Monday, May 01, 2006

This post is directed at those atheists (and others) who attempt to defend morality in terms of rational self-interest.

It is not that this is wrong, but that it confuses people.

There are two possible meanings of this phrase 'self-interest'.

One of the meanings works, and one does not work. Unfortunately, the meaning that does not work is the meaning that comes first to the mind of most who hear this term. Furthermore, many (most) of those who use this term equivocate between the two meanings themselves. So the listener, who calls to mind the meaning that does not work, is told half of the time that this is the correct meaning, and the other half that it is not.

So, we have confusion.

The Distinction

The two meanings are:

(a) "Interests in self"

(b) "Interests of self"

Of these two, the second is a much larger set. Some of a person's interests are interests in the self -- interests in having more money, in being happy, in having certain experiences.

However, there are many "interests of the self" that are NOT "interests in the self". A person may be interested in the happiness of the friend, or in the well-being of a complete stranger. He may be willing to sacrifice his life for the sake of a child, or a country, or a principle. Such a person is still acting on his interests. However, these are interests of the self that are NOT interests in the self.

As an aside, I would further assert that interests relate directly to desires. Desires are propositional attitudes -- a 'desire that P' for some proposition P is an interest in creating or preserving a state of affairs in which 'P' is true. There are no interests without desires, and desire sits at the root of all interests.

The concept of "desires of the self" or "interests of the self" refers to the desires that an agent has, regardless of what they are for. If he has a desire that Latin be preserved as a living language then he has an interest in creating or preserving a state of affairs in which Latin continues to be a living language. Speaking in terms of propositional attitudes, the concept of "desires of the self" places no limit on the proposition 'P' that may serve as the object of a 'desire that P'.

The concept of "interests in the self," however, does place a limit on the set of propositions P that may serve as the object of a "desire that P." It states that those propositions P must contain a first-person indexical (they refer back to the self that is speaking), and seeks the 'benefit' of that person.

Clearly, the set of all propositions is larger then the set of propositions containing a first-person indexical and referring to the benefit of that person. That is to say, the set of 'interests of the self' is potentially much larger than the set of 'interests in the self.'

In addition, those who speak in terms of 'interests in the self' have another problem: they need to provide us with a meaningful account of the concept of a 'benefit'. What makes a particular state count as a 'benefit', and another state count as a 'harm'? This question must be answered if we are going to make sense of the phrase 'interests in the self' in terms of self-benefit.

The Confusion

Now that we have distinguished the two concepts, we can see where the confusion comes from when people use the phrase 'rational self-interest.'

I am going to assert that most people who hear or read the phrase, 'rational self-interest' immediately call to mind the narrower 'interests in the self' definition. To make matters worse, the 'rational self-interest' theorist often asserts this same definition. Then the listener/reader starts to raise all sorts of objections to this 'interests in the self' concept. In responding to this, the 'rational self-interest' theorist equivocates. He switches to the concept of 'interests of the self' to defend himself from objections to the 'interests in the self' concept, claiming that this is what he meant all along. Yet, when asked for a specific definition, the defender of rational self-interest goes right back to using the 'interests in the self' definition.

After which, the listener walks away mumbling to himself, 'those guys are nuts.'

I hold that the meaning of a phrase is determined by what it calls up in the mind of its expected audience. A person who uses a term in a way that is not standard for that audience needs to specify that definition. 'Rational self-interest' used when addressing average readers calls to mind 'interests in the self.' If the speaker does not intend to use that definition, he should specify the definition he does intend to use.

Rational Interests Of The Self

If you read about somebody talking about the relationship between morality and ‘rational self-interest’, see if you can determine whether the author is talking about ‘interests in self’ or ‘interests of self’ – and even whether he recognizes the distinction.

If he is using the concept of ‘interest in self,’ recognize that a great many reasons for action exist and have just as much influence on human action – just as much importance to the people who have those reasons – that are not being considered in his philosophy.

And if he is using the concept of ‘interests of self’, see if you think his use of the term ‘self-interest’ in this sense confuses or clarifies the issue.

5 comments:

Alonzo, this all depends on how you are using the term "self-interest." If you are using it merely to mean "interest held by a self" (i.e. "interest held by a person") then of course there is nothing necessarily wrong with that. If there were, then that would make all interest (for in order for an interest to exist it would have to be held by at least one self) wrong, including the interest to help others, which is clearly not wrong.

If, however, you are using "self-interest" to mean "self-centeredness" then what you say is incorrect. Self-centeredness would be another category, call it (a'): "Interest for self" (i.e., "interest for oneself").

Your category (a) ought to be labeled as "conceit" or "narcissism" and would be a sub-category of (a'), or "self-centeredness," which, in turn, is a sub-category of (c), or "self-interest," assuming self-interest is understood innocuously as meaning "interest held by a self." But given that innocuous interpretation of self-interest it would be fallacious to make the transition from "self-interest isn't wrong" to "self-centeredness isn't wrong."

Alonzo, You characterize "interests in the self" as a subset of "interests of the the self", and differentiate the two by the presence or lack of a reference back to the self (desire). I do not disagree that the overall topic of "rational self-interest" can be muddied by arguments that do not fully take this difference into account. However, I would assert that "interest in the self" is not a subset of "interest of the self", but rather the root of desire, and thus the root of "interests of the self".

A person that is "interested in the happiness of a friend" does not do so separate from selfish desires, but as a result of them. Those desires may stem from a feeling of empathy, or because they don't want to listen to their friend whine, or perhaps out of fear that the friend will ask for help. Whatever the reason their are no desires (interests) that do not originate in the self. Admittedly, society tends to place a higher value on the empathetic reason. But, this is an arbitrary or relative value attribution, no different than say, placing a higher value on faith as apposed to reason. The origin of the desire still rests with making the self feel better.

By the way, I wouldn't bother to comment at all if I didn't find your writing thought provoking even (especially?) when I don't entirely agree with it. (This, of course, was a self serving addendum to ease my feelings of guilt over seemingly only posting negative comments to your writings.)

Note: In my last sentence I used the phrase "self-interest isn't wrong." Taking self-interest to mean "interest held by a self," that particular phrase (in my last sentence) should be "self-interest isn't necessarily wrong," because in the case that a self-interest (innocuously understood) also falls under sub-category (a')—that is, is self-centered—then, I would argue, it is wrong. Also, when I said category (c) in my last post, I mean category (b).

Alonzo, because self-interest is normally understood as meaning self-centeredness, I think it would wiser if you used the less confusing, more general "interest" for your (b) category, where it is understood that the "interest" is an interest held by some self. That interest can then be understood to be either self-centered or selfless.

Hi All;As a professor of Biology, Anatomy and Microbiology, I can place the theory of interest of the self as a biological function innate to all living organisms. Every living thing from the simplest single cell bacteria to mammals have what I call 4 innate processes that are passed down from generation to generation and programmed into every living thing. They are:1. All living things seek energy aka food. 2. After energy needs are met all living things reproduce if sexually mature3. All living things conserve energy - if you don't use it you lose it.4. All living things respond to the stresses of their environment.

These are universal truths so interest of the self is a characteristic of life itself. On the other-hand interest in the self is acquired through life experiences (see number 4) and governed by individual preferences at the moment of exposure to a stimulus. This explains why in a dangerous situation, a person will always first choose self preservation actions (interest of the self) and an instant later perhaps will override that instinct and choose a different course of action (interest in the self)that will produce a outcome meaninful to the person.

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When I was in high school, I decided that I wanted to leave the world better off than it would have been if I had not existed. This started a quest, through 12 years of college and on to today, to try to discover what a "better" world consists of. I have written a book describing that journey that you can find on my website. In this blog, I will keep track of the issues I have confronted since then.