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Protracted armed conflicts Some 20 armed conflicts/tensions have lasted more than 20 years. Limited media coverage. Most cases take place in “democratic” contexts. Complexity increases with time: new actors, new factors, increased grievances, culture of violence. 4

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1. Re-assess assumptions Peace will be brokered by warriors ‘Strong’ rebels can’t be defeated ‘Weak’ rebels don’t have political power Peace is made around one table A peace agreement will bring peace Spoilers will always put obstacles People are doomed to be violent 11