This appeal requires us to determine the scope of governmental immunity that is afforded to a city that has been sued for allegedly negligent conduct in connection with its police department's response to a report of domestic violence. The plaintiff, Orville Coley, the administrator of the estate of Lorna Coley (decedent), appeals from the judgment of the Appellate Court affirming the trial court's summary judgment rendered in favor of the defendant, the city of Hartford. Coley v. Hartford, 140 Conn.App. 315, 327, 59 A.3d 811 (2013). The plaintiff brought this wrongful death action after the decedent was shot and killed after police responded to a report of domestic violence at the apartment where the decedent resided with her daughter, Jahmesha Williams. The plaintiff alleges, inter alia, that the police were negligent in failing to remain at the scene for a reasonable amount of time until the likelihood of imminent violence had been eliminated, in violation of the duty allegedly imposed pursuant to General Statutes § 46b–38b1 and the Hartford Police Department Policy and Procedure entitled “Police Response to Cases of Family Violence” (police response procedures). See Hartford Police Dept. Policy and Procedure, No. 7–40 (October 1, 1986).2 Although the plaintiff raises several issues on appeal, the dispositive issue is whether the Appellate Court properly determined that any duty to remain at the scene that was allegedly owed to the plaintiff's decedent was discretionary.3 We conclude that any such duty was discretionary and, therefore, that the defendant is entitled to immunity pursuant to General Statutes § 52–557n (a)(2)(B)4 Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Appellate Court.

The following uncontested facts and procedural history are relevant to our disposition of this appeal.5 “On November 5, 2007, at approximately 8:39 p.m., Hartford police officers [Garrett] Fancher and [Zachary] Freeto were dispatched to respond to a complaint of domestic violence at 47 Bolton Street. The complaint had been made by [Williams], one of the residents of 47 Bolton Street, who had called the police because the father of her child, Gerard Chapdelaine, had come to her house and attempted to gain entry and, having failed, brandished a revolver and threatened her life.

“Williams lived at 47 Bolton Street with her son, a friend and Williams' mother, [the decedent]. On the evening in question, [the decedent] had arrived at the house in her car and observed Chapdelaine threatening Williams' life and brandishing a firearm in the front yard. [The decedent] told Chapdelaine that she would call the police if he did not leave. He responded, ‘call the cops,’ and [the decedent] drove away. By the time she returned, [O]fficers Fancher and Freeto had arrived at 47 Bolton Street in response to Williams' call, but Chapdelaine was no longer present. The officers spoke with neighbors and went to Chapdelaine's residence at 51 Bolton Street, but they were unable to find him. Williams informed the officers that Chapdelaine's car was illegally parked at 55 Bolton Street, and officers ticketed the vehicle and had it towed. The officers also learned that Williams had a protective order against Chapdelaine prohibiting him from threatening or harassing her, entering her dwelling or having any other contact with her. Hartford police ․ previously had responded to incidents of domestic violence between Chapdelaine and Williams at 47 Bolton Street.

“Unable to locate Chapdelaine, and aware that he had allegedly committed a family violence crime by violating a protective order, Fancher and Freeto left ․ to prepare an arrest warrant.” Coley v. Hartford, supra, 140 Conn.App. at 317–18. Prior to leaving the scene, Officers Fancher and Freeto contacted the Interval House, a local domestic violence shelter, and spoke with a representative on Williams' behalf. The officers also provided Williams with a victim services card containing additional resources regarding domestic violence.

“Approximately three hours later, at about 12:05 a.m., officers were again dispatched to 47 Bolton Street, this time in response to a report that a male was attempting to force entry into the residence. The police determined that the two reported incidents at 47 Bolton Street were related, and, upon arrival at the scene, heard screams coming from the second floor. After setting up a perimeter and entering the residence, police discovered that [the decedent] had been shot and killed.”6 Id., at 318.

The plaintiff brought this wrongful death action alleging that the defendant's police officers were negligent in responding to the domestic violence incident at 47 Bolton Street. Specifically, the plaintiff alleged, inter alia, that the police officers: “failed to arrest ․ Chapdelaine as required by ․ § 46b–38b (a)”; “failed to arrest ․ Chapdelaine for violating a protective order as required by the police response procedures”; “left the scene before the likelihood of further imminent violence had been eliminated, in violation of ․ § 46b–38b (d)”; and “left the scene before the likelihood of further imminent violence had been eliminated, in violation of the police response procedures.” The defendant asserted as a special defense that it is entitled to governmental immunity pursuant to § 52–557n and it subsequently filed a motion for summary judgment on that ground. The trial court, Rittenband, J., rendered summary judgment in favor of the defendant, concluding that the police officers' actions were discretionary, not ministerial, and that the identifiable person-imminent harm exception to governmental immunity for discretionary acts7 does not apply in the present case. The plaintiff appealed from the trial court's decision to the Appellate Court.8

In the Appellate Court, the plaintiff argued that the trial court improperly rendered summary judgment in the defendant's favor because a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether police officers had a ministerial duty, pursuant to § 46b–38b and the police response procedures, to remain at Williams' residence for “a reasonable time until, in the reasonable judgment of the officer, the likelihood of further imminent violence [had] been eliminated.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Coley v. Hartford, supra, 140 Conn.App. at 319–20. The Appellate Court disagreed for three reasons. First, the Appellate Court concluded that § 46b–38b (d) does not apply in the present case because that statute requires police officers to remain at the scene only when, unlike in the present case, there is no probable cause for arrest. Id., at 324. Second, the Appellate Court concluded that any duty arising under the police response procedures was owed to Williams, the victim of domestic violence, and not to the decedent. Id., at 326. Finally, the Appellate Court determined that, even if it were to assume that the defendant owed a duty to the decedent to remain at the scene under the police response procedures, the duty was discretionary and, therefore, the defendant is entitled to governmental immunity. Id., at 326 n. 10. For these reasons, the Appellate Court affirmed the trial court's summary judgment in favor of the defendant. This certified appeal followed.

On appeal, the plaintiff argues that the Appellate Court improperly affirmed the trial court's summary judgment for the defendant. Although the plaintiff challenges each of the three grounds for the Appellate Court's decision, we focus our inquiry on the plaintiff's claim that the police response procedures gave rise to a ministerial duty to remain at the scene in the present case. With respect to this claim, the plaintiff argues that the police response procedures are broader than § 46b–38b (d) because the procedures require law enforcement personnel to remain at the scene for a reasonable time in the event an arrest is not made. See footnote 2 of this opinion. The plaintiff contends that the Appellate Court incorrectly concluded that the duty to remain at the scene under the police response procedures was discretionary rather than ministerial.

In response, the defendant argues that the Appellate Court properly affirmed the trial court's summary judgment in favor of the defendant. With respect to the plaintiff's claim regarding the police response procedures, the defendant argues that, even if we were to assume that there was a duty owed to the decedent under the police response procedures, it is apparent from the allegations in the complaint that the duty to remain at the scene was discretionary. The defendant contends, therefore, that it is immune from liability for its allegedly negligent discretionary acts under § 52–557n (a)(2)(B).

As a preliminary matter, we agree with the plaintiff that the obligation to remain at the scene in the event that an arrest is not made under the police response procedures, on its face, is broader than the obligation to remain at the scene under the statute, which gives rise to this obligation only when “no cause exists for an arrest․” General Statutes § 46b–38b (d); see footnotes 1 and 2 of this opinion. Because the police officers determined that there was probable cause to arrest Chapdelaine, and an arrest was not in fact made, we conclude that the police response procedures apply in the present case.9 The dispositive issue in this appeal, therefore, is whether the duty to remain at the scene was discretionary or ministerial. See Grignano v. Milford, 106 Conn.App. 648, 659–60, 943 A.2d 507 (2008) (concluding that defendant's duty to perform reasonable inspections of premises under town ordinance was discretionary because ordinance did not prescribe precise manner for inspection, but duty to warn upon making discretionary determination of hazardous condition was ministerial because ordinance prescribed manner in which warning should be issued); accord Violano v. Fernandez, 280 Conn. 310, 323, 907 A.2d 1188 (2006) (ministerial duty may be created by city charter provision, ordinance, regulation, rule, policy, or other directive). Because we determine that the duty to remain at the scene was discretionary and, therefore, that the defendant is entitled to governmental immunity, we will assume for the purposes of this appeal only that this duty was owed to the decedent.

We begin with the applicable standard of review. “Practice Book [§ 17–49] provides that summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, affidavits and any other proof submitted show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law․ Our review of the trial court's decision to grant [a] motion for summary judgment is plenary․ [T]he ultimate determination of whether qualified immunity applies is ordinarily a question of law for the court ․ [unless] there are unresolved factual issues material to the applicability of the defense ․ [where the] resolution of those factual issues is properly left to the jury.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Bonington v. Westport, 297 Conn. 297, 305–306, 999 A.2d 700 (2010). Because the material facts in the present case are undisputed; see footnote 5 of this opinion; we exercise plenary review over the trial court's determination that the defendant is entitled to qualified immunity as a matter of law. See Purzycki v. Fairfield, 244 Conn. 101, 108 n. 4, 708 A.2d 937 (1998) (exercising plenary review over availability of qualified immunity because material facts were undisputed).

Certain principles governing the scope of qualified immunity inform our disposition of this appeal. “[Section] 52–557n abandons the common-law principle of municipal sovereign immunity and establishes the circumstances in which a municipality may be liable for damages․ One such circumstance is a negligent act or omission of a municipal officer acting within the scope of his or her employment or official duties․ [Section] 52–557n (a)(2)(B), however, explicitly shields a municipality from liability for damages to person or property caused by the negligent acts or omissions which require the exercise of judgment or discretion as an official function of the authority expressly or impliedly granted by law.

“Municipal officials are immune from liability for negligence arising out of their discretionary acts in part because of the danger that a more expansive exposure to liability would cramp the exercise of official discretion beyond the limits desirable in our society.”10 (Citations omitted; footnote omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Doe v. Petersen, 279 Conn. 607, 614, 903 A.2d 191 (2006). Therefore, “[d]iscretionary act immunity reflects a value judgment that-despite injury to a member of the public-the broader interest in having government officials and employees free to exercise judgment and discretion in their official functions, unhampered by fear of second-guessing and retaliatory lawsuits, outweighs the benefits to be had from imposing liability for that injury.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 615, 903 A.2d 191. “The hallmark of a discretionary act is that it requires the exercise of judgment.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Bonington v. Westport, supra, 297 Conn. at 306, 999 A.2d 700. “In contrast, municipal officers are not immune from liability for negligence arising out of their ministerial acts, defined as acts to be performed in a prescribed manner without the exercise of judgment or discretion.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Doe v. Petersen, supra, att 615.

“Although the determination of whether official acts or omissions are ministerial or discretionary is normally a question of fact for the fact finder ․ there are cases where it is apparent from the complaint ․ [that the nature of the duty] and, thus, whether governmental immunity may be successfully invoked pursuant to ․ § 52–557n (a)(2)(B), turns on the character of the act or omission complained of in the complaint․ Accordingly, where it is apparent from the complaint that the defendants' allegedly negligent acts or omissions necessarily involved the exercise of judgment, and thus, necessarily were discretionary in nature, summary judgment is proper.” (Footnote omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Bonington v. Westport, supra, 297 Conn. at 307–308, 999 A.2d 700.

With these principles in mind, we turn to the dispositive issue in the present case. The plaintiff argues that the Appellate Court improperly concluded that any duty to remain at the scene that the defendant allegedly owed to the decedent under the police response procedures was discretionary.11 Contrary to the Appellate Court's determination, the plaintiff contends that the mandatory language in § III(B)(4) of the police response procedures, specifically the phrase “shall remain,” renders the duty to remain at the scene ministerial. The plaintiff maintains that the police response procedures were enacted to curtail law enforcement discretion and, to that end, the procedures mandate that police officers remain at the scene of a domestic violence incident when an arrest is not made. Insofar as the police response procedures provide that an officer shall remain at the scene “for a reasonable time until, in the reasonable judgement of the officer, the likelihood of further imminent violence has been eliminated”; Hartford Police Dept. Policy and Procedure, supra, § III(B)(4); the plaintiff argues that “reasonable” is an objective standard of reasonableness that creates an issue for the trier of fact.

The defendant, by contrast, contends that the police response procedures at issue in the present case necessarily require the exercise of judgment and, therefore, are discretionary. Specifically, the defendant argues that the police response procedures vest police officers with discretion to determine how long to remain at the scene, that is, what constitutes a “reasonable time ” until “in the reasonable judgement of the officer, the likelihood of further imminent violence has been eliminated.” (Emphasis added.) Id.; General Statutes § 46b–38b (d). Because the defendant's allegedly negligent acts in “le [aving] the scene before the likelihood of further violence had been eliminated” necessarily involved the exercise of judgment or discretion, the defendant argues that it is entitled to discretionary act immunity pursuant § 52–557n (a)(2)(B). We agree with the defendant.

We begin by observing the broad scope of governmental immunity that is traditionally afforded to the actions of municipal police departments. “[I]t is firmly established that the operation of a police department is a governmental function, and that acts or omissions in connection therewith ordinarily do not give rise to liability on the part of the municipality․ [Accordingly] [t]he failure to provide, or the inadequacy of, police protection usually does not give rise to a cause of action in tort against a city.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Gordon v. Bridgeport Housing Authority, 208 Conn. 161, 180, 544 A.2d 1185 (1988). In Gordon, we concluded that the city was immune from liability for injuries stemming from an alleged shortage of police patrols because “the general deployment of police officers is a discretionary governmental action as a matter of law.” Id. “[B]ecause a police chief's authority to assign his officers to particular duties is deemed a matter that concerns the public safety, he may not be deprived of his power to exercise his own discretion and judgment as to the number, qualifications and identity of officers needed for particular situations at any given time․” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. Although the issue in the present case does not concern the deployment of police officers generally, but rather the defendant's alleged failure to adhere to specific police response procedures, we find Gordon instructive because it underscores the considerable discretion inherent in law enforcement's response to an infinite array of situations implicating public safety on a daily basis.

We now turn to the facts in the present case. “Determining whether it is apparent on the face of the complaint that the acts complained of are discretionary requires an examination of the nature of the alleged acts or omissions.” Violano v. Fernandez, supra, 280 Conn. at 322, 907 A.2d 1188. In his complaint, the plaintiff alleges that the defendant was negligent in leaving the scene of the domestic violence dispute, 47 Bolton Street, before the likelihood of further violence had been eliminated, allegedly in violation of the police response procedures. Although the complaint characterizes the police officers' actions as ministerial in nature, that is, failing to remain at the scene in violation of a clear policy directive, the police response procedures cited in the complaint required the exercise of discretion. Specifically, the police response procedures provide that “[i]n the event that an arrest is not made ․ officers shall remain at the scene for a reasonable time until, in the reasonable judgement of the officer, the likelihood of further imminent violence has been eliminated.” Hartford Police Dept. Policy and Procedure, supra, § III(B)(4). In actuality, then, the gravamen of the plaintiff's allegations is that the defendant failed to remain at the scene for a reasonable time until, in the reasonable judgment of the police officer, the likelihood of further imminent violence had been eliminated.

It is difficult to conceive of policy language that could more clearly contemplate the exercise of judgment by a municipal employee than is contemplated by the police response procedures in the present case. At a minimum, the plaintiff would have this court ignore the police response procedures' explicit reference to the “reasonable judgement of the officer․” Id. In no uncertain terms, the policy requires police officers to exercise their judgment in evaluating the likelihood of imminent violence. The plaintiff's strained interpretation also disregards the discretion inherent in the determination of what amounts to a “reasonable time” under the police response procedures. In fact, the police response procedures define “reasonable time” by reference to the police officer's discretion; it is the amount of time until the likelihood of further imminent violence has been eliminated as determined according to the reasonable judgment of the police officer. See id.

Thus, the police response procedures in the present case explicitly require the police officer's judgment in evaluating the circumstances in a given situation of domestic violence. Because the policy language makes the manner of performance expressly contingent upon the police officer's discretion, it cannot be said that the alleged acts were to be “performed in a prescribed manner without the exercise of judgment․” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Doe v. Petersen, supra, 279 Conn. at 615, 903 A.2d 191. We conclude, therefore, that the defendant's allegedly negligent acts were discretionary.12

The plaintiff also claimed at oral argument that, even conceding that the police response procedures are discretionary with respect to what constitutes a reasonable time,13 the defendant was nonetheless required to remain at the scene for some time once police officers determined that there was probable cause for arrest and an arrest was not made. The plaintiff's claim centers on the allegedly mandatory nature of the word “shall” in § III(B)(4) of the police response procedures, which provides that “[i]n the event that an arrest is not made ․ officers shall remain at the scene for a reasonable time․” (Emphasis added.) Thus, as we understand the plaintiff's argument, he contends that the defendant had a ministerial duty to remain at the scene for some amount of time once there was probable cause to arrest Chapdelaine.14 We disagree.

Contrary to the plaintiff's contention, the word “shall” does not necessarily give rise to a ministerial duty to remain at the scene when the policy language, read in its entirety, clearly relies upon the police officer's discretion in deciding how to perform the allegedly ministerial act of remaining at the scene. “The mere fact that a statute uses the word ‘shall’ in prescribing the function of a government entity or officer should not be assumed to render the function necessarily obligatory in the sense of removing the discretionary nature of the function.” 57 Am.Jur.2d 113, Municipal, County, School, and State Tort Liability § 82 (2001). To illustrate how mandatory language does not necessarily render a duty ministerial as opposed to discretionary, we turn to our Appellate Court's decision in Mills v. The Solu tion, LLC, 138 Conn.App. 40, 51, 50 A.3d 381, cert. denied, 307 Conn. 928, 55 A.3d 570 (2012).

In Mills, the plaintiff appealed from the trial court's summary judgment rendered in favor of the defendant, a municipal police department, on the ground of governmental immunity for its allegedly negligent failure to provide police protection at a carnival where the plaintiff's decedent was fatally shot. Id., at 40, 43. Specifically, the plaintiff argued that the defendant had a ministerial duty to provide the police protection that it determined, in its discretion, was necessary pursuant to the statute governing police protection at places of public amusement. Id., at 51. General Statutes § 7–284 provides in relevant part that “[w]hen police protection is necessary or required at any ․ place of public amusement ․ the amount of such protection necessary shall be deter mined and shall be furnished by (1) the chief ․ of the police department․” (Emphasis added.) While the plaintiff did not dispute that § 7–284 affords the defendant discretion to determine whether police protection is necessary and, if so, the amount of such protection, the plaintiff argued that “once the chief of police, in his or her discretion, determines that police protection is necessary, the chief of police then has a ministerial duty to furnish such protection.” Mills v. The Solution, LLC, supra, 138 Conn.App. at 50–51.

Like the plaintiff in the present case, the plaintiff in Mills argued that the mandatory nature of the word “shall” rendered the duty to furnish necessary police protection ministerial. Id., at 51. The Appellate Court rejected this argument: “We disagree with the plaintiff that the word ‘shall’ is sufficient to convert what is otherwise a discretionary act into a ministerial duty where the text of the statute leaves to the discretion of the police official how to perform the function․” Id. Similarly, in the present case, the police response procedures leave to the discretion of the police officer how to perform the obligation to remain at the scene of a domestic violence crime. We find that the policy language vesting discretion with the police officer to determine what constitutes a reasonable time is inextricably intertwined with the policy language stating that the police officer “shall remain” at the scene. Accordingly, we decline the plaintiff's invitation to parse the policy language so as to create a ministerial duty to remain at the scene notwithstanding the discretionary performance of that duty.15

The facts in the present case are undeniably tragic, and, understandably, the parties are left questioning whether anything more could have been done to prevent the realities that unfolded. It is, however, precisely because it can always be alleged, in hindsight, that a public official's actions were deficient that we afford limited governmental liability for acts that necessarily entailed the exercise of discretion. “We do not think that the public interest is served by allowing a jury of laymen with the benefit of 20/20 hindsight to second-guess the exercise of a policeman's discretionary professional duty. Such discretion is no discretion at all.” Shore v. Stonington, 187 Conn. 147, 157, 444 A.2d 1379 (1982); see Doe v. Peterson, supra, 279 Conn. at 615, 903 A.2d 191 (“[d]iscretionary act immunity reflects a value judgment that—despite injury to a member of the public—the broader interest in having government officers and employees free to exercise judgment and discretion in their official functions, unhampered by fear of second-guessing and retaliatory lawsuits, outweighs the benefits to be had from imposing liability for that injury” [internal quotation marks omitted] ); Wadsworth v. Middletown, 94 Conn. 435, 440,109 A. 246 (1920) (“[t]imidity and doubt would govern [public officials'] performance of public duty if they acted in the consciousness that personal liability might follow, no matter how closely they followed their best discretion”). In short, the police officers' allegedly negligent acts in the present case required the exercise of discretion, and, accordingly, the defendant is immune from liability for its discretionary acts.

For the reasons set forth in this opinion, the Appellate Court properly determined that the duty to remain at the scene in the present case was discretionary. Accordingly, we conclude that the Appellate Court properly affirmed the trial court's decision rendering summary judgment in the defendant's favor on the ground that the defendant is entitled to immunity from liability pursuant to § 52–557n.

The judgment is affirmed.

I respectfully dissent. The majority opinion concludes that, in the present case the police officers employed by the defendant, the city of Hartford, performed discretionary acts and, therefore, since no exception was claimed by the plaintiff, Orville Coley, the administrator of the estate of Lorna Coley (decedent), the Appellate Court properly affirmed the summary judgment rendered by the trial court. I disagree. The trial court's opinion regarding this wrongful death case reads as follows: “Under [General Statutes § 52–557n (a)(2)(B) ], the [defendant] is not liable for discretionary acts and the officers' decision to try and find and arrest the domestic violence perpetrator and eventual shooter, was a discretionary act. The [decedent] ․ was not an identifiable victim subject to imminent harm, [her] daughter, [Jahmesha Williams], was. [General Statutes § 46b–38b (d) ] requires the officers to exercise reasonable time and reasonable judgment which makes it discretionary.” The Appellate Court agreed and further stated that “any duty owed by the police under the police response procedures was owed to Williams, not to [the decedent].” Coley v. Hartford, 140 Conn.App. 315, 325, 59 A.3d 811 (2013); see Hartford Police Dept. Policy and Procedure, No. 7–40 (October 1, 1986) (police response procedure). I disagree. In my view, since the decedent was a member of the household, the police procedures specifically applied to her. Further, I would conclude that, although the manner in which the police investigated the complaint was discretionary, once they determined that there was probable cause to make an arrest, and that the arrest could not be made at that time, they were under a ministerial duty to remain in the household with the family for a reasonable period of time. The “reasonable period of time” was again discretionary, but that discretionary action describes only the manner in which the police officers were to perform the ministerial act of staying in the house. Therefore, I would conclude that the act of not staying, which was admitted in the pleadings, constituted a question for the jury that should not have been discarded by way of summary judgment.

There is no need for me to recite the facts of the present case, which have been sufficiently set forth by the majority. I wish to highlight, however, paragraph 15 of the complaint, which reads as follows: “Williams had requested that the police officers stay at the scene, but the officers did not do so.” The defendant's answer to paragraph 15 reads as follows: “Paragraph 15 is admitted.” In my view, this answer becomes extremely important in any analysis related to the actions of the police officers when compared with their obligations pursuant to the department's regulations and procedures. It is not, however, discussed in the majority opinion. Rather, the majority concludes that the relevant police procedures did not create a ministerial duty to remain at the scene for at least some period of time following their determination that probable cause existed that a family violence crime had been committed. I have three difficulties with the majority's conclusion.

First, this matter concerns the rendering of summary judgment in which the trial court made no findings of fact upon which it based its opinion. “Practice Book [§ 17–49] provides that summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, affidavits and any other proof submitted show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law․ In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the trial court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party․ The party seeking summary judgment has the burden of showing the absence of any genuine issue [of] material facts which, under applicable principles of substantive law, entitle him to a judgment as a matter of law․ Finally, the scope of our review of the trial court's decision to grant the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is plenary.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) DiPietro v. Farmington Sports Arena, LLC, 306 Conn. 107, 116, 49 A.3d 951 (2012). As the majority correctly states, “the trial court's order granting summary judgment in favor of the defendant does not discuss the facts alleged in this case, nor does it reference any affidavits or supporting documents submitted by the parties.” See footnote 5 of the majority opinion. It appears to me that the trial court based its opinion entirely on a question of law relating to a discretionary duty compared to a ministerial duty. With regard to this issue, I believe that there exists an issue of material fact. The majority concludes that the facts contained within the police report are uncontested. However, counsel for the plaintiff indicated during oral argument that a crucial fact was contested, namely, whether the police stayed for a reasonable period of time after a determination of probable cause for an arrest had been made. Therefore, I question the majority's statement regarding the uncontested nature of all of the facts in this case. It certainly appears that the key fact in the case—whether the police remained in the house after a probable cause to arrest determination was made and the suspect could not be found—was, indeed, contested. The majority goes on to recite some facts that, it contends, may indicate that the police did stay after a probable cause determination was made. In my view, however, a material issue of fact is created by the admission in the pleadings that the police did not stay when requested to do so by Williams. Viewing this issue in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, the facts recited by the majority are directly contradicted by the admission in the pleadings. In view of the fact that this issue of material fact was never discussed, let alone resolved, in either the trial court, Appellate Court or the majority opinion, I believe that it can only be resolved by the trier of fact, and the case must be remanded for further proceedings.

Second, the majority explains the following: “At oral argument before this court, the defendant, as evidenced by the following colloquy, appeared to concede that the police response procedures give rise to a duty to remain at the scene for at least some period of time.

“ ‘The Court: The procedures do require [the police] to remain at the scene for some time?

“ ‘The defendant: Yes․

“ ‘The Court: Would you agree [the police] have to stay for a certain period of time?

“ ‘The Defendant: Yes, they do have to stay for a certain period of time. Of course, it's difficult to put a number on that․’

“It is unclear, however, whether the defendant's statement that the police officers had to remain at the scene for some duration was a concession that they had to remain at the scene after they determined there was probable cause for arrest as opposed to after the police initially responded to the scene.” See footnote 14 of the majority opinion. I respectfully disagree with this conclusion. In my view, upon reviewing the police response procedures, it is very clear that the police were required to stay after they had made a probable cause determination for arrest and were unable to make the arrest. I believe this fact was conceded by defendant's counsel .1 If, in fact, there was a concession by the defendant, there can be no question that there was a ministerial duty imposed on the police to remain at the scene for a reasonable period of time. The premise that counsel for the defendant would admit that the police had a duty to stay at the house indicates the mandatory nature of this requirement. This conclusion runs contrary to the express decisions of both the Appellate Court and the trial court. Even if there is disagreement on this issue, its very determination should be made in the trial court, not in this court, when we are examining issues not considered by the trial court.

Third, as discussed later in this dissent, the police had a ministerial duty to remain at the house. The manner in which they performed that duty was discretionary. Perhaps, they could have chosen to post a guard at the front of the house while the other officer applied for the warrant. Perhaps, they could have remained in the same room with the family. Perhaps, they could have asked for backup and post guards at both entrances to the house or remain in the yard. It would not matter in terms of the execution of the ministerial duty. The point remains that they had a mandatory duty to remain at the house which unquestionably constituted a ministerial duty. Therefore, the suit was properly before the trial court and should not have been dismissed. The majority suggests that because the police response procedures contain a reasonableness clause, a discretionary act is created and not a ministerial duty. This is the precise point at which I part ways with the majority. The duty to stay, in my view, was ministerial. The manner in which they choose to stay was discretionary.

Although police officers, and police departments, are typically protected by discretionary act immunity, the mere status of a defendant as a police officer does not itself impart a cloak of immunity. The policy behind discretionary act immunity for police officers is based on the desire to encourage police officers to use their discretion in the performance of their typical duties. “Discretionary act immunity reflects a value judgment that—despite injury to a member of the public—the broader interest in having government officers and employees free to exercise judgment and discretion in their official functions, unhampered by fear of second-guessing and retaliatory lawsuits, outweighs the benefits to be had from imposing liability for that injury.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Soderlund v. Merrigan, 110 Conn.App. 389, 395, 955 A.2d 107 (2008). “Police officers are protected by discretionary act immunity when they perform the typical functions of a police officer.” Id., at 400, 955 A.2d 107. Thus, in Soderlund, the Appellate Court held that the police officer's failure to vacate a warrant pursuant to a court order was a ministerial duty and “[the police officer] should have taken steps to vacate the warrant from the computer system because it was at the direction of the court. It does not matter how she performed this duty, but she was required to vacate the warrant.” Id. Therefore, the Appellate Court reversed the summary judgment entered by the trial court.

However, under the common law, “[g]enerally, a municipal employee is liable for the misperformance of ministerial acts, but has a qualified immunity in the performance of governmental acts․ Governmental acts are performed wholly for the direct benefit of the public and are supervisory or discretionary in nature․ The hallmark of a discretionary act is that it requires the exercise of judgment․ In contrast, [m]inisterial refers to a duty [that] is to be performed in a prescribed manner without the exercise of judgment or discretion.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Bonington v. Westport, 297 Conn. 297, 306, 999 A.2d 700 (2010). “Although the determination of whether official acts or omissions are ministerial or discretionary is normally a question of fact for the fact finder ․ there are cases where it is apparent from the complaint ․ [that] [t]he determination of whether an act or omission is discretionary in nature and, thus, whether governmental immunity may be successfully invoked pursuant to ․ § 52–557n (a)(2)(B), turns on the character of the act or omission complained of in the complaint․ Accordingly, where it is apparent from the complaint that the defendants' allegedly negligent acts or omissions necessarily involved the exercise of judgment, and thus, necessarily were discretionary in nature, summary judgment is proper.” (Footnote omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 307–308, 999 A.2d 700. In my view, the police were under a ministerial duty to stay at the household. The manner in which they performed this duty and the length of time they stayed was discretionary. Therefore, the trial court improperly granted summary judgment in favor of the defendant. Paragraph 17 of the plaintiff's complaint alleges in relevant part as follows: “The losses suffered by the plaintiff, as hereinafter alleged, are due to the negligence and carelessness of the defendant, its agents, servants or employees, in one or more of the following ways ․ (d) in that they left the scene before the likelihood of further imminent violence had been eliminated, in violation of the [p]olice [r]esponse [p]rocedures.” The plaintiff relies on § III(B)(4) of the police response procedures entitled “Police Response to Cases of Family Violence,” which provides as follows: “Victim Safety: In the event that an arrest is not made, [Public Acts 1986, No. 86–337] requires that officers shall remain at the scene for a reasonable time until, in the reasonable [judgment] of the officer, the likelihood of further imminent violence has been eliminated.” Further, § III(B)(5) of the police response procedures, which deal with temporary restraining orders and protective orders, provides in relevant part: “c. Officers shall arrest when there is probable cause to believe that the subject of the [t]emporary [r]estraining or [p]rotective [o]rder has violated the order. d. Violators shall be arrested for a violation of the terms of the order which may include criminal trespass in the first degree [General Statutes § 53a–107] and any other violations charged. e. If the violator is not present when the officer arrives, the officer shall investigate the incident and, if probable cause exists, the officer will apply for an arrest warrant.” Moreover, § II(B) of the police response procedures provides the following relevant definitions: “[1] ‘[F]amily violence’—means an incident resulting in physical harm, bodily injury or assault ․ between family or household members․ [2] ‘[F]amily/ household members'—means spouse, parents, persons eighteen years of age or older related by blood or marriage and persons presently residing together or who have resided together, and persons who have a child in common regardless of whether they are or have been married or have lived together at any time. [3] ‘[F]amily violence crime’—means a crime defined in [General Statutes § 53a–24] which, in addition to its other elements, contains as an element thereof an act of family violence to a family member and shall not include acts by parents or guardians disciplining minor children unless such acts constitute abuse.”

In my view, the trial court and Appellate Court were correct that the actions of the police officers were discretionary up to the point that the police determined that an arrest should be made, but could not be accomplished at that time due to the inability of the police to locate the person who had violated the restraining order. Neither court, however, evaluated the separate ministerial duty to “remain at the scene for a reasonable time.” Id., § III(B)(4). This duty commenced after the police officers had conducted their investigation and determined whether an arrest should take place. In Bonington v. Westport, supra, 297 Conn. at 319, we held that “even when the duty to respond to a violation is ministerial because the specific response is mandated, the predicate act—determining whether a violation of law exists—generally is deemed to be a discretionary act.” (Emphasis omitted.) In this case, the officers determined that there was probable cause for an arrest, but they could not find the perpetrator. In this regard, I find the case of Wright v. Brown, 167 Conn. 464, 356 A.2d 176 (1975), particularly instructive. In that case, a state statute required a town dog warden to quarantine a dog for a period of fourteen days after the dog had bitten someone. Id., at 466, 356 A.2d 176. The dog warden, after an initial quarantine of several days, had released the dog prior to the fourteen day period and, thereafter, it bit another person. Id. We held that “[i]n this case, the dog warden was charged under [General Statutes] § 22–358 with the duty of quarantining the dog for fourteen days once she found that the dog had bitten a person who was not upon the premises of the owner or keeper of the dog. While the determination of that state of facts involved the exercise of judgment, the subsequent duty to quarantine for fourteen days was mandatory and, therefore, ministerial.” Id., at 471–72, 356 A.2d 176. Likewise, in this case, the actions of the police in making a determination that probable cause existed for an arrest and that the perpetrator could not be found, in my view, were the predicate discretionary acts. However, at that point, the language of § III(B)(4) of the police response procedures controlled, requiring that the “officers shall remain at the scene for a reasonable time until, in the reasonable [judgment] of the officer, the likelihood of further imminent violence has been eliminated.” In this case, the police were required to remain at the scene. There was no discretion involved in that mandatory act. The defendant's counsel conceded this fact at oral argument. It is a classic ministerial duty. It is equally clear, however, from the defendant's answer to paragraph 15, that the police did not remain at the scene for any length of time, let alone a reasonable length of time. The facts recited by the majority would create, in my view, an issue for the trier of fact, at the time of trial. Therefore, since I would conclude that there was a ministerial duty to remain at the scene for some period of time, and that the complaint and answer, when read together, establish that the duty was breached, summary judgment is inappropriate in this case. “[M]unicipal officers are not immune from liability for negligence arising out of their ministerial acts, defined as acts to be performed in a prescribed manner without the exercise of judgment or discretion․ This is because society has no analogous interest in permitting municipal officers to exercise judgment in the performance of ministerial acts.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Soderlund v. Merrigan, supra, 110 Conn.App. at 395, 955 A.2d 107. In the present case, the police officers, or at least one of them, as established by their own regulations, were under a ministerial duty to remain at the scene for some period of time. They, arguably, did not perform this duty. The matter then becomes an issue of fact for a decision by the fact finder. I would reverse the summary judgment entered by the trial court and affirmed by the Appellate Court, and remand the matter for further proceedings. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.