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Summary

Contemporary Linguisticsis the gold standard of introductory linguistics textbooks. Meticulously prepared, it is one of the most comprehensive, authoritative, up-to-date introductory resources on the market. The book's extensive examples and exercises help students master the course material, and its lucid writing style makes complex concepts easy to understand.

Author Biography

WILLIAM O'GRADY teaches linguistics at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and is the author of several scholarly books. His research focuses on syntactic theory, language acquisition, and Korean.

JOHN ARCHIBALD, in addition to teaching linguistics at the University of Calgary, studies the acquisition of phonology and has written several books on the subject.

MARK ARONOFF is professor of linguistics at Stony Brook University and President of the Linguistic Society of America for 2005. He has written numerous articles and several books on aspects of linguistic morphology, as well as on orthography and the teaching of linguistics.

JANIE REES-MILLER is director of international programs at Marietta College, Ohio. In research and teaching, she is concerned with the interface between theory and practice and with making linguistics accessible to nonlinguists. She is coeditor with Mark Aronoff of ~The Handbook of Linguistics~.

Table of Contents

Preface

vii

Preface to the First Edition

xi

List of Technical Abbreviations

xxv

Language: A Preview

1

(14)

Specialization for Language

1

(1)

A Creative System

2

(3)

Grammar and Linguistic Competence

5

(10)

Generality: All Languages Have a Grammar

6

(1)

Parity: All Grammars Are Equal

7

(1)

Universality: Grammars Are Alike in Basic Ways

8

(1)

Mutability: Grammars Change over Time

9

(1)

Inaccessibility: Grammatical Knowledge Is Subconscious

10

(1)

Summing Up

11

(1)

Key Terms

11

(1)

Recommended Reading

11

(1)

Exercises

12

(3)

Phonetics: The Sounds of Language

15

(42)

Phonetic Transcription

16

(2)

Units of Representation

17

(1)

Segments

17

(1)

The Sound-Producing System

18

(2)

Glottal States

19

(1)

Sound Classes

20

(1)

Vowels, Consonants, and Glides (Syllabic and Nonsyllabic Elements)

20

(1)

Consonant Articulation

21

(3)

The Tongue

22

(1)

Places of Articulation

22

(2)

Manners of Articulation

24

(8)

Oral versus Nasal Phones

24

(1)

Stops

24

(2)

Fricatives

26

(1)

Affricates

27

(1)

Voice Lag and Aspiration

28

(1)

Liquids

29

(1)

Syllabic Liquids and Nasals

30

(1)

Glides

31

(1)

Vowels

32

(3)

Simple Vowels and Diphthongs

32

(1)

Basic Parameters for Describing Vowels

33

(1)

Tense and Lax Vowels

34

(1)

Phonetic Transcription of American English Consonants and Vowels

35

(2)

Suprasegmentals

37

(6)

Pitch: Tone and Intonation

37

(4)

Length

41

(1)

Stress

42

(1)

Speech Production

43

(5)

Coarticulation

43

(1)

Articulatory Processes

43

(1)

Some Common Articulatory Processes

44

(4)

Other Vowels and Consonants

48

(9)

Summing Up

49

(1)

Key Terms

50

(2)

Recommended Reading

52

(1)

Exercises

52

(3)

For the Student Linguist: ``Don't Worry about Spelling''

55

(2)

Phonology: The Function and Patterning of Sounds

57

(54)

Segments in Contrast

59

(3)

Minimal Pairs

59

(2)

Language-Specific Contrasts

61

(1)

Phonetically Conditioned Variation: Phonemes and Allophones

62

(7)

Complementary Distribution

62

(1)

Phonemes and Allophones

63

(1)

Classes and Generalization in Phonology

64

(1)

Canadian Raising

65

(2)

English Mid Vowels and Glides

67

(1)

Language-Specific Patterns

68

(1)

Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription

69

(3)

Phonetic and Phonemic Inventories

71

(1)

Features

72

(11)

Why We Use Features

72

(4)

Feature Representations

76

(7)

Above the Segment: Syllables

83

(8)

Defining the Syllable

83

(2)

Onset Constraints and Phonotactics

85

(1)

Language-Specific Phonotactics

86

(1)

Setting Up Syllables

87

(2)

Syllabic Phonology

89

(2)

Derivations and Rules

91

(20)

The Form and Notation of Rules

92

(3)

Derivations

95

(1)

Rule Application

96

(1)

Processes and Rules: A Last Word

97

(1)

Summing Up

97

(1)

Key Terms

98

(1)

Recommended Reading

99

(1)

Appendix: Hints for Solving Phonology Problems

99

(2)

Exercises

101

(7)

For the Student Linguist: ``The Feature Presentation''

108

(3)

Morphology: The Analysis of Word Structure

111

(40)

Words and Word Structure

112

(6)

Morphemes

113

(1)

Analyzing Word Structure

114

(4)

Derivation

118

(5)

Some English Derivational Affixes

119

(3)

Two Classes of Derivational Affixes

122

(1)

Compounding

123

(4)

Properties of Compounds

124

(1)

Endocentric and Exocentric Compounds

125

(1)

Compounds in Other Languages

125

(2)

Inflection

127

(6)

Inflection in English

127

(1)

Inflection versus Derivation

128

(2)

How Inflection Is Marked

130

(3)

Other Inflectional Phenomena

133

(1)

Other Morphological Phenomena

133

(5)

Cliticization

134

(1)

Conversion

134

(1)

Clipping

135

(1)

Blends

135

(1)

Backformation

136

(1)

Acronyms

137

(1)

Onomatopoeia

137

(1)

Other Sources of New Words

137

(1)

Morphophonemics

138

(13)

Summing Up

139

(1)

Key Terms

139

(1)

Recommended Reading

140

(1)

Appendix: How to Identify Morphemes in Unfamiliar Languages

140

(2)

Exercises

142

(5)

For the Student Linguist: ``Bambification''

147

(4)

Syntax: The Analysis of Sentence Structure

151

(50)

Categories and Structure

152

(10)

Categories of Words

152

(3)

Phrase Structure

155

(5)

Sentences

160

(1)

Tests for Phrase Structure

161

(1)

Complement Options

162

(5)

Complement Options for Verbs

163

(1)

Complement Options for Other Categories

164

(1)

Complement Clauses

165

(2)

Move

167

(10)

Yes-No Questions

167

(4)

Deep Structure and Surface Structure

171

(1)

Do Insertion

172

(1)

Wh Movement

173

(4)

Universal Grammar and Parametric Variation

177

(5)

Verb Raising

178

(4)

Some Additional Structures

182

(19)

Coordination

182

(2)

Relative Clauses

184

(2)

Passives

186

(2)

Summing Up

188

(1)

Key Terms

188

(2)

Recommended Reading

190

(1)

Appendix: How to Build Tree Structures

190

(5)

Exercises

195

(3)

For the Student Linguist: ``Backwards''

198

(3)

Semantics: The Analysis of Meaning

201

(44)

The Nature of Meaning

202

(7)

Semantic Relations among Words

202

(2)

Semantic Relations Involving Sentences

204

(2)

What Is Meaning?

206

(3)

The Conceptual System

209

(8)

Fuzzy Concepts

210

(1)

Metaphor

211

(1)

The Lexicalization of Concepts

212

(4)

Grammaticization

216

(1)

Syntax and Sentence Interpretation

217

(11)

Constructional Meaning

217

(2)

Structural Ambiguity

219

(2)

Thematic Roles

221

(4)

The Interpretation of Pronouns

225

(3)

Other Factors in Sentence Interpretation

228

(17)

The Role of Beliefs and Attitudes

228

(1)

Setting

229

(1)

Discourse

230

(2)

Conversational Maxims

232

(2)

Summing Up

234

(1)

Key Terms

235

(1)

Recommended Reading

236

(1)

Exercises

236

(5)

For the Student Linguist: ``Elvis's Biggest Fan Cleans Out Bank--Accomplice Launders the Dough''