100 Greatest is a long-running TV strand on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom that has been broadcasting since 1999. The "list show" programmes are generally public polls, and reflect the votes of visitors to the Channel 4 website. However, the results of some of the polls are determined by experts, the programmes are usually broadcast in the weekend schedule, in three- or four-hour blocks, throughout the year. They are also repeated on E4 on Saturday nights or on Sunday nights.

1.
Graham Norton
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Graham William Walker, better known as Graham Norton, is an Irish television and radio presenter, DJ, comedian, actor, and writer. He is a five-time BAFTA TV Award winner for his comedy chat show The Graham Norton Show, previously shown on BBC Two, it took the prestigious Friday night slot on BBC One from The Jonathan Ross Show in 2010. He also presents on BBC Radio 2 and is the BBC television commentator of the Eurovision Song Contest, Norton is known for his innuendo-laden dialogue and flamboyant presentation style. In 2012, he sold his company, So Television. In a 2004 poll for the BBC, Norton was named the eighth most influential person in British culture, Norton was born in Clondalkin, a suburb of Dublin, and grew up in Bandon, County Cork. His family are members of the Church of Ireland and his fathers family were from County Wicklow, while his mother was Northern Irish, from Belfast. Norton took part in the TV programme Who Do You Think You Are. to trace his ancestry. Norton was educated at Bandon Grammar School, in West Cork, and then University College, Cork, in June 2013, he received an honorary doctorate from University College Cork, he occasionally mentions this in order to win on-air arguments on his BBC Radio 2 show. Norton moved to London and attended the Central School of Speech and he also worked as a waiter during that time. Upon joining the actors union Equity, he chose Norton as his stage name, as there was already an actor called Graham Walker. His rise to fame began as one of the successes of Channel 5. In 1996, he co-hosted the late-night quiz show Carnal Knowledge on ITV with Maria McErlane. In 1996, Norton played the part of Father Noel Furlong in three episodes of the Channel 4 series Father Ted, which was set on the fictional Craggy Island off the west coast of Ireland, Father Furlong was often seen taking charge of the St. Lukes Youth Group. After this early success, Norton moved to Channel 4 to host his own shows including So Graham Norton. As a performer who is not only gay, but also camp and flamboyant, it was here that Nortons act was fully honed as a cheeky. In 2003, he was the subject of controversy in the United Kingdom when, on his show on Channel 4, also in 2003, Norton was listed in The Observer as one of the 1000 funniest acts in British comedy. In the summer of 2004, Norton ventured into American television, the Graham Norton Effect debuted on 24 June 2004 on Comedy Central, and was also broadcast in the UK on BBC Three. In the midst of controversy surrounding Justin Timberlake and Janet Jacksons Super Bowl performance, Norton was wary of moving into the market

2.
Vinnie Jones
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Vincent Peter Vinnie Jones is a British actor and former professional footballer who played as a midfielder from 1984 to 1999 notably for Wimbledon, Leeds United, Sheffield United and Chelsea. Born in Watford, Hertfordshire, England, Jones represented and captained the Welsh national football team, having qualified via a Welsh grandparent. As a member of the Crazy Gang, he won the 1988 FA Cup Final with Wimbledon and he also played for Chelsea, Leeds United, Sheffield United and Queens Park Rangers. Jones was a midfielder who was especially noted for his very aggressive style of play. Jones appeared in Celebrity Big Brother 2010, where he finished in place behind Dane Bowers. Jones was born in Watford, Hertfordshire, to Peter and Glenda Jones and he attended Dollis Junior School in Mill Hill, north London. After leaving school and rising to fame, Jones would regularly visit the school due to his relationship with the now deceased Headteacher Sir Derek Heasman. His family relocated to Hertfordshire where he later attended Chancellors School in nearby Brookmans Park. Jones career in began in 1984, when he was 19 years old. He combined football with working as a hod carrier on building sites and he played one season with Swedish club IFK Holmsund in 1986, helping to lead the team to a Division 3 victory. In 1986, he moved to professional status with Wimbledon. He scored on only his second appearance for Wimbledon on 29 November 1986 and he was transferred to Leeds United in 1989. He was promoted to the old Division One from the Second Division, Jones left Leeds United early in the 1990–91 season after losing his first-team place to youngsters David Batty and Gary Speed, as well as new signing Gary McAllister. He returned to Leeds for Lucas Radebes testimonial in 2006 and his former Wimbledon manager Dave Bassett signed him for Sheffield United on his exit from Elland Road, before selling him to Chelsea a year later. After just one year at Stamford Bridge, he was back with Wimbledon in the 1992-93 season and he helped Wimbledon equal their best ever league finish in 1993-94, when they finished sixth in the Premier League. Three seasons later, he contributed to another season for the club. That season he scored the goal as Wimbledon won 1-0 against Arsenal at Highbury. His second exit from Wimbledon came when he became player/coach of QPR in early 1998, in December 1994, Jones was named in the Wales squad qualifying via his Ruthin-born maternal grandfather

3.
Bob Mortimer
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Robert Renwick Bob Mortimer is an English comedian and actor. He performs with Vic Reeves as part of Vic and Bob and he owned the now defunct production company Pett Productions with Reeves and Lisa Clark. Mortimers father was a salesman who died in a car crash when Mortimer was very young. Mortimer attended Acklam High School on the site of Acklam Hall in Acklam and his schoolmates included Ali Brownlee, who would go on to become a sports presenter on BBC Tees. He trialled for local football club Middlesbrough, but was not able to take the sport up due to arthritis. He left school with three A-levels and went on to law at the universities of Sussex and Leicester. There, Mortimer became involved in causes and the punk movement. After leaving university with an LLM in Welfare Law, Mortimer moved to London and he then moved to a private practice. In 1986, Mortimer went to the Goldsmiths Tavern in New Cross, Mortimer was impressed by the performance, particularly the character Tappy Lappy, which was Reeves attempting to tap dance while wearing a Bryan Ferry mask and planks on his feet. Mortimer approached Reeves after the show, and the two began writing material for the weeks show together. They also became friends, even forming a band called the Potters Wheel. Mortimer began to perform on the show, which was christened Vic Reeves Big Night Out, creating such characters as the Singing Lawyer, Graham Lister, Judge Nutmeg and the Man With the Stick. The show became successful in South London and eventually outgrew Goldsmiths Tavern. Mortimer soon became a part of the performance, providing him with a weekly break from the legal work. He once quipped that the straw was a run in with a mugger who, recognising Mortimer as having represented him legally, promptly stood down. Reeves and Mortimer made their debut on the short-lived 1989 comedy chat show One Hour with Jonathan Ross. Later that year, the duo made their first television pilot together, the television show remained true to the nightclub acts variety show format. Mortimer took a 10-week break from his job to film the series

4.
Jimmy Carr
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James Anthony Patrick Jimmy Carr is a British stand-up comedian, television host and actor, known for his signature laugh, deadpan delivery, dark humour, and use of edgy one-liners. He is also a writer, actor, and presenter of radio, Carr moved to a career in comedy in 2000 and has since become successful. Carr was born in Isleworth, London to Irish parents from Limerick, Patrick James Carr, an accountant who became the treasurer for computer company Unisys and he is the middle of three brothers. His parents married in 1970 and separated in 1994 but never divorced, the family remained in contact with its Irish roots and made frequent trips to Limerick, and Kilkee, County Clare. Carr holds both British and Irish citizenship and is a self-described plastic Paddy, after earning four A grades at the GCE Advanced Level exams, Carr read political science at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He graduated with a 2,1 in 1994, Carr has hosted Channel 4 game shows Distraction and Your Face or Mine. He presented the 100s series of programmes for Channel 4,100 Worst Pop Records,100 Worst Britons,100 Greatest Cartoon Characters,100 People Who Look Most Like Jimmy Carr and 100 Scary Moments. From 2004 until 2006, Carr hosted a United States version of Distraction for Comedy Central and he was also nominated for the 2006 Rose dOr award for Best Game Show Host. Carr presents The Big Fat Quiz of the Year on Channel 4 each December and he has also presented special episodes known as The Big Fat Quiz of Everything. Since 2005, Carr has presented the panel show 8 Out of 10 Cats. The show aired on Channel 4 until 2016 when it moved to More4, since 2012, Carr has also presented 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown, a combination of his panel show 8 Out of 10 Cats and daytime quiz show Countdown. In April 2010, Carr hosted the first British version of a comedy roast show, on 6 May 2010, he was a co-host of Channel 4s Alternative Election Night, along with David Mitchell, Lauren Laverne, and Charlie Brooker. He joined the three presenters again for 10 OClock Live, a Channel 4 comedy current affairs show, which started airing in January 2011, in 2014 and 2015, Carr guest presented two episodes of Sunday Night at the Palladium on ITV. Widdecombe later stated, I dont think I shall return to this programme, Carr has appeared on Never Mind the Buzzcocks twice. He has appeared on at least one episode per season of A League of Their Own, during a guest appearance on the BBC motoring show Top Gear, Carr set a new celebrity test track lap record on the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car segment. He was described as the worst driver weve ever had and the luckiest man alive by Top Gears test driver the Stig. Carr hosted an edition of the show, and on the Top Gear Live World Tour of 2009–2010 he hosted the section Carmageddon in which the Stig successfully attempted a gear change. In the US, he has appeared on Late Night with Conan OBrien twice, Carr appeared on the Irish news comedy show The Panel

5.
Denise van Outen
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Denise van Outen is an English actress, singer, dancer and presenter. Born Denise Kathleen Outen in Basildon, Essex, she is the youngest of Ted and she has a brother Terry and sister Jackie. At the age of seven, she began modelling for knitting patterns and this resulted in her attending the Sylvia Young Theatre School. As a teenager she had roles on a number of television dramas including Kappatoo. She also sang with Cathy Warwick in girl group Those2Girls, by which time she had become Denise van Outen and she also did backing vocals with Melanie Blatt for the band Dreadzone. Van Outen was voted Rear of the Year in 1999, and was top of a poll to find the most desired bikini body in a 2007 poll of readers of Grazia magazine. Among her earliest roles was that of Dorothy in a version of The Wizard of Oz set in the present day made for British Channel Five in 1995. During her first stint on the Big Breakfast show, she appeared as Jill in ITV1s version of the pantomime Jack, wanting to further develop her acting career, she left The Big Breakfast at the end of 1998. Van Outen has also appeared in film, initially as Maureen in the crime comedy Love, Honour, in the anthology film Tube Tales, set on the London Underground, she played the lead character of Alex in the Horny segment, directed by Stephen Hopkins. Van Outen has played a role in the romantic comedy Are You Ready For Love. She first played Roxie Hart on the stage in the hit musical Chicago at the Adelphi Theatre in the West End in April 2001 and her run proved a hit with theatre-goers, selling out for the entire 20 weeks. Unknown in the United States, she reprised her role on Broadway in the spring of 2002, late the same year, Van Outen appeared as one of many special guest stars in a performance of The Play What I Wrote once again in Londons West End. In 2003, she returned to the London stage at the Gielgud Theatre in Andrew Lloyd Webbers one-woman show Tell Me on a Sunday and she was a huge success and the show ran for nearly a year. She then joined the cast of the established ITV sentimental drama Where the Heart Is as one of the characters, playing single mother Kim Blakeney. Van Outen played Maureen in the 2007 London revival of Rent Remixed directed by William Baker until 22 December and she was forced to cancel some performances owing to a throat infection. In July 2009, van Outen played Mary in Hotel Babylon for the BBC and her character was at the hotel for a science convention. In August 2009, van Outen made her Edinburgh Festival Fringe debut in Blondes, Van Outen took over the role of Paulette Bonafonté from Jill Halfpenny in the West End production of Legally Blonde on 25 October 2010. She continued in the role for 6 months, in 2012, Van Outen was cast in the film of the Ray Cooney farce Run for Your Wife alongside Danny Dyer, Sarah Harding and Neil Morrissey

6.
John Cleese
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John Marwood Cleese is an English actor, voice actor, screenwriter, producer, and comedian. He achieved success at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and as a scriptwriter and performer on The Frost Report. In the mid-1970s, Cleese and his first wife, Connie Booth, co-wrote and starred in the British sitcom Fawlty Towers, with Cleese receiving the 1980 BAFTA for Best Entertainment Performance. Later, he co-starred with Kevin Kline, Jamie Lee Curtis and he also starred in Clockwise and has appeared in many other films, including two James Bond films as R and Q, two Harry Potter films, and the last three Shrek films. With Yes Minister writer Antony Jay, he co-founded Video Arts, in 1976, Cleese co-founded The Secret Policemans Ball benefit shows to raise funds for the human rights organisation Amnesty International. Cleese was born in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, the child of Reginald Francis Cleese, an insurance salesman. His familys surname was originally Cheese, but his father had thought it was embarrassing, as a child, Cleese supported Bristol City FC and Somerset County Cricket Club. Cleese was educated at St Peters Preparatory School, where he received a prize for English and did well at cricket, when he was 13, he was awarded an exhibition at Clifton College, an English public school in Bristol. He was already more than 6 feet tall by then, Cleese allegedly defaced the school grounds, as a prank, by painting footprints to suggest that the statue of Field Marshal Earl Haig had got down from his plinth and gone to the toilet. Cleese played cricket in the First XI and did well academically, passing 8 O-Levels and 3 A-Levels in mathematics, physics, I believe that this moment changed my perspective on the world. He then took up a place he had won at Downing College, Cambridge and he also joined the Cambridge Footlights. He recalled that he went to the Cambridge Guildhall, where each university society had a stall and he replied no as he was not allowed to sing at his school because he was so bad, and if there was anything worse than his singing, it was his dancing. He was then asked Well, what do you do, to which he replied, I make people laugh. At the Footlights theatrical club, he spent a lot of time with Tim Brooke-Taylor and Bill Oddie, Cleese wrote extra material for the 1961 Footlights Revue I Thought I Saw It Move, and was Registrar for the Footlights Club during 1962. He was also in the cast of the 1962 Footlights Revue Double Take, Cleese graduated from Cambridge in 1963 with a 2,1. Despite his successes on The Frost Report, his father would send him cuttings from The Daily Telegraph offering management jobs in places like Marks, Cleese was a scriptwriter, as well as a cast member, for the 1963 Footlights Revue A Clump of Plinths. After Cambridge Circus, Cleese briefly stayed in America, performing on, while performing in the musical Half a Sixpence, Cleese met future Python Terry Gilliam, as well as American actress Connie Booth, whom he married on 20 February 1968. At their wedding at a Unitarian Church in Manhattan, the couple attempted to ensure an absence of any theistic language

7.
Dickie Davies
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Richard Dickie Davies is a British television presenter, best known for presenting World of Sport from 1968 until 1985. Davies attended Oldershaw Grammar School after passing his eleven-plus, he then did National Service in the RAF and was a purser on the Queen Mary and his first job in broadcasting was as an announcer for Southern Television. In the early stages of his career, Davies was known by his name, Richard Davies. Davies began work on the World of Sport in 1963 as understudy to Eamonn Andrews, taking over the role of presenter in 1968 when Andrews left the show. Davies became known for the white quiff of hair on his forehead, and this became his trademark appearance, and was also much loved by TV comedy impressionists during his years on World of Sport. After World of Sport ended in 1985, Davies stayed with ITV, presenting boxing and snooker and he left ITV Sport in August 1989. After leaving ITV, Davies joined the original incarnation of Eurosport, which was owned by Sky. He fronted their snooker coverage, including the one-off 1991 Mita World Masters and he presented sports bulletins from his home for Classic FM in its early days. In 1995, Davies suffered a stroke, which forced him to give up his work on Classic FM, in the late-1990s, he fronted Dickie Davies Sporting Heroes and Bobby Charltons Football Scrapbook for British Sky Broadcasting. In 2005, he presented a one-off special 50 Years of World of Sport for ITV and he also narrated two DVDs looking back on the years of British wrestling coverage on ITV, a sport he admits he hated. He is a member of a frozen food company. Davies is also the president of Sandford Springs Golf Club, which is owned by Leaderboard Golf

8.
Fern Britton
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Fern Britton is an English television presenter, best known for her television work with ITV and the BBC. Britton came to attention when she presented Ready Steady Cook between 1994 and 2000 on BBC One. Britton was presenter of ITVs This Morning programme from 1999 to 2009, in 2012, Britton participated in Strictly Come Dancing, where she was paired with professional dancer Artem Chigvintsev. Britton was born in Ealing, London, to English actor Tony Britton and his first wife and she attended Dr Challoners High School in Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire and the Central School of Speech and Drama, where she trained in stage management. She stayed until the demise of TVS in December 1992, in January 1993, she joined London News Networks London Tonight, before moving in April 1993 to GMTV to present the post-9,00 am slot, Top of the Morning. Britton moved back to Carlton Television to present After Five in 1994 and she also appeared in the first two series of The Brian Conley Show. Britton had guest presented This Morning since 1993, but from September 1999 she became a full-time host presenting the Friday edition with John Leslie, in 2002 Fern became the main host of the series along with John Leslie and, later, with Phillip Schofield. In 2006, Britton co-presented the reality television show Soapstar Superstar, on 31 May 2007, she hosted the Classical Brit Awards at the Royal Albert Hall and she also co-hosted The British Soap Awards from 2006 until 2008 with Phillip Schofield. In 2007, Britton presented her own ITV Saturday night series called Thats What I Call Television, in each show, she was joined by a celebrity co-host who selected their favourite TV moments from the 1980s and then reunited some of the original stars of selected shows. Julian Clary was her first co-host, followed by Matthew Kelly on the second show, in December 2007, a Christmas edition was broadcast with co-host Ronnie Corbett, and a week later another was broadcast, this time with Desmond Lynam. From 2008 until 2010, Britton co-presented a revival of the ITV show Mr & Mrs and she co-hosted the show with Phillip Schofield. In November 2008, Britton announced she was to take a break from This Morning, Britton announced on 25 March 2009 that she was leaving This Morning, after 10 years, at the end of the current series. Two days after quitting This Morning, Britton pulled out of hosting the 2009 British Soap Awards alongside co-host Phillip Schofield, on 17 July 2009, Brittons 52nd birthday, her farewell This Morning programme was aired. She wept as the cast and crew and her friends paid tribute, Britton will make her comeback to ITV in 2017, presenting daytime series Culinary Genius. In 1994, Britton presented the popular television cookery gameshow Ready Steady Cook, which she continued until 2000. Britton has also appeared twice as a panellist on the BBC panel show, Have I Got News for You, in 2009, Britton returned to the BBC and was a team captain on the BBC One trivia panel show As Seen on TV. Since 2009, Britton hosted a series for BBC One called Fern Britton Meets. in which she interviewed high-profile personalities about their religious beliefs, since 2014, Britton has presented The Big Allotment Challenge for BBC Two. The series was commissioned for a series which aired in early 2015

9.
ITV Tyne Tees
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ITV Tyne Tees, previously known as Tyne Tees, Channel 3 North East and Tyne Tees Television, is the ITV television franchise for North East England and parts of North Yorkshire. Tyne Tees is owned and operated by ITV plc under the licensee of ITV Broadcasting Limited. The analogue signals in the Tyne Tees region were switched off in 2012, making the station, along with ITV London and UTV, Tyne-Tees Television Ltd and Tyne-Tees Television Holdings still legally exist. Each of these companies is, along with most other companies owned by ITV plc. Tyne Tees has contributed programming to the ITV network and Channel 4. Some of Tyne Tees best known programming includes the music show The Tube, critically acclaimed adaptations of Catherine Cookson novels. The ownership and management structure of Tyne Tees has altered across its history, the two stations were managed by Trident Television during the 1970s, and the two stations were merged again in the 1990s to form Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television. A series of takeovers and mergers across the ITV network, instigated by the large groups Granada and Carlton, Independent television was introduced to Britain in September 1955. Initially only available in the London region, commercial television steadily became available in other regions, after a financially difficult time for the first ITV companies, the Independent Television Authority decided to offer independent television to the rest of the country and advertised for bids. Several offers were submitted, including from the four companies. North East England was the last of the English regions without a television transmitter, Sir Richard Pease headed a local consortium that included film producer Sydney Box and News Chronicle executives George and Alfred Black. The contract was awarded on 12 December 1957, Tyne Tees is named after two of the regions three primary rivers. ITA considered the name, North East England, was imprecise. Some of the suggestions were rejected, Three Rivers Television for being obscure, and Tyne, Wear. Eventually, in October 1958, the name Tyne Tees was announced, the other major river, the Wear, was represented within Tyne Tees early signature tune Three Rivers Fantasy. The BBC transmitted their programmes from the Pontop Pike transmitting station in County Durham, the ITA built a new transmitter nearby at Burnhope, to cover an area from Alnwick to Northallerton, and west to Middleton-in-Teesdale. Television sets required a new aerial, the Yagi array, to receive the high frequency that the transmitter was using, Tyne Tees went on air at 5 pm on 15 January 1959, three years after the first British independent television station. The then-prime minister Harold Macmillan, who had been the Member of Parliament for the nearby Stockton-on-Tees for two decades, was interviewed live on the opening night and this was followed by a live variety show, named The Big Show, broadcast from a small studio

10.
ITV Yorkshire
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ITV Yorkshire is the British television service provided by ITV Broadcasting Limited for the Yorkshire franchise area on the ITV network. Until 1974, this was primarily the historic county of Yorkshire and parts of neighbouring counties served by the Emley Moor, on 1 January 2007, the company transferred its programme production business to ITV Studios Limited. As a consequence, Yorkshire Television Limited ceased to trade on 1 January 2007, Yorkshire Television Ltd still legally exists, but its licence is now owned and operated by ITV plc under the licence name of ITV Broadcasting Limited. Yorkshire Television Ltd is, along with most other companies owned by ITV plc. ITV Yorkshire, previously known as Yorkshire Television, and sometimes abbreviated to YTV or Yorkshire, has its origins in the 1967 franchise round. That round stipulated that the influential pan-North region, the licence which was owned by Granada Television and ABC, consequently, it was decided that Granada would keep the North West franchise and a new franchise created for Yorkshire. Ten formal bids were received by the date, another less-serious bid, Diddy TV. Telefusion Yorkshire Limited, created by the Blackpool-based TV rental chain Telefusion and it was chosen on the condition that it merged with another applicant Yorkshire Independent Television. The new venture initially chose the name Yorkshire Television Network but decided to drop the word Network before going on air, the station began broadcasting on 29 July 1968 from new studios at Kirkstall Road in Leeds. After an opening ceremony led by The Duchess of Kent, the stations first programme was live coverage of a Test cricket match between England and Australia at Headingley. The station was hit hard financially when the transmitter mast at Emley Moor collapsed in March 1969 under a heavy build-up of ice and this left the major part of the region uncovered by Yorkshire Television plus BBC2 who broadcast from the same mast. A temporary mast was erected and television to the West Riding of Yorkshire resumed. From this, the company grew and by May 1970 the company was making profits of over £689,000, in June 1969, talks began between Yorkshire and Anglia about achieving a cost cutting exercise by sharing equipment and facilities. Neither company planned joint productions or a merger, the decision to form an association was purely down to the costs of the increase levy on the companies advertising revenue by the government, and the cost of colour TV. ITA stated there was no reason why the companies should not have talks about sensible economies that could be made and this seriously reduced YTVs monopoly commercial broadcast area. Partially to address this issue, in 1974 the Independent Broadcasting Authority reallocated the Belmont Transmitter, then served by Anglia Television, to YTV. It is often contended that the point of the trident was intended to be Anglia Television. However, it appears that the point was to be Tridents non-television interests

11.
Shine Limited
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Shine TV is a British media production company and part of the Shine Group with offices in London and Manchester. Shine Limited was founded in March 2001 by Elisabeth Murdoch, daughter of News Corporation CEO Rupert Murdoch. The company was 80% owned by Elisabeth Murdoch, 15% by Lord Alli, and 5% by BSkyB, Shine TV is also a supplier of franchise television to broadcasters around the globe including the BBC, Channel Five, Channel 4, HBO, and the RTL Group. In 2006 Shine acquired Kudos Film and Television, Princess Productions and Dragonfly Film and Television Productions to create the Shine Group, in October 2014, 21st Century Fox and Apollo Global Management announced the planned merger of Shine Group with Endemol and Core Media Group. This was finalised in 2015. tv Official website

12.
ITV Studios
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ITV Studios is a television production company owned by the British television broadcaster ITV plc. It is primarily based in Greater Manchester and London in the United Kingdom and it was formerly ITV Productions, and originally Granada Productions. ITV Studios not only makes programmes primarily for its parent company ITV plc, the division is also responsible for ITVs production facilities The London Studios, 3SixtyMedia, and location hire company ProVision. ITV Studios Global Entertainment is responsible for sales of finished programmes, formats, programmes on non-ITV channels retained the Granada brand until 2009. Many of the programmes shown on ITV network show the end-board featuring the ITV Studios logo after the credits as of 2009, ITV Studios is a major commercial TV producer in the UK, creating over 3,500 hours of original programming each year across all genres except news. Its network programmes include Coronation Street, Emmerdale, Heartbeat, Marple and Agatha Christies Poirot, Brainiac, Science Abuse, parkinson, Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway, Tonight, The Jeremy Kyle Show and This Morning. ITV Studios also produces programmes for other UK broadcasters outside of its own network and these include the BBC, Channel 4, Channel 5 and BSkyB. ITV Studios is based in London and Manchester, with the centre in Leeds now only home to Emmerdale, the production centres in Bristol and Norwich closed in 2006 and 2012 respectively. ITV Studios also owns So Television after acquiring Graham Nortons production company in 2012, on 22 April 2013, ITV announced they had acquired production company The Garden for £18 million, which is best known for producing Channel 4 series 24 Hours in A&E. In 2013, ITV launched a new company named Potato. 2016 sees ITV Studios secure a four-year British horse racing deal which will see the Cheltenham Festival, since 14 January 2013, the ITV logo has been added to the opening credits of the majority of ITV Studios-produced shows airing on ITVs channels, similar to the BBC. In 2004, a duopoly had formed, and Granada owned six franchises, Granada bought a 64% controlling stake and took over Carlton in 2004 with the amalgamation of ITV. Consequently, programmes produced by all divisions were referred to as A Granada Manchester Production, A Granada London Production, in 2006, Granada, in association with FremantleMedia North America, produced Gameshow Marathon, an American version of Ant & Decs Gameshow Marathon for CBS. The company was formerly Granada America but was re-branded in May 2009, ITV announced on 7 May 2014, the acquisition of Leftfield Entertainment Group, which produces shows such as Pawn Stars, Counting Cars and American Restoration. The company has its origins in production company Artist Services, a company formed in 1989 by a group of investors including Steve Vizard, producing many classic shows. Half of the company was sold to John Fairfax Holdings in 1995 for A$9 million, in 1998, the entire company was acquired by Granada for A$25 million. The company rebranded as ITV Studios Australia in January 2013, with the first program carrying the new branding being the season of ABC comedy program Shaun Micallefs Mad as Hell. ITV Studios Germany programmes include Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus, Star Duell and Deutschlands Beste Doppelgänger for RTL, and East-West German comedy Ei Verbibbsch for Sat.1

13.
Objective Media Group
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Objective Media Group, previously known as Objective Productions, is a media company that produces shows in Comedy, Comedy Drama, Entertainment, Factual Entertainment and Magic. It has produced shows including The Cube, Breaking Magic, The Real Hustle, Peep Show, Fresh Meat, Objective Fiction, works with scripted comedy and comedy drama. Panda Television, works with studio shows, quiz and gameshows, second Star Productions, works with factual entertainment, reality, and magic. Objective has won a number of awards including BAFTA, RTS Awards, British Comedy Awards, Rose dOr, Monte Carlo Golden Nymphs and the South Bank Show. Witless Stupid Man, Smart Phone GameFace Toast of London Britain Today Tonight Now You See It It Was Alright in the 70s United Shades of America Is OJ Innocent, the Missing Evidence The Arrangement The Cube The Incredible Mr

14.
ITN
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Independent Television News is a British-based news and content provider. It is made up of three divisions, ITN News, ITN Source and ITN Productions, ITN is based in London, with bureaux and offices in Beijing, Brussels, Jerusalem, Johannesburg, New York, Paris, Sydney and Washington DC. ITN produces content for ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, UK mobile phone operators, online outlets such as YouTube, MSN, Telegraph Media Group, Yahoo. between 1955 and 1999, ITN was more commonly known as the general brand name of ITVs news programmes. Since 1999, ITV has used ITV News as the name for their news programmes. ITN was founded in January 1955 by the Independent Television Authority and it began as a consortium of the initial ITV broadcasting companies, with former Labour MP Aidan Crawley as editor-in-chief. One of those companies, the London weekday contract-holder Associated-Rediffusion offered the new studio space in its headquarters in Aldwych. The first bulletin was broadcast at 10pm on 22 September 1955 on ITVs launch night, the bulletin was presented by former champion athlete Christopher Chataway. From the start, ITN broke new ground by introducing in-vision and named newscasters, the unique, probing reporting style of Robin Day caused shock among politicians, finding themselves questioned continually for information – this had never been the case with the BBC. There was also some early tensions with the ITV companies, ABC Television, the ITV contractor for the north on weekends and Midlands on weekdays immediately called for shorter ITN bulletins. While the ITA ruled on a minimum of a 20-minute bulletin and he was replaced by Geoffrey Cox. As the ITN reporter and later ITN Political Editor, Julian Haviland, put it, My view was that at ITN we must be at least as responsible and accurate as the BBC, without being so damned boring. As ITV expanded, each ITV company that made up the federal structure had to purchase a stake in ITN. In 1967, ITN was given the go-ahead by the ITA to provide a full 30 minute daily news programme at 10pm on ITV, News at Ten began broadcasting on 3 July 1967 with a newscaster team consisting of Alastair Burnet, Andrew Gardner, George Ffitch and Reginald Bosanquet. It was initially given a 13-week trial run, however, the proved to be extremely popular with viewers. News at Ten was to one of the most prestigious news programmes of its time in British history with a reputation for high quality journalism. ITNs News at Ten also prompted the BBC to establish a fixed nightly news bulletin at 9pm, the Nine OClock News began broadcasting in 1970 as News at Tens rival. ITN also established other programmes in the ITV schedule, First Report, a lunchtime bulletin began in 1972 and by 1976, News at 5.45 commenced. ITN commenced producing Channel 4 News when the channel started broadcasting in 1982, the programme was launched by Peter Sissons, Trevor McDonald and Sarah Hogg

15.
Twofour
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Twofour is a UK independent media group that was founded in 1989 by Charles Wace, a former TV news producer. With headquarters in Plymouth, Twofour has offices across the globe including London, Twofour merged with Boom Pictures Ltd in October 2013. Twofour Group includes Boom Pictures Cymru, Boom Kids, Boomerang, Delightful Industries, OSF, Indus, Gorilla, Mainstreet Pictures, on 24 June 2015, Twofour Group were acquired by ITV Studios. The Twofour Group consists of Boom Kids, Boom Cymru, Boomerang, Delightful Industries, Indus, Mainstreet Pictures, Oxford Scientific Films, Twofour, Twofour America, Twofour Wales, melanie Leach was named Chief Executive for Twofour Group in summer 2014. Twofour Broadcast supplies programming to the BBC, ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, BSkyB, Discovery Channel, splash. has been commissioned for a second series by ITV. The company produces ob-doc and fixed rig shows such as Channel 4’s International Emmy winning Educating Yorkshire, Educating the East End, in May 2012, Series Director David Clews was awarded a BAFTA Television Craft Award for his work directing Educating Essex. Twofour’s entertainment slate includes annual ITV show A Night of Heroes, Paddy’s Show and Telly for ITV, All Star Christmas Presents for ITV and A Short History of Everything Else for Channel 4. In 2012, Twofour produced 60 hours of daytime for ITV, including Storage Hoarders, My Tasty Travels with Lynda Bellingham, Twofour created Channel 4s first product placement programme with high street fashion retailer New Look. In 2009/2010 it was the largest UK independent supplier of content to Sky One, Twofour Rights, Twofour’s in house rights distribution arm, was launched in 2012 and brings the company’s catalogue of programming to the international marketplace. In 2012, Twofour Rights sold programmes to over 50 worldwide territories, clients include Mubadala and Masdar City. It is based at Twofour54, the Abu Dhabi created media zone, in 2012, Twofour opened an office in Los Angeles and launched Twofour America. Twofour held the title Best Indie Production Company in 2010 and 2014, in 2013, Twofour was ranked the 6th largest TV producer in the UK by Televisual magazine, and has consistently been the UKs 4th largest producer of corporate content. The company has awarded several IVCA and RTS awards. In 2013, triple BAFTA-nominated Educating Essex won a Broadcast Award for Best Documentary Series

16.
Channel 4
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Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4

17.
Television in the United Kingdom
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Television in the United Kingdom started in 1936 as a public service which was free of advertising. There are six main channel owners who are responsible for most viewing, there are 27,000 hours of domestic content produced a year at a cost of £2.6 billion. Since 24 October 2012, all broadcasts in the United Kingdom are in a digital format. Digital content is delivered via terrestrial, satellite and cable as well as over IP, set-top boxes are generally used to receive these services, however integrated digital televisions can also be used to receive Freeview or Freesat. Most TVs sold in the UK come with a DVB-T tuner for Freeview – a rare thing in Europe, BT TV and TalkTalk Plus TV, both based on YouView, utilise hybrid boxes which receive Freeview as well as additional subscription services. Households viewing TV from the internet are not tracked by Ofcom, the UKs five most watched channels, BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5, are available from all providers. Digital terrestrial television launched in 1998 as a service named ONdigital. Since October 2002, the broadcaster is Freeview, with BT TV providing additional subscription services. In all cases cable TV is a subscription service normally bundled with a phone line, smallworld Cable is available in south-west Scotland and north-west England. Pricing ranges from £10.50 to £80 per month, wightFibre is available in the Isle of Wight. Virgin Media is available to 55% of UK households, pricing ranges from £11 a month to £30.50 a month, with additional fees for premium services such as Sky Sports. Virgin also market V+, a video recorder and high-definition receiver. Virgin Media is the cable provider to supply high-definition television and video on demand. There are three distinctly marketed direct-broadcast satellite services, Sky is a subscription service owned by Sky plc. It is the satellite provider to offer premium channels with the largest total number of channels compared to all other television providers. As of January 2017, subscriptions starts at £22 per month for the basic package, there is an upfront cost of £15 on sign up. Sky TV markets SkyQ Silver & SkyQ boxes as well as SkyQmini boxes, Sky TV also provides video on demand branded as SkyTV On Demand. As of October 2016, Sky UK stopped offering there aging Sky+HD hardware, Freesat from Sky, is a free satellite service owned by Sky plc

18.
E4 (TV channel)
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E4 is a British terrestrial digital television channel, funded by advertising. The E stands for entertainment, and the channel is aimed at the 16–34 age group. Programming includes US imports such as The Goldbergs, The Cleveland Show, other programming includes British shows such as Skins, My Mad Fat Diary, Misfits, The Inbetweeners, The Ricky Gervais Show, Shameless, Hollyoaks, Coach Trip and Made in Chelsea. Some US imports, such as Desperate Housewives and Ugly Betty, are screened on E4 up to one ahead of their Channel 4 broadcasts. Its most successful broadcast to date was on 11 October 2010 when an episode of The Inbetweeners pulled in over 3.7 million viewers, E4 launched as a pay-TV companion to Channel 4 on 18 January 2001. On 16 December 2004, Channel 4 announced that the channel would become a digital terrestrial television channel. From its launch until the closure of ITV Digital, E4 was available as a subscription channel. E4 was also available as part of the basic Sky satellite subscription channel package and this change happened on 6 May 2008 and the channel joined Freesat along with More4. In May 2005, E4 introduced First Look, showing episodes of popular programmes such as Come Dine with Me, Hollyoaks and drama such as Lost. In October 2005, More4 was launched to complement Channel 4s digital channels, ER and The West Wing subsequently moved from E4 to More4. E4 launched a Republic of Ireland service in June 2002 which has become the second most popular channel in Ireland with 1. 1% of the audience. Since 2006, E4 has sponsored the E4 UdderBELLY venue at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the venue took the form of a giant upside cow in the purple colour of E4s logo. In July 2007, it was announced Channel 4 would be launching E4 Radio, the station was planned for launch in July 2008 and aimed at a similar demographic to its sister television channel, however this launch date was later delayed. In October 2008 Channel 4 announced it was abandoning its plans for digital radio, on 14 December 2009, a high-definition simulcast of E4 launched on Sky+ HD channel 215, it was later added to Virgin Media on 1 April 2010. Unlike the other standard definition channels from Channel 4, which are free to air, similar to this, the high-definition simulcast of its sister channel, Film4, is only available to Virgin Medias TV L and XL HD customers. E4 acquired the rights to several new US comedies throughout 2011 and 2012, a few of which were New Girl, Suburgatory,2 Broke Girls, The New Normal, on 31 October 2013, E4 premiered a refreshed look as part of the channels rebranding. This coincided with the debut of the season of E4s most popular show, The Big Bang Theory. On 6 July 2017, E4 will have been on end-of-part programmes going into, in 1994, Channel 4 purchased the broadcast rights to the popular American sitcom Friends

19.
Apollo 11
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Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20,1969, at 20,18 UTC. Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours later on July 21 at 02,56,15 UTC and they spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moons surface, Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rendezvousing with Columbia in lunar orbit. Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16, and was the fifth manned mission of NASAs Apollo program. After being sent toward the Moon by the Saturn Vs upper stage, Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into the lunar module Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquility. They stayed a total of about 21.5 hours on the lunar surface, the astronauts used Eagles upper stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned Eagle before they performed the maneuvers that blasted them out of orbit on a trajectory back to Earth. They returned to Earth and landed in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, broadcast on live TV to a worldwide audience, Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface and described the event as one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. Apollo 11 was the second all-veteran multi-person crew in human spaceflight history, a previous solo veteran flight had been made on Soyuz 1 in 1967 by Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Collins was originally slated to be the Command Module Pilot on Apollo 8 but was removed when he required surgery on his back and was replaced by Jim Lovell, his backup for that flight. In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with the National Space Council effective August 1969, charlie Duke, Capsule Communicator Ronald Evans Owen K. Garriott Don L. Low to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. During early mission planning, the names Snowcone and Haystack were used and put in the news release, the Command Module was named Columbia after the Columbiad, the giant cannon shell spacecraft fired by a giant cannon in Jules Vernes 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon. The Lunar Module was named Eagle for the bird of the United States, the bald eagle. The Apollo 11 mission insignia was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for peaceful lunar landing by the United States and he chose an eagle as the symbol, put an olive branch in its beak, and drew a lunar background with the Earth in the distance. NASA officials said the talons of the eagle looked too warlike and after some discussion, All colors are natural, with blue and gold borders around the patch. When the Eisenhower dollar coin was released in 1971, the design provided the eagle for its reverse side. The design was used for the smaller Susan B

20.
Nelson Mandela
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Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the countrys first black head of state and the first elected in a representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism, ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress party from 1991 to 1997. A Xhosa, Mandela was born in Mvezo to the Thembu royal family and he studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943, after the National Partys white-only government established apartheid—a system of racial segregation that privileged whites—he and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. Mandela was appointed President of the ANCs Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he joined the banned South African Communist Party. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961, in 1962, he was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, initially on Robben Island, amid growing domestic and international pressure, and with fears of a racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory, internationally, he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a presidential term and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy. Mandela became a statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation. Mandela was a figure for much of his life. Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice, he received more than 250 honours—including the Nobel Peace Prize—and became the subject of a cult of personality. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba. Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, given the forename Rolihlahla, a Xhosa term colloquially meaning troublemaker, in later years he became known by his clan name, Madiba. His patrilineal great-grandfather, Ngubengcuka, was king of the Thembu people in the Transkeian Territories of South Africas modern Eastern Cape province, one of Ngubengcukas sons, named Mandela, was Nelsons grandfather and the source of his surname. In 1926, Gadla was also sacked for corruption, but Nelson was told that his father had lost his job for standing up to the magistrates unreasonable demands

21.
Death of Diana, Princess of Wales
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On 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales, died as a result of injuries sustained in a car crash in the Pont de lAlma road tunnel in Paris, France. Dodi Fayed and Henri Paul, the driver of the Mercedes-Benz S280, were pronounced dead at the scene, the bodyguard of Diana and Fayed, Trevor Rees-Jones, was the only survivor. Although the media blamed the paparazzi following the car, an 18-month French judicial investigation found that the crash was caused by Paul, Paul was the deputy head of security at the Hôtel Ritz and had earlier goaded the paparazzi waiting outside the hotel. His inebriation may have been exacerbated by anti-depressants and traces of a tranquilising anti-psychotic in his body, the investigation concluded that the photographers were not near the Mercedes when it crashed. His claims were dismissed by a French judicial investigation and by Operation Paget, a Metropolitan Police Service inquiry that concluded in 2006. An inquest headed by Lord Justice Scott Baker into the deaths of Diana and Fayed began at the Royal Courts of Justice, London, on 2 October 2007, a continuation of the inquest that began in 2004. On 7 April 2008, the jury concluded that Diana and Fayed were the victims of a killing by the grossly negligent chauffeur Paul. On Saturday,30 August 1997, Diana left Sardinia on a jet and arrived in Paris with Dodi Fayed. They had stopped en route to London, having spent the preceding nine days together on board Mohamed Al-Fayeds yacht Jonikal on the French. They had intended to there for the night. Mohamed Al-Fayed was and is the owner of the Hôtel Ritz Paris and he also owned an apartment in Rue Arsène Houssaye, a short distance from the hotel, just off the Avenue des Champs Elysées. Diana and Fayed then departed from the rear entrance rue Cambon at around 00,20 on 31 August. They were the passengers, Trevor Rees-Jones, a member of the Fayed familys personal protection team, was in the front passenger seat. It then spun and hit the wall of the tunnel backwards. The impact caused damage, particularly to the front half of the vehicle. The Place de lAlma underpass is the one on that embankment road that has roof-supporting pillars. As the victims lay in the car, the photographers. Some rushed to help, tried to open the doors and help the victims, critically injured, Diana was reported to murmur repeatedly, Oh my God, and after the photographers and other helpers were pushed away by police, Leave me alone

22.
Fall of the Berlin Wall
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The Berlin Wall was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1992, the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area that contained anti-vehicle trenches, fakir beds and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the Wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany, the West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the Wall of Shame—a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt—while condemning the Walls restriction on freedom of movement. Between 1961 and 1989, the Wall prevented almost all such emigration, during this period, around 5,000 people attempted to escape over the Wall, with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 to more than 200 in and around Berlin. After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany, crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the Wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the Wall, contrary to popular belief the Walls actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992. The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, the capital of Berlin, as the seat of the Allied Control Council, was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the citys location, which was fully within the Soviet zone. Within two years, political divisions increased between the Soviets and the occupying powers. Property and industry was nationalized in the East German zone, if statements or decisions deviated from the described line, reprimands and punishment would ensue, such as imprisonment, torture and even death. Indoctrination of Marxism-Leninism became a part of school curricula, sending professors. The East Germans created a political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance. In 1948, following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new German currency, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade, preventing food, materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin. The United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several countries began a massive airlift, supplying West Berlin with food. The Soviets mounted a public campaign against the Western policy change. Communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948, preceding large losses therein, in May 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade, permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin. The German Democratic Republic was declared on 7 October 1949, by a secret treaty, the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs accorded the East German state administrative authority, but not autonomy. The Soviets permeated East German administrative, military and secret police structures and had full control, East Germany differed from West Germany, which developed into a Western capitalist country with a social market economy and a democratic parliamentary government

23.
1966 FIFA World Cup Final
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The 1966 FIFA World Cup Final was the final match in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth football World Cup and one of the most controversial finals ever. The match was played by England and West Germany on 30 July 1966 at Wembley Stadium in London, the British television audience peaked at 32.30 million viewers, making the final the most watched television event ever in the United Kingdom. England won 4–2 after extra time to win the Jules Rimet Trophy, the England team became known as the wingless wonders, on account of their then-unconventional narrow attacking formation, described at the time as a 4–4–2. Both teams were strong throughout the tournament, each won two and drew one of their three matches in the group stages. England did not concede a goal until their semi-final against Portugal, England, managed by Alf Ramsey and captained by Bobby Moore, won the toss and elected to kick off. After 12 minutes, Sigfried Held sent a cross into the English penalty area which Ray Wilson misheaded to Helmut Haller, jackie Charlton and goalkeeper Gordon Banks failed to deal with the shot which went in making it 1–0 to West Germany. The teams were level at half-time, and after 77 minutes England won a corner, Alan Ball delivered the ball to Geoff Hurst whose deflected shot from the edge of the area found Martin Peters. He produced the shot, beating the West German keeper from eight yards to make the score 2–1 to England. Germany pressed for an equaliser in the moments, and in the 89th minute Jack Charlton conceded a free kick for climbing on Uwe Seeler as they both went up for a header. The kick was taken by Lothar Emmerich, who struck it into George Cohen in the wall, the fell to Held. The ball deflected across the England six-yard box, wrong-footing the England defence and allowing Wolfgang Weber to level the score at 2–2 and force the match into extra time. Banks protested that the ball had struck Schnellinger on the arm, and reiterated the claim in his 2002 autobiography, England pressed forward and created several chances. In particular, with five minutes gone, Bobby Charlton struck the post, with 11 minutes of extra time gone, Alan Ball put in a cross and Geoff Hurst swivelled and shot from close range. The ball hit the underside of the bar, bounced down and was cleared. The referee Gottfried Dienst was uncertain if it had been a goal and consulted his linesman, Tofiq Bahramov from Azerbaijan in the USSR, after non-verbal communication, as they had no common language, the Swiss referee awarded the goal to the home team. The crowd and the audience of 400 million television viewers were left arguing whether the goal should have given or not. Englands third goal has remained ever since the match. According to the Laws of the Game the definition of a goal is when the whole of the passes over the goal line. 5–6.0 cm to fully cross the line

24.
Only Fools and Horses
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Only Fools and Horses is a British television sitcom created and written by John Sullivan. Seven series were originally broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom from 1981 to 1991, episodes are regularly repeated on UKTV comedy channel Gold and occasionally repeated on BBC One. After Pearces death in 1984, his character was replaced by Del, backed by a strong supporting cast, the series follows the Trotters highs and lows in life, in particular their attempts to get rich. The show achieved high ratings, and the 1996 episode Time on Our Hands holds the record for the highest UK audience for a sitcom episode. It was voted Britains Best Sitcom in a 2004 BBC poll, the series influenced British culture, contributing several words and phrases to the English language. It spawned a range of merchandise, including books, videos, DVDs, toys. A spin-off series, The Green Green Grass, ran for four series in the UK from 2005 to 2009, a prequel, Rock & Chips, ran for three specials in 2010 and 2011. A special Sport Relief episode aired in March 2014, guest starring David Beckham, a new five-part documentary series titled The Story of Only Fools and Horses, will air later in 2017 on Gold. The new series features rare and unseen footage from the Trotter archives and specially re-created moments from Del Boys family and their mother, Joan, died when Rodney was young, and their father Reg absconded soon afterwards, so Del became Rodneys surrogate father and the family patriarch. Despite the difference in age, personality and outlook, the share a constant bond throughout. Initially, Del Boy, Rodney and Grandad were the only regulars, along with the occasional appearances of dopey roadsweeper Trigger. Over time, the cast expanded, mostly in the form of regulars at the local pub The Nags Head and these included pub landlord Mike, lorry driver Denzil, youthful spiv Mickey Pearce and Boycies flirtatious wife Marlene. Although the show centred on the Trotter family, these characters became popular in their own right, contributing to the plots. As the series progressed, the scope of the plots expanded, many early episodes were largely self-contained, with few plot-lines mentioned again, but the show developed a story arc and an ongoing episodic dimension. The character of Grandad died following the death of Lennard Pearce, after years of fruitless searching, both Del and Rodney find long-term love, in the form of Raquel and Cassandra respectively, Del also has a son with Raquel, Damien. Rodney and Cassandra marry, separate and then get together again. Cassandra miscarries, but then she and Rodney eventually have a baby, Rodney finds out who his real father was. The Trotters finally become millionaires, lose their fortune, and then some of it

25.
Live Aid
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Live Aid was a dual-venue concert held on 13 July 1985, and an ongoing music-based fundraising initiative. The original event was organised by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for relief of the ongoing Ethiopian famine. Billed as the jukebox, the event was held simultaneously at Wembley Stadium in London, England, United Kingdom and John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On the same day, concerts inspired by the initiative happened in countries, such as the Soviet Union, Japan, Austria, Australia. It was one of the largest-scale satellite link-ups and television broadcasts of all time, the 1985 Live Aid concert was conceived as a follow-on to the successful charity single Do They Know Its Christmas. Which was also the brainchild of Geldof and Ure, in October 1984, images of millions of people starving to death in Ethiopia were shown in the UK in Michael Buerks BBC News reports on the 1984 famine. Bob Geldof saw the report, and called Midge Ure from Ultravox, in the hope of raising money for famine relief. Geldof then contacted colleagues in the industry and persuaded them to record the single under the title Band Aid for free. On 25 November 1984, the song was recorded at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, Geldof then set his sights on staging a huge concert to raise further funds. The idea to stage a charity concert to raise funds for Ethiopia originally came from Boy George. George and Culture Club drummer Jon Moss had taken part in the recording of Do They Know Its Christmas, and in December 1984 Culture Club were undertaking a tour of the UK, which culminated in six nights at Wembley Arena. George was so overcome by the occasion he told Geldof that they should consider organising a benefit concert and its a logical progression from the record, but the point is you dont just talk about it, you go ahead and do it. It was clear from the interview that Geldof had already had the idea to hold a dual venue concert and how the concerts should be structured, The show should be as big as is humanly possible. Theres no point just 5,000 fans turning up at Wembley, we need to have Wembley linked with Madison Square Gardens and it would be great for Duran to play three or four numbers at Wembley and then flick to Madison Square where Springsteen would be playing. While hes on, the Wembley stage could be ready for the next British act like the Thompsons or whoever. In that way lots of acts could be featured and the rights, tickets. Its not an idea, and certainly one worth exploiting. Among those involved in organising Live Aid were Harvey Goldsmith, who was responsible for the Wembley Stadium concert, and Bill Graham, the concert grew in scope, as more acts were added on both sides of the Atlantic

26.
Goodbyeee
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Goodbyeee, or Plan F, Goodbyeee, is the sixth and final episode of the British historical sitcom Blackadders fourth series, entitled Blackadder Goes Forth. The episode was first broadcast on BBC1 in the United Kingdom on 2 November 1989, apart from the one-off short film Blackadder, Back & Forth made a decade later, it was the last episode of Blackadder to be produced and transmitted. Goodbyeee has a darker tone than other episodes in the series, Richard Curtis and Ben Elton wrote the episode, and further material was provided by cast members. Its final sequence, which shows the characters going over the top, uses slow motion. The enhanced scene has been described as bold and highly poignant, each series of Blackadder depicts its protagonist, always a scheming and witty man named Edmund Blackadder, in different periods throughout history. In Blackadder Goes Forth, he is Captain Blackadder, an officer in the British Army on the Western Front during the First World War and his efforts are hindered by the loud and intimidating General Melchett and Melchetts strict, sardonic, and jobsworth staff officer, Captain Darling. Captain Blackadders trench receives a call from HQ, a full-scale attack has been ordered for the next day at dawn. Realising that this is likely to mean his death, Blackadder plans to escape by pretending to be mad, he puts underpants on his head, Back at HQ, Melchett surprises Captain Darling with a front-line commission. Darlings pleas to reconsider are misinterpreted, and Melchett insists that he go, the following morning, Blackadder calls Field Marshal Haig and reminds him of his debt, Haig reluctantly advises using the underpants method, and abruptly hangs up, sealing Blackadders fate. Darling arrives, and his animosity with Blackadder dissolves as they are put in the same situation. George tries to cheer everybody up, but finds himself as scared as the others, Darling states that he had hoped to live through the War, return to England and marry his fiancée. The men are called to the trench to prepare for the big push, there is a moment of hope when the British barrage lifts, but Blackadder reminds his colleagues that they have stopped only to avoid hitting their own men. Baldrick tells Blackadder that he has a plan to escape certain death, Blackadder replies Baldricks idea will have to wait, but admits it couldnt fail to improve over his own plan to feign insanity because who would have noticed another madman round here. The series concludes with Blackadder earnestly wishing his comrades good luck, the sequence enters slow motion as a slow piano version of the Blackadder theme is played. The series ends as the violent chaos of no mans land fades into a field of poppies. The episode was written by Richard Curtis and Ben Elton, who swapped computer disks to make edits and they stuck to a rule whereby they could not add back material the other had removed. The script was edited by the cast members of Blackadder Goes Forth during read-throughs. The episodes title is a reference to the popular First World War song Good-bye-ee. which was based on a catchphrase of the comedian Harry Tate, the song is also heard in an earlier episode — Major Star

27.
Blackadder Goes Forth
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Blackadder Goes Forth is the fourth and final series of the BBC sitcom Blackadder, written by Richard Curtis and Ben Elton, which aired from 28 September to 2 November 1989 on BBC One. The series is noted for its criticism of the British Army leadership during the campaign. In addition, the series is remembered for the poignant ending of the final episode, however, some historians have criticized it for presenting an oversimplified view of the war, reinforcing the popular notion of lions led by donkeys. Blackadder Goes Forth is set in 1917 on the Western Front in the trenches of World War I, finding himself trapped in the trenches with another big push planned, his concern is to avoid being sent over the top to certain death. The series thus chronicles Blackadders attempts to escape the trenches through various schemes, most of which due to bad fortune, misunderstandings. The aforementioned comrades are his second-in-command, idealistic upper-class Edwardian twit Lieutenant George and their profoundly stupid, despite the two being of equal rank, Blackadder treats Darling with contempt—while the former is on the front line, the latter is folding the generals pyjamas. Their animosity is mutual, largely as a result of Blackadder exploiting the potential of Darlings surname at every opportunity. Blackadder Goes Forth is more satirical in tone than the previous three Blackadder series and most sitcoms, taking the opportunity to present an anti-war message. The dialogue is marked throughout by satirical musings about the nature of the war, its origins, to which Blackadder responds, About 35 miles behind. In the episode Corporal Punishment, Blackadder justifies the shooting for food of a pigeon by saying, With 50,000 men killed a week. This episode sees Blackadder being sentenced to death by firing squad for the act, a reference to the capital sentences carried out under the laws of war in force at the time. Later in the episode, Blackadder describes the Great War as. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, whose orders are alleged to have resulted in hundreds of thousands of British deaths at Passchendaele, Blackadder himself describes Haigs attempts at an advance as no more than another gargantuan effort to move his drinks cabinet six inches closer to Berlin. The series recalls a number of historical events of the war. Blackadder recalls the event, Both sides advanced further during one Christmas piss-up than they did in the two and a half years of war. References are also made to the culture of the era. The episode Private Plane, sees the return of the characters of Lord Flashheart and Bob from the series episode Bells. In the fifth episode, the sentiment in Britain during the war is repeatedly referenced

28.
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
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On November 22,1963, John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was fatally shot in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dallas Dealey Plaza, at 12,30 p. m. Fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, he was traveling with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, Kennedys death marked the fourth and most recent assassination of an American President. The Committee was not able to identify any individuals or groups involved with the conspiracy, in addition, the HSCA found that the original federal investigations were seriously flawed in respect of information-sharing and the possibility of conspiracy. As recommended by the HSCA, the evidence indicating conspiracy was subsequently re-examined and rejected. However, Kennedys assassination is still the subject of debate and has spawned numerous conspiracy theories. Polling in 2013 showed that 60% of Americans believe that a group of conspirators was responsible for the assassination, President Kennedy traveled to Texas to smooth over frictions in the Democratic Party between liberals Ralph Yarborough and Don Yarborough and conservative John Connally. A presidential visit to the state of Texas was first agreed upon by Lyndon B. Johnson, President John F. Kennedys vice president, and Texas native, President Kennedys trip to Dallas was first announced to the public in September 1963. The exact motorcade route was finalized on November 18 and announced to the public a few days before November 22, the White House staff informed the Secret Service that the President would arrive there via a short flight from Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth to Dallas Love Field. Leaving from Dallas Love Field,45 minutes had been allotted for the motorcade to reach the Trade Mart at an arrival time of 12,15 p. m. The actual route was chosen to be a meandering 10-mile route between the two places, which could be driven slowly in the allotted time, on November 14, both men attended a meeting at Love Field and drove over the route that Sorrels believed best suited for the motorcade. From Love Field, the route passed through a portion of Dallas, through Downtown along Main Street. The planned route to the Trade Mart was widely reported in Dallas newspapers several days before the event, for the benefit of people who wished to view the motorcade. The route on Main Street precluded a direct turn onto the Fort Worth Turnpike exit, the Texas School Book Depository was situated at this corner of Houston and Elm. Three vehicles were used for Secret Service and police protection in the Dallas motorcade, the first car, an unmarked white Ford, carried Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry, Secret Service Agent Win Lawson, Sheriff Bill Decker and Dallas Field Agent Forrest Sorrels. The second car, a 1961 Lincoln Continental convertible, held driver Agent Bill Greer, SAIC Roy Kellerman, Governor John Connally, Nellie Connally, President Kennedy, Secret Service agents Clint Hill, Jack Ready, Tim McIntyre and Paul Landis rode on the running boards. By the time the motorcade reached Dealey Plaza, they were five minutes away from their planned destination. At 12,30 p. m. President, you cant say Dallas doesnt love you and those were the last words ever spoken by John F. Kennedy

29.
Surfer (advertisement)
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Surfer is a critically acclaimed integrated advertising campaign launched in 1999 by Diageo to promote Guinness-brand draught stout in the United Kingdom. The cornerstone of the campaign is a commercial, originally 60 seconds long. The plot centers on a group of surfers, waiting for the perfect wave, as it arrives, the crashing white horses turn into actual horses. One by one, a surfer crashes out, leaving only one, the others join him as they celebrate on the shore. The advert was inspired by Walter Cranes 1893 painting Neptunes Horses, the text also draws inspiration from Herman Melvilles novel Moby Dick, including the line Ahab says, I dont care who you are, heres to your dream. The music track in the advert was created by British band Leftfield and eventually formed the basis of their track Phat Planet which appears on their 1999 album Rhythm. Its use in the advertisement lead to the song appearing on compilation albums of music from advertisements including Classic Ads, I Love TV Ads and Guinness 250. An extended 90-second version is available on the 2005 DVD The Work of Director Jonathan Glazer, in November 2009, The Independent named the advertisement, alongside several other advertisements in the campaign, amongst the greatest advertising of all time. The asterisk denotes an unordered list

30.
Guinness
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Guinness is an Irish dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. Jamess Gate brewery in the capital city of Dublin, Ireland. Guinness, produced by the Diageo beverages company, is one of the most successful beer brands worldwide and it is brewed in almost 50 countries and is available in over 120. Annual sales total of Guinness in 2011 was 850 million litres, Guinness features a burnt flavour that is derived from roasted, unmalted barley, although this is a relatively modern development, not becoming part of the grist until the mid-20th century. For many years, a portion of aged brew was blended with freshly brewed beer to give a sharp lactic flavour, although Guinnesss palate still features a characteristic tang, the company has refused to confirm whether this type of blending still occurs. The draught beers thick, creamy head comes from mixing the beer with nitrogen and it is popular with the Irish, both in Ireland and abroad. In spite of declining consumption since 2001, it is still the best-selling alcoholic drink in Ireland where Guinness & Co, Brewery makes almost €2 billion worth of the beverage annually. The company was started in 1759 in Dublin, but had to move its headquarters to London at the beginning of the Anglo-Irish Trade War in 1932, in 1997, Guinness plc merged with Grand Metropolitan to form the multinational alcoholic drinks producer Diageo. Arthur Guinness started brewing ales in 1759 at the St. Jamess Gate Brewery, on 31 December 1759, he signed a 9,000 year lease at £45 per annum for the unused brewery. Ten years later, on 19 May 1769, Guinness first exported his ale, there have been claims that Arthur Price, a Welshman, took the original recipe with him to Ireland where he hired a servant, Richard Guinness, whose son later opened the brewery. Stout originally referred to a strength, but eventually shifted meaning toward body. Arthur Guinness started selling the dark beer porter in 1778, the first Guinness beers to use the term were Single Stout and Double Stout in the 1840s. Throughout the bulk of its history, Guinness produced only three variations of a beer type, porter or single stout, double or extra. Porter was also referred to as plain, as mentioned in the refrain of Flann OBriens poem The Workmans Friend. Already one of the top-three British and Irish brewers, Guinnesss sales soared from 350,000 barrels in 1868 to 779,000 barrels in 1876, in October 1886 Guinness became a public company, and was averaging sales of 1,138,000 barrels a year. This was despite the refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount. The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts, by 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000 employees. By 1907 the welfare schemes were costing the brewery £40,000 a year, the improvements were suggested and supervised by Sir John Lumsden. By 1914, Guinness was producing 2,652,000 barrels of beer a year, which was more than double that of its nearest competitor Bass, in the 1930s, Guinness became the seventh largest company in the world

31.
Smash Martians
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The Smash Martians were the stars of a series of 1970s and early 1980s TV advertising campaigns for Smash instant mashed potato in the UK. They were a family of Martian robots who would watch humans laboriously preparing mashed potato the traditional way on TV, the catchphrase For Mash Get Smash is still an iconic advertising slogan in the UK. The adverts featuring the Smash Martians were voted TV ad of the century by Campaign Magazine, unauthorised copies of the Martians were made from car parts by workers at the Ford Halewood factory near Liverpool. Some of the Smash Martians puppets used in the Cadburys Smash adverts can be found in the National Media Museum, Bradford, other examples are preserved in the Head Office of the current brand owner, Premier Foods, in St Albans. Smash Martians television advertisement at the Thinkbox website

32.
Smash (instant mashed potato)
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Smash is a brand of Instant mashed potatoes in the United Kingdom. It was launched in the UK in the 1960s by Cadbury, the brand has since been sold by Cadbury and is now owned by Premier Foods who, using their Batchelors brand, launched a healthier recipe version in 2006. Smash continues to be popular in the UK, selling 140 million servings a year, the texture of Smash is not identical to that of real mashed potato, being somewhat smoother. In recent years, flavoured varieties of Smash have also made available, including Cheddar & Onion. The original 1970s advertisements have featured in several best ever television advertisements lists

33.
Tango (drink)
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Tango is a soft drink primarily sold in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Sweden, Norway, Hungary and Malta, first launched by Corona in 1950 the name Tango came from Ivan Colman saying it had a tang. Corona were bought by the Beecham Group in 1958, and Corona Soft Drinks were bought by Britvic in 1987, in Scandinavia the drink is distributed by SMX Drinks AB. Originally, Tango was the name of the flavour in a range of different flavoured drinks. In the 1990s, long after the products in the range had been discontinued, the Tango brand was expanded into other flavours, including apple, lemon, cherry, blackcurrant. As of September 2016, the flavours available in the United Kingdom include orange, apple, blackcurrant, cherry and citrus, in addition to flavours of the slushpuppy-style Tango Ice Blast range. Tango is well known in the United Kingdom for their advertisements, advertisements for Tango attracted attention in the 1990s, when they became well known, for their distinctively bizarre and post modern tone. The drinks first ironic campaign introduced the catchphrase You know when youve been Tangod, the campaign began in 1992 with an advert, Orange Man, featuring a man drinking Tango and immediately being slapped around the face, by a portly man painted orange. Tango voluntarily replaced the slapping advert with an almost identical new version, the original version was named the third best television commercial of all time, in a poll in 2000 conducted by The Sunday Times and Channel 4. This latter advert was featured in the first advert break on Channel 5, in March 2000, an advert, which premièred in 1998 featuring James Corden being bullied for not drinking Tango was banned, because it was seen as encouraging the bullying of overweight children. The replacement was a satirically inoffensive advert, Drink Tango, Its Nice, during August 1999, Tango teamed up with the newspapers Daily Mail and Daily Record to extend their summer peak sells period in a campaign called Tango Time. The main thread of the activity was a competition where a time of day is printed on the base of cans of Tango. The winning Tango Time was published in the Daily Mirror and Daily Record, the newspaper adverts were trailed by branding on the front page, including a free offer for a bottle of Tango. The adverts containing the winning Tango Time ran for twenty six days in August 1999, players must stand underneath and take part in a game of drench roulette to win prizes. In August 2009, a billboard campaign extolled the weird and wonderful side effects of drinking too much Tango with added Tango Orange. The British press pointed out that the initials of Tango With Added Tango spelled the insult twat when read vertically, many of these advertisements incorporate a send-away prize, including a rubber doll or a clown horn. Tango sponsored the television show The Word in 1994, and the Underage Festival in 2010 and they have also hold sponsorship for the Blackpool Pleasure Beach ride Ice Blast, The Ride since 2004. Historically, slogans have included You Taste the Tang in Tango Every Sparkling Sip You Take in the 1960s, Blackcurrant Tango is a carbonated soft drink launched in the United Kingdom by Britvic Soft Drinks Ltd in 1996. The drink is notable for the multiple award-winning television commercial from 1997, St George, the drink has since been discontinued

34.
Creature Comforts
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Creature Comforts is a stop motion clay animation comedy mockumentary franchise originating in a 1989 British humorous animated short film of the same name. The film matched animated zoo animals with a soundtrack of people talking about their homes and it was created by Nick Park and Aardman Animations. The film later became the basis of a series of advertisements for the UK electricity boards. An American version of the series was also made and it was produced as part of a series called Lip Synch for Channel 4. The film won Nick Park the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1990, the film shows various animals in a zoo being interviewed about their living conditions. These include a gorilla, a Brazilian puma and a young hippopotamus who complain about the cold weather, the poor quality of their enclosures. The voices of each character were performed by residents of both a housing estate and an old peoples home, stop-motion animation was then used to animate each character, and the answers given in the interviews were put in the context of zoo animals. The polar bears were voiced by a family who owned a shop, while the mountain lion was voiced by a Brazilian student who was living in the UK. In 1990, Nick Park worked with Phil Rylance and Paul Cardwell to develop a series of British television advertisements for the electricity boards Heat Electric campaign, the creative team of advertising agency GGK had seen the original Creature Comforts film and were hugely impressed by it. The initial result of their collaboration was three 30-second Creature Comforts advertisements, made in the style as the original film. The series featured a variety of endearing plasticine animals, including a tortoise, a cat, a family of penguins, the characters were seen in their own domestic settings, chatting to an unseen interviewer behind a large microphone. The selected interviewees spoke in a range of regional accents. The adverts warm and cosy tone reflected the warmth and homeliness of central heating, the animations had an unusual expressiveness, with the wit often coming from tiny nuances - such as a dog scratching his ear at a particular moment. The characterisation was strengthened by having each voice carefully matched to an animal in a combination that would produce a memorable impact. These features were rounded off by a gentle closing voice-over spoken by Johnny Morris, Morris appealed especially to older audiences, who would remember him and his animal conversations on the television programme Animal Magic. The campaign was a success and its run was extended over three years. In fact Creature Comforts was subsequently voted by media professionals as one of the top television advertisements of the last 50 years, as well as attaining a very high level of viewer recall, the advertisements were much loved – particularly the ones involving Frank, Carol and Pablo. The many popular awards won by the Creature Comforts advertisements included being voted fourth in the alltime 100 Greatest TV Ads by readers of The Sunday Times and viewers of Channel 4 in 2000

35.
Boddingtons Brewery
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Boddingtons Brewery was a regional brewery in Manchester, England, which owned pubs throughout the North West. Boddingtons was best known for Boddingtons Bitter, a straw-golden, hoppy bitter which was one of the first beers to be packaged in cans containing a widget, giving it a creamy draught-style head. In the 1990s, the beer was promoted as The Cream of Manchester in an advertising campaign credited with raising Manchesters profile. Boddingtons became one of the citys most famous products after Manchester United, Whitbread bought Boddingtons Brewery in 1989 and Boddingtons Bitter received an increased marketing budget and nationwide distribution. Boddingtons achieved its peak market share in 1997 and at the time was exported to over forty countries, Boddingtons beer brands are now owned by the global brewer Anheuser–Busch InBev which acquired the Whitbread Beer Company in 2000. Strangeways Brewery closed in 2004 and production of pasteurised Boddingtons was moved to Samlesbury in Lancashire, production of the cask conditioned beer moved to Hydes Brewery in Moss Side, Manchester, until it was discontinued in 2012, ending the beers association with the city. Strangeways Brewery was founded in 1778 by two merchants, Thomas Caister and Thomas Fry, just north of what is now Manchester city centre. Their principal customers were the workers of Manchester, then a burgeoning mill town. Henry Boddington, born in 1813 in Thame, Oxfordshire, joined the brewery in 1832 as a salesman when the brewery was in the possession of Hole, Potter. Like most Manchester breweries at the time, it was a modestly sized operation, Boddington had become a partner by 1848, alongside John and James Harrison, and by this time the company went under the name John Harrison & Co. In January 1853, Boddington borrowed money to become its sole owner, by 1883 Henry Boddington & Co. was a limited liability company. Henry Boddingtons estate was valued at almost £150,000 when he died in 1886, after Henry Boddingtons death, his son, William Slater Boddington became company chairman, and the company went public in 1888 when it was estimated to have assets of £320,465. It was now known as Boddingtons Breweries Ltd, the company owned 212 public houses by 1892, making it the twelfth largest tied estate in the United Kingdom. Its major local competitors were Groves and Whitnall, Threlfalls and the Manchester Brewing Company, after W. Slater Boddingtons death in 1908, the family retained an interest in the company and continued to take a practical hand in its running. Henrys youngest son, Robert Slater Boddington had an association with the company. Roberts third and fourth sons Philip and Charles served as joint chairman after their fathers death, by the 1930s, the Boddington family shareholding had dwindled to around 40 per cent. The brewery was rebuilt with the most up-to-date and modern equipment of the time, in 1961, the brewer Whitbread took a 13 per cent stake in the company. In 1962 the company purchased Richard Clarke & Co of Reddish, Stockport, in 1969 the large Allied Breweries combine initiated a hostile takeover bid for Boddingtons, which valued the company at £5 million

36.
Levi Strauss & Co.
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/ˌliːvaɪ ˈstraʊs/ is a privately owned American clothing company known worldwide for its Levis /ˌliːvaɪz/ brand of denim jeans. It was founded in May 1853 when Levi Strauss came from Buttenheim, Bavaria, to San Francisco, the companys corporate headquarters is located in the Levis Plaza in San Francisco. Levi Strauss started the business at the 90 Sacramento Street address in San Francisco and he next moved the location to 62 Sacramento Street then 63 &65 Sacramento Street. Jacob Davis, a Latvian Jewish immigrant, was a Reno, Davis did not have the required money to purchase a patent, so he wrote to Strauss suggesting that they go into business together. After Levi accepted Jacobs offer, on May 20,1873, Patent 139,121 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The patented rivet was later incorporated into the companys jean design, contrary to an advertising campaign suggesting that Levi Strauss sold his first jeans to gold miners during the California Gold Rush, the manufacturing of denim overalls only began in the 1870s. The company created their first pair of Levis 501 Jeans in the 1890s, modern jeans began to appear in the 1920s, but sales were largely confined to the working people of the western United States, such as cowboys, lumberjacks, and railroad workers. Levi’s jeans apparently were first introduced to the East during the dude ranch craze of the 1930s, another boost came in World War II, when blue jeans were declared an essential commodity and were sold only to people engaged in defense work. Between the 1950s and 1980s, Levis jeans became popular among a range of youth subcultures, including greasers, mods, rockers. Levis popular shrink-to-fit 501s were sold in a unique sizing arrangement, the indicated size referred to the size of the prior to shrinking. The company still produces these unshrunk, uniquely sized jeans, additionally, the back pocket rivets, which had been covered in denim since 1937, were removed completely in the 1950s due to complaints they scratched furniture. The acquisition led to the introduction of the modern stone washing technique, simpkins is credited with the companys record-paced expansion of its manufacturing capacity from 16 plants to more than 63 plants in the United States from 1964 to 1974 and 23 overseas. As a result, Levis plants were perhaps the highest performing, best organized, the Dockers brand, launched in 1986 and which is sold largely through department store chains, helped the company grow through the mid-1990s, as denim sales began to fade. Dockers were introduced into Europe in 1996 and led by CEO Jorge Bardina, Levi Strauss attempted to sell the Dockers division in 2004 to relieve part of the companys $2.6 billion outstanding debt. As of 2016, most Levis jeans are made outside the US, though a few of the higher-end, labor history, distributing more than $9 million in restitution to some 1,200 employees. Levi Strauss claimed no knowledge of the offenses, then severed ties to the Tan family and instituted labor reforms, during the mid- and late-1990s, Fuerza Unida picketed the Levi Strauss headquarters in San Francisco and staged hunger strikes and sit-ins in protest at the companys labor policies. The company took on debt in February 1996 to help finance a series of leveraged stock buyouts among family members. The corporations bonds are traded publicly, as are shares of the companys Japanese affiliate, Levi Strauss Japan K. K

Television in the United Kingdom started in 1936 as a public service which was free of advertising. Currently, the …

A pavement dug up revealing the cables underneath. The green box is a common sight in areas with cable coverage, as are manhole covers enscribed with CATV.

Satellite dishes on a wall in Hackney, London. The small oval dishes are most likely being used for viewing British services, and are known as Minidishes. The larger dishes are most likely being used for viewing satellite services from outside the UK.

Ike Altgens' photo of the Presidential limousine taken between the first and second shots that hit President Kennedy. Kennedy's left hand is in front of his throat and Mrs. Kennedy's left hand is holding his arm.

Polaroid photo by Mary Moorman taken a fraction of a second after the fatal shot (detail).