Abstract : This thesis presents a new class of spatial discretization schemes on polyhedral meshes, called Compatible Discrete Operator CDO schemes and their application to elliptic and Stokes equations. In CDO schemes, preserving the structural properties of the continuous equations is the leading principle to design the discrete operators. De Rham maps define the degrees of freedom according to the physical nature of fields to discretize. CDO schemes operate a clear separation between topological relations balance equations and constitutive relations closure laws.Topological relations are related to discrete differential operators, and constitutive relations to discrete Hodge operators. A feature of CDO schemes is the explicit use of a second mesh, called dual mesh, to build the discrete Hodge operator. Two families of CDO schemes are considered: vertex-based schemes where the potential is located at primal mesh vertices, and cell-based schemes where the potential is located at dual mesh vertices dual vertices being in one-to-one correspondence with primal cells.The CDO schemes related to these two families are presented and their convergence is analyzed. A first analysis hinges on an algebraic definition of the discrete Hodge operator and allows one to identify three key properties: symmetry, stability, and $mathbb{P} 0$-consistency. A second analysis hinges on a definition of the discrete Hodge operator using reconstruction operators, and the requirements on these reconstruction operators are identified. In addition, CDO schemes provide a unified vision on a broad class of schemes proposed in the literature finite element, finite element, mimetic schemes

Finally, the reliability and the efficiency of CDO schemes are assessed on various test cases and several polyhedral meshes