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Acoustics Module

Acoustics Module

Software for Acoustics and Vibration Analysis

Simulation of the acoustics inside a sedan, including sound sources at the loudspeaker locations.

Bringing Acoustics and Vibration Analysis to a New Level

The Acoustics Module is designed specifically for those who work with devices that produce, measure, and utilize acoustic waves. Application areas include speakers, microphones, hearing aids, and sonar devices, to name a few. Noise control can be addressed in muffler design, sound barriers, buildings, and room acoustics applications.

Multiphysics interfaces for acoustic-solid, acoustic-shell, and piezo-acoustics couplings bring your acoustic simulations to a new level of predictive power. Aeroacoustic problems can be modeled using one of several linearized equation approaches. Room and outdoor acoustics problems can be modeled using ray tracing or acoustic diffusion methods.

By using realistic simulations in 1D, 2D, 2D axisymmetry, or 3D, you can optimize existing products and design new products more quickly. Simulations also help designers, researchers, and engineers to gain insight into problems that are difficult to handle experimentally. By testing a design before manufacturing it, companies save both time and money.

Additional images:

The sound pressure level distribution in a muffler system.

This simulation of a concert hall uses ray acoustics to determine the sound pressure around the stage.

The tonpilz (sound mushroom) piezo transducer is a transducer for relatively low-frequency, high-power sound emission. The transducer consists of piezoceramic rings stacked between massive ends, and pre-stressed by a central bolt. The tail and head mass lower the resonance frequency of the device.

Poroelastic waves and acoustics in a conceptual particulate-filter system. Diesel particulate filters (DPFs), are designed to remove/filter soot (diesel particles) from the exhaust of diesel engine vehicles. Although the main function of a particulate filter is to filter the exhaust flow, it also has acoustic damping properties that relate to the muffler system.

This is a model of the Brüel and Kjær 4134 condenser microphone. The geometry and material parameters are those of the actual microphone. The modeled sensitivity level is compared to measurements performed on an actual microphone and shows good agreement. The membrane deformation, pressure, velocity, and electric field are also determined. Model provided courtesy Brüel & Kjær Sound & Vibration Measurement, Nærum, Denmark.

The visualization shows isosurfaces of the acoustic pressure in a car interior. LiveLink™for Inventor® allows users to access COMSOL functionality directly from within the Inventor® user interface including that of the Acoustics Module.

For Modeling a Variety of Different Acoustics Applications

The Acoustics Module consists of a set of physics interfaces – user interfaces with associated modeling and simulation tools – that enable you to simulate the propagation of sound in fluids and solids. Within the Acoustics Module, these are organized into pressure acoustics, acoustic-structure interaction, aeroacoustics, thermoacoustics, and geometrical acoustics.

Acoustic simulations performed using the physics interfaces for pressure acoustics can easily model classic problems such as scattering, diffraction, emission, radiation, and the transmission of sound. These problems are relevant to muffler design; loudspeaker construction; sound insulation for absorbers and diffusers; the evaluation of directional acoustic patterns, like directivity; noise radiation problems; and much more.

The physics interfaces for acoustic-structure interaction model problems involving the interaction between structural elastic waves and fluid-borne sound. For example, acoustic-structure interaction is considered in detailed muffler design, ultrasound piezo-actuators, sonar technology, and noise and vibration analyses of machinery. Using COMSOL Multiphysics, this capability enables you to analyze and design electroacoustic transducers, including loudspeakers, sensors, microphones, and receivers.

The Aeroacoustics physics interfaces are used to model the one-way interaction between an external flow and an acoustic field, (fluid-borne noise). Applications range from jet-engine noise analysis to wind sensor simulation.

The physics interfaces for geometrical acoustics include Ray tracing and the Acoustic diffusion equation interfaces. Both interfaces are applicable for modeling acoustics in rooms and buildings. Ray tracing is also used, for example, in ocean acoustics and atmosphere acoustics.

Thermoacoustic applications are accurately modeled using the provided, appropriate physics interfaces. These are applications that include small geometrical dimensions and where thermal properties need to be considered, for example, cell phones, hearing aids, MEMS applications, and transducer designs.

Multiphysics Couplings

Completely integrated in the COMSOL Multiphysics® environment, the Acoustics Module can be combined with other modules for a wider range of multiphysics simulations. Such is the case for the multiphysics interfaces for acoustic-shell interaction and thermoacoustic-shell interaction, which are available when combining the Acoustics Module with the Structural Mechanics Module. Similarly, physics interfaces for pipe acoustics are available when combining the Acoustics Module with the Pipe Flow Module.

Multiphysics couplings and predefined multiphysics interfaces are set up in COMSOL Multiphysics by introducing a Multiphysics node. For example, coupling the physics describing pressure acoustics in a fluid domain to the physics describing structural mechanics in a surrounding solid is achieved in COMSOL Multiphysics by adding an Acoustics interface and a Solid Mechanics interface separately and then coupling them at the boundary using the relevant coupling under the multiphysics node. This functionality makes it possible to decouple or one-way couple the two contributing physics, as well as giving full control over all functionalities in the Acoustics and Solid Mechanics interfaces.

Among the many multiphysics couplings available are the Acoustic-Structure Boundary, the Aeroacoustic-Structure Boundary, and the Thermoacoustic-Structure Boundary multiphysics interfaces. These all couple a fluid domain to a structure that includes a solid, an external or internal shell, or a membrane. Also available are the Acoustic-Thermoacoustic Boundary, Acoustic-Porous Boundary, and Porous-Structure Boundary multiphysics interfaces, while the Piezoelectric Effect multiphysics interface connects a Solid Mechanics interface and an Electrostatics interface for modeling piezoelectric materials. All multiphysics models are fully coupled by default, while one-way coupling and dissociating the couplings can be achieved by manipulating the Multiphysics node.

Consistent Workflow

The Acoustics Module adheres to the same workflow as any other add-on module in the COMSOL® Product Suite. All modeling steps are accessed from the COMSOL Desktop® and include defining the geometry, selecting materials, selecting a suitable physics interface, defining boundary and initial conditions, automatically creating the finite element mesh, solving, and visualizing the results. Acoustic simulations can be coupled with any other COMSOL Multiphysics® add-on product in just about any way imaginable by a suite of preset multiphysics couplings, such as with the Structural Mechanics Module for acoustic-shell interaction, or by user-defined couplings. The Optimization Module can be combined with the Acoustics Module for optimizing geometric dimensions, acoustic transmission, and more.

Connecting the Acoustics Module with CAD, MATLAB®, and Excel®

For repetitive modeling tasks, LiveLink™for MATLAB® makes it possible to drive COMSOL® simulations with MATLAB® scripts or functions. Any operation available in COMSOL Desktop® can alternatively be accessed through MATLAB® commands. You can also include COMSOL® commands in the MATLAB® environment with your existing MATLAB® code.

For acoustic simulations driven from spreadsheets, LiveLink™for Excel® offers a convenient alternative to modeling from COMSOL Desktop® with synchronization of spreadsheet data with parameters defined in the COMSOL® environment. The CAD Import Module and LiveLink™ products for leading CAD systems makes it easy to perform acoustic simulations using CAD models. The LiveLink™ products make it possible to keep the parametric CAD model intact in its native environment but still control the geometric dimensions from within COMSOL Multiphysics®. Linking your acoustics models to CAD products allows you to simultaneously perform parametric sweeps over several model parameters.

Flexible and Robust Acoustics Modeling

The equations within the Acoustics Module are solved using the finite element method with higher-order element discretization in combination with state-of-the-art solvers. The different formulations cover both frequency- and time-domain simulations. Your results are presented in the graphics window through preset plots of acoustic and displacement fields, sound pressure levels, stresses and strains, or as expressions of physical quantities that you can define freely, as well as derived tabulated quantities.

Simulations Including Acoustic Losses

The Acoustics Module is shipped with an extensive Model Library with many examples of applications ranging from modeling sound insulation lining, loudspeakers, microphones, and mufflers. Many of these examples show how to simulate acoustic losses. The loss models of the Acoustics Module range from empirical equivalent-fluid models for fibrous materials, solving Biot's theory in the Poroelastic Waves interface, to a fully-fledged thermal and viscous loss model using the Thermoacoustics interface.

Easy-to-use Physics Interfaces for Acoustics Analysis

Pressure Acoustics

The Pressure Acoustics interfaces describe and solve sound fields through a scalar acoustic pressure field, which represents acoustic variations (or excess pressure) with respect to the ambient stationary pressure. They enable solving either in the frequency domain, where the Helmholtz equation is solved, or as a transient system, where the classical scalar wave equation is solved. A special physics interface for boundary mode acoustics is used to study propagating modes in waveguides and ducts, and is based on the fact that only a finite set of shapes, or modes, can propagate over longer distances.

A large variety of boundary conditions are available and include hard walls and impedance conditions, radiation, symmetry, and periodic conditions for modeling open boundaries as well as conditions for applying sources. The interfaces also contain several equivalent-fluid models, which mimic the behavior of sound propagation in more complex media. Several poroacoustics fluid models prescribe losses in porous or fibrous materials. Narrow region acoustics models add the thermoviscous losses associated with hard boundaries in narrow regions. Attenuation can be added as a user-defined relation, or it can be calculated for viscous and thermally conducting fluids. Perfectly matched layers (PMLs) are also available to truncate the computational domain by absorbing outgoing acoustic waves, thereby mimicking an infinitely extended domain.

When your calculations have been performed, a far-field feature can be used to determine the pressure and phase information at any distance outside the computational domain. Dedicated results and analysis capabilities are available for visualizing the far-field with polar plots in 2D and 3D.

Coupling fluid and structural domains is achieved by using the predefined multiphysics interfaces of the Acoustics Module, which automatically set up the relevant physics and multiphysics couplings. From one side of the fluid-solid boundary, the Acoustic-Structure Boundary interfaces handles the fluid pressure that acts on the solid domain and, from the other, the structural accelerated displacement that acts on the fluid domain. Multiphysics couplings encompass applications involving acoustic-solid, acoustic-shell, and acoustic-piezoelectric interactions – all within the frequency and time domains, and in 3D, 2D, and 2D axisymmetric geometric models. The couplings involving structural shells are available when combining the Acoustics Module with the Structural Mechanics Module, where you are also able to access more advanced structural modeling capabilities.

Elastic waves are an important application area for acousticians. With the Acoustics module you can use the Solid Mechanics interface to get a full structural-dynamics formulation that includes all the effects of shear waves and pressure waves in solids.

The Acoustic-Piezoelectric Interaction multiphysics interfaces not only simulate the acoustic-structure interaction with great accuracy, but also supports solving and modeling the electric field in the piezoelectric material. When combined with the AC/DC Module or the MEMS Module, you can also combine piezoelectric simulations with SPICE circuits. This capability is excellent when, for example, using lumped models to describe some of the electrical behavior of a transducer while using the full finite element description for the other physics.

The Pipe Acoustics interfaces (available together with the Pipe Flow Module are used for 1D modeling of the propagation of sound waves in flexible pipe systems. The equations are formulated in a general way to include the effects of the pipe wall compliance with the possibility of a stationary background flow.

The Elastic Waves interface is a full structural-dynamics formulation that includes all the effects of shear waves and pressure waves. Using Biot’s theory, the Poroelastic Waves interface accurately models the propagation of sound in a porous material, including the two-way coupling between deformation of the solid matrix and the pressure waves in the saturating fluid through a dedicated multiphysics boundary condition that enables easy coupling of the porous domain and a fluid domain.

The Geometrical Acoustics branch includes the Ray Acoustics and the Acoustic Diffusion Equation physics interfaces. The physics in both interfaces are valid in the high-frequency limit where the acoustic wavelength is smaller than the characteristic geometric features. This is at frequencies above the Schroeder frequency for rooms. Both interfaces are suited for modeling acoustics in rooms and buildings like concert halls. The Acoustic Diffusion Equation is restricted to indoor applications whereas the Ray Acoustics interface can be used, for example, in ocean acoustics and atmosphere acoustics. The acoustic properties at boundaries are included through different models for the absorption.

The Ray Acoustics physics interface is used to compute the trajectories, phase, and intensity of acoustic rays. Ray acoustics is valid in the high-frequency limit where the acoustic wavelength is smaller than the characteristic geometric features. The interface can be used to model acoustics in rooms, concert halls, schools, office buildings, and many outdoor environments. The properties of the media in which the rays propagate can change continuously within domains (graded media) or discontinuously at boundaries. At exterior boundaries, it is possible to assign a variety of wall conditions, including combinations of specular and diffuse reflection. Impedance and absorption can depend on the frequency, intensity, and direction of incident rays. Transmission and reflection are also modeled at material discontinuities. A background velocity may also be assigned to any medium.

The Acoustic Diffusion Equation interface solves a diffusion equation for the acoustic energy density. It is applicable for high-frequency acoustics where the acoustic fields are diffuse. The diffusion properties are dependent on both the room geometry and absorption properties of walls, room fittings (uses average volumetric absorption based on average cross-section and attenuation), and volumetric attenuation (viscous and thermal in large volumes only).
The interface is well suited for quick assessment of sound pressure level distribution inside buildings and other large structures.

The Acoustic Diffusion Equation interface can be used to determine the reverberation times at different locations. This can be done either by performing a transient analysis and looking at the energy decay curve, or by performing an eigenvalue analysis. Inputs for all sources, absorption parameters, and transmission losses can be determined using one of the bands, provided in the module. Using these input types and a parametric sweep over the studied band, the user can easily plot and analyze the model results to express results in these bands.

Ideally, computational aeroacoustic (CAA) simulations would involve solving the fully compressible Navier-Stokes equations in the time domain. The acoustic pressure waves would then form a subset of the fluid solution. This approach is often impractical for real-world applications due to the required computational accuracy necessary, the computational time, and memory resources. For solving many practical engineering problems, a decoupled two-step approach is used instead: first solve for the background mean fluid flow, then for the acoustic perturbations of the flow. This very important one-way interaction is also known as a fluid-borne noise/sound phenomenon.

The primary tools in the Acoustics Module for fluid-borne sound is the Linearized Euler and the Linearized Navier-Stokes physics interfaces, while the Linearized Potential Flow interfaces provides a more simplified approach.

The Linearized Euler interfaces are used to compute the acoustic variations to pressure, velocity, and density for a given background mean-flow. They solve for the linearized Euler equations, including the energy equation, with the assumptions that the background flow is an ideal gas (or is well-approximated by an ideal gas) and that there are no thermal or viscous losses. The Linearized Euler physics interfaces are available for time domain, frequency domain, and eigenfrequency analyses. Application examples for areoacoustics with the Linearized Euler equations include analyzing the propagation of noise from jet engines, modeling the attenuation properties of mufflers in the presence of non-isothermal flow, and the study of gas flow meters. These are all situations where a gas background flow influences the propagation of acoustic waves in the fluid.

The Linearized Navier-Stokes interfaces are used to compute the acoustic variations in pressure, velocity, and temperature in the presence of any stationary isothermal or non-isothermal background mean-flow. The interfaces are used for aeroacoustic simulations that can be described by the linearized Navier-Stokes equations. The equations include viscous losses and thermal conduction as well as the heat generated by viscous dissipation. The coupling between the acoustic field and the background flow does not include any predefined flow induced noise. Coupling the Linearized Navier-Stokes, Frequency Domain interface to structures, using the Aeroacoustic-Structure Boundary multiphysics coupling, enables detailed vibration analysis of structures in the presence of flow.

For simplified one-way interactions, the Linearized Potential Flow interfaces are available in both the frequency and transient domains, and utilize formulations based on a fluid-potential. Moreover, the Compressible Potential Flow interface is used to model the background mean flow of an inviscid, compressible fluid that has no vorticity as it is irrotational by nature. Finally, the Linearized Potential Flow, Boundary Mode interface is used to study boundary mode acoustic problems in a background flow field, typically used to specify sources at inlets.

Thermoacoustics

The Acoustics Module provides state-of-the-art modeling capabilities for thermoacoustics (also known as viscothermal or thermoviscous acoustics), which is critical for accurate simulation of acoustics in geometries with small dimensions. Close to walls, viscosity and thermal conduction become important as a viscous and thermal boundary layer are created, resulting in significant losses. This makes it necessary to include thermal conduction effects and viscous losses explicitly in the governing equations.

The physics interfaces for thermoacoustics are used to solve for the full set of linearized compressible flow equations with zero background flow, that is, the linearized Navier-Stokes, continuity, and energy equations all together. Because a detailed description is needed to model thermoacoustics, all the physics interfaces simultaneously solve for the acoustic pressure, the particle velocity vector, and the acoustic temperature variation.

In the Thermoacoustics interface, the governing equations are implemented as a time-harmonic formulation and solved in the frequency domain. Both mechanical and thermal boundary conditions are available. Coupling the thermoacoustic domain to a pressure acoustic domain is also straightforward with a predefined multiphysics boundary condition. A Thermoacoustic-Structure Boundary multiphysics coupling is available, and makes it easy to solve for coupled vibro-acoustics. You can, for example, use it to model small electroacoustic transducers or damping in MEMS devices. It can also be used to analyze the interaction between shells and acoustics in small dimensions, for example, the damped vibrations of shells in hearing aids to prevent feedback problems.

Simulation of a Loudspeaker Driver

This video demonstrates the simulation of a loudspeaker driver. You will learn how COMSOL Multiphysics can be used along with the Acoustics Module and AC/DC Module to simulate the electromagnetics, structural mechanics, and acoustics aspects of a loudspeaker design. COMSOL Multiphysics is an ideal tool for simulating and optimizing loudspeaker designs, thanks to its user-friendly multiphysics nature. Analyzing loudspeaker designs is essential for determining how what you want to hear is transferred into what you actually will hear from a particular loudspeaker. In order to perform this analysis accurately, you need to be able to simulate from signal to sound, with all the linking steps in between. Since each step in the process will be interrelated, it’s important to use an integrated multiphysics approach to capture each of the complex relationships.

This video demonstrates the simulation of a loudspeaker driver. You will learn how COMSOL Multiphysics can be used along with the Acoustics Module and AC/DC Module to simulate the electromagnetics, structural mechanics, and acoustics aspects of a loudspeaker design. COMSOL Multiphysics is an ideal tool for simulating and optimizing loudspeaker designs, thanks to its user-friendly multiphysics nature. Analyzing loudspeaker designs is essential for determining how what you want to hear is transferred into what you actually will hear from a particular loudspeaker. In order to perform this analysis accurately, you need to be able to simulate from signal to sound, with all the linking steps in between. Since each step in the process will be interrelated, it’s important to use an integrated multiphysics approach to capture each of the complex relationships.

Acoustics Module

Wind Turbine Noise Reduction

Xi Engineering Consultants Ltd, Edinburgh, UK

Xi Engineering Consultants Ltd specializes in complex vibration issues, like those caused by wind turbines. The meshing of teeth within the gearbox of a wind turbine can cause great vibrations which are perceived as excessive noise. This presents a problem as there are strict regulatory standards throughout Europe and North America limiting ...

Metamaterials Make Physics Seem Like Magic

David Smith & Yaroslav Urzhumov
Duke University
Pratt School of Engineering
Durham, NC

Jeff Wilson
NASA Glen Research Center, Cleveland, OH

Fabio Alves and Gamani
Karunasiri
Naval Postgraduate ...

Metamaterials are manufactured, structured materials that they can interact and manipulate wave phenomena such that objects surrounded by metamaterials are shielded from these waves. In the case of light, metamaterials make these objects ‘invisible’. Researchers throughout the world are applying these materials to many different ...

Optimizing Ultrasound Piezo-disk Transducers

Esaote S.p.A. produces medical diagnostic systems, including the manufacturing and sales of ultrasound imaging systems. Lorenzo Spicci and Marco Cati are researching ways to improve ultrasound probes to maximize their performance, knowing a smaller, more effective machine could make this technology more accessible.
They used COMSOL Multiphysics ...

Wind Turbine Noise Reduction

Metamaterials Make Physics Seem Like Magic

Optimizing Ultrasound Piezo-disk Transducers

Wind Turbine Noise Reduction

Xi Engineering Consultants Ltd, Edinburgh, UK

Xi Engineering Consultants Ltd specializes in complex vibration issues, like those caused by wind turbines. The meshing of teeth within the gearbox of a wind turbine can cause great vibrations which are perceived as excessive noise. This presents a problem as there are strict regulatory standards throughout Europe and North America limiting ...

Metamaterials Make Physics Seem Like Magic

Metamaterials are manufactured, structured materials that they can interact and manipulate wave phenomena such that objects surrounded by metamaterials are shielded from these waves. In the case of light, metamaterials make these objects ‘invisible’. Researchers throughout the world are applying these materials to many different ...

Optimizing Ultrasound Piezo-disk Transducers

Esaote S.p.A. produces medical diagnostic systems, including the manufacturing and sales of ultrasound imaging systems. Lorenzo Spicci and Marco Cati are researching ways to improve ultrasound probes to maximize their performance, knowing a smaller, more effective machine could make this technology more accessible.
They used COMSOL Multiphysics ...

Acoustics Module

Muffler with Perforates

Reflective mufflers are best suited for the low frequency range where only plane waves can propagate in the system, while dissipative mufflers with fibers are efficient in the mid-to-high frequency range. Dissipative mufflers based on flow losses, on the other hand, work also at low frequencies.
A typical automotive exhaust system is a hybrid ...

Flow Duct

The modeling of aircraft-engine noise is a central problem in the field of computational aeroacoustics. The acoustic field in a model of an axially symmetric aero-engine duct, generated by a noise source at the boundary, is computed and visualized.
Results are presented for situations with as well as without a compressible irrotational ...

Sedan Interior Acoustics

This is a model of the acoustics inside a sedan, that is inside a typical hard-top family car. The model sets up sources at loudspeaker locations as well as impedance conditions to model soft absorbing surfaces (seats and carpet).
The model results in plots of the pressure, sound pressure level, and intensity inside the car. The frequency ...

SAW Gas Sensor

A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is an acoustic wave propagating along the surface of a solid material. Its amplitude decays rapidly, often exponentially, through the depth of the material.
SAWs are utilized in many kinds of electronic components, including filters, oscillators, and sensors. SAW devices typically apply electrodes to a ...

Focused Ultrasound Induced Heating in Tissue Phantom

This model example shows how to model tissue heating induced by focused ultrasound. First, the stationary acoustic field in the water and the tissue are modeled to obtain the acoustic intensity distribution in the tissue. The absorbed acoustic energy is then calculated and used as the heat source for a Bioheat Transfer physics in the tissue ...

Absorptive Muffler

The sound level from a car depends to a great extent of the quality of the muffler. Over the years, researchers in the car industry have struggled to produce mufflers that are efficient from both an acoustic and an environmental perspective.
This model describes the pressure wave propagation in a muffler for an internal combustion ...

Acoustic Transmission Loss through Periodic Elastic Structures

In this model, two fluids are separated by a solid elastic structure. An acoustic pressure wave impacts the structure resulting in a reflected wave and a wave transmitted with a loss through the structure. This model investigates the transmission loss through the structure. The effects of incident angle, frequency, and dampings are studied.
...

Test Bench Car Interior

Sound is generated by a point source located in the wall of this test bench car interior. The sound pressure level response at a point of measurement is investigated for a range of frequencies and four different mesh resolutions. The model is first solved with the default direct solvers. Finally, it is shown how to set up an iterative solver which ...

Probe Tube Microphone, Transient Model

It is often not possible to insert a normal microphone directly into the sound field being measured. The microphone may be too big to fit inside the measured system, such as for in-the-ear measurements for hearing aid fitting. The size of the microphone may also be too large compared to the wavelength, so that it disturbs the acoustic field. In ...

Focused Ultrasound Induced Heating in Tissue Phantom

Absorptive Muffler

Acoustic Transmission Loss through Periodic Elastic Structures

Test Bench Car Interior

Probe Tube Microphone, Transient Model

Muffler with Perforates

Reflective mufflers are best suited for the low frequency range where only plane waves can propagate in the system, while dissipative mufflers with fibers are efficient in the mid-to-high frequency range. Dissipative mufflers based on flow losses, on the other hand, work also at low frequencies.
A typical automotive exhaust system is a hybrid ...

Flow Duct

The modeling of aircraft-engine noise is a central problem in the field of computational aeroacoustics. The acoustic field in a model of an axially symmetric aero-engine duct, generated by a noise source at the boundary, is computed and visualized.
Results are presented for situations with as well as without a compressible irrotational ...

Sedan Interior Acoustics

This is a model of the acoustics inside a sedan, that is inside a typical hard-top family car. The model sets up sources at loudspeaker locations as well as impedance conditions to model soft absorbing surfaces (seats and carpet).
The model results in plots of the pressure, sound pressure level, and intensity inside the car. The frequency ...

SAW Gas Sensor

A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is an acoustic wave propagating along the surface of a solid material. Its amplitude decays rapidly, often exponentially, through the depth of the material.
SAWs are utilized in many kinds of electronic components, including filters, oscillators, and sensors. SAW devices typically apply electrodes to a ...

Focused Ultrasound Induced Heating in Tissue Phantom

This model example shows how to model tissue heating induced by focused ultrasound. First, the stationary acoustic field in the water and the tissue are modeled to obtain the acoustic intensity distribution in the tissue. The absorbed acoustic energy is then calculated and used as the heat source for a Bioheat Transfer physics in the tissue ...

Absorptive Muffler

The sound level from a car depends to a great extent of the quality of the muffler. Over the years, researchers in the car industry have struggled to produce mufflers that are efficient from both an acoustic and an environmental perspective.
This model describes the pressure wave propagation in a muffler for an internal combustion ...

Acoustic Transmission Loss through Periodic Elastic Structures

In this model, two fluids are separated by a solid elastic structure. An acoustic pressure wave impacts the structure resulting in a reflected wave and a wave transmitted with a loss through the structure. This model investigates the transmission loss through the structure. The effects of incident angle, frequency, and dampings are studied.
...

Test Bench Car Interior

Sound is generated by a point source located in the wall of this test bench car interior. The sound pressure level response at a point of measurement is investigated for a range of frequencies and four different mesh resolutions. The model is first solved with the default direct solvers. Finally, it is shown how to set up an iterative solver which ...

Probe Tube Microphone, Transient Model

It is often not possible to insert a normal microphone directly into the sound field being measured. The microphone may be too big to fit inside the measured system, such as for in-the-ear measurements for hearing aid fitting. The size of the microphone may also be too large compared to the wavelength, so that it disturbs the acoustic field. In ...