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Summary

The only Cisco authorized textbook and portable desk reference for the CCNA 1 and 2 course in the Networking Academy

Table of Contents

Foreword

xxix

Introduction

xxxi

Part I CCNA 1

1

(500)

Introduction to Networking

3

(38)

Objectives

3

(1)

Additional Topics of Interest

3

(1)

Key Terms

3

(2)

Connecting to the Internet

5

(13)

Requirements for Internet Connection

5

(1)

PC Basics

6

(5)

Network Interface Card

11

(1)

NIC and Modem Installation

12

(2)

Overview of High-Speed and Dialup Connectivity

14

(1)

TCP/IP Description and Configuration

14

(1)

Testing Connectivity with Ping

15

(1)

Web Browser and Plug-Ins

16

(1)

Troubleshooting Internet Connection Problems

17

(1)

Network Math

18

(15)

Binary Presentation of Data

18

(1)

Bits and Bytes

18

(3)

Base 10 Number System

21

(1)

Base 2 Number System

22

(1)

Converting Decimal Numbers to 8-Bit Binary Numbers

23

(2)

Converting 8-Bit Binary Numbers to Decimal Numbers

25

(2)

Four-Octet Dotted-Decimal Representation of a 32-Bit Binary Number

27

(1)

Hexadecimal

27

(3)

Boolean or Binary Logic

30

(1)

IP Addresses and Network Masks

31

(2)

Summary

33

(1)

Key Terms

34

(3)

Check Your Understanding

37

(4)

Networking Fundamentals

41

(68)

Objectives

41

(1)

Additional Topics of Interest

41

(1)

Key Terms

42

(1)

Networking Terminology

43

(35)

Data Networks

43

(3)

Network History

46

(2)

Networking Devices

48

(14)

Network Topology

62

(7)

Network Protocols

69

(1)

Local-Area Networks (LANs)

69

(1)

Wide-Area Networks (WANs)

70

(2)

Metropolitan-Area Networks (MANs)

72

(1)

Storage-Area Networks (SANs)

73

(2)

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

75

(1)

Benefits of VPNs

75

(2)

Intranets and Extranets

77

(1)

Bandwidth

78

(8)

Importance of Bandwidth

78

(1)

Analogies

79

(2)

Measurement

81

(1)

Limitations

81

(2)

Throughput

83

(1)

Data Transfer Calculation

84

(1)

Digital Versus Analog

85

(1)

Networking Models

86

(11)

Using Layers to Analyze Problems in a Flow of Materials

87

(1)

Using Layers to Describe Data Communication

88

(1)

OSI Model

88

(2)

OSI Layers

90

(2)

Peer-to-Peer Communications

92

(1)

TCP/IP Model

93

(1)

Detailed Encapsulation Process

94

(3)

Summary

97

(3)

Key Terms

100

(3)

Check Your Understanding

103

(6)

Networking Media

109

(62)

Objectives

109

(1)

Additional Topics of Interest

109

(1)

Key Terms

110

(1)

Copper Media

111

(17)

Atoms and Electrons

112

(2)

Voltage

114

(1)

Resistance and Impedance

115

(1)

Current

116

(1)

Circuits

116

(3)

Cable Specifications

119

(2)

Coaxial Cable

121

(3)

STP Cable

124

(1)

UTP Cable

125

(3)

Optical Media

128

(26)

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

129

(2)

Ray Model of Light

131

(1)

Reflection

132

(1)

Refraction

133

(1)

Total Internal Reflection

134

(5)

Multimode Fiber

139

(1)

Single-Mode Fiber

139

(2)

Other Optical Components

141

(2)

Signals and Noise in Optical Fibers

143

(2)

Installation, Care, and Testing of Optical Fiber

145

(9)

Wireless Media

154

(10)

Wireless LAN Organization and Standards

155

(1)

Wireless Devices and Topologies

156

(2)

How Wireless LANs Communicate

158

(1)

Authentication and Association

159

(1)

The Radiowave and Microwave Spectrums

160

(1)

Signals and Noise on a WLAN

161

(1)

Wireless Security

162

(2)

Summary

164

(2)

Key Terms

166

(2)

Check Your Understanding

168

(3)

Cabling Testing

171

(30)

Objectives

171

(1)

Additional Topics of Interest

171

(1)

Key Terms

172

(1)

Frequency-Based Cable Testing

173

(8)

Waves

173

(1)

Sine Waves and Square Waves

174

(1)

Exponents and Logarithms

175

(1)

Decibels

176

(1)

Time and Frequency of Signals

177

(2)

Analog and Digital Signals

179

(1)

Noise in Time and Frequency

179

(1)

Bandwidth

180

(1)

Signals and Noise

181

(12)

Signaling Over Copper and Fiber-Optic Cabling

181

(3)

Attenuation and Insertion Loss on Copper Media

184

(1)

Sources of Noise on Copper Media

185

(1)

Types of Crosstalk

186

(2)

Cable Testing Standards

188

(2)

Other Test Parameters

190

(1)

Time-Based Parameters

190

(1)

Testing Optical Fiber

191

(1)

A New Standard

192

(1)

Summary

193

(2)

Key Terms

195

(2)

Check Your Understanding

197

(4)

Cabling LANs and WANs

201

(44)

Objectives

201

(1)

Additional Topics of Interest

201

(1)

Key Terms

202

(1)

Cabling LANs

202

(25)

LAN Physical Layer

203

(1)

Ethernet in the Campus

204

(2)

Ethernet Media and Connector Requirements

206

(2)

Connection Media

208

(1)

UTP Implementation

209

(4)

Repeaters

213

(1)

Hubs

214

(2)

Wireless

216

(1)

Bridges

216

(3)

Switches

219

(1)

Host Connectivity

220

(2)

Peer-to-Peer

222

(2)

Client/Server

224

(3)

Cabling WANs

227

(11)

WAN Physical Layer

227

(1)

WAN Serial Connections

228

(2)

Routers and Serial Connections

230

(2)

Routers and ISDN BRI Connections

232

(2)

Routers and DSL Connections

234

(2)

Routers and Cable Connections

236

(1)

Setting Up Console Connections

237

(1)

Summary

238

(2)

Key Terms

240

(1)

Check Your Understanding

241

(4)

Ethernet Fundamentals

245

(46)

Objectives

245

(1)

Additional Topics of Interest

245

(1)

Key Terms

246

(1)

Ethernet Fundamentals

247

(13)

Introduction to Ethernet

247

(2)

IEEE Ethernet Naming Rules

249

(1)

Ethernet and the OSI Model

250

(3)

Naming

253

(1)

Layer 2 Framing

254

(2)

Ethernet Frame Structure

256

(2)

Ethernet Frame Fields

258

(2)

Ethernet Operation

260

(23)

Media Access Control (MAC)

260

(2)

MAC Rules and Collision Detection/Backoff

262

(4)

Ethernet Timing

266

(2)

Interframe Spacing and Backoff

268

(3)

Error Handling

271

(1)

Types of Collisions

272

(3)

Ethernet Errors

275

(2)

FCS and Beyond

277

(1)

Ethernet Autonegotiation

278

(2)

Link Establishment and Full and Half Duplex

280

(3)

Summary

283

(1)

Key Terms

284

(3)

Check Your Understanding

287

(4)

Ethernet Technologies

291

(44)

Objectives

291

(1)

Additional Topics of Interest

291

(1)

Key Terms

292

(1)

10-Mbps and 100-Mbps Ethernet

292

(20)

10-Mbps Ethernet

293

(4)

10BASE5

297

(1)

10BASE2

298

(1)

10BASE-T

299

(3)

10BASE-T Wiring and Architecture

302

(1)

100-Mbps Ethernet

303

(2)

100BASE-TX

305

(3)

100BASE-FX

308

(2)

Fast Ethernet Architecture

310

(2)

Gigabit and 10-Gigabit Ethernet

312

(17)

1000-Mbps Ethernet

313

(1)

1000BASE-T

314

(3)

1000BASE-SX and LX

317

(3)

Gigabit Ethernet Architecture

320

(2)

10-Gigabit Ethernet

322

(3)

10-Gigibit Ethernet Architectures

325

(3)

Future of Ethernet

328

(1)

Summary

329

(1)

Key Terms

330

(2)

Check Your Understanding

332

(3)

Ethernet Switching

335

(30)

Objectives

335

(1)

Key Terms

335

(1)

Ethernet Switching

336

(11)

Layer 2 Bridging

337

(1)

Layer 2 Switching

337

(3)

Switch Operation

340

(1)

Latency

341

(1)

Switch Modes

342

(1)

Spanning-Tree Protocol

343

(4)

Collision Domains and Broadcast Domains

347

(13)

Shared Media Environments

347

(2)

Collision Domains

349

(3)

Segmentation

352

(2)

Layer 2 Broadcasts

354

(2)

Broadcast Domains

356

(1)

Introduction to Data Flow

357

(2)

What Is a Network Segment?

359

(1)

Summary

360

(1)

Key Terms

361

(1)

Check Your Understanding

362

(3)

TCP/IP Protocol Suite and IP Addressing

365

(52)

Objectives

365

(1)

Key Terms

365

(1)

Introduction to TCP/IP

366

(10)

History and Future of TCP/IP

366

(2)

Application Layer

368

(1)

Transport Layer

369

(1)

Internet Layer

370

(1)

Network Access Layer

371

(1)

The OSI Model and the TCP/IP Model

372

(2)

Internet Architecture

374

(2)

Internet Addresses

376

(21)

IP Addressing

377

(2)

Decimal and Binary Conversion

379

(3)

IPv4 Addressing

382

(3)

Class A, B, C, D, and E IP Addresses

385

(3)

Reserved IP Addresses

388

(3)

Public and Private IP Addresses

391

(2)

Introduction to Subnetting

393

(2)

IPv4 Versus IPv6

395

(2)

Obtaining an IP Address

397

(13)

Obtaining an Internet Address

397

(1)

Static Assignment of an IP Address

398

(1)

RARP IP Address Assignment

399

(2)

BOOTP IP Address Assignment

401

(1)

DHCP IP Address Management

402

(2)

Problems in Address Resolution

404

(2)

Address Resolution Protocol

406

(4)

Summary

410

(1)

Key Terms

411

(1)

Check Your Understanding

412

(5)

Routing Fundamentals and Subnets

417

(52)

Objectives

417

(1)

Key Terms

418

(1)

Routed Protocol

419

(8)

Routable and Routed Protocols

419

(2)

IP as a Routed Protocol

421

(1)

Packet Propagation and Switching Within a Router

422

(2)

Connectionless and Connection-Oriented Delivery

424

(2)

Anatomy of an IP Packet

426

(1)

IP Routing Protocols

427

(19)

Routing Overview

427

(2)

Routing Versus Switching

429

(3)

Routed Versus Routing

432

(2)

Path Determination

434

(3)

Routing Tables

437

(2)

Routing Algorithms and Metrics

439

(1)

IGP and EGP

440

(2)

Link-State and Distance Vector

442

(2)

Routing Protocols

444

(2)

The Mechanics of Subnetting

446

(12)

Classes of Network IP Addresses

446

(1)

Introduction to and Reasons for Subnetting

447

(2)

Establishing the Subnet Mask Address

449

(2)

Applying the Subnet Mask

451

(3)

Subnetting Class A and B Networks

454

(2)

Calculating the Resident Subnetwork Through ANDing

456

(2)

Summary

458

(3)

Key Terms

461

(3)

Check Your Understanding

464

(5)

TCP/IP Transport and Application Layers

469

(32)

Objectives

469

(1)

Key Terms

469

(1)

TCP/IP Transport Layer

470

(13)

Introduction to the TCP/IP Transport Layer

470

(2)

Flow Control

472

(1)

Session Establishment, Maintenance, and Termination

472

(2)

Three-Way Handshake

474

(1)

Windowing

475

(2)

Acknowledgment

477

(1)

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

478

(1)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

479

(1)

TCP and UDP Port Numbers

480

(3)

The Application Layer

483

(9)

Introduction to the TCP/IP Application Layer

483

(3)

DNS

486

(1)

FTP and TFTP

487

(1)

HTTP

488

(1)

SMTP

489

(1)

SNMP

490

(1)

Telnet

490

(2)

Summary

492

(1)

Key Terms

493

(2)

Check Your Understanding

495

(6)

Part II CCNA 2

501

(370)

WANs and Routers

503

(44)

Objectives

503

(1)

Key Terms

503

(1)

WANs

504

(23)

Introduction to WANs

504

(7)

Introduction to Routers in a WAN

511

(1)

Router LANs and WANs

511

(14)

Role of Routers in a WAN

525

(1)

Academy Approach to Hands-On Labs

526

(1)

Routers

527

(14)

Router Internal Components

527

(5)

Router Physical Characteristics

532

(2)

Router External Connections

534

(1)

Management Port Connections

534

(1)

Console Port Connections

535

(2)

Connecting Router LAN Interfaces

537

(1)

Connecting WAN Interfaces

538

(3)

Summary

541

(1)

Key Terms

542

(1)

Check Your Understanding

543

(4)

Introduction to Routers

547

(34)

Objectives

547

(1)

Key Terms

547

(1)

Operating Cisco IOS Software

548

(6)

The Purpose of Cisco IOS Software

548

(1)

Router User Interface

548

(1)

Router User Interface Modes

549

(1)

Cisco IOS Software Features

550

(3)

Operation of Cisco IOS Software

553

(1)

Starting a Router

554

(21)

Initial Startup of Cisco Routers

554

(6)

Router LED Indicators

560

(1)

The Initial Router Boot Up

561

(2)

Establish a Console Connection

563

(2)

Router Login

565

(1)

Keyboard Help in the Router CLI

566

(5)

Enhanced Editing Commands

571

(1)

Router Command History

572

(1)

Troubleshooting Command-Line Errors

573

(1)

The show version Command

574

(1)

Summary

575

(1)

Key Terms

576

(1)

Check Your Understanding

577

(4)

Configuring a Router

581

(32)

Objectives

581

(1)

Key Terms

581

(1)

Configuring a Router

582

(14)

CLI Command Modees

582

(7)

Configuring a Router Name

589

(1)

Configuring Router Passwords

590

(1)

Examining the show Commands

591

(3)

Configuring a Serial Interface

594

(1)

Making Configuration Changes

595

(1)

Configuring an Ethernet Interface

596

(1)

Finishing the Configuration

596

(12)

Importance of Configuration Standards

597

(1)

Interface Descriptions

597

(1)

Configuring Interface Description

597

(1)

Login Banners

598

(1)

Configuring Message-of-the-Day (MOTD)

599

(1)

Host Name Resolution

600

(1)

Configuring Host Tables

601

(1)

Configuration Backup and Documentation

601

(1)

Backing Up Configuration Files

602

(6)

Summary

608

(1)

Key Terms

609

(1)

Check Your Understanding

610

(3)

Learning About Other Devices

613

(24)

Objectives

613

(1)

Key Terms

613

(1)

Discovering and Connecting to Neighbors

614

(7)

Introduction to CDP

614

(1)

Information Obtained with CDP

615

(3)

Implementation, Monitoring, and Maintenance of CDP

618

(1)

Creating a Network Map of the Environment

619

(1)

Disabling CDP

620

(1)

Troubleshooting CDP

620

(1)

Getting Information About Remote Devices

621

(10)

Telnet

621

(1)

Establishing and Verifying a Telnet Connection

622

(1)

Disconnecting and Suspending Telnet Sessions

623

(1)

Advanced Telnet Operation

624

(1)

Alternative Connectivity Tests

624

(7)

Troubleshooting IP Addressing Issues

631

(1)

Summary

631

(1)

Key Terms

632

(1)

Check Your Understanding

633

(4)

Managing Cisco IOS Software

637

(30)

Objectives

637

(1)

Key Terms

637

(1)

Router Boot Sequence and Verification

638

(7)

Stages of the Router Power-On Boot Sequence

638

(1)

How a Cisco Device Locates and Loads IOS

639

(1)

Using the boot system Command

640

(1)

Configuration Register

641

(2)

Troubleshooting IOS Boot Failure

643

(2)

Managing the Cisco File System

645

(16)

IOS File System Overview

645

(2)

IOS Naming Conventions

647

(2)

Managing Configuration Files Using TFTP

649

(2)

Managing Configuration Files Using Copy and Paste

651

(2)

Managing IOS Images Using TFTP

653

(2)

Managing IOS Images with Xmodem

655

(3)

Environmental Variables

658

(2)

File System Verification

660

(1)

Summary

661

(1)

Key Terms

662

(1)

Check Your Understanding

663

(4)

Routing and Routing Protocols

667

(38)

Objectives

667

(1)

Key Terms

667

(1)

Introduction to Static Routing

668

(10)

Introducing Routing

668

(1)

Static Route Operation

669

(3)

Configuring Static Routes

672

(3)

Configuring Default Route Forwarding

675

(1)

Verifying Static Route Configuration

676

(1)

Troubleshooting Static Route Configuration

677

(1)

Dynamic Routing Overview

678

(12)

Introduction to Routing Protocols

680

(2)

Autonomous Systems

682

(1)

Purpose of a Routing Protocol and Autonomous Systems

682

(1)

Identifying the Classes of Routing Protocols

683

(1)

Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features

683

(3)

Link-State Routing Protocol Features

686

(4)

Routing Protocols Overview

690

(8)

Path Determination

694

(1)

Routing Configuration

694

(2)

Routing Protocols

696

(1)

IGP Versus EGP

697

(1)

Summary

698

(1)

Key Terms

699

(2)

Check Your Understanding

701

(4)

Distance Vector Routing Protocols

705

(44)

Objectives

705

(1)

Key Terms

705

(1)

Distance Vector Routing

706

(8)

Distance Vector Routing Updates

707

(1)

Distance Vector Routing Loop Issues

707

(1)

Defining a Maximum Count

708

(2)

Eliminating Routing Loops Through Split Horizon

710

(1)

Route Poisoning

711

(1)

Avoiding Routing Loops with Triggered Updates

712

(1)

Preventing Routing Loops with Holddown Timers

713

(1)

RIP

714

(17)

RIP Routing Process

714

(1)

Configuring RIP

715

(1)

Using the ip classless Command

716

(2)

Common RIP Configuration Issues

718

(2)

Verifying RIP Configuration

720

(2)

Troubleshooting RIP Update Issues

722

(3)

Preventing Routing Updates Through an Interface

725

(1)

Load Balancing with RIP

725

(2)

Load Balancing Across Multiple Paths

727

(1)

Integrating Static Routes with RIP

728

(3)

IGRP

731

(12)

IGRP Features

731

(1)

IGRP Metrics

732

(1)

IGRP Routes

733

(1)

IGRP Stability Features

734

(1)

Configuring IGRP

735

(1)

Migrating RIP to IGRP

736

(2)

Verifying IGRP Configuration

738

(2)

Troubleshooting IGRP

740

(3)

Summary

743

(1)

Key Terms

744

(2)

Check Your Understanding

746

(3)

TCP/IP Suite Error and Control Messages

749

(24)

Objectives

749

(1)

Additional Topics of Interest

749

(1)

Key Terms

749

(1)

Overview of TCP/IP Error Messages

750

(12)

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

750

(1)

Error Reporting and Error Correction

751

(1)

ICMP Message Delivery

752

(1)

Unreachable Networks

753

(1)

Using ping to Test Destination Reachability

754

(3)

Detecting Excessively Long Routes

757

(2)

Echo Messages

759

(1)

Destination Unreachable Message

760

(2)

Miscellaneous Error Reporting

762

(1)

Overview of TCP/IP Suite Control Messages

762

(8)

Introduction to Control Messages

762

(1)

ICMP Redirect/Change Requests

763

(1)

Clock Synchronization and Transit Time Estimation

764

(1)

Information Requests and Reply Message Formats

765

(1)

Address Mask Requests

766

(1)

Router Discovery Message

767

(2)

Router Solicitation Message

769

(1)

Congestion and Flow Control Messages

769

(1)

Summary

770

(1)

Key Terms

771

(1)

Check Your Understanding

772

(1)

Basic Router Troubleshooting

773

(34)

Objectives

773

(1)

Key Terms

773

(1)

Examining the Routing Table

774

(8)

The show ip route Command

774

(1)

Determining the Gateway of Last Resort

775

(2)

Determining the Route Source and Destination

777

(1)

Determining L2 and L3 Addresses

777

(1)

Determining the Route Administrative Distance

777

(1)

Determining the Route Metric

778

(2)

Determining the Route Next Hop

780

(1)

Determining the Last Routing Update

780

(2)

Observing Multiple Paths to Destination

782

(1)

Network Testing

782

(9)

Introduction to Network Testing

783

(1)

Using a Structured Approach to Troubleshooting

783

(2)

Testing by OSI Layers

785

(2)

Layer 1 Troubleshooting Using Indicators

787

(1)

Layer 3 Troubleshooting Using ping

788

(2)

Layer 7 Troubleshooting Using Telnet

790

(1)

Troubleshooting Router Issues Overview

791

(11)

Troubleshooting Layer 1 Using show interfaces

791

(3)

Troubleshooting Layer 2 Using show interfaces

794

(1)

Troubleshooting Using show cdp

795

(1)

Troubleshooting Using traceroute

796

(2)

Troubleshooting Routing Issues Using show ip route and show ip protocols