. He was inducted into the U. S. Army on May 5,1953 and he went to the Southwestern Signal Corps Training Center at Camp San Luis Obispo, California to study cryptography. On October 4,1953, he was sent to Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands, in 1955 Browne was sent to Eniwetok to finish his tour of duty and afterwards was transferred to the Army Reserves at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. He was released from military service on July 17,1956. He was honorably discharged from the Armed Forces on February 28,1961, Browne worked as an advertising and sales executive in the 1960s. He then devoted himself full-time to the Americanist cause and it sold Americanist features, in competition with all the recognized syndicates. His own column, The American Way, appeared in over 200 newspapers throughout America, in the summer of 1962, Browne was named the advertising manager for the Liberty Amendment Committees bimonthly American Progress for Economic Freedom. In October he was named editor, and in November he was the editor. The following Spring the magazine was renamed Freedom Magazine, and Browne continued as its editor until February 1964 when he turned his attention to the American Way Features. Also in the 1960s, Browne taught courses such as, The Economics of Freedom, The Tools of Success, Tools of the Market, The Economics of Success, Browne published his first book, How You Can Profit From The Coming Devaluation, in 1970. Brownes second book, How I Found Freedom in an Unfree World, was published in 1973 and you Can Profit from a Monetary Crisis was Brownes third book. He continued to write and publish books including his personal finance book, Fail-Safe Investing, Lifelong Financial Security in 30 Minutes, published in 2001. According to Brownes web site, he was a consultant to the Permanent Portfolio Fund which utilizes some of the investment strategies described in his book, Browne also authored books and gave lectures on actively living a libertarian lifestyle. His book How I Found Freedom in an Unfree World gave an explanation of how one can bring libertarian concepts to every aspect of your life. His posthumously released 1960s lecture series, The Art of Profitable Living, was released as a 20-CD album titled, Browne was the presidential nominee of the United States Libertarian Party in the elections of 1996 and 2000. He received 485,798 votes or 0. 5% of the vote in 1996 and 384,516 votes or 0. 4% of the vote in 2000 and his campaign qualified for matching funds during each election but did not accept them, per his campaign platform

3.
Art Olivier
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Art Olivier is a graduate of Cerritos College with a degree in Design Technology. He and his wife Joyce have four children, Olivier served as a councilman, mayor pro tempore and mayor of Bellflower, a Los Angeles suburb with 77,000 residents. Olivier is a Realtor with Cogburn Realty, during his five years on the City Council, Olivier privatized the citys tree trimming, crossing guards, street sweeping and the Building Department. He eliminated the citys lighting tax assessment and did not allow eminent domain to be exercised while on council. During the campaign for Vice President, Olivier advocated smaller government, “We have to reduce the size of the government back to the size of its constitutional limits. ”He said he would like the government to return U. S. troops from abroad and make the Department of Defense get back to defending us. Olivier ran uncontested for Governor in the 2006 Libertarian primary and he received 114,329 votes in his loss to incumbent Arnold Schwarzenegger in the general election. Olivier criticized Governor Schwarzenegger for passing a budget that was larger than the one that got Governor Davis recalled just three years ago. ”Oliviers main earned media was talk radio, advertising his opposition to illegal immigration. Libertarians disagree on immigration, but Olivier was one who favored having the government build a wall on the border. In 2012, Olivier wrote and produced the thriller film Operation Terror, the movies plot centered on a group of American government insiders that organized and assembled a group of people to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. In writing Operation Terror, Olivier used dialogue taken from transcripts of the investigation by the 9/11 Commission, the films director, Paul Cross, was also nominated for Best Director at the Fajr International Film Festival

4.
Bellflower, California
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Bellflower is a city in Los Angeles County, California, and is a suburb of Los Angeles. It was incorporated on September 3,1957, as of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 76,616, up from 72,878 at the 2000 census. The city was founded by F. E. Woodruff in 1906, however, the Post Office Department rejected the name because there was a town named Somerset in Colorado. The present name is derived from the apple, which was grown in local orchards during the early 1900s. These farms were in turn divided up into large housing divisions for Los Angeless growing, White American population which worked in the regions high-tech, skilled industrial, and service positions. From the 1950s through the late 1960s, Bellflower Boulevard, the main thoroughfare, was a thriving commercial strip for shopping. It is sister cities with Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico, Bellflower is located at 33°53′17″N 118°07′39″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.2 square miles. 6.1 square miles of it is land and 0.1 square miles of it is water. Bellflower is bordered by Downey on the north and northwest, Norwalk and Cerritos on the east, Lakewood on the south, Long Beach on the southwest, the 2010 United States Census reported that Bellflower had a population of 76,616. The population density was 12,416.7 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Bellflower was 32,337 White,10,760 African American,731 Native American,8,865 Asian,615 Pacific Islander,19,732 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 40,085 persons. The Census reported that 75,877 people lived in households,399 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 1,666 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 170 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 4,618 households were made up of individuals and 1,540 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.21. There were 17,769 families, the family size was 3.67. The median age was 31.9 years, for every 100 females there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males. There were 24,897 housing units at a density of 4,034.9 per square mile, of which 9,459 were owner-occupied

5.
Libertarian Party (United States)
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The Libertarian Party is a Libertarian political party in the United States that promotes civil liberties, non-interventionism, laissez-faire capitalism and the abolition of the welfare state. The LP was conceived at meetings in the home of David F. Nolan in Westminster, Colorado in 1971 and was formed on December 11,1971, in Colorado Springs. The founding of the party was prompted in part due to concerns about the Nixon administration, the Vietnam War, conscription, the party generally promotes a classical liberal platform, in contrast to the Democrats modern liberalism and progressivism and the Republicans conservatism. Gary Johnson, the presidential nominee in 2012 and 2016, states that the LP is more culturally liberal than Democrats. Current cultural policy positions include ending the prohibition of drugs, supporting same-sex marriage, ending capital punishment. Many libertarians believe in lowering the age to 18. While it is the third largest political party in the United States, there are 499,492 voters registered as Libertarian in the 27 states that report Libertarian registration statistics and Washington, D. C. The LP was the party under which the first electoral vote was cast for a woman, Tonie Nathan, for Vice President in a United States presidential election, the first Libertarian National Convention was held in June 1972. In 1978, Dick Randolph of Alaska became the first elected Libertarian state legislator, in 1994, over 40 Libertarians were elected or appointed which was a record for the party at that time. 1995 saw a membership and voter registration for the party. In 1996, the Libertarian Party became the first third party to earn ballot status in all 50 states two presidential elections in a row, by the end of 2009,146 Libertarians were holding elected offices. He was renominated for president in 2016, this time choosing former Massachusetts Governor William Weld as his running mate, johnson/Weld shattered the Libertarian record for a presidential ticket, earning over 4.4 million votes. Though the party has never won a seat in the United States Congress, it has seen success in the context of state legislatures. Three Libertarians were elected to the Alaska House of Representatives between 1978 and 1984 and another four to the New Hampshire General Court in 1992, rhode Island State Representative Daniel P. Gordon was expelled from the Republicans and joined the Libertarian Party in 2011. Ebke was not up for re-election in 2016, dyer changed party affiliation to the Libertarian Party from the Republican Party in February 2017. In 1972, Libertarian Party was chosen as the partys name, the current slogan of the party is The Party of Principle. Also in 1972, the Libersign—an arrow angling upward through the abbreviation TANSTAAFL—was adopted as a party symbol, by the end of the decade, this was replaced with the Lady Liberty until 2015, with the adoption of the current Torch Eagle logo. In the 1990s several state libertarian parties adopted the Liberty Penguin as their official mascot, another mascot is the Libertarian porcupine, an icon that was originally designed by Kevin Breen in March 2006, that is also often associated with the Free State Project

6.
Arlington County, Virginia
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Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is coterminous with the U. S. Census Bureau-census-designated place of Arlington, as a result, the county is often referred to in the region simply as Arlington or Arlington, Virginia. In 2015, the population was estimated at 229,164. The land that became Arlington was originally donated by Virginia to the United States government to form part of the new federal district of Columbia. In 1846, Congress returned the land southwest of the Potomac River donated by Virginia due to issues involving Congressional representation, the General Assembly of Virginia changed the countys name to Arlington in 1920 to avoid confusion with the adjacent City of Alexandria. The county is situated in Northern Virginia on the bank of the Potomac River directly across from Washington. Arlington is also bordered by Fairfax County and City of Falls Church to the northwest, west and southwest, as of the 2010 census, the population was 207,627. Due to the proximity to downtown Washington, D. C. It is also home to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, the many federal agencies, government contractors, and service industries contribute to Arlingtons stable economy. It is the county in the United States by median family income. According to a 2016 study by Bankrate. com, Arlington is the best place to retire, the area that now constitutes Arlington County was originally part of Fairfax County in the Colony of Virginia. Land grants from the British monarch were awarded to prominent Englishmen in exchange for political favors, one of the grantees was Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, who lends his name to both Fairfax County and the City of Fairfax. George Washington Parke Custis, grandson of First Lady Martha Washington, the estate was eventually passed down to Mary Anna Custis Lee, wife of General Robert E. Lee. The property later became Arlington National Cemetery during the American Civil War, the area that now contains Arlington County was ceded to the new United States federal government by the Commonwealth of Virginia. With the passage of the Residence Act in 1790, Congress approved a new permanent capital to be located on the Potomac River, the Residence Act originally only allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as what is now the Anacostia River. However, President Washington shifted the federal territorys borders to the southeast in order to include the city of Alexandria at the Districts southern tip. In 1791, Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site, however, this amendment to the Residence Act specifically prohibited the erection of the public buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the River Potomac. As permitted by the U. S. Constitution, the shape of the federal district was a square, measuring 10 miles on each side

7.
2000 Libertarian National Convention
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The 2000 Libertarian National Convention was held in Anaheim, California, from June 30 to July 4,2000. Harry Browne was again chosen as the presidential nominee, becoming the first Libertarian Party candidate to be nominated twice for President of the United States. The theme of the 2000 convention was Americas Future, Liberty, Responsibility, libertarians hold a National Convention every two years to vote on party bylaws, platform and resolutions and elect national party officers and a judicial committee. Every four years it nominates presidential and vice presidential candidates. S, senate Neal Boortz, national syndicated radio talk show host David Nolan, Libertarian Party founder Michael Cloud, U. S. A separate vote was held for the presidential nomination. Former Bellflower, California Mayor, Art Olivier was nominated on the second ballot, after the first round, the rules were suspended, and a motion carried to only allow the top two candidates to appear on the second ballot. Art Oliver defeated Steve Kubby on the ballot, securing the Libertarian Party nomination for Vice President. 2000 Libertarian Presidential Campaign Platform 2000 Libertarian Convention

8.
District of Columbia
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing

9.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts

10.
Al Gore
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Albert Arnold Al Gore Jr. is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Clintons running mate in their campaign in 1992. At the end of Clintons second term, Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, after leaving office, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore was an official for 24 years. He was a Congressman from Tennessee and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the states Senators and he served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. In the 2000 presidential election, in what was one of the closest presidential races in history, Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush. A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U. S. Supreme Court, and a senior adviser to Google. Gore is also a partner in the capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. He has served as a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University. He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute, Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Times 2007 Person of the Year, Gore was born in Washington, D. C. the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr. a U. S. Representative who later served for 18 years as U. S, Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and his older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984. During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D. C, during the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay and raised cattle. Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D. C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League. He was the captain of the team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art. He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard. Gore met Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965

11.
Pat Buchanan
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Patrick Joseph Pat Buchanan is an American paleoconservative political commentator, author, syndicated columnist, politician and broadcaster. Buchanan was an advisor to U. S. Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan. He sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1992 and 1996 and he ran on the Reform Party ticket in the 2000 presidential election. He co-founded The American Conservative magazine and launched a foundation named The American Cause and he has been published in Human Events, National Review, The Nation, and Rolling Stone. He was a commentator on the MSNBC cable network, including the show Morning Joe until February 2012. Buchanan was a regular on The McLaughlin Group from the 1980s until the show ended. Buchanan was born in Washington, D. C. a son of William Baldwin Buchanan, a partner in a firm, and his wife Catherine Elizabeth Buchanan, a nurse. Buchanan had six brothers and two sisters and his father was of Irish, English, and Scottish ancestry, and his mother was of German descent. He had a great-grandfather who fought in the American Civil War in the Confederate army, which is why he is a member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans and admires Robert E. Lee and the Confederacy. Of his southern ancestry, Buchanan has written, I have family roots in the South, when the Civil War came, Cyrus Baldwin enlisted and did not survive Vicksburg. William Buchanan of Okolona, who would marry Baldwin’s daughter, fought at Atlanta and was captured by General Sherman, William Baldwin Buchanan was the name given to my father and by him to my late brother. As a member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, I have been to their gatherings, I spoke at the 2001 SCV convention in Lafayette, LA. The Military Order of the Stars and Bars presented me with a battle flag, Buchanan was born into a Catholic family and attended Catholic schools, including the Jesuit-run Gonzaga College High School. As a student at Georgetown University, he was in ROTC and he earned his bachelors degree in American studies from Georgetown, and received his draft notice after he graduated in 1960. However, the District of Columbia draft board exempted Buchanan from military service because of reactive arthritis and he received a masters degree in journalism from Columbia University in 1962, writing his thesis on the expanding trade between Canada and Cuba. Buchanan joined the St. Louis Globe-Democrat at age 23, during the first year of the United States embargo against Cuba in 1961, Canada–Cuba trade tripled. The Globe-Democrat published a rewrite of Buchanans Columbia masters project under the eight-column banner Canada sells to Red Cuba — And Prospers eight weeks after Buchanan started at the paper, according to Buchanans memoir Right from the Beginning, this article was a career milestone. However, Buchanan later said the embargo strengthened the communist regime, Buchanan was promoted to assistant editorial page editor in 1964 and supported Barry Goldwaters presidential campaign

12.
Reform Party of the United States of America
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The Reform Party of the United States of America, generally known as the Reform Party USA or the Reform Party, is a political party in the United States, founded in 1995 by Ross Perot. Perot claimed to represent an alternative to Republicans and Democrats. Perot won 8. 4% of the vote in 1996. Although he came close to winning the presidency, no other third-party or independent candidate has since managed to receive such a high share of the vote. Its most significant victory came when Jesse Ventura was elected Governor of Minnesota in 1998, in around the year 2000, party infighting and scandals led to a major decline in the partys strength. Beginning with Buchanans poor showing in the 2000 election, no Reform Party presidential candidate has ever been able to attain at least 1% of the vote, a large part of his following was grounded in the belief he was addressing vital problems largely ignored by the two major parties. A Gallup poll showed Perot with a lead, but on July 19 he suspended his campaign. He was accused by Newsweek of being a quitter in a well-publicized cover-page article, after resuming his campaign on October 1, Perot was dogged by the quitter moniker and other allegations concedrning his character. On Election Day many voters were confused as to whether Perot was actually still a candidate and he continued being politically involved after the election, turning his campaign organization into a lobbying group. One of his goals was the defeat of the North American Free Trade Agreement during this period. However, two of the major provisions failed to secure the two-thirds congressional majorities required to be submitted to the states, dissatisfied, the grassroots organizations that had made Perots 1992 candidacy possible began to band together to found a third party intended to rival the Republicans and Democrats. For legal reasons, the party ended up being called the Reform Party, a drive to get the party on the ballot in all fifty states succeeded, although it ended with lawsuits in some regions over state ballot access requirements. In a few areas, minor parties became incorporated as state party organizations, at first, when the 1996 election season arrived, Perot held off from entering the contest for the Reform Partys presidential nomination, calling for others to try for the ticket. The only person who announced such an intention was Dick Lamm, after the Federal Election Commission indicated only Perot and not Lamm would be able to secure federal matching funds—because his 1992 campaign was as an independent—Perot entered the race. Some were upset that Perot changed his mind, because in their view, primary ballots were sent by mail to designated voters. Eventually, Perot was nominated and he chose economist Pat Choate as his vice-presidential candidate, between 1992 and 1996, the Commission on Presidential Debates changed its rules regarding how candidates could qualify to participate in the presidential debates. In the end, Perot and Choate won 8% of the vote, by 1997, factional disputes began to emerge with the departure of a small group that believed Perot had rigged the 1996 party primary to defeat Lamm. These individuals eventually established the American Reform Party, during this time, Perot himself chose to concentrate on lobbying efforts through United We Stand America

13.
Ralph Nader
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Ralph Nader is an American political activist, author, lecturer, and attorney, noted for his involvement in consumer protection, environmentalism, and government reform causes. Ralph Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut, to Nathra and Rose Nader, after settling in Connecticut, Nathra Nader worked in a textile mill before opening a bakery and restaurant. Ralph Nader occasionally helped at his fathers restaurant, as well as worked as a delivery boy for the local paper. Nader graduated from The Gilbert School in 1951, going on to attend Princeton University, Nader graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs in 1955. After graduating from Princeton, Nader began studying at Harvard Law School, while at Harvard, Nader would frequently skip classes to hitchhike across the U. S. where he would engage in field research on Native American issues and migrant worker rights. He earned a LL. B. from Harvard in 1958, after graduating from Harvard, Nader served in the U. S. Army as a cook and was posted to Fort Dix. In 1964, he moved to Washington, D. C. taking a position as a consultant to Assistant Secretary of Labor Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Nader was first propelled into the national spotlight with the 1965 publication of his journalistic expose Unsafe at Any Speed. Nader researched case files from more than 100 lawsuits then pending against General Motors Chevrolet Corvair to support his assertions, Nader, by then working as an unpaid consultant to United States Senator Abe Ribicoff, reported to the senator that he suspected he was being followed. Ribicoff convened an inquiry that called GM CEO James Roche who admitted, when placed under oath, Nader sued GM for invasion of privacy, settling the case for $425,000 and using the proceeds to found the activist organization the Center for the Study of Responsive Law. A year following the publication of Unsafe at Any Speed, Congress unanimously enacted the National Traffic, in 1968 Nader recruited seven volunteer law students, dubbed Naders Raiders by the Washington press corps, to evaluate the efficacy and operation of the Federal Trade Commission. The groups ensuing report, which criticized the body as ineffective and passive led to an American Bar Association investigation of the FTC. Based on the results of that study, Richard Nixon revitalized the agency and sent it on a path of vigorous consumer protection. By the early 1970s Nader had established himself as a household name. In a critical memo written by Lewis Powell to the U. S. Chamber of Commerce, Powell warned business representatives that Nader has become a legend in his own time and an idol of millions of Americans. Chief among his advocates was author Gore Vidal, who touted a 1972 Nader presidential campaign in an article in Esquire magazine in 1971. In 1974 he received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, the organizations main efforts were directed at lobbying activities and providing local groups with scientific and other resources to campaign against nuclear power. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, through his work with Public Citizen, Nader continued to be involved in issues of consumer rights. Chief among his advocates was author Gore Vidal, who touted a 1972 Nader presidential campaign in an article in Esquire magazine in 1971

14.
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
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The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, also known simply as the PG, is the largest daily newspaper serving metropolitan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It has won six Pulitzer Prizes since 1938, the Post-Gazette began its history as a four-page weekly called The Pittsburgh Gazette, first published on July 29,1786 with the encouragement of Hugh Henry Brackenridge. It was the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains, published by Joseph Hall and John Scull, the paper covered the start of the nation. As one of its first major articles, the Gazette published the newly adopted Constitution of the United States, in 1820, under publishers Eichbaum and Johnston and editor Morgan Neville, the name changed to Pittsburgh Gazette and Manufacturing and Mercantile Advertiser. David MacLean bought the paper in 1822, and later reverted to the former title, craig, whose service lasted from 1829 to 1841, the Gazette championed the Anti-Masonic movement. Craig turned the Gazette into the citys first daily paper, issued every afternoon except Sunday starting on July 30,1833, in 1844, shortly after absorbing the Advocate, the Gazette switched its daily issue time to morning. Its editorial stance at the time was conservative and strongly favoring the Whig party, by the 1850s the Gazette was credited with helping to organize a local chapter of the new Republican Party, and with contributing to the election of Abraham Lincoln. The paper was one of the first to suggest tensions between North and South would erupt in war, after consolidating with the Commercial in 1877, the paper was again renamed and was then known as the Commercial Gazette. In 1900, George T. Oliver acquired the paper, merging it six years later with The Pittsburg Times to form The Gazette Times, the Pittsburgh Post first appeared on September 10,1842, as the Daily Morning Post. It had its origin in three pro-Democratic weeklies, the Mercury, Allegheny Democrat, and American Manufacturer, which came together through a pair of mergers in the early 1840s, the three papers had for years engaged in bitter editorial battles with the Gazette. Like its predecessors, the Post advocated the policies of the Democratic Party and its political opposition to the Whig and later Republican Gazette was so enduring that an eventual combination of the two rivals would have seemed unlikely. The 1920s were a time of consolidation in the long-overcrowded Pittsburgh newspaper market, in 1923, local publishers banded together to acquire and kill off the Dispatch and Leader. After swapping the Sun in return for Hearsts Gazette Times, Block had both morning papers, which he combined to form the Post-Gazette, hearst united the evening papers, creating the Sun-Telegraph. Both new papers debuted on August 2,1927, in 1960, Pittsburgh had three daily papers, the Post-Gazette in the morning, and the Pittsburgh Press and the Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph in the evening and on Sunday. The Post-Gazette bought the Sun-Telegraph and moved into the Sun-Telegraphs Grant Street offices, the Post-Gazette tried to publish a Sunday paper to compete with the Sunday Press but it was not profitable, rising costs in general were challenging the companys bottom line. In November 1961, the Post-Gazette entered into an agreement with the Pittsburgh Press Company to combine their production, the Post-Gazette owned and operated its own news and editorial departments, but production and distribution of the paper was handled by the larger Press office. This agreement stayed in place for over 30 years, the agreement gave the Post-Gazette a new home in the Press building, a comfortable upgrade from the hated Sun-Telly barn. Constructed for the Press in 1927 and expanded with a wall in 1962

15.
David Nolan (libertarian)
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David Fraser Nolan was an American activist and politician. He was one of the founders of the Libertarian Party of the United States, Nolan was born on November 23,1943, in Washington, D. C. and grew up in Maryland. During high school, he was influenced by Ayn Rand and Robert Heinlein and he enrolled at MIT, graduating with a BS in political science in 1965. Nolan was a member of Young Americans for Freedom in 1969 when more than 300 libertarians organized to control of the organization from conservatives. Many walked out after a confrontation sparked by the burning of a draft card in protest to a conservative proposal against draft resistance. While sympathizing with the radicals, Nolan remained with the organization, the group organized among a number of libertarians, including The Society for Individual Liberty, which had been formed by dissident members of Young Americans for Freedom and European libertarians. They officially founded the Libertarian Party on December 11,1971 and he ran unsuccessfully as a Libertarian for the United States House of Representatives in Arizonas 8th congressional district election,2006 and received 1. 9% of the vote. He also ran as the Libertarian candidate in the 2010 U. S. Senate election in Arizona, theyre afraid to say anything that might scare people, because that might keep people from voting for them, he told Lew Rockwell in a December 2008 radio interview. Its become a very timid organization in the last six or eight years, in 2009, Nolan publicly endorsed the Free State Project, an attempt to move 20,000 Libertarians to New Hampshire to experience Liberty in their Lifetimes. Nolan died of a stroke in Tucson, Arizona on November 21,2010, cato Institute policy analysis paper 580, October 18,2006. David Nolan for Senate 2010 Senate candidacy page

16.
Fear the Walking Dead
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Fear the Walking Dead is an American post-apocalyptic horror drama television series created by Robert Kirkman and Dave Erickson, that premiered on AMC on August 23,2015. It is a series and prequel to The Walking Dead, which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore. FTWDs first season consists of six episodes, the second season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on April 10,2016. On April 15,2016, AMC announced the series had been renewed for a 16-episode third season and they must revamp themselves, skills- and attitude-wise, to survive, as they come to terms with the impending collapse of civilization. Kim Dickens as Madison Clark, a school guidance counselor, Travis girlfriend, Alicia and Nicks mother. Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa, a high school English teacher and Madisons boyfriend, frank Dillane as Nick Clark, Madisons 19-year-old son, a heroin addict who flunked out of community college. Alycia Debnam-Carey as Alicia Clark, Madisons overachieving teenage daughter and a model student, Elizabeth Rodriguez as Liza Ortiz, a no-nonsense nursing student, Travis ex-wife, and Chris mother. Mercedes Mason as Ofelia Salazar, a professional with immigrant parents Daniel. Lorenzo James Henrie as Christopher Manawa, Travis and Lizas rebellious teenage son who resents his father for their divorce, rubén Blades as Daniel Salazar, a barber, Griseldas husband, Ofelias father, and a Salvadoran refugee who protects his family at any cost. Colman Domingo as Victor Strand, a smart and sophisticated businessman with a mysterious past, michelle Ang as Alex, one of the few survivors of a plane crash whom the Los Angeles group encounters in season 2. Alex is introduced in the Fear the Walking Dead, Flight 462 web series, Daniel Sharman as Troy, described as having a wild temperament and suspicious of outsiders, who is charismatic with a cruel streak. Patricia Reyes Spíndola as Griselda Salazar, Ofelias mother, who emigrated from El Salvador with her husband Daniel to escape political unrest, Scott Lawrence as Artie Costa, the principal at the high school where Madison and Travis work. Lincoln A. Castellanos as Tobias, a high school senior. Maestro Harrell as Matt, Alicias boyfriend, Andrew Adams, a well-intentioned military man with a soulful disposition, who is out of his element. Jamie McShane as Lt. Moyers, the leader of the National Guard contingent in charge of protecting Madisons neighborhood and he does not take the complaints of the citizens too seriously and is a loose cannon. Sandrine Holt as Dr. Bethany Exner, a confident and skilled doctor, arturo Del Puerto as Luis Flores, an ally and right-hand man of Victor Strand and Thomas Abigail. Daniel Zovatto as Jack Kipling Jesse McCartney as Reed, Connors brother, veronica Diaz as Vida, a pregnant woman and one of Connors pirates. Marlene Forte as Celia Flores, Luiss mother, dougray Scott as Thomas Abigail, Strands partner and the apparent namesake of the boat Abigail

17.
United States presidential election, 1972
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The United States presidential election of 1972, the 47th quadrennial presidential election was held on Tuesday, November 7,1972. Overall, he won 60. 7% of the popular vote, Johnson’s in 1964, but with a larger margin of victory in the popular vote, thus becoming the fourth largest in presidential election history. He received almost 18 million more votes than McGovern, the widest margin of any United States presidential election. McGovern only won the votes in Massachusetts and the District of Columbia. It was also the first time that Hawaii was carried by a Republican, together with the House and Senate elections of 1972, it was the first electoral event in which people aged 18 to 20 could vote in every state, according to the provisions of the 26th Amendment. It was also the first election in which California had the most votes in the electoral college, furthermore, the presidential term of 1973–1977 is notable for being the only one in American history in which both the original President and Vice President fail to complete the term. Ultimately, the 1973–77 term would see two different Presidents and three different Vice Presidents, as of 2016, this is the last time Minnesota voted for the Republican candidate. Overall, fifteen people declared their candidacy for the Democratic Party nomination, mcCarthy, former Senator from Minnesota Henry M. C. The favorite for the Democratic nomination then became Senator Ed Muskie, Muskie’s momentum collapsed just prior to the New Hampshire primary, when the so-called Canuck letter was published in the Manchester Union-Leader. Subsequently, the published an attack on the character of Muskie’s wife Jane, reporting that she drank. Muskie made a defense of his wife in a speech outside the newspaper’s offices during a snowstorm. Nearly two years before the election, South Dakota Senator George McGovern entered the race as an anti-war, McGovern was able to pull together support from the anti-war movement and other grassroots support to win the nomination in a primary system he had played a significant part in designing. On January 25,1972, New York Representative Shirley Chisholm announced she would run, Hawaii Representative Patsy Mink also announced she would run and became the first Asian American to run for the Democratic presidential nomination. On April 25, George McGovern won the Massachusetts primary, once middle America – Catholic middle America, in particular – finds this out, he’s dead. ”The label stuck and McGovern became known as the candidate of amnesty, abortion, and acid. It became Humphrey’s battle cry to stop McGovern—especially in the Nebraska primary, alabama Governor George Wallace, an anti-integrationist, did well in the South and among alienated and dissatisfied voters in the North. What might have become a campaign was cut short when Wallace was shot in an assassination attempt by Arthur Bremer on May 15. Wallace was struck by five bullets and left paralyzed from the waist down, the day after the assassination attempt, Wallace won the Michigan and Maryland primaries, but the shooting effectively ended his campaign and he pulled out in July. In the end, McGovern won the nomination by winning primaries through grassroots support in spite of establishment opposition, McGovern had led a commission to re-design the Democratic nomination system after the divisive nomination struggle and convention of 1968

18.
John Hospers
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John Hospers was an American philosopher and political activist. In 1972 he became the first presidential candidate of the Libertarian Party, John Hospers was born on June 9,1918, in Pella, Iowa, the son of Dena Helena and John De Gelder Hospers. Hospers earned advanced degrees from the University of Iowa and Columbia University and he conducted research, wrote, and taught in areas of philosophy, including aesthetics and ethics. He taught philosophy at Brooklyn College and at the University of Southern California, in 2002, an hour-long video about Hospers life, work, and philosophy was released by the Liberty Fund of Indianapolis, as part of its Classics of Liberty series. He wrote more than 100 articles in scholarly and popular journals. Hospers was editor of The Personalist and The Monist, and was an editor at Liberty magazine. During the period he taught philosophy at Brooklyn College, Hospers was very interested in Objectivism and he appeared on radio shows with Ayn Rand, and devoted considerable attention to her ideas in his ethics textbook Human Conduct. According to Rands biographer, Barbara Branden, Hospers met Rand when she addressed the student body at Brooklyn College and they became friends, and had lengthy philosophical conversations. Rands discussions with Hospers contributed to her decision to write nonfiction, Hospers read Atlas Shrugged, which he considered an aesthetic triumph. Although Hospers became convinced of the validity of Rands moral and political views, he disagreed with her about issues of epistemology, Rand broke with Hospers after he criticized her talk on Art and Sense of Life before the American Society of Aesthetics at Harvard. Presidential election, Hospers and Tonie Nathan were the first presidential and vice-presidential nominees, respectively, the Libertarian Party was newly organized, and Hospers and Nathan managed to get on the ballot in only two states, receiving 3,674 popular votes. They were also official write-in candidates in states, including California. MacBride had written a book on the Electoral College almost 20 years before, MacBride, American philosophy List of American philosophers JohnHospers. com Appearances on C-SPAN Dr John Hospers at Find a Grave John Hospers at Goodreads

19.
Tonie Nathan
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Theodora Nathalia Tonie Nathan was an American political figure. She was the first woman, as well as the first Jew, Nathan was born in 1923 to Jewish parents in New York City. Her last name at birth was Nathan, and she married a man, Charles Nathan and she operated her own insurance agency, a music publishing firm and a decorating service in the Los Angeles area of California before moving to Eugene, Oregon. She earned a degree in journalism from the University of Oregon in 1971. Nathan then worked as a radio and television producer and she produced and occasionally hosted a daily talk show on KVAL-TV in Eugene. As a result, Nathan became the first woman and the first Jew in American history to have received a vote in a presidential election. Nathan consented to have her name put forward for the Libertarian vice-presidential nomination in the 1976 presidential election and she lost that nomination to Jim Lewis. In the 1980 U. S. Senate election, Nathan participated in three television debates with incumbent Bob Packwood and then-State Senator Ted Kulongoski. She received 43,686 votes for 3. 83% of the vote, in 1990 Nathan ran as a Libertarian candidate for the U. S. House of Representatives for Oregons 4th congressional district. She was the challenger to incumbent Congressman Peter DeFazio and received 26,432 votes for 14% of the vote. Nathan was a member and former vice chair of the Libertarian Party. She was a speaker at the 2012 Libertarian National Convention, where she also announced Gary Johnson as the 2012 Libertarian Party presidential nominee, Nathan was married to Charles Chuck Nathan, an ASCAP composer who wrote top-ten hit songs in the 1950s. Nathan died on March 20,2014 at the age of 91 from Alzheimers disease

20.
United States presidential election, 1976
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The United States presidential election of 1976 was the 48th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2,1976. The winner was the relatively unknown Jimmy Carter, a former Governor from Georgia with his mate, Walter Mondale. Senator from Minnesota, the Democratic candidates, over the incumbent President Gerald Ford from Michigan and his mate, Bob Dole. Senator from Kansas, the Republican candidates, Ford was thus the only sitting President who had never been elected to national office. The race was so close that Ford was unable to secure the nomination until the Party Convention, Carter, who was less well known than other Democratic hopefuls, ran as a Washington outsider and reformer. He narrowly won the election, becoming the president to date ever elected from Georgia. It was an election as all four presidential and vice-presidential candidates would ultimately lose a presidential election. This would be the election in which the Democratic party would win in a 28 year period. Democratic candidates Jimmy Carter, former Governor of Georgia Morris Udall, representative from Arizona Jerry Brown, Governor of California George Wallace, Governor of Alabama Ellen McCormack, housewife from New York Frank Church, U. S. Senator from Idaho Henry M. Jackson, U. S, Senator from Washington Fred R. Harris, former U. S. Senator from Oklahoma Robert Byrd, U. S, Senator from West Virginia Milton Shapp, Governor of Pennsylvania Sargent Shriver, former U. S. Ambassador to France, from Maryland Birch Bayh, U. S. Senator from Indiana Lloyd Bentsen, U. S, Senator from Texas Terry Sanford, former Governor of North Carolina Walter Fauntroy, U. S. The surprise winner of the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination was Jimmy Carter, Carter also took advantage of the record number of state primaries and caucuses in 1976 to eliminate his better-known rivals one-by-one. Senator Jackson made a decision not to compete in the early Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary. Though Jackson went on to win the Massachusetts and New York primaries, Carter then defeated Governor Wallace, his main conservative challenger, by a wide margin in the North Carolina primary, thus forcing Wallace to end his campaign. Representative Udall, a liberal, then became Carters main challenger, however, the fact that Udall finished second to Carter in most of these races meant that Carter steadily accumulated more delegates for the nomination than he did. However, their campaigns started too late to prevent Carter from gathering the remaining delegates he needed to capture the nomination, by June 1976, Carter had captured more than enough delegates to win the Democratic nomination. At the 1976 Democratic National Convention, Carter easily won the nomination on the first ballot, Carter then chose Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, a liberal and political protégé of Hubert Humphrey, as his running mate

21.
United States presidential election, 1980
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The United States presidential election of 1980 was the 49th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4,1980. W, Bush, a former Congressman and CIA Director from Texas who would eventually win the presidency eight years later, as well as Republican Congressman John B. Anderson, who ran as an independent, aged 69 at the time, Reagan became the oldest person to ever take the oval office, a record that was later surpassed by Republican Donald Trump, aged 70,35 years later. Carter, after defeating Edward M. Ted Kennedy, the long-time U. S, Senator from Massachusetts and brother of former president John F. Kennedy for the Democratic nomination, attacked Reagan as a dangerous right-wing extremist. This election marked the beginning of what is called the Reagan Revolution or Reagan Era, throughout the 1970s, the United States underwent a wrenching period of low economic growth, high inflation and interest rates, and intermittent energy crises. In the spring and summer of 1979 inflation was on the rise, Carter left for the presidential retreat of Camp David. For more than a week, a veil of secrecy enveloped the proceedings, dozens of prominent Democratic Party leaders—members of Congress, governors, labor leaders, academics and clergy—were summoned to the mountaintop retreat to confer with the beleaguered president. On July 15,1979, Carter gave a televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a crisis of confidence among the American people. This came to be known as his speech, although Carter never used the word in the speech. Many expected Senator Ted Kennedy to successfully challenge Carter in the upcoming Democratic Primary, kennedys official announcement was scheduled for early November. A television interview with Roger Mudd of CBS a few days before the announcement went badly, however. Kennedy gave an incoherent and repetitive answer to the question of why he was running, and the polls, embassy in Tehran on November 4,1979. Carters calm approach towards handling this crisis resulted in his approval ratings jump in the 60-percent range in some polls, by the beginning of the election season, the prolonged Iran hostage crisis had sharpened public perceptions of a national crisis. Carters critics saw him as a leader who had failed to solve the worsening economic problems at home. His supporters defended the president as a decent, well-intentioned man being unfairly criticized for problems that had been building for years, Democratic candidates, Jimmy Carter, President of the United States Ted Kennedy, U. S. Brown withdrew on April 2. Carter and Kennedy faced off in 34 primaries and this was the most tumultuous primary race that an elected incumbent president had encountered since President Taft, during the highly contentious election of 1912. During the summer of 1980, there was a short-lived Draft Muskie movement, one poll showed that Muskie would be a more popular alternative to Carter than Kennedy, implying that the attraction was not so much to Kennedy as to the fact that he was not Carter. Muskie was polling even with Ronald Reagan at the time, while Carter was seven points behind, although the underground Draft Muskie campaign failed, it became a political legend

22.
David Koch
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David Hamilton Koch is an American businessman, philanthropist, political activist, and chemical engineer. He joined the family business Koch Industries, a conglomerate that is the second-largest privately held company in the United States and he became president of the subsidiary Koch Engineering in 1979, and became a co-owner of Koch Industries, with older brother Charles, in 1983. He is now a vice president. He was the 1980 candidate for Vice President of the United States from the United States Libertarian Party and he founded Citizens for a Sound Economy. He and his brother Charles have donated to political groups and to political campaigns. Condé Nast Portfolio described him as one of the most generous, Koch has contributed to several charities including Lincoln Center, Sloan Kettering, New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Dinosaur Wing at the American Museum of Natural History. The New York State Theater at Lincoln Center, home of the New York City Ballet was renamed the David H. Koch Theater in 2008 following a gift of 100 million dollars for the renovation of the theater. Koch is the fourth richest person in America as of 2012, and he is the ninth-wealthiest person in the world, as of 2014. He is a survivor of the USAir Flight 1493 crash in 1991, Koch was born in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Mary Clementine and Fred Chase Koch, a chemical engineer. Davids paternal grandfather, Harry Koch, was a Dutch immigrant who founded the Quanah Tribune-Chief newspaper and was a shareholder of Quanah, Acme. David is the third of four sons, with elder brothers Frederick R. Koch, Charles Koch, among his maternal great-great-grandparents were William Ingraham Kip, an Episcopalian bishop, William Burnet Kinney, a politician, and Elizabeth Clementine Stedman, a writer. Koch attended the Deerfield Academy prep school in Massachusetts, graduating in 1959 and he went on to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, earning both a bachelors and a masters degree in chemical engineering. He is a member of the Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, Koch played basketball at MIT, averaging 21 points per game at MIT over three years, a school record. He also held the scoring record of 41 points from 1962 until 2009. In 1970, Koch joined Koch Industries under his brother Charles and he founded the company’s New York office and in 1979 he became the president of his own division, Koch Engineering, renamed Chemical Technology Group. In 1985, Koch Industries was sued by Bill Koch and Frederick R. Koch for the first time in a series of lawsuits about ownership. As of 2010, David Koch owned 42 percent of Koch Industries, Koch was the Libertarian Partys vice-presidential candidate in the 1980 presidential election, sharing the party ticket with presidential candidate Ed Clark. S. Federal agencies including the SEC, EPA, ICC, FTC, OSHA, FBI, CIA, and DOE

23.
United States presidential election, 1984
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The United States presidential election of 1984 was the 50th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6,1984, the contest was between the incumbent President Ronald Reagan from California, the Republican candidate, and former Vice President Walter Mondale from Minnesota, the Democratic candidate. Reagan carried 49 of the 50 states, becoming one of two candidates to do so. Although Mondale received 40. 6% of the vote, electoral votes are awarded on a winner-take-all basis in each state. Reagans 525 electoral votes is the highest total received by a presidential candidate and his showing ranks fifth by percentage of electoral votes received out of total available electoral votes, just shy of the 523 out of 531 received by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936. Mondales 13 electoral votes is also the second-fewest received by a second-place candidate, in the national popular vote, Reagan received 58. 8% to Mondales 40. 6% and the percentage of his margin of victory ranks 7th of all presidential elections. No candidate since then has managed to equal or surpass Reagans 1984 electoral result, also, no post-1984 Republican candidate has managed to match Reagans electoral performance in the Northeastern United States and in the West Coast states. At 73, Reagan was the oldest president and oldest presidential candidate to win a presidential election, as of 2017, this is the last time Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Hawaii, Rhode Island and Washington voted for the Republican candidate. For the only time in American history, the presidential roll call was taken concurrently with the presidential roll call. Vice President George H. W. Bush was overwhelmingly renominated and this was the last time in the 20th century that the vice presidential candidate of either major party was nominated by roll call vote. Initially, Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy, after a bid to win the 1980 Democratic nomination for president, was considered the de facto front-runner of the 1984 primary. But, after Kennedy ultimately declined to run, former Vice-President Mondale was then viewed as the favorite to win the Democratic nomination, Mondale had the largest number of party leaders supporting him, and he had raised more money than any other candidate. However, both Jackson and Hart emerged as surprising, and troublesome, opponents, Hollings dropped out two days after losing badly in New Hampshire, and endorsed Hart a week later. His disdain for his competitors was at times showcased in his comments and he notably referred to Mondale as a lapdog, and to former astronaut Glenn as Sky King who was confused in his capsule. Glenn and Askew hoped to capture the support of moderate and conservative Democrats, none of them possessed the fundraising ability of Mondale nor the grassroots support of Hart and Jackson, and none won any contests. Jackson was the second African-American to mount a campaign for the presidency. He got 3.5 million votes during the primaries, third behind Hart and he won the primaries in Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana, and split Mississippi, where there were two separate contests for Democratic delegates. Through the primaries, Jackson helped confirm the black electorates importance to the Democratic Party in the South at the time, during the campaign, however, Jackson made an off-the-cuff reference to Jews as Hymies and New York City as Hymietown, for which he later apologized

24.
United States presidential election, 1988
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The United States presidential election of 1988 was the 51st quadrennial United States presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 8,1988, incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush won the Republican nomination, and chose Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate. Due to the restrictions of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, running an aggressive campaign, Bush capitalized on a good economy and Reagans popularity. Meanwhile, Dukakis campaign suffered from several miscues, including failure to defend against Bushs attacks and this allowed Bush to win with a substantial margin of the popular vote, while winning the Electoral College by a landslide. Since the 1988 election, no candidate has managed to equal or surpass Bushs number of votes won or popular vote percentage. Bush was the first sitting Vice President to be elected President since Martin Van Buren in 1836, to date, this is the last election in which a retiring president was succeeded by a member of his own party. This is the earliest election in both major candidates are still living as of 2017. The duties delegated to him during Reagans second term gave him a high level of experience for a Vice President. Bush unexpectedly came in third in the Iowa caucus, which he had won in 1980, behind Dole, Dole did nothing to counter these ads and Bush won, thereby gaining crucial momentum, which he called Big Mo. Once the multiple-state primaries such as Super Tuesday began, Bushs organizational strength and fund raising lead were impossible for the candidates to match. The Republican Party convention was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate. When Mondale was defeated in a landslide, party leaders became eager to find a new approach to get away from the 1980 and 1984 debacles. After Bushs image was affected by his involvement on the Iran-Contra scandal much more than Reagans, and after the Democrats won back control of the U. S. One goal of the party was to find a new, fresh candidate who could move beyond the traditional New Deal-Great Society ideas of the past, to this end party leaders tried to recruit the New York Governor, Mario Cuomo, to be a candidate. Cuomo had impressed many Democrats with his speech at the 1984 Democratic Convention. However, Cuomo chose not to run and as a result and he had made a strong showing in the 1984 presidential primaries and, after Mondales defeat, had positioned himself as the moderate centrist many Democrats felt their party would need to win. However, questions and rumors about possible extramarital affairs and about past debts dogged Harts campaign, Hart had told reporters from The New York Times who questioned him about these rumors that, if they followed him around, they would be bored. In a separate investigation, the Miami Herald had received a tip from a friend of Donna Rice that Rice was involved with Hart

25.
Ron Paul
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Ronald Ernest Ron Paul is an American author, physician, and former politician. Representative for Texas 14th and 22nd congressional districts and he represented the 22nd congressional district from 1976 to 1977 and from 1979 to 1985, and then represented the 14th congressional district, which included Galveston, from 1997 to 2013. On three occasions, he sought the presidency of the United States, as the Libertarian Party nominee in 1988 and as a candidate in the Republican primaries of 2008 and 2012. Paul is a critic of the governments fiscal policies, especially the existence of the Federal Reserve and the tax policy, as well as the military–industrial complex. Paul has also been a critic of mass surveillance policies such as the USA PATRIOT Act. Paul was the first chairman of the conservative PAC Citizens for a Sound Economy and has characterized as the intellectual godfather of the Tea Party movement. A native of the Pittsburgh suburb of Green Tree, Pennsylvania, Paul is a graduate of Gettysburg College and the Duke University School of Medicine and he served as a flight surgeon in the U. S. Air Force from 1963 to 1968. He worked as an obstetrician-gynecologist from the 1960s to the 1980s and he became the first Representative in history to serve concurrently with a son or daughter in the Senate when his son, Rand Paul, was elected to the U. S. Senate from Kentucky in 2010. On July 12,2011, Paul announced that he would forgo seeking another term in Congress in order to focus on his presidential bid, at the 2012 Republican National Convention, Paul received 190 delegate votes. In January 2013, Paul retired from Congress but still active on college campuses. Ronald Ernest Paul was born on August 20,1935, in Pittsburgh, the son of Howard Caspar Paul, who ran a dairy company. His paternal grandfather emigrated from Germany, and his paternal grandmother, as a junior at suburban Dormont High School, he was the 200 meter dash state champion. Paul went to Gettysburg College, where he was also a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and he graduated with a B. S. degree in Biology in 1957. Paul served as a surgeon in the United States Air Force from 1963 to 1965. Paul and his wife relocated to Texas, where he began a private practice in obstetrics. While a medical resident in the 1960s, Paul was influenced by Friedrich Hayeks The Road to Serfdom and he came to know economists Hans Sennholz and Murray Rothbard well, and credits to them his interest in the study of economics. Casey defeated him for the 22nd district, President Gerald Ford later appointed Casey to direct the Federal Maritime Commission, and Paul won an April 1976 special election to the vacant office after a runoff. Paul lost the regular election to Democrat Robert Gammage by fewer than 300 votes, but defeated Gammage in a 1978 rematch

26.
Andre Marrou
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Andre Verne Marrou is an American political figure, affiliated with the Libertarian Party. He was the partys nominee in 1988 and its presidential nominee in 1992. He was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 1984, born in Nixon, Texas, Marrou graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962. He is the brother of American television news personality and Judge Chris Marrou, Marrou first ran for the Alaska House of Representatives in 1982, placing second in a three-way race. He was then elected to the House in 1984, one of twelve Libertarians to be elected to a state legislature, Marrou served for one term, from 1985 to 1987. Running for reelection in 1986, he would lose to Claude E. Swack Swackhammer, Marrou left Alaska following his 1986 defeat and moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, where he worked as a real estate broker. Marrou was the Libertarian vice-presidential nominee in the 1988 election, on the ballot in 46 states, congressman Ron Paul and Marrou placed third in the popular vote with 432,179 votes, behind George H. W. Bush and Michael Dukakis. Paul and Marrou were kept off the ballot in Missouri and North Carolina, in the 1992 election, Marrou was the Libertarian presidential nominee. In the New Hampshire primary of that year, he polled the highest vote total in Dixville Notch, New Hampshire, in the general election, he and running mate Nancy Lord were on the ballot in all 50 states and DC, and received 290,087 votes. Marrou had most of his campaign staff resign during the summer of 1992, the national committee decided to take no action for fear it would call attention to these issues

27.
United States presidential election, 1992
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The United States presidential election of 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 3,1992, there were three major candidates, Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush, Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton, and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot. Bush had alienated much of his base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes. Clinton won a plurality in the vote, and a wide Electoral College margin. The election was a significant realigning election after three consecutive Republican landslides, northeastern, Upper Midwest, and West Coast states which had previously been competitive began voting reliably Democratic. As of 2016, this is the most recent election in which an incumbent president was unseated, Perots campaign took 18. 9% of the vote, finishing second in Maine and Utah. This was noted for being the highest vote share of a third-party candidate since 1912, as of 2017, this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate. Buchanans best showing was in the New Hampshire primary on February 18, President Bush won 73% of all primary votes, with 9,199,463 votes. Buchanan won 2,899,488 votes, unpledged delegates won 287,383 votes, and David Duke, just over 100,000 votes were cast for all other candidates, half of which were write-in votes for H. Ross Perot. President George H. W. Bush and Vice President Dan Quayle easily won renomination by the Republican Party, Bush allowed Buchanan to give the keynote address at the Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas, and his culture war speech alienated many moderates. After the successful performance by U. S. and coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War and his re-election was considered very likely. As a result, several candidates, such as Mario Cuomo. In addition, Senator Al Gore refused to seek the nomination due to the fact his son was struck by a car and was undergoing surgery as well as physical therapy. However, Tom Harkin, Paul Tsongas, Jerry Brown, Bob Kerrey, Douglas Wilder, Senator Tom Harkin ran as a populist liberal with labor union support. Senator Paul Tsongas highlighted his political independence and fiscal conservatism, nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey was an attractive candidate based on his business and military background, but made several gaffes on the campaign trail. Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton positioned himself as a centrist, or New Democrat and he was still relatively unknown nationally before the primary season. That quickly changed however, when a woman named Gennifer Flowers appeared in the press to reveal allegations of an affair, Clinton rebutted the story by appearing on 60 Minutes with his wife, Hillary Clinton. The primary season began with U. S, Senator Tom Harkin winning his native Iowa as expected

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United States presidential election, 1996
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The United States presidential election of 1996 was the 53rd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 5,1996, the Democratic national ticket was led by Bill Clinton, the former five-term governor of Arkansas, and his running mate Al Gore, congressman and senator for the state of Tennessee. The Republican nominee for President was Bob Dole, the former long-time Senator from Kansas who was previously the running mate of incumbent Gerald Ford in 1976. Doles running mate for Vice President was Jack Kemp, a former NFL football player, standards, did not renew his success of the 1992 election. Turnout was registered at 49. 0%, the lowest for an election since 1924. He was able to ground as the economy began to recover from the early 1990s recession with a relatively stable world stage. He went on to win re-election with a margin in the popular vote. Despite Doles defeat, the Republican Party was able to maintain a majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win re-election after serving a full term. As of 2017, this is the last time Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, West Virginia, in 1995, the Republican Party was riding high on the significant gains made in the 1994 mid-term elections. Gingrich became Speaker of the House, while Bob Dole elevated to Senate Majority leader, the Republicans of the 104th Congress pursued an ambitious agenda, highlighted by their Contract with America, but were often forced to compromise with President Clinton, who wielded veto power. A budget impasse between Congress and the Clinton Administration eventually resulted in a government shutdown, Clinton, meanwhile, was praised for signing the GOPs welfare reform and other notable bills, but was forced to abandon his own health care plan. At the 1996 Democratic National Convention, Clinton and incumbent Vice President Al Gore were renominated with token opposition, incarcerated fringe candidate Lyndon LaRouche won a few Arkansas delegates who were barred from the convention. Jimmy Griffin, former Mayor of Buffalo, New York, mounted a brief campaign, former Pennsylvania governor Bob Casey contemplated a challenge to Clinton, but health problems forced Casey to abandon a bid. Clinton easily won primaries nationwide, with margins consistently higher than 80%, Bill Clinton –9,706,802 Lyndon LaRouche –596,422 Unpledged –411,270 Republican Candidates Bob Dole, U. S. S. Senator from Texas Alan Keyes, former U. S. ECOSOC Ambassador from Maryland Richard Lugar, Senator from Indiana Bob Dornan, U. S. Representative from California Arlen Specter, U. S, the fragmented field of candidates debated issues such as a flat tax and other tax cut proposals, and a return to supply-side economic policies popularized by Ronald Reagan. Former U. S. Army General Colin Powell was widely courted as a potential Republican nominee, however, on November 8,1995, Powell announced that he would not seek the nomination. Former and future Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld formed a presidential campaign exploratory committee, ahead of the 1996 primary contest, Senate majority leader and former vice-presidential nominee Bob Dole was seen as the most likely winner

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United States presidential election, 2004
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The United States presidential election of 2004, the 55th quadrennial presidential election, was held on Tuesday, November 2,2004. Republican Party candidate and incumbent President George W. Bush won re-election, defeating Democratic Party candidate John Kerry, Senator from Massachusetts and eventual United States Secretary of State. Bush and incumbent Vice President Dick Cheney were renominated by their party with no difficulty, Howard Dean, former Governor of Vermont, was initially the frontrunner for the Democratic Partys nomination, but Kerry won nearly all of the primaries and caucuses. Kerry chose Senator John Edwards of North Carolina, who had himself sought that partys 2004 presidential nomination, foreign policy was the dominant theme throughout the election campaign, particularly Bushs conduct of the War on Terrorism and the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Domestic issues were debated as well, including the economy and jobs, health care, as of 2016, this was also the most recent election in which the Republican candidate won the popular vote. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes to Kerrys 251, as of 2016, this marks the last election in which Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico and Virginia voted for the Republican candidate. Just eight months into his presidency, the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001, Bushs approval ratings surged to near 90%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United States entered Afghanistan, by December, the Taliban had been removed, although a long and ongoing reconstruction would follow. The Bush administration then turned its attention to Iraq, and argued the need to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq had become urgent. Among the stated reasons were that Saddams regime had tried to acquire nuclear material and had not properly accounted for biological and chemical material it was known to have previously possessed. Both the possession of weapons of mass destruction, and the failure to account for them. The United States invaded Iraq on March 20,2003, along with a coalition of the willing that consisted of troops from the United Kingdom. Within about three weeks, the invasion caused the collapse of both the Iraqi government and its forces, however, the U. S. Bushs approval rating in May was at 66%, according to a CNN–USA Today–Gallup poll, however, Bushs high approval ratings did not last. Bushs popularity rose as a president, and he was able to ward off any serious challenge to the Republican nomination. Senator Lincoln Chafee from Rhode Island considered challenging Bush on a platform in New Hampshire. On March 10,2004, Bush officially clinched the number of delegates needed to be nominated at the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City and he accepted the nomination on September 2,2004, and retained Vice President Dick Cheney as his running mate. During the convention and throughout the campaign, Bush focused on two themes, defending America against terrorism and building an ownership society, Senator from North Carolina Howard Dean, former Governor of Vermont Wesley Clark, retired U. S

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Michael Badnarik
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Michael J. Badnarik is an American software engineer, political figure, and former radio talk show host. Two years later he ran as a Libertarian Party candidate in the 2006 congressional elections for Texass 10th congressional district seat near Austin, in a three candidate field, Badnarik came in third, receiving 7,603 votes for 4. 3% of the vote. Badnariks political philosophy emphasizes individual liberty, personal responsibility, and strict adherence to an originalist interpretation of the U. S. Constitution, all of his positions arise from this foundation. In economics, Badnarik believes in laissez-faire capitalism, a system in which the function of the government is the protection of individual rights from the initiation of force. He therefore opposes institutions such as welfare and business regulation, Badnarik first ran for public office in 2000 as a Libertarian, earning 15,221 votes in a race for the Texas legislature district 47. In 2002 he ran for the district 48 seat receiving 1,084 votes, Badnarik is a member of the libertarian Free State Project. Badnarik was viewed as unlikely to win the Libertarian presidential nomination, facing challenges from talk-show host Gary Nolan, at the 2004 Libertarian National Convention, Badnarik gained substantial support following the candidates debate. In the closest presidential nomination race in the Libertarian Partys 32-year history, richard Campagna of Iowa City, Iowa, was elected separately by convention delegates as his vice-presidential nominee. Not all libertarians were happy with Badnariks nomination, some felt Badnarik would be unable to draw media attention that many had felt Russo would have. Libertarian blogger Julian Sanchez called Badnarik embarrassing, Badnariks capture of the nomination was widely regarded as a surprise by many within the party, both Nolan and Russo had outpaced him in both fundraising and poll results prior to the convention. Badnarik commented following his success at the convention, If I can win the nomination. Badnarik and Green Party candidate David Cobb were arrested in St. Louis, Missouri, on October 8,2004, Badnarik and Cobb were protesting their exclusion from the presidential debates of the 2004 presidential election campaign. They were arrested after crossing a barricade in an attempt to serve an Order to Show Cause to the Commission on Presidential Debates. No national polls including Badnarik had put him above 1. 5%, though one poll put him at 5% in New Mexico, a Rasmussen poll on October 26,2004 put Badnarik at 3% in Arizona. Badnarik spent most of early 2005 touring the nation and giving speeches and he also taught a class on the U. S. Constitution, using his experiences on the campaign trail to develop his lesson plan. In August 2005, Badnarik announced that he would run for the U. S. House of Representatives in the 2006 election and he ran for the 10th Congressional District of Texas, which is currently represented by Republican Michael McCaul. He raised nearly $450,000 for his campaign and received the Libertarian Party of Texas nomination for its 10th district Congressional candidate. He received 7,603 votes, or four percent, in the November election, losing to Republican incumbent Michael T. McCaul, who received 55 percent of the vote, and Democrat Ted Ankrum, who got 40 percent

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United States presidential election, 2008
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The United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4,2008, Democratic Party nominees Barack Obama, a U. S. Senator from Illinois, and his running mate Joe Biden, a long-time U. S, Senator from Delaware defeated Republican Party nominees John McCain, a long-time current U. S. Senator from Arizona, and his running mate Sarah Palin, a Governor of Alaska, Obama became the first African American ever to be elected president of the United States, and Joe Biden became the first Roman Catholic ever elected vice president. The incumbent president, George W. Bush, of the Republican Party, was ineligible to be elected to a term due to term limits in the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Early campaigning had focused heavily on the Iraq War and the unpopularity of outgoing Republican President George W. Johnson in 1964, Obamas successes in obtaining a major partys nomination and winning the general election were both firsts for the African American community. She later went on to win the Democratic nomination but lose the election to Donald Trump in 2016. She also was the first woman to be an American presidential candidate in every primary, similarly, Sarah Palin became the first woman to appear on a Republican presidential ticket, and the second woman overall to appear on a major partys presidential ticket. Obamas total vote amount of 69.5 million votes is the highest number won by a presidential candidate. The total of 131 million votes cast in the election represented over 43% of the total U. S. population and this was also the first election in which neither candidate was born in the contiguous United States. Obama was born in Hawaii and McCain was born at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone. This election also made McCain currently the only Senator who previously served as a nominee and still remains incumbent. As of 2017, this is the last time Nebraska, Indiana and this election also became the first time that Missouri backed the losing candidate since 1956, with both Kentucky & Tennessee failing to do the same since 1960. In 2004, President George W. Bush won reelection, defeating the Democratic nominee, after Republican pickups in the House and Senate in the 2004 elections, Republicans maintained control of the executive and legislative branches of the federal government. Bushs approval ratings had been declining from their high point of almost 90% after the September 11 attacks. By September 2006, Bushs approval rating was below 40%, and in the November United States Congressional elections 2006, Bushs approval ratings dropped for the last two years in office to the 25–37% range. In the United States, there are two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. There are also several minor parties, usually called third parties, though most media, each major party hosts candidates who go through a nomination process to determine the presidential nominee for that party