Creating collective works or anthologies, by photocopying a number of copyrighted
articles and/or excerpts to be purchased and used together as a basic course
text, will usually require the copyright owner's permission. Such photocopying
is generally considered a substitute for book purchases, and is less likely
deemed fair use.

2.2 How to Obtain Permission

All University Printing Services Copy Centers now offer a copyright approval
service to obtain permission for material to be copied for educational purposes.
Contact a copy center or the Printing Office for more information.

If you must request permission to photocopy copyrighted material, you should
communicate complete and accurate information to the copyright owner. To expedite
the process, the American Association of Publishers suggests the following
information be included in the request letter:

Title, author and/or editor, and edition of materials to be duplicated.

Exact material to be used, giving amount, page numbers, chapters and,
if possible, a photocopy of the material.

Number of copies to be made.

Use to be made of duplicated materials (and duration of use).

Form of distribution (classroom, newsletter, etc).

Whether or not the material is to be sold.

Type of reprint (photocopy, photography, offset, typeset).

The request should be sent, together with a self-addressed return envelope,
to the permissions department of the publisher in question. If the address
of the publisher does not appear at the front of the material, it may be readily
obtained in a publication entitled THE LITERARY MARKETPLACE, published by
the R. R. Bowker Company and available in all libraries.

The process of granting permission requires time for the publisher to check
the status of the copyright and to evaluate the nature of the request. It
is advisable, therefore, to allow enough lead time (4-6 weeks) to obtain permission
before the materials are needed. In some instances, the publisher may assess
a fee for the permission. It is not inappropriate to pass this fee on to the
students who receive copies of the photocopied material.

The Copyright Clearance Center (CCC)
also has the right to grant permission and collect fees for photocopying rights
for certain publications. Libraries may copy from any journal which is registered
with the CCC and report the copying beyond fair use to CCC and pay the set
fee. A list of publications for which the CCC handles fees and permissions
is available from the CCC, 310 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y., 10017.