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6.
James-Lange Theory <ul><li>William James and Carl Lange proposed an idea that was diametrically opposed to the common-sense view. The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience. </li></ul>

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Cannon-Bard Theory <ul><li>Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James-Lange Theory and proposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously. </li></ul>

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Embodied Emotion <ul><li>We know that emotions involve bodily responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to discern (neurons activated in the brain). </li></ul>

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Emotions and Autonomic Nervous System <ul><li>During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us. </li></ul>

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Arousal and Performance <ul><li>Arousal in short spurts is adaptive. We perform better under moderate arousal, but optimal performance varies with task difficulty. </li></ul>

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Physiological Similarities <ul><li>Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar. </li></ul>Excitement and fear involve a similar physiological arousal. M. Grecco/ Stock Boston

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Physiological Differences <ul><li>Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy. </li></ul>The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from the right (depressed) for emotions.

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Cognition and Emotion <ul><li>What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel (emotion)? </li></ul><ul><li>Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking? </li></ul>

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Cognition Can Define Emotion <ul><li>An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event. </li></ul>Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting. AP Photo/ Nati Harnik Reuters/ Corbis

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Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion <ul><li>A subliminally presented happy face can encourage subjects to drink more than when presented with an angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003). </li></ul>Emotions are felt directly through the amygdala (a) or through the cortex (b) for analysis.

18.
Two Routes to Emotion <ul><li>Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that some emotions are immediate, without conscious appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions. </li></ul>

19.
Expressed Emotion Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal language of emotion universal?

20.
Nonverbal Communication <ul><li>Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through non-verbal communication. In a crowd of faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster than a single happy face (Fox et al. 2000). </li></ul>

21.
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior <ul><li>Women are much better at discerning nonverbal emotions than men. When shown sad, happy, and scary film clips women expressed more emotions than men. </li></ul>

22.
Detecting and Computing Emotion <ul><li>Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time. </li></ul>Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine? Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco

26.
Analyzing Emotion Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.

27.
The Effects of Facial Expression If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures. Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow. Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/ The New York Times Pictures

29.
Dimensions of Emotion People generally divide emotions into two dimensions.

30.
Fear Fear can torment us, rob us of sleep, and preoccupy our thinking. However, fear can be adaptive – it makes us run away from danger, it brings us closer as groups, and it protects us from injury and harm.

31.
Learning Fear Watson (1878-1958) We learn fear in two ways, either through conditioning and/or through observation . By Monika Suteski

32.
The Biology of Fear Some fears are easier to learn than others. The amygdala in the brain associates emotions like fear with certain situations. Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine and Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI) at UCLA. Art and brain modeling by Amanda Hammond, Jacopo Annese, and Authur Toga, LONI; spider art by Joon-Hyuck Kim

34.
Causes of Anger <ul><li>People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable. </li></ul><ul><li>People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains. </li></ul>

35.
Catharsis Hypothesis <ul><li>Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.” </li></ul>Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

36.
Cultural & Gender Differences <ul><li>Boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen to music. </li></ul><ul><li>Anger breeds prejudice. The 9/11 attacks led to an intolerance towards immigrants and Muslims. </li></ul><ul><li>The expression of anger is more encouraged in cultures that do not promote group behavior than in cultures that do promote group behavior. </li></ul>Wolfgang Kaehler

37.
Happiness People who are happy perceive the world as being safer. They are able to make decisions easily, are more cooperative, rate job applicants more favorably, and live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives.

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Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon <ul><li>When we feel happy we are more willing to help others. </li></ul>

39.
Subjective Well-Being <ul><li>Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on new positive psychology is on the rise. </li></ul>http://web.fineliving.com

40.
Emotional Ups and Downs Our positive moods rise to a maximum within 6-7 hours after waking up. Negative moods stay more or less the same throughout the day.

41.
Emotional Ups and Downs Over the long run, our emotional ups and downs tend to balance. Although grave diseases can bring individuals emotionally down, most people adapt. Courtesy of Anna Putt

42.
Wealth and Well-being Many people in the West believe that if they were wealthier, they would be happier. However, data suggests that they would only be happy temporarily.

43.
Wealth and Well-being <ul><li>In affluent societies, people with more money are happier than people who struggle for their basic needs. </li></ul><ul><li>People in rich countries are happier than people in poor countries. </li></ul><ul><li>A sudden rise in financial conditions makes people happy. </li></ul>However, people who live in poverty or in slums are also satisfied with their life.

44.
Does Money Buy Happiness? Wealth is like health: Its utter absence can breed misery, yet having it is no guarantee of happiness.

46.
Values & Life Satisfaction Students who value love more than money report higher life satisfaction.

47.
Happiness & Prior Experience <ul><li>Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: Like the adaptation to brightness, volume, and touch, people adapt to income levels. “Satisfaction has a short half-life” (Ryan, 1999). </li></ul>

48.
<ul><li>Happiness is not only relative to our past, but also to our comparisons with others. Relative Deprivation is the perception that we are relatively worse off than those we compare ourselves with. </li></ul>Happiness & Others’ Attainments

49.
Predictors of Happiness Why are some people generally more happy than others?