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An Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA) is a new requirement for foreign nationals from visa-exempt countries arriving in Canada by air, whether to visit the country directly or to pass through in transit.

Reframing the Debate Over Expat Voting

In a 2-1 ruling, the Ontario Court of Appeal overturned a decision that would allow 1.4 million Canadians who have been studying, working and living abroad the right to vote.

The two justices that voted to uphold federal voting restrictions based their entire ruling on a new argument put forward by the federal government about the social contract. They argue that the social contract is a citizen’s right to elect a Member of Parliament to represent them and their obligation to obey the laws that are enacted.

According to Chief Justice George Strathy and Justice David Brown, “permitting non-resident Canadians the right to vote would allow them to participate in making laws that affect Canadian residents on a daily basis, but have little to no practical consequence on their daily lives. This would erode the social contract and undermine the legitimacy of the laws.”

Both justices rely heavily on a new argument of a highly theoretical nature as valid grounds for taking away the fundamental right of citizens to vote. Interestingly, both justices were appointed to the Court of Appeal in 2013 and 2014 respectively by Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s government.

“Non-residents have the same obligation to obey the laws that affect them as do residents. Non-residents pay Canadian income tax on their Canadian income, and property tax on any real property they may own in Canada,” said dissenting judge, John Laskin, who was appointed by Prime Minister Jean Chretien’s government in 1994.

The so-called “social contract argument” is not mentioned in the application where the judge ruled that the voting ban is unconstitutional, nor in the stay motion which was heard last year. This argument has nothing to do with why Parliament extended and restricted voting rights for Canadians abroad.

Analysis of parliamentary debates, committee reports and members’ statements revealed that in discussions on enfranchising Canadians residing abroad, parliamentarians expressed discomfort not knowing the exact number of Canadians abroad, how connected they are to Canada, or whether the elections will be decided by people who have been away for 25 years or more.

The paranoia over the idea that expatriates have differing loyalties or that the expatriate votes will somehow completely change the tide of an election in any given year is not backed by evidence. Analysis of voter turnout of expatriates in the past five federal elections in Canada found that expatriate voter turnout is very low.

Voter turnout among Canadians abroad has also decreased over time. While these data may establish that a very small percentage of Canadians abroad vote, this does not mean they should be denied the right to vote. There are other problems that likely contribute to the low turnout such as the fact that Canadian parties do not outreach to expats and that voting abroad is a difficult process.

In prior elections, expatriate votes have had minimal ability to influence the outcome of Canadian elections, but with over 2.9 million Canadians abroad they are a significant constituency that should not be dismissed and ignored. With polls suggesting a tight three-way race in the general election on October 19, expatriates might have made a difference in closely contested ridings.

It is impossible to know how Canadians abroad vote because Elections Canada lumps their votes with prisoners and military members who use special ballots. While the votes of expats, prisoners and military members lumped together show strong support for conservative candidates, it is possible that the expats among them vote differently.

Americans living outside of the country have the right to vote no matter how long they have been abroad, providing they pay taxes. The right to vote expires in the United Kingdom after 15 years abroad. This is three times longer than what Canada permits even though Canada is part of the Commonwealth.

Australian citizens abroad are allowed to vote so long as they intend to return to Australia within six years. In New Zealand, there is a three-year limit but the clock is reset every time citizens visit the country.

The five-year limit in Canada is an arbitrary number and is unnecessarily difficult. Canadians need to resume residency to regain their right to vote abroad.

The right to vote is a fundamental right of citizenship that is protected by the Charter and does not depend on place of residence. The five-year limitation does not conform to the 21st-century demands of globalization. While there is currently an NDP-sponsored bill to repeal the provision that limits voting rights for Canadians abroad as unconstitutional, it is possible that the judgment of two Ontario appellate judges could be overturned on appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada.