(d) As a rule, adverbs in -o or -e are not formed from relative adjectives. Exceptions are a few prefixed adverbs, referring to time, sequence, order: поминутно – each minute; досрочно – before term; поочерёдно – in turn; ежемесячно – every month, etc.

2. Adverbs in -ски and -цки.

These adverbs are formed from adjectives ending in -ский or -цкий. They may, or may not have the prefix по- : иронически – ironically; страдальчески– painfully; по-женски – woman-like; по-русски – in a Russian manner; по-турецки – in a Turkish manner.

3. Adverbs formed from the once existing oblique cases of short adjectives: надолго – for a long time; направо – to (on) the right; слева– from (on) the left; понемногу – gradually; вполне– entirely, and many others.

4.Adverbs formed from the long form of various adjectives (mostly with the prefix пo-):

From qualitative adjectives: по-старому – as before; по-новому – in a new way.

From relative adjectives: по-лётнему – in a summer fashion; пo-зимнему – in a winter fashion.

Adverbs Formed from Nouns

1. Non-prefixed adverbs are formed mostly from the instrumental singular: утром – in the morning; днём – in the afternoon; весной – in the spring; кругом – around; etc.

These adverbs are very numerous, while those formed from the instru­mental plural are infrequent: временами – every now and then; вечерами – in the evenings; местами – here and there.

A few adverbs are formed from cases other than the instrumental: дома – at home (from the genitive); сейчас – now (from the accusative); правда – truly (from the nominative); etc.

Note: A few adverbs were formed from nouns which no longer exist: босиком – barefoot; безумолку – (talking) ceaselessly; безведома – without knowledge, etc.

Other adverbs are only loosely connected with the original noun. Thus: даром (free, gratis) does not really imply a gift ("дар"); рядом (next, nearby) does not necessarily mean "in a row" ("ряд"), etc.

2. Prefixed adverbshave been readily formed from various cases.

Examples:

GEN.

издали – from afar; снизу – from below

DAT.

кстати – by the way; посредине– in the middle

ACC.

наконец – finally; вперёд – forward

INSTR.

замужем – married (of a woman)

PREP.

вместе – together; внизу – below

3. Finally, there are quite a few combinations of nouns (or phraseological units) which are regarded as adverbs:

день за днём

day after day

шаг за шагом

step after step

лицом к лицу

face to face

слово в слово

word for word

время от времени

from time to time

со дня на день

any day (now)

изо дня в день

day after day

вверх дном

upside down

раз и навсегда

once and for all

Adverbs Formed from Numerals

A few adverbs are formed from ordinal numerals: сперва – at first; впервые – for the first time; во-первых – in the first place; во-вторых – secondly; etc.