Sunday, September 28, 2014

Skeletal dysplasia is a group of rare diseases that afflict skeletal growth through abnormalities in bone and cartilage. Its onset hits at the fetal stage and is caused by genetic mutations. A mutation in the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) has been associated with two types of skeletal dysplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia (TD), a skeletal dysplasia that cause serious respiratory problems at birth and is often lethal, and achondroplasia (ACH), which causes stunted growth and other complications throughout life. Several experimental treatments have been considered, but none are commercially available.

The need for new drug compounds that can combat skeletal dysplasia has led the Noriyuki Tsumaki group at CiRA, Kyoto University, to consider iPS cell technology. In a joint study with Associate Professor Hideaki Sawai of Hyogo College of Medicine and Team Leader Shiro Ikegawa of RIKEN, Professor Tsumaki's team screened molecules based on their ability to rescue TD-iPSCs from degraded cartilage. Molecules known to affect FGFR3 signaling and/or the metabolism of chondrocytes, the cells responsible for growing cartilage, were identified as good candidates. More importantly, so too were statins, a class of drugs renown for their action against cholesterol and investigated because they have anabolic and protective effects on chondrocytes.

The authors used iPS cells generated from the fibroblasts of both healthy individuals (WT-iPSC) and TD patients (TD-iPSC). Chondrocytes differentiated from TD-iPSC produced less cartilage than those from WT-iPSC and also had a lower proliferation rate and greater apoptosis, properties that were attributed to a gain of function by the mutated FGFR3. Adding statin recovered the cartilage formation in TD-iPSC and increased the proliferation rate. Coincidently, the group observed increased expressions of SOX9, a chondrocytic transcription factor, and of COL2A1 and ACAN, two cartilage extracellular components, all of which are down-regulated in TD patients. Moreover, statin treatment was found to accelerate the degradation of the FGFR3 protein in chondrogenically differentiated TD-iPSC, a process inhibited in TD cases.

Read more at :https://www.cira.kyoto-u.ac.jp/e/pressrelease/news/140918-110738.html

Wednesday, September 24, 2014

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Cerdelga (eliglustat) for the long-term treatment of adult patients with the Type 1 form of Gaucher disease, a rare genetic disorder.

Gaucher disease occurs in people who do not produce enough of an enzyme called glucocerebrosidase. The enzyme deficiency causes fatty materials to collect in the spleen, liver and bone marrow. The major signs of Gaucher disease include liver and spleen enlargement, low red blood cell counts (anemia), low blood platelet counts and bone problems.

Cerdelga is a hard gelatin capsule containing eliglustat that is taken orally. In patients with Gaucher disease Type 1, the drug slows down the production of the fatty materials by inhibiting the metabolic process that forms them. Type 1 Gaucher disease is estimated to affect about 6,000 people in the United States.

Tuesday, September 23, 2014

GlaxoSmithKline plc announced that the Food and Drug Administration has approved Arnuity Ellipta (fluticasone furoate inhalation powder), a once-daily inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) medicine for maintenance treatment of asthma as prophylactic therapy in patients aged 12 years and older. Arnuity is not indicated for relief of acute bronchospasm

Monday, September 22, 2014

ViiV Healthcare announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Triumeq (abacavir 600mg (below-Ist), dolutegravir (below -IInd) 50mg and lamivudine (below IIIrd respectively) 300mg) tablets for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Triumeq is ViiV Healthcare’s first dolutegravir-based fixed-dose combination, offering many people living with HIV the option of a single-pill regimen that combines the integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) dolutegravir, with the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) abacavir and lamivudine.

Pfizer Inc. today announced it has completed the submission of a New Drug Application (NDA) to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for palbociclib. This NDA requests FDA approval of palbociclib, in combination with letrozole, for the treatment of postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor positive (ER+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2-) advanced breast cancer who have not received previous systemic treatment for their advanced disease. The submission is based on the final results of PALOMA-1, a randomized, Phase 2 trial comparing palbociclib plus letrozole versus letrozole alone in this population of patients.

Palbociclib received Breakthrough Therapy designation from the FDA in April 2013, for the first-line systemic treatment of women with advanced or metastatic ER+, HER2- breast cancer. This designation was based on interim data from the PALOMA-1 trial.

Amgen announced the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted priority review designation for ivabradine for the treatment of chronic heart failure (HF). Ivabradine is an oral drug that inhibits the If current ("funny" current) in the sinoatrial node, the body's cardiac pacemaker. Ivabradine works to slow the heart rate without negative effects on myocardial contractility or ventricular repolarization. Heart failure is a common condition that affects approximately 26 million worldwide, including approximately 5.1 million people in the U.S.

Thursday, September 18, 2014

Bristol-Myers Squibb Company and Pfizer Inc. announced the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a Supplemental New Drug Application (sNDA) for Eliquis for the treatment of DVT and PE, and for the reduction in the risk of recurrent DVT and PE following initial therapy. Combined, DVT and PE are known as VTE. It is estimated that every year, approximately 900,000 Americans are affected by DVT and PE.

Tuesday, September 16, 2014

Actavis plc (NYSE: ACT) today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has accepted for filing Actavis' New Drug Application (NDA) for eluxadoline, an investigational drug for the treatment of diarrhea and abdominal pain in men and women with diarrhea predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-D). Actavis' NDA for eluxadoline has been granted priority review status by the FDA.

Novo Nordisk today announced that the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee (EMDAC) of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has completed its meeting regarding the New Drug Application (NDA) for Saxenda, the intended brand name for liraglutide 3 mg, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue for the treatment of obesity.

Monday, September 15, 2014

A new class of compounds has now been shown to protect brain cells from the type of damage caused by blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mice that were treated with these compounds 24-36 hours after experiencing TBI from a blast injury were protected from the harmful effects of TBI, including problems with learning, memory, and movement.

Traumatic brain injury caused by blast injury has emerged as a common health problem among U.S. servicemen and women, with an estimated 10 to 20 percent of the more than 2 million U.S. soldiers deployed in Iraq or Afghanistan having experienced TBI. The condition is associated with many neurological complications, including cognitive and motor decline, as well as acquisition of psychiatric symptoms like anxiety and depression, and brain tissue abnormalities that resemble Alzheimer's disease.

"The lack of neuroprotective treatments for traumatic brain injury is a serious problem in our society," says Andrew Pieper, M.D., Ph.D., senior study author and associate professor of psychiatry, neurology, and radiation oncology at the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine. "Everyone involved in this work is motivated to find a way to offer hope for patients, which today include both military personnel and civilians, by establishing a basis for a new treatment to combat the deleterious neuropsychiatric outcomes after blast injury."

It is known that TBI, as well as certain neurodegenerative diseases, damages axons - the tendril-like fibers that sprout from brains cells (neurons) and form the connections called synapses. In TBI, axon damage is followed by death of the neuron. The new study, published Sept. 11 in the journal Cell Reports, shows that a group of compounds, called the P7C3 series, blocks axon damage and preserves normal brain function following TBI.

Pieper led the team of scientists that discovered the P7C3 compound several years ago at UT Southwestern Medical Center. Subsequent studies showed that the root compound and its active analogs protect newborn neurons from cell death and also protect mature neurons in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

The researchers have also previously shown efficacy of P7C3 molecules in brain injury due to concussion, and plan to investigate whether these compound might be applicable in stroke as well, given that there appear to be common factors mediating neuronal cell death in these conditions.
Ref : http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(10)00672-0

Thursday, September 4, 2014

Two new vaccines can reduce the spread of meningitis by reducing the number of meningitis-causing bacteria that people carry, according to a new study.

Researchers tested the two vaccines -- MenACWY-CRM and 4CMenB -- on volunteers aged 18 to 24. MenACWY-CRM cut meningitis-causing bacteria populations in the nose and throat by 39 percent and 4CMenB lowered those populations by 20 to 30 percent.

Wednesday, September 3, 2014

An experimental drug shows promise in treating respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a leading cause of pneumonia in infants, researchers report.

"We are finally making major progress in being able to treat human RSV infections -- the world's second leading cause of serious viral pneumonia, second only to influenza virus," said study author Dr. John DeVincenzo, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Tennessee College of Medicine in Memphis.

"There is no current treatment or vaccine for RSV pneumonia, and so patients were previously forced to get over the virus by themselves," he said. RSV is the leading cause of hospitalization among infants in the United States, the researchers noted.

In this small study of 140 adults, the drug, dubbed GS-5806, reduced the amount of the virus in the systems of those who received the medication.

"For the first time, we showed that once we reduce the amount of virus in patients, they very quickly started to feel better," DeVincenzo said.

Tuesday, September 2, 2014

In a head-to-head comparison, an experimental drug was more effective than standard treatment at preventing deaths and hospitalizations in heart failure patients.

According to the study authors, the trial was stopped early because of the marked benefit of the new drug, dubbed LCZ696. [LCZ696 is an investigational combination drug consisting of two antihypertensives (blood pressure lowering drugs), valsartan (left below) and AHU-377 (right below), in a 1:1 mixture. It is being developed by Novartis. The combination is often described as a dual-acting angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi)]

In the trial, 26.5 percent of those getting the standard medication, enalapril (Vasotec), either died or were hospitalized due to heart failure, compared with 21.8 percent of those on the new drug. Enalapril belongs to a class of blood pressure-lowering medications known as ACE inhibitors.

"LCZ696 could become the new gold standard, replacing ACE inhibitors," said lead researcher Dr. John McMurray, a professor of cardiology at the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Glasgow, in Scotland.

LCZ696 combines two blood pressure drugs -- an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) and the neprilysin inhibitor known as sacubitril.

"We found that LCZ696 was superior to the gold-standard ACE inhibitor for heart failure -- an ACE inhibitor being the absolute cornerstone of treatment for this problem," he said.

Not only did LCZ696 beat enalapril, but it did that even when added to other treatments, McMurray noted.

"The new treatment was very well tolerated, with no significant safety concerns," he added.

Monday, September 1, 2014

A fortuitous collaboration has led to the total synthesis of a recently discovered natural antibiotic. The laboratory recreation of a fungus-derived antibiotic, viridicatumtoxin B, may someday help bolster the fight against bacteria that evolve resistance to treatments in hospitals and clinics around the world.

As part of the process, Rice organic chemist K.C. Nicolaou and structural biologist Yousif Shamoo and their colleagues created and tested a number of variants of viridicatumtoxin B that could lead to the simplified synthesis of a new generation of more effective antibiotics.

The work reported this month in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) focused on a tetracycline discovered in 2008 by scientists who isolated small amounts from penicillium fungi. The yield wasn't nearly enough for extensive testing, but it provided a basis for the discoverers to analyze its structure through magnetic resonance imaging, Nicolaou said.

"We're inspired by molecules that are biologically active and have the potential to become medicines one day," he said.

The new discovery belongs to a class of antibiotics known as tetracyclines for their distinctive molecular structure. They proved potent in initial tests on
Gram-positive bacteria, so named for a staining technique to mark bacteria that are more susceptible to antibiotics than their Gram-negative counterparts.

The first tetracyclines, discovered in the late 1940s, ushered in a new class of
powerful antibacterial agents to treat high-mortality diseases, among them
anthrax and plague as well as such bacterial infections as chlamydia, syphilis
and Lyme disease.

To find new weapons, especially against "superbugs" that resist nearly all antibiotics, synthetic chemists pursue the complex process of mimicking the
structures of effective natural molecules as they build drug candidates atom by atom.

"Tetracyclines are widespread antibiotics today, but bacteria are building resistance to a lot of them," Nicolaou said. "This new tetracycline is not plentiful in nature, so the only way we can make it available to study by biologists for its potential in medicine is to synthesize it in the laboratory."

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