To link to the entire object, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed the entire object, paste this HTML in websiteTo link to this page, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed this page, paste this HTML in website

Biennial report North Carolina Department of Agriculture

Report of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture for the biennium ...

505180.pdf
[22.36 MB]
Link will provide options to open or save document.

File Format:

Adobe Reader

C6e ilifiratp
of t|)e
SInitierisitp of jQortI) Carolina
Collection of il2ortD Carolmiana
%U& tioofe toags presented
CG>3o.c
Kvue^vv*f
i9A4-/A-a
UNIVERSITY OF N.C. AT CHAPEL HILL
00020340962
This BOOK may be kept out TWO WEEKS
ONLY, and is subject to a fine of FIVE
CENTS a day thereafter. It wag taken out an
the day indicated below : y) o«-CL-AUG
1 A '^52*
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
Ensuring Democracy through Digital Access (NC-LSTA)
http://www.archive.org/details/reportofagricu19441948nc
REPORT
of
TKe North Carolina
Department of Ag^riculture
FOR 1944-1948
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
To His Excellency
The Governor of North Carolina
In compliance with the Statutes of North Carolina, 1
submit herewith a report of the work of the Department
of Agriculture for the biennial periods 1944-46 and
1946-48.
The report for the 1944-46 biennium was not pre-viously
printed because of wartime printing difficul-ties.
It has been combined with the report for the suc-ceeding
biennium; hence this volume covers the four-year
period 1944-1948.
Respectfully,
Commissioner of Agriculticre.
Raleigh, N. C.
December 22, 1948.
State board of Agriculture
W. Kerr Scott, Commissioner
Ex-Officio Chairman, to Feb. 14, 1948
D. S. COLTRANE, Commissioner
Ex-Officio Chairman, since Feb. 14, 1948
Raleigh, N. C.
W. B. Austin Jefferson
W. I. Bissette Grifton
Dr. R. E. Earp Selma
HOYLE C. Griffin Monroe
Claude T. Hall Roxboro
D. J. Lybrook Advance
Miss Ethel Parker : Gatesville
J. H. Poole West End
A. B. Slagle Franklin
David Townsend _ ._. .'-Rowland
PERSONNEL
OF THE
STATE Department of Agriculture
JUNE 30, 1948
D. S. CoLTRAXE, Commissioner
Adjxixisteatiois
Helen L. Andrews Senior Stenographer Cleric
Kathryn E. Moa^tague— Senior Stenographer Clerk
AccouxTiNG Office
A. R. PoM'LEDGE Chief Auditor and Administrative Assistant
Nina Axx Barnes Junior General Clerk,
Mrs. Hazel T. Ives Junior General Clerk
Mrs. Lee Mae J. Pearce Junior Genei'al Clerk
Mrs. Katherine P. Robinson Senior Accounting Clerk
B. Jerrie Wheless Senior Accounting Clerk
Publicity and Publications
Blackburn W. Johnson Senior Publicity SiJecialist
Mrs. M. Pauline DeCosta Senior Stenographer Clerk
Joseph A. Hunter ..^^Janitor-Messeyiger
Bettye Frances Tucker Janitor-Messenger
Inspection
C. H. Lx'tterloh Chief Feed and Seed Inspector
Mrs. Martha B. Capps Junior Stenographer Clerk
Lindsey Ennis Senior Feed and Seed Inspector
C. Grant Senior Feed and Seed Inspector
E. J. Harrington Chief Fertilizer Inspector
Harvey C. McPhail _ _ ....Senior Feed and Seed Inspector
Howard B. Roberson Senior Feed and Seed Inspector
J. W. Woodside Associate Botanist
Markets
R. B. Etheridge .Director
Margie G. Bailey Senior Stenographer Clerk
J. B. Cotner Principal Marketing Specialist
Robert S. Curtis— Senior Marketing Specialist
Jay p. Davis, Jr . ....Senior Marketing Specialist
Mrs. Louise T. Dunn Senior General Clerk
AiLEEN R. Ga^ibill Typist-Clcrk
Joe B. Goltrlay -. .JPrincipal Marketing Specialist
T. L. Gwyn- . Principal Marketing Specialist
Harry M. Hamilton, Je Principal Marketing Specialist
W. P. Hedrick Principal Marketing Specialist
Vernon W. Hill Senior Marketing Specialist
Julius P. Jeneette ^ Senior Marketing Specialist
Fred P. Johnson Principal Marketing Specialist
6 Report for 1944-1948
Ralph B. Kelly Senior Marketing Specialist
Ethel York Kiker Senior Marketing Specialist
Mrs. Grace V. Lane.__ Senior Stenograj)her Clerk
Ruby G. Massenburg - : Senior Stenographer Clerk
N. P. McDuFFiE Associate Marketing Specialist
Candler C. Miller Principal Marketing Specialist
Blanche W. Ogburn Senior Stenographer Clerk
Mrs. Phoebe D. Powers___. Senior Stenographer Clerk
Mrs. Dorothy Y. Reaves. Junior Stenographer Clerk
Geo. R. Ross _ Principal Marketing Specialist
Carson W. Sheffield Principal Marketing Specialist
Anne B. Stodd.\rt ...Junior Statistical Clerk
H. T. Westcott Principal Marketing Specialist
John A. Winfield Principal Marketing Specialist
Dairy
C. W. Pegram Director
Robert C. Beeman Senior Laboratory Technician
John J. Filicky Senior Chemist
Delma B. Hall LaTioratory Aid
W. L. McLeod Associate Dairy Specialist
Francis Patterson '. Associate Dairy Specialist
Lucille T. Stephens ...Senior Stenograjiher Clerk
David R. Strobel Senior Dairy SjJecialist
Edw^\rd p. Valaer. Associate Dairy Specialist
J. V. Whitaker Senior Auditor
Entomology
C. H. Brannon Director
J. A. Harris . Senior Eyitomologist
Mrs. Pauline P. Newsom Senior Stenographer Clerk
John B. Riley Japanese Beetle Inspector
D. L. Wray Senior Entomologist
Seed Laboratory
W. H. Darst - - Senior Botanist
Susie D. Alllen. Senior Seed Analyst
Magdalene G. Brummitt Senior Seed Analyst
Mrs. Jeanne R. Douglass Junior Stenographer Clerk
Stella W. Etheredge Senior Seed Analyst
E. Dixie Middleton Junior Seed Analyst
Mary Allen Nicholson . Junior Seed Analyst
Mabel V. Roberts Senior Seed Analyst
Jessie M. Faulk West .-. Junior Seed Analyst
Analytical
E. W. Constable Chief Chemist
John A. Alston... Laboratory Aid
Evelyn E. Allen Junior Stenographer Clerk
L. V. Amburgey ..Senior Microscopist
K. W. Ballentine .-. Senior Food Inspector
Henry W. Barnes, Jr Associate Chemist
Z. B. Bradford Principal Chemist
BuRNEY A. Britt ....Associate Chemist
David E. Buffaloe Senior Chemist
James A. Chapman .. . ...Laboratory Aid
Mrs. Annette E. Clark Senior Stenographer Clerk
Mrs. Ann Smart Dick Junior Chemist
Commissioner of Agriculture 7
Clyde L. Fi'trell Associate Chemist
Chas. H. Godwin, Jr Senior Food Inspector
Caroline F. GeaveS— Junior Chemist
George Hall .,. Laboratory Aid
Mrs. Heber B. Hatch Principal General Clerk
Samuel H. Hinton Laboratory Aid
E. T. Hord Principal Chemist
Velva E. Hudson Principal General Clerk
Moses W. Lord ____ Laboratory Aid
H. D. Matheson _- Senior Chemist
W. P. Matthews - Senior Chemist
W. E. McNeill Senior Food Inspector
L. M. Nixon __ l Princijml Chemist
Fred P. Nooe Senior Food Inspector
H. F. Pickering Principal Chemist
J. S. PiTTARD Principal Chemist
Lewis W. Purdy , Associate Chemist
John Lee Ray._..__,... _. Junior Chemist
Clyde W. Roberts Senior Food d Drug Inspector
L. B. Rhodes .„. Principal Chemist
Hazel Willis Senior Stenographer Clerk
Crop Statistics
Frank Parker Chief Statistician
Mary S. Allen Junior Stenographer Clerk
Raymond R. Alford, Jr Senior G-eneral Clerk
Thomas B. Beasley Multilith Operator
Louise G. Belvin Junior Statistical Clerk
Henri' G. Brown Senior Statistician
Geo. Truett Denton Senior General Clerk
Mrs. Sarah F. Drake — _ Senior Statistical Clerk
Earl A. Finch Junior Statistician
EsPY" S. Fowler '.
. Senior Statistical Clerk
Ethel I. Gardner .Senior Statistical Clerk
William C. Hinson, Jr — Junior Statistician
Pearl K. Joyner Multilith Operatorr
Helen E. Kornegay Senior Statistical Clerk
Hettie W. Lewis.- Junior Statistical Clerk
Alma H. Muse Senior Stenographer Clerk
Olaf Wakefield Senior Statistician
Soil Testing
Ivan E. Miles - Director
Arthur Giles Laboratory Assistant
Johnson Honeybllte Laboratory Aid
Mildred K. Lowe ...Junior Stenographer Clerk
Mrs. Mary W. McLaughlin Junior Chemist
Margaret Murphy Associate Chemist
Sarah P. Peatross Junior Chemist
Sally W. Peele Senior Stenographer Clerk
J. Fielding Reed Senior Agronomist
Margaret E. Stanch - - _— Typist-Clerk
Mrs. Valyne F. Starling Junior Chemist
Virginia A. Speed Senior Stenographer Clerk
Sarah H. Weeks Senior Stenographer Clerk
Veterinary'
L. J. Faulhaber Director
William A. Andrew Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
W. R. Baynes Principal Yeterinarian
G. I. BtTLLOCK Associate Poultry Specialist
8 Report for 1944-1948
Julius B. Cashion Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
Jesse J. Causby , Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
Henry B. Collins Livestock Marketing Supervisor
J. K. Crissman - Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
W. J. Elkins Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
L. J. FouRiE Senior Poultry Specialist
George D. Fuller Livestock Marketing Specialist
L. M. Greene : Principal Yeteriyiarian
Frank S. Hall..— Janitor Clerk
Frank Howard, Jr Laboratory Aid
Charles A. Higgs- Laboratory Aid
G. W. Ivey' - Associate Poultry Specialist
Grace R. John Senior Stenographer Clerk
Mrs. Doris D. Johnson Laboratory Assistant
Fred D. Long Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
R. Harold Pardue Livestock Marketing Supervisor
Peter S. Penland Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
Mrs. Mary' T. Pratt Senior Stenographer Clerk
E. Lorraine Ratlifp Junior Stenographer Clerk
John R. Shivar ___ Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
Thomas L. Wellborn Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
James W. Willis Senior Veterinarian
Joseph D. Wolf Principal Veterinarian
Test Farms
Cecil D. Thomas Senior Administrative Assistant
Mrs. Bettie H. Carkigg Senior Stenographer Clerk
Elwood a. Allen Senior Herdsman
Herbert W. Allen Senior Herdsman
Mrs. Lillian A. Bishop ___ Typist-Clerk
Fenner B. Harris Senior Herdsman
J. L. Rea, Jr Superintendent
Clifton M. Blackwell. — _ Senior Farm Foreman
J. M. Carr Superintendent
Mrs. Mary P. Clark Junior Stenographer Clerk
Elizabeth Floyd____ ___. Senior Stenographer Clerk
Chester Kearney. Feed and Farm Laborer
W. C. Allsbrook___. _..- _ Senior Farm Foreman
R. E. CuRRiN, Jr __.. Superintendent
Hubert C. Robbins— - Senior Farm Foreman
Howard R. Clapp __ Superintendent
Mrs. Margaret W. Allsbrook Junior Stenographer Clerk
Bernice H. Harrell __ Junior Stenographer Clerk
J. B. Shaw, Jr -. Junior Poultryman
W. M. Whisenhunt Senior Farm Foreman
R. L. York Senior Dairyman
James A. Graham Assistant Superintendent
WiLMA L. Miller ._ Junior Stenographer Clerk
R. Bruce Sheperd Senior Farm Foreman
J. Gordon Blake ...Assistant Superintendent
C. 0. Bollinger Senior Poultryynan
Chas. T. Bearing Supierintendent
Earl M. Wells . Senior Herdsman
B. L. Williams Senior Stenographer Clerk
Vester N. Baibd. Senior Farm Foreman
Rose E. Bradford Senior Stenographer Clerk
J. W. Hendricks .,_ ...Superintendent
Miscellaneous
Theodore R. Birdsall Janitor-Messenger
Robert Harris .-.. ...Janitor-Messenger
Worth Jeffries ...Junior Mail Clerk
Commissioner of Agriculture 9
Cooperative Inspection Service
D. A. Bass -' Egg Grader
Thomas Ray Harward - Junior Marketing Specialist
Mrs. Cora Hooker . Egg Grader
Mrs. Mary Reaves Noble - Egg Grader
Inez B. Willoughby Egg Grader
H. D. Wilson Egg Grader
State Warehouse System
A. B. Fairley Superintendent
Hazel Cobb . Senior General Clerk,
Mrs. Gertrude T. Hogarth Senior Stenographer Clerk
Mrs. Hallie K. Morrow Senior Stenograj)her Clerk
Alexander W. Outterbridge Warehouse Examiner
Joe Trowbridge Chief Cotton Classer
Hog Cholera Work
Charles R. Border Senior Veterinarian
Geor(;e 0. McKee, Jr Junior Veterinarian
Credit Union
D. R. Graham . .....Supervisor
A. S. Bynum Junior Auditor
Mrs. Myrtice B. Wilder Junior Stenographer Clerk
Museum
H. T. Davis : Chief Curator
LuDiE Virginia Ashe Maid
Julian W. Johnson Junior Curator
Mrs. Clare S. Johnson Receptionist and Attendant
Mary Knight _ Principal General Clerk
F. B. Meacham -_ Senior Curator
Owen Woods Janitor
Weights and Measures
C. D. Baucom Superintendent
Mrs. Martha Ann G. Boyd Junior Stenographer Clerk
Joseph P. Crawford ___ ___ Senior Inspector
H. W. Hood . Senior Inspector
J. T. Jackson Senior Inspector
T. Wavely Lltcas Truck Driver
Irene W. Meekins Junior Stenographer Clerk
John I. Moore Senior Insj>ector
Elton Phillips : Senior Inspector
James Williams. _— Truck Driver
S. M. WooLFOLK Senior Inspector
William C. Woodell ..Junior Inspector
W. Kerr Scott
Comviissioner of Agriculture
January, 1937—Febi'uary, 1948
D. S. COLTEANF.
Commissioner of Agriculture
February, 1948—January, 1949
QUADRENNIAL REPORT
OF THE
North Carolina department of Agriculture
By D. S. COLTRANE
Commissioner of Agriculture
The agriculture of North Carolina is definitely in the class of
a big business, highly specialized in some respects and yet of
a very diverse nature. Ranging from large, highly commercial-ized
cotton, tobacco, peanut and truck farms in the East to
dairy, poultry, small grain and general farms in the Piedmont,
and to cattle, fruit and truck farms in the Mountains, a diversity
of production is found which is unequaled in this country. Soil
and climatic conditions encourage this wide range of produc-tion
and hold potentialities for higher levels of farming activity.
Of North Carolina's 3,715,000 total population, 1,336,780 live
on 304,000 farms which include a total of 21,583,740 acres of
land. The value of all farm resources in 1945, including land,
livestock, equipment, and other physical assets amounted to
$1,373,000,000. The mere size of this total resources figure
indicates the importance of the total farm plant. That this
large investment yields well is verified by the fact that gross
farm income reached the peak of $907,511,000 in 1946 and for
1947 it was $893,000,000. This is in contrast with the 1941 gross
farm income of $381,925,000.
Equity held in the farm business by the farmer himself is
very favorable, since total mortgage indebtedness in 1945 was
$76,723,000. The 1930 mortgage indebtedness of North Caro-lina
farmers was $111,880,000.
. North Carolina Agriculture is characterized by its production
of crops—2,138,000 acres of corn, 793,000 acres of tobacco, 647,-
000 acres of cotton, and large acreages of small grains, peanuts,
soybeans, Irish potatoes, and other truck crops. Being primarily
an agriculture of crops farming, it follows that the State is a
large user of commercial fertilizer. Fertilizer tonnage sold in
North Carolina in 1947 amounted to 1,560,000 tons.
Although the production of crops is highly important, live-stock
farming is growing in significance, this despite the fact
that livestock numbers are decreasing. There are 376,000 milk
Commissioner of Agriculture 13
cows on farms and cattle of all types number 677,000. The 1948
estimate of swine on farms places the number at 1,191,000, and
there are 35,000 head of sheep. It is estimated also in 1948 that
there are 10,500,000 chickens and 50,000 turkeys on farms.
L'Mstdck farming is growing in siyniti
Changing Times
Any agency participating in the agricultural program of North
Carolina can be justifiably proud of the progress which has been
achieved during the years covered by this report. Advances
have been registered in practically all phases of agriculture.
New developments have uncovered possibilities hitherto deemed
fantastic, and the upsurge of interest in scientific agriculture by
the farmers as a whole has been one of the major happenings
of our time. Fewer people engaged in farming and an increas-ing
demand for products of the soil has accelerated the search
for larger and more economical yields, for new and better ways
of performing jobs in order to save and more fully utilize labor
and equipment, for more adequate controls of plant and animal
diseases and parasites, and for improvement in methods of dis-tribution.
So great has been the urge for improving methods,
that at times the search has seemed almost frantic, but not with-out
due consideration for sound approaches to the problems at
hand.
Any reference to progress in North Carolina agriculture would
likely begin with corn which is the State's largest single crop.
14 Report for 1944-1948
accounting for 2,138,000 acres in 1947 and producing over 65
million bushels of grain. The yield has increased at an amaz-ingly
high rate, from 22.8 bushels per acre in 1944 to 30.5 bushels
per acre in 1947 and to an estimated 33 bushels per acre in 1948.
The increasing use of adapted hybrid varieties, plus more ade-quate
fertilization, and better cultivation and management prac-tices
have been the major factors.
Although not so readily measured as corn yields, it is generally
agreed that the pasture improvement program in North Carolina
has definitely found a sure footing and is now on its way to
levels necessary for properly supporting our livestock industry.
Realization on the part of individual farmers that pasture is
just as much a crop as, say tobacco and corn, and that it requires
fertilization and care as any other crop, is in a large measure
Prominent in pasture development is tlie fact tliat new grasses and lejiumes liave
been singled out, tested, tried successfviUy and found to be fitted to
Nortli Carolina climatic and soil conditions.
responsible for the success of this vital farm enterprise. Prom-inent
in pasture development is the fact that new grasses and
legumes have been singled out, tested, tried successfully and
found to be fitted to North Carolina climatic and soil conditions.
Commissioner of Agriculture 15
Orchard grass, a pasture plant with an estabhshed reputation,
has been found to be more valuable than ever grown in combina-tion
with the almost fabulous Ladino clover. Remarkable graz-ing
records have been noted. Such grasses as the tall Fescues
have also come into their own and have found a definite place
in the new order of things.
During this period, investigations relating to flue-cured tobacco,
our most important cash crop, were intensified and expanded.
Development of disease resistant varieties was in the forefront
of experimental endeavors. Receiving particular attention also
were factors of quality in the cured leaf, and far-reaching steps
in the development of new curing methods were made. Although
tobacco has defied mechanization longer than other major crops,
the use of machinery for cultivating and harvesting this crop is
being studied and tried with increasing promise.
Types of tobacco other than flue-cured are also important to
our economy. New developments in the production of Burley
tobacco in the mountain counties may well be in the offing. His-torically,
this crop has been harvested by cutting the entire stalk
and being allowed to air-cure. Trials have been conducted on
priming the leaves and in the use of artificial heat for curing,
both of which have been accomplished with good results. Turkish
tobacco also is being produced successfully in the mountain coun-ties
and appears headed for a definite place in our cropping
system.
Illustrations of progress in crop production in North Carolina
could well continue indefinitely. To mention a few other impor-tant
developments briefly, however, reference should be made
to the experimental use of radioactive fertilizing elements, to
the increasing use of chemicals for weed control in crop produc-tion,
to new tillage methods, to the increasing use of cotton
pickers and strippers as well as other farm machinery, to the
increased use of irrigation systems, to the use of drying equip-ment
for hay, corn, peanuts, and other field crops, and to the all
important development by plant breeders of many improved
varieties of all classes of crops.
The livestock industry of the State, growing in importance,,
has also given rise to many far-reaching changes. Artificial
breeding has become well established and is growing rapidly.
Something like twenty-five counties now have formed associa-tions
for handling this program. Being organized in this man-ner,
female dairy animals owned by members may be bred to
16 Report for 1944-1948
the very best of bulls held at the central stud farm. Valuable to
the livestock industry as a whole, this system is particularly
important to the average-sized and small dairymen, who normally
cannot afford to keep high-priced bulls.
This period also has noted an increased interest in cross-breeding,
which has as its goal increased production of milk and
meat and eggs at lower unit costs. This has been conducted with
all classes of livestock and poultry and indications are that great
things will come of the work. Notable advances also have been
made in methods of feeding livestock, and in disease and parasite
control.
It is logical to reason that with all the advances made in pro-duction
practices, there would be a marked improvement in living
conditions of farm people and this has been the case. Rural elec-trification
is probably the one development which has led the
way for better living and farming efficiency as well. In 1946
there were 250,000 rural power utility customers who were be-ing
served with 33,000 miles of distribution lines. Striking is
this when contrasted with the year 1936, when there were only
12,000 rural customers being served by 2,300 miles of distribu-tion
lines. With the advent of electricity, additional electrical
facilities are added, which serve to change the picture of farm
life. Refrigerators, stoves, deep freeze units, washing machines
and other items too numerous to list, are being acquired as con-ditions
permit. Along with these and other conveniences, a new
look is being given to farm homes and other buildings by remod-eling
and by painting. It all points up to a better day for people
on the farm.
Place of State Department of Agriculture
Progress which has been noted is the result of many factors.
Most of all it is the result of teamwork, a team composed of
farmers, businessmen, and all agricultural agencies serving
farmers of the State, all with a determination to work together
for the improvement of our economy. The Department of Agri-culture
is justly proud of its part in this program for bettering
the agriculture of North Carolina. Serving to quite a large
extent as an inspectional and regulatory agency, every effort
has been made to carry out these functions in a manner which
would benefit all citizens. Inspection service to protect consumers
and assure them of quality products and to assure users of ferti-
Commissioner of Agriculture 17
lizers, feeds, seeds, and other like items that they are getting full
value, has been of great importance.
Fundamental to our agriculture is the soil and its treatment.
The Soil Testing Division of the Department has performed nota-ble
service in analyzing soil samples from all parts of the State
and has made recommendations as to lime and fertilizer needs
of fields from which samples were taken. The soil testing work
and recommendations made are conducted in close cooperation
with the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. This
The Soil Testing Divi-iioii lias performed notable service in analyzing
soil samples from all over the State.
laboratory has handled a large volume of work as indicated by
its processing over 100,000 soil samples during the period 1944-
1948.
Fertilizer Control
Following a knowledge of the soil it is imperative that ferti-lizers
used be of the highest quality and of the guaranteed
analyses. The fact that North Carolina uses more than one-seventh
of all fertilizer sold in the Nation makes doubly impor-tant
the Department's work in enforcing the Fertilizer Law. The
program has been successful and has resulted in many beneficial
changes in the fertilizer situation. Significant is the fact that
18 Report for 1944-1948
the number of fertilizer grades sold in North Carolina decreased
from 202 in 1937 to 25 grades in 1947. With more attention
being given to fewer grades, better quality is being obtained.
The value of plant food per ton in excess of the guarantee has
increased considerably and during the year 1946-1947, the aver-age
excess was worth 61 cents per ton which amounted to
$1,017,370 for all fertilizer sold during that period.
By agreement of agencies involved, there has been an increase
in the units of plant food per ton from an average of 15 to 19i/2>
/
./
/
/ /
Fertilizer samples drawn by tlie Department's inspectors are analyzed by tlie Division of
Chemistry for content of the major plant food elements and also for the minor elements.
Commissioner of Agriculture 19
which assures economy for each fertilizer dollar. It is to be
noted in connection with the trend to fertilizer grades of higher
analysis that in 1947, 92% of the grades sold in the State were
those recommended by the Agricultural Experiment Station,
whereas in 1937, only about 2S% of the grades sold were so
recommended.
Fertilizer samples drawn by the Department's inspectors are
analyzed by the Division of Chemistry for content of the major
plant food elements and also for the minor elements. Although
hampered at times by the lack of a full staff of inspectors, a
determined effort has been made to get fertilizer samples from
each company in proportion to the tonnage sold. As a rule a
sample is taken for each 200 tons sold, but this ratio should be
increased. For the biennium 1944-1946, there were 12,510 official
samples and during the biennium 1946-1948 a total of 16,062
samples were drawn. These may be compared with the period
1942-1944 when 10,596 samples were used.
SUMMARY OF FERTILIZER CONTROL
1944:-1946 1946-1948 Total
Number of inspections 10,161 13,160 23,321
Number of official samples 12,510 16,062 28,572
Number of tons sampled 157,323 218,079 375,402
Number of "stop sales" issued 108 24 13 2
Number of penalties assessed 1,399 1,077* 2,476
Amount of penalties assessed $49,154.32 $41,793.24* $90,947.56
Amount paid to consumers $13,916.91 $11,643.55* $25,560.46
Amount paid to Department $35,017.21 $26,784.73* $61,801.94
Unpaid (as of 8-24-48) $ 220.20 $ 3,364.96* $ 3,585.16
Tax tag sales 3,011,061 3,274,241 6,285,302
Value of plant food received in excess of
guarantee in 1944-45 62^* per ton or $909,091.74
Value of plant food received in excess of
guarantee in 1945-46 43^ per ton or $664,255.50
Value of plant food received in excess of
guarantee in 1946-47 61^* per ton or $1,017,370.20
*These figures for the 1947-1948 year are incomplete.
Feed Control
As the fertilizer we feed the soil is important, so is the feed
we give livestock and poultry of great significance. The amend-ed
Feed Law of 1943 provides for further improvement in the
quality of feeds offered for sale. The feed inspectors have
sampled conscientiously and the Division of Chemistry has
analyzed these samples carefully to determine that buyers of
feed are getting what they pay for. The products of each com-pany
are sampled as far as possible and extra care is taken in
20 Report for 1944-1948
sampling brands which were previously found to be below the
guarantee.
According to several measures, the quality of feed being sold
is improving. During the period 1944-1948, the number of "stop
sale" orders dropped from 238 in the first half to 106 in the
second. For similar periods, the number of bags seized de-creased
from 21,475 to 6,955, and the number of bags returned
to manufacturers decreased from 1259 to 717. Registrations
cancelled were practically eliminated during the four-year period,
changing from eleven during the first half to one during the
second half. However, there was a slight increase in the total
number of penalties assessed, from 544 in 1944-1946 to 611 in
1946-1948.
SUMMARY OF FEED CONTROL
1944-1946 1946-1948 Total
Tax tag sales ^ 1,676,308 1,569,488 3,245,796
Cottonseed meal tonnage 182,440 121,352 303,892
Number of inspections 27,097 20,939 48,036
Number of samples collected 4.100 4,410 8,510
Number of samples analyzed 4,579 4,950 9,529
Number of "stop sale" orders issued- 238 106 344
Number of bags seized 21,475 6,955 28,430
Number of bags returned to raanu 1,259 717 1,976
Number of registrations cancelled 11 1 12
Number of penalties 544 611 1,155
Amount of penalties assessed $12,964.69 $15,181.37 $28,146.06
Amount paid to consumers $ 2,525.27 $ 1,820.07 $ 4,345.34
Amount paid to Department $10,272.74 $12,586.21 $22,858.95
Unpaid (as of 8-24-48) $ 166.68 $ 775.09 $ 941.77
Seed Control
Closely allied with soil management and fertilization is the
kind and quality of seeds that are planted. The Seed Laboratory
was established primarily to carry out the Seed Law, however
its work extends far beyond the scope of this Act. Much work
is done in analyzing seed for germination and purity that are
not directly involved in law enforcement. The service of this
laboratory is growing in significance and value to farmers all
the time. For the period covered by this report, 1944-1948, a
total of 66,798 samples of seed were analyzed.
State Kept Free From Federal Quarantine
The Division of Entomology by efficient inspection and con-trol
measures has performed a great service in keeping our
Commissioner of Agriculture 21
State free from Federal quarantine. This Division has done
much to prevent the spread of diseases and insects for the pro-tection
of nurseries, flower growers, and fruit and vegetable
farmers as well as the producers of other crops.
Livestock Kept Healthy
The growing interest in livestock farming requires, in addi-tion
to provision for pastures, feeds, breeding, and management,
close attention to contagious diseases and parasites. The Vet-erinary
Division has devised inspections and control measures
for the major diseases, the success of which is borne out by the
good health of our livestock industry. Major livestock diseases
which have received special attention by the Veterinary Division
are : Bang's disease, Bovine tuberculosis. Anthrax, Hog cholera
;
and among poultry flocks, effective control work has been done
with Pullorum disease. Also a close check has been made to
detect any reappearance of the cattle fever tick.
The Dairy Division has worked diligently and thoroughly in
conducting the Babcock test control programs. This is done
largely through preventing variations of conditions when tests
are made at the milk plants. In addition, the Dairy Division is
concerned with the Milk Audit Law, and the Dairy Products
Statistics Law, both of w^hich provide measures of dairy develop-ments
in the State. Ice cream and other milk products also have
been subject to regulations in which the Dairy Division is
interested.
Test Farms Being Mechanized
Particularly close to the progress of agriculture from the re-search
standpoint is the Test Farms Division. Charged with
the responsibility of administration of the seven farms owned
by the Department of Agriculture, participation in the research
program for North Carolina has been direct and significant.
Furnishing physical facilities for the conduct of research projects
by Experiment Station specialists, the opportunity has been
afforded for closely coordinated teamwork. The increased re-search
load on these farms calls for the very best of organization
and management and presents a challenge for those concerned.
Plans are underway to more completely mechanize operations
on these farms and to bring all facilities up to a level which will
more adequately serve the needs of the expanding research pro-gram.
22 Report for 1944-1948
Marketing Services Provided
Even with the best of success in production, the farmer still
has not achieved his goal until his products are sold at a fair
price. For many years past, the feeling generally has been that
marketing has not received consideration equal to that given
production phases. The Division of Markets has worked in
close cooperation with other State and Federal agencies to pro-vide
the proper channels for disposing of crops and livestock.
Grading services have been provided, and a market news service
has been in operation to keep growers informed. A number of
marketing orders, particularly on Irish potatoes, are adminis-tered
by the Markets Division and require much time of the
personnel.
Warehouse Supervision
In the process of orderly marketing, it becomes necessary to
provide storage for certain crops for varying periods of time.
The Warehouse Division supervises the licensing of 89 ware-houses
having a capacity for 550,000 bales of cotton. Service
also is provided in the classing of cotton held in such warehouses.
Demand for Statistics Increasing
With a growing interest in the business side of farming, work
of the Statistics Division increases in usefulness and importance.
Statistical data are being used more and more as a foundation
for sound planning and the demand for this data is increasing.
Information collected by this Division is published in general
and special reports for the benefit of farmers and businessmen
alike, which among other things, informs the users of month-to-month
condition of crops. Published reports are varied and
their use is widespread.
Food Inspection Work
Two important phases of the work done by the Division of
Chemistry have already been reviewed. However, functions of
this Division reach far beyond the analysis of fertilizers and
feeds. Inspection service supporting the Food, Drug and Cos-metic
Act is essential in assuring the output of clean and whole-some
food products by bakeries, bottling plants, ice cream plants,
and creamery and cheese factories. Inspection of places handling
and storing food products has also been of great benefit to the
Commissioner of Agriculture 23
consuming public. Attention is directed at all times by this
Division to adulteration, misbranding, and incorrect or insuffi-cient
labeling of food products.
Administration of Weights and Measures
The Weights and Measures Division is as the name implies,
concerned largely with inspecting and testing devices used for
v^^eighing or measuring commodities for sale. Using approved
Immeajurable benefits have accrued to the consumer because of this service.
testing equipment, immeasurable benefits have been accrued to
the consumer because of this service. During the past few years,
much time has been given to the inspection and testing of tobacco
curers and such items being placed on the market.
Credit Unions Growing
The Credit Union Division carries out provisions of the Credit
Union Law of 1915. It is designed to assist groups and com-munities
to organize for the purpose of pooling financial resources
which provides for savings on the one hand and loans on the
other. During the four-year period, Credit Unions have in-creased
in number from 25,006 to 41.909, and assets have in-creased
from $2,527,916 to $7,169,512.
24 Report for 1944-1948
State Museum
The State Museum of Natural History provides exhibits rep-resenting
all stages of progress from all walks of life in North
Carolina. Exhibits picturing the natural history of this State
are of interest and educational value to all visitors. Annual
increases in the number of visitors have been noted for a num-ber
of years.
Fair Reopened
The State Fair also provides for educational exhibits of all
types of agricultural and industrial products of North Carolina.
Because of travel restrictions, the Fair was not held during the
War, but it is now an annual event, drawing large crowds and
operating very successfully.
Accounting
To assure the successful operation of all these divisions from
a financial standpoint, it is necessary that there be a coordina-tion
of accounting. The business records for all divisions are
centralized in and handled through the Accounting office. By
correlating its system with that of the Budget Bureau, efficiency
and speed of handling items is obtained. In addition to the
business records, the Accounting Division handles tags for ferti-lizer,
feed, agricultural lime, and seed, and licenses for seed,
oleomargarine and other like commodities subject to licensing
by the Department of Agriculture.
Public Kept Informed
Considering the multitude of services rendered by all Divisions
of the Department of Agriculture, it is exceedingly important
that the public be informed. This is the function of the Publica-tions
Division which is handling this task admirably. News
service from the Departm.ent is furnished to more than 200 news-papers
and 55 radio stations. In addition, information is sup-plied
to farm and other magazines and many other organizations.
Also the Agricultural Review and other Departmental publica-tions
are handled through this office. The Agricultural Review
is mailed twice a month to 70,000 subscribers, the great majority
of them being North Carolina farmers.
Personnel
The Department of Agriculture employs a total of 301 people
of which there are 70 who spend practically all of their time in
Commissioner of Agriculture
Reports Tremendcus Progress
Tar Heel Agriculture Piles Up GoodRecord
By W. KERR SCOTT
Former N. C. Commissioner ot Agrli
RALEIGH.—The past 10 years have seen North Cnro.
lina agriculture make tremendous advances. The State D
partment of Agriculture is justly proud of the part it h.
played in making this progress possible, and it is fitting at,
this time to review the achievements madi
department's present administration
years ago.
the sprcaj
News service from the Department is furnished to more than 200 newspape
drmking only
the ruiional
Nonh Carol-port
Targe qiun-and
55 radio stations.
26 Report for 1944-1948
the field making inspections and doing other regulatory work.
In addition, it is necessary at different seasons to employ tem-porary
help largely for inspection work. The peak of this tem-porary
group usually reaches about 200 at rush seasons. During
the four-year period covered by this report, there has been a
considerable turnover of employees, a number returning from
military service and many leaving to accept employment else-where.
In many instances, the salary scale is not sufficient to
attract suitable replacements for a number who have resigned.
There is great need for adjustment in salaries in order that they
will be comparable with those paid by other agencies.
It gives satisfaction, however, to know that our employees
have built a good record of diligent service^ Operating under
adverse circumstances in many cases, every effort has been made
to conduct the work in a creditable manner, and to provide service
to the citizens of North Carolina according to the purpose of the
Department of Agriculture.
Cooperating Agencies
The Department of Agriculture acknowledges with grateful
appreciation, the fine cooperation received in its program of work
from all other agricultural agencies and from business and in-dustrial
interests of the State. The Agricultural Experiment
Station and the Agricultural Extension Service of North Caro-lina
State College both have an especial interest in our operations
and have given the best of cooperation. The United States De-partment
of Agriculture has had a very close tie-in with many
phases of our program. Then there are the many other agri-cultural
agencies serving the State, who have helped in many
ways. Also farm organizations, the North Carolina Farm Bureau
Federation, the Grange and all the others have given fine support.
Much credit for the effectiveness of our program is due to the
fine cooperation of business and industry.
ACCOUNTS
A. R. POWLEDGE
The financial report of the Department
and the various divisions is as follows
:
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Code 1101
Statement of Disbursements
July 1, 1944-June 30, 1948
A. R. POWLEDCE
I. ADMINISTRATION
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Board of Comraissioiiers $ 1,036.28 $ 2,211.97 $ 2,054.9.3 $ 724.81
Salary—Commissioner 6,600.00 6,600.00 6,600.00 6,600.00
Salaries and Wages 10,770.97 11,524.30 11,898.00 10,148.00
Supplies and Materials 320.31 323.85 238.53 297.49
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph & Express 1,274.70 1,319.71 1,232.07 1,136.78
Travel Expense 2,495.29 2,298.36 2,167.96 1,760.68
Printing and Binding 327.42 136.90 94.35 1.227.19
Repairs and Alterations 9.00 4.31 6.35 28.35
General Expense 173.77 375.00 199.10 197.80
Equipment 635.74 109.81 91.61 33.00
Legislative Representative in Washing-ton,
D. C ; 499.92 499.92 499.92 500.00
TOTAL $ 24,143.40 $ 25,404.13 $ 25,082.84 $ 22,653.60
ACCOUNTING OFFICE
Salaries and Wages $ 10,610.83 $ 8,904.76 $ 9,608.71 $ 7.044.52
Supplies and Materials 247.65 223.27 104.13 162.42
Printing and Binding 247.16 181.68 178.14 205.37
Repairs and Alterations 129.55 104.41 74.10 72.70
Equipment 657.16 407.61 105.57 47.75
TOTAL $ 11,892.35 $ 9,821.73 $ 10,070.65 $ 7,532.76
PUBLICITY AND PUBLICATIONS
Salaries and Wages $ 10,913.13 .$ 9,335.20 $ 7,111.47 $ 6,153.65
Supplies and Materials 428.71 346.57 332.73 339.86
Postage Permit "Agricultural Review" 1,250.00 1,178.25 1,035.00 1,200.00
Travel Expense 283.52 600.00 552.73 168.00
Printing "Agricultural Review" 15,549.92 10,401.01 11,837.14 7,923.67
Repairs and Alterations 36.00 29.35 45.67 19.31
Equipment 118.53 46.59 118.08
TOTAL $ 28,579.81 $ 21,890.38 $ 20,961.33 $ 15,922.57
TOTAL ADMINISTRATION $ 64,615.56 $ 57,116.24 $ 56,114.82 $ 46,108.93
28 . Report for 1944-1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
II. INSPECTION
Salaries and Wages $ 22,593.76 $ 16,498.6.3 $ 16,167.99 $ 14,275.00
Salaries and Wages, Extra 10,746.25 8,046.35 5,769.76 5,413.30
Supplies and Materials 1,124.39 638.39 610.63 439.35
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 2,166.26 1,750.00 1,886.36 1,518.54
Travel Expense 23,258.44 21,464.81 17,104.34 18,532.68
TOTAL - $ 59,889.10 $ 48,398.18 .$ 41,539.08 $ 40,178.87
III. MARKETS
Salaries and Wages $ 88,514.02 $ 61,344.11 $ 51,076.00 $ 41,427.43
Salaries and Wages, Extra 2,950.64 2,067.84 9,723.60 12,280.02
Supplies and Materials 1,319.39 1,355.64 802.92 846.72
Postage, Teleplione, Telegraph
and Express 4,174.14 2,891.47 2,660.11 1,869.06
Travel Expense 22,872.00 16,133.33 15,031.87 15,856.48
Printing and Binding 133.53 65.30 339.85 421.92
Repairs and Alterations 187.93 59.19 42.00 50.90
Marlcet News Letter 826.00 907.93 910.02 1,030.76
Subscriptions 242.50 230.75 303.00 141.50
General Expense ;.... 43.55 113.78 122.21
Equipment , 1,390.65 504.80 1,268.92 196.20
Leased Wire 106.48 424.54 '722.70
Reimbursement USDA 3,000.00 3,000.00 '
TOTAL $125,654.35 $ 88,666.84 $ 82,697.21 $ 74,965.90
Transferred from General Fund... 25,000.00 22,110.27 20,674.30 17,770.39
$100,654.35 $ 66,556.57 $ 62,022.91 $ 57,195.51
IV. CREDIT UNION
Transfer to General Fund $ 2,500.00 $ 2,500.00 $ 2,500.00 $ 2,500.00
V. DAIRY
Salaries and Wages $ 28,817.47
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
Printing and Binding
Repairs and Alterations
General Expense
Equipment
. Dairy Products Laboratory 9,767.89
;8,817.47 !? 19,086.87 $ 15,793.37 i}, 7,664.62
944.11 1,498.26 331.34 203.35
343.61 246.18 210.23 146.76
7,191.50 4,810.92 3,962.53 2,569.25
653.00 261.57 41.69 32.24
35.83
14.34
338.33 299.63 242.26 40.80
TOTAL $ 38,338.19 $ 35,971.32 $ 20,581.42 $ 10,657.02
ENTOMOLOGY
Salaries and Wages
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
Printing and Binding
Subscriptions and Dues
Equipment
i 15,336.61 $ 12,749.64 $ 14,520.00 $ 14,608.30
285.00 330.41 152.00 92.15
229.01 195.40 162.75 169.09
3,943.44 3,692.54 3,401.03 4,584.34
320.42 134.36 193.53 171.89
91.30 59.71 39.30
75.00
82.25
$ 20,205.78 $ 17,162.06 $ 18,543.61 $ 19,708.02
Commissioner of Agriculture 29
1947-48 1946-47 (945-46 1944-45
VII. SEED LABORATORY
SaUries and Wages $ 22,103.88 $ 15,892.61 $ 15, .ill. 22 $ 13, 355. .30
Supplies and Materials 669. GS 154.50 372.35 335.81
Postage, Teleplione, Telegraph
and Express 685.50 623.04 541.94 527.30
Travel Expense 339.14 761.12 285.84 386.40
Printing and Binding 544.26 534.31 708.21 535.36
Repairs and Alterations 87.17 179.57 34.11 49.66
Equipment 356.99 1,166.34 956.16 849.83
Attorney's Fee or General Expense 393.56 150.00
TOTAL $ 24,786.62 $ 19,611.49 $ 18,803.39 $ 16,189.72
YIII. ANALYTICAL
Salaries and Wages $ 91,109.41
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
Printing and Binding
Repairs and Alterations
Laundry
Equipment
General Expense
Renovation and Replacement Laboratory
Nevi' Equipment and Vitamin Laboratory
Build and Equip Dairy Products
Control Laboratory
Analyzing Fertilizer Samples
TOTAL $117,535.45 $ 88,250.67 $ 84,434.04 $ 68.930.01
IX. CROP STATISTICS
Salaries and Wages
Salaries and Wages, Extra
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
Printing and Binding
Repairs and Alterations
Subscriptions and Dues
Equipment 3,190.4
Emergency War Work
TOTAL $ 44,770.25 $ 34,170.86 $ 35,236.51 $ 26,614.75
X. SOIL TESTING
Salaries and Wages $ 27,195.S4
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Teleplione, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
Printing and Binding
Equipment
General Expense
$ 68,305.28 $ 59,648.81 ? 54,082.22
4,384.99 5,300.79 4,169.38 4,159.25
1,271.23 1,075.00 1,153.60 905.68
9,792.27 7,549.52 5,983.88 6,307.86
7,211.05 5,430.56 4,355.98 3,140.58
679.98 220.64 167.92 199.12
22.30 2.56 3.54
1,195.73 333.38 545.51 81.76
279.20 35.50 227.00 50.00
1,589.29
6,700.40
1,479.00
1 30,895.92 $ 23,549.33 $ 23,639.01 $ 18,923.28
4,148.96 3,210.19 2,046.19 2,353.44
4,224.86 2,205.02 760.85 117.85
232.11 321.69 245.52 263.84
941.23 1,295.44 1,558.40 908.50
773.94 1,028.00 4,931.09 2,104.83
337.81 . 433.03 238.08 199.26
25.00 18.10 17.25 13.50
3,190.42 2.110.06 1.800.12 1.589.27
140.98
27,195.84 $ 17,295.62 $ 16,221.12 $ 12,162.82
4,797.02 2,432.69 1,593.01 2,485.79
1,049.28 694.49 489.56 344.23
1,964.81 2,080.73 1,249.84 1,309.74
86.34 383.52 591.02 98.16
1,163.71 713.10 734.46 379.24
214.59
TOTAL $ 36,471.59 $ 23,600.15 $ 20,879.01 $ 16,779.98
30 Report for 1944-1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
XI. BLISTER RUST CONTROL
Salaries and Wages $ 2,797.60 $ 4,981.46 $ 4,743.66 $ 2,004.75
Supplies and Materials ;
TOTAL , $ 2,797.60 $ 4,981.46 $ 4,743.66 $ 2,004.75
XII. VETERINARY
Salaries and Wages , $ 78,066.11 $ 60,281.27 $ 45,330.29 $ 31,622.70
Supplies and Materials 943.07 327.36 317.45 441.90
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 926.64 1,072.96 935.73 613.63
Travel Expense 32,001.12 29,175.20 19,852.03 12,394.06
Printing and Binding 799.82 548.50 710.24 253.63
Repairs and Alterations 26.99 7.30 25.20
General Expense 187.39 50.34 63.00 103.57
Equipment 362.68 406.48 418.82 114.86
Clinic on Mastitis
Diagnostic Laboratory 2,801.60 ...=
TOTAL $116,115.42 $ 91,869.41 $ 67,652.76 $ 45,544.35
XIII. TEST FARMS ADMINISTRATION
Salaries and Wages $ 7,195.00 $ 5,340.00 $ 5,399.42 $ 5,100.00
Supplies and Materials 58.05 117.84 143.73 74.91
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express .^. 335.70 290.61 246.46 277.06
Travel Expense .'. 1,009.98 922.25 633.20 806.91
Printing and Binding 74.34 67.65 50.64 25.00
General Expense 45.14 40.63 36.00 9.77
Insurance and Bonding 1,253.98 253.53 1,317.70 674.00
Purchase of Automotive Equipment 26.00 1,072.80
TOTAL $ 9,972.19 $ 7,058.51 $ 8,899.95 $ 6,967.65
TIDEWATER TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages $ 15,364.95 $ 10,720.65 $ 10,822.41 $ 7,851.03
Supplies and Materials 5,413.88 4,579.52 2,192.01 1,783.09
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 196.58 96.86 164.53 74.56
Travel Expense 198.52 137.54 315.16 239.06
Motor Vehicle Operation : 1,064.53 1,676.23 1,391.25 692.03
Repairs and Alterations 1,441.95 384.68 17.74 163.12
General Expense ; 573.00 439.57 678.70 283.09
Light, Power and Water 203.58 38.64 19.53
Equipment 2,085.72 1,477.69 775.45 1,433.23
Additions and Betterments 6,024.00 15,950.11 27,691.42 13,883.37
TOTAL $ 32,566.71 $ 35,501.49 $ 44,068.20 $ 26,402.58
TOBACCO TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages $ 27,607.70 $ 24,689.29 $ 19,615.74 $ 14,762.32
Supplies and Materials 4,889.35 3,993.58 3,589.17 2,775.31
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 271.36 389.93 299.40 170.88
Travel Expense 70.24 145.36 201.78 34.24
Printing and Binding 5.75 3.75 18.35
Motor Vehicle Operation 651.21 243.31 149.16 58.08
Light, Power and Water 322.79 168.02 133.36 115.62
Repairs and Alterations 2^552.41 491.90 780.33 465.42
General Expen.se 393.00 90.50 65.00 257.75
Equipment 1,668.29 434.34 1,843.72 905.50
1947-48
3,113.07
36,385.45
1946-47
1,050.57
1945-46
1,268.63
1944-45
639.65
1,170.00
2,499.46 1,426.36
Commissioner of Agriculture 31
Additions and Betterments
Tobacco Laboratory Tobacco Program—Oxford
Tobacco Program—Raleigh
TOTAL •. $ 77,924.87 $ 35,372.01 $ 29,376.40 $ 20,203.12
UPPER COASTAL PLAIN TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages $ 24,799.52 $ 17,936.89 $ 17,448.48 $ 12,451.55
Supplies and Materials 7,485.06 3,847.65 3,117.17 3,631.15
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 306.84 219.71 197.57 216.83
Travel Expense 498.83 475.00 396.30 299.05
Motor Vehicle Operation 1,573.30 1,108.16 1,145.52 981.98
Light, Power and Water 656.90 540.15 427.42 381.50
Repairs and Alterations 2,129.58 1,373.37 488.67 389.66
General Expense 50.00 101.77 6.00 11.25
Equipment 1,506.79 736.03 1,814.32 473.45
Additions and Betterments 10,047.29 138.67 11.80
Tobacco Program 478.90
TOTAL $ 49,054.11 .$ 26,956.30 $ 25,053.25 $ 18,836.42
MOUXTAIN TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages $ 20,288.41 $ 15,755.88 $ 20,576.76 $ 12,631.90
Supplies and Materials 16,530.99 8,344.25 8,486.74 5,783.46
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 622.72 297.31 472.53 399.99
Travel Expense 1,007.15 695.61 1,794.61 1,744.81
Printing and Binding 4.10 33 60 62.23 70.73
Motor Vehicle Operation 719.71 527.37 1,612.08 1,585.99
Light, Power and Water 1,131.12 832.72 926.09 483.37
Repairs and Alterations .".. 562.89 148.76 603.70 231.84
General Expense 1,452.20 1,111.65 1,755.57 4,084.84
Equipment 1,516.56 615.83 250.96
Additions and Betterments 1,449.33 22.25 126,890.00
Tobacco Program 3.783.02 6,099.79 1,000.00
TOTAL $ 45,375.48 $ 31,530.17 $ 43,028.20 $155,157.89
UPPER MOUNTAIN TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages $ 11,558.37 $ 9,184.01
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
Printing and Binding
Motor Vehicle Operation
Light, Power and Water
Repairs and Alterations
General Expense
Equipment '
Additions and Betterments
Tobacco Program
TOTAL $ 32,153.8
8,003.52 4,629.76
250.00 129.83
750.00 750.00
3.30 34.47
998.13 1,100.00
337.52 255.00
219.28
315.85 333.50
5,144.40
4,573.46
1,849.66
32,153.83 $ 18,266.23
32 Report for 1944-1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
COASTAL PLAIN TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages $ 28,747.83 $ 25,717.02 $ 24,742.20 $ 17,8.'56.61
Supplies and Materials 18,990.20 8,733.00 6,961.00 8,102.38
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 474.30 439.30 333.97 422.65
Travel Expense 49.56 11.58
Printing and Binding 64.66 30.92 27.27
Motor Vehicle Operation 1,745.23 2,021.09 1,652.24 1,898.20
Light, Power and Water 1,162.69 900.00 784.06 796.26
Repairs and Alterations 2,038.20 365.81 600.57 1,148.78
General Expense 348.10 264.99 246.38 218.17
Equipment , 3,439.79 855.23 1.650.45 1,700.30
Additions and Betterments 2,175.25 15,726.95 863.31
Poultry Project 19,997.55
Dairy Project 329.67 2,767.36
Purchase of Incubator 1,134.00
TOTAL $ 79,233.36 $ 56,517.98 $ 40,614.02 $ 32,170.62
PIEDMONT TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Exiiense
Printing and Binding
Motor Vehicle Operation
Light, Power and Water
Repairs and Alterations
General Expense
Equipment
Additions and Betterments
$ 16,020.18 $ 12,592.27 $ 11,590.14 $ 10,135.10
2,648.71 2,195.02 2,088.04 1,839.16
124.79 88.90 134.44 151.22
524.64 490.71 487.12 350.76
48.14 8.00 4.20 9.02
599.75 395.63 587.83 354.55
191.73 188.92 184.17 196.16
1,195.27 698.18 484.48 419.31
79.84 79.60 47.13 40.38
C51.80 1,619.94 222.08
982.75
TOTAL $ 23,0f:7.60 $ 18,357.17 $ 15,829.63 $ 13,496.11
TOTAL TEST FARMS $349,348.15 $229,559.86 $206,869.65 $273,234.39
XV. MISCELLANEOUS
Salaries and Wages $ 4,855.97 $ 3,568.10 $ 2,917.05 $ 1,980.00
Custodial 6,480.00 6,480.00 6,480.00 6,480.00
Farmers' Convention 300.00 300.00
Contribution to Retirement System 26,061.56 17,437.03 16,412.79 11,909.95
Tax Tags and Stamps 22,474.56 17,340.26 18,242.72 15,369.93
Serum to be resold 11,169.84 9,372.66 14,242.91 15,487.54
Workmen's Compensation ,^. 42.00 64.50
Insurance and Bonding 579.67 618.23 228.89
Motor Vehicle Operation 790.05 575.04 567.49 700.96
Attorney's Fees 300.00
State Pair Exhibit 865.79 718.53
Purchase of Automobile 1,318.11 3,896.06 139.05
Lighting Agricultural Building 748.63 7,712.56
"A History of Agriculture" , 1,692.50
"Favorite Recipes of N. C." 6,991.46 43.91 7,766.88
Sheep Distribution Project 7,500.00
TOTAL $ 77,978.68 $ 75,009.93 $ 59,435.76 $ 67,398.81
XVI. RABIES
Rabies $ 734.26 $ 489.50 $ 227.55 $ 653.04
Commissioner of Agriculture 33
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
XVII. JAPANESE BEETLE
Salaries and Wages $ 2,340.85 $ 1,761.00 $ 408.00 $ 1.736.20
Wages Trap-Tenders : 2,040.0.5 1,583.40 1,034.10 2,305.35
Supplies and Materials 5,295.51 2,066.96 1,861.47 943.1(>
Travel Expense 24.50 71.55 95.25
TOTAL $ 9,676.41 $ 5,435.86 $ 3,395.12 .$ 5,079.90
XVm. EMERGEXCY SALARY
Emergency Salary ; $ 23,200.27 .$ 20,807.45
Emergency Bonus 41,183.49
Employees' War Bonus 32,304.31
TOBACCO ADVISORY COUNCIL
Salary—Executive Secretary .
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
General Expense
TOTAL
Accrued Interest on Bonds.
$ 4,500.00 200.00
94.86 49.05
33.65
803.58 50.60
14.95
$ 5,447.04 $ 299.65
4,838.45
TOTAL EXPENDITURES $1,091,417.41 $895,624.63 $749,599.14 $748,852.75
Refund from General Fund 64,000.00 22,110.27 20,674.30 17,770.39
TOTAL $1,027,417.41 $873,514.36 $728,924.84 $731,082.36
Treasurer's Cash of as June 30 186,794.82 321,331.40 283,937.08 792,904.85
Investment in Bonds
—
Premiums on Bonds 618,843.75 618,843.75 618,843.75
Total Credit Balance as of June 30 $ 805,638.57 $940,175.15 $902,780.83 $792,904.85
34 Report for 1944-1948
department of agriculture
Code 1101
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48
Fertilizer Tax $401,605.35
Cottonseed Meal 13,120.51
Teed 182,815.57
Seed License 25,872.00
Condimental Feed 2,390.00
Serum 7,195.26
Costs 25,408.08
Linseed Oil 1,127.00
Bleached Flour 9,960.00
Bottling Plants 2,000.00
Ice Cream ;
' 2,240.00
Insecticides 12,140.00
Test Farms 95,849.73
Bakeries 2,480.00
Chicken Tests 15,563.07
Seed Tags 13,974.43
Inspection Entomology 2,447.02
Oleomargarine 3,375.00
Kabies 570.00
Land Plaster Tags 1,345.00
Agricultural Lime Stamps 15,972.50
Fertilizer Registrations 6,693.00
Miscellaneous 697.20
Feed Registrations 4,174.00
Canned Dog Food Registrations 648.00
Lime Registrations 180.00
Land Plaster Registrations : 102.50
Livestock Market Permits 925.00
Hatchery Fees and Supplies 6,198.52
Low Grade Fertilizer Tags 339.54
"Favorite Recipes of N. C." 656.80
Sale of Automotive Equipment 1,163.62
Dog Food Stamps 3,629.63
"Insects of N. C." 22.50
Sale of Wenona Farm
Accrued Interest on Bonds 15,000.00
USDA Developing Marketing 15,000.00
TOTAL ,$892,880.83
1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
$416,954 88 $386,195.12 $366,570.14
17,217.50 17,434.27 28,175.81
209,556.40 209,860.76 209,216.13
26,038.00 28,123.00 24,474.09
2,530.00 2,680.00 1,900.00
6,183.05 11,236.95 13,648.58
31,563.74 19,399.85 13,894.42
1,075 53 932.50 1,083.25
8,461.00 9,277.50 11,025.00
2,120.00 1,910.00 1,710.00
1,420.00 2,110.00 1,085.00
5,271.00 4,120.00 3,170.00
89,312.28 78,822.08 71,574.81
2,580.00 1,670.00 1,430.00
11,519.78 7,180.05 3.541.36
7,337.12 7,517.33 6,363.41
2,503.05 2,165.20 2,030.48
3,375.00 3,525.00 3,525.00
999.00 558.59 579.22
1,190.00 3,463.52 2,302.03
25,707.94 11,746.25 5,888.50
2,988.00 3,021.00 3,428.80
967.21 1,635.13 982.94
3,747.00 3,400.00 3.293.00
666.00 685.00 707.00
360.00 160.00 165.00
35.00 50.00 60.00
1,175.00 1,100.00 925.00
7,168.96 7,847.75 10,035.22
987.31 1,834.57
1,659.11 1,012.61 7,600.35
2,253.50
986.32 12.00 (1.32)
20,000.00
15,000.00 8,114.79
15,000.00
$910,908.68 $838,800.82 $820,383.22
Commissioner of Agriculture 35
LAND PURCHASES AND DEVELOPMENTS
Special Fund—Code 21
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1. 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48
UPPER MOUNTAIN STATION
Cattle and Workstock Barn Account
Sheep Barn Closed
Dairy Barn Out
Supplies and Materials (Fencing)
General Expense
Livestock :
Tobacco Barn and Ordering Room
Repairs and Alterations (2 tenant houses)
Water System
Moving and Improving Cattle Barns ....
Repairs and Alterations (Barns)
4-H Club Fund Reserve
Land Purchases
Repairs to Superintendent's Home and
Herdsman's New Home
Farm Equipment
Office, Garage and Grading shed
Cleaning up pasture, straightening
creek, etc., (General E.xpense)
Additions and Betterments
TOTAL UPPER MOUNTAIN
EXPERIMENT STATION
Poultry Plant
Dairy Building and Facilities
Office and Laboratory Building
Superintendent's Dwelling
Water and Sewage System
New Tenant House
Orchard, Landscaping and Fencing
Farm Implements and Equipment
Repairs to old building
Tobacco Barn
Implement Shed and Shop
Additions and Betterments
Livestock
TOTAL MOUNTAIN EXPERIMENT STATION
TOTAL EXPENDITURES
1946-47
910.95
,670.02
3,537.00
1945-46 1944-45
$ 4,036.4fi $ 8,464.44
301.07 1,898.93
885.29 331.39
37.40 817.35
1,239.93 574.12
2,071.53 2,799.86
3,344.74 4,069.11
8.05 489.16
799.90
2,750.00 220.30
6,050.00
45,000.00
10,067.36 935.49
2,078.89 1,413.15
6,523.91
$ 7,117.97 $ 39,394.63 $ 67,813.20
$ 2,619.61 $ 12,220.39
6,174.62 15,937.64
9,177.91 328.00
139.08 60.00
5.14 994.86
5,745.21 8,807.62
1,474.00 2,222.98 503.03
550.00 1.428.30 1,737.91
999.00 1,323.03 982.90
710.54 1,962.94
2,500.00
2,639.23
970.00
6,632.23 $ 32,046.48 $ 43,535.29
13,750.20 $ 71,441.11 $111,348.49
36 Report for 1944-1948
land purchases and development
statement of receipts
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Transfer of fund^ from Code llOi Account $12;".,S90.00
Balance July 1, 1945 Closed $ 85,191.31
Balance July 1, 1946 Out $ 13,750.20
Balance .July 1, 1947 .00
SHEEP DISTRIBUTION PROJECT
Special Fund—Code 3
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1. 1944—June 30, 1948
Sheep E\ve.s Purchased
Purchase of Purebred Cattle in
Cooperation with State College
Purchase of Cattle
Purchase of Lambs
Purchase of Rams
Freight & Trucking
Peed and Pasturage
General Expense
Storage of Eggs for Public Schools
Spray Equipment 27,344.00
Handling and Storage of Food Products 126.03 1,411.66
Displays for N. C. State Fair 686.72
1947-48
6,0S7.5O
1946-47
.$ 711.00
6,300.37
7,995.57
1945-46
$ 3.330.00
2,354.00
9,318.15
25.00
251.00
633.85
295.25
34.45
1944-45
.$ 4,500.00
44,203.13
3,885.85 10,401.32
40.00 291.00
40.00 1.204.82
199.03
57.70 14.14 10.50
7.850.35
TOTAL J. -. $ 10,883.80 $ 43,816.74 $ 16,241.70 $ 68,666.15
SHEEP DISTRIBUTION PROJECT
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47
Sale of Ewes $ 6,851.00 $
Sale of Cattle 3,885.85 7,996.07
Sale of Lambs
Sale of Purebred Heifers ^,
Reimbursement for purchase of purebred cattle 6,324.62
Sale of Rams 45.00
Miscellaneous Collections 21.35 39.51
Storage of Eggs
Receipt of Spray Equipment 1,150.00 26,194.00
Handling and Storage of Food Products 3,478.00 618.40
State Fair Dairy Project 700.00
Transfer from Department of Agriculture 7,500.00
1945-46 1944-45
3,346.65 $ 5,406.51
9,370.65 10,488.84
25.00 2,278.20
5,951.68
2,354.00 38,263.14
322.50 335.00
80.91
2.40 8,654.74
TOTAL $ 14,981.20 $ 16,128 60 $ 41,615.20 $ 78,959.02
Balance .July 1, 1945 $19,978.71
Balance July 1, 1946 : $45,352.21
Balance July 1, 1947 $17,664.07
Balance July 1, 1948 $21,761.47
Commissioner of Agriculture 37
state warehouse system
Special Fund—Code 1801
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salary—Superintendent $ 4,999.92 $ 4,320.00 $ 4,230.00 $ 3,900.00
Salaries and Wages—Staff 14,794.50 14,919.72 14,980.88 13,063.96
Supplies and Materials 103.36 114.88 87.32 100.07
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express... 753.21 769.92 1,052.80 858.44
Travel Expense 1,167.59 1,197.76 1,038.95 2,519.35
Printing and Binding 7,648.10 8,389.41 10,229.95 6,124.61
Motor Vehicle Operation
Repairs and Alterations 22.70 4.50 30.80 42.43
General Expense 115.50 141.14 134.00 90.00
Insurance and Bonding 301.67 384.31 382.75 26.00
Equipment 120.20 51.33 268.75
Contribution to Retirement System 931.36 660.27 705.08 586.07
Emergency Salary 611.06 665.99
Repairs to Warehouse Building—Norlina 332.20
Emergency Bonus 1,427.47
Employees' War Bonus 1,764.53
TOTAL $ 30,837.91 $ 33,392.84 $ 33,589.85 $ 29,344.21
STATE WAREHOUSE SYSTEM
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 ( 945-46 1944-45
Interest on Bonds ;.... $ 13,750.00 $ 12,906.25 $ 12,237.05 $ 21,036.89
Interest on Loans 4,182.54 11,660.69 10,913.43 11,697.92
Leases 204.00 208.00 240.00 244.00
Sale of Warehouse Supplies 10,394.70 6,790.58 13,232.47 5,759.33
Sale of Loose Cotton 161.25 349.11
Miscellaneous 4.33
State Auditor's Warrants Outstanding 173.30
TOTAL $ 28,696.82 $ 31,914.63 $ 36,622.95 $ 38,911.44
Treasurer's Cash, Supervision Account $ 63,221.74 $ 64,925.60 $ 66,735.32 $ 61,093.03
Treasurer's Cash, Principal Fund $ 42,306.07 $ 67,656.07 $ 82,059.98 $ 78,871.07
Total Investments and Loans at June 30, 1948 $689,650.00
38 Report for 1944-1948
cooperative inspection service
Special Fund—Code 1803
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salaries, U. S. Inspectors and Supervisors $ 72,689.15 $ 55,017.89 $ 59,249.40 $ 52,757.64
Supplies and Materials 275.85 385.11 223.43 178.05
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express.... 1,227.75 1,247.57 842.26 999.89
Travel Expense 26,520.70 36,583.71 18,555.77 25,606.57
Printing and Binding 10.95 39283 77.40
Typing 445.65 1,102.20 682.10 845.65
Office Rent 252.25 185.00 128.50 127.50
General Expense 43.05 64.35 17.00 28.50
USDA Certificates 2,752.94 3,725.29 2,872.92 1,190.87
Equipment 49.40 569.21 186.03 135.84
Contribution to Retirement System 137.28 83.60 75.27 . 170.83
Emergency Salary 119.68 125.00
Emergency Bonus 245.01
Employees' War Bonus 667.26
Sweet Potatoes Purchased for resale '.. *" 11,622.25
TOTAL ....$104,404.97 $ 99,721.45 $ 83,035.08 $ 94,330.85
COOPERATIVE INSPECTION SERVICE
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 (944-45
Strawberries $ 3,915.10 $ 2,175.51 $ 2,264.57 $ 1,933.39
Potatoes, Cucumbers, Beans 57,115.40 57,945.73 49,315.93 46,191.54
Mixed Vegetables 18,464.78 11,720.66 11,796.95 6,263.41
Field Peas 14.92
Tomatoes 10.65 7.32 26.85
Cabbage 1,533.81 2,617.57 2,397.59 1,299.21
Corn 20.77 1.25 68.37 154.71
Cantaloupes 196.90 337.98 430.33 845.86
Peaches 3,878.42 4,910.24 4,977.43 4,427.68
Watermelons .' 1,548.15 2,832.99 1,215.00 2,140.78
Apples 656.21 620.82 102.37 724.72
Sweet Potatoes 2,729.31 36.40 445.82 754.05
State Inspections—Various .^
Miscellaneous 318.75 209.02 146.35 536.45
Soybeans 87.76 44.25 36.75
Interest on Bonds 1,310.00 1,320.00 820.00 820.00
Egg Inspections 10,391.70 9,364.89 26,746.78 13,128.27
Peanut Inspections 7,387.54 2,126.50 1,450.00 2,958.50
Wheat Inspections .75 13.00
Sweet Potatoes purchased for resale 11,875.63
TOTAL $109,477.49 $ 96,307.32 $102,244.73 $ 94,130.80
Balance July 1, 1945 $35,407.87
Balance July 1, 1946 $56,141.89
Balance July 1, 1947 '. $ 3,087.91
Balance July 1, 1948 $10,160.43
Investment in Higliway and U. S. Treasury Bonds June 30, 1948 $45,000.00
Commissioner of Agriculture 39
n. c. state fair
Special Fund—Code 20
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1946-47
$ 40,293.38
1,386.45
1945-46
$ 4,610.00
31.24
99.80
1944-45
$ 2.580.00
1,190.00
120.30
19.94
3,515.58 74.84
288.16
132.67
3,307.49
455.88
1,314.56
14,575.89
48,349.62
268.52
143.72
21.37
54.96
2,206.31 4.50
2,907.50
159.58
230.00
152.86
267.48
360.00
666.00
824.80
180.00
$115,682.11 $ 11,845.78 $ 3,268.51
1947-48
Salaries and Wages $ 44,422.78
Supplies and Materials 3,209.51
Postage, Telephone, Telegrapli and Express... 1,488.69
Travel Expense 7.44
Printing and Binding 5,763.16
Motor Vehicle Operation 805.62
Light, Power and Water 924.77
Repairs and Alterations 15,082.72
General Expense 54,811.30
Equipment 522.00
Insurance and Bonding 1,368.34
Contribution to Retirement System 426.84
Emergency Salary
Water Line to Fairgrounds 22,382.01
Engineering Fees 2,740.00
Emergency Bonus
Accrued Interest on Bonds
Employees' War Bonus
TOTAL $153,955.18
N. C. STATE FAIR
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
General Admission $ 57,722.83 $ 78,910.15
Grandstand Admissions 26,994.40 37,218.51
Auto Parking 6,938.50 10,523.00
Carnival Privileges 26,205.20 36,102.67
Sale of Advertising 3,822.50 3,487.50
Sale of Exhibit Space 7,606.25 4,533.50
Rent of Eating Booths 6,973.25 4,759.50 286.00
Concession and Privileges 12,174.00 13,122.59 122.50
Entry Fees 651.75 356.00
Miscellaneous 1,242.73 1,734.94 188.16 (139.56)
Rental on Buildings 203.00 165.00 60.00
Interest on Bonds 2,260.00 2,645.00 1,280.25 963.75
Storage on Tobacco 1,219.35 5,631.14 3,767.66
Rental of Fairgrounds 400.00
TOTAL $109,477.49 $ 96,307.32 $ 7,673.05 $ 4,651.85
Balance July 1, Invested State Bonds $ 22,000.00 $ 24,816.99 $ 24,816.99
Balance July 1, Invested in U. S. Treasury
Certificates of Indebtedness $ 75,000.00 $ 75,000.00 $ 30,000.00
Treasurer's Cash $ 56,432.72 $ 35,396.49 $ 33,114.45 $ 7,287.18
TOTAL $131,432.72 $132,396.49 $ 57,931.44 $ 62,104.17
40 Report for 1944-1948
weights and measures
General Fund—Code 321
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salary—Superintendent $ 4,500.00 $ 3,900.00 $ 3,900.00 $ 3,300.00
Salaries—Staff 24,176.04 17,740,41 14,903.56 12,384.77
Salaries and Wages, Temporary 225.00 522.45
Supplies and Materials 1,525.18 371.58 228.29 93.89
Postage, Telephone, Telegrapli and Express... 383.22 261.88 287.92 216.05
Travel Expense 14,099.90 14,824.47 12,561.10 11,172.55
Printing and Binding 308.15 141.28 184.34 96.81
Motor Vehicle Operation 886.47 994.22 634.73 392.80
Repairs and Alterations 157.26 1,274.55 19.38 59.46
Equipment 1,395.62 869.93 6,269.25 4.89
Emergency Salary , 1,118.07 951.62
Employees' War Bonus 1,550.75
Emergency Bonus 2,374.90
TOTAL $ 47,656.84 $ 43,871.29 $ 40,462.64 .$ 29,271.97
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Public Weighmasters' Licenses $ 4,450.00 $ 4,245.00 $ 3,435.00 $ 2,682.50
Deslj Presser Seals 1,025.00 1,215.00 932.50 ' 622.50
Miscellaneous 36.09
Tobacco Curer Permit Tags 10,975.00
Sale of Ford Truck 1,275.00
TOTAL $ 16,486.09 $ 6,735.00 $ 4,367.50 $ 3,305.00
MARKETS (GENERAL FUND)
Code 6114
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Transfer to Agriculture Fund $ 25,000.00 $ 22,110.27 $ 20,674.30 $ 17,770.39
Commissioner of Agriculture 41
credit union
General Fund—Code 6113
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salaries and Wages $ 9,621.98 $ 6,882.25 $ 6,7-15.97 $ 5.960.00
Supplies and Materials 87.83
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express.-. 170.00
Travel Expense 3,562.14
Printing and Binding
Emergency Salary
Equipment
Workmen's Compensation
Emergency Bonus
Employees' War Bonus
61.93
132.32
2,539.58
83.75
55.76
144.18
2,510.83
48.66
118.29
2,329.68
20.77
358.39 352.58
121.30
25.50
692.37
624.00
TOTAL $ 13,441.95 $ 10,871.89 $ 9,834.82 $ 9,101.40
CREDIT UNION
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Examination Fees $ 6,804.40 $ 5,616.05 | 4,381.65 $ 3,319.91
Transfer from Code 1101 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00
TOTAL $ 9,304.40 $ 8,116.05 $ 6,881.65 ? 5,819.91
JAPANESE BEETLE CONTROL
General Fund—Code 6111
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salaries and Wages $ 1,856.63 $ 1,401.60 $ 1,343.60 $ 1,613.90
Supplies and Materials 5,382.37 2.012.16 1,005.90 675.52
Travel Expense 184.15 219.94 109.45 161.95
TOTAL $ 7,423.15 $ 3,633.70 $ 2,458.95 $ 2.451.37
BANG'S DISEASE
General Fund—Code 6052
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Indemnity Diseased Slaughtered Livestoclv $ 11,988.84 $ 12,751.75 $ 11,247.84 $ 12,858.32
42 Report for 1944-1948
n. c. state museum
General Fund—Code 6115
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salaries and Wages $ 14,582.28 $ 9,997.56 $ 11,360.96 $ 10,085.73
Salaries and Wages, Extra 840.00 561.69 600.00 600.00
Supplies and Materials 377.93 277.69 252.96 255.50
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express.... 151.55 126.29 168.12 138.43
Travel Expense 204.73 170.77 170.59 34.13
Printing and Binding 232.00 27.12 49.51 99.04
General Expense 155.22 111.30 46.11 146.75
Equipment 100.60 492.00 151.58 9.83
Emergency Salary 480.00 571.33
Emergency Bonus 1,062.00
Employees' War Bonus 1,048.77
TOTAL $ 16,644.31 $ 13,306.42 $ 13,371.16 $ 12,418.18
TUBERCULOSIS AND GLANDERS
General Fund—Code 60 51
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Indemnity Diseased Slaughtered Livestock $ 75.00 $ 25.00 $ 25.00 $ 197.50
WHITE FRINGED BEETLE ERADICATION
General Fund—Code 6112
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salaries and Wages $ 2,175.00 $ 4,425.00 $ 4,500.00 $ 4,795.00
Supplies and Materials 5,319.35 543.20 302.26 135.68
Travel Expense
Equipment (27.14)
TOTAL $ 7,494.35 $ 4,968.20 $ 4,802.26 $ 4,903.54
Commissioner of Agriculture 43
hog cholera work
General Fund—Code 6116
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salaries and Wages $ 4,780.00 $ 1,195.00 $ 2,070.00 $ 2,220.00
Supplies and Materials 3.92 2.15
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express....
Travel Expense 2,610.59 663.36 904.91 1,009.19
Printing and Binding 1.77
General Expense 1.40 2.50
Emergency Salary 50.00 90.00
Employees' War Bonus 216.00
Emergency Bonus 101.25
TOTAL $ 7,394.51 $ 2,009.61 $ 3,066.31 $ 3,451.61
PURE FOOD CONTROL
General Fund
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1947—June 30, 1948
1947-48
Transfer to Agriculture $24,000.00
MILK INSPECTION
General Fund
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1947—June 30, 1948
1947-48
Transfer to Agriculture $15,000.00
DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY
\ m ' E. W. Constable
*
'"] The work of the Division of Chemistry
^ . -»%w».
involves the checking and analysis of com-
^ra^^^ mercial fertilizers, fertilizer materials,
|^^^HH||f commercial feeds, insecticides, fungicides,
^H '^^yHjl^^ I liming materials, and land plasters, for
H^K IH^mil labeling, composition, adulteration, and
^^Hl^^^^^l^H compliance with guarantees; also similar
|||m|[^^y||[|Hm checking and analysis of foods, drugs, and
„ „. ^ ^ cosmetics, devices and linseed oils, includ-
E. W. Constable ' '
ing the added factors of wholesomeness
and safety as these involve public health and welfare. The bear-ing
of these activities on crops, plants, domestic animals and
poultry, and finally on the health and welfare of human beings
is obvious.
Fertilizers, Fertilizer and Liming Materials
All mixed commercial fertilizers and fertilizer materials are
analyzed for the major plant food elements—nitrogen, phos-phate
and potash—also for their acid-forming or acid-neutralizing
qualities. Coverage for the two biennia, 1944-46 and 1946-48,
was as follows
:
19U-46 1946-48
Official Fertilizer Samples 12,480 16,049
Fertilizer and Fertilizer Materials
for Farmers 99 116
Official Limes and Landplasters 159 370
Miscellaneous Limes and
Landplasters 8 7
Totals 12,746 16,542
The number of fertilizer samples analyzed during the years
1944-46 and 1946-48 was the largest yet undertaken by the De-partment
in any similar period of time. As compared to the
1942-44 biennium, the increase in number was 1,531 and 4,062
respectively. The scope of the work involved can be more fully
viewed in the light of the multiple analyses required for some
Commissioner of Agriculture
1
45
Making analyses of potasli in commercial fertilizer.
Determining chlorine content of fertilizers.
46 Report for 1944-1948
of the elements—two to three for nitrogen and two for phos-phates.
In addition, for the two periods respectively, approxi-mately
15,000 and 18,500 analyses were made for other elements —calcium, magnesium, chlorine, sulphur, boron and manganese.
Limes were checked for calcium, magnesium, and acid-neutraliz-ing
value ; landplaster for calcium sulphate.
On the whole, the results of analyses for both biennia showed
these products to be of good quality and to measure up to guar-antees.
Exceptions, which were limited and for which correc-ijions
were made, were judged to be due largely to miscarriage
iin manufacture and to difficulties characteristic of abnormal
times.
. Indivdual reports of analyses were sent to those immediately
concerned as promptly as operations would permit. All reports
collectively were made available to the public annually in "The
Bulletin" of the Department.
Commercial Feeds
Conditions involving commercial feeds appeared at times to
be more disturbed during the last year of the 1944-46 biennium
than during the war period. The supply of ingredients often
was short and at times uncertain in character, the volume of
finished product inadequate. These conditions were much im-proved
later, particularly during 1946-48. In order to maintain
the most advantageous balance practicable under difficulties and
later to return to prewar levels, an extended program of sam-pling
and analysis was required. Under such a program, the
Department reached its highest coverage for any like period of
time. In comparison with the biennium 1942-44, the increase
for the two succeeding two-year periods was respectively, 782
and 1,297. The coverage for the four years was
:
19U-U6 19Jf6-Jf8
Official Feed Samples 4,100 4,410
Unofficial and Miscellaneous Samples 335 540
Totals 4,435 4,950
These feeds were analyzed chemically for content of protein,
fat and crude fibre, and were examined microscopically for
identification of the specific ingredients of which they were
composed. Additional analyses were necessary at times in check-ing
for possible poisons and other foreign substances.
Commissioner of Agriculture 47
With relatively minor exceptions, results of analyses showed
that commercial feeds had been held up to a reasonably accept-able
level during difficult times, and also brought to a satisfactory
postwar position. Extended surveillance obviously played a large
part in achieving these goals.
Reports of analyses were made promptly to those immediately
concerned. Reports showing deficiencies were made public period-ically
in the "Agricultural Review". Seasonal results were made
available to the public annually in "The Bulletin".
Apparatus used for determining protein content of feed.
Insecticides and Fungicides
Economic poisons, of which agricultural insecticides and fungi-cides
of the older types occupy a decreasingly conspicuous place,
have continued to appear in larger numbers and in broader
effectiveness. Various weed and grass poisons, defoliating chem-icals
such as used in connection with mechanical cotton picking,
chemicals to control the premature falling of fruits, and the new
and more powerful insect and rodent poisons have appeared.
That the circumstances connected with the marketing of such
products can cause confusion and injustice, particularly in the
hands of the overzealous or unscrupulous, was pointedly dem-onstrated
in the release of DDT following the war. Large vol-
48 Report for 1944-1948
umes of preparations, supposedly containing this chemical, were
sold at high prices. Many were ineffective and created general
dissatisfaction and complaint. Since DDT was a general pur-pose
insecticide, applicable for both general and agricultural
uses, and since the insecticide law in effect at that time covered
only agricultural insecticides, the authority of the law to cover
such situations was questioned. Obviously, the large and grow-ing
field of economic poisons required fuller coverage and atten-tion
to assure reasonable effectiveness, safety and fair-dealing.
A new insecticide law covering economic poisons generally
—
agricultural, industrial and domestic—was passed by the 1947
Legislature, becoming effective January 1, 1948. This law was
made as complete as the collective experience and foresight of
specialists, control officials and manufacturers could make it.
In as far as practicable, uniformity with Federal laws and those
of other states was effected. Under it 1,193 brands of insecti-cides
have been registered to date. Obviously, the new law affords
greater consumer protection. A fuller measure of this will be
a product of time.
The problems of control in this field have expanded in far
greater proportion than merely the number of items added, due
to the elaborate complexity of new chemicals and to similar re-quirements
in chemical analyses. Department facilities and
personnel were inadequate. Funds were appropriated to employ
one additional chemist and to equip a laboratory for the work.
In view of the rapid growth in this field in new products and in
new and expanded applications, these provisions already appear
inadequate. It is not unusual to find a farmer's expenditures for
insecticides approaching, and at times parelleling those for his
fertilizers.
The official samples of insecticides and fungicides for the
period of this report were 306 in number, distributed as follows
:
lead arsenate 114, calcium arsenate 52, magnesium arsenate 30,
paris green 36, bordeaux mixture 52, and other copper fungicides
22. These in general appeared satisfactory and in line with
guarantees.
Human Foods
The overall purpose of the work of the Division as carried out
under the North Carolina Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the
various supplementary laws dealing with bakeries, bottling
plants, flour and its products, corn meal, oleomargarine and lin-
Commissioner of Agriculture 49
seed oil, is to assure the public of being provided with clean,
wholesome and safe food and drugs and other products of satis-factory
quality. Essential features in carrying out the purpose
of these laws are the routine collection and analysis of samples,
the checking of labeling, and the inspection for sanitation in,
and preservation of, these products while being processed, pack-ed,
stored or sold in plants and storages of all kinds and in
vehicles of transportation.
The initial policy of enforcement is advisory and cooperative
so far as this can be applied. Manufacturers and dealers in
general have been responsive to this. In most cases it is unnec-essary
to do more than cite requirements under the law, showing
wherein they promote the safety and welfare of both suppliers
and consumers.
It appears to be the policy of a majority of producers and
dealers to maintain high standards and to operate sound busi-nesses.
Regrettably, there is among the minority the careless,
the indifferent, and those lacking in foresight, who constantly
create hazards and who are the cause of accidents. There are
also the unscrupulous who purposely set out to defraud, and
who callously inflict loss and injury on others. Usually the full
force of the law and courts is necessary in curbing hazards
from these sources, particularly the latter. Cases of deliberate
fraud and willful disregard of consumer welfare have more often
originated outside the State. The Division has stopped the sale
of and destroyed large volumes of products from such sources
and has worked cooperatively with federal authorities in bring-ing
the offenders to trial. In two such prosecutions, one involv-ing
poisonous preservatives in foods, the other involving gross
and premeditated adulteration, convictions have resulted.
One of the most general sources of danger is accidents arising
from lack of foresight, or from carelessness, indifference, or
ignorance. These can inflict injury and even death, as was
evidenced by more than 100 deaths due to poisoning from sulfa-nilamide
elixir, and by the cases of illness among babies caused
by one lot of Castoria. This danger is demonstrated also by
instances of food poisoning, particularly in groups. The most
serious of these coming to the attention of the Division involved
approximately 70 individuals, resulting in illness extending
from severe alimentary disturbance and debility to several days'
hospitalization. The ideal plan in dealing with these liabilities
50 Report for 1944-1948
would be to eliminate them altogether. Obviously, the practical
plan is to hold them to an absolute minimum.
Plant Inspection
A very effective means of controlling the food and drug supply
so as to insure healthful products is the regular inspection of
plants in which they are manufactured. A well planned and
properly operated plant will be relatively free of difficulty. A
poorly planned or carelessly operated plant virtually guarantees
trouble. In the absence of inspections, most operations tend
toward neglect or carelessness. Emphasis is maintained on the
sanitary production and handling of products originating within
the State. For those coming from sources outside the State,
attention is focused on the products themselves.
When food processing plants are found operating under unsat-isfactory
conditions, if of a minor nature, immediate correction
is required. If the defection is more serious, the plant is re-quired
to close, either voluntarily or by more drastic action, and
remain closed until reinspection by the Department qualifies it
as being in a condition to operate in compliance wtih the law.
Court action is taken where circumstances so indicate. Sum-maries
of plant inspections and closings for the four-year period
follow
:
Plant Inspections
, 19U-U6 19U6-U8
Bakeries and doughnut plants 1140 2076
Bottling Plants 1084 1588
Ice Cream ..___._ 239
Miscellaneous 940 1562
Totals .: 3403 5226
Plant Operations Suspended
19U-!f6 19Jf6-Jf8
Bakeries -_- 49 38
Bottling Plants 14 14
Meat Processing Plants 5
Candy Plants 1
Totals . 69' . 52
Commissioner of Agriculture 51
Another item of pointed concern in inspections is the check-ing
of all food products for proper, honest and informative
labeling. Many defects are obvious from field inspection. Others
can be determined only through chemical analysis. Minor de-fects
are handled on an advisory basis. In case of gross defects
the products are withdrawn from sale until corrections are made.
In case of apparently premeditated fraud, more drastic measures
are employed. Such inspections average approximately five
thousand per year, resulting generally in the maintenance of
satisfactory labeling.
Adulteration and Misbranding
In general, if a food or drug within itself does not meet the
requirements of the law, it will classify under either adultera-tion
or misbranding. Products often are violative in both re-spects.
The term "adulteration" covers all conditions which may
render these products unfit or unsuitable for their proposed or
intended uses, as, for example, the presence of substances coming
from spoilage or decomposition, of poisonous or deleterious sub-stances,
filth, vermin, foreign objects or materials, also substi-tutions,
abstractions, failure to meet standards or definitions,
and exposure to insanitation. All of the conditions cited in a
following section on "Spoilage, Filth, Insect Infestation, etc.",
represent adulteration. These classify largely as accidental or
unintended. An even more reprehensible type is that which is
deliberately planned and intended to defraud.
Proper branding or labeling may be stated as conveying to
the purchaser the full truth about a product. It is not permissi-ble
that labeling be false or misleading in any particular. It
must show the name of the product, the name and address of the
manufacturer or person responsible for it, the net contents, and
in case of products not defined or fixed by standard, a list of
ingredients. Drugs require additional information for safety
and proper use.
The actions carried out by the Division through a two-year
period, involving adulteration and misbranding, (not including
products damaged by fires, storms and floods), resulted in em-bargoes
as follows : for adulteration only, 532 embargoes involv-ing
510,155 pounds of products; for misbranding only, 95 em-bargoes
involving 16,601 pounds of products ; for both adultera-tion
and misbranding, 475 embargoes involving 1,165,681 pounds.
52 Report for 1944-1948
Total, 1102 embargoes, 1,692,437 pounds. These figures serve
more to show the conditions which were found rather than to
display volume.
Spoilage, Filth, Insect Infestation, Etc.
Contamination, infestation and spoilage continuously render
enormous quantities of food products unfit for human use, cause
large economic losses and constitute a never-ending hazard to
health and offense to human decency.
In one instance the storage and the entire raw-product supply
of a large bakery was found heavily infested with vermin. Fin-ished
products for the week-end sale had been prepared from
this source. The situation appeared to be the result of careless-
Jk'slrc lying improperly processed tomatoes.
Commissioner of Agriculture 53
ness rather than of intent to violate the law or to dismiss con-sumer
welfare. Regardless of intent, however, the results from
a consumer point of view were nauseous. The entire stock of
raw and finished products, estimated at a value of $5,000.00, was
destroyed.
Such occurrences, in the majority of instances, appear to be
due to carelessness rather than intent. In many instances they
are voluntarily reported to the Department with a request for
instructions as to disposal. Too often, however, there is a tend-ency
to attempt salvage for human use. To say the least, the
latter tendency merits rather energetic discouragement. The
Division proceeds on the basis both of education and discour-agement.
During a two-year period, there were among the items placed
under embargo and later destroyed or denatured and turned to
uses other than for human food, 99,285 lbs. flour, largely infested
with weevils or contaminated with rodent excreta . and filth
;
28,999 lbs. of cake mix largely weevil-infested ; approximately
10,000 lbs. of bakery supplies of various kinds, infested with
insects, weevils or maggots ; approximately 20,000 lbs. of pow-dered
milk, largely infested with insects or contaminated with
rodent filth ; 20,000 cut herring, maggot infested ; 68,233 lbs.
raisins, infested with worms.
Fuller detail appears in following tabulations. It is realized
that in these figures only a limited portion of such conditions
are represented. They are more a matter for demonstration
than of measurement.
Economic Cheats
Products may be classified as economic cheats when ingre-dients
of value have been omitted or abstracted, when they con-tain
cheap or worthless additions or substitutions, when they
are made from inferior or damaged ingredients, or when pre-servatives
are substituted for proper care and sanitation in
processing. Some may be relatively harmless except for the
lack of nutritional values. Examples are shells in peanut butter
and cocoa, saccharin substituted for sugar and ground corncobs
in meal. Others may be directly harmful, for instance, mineral
oil or poisonous preservatives in foods.
These economic cheats usually emanate from two sources
—
those whose plan of business is fraud and deceit, and those who,
under business pressure or opportunity, take a chance on cutting
54 Report for 1944-1948
corners. A flagrant case in example was cocoa, containing a large
per cent of ground cocoa shell, shipped into the State by an Ohio
firm. Many tons of this product were destroyed. The principal
of the firm, in addition to a heavy fine, served a prison term under
Federal sentence. For use in the trial, the Division submitted
its record of 84 embargo actions against these products.
Destroying mayonnaise containing mineral oil.
Another example is the substitution of mineral oil for edible
oilsin mayonnaise. Proceeding under 98 embargo actions, large
quantities of this product, all manufactured outside the State,
were destroyed. Other cases in which mineral oil was found
substituted for edible fats and oils included popcorn, potato chips,
candy and cooking oil. The idea seemed to prevail that mineral
oil in foods was harmless. The caution that it should not be used
too close to mealtime, which accompanies the oil when sold as a
drug, appeared to be overlooked. That it could interfere with
digestion and assimilation seemed not to have been generally
known. At present, however, wholesalers and distributors appar-
Commissioner of Agriculture 55
ently have eliminated from their stocks food products containing
mineral oil, and no repetition of sale has yet been found among
merchants who have had such products embargoed in their
establishments. Itinerant truckers continued to gamble with
this type of business for a time, but it now appears to have been
driven from the market.
An example of an economic cheat by omitting a valuable con-stituent
was the sale of large quantities of sugar-curing meat
salt. The common practice in sugar-curing meat is to include
ten percent or more sugar in the salt. Competitive selling re-sulted
in flooding the eastern part of the State with this com-modity
ranging in content of sugar from approximately one
percent to none. It was labelled, bargain priced and sold as
"sugar cure". The sale of honestly labelled and normally priced
products of this class was greatly depressed. Under 53 embargo
actions, 585,300 pounds of the product were removed from sale.
Correction was made under court action.
Other forms of adulteration which have appeared from time
to time are the use of so-called sugar-stretchers or extenders
and the substitution of saccharin and similar chemicals for sugar.
The voluntary use of saccharin is a matter of the individual's
choice. Its use as a substitute for sugar in products offered for
sale is not permissible.
The Division's activities in connection with these adulterations
are not considered to have fully covered the field. It is felt,
however, that they have been an effective deterrent and a safe-guard
to human health and welfare.
Poisonous Preservatives ,
The use of chemical preservatives in foods is discouraged gen-erally.
Even the so-called "harmless" ones, often known as
canning powders, encourage the substitution of mild embalming
in place of sanitation and the proper selection and processing
of raw products. Poisonous ones in no case are permissible
under the law. Two of the poisonous types—fluorides and mono-chloracetic
acid—were found in use.
Large quantities of beer shipped into the State, in addition
to containing filth, insects and other foreign matter, were found
to contain a soluble fluoride. This is a poisonous element used
in roach powder. Large quantities of this beer were destroyed
in the State or transferred to the U. S. Food and Drug Adminis-
56 Report for 1944-1948
tration for action on an interstate basis. The manufacturers
were convicted and penalized accordingly.
The chemical, monochloracetic acid, in order to comply with
Federal law for interstate shipment, must be labeled "Poison".
Quantities of preserving mixtures containing this chemical were
found in the State, having been shipped in ostensibly as a chem-ical,
but intended for use in soft drinks, under the representation
of being harmless and permissible. A ''clean-up" campaign was
promptly started, aided by the State Bottlers Association under
their policy of cooperation. Upon learning the nature of the
product, bottlers of soft drinks willingly cooperated. No exten-sive
use of the product by North Carolina bottlers came to the
attention of the Department.
Quantities of syrup and concentrates for making soft drinks,
coming from outside sources and containing this chemical, were
located, both on information from the Federal Department and
through the work of the Department's inspectors. Instances of
illness caused by the product were reported from a number of
states. One bottler, upon being advised of the situation, imme-diately
collected drinks already delivered and brought them in
to be destroyed. All products found to contain this preservative
were placed under embargo and either destroyed or transferred
for action on an interstate basis. No evidence has been found
of North Carolina producers knowingly using a poisonous pre-servative.
Knowledge of the liability involved is a preventive.
Another flagrant case of adulteration with a poisonous pre-servative
involved wine shipped into the State, containing mono-chloracetic
acid. Over 20,000 bottles of such wine were embargo-ed.
Portions were both destroyed by the State and transferred to
the Federal Food and Drug Administration for prosecution on
the basis of interstate violation. Both Federal and State De-partments,
individually and cooperatively, are particularly dili-gent
in preventing the use of such substances in foods.
Analysis of Official Samples
The analysis of samples is a key factor in the enforcement of
the food and drug laws. Certain types of violation are apparent
upon field inspection, but in a greater majority of cases labora-tory
analysis is the criterion and determining factor. This work
is exacting in character and must be of a high level. Careful
selection must be exercised in collecting samples. Failure in
this would rapidly overload laboratories with needless work of
Commissioner of Agriculture 57
a tedious and time-consuming nature. Department inspectors
collected 1,204 official samples throughout the State during 1944-
46 and 904 during 1946-48. These were subjected to appropriate
inspections and analyses—chemical, physical, microscopic and
optical. The results are largely reflected in items given in
various parts of this report. Failure in compliance with the
law was due usually to various forms of adulteration as dis-cussed
in the section of this report on that subject, or to absence
of, or incorrect, labeling, failure to meet standards, and to eco-nomic
cheats. Where results of analysis showed failure to
comply with the law, reports were sent to the manufacturers,
dealers, or others concerned. If failures were of a minor nature,
reasonable time was allowed for correction, or the product was
held under embargo until correction was made. Where gross or
repeated violation was involved, a more drastic course of action
was followed.
Analysis of Unofficial Samples
A number of samples, unofficial in nature insofar as the De-partment
is concerned, are regularly sent in for analysis by city
and county officials, farmers, physicians, and other citizens of
the State. These represent various situations, such as foods or
feeds which are suspected of being unsafe, or of having caused
sickness or death; viscera and other specimens from animals
suspected of having been poisoned; and water samples from
sources used for boilers, industrially, and in connection with
irrigation. Work of this kind is done in keeping with the policy
of the Department to render useful services to citizens as far
as circumstances permit and justify. Among these samples are
many which are not analyzed due to lack of adequate facilities
for extra work and because the results would not be of sufficient
general interest or value to justify the time and cost that would
be required.
Products Withdrawn From Sale
The section of the law setting up procedures for promptly
withdrawing from sale products which may endanger the public
is a very effective means of protection. When the Department
finds, or has probable cause to believe, that products under this
jurisdiction are adulterated, or are so misbranded as to be danger-ous
or fraudulent within the meaning of the law, it is mandatory
that they be placed under embargo and so held until all questions
58 Report for 1944-1948
of danger or fraud are cleared, or pending disposal through
further processes of law. The principle followed is to avoid
victimizing consumers as experimental guinea pigs. The re-quirement
for sound judgment in this is obvious.
While affording prompt consumer protection, the procedure
also greatly facilitates operations and extends efficiency. To
illustrate, 1,102 embargoes were placed during the 1944-46 bien-nium.
Most of these cases showed no evidence of intent on the
part of persons in the State to violate the law, and were disposed
of largely by voluntary action on the part of the holders of the
products in question. The law provides for this procedure. The
congestion and difficulty of trying to clear this number of cases
through courts in this length of time is obvious. Most of the
limited number of actions which were carried into court were
handled in such manner at the request of holders of violative
goods, usually as ground for recovery actions. Others were
handled on voluntary judgments. There is a growing tendency
on the part of merchants who find themselves in possession of
violative goods to request the Department to take over.
In order to present the conditions dealt with in something
more than generalizations, yet in volume suitable for this report,
items are given in collected and condensed form in a following
tabulation, grouped largely according to violative features, accom-panied
by numbers of actions and approximate quantities of
products involved
:
,
SUMMARY OF PRODUCTS EMBARGOED
1944-46 1946-48
Actions Quantity Actions Quantity
Flour, corn meal, cereals, cornstarch, cake-mix,
bal<ery products (raw & finislied), egg
and milk powder: Insects, worms, weevils
rodent damage and filth, foreign substances, 266 218,418 lbs. 134 226,925 lbs.
Meats, poultry, fish, butter, eggs, cheese:
Spoilage, insanitation, maggots, misbranded,
water damage 34 12,067 lbs. 58 141,245 lbs.
Raisins, dried fruits, cocoanut (imitation)
candy, chewing gum, popcorn, peanuts: In-sects,
worms, rodent filth and damage, min-eral
oil mislabeling 130 90,317 lbs. 75 28,204 lbs.
Coffee (imitation), cocoa, sugar, sugar sub-stitutes,
ice cream : Adulterated, misbrand-ed,
insanitation, filth 48 39,511 lbs. . 15 4,118 lbs.
Canned goods Meats, fish, vegetables.
Fruits, kraut, canned milk, etc.: Misbranded,
slack fill, substandard, spoiled, rusting 135 200,825 lbs. 44 359,118 lbs.
Commissioner of Agriculture 59
Fruit cakes, honey, oleomargarine: Largely
misbranded and short weight : relabeled or
donated to charity 83 11,701 lbs. 12 23,443 lbs.
Mayonnaise, salad dressing, pimientos, mo-lasses,
syrups, beverage stabilizers, flavor- '
ing concentrates and syrups, oils—mineral
and food : Misbranded, slack filled, spoiled,
vermin, foreign material, misused, misbrand-ed,
poisonous preservatives 214 35,125 bot. 77 7,634 gal.
Beer and wine: Largely filth, insects, insan-itation,
poisonous preservatives 149 845,432 bot. 10 67.592 bot
Soft Drinks: Mislabeling, insanitation, for-eign
substances, saccharin 23 71,156 bot. 20 94.884 bot.
Catsup (imitation), condiments, pickles, salt,
black pepper, and olives: \o labels, spoiled,
adulterated 20 10,603 lbs. 58 689,148 lbs.
TOTALS (Quantity in pounds) 1,102 1,692,437 lbs. 503 1,713.017 lbs.
Fires, floods, storms (See text on these)
Fires, Floods, Storms and Chemicals
Fires, floods an(i storms cause the loss of varying quantities
of foods and drugs. Ever present are the efforts at salvaging
and danger is always attendant to such salvage. Fire salvage
is more likely to affect scattered individuals. Floods present a
greater danger in that the resulting damage and contamination
may be more general and less apparent. Epidemics involving
large groups are a threat.
It is the practice of the Division to give immediate attention
to these catastrophes. If need be, all inspectors, or even other
personnel would be shifted to an emergency area for service
during development and aftermath. All stocks which are ex-posed
so as to constitute danger are placed under embargo, then
cleared or condemned as rapidly as possible. In order to min-imize
losses and yet to assure safety, some may be held pending
laboratory checking.
Among the more serious fires dealt with during the 1944-46
biennium was a large store in Greensboro. Losses were estimated
at approximately $65,000.00. The major portion of the stock
was a complete loss and was disposed of by burying. A small
portion (value approximately $5,000.00) was salvaged for human
use. Since it was released for shipment into another state,
Federal authorities and those of that state were so notified. Other
small portions were salvaged for fats and stock feed. Apprecia-ble
portions of meat stocks were saved, due to the protection
60 Report for 1944-1948
afforded by cold storage facilities. Close attention is given to
transfer of meats, since hurry and improvised handling under
emergency is likely to result in excess exposure. This situation
was handled in cooperation with officials of the Greensboro
health, police, fire and sanitary departments, representatives of
the company and of the underwriters, followed by a written
expression of appreciation from the general superintendent of
the company.
Other fire stocks of volume handled during 1944-46 w^ere in
High Point and Winston-Salem (losses in each case estimated
at $10,000.00), Salisbury, Boone, West Jefferson (two), also
Fallston, Burlington, Monroe and Charlotte.
Fire stocks handled during 1946-48, in approximate figures,
involved quantities of products totaling 337,200 pounds, of which
93,500 lbs. were a total loss, 127,200 lbs. were diverted to second-ary
uses such as stock feed, meat scrap and soap fat, 116,500
lbs. being salvaged for food uses. The locations and quantities
of foods involved were: Charlotte, 130,400; Asheville, 78,800;
Concord, 78,700; Ellenboro, 36,000; Lincolnton, 11,700; Cherry-ville,
800 ; and Clinton, 800.
A tropical storm of major proportions in September, 1944,
damaged quantities of food supplies, mostly along the northern
half of the coastal area, particularly in towns and settlements
along the outer banks. Most food stocks not washed away were
damaged by salt water so as not to be usable. These were de-stroyed.
Roanoke Island and Manteo suffered appreciable dam-age.
Towns further inland—Elizabeth City, Hertford and Eden-ton,
and the more southerly towns—Morehead and Beaufort,
escaped damage to foods.
One flood of heavy proportions in September, 1945, extended
along the Cape Fear River, centering the worst destruction in
and around Fayetteville. The procedure followed by the Division
was to place blanket embargoes on all affected food stocks, then
to clear them as rapidly as receding waters would permit.
Of the stocks of food involved, approximately 25,000 lbs. of
various foods, 8,000 bottled goods—milk, soft drinks, wine, beer,
flavoring extracts, etc.—and a small quantity of drugs and
medicines were destroyed. Property damage downstream from
Fayetteville was heavy, but food and drug stocks there were
little affected. The work was done in cooperation with local and
emergency agencies. One agency provided an amphibious vehi-cle
and crew.
Commissioner of Agriculture 61
It was the good fortune of the State to be relatively free of
heavy storm losses during 1946-48.
Ammonia damage, resulting from leaks and breakdowns in
cold storage plants is another cause of concern economically and
in food safety. In some instances such damage is immediately
apparent. In others it is latent and may not show up for a num-ber
of days, but then will result in rapid spoilage. A quick sale
of food so damaged may pass the loss on to others. Seventeen
embargoes were placed during 1947, involving approximately
127,300 pounds of ammonia damaged foods. Of this, 77,600 lbs.
were a complete loss, 42,400 lbs. were diverted to secondary
uses, 7,300 lbs. were salvaged for food uses.
Drugs
As had been the situation for a period of years, the Division
was not in a position to proceed extensively with work under the
sections of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act which deals with
drugs. Two reasons for this were lack of provision for the work
and shortage of qualified personnel, the latter due to a large
extent to salar\^ competition from other sources. Work during
and since the war period has been even more restricted than the
greatly limited coverage of previous years.
In a limited way, work of an emergency nature has been carried
on. This has consisted of investigations and analyses when com-plaints
have indicated possible trouble and the following up of
situations in which it appeared that dangerous drugs, the sale
of which were restricted by law, were being openly sold. Two
items in particular under this category are of pointed concern,
the indiscriminate sale of sulfa drugs and of derivatives of
barbituric acid (sleeping pills). Newspapers periodically re-port
deaths of victims of "sleeping pills". North Carolina has
not been free of the abusive use of these products. A number of
rather tragic letters attesting to this have come into the posses-
.sion of the Department. Notices of hearings relative to sale of
such drugs without prescriptions, were being sent out at the
time of this report. Strengthening of the law in order to better
protect the public will be proposed.
There appear on the market from time to time drugs which
are unsatisfactory or dangerous. Occasionally, death results
from them. The Division is ever alert to follow up these alarms,
stopping the use of such products and removing them from sale.
Instances of activity along this line, in cooperation with the
62 Report for 1944-1948
Federal Department, were : calcium gluconate solution for intra-venous
injection which was decomposed and dangerous; benzoic
and salicylic acids and products made from them on which labels
were confused, thereby rendering them dangerous ; glucose in
normal saline and dextrose in isotonic solutions which were con-taminated
with mold and live bacteria; castor oil, which had
caused serious illness as a result of confusion with turpentine and
of crossing labels ; and analbis suppositories to which fatalities
with children were attributed because of confusion in sizes and
dosages.
Several instances of questionable drug products have been
investigated, particularly where local advertising was of much
greater elaboration than the immediate labeling of the product.
It was significant that these products (with their labeling) had
moved in interstate commerce while the advertising had not.
The purchase of official samples, or the mere interest of the
Department in such situations, has resulted in the disappearance
of both advertising and product.
These instances exemplify trends which are to be expected in
the absence of a reasonably adequate control program. By way
of competition, a whole field of trade can be forced into bad
habits by a few who get out of line. Unfortunately, these are
always present. Sound business, as well as the public, needs the
protection of an adequate drug control program.
Oleomargarine
The State Law covering oleomargarine was changed by the
1945 Legislature to permit the sale of the colored product for
household use. Only the uncolored product can be legally served
in public eating places, and where it is served, an appropriate
sign must be displayed.
So far as the Division has been able to survey the field, opera-tions
appear to have remained in good order and the products
appeared to be of satisfactory character. A few exceptions have
been the marketing of below-standard products, misbranding
and failure to properly display signs. These were corrected
without difficulty.
Linseed Oil
As was the situation throughout the war period, pure linseed
oil was either unavailable or scarce. For a time there appeared
only compound, imitation and substitute oils. As an expedient
Commissioner of Agriculture 63
for stretching the supply these served very well. The market
for high grade paints, however, does and will continue to suffer
until pure oils are available.
Provisions are made in the law for these replacement oils.
They have their place both in emergencies and for certain uses.
Expediency during an emergency can be expected to cause dis-order
which must be corrected upon return to periods of more
normal supply. Work is in progress now for clearing from this
field difficulties and irregularities which were inherited from the
war.
Cooperation With Other Agencies
It is the policy of the Department to cooperate fully with
other agencies. A regular program of this nature is maintained
with those in the same or kindred lines of work—The State
Board of Health, city and county health and sanitary depart-ments,
the North Carolina Board of Pharmacy, the federal and
other state food and drug divisions, and various state and national
organizations such as those of bottlers, bakers and millers.
Contact is maintained with city and county health and sani-tary
departments in the State. These, at various times, call on
the Division for aid or for joint operations, and they likewise
respond to similar requests. This has been very helpful in cases
of emergency, especially so at times when the Division was
handicapped by a shortage of personnel.
Cooperation with the Federal Food and Drug Administration
has been of particular value in curbing shipment into the State
of products adulterated both fraudulently and with poisonous
preservatives. When such products were found, special effort
was made to embargo them as extensively as possible; however,
the Department could proceed only against the goods. Reim-bursement
not being a feature of such businesses, losses fell on
merchants in the State. When lots of such goods were trans-ferred
to the Federal Department, the jurisdiction of which is
nation-wide, violators could be reached. In two cases of partic-ularly
flagrant violation, conviction with heavy fines and one
prison sentence resulted.
Especially large lots of three commodities—syrups, cocoa and
beer—have been involved. Callousness in court is no asset to
defendants ; therefore, losses to merchants in the State generally
have been made good. Such questionable business has fallen to
64 Report for 1944-1948
a low stage in the State ; the former "laughing across the State
line" has changed to a more somber attitude.
Laboratories and Equipment
Laboratories and equipment are subject to heavy wear and
corrosion. Excepting some renovation and new construction
which was completed just prior to the height of the emergency
period, the laboratories are in greater disrepair than at any
previous time. Because of the scarcity of materials and the
difficulties in getting construction work done, it was not possible
to put into effect during 1944-46 renovations and replacements
already provided for. The situation appeared even more acute
in the early post-war period. Some improvements and the equip-ping
of insecticide and food laboratories were gotten under way
during 1946-48. However, general renovation is badly needed.
It is hoped that provision for this very essential feature in con-trol
work will be made.
Personnel
Maintaining qualified personnel has been difficult throughout
the emergency, due in large part to competition by industrial
organizations and federal agencies with higher salary schedules.
The normal quota of food and drug chemists (four) had been
reduced to one. There still is a shortage in this field. Provision
for five food inspectors had been made. Two or three carried
that work throughout the 1944-46 biennium. Four have carried
the work during most of the 1946-48 period. It still is difficult
to maintain competent personnel at current State salaries in
face of outside competition. An early alleviation of these con-ditions
is anticipated. In general character and efficiency, the
work of the personnel has been of a high level.
Summary
In evaluating the work of the Division for the 1944-46 and
1946-48 biennia, it appears expedient to pass over a possible
burden of repetition and to summarize in a brief single state-ment:
Vital statistics show that over a period of years the
normal span of human life has increased appreciably. Whole-some
and safe food and drug supplies are an important factor in
this.
CREDIT UNION DIVISION j^^^
During the four-year period ending June ^^ ^^^mm-
30, 1948, North Carolina Credit Unions ' ^^ W'
experienced more rapid growth than dur- .. -. _^^
ing any similar period since our credit ^^^gj^^^
union law was enacted in 1915. During ^""^^w^^n
the war, government restrictions on install- J^^m^. jHH^I
ment credit, together with the lack of dura- sHHHk^^^B
ble goods on the market, caused a consider- ^^^B9i[HraHH
able decrease in loans. Since durable goods iliWtiMi—l^^MHW
are gradually returning to the market, this D. R. Graham
situation is slightly changing and during
the last two years the volume of loans has increased considerably.
At June 30, 1944, there were 146 credit unions operating,
having 25,006 members and $2,527,915.99 in assets. Since that
time, 59 credit unions have been organized and 5 liquidated. At
June 30, 1948, there were 200 active credit unions serving
41,909 members and having assets in the amount of $7,169,512.10.
Of this amount, almost $4,000,000.00 was invested in loans to
members and slightly under $2,000,000.00 was invested in gov-ernment
bonds.
Dividends continue to be held at a maximum of three per cent
and some credit unions pay no dividends whatever. This situa-tion
will be corrected when loans return to normal.
Our work among Negro rural groups has attracted nation-wide
attention and we now have almost as many credit unions among
such groups as all other states in the union combined. Two of
these credit unions have assets in excess of $100,000.00, the
total being well in excess of $800,000.00. Through their credit
unions, these Negroes have built homes, bought farms, purebred
livestock, cattle, sheep, and hogs. They have gone a long way
toward raising themselves from submarginal status to a decent
standard of living.
The record of our credit unions in the several war bond cam-paigns
is unequaled by any organization of similar size in the
country and a number of them are qualified as issuing agents for
bonds.
With the rapid growth of credit unions, both in size and num-ber,
we have found it extremely difficult to comply with the law
requiring that each credit union be examined once each year.
66 Report for 1944-1948
This situation has been somewhat relieved during the past three
months by employing another auditor.
The North Carolina law is considered the best in the United
States and a number of states have used this Act as a model.
Our procedure in supervising credit unions is considered among
the best. We have been called on for advice by other states and
we were recently called on to assist in rewriting the accounting
"procedure for federal credit unions.
Educational and religious leaders discuss rural credit union program. Left to right, R. M.
Grumman, Director of Extension, University of North Carolina ; Dr. N. C. Newbold, Director of
li^egro Education, State Department of Public Instruction; S. P. Dean, Promotional Director,
N. C. Council of Credit Unions and Associates ; D. R. Graham, Superintendent of Credit Unions,
North Carolina Department of Agriculture ; Dr. Fred L. Brownlee, American Missionary Asso-ciation
: and Dr. Lee M. Brooks, Professor of Sociology, University of North Carolina.
Credit unions during this period of inflation when wages are
not keeping abreast of rising living costs have served to tide
over many of their members who might otherwise have found it
necessary to borrow from other agencies at much higher rates of
interest. By providing credit for their members at a reasonable
rate, they have materially increased purchasing power.
We continue to stay near the top in number of credit unions
organized and our liquidations have been much less than the
national average.
Commissioner of Agriculture 67
June 30, 1944 June 30, 1948
Active credit unions 146 200
Total members 25,006 41,909
Total Assets $2,527,915.99 $7,169,512.10
NORTH CAROLINA CREDIT UNIONS
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
June 30, 1948
Assets
Cash on Hand and in Banks $1,031,904.75
Loans to Members 3,950,816.47
U. S. Government Bonds 1,992,279.29
Other Assets 194,511.59
Total Assets $7,169,512.10
Liabilities & Capital
Shares $5,255,6 63.40
Deposits 533,242.41
Reserve Fund 205,064.73
Other Liabilities 1,014,572.53
Undivided Earnings 160,969.03
Total Liabilities and Capital $7,169,512.10
Pegram
DAIRY DIVISION
C. W. Pegram
During the past two bienniums the dairy
industry has changed from wartime re-strictions
and disruptions to normalcy.
Rapid growth has taken place during this
period. The preliminary Federal-State
Crop Reporting Service report shows the
milk production for 1947 was 1,529,000,000
pounds, as compared with 1,309,000,000
pounds for 1940, a gain of 14 per cent.
The gross farm income was $81,177,000.00
as compared with $36,005,000.00 for 1940. This additional 45-
million-dollar farm income was very largely due to the price
increase. Dairying is definitely on the march throughout the
State, and every encouragement is being given by all State agen-cies,
processing and producer groups.
The Dairy Division has attempted to keep in pace with this
fast growing industry. Growth or development of an industry
presents new problems and increased fields of responsibility. A
modern $20,000 dairy products laboratory was completed in
1947, and it has proved to be of invaluable aid in maintaining
the standards of purity and sanitation. The laboratory services
of the State College Dairy Department were used for some time
prior to establishing our new laboratory. Modern chemical and
laboratory technique applied to dairy products reveals much
information as to quality and sanitation. Laboratory results
supply information for intelligent field inspections.
Milk and Milk Products
In May, 1947, the Board of Agriculture promulgated defini-tions,
minimum standards, rules and regulations governing the
handling and sale of milk and milk products. These regulations
were set up under authority of the Pure Food and Drug Law,
becoming effective September 1, 1947. Amendments were adopt-ed
in January, 1948, requiring permits for out-of-State ship-ments
of milk. The Legislature appropriated $15,000.00 annually
to carry out this additional activity. Adoption of these regula-tions
materially increased the responsibility and duties of the
Division.
Commissioner of Agriculture 69
North Carolina now has State-wide minimum regulations cov-ering
milk and milk products for the first time in its history. In
the past the responsibility for milk purity and sanitation was
handled largely by the local county and municipal health depart-ments.
The results for the first nine months show that this
minimum State-wide control has been well justified. Due to a
lack of sufficient health officers, sanitarians and laboratory serv-ices
in some counties, cities and municipalities, samples have
been secured and inspections have been made throughout the
State. In some areas intensive work was carried on to improve
the quality of the local milk supply.
A modern eoncleiisor,\
.
This program has not been a duplication of effort, but instead
it has been one of full cooperation with the State, city and county
health departments. This cooperative program has resulted in
marked improvement in the quality and purity of milk and other
dairy products offered to North Carolina consumers. However,
a study of the analyses shows that the job is not completed. It
will take intensive work by all segments connected with the
dairy industry to reach the desired quality goals. This is shown
by the deficiencies carried in Table I.
While these samples were purchased on a State-wide basis,
they were usually secured where some doubt existed about thir
meeting the standards. Field follow-ups were made whenever
Commissioner of Agriculture 71
possible on samples showing deficiencies, and plants or producers
having defiicient samples were notified as well as the local health
officers.
TABLE I
MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS ANALYSES
(September, 1947—June, 1948)
DEFICIENCIES
No. of
Product Samples
Pasteurized Gr. A. Milk 411
Grade A Raw Milk 112
Producer Gr. A Raw Milk 148
Gr. A Raw (Bottled) Milk G
Gr. C Raw Milk (Can Delivery) 18
Cream 72
Buttermilk 26
Creamed Buttermilk 14
Buttermilk—Gr. A Wli. Lac 35
Chocolate Milk 56
Chocolate Drink 41 <
Gyroscope
Readings Solids Plate Pouring
Fat Above Normal not-fat Count Lip Label
10 154 79 79 24 8
4 16 28 46 68 17
10 67 73 29
3 3 1 1
2 1 1
3 17 7
1
13
7
8 5 4
10 8 3 4
21 10 . 4 22
68 197 182 107 93
MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS
As Shown on Table I (as established by the Rules and Regulations Pro-mulgated
by the Board of Agriculture on May 29, 19 47
and Amended on January 9, 1948)
Milk, Pasteurized
Milk, Raw
Milk, Raw—Producer
Cream 18.0
Buttermilk
Creamed Buttermilk 3.25
Grade A Whole Lactic Buttermilk 3.25
Chocolate Milk 3.25
Chocolate Drink
% Milk Bacteri al Standard
% Milk Fat Solids-not -fat (Plate Count)
Grade A Grade C
3.25 8.50 30,000
3.25 8.50 50,000 3,000.000
3.25 8.50 200,000 3,000,000
8.50
8.50
8.50
30,000 50,000
50,000
Thirty-five hearings were held regarding the adulteration of
milk as this is required under the provisions of the Pure Food
and Drug Law before any court action is taken. At these hear-ings
a full explanation was given regarding the cryoscope read-ings.
Follow-ups were made after the hearings and subsequent
samples showed satisfactory results. Today the number of
samples showing added water is rather insignificant.
This year considerable time has been devoted to out-of-State
milk shipments. Inspections were made at the principal plants
Commissioner of Agriculture 73
furnishing this supply, and samples were secured from tankers
delivering milk into the State. This activity has resulted in
better milk coming into the State. It was necessary to cancel
the permit of one shipper. Approximately 64,000,000 pounds of
milk were imported in 1947.
Ice Cream
Approximately 650 ice cream plant and counter freezer in-spections
were made annually. Samples were purchased on a
State-wide basis for laboratory analyses, and results from the
analyses were used on a basis for field inspections. Emphasis
was placed on areas where there was indication of quality stan-dards
not being met. Despite this plan of sampling, there were
noticeable improvements. Particularly significant is the im-provement
in the bacteria content as shown in Table II. During
the period of September-December of 1944, the excess of over
100,000 bacteria was 34 per cent of all the samples, while for
the period of January-June of 1948, it was 12.1 per cent. The
positive E. coli declined from 39 per cent to 0.4 per cent. This
represents a tangible improvement in health safety and quality.
TABLE II
ICE CREAM ANALYSES—(September, 19 44—June, 1948)
Year
No.
Samples
Deficient
in Fat
Deficient in
Total Solids
Excess over
100,000
Bacteria
Positive
E. Coli
E. Coli
(Too
Numerous
to count)
Positive
Phospha-tase
Weight
1944
September-
December 146
672
679
465
256
*
34 (23^:^.)
161(24'rc)
121(17.8^c)
81 (17^^)
55(21. Sff)
73 (50%)
168(25rc)
164(24.2%)
30 (6%)
25 (9.8%)
50 (34%)
231(34.4%)
201(29.6%)
115(25%)
31 (12.1%)
(138
Samples)
57 (39%)
299(44.5%)
242(35.6%)
146(31%)
10 (.4%)
(138
Samples)
16 (11%)
77(11.5%)
38(5.6%)
27(6%)
2(.077%)
(105
Samples)
3 (2%c)
17(2.5%)
11(1.6??)
30(6%)
32(12.5%)
...
1945
1946 ----
1947
272(40%)
150(32.2%)
1948
January-
72(28.1%)
STANDARDS:
* Fat; Plain—10%
Fat: Chocolate, Fruit—8%,.
•* Total Solids—35%.
•** Weight:—Gallon—4. 5 lbs.
Weight: Pint—9 oz.
74 Report for 1944-1948
Ice cream manufacturers have spent several millions of dollars
in recent years in improving buildings and purchasing new equip-ment.
There are now modern well-equipped plants located
throughout the State.
This industry, according to the Federal-State Crop Reporting
Service, shows 16 million gallons of ice cream in 1946, which
ranks North Carolina as the 11th state as compared with the other
states. Ice cream is no longer eaten on special occasions, but
it is now considered as a basic part of the meal. It is a typically
American food.
Counting bacteria by microscope.
Babcock Test Program
The Babcock test program has been carried on continuously
during the past two bienniums. During this period there were
917 investigations at the 80 plants and stations covering 15,410
check tests. Since milk tests are subject to variations from
many sources, test results are subject to suspicion. The goal
of the Division is to secure accurate sampling and testing of all
milk purchased on a butterfat basis. When complaints are re-ceived,
investigations and follow-up tests are made. These have
decreased from year to year. This work has done much to estab-
Commissioner of Agriculture 75
lish confidence between the producer and buyer, and it is essential
for the building of a great dairy industry in the State.
Milk Audit Law
The Milk Audit Law has furnished valuable information on
the production, importation and sale of milk in North Carolina
for the past several years. Approximately 3,000 reports have
been received and verified in these two bienniums. Field investi-gations
and the inspection of plant records are made by the
auditor where sufficient information is not carried in the monthly
reports. The Division has cooperated with the Division of Agri-
Interior of cheese manufacturing plant at West Jefferson.
cultural Statistics in compiling dairy statistics under the Dairy
Products Manufacturing Law.
The Milk Audit Law plays an important part in the expansion
program of the dairy industry in North Carolina, especially on
markets where milk is purchased from dairy farmers on a classi-fication
basis, or where a surplus of Grade A milk exists. In
order to establish confidence between dairy farmers and milk
distributors, the Commissioner of Agriculture is empowered to
establish marketing areas and to set up the classification of milk
in each area after a complete and impartial hearing.
A study of the following data on milk production and milk
imported from other states will show that we have made consid-
76 Report for 1944-1948
erable gains in the past few

C6e ilifiratp
of t|)e
SInitierisitp of jQortI) Carolina
Collection of il2ortD Carolmiana
%U& tioofe toags presented
CG>3o.c
Kvue^vv*f
i9A4-/A-a
UNIVERSITY OF N.C. AT CHAPEL HILL
00020340962
This BOOK may be kept out TWO WEEKS
ONLY, and is subject to a fine of FIVE
CENTS a day thereafter. It wag taken out an
the day indicated below : y) o«-CL-AUG
1 A '^52*
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
Ensuring Democracy through Digital Access (NC-LSTA)
http://www.archive.org/details/reportofagricu19441948nc
REPORT
of
TKe North Carolina
Department of Ag^riculture
FOR 1944-1948
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
To His Excellency
The Governor of North Carolina
In compliance with the Statutes of North Carolina, 1
submit herewith a report of the work of the Department
of Agriculture for the biennial periods 1944-46 and
1946-48.
The report for the 1944-46 biennium was not pre-viously
printed because of wartime printing difficul-ties.
It has been combined with the report for the suc-ceeding
biennium; hence this volume covers the four-year
period 1944-1948.
Respectfully,
Commissioner of Agriculticre.
Raleigh, N. C.
December 22, 1948.
State board of Agriculture
W. Kerr Scott, Commissioner
Ex-Officio Chairman, to Feb. 14, 1948
D. S. COLTRANE, Commissioner
Ex-Officio Chairman, since Feb. 14, 1948
Raleigh, N. C.
W. B. Austin Jefferson
W. I. Bissette Grifton
Dr. R. E. Earp Selma
HOYLE C. Griffin Monroe
Claude T. Hall Roxboro
D. J. Lybrook Advance
Miss Ethel Parker : Gatesville
J. H. Poole West End
A. B. Slagle Franklin
David Townsend _ ._. .'-Rowland
PERSONNEL
OF THE
STATE Department of Agriculture
JUNE 30, 1948
D. S. CoLTRAXE, Commissioner
Adjxixisteatiois
Helen L. Andrews Senior Stenographer Cleric
Kathryn E. Moa^tague— Senior Stenographer Clerk
AccouxTiNG Office
A. R. PoM'LEDGE Chief Auditor and Administrative Assistant
Nina Axx Barnes Junior General Clerk,
Mrs. Hazel T. Ives Junior General Clerk
Mrs. Lee Mae J. Pearce Junior Genei'al Clerk
Mrs. Katherine P. Robinson Senior Accounting Clerk
B. Jerrie Wheless Senior Accounting Clerk
Publicity and Publications
Blackburn W. Johnson Senior Publicity SiJecialist
Mrs. M. Pauline DeCosta Senior Stenographer Clerk
Joseph A. Hunter ..^^Janitor-Messeyiger
Bettye Frances Tucker Janitor-Messenger
Inspection
C. H. Lx'tterloh Chief Feed and Seed Inspector
Mrs. Martha B. Capps Junior Stenographer Clerk
Lindsey Ennis Senior Feed and Seed Inspector
C. Grant Senior Feed and Seed Inspector
E. J. Harrington Chief Fertilizer Inspector
Harvey C. McPhail _ _ ....Senior Feed and Seed Inspector
Howard B. Roberson Senior Feed and Seed Inspector
J. W. Woodside Associate Botanist
Markets
R. B. Etheridge .Director
Margie G. Bailey Senior Stenographer Clerk
J. B. Cotner Principal Marketing Specialist
Robert S. Curtis— Senior Marketing Specialist
Jay p. Davis, Jr . ....Senior Marketing Specialist
Mrs. Louise T. Dunn Senior General Clerk
AiLEEN R. Ga^ibill Typist-Clcrk
Joe B. Goltrlay -. .JPrincipal Marketing Specialist
T. L. Gwyn- . Principal Marketing Specialist
Harry M. Hamilton, Je Principal Marketing Specialist
W. P. Hedrick Principal Marketing Specialist
Vernon W. Hill Senior Marketing Specialist
Julius P. Jeneette ^ Senior Marketing Specialist
Fred P. Johnson Principal Marketing Specialist
6 Report for 1944-1948
Ralph B. Kelly Senior Marketing Specialist
Ethel York Kiker Senior Marketing Specialist
Mrs. Grace V. Lane.__ Senior Stenograj)her Clerk
Ruby G. Massenburg - : Senior Stenographer Clerk
N. P. McDuFFiE Associate Marketing Specialist
Candler C. Miller Principal Marketing Specialist
Blanche W. Ogburn Senior Stenographer Clerk
Mrs. Phoebe D. Powers___. Senior Stenographer Clerk
Mrs. Dorothy Y. Reaves. Junior Stenographer Clerk
Geo. R. Ross _ Principal Marketing Specialist
Carson W. Sheffield Principal Marketing Specialist
Anne B. Stodd.\rt ...Junior Statistical Clerk
H. T. Westcott Principal Marketing Specialist
John A. Winfield Principal Marketing Specialist
Dairy
C. W. Pegram Director
Robert C. Beeman Senior Laboratory Technician
John J. Filicky Senior Chemist
Delma B. Hall LaTioratory Aid
W. L. McLeod Associate Dairy Specialist
Francis Patterson '. Associate Dairy Specialist
Lucille T. Stephens ...Senior Stenograjiher Clerk
David R. Strobel Senior Dairy SjJecialist
Edw^\rd p. Valaer. Associate Dairy Specialist
J. V. Whitaker Senior Auditor
Entomology
C. H. Brannon Director
J. A. Harris . Senior Eyitomologist
Mrs. Pauline P. Newsom Senior Stenographer Clerk
John B. Riley Japanese Beetle Inspector
D. L. Wray Senior Entomologist
Seed Laboratory
W. H. Darst - - Senior Botanist
Susie D. Alllen. Senior Seed Analyst
Magdalene G. Brummitt Senior Seed Analyst
Mrs. Jeanne R. Douglass Junior Stenographer Clerk
Stella W. Etheredge Senior Seed Analyst
E. Dixie Middleton Junior Seed Analyst
Mary Allen Nicholson . Junior Seed Analyst
Mabel V. Roberts Senior Seed Analyst
Jessie M. Faulk West .-. Junior Seed Analyst
Analytical
E. W. Constable Chief Chemist
John A. Alston... Laboratory Aid
Evelyn E. Allen Junior Stenographer Clerk
L. V. Amburgey ..Senior Microscopist
K. W. Ballentine .-. Senior Food Inspector
Henry W. Barnes, Jr Associate Chemist
Z. B. Bradford Principal Chemist
BuRNEY A. Britt ....Associate Chemist
David E. Buffaloe Senior Chemist
James A. Chapman .. . ...Laboratory Aid
Mrs. Annette E. Clark Senior Stenographer Clerk
Mrs. Ann Smart Dick Junior Chemist
Commissioner of Agriculture 7
Clyde L. Fi'trell Associate Chemist
Chas. H. Godwin, Jr Senior Food Inspector
Caroline F. GeaveS— Junior Chemist
George Hall .,. Laboratory Aid
Mrs. Heber B. Hatch Principal General Clerk
Samuel H. Hinton Laboratory Aid
E. T. Hord Principal Chemist
Velva E. Hudson Principal General Clerk
Moses W. Lord ____ Laboratory Aid
H. D. Matheson _- Senior Chemist
W. P. Matthews - Senior Chemist
W. E. McNeill Senior Food Inspector
L. M. Nixon __ l Princijml Chemist
Fred P. Nooe Senior Food Inspector
H. F. Pickering Principal Chemist
J. S. PiTTARD Principal Chemist
Lewis W. Purdy , Associate Chemist
John Lee Ray._..__,... _. Junior Chemist
Clyde W. Roberts Senior Food d Drug Inspector
L. B. Rhodes .„. Principal Chemist
Hazel Willis Senior Stenographer Clerk
Crop Statistics
Frank Parker Chief Statistician
Mary S. Allen Junior Stenographer Clerk
Raymond R. Alford, Jr Senior G-eneral Clerk
Thomas B. Beasley Multilith Operator
Louise G. Belvin Junior Statistical Clerk
Henri' G. Brown Senior Statistician
Geo. Truett Denton Senior General Clerk
Mrs. Sarah F. Drake — _ Senior Statistical Clerk
Earl A. Finch Junior Statistician
EsPY" S. Fowler '.
. Senior Statistical Clerk
Ethel I. Gardner .Senior Statistical Clerk
William C. Hinson, Jr — Junior Statistician
Pearl K. Joyner Multilith Operatorr
Helen E. Kornegay Senior Statistical Clerk
Hettie W. Lewis.- Junior Statistical Clerk
Alma H. Muse Senior Stenographer Clerk
Olaf Wakefield Senior Statistician
Soil Testing
Ivan E. Miles - Director
Arthur Giles Laboratory Assistant
Johnson Honeybllte Laboratory Aid
Mildred K. Lowe ...Junior Stenographer Clerk
Mrs. Mary W. McLaughlin Junior Chemist
Margaret Murphy Associate Chemist
Sarah P. Peatross Junior Chemist
Sally W. Peele Senior Stenographer Clerk
J. Fielding Reed Senior Agronomist
Margaret E. Stanch - - _— Typist-Clerk
Mrs. Valyne F. Starling Junior Chemist
Virginia A. Speed Senior Stenographer Clerk
Sarah H. Weeks Senior Stenographer Clerk
Veterinary'
L. J. Faulhaber Director
William A. Andrew Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
W. R. Baynes Principal Yeterinarian
G. I. BtTLLOCK Associate Poultry Specialist
8 Report for 1944-1948
Julius B. Cashion Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
Jesse J. Causby , Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
Henry B. Collins Livestock Marketing Supervisor
J. K. Crissman - Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
W. J. Elkins Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
L. J. FouRiE Senior Poultry Specialist
George D. Fuller Livestock Marketing Specialist
L. M. Greene : Principal Yeteriyiarian
Frank S. Hall..— Janitor Clerk
Frank Howard, Jr Laboratory Aid
Charles A. Higgs- Laboratory Aid
G. W. Ivey' - Associate Poultry Specialist
Grace R. John Senior Stenographer Clerk
Mrs. Doris D. Johnson Laboratory Assistant
Fred D. Long Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
R. Harold Pardue Livestock Marketing Supervisor
Peter S. Penland Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
Mrs. Mary' T. Pratt Senior Stenographer Clerk
E. Lorraine Ratlifp Junior Stenographer Clerk
John R. Shivar ___ Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
Thomas L. Wellborn Senior Hatchery and Flock Inspector
James W. Willis Senior Veterinarian
Joseph D. Wolf Principal Veterinarian
Test Farms
Cecil D. Thomas Senior Administrative Assistant
Mrs. Bettie H. Carkigg Senior Stenographer Clerk
Elwood a. Allen Senior Herdsman
Herbert W. Allen Senior Herdsman
Mrs. Lillian A. Bishop ___ Typist-Clerk
Fenner B. Harris Senior Herdsman
J. L. Rea, Jr Superintendent
Clifton M. Blackwell. — _ Senior Farm Foreman
J. M. Carr Superintendent
Mrs. Mary P. Clark Junior Stenographer Clerk
Elizabeth Floyd____ ___. Senior Stenographer Clerk
Chester Kearney. Feed and Farm Laborer
W. C. Allsbrook___. _..- _ Senior Farm Foreman
R. E. CuRRiN, Jr __.. Superintendent
Hubert C. Robbins— - Senior Farm Foreman
Howard R. Clapp __ Superintendent
Mrs. Margaret W. Allsbrook Junior Stenographer Clerk
Bernice H. Harrell __ Junior Stenographer Clerk
J. B. Shaw, Jr -. Junior Poultryman
W. M. Whisenhunt Senior Farm Foreman
R. L. York Senior Dairyman
James A. Graham Assistant Superintendent
WiLMA L. Miller ._ Junior Stenographer Clerk
R. Bruce Sheperd Senior Farm Foreman
J. Gordon Blake ...Assistant Superintendent
C. 0. Bollinger Senior Poultryynan
Chas. T. Bearing Supierintendent
Earl M. Wells . Senior Herdsman
B. L. Williams Senior Stenographer Clerk
Vester N. Baibd. Senior Farm Foreman
Rose E. Bradford Senior Stenographer Clerk
J. W. Hendricks .,_ ...Superintendent
Miscellaneous
Theodore R. Birdsall Janitor-Messenger
Robert Harris .-.. ...Janitor-Messenger
Worth Jeffries ...Junior Mail Clerk
Commissioner of Agriculture 9
Cooperative Inspection Service
D. A. Bass -' Egg Grader
Thomas Ray Harward - Junior Marketing Specialist
Mrs. Cora Hooker . Egg Grader
Mrs. Mary Reaves Noble - Egg Grader
Inez B. Willoughby Egg Grader
H. D. Wilson Egg Grader
State Warehouse System
A. B. Fairley Superintendent
Hazel Cobb . Senior General Clerk,
Mrs. Gertrude T. Hogarth Senior Stenographer Clerk
Mrs. Hallie K. Morrow Senior Stenograj)her Clerk
Alexander W. Outterbridge Warehouse Examiner
Joe Trowbridge Chief Cotton Classer
Hog Cholera Work
Charles R. Border Senior Veterinarian
Geor(;e 0. McKee, Jr Junior Veterinarian
Credit Union
D. R. Graham . .....Supervisor
A. S. Bynum Junior Auditor
Mrs. Myrtice B. Wilder Junior Stenographer Clerk
Museum
H. T. Davis : Chief Curator
LuDiE Virginia Ashe Maid
Julian W. Johnson Junior Curator
Mrs. Clare S. Johnson Receptionist and Attendant
Mary Knight _ Principal General Clerk
F. B. Meacham -_ Senior Curator
Owen Woods Janitor
Weights and Measures
C. D. Baucom Superintendent
Mrs. Martha Ann G. Boyd Junior Stenographer Clerk
Joseph P. Crawford ___ ___ Senior Inspector
H. W. Hood . Senior Inspector
J. T. Jackson Senior Inspector
T. Wavely Lltcas Truck Driver
Irene W. Meekins Junior Stenographer Clerk
John I. Moore Senior Insj>ector
Elton Phillips : Senior Inspector
James Williams. _— Truck Driver
S. M. WooLFOLK Senior Inspector
William C. Woodell ..Junior Inspector
W. Kerr Scott
Comviissioner of Agriculture
January, 1937—Febi'uary, 1948
D. S. COLTEANF.
Commissioner of Agriculture
February, 1948—January, 1949
QUADRENNIAL REPORT
OF THE
North Carolina department of Agriculture
By D. S. COLTRANE
Commissioner of Agriculture
The agriculture of North Carolina is definitely in the class of
a big business, highly specialized in some respects and yet of
a very diverse nature. Ranging from large, highly commercial-ized
cotton, tobacco, peanut and truck farms in the East to
dairy, poultry, small grain and general farms in the Piedmont,
and to cattle, fruit and truck farms in the Mountains, a diversity
of production is found which is unequaled in this country. Soil
and climatic conditions encourage this wide range of produc-tion
and hold potentialities for higher levels of farming activity.
Of North Carolina's 3,715,000 total population, 1,336,780 live
on 304,000 farms which include a total of 21,583,740 acres of
land. The value of all farm resources in 1945, including land,
livestock, equipment, and other physical assets amounted to
$1,373,000,000. The mere size of this total resources figure
indicates the importance of the total farm plant. That this
large investment yields well is verified by the fact that gross
farm income reached the peak of $907,511,000 in 1946 and for
1947 it was $893,000,000. This is in contrast with the 1941 gross
farm income of $381,925,000.
Equity held in the farm business by the farmer himself is
very favorable, since total mortgage indebtedness in 1945 was
$76,723,000. The 1930 mortgage indebtedness of North Caro-lina
farmers was $111,880,000.
. North Carolina Agriculture is characterized by its production
of crops—2,138,000 acres of corn, 793,000 acres of tobacco, 647,-
000 acres of cotton, and large acreages of small grains, peanuts,
soybeans, Irish potatoes, and other truck crops. Being primarily
an agriculture of crops farming, it follows that the State is a
large user of commercial fertilizer. Fertilizer tonnage sold in
North Carolina in 1947 amounted to 1,560,000 tons.
Although the production of crops is highly important, live-stock
farming is growing in significance, this despite the fact
that livestock numbers are decreasing. There are 376,000 milk
Commissioner of Agriculture 13
cows on farms and cattle of all types number 677,000. The 1948
estimate of swine on farms places the number at 1,191,000, and
there are 35,000 head of sheep. It is estimated also in 1948 that
there are 10,500,000 chickens and 50,000 turkeys on farms.
L'Mstdck farming is growing in siyniti
Changing Times
Any agency participating in the agricultural program of North
Carolina can be justifiably proud of the progress which has been
achieved during the years covered by this report. Advances
have been registered in practically all phases of agriculture.
New developments have uncovered possibilities hitherto deemed
fantastic, and the upsurge of interest in scientific agriculture by
the farmers as a whole has been one of the major happenings
of our time. Fewer people engaged in farming and an increas-ing
demand for products of the soil has accelerated the search
for larger and more economical yields, for new and better ways
of performing jobs in order to save and more fully utilize labor
and equipment, for more adequate controls of plant and animal
diseases and parasites, and for improvement in methods of dis-tribution.
So great has been the urge for improving methods,
that at times the search has seemed almost frantic, but not with-out
due consideration for sound approaches to the problems at
hand.
Any reference to progress in North Carolina agriculture would
likely begin with corn which is the State's largest single crop.
14 Report for 1944-1948
accounting for 2,138,000 acres in 1947 and producing over 65
million bushels of grain. The yield has increased at an amaz-ingly
high rate, from 22.8 bushels per acre in 1944 to 30.5 bushels
per acre in 1947 and to an estimated 33 bushels per acre in 1948.
The increasing use of adapted hybrid varieties, plus more ade-quate
fertilization, and better cultivation and management prac-tices
have been the major factors.
Although not so readily measured as corn yields, it is generally
agreed that the pasture improvement program in North Carolina
has definitely found a sure footing and is now on its way to
levels necessary for properly supporting our livestock industry.
Realization on the part of individual farmers that pasture is
just as much a crop as, say tobacco and corn, and that it requires
fertilization and care as any other crop, is in a large measure
Prominent in pasture development is tlie fact tliat new grasses and lejiumes liave
been singled out, tested, tried successfviUy and found to be fitted to
Nortli Carolina climatic and soil conditions.
responsible for the success of this vital farm enterprise. Prom-inent
in pasture development is the fact that new grasses and
legumes have been singled out, tested, tried successfully and
found to be fitted to North Carolina climatic and soil conditions.
Commissioner of Agriculture 15
Orchard grass, a pasture plant with an estabhshed reputation,
has been found to be more valuable than ever grown in combina-tion
with the almost fabulous Ladino clover. Remarkable graz-ing
records have been noted. Such grasses as the tall Fescues
have also come into their own and have found a definite place
in the new order of things.
During this period, investigations relating to flue-cured tobacco,
our most important cash crop, were intensified and expanded.
Development of disease resistant varieties was in the forefront
of experimental endeavors. Receiving particular attention also
were factors of quality in the cured leaf, and far-reaching steps
in the development of new curing methods were made. Although
tobacco has defied mechanization longer than other major crops,
the use of machinery for cultivating and harvesting this crop is
being studied and tried with increasing promise.
Types of tobacco other than flue-cured are also important to
our economy. New developments in the production of Burley
tobacco in the mountain counties may well be in the offing. His-torically,
this crop has been harvested by cutting the entire stalk
and being allowed to air-cure. Trials have been conducted on
priming the leaves and in the use of artificial heat for curing,
both of which have been accomplished with good results. Turkish
tobacco also is being produced successfully in the mountain coun-ties
and appears headed for a definite place in our cropping
system.
Illustrations of progress in crop production in North Carolina
could well continue indefinitely. To mention a few other impor-tant
developments briefly, however, reference should be made
to the experimental use of radioactive fertilizing elements, to
the increasing use of chemicals for weed control in crop produc-tion,
to new tillage methods, to the increasing use of cotton
pickers and strippers as well as other farm machinery, to the
increased use of irrigation systems, to the use of drying equip-ment
for hay, corn, peanuts, and other field crops, and to the all
important development by plant breeders of many improved
varieties of all classes of crops.
The livestock industry of the State, growing in importance,,
has also given rise to many far-reaching changes. Artificial
breeding has become well established and is growing rapidly.
Something like twenty-five counties now have formed associa-tions
for handling this program. Being organized in this man-ner,
female dairy animals owned by members may be bred to
16 Report for 1944-1948
the very best of bulls held at the central stud farm. Valuable to
the livestock industry as a whole, this system is particularly
important to the average-sized and small dairymen, who normally
cannot afford to keep high-priced bulls.
This period also has noted an increased interest in cross-breeding,
which has as its goal increased production of milk and
meat and eggs at lower unit costs. This has been conducted with
all classes of livestock and poultry and indications are that great
things will come of the work. Notable advances also have been
made in methods of feeding livestock, and in disease and parasite
control.
It is logical to reason that with all the advances made in pro-duction
practices, there would be a marked improvement in living
conditions of farm people and this has been the case. Rural elec-trification
is probably the one development which has led the
way for better living and farming efficiency as well. In 1946
there were 250,000 rural power utility customers who were be-ing
served with 33,000 miles of distribution lines. Striking is
this when contrasted with the year 1936, when there were only
12,000 rural customers being served by 2,300 miles of distribu-tion
lines. With the advent of electricity, additional electrical
facilities are added, which serve to change the picture of farm
life. Refrigerators, stoves, deep freeze units, washing machines
and other items too numerous to list, are being acquired as con-ditions
permit. Along with these and other conveniences, a new
look is being given to farm homes and other buildings by remod-eling
and by painting. It all points up to a better day for people
on the farm.
Place of State Department of Agriculture
Progress which has been noted is the result of many factors.
Most of all it is the result of teamwork, a team composed of
farmers, businessmen, and all agricultural agencies serving
farmers of the State, all with a determination to work together
for the improvement of our economy. The Department of Agri-culture
is justly proud of its part in this program for bettering
the agriculture of North Carolina. Serving to quite a large
extent as an inspectional and regulatory agency, every effort
has been made to carry out these functions in a manner which
would benefit all citizens. Inspection service to protect consumers
and assure them of quality products and to assure users of ferti-
Commissioner of Agriculture 17
lizers, feeds, seeds, and other like items that they are getting full
value, has been of great importance.
Fundamental to our agriculture is the soil and its treatment.
The Soil Testing Division of the Department has performed nota-ble
service in analyzing soil samples from all parts of the State
and has made recommendations as to lime and fertilizer needs
of fields from which samples were taken. The soil testing work
and recommendations made are conducted in close cooperation
with the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. This
The Soil Testing Divi-iioii lias performed notable service in analyzing
soil samples from all over the State.
laboratory has handled a large volume of work as indicated by
its processing over 100,000 soil samples during the period 1944-
1948.
Fertilizer Control
Following a knowledge of the soil it is imperative that ferti-lizers
used be of the highest quality and of the guaranteed
analyses. The fact that North Carolina uses more than one-seventh
of all fertilizer sold in the Nation makes doubly impor-tant
the Department's work in enforcing the Fertilizer Law. The
program has been successful and has resulted in many beneficial
changes in the fertilizer situation. Significant is the fact that
18 Report for 1944-1948
the number of fertilizer grades sold in North Carolina decreased
from 202 in 1937 to 25 grades in 1947. With more attention
being given to fewer grades, better quality is being obtained.
The value of plant food per ton in excess of the guarantee has
increased considerably and during the year 1946-1947, the aver-age
excess was worth 61 cents per ton which amounted to
$1,017,370 for all fertilizer sold during that period.
By agreement of agencies involved, there has been an increase
in the units of plant food per ton from an average of 15 to 19i/2>
/
./
/
/ /
Fertilizer samples drawn by tlie Department's inspectors are analyzed by tlie Division of
Chemistry for content of the major plant food elements and also for the minor elements.
Commissioner of Agriculture 19
which assures economy for each fertilizer dollar. It is to be
noted in connection with the trend to fertilizer grades of higher
analysis that in 1947, 92% of the grades sold in the State were
those recommended by the Agricultural Experiment Station,
whereas in 1937, only about 2S% of the grades sold were so
recommended.
Fertilizer samples drawn by the Department's inspectors are
analyzed by the Division of Chemistry for content of the major
plant food elements and also for the minor elements. Although
hampered at times by the lack of a full staff of inspectors, a
determined effort has been made to get fertilizer samples from
each company in proportion to the tonnage sold. As a rule a
sample is taken for each 200 tons sold, but this ratio should be
increased. For the biennium 1944-1946, there were 12,510 official
samples and during the biennium 1946-1948 a total of 16,062
samples were drawn. These may be compared with the period
1942-1944 when 10,596 samples were used.
SUMMARY OF FERTILIZER CONTROL
1944:-1946 1946-1948 Total
Number of inspections 10,161 13,160 23,321
Number of official samples 12,510 16,062 28,572
Number of tons sampled 157,323 218,079 375,402
Number of "stop sales" issued 108 24 13 2
Number of penalties assessed 1,399 1,077* 2,476
Amount of penalties assessed $49,154.32 $41,793.24* $90,947.56
Amount paid to consumers $13,916.91 $11,643.55* $25,560.46
Amount paid to Department $35,017.21 $26,784.73* $61,801.94
Unpaid (as of 8-24-48) $ 220.20 $ 3,364.96* $ 3,585.16
Tax tag sales 3,011,061 3,274,241 6,285,302
Value of plant food received in excess of
guarantee in 1944-45 62^* per ton or $909,091.74
Value of plant food received in excess of
guarantee in 1945-46 43^ per ton or $664,255.50
Value of plant food received in excess of
guarantee in 1946-47 61^* per ton or $1,017,370.20
*These figures for the 1947-1948 year are incomplete.
Feed Control
As the fertilizer we feed the soil is important, so is the feed
we give livestock and poultry of great significance. The amend-ed
Feed Law of 1943 provides for further improvement in the
quality of feeds offered for sale. The feed inspectors have
sampled conscientiously and the Division of Chemistry has
analyzed these samples carefully to determine that buyers of
feed are getting what they pay for. The products of each com-pany
are sampled as far as possible and extra care is taken in
20 Report for 1944-1948
sampling brands which were previously found to be below the
guarantee.
According to several measures, the quality of feed being sold
is improving. During the period 1944-1948, the number of "stop
sale" orders dropped from 238 in the first half to 106 in the
second. For similar periods, the number of bags seized de-creased
from 21,475 to 6,955, and the number of bags returned
to manufacturers decreased from 1259 to 717. Registrations
cancelled were practically eliminated during the four-year period,
changing from eleven during the first half to one during the
second half. However, there was a slight increase in the total
number of penalties assessed, from 544 in 1944-1946 to 611 in
1946-1948.
SUMMARY OF FEED CONTROL
1944-1946 1946-1948 Total
Tax tag sales ^ 1,676,308 1,569,488 3,245,796
Cottonseed meal tonnage 182,440 121,352 303,892
Number of inspections 27,097 20,939 48,036
Number of samples collected 4.100 4,410 8,510
Number of samples analyzed 4,579 4,950 9,529
Number of "stop sale" orders issued- 238 106 344
Number of bags seized 21,475 6,955 28,430
Number of bags returned to raanu 1,259 717 1,976
Number of registrations cancelled 11 1 12
Number of penalties 544 611 1,155
Amount of penalties assessed $12,964.69 $15,181.37 $28,146.06
Amount paid to consumers $ 2,525.27 $ 1,820.07 $ 4,345.34
Amount paid to Department $10,272.74 $12,586.21 $22,858.95
Unpaid (as of 8-24-48) $ 166.68 $ 775.09 $ 941.77
Seed Control
Closely allied with soil management and fertilization is the
kind and quality of seeds that are planted. The Seed Laboratory
was established primarily to carry out the Seed Law, however
its work extends far beyond the scope of this Act. Much work
is done in analyzing seed for germination and purity that are
not directly involved in law enforcement. The service of this
laboratory is growing in significance and value to farmers all
the time. For the period covered by this report, 1944-1948, a
total of 66,798 samples of seed were analyzed.
State Kept Free From Federal Quarantine
The Division of Entomology by efficient inspection and con-trol
measures has performed a great service in keeping our
Commissioner of Agriculture 21
State free from Federal quarantine. This Division has done
much to prevent the spread of diseases and insects for the pro-tection
of nurseries, flower growers, and fruit and vegetable
farmers as well as the producers of other crops.
Livestock Kept Healthy
The growing interest in livestock farming requires, in addi-tion
to provision for pastures, feeds, breeding, and management,
close attention to contagious diseases and parasites. The Vet-erinary
Division has devised inspections and control measures
for the major diseases, the success of which is borne out by the
good health of our livestock industry. Major livestock diseases
which have received special attention by the Veterinary Division
are : Bang's disease, Bovine tuberculosis. Anthrax, Hog cholera
;
and among poultry flocks, effective control work has been done
with Pullorum disease. Also a close check has been made to
detect any reappearance of the cattle fever tick.
The Dairy Division has worked diligently and thoroughly in
conducting the Babcock test control programs. This is done
largely through preventing variations of conditions when tests
are made at the milk plants. In addition, the Dairy Division is
concerned with the Milk Audit Law, and the Dairy Products
Statistics Law, both of w^hich provide measures of dairy develop-ments
in the State. Ice cream and other milk products also have
been subject to regulations in which the Dairy Division is
interested.
Test Farms Being Mechanized
Particularly close to the progress of agriculture from the re-search
standpoint is the Test Farms Division. Charged with
the responsibility of administration of the seven farms owned
by the Department of Agriculture, participation in the research
program for North Carolina has been direct and significant.
Furnishing physical facilities for the conduct of research projects
by Experiment Station specialists, the opportunity has been
afforded for closely coordinated teamwork. The increased re-search
load on these farms calls for the very best of organization
and management and presents a challenge for those concerned.
Plans are underway to more completely mechanize operations
on these farms and to bring all facilities up to a level which will
more adequately serve the needs of the expanding research pro-gram.
22 Report for 1944-1948
Marketing Services Provided
Even with the best of success in production, the farmer still
has not achieved his goal until his products are sold at a fair
price. For many years past, the feeling generally has been that
marketing has not received consideration equal to that given
production phases. The Division of Markets has worked in
close cooperation with other State and Federal agencies to pro-vide
the proper channels for disposing of crops and livestock.
Grading services have been provided, and a market news service
has been in operation to keep growers informed. A number of
marketing orders, particularly on Irish potatoes, are adminis-tered
by the Markets Division and require much time of the
personnel.
Warehouse Supervision
In the process of orderly marketing, it becomes necessary to
provide storage for certain crops for varying periods of time.
The Warehouse Division supervises the licensing of 89 ware-houses
having a capacity for 550,000 bales of cotton. Service
also is provided in the classing of cotton held in such warehouses.
Demand for Statistics Increasing
With a growing interest in the business side of farming, work
of the Statistics Division increases in usefulness and importance.
Statistical data are being used more and more as a foundation
for sound planning and the demand for this data is increasing.
Information collected by this Division is published in general
and special reports for the benefit of farmers and businessmen
alike, which among other things, informs the users of month-to-month
condition of crops. Published reports are varied and
their use is widespread.
Food Inspection Work
Two important phases of the work done by the Division of
Chemistry have already been reviewed. However, functions of
this Division reach far beyond the analysis of fertilizers and
feeds. Inspection service supporting the Food, Drug and Cos-metic
Act is essential in assuring the output of clean and whole-some
food products by bakeries, bottling plants, ice cream plants,
and creamery and cheese factories. Inspection of places handling
and storing food products has also been of great benefit to the
Commissioner of Agriculture 23
consuming public. Attention is directed at all times by this
Division to adulteration, misbranding, and incorrect or insuffi-cient
labeling of food products.
Administration of Weights and Measures
The Weights and Measures Division is as the name implies,
concerned largely with inspecting and testing devices used for
v^^eighing or measuring commodities for sale. Using approved
Immeajurable benefits have accrued to the consumer because of this service.
testing equipment, immeasurable benefits have been accrued to
the consumer because of this service. During the past few years,
much time has been given to the inspection and testing of tobacco
curers and such items being placed on the market.
Credit Unions Growing
The Credit Union Division carries out provisions of the Credit
Union Law of 1915. It is designed to assist groups and com-munities
to organize for the purpose of pooling financial resources
which provides for savings on the one hand and loans on the
other. During the four-year period, Credit Unions have in-creased
in number from 25,006 to 41.909, and assets have in-creased
from $2,527,916 to $7,169,512.
24 Report for 1944-1948
State Museum
The State Museum of Natural History provides exhibits rep-resenting
all stages of progress from all walks of life in North
Carolina. Exhibits picturing the natural history of this State
are of interest and educational value to all visitors. Annual
increases in the number of visitors have been noted for a num-ber
of years.
Fair Reopened
The State Fair also provides for educational exhibits of all
types of agricultural and industrial products of North Carolina.
Because of travel restrictions, the Fair was not held during the
War, but it is now an annual event, drawing large crowds and
operating very successfully.
Accounting
To assure the successful operation of all these divisions from
a financial standpoint, it is necessary that there be a coordina-tion
of accounting. The business records for all divisions are
centralized in and handled through the Accounting office. By
correlating its system with that of the Budget Bureau, efficiency
and speed of handling items is obtained. In addition to the
business records, the Accounting Division handles tags for ferti-lizer,
feed, agricultural lime, and seed, and licenses for seed,
oleomargarine and other like commodities subject to licensing
by the Department of Agriculture.
Public Kept Informed
Considering the multitude of services rendered by all Divisions
of the Department of Agriculture, it is exceedingly important
that the public be informed. This is the function of the Publica-tions
Division which is handling this task admirably. News
service from the Departm.ent is furnished to more than 200 news-papers
and 55 radio stations. In addition, information is sup-plied
to farm and other magazines and many other organizations.
Also the Agricultural Review and other Departmental publica-tions
are handled through this office. The Agricultural Review
is mailed twice a month to 70,000 subscribers, the great majority
of them being North Carolina farmers.
Personnel
The Department of Agriculture employs a total of 301 people
of which there are 70 who spend practically all of their time in
Commissioner of Agriculture
Reports Tremendcus Progress
Tar Heel Agriculture Piles Up GoodRecord
By W. KERR SCOTT
Former N. C. Commissioner ot Agrli
RALEIGH.—The past 10 years have seen North Cnro.
lina agriculture make tremendous advances. The State D
partment of Agriculture is justly proud of the part it h.
played in making this progress possible, and it is fitting at,
this time to review the achievements madi
department's present administration
years ago.
the sprcaj
News service from the Department is furnished to more than 200 newspape
drmking only
the ruiional
Nonh Carol-port
Targe qiun-and
55 radio stations.
26 Report for 1944-1948
the field making inspections and doing other regulatory work.
In addition, it is necessary at different seasons to employ tem-porary
help largely for inspection work. The peak of this tem-porary
group usually reaches about 200 at rush seasons. During
the four-year period covered by this report, there has been a
considerable turnover of employees, a number returning from
military service and many leaving to accept employment else-where.
In many instances, the salary scale is not sufficient to
attract suitable replacements for a number who have resigned.
There is great need for adjustment in salaries in order that they
will be comparable with those paid by other agencies.
It gives satisfaction, however, to know that our employees
have built a good record of diligent service^ Operating under
adverse circumstances in many cases, every effort has been made
to conduct the work in a creditable manner, and to provide service
to the citizens of North Carolina according to the purpose of the
Department of Agriculture.
Cooperating Agencies
The Department of Agriculture acknowledges with grateful
appreciation, the fine cooperation received in its program of work
from all other agricultural agencies and from business and in-dustrial
interests of the State. The Agricultural Experiment
Station and the Agricultural Extension Service of North Caro-lina
State College both have an especial interest in our operations
and have given the best of cooperation. The United States De-partment
of Agriculture has had a very close tie-in with many
phases of our program. Then there are the many other agri-cultural
agencies serving the State, who have helped in many
ways. Also farm organizations, the North Carolina Farm Bureau
Federation, the Grange and all the others have given fine support.
Much credit for the effectiveness of our program is due to the
fine cooperation of business and industry.
ACCOUNTS
A. R. POWLEDGE
The financial report of the Department
and the various divisions is as follows
:
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Code 1101
Statement of Disbursements
July 1, 1944-June 30, 1948
A. R. POWLEDCE
I. ADMINISTRATION
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Board of Comraissioiiers $ 1,036.28 $ 2,211.97 $ 2,054.9.3 $ 724.81
Salary—Commissioner 6,600.00 6,600.00 6,600.00 6,600.00
Salaries and Wages 10,770.97 11,524.30 11,898.00 10,148.00
Supplies and Materials 320.31 323.85 238.53 297.49
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph & Express 1,274.70 1,319.71 1,232.07 1,136.78
Travel Expense 2,495.29 2,298.36 2,167.96 1,760.68
Printing and Binding 327.42 136.90 94.35 1.227.19
Repairs and Alterations 9.00 4.31 6.35 28.35
General Expense 173.77 375.00 199.10 197.80
Equipment 635.74 109.81 91.61 33.00
Legislative Representative in Washing-ton,
D. C ; 499.92 499.92 499.92 500.00
TOTAL $ 24,143.40 $ 25,404.13 $ 25,082.84 $ 22,653.60
ACCOUNTING OFFICE
Salaries and Wages $ 10,610.83 $ 8,904.76 $ 9,608.71 $ 7.044.52
Supplies and Materials 247.65 223.27 104.13 162.42
Printing and Binding 247.16 181.68 178.14 205.37
Repairs and Alterations 129.55 104.41 74.10 72.70
Equipment 657.16 407.61 105.57 47.75
TOTAL $ 11,892.35 $ 9,821.73 $ 10,070.65 $ 7,532.76
PUBLICITY AND PUBLICATIONS
Salaries and Wages $ 10,913.13 .$ 9,335.20 $ 7,111.47 $ 6,153.65
Supplies and Materials 428.71 346.57 332.73 339.86
Postage Permit "Agricultural Review" 1,250.00 1,178.25 1,035.00 1,200.00
Travel Expense 283.52 600.00 552.73 168.00
Printing "Agricultural Review" 15,549.92 10,401.01 11,837.14 7,923.67
Repairs and Alterations 36.00 29.35 45.67 19.31
Equipment 118.53 46.59 118.08
TOTAL $ 28,579.81 $ 21,890.38 $ 20,961.33 $ 15,922.57
TOTAL ADMINISTRATION $ 64,615.56 $ 57,116.24 $ 56,114.82 $ 46,108.93
28 . Report for 1944-1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
II. INSPECTION
Salaries and Wages $ 22,593.76 $ 16,498.6.3 $ 16,167.99 $ 14,275.00
Salaries and Wages, Extra 10,746.25 8,046.35 5,769.76 5,413.30
Supplies and Materials 1,124.39 638.39 610.63 439.35
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 2,166.26 1,750.00 1,886.36 1,518.54
Travel Expense 23,258.44 21,464.81 17,104.34 18,532.68
TOTAL - $ 59,889.10 $ 48,398.18 .$ 41,539.08 $ 40,178.87
III. MARKETS
Salaries and Wages $ 88,514.02 $ 61,344.11 $ 51,076.00 $ 41,427.43
Salaries and Wages, Extra 2,950.64 2,067.84 9,723.60 12,280.02
Supplies and Materials 1,319.39 1,355.64 802.92 846.72
Postage, Teleplione, Telegraph
and Express 4,174.14 2,891.47 2,660.11 1,869.06
Travel Expense 22,872.00 16,133.33 15,031.87 15,856.48
Printing and Binding 133.53 65.30 339.85 421.92
Repairs and Alterations 187.93 59.19 42.00 50.90
Marlcet News Letter 826.00 907.93 910.02 1,030.76
Subscriptions 242.50 230.75 303.00 141.50
General Expense ;.... 43.55 113.78 122.21
Equipment , 1,390.65 504.80 1,268.92 196.20
Leased Wire 106.48 424.54 '722.70
Reimbursement USDA 3,000.00 3,000.00 '
TOTAL $125,654.35 $ 88,666.84 $ 82,697.21 $ 74,965.90
Transferred from General Fund... 25,000.00 22,110.27 20,674.30 17,770.39
$100,654.35 $ 66,556.57 $ 62,022.91 $ 57,195.51
IV. CREDIT UNION
Transfer to General Fund $ 2,500.00 $ 2,500.00 $ 2,500.00 $ 2,500.00
V. DAIRY
Salaries and Wages $ 28,817.47
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
Printing and Binding
Repairs and Alterations
General Expense
Equipment
. Dairy Products Laboratory 9,767.89
;8,817.47 !? 19,086.87 $ 15,793.37 i}, 7,664.62
944.11 1,498.26 331.34 203.35
343.61 246.18 210.23 146.76
7,191.50 4,810.92 3,962.53 2,569.25
653.00 261.57 41.69 32.24
35.83
14.34
338.33 299.63 242.26 40.80
TOTAL $ 38,338.19 $ 35,971.32 $ 20,581.42 $ 10,657.02
ENTOMOLOGY
Salaries and Wages
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
Printing and Binding
Subscriptions and Dues
Equipment
i 15,336.61 $ 12,749.64 $ 14,520.00 $ 14,608.30
285.00 330.41 152.00 92.15
229.01 195.40 162.75 169.09
3,943.44 3,692.54 3,401.03 4,584.34
320.42 134.36 193.53 171.89
91.30 59.71 39.30
75.00
82.25
$ 20,205.78 $ 17,162.06 $ 18,543.61 $ 19,708.02
Commissioner of Agriculture 29
1947-48 1946-47 (945-46 1944-45
VII. SEED LABORATORY
SaUries and Wages $ 22,103.88 $ 15,892.61 $ 15, .ill. 22 $ 13, 355. .30
Supplies and Materials 669. GS 154.50 372.35 335.81
Postage, Teleplione, Telegraph
and Express 685.50 623.04 541.94 527.30
Travel Expense 339.14 761.12 285.84 386.40
Printing and Binding 544.26 534.31 708.21 535.36
Repairs and Alterations 87.17 179.57 34.11 49.66
Equipment 356.99 1,166.34 956.16 849.83
Attorney's Fee or General Expense 393.56 150.00
TOTAL $ 24,786.62 $ 19,611.49 $ 18,803.39 $ 16,189.72
YIII. ANALYTICAL
Salaries and Wages $ 91,109.41
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
Printing and Binding
Repairs and Alterations
Laundry
Equipment
General Expense
Renovation and Replacement Laboratory
Nevi' Equipment and Vitamin Laboratory
Build and Equip Dairy Products
Control Laboratory
Analyzing Fertilizer Samples
TOTAL $117,535.45 $ 88,250.67 $ 84,434.04 $ 68.930.01
IX. CROP STATISTICS
Salaries and Wages
Salaries and Wages, Extra
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
Printing and Binding
Repairs and Alterations
Subscriptions and Dues
Equipment 3,190.4
Emergency War Work
TOTAL $ 44,770.25 $ 34,170.86 $ 35,236.51 $ 26,614.75
X. SOIL TESTING
Salaries and Wages $ 27,195.S4
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Teleplione, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
Printing and Binding
Equipment
General Expense
$ 68,305.28 $ 59,648.81 ? 54,082.22
4,384.99 5,300.79 4,169.38 4,159.25
1,271.23 1,075.00 1,153.60 905.68
9,792.27 7,549.52 5,983.88 6,307.86
7,211.05 5,430.56 4,355.98 3,140.58
679.98 220.64 167.92 199.12
22.30 2.56 3.54
1,195.73 333.38 545.51 81.76
279.20 35.50 227.00 50.00
1,589.29
6,700.40
1,479.00
1 30,895.92 $ 23,549.33 $ 23,639.01 $ 18,923.28
4,148.96 3,210.19 2,046.19 2,353.44
4,224.86 2,205.02 760.85 117.85
232.11 321.69 245.52 263.84
941.23 1,295.44 1,558.40 908.50
773.94 1,028.00 4,931.09 2,104.83
337.81 . 433.03 238.08 199.26
25.00 18.10 17.25 13.50
3,190.42 2.110.06 1.800.12 1.589.27
140.98
27,195.84 $ 17,295.62 $ 16,221.12 $ 12,162.82
4,797.02 2,432.69 1,593.01 2,485.79
1,049.28 694.49 489.56 344.23
1,964.81 2,080.73 1,249.84 1,309.74
86.34 383.52 591.02 98.16
1,163.71 713.10 734.46 379.24
214.59
TOTAL $ 36,471.59 $ 23,600.15 $ 20,879.01 $ 16,779.98
30 Report for 1944-1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
XI. BLISTER RUST CONTROL
Salaries and Wages $ 2,797.60 $ 4,981.46 $ 4,743.66 $ 2,004.75
Supplies and Materials ;
TOTAL , $ 2,797.60 $ 4,981.46 $ 4,743.66 $ 2,004.75
XII. VETERINARY
Salaries and Wages , $ 78,066.11 $ 60,281.27 $ 45,330.29 $ 31,622.70
Supplies and Materials 943.07 327.36 317.45 441.90
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 926.64 1,072.96 935.73 613.63
Travel Expense 32,001.12 29,175.20 19,852.03 12,394.06
Printing and Binding 799.82 548.50 710.24 253.63
Repairs and Alterations 26.99 7.30 25.20
General Expense 187.39 50.34 63.00 103.57
Equipment 362.68 406.48 418.82 114.86
Clinic on Mastitis
Diagnostic Laboratory 2,801.60 ...=
TOTAL $116,115.42 $ 91,869.41 $ 67,652.76 $ 45,544.35
XIII. TEST FARMS ADMINISTRATION
Salaries and Wages $ 7,195.00 $ 5,340.00 $ 5,399.42 $ 5,100.00
Supplies and Materials 58.05 117.84 143.73 74.91
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express .^. 335.70 290.61 246.46 277.06
Travel Expense .'. 1,009.98 922.25 633.20 806.91
Printing and Binding 74.34 67.65 50.64 25.00
General Expense 45.14 40.63 36.00 9.77
Insurance and Bonding 1,253.98 253.53 1,317.70 674.00
Purchase of Automotive Equipment 26.00 1,072.80
TOTAL $ 9,972.19 $ 7,058.51 $ 8,899.95 $ 6,967.65
TIDEWATER TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages $ 15,364.95 $ 10,720.65 $ 10,822.41 $ 7,851.03
Supplies and Materials 5,413.88 4,579.52 2,192.01 1,783.09
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 196.58 96.86 164.53 74.56
Travel Expense 198.52 137.54 315.16 239.06
Motor Vehicle Operation : 1,064.53 1,676.23 1,391.25 692.03
Repairs and Alterations 1,441.95 384.68 17.74 163.12
General Expense ; 573.00 439.57 678.70 283.09
Light, Power and Water 203.58 38.64 19.53
Equipment 2,085.72 1,477.69 775.45 1,433.23
Additions and Betterments 6,024.00 15,950.11 27,691.42 13,883.37
TOTAL $ 32,566.71 $ 35,501.49 $ 44,068.20 $ 26,402.58
TOBACCO TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages $ 27,607.70 $ 24,689.29 $ 19,615.74 $ 14,762.32
Supplies and Materials 4,889.35 3,993.58 3,589.17 2,775.31
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 271.36 389.93 299.40 170.88
Travel Expense 70.24 145.36 201.78 34.24
Printing and Binding 5.75 3.75 18.35
Motor Vehicle Operation 651.21 243.31 149.16 58.08
Light, Power and Water 322.79 168.02 133.36 115.62
Repairs and Alterations 2^552.41 491.90 780.33 465.42
General Expen.se 393.00 90.50 65.00 257.75
Equipment 1,668.29 434.34 1,843.72 905.50
1947-48
3,113.07
36,385.45
1946-47
1,050.57
1945-46
1,268.63
1944-45
639.65
1,170.00
2,499.46 1,426.36
Commissioner of Agriculture 31
Additions and Betterments
Tobacco Laboratory Tobacco Program—Oxford
Tobacco Program—Raleigh
TOTAL •. $ 77,924.87 $ 35,372.01 $ 29,376.40 $ 20,203.12
UPPER COASTAL PLAIN TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages $ 24,799.52 $ 17,936.89 $ 17,448.48 $ 12,451.55
Supplies and Materials 7,485.06 3,847.65 3,117.17 3,631.15
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 306.84 219.71 197.57 216.83
Travel Expense 498.83 475.00 396.30 299.05
Motor Vehicle Operation 1,573.30 1,108.16 1,145.52 981.98
Light, Power and Water 656.90 540.15 427.42 381.50
Repairs and Alterations 2,129.58 1,373.37 488.67 389.66
General Expense 50.00 101.77 6.00 11.25
Equipment 1,506.79 736.03 1,814.32 473.45
Additions and Betterments 10,047.29 138.67 11.80
Tobacco Program 478.90
TOTAL $ 49,054.11 .$ 26,956.30 $ 25,053.25 $ 18,836.42
MOUXTAIN TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages $ 20,288.41 $ 15,755.88 $ 20,576.76 $ 12,631.90
Supplies and Materials 16,530.99 8,344.25 8,486.74 5,783.46
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 622.72 297.31 472.53 399.99
Travel Expense 1,007.15 695.61 1,794.61 1,744.81
Printing and Binding 4.10 33 60 62.23 70.73
Motor Vehicle Operation 719.71 527.37 1,612.08 1,585.99
Light, Power and Water 1,131.12 832.72 926.09 483.37
Repairs and Alterations .".. 562.89 148.76 603.70 231.84
General Expense 1,452.20 1,111.65 1,755.57 4,084.84
Equipment 1,516.56 615.83 250.96
Additions and Betterments 1,449.33 22.25 126,890.00
Tobacco Program 3.783.02 6,099.79 1,000.00
TOTAL $ 45,375.48 $ 31,530.17 $ 43,028.20 $155,157.89
UPPER MOUNTAIN TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages $ 11,558.37 $ 9,184.01
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
Printing and Binding
Motor Vehicle Operation
Light, Power and Water
Repairs and Alterations
General Expense
Equipment '
Additions and Betterments
Tobacco Program
TOTAL $ 32,153.8
8,003.52 4,629.76
250.00 129.83
750.00 750.00
3.30 34.47
998.13 1,100.00
337.52 255.00
219.28
315.85 333.50
5,144.40
4,573.46
1,849.66
32,153.83 $ 18,266.23
32 Report for 1944-1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
COASTAL PLAIN TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages $ 28,747.83 $ 25,717.02 $ 24,742.20 $ 17,8.'56.61
Supplies and Materials 18,990.20 8,733.00 6,961.00 8,102.38
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express 474.30 439.30 333.97 422.65
Travel Expense 49.56 11.58
Printing and Binding 64.66 30.92 27.27
Motor Vehicle Operation 1,745.23 2,021.09 1,652.24 1,898.20
Light, Power and Water 1,162.69 900.00 784.06 796.26
Repairs and Alterations 2,038.20 365.81 600.57 1,148.78
General Expense 348.10 264.99 246.38 218.17
Equipment , 3,439.79 855.23 1.650.45 1,700.30
Additions and Betterments 2,175.25 15,726.95 863.31
Poultry Project 19,997.55
Dairy Project 329.67 2,767.36
Purchase of Incubator 1,134.00
TOTAL $ 79,233.36 $ 56,517.98 $ 40,614.02 $ 32,170.62
PIEDMONT TEST FARM
Salaries and Wages
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Exiiense
Printing and Binding
Motor Vehicle Operation
Light, Power and Water
Repairs and Alterations
General Expense
Equipment
Additions and Betterments
$ 16,020.18 $ 12,592.27 $ 11,590.14 $ 10,135.10
2,648.71 2,195.02 2,088.04 1,839.16
124.79 88.90 134.44 151.22
524.64 490.71 487.12 350.76
48.14 8.00 4.20 9.02
599.75 395.63 587.83 354.55
191.73 188.92 184.17 196.16
1,195.27 698.18 484.48 419.31
79.84 79.60 47.13 40.38
C51.80 1,619.94 222.08
982.75
TOTAL $ 23,0f:7.60 $ 18,357.17 $ 15,829.63 $ 13,496.11
TOTAL TEST FARMS $349,348.15 $229,559.86 $206,869.65 $273,234.39
XV. MISCELLANEOUS
Salaries and Wages $ 4,855.97 $ 3,568.10 $ 2,917.05 $ 1,980.00
Custodial 6,480.00 6,480.00 6,480.00 6,480.00
Farmers' Convention 300.00 300.00
Contribution to Retirement System 26,061.56 17,437.03 16,412.79 11,909.95
Tax Tags and Stamps 22,474.56 17,340.26 18,242.72 15,369.93
Serum to be resold 11,169.84 9,372.66 14,242.91 15,487.54
Workmen's Compensation ,^. 42.00 64.50
Insurance and Bonding 579.67 618.23 228.89
Motor Vehicle Operation 790.05 575.04 567.49 700.96
Attorney's Fees 300.00
State Pair Exhibit 865.79 718.53
Purchase of Automobile 1,318.11 3,896.06 139.05
Lighting Agricultural Building 748.63 7,712.56
"A History of Agriculture" , 1,692.50
"Favorite Recipes of N. C." 6,991.46 43.91 7,766.88
Sheep Distribution Project 7,500.00
TOTAL $ 77,978.68 $ 75,009.93 $ 59,435.76 $ 67,398.81
XVI. RABIES
Rabies $ 734.26 $ 489.50 $ 227.55 $ 653.04
Commissioner of Agriculture 33
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
XVII. JAPANESE BEETLE
Salaries and Wages $ 2,340.85 $ 1,761.00 $ 408.00 $ 1.736.20
Wages Trap-Tenders : 2,040.0.5 1,583.40 1,034.10 2,305.35
Supplies and Materials 5,295.51 2,066.96 1,861.47 943.1(>
Travel Expense 24.50 71.55 95.25
TOTAL $ 9,676.41 $ 5,435.86 $ 3,395.12 .$ 5,079.90
XVm. EMERGEXCY SALARY
Emergency Salary ; $ 23,200.27 .$ 20,807.45
Emergency Bonus 41,183.49
Employees' War Bonus 32,304.31
TOBACCO ADVISORY COUNCIL
Salary—Executive Secretary .
Supplies and Materials
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph
and Express
Travel Expense
General Expense
TOTAL
Accrued Interest on Bonds.
$ 4,500.00 200.00
94.86 49.05
33.65
803.58 50.60
14.95
$ 5,447.04 $ 299.65
4,838.45
TOTAL EXPENDITURES $1,091,417.41 $895,624.63 $749,599.14 $748,852.75
Refund from General Fund 64,000.00 22,110.27 20,674.30 17,770.39
TOTAL $1,027,417.41 $873,514.36 $728,924.84 $731,082.36
Treasurer's Cash of as June 30 186,794.82 321,331.40 283,937.08 792,904.85
Investment in Bonds
—
Premiums on Bonds 618,843.75 618,843.75 618,843.75
Total Credit Balance as of June 30 $ 805,638.57 $940,175.15 $902,780.83 $792,904.85
34 Report for 1944-1948
department of agriculture
Code 1101
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48
Fertilizer Tax $401,605.35
Cottonseed Meal 13,120.51
Teed 182,815.57
Seed License 25,872.00
Condimental Feed 2,390.00
Serum 7,195.26
Costs 25,408.08
Linseed Oil 1,127.00
Bleached Flour 9,960.00
Bottling Plants 2,000.00
Ice Cream ;
' 2,240.00
Insecticides 12,140.00
Test Farms 95,849.73
Bakeries 2,480.00
Chicken Tests 15,563.07
Seed Tags 13,974.43
Inspection Entomology 2,447.02
Oleomargarine 3,375.00
Kabies 570.00
Land Plaster Tags 1,345.00
Agricultural Lime Stamps 15,972.50
Fertilizer Registrations 6,693.00
Miscellaneous 697.20
Feed Registrations 4,174.00
Canned Dog Food Registrations 648.00
Lime Registrations 180.00
Land Plaster Registrations : 102.50
Livestock Market Permits 925.00
Hatchery Fees and Supplies 6,198.52
Low Grade Fertilizer Tags 339.54
"Favorite Recipes of N. C." 656.80
Sale of Automotive Equipment 1,163.62
Dog Food Stamps 3,629.63
"Insects of N. C." 22.50
Sale of Wenona Farm
Accrued Interest on Bonds 15,000.00
USDA Developing Marketing 15,000.00
TOTAL ,$892,880.83
1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
$416,954 88 $386,195.12 $366,570.14
17,217.50 17,434.27 28,175.81
209,556.40 209,860.76 209,216.13
26,038.00 28,123.00 24,474.09
2,530.00 2,680.00 1,900.00
6,183.05 11,236.95 13,648.58
31,563.74 19,399.85 13,894.42
1,075 53 932.50 1,083.25
8,461.00 9,277.50 11,025.00
2,120.00 1,910.00 1,710.00
1,420.00 2,110.00 1,085.00
5,271.00 4,120.00 3,170.00
89,312.28 78,822.08 71,574.81
2,580.00 1,670.00 1,430.00
11,519.78 7,180.05 3.541.36
7,337.12 7,517.33 6,363.41
2,503.05 2,165.20 2,030.48
3,375.00 3,525.00 3,525.00
999.00 558.59 579.22
1,190.00 3,463.52 2,302.03
25,707.94 11,746.25 5,888.50
2,988.00 3,021.00 3,428.80
967.21 1,635.13 982.94
3,747.00 3,400.00 3.293.00
666.00 685.00 707.00
360.00 160.00 165.00
35.00 50.00 60.00
1,175.00 1,100.00 925.00
7,168.96 7,847.75 10,035.22
987.31 1,834.57
1,659.11 1,012.61 7,600.35
2,253.50
986.32 12.00 (1.32)
20,000.00
15,000.00 8,114.79
15,000.00
$910,908.68 $838,800.82 $820,383.22
Commissioner of Agriculture 35
LAND PURCHASES AND DEVELOPMENTS
Special Fund—Code 21
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1. 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48
UPPER MOUNTAIN STATION
Cattle and Workstock Barn Account
Sheep Barn Closed
Dairy Barn Out
Supplies and Materials (Fencing)
General Expense
Livestock :
Tobacco Barn and Ordering Room
Repairs and Alterations (2 tenant houses)
Water System
Moving and Improving Cattle Barns ....
Repairs and Alterations (Barns)
4-H Club Fund Reserve
Land Purchases
Repairs to Superintendent's Home and
Herdsman's New Home
Farm Equipment
Office, Garage and Grading shed
Cleaning up pasture, straightening
creek, etc., (General E.xpense)
Additions and Betterments
TOTAL UPPER MOUNTAIN
EXPERIMENT STATION
Poultry Plant
Dairy Building and Facilities
Office and Laboratory Building
Superintendent's Dwelling
Water and Sewage System
New Tenant House
Orchard, Landscaping and Fencing
Farm Implements and Equipment
Repairs to old building
Tobacco Barn
Implement Shed and Shop
Additions and Betterments
Livestock
TOTAL MOUNTAIN EXPERIMENT STATION
TOTAL EXPENDITURES
1946-47
910.95
,670.02
3,537.00
1945-46 1944-45
$ 4,036.4fi $ 8,464.44
301.07 1,898.93
885.29 331.39
37.40 817.35
1,239.93 574.12
2,071.53 2,799.86
3,344.74 4,069.11
8.05 489.16
799.90
2,750.00 220.30
6,050.00
45,000.00
10,067.36 935.49
2,078.89 1,413.15
6,523.91
$ 7,117.97 $ 39,394.63 $ 67,813.20
$ 2,619.61 $ 12,220.39
6,174.62 15,937.64
9,177.91 328.00
139.08 60.00
5.14 994.86
5,745.21 8,807.62
1,474.00 2,222.98 503.03
550.00 1.428.30 1,737.91
999.00 1,323.03 982.90
710.54 1,962.94
2,500.00
2,639.23
970.00
6,632.23 $ 32,046.48 $ 43,535.29
13,750.20 $ 71,441.11 $111,348.49
36 Report for 1944-1948
land purchases and development
statement of receipts
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Transfer of fund^ from Code llOi Account $12;".,S90.00
Balance July 1, 1945 Closed $ 85,191.31
Balance July 1, 1946 Out $ 13,750.20
Balance .July 1, 1947 .00
SHEEP DISTRIBUTION PROJECT
Special Fund—Code 3
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1. 1944—June 30, 1948
Sheep E\ve.s Purchased
Purchase of Purebred Cattle in
Cooperation with State College
Purchase of Cattle
Purchase of Lambs
Purchase of Rams
Freight & Trucking
Peed and Pasturage
General Expense
Storage of Eggs for Public Schools
Spray Equipment 27,344.00
Handling and Storage of Food Products 126.03 1,411.66
Displays for N. C. State Fair 686.72
1947-48
6,0S7.5O
1946-47
.$ 711.00
6,300.37
7,995.57
1945-46
$ 3.330.00
2,354.00
9,318.15
25.00
251.00
633.85
295.25
34.45
1944-45
.$ 4,500.00
44,203.13
3,885.85 10,401.32
40.00 291.00
40.00 1.204.82
199.03
57.70 14.14 10.50
7.850.35
TOTAL J. -. $ 10,883.80 $ 43,816.74 $ 16,241.70 $ 68,666.15
SHEEP DISTRIBUTION PROJECT
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47
Sale of Ewes $ 6,851.00 $
Sale of Cattle 3,885.85 7,996.07
Sale of Lambs
Sale of Purebred Heifers ^,
Reimbursement for purchase of purebred cattle 6,324.62
Sale of Rams 45.00
Miscellaneous Collections 21.35 39.51
Storage of Eggs
Receipt of Spray Equipment 1,150.00 26,194.00
Handling and Storage of Food Products 3,478.00 618.40
State Fair Dairy Project 700.00
Transfer from Department of Agriculture 7,500.00
1945-46 1944-45
3,346.65 $ 5,406.51
9,370.65 10,488.84
25.00 2,278.20
5,951.68
2,354.00 38,263.14
322.50 335.00
80.91
2.40 8,654.74
TOTAL $ 14,981.20 $ 16,128 60 $ 41,615.20 $ 78,959.02
Balance .July 1, 1945 $19,978.71
Balance July 1, 1946 : $45,352.21
Balance July 1, 1947 $17,664.07
Balance July 1, 1948 $21,761.47
Commissioner of Agriculture 37
state warehouse system
Special Fund—Code 1801
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salary—Superintendent $ 4,999.92 $ 4,320.00 $ 4,230.00 $ 3,900.00
Salaries and Wages—Staff 14,794.50 14,919.72 14,980.88 13,063.96
Supplies and Materials 103.36 114.88 87.32 100.07
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express... 753.21 769.92 1,052.80 858.44
Travel Expense 1,167.59 1,197.76 1,038.95 2,519.35
Printing and Binding 7,648.10 8,389.41 10,229.95 6,124.61
Motor Vehicle Operation
Repairs and Alterations 22.70 4.50 30.80 42.43
General Expense 115.50 141.14 134.00 90.00
Insurance and Bonding 301.67 384.31 382.75 26.00
Equipment 120.20 51.33 268.75
Contribution to Retirement System 931.36 660.27 705.08 586.07
Emergency Salary 611.06 665.99
Repairs to Warehouse Building—Norlina 332.20
Emergency Bonus 1,427.47
Employees' War Bonus 1,764.53
TOTAL $ 30,837.91 $ 33,392.84 $ 33,589.85 $ 29,344.21
STATE WAREHOUSE SYSTEM
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 ( 945-46 1944-45
Interest on Bonds ;.... $ 13,750.00 $ 12,906.25 $ 12,237.05 $ 21,036.89
Interest on Loans 4,182.54 11,660.69 10,913.43 11,697.92
Leases 204.00 208.00 240.00 244.00
Sale of Warehouse Supplies 10,394.70 6,790.58 13,232.47 5,759.33
Sale of Loose Cotton 161.25 349.11
Miscellaneous 4.33
State Auditor's Warrants Outstanding 173.30
TOTAL $ 28,696.82 $ 31,914.63 $ 36,622.95 $ 38,911.44
Treasurer's Cash, Supervision Account $ 63,221.74 $ 64,925.60 $ 66,735.32 $ 61,093.03
Treasurer's Cash, Principal Fund $ 42,306.07 $ 67,656.07 $ 82,059.98 $ 78,871.07
Total Investments and Loans at June 30, 1948 $689,650.00
38 Report for 1944-1948
cooperative inspection service
Special Fund—Code 1803
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salaries, U. S. Inspectors and Supervisors $ 72,689.15 $ 55,017.89 $ 59,249.40 $ 52,757.64
Supplies and Materials 275.85 385.11 223.43 178.05
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express.... 1,227.75 1,247.57 842.26 999.89
Travel Expense 26,520.70 36,583.71 18,555.77 25,606.57
Printing and Binding 10.95 39283 77.40
Typing 445.65 1,102.20 682.10 845.65
Office Rent 252.25 185.00 128.50 127.50
General Expense 43.05 64.35 17.00 28.50
USDA Certificates 2,752.94 3,725.29 2,872.92 1,190.87
Equipment 49.40 569.21 186.03 135.84
Contribution to Retirement System 137.28 83.60 75.27 . 170.83
Emergency Salary 119.68 125.00
Emergency Bonus 245.01
Employees' War Bonus 667.26
Sweet Potatoes Purchased for resale '.. *" 11,622.25
TOTAL ....$104,404.97 $ 99,721.45 $ 83,035.08 $ 94,330.85
COOPERATIVE INSPECTION SERVICE
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 (944-45
Strawberries $ 3,915.10 $ 2,175.51 $ 2,264.57 $ 1,933.39
Potatoes, Cucumbers, Beans 57,115.40 57,945.73 49,315.93 46,191.54
Mixed Vegetables 18,464.78 11,720.66 11,796.95 6,263.41
Field Peas 14.92
Tomatoes 10.65 7.32 26.85
Cabbage 1,533.81 2,617.57 2,397.59 1,299.21
Corn 20.77 1.25 68.37 154.71
Cantaloupes 196.90 337.98 430.33 845.86
Peaches 3,878.42 4,910.24 4,977.43 4,427.68
Watermelons .' 1,548.15 2,832.99 1,215.00 2,140.78
Apples 656.21 620.82 102.37 724.72
Sweet Potatoes 2,729.31 36.40 445.82 754.05
State Inspections—Various .^
Miscellaneous 318.75 209.02 146.35 536.45
Soybeans 87.76 44.25 36.75
Interest on Bonds 1,310.00 1,320.00 820.00 820.00
Egg Inspections 10,391.70 9,364.89 26,746.78 13,128.27
Peanut Inspections 7,387.54 2,126.50 1,450.00 2,958.50
Wheat Inspections .75 13.00
Sweet Potatoes purchased for resale 11,875.63
TOTAL $109,477.49 $ 96,307.32 $102,244.73 $ 94,130.80
Balance July 1, 1945 $35,407.87
Balance July 1, 1946 $56,141.89
Balance July 1, 1947 '. $ 3,087.91
Balance July 1, 1948 $10,160.43
Investment in Higliway and U. S. Treasury Bonds June 30, 1948 $45,000.00
Commissioner of Agriculture 39
n. c. state fair
Special Fund—Code 20
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1946-47
$ 40,293.38
1,386.45
1945-46
$ 4,610.00
31.24
99.80
1944-45
$ 2.580.00
1,190.00
120.30
19.94
3,515.58 74.84
288.16
132.67
3,307.49
455.88
1,314.56
14,575.89
48,349.62
268.52
143.72
21.37
54.96
2,206.31 4.50
2,907.50
159.58
230.00
152.86
267.48
360.00
666.00
824.80
180.00
$115,682.11 $ 11,845.78 $ 3,268.51
1947-48
Salaries and Wages $ 44,422.78
Supplies and Materials 3,209.51
Postage, Telephone, Telegrapli and Express... 1,488.69
Travel Expense 7.44
Printing and Binding 5,763.16
Motor Vehicle Operation 805.62
Light, Power and Water 924.77
Repairs and Alterations 15,082.72
General Expense 54,811.30
Equipment 522.00
Insurance and Bonding 1,368.34
Contribution to Retirement System 426.84
Emergency Salary
Water Line to Fairgrounds 22,382.01
Engineering Fees 2,740.00
Emergency Bonus
Accrued Interest on Bonds
Employees' War Bonus
TOTAL $153,955.18
N. C. STATE FAIR
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
General Admission $ 57,722.83 $ 78,910.15
Grandstand Admissions 26,994.40 37,218.51
Auto Parking 6,938.50 10,523.00
Carnival Privileges 26,205.20 36,102.67
Sale of Advertising 3,822.50 3,487.50
Sale of Exhibit Space 7,606.25 4,533.50
Rent of Eating Booths 6,973.25 4,759.50 286.00
Concession and Privileges 12,174.00 13,122.59 122.50
Entry Fees 651.75 356.00
Miscellaneous 1,242.73 1,734.94 188.16 (139.56)
Rental on Buildings 203.00 165.00 60.00
Interest on Bonds 2,260.00 2,645.00 1,280.25 963.75
Storage on Tobacco 1,219.35 5,631.14 3,767.66
Rental of Fairgrounds 400.00
TOTAL $109,477.49 $ 96,307.32 $ 7,673.05 $ 4,651.85
Balance July 1, Invested State Bonds $ 22,000.00 $ 24,816.99 $ 24,816.99
Balance July 1, Invested in U. S. Treasury
Certificates of Indebtedness $ 75,000.00 $ 75,000.00 $ 30,000.00
Treasurer's Cash $ 56,432.72 $ 35,396.49 $ 33,114.45 $ 7,287.18
TOTAL $131,432.72 $132,396.49 $ 57,931.44 $ 62,104.17
40 Report for 1944-1948
weights and measures
General Fund—Code 321
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salary—Superintendent $ 4,500.00 $ 3,900.00 $ 3,900.00 $ 3,300.00
Salaries—Staff 24,176.04 17,740,41 14,903.56 12,384.77
Salaries and Wages, Temporary 225.00 522.45
Supplies and Materials 1,525.18 371.58 228.29 93.89
Postage, Telephone, Telegrapli and Express... 383.22 261.88 287.92 216.05
Travel Expense 14,099.90 14,824.47 12,561.10 11,172.55
Printing and Binding 308.15 141.28 184.34 96.81
Motor Vehicle Operation 886.47 994.22 634.73 392.80
Repairs and Alterations 157.26 1,274.55 19.38 59.46
Equipment 1,395.62 869.93 6,269.25 4.89
Emergency Salary , 1,118.07 951.62
Employees' War Bonus 1,550.75
Emergency Bonus 2,374.90
TOTAL $ 47,656.84 $ 43,871.29 $ 40,462.64 .$ 29,271.97
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Public Weighmasters' Licenses $ 4,450.00 $ 4,245.00 $ 3,435.00 $ 2,682.50
Deslj Presser Seals 1,025.00 1,215.00 932.50 ' 622.50
Miscellaneous 36.09
Tobacco Curer Permit Tags 10,975.00
Sale of Ford Truck 1,275.00
TOTAL $ 16,486.09 $ 6,735.00 $ 4,367.50 $ 3,305.00
MARKETS (GENERAL FUND)
Code 6114
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Transfer to Agriculture Fund $ 25,000.00 $ 22,110.27 $ 20,674.30 $ 17,770.39
Commissioner of Agriculture 41
credit union
General Fund—Code 6113
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salaries and Wages $ 9,621.98 $ 6,882.25 $ 6,7-15.97 $ 5.960.00
Supplies and Materials 87.83
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express.-. 170.00
Travel Expense 3,562.14
Printing and Binding
Emergency Salary
Equipment
Workmen's Compensation
Emergency Bonus
Employees' War Bonus
61.93
132.32
2,539.58
83.75
55.76
144.18
2,510.83
48.66
118.29
2,329.68
20.77
358.39 352.58
121.30
25.50
692.37
624.00
TOTAL $ 13,441.95 $ 10,871.89 $ 9,834.82 $ 9,101.40
CREDIT UNION
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Examination Fees $ 6,804.40 $ 5,616.05 | 4,381.65 $ 3,319.91
Transfer from Code 1101 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00
TOTAL $ 9,304.40 $ 8,116.05 $ 6,881.65 ? 5,819.91
JAPANESE BEETLE CONTROL
General Fund—Code 6111
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salaries and Wages $ 1,856.63 $ 1,401.60 $ 1,343.60 $ 1,613.90
Supplies and Materials 5,382.37 2.012.16 1,005.90 675.52
Travel Expense 184.15 219.94 109.45 161.95
TOTAL $ 7,423.15 $ 3,633.70 $ 2,458.95 $ 2.451.37
BANG'S DISEASE
General Fund—Code 6052
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Indemnity Diseased Slaughtered Livestoclv $ 11,988.84 $ 12,751.75 $ 11,247.84 $ 12,858.32
42 Report for 1944-1948
n. c. state museum
General Fund—Code 6115
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salaries and Wages $ 14,582.28 $ 9,997.56 $ 11,360.96 $ 10,085.73
Salaries and Wages, Extra 840.00 561.69 600.00 600.00
Supplies and Materials 377.93 277.69 252.96 255.50
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express.... 151.55 126.29 168.12 138.43
Travel Expense 204.73 170.77 170.59 34.13
Printing and Binding 232.00 27.12 49.51 99.04
General Expense 155.22 111.30 46.11 146.75
Equipment 100.60 492.00 151.58 9.83
Emergency Salary 480.00 571.33
Emergency Bonus 1,062.00
Employees' War Bonus 1,048.77
TOTAL $ 16,644.31 $ 13,306.42 $ 13,371.16 $ 12,418.18
TUBERCULOSIS AND GLANDERS
General Fund—Code 60 51
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Indemnity Diseased Slaughtered Livestock $ 75.00 $ 25.00 $ 25.00 $ 197.50
WHITE FRINGED BEETLE ERADICATION
General Fund—Code 6112
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salaries and Wages $ 2,175.00 $ 4,425.00 $ 4,500.00 $ 4,795.00
Supplies and Materials 5,319.35 543.20 302.26 135.68
Travel Expense
Equipment (27.14)
TOTAL $ 7,494.35 $ 4,968.20 $ 4,802.26 $ 4,903.54
Commissioner of Agriculture 43
hog cholera work
General Fund—Code 6116
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1944—June 30, 1948
1947-48 1946-47 1945-46 1944-45
Salaries and Wages $ 4,780.00 $ 1,195.00 $ 2,070.00 $ 2,220.00
Supplies and Materials 3.92 2.15
Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express....
Travel Expense 2,610.59 663.36 904.91 1,009.19
Printing and Binding 1.77
General Expense 1.40 2.50
Emergency Salary 50.00 90.00
Employees' War Bonus 216.00
Emergency Bonus 101.25
TOTAL $ 7,394.51 $ 2,009.61 $ 3,066.31 $ 3,451.61
PURE FOOD CONTROL
General Fund
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1947—June 30, 1948
1947-48
Transfer to Agriculture $24,000.00
MILK INSPECTION
General Fund
STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS
July 1, 1947—June 30, 1948
1947-48
Transfer to Agriculture $15,000.00
DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY
\ m ' E. W. Constable
*
'"] The work of the Division of Chemistry
^ . -»%w».
involves the checking and analysis of com-
^ra^^^ mercial fertilizers, fertilizer materials,
|^^^HH||f commercial feeds, insecticides, fungicides,
^H '^^yHjl^^ I liming materials, and land plasters, for
H^K IH^mil labeling, composition, adulteration, and
^^Hl^^^^^l^H compliance with guarantees; also similar
|||m|[^^y||[|Hm checking and analysis of foods, drugs, and
„ „. ^ ^ cosmetics, devices and linseed oils, includ-
E. W. Constable ' '
ing the added factors of wholesomeness
and safety as these involve public health and welfare. The bear-ing
of these activities on crops, plants, domestic animals and
poultry, and finally on the health and welfare of human beings
is obvious.
Fertilizers, Fertilizer and Liming Materials
All mixed commercial fertilizers and fertilizer materials are
analyzed for the major plant food elements—nitrogen, phos-phate
and potash—also for their acid-forming or acid-neutralizing
qualities. Coverage for the two biennia, 1944-46 and 1946-48,
was as follows
:
19U-46 1946-48
Official Fertilizer Samples 12,480 16,049
Fertilizer and Fertilizer Materials
for Farmers 99 116
Official Limes and Landplasters 159 370
Miscellaneous Limes and
Landplasters 8 7
Totals 12,746 16,542
The number of fertilizer samples analyzed during the years
1944-46 and 1946-48 was the largest yet undertaken by the De-partment
in any similar period of time. As compared to the
1942-44 biennium, the increase in number was 1,531 and 4,062
respectively. The scope of the work involved can be more fully
viewed in the light of the multiple analyses required for some
Commissioner of Agriculture
1
45
Making analyses of potasli in commercial fertilizer.
Determining chlorine content of fertilizers.
46 Report for 1944-1948
of the elements—two to three for nitrogen and two for phos-phates.
In addition, for the two periods respectively, approxi-mately
15,000 and 18,500 analyses were made for other elements —calcium, magnesium, chlorine, sulphur, boron and manganese.
Limes were checked for calcium, magnesium, and acid-neutraliz-ing
value ; landplaster for calcium sulphate.
On the whole, the results of analyses for both biennia showed
these products to be of good quality and to measure up to guar-antees.
Exceptions, which were limited and for which correc-ijions
were made, were judged to be due largely to miscarriage
iin manufacture and to difficulties characteristic of abnormal
times.
. Indivdual reports of analyses were sent to those immediately
concerned as promptly as operations would permit. All reports
collectively were made available to the public annually in "The
Bulletin" of the Department.
Commercial Feeds
Conditions involving commercial feeds appeared at times to
be more disturbed during the last year of the 1944-46 biennium
than during the war period. The supply of ingredients often
was short and at times uncertain in character, the volume of
finished product inadequate. These conditions were much im-proved
later, particularly during 1946-48. In order to maintain
the most advantageous balance practicable under difficulties and
later to return to prewar levels, an extended program of sam-pling
and analysis was required. Under such a program, the
Department reached its highest coverage for any like period of
time. In comparison with the biennium 1942-44, the increase
for the two succeeding two-year periods was respectively, 782
and 1,297. The coverage for the four years was
:
19U-U6 19Jf6-Jf8
Official Feed Samples 4,100 4,410
Unofficial and Miscellaneous Samples 335 540
Totals 4,435 4,950
These feeds were analyzed chemically for content of protein,
fat and crude fibre, and were examined microscopically for
identification of the specific ingredients of which they were
composed. Additional analyses were necessary at times in check-ing
for possible poisons and other foreign substances.
Commissioner of Agriculture 47
With relatively minor exceptions, results of analyses showed
that commercial feeds had been held up to a reasonably accept-able
level during difficult times, and also brought to a satisfactory
postwar position. Extended surveillance obviously played a large
part in achieving these goals.
Reports of analyses were made promptly to those immediately
concerned. Reports showing deficiencies were made public period-ically
in the "Agricultural Review". Seasonal results were made
available to the public annually in "The Bulletin".
Apparatus used for determining protein content of feed.
Insecticides and Fungicides
Economic poisons, of which agricultural insecticides and fungi-cides
of the older types occupy a decreasingly conspicuous place,
have continued to appear in larger numbers and in broader
effectiveness. Various weed and grass poisons, defoliating chem-icals
such as used in connection with mechanical cotton picking,
chemicals to control the premature falling of fruits, and the new
and more powerful insect and rodent poisons have appeared.
That the circumstances connected with the marketing of such
products can cause confusion and injustice, particularly in the
hands of the overzealous or unscrupulous, was pointedly dem-onstrated
in the release of DDT following the war. Large vol-
48 Report for 1944-1948
umes of preparations, supposedly containing this chemical, were
sold at high prices. Many were ineffective and created general
dissatisfaction and complaint. Since DDT was a general pur-pose
insecticide, applicable for both general and agricultural
uses, and since the insecticide law in effect at that time covered
only agricultural insecticides, the authority of the law to cover
such situations was questioned. Obviously, the large and grow-ing
field of economic poisons required fuller coverage and atten-tion
to assure reasonable effectiveness, safety and fair-dealing.
A new insecticide law covering economic poisons generally
—
agricultural, industrial and domestic—was passed by the 1947
Legislature, becoming effective January 1, 1948. This law was
made as complete as the collective experience and foresight of
specialists, control officials and manufacturers could make it.
In as far as practicable, uniformity with Federal laws and those
of other states was effected. Under it 1,193 brands of insecti-cides
have been registered to date. Obviously, the new law affords
greater consumer protection. A fuller measure of this will be
a product of time.
The problems of control in this field have expanded in far
greater proportion than merely the number of items added, due
to the elaborate complexity of new chemicals and to similar re-quirements
in chemical analyses. Department facilities and
personnel were inadequate. Funds were appropriated to employ
one additional chemist and to equip a laboratory for the work.
In view of the rapid growth in this field in new products and in
new and expanded applications, these provisions already appear
inadequate. It is not unusual to find a farmer's expenditures for
insecticides approaching, and at times parelleling those for his
fertilizers.
The official samples of insecticides and fungicides for the
period of this report were 306 in number, distributed as follows
:
lead arsenate 114, calcium arsenate 52, magnesium arsenate 30,
paris green 36, bordeaux mixture 52, and other copper fungicides
22. These in general appeared satisfactory and in line with
guarantees.
Human Foods
The overall purpose of the work of the Division as carried out
under the North Carolina Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the
various supplementary laws dealing with bakeries, bottling
plants, flour and its products, corn meal, oleomargarine and lin-
Commissioner of Agriculture 49
seed oil, is to assure the public of being provided with clean,
wholesome and safe food and drugs and other products of satis-factory
quality. Essential features in carrying out the purpose
of these laws are the routine collection and analysis of samples,
the checking of labeling, and the inspection for sanitation in,
and preservation of, these products while being processed, pack-ed,
stored or sold in plants and storages of all kinds and in
vehicles of transportation.
The initial policy of enforcement is advisory and cooperative
so far as this can be applied. Manufacturers and dealers in
general have been responsive to this. In most cases it is unnec-essary
to do more than cite requirements under the law, showing
wherein they promote the safety and welfare of both suppliers
and consumers.
It appears to be the policy of a majority of producers and
dealers to maintain high standards and to operate sound busi-nesses.
Regrettably, there is among the minority the careless,
the indifferent, and those lacking in foresight, who constantly
create hazards and who are the cause of accidents. There are
also the unscrupulous who purposely set out to defraud, and
who callously inflict loss and injury on others. Usually the full
force of the law and courts is necessary in curbing hazards
from these sources, particularly the latter. Cases of deliberate
fraud and willful disregard of consumer welfare have more often
originated outside the State. The Division has stopped the sale
of and destroyed large volumes of products from such sources
and has worked cooperatively with federal authorities in bring-ing
the offenders to trial. In two such prosecutions, one involv-ing
poisonous preservatives in foods, the other involving gross
and premeditated adulteration, convictions have resulted.
One of the most general sources of danger is accidents arising
from lack of foresight, or from carelessness, indifference, or
ignorance. These can inflict injury and even death, as was
evidenced by more than 100 deaths due to poisoning from sulfa-nilamide
elixir, and by the cases of illness among babies caused
by one lot of Castoria. This danger is demonstrated also by
instances of food poisoning, particularly in groups. The most
serious of these coming to the attention of the Division involved
approximately 70 individuals, resulting in illness extending
from severe alimentary disturbance and debility to several days'
hospitalization. The ideal plan in dealing with these liabilities
50 Report for 1944-1948
would be to eliminate them altogether. Obviously, the practical
plan is to hold them to an absolute minimum.
Plant Inspection
A very effective means of controlling the food and drug supply
so as to insure healthful products is the regular inspection of
plants in which they are manufactured. A well planned and
properly operated plant will be relatively free of difficulty. A
poorly planned or carelessly operated plant virtually guarantees
trouble. In the absence of inspections, most operations tend
toward neglect or carelessness. Emphasis is maintained on the
sanitary production and handling of products originating within
the State. For those coming from sources outside the State,
attention is focused on the products themselves.
When food processing plants are found operating under unsat-isfactory
conditions, if of a minor nature, immediate correction
is required. If the defection is more serious, the plant is re-quired
to close, either voluntarily or by more drastic action, and
remain closed until reinspection by the Department qualifies it
as being in a condition to operate in compliance wtih the law.
Court action is taken where circumstances so indicate. Sum-maries
of plant inspections and closings for the four-year period
follow
:
Plant Inspections
, 19U-U6 19U6-U8
Bakeries and doughnut plants 1140 2076
Bottling Plants 1084 1588
Ice Cream ..___._ 239
Miscellaneous 940 1562
Totals .: 3403 5226
Plant Operations Suspended
19U-!f6 19Jf6-Jf8
Bakeries -_- 49 38
Bottling Plants 14 14
Meat Processing Plants 5
Candy Plants 1
Totals . 69' . 52
Commissioner of Agriculture 51
Another item of pointed concern in inspections is the check-ing
of all food products for proper, honest and informative
labeling. Many defects are obvious from field inspection. Others
can be determined only through chemical analysis. Minor de-fects
are handled on an advisory basis. In case of gross defects
the products are withdrawn from sale until corrections are made.
In case of apparently premeditated fraud, more drastic measures
are employed. Such inspections average approximately five
thousand per year, resulting generally in the maintenance of
satisfactory labeling.
Adulteration and Misbranding
In general, if a food or drug within itself does not meet the
requirements of the law, it will classify under either adultera-tion
or misbranding. Products often are violative in both re-spects.
The term "adulteration" covers all conditions which may
render these products unfit or unsuitable for their proposed or
intended uses, as, for example, the presence of substances coming
from spoilage or decomposition, of poisonous or deleterious sub-stances,
filth, vermin, foreign objects or materials, also substi-tutions,
abstractions, failure to meet standards or definitions,
and exposure to insanitation. All of the conditions cited in a
following section on "Spoilage, Filth, Insect Infestation, etc.",
represent adulteration. These classify largely as accidental or
unintended. An even more reprehensible type is that which is
deliberately planned and intended to defraud.
Proper branding or labeling may be stated as conveying to
the purchaser the full truth about a product. It is not permissi-ble
that labeling be false or misleading in any particular. It
must show the name of the product, the name and address of the
manufacturer or person responsible for it, the net contents, and
in case of products not defined or fixed by standard, a list of
ingredients. Drugs require additional information for safety
and proper use.
The actions carried out by the Division through a two-year
period, involving adulteration and misbranding, (not including
products damaged by fires, storms and floods), resulted in em-bargoes
as follows : for adulteration only, 532 embargoes involv-ing
510,155 pounds of products; for misbranding only, 95 em-bargoes
involving 16,601 pounds of products ; for both adultera-tion
and misbranding, 475 embargoes involving 1,165,681 pounds.
52 Report for 1944-1948
Total, 1102 embargoes, 1,692,437 pounds. These figures serve
more to show the conditions which were found rather than to
display volume.
Spoilage, Filth, Insect Infestation, Etc.
Contamination, infestation and spoilage continuously render
enormous quantities of food products unfit for human use, cause
large economic losses and constitute a never-ending hazard to
health and offense to human decency.
In one instance the storage and the entire raw-product supply
of a large bakery was found heavily infested with vermin. Fin-ished
products for the week-end sale had been prepared from
this source. The situation appeared to be the result of careless-
Jk'slrc lying improperly processed tomatoes.
Commissioner of Agriculture 53
ness rather than of intent to violate the law or to dismiss con-sumer
welfare. Regardless of intent, however, the results from
a consumer point of view were nauseous. The entire stock of
raw and finished products, estimated at a value of $5,000.00, was
destroyed.
Such occurrences, in the majority of instances, appear to be
due to carelessness rather than intent. In many instances they
are voluntarily reported to the Department with a request for
instructions as to disposal. Too often, however, there is a tend-ency
to attempt salvage for human use. To say the least, the
latter tendency merits rather energetic discouragement. The
Division proceeds on the basis both of education and discour-agement.
During a two-year period, there were among the items placed
under embargo and later destroyed or denatured and turned to
uses other than for human food, 99,285 lbs. flour, largely infested
with weevils or contaminated with rodent excreta . and filth
;
28,999 lbs. of cake mix largely weevil-infested ; approximately
10,000 lbs. of bakery supplies of various kinds, infested with
insects, weevils or maggots ; approximately 20,000 lbs. of pow-dered
milk, largely infested with insects or contaminated with
rodent filth ; 20,000 cut herring, maggot infested ; 68,233 lbs.
raisins, infested with worms.
Fuller detail appears in following tabulations. It is realized
that in these figures only a limited portion of such conditions
are represented. They are more a matter for demonstration
than of measurement.
Economic Cheats
Products may be classified as economic cheats when ingre-dients
of value have been omitted or abstracted, when they con-tain
cheap or worthless additions or substitutions, when they
are made from inferior or damaged ingredients, or when pre-servatives
are substituted for proper care and sanitation in
processing. Some may be relatively harmless except for the
lack of nutritional values. Examples are shells in peanut butter
and cocoa, saccharin substituted for sugar and ground corncobs
in meal. Others may be directly harmful, for instance, mineral
oil or poisonous preservatives in foods.
These economic cheats usually emanate from two sources
—
those whose plan of business is fraud and deceit, and those who,
under business pressure or opportunity, take a chance on cutting
54 Report for 1944-1948
corners. A flagrant case in example was cocoa, containing a large
per cent of ground cocoa shell, shipped into the State by an Ohio
firm. Many tons of this product were destroyed. The principal
of the firm, in addition to a heavy fine, served a prison term under
Federal sentence. For use in the trial, the Division submitted
its record of 84 embargo actions against these products.
Destroying mayonnaise containing mineral oil.
Another example is the substitution of mineral oil for edible
oilsin mayonnaise. Proceeding under 98 embargo actions, large
quantities of this product, all manufactured outside the State,
were destroyed. Other cases in which mineral oil was found
substituted for edible fats and oils included popcorn, potato chips,
candy and cooking oil. The idea seemed to prevail that mineral
oil in foods was harmless. The caution that it should not be used
too close to mealtime, which accompanies the oil when sold as a
drug, appeared to be overlooked. That it could interfere with
digestion and assimilation seemed not to have been generally
known. At present, however, wholesalers and distributors appar-
Commissioner of Agriculture 55
ently have eliminated from their stocks food products containing
mineral oil, and no repetition of sale has yet been found among
merchants who have had such products embargoed in their
establishments. Itinerant truckers continued to gamble with
this type of business for a time, but it now appears to have been
driven from the market.
An example of an economic cheat by omitting a valuable con-stituent
was the sale of large quantities of sugar-curing meat
salt. The common practice in sugar-curing meat is to include
ten percent or more sugar in the salt. Competitive selling re-sulted
in flooding the eastern part of the State with this com-modity
ranging in content of sugar from approximately one
percent to none. It was labelled, bargain priced and sold as
"sugar cure". The sale of honestly labelled and normally priced
products of this class was greatly depressed. Under 53 embargo
actions, 585,300 pounds of the product were removed from sale.
Correction was made under court action.
Other forms of adulteration which have appeared from time
to time are the use of so-called sugar-stretchers or extenders
and the substitution of saccharin and similar chemicals for sugar.
The voluntary use of saccharin is a matter of the individual's
choice. Its use as a substitute for sugar in products offered for
sale is not permissible.
The Division's activities in connection with these adulterations
are not considered to have fully covered the field. It is felt,
however, that they have been an effective deterrent and a safe-guard
to human health and welfare.
Poisonous Preservatives ,
The use of chemical preservatives in foods is discouraged gen-erally.
Even the so-called "harmless" ones, often known as
canning powders, encourage the substitution of mild embalming
in place of sanitation and the proper selection and processing
of raw products. Poisonous ones in no case are permissible
under the law. Two of the poisonous types—fluorides and mono-chloracetic
acid—were found in use.
Large quantities of beer shipped into the State, in addition
to containing filth, insects and other foreign matter, were found
to contain a soluble fluoride. This is a poisonous element used
in roach powder. Large quantities of this beer were destroyed
in the State or transferred to the U. S. Food and Drug Adminis-
56 Report for 1944-1948
tration for action on an interstate basis. The manufacturers
were convicted and penalized accordingly.
The chemical, monochloracetic acid, in order to comply with
Federal law for interstate shipment, must be labeled "Poison".
Quantities of preserving mixtures containing this chemical were
found in the State, having been shipped in ostensibly as a chem-ical,
but intended for use in soft drinks, under the representation
of being harmless and permissible. A ''clean-up" campaign was
promptly started, aided by the State Bottlers Association under
their policy of cooperation. Upon learning the nature of the
product, bottlers of soft drinks willingly cooperated. No exten-sive
use of the product by North Carolina bottlers came to the
attention of the Department.
Quantities of syrup and concentrates for making soft drinks,
coming from outside sources and containing this chemical, were
located, both on information from the Federal Department and
through the work of the Department's inspectors. Instances of
illness caused by the product were reported from a number of
states. One bottler, upon being advised of the situation, imme-diately
collected drinks already delivered and brought them in
to be destroyed. All products found to contain this preservative
were placed under embargo and either destroyed or transferred
for action on an interstate basis. No evidence has been found
of North Carolina producers knowingly using a poisonous pre-servative.
Knowledge of the liability involved is a preventive.
Another flagrant case of adulteration with a poisonous pre-servative
involved wine shipped into the State, containing mono-chloracetic
acid. Over 20,000 bottles of such wine were embargo-ed.
Portions were both destroyed by the State and transferred to
the Federal Food and Drug Administration for prosecution on
the basis of interstate violation. Both Federal and State De-partments,
individually and cooperatively, are particularly dili-gent
in preventing the use of such substances in foods.
Analysis of Official Samples
The analysis of samples is a key factor in the enforcement of
the food and drug laws. Certain types of violation are apparent
upon field inspection, but in a greater majority of cases labora-tory
analysis is the criterion and determining factor. This work
is exacting in character and must be of a high level. Careful
selection must be exercised in collecting samples. Failure in
this would rapidly overload laboratories with needless work of
Commissioner of Agriculture 57
a tedious and time-consuming nature. Department inspectors
collected 1,204 official samples throughout the State during 1944-
46 and 904 during 1946-48. These were subjected to appropriate
inspections and analyses—chemical, physical, microscopic and
optical. The results are largely reflected in items given in
various parts of this report. Failure in compliance with the
law was due usually to various forms of adulteration as dis-cussed
in the section of this report on that subject, or to absence
of, or incorrect, labeling, failure to meet standards, and to eco-nomic
cheats. Where results of analysis showed failure to
comply with the law, reports were sent to the manufacturers,
dealers, or others concerned. If failures were of a minor nature,
reasonable time was allowed for correction, or the product was
held under embargo until correction was made. Where gross or
repeated violation was involved, a more drastic course of action
was followed.
Analysis of Unofficial Samples
A number of samples, unofficial in nature insofar as the De-partment
is concerned, are regularly sent in for analysis by city
and county officials, farmers, physicians, and other citizens of
the State. These represent various situations, such as foods or
feeds which are suspected of being unsafe, or of having caused
sickness or death; viscera and other specimens from animals
suspected of having been poisoned; and water samples from
sources used for boilers, industrially, and in connection with
irrigation. Work of this kind is done in keeping with the policy
of the Department to render useful services to citizens as far
as circumstances permit and justify. Among these samples are
many which are not analyzed due to lack of adequate facilities
for extra work and because the results would not be of sufficient
general interest or value to justify the time and cost that would
be required.
Products Withdrawn From Sale
The section of the law setting up procedures for promptly
withdrawing from sale products which may endanger the public
is a very effective means of protection. When the Department
finds, or has probable cause to believe, that products under this
jurisdiction are adulterated, or are so misbranded as to be danger-ous
or fraudulent within the meaning of the law, it is mandatory
that they be placed under embargo and so held until all questions
58 Report for 1944-1948
of danger or fraud are cleared, or pending disposal through
further processes of law. The principle followed is to avoid
victimizing consumers as experimental guinea pigs. The re-quirement
for sound judgment in this is obvious.
While affording prompt consumer protection, the procedure
also greatly facilitates operations and extends efficiency. To
illustrate, 1,102 embargoes were placed during the 1944-46 bien-nium.
Most of these cases showed no evidence of intent on the
part of persons in the State to violate the law, and were disposed
of largely by voluntary action on the part of the holders of the
products in question. The law provides for this procedure. The
congestion and difficulty of trying to clear this number of cases
through courts in this length of time is obvious. Most of the
limited number of actions which were carried into court were
handled in such manner at the request of holders of violative
goods, usually as ground for recovery actions. Others were
handled on voluntary judgments. There is a growing tendency
on the part of merchants who find themselves in possession of
violative goods to request the Department to take over.
In order to present the conditions dealt with in something
more than generalizations, yet in volume suitable for this report,
items are given in collected and condensed form in a following
tabulation, grouped largely according to violative features, accom-panied
by numbers of actions and approximate quantities of
products involved
:
,
SUMMARY OF PRODUCTS EMBARGOED
1944-46 1946-48
Actions Quantity Actions Quantity
Flour, corn meal, cereals, cornstarch, cake-mix,
bal