How old is the universe, and how did it begin? Throughout history, countless myths and scientific theories have tried to explain the universe's origins. The most widely accepted explanation is the big bang theory. Learn about the explosion that started it all and how the universe grew from the size of an atom to encompass everything in existence today.
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Origins of the Universe 101 | National Geographic
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Why We Believe the Big Bang - Ask a Spaceman!

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What did Hubble really discover? Why does redshift imply an expanding universe? Why is the night sky dark? Why is there so much hydrogen, and how is that connected to the Big Bang? I discuss these questions and more in today’s Ask a Spaceman!
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Music by Jason Grady and Nick Bain. Thanks to WCBE Radio for hosting the recording session, Greg Mobius for producing, and Cathy Rinella for editing.
Hosted by Paul M. Sutter, astrophysicist at The Ohio State University, Chief Scientist at COSI Science Center, and the one and only Agent to the Stars (http://www.pmsutter.com).

Q&A 43: Will New Telescopes Challenge The Big Bang and More...

In this week's questions show, Fraser is excited to see the southern hemisphere night sky, considers how the next generation of telescopes will change our understanding of the Big Bang, and suggests what you should look at with a new telescope.
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Before the Big Bang 6: Can the Universe Create Itself?

Richard Gott , co author with Neil De Grasse Tyson of "Welcome to The Universe" argues the key to understanding the origin of the universe may be the concept of closed time like curves. These are solutions to Einstein's theory that may allow time travel into the past. in this film, Richard Gott of Princeton University explains the model he developed with LIxin Li . Gott explores the possibility of a closed time like curve forming in the early universe and how this might lead to the amazing property of the universe being able to create itself. Gott is one of the leading experts in time travel solution to Einstein’s equations and is author of the book “Time Travel In Einstein’s Universe”.
This film is part of a series of films exploring competing models of th early universe with the creators of those models. We have interviewed Stephen Hawking, Roger Penrose, Alan Guth and many other leaders of the field. To see other episodes , click on the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJ4zAUPI-qqqj2D8eSk7yoa4hnojoCR4m
We would like to thank the following who helped us are this movie:
Animations:
Morn 1415
David Yates
NASA
ESA
M Buser, E Kajari, and WP Schleich
Storyblocks
Nina McCurdy, Anthony Aguirre, Joel Primack, Nancy Abrams
Pixabay
Ziri Younsi
Audio & music from:
Shutterstock
Audio Network
Photography Rob, Speakers Corner Uk
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpx7TeFcveBzrUB4I1Fc9iQ/videos?disable_polymer=1
Thanks to:
University College London
Princeton University Press
Howard Walwyn Fine Antique Clocks
Timeline:
00:00 Introduction
1:07 Working with Penzias and Wilson
1:42 relativity and time
2:58 the block universe
4:00 time travel in Einstein’s universe
4:54 Godel and time travel into the past
5:54 Cosmic Strings
7:43 Cosmic inflation
8:50 Bubble Universes
9:56 Lixin Li
12:11 The Gott Li self creating universe model
14:17 Jinn Particles
14:35 How to escape a time loop
16:14 Experimental test
20:05 Hawking’s Chronology Protection Conjecture
23:46 The Arrow of Time
29:00 The Second Law
33:00 Answering Hiscock’s criticisms
40:07 fine tuning
40:46 Boltzmann Brains
44:37 Quantum Entanglement and Wormholes
46:04 Uncertainty
47:11 A Universe from Nothing
50:25 Summing Up

The universe before the big bang - SpaceTime with Stuart Gary S20E93

This episode of SpaceTime is brought to you by audible.com. For a free audio-book and 30 days free trial on us, just use the link www.audibletrial.com/spacetime. Now would be a good time to get into audible and help this podcast. Thank you…
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*The universe before the big bang
A new hypothesis is proposing to eliminate the need for cosmological spacetime singularity and with it the big bang which kicked of the cosmos 13.8 billion years ago. Instead, physicists suggest the universe’s current expansion phase was preceded by a big crunch contraction and possibly a bouncing universe with infinite prior cycles of expansion and contraction.
*The next nearest planet to our solar system
A temperate Earth-sized planet has been discovered just 11 light-years away. The new world named Ross 128 b is currently the second-closest temperate planet ever detected – the nearest being Proxima b which orbits the star Proxima Centauri some 4.25 light years from Earth.
*Dawn explores Ceres’ interior evolution
Scientists have begun studying the internal structure and composition of the dwarf planet Ceres finding a close relationship between its internal evolution and its surface features. The findings used data collected by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft to analyse Ceres’ surface features revealing clues about the dwarf planet’s interior evolution.
*Blue Origin to Launch its New Glenn Rocket in 2020
Blue Origin claims its massive heavy lift New Glenn rocket should be ready for its maiden flight in 2020. The New Glenn is a two or three stage orbital launch vehicle capable of carrying 45 tonnes into low Earth orbit and 13 tonnes to geostationary transfer orbit.
*The Science Report
North Korea has successfully launched its most powerful intercontinental ballistic missile.
Autism sufferers have problem reading human emotions because of altered chemical responses.
Big Sugar covering up the harmful health effects of too much sugar since the 1960s.
New study shows cloning didn’t give Dolly the sheep early-onset arthritis.
Mapping the different emotions linked to different types of booze.
Looking at the link between sexual activity and sudden cardiac arrest.
The skeptics view on Chinese medicine
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Before the Big Bang 5: The No Boundary Proposal

In this film Stephen Hawking, James Hartle and Thomas Hertog explain their model of the early universe: The No Boundary Proposal. In the 1960’s and 70’s Hawking and Penrose showed that according to classical general relativity, given some minimal assumptions the origin of an expanding universe is a singularity: a point of infinite density and spacetime curvature. But this and other singularity theorems do not take into account the strange world of quantum mechanics. So in the 1980’s Hawking and collaborators started to build a model of the big bang that included quantum effects.The result is the No Boundary Proposal, a model that may be able to explain some of the deepest mysteries of the cosmos such as, is there a multiverse? how is there an arrow of time and what really happened a the big bang?
This is the fifth in a series of films exploring competing models of the early universe. To see the other films click here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJ4zAUPI-qqqj2D8eSk7yoa4hnojoCR4m
Subscriptions and shares are very much appreciated.
Produced and written by SkydivePhil and Monica
Producers NIck Franco & Ernie Pay
Director Nick Franco
Original Score Pete Blyth - PETEBLYTH.COM
Ernie Pay : Director of Photography
Presenter: Monica C
Sound:William Corbet
Animations Morn1415 https://www.youtube.com/user/morn1415
For this film we hope you will notice a significant improvement in quality and this is very much down to 1185 films who co produced the film to ensure it has a beautiful cinematic look, feel and sound. To see more of their work click here:
http://www.1185films.com
Timeline of topics discussed:
00-1:19 intro
1:19 Singularity theorems
3:44 Hawking’s work on black holes and what they mean for the origin of the universe
4:11 Introducing the No Boundary Proposal in 1981
5:13 The key concept is the wave function
5:39 Feynman’s sum over histories
6:15 Explaining the concept of a path integral
6:40 What is Euclidean Spacetime?
7:36 Imaginary numbers and imaginary time
9:12 Explaining the Formula for the No Boundary Wavefunction
10:19 The shuttlecock
11:59 Inflation and the No Boundary Proposal
14:22 Predictions of the the theory
16:20 Falsification
16:55 Bottom Up versus Top Down
20:12 Eternal Inflation and the Multiverse
22:46 The No Boundary Proposal implies Inflation is not fine tuned
23:31 The No Boundary Proposal and the Cosmological Constant problem
25:33 Measure Problem, there’s a simpler way of doing it
26:532 Fine tuning and probability
27:16 Weinberg’s prediction of the cosmological constant and The No Boundary Proposal
28:30 Could the constants of nature be necessary?
29:25 Is the multiverse science?
31:03 The Boltzman Brian Problem
32:53 Stephen, Jim and Thomas’s latest work : holography and the No Boundary Proposal
35:18 Next Steps in Making the No Boundary Wave function more precise
37:14The Ground State
38:18 The Arrow of Time
39:27 Roger Penrose
39:50 A Big Bounce?
40:14 Aron Wall claims the No Boundary Proposal is eternal into the past
42:14 More on the Big Bounce
43:50 Alex Vilenkin alternative to the No Boundary Wavefunction
46:41 String theory
46:37 Unifying the Dynamics and the initial conditions of the universe
47:14 George Lemaitre in the multiverse in the 1930’s
47:58 Summing up

Should the Singularity be something to fear?

Help support Deep Astronomy by getting one month free trial of The Great Courses Plus: http://ow.ly/AVDF30fiZ33
Whether you believe in the singularly or not, there’s one thing that everyone agrees on, the rapid improvement and pace of all our technology is speeding up at an ever alarming rate. Right now anyone with a smartphone and average 3G connection can video chat with their friends on the opposite side of planet Earth. Twenty years ago this would have been science fiction. More impressive, only a few weeks ago Google’s DeepMind team created an AI that became the world's best player of the game Go within 3 days, a game that is regarded as the most complex board game ever invented
This week join us and our special guest Dr. James Hughes, founder and Executive Director of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies and Editor in Chief for the Journal of Posthuman Studies.
Dr. Hughes is a Fellow of the World Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of Humanity+, the Neuroethics Society, the American Society of Bioethics and Humanities and the Working Group on Ethics and Technology at Yale University. He also serves on the State of Connecticut Regenerative Medicine Research Advisory Committee.
You won’t want to miss this week’s discussion as we dive into topics like:
* Which technologies, especially new ones, are likely to have the greatest impact on human beings and human societies in the 21st century?
* What ethical issues do those technologies and their applications raise for humans, our civilization, and our world?
* How much can we extrapolate from the past and how much accelerating change should we anticipate?
* What sort of policy positions can be recommended to promote the best possible outcomes for individuals and societies?

Physicists: The Universe Shouldn't Exist

New research published Oct. 18 in Nature attempts answer how the universe exists despite the Standard Model of physics seemingly not being obeyed during the Big Bang.

The Missing Mass Mystery | Space Time

For years, astronomers have been unable to find up to half of the baryonic matter in the universe. We may just have solved this problem.
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We’ve known for some time that around 95% of the energy content of the universe is in dark matter and dark energy. This dark sector doesn’t interact with light in any way and so is invisible to us. The remaining 5% - the light sector – represents all of the regular matter in the universe. Yet what if I told you that all of the stars and galaxies and galaxy clusters only comprise 10% of the light sector. The rest has proved as elusive as the dark sector. We think it must exist as extremely diffuse gas in between the galaxies, yet our intense searches miss up to half of it. At least until now.
Resources
Graaff et al. 2017, "Missing Baryons in the Cosmic Web Revealed by the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect"
https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.10378v1
Tanimura et al. 2017, "A Search for Warm/Hot Gas Filaments Between Pairs of SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies"
https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.05024
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Are we crazy or is the Big Bang real? | Space with Sarah #10 | @spacewsarah

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Did the Big Bang really create our Universe? What is the evidence of Big Bang? In this episode of Space with Sarah astrophysicist, Sarah, explains how the cosmic microwave background, the expansion of space and the fraction of Helium in our Universe fits in very nicely with our theory stating that the entire Universe being created ~13.8 billion years ago. There is also a lot of other evidence not presented in this video. For example the ages of the oldest White Dwarfs.
Creator: Sarah Pearson
Producer: Brett Van Deusen
Animator: Joshua Bogy
Image credits:
NASA
The Illustris Project: http://www.illustris-project.org/
Via Lactea II - Diemand et al. 2008, Nature
Digital graphics by Morgan Mullen
Episode music by Krychek: http://krychek.nyc
Episode background: Via Lactea II simulation by Diemand, Kuhlen, Madau et al. 2008, Nature
Intro graphics by Frederik Olufsen: http://thefrederik.com/portfolio/
Intro Music by Palm Tree Gang & Max Fail (courtesy of Riotville Records): https://soundcloud.com/riotville-records/palm-tree-gang-max-fail-chameleon-feat-anuka
Sound design by Tim Korn
Dungeon Beach: http://dungeonbeach.com/
Color correction: Jeff Sousa
Partially supported by the National Science Foundation: NSF grant AST-1614743

How Old Is It - 02 - Big Bang Cosmology Fundamentals (4K)

Text at http://howfarawayisit.com/documents/
This is part one of a two part series on the Big Bang theory. Here we cover the foundational concepts used in the standard model we cover in part 2. We start out with the basic Cosmological Principle for an isotropic and homogeneous Universe. We then review Hubble’s Law that came from the discovery that the Universe was expanding. We go into some depth to illustrate what expanding space is and how it impacts the basic idea of ‘distance’. This includes a definition of Cosmic Distance and how it leads to the Visible Horizon. We then develop a concept of how the Universe’s expansion would work using Newton’s gravitational theory including his Shell Theorem. We use this to define a cosmic scale factor and use it to see what happens in a matter dominated Universe. We then expand that to include a radiation dominated Universe. With the Newtonian mechanics view in hand, we update to Friedmann’s equation based on Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity along with the Equation of State. We examine the impact of flat, spherical and hyperbolic space on the cosmic sale factor, and identify the Critical Energy Density needed in order to have flat space. We end with a look at cosmological redshift, and an observation on galaxy counts that lead to the conclusion that we exist in flat space-time.

How Old Is It - 03 - Big Bang ΛCDM Cosmology (4K)

Text at http://howfarawayisit.com/documents/
We begin with the discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. We cover Recombination, Decoupling, and the Surface of Last Scattering that created the CMB. We examine the nature of the CMB temperature Anisotropy and how, through a process known as Caustics, it lead to galaxy filaments and great voids. This analysis includes Cold Dark Matter. We then cover Vacuum Energy, the Casimir Effect and Dark Energy. We then cover the observational evidence for an Accelerating expansion. We then go beyond the surface of last scattering to Neutrino Decoupling, Nucleosynthesis, Baryogenesis and Cosmic Inflation. We summarize with a review of the cosmic time line, and conclude with a look at current and future cosmology research.

How Old Is It - 04 - Credits and Research

Text at http://howfarawayisit.com/documents/

From the Big Bang to Biosignatures: A Flagship Observatory in NASA’s Future

LUVOIR is a concept for a highly capable, multi-wavelength observatory with ambitious science goals and is one of NASA's future flagship space observatories.
NASA has begun four concept studies of major space observatories that could launch sometime in the coming couple decades. One of these is the Large UV/optical/IR (LUVOIR) Surveyor.
LUVOIR is a concept for a highly capable, multi-wavelength observatory with ambitious science goals. This mission would enable a major leap forward in a broad range of astrophysics, from the era of galaxy formation and evolution, to star and planet formation. LUVOIR also has the exciting goal of characterizing a wide range of exoplanets, including those that might be habitable - or even inhabited.
Join Tony Darnell, Alberto Conti, and Harley Thronson as they discuss this concept with Drs. John O’Meara (St. Michael’s College) and Debra Fischer (Yale University).
Future in Space Hangouts are endorsed by the American Astronomical Society and the American Astronautical Society.

Physicists Discover Rare New Particle

Scientists announced July 6 at the European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics that a rare new kind of particle was unambiguously observed for the first time

What existed before the Big Bang?

Scientists have a few theories.
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Expansion of our universe --from the beach!!!

Super brief and simple example of the three universe expansion theories... will elaborate more in my next video! And discuss more recent theories! But for a simple start here's a quick explanation!

What Was Cosmic Inflation? The Quest to Understand the Earliest Universe

The Big Bang was a tremendous theory, but it had a few problems. In 1980 Alan Guth developed the revolutionary theory of cosmic inflation, and astronomers have been looking for evidence to this day.
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The Big Bang. The discovery that the Universe has been expanding for billions of years is one of the biggest revelations in the history of science. In a single moment, the entire Universe popped into existence, and has been expanding ever since.
We know this because of multiple lines of evidence: the cosmic microwave background radiation, the ratio of elements in the Universe, etc. But the most compelling one is just the simple fact that everything is expanding away from everything else. Which means, that if you run the clock backwards, the Universe was once an extremely hot dense region
Let’s go backwards in time, billions of years. The closer you get to the Big Bang, the closer everything was, and the hotter it was. When you reach about 380,000 years after the Big Bang, the entire Universe was so hot that all matter was ionized, with atomic nuclei and electrons buzzing around each other.
Keep going backwards, and the entire Universe was the temperature and density of a star, which fused together the primordial helium and other elements that we see to this day.
Continue to the beginning of time, and there was a point where everything was so hot that atoms themselves couldn’t hold together, breaking into their constituent protons and neutrons. Further back still and even atoms break apart into quarks. And before that, it’s just a big question mark. An infinitely dense Universe cosmologists called the singularity.
When you look out into the Universe in all directions, you see the cosmic microwave background radiation. That’s that point when the Universe cooled down so that light could travel freely through space.
And the temperature of this radiation is almost exactly the same in all directions that you look. There are tiny tiny variations, detectable only by the most sensitive instruments.
When two things are the same temperature, like a spoon in your coffee, it means that those two things have had an opportunity to interact. The coffee transferred heat to the spoon, and now their temperatures have equalized.
When we see this in opposite sides of the Universe, that means that at some point, in the ancient past, those two regions were touching. That spot where the light left 13.8 billion years ago on your left, was once directly touching that spot on your right that also emitted its light 13.8 billion years ago.
This is a great theory, but there’s a problem.
The Universe never had time for those opposite regions to touch. For the Universe to have the uniform temperature we see today, it would have needed to spend enough time mixing together. But it didn’t have enough time, in fact, the Universe didn’t have any time to exchange temperature.
Imagine you dipped that spoon into the coffee and then pulled it out moments later before the heat could transfer, and yet the coffee and spoon are exactly the same temperature.
What’s going on?
To address this problem, the cosmologist Alan Guth proposed the idea of cosmic inflation in 1980. That moments after the Big Bang, the entire Universe expanded dramatically.
And by “moments”, I mean that the inflationary period started when the Universe was only 10^-36 seconds old, and ended when the Universe was 10^-32 seconds old.
And by “expanded dramatically”, I mean that it got 10^26 times larger. That’s a 1 followed by 26 zeroes.
Before inflation, the observable Universe was smaller than an atom. After inflation, it was about 0.88 millimeters. Today, those regions have been stretched 93 billion light-years apart.
This concept of inflation was further developed by cosmologists Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhardt, Andy Albrecht and others.
Inflation resolved some of the shortcomings of the Big Bang Theory.
The first is known as the flatness problem. The most sensitive satellites we have today measure the Universe as flat. Not like a piece-of-paper-flat, but flat in the sense that parallel lines will remain parallel forever as they travel through the Universe. Under the original Big Bang cosmology, you would expect the curvature of the Universe to grow with time.
The second is the horizon problem. And this is the problem I mentioned above, that two regions of the Universe shouldn’t have been able to see each other and interact long enough to be the same temperature.

What Was Before the Big Bang? | Prof Sean Carroll

Back in January, I shot a couple a videos with Sean Carroll at the 229th American Astronomical Meeting. Well, at last here is the second video from that day where I asked Sean - "What was before the Big Bang?". This is probably one of the most commonly asked questions I get as an astronomer, so check out what a true expert on the subject thinks about this question in just under 3 minutes!
::More about this Video::
► Sean Carroll: "From Eternity to Here" book available on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/Eternity-Here-Quest-Ultimate-Theory/dp/0452296544
► Sean Carroll's blog "Preposterous Universe" at https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/
► 229th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society: https://aas.org/meetings/aas229
► Background music by Thomas Bergersen "Final Frontier": http://www.thomasbergersen.com
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Why did the Universe have such low entropy at the start? Are the laws of physics consistent across the multiverse? Can we see evidence of other regions of the multiverse? Sean Carroll discusses thermodynamics and the Universe.
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This is the 21st video in our advent series on thermodynamics. Watch them all here: http://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/supercharged-fuelling-the-future/thermodynamics-2016-advent-calendar?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=201612_channel_advent
Sean Carroll is a theoretical physicist who thinks about the fundamental laws of nature, especially as they connect to cosmology. Visit his website: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/about-sean/ and watch his lectures on our channel:
Black hole firewalls: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8bhtEgB8Mo
The particle at the end of the universe: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwdY7Eqyguo
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How Can An Infinite Universe Start From a Singularity Featuring Dr. Paul Matt Sutter

Have you wondered about this seeming paradox? If we live in an infinite universe, how could it have started out as a singularity? Dr Paul Matt Sutter explains.
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Nowadays, it's a universally accepted theory that the universe began 13.8 billion years ago with the Big Bang. But did you know that two radio astronomers unintentionally stumbled upon its discovery? In the 1960s, Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias were measuring the brightness of the sky with their radio telescope. No matter where they pointed it, they picked up an inexplicable droning sound. What initially sounded like a mistake ended up being the discovery of a lifetime.
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Hubble sequence

The Hubble sequence is a morphological classification scheme for galaxies invented by Edwin Hubble in 1926.It is often known colloquially as the Hubble tuning fork diagram because of the shape in which it is traditionally represented.Hubble’s scheme divides regular galaxies into 3 broad classes – ellipticals, lenticulars and spirals – based on their visual appearance .A fourth class contains galaxies with an irregular appearance.
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Author(s): Cosmo0
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Edwin Hubble And His Landmark Discoveries

The Big Bang In Numbers

The most popular theory as to how our Universe was formed is the Big Bang theory. But what is the big bang theory? Learn all you need to know about it in this episode of Alltime Facts.
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10 Alternatives To The Big Bang Theory

The Big Bang theory is so often proclaimed as the likeliest cause of our Universe's existence. But there are alternatives theories that deserve to be looked in to. Here are 10 of the best!
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Astronomer Katey Alatalo talks about the Hubble sequence of galaxies and Edwin Hubble's discoveries. Watch the full Carnegie Institution for Science lecture: http://f4a.tv/1TkHVsZ

Edwin Hubble

Explaining The Big Bang One TRILLIONTH Of A Second At A Time

Episode 4 of 5
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The universe is everything we can see and as far as we can see. For years we've been trying to figure out how it all began, but have we finally figured out how everything came to be?
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Previous Episode:
What Is Dark Matter’s Role In The Formation Of Galaxies?: https://youtu.be/vkMlH-6msfQ?list=PLwwOk5fvpuuLUsdHbX81DIAsiBqQrilX_
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Sources:
Brief History Of The Universe:
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBhistory.html
“The Planck time: 10-43 seconds. After this time gravity can be considered to be a classical background in which particles and fields evolve following quantum mechanics."
What Is the Big Bang Theory?:
http://www.space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html
“The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began. At its simplest, it talks about the universe as we know it starting with a small singularity, then inflating over the next 13.8 billion years to the cosmos that we know today."
How Are Light And Heavy Elements Formed?:
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/84-the-universe/stars-and-star-clusters/nuclear-burning/402-how-are-light-and-heavy-elements-formed-advanced
“The lightest elements (hydrogen, helium, deuterium, lithium) were produced in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis. According to the Big Bang theory, the temperatures in the early universe were so high that fusion reactions could take place."
Planck Mission Brings Universe Into Sharp Focus:
http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/mar/HQ_13-079_Planck_Mission.html
“The Planck space mission has released the most accurate and detailed map ever made of the oldest light in the universe, revealing new information about its age, contents and origins."
How the Big Bang Theory Works:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/astronomy-terms/big-bang-theory4.htm
“Because of the limitations of the laws of science, we can't make any guesses about the instant the universe came into being. Instead, we can look at the period immediately following the creation of the universe."
The Universe Is 13.82 Billion Years Old:
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/03/21/age_of_the_universe_planck_results_show_universe_is_13_82_billion_years.html
“The Universe is a wee bit older than we thought. Not only that, but turns out the ingredients are a little bit different, too. And not only that, but the way they’re mixed isn’t quite what we expected, either."
The Big Bang:
http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/
“Astronomers combine mathematical models with observations to develop workable theories of how the Universe came to be."
First Light & Reionization:
http://jwst.nasa.gov/firstlight.html
“Why is a powerful infrared observatory key to seeing the first stars and galaxies that formed in the universe? Why do we even want to see the first stars and galaxies that formed?"
Our Expanding Universe: Age, History & Other Facts:
http://www.space.com/52-the-expanding-universe-from-the-big-bang-to-today.html
“The universe was born with the Big Bang as an unimaginably hot, dense point. When the universe was just 10-34 of a second or so old — that is, a hundredth of a billionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second in age — it experienced an incredible burst of expansion known as inflation, in which space itself expanded faster than the speed of light."
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Just For Fun! - Astronomy (14) How Did They Figure Out The Age of The Universe?

Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures!
In this video I will explain out astronomers (Edwin Hubble) calculated the age of the universe.
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Amazing Plan - Distressed by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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The Man the Hubble Space Telescope was Named After

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The man behind the name is Edwin Hubble. Born in 1886, Hubble enjoyed books like Jules Verne’s 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, perhaps a prelude to his lifelong dedication to science and astronomy. His family initially lived in Missouri, but moved to Chicago when he was just ten years old.
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Sources:
http://www.mtwilson.edu/his/art/g1a4.php
http://www.biography.com/people/edwin-hubble-9345936
http://www.edwinhubble.com/hubble_bio_001.htm
https://www.spacetelescope.org/about/history/the_man_behind_the_name/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble

Edwin Hubble - The Eyes Behind the Telescope - HD

Explore the man behind the name, Edwin Hubble, and the great observations he made in order to take us further and understand more about the way we view space in modern day Astrology.
What did Hubble discover? How did He take us further? what changes did Hubble bring to Modern day Astrology?
Edwin Powell Hubble was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as one of the most important observational cosmologists of the 20th century.
Read more about Edwin here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble
http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/edwin_hubble.php
All footage sourced from HubbleCast

Edwin Hubble and and His Observation of Other Galaxies Outside of the Milky Way

Edwin Hubble, the Hubble Telescope and the Expansion of the Universe.

A brief walk-through of Edwin Hubble's observations, the Hubble Telescopes observations, and how they have contributed to the idea of an expanding universe.

Edwin Hubble's discovery that the universe is expanding changed not only the way we think of the universe, but also how we understand the passage of time. Bill Nye the Science Guy explains...
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Transcript - Marty Behsman: Bill. How are you doing? My name is Marty Behsman. I'm from Boston Massachusetts, New England. My question for you is do you believe that as space expands it starts moving at a faster and less controlled rate? I've always wondered this given our ancestors had such a closer view of time and space than we have now and it seems to have been moving pretty much faster away from us than as they had says a huge view of galaxies and what they originally mapped out. Thank you very much.
Bill Nye: Marty. Marty. Marty. So you're asking a great question. Keep in mind that in my grandfather's time it was believed by a great many people that the universe was static, that it just is the way it's always been. It's big, some extraordinarily huge size and it had always been that way. Then in my father's time relativity was discovered and furthermore the expanding universe was discovered. It was discovered nominally or largely credited to Edwin Hubble and that's what we named the space telescope after Hubble because he was looking at the stars, he was an astronomer studying various types of stars and he could identify different types of stars and then realized that all of them of a certain type were moving farther away at a very high speed. And you determine this through this famous expiration the red shift. He noticed that the stars were slightly redder than he would have expected. And this he attributed to their speed stretching the wavelength of light out. It's amazing. And this was around 1927, 1928/29. Hubble realized the universe was expanding and this was consistent with certain aspects of relativity of Einstein's postulations or theories.
All right, well then, in your lifetime Marty, people discovered that the universe is not only expanding – in fact after Hubble made the discovery everybody presumed or question or tried to figure out at what rate the universe would slow down. In other words everybody figured there's gravity, there's a big - if everything is expanding it expanded from a place. And keep in mind the big insight is not just that the matter that you and I are made of and the sun is made of that space itself is expanding. It's a hard idea. If you're not troubled by this idea you're odd, but that space itself is expanding. And furthermore, it was presumed that it would slow down, that gravity would make things slow down in their expansion and people were trying to figure out that rate. But what they discovered around the year 2000, Nobel Prize I think was awarded in 2004, what they discovered is the universe is accelerating.
And do you know why it's exhilarating? Nobody knows why Marty and this is the fascination. This is a source that just makes us all crazy in a good way. And so in this mix now it's been discovered that there is about five times as much matter or whatever it is that we can't see that has come to be called dark matter. And it's about five times as much of that as there is of the stuff that you and I are made of. And you know why? Nobody knows why, but it's gravitational influence is of great significance when you start to study the cosmos. So you Marty are living at a time where the next great discovery about the expansion of the universe, the nature of space and time is understood. You may be here when the next amazing world changing insight in astrophysics or physics or science is made. So when you go to vote Marty vote to support basic research because these discoveries are important to us. That's how we have nuclear power plants. It's how we have the Internet is understanding this physics of subatomic particles and how they relate to the physics of the cosmos, our place in space. And so who knows what the next great discovery will lead to, but it's worth pursuing because we all want to know where we came from. We want to know where we fit in the cosmos, our place in space. Cool question. Carry on!

There's a problem with the Big Bang Theory.
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Now that we have a primer on the aspects of the Big Bang Theory that we know definitely happened, let’s look further into what we don’t yet know, and how the theory could progress in the future. Since there is a discrepancy between general relativity and quantum mechanics, we continue to search for a grand unifying theory... one which may finally lead to a description of the actual moment of the Big Bang! On this week's Space Time, Matt describes what specifically needs fixing within the current theory, and the reasons why.
FURTHER READING:
Electroweak Era
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_epoch
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ElectroMechaCat
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPStj2ZuXug&lc=z13iinc5vyemsbk5l04cjrbalxjqd5pgzcw
Kalakashi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPStj2ZuXug&lc=z13ov1c4ipqydv0cm235ydgjszy2jpzou04
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPStj2ZuXug&lc=z12jgfjafmufg54fj23od1ibvny4jpl5404
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Edwin Powell Hubble was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as one of the most important observational cosmologists of the 20th century.
Hubble is known for showing that the recessional velocity of a galaxy increases with its distance from the earth, implying the Universe is expanding, a law of physics known as "Hubble's law".
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How physics lets us rewind time to the beginning of the universe.
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We pretty much know for sure that the universe was once extremely small, and extremely hot. And we know that something set it in motion, expanding rapidly and continuing to do-so today. But the actual moment of ‘the Big Bang’ is still a bit of a grey area within physics. The theories of general relativity and quantum mechanics disagree on this pivotal “beginning of time,” and physicists continue to search for an all-encompassing theory to unify the study of our universe. On this week’s Space Time, we begin to discuss the current state of the Big Bang Theory, and where it could go from here.
FURTHER READING:
Overview of Big Bang theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
Timeline of the Big Bang
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronol...
MinutePhysics made a truly superb video on what the Big Bang really is:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q3MWR...
Kurzgesagt does a great job describing some of the events of the very early universe:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNDGg...
_____________________
COMMENTS:
Brendon Binns
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw-i_VKd6Wo&lc=z12ivbbraz3xxdwj304citqwksadvr2pkik
David Mulyk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw-i_VKd6Wo&lc=z12wjbig0kq0z5gni22mgbdquvztil2ti
John Proctor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw-i_VKd6Wo&lc=z123yzqjqtvkxvcil04cjnjzkx3fufiisac
Lawrence Stanley
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw-i_...
______________________
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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Decades before the Hubble Space Telescope, Dr. Edwin Powell Hubble revolutionised the field of astronomy. Take a look at the life and work of this brilliant American astronomer for whom the Hubble Space Telescope is named. From Hubblecast.

Edwin Hubble was a man ahead of his time. For him, only astronomy really mattered. He took advantage of the opportunity given to him to use the most advanced telescope of his time to determine the truth behind the most distant clouds of light visible to Earth-based observers. His major discoveries changed our knowledge of our place in the universe forever. His determination that the universe is expanding served as the foundation for the Big Bang Theory, which proposes that the entire universe started as an intense energy bust occurring at a single moment of time. He made observations and drew intelligent assumptions from it. In the process, he founded a new discipline that has now contributed much to our knowledge the forces and the nature of matter that make up the universe.
Hubble’s work offered evidence that changed humankind’s perception of the universe. He wanted to find something unexpected, and he did so admirably. The impact of his declaration that the galaxies are hurtling away from each other, and that the space between them is expanding as time goes by can be felt until now. The proponents of the Big Bang Theory used Hubble’s observations in setting down their basic assumptions. Modern astrophysicists theorize that as a consequence of this expansion, it is possible that at a certain point, this instability will lead to a reversal of the expansion and the universe itself will end in a Big Crunch. Another theory presents the possibility of an unending expansion that will also lead to the death of the universe due to cooling and distension. In “A Brief History of Time,” Stephen Hawking, the preeminent British astrophysicist stated that Hubble’s discovery of the expanding universe was “one of the great intellectual revolutions of the 20th century.”
Good biography of Edwin Hubble: "A Short Biography of the Astronomer Edwin Hubble" Doug West. http://amzn.to/2CNcxOA

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