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Gustave Hervé and the Great War

Michael B. Loughlin

In 1901 Gustave Hervé’s image of the tricolore planted in a dung pile made him
notorious. His career became etched into French consciousness when he subsequently
shifted from antimilitarism to chauvinism and, between 1914 and 1918, promoted “war to
the bitter end” to create a democratic, federated Europe. Because depopulation, alcoholism,
and materialism were perceived as threats before 1914, his national socialism shared
values with his idealistic prewar socialism. Though Hervé remained a religious skeptic until
1935, the image of an expiatory war was telling. He assailed anyone refusing to support
deliverance from Prussian militarism. Hervé’s wartime rhetoric soon included references
to a new Bonaparte, a resurrected Committee of Public Safety, or a military dictatorship to
save la patrie en danger, presaging his later authoritarian or dictatorial programs. Though
he stressed legality and deplored both violence and anti-Semitism, much in Hervé’s interwar
positions could be described as republican fascism.

The 2006 Lebanon War

Amnon Cavari and Itay Gabay

Local television news is the most-watched news source in America, yet we know very little about how local channels cover foreign events. In this article, we examine and compare the news coverage of the 2006 Lebanon War on local and network news channels in the United States. Applying Entman's framing functions, we find that the local news coverage of this war was significantly more supportive of the Israeli position compared to the coverage of the same event on network news. We suggest that this difference is due to features of the local newsroom, including economic and institutional constraints, as well as newsroom routines that result in the tendency of the local media to comply with the positions of the US authorities.

The Myth of a Long ‘Special Relationship’

Kilic Bugra Kanat

Turkey’s relationship with Israel has been mixed since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. Although Turkey was one of the first Muslim countries to recognize and initiate diplomatic relations with Israel soon after, improving bilateral relations never became a priority. During the Cold War years, the two main determinants of Turkish-Israeli relations were their status as pro-Western countries in the region and the Arab-Israel conflict, which directly and indirectly influenced Turkish foreign policy toward Israel. Efforts to improve relations during the Cold War were constantly interrupted by the Arab-Israel conflict and by Turkish public opinion regarding Israel’s regional policies. Until the restoration of full diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level following the 1992 Madrid Conference, secret diplomacy between the two countries was the norm. Attempts at forming a Turkish-Israeli alignment were short-lived during these years.

Remembering and Forgetting Crémieux during the Franco-Algerian War

Jessica Hammerman

Jewish leaders during the Franco-Algerian War (1954–1962) drastically
changed their statements on Jewish-Algerian identity, history, and status. Below,
we examine this shift by analyzing their statements about Adolphe Crémieux, the
namesake of the decree that gave Algerian Jews French citizenship in 1870.
Between 1954 and 1962, Jewish leaders went from adulation to dismissal as they
discussed the man and his legacy. Analyzing statements about Crémieux brings
into sharp relief the Jews’ legal situation in Algeria, which arbitrarily changed at
certain moments. A look at these statements also reveals the instability of the
French colonial system in Algeria. The first part of this article argues that the
Crémieux Decree—already fundational to Jewish-Algerian identity—took on a new
importance after the Second World War into the 1950s. The second part looks at
reversals in attitudes toward Crémieux a few years later.

Paula Kabalo

Attempts to explain the achievements of the Jewish side in the 1948 War of Independence have focused thus far on the military and political dimension and on the domestic social, economic, and ideological dimension, as reflected in the collective mobilization of the Yishuv society. This article reveals the role of additional players in the war, including institutions, organizations, and associations that provided social services; the individuals who headed them; the members who took part in operating them; and the recipients of their services. The article's underlying premise is that Jewish society largely owed its resilience during the war, and in its aftermath, to the functioning of these organizations.

German and Anglo-American Girls' Literature of the First World War

Jennifer Redmann

This article examines sixteen works of girls' literature published in Germany, Great Britain, the United States and Canada during or immediately after the First World War. When examined together, these books reveal much about expectations and opportunities for girls at a time when gender roles were in flux. Their overriding message, however, is contradictory, for even as a girl is exhorted to serve her country, her gender places clear limits on what she can achieve.

History Textbooks and Nation Building in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine

Lina Klymenko

This article explores the theoretical understanding of the relation between school history textbooks and the state-led construction of national identity. It does this by conceptualizing a history textbook as an assembly of historical narratives that provide young readers with an opportunity to identify with the national community in which they live. By focusing on narrative techniques, including plot, concepts of time and space, and the categorization of characters as in- and out-groups, this article shows how narratives of the Second World War in Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian textbooks contribute to nation-building.

The Virtuality of Spirit Warfare and the Actuality of Peace

Margaret Chan

Tangki spirit-medium worship is practiced in the Hokkien communities of Southeast Asia and Taiwan. Tangkis are exorcists who perform war magic using the ritual theater of self-mortification. A tangki pierces his body with rods and swords in order to be supercharged with the spirit-power of the weapons for the battle with evil. Self-mortification can also enact a bodhisattva sacrifice of the body on behalf of devotees. The virtuality of the ritual theater convinces believers of the actuality of exorcism, which will ensure peace and safety in the reality of the everyday.

Richard S. Fogarty

During the First World War, more than 500,000 colonial subjects served in the French Army. As these men, known as troupes indigenes, helped defend France from invasion, many of them had sexual and romantic relationships with French women. Such intimate contacts across the color line transgressed strict boundaries that separated the non-white colonized from white colonizers, boundaries that helped construct and sustain colonial rule. Thus these interracial relationships produced acute anxieties in the minds of French officials, who worried that their failure to control the passions and desires of colonial men and metropolitan women would ultimately undermine the French empire.

Elif Mahir Metinsoy

Ordinary women are among the least known subjects of Ottoman Turkish historiography.
One of the most important reasons for this lack of information is that the Turkish
archives are not organized in such a way that researchers can easily access documents
on ordinary women. However, the difficulty in finding women’s voices in historical
documents is only one part of the problem. Whereas conventional Ottoman-Turkish
historiography prioritizes the acts of those holding power, most Turkish feminist
historiography focuses on the organized activities of elite and middle-class women
rather than ordinary women due to various paradigmatic and methodological restrictions.
This article explains these limitations and proposes less conventional methods
for conducting research on ordinary Ottoman women, who were important actors on
the home front during World War I. It discusses theoretical approaches, methodology,
and alternative sources that can be used to conduct research on women in the Turkish
archives. It also presents some examples of ordinary Ottoman women’s voices and
everyday struggles against the violence they suffered during World War I, using new,
alternative sources like women’s petitions and telegrams to the state bureaucracy as
well as folk songs.