Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its sixty-fourth session, 27-31 August 2012

No. 39/2012 (Belarus)Communication addressed to the Government on 20 April 2012Concerning: Aleksandr Viktorovich Bialatski The Government responded on 22 May 2012.The State is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention was established in resolution 1991/42 of the former Commission on Human Rights, which extended and clarified the Working Group's mandate in its resolution 1997/50, The Human Rights Council assumed that mandate in its decision 2006/102 and extended it for a three-year period in its resolution 15/18 of 30 September 2010. In accordance with its working methods, the Working Group transmitted the above-mentioned communication to the Government.

2. The Working Group regards deprivation of liberty as arbitrary in the following cases:

(a) When it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the deprivation of liberty (as when a person is kept in detention after the completion of his or her sentence or despite an amnesty law applicable to the detainee) (Category I);

(b) When the deprivation of liberty results from the exercise of the rights or freedoms guaranteed by articles 7, 13, 14, 18,19, 20 and 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and, insofar as States parties are concerned, by articles 12, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26 and 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Category II);

(c) When the total or partial non-observance of the international norms relating to the right to a fair trial, established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the relevant international instruments accepted by the States concerned, is of such gravity as to give the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character (Category III);

(d) When asylum-seekers, immigrants or refugees are subjected to prolonged administrative custody without the possibility of administrative or judicial review or remedy (Category IV);

(e) When the deprivation of liberty constitutes a violation of international law for reasons of discrimination based on birth; national, ethnic or social origin; language; religion; economic condition; political or other opinion; gender; sexual orientation; or disability or other status, and which aims towards or can result in ignoring the equality of human rights (Category V).

Submissions

Previous Urgent Appeal on the case of Mr. Bialatski

3. The case was reported to the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention as follows. Mr. Aleksandr Viktorovich Bialatski (hereinafter Mr. Bialatski), a citizen of Belarus, usually residing at Prospekt Nezavisimosti, Minsk, Belarus, is a human rights defender, Founder and President of the Human Rights Centre Nasha Viasna (or Viasna) and Vice-President of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH).

4. On 15 August 2011, the Chair-Rapporteur of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention together with other Special Procedures mandate holders sent an urgent appeal to the Government of Belarus. The relevant content of the urgent appeal is reproduced below:

On 4 August 2011, at approximately 2:00 p.m., a group of individuals in plainclothes reportedly surrounded the offices of the HRC "Viasna" in Minsk, Staff members of HRC "Viasna" allegedly evacuated the office and locked the door. While evacuating the office, one of them heard a plain clothed individual talking on his mobile phone, saying that Mr. Bialatski was not to be found at the office. On the same day, at approximately 4:30 p.m., Mr. Bialatski was arrested in Minsk's city centre by police representatives of the Department of Financial Investigations. A search was conducted at his home by police officers. Mr. Bialatski was subsequently taken to the Viasna office which was also searched by the police. On 5 August 2011, Mr. Bialatski was allegedly transferred from a cell at the Financial Investigation. Department of the State Control Committee to the detention centre of the Ministry of Interior, where he remains to date, Mr. Bialatski is allegedly being held in detention for having failed to declare the existence of a private foreign account registered on his name. As a result, a tax evasion case was allegedly opened against Mr. Bialatski for "concealment of profits on an especially large scale" under Article 243(2) of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus, which provides for up to seven years of imprisonment and confiscation of property.

According to the information received, the purpose of the foreign account was to receive donations registered on the name of Mr. Bialatski, to finance "Viasna's" human rights activities. In June 2011, Mr. Bialatski was reportedly informed that an investigation on his private financial matters was being carried out by the authorities. In view of his alleged detention, serious concern is expressed for the physical and psychological integrity of Mr. Ales Bialatski. Further concern is expressed that his detention may be directly related to his work in defence of human rights, in particular with HRC "Viasna".

5. The Government replied on 31 October 2011, and the Working Group welcomes the cooperation. The content of the officially translated reply received from the Government of Belarus is reproduced below:

On 4 August 2011, criminal proceedings were instituted against Mr. Bialatski by an investigator from the State Control Committee Financial Investigation Department's pretrial investigation team for an offence under article 243, paragraph 2, of the Criminal Code (evasion of duties and taxes by concealment and deliberate understatement of the tax base, or by refusal to submit a tax declaration (calculation) or knowingly introducing into it false information, leading to losses on an especially large scale).

This crime, covered by article 243, paragraph 2, of the Criminal Code, is categorized as a serious offence, for which penalties include restriction of liberty for a period of up to five years or deprivation of liberty for a period of three to seven years, with or without confiscation of property and with or without forfeiture of the right to hold certain posts or engage in certain activities.

The case was brought on the grounds of material gathered during preliminary inquiries. According to information from the Ministry of Justice of Lithuania received by the State Control Committee Financial Investigation Department from the Ministry of Justice of Belarus on 4 April 2011, a total amount of no less than 295,733 euros entered Mr. Bialatski's account with AB DnB NORD Bankas bank during the period 2009-2011.

According to information from the Ministry of Justice of Poland received by the State Control Committee Financial Investigation Department from the Ministry of Justice of Belarus, a total amount of no less than 335,787 euros entered Mr. Bialatski's account with Bank Slaski during the period 2007-2011.

In violation of current legislation, Mr. Bialatski did not declare these amounts to thetax authorities and did not pay income tax on the income received.

Under article 153, paragraph 1.1 of the Tax Code, income received from sources in Belarus and/or abroad by physical persons recognized under article 17 of the Tax Code as resident in Belarus for tax purposes is subject to personal income tax.Under article 17 of the Tax Code, physical persons who are present in Belarus for more than 183 days in a calendar year are considered to be resident in the country for tax purposes, which was Mr. Bialatski's case.

On 23 September 2011, after a tax audit, a final charge was filed against Mr. Bialatski under article 243, paragraph 2, of the Criminal Code for evasion of taxes on an especially large scale, to a total amount of 352,274,360 Belorusian roubles j(more than 10,064 base amounts).

The investigation found no confirmation of reports that the above-mentioned sums in the Lithuanian and Polish banks were intended to fund the Viasna human rights centre and other organizations.

Mr. Bialatski was detained at 4.58 p.m. on 4 August 2011, by members of the State Control Committee Financial Investigation Department at 36, Nezalezhnasci Avenue, Minsk, on suspicion of the above-mentioned offence. In accordance with article 41 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, Mr. Bialatski was informed at the time of his detention of his rights and obligations, including his right to defence.

As crimes under article 243, paragraph 2, of the Criminal Code are categorized as serious offences, for which penalties include deprivation of liberty for a period of more than two years, Mr. Bialatski was remanded in custody as a preventive measure under article 126, paragraph 1, of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

Mr. Bialatski did not plead guilty to the charge brought against him and refused to give testimony. During questioning as a suspect during the initial stage of the investigation, he confirmed that he had opened foreign bank accounts in his own name and that he managed and operated them personally.

On studying the case file, the Minsk procuratorial authorities found that the preliminary investigation had been carried out thoroughly, objectively and comprehensively, the acts of the accused had been correctly classified, the accusation was substantiated and based on evidence found during the investigation, all possible investigative action had been taken, the preventive measures adopted were correct, and that there had been no violation of criminal procedural legislation, including in respect of Mr. Bialatski's detention and the gathering of evidence.

On 5 August 2011, Mr. Bialatski was placed in remand centre No. 1 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Penal Enforcement Department, where he is still being held.

Mr. Bialatski made no complaints about his health and had no bodily injuries when he entered the remand centre and was examined by a doctor. Mr. Bialatski has not requested medical assistance during his detention in remand centre No. 1.

Mr. Bialatski is being held in a cell designed for six persons. As of 10 October 2011, four persons were being held in the cell. The conditions meet the requirements of the Detention Procedure and Conditions Act of 16 June 2003.

On 4 October 2011, the Minsk Procurator's Office referred the case to the Pervomai district court in Minsk.

No change was made to Mr. Bialatski's preventive remand in custody.

No complaints or applications were received during the pretrial investigation either from Mr. Bialatski personally or on his behalf.

Mr. Bialatski is making use of his right to defence under article 17, paragraph 1, of the Code of Criminal Procedure, with the assistance of a professional lawyer as defence counsel.

During the pretrial investigation, the counsel submitted three complaints (on the unlawful bringing of charges, on the need to halt the criminal proceedings, and on release from custody); after consideration, the complaints were rejected as unfounded.Since Mr. Bialatski's arrest and detention were based on provisions of Belarusian criminal and criminal procedural law, they cannot be considered to be arbitrary in the sense of article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Those articles and other norms related to criminal investigation and detention ill those instruments were observed during the pretrial investigation in respect of Mr. Bialatski.

Information from the competent authorities concerning Mr. Bialatski's situation convincingly confirms that his detention and remand in custody are not related to his work as a human rights defender, including in the context of the activities of the Viasna human rights centre.

6. In accordance with paragraph 23 of its methods of work, "[a]fter having transmitted an urgent appeal to the Government, the Working Group may transmit the case through its regular procedure in order to render an Opinion on whether the deprivation of liberty was arbitrary or not. Such appeals - which are of a purely humanitarian nature - in no way prejudge any Opinion the Working Group may render. The Government is required to respond separately for the urgent appeal procedure and the regular procedure." In its submission, the source has expressly requested the Working Group to transmit a case of Mr. Bialatski, following its regular procedure.

Submission from the source for the Working Group's regular procedure

7. The source submitted the following information about further developments in the case. On 28 October 2011, following the closure of the investigation, the Pervomaiski District Court decided to prolong Mr. Bialatski's detention.

8. On 24 November 2011, Mr. Bialatski was sentenced to four and a half years of imprisonment with confiscation of property by the Pervomaiski District Court of the City of Minsk. The Court found Mr. Bialatski guilty of non-payment of taxes by not filing tax returns and of filing tax returns with false information, thus causing damages in a particularly high amount pursuant to Article 243, part 2 of the Criminal Code of Belarus. The Court ordered his sentence to be served in a high security correctional facility. Mr. Bialatski was also levied a fine of 721,454,017 Belorusian Rubles (approximately 90,000 US Dollars) and restitution to the federal budget in the amount of 36,072,700 Belarusian Rubles (approximately 4,500 US Dollars).

9. On 2 December 2011, Mr. Bialatski was transferred to Prison No. 8, Zhodina. On 24 January 2012, the Minsk City Court upheld Mr. Bialatski's sentence. On 17 February 2012, Mr. Bialatski was transferred to Babruisk penal colony No. 2 where he remains.

Source's contention regarding the alleged arbitrary character of Mr. Bialatski's continued detention

10. The source informs that during the judicial proceedings, Mr. Bialatski was represented by defence lawyers who argued and presented evidence showing that the charges were unsubstantiated and pointed out to procedural irregularities, including the illegal reception of evidence by the prosecution, uncertified documents and instigation of the case by the KGB.

11. The source submits that the money transfers, which were considered by the Belarusian tax authorities, had a legitimate purpose of funding ordinary human rights activities of Viasna and was never used as personal funds of Mr. Bialatski.

12. It is reported that a number of independent human rights organisations, including Viasna, have been closed by the authorities and confronted with systematic refusal of registration since 2003. In its Communication No. 1296/2004, the United Nations Human Rights Committee concluded that the dissolution of Viasna constituted a violation of Article 22(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and that the co-authors of the complaint were "entitled to an appropriate remedy, including the re-registration of “Viasna” (Human Rights Committee, CCPR/C/90/D/1296/2004, para. 9). According to the source, the authorities of Belarus refused to implement this decision and denied re-registration to Viasna.

13. Notwithstanding the position of the authorities, Mr. Bialatski and members of his organisation Viasna tried to continue their activities in promoting respect for international human rights and freedoms, providing legal and material assistance to victims of human rights, violations. In order to maintain such activities, members of Viasna decided that the funds dedicated to Viasna's human rights activities had to be transferred to a bank account regularly opened and declared under the Lithuanian domestic law.

14. The source stresses that Mr. Bialatski and Viasna's independent activities in the promotion and protection of human rights in Belarus have been recognized both domestically and internationally. Viasna and Mr. Bialatski have been awarded several prizes including the Czech Homo Homini Award in 2005, the Norwegian Helsinki Committee's Andrei Sakharov Freedom Award and the Swedish Government's Per Anger Prize in 2006, the Atlantic Council's Freedom Award, the Freedom Award of the Danish daily newspaper Politiken and the Polish Foreign Ministry's Pro Dignitate Humana Award in 2011. Over the past decade, Mr. Bialatski has travelled across Eastern Europe, observing trials, "investigating human rights abuses, supporting prisoners' families and observing elections.

15. Mr. Bialatski's arrest was preceded by his statements at the Council of Europe in April 2011 about the deteriorating situation of human rights activities in Belarus; his participation at FIDH's International Board meeting held in Paris in June 2011; and his speech on the occasion of a hearing on the situation in Belarus before the European Parliament calling for sanctions against those responsible of human rights violations in the country.

16. In light of the foregoing, the source submits that the sentencing and continued detention of Mr. Bialatski are a direct result of his peaceful exercise of the rights and freedoms guaranteed under international human rights law, in particular those enshrined in Articles 19 and 22 of the ICCPR, According to the source, Mr. Bialatski's detention is solely aimed at sanctioning and preventing his activities as a human rights defender.

17. The source further informs that following sentencing by the first instance court on 24 November 2011, Belarusian NGOs launched a campaign to collect money in order to cover material damages allegedly done to the State and court expenditures, which amounted to a total of 757,526,717 Belarusian Rubles (approximately 95,000 US Dollars), to which he had been sentenced. Days before his appeal in January 2012, the entire amount of the fine was paid.

18. In the response provided by the Government to an urgent appeal, it was mentioned that "[t]he investigation found no confirmation of reports that the...sums [on the basis of which Mr. Bialatski was prosecuted] in the Lithuanian and Polish banks were intended to fund the Viasna human rights centre and other organizations." The same response later provides that "[information from the competent authorities concerning Mr. Bialatski's situation convincingly confirms that his detention and remand in custody are not related to his work as a human rights defender, including in the context of the activities of the Viasna human rights centre."

Response from the Government

19. On 20 April 2012, the Working Group requested the Government of Belarus to provide it with a response to the aforementioned allegations. On 22 May 2012, the Government of Belarus provided the reply as follows. The Government stated that, in a spirit of constructive collaboration, in October 2011, it had provided the Working Group with exhaustive arguments showing the unfounded nature of the allegation that Mr. Bialatski's arrest and detention could be of an arbitrary nature. Specifically, the Government stated that its response showed that Mr. Bialatski's arrest and detention were based on specific provisions of the Criminal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure of Belarus and hence could not be considered arbitrary under article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The provisions of these articles, as of other norms in these documents related to criminal prosecution and detention in custody, were respected during the preliminary investigation in regard of Mr. Bialatski.

20. The Government maintains that Mr. Bialatski was informed of his rights and responsibilities, including his right to defence, immediately upon his arrest. He used the services of a lawyer, who represented his interests during the court hearing of the criminal case, and he had adequate time and possibilities to prepare his defence.

21. In November 2011, the Pervomaiski district court in Minsk sentenced Mr. Bialatski to four years and six months deprivation of liberty, to be served in a strict regime colony, with confiscation of property.

22. According to the Government's response, the court sentence is related exclusively to his violations of tax legislation. Mr. Bialatski did not declare substantial financial resources that he received from sources outside of Belarus, which is a serious violation of current tax legislation (more detailed information may be found in the response of 31 October 2011 to the previous urgent appeal).

23. Specifically, under article 153, paragraph 1.1. of the Tax Code, income received from sources in Belarus and/or abroad by physical persons recognized under article 17 of the Code as resident in Belarus for tax purposes is subject to personal income tax, Under article 17 of the Tax Code, physical persons who are present in Belarus for more than 183 days in a calendar year are considered to be resident in the country for tax purposes, which was Mr. Bialatski's case.

24. The Government notes that tax evasion is punishable by law being a criminal offence in all European countries. Some countries of the European Union provide more serious penalties for violations of tax legislation than in Belarus. Everybody, without exception, is prosecuted in the case of tax evasion, regardless of their political or social status. The legislation of European countries does not contain any guarantee of tax immunity for persons involved in human rights activities.

25. The Government conveys that there is no legal basis for the Working Group's continued consideration of Mr. Bialatski's case. It is the Government's submission that Mr. Bialatski's detention and the subsequent court decision were based on clear legislative provisions that are in conformity with the applicable international legal instruments.

26. The Government further states that the information provided to the Working Group by the source perversely interprets the situation in respect of the Bialatski case and tries to give it a political hue. According to the Government, the source has not presented a single convincing fact in support of the argumentation concerning a possible violation of the provisions of international legal instruments.

27. The Government emphasises that the source of the information should be aware that, although the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention has a special thematic mandate, it cannot replace the domestic judicial system and revise decisions adopted by the judicial bodies of a Member State of the United Nations.

Further comments from the source

28. By letter dated 23 August 2012, the source provided further comments. According to the source, the Government of Belarus vaguely refers to article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1JDHR) and article 9 the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and fails to demonstrate the following: (1) the degree of compliance, by the authorities, with all the provisions of Article 9 of the ICCPR, including in the light of the jurisprudence of the United Nations Human Rights Committee and other international bodies and mechanisms; or (2) the reasons why it considers that the detention of Mr. Bialatski does not fall within the scope of the mandate of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention.

29. The source refers to the following guarantees under Article 9 of the ICCPR: the provisions of the domestic legislation that in its turn, must comply with the principles of international instruments, must be observed during the detention; the custody must be not only lawful, but also reasonable and necessary in all respects (for instance, to prevent an escape, manipulation of evidence or repetition of earlier crimes); the custody cannot be assessed in abstract but must be analysed in the light of the concrete circumstances of each case and all factual information about the accused; the suspicion that a person committed a criminal offence is not in itself a sufficient ground for holding the detainee in custody during the investigation and run up to the trial; the custody must not be considered as a standard measure to be applied to all individuals suspected of committing a criminal offence. This measure should be used only as a last resort, only when less strict measures cannot ensure the proper behaviour of the accused. The; source submits that the custodial placement of Mr. Bialatski during the preliminary investigation was in violation of the aforementioned standards.

30. The source submits that any decision about the extension of the period of custody, taken by the investigative organ and by the court, must contain motivations for resorting to custodial placement, for instance on grounds of necessity, reasonableness and commensurability. This was not done in the present case and amounts to a violation of the provisions of Article 126 (2) of the Criminal Procedure Code of Belarus and Article 9(1) of the ICCPR. Moreover, the decisions of the courts on the question of the legality of the custodial placement are based on Article 126 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code of Belarus, according to which "the measure of restraint in the form of custodial placement can be applied to persons who are suspected of committing hard or especially hard crimes solely on the basis of the graveness of the offence". However, in the present case, neither the decision of the investigator, nor any court decision concerning the custodial placement of Mr. Bialatski contain any reasoning for the use of such a restrictive measure towards Mr. Bialatski. In addition, the source submits that not a single piece of concrete evidence was provided to demonstrate the likelihood of the danger that the accused could evade from justice, destroy evidence or violate the law. Therefore, the legal norm that allows custodial placement solely on the basis of the graveness of the offence fails to meet the international standards, since this approach is not based on the individual assessment of the possibility of an unlawful behaviour of the accused during the investigation of the case and its consideration by court. In light of the foregoing, the source submits that the custodial placement of Mr. Bialatski violated Article 9(1) of the ICCPR.

31. The source further invokes the breach of Article 9(3) of the ICCPR. It notes that according to the provisions of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Republic of Belarus, the custodial placement is conducted on the basis of decision of the investigator, sanctioned by the prosecutor or other organs of criminal prosecution (Article 126 (4) of the Criminal Procedure Code). When considering cases related to Belarus, the Human Rights Committee has twice stated that the State prosecutor is not a person who possesses the necessary institutional independence and impartiality to be considered as an "other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power" as stated by Article 9 (3), since due administration of the judicial power can only be conducted by an organ that is independent, objective, impartial and unbiased with the regard to the questions being considered. Consequently, the source submits that the placement of Mr. Bialatski in custody by the deputy prosecutor of the city of Minsk on 5 August 2011 constitutes a breach of Article 9 (3) of the ICCPR.

32. Furthermore, when considering the appeals against the custodial placement of Mr. Bialatski, the Pervomaiski District Minsk Court and the Court of the City of Minsk did not observe the requirements of Article 9(4) of the ICCPR. According to the source, the decisions of the courts do not contain references to the consideration of any evidence providing sufficient grounds to hold Mr. Bialatski in custody (e.g. criteria of necessity, reasonableness and expediency of the use of this measure towards the relevant individual in the relevant circumstances). Moreover, the court assessment was conducted in the absence of Mr. Bialatski, who was thus deprived of the opportunity to defend himself.

33. In parallel, the source submits that, in its response, the Government failed to demonstrate for which reasons it considers that the detention of Mr. Bialatski does not fall within the scope of the mandate of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention. It merely refers to Article 153 paragraph 1.1 of the Tax Code, which states that "income received from sources in Belarus and/or abroad by physical persons recognized under Article 17 of the Code for tax purposes is subject to personal income tax". The source stresses that Mr. Bialatski was placed in custody under charges of tax evasion (see Article 243 (2) of the Criminal Code) after the Belarusian tax authorities wrongly considered that money on accounts located in Lithuania and Poland to be Mr. Bialatski's personal income, and accused him of concealing it. This money, which was transferred by major international organisations for the purpose of funding ordinary human rights activities, was never used by Mr. Bialatski as personal funds but to finance the legitimate activities of the Human Rights Centre "Viasna".

34. According to the source, Mr. Bialatski has always maintained his innocence with regard, to the accusations brought against him. During the preliminary investigation and throughout the court proceedings, he has repeatedly stated that the money which a number of foreign funds and organisations had transferred on accounts opened in his name in Poland and Lithuania were used exclusively to finance the human rights activities of the Human Rights Centre "Viasna". The right to freedom of association, guaranteed under Article 22 of the ICCPR, covers not only the creation of associations, but also all their subsequent activities. There is no effective way to conduct those activities without access to funds.

35. The right of human rights workers and organisations to solicit, receive and use resources specifically to foster and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms by peaceful means is enshrined in Article 13 of the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (see the UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders) adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 December 1988. The Declaration provides special protections to human rights defenders, including the right to solicit, receive and utilize resources for the purpose of protecting human rights (including the receipt of funds from overseas).

36. The source recalls that the authorities cancelled the official registration of the Human Rights Center Viasna in 2003, then again in 2007, before eventually denying it official reregistration in 2009. The denial of registration prevented the organisation from opening a bank account in Belarus in order to receive funds on that account, and to pay (or be exempted from) taxes on the funds received. Moreover, the Criminal Code of Belarus strictly restricts the right of orgaflisations to receive charitable contributions from overseas that can be used only for explicitly limited purposes, which exclude human rights-related activities.

37. The Government has thus cut off all possibilities for the organisation to finance its human rights activities. This legislation is contrary to Article 13 of the UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders and violates Articles 22 of the ICCPR. Accordingly, the funds dedicated to the human rights activities of the Human Rights Centre Viasna had to be channelled through Lithuanian and Polish bank accounts only because the organization had systematically been denied registration, in violation of Article 22 of the ICCPR, and because Article 193 (1) of the Criminal Code of Belarus criminalises activities "as part of an unregistered organisations".

38. Consequently, the source reiterates that the sentencing and detention of Mr. Bialatski are arbitrary as they result from the exercise of his universally recognised human rights that are criminalised by the legislation of Belarus.

Discussion

39. Mr. Bialatski was sentenced to four and a half years of imprisonment with confiscation of property in 2011, and this judgment was upheld on appeal earlier this year. Central to the case as stated by the source are Mr. Bialatski's claims that the funds received in a bank account abroad was part of fund raising for a non-governmental organisation, Viasna, that the Government had deregistered and taken steps to dissolve.

40. The United Nations Human Rights Committee has made specific findings in its Communication No. 1296/2004 holding that the dissolution of Viasna was in violation of the freedom of association as guaranteed by article 22 of the ICCPR.

41. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya, dealt with the case in her report of 24 February 2010, and set out the background as follows:

Concern was expressed that the continuous and sustained refusal to register the human rights organization Viasna might be related to its activities in the promotion and defence of human rights, in particular its campaign for the abolition of the death penalty in Belarus, Further concern was expressed that this verdict, and repeated refusal to register the organization, is in violation of international standards, in particular Article 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which Belarus is a party, and runs counter to the decision by the UN Human Rights Committee, and the resolution of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (A/HRC/13/22/Add. 1, para. 140).

In the Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in Belarus, the following is set out:

The Human Rights Centre Viasna has also been repeatedly targeted by the authorities, Since cancelling its registration in 2003, the Belarusian authorities threatened Viasna Chairman Ales Bialatski (also the Vice-President of theInternational Federation for Human Rights and a member of the BelarusianAssociation of Journalists) with criminal prosecution for "unauthorized NGOactivity" (Criminal Code, art 193.1). The latest warning was issued in April 2011.

On 20 December 2010, KGB officers reportedly raided the Viasna offices, seizedcomputers and documentation, and detained 10 staff members, who were releasedlater the same day. On 4 August 2011, Mr Bialatski was again arrested, placed in apretrial detention centre of the Ministry of the Interior and charged with tax evasion.

On 24 November, he was sentenced by the Pervomaiski District Court in Minsk tofour and a half years of maximum security imprisonment and his property confiscated. Mr Bialatski was convicted for "concealment of incomes on anespecially large scale" (Criminal Code, art. 243.2). The court ruled that Mr Bialatskihad intentionally avoided paying taxes from the money he allegedly kept in bankaccounts abroad; the court disregarded the fact that the money was not Mr.Bialatski's personal income. He appealed against the verdict, which was, however,confirmed on 24 December 2011 by the Minsk City Court. In February 2012, Mr.Bialatski was taken to Babruysk correctional colony No. 2.

Another Viasna member, Valiantsin Stefanovich, was also found guilty of tax evasion and, on 16 December 2011, the court in Minsk sentenced him to a fine for having concealed income (A/HRC/20/8, para. 62).

In chapter 'IV. Conclusions and recommendations' of the Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in Belarus, the following recommendation was made:

(e) Put an immediate end to all forms of pressure on and harassment of civil society organizations, as well as individual human rights defenders; and release immediately and unconditionally Ales Bialatski, and withdraw charges brought against him and other human rights defenders (A/HRC/20/8, para. 75).

42. The Working Group has reviewed the submissions made to it and, in particular, the Government's information about the first-instance and appeal judgment against Mr. Bialatski in 2011 and 2012. It has also considered the source's information and Mr. Bialatski's claims that the funds received in a bank account abroad were part of fund raising for the non-governmental organisation Viasna.

43. The Working Group notes that there is no immunity for human rights defenders against criminal charges of the kind in this case. However, government action has to respect the exercise of human rights, and Governments have specific duties to protect human rights defenders against different forms of harassment that they may encounter in their activities. When there are-claims of human rights violations in this context, including a pattern of harassment, domestic authorities and international supervisory bodies should apply the heightened standard of review of government action. Domestic authorities have a duty to investigate, and the inquiry must be independent, both institutionally and in practice, and prompt.

44. There is no support for such a review being undertaken by the domestic authorities in the present case. This is despite the fact that there is a close link between continuous harassment against Mr. Bialatski and his colleagues' work at Viasna, the fact that the organization was impaired by the authorities from undertaking its activities. This is particularly striking in light of the strong criticism expressed by international bodies as referred to above, as well as the finding of Human Rights Committee as to a violation of article 20 of the UDHR and article 22 of the ICCPR in respect of the dissolution of Viasna.

45. The judgments rendered against Mr. Bialatski do not address his claims that the funds received in a bank account abroad were part of fund raising for the activities of Viasna. Nor does the Government submission assists the Working Group in this respect. The Working Group emphasises that criminal liability cannot be based on prior government action to deregister and dissolve the non-governmental organisation Viasna in violation of article 20, paragraph 1 of the UDHR and article 22 of the ICCPR. Such government action will riot have effect in public or private law, and will not provide the basis for subsequent criminal proceedings.

46. Moreover, the Working Group notes that the criminal law provisions in Belarus applied to Mr. Bialatski's case do not list human rights related activities among the purposes that allow tax exemption. In this respect, the Working Group emphasizes that under article 22 of the ICCPR, States parties are not only under a negative obligation not to interfere with the founding of associations or their activities but also under a positive obligation to ensure and provide the legal framework for the incorporation of juridical persons. In the Working Group's view, measures such as facilitating associations' tasks by public funding or allowing tax exemptions for funding received from outside the country, fall within the scope of the positive obligation under article 22 of the ICCPR. Finally, States are required to protect the establishment or activities of associations from interference by private parties.

47. The Working Group further recalls that in accordance with article 22, paragraph 2 of the ICCPR any restriction on the right to freedom of association must cumulatively meet the following conditions: (a) it must be provided for by law; (b) may only be imposed for one of the purposes set out in paragraph 2; and (c) must be "necessary in a democratic society" for achieving one of these purposes. The Government has not established any of these conditions to justify its action of de-registering Viasna, harassing its members and impairing its activities.

48. Under these circumstances, the Working Group finds that the fund raising undertaken by Mr. Bialatski for the purposes of allowing the very existence of Viasna and continuation of its activities, is in conformity with the rights contained in articles 20, paragraph 1 of the UDHR and 22 of the ICCPR. The Working Group notes with concern that the criminal provisions as applied to Mr. Bialatski's case do not take account of the aforementioned standards. The Working Group concludes that the sentencing and ongoing detention of Mr. Bialatski are in breach of article 20, paragraph 1 of the UDHR and article 22 of the ICCPR.

Disposition

49. In the light of the foregoing, the Working Group renders the following opinion:The deprivation of liberty of Mr. Aleksandr Viktorovich Bialatski is arbitrary being in contravention of article 20, paragraph 1 of the UDHR and 22 of the ICCPR. The detention falls into category II of the categories applicable to the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.

50. Consequent upon the Opinion rendered, the Working Group requests the Government to take the necessary steps to remedy the situation of Mr. Bialatski and bring it into conformity with the standards and principles set forth in the UDHR and the ICCPR.

51. The Working Group emphasises that the adequate remedy is to release Mr. Bialatski and accord him an enforceable right to compensation pursuant to Article 9, paragraph 5 of the ICCPR.