Fluid and Electrolytes made easy

A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as another solution.

Isotonic Solution

4.

A solution that has MORE solutes than another solution.

Hypertonic Solution

5.

A solution that has FEWER solutes than another solution.

Hypotonic Solution

6.

0.9 Sodium Chloride or NS is an example of ______ used in a hospital setting.

Isotonic Solution

7.

Elements or compounds that dissolve in water and separate into ions that carry an electric current.

Electrolytes

8.

What is the percentage of body water in a young adult, the elderly, and infants. (3 answers)

Young Adult: 60%

Elderly: 45%

Infants: 80%

9.

An infants BSA is greater than that of an adult relative to his/her weight, with that and a high metabolism and Immature kidneys, these factors puts the infant at a risk for:

Fluid Volume Defecit

10.

This is triggered by the hypothalamus. As we age it becomes diminished, putting the elderly at risk for fluid volume defecit.

Thirst Mechanism

11.

What electrolyte mainy controls the distribution of water throughout the body?

Sodium

12.

What is the dominant Cation in ICF?

Pottasium (K+)

13.

What is the dominant Anion in ICF?

Phosphorous (PO4-)

14.

What is the dominant Cation in ECF?

Sodium (Na+)

15.

What is the dominant Anion in ECF?

Chloride (Cl-)

16.

What amount of body water is intracellular fluid?

2/3

17.

What amount of body water is extracellular?

1/3

18.

Estracellular fluid consists of two compartments. What are they?

Interstitial Fluid

Intravascular Fluid

19.

What four processes do solutes and solvents move across the membranes?

Diffusion

Osmosis

Filtration (Hydrostatic Pressure)

Active Transport (requires energy)

20.

The MOVEMENT OF WATER through a semipermiable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration.

Osmosis

21.

What is the pulling power of a solution for water?

Osmotic Pressure

22.

Term used to express osmotic pressure?

Osmolality*

*The higher the osmolality the greater the pulling power of water

23.

What is the Normal Serum Olsmolality Level?

280-300 mOsm/kg

24.

The process by which large particles, such as protien, that can pull fluid from tissues into the vessels by osmosis?

Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

25.

The movement of a solute in a solution across a semipermable membrane from an area of higher solute concentration to a area of lower solute concentration until both sides are equal.

Diffusion

26.

This requires energy to move substances across cell membranes. It allows larger molecules to enter the cell moving thise particles uphisl from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concenteration.

Active Transport

27.

This hormone is manufactured in the hypothalamus and is stored in the posterior pituitary gland . It makes the kidneys more permable to water.

ADH

28.

This hormone is realesed by the Adrenal Cortex it causes the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and water while exreting K+.

Aldosterone

29.

Because Sodium retention leads to water retention, Aldosteron acts as a _______.

Volume Expander

30.

The production of Aldosterone is stimulated by:

Decreased _____ _____ _____ _____ and

increased _____

Decreased: B/P, Blood Volume, Sodium (Na+)

Increased: Potassium (K+)

31.

Aldosterone is NOT produced with

Increased _____ _____ _____ _____ and decreased _____

Increased: B/P, Blood Volume, Sodium (Na+)

Decreased : Potassium (K+)

32.

The average adult releases ____-____ ml of fluid output daily

2600-3600 ml

33.

With what four organs does fluid ouput occur?

Kidneys 1500 ml/day (Sensible)

Skin 600ml/day (Insensible

lungs 400ml/day (Insensible)

GI tract 100 ml/day (Sensible)

34.

When fluid loss is not perceived b the individual, it is called _________

Insensible Fluid Loss

35.

When fluid loss is perceived by the individual, it is called ________

Sensible Fluid Loss

36.

What is the functioning unit of the kidney?

Nephron

37.

The nephron filters blood at a rate of _______/min

125ml

38.

What amounf of uring/kg of body weight/hour is produced by all ages.

1 ml/hr

39.

Name two common fluid imbalances in the body.

Edema and

Dehydration

40.

When water and electrolytes gained or lost in equal proportion

Isotonic fluid imbalances

41.

When only water is gained or lost

Osmolar fluid imbalances

42.

What occurs when water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportions?

Isotonic Dehydration

43.

Fluid losses are primarily in the ____ (the least stable fluid compartment)

This is caused by excessive intake from foods, salt substitues, IV infusion of KCL, decreased secretion due to renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, ACE inhibitors, decreased Aldosterone, massive Tissue trauma and it is rare in those individuals with normally functioning kidneys

Tapping on the face at the point just anterior to the ear and just below the cheek bone. Positive if twitching of the facial muscles occurs

71.

Positive Trousseau's sign is described as

inflating a B/P cuff above systolic blood pressue for several minutes. Positive if flexion of the wrist and metacarpophalageal joints and hyperesxtension of the fingers and flexion of the thumb on palm occurs

72.

Bones stones and grones, hyperparathyroidism, metastic cancer and decreased phosphourus levels are significant in patients with

Hypercalcemia

73.

this is clossaly associated with serum sodum levels, principle functions include serum osmolality and water balance, regulation of pH of stomach