AbstractBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD), also known as dysmorphophobia, is a severe psychiatric disorder that occurs around the world. BDD is also defined as a syndrome characterized by an excessive preoccupation because of a presumed or minimal physical flaw in appearance that polarizes the energies of the subject. It is important to recognize and diagnose BDD, because this disorder is relatively common and causes significant distress. It is also associated with markedly poor quality of life. Although research on effective treatment is still limited, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are currently considered the medication treatment of choice. For symptoms to improve, a relatively high SRI dose and at least 12 weeks of treatment is often needed. The psychosocial treatment of choice is cognitive behavioral therapy. Although knowledge of BDD is rapidly increasing, further research is needed on all aspects of this disorder, including treatment studies, epidemiology studies, and investigation of its cross-cultural features and pathogenesis. Steiner, H. (2011)

Discussion
What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder?“In the 1970s and ‘80s anorexia was now recognised, but dysmorphia has only been recognised in the last few years in the media. Even now people say ‘what is BDD?’” Walker, L., & Lee, J. (2010) Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a mental illness in which a person cannot stop thinking about a flaw with their appearance. “Instead I had the pressures of gaining weight, losing weight, changing body shape and getting wrinkles” Walker, L., & Lee, J. (2010). Some BDD symptoms include skin picking, excessive grooming, avoidance of mirrors, refusal to appear in pictures, and extreme self-consciousness. “Dysmorphia is not just wanting...

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...BodyDysmorphicDisorderBodydysmorphicdisorder is defined by the DSM-IV-TR as a condition marked by a preoccupation with an imaginary or minor defect in a facial feature or localized part of the body. The concern over one’s perceived defect is markedly excessive, and this preoccupation causes significant distress or impairment in one’s functioning (APA, 2000). In addition, people with the disorder experience significant levels of negative thinking, self-criticism, shame, anxiety and depression (Phillips, 2004).From research, it has been shown that people with BDD have poor insight and almost half of them are delusional (Feusner et. al., 2009). Concerns can involve preoccupations with the face, the hair, or size and shape of any other body part. They can engage in a variety of behaviors that have become symptomatic of this disorder. Some camouflage themselves to hide their perceived defect. This may involve wearing heavy make-up or certain clothes and accessories that conceal any perceived flaws. Checking one’s appearance either directly or in reflective surface, often referred to as mirror-gazing, and excessive grooming are other common behaviors.
The most affected group is teenagers whose bodies are continually changing in shape and size (Alexandra, 2008). Though the prevalence of the disorder is...

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9/29/14
Psych 212-008
Presentation Paper
BodyDysmorphicDisorder
No one in this world is perfect; everyone has body flaws that people might not notice. The average person goes through the day without thinking about the body flaws they have, but some people can’t go one second without obsessing over a certain flaw on their body. This is what is known as BodyDysmorphicDisorder or Body Dysmorphia. BodyDysmorphicDisorder is a complex psychological disorder because the disorder itself isn’t necessarily harmful, but can be the start of a plethora of other disorders. It is important to know what exactly BodyDysmorphicDisorder is, and understand the effects and treatment for BodyDysmorphicDisorder.
What is BodyDysmorphicDisorder? BodyDysmorphicDisorder is the obsession of a physical flaw, real or perceived, that is insignificant on one’s self (Kollei 2013). How do you know if someone has Body Dysmorphia? If someone spends hours upon hours worrying about the flaw and spends time looking or touching the flaw then it is considered Body...

...BodyDysmorphicDisorder
Previously known as Dysmorphophobia, BodyDysmorphicDisorder was first documented in 1886 by Morselli. The name changed to the latter and was accepted into the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, or DSM in 1987 (Wikipedia). Shortened to BDD, this disorder is characterized by a person who is obsessively preoccupied with changing their outward appearance to become more attractive when outsiders see nothing in need of such changes. These bodily obsessions can be about any number of physical features including, but not limited to: hair, weight, skin, nose, eyes, waist, and height.
Usually diagnosed in one’s teenage years, there are many causes of BodyDysmorphicDisorder, from psychological to environmental. Some psychological causes may be excessive teasing or bullying and childhood abuse. Environmental stimuli, such as television, movies, and magazines, all give children an unreal portrayal of what people are supposed to look like (Wikipedia).
Symptoms of BDD are often determined by the nature of the patient’s “defect.” Some symptoms, as noted by Wikipedia, are: obsessive thoughts about perceived appearance defects, social and family withdrawal (also called social phobia or agoraphobia), thoughts of suicide, anxiety, and continuous low self-esteem. These symptoms are serious...

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Nursing Research Paper
BodyDysmorphicDisorder or “Imagined Ugliness” is a mental disorder that is chronic with . This disorder mainly affects the individual by amplifying a minor flaw or defect to the person. So much so that they spend hours upon hours wondering if they should isolate themselves indoors or going outside at the risk someone might look upon their flaw. The individuals affected by BDD see themselves as ugly or unattractive, some even try to improve their appearance through plastic surgery often not satisfied with the results. Behavior is paranoid to the point that they obsessively look in the mirror for any flaws. Most of the areas in an individual's body with BDD are skin imperfections, hair, facial features, and body weight. The specific cause of BDD is unknown, but contributing factors include chemical and structural brain differences, genes, and the environment.
Chemical differences may occur due to malfunctioning neurotransmitters that are liked to mood, such as serotonin and epinephrine. Structural brain differences might be a result of a congenital defect or improper/under development of the brain. Genetics come into play as well, links have been made with those who have a history of family members with the disorder; which means that there at a disposition to have the disorder. The environment has a profound...

...FAVOURITE PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER
Of all the known classified disorders in the DSM IV, BodyDysmorphicdisorder is probably the least researched and less prevalent than all Somatoform disorders. So much so, that a lot of psychology students have either never even heard of it, or else are unaware of it being a Somatoform disorder, until they start studying clinical psychology. If this is the case, then we cannot really blame the multitude of ignorance, which have had no experience with psychology. The first time I heard the term was roughly about 10 years ago, on The Oprah Winfrey Show( you have to admit, nothing escapes that woman), wherein she interviewed two people diagnosed as having BDD. Now, while dissatisfaction with one’s body and appearances are common with all of us, the two of them were however on a different plane of thinking all together. The first person was this dashingly handsome “rico suave” kinda guy you’d ever have seen. The kind if he was a movie star then girls would stick his posters all over their bedroom walls. And there he sat on Oprah’s couch, calling himself ugly. He went as far as to say that there were days when he never looked in the mirror for fear of killing himself stemming from pure self loathing and disgust? How was that even possible, I thought to myself? He was 6 feet tall for heaven’s sake! And then Oprah went on to explain...

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PART A – Health Review What is a health concern? BodyDysmorphicDisorder (BDD) is a severe but relatively common psychiatric somatoform disorder that is associated with impairment in functioning and a markedly poor quality of life is (Barlow, 2005). BDD sufferers are characterized by an obsessive concern with a part of their physical appearance that they deem to be ‘flawed’ or ‘deformed’, even when the perceived flaw is actually minimal or non-existent (Grant et al, 2001). The preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, academic, or role functioning (Medicinenet, 2008). The social implications of the illness results in patients suffering from emotional depression, anxiety, social withdrawal or social isolation and avoiding social interactions and intimate relationships for fear of ridicule and humiliation in regards to their appearance (Grant et al, 2001). BDD patients experience unusually high levels of stress, diminished concentration and productivity, which more often then not results in sufferers dropping out of school or ceasing employment (Perugi et al, 1998). Because of an intense fear of confronting their insecurity, patients can become secretive and reluctant to seek help and instead believe that fixing the perceived ‘deformity’ is the only option to achieve internal contentment (Phillips, 2004). BDD is often misconceived as a...

...Body Fat and Eating Disorders
Ann Johnson
SCI/241
Clayton Wilson
July 22, 2012
(Axia) University of Phoenix
Eating disorders and weight loss has been always a challenge in the United States. Psychologist has been trying to motivate and encouraging people to lose weight. Focusing on the dangerous methods that can be harmful, such as anorexics nervosas and bulimia, which lead to many eating disorders, which causes thebodies into a dimorphic disorders, into conditions that a one become obsessive with the body which shows a body defect. It has been an epidemic in the media and in the societies where it has an on-going conception of being beautiful, which can have an effect on the body images. The large amount of body fats has provided energy, insulations, organs protection and maintaining of the body function. There will be a struggle beginning by a one taking in too much calories that is used and are compound with the substance of the supply of food which cause the bodies to have excessive fats. The Circumstance can be disruptive with regular functioning, such as having stresses or lack of sleepiness, in addition to the problems, which causes a level of hormones, which becomes very high or very low, encouraging cells to retain fat.
Hormonal imbalance can cause body fat that lead to...

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Living With Social Anxiety DisorderLiving with Social Anxiety Disorder
Social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia or SAD, is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. (Schneier, 2006) It is an anxiety disorder in which a person has an excessive and unreasonable fear of social situations. Anxiety (intense nervousness) and self-consciousness arise from a fear of being closely watched, judged, and criticized by others. A person with social anxiety disorder is afraid that he or she will make mistakes, look bad, and be embarrassed or humiliated in front of others. (The Journal of the American Medical Association [JAMA], 1998) The fear may be made worse by a lack of social skills or experience in social situations. The anxiety can build into a panic attack. As a result of the fear, the person endures certain social situations in extreme distress or may avoid them altogether. In addition, people with social anxiety disorder often suffer "anticipatory" anxiety, the fear of a situation before it even happens, for days or weeks before the event. In many cases, the person is aware that the fear is unreasonable, yet is unable to overcome it. (American Journal of Psychiatry, 1999)
A distinction is sometimes made between two forms of social phobia. One kind, called discrete performance anxiety, reflects fear of...