I think my settlement is somewhat stable now. I have a mine and quarry, so reliable sources of iron/coal/stone. The food supply seems pretty robust, I have three gatherer/forester stations along with two crop fields and everything seems to be chugging along fine. Should I expand some more (build more houses, farms, pastures, etc.) or should I start building some non-essential support buildings such as schools and churches?

3 Answers
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Students graduate at age 16 if they live next to the school. If they have to walk (back and forth) to the school, that walking time does not count toward education progress. This is why players are reporting 20 year old students.

Education gives the worker a ~50% productivity increase. However, education does not make a worker walk faster. This means that hunters, gatherers, foresters, laborers, vendors and tradesmen do not benefit much from education. Fishermen, miners, quarrymen, firewood cutter, blacksmith and tailor all benefit from education.

Having students locked up in school delays the creation of couples. This could tip a city that's on the edge into stagnation. If you have fewer than 10 children, you should probably be focused more on making more children, rather than education.

I think this analysis doesn't take into account the fact that, in small settlements, a one man job by an educated person has to be juggled between one and two uneducated people. This means that the people being switched have to travel to the new job and may not be in optimal housing for that new job.
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quillbreakerFeb 25 '14 at 18:32

Building a school and training students to completion causes the age of maturity in your town to move from 10 (months) to around 20. That means that for 2.5 years you will have people die of old age/other causes and not be replaced. If you can afford that, based on your stockpiles and productivity, it is advantageous to open a school.

There's almost no time too soon to build a school. Educated people are more efficient and also have less workplace related accidents. That's a force multiplier that's hard to pass up. As soon as your people aren't going to freeze or starve, put up the school.