Cell mechanism discovery is key to stopping breast cancer metastasis

A cellular mechanism has been discovered that drives breast cancer metastasis. Recently, researchers discovered a therapy that blocks that mechanism.

“Genetic mutations do not drive this mechanism,” said senior author Alana Welm, PhD, an associate professor in the Department of Oncological Sciences, and an investigator at Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. “Instead, it's improper regulation of when genes turn on and off.”

The new discovery focuses on a protein called RON kinase (RON), which signals some areas of tumor cell DNA to become active. Normally, RON operates mostly during embryonic development and is not highly expressed in healthy adults. But in about 50% of breast cancer cases, RON becomes re-expressed and reprograms genes responsible for metastasis, making them active. The research results were published in Cell Reports (2014; doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.010).

“If there's an entire program in the tumor cell that's important for metastasis, blocking one small part of that program, for example, the action of a single gene, will probably not be an effective strategy,” said Welm. “But if you could find a way to turn off the entire program, you're more likely to have the desired effect. We found that inhibiting RON turns off the entire metastasis program in these tumor cells.

“No one has ever described a specific pathway driving this kind of reprogramming in metastasis, much less a way to therapeutically block it,” Welm added. “Also, RON has not previously been known to be involved in reprogramming gene expression.”

Future work will include investigating the potential of detecting the RON-dependent program in tumor cells as a way to identify patients that are more likely to develop metastases and as a predictor of therapeutic response to drugs that inhibit RON.