High Risk Conditions
*Topics in bold are complications of prematurity and at least two must exist.*
Addiction at birth/withdrawal
Adrenogenital Syndrome:
(ah-dre´´no-jen´î-t'l) a group of symptoms associated with alterations of secondary sex
characters, due to abnormally increased production of androgens by the adrenal glands.
The term most commonly applies to the development of masculine traits in the female or
premature puberty in male children. The condition may be congenital, in which case it is
due to an inherited defect of the adrenal gland, or acquired, developing as a result of a
tumor or hyperplasia of the adrenals.
SYMPTOMS. Females with the congenital form may be reared as boys because of
masculinization of the external genitalia. Males may show sexual precocity, with
development of the reproductive organs, appearance of pubic hair, and excessive body
growth in early childhood. In acquired adrenogenital syndrome there is appearance of
masculine secondary sex characters in the female, and precocious puberty in the male.
TREATMENT. When an adrenal tumor is the underlying cause of the disorder, it is
removed surgically. Estrogen therapy is successful in some cases.
Agenesis of lung:
(a-jen´ê-sis) absence of an organ due to nonappearance of its primordium in the embryo.
AIDS/HIV (in child):
acquired immune deficiency syndrome; human immunodeficiency virus
Anophthalmia:
(an´´of-thal´me-ah) a developmental defect characterized by complete absence of the
eyes or by the presence of rudimentary eyes.
Arthritis:
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is a disease that affects children (age 16 or younger)
and causes inflamed, swollen joints that are often stiff and painful. There are 3 types of
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Each type is based on the number of joints affected from
the start. The 3 types are:
o
Pauciarticular JRA. This type of JRA affects 1 to 4 joints at the start of the
disease. It is the most common type of JRA.
o
Polyarticular JRA. This type of JRA affects more than 4 joints when it first starts.
The child with this type of JRA is either RF-positive or RF-negative, depending
on whether a certain antibody (called rheumatoid factor or RF) is present in his or
her body.
o
Systemic JRA. This type of JRA is the most serious but also the least common.
The child with systemic JRA usually doesn't have pain in a specific joint at first
but instead has whole-body symptoms, high fever spikes, generalized pain all
over the body, and sometimes a rash.
Arthrogyposis:
(ahr´´thro-grî-po´sis) 1. persistent flexion of a joint. 2. tetanoid spasm.
Asphyxiation:
Attention Deficit Disorder:
1. The most common symptom of ADHD is difficulty remaining focused on a task until
it is completed (inattention). People with ADHD have a hard time starting and
completing tasks that are boring, repetitive, or difficult for them. 2. Many people
with ADHD have trouble thinking before acting. Impulsiveness usually continues
into adulthood and may interfere with keeping a job and developing personal
relationships. 3. Although most people with ADHD (especially as adults) do not
appear overactive (hyperactive), they may often feel restless or look fidgety.
Autism Spectrum Disorder:
Blindness:
Bronchopulmary Dysplasia:
chronic lung disease of premature infants with hyaline membrane disease who have
needed high concentrations of oxygen and assisted ventilation. Factors related to its
development include alveolar damage due to hyaline membrane disease, oxygen
toxicity, positive pressure ventilation, and endotracheal intubation. Treatment includes
supportive measures and oxygen therapy. Recovery and normal pulmonary function
usually occur by the age of 6 months to 1 year; however, some infants may exhibit
limited tolerance to exercise.
Central nervous system disorders:
Cerebral Palsy:
CP is the term given to certain disorders of body movement and posture that develop as a
result of a disruption in normal brain development. This disruption can occur during fetal
growth, at the time of birth, or within the first 2 or 3 years of a child's life. The disruption
may be caused by brain injury or by abnormal brain development.
Chromosomal deletions and duplications:
Cleft Lip/Palate:
Cleft palate is a common birth defect of the mouth. Cleft palate occurs when the roof of
the mouth (palate) does not develop as expected during the 5th through 10th weeks of
fetal growth. This leaves an opening (cleft) in the roof of the mouth. Cleft palate can
occur by itself (isolated) or along with other birth defects of the face and skull, such as
defects of the nose, inner ear, or lip. Cleft lip is the most common birth defect of the
face. Cleft lip develops when the bones and tissues of the upper jaw and nose do not join
as expected during the 5th through 10th weeks of fetal growth.
Coloboma of eye:
Communication disorders:
Complex health care needs:
Congenital cataract:
opacity of the lens of the eye or its capsule and present at or before birth
Congenital CMV:
cytomegalovirus (si´´to-meg´ah-lo-vi´´rus) CMV; any of a group of highly host-specific
herpesviruses infecting humans, monkeys, or rodents, producing unique large cells with
inclusion bodies. Opportunistic infection with cytomegalovirus is extremely common in
immunocompromised individuals, causing clinical illnesses such as chorioretinitis,
pneumonitis, esophagitis, colitis, adrenalitis, and hepatitis; the most common of these is
chorioretinitis. Cytomegalovirus also causes cytomegalic inclusion disease, although a
majority of infections are very mild, and it has been associated with a syndrome
resembling infectious mononucleosis.
Congenital dislocation of hips:
Congenital malformations/anomalies:
Congenital rubella:
Rubella, also called German measles or three-day measles, is generally a mild illness that
causes skin rash, mild fever, and swollen glands, especially behind the ear and at the back
of the head. See an illustration of a rash caused by rubella. However, rubella can be
passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus. When this happens in the first three months
of pregnancy, the fetus may develop serious birth defects, including heart defects, hearing
defects, and eye problems.
Cornelia de Lange:
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare genetic disorder that is apparent at birth
(congenital). Associated symptoms and findings typically include delays in physical
development before and after birth (prenatal and postnatal growth retardation);
characteristic abnormalities of the head and facial (craniofacial) area, resulting in a
distinctive facial appearance; malformations of the hands and arms (upper limbs); and
mild to severe mental retardation. Many infants and children with the disorder have an
unusually small, short head (microbrachycephaly); an abnormally long vertical groove
between the upper lip and nose (philtrum); a depressed nasal bridge; upturned nostrils
(anteverted nares); and a protruding upper jaw (maxillary prognathism). Additional,
characteristic facial abnormalities may include thin, downturned lips; low-set ears;
arched, well-defined eyebrows that grow together across the base of the nose
(synophrys); an unusually low hairline on the forehead and the back of the neck; and
abnormally curly, long eyelashes.
Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome:
(kre-du-shah) [Fr.] a hereditary congenital syndrome characterized by a wide space
between the eyes, microcephaly, severe mental deficiency, and a plaintive catlike cry
caused by laryngeal abnormalities, due to deletion of part of the short arm of
chromosome 5.
Disorders of Attachment:
Down Syndrome:
Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused by abnormal cell division in the sperm or
egg before conception of a baby or in the fertilized egg after conception. The abnormal
cell division most often occurs before conception and usually occurs in the egg. For some
unexplained reason, the cells don't divide in a normal way. This results in an extra copy
of chromosome number 21 in the cells of the baby's body. The extra chromosome
changes the normal development of the baby's brain and body. Children with Down
syndrome are more similar to than different from normal children. Children with Down
syndrome have distinct physical features that are usually seen at birth. (Some of these
physical features can also be seen in children who do not have Down syndrome. If a baby
has one or more of the physical features of Down syndrome, it does not mean that he or
she has the condition. It is the total combination of the physical features that indicates
Down syndrome. There is much variation in the features among children with Down
syndrome. The physical features do not cause any disabilities in a child.)
Dystonia Musculorum Defomans:
ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Failure to thrive:
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome:
(FAS), or fetal alcohol abuse syndrome (FAAS). FAS is the most severe effect of fetal
alcohol exposure. The condition may occur when a woman drinks large amounts of
alcohol (4 to 5 drinks a day) throughout pregnancy. Children with FAS have abnormal
facial features, one or more signs of growth retardation, and at least one sign of central
nervous system abnormality. FAS is estimated to be present in about 1 to 2 of every
1,000 babies. In the United States, at least 1,200 children are born with FAS each year.

Fetal alcohol effects (FAE), or partial fetal alcohol syndrome (PFAS). Children with
FAE have defects in more than one of the FAS areas but not all areas. FAE is
estimated to be present in about 3 to 5 of every 1,000 babies.

Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND). Children with ARND have
central nervous system abnormalities and behavior and cognitive abnormalities. They
do not have the facial features and growth retardation that can be caused by fetal
alcohol exposure. ARND can occur either alone or in combination with FAS or FAE.

Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD). Alcohol may cause one or more birth defects
of the eyes, ears, heart, kidneys, and bones. ARBD can occur either alone or in
combination with FAS or FAE.
Fragile-X Syndrome:
Fragile X Syndrome is a defect of the X chromosome which causes mild mental
retardation. The disorder occurs more frequently and severely among males than females.
This condition is the leading known familial cause of mental retardation in the United
States. Language delays, behavioral problems, autism or autistic-like behavior (including
poor eye contact and hand-flapping), enlarged external genitalia (macroorchidism), large
or prominent ears, hyperactivity, delayed motor development and/or poor sensory skills
are among the wide range of symptoms associated with this disorder.
Galactosemia:
(gah-lak´´to-se´me-ah) a genetically determined biochemical disorder in which there is a
lack of an enzyme necessary for proper metabolism of galactose. Normally the lactose in
milk is initially broken down into its glucose and galactose components. The galactose is
then changed by enzymatic action into glucose. When the conversion of galactose to
glucose does not take place, the galactose accumulates in the tissues and blood. There are
two types: classic galactosemia and "galactokinase deficiency" GALACTOKINASE
DEFICIENCY.
Classic galactosemia is due to a deficiency of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl
transferase, and is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. The disorder becomes
manifest soon after birth and is characterized by feeding problems, vomiting and
diarrhea, abdominal distention, enlargement of the liver, mental retardation, and elevated
blood and urine levels of both galactose and galactose-1-phosphate.
Galactosemia is diagnosed by demonstrating that the activity of the enzyme galactose-1phosphate uridyltransferase is absent. If the disease is detected early, before there is
damage to the central nervous system, the symptoms of the disorder can be prevented.
Genetic counseling is important for families affected by this disorder.
Treatment consists of exclusion from the diet of milk and all foods containing galactose
or lactose. Milk substitutes are used and the diet is planned to substitute necessary
nutrients normally obtained from products containing lactose or galactose.
Gangliosidosis:
(gang´´gle-o-si-do´sis) pl. gangliosido´ses. a lipid storage disorder marked by
accumulation of gangliosides in tissues due to an enzyme defect. In generalized
gangliosidosis, a hereditary defect in beta-galactosidase causes accumulation of
ganglioside GM1, resulting in mental retardation, hepatomegaly, skeletal deformities,
and, often, a cherry-red spot. In "tay-sachs disease" TAY-SACHS DISEASE, a defect of
hexosaminidase A results in accumulation of ganglioside GM2
Gaucher Disease:
Gaucher disease is the most common of the lipid storage diseases (which include TaySachs, Fabry's, and Neimann-Pick diseases). Lipids are various fats or fat-like substances
in the body and are stored by the body to be sources of energy at a later time. There are
three forms of Gaucher disease: Type I (non-neuronopathic); Type II (acute neuropathic,
or infantile cerebral); Type III (subacute neuropathic). Major symptoms include an
enlarged spleen and/or liver, bone deterioration, acute attacks of bone pain, and a low
level of iron in the red blood cells (anemia).
Gestational age less than 32 weeks:
Head or spinal cord trauma with residual neurological deficits:
Heart conditions:
History of gestational and early developmental events suggestive of biological insults:
Hunter Syndrome:
Hunter syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis II, is a rare inborn error of
metabolism characterized by deficiency of an enzyme known as iduronate sulfatase. The
mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of hereditary metabolic diseases known as
lysosomal storage disorders. Lysosomes function as the primary digestive units within
cells. Enzymes within lysosomes break down or digest particular nutrients, such as
certain carbohydrates and fats. In individuals with MPS disorders, including Hunter
syndrome, deficiency or improper functioning of lysosomal enzymes leads to an
abnormal accumulation of certain complex carbohydrates (glycosaminoglycans
[mucopolysaccharides]) in cells within various bodily tissues, such as the skeleton, joints,
brain, spinal cord, heart, spleen, or liver.
Initial symptoms and findings associated with Hunter syndrome usually become apparent
between age two to four years. Such abnormalities may include progressive growth
delays, resulting in short stature; joint stiffness, with associated restriction of movements;
and coarsening of facial features, including thickening of the lips, tongue, and nostrils.
Affected children may also have an abnormally large head (macrocephaly), a short neck
and broad chest, delayed tooth eruption, progressive hearing loss, and enlargement of the
liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly). Two relatively distinct clinical forms of Hunter
syndrome have been recognized. In the mild form of the disease (MPS IIB), intelligence
may be normal or only slightly impaired. However, in the more severe form (MPS IIA),
profound mental retardation may be apparent by late childhood. In addition, slower
disease progression tends to occur in those with the mild form of the disorder.
Hunter syndrome is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Mild and severe forms of the
disorder result from changes (mutations) of a gene (i.e., IDS gene) that regulates
production of the iduronate sulfatase enzyme. The IDS gene is located on the long arm
(q) of chromosome X (Xq28).
Hurler-Scheie Syndrome:
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS Disorders), are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by
the deficiency of one of ten specific lysosomal enzymes, resulting in an inability to
metabolize complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) into simpler molecules. The
accumulation of these large, undegraded mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the body
causes a number of physical symptoms and abnormalities. Hurler Syndrome is a form of
MPS caused by a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase.
Hydrocephaly:
Hydrocephalus (water on the brain) is a condition that occurs when excess cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) collects within the brain. CSF is constantly being produced and reabsorbed in
the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. The nervous system of the
average child makes and absorbs 0.67 fl oz (19.81 mL) of the cerebrospinal fluid every
hour. Hydrocephalus develops when one or several of the following conditions occur:
o
Too much fluid is produced by the brain.
o
The fluid passageway for CSF is blocked.
o
The brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) cannot reabsorb the CSF.
The excess fluid increases pressure in the brain, which may lead to brain damage and loss
of mental and physical abilities. However, not all hydrocephalus gets worse. Sometimes
the problem corrects itself.
Hydrocephalus can result:
o
From a birth defect
o
From damage to the brain caused by infection, bleeding, injury, or tumor
o
When certain medications (such as tetracycline) have been used.
Hypoplastic Syndrome:
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome is a term used to describe a group of closely related
rare heart defects which are present at birth (congenital). The normal heart has four
chambers. Two chambers are called atria which are separated from each other by a
partition called the atrial septum. The other two chambers, known as ventricles, are also
separated by a septum. Valves connect the atria (left and right) to their respective
ventricles. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome is characterized by the underdevelopment
(hypoplasia) of the chambers on the left side of the heart (i.e., left atrium and ventricle).
In addition, the mitral valve, which connects these chambers to each other, is usually
abnormally narrow (stenosis) or closed (atresia) and the aortic valve, which connects the
heart to the major vessels that lead from the lungs (ascending aorta), may also be narrow
or closed. Infants with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome also have an abnormally narrow
ascending aorta.
Injury to the middle and inner ear:
Interventricular Hemorrage:
Intrauterine Growth Retardation:
Kernicterus:
(ker-nik´ter-us) a condition in the newborn marked by severe neural symptoms,
associated with high levels of bilirubin in the blood; it is commonly a sequela of icterus
gravis neonatorum
Kleinfelter’s Syndrome:
Lead Poisoning:
Leigh’s disease:
Leigh's Disease is a rare inherited neurometabolic disorder. It is characterized by the
degeneration of the central nervous system (i.e., brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve). The
symptoms of Leigh's Disease usually begin between the ages of three months and two
years. Symptoms are associated with progressive neurological deterioration and may
include loss of previously acquired motor skills, loss of appetite, vomiting, irritability,
and/or seizure activity. As Leigh's Disease progresses, symptoms may also include
generalized weakness, lack of muscle tone, and episodes of lactic acidosis, which may
lead to impairment of respiratory and kidney function. In most cases, Leigh's Disease is
inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. However, autosomal dominant, X-linked
recessive, and mitochondrial inheritance have also been noted. There appear to be several
different types of genetically determined enzyme defects that can cause Leigh's Disease.
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome:
a hereditary disorder of purine metabolism transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait with
physical and mental retardation, compulsive self-mutilation of fingers and lips by biting,
choreoathetosis, spastic cerebral palsy, and impaired renal function.
Leukemia:
Acute myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia (AML) is a rapidly progressive cancer of the
blood that is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature white blood
cells, called blasts. The overproduction of these cells crowds the bone marrow, radically
reducing the body's ability to form other normal and necessary blood cells.
Leukodystrophies:
Leukodystrophy is the name given to a group of very rare, progressive, metabolic, genetic
diseases that affect the brain, spinal cord and often the peripheral nerves. Each of the
leukodystrophies will affect one of the chemicals that make up the myelin sheath or white
matter of the brain, causing the various types of leukodystrophy. The myelin sheath,
which acts as insulation of the nervous system, is composed of different lipids (fatty
substances). Thus defects in production and degradation of these lipids can lead to the
many ways in which these diseases can manifest themselves.
Loss of or deformed limbs:
Macrocephaly:
abnormal enlargement of the cranium.
Malignancy or congenital anomaly of brain/spinal cord:
Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome:
Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by the deficiency of
one of ten specific lysosomal enzymes, resulting in an inability to metabolize complex
carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) into simpler molecules. The accumulation of these
large, undegraded mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the body causes a number of
physical symptoms and abnormalities.
Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome (MPS Type VI) occurs in three types: a classic severe type,
an intermediate type, and a mild type. The syndrome is characterized by a deficiency in
the enzyme arylsulfatase B (also called N- acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase), which leads
to an excess of dermatan sulfate in the urine.
In general, growth retardation occurs from two to three years of age, with coarsening of
facial features and abnormalities in the bones of hands and spine. Joint stiffness also
occurs. The intellect is usually normal.
Marquio Syndrome:
Metabolic disorders:
Microcephaly:
small size of the head in relation to the rest of the body.
Multiple Apnea Episodes:
Muscular Dystrophy:
A group of genetically determined, painless, degenerative myopathies that are
progressively crippling because muscles are gradually weakened and eventually atrophy.
At present there is no specific cure. The disease can sometimes be arrested temporarily;
not all forms of it are totally disabling.
The word dystrophy means faulty or imperfect nutrition. In muscular dystrophy the
muscles suffer a vital loss of protein, and muscle fibers are replaced gradually by fat and
connective tissue until, in the late stages of the disease, the voluntary muscle system
becomes virtually useless. In muscular dystrophy all visible damage occurs in the
muscles themselves, and thus the disease is markedly different from "multiple sclerosis"
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, in which the muscles are rendered impotent by damage to the
nerves that control them.
Muscular dystrophy is believed to affect almost a quarter of a million Americans and is
hereditary, although the way it is inherited is not the same for all types of the disease. The
disease (or a propensity for it) seems to be carried mainly by women who, while not
suffering from it themselves, may pass it on to their offspring, usually their sons. A
woman who has conceived a dystrophic child is probably a carrier, as is a woman who
has a dystrophic relative.
CHILDHOOD MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. Muscular dystrophy cannot be detected at
birth; in most cases the symptoms begin to be noticeable about the second or third year.
The child gradually finds it more difficult to play and get about. As the weakening
process continues, the child relies on a wheelchair. In many cases death comes before the
age of 20 from respiratory ailments or heart failure. This childhood type of disease
(unfortunately the most common type) is known as the Duchenne type or progressive
muscular dystrophy. It is also called pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy because at
the beginning the muscles, especially those in the calves, appear healthy and bulging
when actually they are already weakened and their size is due to an excess of fat.
OTHER TYPES. Another type of the disease sometimes begins in childhood but is
much more likely to appear during the teens or twenties. When the first symptom is a
failure of the musculature of the pelvic girdle, this type is referred to as limb-girdle
muscular dystrophy. It usually proceeds more slowly than does the childhood form. This
same type may take the form of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (referring to
the face, shoulder, and upper arm muscles), which is likely to manifest itself first in an
almost imperceptible weakening of the facial muscles. It is also known as LandouzyDejerine muscular dystrophy. Muscle deterioration starts in childhood or early adulthood
but it may proceed very gradually over a number of years, sometimes until late in life.
Some patients may be only slightly handicapped.
Other, rarer types of muscular dystrophy have been identified, including a distal type
that begins in the peripheral muscles of the extremities and one that affects only muscles
of the eye. Sometimes two or more forms are present in the same patient.
Myotonic Dystrophy:
Myotonic Dystrophy (DM) is an inherited disorder involving the muscles, vision, and
endocrine glands. It may also cause mental deficiency and loss of hair. The more obvious
features of the disorder are muscle rigidity and the inability to relax a muscle or set of
muscles after contraction. Onset of this rare disorder usually occurs during early
adulthood. However, it may occur at any age and is extremely variable in degree of
severity.
There appear to be at least two forms of this disorder. The more commonly encountered
is called Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and results from a fault on chromosome 19.
The second and less frequently encountered form is called Myotonic Dystrophy type 2
(DM2). DM2 is the consequence of one or more defects on chromosome 3.
The disorder is brought about by one or more failures or defects in the ³channel² system
through which electrolytes (substances that form ions when melted or dissolved in a
suitable medium, becoming conductors of electricity) move in and out of muscle cells.
DM is one of several ³channelopathies² that may occur.
Neiman-Pick disease:
Neural tube defects:
Neurofibromatosis:
(noor´´o-fi´´bro-mah-to´sis) a genetic disorder characterized by tumor growth along
various types of nerves; bone, muscle, and skin may also be affected. There are two
types: Type I (Recklinghausen's or von Recklinghausen's disease) is characterized by
developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin with formation
of neurofibromas over the entire body and patches of pigmentation; scoliosis may also be
associated. Half of those with the disorder have some form of learning disability. Type II
(called also bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis) is a benign tumor that forms
intracranially or intraspinally, usually associated with the eighth cranial nerve (see also
acoustic "neuroma" NEUROMA). Information and support for individuals with
neurofibromatosis and those caring for them can be obtained from the National
Neurofibromatosis Foundation, 95 Pine St., 16th Floor, New York, NY 10005.
Neuromotor/Muscle Disorder:
Nonketotic Hyperglycemia:
a metabolic derangement in which there is an abnormally high serum glucose level
without ketoacidosis. It can occur as a complication of borderline and unrecognized
"diabetes mellitus" DIABETES MELLITUS, in pancreatic disorders that interfere with
the production of insulin, as a complication of extensive burns, and in conditions marked
by an excess of steroids, as in steroid therapy, or acute stress conditions, such as
infection. It also may develop during total parenteral "nutrition, hemodialysis, "
NUTRITION, HEMODIALYSIS, and "peritoneal dialysis" PERITONEAL DIALYSIS.
SYMPTOMS. The hyperglycemia of HHNK is usually extreme, with fasting blood
sugar levels ranging from 600 to 3000 mg per 100 ml of blood. In contrast to typical
diabetic coma, however, the serum acetone level is normal or only slightly elevated. This
occurs because, although there is sufficient insulin available to avoid ketosis, there is not
enough to metabolize the glucose and thereby relieve the hyperglycemia.
Hyperosmolality, resulting from the extremely high concentration of sugar in the blood,
causes a shift of water from the intracellular fluid (the less concentrated solution) into the
blood (the higher concentrated solution). This results in cellular dehydration. Another
symptom of HHNK, polyuria, occurs because the high plasma osmolality prevents the
normal osmotic return of water to the blood by the renal tubules, and it is excreted in the
urine. This leads to a decreased blood volume, which severely hampers the kidney's
excretion of glucose and a vicious cycle is begun.
TREATMENT. It is essential that HHNK be recognized early and treatment begun
immediately to break the chain of metabolic aberrations that are occurring. It is estimated
that the mortality rate of HHNK is 60 per cent to 70 per cent, and the probable reason for
this high mortality rate is failure to recognize the condition and institute prompt
corrective measures.
Insulin is administered in small doses, the amount and frequency depending on periodic
assessment of blood glucose levels. The objective is to avoid the extremes of
hyperglycemia and insulin shock. Intravenous fluids are administered cautiously, so that
the sodium and water deficits can be corrected without producing extreme shifts of water
from the blood into the intracellular compartment and thus failing to correct the
hyperosmolar condition of the blood. Electrolytes other than the sodium lost through
diuresis also must be replaced as indicated by laboratory findings.
PATIENT CARE. Fluid volume deficit plays a major role in the development of severe
HHNK; thus patient care is concerned with careful monitoring of those patients
susceptible to its development, especially the elderly, the debilitated, and the mild or
unsuspected diabetic. Maintenance of an adequate fluid balance can do much to prevent
the hyperosmolar condition and the development of a chain of events that can rapidly
lead to coma and death.
Noonan Syndrome:
Noonan syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that is typically evident at birth (congenital).
The disorder may be characterized by a wide spectrum of symptoms and physical
features that vary greatly in range and severity. In many affected individuals, associated
abnormalities include a distinctive facial appearance; a broad or webbed neck; a low
hairline in the back of the head; and short stature. Characteristic abnormalities of the head
and facial (craniofacial) area may include widely set eyes (ocular hypertelorism); vertical
skin folds that may cover the eyes' inner corners (epicanthal folds); drooping of the upper
eyelids (ptosis); a small jaw (micrognathia); a low nasal bridge; and low-set, prominent,
abnormally rotated ears (pinnae). Distinctive skeletal malformations are also typically
present, such as abnormalities of the breastbone (sternum), curvature of the spine
(kyphosis and/or scoliosis), and outward deviation of the elbows (cubitus valgus). Many
infants with Noonan syndrome also have heart (cardiac) defects, such as obstruction of
proper blood flow from the lower right chamber of the heart to the lungs (pulmonary
valvular stenosis). Additional abnormalities may include malformations of certain blood
and lymph vessels, blood clotting and platelet deficiencies, mild mental retardation,
failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum (cryptorchidism) by the first year of life
in affected males, and/or other symptoms and findings.
In some affected individuals, Noonan syndrome appears to result from spontaneous
(sporadic) genetic changes (mutations). In others, the disorder may be transmitted as an
autosomal dominant trait. Genetic analysis of one affected multigenerational family
(kindred) suggests that the disorder may result from mutations of a gene located on the
long arm (q) of chromosome 12 (12q24). However, many investigators indicate that
Noonan syndrome may be caused by mutations of different genes (genetic heterogeneity).
Oppositional Defiant Disorder:
a type of "disruptive behavior disorder" DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDER
characterized by a recurrent pattern of defiant, hostile, disobedient, and negativistic
behavior directed toward those in authority.
Osteogensis Imperfecta:
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a group of rare disorders affecting the connective tissue
and characterized by extremely fragile bones that break or fracture easily (brittle bones),
often without apparent cause. The specific symptoms and physical findings associated
with OI vary greatly from case to case. The severity of OI also varies greatly, even
among individuals of the same family. OI may be a mild disorder or may result in severe
complications. Four main types of OI have been identified. OI type I is the most common
and the mildest form of the disorder. OI type II is the most severe. In most cases, the
various forms of osteogenesis imperfecta are inherited as autosomal dominant traits.
Paralysis:
Periventricular Leukomalacia:
Pervasive Developmental Disorders:
a group of disorders characterized by impairment of development in multiple areas,
including the acquisition of reciprocal social interaction, verbal and nonverbal
communication skills, and imaginative activity, and by stereotyped interests and
behaviors; included is "autistic disorder" AUTISTIC DISORDER.
Phenylketonuria:
(fen´´il-ke´´to-nu´re-ah) PKU or PKU1, a congenital disease due to a defect in the
metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. adj., phenylketonu´ric. The condition is
hereditary and is transmitted recessively through apparently healthy parents who, if
tested, will show signs of the disease. It results from lack of an enzyme, phenylalanine
hydroxylase, necessary for the conversion of the amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine.
Thus there is accumulation of phenylalanine in the blood with eventual excretion of
phenylpyruvic acid in the urine. If untreated, the condition results in mental retardation
and other abnormalities.
Persons with phenylketonuria are usually blue-eyed and blond, with defective
pigmentation, the skin being excessively sensitive to light and susceptible to eczema.
Other manifestations besides mental retardation are tremors, poor muscular coordination,
excessive perspiration, a mousy odor, and perhaps convulsions.
DIAGNOSIS. Screening of newborns for PKU entails a simple test using a urine-wet
diaper and Phenistix. The screening is required by law in most states in the United States
and in all provinces in Canada. It should be pointed out that not all infants exhibiting
excess metabolites in the urine have "classic" PKU. The simple screening test must be
followed by more extensive clinical laboratory evaluations to distinguish between the
variants of PKU. These variants have been named hyperphenylalaninemia without
phenylketonuria and atypical PKU.
The current criteria for establishment of a diagnosis of classic PKU are: (1) a rise in
plasma phenylalanine during the first few weeks of life from a level of 1-4 mg/100 ml at
birth to 20 mg/100 ml or higher; (2) a normal serum tyrosine level; and (3) urine that
contains ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid during the newborn period, and later contains
phenylketones. Diagnosis of variants of the disease depends in part on values of plasma
phenylalanine, family history, clinical course, and the infant's response to ingestion of
natural protein.
TREATMENT. Restriction of the infant's diet to control the effects of PKU is
prescribed on the basis of the individual child's requirements for phenylalanine, protein,
and calories. Effectiveness of the special diet must be evaluated by frequent
determinations of phenylalanine blood levels; otherwise the child may suffer from serious
dietary deficiencies. The development of a palatable hydrolysate preparation (Lofenalac)
has facilitated implementation of the prescribed treatment. About 90 per cent of the
protein requirement is derived from this dietary protein substitute.
Although PKU cannot be cured, its effects can be counteracted or prevented altogether
by proper management. Research has shown that the mean intelligence quotient of
children treated within the first month of life is about 28 points higher than that of either
siblings or matched pairs who were treated after the first month or who were never
treated. "FFF" FIGURE
Pierre Robin:
(pyär ro-ban´) micrognathia occurring in association with cleft palate, glossoptosis, and
absent gag reflex.
Potter Syndrome:
Prader-Willi Syndrome:
(prah´der vil´e) a congenital syndrome consisting of obesity, short stature, lack of muscle
tone, hypogonadism, and central nervous system dysfunction. Information and support
for families and individuals affected by this syndrome can be obtained from the PraderWilli Syndrome Association U.S.A., 6490 Excelsior Blvd., No. E-102, St. Louis Park,
MN 55426, telephone (800) 926-4797.
Reduction deformity of limbs:
Renal agenesis/hypoplasia:
Bilateral Renal Agenesis is the absence of both kidneys at birth. It is a genetic disorder
characterized by a failure of the kidneys to develop in a fetus. This absence of kidneys
causes a deficiency of amniotic fluid (Oligohydramnios) in a pregnant woman. Normally,
the amniotic fluid acts as a cushion for the developing fetus. When there is an insufficient
amount of this fluid, compression of the fetus may occur resulting in further
malformations of the baby.
This disorder is more common in infants born of a parent who has a kidney
malformation, particularly the absence of one kidney (unilateral renal agenesis). Studies
have proven that unilateral renal agenesis and bilateral renal agenesis are genetically
related.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome:
ARDS; a group of symptoms accompanying fulminant pulmonary edema and resulting in
acute respiratory failure; see also "acute respiratory distress syndrome" ACUTE
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME.
Retinopathy of prematurity:
a disease of the developing retinal vasculature of the premature newborn.
Incidence correlates with the degree of maturity; that is, the shorter the gestational period
the greater the possibility it will occur. The cause of the disorder is vasoconstriction of
retinal capillaries due to the presence of very high concentrations of oxygen in these
blood vessels. This produces development of an overgrowth of blood vessels in the
retina. The vascular proliferation and exudation of blood and serum detaches the retina
and produces scarring and inevitable blindness. To prevent retinopathy of prematurity it
is recommended that oxygen be administered to premature newborns in as low a
concentration and for as short a time as feasible. Careful monitoring of the newborn and
evaluation of oxygen tension level are essential because no totally safe dosage of oxygen
that will prevent the retinal changes has been found. Called also retrolental fibroplasias
Rubenstein-Taybi Syndrome:
Sanfilippo Syndrome:
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS Disorders) are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by
the deficiency of one of the lysosomal enzymes, resulting in an inability to metabolize
complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) into simpler molecules. The accumulation
of these large, undegraded mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the body causes a number
of physical symptoms and abnormalities.
Sanfilippo Syndrome (MPS III), an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder, is
characterized by severe mental deterioration, mild physical defects and the excretion of
heparan sulfate in the urine. There are four types of Sanfilippo Syndrome; types A and B
are the most common forms.
Seizure Disorders/Epilepsy:
Epilepsy is a nervous system disorder that produces sudden, intense bursts of electrical
activity in the brain. This abnormal electrical activity in the brain causes seizures, which
may briefly upset a person's muscle control, movement, speech, vision, or awareness.
People with epilepsy have repeated seizures that usually occur without warning and often
for no clear reason. If epilepsy is not treated, seizures may occur throughout a person's
life in some cases, becoming more severe and more frequent over time. Treatment most
often involves medication. Surgery, a special diet (ketogenic diet), a nerve stimulation
device (vagus nerve stimulator), or a combination of these approaches also may be tried
when medication alone does not control a person's seizures. Not everyone who has a
seizure has epilepsy. Sometimes seizures occur as a result of injury, illness, or another
medical condition that is not related to epilepsy. In these cases, the person does not have
any more seizures once the condition improves or goes away. This is not epilepsy.
Epilepsy is a long-term, ongoing (chronic) disorder that causes repeated seizures if it is
not treated (and sometimes despite treatment). Although epilepsy is sometimes the result
of another condition, many cases have no known cause. Epilepsy most often begins in
childhood or after the age of 60, but it can develop at any age. There are two basic types
of seizures caused by epilepsy:
o
Partial seizures begin in a specific location in the brain. Partial seizures may
affect awareness or only one side or part of the body, but they may also progress
to affect the entire body.
o
Generalized seizures begin over the entire surface of the brain and may affect the
entire body. In people who have generalized seizures, it is impossible to pinpoint
a specific location in the brain that is the source of the seizure.
The difference is important, because partial seizures and generalized seizures are often
treated differently. The distinction is a key factor in guiding treatment.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss:
that due to a defect in the inner ear or the acoustic nerve.
Sensory disorders/impairments that interfere with ability to respond effectively to environmental
stimulus:
Severe Asthma:
Severe Burns:
Sickle Cell Anemia:
any of the diseases associated with the presence of hemoglobin S, including sickle cell
anemia, sickle cell-hemoglobin C or D disease, and sickle cell-thalassemia disease.
They are found most often in those of black African descent, but they also occur in
persons of Mediterranean (Southern European and North African), Middle Eastern, or
Asian Indian ancestry.
About 8-10 per cent of all African Americans carry the sickle cell gene. About 90 per
cent of these are carriers of the sickle cell trait (are heterozygous for the hemoglobin S
gene) and usually are without symptoms. The remainder or about 1 in 500 are
homozygous for hemoglobin S and actually have sickle cell disease and suffer from the
effects of hemolysis.
Sickle cell disease is a serious, hereditary, chronic disease in which the red blood cells
have reduced life span and are rigid, with a crescent or sickle shape. The shape is the
result of an abnormality in the hemoglobin, which alters the deformability of the red cells
under conditions of low oxygen tension. Because of their distorted shape the red blood
cells have difficulty passing through the small arterioles and capillaries and have a
tendency to clump together and occlude the blood vessel.
Some scientists believe that sickle cell disease developed as a defense against malaria.
Malarial parasites do not grow in erythrocytes containing hemoglobin S. Therefore;
carriers (heterozygotes) have an evolutionary advantage in areas where malaria is
prevalent.
SYMPTOMS. There are many symptoms of sickle cell disease, all of them related to the
defective hemoglobin and its effect on the red blood cells. Some persons with the disease
suffer from only a few symptoms, while others are severely affected and have a short life
span. Very few severely affected persons live beyond the age of 20, and some die in
infancy or early childhood. The major symptoms are anemia, periodic joint and extremity
pain and sometimes edema of the joints, chronic ulceration about the ankles, episodes of
severe abdominal pain with vomiting, and abdominal distention. The spleen becomes
infarcted so that it is essentially absent and predisposes the patient to infection with
encapsulated organisms.
Bone changes often can be seen on x-ray and are due to bone infarcts. Headache,
paralysis, and convulsions may result from cerebral thrombosis, which can cause stroke,
blindness, and other neurological disturbances. There is a tendency toward progressive
renal disease and renal failure.
The prognosis for sickle cell disease is not good. Patients have intercurrent infections
and multiple emboli or thromboses that can affect a vital organ and cause death, usually
before the age of 50.
Sickle cell crisis is a broad term that describes several different conditions, particularly
aplastic crisis, which is temporary bone marrow aplasia; hemolytic crisis, which is acute
red cell destruction, leading to jaundice; and vaso-occlusive crisis, which is severe pain
due to infarctions located in the bones, joints, lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, eye, or
central nervous system. Factors that precipitate a crisis include
infection, dehydration, trauma, strenuous physical exertion, emotional stress, and
extremes of heat and cold.
TREATMENT. There is no cure for sickle cell disease. Treatment is symptomatic;
preventive measures are employed to reduce the incidence of crises and to avoid
infections. It is also important that the patient receive all available immunizing agents.
Nutritional deficiencies should be corrected when present (folate supplementation is
especially important), and then a well-balanced dietary intake should be maintained.
When the crisis is due to inflammatory changes, medications such as corticosteroids are
sometimes administered to relieve pain in the joints and elsewhere.
PATIENT CARE. Sickle cell disease is a chronic condition with acute episodes related
to vaso-occlusion. Virtually every system of the body can be affected by the ischemia
resulting from obstruction of the blood vessels by clumps of deformed erythrocytes.
Among the more common acute complications are inflammation of fingers and toes,
aplastic anemia, splenic sequestration, and stroke. Chronic disorders include leg ulcers,
renal complications, aseptic necrosis, and retinopathy. Bacterial infection is one of the
major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease.
Because of the potential for serious complications due to occlusion of blood
vessels, patients with sickle cell disease should have regular physical examinations to
detect early changes. Periodic eye examinations are necessary to monitor retinal changes
due to vaso-occlusion of retinal vessels.
Measures to improve or maintain the general well-being of patients include increasing
the fluid intake to one and a half to two times the usual amount. The additional fluids
increase the fluid volume and encourage mobilization of the abnormal red cells.
Adequate nutrition is necessary to optimize the patient's resistance to infection and
resources for healing and to manage the anemia that is characteristic of sickle cell
disease.
Education of patients and their parents and family members is an essential component of
care. Parents and grandparents often blame one another for giving the disease to their
offspring. Most lay persons do not understand the difference between sickle cell disease
and sickle cell trait and how the disease is genetically transmitted. Misinformation and
lack of information about this complex disease can lead to unrealistic expectations for
treatment and cure and to feelings of guilt and anger on the part of parents whose children
have either the trait or an overt manifestation of the disease. Much anxiety and marital
discord can be prevented or relieved by adequate genetic counseling and instruction.
A publication called Sickle Cell Disease: Screening, Diagnosis, Management, and
Counseling in Newborns and Infants (Publication No. 93-0563) is available from the
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, P.O. Box 8547, Silver Spring, MD 20907 (telephone 800-358-9295). Other
educational materials can be obtained from the National Association for Sickle Cell
Diseases, Inc. (telephone 800-421-8453). "FFF" FIGURE "FFF" FIGURE
Sly Syndrome:
Sly Syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII [MPS VII]) is an extremely rare
inherited metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme betaglucuronidase, a lysosomal enzyme. Sly Syndrome belongs to a group of disorders
known as the Mucopolysaccharidoses, which are lysosomal storage diseases. Lysosomes
are particles bound in membranes within cells that break down certain fats and
carbohydrates. In Sly Syndrome, the deficiency of beta-glucuronidase leads to the
accumulation of certain complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) in many tissues
and organs of the body. Excessive levels of dermatan and keratan sulfate are also present
in the urine of people with this disorder.
The symptoms of Sly Syndrome are similar to those of Hurler Syndrome (MPS I) and the
other Mucopolysaccharidoses. Symptoms may include mental retardation, short stature
with an unusually short trunk, and/or abnormalities of the intestines, corneas of the eyes,
and/or the skeletal system. Sly Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic
trait.
Sturge-Weber Syndrome:
Sturge-Weber Syndrome is composed of three major symptoms. Excessive blood vessel
growths (leptomeningeal angiomas) are accompanied by accumulations of calcium inside
the brain, and seizures. Facial birth marks (nevus flammeus) appear usually on one side
of the face. Angiomas similar to those found in the brain can develop inside the eye, often
with secondary glaucoma
Syphilis:
(sif´î-lis) a contagious usually "sexually transmitted disease" SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED DISEASE that leads to many structural and cutaneous lesions and is
caused by a spirochete, Treponema pallidum. Congenital syphilis is a variety acquired by
a fetus in utero from the mother. Formerly called also lues.
DIAGNOSIS. The major kinds of tests used for the detection of syphilis are (1)
complement fixation tests, which rely on an antigen-antibody reaction and hemolysis to
detect the presence of Treponema pallidum in the blood, e.g., the Kolmer test; (2)
flocculation tests, e.g., the screening test developed by the Venereal Disease Research
Laboratories of the U.S. Public Health Service (VDRL) and the rapid plasma reagin
(RPR) test; (3) the fluorescent antibody test (FTA-ABS); and (4) hemagglutination tests,
e.g., the MHA-TP test. The VDRL and RPR tests are the most commonly used. If these
tests are inconclusive, tests for serum antibody may be done.
A positive test for syphilis should be repeated. A false positive result can be due to other
diseases such as malaria, leprosy, and advanced pulmonary tuberculosis, and therefore
should not be ignored. A false negative serological test can occur when the infection is
too recent to have triggered the production of antibodies. A negative result can also occur
if the disease is late symptomatic syphilis or if the patient's immune system is not
functioning normally. If treatment of syphilis had been started before the test, the
patient's blood could be temporarily nonreactive. Since alcohol interferes with and
decreases the intensity of a reaction, it should be considered as a possible cause of a
negative result. Once treatment has been started, patients with early syphilis should have
repeated testing every three months for one full year.
PRIMARY SYPHILIS. Within a few hours after the spirochetes penetrate the skin or a
mucous membrane, they enter the bloodstream, and usually in about a week they spread
throughout the body. The first sign is a painless sore, called a chancre, that appears 9
days to 3 months (usually about 3 weeks) after infection. Usually firm or hard, the
chancre may resemble a blister, pimple, or ulcerated open sore. In men, it appears usually
on or near the head of the penis. In women, the chancre is commonly found on the labia,
but it may be concealed inside the vagina, where it may not be felt or seen. Chancres
sometimes develop elsewhere, such as on the lips of the mouth, a breast, or a finger. They
also may appear in the anal region. The nearby lymph nodes become hard and swollen.
Even if no treatment is given, the chancre will disappear in 10 to 40 days, often leading
to the false conclusion that the disease is cured. Occasionally a chancre fails to develop or
is too small to be noticed. Primary syphilis can be cured with penicillin in adequate doses
and with other antibiotics, such as tetracycline.
SECONDARY SYPHILIS. Two to six months after the primary sore disappears, the
secondary stage of syphilis begins; it may last up to 2 years. A rash is usually one of the
first symptoms. It may cover any part of the body and often spreads over the entire skin
surface, including the palms and soles. It does not itch and may resemble the rash of
measles as well as of many other diseases. It can be identified positively as a symptom of
syphilis only by a blood test. During secondary syphilis, thin white sores may appear on
the mucosa of the mouth and throat and around the genitalia and rectum. Headache,
fever, and a general feeling of illness are common. Hair may fall out in patches, bones
and joints may be painful, and anemia may develop. Sometimes the eyes are affected.
Syphilis is highly contagious in this stage and of great danger to others. If mouth sores
are present, the disease may be spread by kissing.
Like primary syphilis, the secondary stage disappears by itself, generally within 3 to 12
weeks, but may return later if the organisms are still present. As in the primary stage, the
disease can be cured in the secondary stage by the use of penicillin or other antibiotics.
Together, the primary and secondary stages are known as early syphilis.
TERTIARY SYPHILIS. The third, or tertiary, stage of the disease is also known as late
syphilis. Its symptoms may develop soon after the secondary symptoms have vanished or
they may lie hidden for 15 or more years. A person may be unaware that the disease is
present. Even a blood test may be negative.
Late syphilis is less contagious to others but is extremely dangerous to the person who
has it. It may be fatal, particularly if the central nervous system or heart is affected. The
spirochete can invade any cell of the body and can damage any organ or structure of the
body, including the internal organs, bones, joints, and skin. The characteristic lesion of
tertiary syphilis is a soft gummy tumor called a gumma.
If late syphilis attacks the heart, aorta, or aortic valve, death may result from rupture of
the weakened aorta or from heart failure. When it attacks the central nervous system,
general paresis, a severe disease of the brain, may result; if not treated promptly, it will
cause insanity and death. Another serious disorder of the nervous system caused by late
syphilis is "tabes dorsalis" TABES DORSALIS, in which there is pain and loss of
position sense. Blindness may result if the infection involves the eyes. Other possible
effects are deep ulcers on the legs or elsewhere, chronic inflammation of the bones,
which is especially painful at night, and perforation of the soft palate.
Cure of late or tertiary syphilis takes longer and is more difficult than that of primary or
secondary syphilis. Sometimes the disease cannot be completely cured. As with early
syphilis, however, it may be successfully treated with penicillin and other antibiotics.
CONGENITAL SYPHILIS. Congenital syphilis is transmitted from a diseased mother
to her unborn child through the placenta. Often this results in spontaneous abortion or
stillbirth. Infants with congenital syphilis who are born alive may have snuffles, caused
by inflammation of the nose, and may be generally weak and sickly. Syphilitic rashes,
especially in the genital area, may occur when the baby is 3 to 8 weeks old. Children with
congenital syphilis are often born deformed, and may become blind, deaf, paralyzed, or
insane.
To prevent congenital syphilis all pregnant women should have a blood test for syphilis
during the early months of pregnancy. Treatment before the fifth month will always
prevent infection of the unborn child. A syphilitic mother who is not treated early has
only one chance in six of having a healthy child. If a child is born with syphilis,
immediate treatment may be effective if the disease has not progressed too far.
PREVENTION. The skin lesions associated with primary and secondary syphilis can be
highly contagious. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend
drainage/secretion precautions and blood/body fluid precautions for 24 hours after the
start of effective therapy. No precautions are necessary in latent (tertiary) syphilis or for
seropositive persons without lesions.
Tay-Sachs Disease:
(ta´ saks´) the infantile form of "amaurotic familial idiocy" AMAUROTIC FAMILIAL
IDIOCY, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and affecting chiefly Ashkenazic Jews.
With each pregnancy couples who are carriers have a one in four chance of having a child
with Tay-Sachs; a two in one chance of having a carrier like themselves; and a one in
four chance of having a child who neither has the disease nor is a carrier. It is a
progressive disorder marked by degeneration of brain tissue and the maculas (with the
formation of a cherry-red spot on both retinas) and by dementia, blindness, and death.
Tay-Sachs disease is a sphingolipidosis in which the inborn error of metabolism is a
deficiency of the enzyme hexosaminidase A that results in accumulation of GM2
ganglioside in the brain.
It is possible to test for this disease in the unborn fetus at 14 weeks of pregnancy. An
absence of the enzyme hexosaminidase A indicates conclusively that the fetus has TaySachs disease. Carriers of the trait have lowered levels of the enzyme in their blood, thus
permitting screening of populations most susceptible to transmission of the trait to their
offspring and genetic counseling of known carriers. No therapy is currently available.
Most children with Tay-Sachs disease die of bronchopneumonia at 31/2 to 4 years of age.
Technology Dependent:
Thalassemia:
Thalassemia is a blood condition that interferes with the normal production of a
substance called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells and carries oxygen
from the lungs to the body's tissues. Most people with thalassemia do not have any
symptoms. However, mild to severe symptoms of anemia can develop with some forms
of the condition.
Thalassemia is inherited; it is caused by a defect in one or more of the genes that hold the
instructions for making hemoglobin. Most people who inherit thalassemia are Asian,
Filipino, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, or less frequently, of African descent.
Normal hemoglobin is made of two substances:
 Heme, the nonprotein portion of hemoglobin, contains iron and gives the blood its
color.
 Globin is the group of 4 protein molecules that bind to the iron in heme molecules to
form hemoglobin.
Thalassemia affects the globin portion of hemoglobin. The two main types of thalassemia
are further classified according to how specific genes malfunction and interfere with
normal hemoglobin production.
Alpha thalassemia is very rare. It occurs when one or more of the four genes that hold the
instructions for making alpha-globin are missing or damaged. There are 4 subtypes of
alpha thalassemia. Each type represents the loss of or damage to 1, 2, 3, or 4 genes.
Beta thalassemia occurs when one or both of the genes that hold the instructions for
producing beta-globin are only partly active or inactive. There are several different
subtypes of beta thalassemia. Which type of thalassemia a person has depends upon
whether one or both genes are affected (minor or major respectively) and whether those
genes still produce some working (functional) beta globin.
 In B+, a beta globin gene still produces small amounts of functional beta globin.
 In Bo, a beta globin gene is unable to produce any functional globin.
Very rare forms of thalassemia may cause organ damage that can result in death.1 Such
severe damage can occur when insufficient oxygen reaches the organs. Iron overload
caused by treatment with repeated blood transfusions also may damage organs, especially
the liver.
Tracheo-esophageal fistula:
Triple X Syndrome:
Triplo X Syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality that affects females. Females normally
have two X chromosomes; however, those with Triplo X Syndrome carry three X
chromosomes (trisomy X) in the nuclei of body cells. No specific pattern of symptoms
and malformations (phenotype) has been found to be associated with this abnormal
chromosomal make-up (i.e., 47,XXX karyotype). Many affected females appear to have
no or very few associated symptoms, while others may have various abnormalities.
However, investigators indicate that Triplo X Syndrome is a relatively common cause of
learning difficulties, particularly language-based disabilities (e.g., dyslexia), in females.
Evidence suggests that affected females typically have normal intelligence with IQs that
tend to be lower than that of their brothers and sisters (siblings). Mental retardation rarely
occurs. Infants and children with Triplo X Syndrome may tend to have delayed
acquisition of certain motor skills and delayed language and speech development.
Affected females often are of tall stature. According to researchers, although sexual
development and fertility are usually normal, some may have delayed puberty and/or
fertility problems. In addition, in some cases, certain physical abnormalities have been
reported, such as a relatively small head, vertical skin folds that may cover the eyes' inner
corners (epicanthal folds), and/or other findings. Triplo X Syndrome results from errors
during the division of reproductive cells in one of the parents.
Trisomy 13:
Trisomy 13 Syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder in which all or a portion of
chromosome 13 appears three times (trisomy) rather than twice in cells of the body. In
some affected individuals, only a percentage of cells may contain the extra 13th
chromosome (mosaicism), whereas other cells contain the normal chromosomal pair.
In individuals with Trisomy 13 Syndrome, the range and severity of associated symptoms
and findings may depend on the specific location of the duplicated (trisomic) portion of
chromosome 13--as well as the percentage of cells containing the abnormality. However,
in many affected infants and children, such abnormalities may include developmental
delays, profound mental retardation, unusually small eyes (microphthalmia), an abnormal
groove in the upper lip (cleft lip), incomplete closure of the roof of the mouth (cleft
palate), undescended testes (cryptorchidism) in affected males, and extra
(supernumerary) fingers and toes (polydactyly). Additional malformations of the head
and facial (craniofacial) area may also be present, such as a relatively small head
(microcephaly) with a sloping forehead; a broad, flat nose; widely set eyes (ocular
hypertelorism); vertical skin folds covering the eyes' inner corners (epicanthal folds);
scalp defects; and malformed, low-set ears. Affected infants may also have incomplete
development of certain regions of the brain (e.g., the forebrain); kidney (renal)
malformations; and structural heart (cardiac) defects at birth (congenital). For example,
characteristic heart defects may include an abnormal opening in the partition dividing the
upper or lower chambers of the heart (atrial or ventricular septal defects) or persistence of
the fetal opening between the two major arteries (aorta, pulmonary artery) emerging from
the heart (patent ductus arteriosus). Many infants with Trisomy 13 Syndrome fail to grow
and gain weight at the expected rate (failure to thrive) and have severe feeding
difficulties, diminished muscle tone (hypotonia), and episodes in which there is
temporary cessation of spontaneous breathing (apnea). Life-threatening complications
may develop during infancy or early childhood.
Trisomy 18:
Trisomy 18 Syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder in which all or a critical region of
chromosome 18 appears three times (trisomy) rather than twice in cells of the body. In
some cases, the chromosomal abnormality may be present in only a percentage of cells,
whereas other cells contain the normal chromosomal pair (mosaicism).
Depending on the specific location of the duplicated (trisomic) portion of chromosome
18--as well as the percentage of cells containing the abnormality--symptoms and findings
may be extremely variable from case to case. However, in many affected infants, such
abnormalities may include growth deficiency, feeding and breathing difficulties,
developmental delays, mental retardation, and, in affected males, undescended testes
(cryptorchidism). Individuals with Trisomy 18 Syndrome may also have distinctive
malformations of the head and facial (craniofacial) area, such as a prominent back portion
of the head; low-set, malformed ears; an abnormally small jaw (micrognathia); a small
mouth with an unusually narrow roof (palate); and an upturned nose. Affected infants
may also have narrow eyelid folds (palpebral fissures), widely spaced eyes (ocular
hypertelorism), and drooping of the upper eyelids (ptosis). Malformations of the hands
and feet are also often present, including overlapped, flexed fingers; webbing of the
second and third toes; and a deformity in which the heels are turned inward and the soles
are flexed (clubfeet [talipes equinovarus]). Infants with Trisomy 18 Syndrome may also
have a small pelvis with limited movements of the hips, a short breastbone (sternum),
kidney malformations, and structural heart (cardiac) defects at birth (congenital). Such
cardiac defects may include an abnormal opening in the partition dividing the lower
chambers of the heart (ventricular septal defect) or persistence of the fetal opening
between the two major arteries (aorta, pulmonary artery) emerging from the heart (patent
ductus arteriosus). Congenital heart defects and respiratory difficulties may lead to
potentially life-threatening complications during infancy or childhood.
Treacher-Collins Syndrome:
Treacher Collins Syndrome (aka mandibulofacial "dysostosis") is a rare inherited
disorder characterized by distinctive abnormalities of the head and facial (craniofacial)
area due to underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of certain portions of the skull (e.g.,
supraorbital rims and zygomatic arches). Although the symptoms and physical
characteristics associated with Treacher Collins Syndrome can vary greatly in severity
from patient to patient, craniofacial abnormalities tend to involve the cheekbones, jaws,
mouth, ears, and/or eyes.
Craniofacial malformations associated with Treacher Collins Syndrome include
underdeveloped (hypoplastic) or absent cheek (malar) bones; an incompletely developed,
abnormally small lower jaw (mandibular hypoplasia and micrognathia); an unusually
large mouth (macrostomia); malformations of the roof of the mouth (palate); and/or
dental abnormalities such as misaligned teeth (malocclusion). Affected infants may also
have underdeveloped (hypoplastic) and/or malformed (dysplastic) ears (pinnae) with
blind ending or absent external ear canals (microtia), resulting in hearing impairment
(conductive hearing loss). In addition, infants with Treacher Collins Syndrome may
exhibit abnormally downwardly slanted upper and lower eyelids (palpebral fissures), a
notching (colobomas) from the outer third of the lower eyelids, and/or additional eye
(ocular) abnormalities, resulting in varying degrees of visual impairment in some cases.
Some individuals with the disorder have additional physical abnormalities. In
approximately 40 percent of cases, Treacher Collins Syndrome is inherited as an
autosomal dominant genetic trait, passed on by an affected parent. However, in about 60
percent of cases, a positive family history is not found. Such cases represent new genetic
changes (mutations) that occur randomly, with no apparent cause (sporadic).
Tuberous Sclerosis:
a congenital heredofamilial disease, transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait,
characterized principally by the presence of hamartomas of the brain ( "tubers"
TUBERS), retina ( "phakomas" PHAKOMAS), and viscera, mental retardation, seizures,
and adenoma sebaceum, and often associated with other skin lesions.
Turner Syndrome:
Turner Syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder of females characterized by short
stature and the lack of sexual development at puberty. Other physical features may
include a webbed neck, heart defects, kidney abnormalities, and/or various other
malformations. Normally, females have two X chromosomes. In some cases of Turner
Syndrome, however, one X chromosome is missing from the cells (45,X); research
studies suggest that approximately 40 percent of these individuals may have some Y
chromosomal material in addition to the one X chromosome. In other affected females,
both X chromosomes may be present, but one may have genetic defects. In still other
cases, some cells may have the normal pair of X chromosomes while other cells do not
(45,X/46,XX mosaicism). Although the exact cause of Turner Syndrome is not known, it
is believed that the disorder may result from an error during the division (meiosis) of a
parent's sex cells.
Urea Cycle Defect:
Very Low Birth Weight:
Less than 1,500 grams
Ventilator dependent for 72 hours or more:
Wardenberg Syndrome:
Werdnig-Hoffman Syndrome:
Wilson’s disease:
Wilson’s disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by excess copper stored in
various body tissues, particularly the liver, brain, and corneas of the eyes. The disease is
progressive and, if left untreated, it may cause liver (hepatic) disease, central nervous
system dysfunction, and death. Early diagnosis and treatment may prevent serious longterm disability and life threatening complications. Treatment is aimed at reducing the
amount of copper that has accumulated in the body and maintaining normal copper levels
thereafter.
Zellweger Syndrome:
Zellweger Syndrome is a rare hereditary disorder affecting infants. It is characterized by
reduction or absence of peroxisomes in the cells of the liver, kidneys, and brain. Unusual
problems in prenatal development, an enlarged liver, high levels of iron and copper in the
blood, and vision disturbances are among the major manifestations of Zellweger
Syndrome.