I don’t know if I will ever use this at work but I was reading up on Let’s Encrypt and ACME Certificate Authorities and decided to play with it for my home lab. A bit of work went behind the scenes into the above stuff so here’s some notes.

First off, ACME Certificates are all about automation. You get certificates that are valid for only 90 days, and the idea is that every 60 days you renew them automatically. So the typical approach of a CA verifying your identity via email doesn’t work. All verification is via automated methods like a DNS record or HTTP query, and you need some tool to do all this for you. There’s no website where you go and submit a CSR or get a certificate bundle to download. Yeah, shocker! In the ACME world everything is via clients, a list of which you can find here. Most of these are for Linux or *nix, but there are a few Windows ones too (and if you use a web server like Caddy you even get HTTPS out of the box with Let’s Encrypt).

To dip my feet I started with Certify a Web, a GUI client for all this. It was fine, but didn’t hook me on much and so I moved to Posh-ACME a purely PowerShell CLI tool. I’ve liked this so far.

Apart from installing the tool via something like Install-Module -Name Posh-ACME there’s some background work that needs to be done. A good starting point is the official Quick Start followed by the Tutorial. What I go into below is just a rehash for myself of what’s already in the official docs. :)

Requesting a certificate via Posh-ACME is straightforward. Essentially, if I want a certificate for a domain ’sso.raxnet.global’ I would do something like this:

At this point I’d have to go and make the specified TXT record. The command will wait 2 mins and then check for the existence of the TXT record. Once it finds it the certificates are generated and all is good. (If it doesn’t find the record it keeps waiting; or I can Ctrl+C to cancel it). My ACME account will be admin@rakhesh.com and the certificate tied to that.

If I want to be super lazy, this is all I need to do! :) Run this command every 60 days or so (worst case every 89 days), update the _acme-challenge.domain TXT record as requested (the random value changes each time), and bam! I am done.

If I want to automate it however I need to do some more stuff. Specifically, 1) you need to be on a DNS provider that gives you an API to update its records, and 2) hopefully said DNS provider is on the Posh-ACME supported list. If so, all is good. I use Azure DNS for my domain, and instructions for using Azure DNS are already in their documentation. If I were on a DNS provider that didn’t have APIs, or for whatever reason if I wanted to use a different DNS provider to my main domain, I can even make use of CNAMEs. I like this CNAME idea, so even though I could have used my primary zone hosted in Azure DNS I decided to make another zone in Azure DNS and down the CNAME route.

So, here’s how the CNAME thing works. Notice above Posh-ACME asked me to create a record called _acme-challenge.sso.raxnet.global? Basically for every domain you are requesting a certificate for (including a name in the Subject Alternative Name (SAN)), you need to create a _acme-challenge.<domain> TXT record with the random challenge given by ACME. However, what you can also do is say have a separate domain like for example ‘acme.myotherdomain’ and I can pre-create CNAME records like _acme-challenge.<whatever>.mymaindomain -> <whatever>.myotherdomain such that when the validation process looks for _acme-challenge.<whatever>.mydomain it will follow it through to <whatever>.myotherdomain and update & verify the record there. So my main domain never gets touched by any automatic process; only this other domain that I setup (which can even be a sub-domain of my main domain) is where all the automatic action happens.

In my case I created a CNAME from sso.raxnet.global to sso.acme.raxnet.global (where acme.raxnet.global is my Azure DNS hosted zone). I have to create the CNAME record before hand but I don’t need to make any TXT records in the acme.raxnet.global zone – that happens automatically.

To automate things I then made a service account (aka “App registrations” in Azure-speak) whose credentials I could pass on to Posh-ACME, and whose rights were restricted. The Posh-ACME documentation has steps on creating a custom role in Azure to just update TXT records; I was a bit lazy here and simply made a new App Registration via the Azure portal and delegated it “DNS Contributor” rights to the zone.

Not shown in the screenshot, after creating the App Registration I went to its settings and also assigned a password.

That done, the next step is to collect various details such as the subscription ID & tenant ID & and the App Registration name and password into a variable. Something like this:

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$azParams=@{

AZSubscriptionId=‘REPLACE ME';

AZTenantId=‘REPLACE ME';

AZAppCred=(Get-Credential)

}

This is a one time thing as the credentials and details you enter here are then stored in the local profile. This means renewals and any new certificate requests don’t require the credentials etc. to be passed along as long as they use the same DNS provider plugin.

That’s it really. This is the big thing you really have to do to make the DNS part automated. Assuming I have already filling in the $azParams hash-table as above (by copy-pasting it into a PowerShell window after filling in the details and then entering the App Registration name and password when prompted) I can request a new certificate thus:

The -PluginArgs switch passes along the arguments this plugin expects; in this case the credentials etc. I filled into the $azParams hash-table

The -DnsAlias switch specifies the CNAME records to update; you specify one for each domain. For example, in this case ‘sso.raxnet.global’ will be aliased to ‘sso.acme.raxnet.global’ so the latter is what the DNS plugin will go and update. If I specified two domains e.g. ‘sso.raxnet.global’,’sso2.raxnet.global’ (an array of domains) then I would have had to specify two aliases ‘sso.acme.raxnet.global’,’sso2.acme.raxnet.global’ OR I could just specify one alias ‘sso.acme.raxnet.global’ provided I have created CNAMES from both domains to this same entry, and the plugin will use this alias for both domains. My first example at the beginning of this post does exactly that.

That’s it! To renew my certs I have to use the Submit-Renewal cmdlet. I don’t even need to run it manually. All I need do is create a scheduled task to run the cmdlet Submit-Renewal -AllAccounts to renew all my certificates tied to the current profile (so if I have certificates under two different accounts – e.g. admin@rakhesh.com and admin2@rakhesh.com but both are in the same Windows account where I am running this cmdlet from, both accounts would have their certs renewed).

What I want to try next is how to get these certs updated with Exchange and ADFS. Need to figure out if I can automatically copy these downloaded certs to my Exchange and ADFS servers.

I had encountered this in my testlab but never bothered much coz it was just my testlab after all. But now I am dabbling with certificates at work and hit upon the same issue.

The issue is that if I create a certificate for mymachine.fqdn but I visit the machine at just mymachine, then I get an error. So how can I tell the certificate that the shorter name (and any other aliases I may have) are also valid? Turns out you need to use the Subject Alternative Name (SAN) field for that!

You can’t add a SAN field to an existing certificate. Got to create a new one. In my case I had simply requested a domain certificate from my IIS server and that doesn’t give any option to specify the SAN.

Instructions for creating a new certificate with SAN field are here and here. The latter has screenshots, so check that out first. In my case, at the step where I select “Web Server” I wasn’t getting “Web Server” as an option. I was only getting “Computer”. Looking into this, I realized it’s coz of the permissions difference. The “Web Server” template only has Domain Admins and Enterprise Admins in its ACLs, while the “Computer” template had Domain Computers too with “Enrol” rights. The fix is simple – go the Manage Templates and change the ACL of “Web Server” accordingly. (You could also use ADSI Edit and edit the ACL in the Configuration section).

This post is based on a post by someone else that I found while I had to do this today. I wanted to configure NetScaler 10.5 with Citrix Storefront 3.9 and found that post useful, but some of the screenshots were different in my case – so thought I’d write it down for my future self. This post is going to be less on writing and more of screenshots as I am feeling very lazy.

So without much further ado –

Login to the NetScaler and create an RSA Key

1-2-3 as below.

Fill in the following fields and click “Create”.

The file name and extension doesn’t matter but we will refer to it later.

Create a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) on the NetScaler

Again, the request file name does not matter. The key filename & password is same as what we used earlier. There’s few more fields to fill – obvious ones like the organization name etc, the mandatory ones have an asterisk – then click “Create”.

Open the CSR

Click the link to view. Then click the link to “save text to a file”.

Login to your AD Certification Authority and submit the request

I am going to use the command line as the CSR doesn’t contain info on what template the CA should use, and that gives an error on the GUI: “0x80094801 – the request contains no certificate template information”.

Using the command line is simple. Open the command prompt and type the following:

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certreq-attrib"CertificateTemplate:WebServer"

This will prompt you for the location of the CSR and also the CA to use etc.

If you get any error about missing templates here, it’s possible you haven’t added the “Web Server” template to your CA templates. You can via this menu –

The command will also prompt for a location to save the generated certificate at. Save it someplace, then go back to the NetScaler.

Login to the NetScaler and install this certificate

Click the Install button as above. Then fill in the details as below. The certificate-key pair name does not matter. The certificate file name is chosen by clicking on “Browse”, then “Local”, and selecting the certificate file that you previously saved. The key file name and password are same as what you typed in the initial screenshot.