Wednesday, March 23, 2016

Where Are the Cities of Shemlon, Amulon and Shilom?—Part IV

Continuing from the
last post regarding the placement of these three areas within the Land of
Promise. In the last post, we ended in the midst of a discussion about Shemlon. In the last post we suggested
where the city of Amulon, the settlement built by the evil priests of king Noah
who captured Lamanite daughters for their wives to be—and that was the present
city of Machu Picchu.We also covered in
earlier posts where the settlement of Shemlon was located. In this post, we
will discuss the location of the city of Shilom. In discussing Shilom, we need
to recall that when Zeniff first resettled in the City of Nephi (the Valley of
Cuzco), “they began to build buildings and to repair the walls of the city of
Shilom (Mosiah 9:8). This would have been in the area of Hurin-Cuzco, which
butts up to the hill north of the valley (north of both Shilom and Nephi) as
Mormon describes it (Mosiah 7:3). During Inca times, the Antisuyu road ran
eastward from the main square of Lower Cuco and separated the newer buildings
Zeniff’s people built toward the north end of the valley under the direct
protection of Sacsahuaman.

Shilom lies beneath a hill to the north,
with the city of Nephi to the south within the valley

This position of
Shilom and Nephi seems to be born out in the incident when Ammon was sent back
to see how Zeniff’s group had fared. Ammon and his brethren “wandered forty
days in the wilderness and came to a hill, which is north of the land of
Shilom, and there they pitched their tents” (Mosiah 7:5). “Ammon then took
three of his brethren and went down into the land of Nephi” (Mosiah 7:6). These
hills to the north of the valley are gently-sloping hills that frame the
valleys and are home to sheep and alpacas that graze lazily on the green bounty
of nature.“And Ammon took three
of his brethren, and their names were Amaleki, Helem, and Hem, and they went
down into the land of Nephi” (Mosiah 7:6), down the rolling hills to the valley
below. “And they met the king of the people who were in the land of Nephi, and
in the land of Shilom, and they were surrounded by the king’s guard” (Mosiah
7:7). Thus the lands of both Shilom and Nephi were beneath the hill to the
north of Shilom.

Ammon camped on a hill overlooking the valley where the cities of Shilom and Nephi were located. To the west was Sacsahuaman and the Temple and Tower, to the south was the valley

Although Ammon and his
men camped on the hill north of Shilom, the record does not say they went down
into the land or city ofShilom, but rather they
went down into the land and city of Nephi. Thus we can see that both the city
of Shilom and the City of Nephi were directly below the hill to the north. The
fact that king Limhi was very cautious about leaving the city of Nephi (Mosiah
21:19) similarly suggests that he had not gone very far from the city when he
ran into Ammon.We also find that
north of the land of Shilom on the top of the hill is located Sacsahuaman and
the temple Nephi built like unto Solomon’s temple. Next to this temple, after
Zeniff returned and king Noah governed the Nephite people, Noah built a tower
next to the temple (Mosiah 11:13). From the top of the tower, one could stand
and look into the Land of Shilom (directly below in the valley to the south) and into the Land of Shemlon (which would have been to the west), both views can
easily be obtained from Sacsahuaman. And next to the temple on the hill (and
where else did they build temples but on
hills and high ground as we do today), lies the base of the high tower
discovered by the Spaniards when they entered Cuzco Valley—the towerbuilt on the hill north of Shilom (Mosiah 11:13).

These towers are similar to the one that the
Spanish described and drew pictures of when they arrived in Cuzco, sitting atop
the hill overlooking the valley next to the temple and fortress of Sacsahuaman

We should keep in
mind that this tower was a “great tower” not a “tall tower” which suggests a strongly-built
structure of greater size and dimensions than a simple tower. The fact that
when king Noah was fleeing for his life from Gideon, he sought refuge in the
tower (Mosiah 19:5), again suggesting that it was both sturdy, large and
evidently covered (walled) to provide him some type of protection or place to
hide. And since he was fleeing, it likely had some type of staircase to the top
in which he could climb quickly to get out of reach of anyone following.

It is interesting
that when I looked into this some 25 years ago or so, there was great
speculation as to what this round base (all that is left from the destruction
of the Spaniards on the buildings on this hill) was meant to be. Some “experts”
thought it merely an aqueduct,others an eye of a large puma making up the city design.

Top: The
tower base on Sacsahuaman hill, three concentric, circular stone walls
connected by a series of radial walls, making up a web-like pattern of 34 lines
intersecting at the center and also a pattern of concentric circles that correspond
to the location of the circular walls; Bottom: The tower base as it appears in
the overall Sacsahuaman complex atop the hill and overlooking Cuzco valley

The
tower base sits in an area referred to as Moyoc Marca (Muyumarka), which is
next to the temple structure, now just a foundation pad, and also next to the
fortress, which is also just a foundation pad today, though beneath is a labyrinth of
rooms and tunnels. Chronicle
writer Garcilaso de la Vega wrote that there were three towers at Muyucmarca
(meaning “Around the Towers”), at the top of the walls, standing at equal
distance from each other, forming a triangle. The taller, main tower was
erected in the center and it was a cylindrical-shaped stone structure standing
60-feet tall. This tower was called the same as the complex, Muyuc Marca (literally
“Circle Tower” also referred to as Round Precinct), and had four superimposed
floors, the first floor was square, the other floors were cylindrical,
and topped with a cone-shaped ceiling. The other two towers were Paucar Marca
(“Beautiful or Flower Tower” also referred to as Precious Precinct) and Salla
Marca (“Rock Tower” also referred to as Water Precinct). After the last
uprising of the Inca and the Manco Inca rebellion, the last holdout, Titu Cusi
Huallpa (also called Cahuide) jumped from Muyu Marca’s highest point to avoid
being captured by the Spanish, and the tall tower was known as the Tower of
Cahuide after that. All three towers were
painted in bright colors, had thatched roofs, and were interconnected by
underground passages: the inner fortress could have housed as many as ten
thousand people under siege.

The area (place) of
Muyuc Marca, with the three tower bases, two rectangular and one circular (far distance)

These latter two both had
rectangular-shaped bases about 60-feet long and, according to Garcilaso, were
much shorter than the central round tower. Knowledge of these towers was lost until
reading Garacilaso’s writings in 1933-34, sparked an interest in the Peruvian
Parliament to spruce up Sacsahuaman for the Spanish refoundation of Qosqo. Led
by Luis E. Valcarcel, he dug down from the top of the three walls and
discovered the tower bases right where Garcilaso claimed them to be.Even in the day of the
Conquistadores, the Inca had no idea why two towers were rectangle and the
other round, though since they did not build them, their lack of knowledge
would be understandable.Later
the first conquerors started using the stones of the towers to built their houses in the
city; The walls and structures around Sacsahuaman are claimed to have been
ten-feet higher before the Spanish removed thesmaller stones on top. Subsequently
the city’s Church Council ordered in 1559 to take the andesites for the
construction of the Cathedral. Even until 1930, Qosqo’s neighbors just paying
a small fee could take the amount of stones they wanted in order to build their
houses in the city: four centuries of destruction using this complex as a
quarry by the colonial city’s stone masons.

When the
Spaniards come into the Cuzco valley, they described seeing a tower on top of
the hill to the north with two smaller ones beside it

(See the next post,
“Where Are the Cities of Shemlon, Amulon and Shilom?—Part V,” to continue with
the daughters of the Lamanites and where the priests of Noah took them)