Risks

Species Impact: Cattle may counteract efforts to protect native plants: grazing suppresses reproduction of koa in Hawaii (Baldwin and Fagerlund 1943). See Cuddihy (1984) for more information on effects of grazing on native Hawaiian flora.

See Loft et al. (1987) and Kie (1991) for information on the impacts of cattle grazing on mule deer in California. See Telfer (1994) for information on cattle-cervid interactions in Alberta. See Kochert et al. (1988) for effects of livestock grazing on raptors in the southwestern U.S. See also Uresk and Paulson (1988), Oldemeyer et al. (1988), and Samson et al. (1988).