Speeding has been cited as a contributing factor in nearly one-third of all fatal motor vehicle crashes. In 1996, the cost of crashes involving speeding was estimated to be $28.8 billion. However, only limited information is available on driver attitudes and behavior regarding speeding and other forms of unsafe driving behavior, including those typically identified as aggressive driving, e.g., tailgating, weaving, running red lights, and making angry, insulting, or obscene gestures to other drivers. To help provide information in this important area, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) commissioned a national survey of the driving public to determine:

* the wide range of driver attitudes about speeding and other forms of aggressive/unsafe driving behavior;

* commonly occurring situations in which unsafe driving occurs;

* driver characteristics associated with those who commit these types of infractions; and

* the types of countermeasures the public believes are acceptable and effective for countering such behaviors.

Research of this nature supports NHTSA-sponsored efforts to more precisely specify targets (e.g., drivers, situations), and develop new or refine existing countermeasures that, ultimately, may reduce the occurrence of fatalities and injuries resulting from unsafe driving practices. (See Volume III: Countermeasures, for more detailed information about possible solutions.)

The survey was conducted by telephone by the national survey research organization, Schulman, Ronca and Bucuvalas, Inc. (SRBI). A national household sample was constructed using random digit dialing. Each household was screened to determine the number of adult (16 years of age or older) drivers in the household and one eligible driver was selected in each household to be interviewed for the survey. The interviews were conducted by professional interviewers, using computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) to reduce interview length and minimize recording errors. A Spanish-language translation and bilingual interviewers were used to minimize language barriers to participation. The interviews, conducted between February 20 and April 11, 1997, averaged 30 minutes in length. A total of 6,000 interviews were completed with a participation rate of 73.5%. (For a detailed discussion of the methodology employed in this study, refer to Volume I: Methodology Report.)

Since this was the first national survey of speeding and unsafe driving practices, the number of issues to be covered was extensive. In order to accommodate the number of questions required without unduly burdening the public, two versions of the questionnaire were developed. One questionnaire focused primarily on speeding issues and the other focused primarily on other forms of unsafe driving. Each version is an independent national sample, constructed in an identical fashion. In addition, each version of the questionnaire used half-samples for some questions to extend the number of questions that could be covered in a 30 minute interview. This random assignment of questions to half of the sample within the two national cross-sectional samples effectively created four national samples. Hence, for some questions, we have national estimates based on sample sizes of about 1,500 or 3,000, while estimates for core questions about speeding and unsafe driving, as well as driver and driving characteristics shared by both versions are based on sample sizes of 6,000.

FINDINGS

The majority of drivers in the United States consider speeding and other forms of unsafe driving to be a major threat to the personal safety of themselves and their families. More than six out of 10 drivers (61%) say that speeding by other people is a major threat to personal safety of themselves and their families. Two-thirds (66%) of drivers say that other drivers' unsafe driving actions (other than speeding) on the roads they drive is a major threat to themselves and their families.

The threat of unsafe driving is real, rather than hypothetical for many drivers. More than six out of 10 drivers (62%) report that the behavior of another driver has been a threat to them or their passengers within the past year. Those who have felt threatened by the behavior of other drivers in the past year were asked the nature of the action they found threatening. Most commonly, these drivers reported that, "another driver had cut very closely in front of me" (36%), "drove very closely behind me" (19%), "passed me in a dangerous manner" (15%), "cut me off at an intersection or exit" (13%), "made an obscene or threatening gesture" (5%), "wove in and out of traffic" (4%), "ran a red light" (3%) or "ignored a stop sign" (1%).

Consequently, the majority of drivers (52%) believe that it is very important that something be done to reduce speeding, while another 41% feel that it is somewhat important that something be done. Even more dramatically, 75% of drivers feel that it is important to do something about unsafe driving, while another 23% feel that it is somewhat important to do something.

There also was some concern that the dangers of driving, including aggressive driving, were increasing. Although most drivers (54%) felt that driving was neither more dangerous nor safer than a year ago, one-third of drivers (33%) reported that they feel driving is more dangerous now than it was a year ago. Some of the factors cited by those who feel driving is more dangerous now are: heavier traffic and more cars (33%), careless and inattentive drivers (20%), faster drivers (18%), increased speed limits (16%), aggressive driving (14%), young drivers (10%) and drinking drivers (10%). Regarding aggressive driving, the majority of drivers (65%) reported that other motorists in their area drove no more or less aggressively than they did a year ago. Nonetheless, 30% of drivers felt that other drivers in their area drive more aggressively now, and, of these, 13% believed that they drive a lot more aggressively now as compared to a year ago.

Unsafe speeds on our nation's roadways were commonly reported. Over half of drivers reported that they see vehicles traveling at unsafe speeds all or most of the time when they drive on residential streets (53% urban, 53% rural); three-fifths on non-interstate highways (59% urban, 55% rural); and two-thirds on interstate highways (70% urban, 67% rural). When asked what other (than speeding) types of unsafe driving they usually encounter on the roads they regularly drive, drivers most commonly reported: cars weaving in and out of traffic (24%), tailgating (17%), driver inattention (15%), unsafe lane changes (10%), unsafe passing (9%), ignoring stop signs (8%), failing to yield (6%), drinking and driving (5%), and running red lights (5%). Only 16% of all drivers reported that they usually did not see unsafe driving on the roads they drove. A majority of those who reported seeing unsafe driving on the roads they regularly travel also reported that all or most of those who were doing these unsafe actions were also speeding.

This national sample of drivers was also asked about their personal driving behaviors over the past year. Drivers were asked when was the most recent time in the past year they had personally committed certain types of driving actions, which would be classified as unsafe driving by many traffic safety experts. Three out of 10 drivers (30%) reported entering an intersection just as the light was turning red within the past week. A quarter (26%) reported slowing but not completely stopping at a stop sign in the past week. More than one in five reported that they have driven 10 miles per hour over the speed limit on an interstate in the past week (23%) or have driven 10 miles per hour than most other vehicles were going (22%) in the past week. How recently 17 other unsafe driving behaviors was also reported by the survey. The least commonly reported types of unsafe driving in the past year were driving when affected by alcohol (8%) and racing another driver (6%).

The survey confirms that age and gender are two important factors associated with of unsafe driving. Men are more likely than women to report committing all 21 types of unsafe behaviors examined in the survey. There was a 2-to-1 difference between the genders in past year performance of some unsafe driving behaviors (e.g., driving when affected by alcohol), while for others (e.g., entering an intersection on a red light) the difference was marginal. Age is an even more striking factor for unsafe driving. The proportion of drivers who engage in virtually all of the unsafe driving actions examined in the survey declines as age increases. The survey findings suggest that unsafe driving declines on a continuous basis as drivers age, rather than after a specific age.

The decline in unsafe driving as age increases is mirrored in the perceived dangerousness of these driving actions. In one striking example, when rating the safety of driving 10 miles an hour over the speed limit on two-lane rural roads, the average rating of the dangerousness of that act increases from 3.4(1) for drivers aged 16-20, to 3.5 for 21-24 and 25-34 year-olds, to 3.7 for 35-44 year-olds, to 3.8 for 45-54 year-olds, to 4.0 for 55-64 year-olds, to 4.2 for drivers aged 65 and older. Most strikingly, is that 16 to 30 year olds rated nearly every unsafe behavior as less dangerous than older drivers: e.g., of 22 behaviors examined the 16 to 20 year olds rated 17 of these as less dangerous than any other age group. Hence, it appears that as drivers age, there is an ongoing reevaluation of the dangerousness of these driving actions.

A total score was calculated for each driver based on the reported frequency of the 8 to 9 unsafe driving acts about which that driver had been asked. The average unsafe driving score was nearly 40 percent higher for male drivers (92) than female drivers (66). The mean unsafe driving score falls nearly fourfold between drivers aged 16-20 (150) to those aged 65 and over (37). One of the most striking differences reported in unsafe driving appears to be related to geography. The average unsafe driving score is nearly twice as high for drivers from New England, compared to drivers from the Pacific Northwest and the Mountain states.

Enforcement of traffic safety laws is the primary countermeasure for speeding and other forms of unsafe driving. About one in seven drivers (14%) report that they have been stopped by police for traffic-related reasons in the past year. Most commonly, these drivers report that they have been stopped for speeding (64%), followed by stop signal violations (8%), no lights (8%) and stop sign violations (7%). Over half of those stopped by police in the past year (57%) report that they received a ticket, while most of the rest (34%) received a warning on the most recent occasion.

A relationship was found between reported unsafe driving behavior and being stopped by the police. The likelihood of being stopped by police in the past year increased from 5% of those with no reported unsafe driving, to 38% of those with the highest unsafe driving scores. The good news from the survey is that the likelihood of being stopped by the police for safety violations increased with the frequency of those violations. The bad news is that a majority of those who drive in an unsafe and illegal manner -- 62% of those with the highest unsafe driving scores -- were never stopped by the police.

Nonetheless, the survey finds that a majority of drivers are satisfied with the current amount of police enforcement of speeding laws on the types of roads they normally drive -- from 52% who feel it is about right on residential streets, to 67%, who feel it is about right on non-interstate highways in predominantly urban areas. About four in 10 drivers (38%) say that they see police every day or nearly every day on the roads they drive most frequently. Three-quarters see police once a week or more often when driving.

Less than 1% of drivers felt that the police issued tickets whenever they saw a driver just exceed the speed limit. A small number, 4%, felt drivers could go no more than 4 miles above the limit before a ticket would be issued. About two-thirds of all drivers felt the police would issue a ticket if they saw someone going 5 miles per hour above the limit. This drops to about one in five who feel tickets are not issued until police see someone going more than 10 miles per hour above the limit.

A majority of drivers are satisfied with the current amount of police enforcement of traffic laws related to running red lights (52%), failure to stop at signs (53%), failure to yield (52%) and speeding (50%). However, a majority of drivers feel that there is too little police enforcement of traffic laws in the areas of tailgating (61%) and weaving (58%). Moreover, a very substantial minority of drivers, ranging from 40% to 44% believe that there is too little police enforcement of traffic laws in the other areas.

CHAPTER I.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

BACKGROUND

Speeding has been implicated as a contributing factor in about one-third of all fatal motor-vehicle crashes. In addition, increased attention has been given to other unsafe driving behavior -- running red lights, tailgating, cutting other drivers off, etc. -- which may lead to crashes. However, very little information is available on when, where, and under what conditions drivers engage in speeding and other unsafe driving actions or behaviors; nor is there adequate information on the types of drivers who engage in these behaviors.

To help fill this information gap, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) contracted with Schulman, Ronca, & Bucuvalas, Inc., a national survey research firm, to conduct a survey of the driving public's attitudes and experience related to speeding and other unsafe driving actions. Research of this nature supports NHTSA-sponsored efforts to more precisely specify targets (e.g., drivers, situations), and develop new or refine existing countermeasures that, ultimately, may reduce the occurrence of fatalities and injuries resulting from unsafe driving practices.

The unsafe driving behaviors examined in the survey, including tailgating, weaving, and making obscene gestures to other drivers, are sometimes used as examples of "aggressive driving." There is increased public concern about the role of aggressive driving and "road rage" in crashes and traffic fatalities. Unfortunately, there is no general agreement among traffic safety experts as to what constitutes aggressive driving. Consequently, the survey focuses more on specific unsafe driving acts rather than on aggressive driving.

That the American public is very concerned about the consequences of speeding and other unsafe driving actions, can be seen from the results of NHTSA's 1997 Customer Satisfaction Survey where 87% of the driving age public said it was important that something be done to reduce speeding on highways and fully 97% said it was important to do something about speeding on residential streets.(2) In the earlier 1995 Customer Satisfaction Survey, 90% said it was important for the federal government to conduct public education campaigns to increase compliance with stop signs and signals.(3) The 1997 Customer survey also showed that the public believes the problem of unsafe driving is becoming worse -- 60% of the driving-age public said they believe drivers were driving less safely now than 10 years ago, compared with only 8% who thought drivers are driving more safely now.

OBJECTIVES

The specific objectives of this survey were to determine:

1) The characteristics of drivers who engage in speeding and other driving actions considered unsafe, including their demographic characteristics (such as age and gender), their driving characteristics (e.g., frequency, types of unsafe driving actions they commonly engage in), their attitudes about unsafe driving actions (which are most/least dangerous), and their attitudes about driving laws and the enforcement of them;

3) The public's attitudes regarding speed limits, (e.g., are the limits too high or too low on specific road types) and the enforcement of these limits (what enforcement methods should be used, how much over the limit is tolerated by police, etc.);

4) Activities that the public would support to reduce the occurrence of these unsafe driving actions, including use of photo-enforcement, fines and other penalties, and public information and education.

The first three objectives are the focus of this report. The fourth objective is discussed in the Volume III: Countermeasures report. Overall, the survey provides a status report on public attitudes and behavior related to speeding, aggressive and unsafe driving behaviors as well as provides information that can aid in the development of appropriate countermeasure activity.

September 15, 1998 NATIONAL SURVEY OF SPEEDING AND OTHER UNSAFE DRIVING ACTIONS VOLUME II: DRIVER ATTITUDES & BEHAVIOR Conducted for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration U.S. Department of Transportation Conducted by: Schulman, Ronca, & Bucuvalas, Inc. 145 E. 32nd Street, 5th Floor New York, New York 10016 September 15, 1998 Only portions of this document are formatted into HTML to be readable on your browser. The entire set can be downloaded in Corel Word Perfect 8 here. Technical Report Documentation Page Cover and Table of Contents (This document) Chapters 1 and 2 (Browser readable linked below) Chapter 3 (Browser readable linked below) Chapter 4 (Browser readable linked below) Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Document hosted at http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=755edf87-42a1-4eee-9a86-f9657c96f58aTABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Background Objectives Sample Design II. DRIVERS, VEHICLES AND ROADS Driving Characteristics Vehicle Characteristics Primary Road Traveled Characteristics Summary III. DRIVERS BELIEFS ABOUT UNSAFE DRIVING What is Unsafe Driving Recent Changes in Driving Behavior Aggressive Driving Summary IV. DRIVERS ATTITUDES TOWARD SPEED AND SPEEDING Behavior Related to Speed Importance of Factors in Selecting Driving Speed Safe and Unsafe Speed Summary V. ATTITUDES ABOUT SPEED LIMITS Document hosted at http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=755edf87-42a1-4eee-9a86-f9657c96f58aCurrent Speed Limits --Too High, Too Low, About Right? Effect of Changing the Speed Limits Summary VI. UNSAFE AND AGGRESSIVE DRIVING BY ROAD TYPE Unsafe and Aggressive Driving by Road Type Summary VII. EXPERIENCE RIDING WITH UNSAFE AND AGGRESSIVE DRIVERS Experience with Unsafe Driving Behavior Experience with Speeding Drivers Experience with an Alcohol-Impaired Driver Summary VIII. FREQUENCY AND PATTERN OF UNSAFE DRIVING Past Year Unsafe Driving Perceived Risk and Risk-Taking Behavior Unsafe Drivers Summary IX. ATTITUDES ABOUT ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS Enforcement of Speeding Laws Police Presence and Tolerance for Offenders Speeding and Police Action Frequency of Enforcement by Violation Reporting School Bus Violations Summary Document hosted at http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=755edf87-42a1-4eee-9a86-f9657c96f58aX. PERSONAL ENFORCEMENT EXPERIENCE Personal Enforcement Experience Summary XI. CRASH EXPERIENCE Crash Experience Summary XII. DRIVER CONCERNS ABOUT SPEEDING AND UNSAFE DRIVING ON SELF AND FAMILY Driver Concerns About Speeding and Unsafe Driving on Self and Family Summary FIGURES AND TABLES I. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Tables Table 1-1. Unweighted Size of Sample Components II. DRIVERS, VEHICLES AND ROADS Figures Figure 2-1. Drive Adults or Children At Least a Few Days per Week by Gender and Age Figure 2-2. Vehicle Most Often Driven by Gender Figure 2-3. Model Year of Vehicle Most Often Driven Figure 2-4. Have a Radar Detector by Gender, Age and Education Figure 2-5. Type of Road Driven Most Often by Education Figure 2-6. Types of Road Driven On at Least Weekly Figure 2-7. Drive on Roads with Speed Limits of 40 to 55 MPH by Community Type Tables Document hosted at http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=755edf87-42a1-4eee-9a86-f9657c96f58aTable 2-1. Frequency of Driving Almost Everyday and a Few Days a Week by Various Demographic Groups III. BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES ABOUT AGGRESSIVE AND UNSAFE DRIVING Figures Figure 3-1. Rating of Driving Behaviors Figure 3-2. Speed Compared to a Year Ago Figure 3-3. Driving More Dangerous or Safer Compared to Last Year by Gender Figure 3-4. Driving in Your Area Compared to a Year Ago Figure 3-5. Driving in Your Area Compared to a Year Ago by NHTSA Region Tables Table 3-1. Driving Behaviors Table 3-2. Mean Rating of Safety of Selected Driving Behaviors Table 3-2a. Mean Rating of Safety of Selected Driving Behaviors, continued Table 3-3. Why Drive Faster Table 3-4. Why Drive Slower Table 3-5. Why Driving is More Dangerous by Race and Ethnicity Table 3-6. Why Driving is Safer Table 3-7. Reasons for Increased Aggressive Driving in Your Area IV. ATTITUDES TOWARD SPEED AND SPEEDING Figures Figure 4-1. Tendency to Pass or Be Passed by Age Figure 4-2. Driving in Heavy Traffic by Age Figure 4-3. Enjoy the Feeling of Speed by Gender and Age Figure 4-4. The Faster I Drive The More Alert I Am by I Enjoy the Feeling of Speed Document hosted at http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=755edf87-42a1-4eee-9a86-f9657c96f58aFigure 4-5. Get Impatient with Slower Drivers by Gender and Age Figure 4-6. I Try to Get Where I Am Going As Fast As I Can by Gender and Age Figure 4-7. Worry A Lot About Having A Crash by Gender and Age Figure 4-8. Drivers' Estimate of the Percent of Fatal Crashes that Involve Speeding Tables Table 4-1. Importance of Various Factors in Selecting Driving Speed by Gender Table 4-2. Maximum Safe Speed for Various Road Types Table 4-3. Why Driving at Speeds Greater than the Maximum Safe Speed is Unsafe by Road Type V. ATTITUDES ABOUT SPEED LIMITS Figures Figure 5-1. Speed Limits Increased on Interstates Driven by Gender and Community Figure 5-2. Effect of Increased Limits on Safety by Gender Figure 5-3. Uniform or Variable Speed Limits for Interstates by Gender Figure 5-4. Uniform Speed Limit on Interstates Tables Table 5-1. Opinion of Speed Limits on Various Road Types by Gender Table 5-2. Effect of a 10 MPH Increase in the Posted Speed Limits on Driving Speed by Road Type Table 5-3. Effect of a 10 MPH Increase in the Posted Speed Limits on Safety by Road Type Table 5-4. Effect of a 10 MPH Increase in the Posted Speed Limits on Driving Comfort by Road Type Table 5-5. Effect of 10 MPH Increase in the Posted Speed Limits: Safety vs. Comfort Table 5-6. How Higher Limits Have Effected the Number of Speeders by Gender Document hosted at http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=755edf87-42a1-4eee-9a86-f9657c96f58aVI. EXPERIENCE WITH UNSAFE/AGGRESSIVE DRIVING BY OTHERS Figures Figure 6-1. Unsafe Speeds by Road Type Figure 6-2. Personal Speeding by Road Type Figure 6-3. When Drive at an Unsafe Speed Figure 6-4. Likelihood of a Crash Figure 6-5. How Many MPH Over Limit Before Ticket Figure 6-6. Most Recent Time Exceeded Ticketing Speed Figure 6-7. How Often See Unsafe Driving by Road Type Figure 6-8. Unsafe Drivers who are Also Speeding by Road Type Figure 6-9. How Often See Most Dangerous Unsafe Driving by Road Type Figure 6-10. See Unsafe Drivers who are Also Speeding by Road Type Tables Table 6-1. Reasons for Exceeding the Safe Speed by Road Type Table 6-2. Reasons for Exceeding the Safe Speed by Gender and Age Table 6-3. Reasons for Exceeding the Ticketing Speed by Road Type Table 6-4. Types of Unsafe Driving Usually Encountered by Road Type Table 6-5. Most Often Encountered Types of Unsafe Driving Behavior by Road Type Table 6-6. Most Dangerous Type of Unsafe Driving Behaviors Encountered by Road Types VII. EXPERIENCE RIDING WITH UNSAFE/AGGRESSIVE DRIVERS Figures Figure 7-1. Ridden with an Unsafe Driver in the Past Year by Age Figure 7-2. Gender of Unsafe Driver Document hosted at http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=755edf87-42a1-4eee-9a86-f9657c96f58aFigure 7-3. Intervention with Unsafe Driver Figure 7-4. Driven at an Unsafe Speed in the Past Year by Age Figure 7-5. Gender of Person Driving at an Unsafe Speed Figure 7-6. Other Unsafe Driving Actions Figure 7-7. Intervention with Persons Driving at an Unsafe Speed Figure 7-8. Driven with an Alcohol-Impaired Driver by Age Figure 7-9. Perceived Effect of Alcohol on Driver Tables Table 7-1. Relationship to Unsafe Driver by Gender of Unsafe Driver Table 7-2. Unsafe Driving Behavior by Gender of Unsafe Driver Table 7-3. Relationship to Speeding Driver by Gender of Speeding Driver VIII. UNSAFE DRIVING BY RESPONDENTS Figures Figure 8-1. Frequency of Driving Behaviors Figure 8-2. Past Year Speeding by Gender Figure 8-3. Unsafe Driving by Gender Figure 8-4. Unsafe Driving Score by Age Figure 8-5. Average Unsafe Driving by NHTSA Region Tables Table 8-1. Prevalence of Unsafe Driving Behaviors in the Past Year by Most Recent Occurrence Table 8-2. Speeding in the Past Year by Age Table 8-3. Unsafe Driving Behavior in the Past Year by Age. Document hosted at http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=755edf87-42a1-4eee-9a86-f9657c96f58aTable 8-4. Correlations Between the Perceived Safety of Selected Driving Behaviors and the Reported Frequency of those Behaviors by Drivers in the Past Year IX. ATTITUDES ABOUT ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS Figures Figure 9-1. Amount of Police Enforcement by Road Type Figure 9-2. Too Little Police Enforcement on Various Road Types by Residential Area Figure 9-3. Too Little Police Enforcement on Various Road Types by of Enjoy Feeling of Speed Figure 9-4. Frequency See Police When Driving by Type of Road Usually Driven Figure 9-5. How Many MPH Over Limit Before Ticket by Frequency See Police Figure 9-6. Frequency Police Should Ticket Drivers Going 10 MPH/20MPH Over Limit Figure 9-7. Always/Most of Time Feel Police Should Ticket Speeders by Traffic Citations in Past 5 Years Figure 9-8. Always/Most of Time Feel Police Should Ticket Speeders by Those Who Enjoy Feeling of Speed Figure 9-9. Too Little Police Enforcement for Various Traffic Laws Figure 9-10. Frequency of Ticketing of Unsafe Driving Behavior Figure 9-11. Likelihood to Report Vehicle Passing Stopped Bus and Means of Reporting Figure 9-12. Reason Unlikely to Report Vehicle That Passed Stopped School Bus X. PERSONAL ENFORCEMENT EXPERIENCE Figures Figure 10-1. Stopped by Police for a Traffic-related Reason in Past Year Figure 10-2. Average Times Stopped by Police in Past Year by Age Figure 10-3. Reason Stopped by Police Figure 10-4. Outcome of Police Stop Document hosted at http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=755edf87-42a1-4eee-9a86-f9657c96f58aFigure 10-5. Speeding Ticket in Past 5 Years Figure 10-6. Warning for Speeding in Past 5 Years by Age Figure 10-7. Other Moving Violations in Past 5 Years by Age Figure 10-8. Convicted of DWI/DUI in Past 5 Years by Age Figure 10-9. Insurance Canceled/Premiums From Claims or Points in Past 5 Years by Age Figure 10-10. Stopped by Police in Past Year by How Often Exceed Safe Speed Figure 10-11. Stopped by Police in Past year by Unsafe Driving Score Tables Table 10-1. Received a Ticket or a Warning for Speeding in Past 5 Years by How Often Exceed Safe Speed XI. CRASH EXPERIENCE Figures Figure 11-1. Vehicle Crashes in Past 5 Years by Age Figure 11-2. Number of Crashes Past 5 Years Figure 11-3. Vehicle Crash in Past 5 Years by Age Figure 11-4. Injuries in Most Recent Crash Among Those Who Were in Crash Figure 11-5. Crash and Injury Experience in Most Recent Crash in Past for All Drivers Figure 11-6. Speeding Cited in Most Recent Crash Figure 11-7. Unsafe Driving a Factor in Crash Figure 11-8. Who Was the Unsafe Driver in the Crash XII. DRIVER CONCERNS ABOUT SPEEDING AND UNSAFE DRIVING ON SELF AND FAMILY Figures Figure 12-1. Opinion that Unsafe Driving by Other is Threat to Self and Family Document hosted at http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=755edf87-42a1-4eee-9a86-f9657c96f58aFigure 12-2. Speeding by Others is Threat to Self and Family Figure 12-3. Experiencing Unsafe Driving as Threat to Self or Family Figure 12-4. Response to Most Recent Threat Figure 12-5. How Important is it to Do Something About Unsafe Driving Figure 12-6. How Important is it to Do Something Reduce Speeding Figure 12-7. Relative Risk of Driving Behavior Figure 12-8. Role of Alcohol in Crashes Tables Table 12-1. How Often in the Past Year the Behavior of Another Driver was Personal Threat Table 12-2. Most Recent Time the Behavior of Another Driver was a Personal Threat Table 12-3. Treating Behaviors by Other Drivers by Type of Place Document hosted at http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=755edf87-42a1-4eee-9a86-f9657c96f58a

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