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1 EU AND RUSSIA RELATIONS AFTER CRIMEA: RED LINES FOR BUSINESS AS USUAL Marius Laurinavičius, Laurynas Kasčiūnas, Vytautas Keršanskas, Linas Kojala Executive summary of the Crimea and Russia s actions to destabilise the situation Annexation of the Crimea and destabilisation in Eastern structure. In this context, diverging positions in the West Ukraine not only undermined the established principles of were revealed not only in respect of how to respond to the in Eastern Ukraine mark a shift in the European geopolitical territorial inviolability and self-determination of sovereign states, but also forced a rethinking of the security situation crisis constellation of the European security system. in Europe. Moscow wants the West to recognise the postrussia gradually seeks to transform the post-soviet space Russia with an informal veto right, with the result that Russia would become one of the arbiters in the European security instability running from its latest target (Ukraine) all through architecture. Furthermore, Russia seeks to repeat the scenario of to the north and south and posing a constant threat to 2008: while Russia s military intervention in Georgia was widely condemned, interdependence in energy, economy and politics soon reverted the status of Russian relationship with the EU the West takes too passive a role, Russia is seeking to impose and other countries to business as usual. Russia can expect its own rules of the game and therefore to re-construct the this due to the divergent positions of EU members with respect security arrangements established since the Cold War. to the future relationship model with Russia: while Central and Eastern Europe speak about the necessity for a containment Today s European security architecture relies on three pillars: policy, the major EU countries take the engagement approach. (1) NATO as a collective military defence platform, which Returning to business as usual, which would allow a return to at the same time retains the role of the US in Europe, (2) a stable European security system, is possible only by observing European Union as a structure, which ensures political and the delineated red lines in relations with Russia, so the paper economic stability, and (3) the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), which must perform the role crisis scenario. of a political and security forum.1 However, in principle this structure has led to confrontation with Russia, which after Russia s attempts to redraw the European security architecture The events in Ukraine provided an opportunity not only to talk about the strict breach of international norms established after the Cold War, but also about the risks to the European security system. The occupation and annexation the fall of the Soviet Union feels left out of European matters, Francisco de Borja Lasheras, European insecurity after Crimea, European Council on Foreign Relations, April 11, < ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_european_insecurity_after_ crimea246?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_ campaign=feed%253a+ecfr_c9+(the+european+council+on+foreign +Relations%253A+Russia+and+the+Eastern+Neighborhood)> 1

2 although its role in the political and economic life of Europe which ran counter to Russian interests. Once Russia remains particularly prominent. started to oppose the signing of the possible Association and Free Trade Agreement and it became clear that EU- Russia has sent more than one signal demonstrating its Russia relations in the post-soviet geopolitical space were ambition to change the existing order: the most prominent becoming a zero-sum game, the major EU countries took examples have been the 2008 invasion of Georgia and the a moderate position, which enabled Russia to embark on the language of force3. The passive, eclectic and delayed EU current international system in which the size and power response to the events in Ukraine and Russian aggression of a state is not the decisive factor in world politics. The allows to predict that as long as EU Member States fail to Kremlin perceives the current European security system as agree on a prescription for the relationship with Russia, or at an instrument for the dissemination of Western ideas and least on the red lines, Moscow will seek to expand its sphere liberal democracy2. Therefore, the main objective of Moscow is to have the West recognise the post-soviet space as the instability. informal veto right in resolving domestic, and particularly Annexation of the Crimea and destabilisation in the Eastern foreign policy issues, of the countries of the region. Russia aims to become one of the arbiters of the European security Ukraine not only undermined the established principles of territorial inviolability and self-determination of sovereign system. states, but also forced to rethink the security situation in In other words, Russia is seeking to strengthen its status as developments in Ukraine, Russia has demonstrated that it the great power, which would not only allow it to opt out of unacceptable international obligations, but would also allow it to have exclusive status in forming new international norms. Looking at the rhetoric of the Kremlin and its policies conducted in the immediate neighbourhood, it is easy to observe Russia s increased ambitions in recent years for the reestablishment of the Great Russia. Moscow s revisionist policies are therefore becoming a serious challenge to European politics and security, and this has not been fully comprehended in the West. The modern Russian foreign policy tool is an imitation of Central and Eastern European countries. In the context of may not necessarily use its military power in the conventional way (today it is likely to just use it as a tool of pressure) and to destabilise the neighbouring countries with the aid of a huge propaganda information campaign through the rebels, who are not directly linked to it and Russia s interference under the guise of the necessity to defend the rights of its fellow-citizens. The Crimean case has shown that by using rapid military operations and bold diplomacy Russia can present the West with a fait accompli (accomplished fact), while the slow response of the West in principle also allows Russia to gradually recover its desired right of pressure in its alleged sphere of interests4. the self-determination right of the nations or territorial referenda, which have been planned in the belt across the southeastern regions of Ukraine, from Odessa to Donbas. Russia acted in accordance with concepts that the West did not even conceive of. All this shows that the West is wrong when it tries to understand the actions of Russia along the lines of Western concepts, because Moscow plays by its own rules, which it seeks to entrench as an equivalent alternative to Western norms. It can be argued that the position of the European Union After Ukraine: Is the EU moving towards business as usual in relations with Russia? The motives behind Russia s military intervention in Ukraine reveal Russia s perception that Ukraine is too strong to be freely choose its geopolitical orientation. Therefore, Russia does not question Ukraine s formal independence and and its members has contributed to this scenario of events in Ukraine. Eastern Partnership countries, in particular Ukraine, have been granted expectations of European integration, Ulrich Speck, Has the EU Failed Ukraine?, Carnegie Europe, February 21, < strategiceurope/?fa=54600> 3 Edward Lucas and A. Wess Mitchell, Central European Security After Crimea: The Case for Strengthening NATO s Eastern Defenses, CEPA Report No. 35, March 25, 2014, 1.< Case%20for%20Strengthening%20NATOs%20Eastern%20Defenses-%20 (2).pdf> 4 Jan Techau, Why European Security Works Better Without Russia, Carnegie Europe, April 29, < strategiceurope/?fa=55461> 2 2

3 quasi-statehood, but the latter can always be undermined four steps: (1) use of force ignoring any international if the traditional power balance in the region starts to change to Russia s detriment. This is how Russia viewed the Ukrainian integration towards Western organizations); (3) Maidan revolution and its possible strategic consequences de-escalation according to the Russian scenario and (4) - signing of Ukrainian - EU Association Agreement and returning to business as usual by emphasizing the need implementation of Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade to avoid any further mutual damage (economic and etc). Agreement. In such scenario Ukraine would become a part NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen dismissed of customs union with the EU, whereas Russia would lose moving to the fourth step of such scenario by declaring leverage over Kiev s relations with alternative integration that current situation is based on confrontation and not space - of Eurasian Union. This would disturb the geopolitical co-operation, and poses a real threat to the rules that we all balance in the region. agreed to respect ; therefore we can no longer do business as usual with Russia as, according to him, it is a decisive According to the Russian logic, Ukraine and other Eastern moment and a very dangerous one - not just for us in Europe but across the whole Euro-Atlantic region 5. zone. At the same time Russia seeks to acquire an informal veto right over further EU and NATO enlargement to the Yet the reaction of EU is less clear; some countries, such as East. A neutral status of Ukraine, which is advocated by the Baltics and Poland, emphasize the need to keep pressure Russia, would make Kremlin considerably more powerful to use Ukrainian domestic policy tools in order to favourably destabilize the region now or in the future; the tools which tatus quo in this country. It would mean, that EU s could be used include further economic sanctions, political isolation of Russia and reduced dependence on Russian gas and economy; the view is to some extent shared also by the President of United States Barrack Obama, who sought to use Russia only needs to maintain the existing non transparent its recent trip to Europe and G-7 format as a demonstration political and economic rules; meanwhile in order to expand of Western unity against Russia s reluctance to ease tensions. its European regulation, the EU seeks to change these rules However, Italy, Spain, Greece and Greek Cyprus, which all are more or less sensitive to Russia s economic developments be the factor causing a stalemate; yet the possibility of reforms is already limited, as Russian intervention in Ukraine any further punishments; Germany and France, while having and subsequent chaos strengthened current Ukrainian their own interests in sectors such as energy or military, are oligarchic political and economic structure. Hence the choice acting as mediators. at the presidential elections was between an independent oligarch, who could stabilise the situation in the state, and It is important to emphasise that the rapid return to political turmoil. business as usual means not only normalisation of economic relations, lifting of sanctions, and renewal of Meanwhile, the Kremlin s geopolitical interest is to normalise the political dialogue, but also recognition of Russia as a its relations with Western countries; it is essential in order to veto holder in the security architecture of Europe. In other words, Western countries seem to approve Russia s sphere of outweigh the costs. Russia seeks to repeat the scenario of 2008: while Russia s military intervention in Georgia was widely condemned, interdependence in energy, economy and politics soon reverted the status of Russian relationship manifestation of Russia s status is delayed expansion of the with the EU and other countries to business as usual ; Even transatlantic institutions into the post-soviet space without Kremlin s approval, as it contradicts Russia s interests and troops from occupied territories in Georgia and blocked may cause a response. resumed talks with Russia on a partnership agreement later in A strong NATO in a changed world. Speech by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen at the Brussels Forum, March 21, 2014 < 5 Russia seeks to repeat the scenario, which is based on 3

4 The issue of Russia as a veto holder with the respect to the policy towards Russia. The concept of the containment NATO enlargement is not new. Back in early 2000, Ronald model was coined in the United States during the Cold War. Asmus, former diplomat and political analyst in United Since the containment strategy was born in the context of the bipolar international system, it has not been examined, in it strongly objected NATO s enlargement to the Baltics. As the theory of international relations, how this concept works the enlargement was successful, Russia used the NATO- in a multipolar system, particularly where actors are weaker Russia Council, which was established in 2002 in order states that cannot independently secure their safety7. The essence of the containment strategy is to stop and limit the institutions from the inside. Therefore, the main goal of Russia was to stop NATO s expansion into the post-soviet space. Currently the scope of Western integration is even Meanwhile, some Western European countries (Germany, broader, as growing number of Eastern European countries, France) are constantly looking for a coexistence policy such as Georgia and Moldova, are on the brick of signing with Russia. This model of relations with Russia could be Russia s strategy: while previously the approach towards new concept in international relations. Its aim is to ensure the EU, seen less as a threat comparing to NATO, was rather that the growing power of one state would not jeopardise ambiguous, today European integration is understood as the security of another state and the entire region rather it seeks to spread rules and regulations which may act as through the process of socialisation. Active cooperation described as the engagement strategy, which is a relatively a transforming factor for the Russian rules of the game entrenched in the post-soviet space. direction of the development of the state.8 The countries advocating this approach to Russia suggest binding EU relations with Russia: Containment vs. Engagement policy Russia institutionally: through development of the EURussia energy dialogue, signing and implementation of the new EU-Russia partnership agreement, and recognition EU-Russia relations are determined by mutual of Russia s natural geopolitical interests in the post-soviet interdependence. EU has two strong levers based on mutual space. In other words, containment and engagement are interdependence with respect to Russia: the EU s domestic two opposite models of foreign policy. They are based on market, in which Russia is interested in participating, and the EU as the main customer of energy resources supplied operation strategies. by Russia. However, these levers are not working. As a result, Tuomas Forsberg and Antti Seppo have described the EU s relationship with Russia over the past decade as power. 6 building further relation prospects with Russia: The advocates of the containment policy model argue visions for the EU s relations with Russia. EU Member States that relations between the EU and the Eurasian Union policy models with respect to this state. For example, the political and economic systems. Those post-soviet majority of Central and Eastern European countries view countries, which happened to be located between these Russia through the prism of realpolitik where Russia is seen as a revisionist state of the European security system seeking of EU membership, because otherwise Russia will see to carve up a favourable balance of power. Deterrence is the this as a geopolitical vacuum, which it will eventually only way to slow its revisionist ambitions. Therefore, such Amitav Acharya, Containment, Engagement, or Counter Dominance? Malaysia s Response to the Rise of Chinese Power, York University, 1997, < ment,%20engagement,%20or%20counter-dominance.pdf> 7 6 and Trade Disputes with Russia, EUROPE-ASIA STUDIES Vol. 61, No. 10, December 2009, < 8 Ibid, 15. 4

5 the containment policy suggest not only signing an pressure from the Kremlin and the declarations of EU enhanced free trade agreement with Kiev, but also giving leaders that no third party has any right to decide on the this country the EU membership perspective. Only this fate of agreements between the EU and its partners. The option in the EU s relations with EaP countries can create advocates of the engagement policy are likely to discuss conditions for de-oligrachisation of these countries and another proposal from Putin - the idea of the economic dissemination of European standards there,, therefore space from Lisbon to Vladivostok. At the start of the restricting the space of Russian rules of the game. In Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, Putin other words, the proponents of the policy of Russia s stressed that membership in the Eurasian Union will containment suggest that the EaP policy, which so far enable its members to integrate into Europe faster and has provided only the prospect of integration to partner from a much stronger position.9 This could be related countries without formal EU membership (visa-free to Putin s earlier vision publicly expressed a decade ago regime and integration into the EU domestic market), regarding the common economic space from Lisbon to Vladivostok. According to the Russian president, the become a process of integration, which means that the Eurasian Economic Union is an opportunity for post- EaP partner countries that are moving along the path of Soviet countries to strengthen their negotiating power reforms and implement the package of EU requirements in building a common economic space with the EU. It is and rules, must have a clear membership perspective. argued that, having strengthened the post-soviet space Another important question is under what conditions integration, the countries of the region will have more Russia, in its relations with the West, will be able to return leverage to build the free trade space from Lisbon to to business as usual? According to the advocates of the Vladivostok jointly with the EU on terms favourable to containment policy, the EU should draw very clear red them. lines regarding the lifting of sanctions. Any talk about it can be resumed only after Russia s withdrawal to pre- Nevertheless, in order to appease Russia, the proponents of the engagement policy may propose to form a free-trade in Ukraine and de-occupation of the Crimea should be area with the Eurasian Economic Union. Such policy could those main red lines. According to the representatives have negative consequences for the EaP policy, one of whose of this view, only compelling deterrent measures will pillars is the opportunity to participate in the EU domestic prevent Russian military provocations in the European security system in the future. lead to the situation whereby access to the EU domestic market will be achieved more easily through Moscow than The advocates of the engagement policy model look for a coexistence policy with Russia. The search is inevitably related to the recognition of Russian interests in the post-soviet space. Therefore, the proponents of this policy treat the EaP policy not as an EU instrument to compete with the Russian-led Eurasian Union, but as an opportunity to achieve a win-win situation in the region. In practical politics, arguments that the implementation of EU regulatory standards may cause shock therapy to commercial and infrastructural relations with third countries could mean the engagement of Russia in practical implementation of the DCFTA. Russia has repeatedly suggested the idea of tripartite (Russia, the EU and Ukraine) negotiations regarding Kiev s aspiration to sign the Association and free trade agreements. At the EU-Russia summit in January 2014 it was agreed to hold through direct negotiations with the EU. Such a situation could undermine the functioning of the EaP policy, as Moscow would gain the opportunity to control the relations of post-soviet countries with the EU. Getting back to business as usual : recommendations for the West When assessing Russian aggression against Ukraine, it must be admitted that it was at least partly provoked by the West, war in Georgia. Before the so-called referendum in Crimea, both Russian politicians and analysts almost with one voice claimed that the West will make a lot of noise and then Georgia in 2008 was the main argument for such predictions. consultations on the possible economic consequences of EaP free trade agreements with the EU for Russia. And all of this was taking place at the beginning of 2014 in the context of a supposedly stricter EU tone due to Hannes Adomeit, Putin s Eurasian Union : Russia s integration project and policies on Post-Soviet space, CIES Neighborhood Policy Paper, No. 4, 2012,

6 After the war in Georgia, there was a lot of talk in the West By imposing sanctions on foreign entities operating in the that the business as usual policy with Russia was impossible, everything ended in the EU Partnership for Modernisation initiative proposed to the Kremlin and Obama s reset policy international legal status (international protectorate) and towards Russia. It is therefore most important today that the political decentralisation of this region according to the model of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which, like the Crimea, is be possible to expect that Russia, before planning any future basically made up of three ethnic and religious groups (in this aggression, would at least try to estimate the likely cost. The case - Russians, Ukrainians and Tatars). Each of these groups return to the business as usual relationship is possible only should have a territorial, political and cultural autonomy by observing the red lines in relations with Russia. How can this be achieved? The recommendations can be divided into would be reinstitution of Ukrainian territorial integrity. several groups: Support for Ukraine s reforms and strengthening of. Russia the country. An obvious example of the price of Russian must end its support of pro-russian terrorist groups aggression and possible prevention against similar operating in Ukraine. The actions of these paramilitary adventures in the future may be the principle of the price of units and self-declared separatist leaders of some regions must be recognised as criminal; restoration of stability community. However, the implementation of this principle must be associated with the elimination of these criminal would require the West to focus on a version of the Marshall Plan for Ukraine. This plan should include not only much from Ukraine. The international community must demand the International Monetary Fund and have been agreed with Russia to renounce statements about the legitimacy of the the EU. This would require a clear political reform, economic breach of the territorial integrity of Ukraine in the defence recovery and modernisation programme according to an of the interests of the groups which are not recognised as action plan for possible EU membership, which would be repressed or discriminated by the international community. harmonised with the Ukrainian government, implemented by specially established structures and strictly supervised. Policy of non-recognition of the annexation of the Crimea and support for Ukraine s territorial integrity. Only political The success of such a plan would become a very important non-recognition of the annexation of the Crimea will make assumption for solving the problem of the return of the Crimea any impression on Russia. Therefore, the West must support (and/or Donbas) to Ukraine. If Ukraine s economic and social its non-recognition policy by applying the principle that any progress becomes noticeable, it will become a magnet, i.e. activity in the annexed Crimea is illegal - to impose sanctions the public of the occupied areas will push the local elite for on all, both western and Russian companies that develop re-integration in Ukraine. Furthermore, Western countries businesses in the Crimea or cooperate with companies doing must ensure in a variety of ways and formats that a legitimate Ukrainian government will not be under pressure to change international courts to bring action against Russia for any loss the structure of the state under the scenario imposed by Russia. in the value of assets due to the annexation of the Crimea. Denouncement of Russia s veto right in selecting the All Crimean representatives without exception should be opportunities by post-soviet countries. In Ukraine s case, subject to visa sanctions and freezing of bank accounts abroad. The same sanctions should be applied to the EU and NATO membership. Although at present only 39 Russian-appointed governor of the Crimea and his entire per cent of the Ukrainian population support integration administration. Meanwhile, visas for residents of Crimea into NATO, this number has doubled over the past few wishing to travel to countries in the West should be issued years10, therefore imposing conditions for the necessary on condition that they are issued through Kiev and under Ukrainian passports, and not through Moscow and under Russian passports. It is very important to show by real actions that it will be much easier to go to the EU via Kiev than via Moscow. Interfax, Question of Ukraine s membership of NATO may split country Poroshenko, April 2, < 10 6

7 must support expectations. In other words, the theoretical If there were at least a symbolic establishment of permanent possibility announced at the 2008 Bucharest summit must NATO bases in those Eastern and Central European states that are most concerned with their security, this would NATO - this is highlighted by the President of Ukraine Petro serve both to calm these states and be a sign to Russia that Poroshenko, who emphasises that decisions on integration NATO is ready to respond to its aggressive actions. On the are adopted not only in Kiev. Meanwhile, the prospect of EU other hand, these actions must be based on strengthening membership should be closely associated with the political real collective security in the region, review of the defence reform, economic recovery and modernisation programme plans under the changed circumstances, and the necessary mentioned above. military deployment to counter new threats. All of this must be linked to strengthening their own national defence by the states concerned with their security through proper between the east and west of the country, so they should be avoided. However, after the annexation of There must be a comprehensive analysis of the military the Crimea, Russia must not be given the veto right on methods used in Ukraine and new NATO defence plans Ukraine s future. Otherwise, if Russia manages to gain an for Eastern Europe must be developed to cover a broader informal veto right regarding NATO, it will attribute this range of threats. achievement to its aggression and will become more aggressive. Furthermore, the theoretical prospect of NATO Suspension of military cooperation with Russia (arms membership for Ukraine could be the price that Russia sales and personnel training). After Russian aggression in must pay for the breach of the Budapest Memorandum Ukraine it became obvious that any military cooperation with on Ukraine. The clear signal that Russia is not granted the this country is equivalent to strengthening its forces that can veto right must be linked to an action plan (or a similar potentially pose a threat to NATO (this is shown by a general plan) for NATO membership (or its analogue) for Georgia consensus on the need to strengthen at least the defence in the nearest future. of Poland and the Baltic States) and therefore is completely unacceptable. Therefore, even if in the future NATO resumes Meanwhile, the EU Eastern Partnership programme should political dialogue with Russia, all partners must agree not to be transformed from the association to the integration engage in any military cooperation programmes with Russia process with the aim of seeking that the leading countries without the approval of all NATO member states. of the region consistently progress towards the EU membership. The EU should declare that this programme Strengthening of energy independence from Russia. is intended for smooth integration of the countries that European energy dependence on gas from Russia is one of aspire to EU membership and on this basis it should be the trump cards of the Putin regime. Therefore, it is important reviewed without delay. The states under the programmes, that both the US and Europe take all the necessary actions that they need to overcome this dependence. The US decision sectoral integration by emphasising really possible to withdraw the ban that was in place for decades on the important to ensure that no third party is included in the time Russia s revenues which allow this country to increase implementation process of various intermediate stages of its military and economic power, the nationalist policy of self- integration with the EU (e.g. Association and Free Trade isolation and aggressiveness without any liberal reforms. It Agreement). This is primarily a matter of bilateral relations must be remembered that 50 per cent of Russia s total budget between the EU and the Eastern partners. comes from oil and gas exports. Strengthening of military security in the region. US shale gas exports to Europe would become a major source Public recognition that Russia s aggression shattered the of the EU s energy independence. It is particularly important European security architecture and threatened NATO allies for the EU and the US to progress towards the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Agreement, which would important not to give in to blackmail from Russia. The West open the way not only for closer trade ties, but also for US gas must observe the NATO-Russia Founding Act, although by exports to the EU. Under the current US legal regulation US its actions Moscow made the provisions of this act invalid. gas can be exported without a special government permit 7

8 only to countries that have concluded free trade agreements should be in line with EU rules and regulations. Moreover, the with the US. In parallel, the EU should start on the project of a requirement that cooperation with Russia would take place common EU energy policy and Energy Agency, which would according to the EU law and standards should apply to all areas. jointly buy gas for the EU, an idea proposed by Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk. On the other hand, it is important If these actions are implemented, the threats arising to that already existing or planned energy projects with Europe would not only be greatly reduced, but it would be Russia would be implemented according to EU rules and no exceptions would be made to Russia as this only reinforces Russia. Therefore, the return to business as usual policy dependence on Russian gas (OPAL, South Stream cases). with Moscow on this basis would become less dangerous to the West, would diminish the passions and divisions and be In addition, it is important to set up a trilateral (Ukraine, EU and constructive. Otherwise, the threat of further aggression from Russia) management of Ukraine s gas transit system, which has Russia and dangerous divisions between Western countries been talked about for many years now. Of course, this again About the EESC: Eastern Europe Studies Centre (EESC). During that time, he The Eastern Europe Studies Centre (EESC) was established in expert of the Lithuanian media. Laurinavičius is an alumnus of Institute of International Relations and Political Sciences in to build civil society and promote democracy in Eastern Europe by monitoring and researching political, economic, and social developments in the region, and by developing qualitative analyses of them. EESC organises conferences, seminars, and round-table discussions regarding issues relevant to civil society and democracy; it trains people in areas relevant to its to individuals and organisations cooperating with Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia. EESC specialises in the EU Eastern Partnership policy. The Centre s experts carry out commissioned and independent researches that are concerned with political, economic, social and cultural development in the region of Eastern Europe. EESC analytical activities are orientated to contribute Vilnius University (IIRPS VU). The foremost areas of his interest include developments in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Laurynas Kasčiūnas is head of the Policy Analysis and Research Division in the EESC. In 2012, he completed his PhD with the thesis Implications of EU Integration for External Europeanization: Case Studies of Ukraine and Russia. From 2009 to 2012, Laurynas served as Foreign Policy Advisor to the Speaker of the Lithuanian Parliament. Prior to that, he worked at the Centre for Eastern Geopolitical Studies ( ) and the Strategic Studies Centre ( ). Kasčiūnas is also a lecturer at the IIRPS VU. Vytautas Keršanskas is an analyst at the Policy Analysis and Research Division in the EESC. He is also a columnist on foreign policy in the Lithuanian weekly political magazine the Lithuanian and EU policymaking towards the Eastern Veidas by recommendations and proposals to the policy makers. In EU s external governance in post-soviet region, European addition, EESC is working to stimulate academic interest for integration and regional security issues. Eastern Europe by writing articles for Lithuanian and Western academic press, and by taking part in academic discussions. Linas Kojala is an analyst at the Policy Analysis and Research About the authors: Lithuanian Foreign Minister and also worked in various media outlets. He is an author of both academic and analytical Marius Laurinavičius worked for the largest Lithuanian articles on issues concerning Russia, Eastern Partnership, media group Lietuvos Rytas for almost 22 year before joining regional and global security and European integration. This policy paper was prepared for an International Security Experts Conference Partners in European Security: Search for Greater Synergy between EU Common Security and Defence Policy and Eastern Partnership Policy, held on 18th - 20th of June, 2014 in Vilnius. The conference was organized by the Eastern Europe Studies Centre and the Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Lithuania. 8

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