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Abstract:

The invention involves an electrofusion pipe fitting. The fitting has a
body having a pipe-receiving aperture. An electric heating element
surrounds the aperture. The fitting has a thermochromic indicator at an
axial end.

Claims:

1. An electrofusion pipe fitting component comprising: a body having a
pipe-receiving aperture; an electric heating element surrounding the
aperture; and a thermochromic indicator at an axial end of the component.

2. The fitting of claim 1 wherein: the body is formed of a fusion collar.

3. The fitting of claim 1 wherein: the body is formed of a molded
non-metallic material.

4. The fitting of claim 1 wherein: the heating element comprises a coil
at least partially embedded in the body.

5. The fitting of claim 1 wherein: the thermochromic indicator is a
thermochromic liquid crystal based coating.

9. The fitting of claim 1 wherein: the thermochromic indicator is
positioned on a connector tab.

10. The fitting of claim 1 wherein: the thermochromic indicator is
configured to change color at a temperature of 59-72 C.

11. A method for manufacturing the fitting of claim 1, the method
comprising: molding the body over the heating element; and applying the
thermochromic indicator to the body.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein: the applying comprises applying in a
fluid form.

13. A method for forming a joint between a pipe fitting and a connected
member, the method comprising: inserting an insertion portion of the
connected member into an aperture of a body of the fitting; energizing a
heating element of the fitting so as to: electrofuse the body of the
fitting to the insertion portion; and change color of a thermochromic
indicator at an axial end of the fitting.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein: the mating member is a pipe and the
insertion portion is an end portion of the pipe or a spigot portion of a
second fitting.

15. The method of claim 13 further comprising: applying the thermochromic
indicator to the fitting.

16. A piping system joint comprising: a first member; a second member
fused to the first member; an electric heating element at least partially
embedded within the first member and/or second member; and a
thermochromic indicator at an axial end of one of the first member and
the second member and in a color-changed post-heating condition.

Description:

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] Benefit is claimed of U.S. Patent Applications Ser. No. 61/316,229,
Filed Mar. 22, 2010, and Ser. No. 61/362,470, Filed Jul. 8, 2010, both
entitled "Electrofusion Fitting", the disclosures of which are
incorporated by reference herein as if set forth at length.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention relates to piping. More particularly, the invention
relates to pipe electrofusion.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0003] One aspect of the invention involves an electrofusion pipe fitting.
The fitting has a body having a pipe-receiving aperture. An electric
heating element surrounds the aperture. The fitting has a thermochromic
indicator at an axial end.

[0004] In various implementations, the thermochromic indicator may be
thermally communicated with terminal portions of the electric heating
element. The fitting may be a collar for coupling first and second
members.

[0005] The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set
forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other
features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from
the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006]FIG. 1 is an outboard end (front) view of an electrofusion collar.

[0008]FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of the collar of FIG. 2.

[0009]FIG. 3A is an enlarged view of a connector area of the collar of
FIG. 3.

[0010] Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings
indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0011]FIG. 1 shows an electrofusion collar 20. The exemplary collar 20 is
based on one existing collar, the FUSEAL three-inch electrofusion collar
of GF Piping Systems, Tustin, Calif. The collar 20 comprises a molded
plastic body (e.g., polypropylene) 22 having an inboard (radially)
surface 24 and an outboard (radially) surface 26. The inboard surface 24
surrounds a central aperture 28. The body 22 has a first
longitudinal/axial end 34 (axially outboard in an installed condition)
and a second axial/longitudinal end 34. An electrofusion connector
boss/tab 36 protrudes radially to an outboard (radially) end 38.

[0012]FIG. 3 shows the body as including an inner wall 40 and an outer
wall 42. The outer wall 42 extends to the end 34 which forms a rim. The
exemplary outer wall 42 is segmented by axial slots 44. The inner wall 40
extends to a rim/end 46 which is recessed from the rim/end 34. An annular
channel 48 lies between an outboard (radially) surface 50 of the inner
wall 40 and an inboard surface 52 of the outer wall 42 and extends to a
base 54 which forms an inboard wall of an end ring/flange 56 of the body.
The inner wall 40 contains a wire coil 60 (FIG. 3A). Terminal portions 62
of the wire extend into the boss 36 to respective contacts 64. Exemplary
contacts 64 are formed as pins and have end portions 66 within respective
compartments 68 of the boss open to the surface 38. The contacts mate
with associated contacts of a connector of an electrofusion power source
(not shown) to energize the coil.

[0013] In operation, the collar is used to secure respective first and
second mating members. An exemplary first member is a fitting having an
annular end portion which is inserted into the channel 48. A clamp (not
shown) may be placed around the outer wall 42 and closed, contracting the
slots 44 and compressing the outer wall into engagement with the
associated first member. The clamp may be positioned via ribs 80 (FIGS.
1&2). The second member may be a pipe having an end portion inserted
within the aperture 28 (e.g., before the clamp tightening). After
clamping, the power source may be connected to the tab/boss and the coil
energized. Energizing of the coil heats the coil, melting the inner wall
and adjacent portions of the first and second members to form a fusion
joint.

[0014] As so far described, the collar and its operation may correspond to
the exemplary prior art collar and process. However, other variations are
possible.

[0015] It is desirable to verify that sufficient heating has occurred to
form an effective fusion joint. To provide an indication of such
sufficient heating, a thermochromic indicator 100 is provided on the
body. The exemplary thermochromic indicator is provided along the
outboard face 102 of the tab/boss 36. In an exemplary sequence of
manufacture, the coil is prefabricated (wound from wire and contacts
attached). The coil is then inserted into a molding tool and the body is
molded thereover. The coil may be pre-encapsulated in material which
forms the inner wall or the inner wall may be formed during a single
molding process with the rest of the body. Exemplary molding of the body
forms a low wall 104 along the face 102. The wall 104 bounds a pad
portion of the surface 102 to which the thermochromic indicator may be
applied (e.g., as a liquid in a brushing or spraying operation). The
liquid may then dry (through evaporation which may be fan/hot
air-assisted) or cure to harden.

[0016] The composition of the thermochromic indicator is selected in view
of its proximity to the coil so that it changes color at a temperature
where sufficient fusion has taken place. In particular, the location
along the face 102 may provide a beneficial combination of visibility and
proximity to the terminal legs of the conductor (which allows heat
transfer from the terminal legs to the indicator). The exemplary location
has the indicator coating starting within 4.0 mm of the interface of the
pipe entering the fitting (e.g., 2.0-4.0 mm).The particular temperature
of the indicator at which the indicator changes color will be appropriate
to the plastic materials being fused. For example for a typical George
Fischer Fuseal polypropylene fitting, an exemplary temperature is 60+/-1
C. For a polypropylene schedule 80 fusion system an exemplary temperature
is 65+/-1 C and for a PVDF system an exemplary temperature is 71+/-1 C.
Even a much lower temperature threshold allows the indicator to provide
an indication that a joint has been energized (e.g., not missed by the
technician who uses the electrofusion power source; although not then
indicating quality of fusion).

[0017] The exemplary color change is permanent/irreversible. An exemplary
indicator comprises a cholesteric thermochromic liquid crystal base
(e.g., forming in excess of 50% by weight of the coating wet). An
exemplary such base material is commercially available from LCR
Hallcrest, LLC as Chromax. Such a base material tends to be very unstable
when subjected to UV light and will change color over time with exposure.
This would be disadvantageous because of a desire to store the finished
product for some time and a desire to be able to install the product
outside where it would be exposed to sunlight. To increase stability, a
UV absorber may be added. An exemplary absorber is titanium dioxide
(TiO2) which may be compounded into the coating to serve as a UV
stabilizer and viscosity modifier (e.g., at least 2% of the coating by
weight wet). Because the commercial thermochromic coatings have some
variability to their UV stability, with each batch, one may make up a
series of samples at different loadings and choose the lowest amount that
works with the particular batch. Additionally, adding the TiO2
increases the viscosity of the coating, making it easier to apply and
also shortening the drying time. Exemplary TiO2 is available as
TiONA® from Millenium Inorganic Chemicals, Ltd./Cristal Global.

[0018] In addition to the TiO2 or other absorber, a hindered amine
light stabilizer (HALS) may be used. An exemplary HALS is Lowinox®
CPL Phenolic Antioxidant from Chemtura Corporation (e.g., at least 6% of
the coating by weight wet). In the post heated condition the
thermochromic indicator will turn (from the initial white) an intense red
or black color in the area nearest to the highest fusion temperature and
may turn gray or pink as the distance from this location increases. The
presence of the red or black area (or other color if a different
indicator is used) will indicate the fusion.

[0020] One or more embodiments of the present invention have been
described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications
may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
For example, different particular end uses (e.g., materials, pipe sizes,
and purposes) may influence particular implementations. Furthermore, when
implemented as a redesign of an existing electrofusion component, details
of the existing component may influence details of any particular
implementation. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of
the following claims.