45. smart http://www.thefreedictionary.com/smart , Regional Note: Smart is a word that has diverged considerably from its original meaning of "stinging, sharp," as in a smart blow. The standard meaning of "clever, intelligent," probably picks up on the original semantic element of vigor or quick movement. Smart has taken on other senses as a regionalism. In New England and in the South smart can mean "accomplished, talented." The phrase right smart can even be used as a noun meaning "a considerable number or amount": "We have read right smart of that book" (Catherine C. Hopley).

* smart >> stinging /mGC/Ch/+bp >> sharp /mGC/Ch/+cp

* smart >> clever /GC/S/abT/+bp >> intelligent /GC/S/abT/+cp

* clever /GC/S/abT/+bp/Ch >> vigor /P >> "quick movement" /T

accomplished (s/S + mart/C1) smart

talented (s/S + mart/C1)/Ch smart

>> We have read right smart of that book.

Idiom: right smart New England & Southern U.S. A lot; a considerable amount: He did right smart of the work himself.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/rarely , Usage Note: Strictly speaking, the use of ever after rarely and seldom is redundant; She rarely ever watches television adds nothing to She rarely watches television. In an earlier survey a large majority of the Usage Panel found this construction unacceptable in formal writing. But ever has been used as an intensive with rarely for several hundred years, and the construction is common in informal contexts. By contrast, the constructions rarely (or seldom) if ever and rarely (or seldom) or never are perfectly acceptable: She rarely if ever watches television. She rarely or never watches television. See Usage Notes at hardly, redundancy.

USAGE Since the meaning of rarely is `hardly ever', the combination rarely ever is repetitive and should be avoided in careful writing, even though you may sometimes hear this phrase used in informal speech.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/only , Usage Note: When used as an adverb, only should be placed with care to avoid ambiguity. Generally this means having only adjoin the word or words that it limits. Variation in the placement of only can change the meaning of the sentence, as the following examples show: Dictators respect only force; they are not moved by words. Dictators only respect force; they do not worship it. She picked up the receiver only when he entered, not before. She only picked up the receiver when he entered; she didn't dial the number. Though strict grammarians insist that the rule for placement of only should always be followed, there are occasions when placement of only earlier in the sentence seems much more natural, and if the context is sufficiently clear, there is no chance of being misunderstood. In the following example only is placed according to the rule: The committee can make its decision by Friday of next week only if it receives a copy of the latest report. Placement of only earlier in the sentence, immediately after can, would warn the reader that a condition on the statement follows. See Usage Note at not.

USAGE: In informal English, only is often used as a sentence connector: I would have phoned you, only I didn't know your number. This use should be avoided in formal writing: I would have phoned you if I'd known your number. In formal speech and writing, only is placed directly before the word or words that it modifies: she could interview only three applicants in the morning. In all but the most formal contexts, however, it is generally regarded as acceptable to put only before the verb: she could only interview three applicants in the morning. Care must be taken not to create ambiguity, esp. in written English, in which intonation will not, as it does in speech, help to show to which item in the sentence only applies. A sentence such as she only drinks tea in the afternoon is capable of two interpretations and is therefore better rephrased either as she drinks only tea in the afternoon (i.e. no other drink) or she drinks tea only in the afternoon (i.e. at no other time).

>> I would have phoned you, only I didn't know your number. (I would have phoned you if I'd known your number)

* "she could interview only three applicants in the morning." >> "she could only interview three applicants in the morning." /mGC/Ch

>> she only drinks tea in the afternoon.she drinks tea only in the afternoon (i.e. at no other time).she drinks only tea in the afternoon (i.e. no other drink)

* "she drinks tea only in the afternoon." >> "she only drinks tea in the afternoon." /GC/S/abT

* "she drinks only tea in the afternoon." >> "she only drinks tea in the afternoon." /mGC/Ch

http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/only.html , Word Usage Position of onlyAvoid ambiguity in the placement of the limiting adverb only. The position of only within a sentence can determine the meaning of the entire sentence. As a general rule, put it next to the word you want it to modify: She had only a dollar. Only she had a dollar or She only had a dollar. Avoid putting only between a subject and a verb and between an auxiliary verb and a main verb: He only does these things to get attention where He does these things only to get attention is better. Similarly, I will only stop the car once on the way there is less desirable than I will stop the car only once on the way there.

She had only a dollar. >> "She only had a dollar" /mGC/ChOnly she had a dollar. >> "She only had a dollar" /GC/S/abT

He does these things only to get attention. >> "He only does these things to get attention." /mGC/Ch

I will stop the car only once on the way there. >> "I will only stop the car once on the way there." /mGC/Ch

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/only[2]usage The placement of only in a sentence has been a source of studious commentary since the 18th century, most of it intended to prove by force of argument that prevailing standard usage is wrong. After 200 years of preachment the following observations may be made: the position of only in standard spoken English is not fixed, since ambiguity is avoided through sentence stress; in casual prose that keeps close to the rhythms of speech only is often placed where it would be in speech; and in edited and more formal prose only tends to be placed immediately before the word or words it modifies.

"18th century" ([ŋ= w=]/C2 + only/S) only

48. reductionhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/reduction , Usage Beginning students of chemistry are understandably puzzled by the term reduction: shouldn't a reduced atom or ion be one that loses electrons rather than gains them? The reason for the apparent contradiction comes from the early days of chemistry, where reduction and its counterpart, oxidation, were terms invented to describe reactions in which one substance lost an oxygen atom and the other substance gained it. In a reaction such as that between two molecules of hydrogen (2H2) and one of oxygen (O2) combining to produce two molecules of water (2H2O), the hydrogen atoms have gained oxygen atoms and were said to have become "oxidized," while the oxygen atoms have (as it were) lost them by attaching themselves to the hydrogens, and were said to have become "reduced." Importantly, though, in the process of gaining an oxygen atom, the hydrogen atoms have had to give up their electrons and share them with the oxygen atoms, while the oxygen atoms have gained electrons. Thus comes the apparent paradox that the "reduced" oxygen has in fact gained something, namely electrons. Today the terms oxidation and reduction are used of any reaction, not just one involving oxygen, where electrons are (respectively) lost or gained.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/group , Usage Note: Group as a collective noun can be followed by a singular or plural verb. It takes a singular verb when the persons or things that make up the group are considered collectively: The dance group is ready for rehearsal. Group takes a plural verb when the persons or things that constitute it are considered individually: The group were divided in their sympathies. See Usage Note at collective noun.

** school (or "soccer team" or "research institute" or "Samsung Group" or "MIT") >> group /mGC/abE/Ch

http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/group.html , Word Usage When group is used to refer to a collection of individuals regarded as a unit or a whole, a singular verb is used: The group has decided not to go on the afternoon tour, i.e., everybody in the group has decided unanimously to skip that tour. When the members of a group are regarded as separate individuals or factions, a plural verb is used: The group have been arguing all morning about going or not going, i.e., some members want to go and others do not.

http://www.answers.com/help , Usage Note: Many people commonly use help in the sense conveyed in the sentence Don't change it any more than you can help (that is, "any more than you have to"). Some grammarians condemn this usage on the grounds that help in this sense means "avoid" and therefore logically requires a negative. But the expression is a well-established idiom. See Usage Note at cannot.

Don't change it any more than you can help. << Don't change it any more than you can only (change it).

* cannot >> can't /mGC/abE

* can't /mGC/abE/Ch >> can' /P

* except >> but /mGC/abE >> help /mGC/abE/Ch

* solely >> only /mGC/Ch* sole >> only /mGC/Ch

* only /mGC >> but /P

http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/help.html , Word Usage Can't help butTraditionally, speakers and writers had a choice between, for example, can't help doing and can't [or cannot] but do. The latter (i.e., cannot but do) is now uncommon. Can't help but do is sometimes seen, but it is a redundant mixture of the two forms, and should be avoided in favor of can't help doing.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cannot , Usage Note: The idiomatic phrase cannot but has sometimes been criticized as a double negative, perhaps because it has been confused with can but. The but of cannot but, however, means "except," as it does in phrases such as no one but, while the but of can but has the sense only, as it does in the sentence We had but a single bullet left. Both cannot but and can but are established as standard expressions.•The construction cannot help is used with a present participle to roughly the same effect as cannot but in a sentence such as We cannot help admiring his courage. This construction usually implies that a person is unable to affect an outcome normally under his or her control. Thus, saying We could not help laughing at such a remark would imply that one could not suppress one's laughter.•The construction cannot help but probably arose as a blend of cannot help and cannot but; it has the meaning of the first and the syntax of the second: We cannot help but admire his courage. The construction has sometimes been criticized as a redundancy, but it has been around for more than a century and appears in the writing of many distinguished authors.•The expression cannot (or can't) seem to has occasionally been criticized as illogical, and so it is. Brian can't seem to get angry does not mean "Brian is incapable of appearing to get angry," as its syntax would seem to dictate; rather, it means "Brian appears to be unable to get angry." But the idiom serves a useful purpose, since the syntax of English does not allow a logical equivalent like Brian seems to cannot get angry; and the cannot seem to construction is so widely used that it would be pedantic to object to it. See Usage Notes at but, help.

* cannot >> can't /mGC/abE

* can't /mGC/abE/Ch >> can' /P

51. sufferhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/suffer , Usage Note: In general usage the preferred preposition after suffer is from, rather than with, in constructions such as He suffered from hypertension. Ninety-four percent of the Usage Panel found suffered with unacceptable in the preceding example. In medical usage suffer with is sometimes employed with reference to the pain or discomfort caused by a condition, while suffer from is used more broadly in reference to a condition, such as anemia, that is detrimental but not necessarily painful.

suffer froma. to be ill with, esp recurrentlyb. to be given to he suffers from a tendency to exaggerate

53. careenhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/careen , Usage Note: The implication of rapidity that most often accompanies the use of careen as a verb of motion may have arisen naturally through the extension of the nautical sense of the verb to apply to the motion of automobiles, which generally careen, that is, lurch or tip over, only when driven at high speed. There is thus no reason to conclude that this use of the verb is the result of a confusion of careen with career, "to rush." Whatever the origin of this use, however, it is by now so well established that it would be pedantic to object to it.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/able , Usage Note: The construction able to takes an infinitive to show the subject's ability to accomplish an action: We were able to get a grant for the project. The new submarine is able to dive twice as fast as the older model. Some people think it should be avoided when the subject does not have an ability, as in sentences with passive constructions involving forms of the verb be: The problem was able to be solved by using a new lab technique. The reasoning here is that since the problem has no ability to accomplish an action, it is not able to do anything, and therefore able to should not be used. Presumably this ban would apply to similar words like capable and to negative words like unable and incapable. In such cases one can usually avoid the problem by using can or could: The problem could be solved.... Keep in mind, however, that passives with get ascribe a more active role to their subjects, and here one can use able to: He was able to get accepted by a top law school.

We were able to get a grant for the project.The new submarine is able to dive twice as fast as the older model.The problem was able to be solved by using a new lab technique.The problem could be solved.He was able to get accepted by a top law school.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fairly , 2. Clearly; distinctly.3. Actually; fully: The walls fairly shook with their bellowing.4. a. Moderately; rather: a fairly good dinner.b. To a reasonable degree: I was fairly sure that I would go to the party.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fairly , adv.1. a. In a fair or just manner; equitably.b. Legitimately; suitably.2. Clearly; distinctly.3. Actually; fully: The walls fairly shook with their bellowing.4. a. Moderately; rather: a fairly good dinner.b. To a reasonable degree: I was fairly sure that I would go to the party.5. Obsolete a. Gently.b. Courteously.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fair , Regional Note: American folk speech puts Standard English to shame in its wealth of words for describing weather conditions. When the weather goes from fair to cloudy, New Englanders say that it's "breedin' up a storm" (Maine informant in the Linguistic Atlas of New England). If the weather is clear, however, a New Englander might call it open. Southern fair off and fair up, meaning "to become clear," were originally Northeastern terms and were brought to the South as settlement expanded southward and westward. They are now "regionalized to the South," according to Craig M. Carver, author of American Regional Dialects. These phrases may have prompted the coining of milding and milding down, noted respectively in Texas and Virginia by the Dictionary of American Regional English.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/good , Usage Note: Good is properly used as an adjective with linking verbs such as be, seem, or appear: The future looks good. The soup tastes good. It should not be used as an adverb with other verbs: The car runs well (not good). Thus, The dress fits well and looks good. See Usage Note at well2.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/well , Usage Note: English speakers have used well both as an adjective and as an adverb since Old English times. When applied to people, the adjective well usually refers to a state of health. Like similar adjectives, such as ill and faint, well in this use is normally restricted to the predicate, as in He hasn't been well lately. Well does see occasional use before a noun, as in Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Dick eats like a well man, and drinks like a sick." It also appears in compound adjectives like well-baby, which is well known to pediatricians and recent parents. Good, on the other hand, has a much wider range of senses, including "attractive," as in He looks good, and "competent," as in She's pretty good for a beginner, as well as "healthy." See Usage Note at good.

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/good , usage An old notion that it is wrong to say “I feel good” in reference to health still occasionally appears in print. The origins of this notion are obscure, but they seem to combine someone's idea that good should be reserved to describe virtue and uncertainty about whether an adverb or an adjective should follow feel. Today nearly everyone agrees that both good and well can be predicate adjectives after feel. Both are used to express good health, but good may connote good spirits in addition to good health.

>> I feel good.

* am >> feel /mGC/Ch* "am well" >> "feel good" /mGC/Ch

>> virtue and uncertainty

* uncertainty >> "virtue and uncertainty" /mGC/Ch

** "feel good" /mGC >> "feel well" /T

usage Adverbial good has been under attack from the schoolroom since the 19th century. Insistence on well rather than good has resulted in a split in connotation: well is standard, neutral, and colorless, while good is emotionally charged and emphatic. This makes good the adverb of choice in sports <“I'm seeing the ball real good” is what you hear — Roger Angell>. In such contexts as <listen up. And listen good — Alex Karras> <lets fly with his tomatoes before they can flee. He gets Clarence good — Charles Dickinson> good cannot be adequately replaced by well. Adverbial good is primarily a spoken form; in writing it occurs in reported and fictional speech and in generally familiar or informal contexts.

"19th century" ([ŋ= w=]/S + "adverbial good"/P)/Ch "adverbial good"

>> I'm seeing the ball real good.

* fast >> "real good" /GC/P/abT

>> "listen up. And listen good"

* up >> out /mGC/Ch

** out /mGC >> good /P

>> "lets fly with his tomatoes before they can flee. He gets Clarence good."

* "buy tomatoes for him" >> "lets fly with his tomatoes before they can flee" /mGC/Ch

* "like(s) tomato" >> "get(s) Clarence good" /mGC/Ch

http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/good.html , Word Usage good or well?Good is the correct choice as an adjective after the linking verbs be, appear, and seem, and so-called sensory verbs such as smell and taste: The jacket looks good. This steak tastes good. Well is the correct choice as an adverb when it appears after other verbs that neither link nor designate sensory functions: The jacket looks good and fits you well. Cook the steak well if you expect it to taste good.

** English has many homonyms used both as adjective and as adverb, though the pronunciations, strictly speaking, are slightly different between them; for examples, "all-over", "everywhere", "easy"/T (easily/S), "leisurely", "large"/C2 (largely/T), "quick/P" (quickly/S) and "good" and "well".