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A component of the Libre Service Manifesto

This article is one of a broader series articles that we refer to collectively as the Libre Services Manifesto. Together these
articles describe every aspect of the Libre Services model.

The complete collection of articles is available at:http://www.LibreServices.org/manifesto/access.html

The Libre Services Manifesto is also available at the Free Protocols Foundation website at:http://www.FreeProtocols.org/libre/manifesto/access.html

List of Figures

Executive Summary

The Internet has created an enormous new offshoot of the software industry: the Internet services industry. This industry has
become a key medium, not just for day-to-day communications and productivity, but also for the expression of information and
ideas.

However, this vitally important new industry exists entirely in the form of the traditional proprietary software
model. Within the general software arena, the free software movement is well established as an alternative to
proprietary software. But as yet, the free software movement has no formal presence within the Internet services
domain.

We are a group of engineers with a vision for the future of Internet services. We believe that the free software movement as we
see it today is just the beginning, and the next major evolutionary phase of free software is its strong emergence into the
Internet services arena.

We believe that the intellectual property ownership mechanisms of patents, copyright and trade secrecy, as they exist today,
have almost no legitimacy at all within this arena. At bottom these ownership mechanisms are business constructs, intended to
provide competitive advantage in a commercial context. That they do. But they do so at great cost to the broader society. Some
of the societal costs are obvious; others are more subtle and indirect. But the costs are real, and very far-reaching. They
include:

A crippling of the software engineering profession. These ownership mechanisms cut directly across the
engineering freedom of action that is the foundation of the software development process.

The loss to the public of the technical benefits of unrestricted engineering development.

In the case of Internet services based on commercial providers, the compromising of a number of important civil
liberties, including personal privacy, freedom of information, and freedom of speech.

A severe distortion of the competitive business environment.

Eventual loss of governance of the Internet to purely commercial interests.

Instead of the proprietary software model, we are advocates of the free software movement, in which software is treated as a
communal resource, freely available for reuse by anyone. Our ultimate vision is a completely open software industry, in which
all computing and communications is based entirely on free software.

We are proposing a radically new, completely non-proprietary model for the delivery of Internet services. We call this the LibreServices model.

Libre Services are an extension of the principles of free software into the Internet services domain. They are Internet services
that may be freely copied and reused by anyone. They are a communal resource, not owned by anyone, freely available for use
by society at large. Any company, organization or individual can reproduce and host any Libre Service, either for their own use,
or for commercial or non-commercial delivery to others. The Libre Services model exists in relationship to the proprietary
Internet services model of AOL, MSN and Yahoo, in an analogous way to how GNU/Linux exists in relation to Microsoft
Windows.

This is a radical departure from the existing commercial model, with societal benefits that are equally radical and far-reaching.
The Libre Services model provides a range of critical freedoms that are entirely absent from the proprietary
model:

The freedom of the engineering community to engage in unrestricted creative development, building new and
better Internet services for the benefit of the public.

The freedom of any group or community to operate their own Libre Services, according to whatever principles
they see fit. Since they are no longer subject to the actions of a commercial service provider, this guarantees
a range of critical civil liberties: privacy, protection against government monitoring, freedom of information,
freedom of ideas, freedom of speech.

The freedom of the business community to participate in the Internet services industry, without any intellectual
property barriers standing in the way. Libre Services transform the closed industry of today into a truly open
industry, creating major new business opportunities and industry growth.

Libre Services are the right way to deliver Internet services to the user. Our goal is to establish Libre Services as a
non-proprietary alternative to the existing proprietary services industry.

In this article we describe the Libre Services concept, and how we intend to turn it into a reality. A key component of our
bootstrapping strategy is a project-based model for collaborative participation. We have defined a set of independent,
self-contained projects required to move this initiative forward. This allows efficient, coordinated collaboration on multiple
bootstrapping tasks in parallel.

1 The Subscriber Services industry

The Internet has created an enormous new offshoot of the software industry: the Internet services
industry1 .
By Internet services, or Subscriber Services, we mean any service that is provided to a user via the Internet. Some examples
are:

Transactions. Services in which third parties are matched up for some type of transaction. Job listings, housing
listings, buying/selling, auctions, personal ads, rideshareing, etc.

Business services. Services provided over the Internet to businesses, such as those provided by Salesforce.com
etc.

And many other types of service. The above list is far from complete, nor is our simple categorization of services in any way
definitive. Subscriber Services is a new industry, not yet 20 years old, and still undergoing a process of disorganized
self-definition. Thus far evolution of the industry has been driven by a multitude of ad hoc commercial initiatives, and it
remains in a state of cheerful chaos.

Nevertheless, the scope of what we are describing is extremely large. In effect, it is the entire global Internet
itself.

1.1 The industry today

Though still undergoing chaotic evolution, the Subscriber Services industry is well established. In 2006, generalized Internet
services are provided by several large providers such as AOL, MSN and Yahoo. These major providers deliver a broad
range of services to their subscribers, including most of the examples given above. Google is also aggressively
moving into the generalized services arena, rapidly augmenting its core search service with a variety of additional
services.

In addition to the major providers of generalized services, there is a wide variety of providers of specialized services, such as
classified advertising (Craigslist), auctions (Ebay), airfare and vacation booking (Expedia), job listings (Monster.com), dating
(Match.com), car trading (AutoTrader.com), and numerous others. We can expect that over time the large general service
providers will provide many of these specialized services too, so that the industry will consolidate into a small number of
dominant providers.

In addition to the variety of new services that the Internet has enabled, a fundamental change is occurring in the way traditional
software applications are being provided to the user. Before the appearance of the Internet services industry,
software applications were either run locally, on the user’s own PC, or perhaps on a remote server on a local area
network.

But now traditional software applications are migrating towards a service-based implementation. Many user applications that
hitherto have been implemented as local stand-alone applications, are now being implemented as Internet services, in which the
user is provided with the same or similar functionality via the Internet.

This represents a fundamental shift in the focus of the software industry. The focus is moving away from software as a product,
and towards functionality as a service. This trend is just now becoming widely recognized within the industry, and there
remains confusion about its exact nature and implications. This general confusion is reflected in the multiplicity of terms used
to refer to this trend, such as “software as a service,” “information technology as a service,” and “transformation of software
into services.”

1.2 Domination of the proprietary model

All these developments—both the evolution of the Internet services industry, and the migration of traditional software into a
service-based implementation—are taking place almost entirely in a proprietary context. Even Google, despite any pretensions
it may have to the moral high ground, is based on proprietary software, heavily defended by patents, copyright and trade
secrecy.

Figure 1: Proprietary and non-propietary presence

Figure 1 shows the presence of the proprietary and non-proprietary models in both the software and services arenas. Within the
general software arena, the non-proprietary model has been fully formalized in the form of the free software movement. The
principles of free software have been clearly articulated, and formally codified in the form of the GPL and other open-source
licenses.

In addition, the Free Software Foundation and other organizations exist to provide leadership and advocacy, and to serve as
rallying points for participation. As a result of all this, the free software movement exists as a viable alternative to the
proprietary model.

However, a corresponding set of non-proprietary formalizations does not exist within the services domain. Today, virtually all
Internet services are provided under the traditional proprietary software model, and as yet the free software movement has no
formal presence in this domain. A set of defining principles has not been established, nor is there any leadership or rallying
point for participation in the services domain, corresponding to the leadership of the Free Software Foundation in the software
domain.

As a result of this there does not exist a non-proprietary alternative to the proprietary services model.

1.3 The problem: Governance by commercial interests

It also continues to undergo a process of consolidation. In the services arena, as in the general software arena, there are strong
forces of convergence towards a small number of dominant providers, and eventually a monopoly. In the more mature
software industry this has resulted in the Microsoft Windows monopoly, now with no proprietary competition at
all.

The services industry is already undergoing a similar process of convergence, and this may continue until there is a
monopoly in this arena too. Microsoft is a particular concern in this regard. With its dominant position in both user
environments (in the form of Windows), and services (in the form of MSN.com), Microsoft can create a level of
integration between its own proprietary user environment and its own proprietary service that cannot be matched
by any of the other major players. Based on its operating system monopoly it can exercise dominance of the
services arena in a way that the other providers cannot, and can eventually achieve a monopoly position there
too.

This trend towards a commercial oligopoly or monopoly presents some societal concerns.

The Internet is a global public resource, and as such requires representation and advocacy for the public interest. Such
representation includes maintaining technical standards and protocols, protecting civil liberties, and preventing unfair business
practices.

Standards and protocols

In the technical arena of standards and protocols, public representation has historically been provided by standards
organizations within the Internet industry, such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). But service providers are under
no obligation to use public protocols, and are free to deliver services using their own proprietary protocols. And if a
commercial provider is large enough, in terms of number of subscribers, it becomes a de facto authority within the industry,
able to establish its own protocols as an industry standard.

Thus in the technical arena such public representation as exists is ineffective. The large commercial providers are able to
establish their own standards and protocols, and engineering standards organizations such as the IETF have become largely
irrelevant.

Civil liberties

In the area of civil liberties there is no formal public representation at all, and protection of civil liberties remains entirely in the
hands of the commercial service providers.

If the commercial providers could be relied upon to act in the public interest, this would be of no great concern. But such is not
the case. The commercial providers are under no obligation to protect the public welfare. Their sole mandate
is to pursue their own commercial interests, and these may be highly detrimental to the broader interests of
society.

1.4 The solution: Free software presence in the services domain

In the general software arena, the free software movement and GNU/Linux play an essential role in providing a non-proprietary
alternative to the Windows monopoly. It is imperative that a similar non-proprietary alternative be established for the
services industry. Without such an alternative, Internet governance will remain largely in the hands of commercial
interests.

All the basic principles of the free software movement carry over into the services domain. In particular, Internet services are
amenable to similar cumulative and collaborative development mechanisms to software. And as in the case of software, these
mechanisms depend critically on the appropriate freedom of action.

But in order for these mechanisms to be replicated in the services arena, the proper formalization is required. This
formalization must include: a coherent model for non-proprietary services, a definition of the concept and principles, creation
of industry-wide awareness, a framework for collaborative development, leadership, and a rallying point for
participation. In short, an equivalent movement to the free software movement is required in the Internet services
arena.

2 The Libre Services model

We are proposing a radically new, completely non-proprietary model for the delivery of Internet services. We call this the LibreServices model.

Libre Services are an extension of the principles of free software into the domain of Internet services. Free software allows
complete freedom of action: it may be copied and reused without restriction. Libre Services provide equivalent freedom of
action: they are Internet services that may be copied, modified, reproduced, extended, and redistributed in their entirety. Libre
Services are:

Implemented entirely in free software

Based entirely on patent-free protocols

Reproducible as a complete service by anyone

They are a communal resource, not owned by anyone, freely available for use by society at large. Any company, organization or
individual can reproduce and host any Libre Service, and deliver the service to others. Or any group of individuals can host the
service for themselves, thus acting as their own service provider.

The Libre Services model exists in relationship to the proprietary Subscriber Services model of AOL, MSN, Yahoo and
Google, in an analogous way to how GNU/Linux exists in relation to Microsoft Windows. Both Libre Services and
GNU/Linux are open and free models, and both provide the essential freedom of action that is absent from the closed
model.

2.1 Technological context

Figure 2: Context for Libre Services

Figure 2 shows how Libre Services fit into the overall free software context. The left side of the figure shows the general
technological requirements, and the center of the figure shows how these are realized today. It should be noted that this
realization represents the general industry environment, and specific implementation choices we have made, at the time of
writing in early 2006. This realization is open to future change and evolution.

The figure is not unlike the common “hourglass” representation of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) and Internet
architectures, in which a high degree of heterogeneity at the upper and lower levels is bridged by a common set of protocols in
the stem of the hourglass.

Figure 2 has a similar shape, but here we are showing how a high degree of heterogeneity among hardware platforms and user
environments is bridged by a unifying set of software components. At the bottom of the figure is the hardware level,
consisting of the large number of hardware platforms and architectures available for client side and server side
computing.

GNU/Linux

In the open-source software world, the key enabling component is the GNU/Linux operating system, providing a complete
environment for open-source software development. Linux, the operating system kernel, is the unifying interface for running
GNU on a wide variety of hardware platforms.

(To place things in historical perspective, the GNU Project was founded in 1984. The earliest version of the Linux kernel was
released in 1991.)

Debian

An important development in the evolution of the open-source software movement was the appearance of GNU/Linux
distributions, or complete GNU/Linux software packages, assembled together for easy installation and use. The first of these
appeared in 1992, soon after the first release of the Linux kernel.

Distributions play an essential role within the GNU/Linux framework. The integration of the various GNU/Linux components
into a usable system is not a simple process. Distributions eliminate the need for a developer to locate, download, compile,
install and integrate a large number of necessary components into a working GNU/Linux system. Instead, the complexities of
system construction are handled transparently by the distribution software.

Our initial Libre Services implementations are based on the Debian distribution of GNU/Linux [4]. Debian was founded in
1993, and has emerged as the most practical and reliable distribution for software engineering development.
Equally important, Debian fully conforms to the philosophy of the free software movement. The Debian project is
guided by the Debian Social Contract [5], an explicit statement of the philosophy and guiding principles of
Debian.

Libre Services Integration Platform

The Libre Services Integration Platform (LSIP) is a generalized framework for developing Libre Services. All our initial
implementations are based on LSIP.

LSIP is a set of tools, policies and conventions for services development and deployment. It provides a uniform, disciplined
environment for transformation of software into services, integration, and service aggregation. It allows efficient integration of
free software components into coherent services.

LSIP is the key technological component of Libre Services. It is the component that makes generalized, large-scale services
development practical and efficient.

User environments

Libre Services are implemented as server-side software entities, typically running on servers at the service provider’s premises,
remote from the user. The user interacts with the service using his or her own computer, and may do so using any of a wide
variety of user environments, such as EOE (Emacs Office Environment), a web browser, thin client, or KDE (K Desktop
Environment). These are shown at the top level of Figure 2. The link between the user environment and the service is the
Internet itself.

Since Libre Services are completely open, there are no proprietary restrictions on which user environment can be used to
interact with the services. The Libre Services model allows any user environment to interact with any service using any
hardware platform.

2.2 Benefits to society

Libre Services bring the cumulative and collaborative development characteristics of free software into the services arena. They
are open to completely unrestricted, large-scale collaborative development, and therefore have an ability to undergo complex
evolutionary growth that cannot be matched by the proprietary model. In terms of richness of functionality, they have the ability
to surpass the proprietary model completely.

In addition to straightforward end-user functionality, Libre Services also provide a number broader societal
benefits.

Engineered for the user, not for business

In both the free and proprietary models, software is created by engineers. But the motives driving the engineering effort are
entirely different under the two models.

In the proprietary model, engineering acts at the behest of business. And the prime directive of business is to make profit.
Though corporations like to proclaim that their number one concern is the customer, this is a fiction. The welfare of
the customer is of concern to the corporation only insofar as it relates to profit; beyond that it is meaningless.
Under the proprietary model, service providers can and frequently do act directly against the interests of the
user.

But in the free software model, engineering does not take place within a business framework. Instead it is a collaborative effort,
undertaken by many organizations and individuals in a variety of diverse environments. Therefore the dependence ofengineering on business imperatives is severed. The engineering effort no longer takes place at the behest of business. Instead it
is driven by fundamental, constructive engineering motives: the desire of the software engineering community to create
applications of real value to the user.

The resultant software is therefore fully aligned with the usage, requirements and interests of the user. It is built to benefit the
user, not to benefit business.

Civil liberties: Services operated by the user, for the user

In the proprietary services model, the service provider and the user are two separate and distinct entities. All policy decisions
regarding operation of the service are made by the provider, with little input from the user.

In particular, the user is entirely subject to the provider’s actions regarding civil liberties issues such as privacy, censorship, and
freedom of speech. The provider’s actions are taken based on commercial considerations, and these actions may constitute
serious violations of the user’s civil liberties.

For example, commercial providers can silence dissent and enforce censorship in order to gain access to foreign markets. As
we note in the next section, they can also cooperate in government intrusion into their users’ personal and private affairs.
Commercial providers have also cooperated with enforcement of censorship and freedom of speech restrictions
by monitoring web logs and bulletin boards, erasing banned content, and reporting offenders to government
authorities.

Under the Libre Services model, however, any group or community of people can host the service cooperatively for themselves,
and operate it according to whatever policies they see fit. The Libre Services model thus breaks the separation between the
provider and the user—they can now be one and the same.

Libre Services can be operated by the user, for the user. The civil liberties of the user are thereby assured.

Privacy and security

In the proprietary services model, user activity can be monitored without the user’s knowledge or consent. There are two forms
of monitoring that present societal concerns:

Monitoring by commercial entities

Monitoring by government agencies

In the case of commercial monitoring, any aspect of a user’s activities can be recorded and reviewed by the service provider.
This includes the content of incoming and outgoing e-mail, search queries, websites visited, products and services
purchased—indeed, any service usage that is technologically available to the provider can be monitored, without the knowledge
or consent of the user.

This form of monitoring is much less of an issue in the case of Libre Services because, as we have noted, the service is
designed to benefit the user, not a commercial entity. Since the service is not created for commercial benefit, there is no great
incentive to include commercial monitoring capability within the service.

But to the extent that commercial monitoring remains a concern, the Libre Services model can provide complete guarantees of
privacy. In the case of proprietary services, based on closed software, monitoring can take place because the community of
users has no way of knowing what the software is actually doing. But in the case of Libre Services, the complete openness of
the software permits verification and authentication that the service is completely free from all monitoring activity. The
community of users is able to know exactly what the software is doing, and that it is doing no more and no less than they wish it
to do.

Much more worrisome than commercial monitoring is monitoring by the government. National governments may have very
broad powers to monitor their citizens’ usage of Internet services. In the USA, an agency with sufficient authorization can
compel a service provider to disclose all available information about a user, and cooperate in monitoring all communications
and other service usage, without the user’s knowledge or consent. The FBI’s controversial Carnivore system, for example, is
designed to capture all e-mail traffic for a particular targeted individual. Post-9/11, the necessary authorization can be provided
simply by association, at several levels of remove, with someone the government considers to be a person of interest for
national security reasons.

In the proprietary services model, covert government monitoring is possible because the user has no way of knowing what theservice provider is doing. In particular, the provider is under no obligation to disclose government monitoring to the user. But in
the case of Libre Services, any individual or organization can prevent covert monitoring by running the service for themselves,
rather than leaving it in the hands of a third-party provider.

In addition, by eliminating the separation between the provider and the user, the Libre Services model makes current
monitoring practices impractical. Under the proprietary model, a government agency conducts monitoring activity
by directing its compliance demands against a well-defined commercial service provider. But under the Libre
Services model the oligopoly of commercial service providers has disappeared, to be replaced by numerous private
self-providers.

The government can still come knocking and demand access to a user’s information. But it must now direct its compliance
demands against a multiplicity of individual persons and organizations. And it can no longer do this without the user’s
knowledge.

Service stability and continuity

In both the free and the proprietary worlds, software applications and services can be discontinued. The provider of the
application or service can go out of business, or may decide to discontinue supporting the application. In either case the user
may be left with an investment in an “orphaned” application. But the dynamics of how this occurs, and the effects on the user,
are very different under the two models.

In the free software world, application extinction occurs because of migration of the community of users away from the
application towards other, better applications. Extinction occurs because of a process of user-driven convergence, based on the
genuine merits of alternative solutions.

In the proprietary world, applications are left orphaned not by the actions of the users, but by the actions of the provider. And
these actions may be taken for reasons that have little to do with the actual merits of the application, but may be based on
purely business considerations.

Because of these differing dynamics, application orphaning is a gradual and organic process in the free software world, whereas
in the proprietary world it can occur suddenly and without warning.

Thus in the free software world, continuity of applications and services is much less of an issue than in the proprietary world.
Applications persist based on their merits, and where they do not persist, this is to the ultimate betterment of the industry and
the user.

But to the extent that service continuity is of concern to the user, the Libre Services model provides guarantees of continuity
that are completely absent from the proprietary model. First, since the services are a communal resource, the
user is not tied to any particular service provider. The effect of the Libre Services model is to decouple theservice functionality from the service provider. If a provider goes out of business or discontinues providing the
service, a user can simply go to an alternative provider, and be assured of receiving a functionally identical
service.

The same consideration applies to the availability of technical support for the service. Again, since the service is a communal
resource, the user is not tied to any particular vendor for technical support. Under the Libre Services model, technical support
remains readily available for as long as the service itself remains available.

Finally, under the rather implausible scenario in which an entire Libre Service inexplicably disappears, but an organization
remains fully committed to the orphaned service, the organization still has recourse. Since Libre Services are implemented
entirely in free software, the organization has guaranteed perpetual access to the software. If necessary, the organization can
reproduce and operate the entire service for itself.

Complex integration of user environments with services

As indicated in Figure 2, Internet services work by communication over the Internet between a client application running in the
user environment, and a corresponding server application running within the service.

In the proprietary model, a particular service is tied to certain specific user environments. The service can be accessed only via
one or two user environments, typically a web browser, and possibly also a dedicated client application provided by the service
provider.

Under the Libre Services model, however, there are no proprietary limitations placed on integration between the User
Environment layer and the Libre Services layer in Figure 2. Since the service is completely transparent, the dependence of theservice on any particular user environment is severed. Thus any user environment can be integrated with any Libre
Service.

Furthermore, a much more complex level of integration is possible. In particular, free user environments (i.e. user
environments based on free software) can be integrated with Libre Services. And since both the client and server sides
of the service are now completely transparent, this permits a highly complex level of integration between the
two. This allows the development of Internet services with a power and versatility that far exceeds what exists
today.

For these reasons we believe that the free software movement as we see it today is just the beginning. Today, free software
exists at operating system and application level. The Libre Services model brings the power of free software to the Services
level, the User Environment level, and the integration between these two levels. The result will be a complete transformation of
the Internet services industry.

2.3 Benefits to service providers

The Libre Services model also brings important benefits to the providers of Internet services.

A truly open industry

Under the proprietary model the Internet services industry is dominated and controlled by a few large providers. These
dominant players actively stifle competition by means of restrictive business practices, such as the use of proprietary
protocols, highly aggressive patent assertion, and other practices based on ownership and control of intellectual
assets.

Under the Libre Services model, however, there are no intellectual property barriers to business entry, and any company
that wishes to host services can do so. This has major business consequences. The effect of the Libre Services
model is to open the entire services industry to free market entry. This will result in unrestricted engineering
collaboration and business competition, and will catalyze enormous industry growth. Libre Services will transform the
closed industry of today into a truly open industry, in which all participants can compete on a level playing
field.

Collaborative development

In the proprietary model, small service providers can also be marginalized on the basis of service quality and functionality. A
small proprietary service provider cannot compete with the resources of the large providers in their ability to develop new and
better functionality.

Libre Services, however, are based on the large-scale cumulative and collaborative development mechanisms of free software.
Any development contribution made by any engineer, anywhere, becomes immediately available to the entire constituency
of service providers. In effect, the Libre Services model permits global pooling of engineering development
resources.

This provides a level of cooperative development capability that far exceeds the resources of even the largest proprietary
provider. Eventually the Libre Services model can surpass the proprietary model entirely in terms of service quality and
functionality.

Industry representation

As we saw in the case of Instant Messaging, small proprietary providers can also be marginalized in terms of representation
in industry decision-making, for example in establishing technical standards and protocols. This is because a
service provider’s voice in such decision-making is based ultimately on the provider’s size, in terms of number of
subscribers. The major commercial providers are thus able to exert a dominating influence over industry standards and
policies.

The Libre Services movement, however, provides a unified voice of advocacy for all its subscribers. In effect the Libre Services
model permits global pooling of the entire community of Libre Service subscribers as a single constituency for industry
representation.

2.4 Our goal: Creation of the Libre Services industry

Libre Services are the right way to deliver Internet services to the world. As well as providing a number of
vitally important societal benefits, they are also the proper basis for a healthy, thriving and egalitarian services
industry.

Our goal is nothing less than the creation of an entirely new industry: the Libre Services industry. Much as others
established the free software movement twenty years ago, we are establishing the Libre Services movement
today.

2.5 The need for a movement

Possibly the free software movement might have come into existence on its own, in some spontaneous organic way, even
without the actions of the Free Software Foundation. We only get to experience one history, so we will never know. But at the
very least the Free Software Foundation greatly expedited this process by explicitly formalizing the principles of free software.
And quite possibly, without the Free Software Foundation or some other entity taking this initiative, the free software
movement might never have come into existence as a coherent movement at all. In any event, 20 years later, the free software
movement now exists as a viable alternative to proprietary software. Society is surely better off for having the
choice.

Similar speculations can be made about the Libre Services movement. One could question whether there is any need for
anything so grandiose as a “movement,” with a “blueprint” and a “manifesto.” Possibly it too might arise spontaneously,
without requiring any explicit formalization. Possibly everything we are trying to achieve is destined to occur anyway, as a
natural consequence of the already established free software movement. One could argue that services are just another form of
software, and the existing free software movement is already sufficient to create its own non-proprietary presence in the
services arena.

It is true that in a purely reductionist sense, services are just another form of software. But from a holistic viewpoint they are no
more “just” an extension of software than biochemistry is “just” an extension of chemistry. Internet services have a richness
and complexity beyond that of general software, and they have a set of dynamics that are not apparent within the general
software arena.

Technical development challenges

The creation of a coherent service is a complex process, presenting its own set of technical challenges. This process involves
the transformation of software components into a service-oriented implementation, integration of software components, and
service aggregation.

The existing technical conventions of free software are not well adapted to these requirements. These requirements have been
partially met by the appearance of hosting platforms, but these have been implemented on a specialized, ad hoc basis, and the
integration of software into services remains inefficient and costly.

In the longer term a much more general framework is required. This framework must include a coherent set
of tools, policies and conventions for efficient integration of free software components into services, and for
consistent service aggregation. The Libre Services Integration Platform (LSIP) we have developed is one such
framework.

Collaborative development challenges

In addition to these technical issues, managing collaborative development on services presents another set of challenges. For
example, collaboration on services is much more vulnerable to software division (the tendency of open-source projects to split
into rival projects) than collaboration on individual software components. For this and other reasons services require a
set of collaborative policies and methodologies that are significantly different from the general free software
model.

Motivation for development

Furthermore, the motivations driving development of free software and Libre Services are quite different. The initial
“consumer” of free software was the engineering community itself—the community of software engineers who recognized the
need for non-proprietary software tools such as editors, compilers, debuggers, etc. Free software was developed by
engineers for engineers, and so the benefits of free software translated directly into the necessary action to create
it.

By contrast, the “consumer” of services is the end-user, and a completely different set of motivations and dynamics must come
into play to create Libre Services. Though the benefits of Libre Services are very real and very far-reaching, it is not clear that
these benefits translate directly into forces and action to create them. Under these circumstances an explicit movement is
required to provide the necessary motivation.

2.6 The time is now

In the end, the best anyone can say is that there is uncertainty about the future. One could be complacent, take no action, and
accept whatever default history will hand us. But the stakes are very high. We believe it behooves us to take
positive action to ensure the future, rather than complacently assume that history’s default will be the one we
desire.

The time to do this is now. All the necessary requisites for Libre Services now exist. The key enabling components are the
Linux kernel, the GNU operating system, and the Debian distribution. These components are now sufficiently complete and
mature to make Libre Services a reality.

The window of opportunity for this is unknown. It is possible that the proprietary services may become so entrenched that they
become impossible to dislodge. The number of proprietary subscribers may become so large and so tightly bound to their
service provider, that a different services model can no longer gain credibility. In this case, the opportunity to establish Libre
Services, if not acted upon quickly, may be lost.

We would like to ensure that, 10 years from now, society will have a non-proprietary alternative to the proprietary Internet
services. As in the case of free software, society will surely be better off for having the choice.

3 Libre Services: From concept to reality

Figure 3: From concept to reality

Figure 3 provides an overview of the major stages of development needed to establish Libre Services as a reality, and the
principal deliverables needed at each stage. The major requirements are:

Conceptual definition. The first requirement is a clear definition and explication of the concept. The necessary
intellectual work must be done to define the concept fully, and written materials created to communicate it to
others.

The principal required deliverable is the Libre Services Manifesto, a comprehensive description of the Libre
Services model.

Collaborative framework. The next requirement is a framework for collaborative engineering development.
Open-source software development does not take place in a vacuum—it requires a proper framework to proceed
effectively. This framework must include a central software repository, and automated mechanisms to allow
developers to retrieve software components from the repository, then resubmit modified software back into the
repository. The framework must also define the policies and procedures to be followed for orderly collaboration,
and provide various other resources for developers.

The required deliverable is LibreServices.org, a website and forum providing all the necessary resources and
functionality.

Engineering development. Next it is necessary to do the engineering work to create Libre Services software.
This is done by the open-source development community within the industry at large.

The required deliverables are a set of software components and Libre Service Engines.

Deployment and delivery. Finally it is necessary to deploy and deliver services to individual subscribers. This
is done by service providers within the industry at large.

The required deliverables are a set of deployed, usable, first-generation Libre Services.

3.1 Transformation of software into services

Figure 4: Transformation of free software into Libre Services

Figure 4 provides an overview of the technical processes required to transform free software components into a working service
for delivery to users.

In addition to free software components, two other important elements are required to create a service: an integration portal,
and LSIP. These three elements are integrated together to create a Libre Service Engine.

The Libre Service Engine is a key technological component of the Libre Services model. It is a complete, fully integrated
package of service features and capabilities, ready for deployment and delivery by a service provider. It is part of the definition
of a Libre Service that such an engine exist, ready for deployment without requiring any further software integration
work.

It is the responsibility of a service provider to create a deployed service based on the service engine. This includes binding the
service to a specific Internet domain, branding the service with the provider’s trade name, and providing the technical and
business structures required to deliver the service and support users.

The vertical line in Figure 4 represents an important conceptual point of demarcation in the Libre Services model. It is the
division between industry-general engineering activity, and provider-specific deployment activity. Engineering development is
a collective activity, undertaken by the industry as a whole. The resulting assets are industry-generic, available for use by all
industry participants. Deployment and delivery, on the other hand, is undertaken by a commercial or non-commercial
service provider. The resulting deployed service is associated with and carries the brand name of a specific
provider.

Thus LSIP and all service engines are industry-generic resources. ByName, a deployed service, is associated with a specific
service provider, in this case Neda.

In the Libre Services model any engineering development, taking place at any point within the industry, becomes immediately
available to the entire industry. This means that differentiation and competition among service providers no longer takes place
on the basis of service functionality. Instead it must now take place purely on the basis of deployment and delivery
characteristics such as service cost, reliability, and customer service.

4 Separation of responsibility: FPF and Neda

4.1 Areas of responsibility

As shown in Figure 3, the major requirements for establishing Libre Services fall under different areas of responsibility.

The resources to be created in the conceptual definition and collaborative framework arenas are general industry enablers, and
are sufficiently bounded in scope to be created by a single organization. Therefore major responsibility for creation of these
resources will be taken by the Free Protocols Foundation (FPF).

The scope of the required engineering and deployment work, on the other hand, is too large for any one company or
organization acting alone, and must be undertaken by the industry at large.

Engineering development

The engineering development work is a communal activity, and can be undertaken by any individual or organization. In the free
software model, software developed by any entity is released and licensed under the General Public License (GPL) or other
open-source license [6], and so becomes immediately available to the entire open-source development community. In this
collaborative environment it is not of any great significance who or which organization creates any particular component of
the Libre Services software. The body of Libre Services software is not owned by anyone, in any restrictive
sense.

At the outset the FPF is playing a major role in building the necessary engineering resources. We are actively developing LSIP
and a set of starting-point service engines. As others begin to participate we expect that this work will evolve into a distributed
industry-wide effort, with the FPF playing an appropriate coordination role.

Deployment and delivery

Deployment and delivery of Libre Services is an essential requirement for their adoption. If Libre Services are to come into
widespread usage, they must be operated and supported for the end user. In practical terms, this is something that must be done
by service providers in a commercial context. Somewhere along the line, there must be a business model that supports the
delivery of Libre Services to individual users.

However, as a business activity, this falls outside the responsibility of the FPF. The necessary deployment work must therefore
take place in an entirely separate context.

4.2 Complementary roles of FPF and Neda

We have established a separation of responsibility to address this issue. Responsibility for moving this initiative forward will be
divided between two separate entities:

The Free Protocols Foundation is responsible for creating all the assets required in the conceptual definition
and collaborative framework arenas. This consists of the work to articulate the concept and create the necessary
development framework.

The FPF is also taking responsibility for creating momentum in the engineering development arena. We are
doing the necessary work to create a set of starting-point engineering resources, and we are establishing a
framework to enable collective participation by others.

Neda Communications, Inc. is responsible for creating the necessary deliverables and demonstrating
proof-of-concept in the deployment arena. This consists of the work to deploy and operate a set of usable,
first-generation Libre Services.

The Free Protocols Foundation and Neda Communications thus play complementary roles in moving this initiative
forward.

4.3 Conflict of interest

The relationship between the FPF and Neda is not unlike that between a professional association and a member of that
profession; for example the American Bar Association and a particular law firm. The FPF is a voice of advocacy for
the Libre Services industry as a whole. It has a moral authority, and its ultimate mandate is to serve the public
interest.

Neda Communications, on the other hand, is merely one company that conducts engineering and business operations within
this industry. At the outset it is playing a unique leadership role, but eventually we hope it will be just one of many companies
delivering Libre Services to users.

But what is highly unusual about this, is that the Libre Services industry does not yet exist; and the enabling framework for the
industry, and the first company within the industry, are both being established at the same time. Furthermore, these two
structures are being established by the same persons. The authors of this paper are directors of the FPF, and also employees of
Neda. Not only are we moving this initiative forward under the FPF, we are also doing the necessary deployment work under
Neda.

This creates a conflict of interest problem. In the long run, it is not possible for the same persons to manage both the FPF, and a
commercial entity within the Libre Services industry. At some point these responsibilities must be separated
entirely.

But for the moment this conflict cannot be avoided, since we cannot divide ourselves in two, either as individuals or as a
team.

In the short run, however, we believe that this conflict of interest is manageable. This is because in every capacity—we as
individuals, the FPF as an organization, and Neda as an organization—we share the same unifying philosophy. In each capacity
we are fully committed to the principles of the free software movement, and in each capacity we share the same ultimate vision:
completely open software and Internet services industries, in which all computing and communications is based entirely on freesoftware.

In particular, although Neda is a for-profit company, in all its engineering and business practices it fully conforms to the
philosophy and principles of the FPF. All protocols developed by Neda are patent-free; all software developed by Neda is free
software; all services developed by Neda are Libre Services. The potential conflict of interest is thus greatly
mitigated.

It must also be emphasized that, since Libre Services are completely non-proprietary, there are no intellectual
property barriers to participation in this industry. Neda enjoys no proprietary advantages whatsoever, and any
company that wishes to participate is free to do so. What we are creating is a truly open industry, in which
all participants must compete on a truly level playing field. And the ultimate beneficiary of this is society at
large.

5 Libre Services: Bootstrapping an industry

We are proposing an entirely new model for delivery of Internet services. This is an ambitious initiative, and will require the
participation of many others to turn into a reality.

So far what we have described has been largely theoretical. We have described a new concept, and outlined the major technical
requirements to implement it. But to make all this real, a lot more than this is required. An explicit strategy is needed to
bootstrap Libre Services into existence.

The goal of our bootstrapping strategy is to create deployed, usable, first-generation Libre Services. This means that all the
requirements of Figure 3 must be fully addressed.

The FPF is taking primary responsibility for the first two requirements in Figure 3: the conceptual definition, and creation of the
collaborative framework. We are creating the Libre Services Manifesto to articulate and promote the concept, and we are
building the required development framework at LibreServices.org.

But the scope of the next two requirements—the necessary engineering and deployment work—is far too large to be undertaken
by any single organization or group of people acting alone. The scope of work required to build a real Libre
Services industry is enormous, and can only be accomplished as a collective enterprise by many organizations and
individuals.

The key to enabling this collective effort is a coherent basis for participation.

5.1 A project-based model for participation

We have established a coherent basis and model for collaborative bootstrapping of the Libre Services industry. This consists of
two major components:

We have done the initial development work to create a set of starting-point, reference software components.
These include LSIP, and a coordinated family of Libre Service Engines.

We have established a project-based model for collaborative participation.

We have defined a set of projects, representing the next stages of work required to move this initiative forward. Each project
is largely independent and self-contained, and ready to be undertaken by an interested group or organization
immediately. This project-based model allows efficient, coordinated collaboration on multiple bootstrapping tasks in
parallel.

Each project is defined in the form of a Project Document, providing a complete specification for the project. The complete list
of projects and Project Documents is provided in a separate article. See the article titled Libre Services: Projects forbootstrapping.

In this project-based model the role of the FPF is largely one of coordination and support. We will take responsibility for
defining projects, creating and maintaining the Project Documents, and seeking out project sponsors.

5.2 Deployment and delivery

As a commercial activity, deployment and delivery falls outside the scope of the FPF. We therefore rely on independent service
providers to do the necessary deployment work. At the outset Neda will take responsibility for this. The primary
role of Neda is to demonstrate engineering and business proof-of-concept by deploying usable first-generation
services.

As the bootstrapping process gains momentum, we hope and expect that other service providers will also deploy the
services.

5.3 An invitation to participate

We invite and encourage others to join us in this ambitious initiative. We invite active participation by all relevant
constituencies:

Engineering. To do the work to build usable, first-generation Libre Services.

Business. To deploy and deliver first-generation services in a commercial context.

The investment community. To finance commercial deployment of Libre Services.

The academic community. To analyze and criticize the concept.

The media. To publicize the concept and educate the public.

The Libre Services Forum at LibreServices.org provides a variety of resources to assist organizations and individuals who wish
to participate.

The forum hosts a number of mailing lists to facilitate various forms of participation. These include a general interest mailing
list, a mailing list oriented towards engineering development, and a mailing list oriented towards business development. These
provide a means for organizations and individuals to announce their participation, seek out partners, and coordinate cooperative
effort.

Immediate mission-critical tasks are the creation of the Libre Services Manifesto, and the engineering work to create usable
first-generation services. Those who are interested in promoting the Libre Services model can assist us by contributing
additional material to the Manifesto, revising existing material, and translating Manifesto articles into foreign
languages.

Organizations and individual programmers who wish to participate in the engineering effort can do so through the software
repository and development resources at LibreServices.org. All FPF-sponsored Libre Services software is available at
LibreServices.org, licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

6 Starting point for bootstrapping

Bootstrapping of Libre Services is not starting from zero. As part of our framework for collaboration we have created an initial
set of starting-point engineering and deployment assets.

We have done substantial engineering development work to create a set of reference Libre Services software components.
These are available for immediate use as the basis for collaborative engineering development.

Under Neda we have also done the initial work to demonstrate deployment proof-of-concept.

6.1 Engineering development

Libre Services Integration Platform

We have completed initial development of LSIP, the Libre Services Integration Platform. LSIP is the basis for efficient services
development, and a key component of the Libre Services model. It consists of a uniform set of tools, policies and conventions
for integration of software into services. LSIP is now sufficiently complete and mature for use as a general industry
resource.

Libre Service Engines

We have done the intellectual work to define the requirements for a coordinated set of services, allowing highly generalized
interactions among each other. We have identified the key abstractions that must be represented within such a set, including
such things as individual persons, businesses, physical locations, and events. We have then designed a family of services to
represent these abstractions, and to allow rich and complex interactions among them. The result is a coherent and powerful
model for generalized Internet services.

Based on this general conceptual architecture we have created an initial set of starting-point Libre Service Engines. Thus far we
have created service engines to provide the following functionality:

A service for named individual persons.

A service for individual persons referred to by a numerical ID, and allowing usage via numeric devices.

A service for individual persons referred to by an alias.

A service for preserving the memory of deceased individual persons.

We are in the process of creating service engines based on the other abstractions and usage models in our general conceptual
architecture. These include services based on the generalized abstraction of business entities, physical locations, and events;
services for publication of information; and services allowing complex interaction among the various types of abstracted
entities.

Everything we have built—the LSIP development platform, and all the starting-point service engines—is available as free
software licensed under the GPL. These are intended to be reference implementations, freely available for examination,
evaluation and reuse by the software engineering community.

6.2 Deployment and delivery

Under Neda we have deployed an initial set of working Libre Services based on the starting-point service engines. The first of
these is the ByName service. ByName provides a basic set of Internet services for the individual user, including a personal
domain, personal website, e-mail, mobile messaging, integrated support for mobility, and a few other capabilities. It is the
world’s first Libre Service!

Libre Services are thus not merely an abstract concept—they are a real construct that exists today.

Thus far we have deployed the following services:

ByName. As basic set of services for the individual user.http://www.ByName.com

ByNumber. A similar set of services to ByName, but based on a number assigned to the user instead of the
user’s name. This allows access to the services using numeric devices such as telephone keypads.http://www.ByNumber.com

ByAlias. A similar set of services to ByName, but allowing the use of an alias instead of the user’s real name.http://www.ByAlias.com

ByMemory. A set of services for preserving the memory of deceased persons. These include features for
creating memorials and biographies, and for creating and maintaining shared genealogies.http://www.ByMemory.net

These initial services are in varying stages of development, in some cases providing only very basic capabilities. But they are
sufficient to demonstrate end-to-end proof of the Libre Services concept. They show that it is possible to deliver real services to
an end-user, using nothing but free software.

References

[1]Free Software Movement. A large body of writing and references describing the philosophy of the Free
Software Movement is available at: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/philosophy.html

[2]Free Software Foundation. An organization dedicated to the promotion and support of free software.
http://www.fsf.org/

[4]Debian. A distribution of the GNU/Linux operating system and other software packages. The initial
starting-point Libre Services are based on the Debian distribution. http://www.debian.org/

[5]Debian Social Contract. A statement of the philosophy of the Debian project, and a set of commitments made
by the developers towards the free software community. http://www.debian.org/social_contract

[6]GNU General Public License. The free software license under which GNU/Linux and many other free
software projects are licensed. http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html