Cellular Respiration and Energy Creation

-is the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process as weak so-called "high-energy" bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products. Respiration is one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy to fuel cellular activity. Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox" \o "Redox" redox reaction which releases heat. The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, most of which are redox reactions themselves. Although technically, cellular respiration is a combustion reaction, it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell due to slow release of energy from the series of reactions.
3 STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION GLYCOLYSISGlycolysis is the first of the three steps used to breakdown glucose to produce ATP. Glucose, a 6 carbon sugar, is split into two 3 carbon sugars. The 3 carbon sugars are then oxidized and their remaining atoms reaarranged to form two molecules of pyruvate. There are 2 distinct phases of Glycolysis:

1.PREPARATORY PHASE: Energy in glucose cannot be readily released unless energy from ATP if added first. In this phase, 2 ATP are added to the reaction, producing a glucose molecule with two phosphate groups. The phosphate groups make glucose less stable and ready for chemical...

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...CellularRespiration
Just like we need energy to get through the day, individual cells need energy for survival too. Cellularrespiration is the process by which cells get their energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of cellularrespiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration is more efficient and can be utilized in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen. Many organisms (or cells) will use aerobic respiration primarily, however, if there is a limited oxygen supply they can utilize anaerobic respiration for survival. Although there are some organisms (or cells) that always require anaerobic respiration and others that will always require aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration has fewer steps, so let’s start there.
Anaerobic Respiration
The first step in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration is called glycolysis. This is the process of taking one glucose (sugar) molecule and breaking it down into pyruvate and energy (2 ATP). We will discuss this in depth during aerobic respiration.
The second step in anaerobic respiration is called fermentation. Fermentation starts with pyruvate (the end product of glycolysis). Depending on...

...CellularRespirationCellularrespiration is a chemical process that produces adenosine triphosphate, or otherwise known as ATP for energy that is also needed to survive. It leaves waste products, carbon dioxide and water, which is needed for photosynthesis, a process that only plants use. Production of ATP through the process of cellularrespiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cytosol inside plant and animal cells. Cellularrespiration occurs in three stages, Glycolysis, which happens in the cytosol, Krebs cycle, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria, and electron transport chain, which happens in the cristae of the mitochondria. The first stage of this process is Glycolysis:
Glycolysis first breaks down a glucose molecule, which is a very important sugar molecule for living things. Since glucose is a six-carbon molecule, it splits into two pyruvic acids (pyruvate). In this stage, two ATP molecules are used and four ATP molecules are made, so it makes a sum of two ATP molecules. Pyruvic acid gives high-energy electrons to NAD positive which makes two NADH. In conclusion, glycolysis produced two ATP molecules, two NADH, and two pyruvate molecules.
The Krebs cycle, the second stage of respiration, first starts with breaking down pyruvic acid from the glycolysis into Acetyl CoA. It is to make the...

...Name________Darrien Bolding_____________ Date________________
CellularRespiration Webquest Worksheet
(from: http://zunal.com/webquest.php?user=19049)
Directions: Answer in your own words behind or under the questions. Do not copy and paste unless told to do so and then use quotes.
Part I. Process Overview
http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/cellresp/respintro.html Read the entire page! These questions are not in order!
How is cellularrespiration like combustion (burning)? [2nd paragraph]
Its releasing energy.
How is cellularrespiration unlike combustion?
The molecules from which we harvest energy give up their energy in a controlled fashion rather than all at once as what happens in a fire.
What is the point of cellularrespiration?
To harvest electrons from organic compounds.
What is ATP?
Organic compounds such as glucose and use that energy to make a molecule.
Copy the picture of its molecular formula, copy the web page address and put it next to the picture.
[pic] http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/cellresp/respintro.html
Write the general formula for aerobic respiration. [You may copy but again you must have the web page next to it.]
[pic]...

...W0Associate Program Material
Cell Energy Worksheet
Answer the following questions:
Cellularrespiration:
• What is cellularrespiration and what are its three stages?
Cellularrespiration is a way cells store food and energy, a catabolic pathway for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The cellularrespiration happens in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The three stages are Glycolysis, Citric cycle, and electron transport.
• What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur?
Glycolysis splits the sugar that goes in to the cell. Then in converts in to energy the cell need. It does not need oxygen to occur.
• What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur?
Citric acid occurs after glycolysis process, high energy electrons are produced. It occurs only when oxygen is present but does not always use it.
• What is the role of the electron transport system? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur?
Electron transportation system requires oxygen. It’s a series of electrons carriers in the membrane of the mitochondria.
Photosynthesis:
• What is the overall goal of photosynthesis?...

...Associate Program Material
Cell Energy Worksheet
Answer the following questions:
Cellularrespiration:
• What is cellularrespiration and what are its three stages? Cellularrespiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions that involve the redox reaction (oxidation of one molecule and the reduction of another. Respiration is one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy to fuel cellular changes. The three stages of memory are sensory (immediate), short-term, and long-term memory.
• What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? They are used to raise the energy content of the reactants in the first and third steps of glycolysis (glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-diphosphate). Chemical reactions proceed more "easily" when they go from a high-energy state to a lower-energy state. Another way of saying it that they become "more reactive," since the ATPs are supplying the activation energy for the reactions.
• What is the role of the...

...Reuben Sarwal
AP Lab 4
Determining the rate of CellularRespiration Using Germinating and Dry Peas
Purpose: To determine the rate of cellularrespiration using dry and germinating peas.
Introduction: In this lab, we are investing cellularrespiration, specifically aerobic cellularrespiration. Aerobic cellularrespiration is the process by which cells consume oxygen during the oxidation of glucose and produce CO2 as a byproduct. During cellularrespiration, glucose is split into a 6 carbon sugar, G3P through the use of 2 ATP, and then G3P is oxidized to form a 3 carbon molecule, pyruvate. This process is known as glycolosis. After glycolosis, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is converted into Acetyl CoA. This is done because pyruvate’s carboxyl group is oxidized and given off as CO2 and the remaining pyruvate is oxidized to form acetate. Coenzyme A is then attached to the acetate through the help of sulfur. Acetyl CoA then enters the Citric Acid Cycle where NADH and FADH2 are produced and enter the ETC where oxygen, the final electron acceptor, oxidizes NADH and FADH2 to form water. This equation: C6H12O6 + 6 O2-------→6 CO2 + H2O shows how glucose is oxidized and the different ways of measuring cellularrespiration. For this lab, we will be measuring the amount of oxygen...

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Principles of CellularRespiration
Ashley Flannigan
November 5th, 2013
Professor Ryan
BSC2010 Lab
Fall 2013
2220
ABSTRACT
Students in a Biology 1 lab class constructed an experiment on CellularRespiration by investigating the effects of temperature on crickets’ metabolic rate. By following the following procedures out of the Lab Manual, the students were able to find an almost accurate representation of the crickets’ cellularrespiration rate under various temperatures in order to produce CO2. The crickets used in the experiment provided a prime example of how ectothermic critters use heat as their source of energy to metabolize their food.
INTRODUCTION PAGE
A perpetual source of energy is a vital role in all organisms to preform their metabolic functions. The precise process in which extracts energy from the following organic nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are expended as fuel to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This process is cellularrespiration, which is also referred to as aerobic respiration involves both aerobic and anaerobic respiration that occurs in the mitochondria of a cell. There are three stages of cellularrespiration which can also be considered, energy harvesting. The first stage of...