Music Technology 2

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Transcript of Music Technology 2

MUSIC TECHNOLOGY 2THE Science of SoundKEY TERMSThe Sound waveThe CompressorDynamics ProcessorThreshold- Sets the DB level that opens gateRATIO-Sets ratio for expanderOPEN/CLOSE LEDTHRESHOLD-Sets DB level that activates Compression processRATIO-Sets The ratio of CompressionATTACK-Sets speed compression beginsRELEASE-sets speed compression stopsOUTPUT-Increases gain in order to make-up for gain lost during compression processGAIN REDUCTION LEDs-show the amount of volume lost due to compressionTHRESHOLD LEDsshow when volume reaches thresholdSTEREO COUPLE-links Channel one & Channel two together for stereo compressionOutput InputSIDECHAIN INSERTAmplitudeFrequencyPhaseWavelength/Cycle Reflects the change in pressure from the peak of the waveform to the trough. High-amplitude waveforms are loud; low-amplitude waveforms are quiet. Amplitude intensity is measured in decibels Describes a single, repeated sequence of pressure changes, from zero pressure, to high pressure, to low pressure, and back to zero. As frequency increases wavelength decreases.Measured in hertz (Hz), describes the number of cycles per second. (For example, a 1000-Hz waveform has 1000 cycles per second.) The higher the frequency, the higher the musical pitch.Human hearing extends from 20hz to 20,000hz.Measured in 360 degrees, indicates the position of a waveform in a cycle. Zero degrees is the start point, followed by 90º at high pressure, 180º at the halfway point, 270º at low pressure, and 360º at the end point.A. Wavelength

WHAT IS A SOUND WAVE?CompressionRarefactionAn energy wave of compression and rarefaction, by which sound is propagated in an elastic medium such as air.ComplexWaveformsine wave 1sine wave 2COMPRESSION- particles are very close to one another as compared to normal position..RAREFACTION-particles of the medium are far apart from the normal position.

Phase Cancellation Phase cancellation occurs when two signals of the same frequency are out of phase with each other resulting in a net reduction in the overall level of the combined signal. If two identical signals are 100% or 180 degrees out of phase they will completely cancel one another if combined.Sound waves exist as variations of pressure in a medium such as air. They are created by the vibration of an object, which causes the air surrounding it to vibrate. The vibrating air then causes the human eardrum to vibrate, which the brain interprets as sound.MORE ON FREQUENCYRange of Human hearing 20 hz to 20,000 hz1hz toneExamples include- Shure SM58 & SM57

Rejection of room acoustics,background noise, and leakage.

Better gain-before-feedback in a sound-reinforcement system

Broad-angle pickup of sources in front of the microphone

Maximum rejection of sound approaching the rear of the microphone

Variations :Hyper -CardioidSuper- CardioidMicrophone Polar PatternsCardioidAn omni pattern picks up sound equally from all directions, which is useful for: recording choirsgroups of musicians, and also for capturing the natural room ambiance.Microphone Polar PatternsPicks up an equal response from the front and the rear of the microphone but offers excellent sound rejection from both sides or ‘off-axis’.Microphone Polar PatternsLive Vocal- things to consider;

Two sounds can sound different even if they have the same frequency and amplitude. Example – Piano vs. violin• We hear the difference as difference in timbre• This is especially important for human speech distinguish phones/phonemes sounds because it allows us to identify and distinguish phones/phonemes.It is also important in audio production for the same reasonsRibbon MicrophonesThe clarinet has large amounts of the third, fifth, and seventh harmonic, and less of the second fourth and sixth.The trumpet has a large amount of the third harmonic and some from the second, fourth, and fifth along with the fundamental. Harmonics are tones whose frequencies are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency of the wave. For example if an A is played at 440 Hz the frequencies of the harmonies will be 880Hz, 1320 Hz, and so on. The relative amplitude of these harmonics determine the timbre of the tone.