Correction to This Article
This article about a proposed land swap that would give public land in Arizona to Resolution Copper Mining in return for other land owned by the company incorrectly said that Senate Majority Leader Harry M. Reid (D-Nev.) had added authorization of the deal to the America's Great Outdoors Act of 2010, a bill that was pulled in late December in the face of Republican opposition. The provision was not in the bill as it was introduced, but it was in a draft version that was leaked and publicized by opponents of the land swap in early December 2010.

By Kari Lydersen
Special to The Washington Post
Sunday, January 2, 2011;
8:53 PM

When former miner Roy Chavez heard about plans to develop the nation's largest copper mine near Superior, Ariz., he thought it might be the salvation of the economically struggling town where he'd grown up and served as mayor.

But as he learned more about the proposal to tap an ore body more than 7,000 feet deep with a method known as "block cave" mining, he changed his mind. Now he fears that the project would be environmentally destructive and limit Superior's ability to develop tourism and other industries.

"Mining is the nature of the beast in this area. I support the industry and the livelihood it provides," said Chavez, who comes from a mining family and worked in the Magma Copper mine nearby until it closed in 1996. "But there's a situation here with this project that just doesn't sit well with us."

Resolution Copper Mining, a firm owned by subsidiaries of international mining giants Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton, is seeking a land swap with the federal government that would give it ownership of 2,400 acres in the Tonto National Forest, where the rich mineral vein was discovered a decade ago. In return, Resolution Copper would give the public more than 5,500 acres of land it owns in various parcels around the region.

But the land the company wants to mine includes popular rock-climbing areas and Oak Flat Campground, which President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1955 designated off-limits to mining. Native American tribes consider much of the area sacred, and they worry about earth caving in and damaging landmarks such as Apache Leap, where warriors are said to have jumped to their deaths rather than surrender to Arizona soldiers. The proposed mining area is also home to at least one federally listed endangered species, the Arizona hedgehog cactus.

Resolution Copper says the mine would become the country's largest source of copper - supplying half a billion tons a year and meeting a fifth of national demand for 50 years. It would also employ 1,400 people on-site during peak operations, for an estimated total economic impact of $46.4 billion during its 66-year lifetime, according to the company.

To secure the land swap, Arizona Sens. John McCain (R) and Jon Kyl (R) introduced legislation in 2009. Senate Majority Leader Harry M. Reid (D-Nev.) added authorization of the deal to the America's Great Outdoors Act of 2010, an omnibus lands bill that was pulled in late December in the face of Republican opposition. While McCain's 2009 bill would have basically ensured the land transfer, Reid's would have authorized the land swap with final approval contingent on the environmental assessment process mandated by the National Environmental Policy Act and approval from the secretary of the interior.

Jon Cherry, Resolution Copper vice president for legal, external and environmental affairs, said the company is confident legislation similar to Reid's bill will pass in 2011. Along with McCain and Kyl, Rep.-elect Paul Gosar (R-Ariz.) supports the project and recently toured the mine site.

'This is a mining town'

Superior Mayor Michael Hing said the mine would make a "night and day" difference for the town that he's watched shrink to less than half its former size - currently about 3,200 residents - since the Magma mine closed. Hing's grandfather came to the area from China in the 1920s to start small businesses serving miners.

"We've been through the ups and downs of the boom times, when strikes happened, when mines shut down," he said. "This has always been our livelihood. This is a mining town. That's why we live here."

But Chavez, who now works as a planning consultant and owns a bar, and other opponents say the mine would destroy the landscape, severely affect tourism and potentially contaminate groundwater. They are particularly concerned about the block-cave method, which involves blasting a space below the ore body and using gravity to harvest the ore. This leaves large empty cavities underground. There are several other block-cave copper mines in the region, 60 miles east of Phoenix, causing the surface to collapse and crack in some areas.

In an e-mail, Cherry said the company is doing studies to ensure that groundwater will not be contaminated and that natural features such as Apache Leap will not be harmed. He said the mine would increase rather than reduce tourism, and that part of the land swap involves the company transferring land ideal for rock climbing to the public.

"The mine itself, when it's operational, presents an attractive tourist destination," Cherry said. "We approach our project development with a long view where the mine serves as a sustainable environmental, economic and social stimulus locally even after it closes."

Mine opponents note that the U.S. Forest Service regularly grants mining concessions on public land and say Resolution Copper should seek one rather than taking ownership of the land. They fear that if Resolution Copper owns the land, environmental impact studies will be less comprehensive and not open to public scrutiny.

Cherry said the company needs the land swap to carry out the environmental assessments and petition for permission to mine. Resolution Copper has launched a social media campaign to build public support for the land transfer, including YouTube videos and Facebook groups. Cherry said company polling showed more than 80 percent of locals support the mine.

Public vs. private

But Daniel Patterson, a Democratic state representative out of Tucson and southwest director for the group Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, said Arizonans are wary of privatizing public land.

"This is a state with a substantial amount of mining, but also where people generally value public lands and want to make sure corporations aren't ripping us off," said Patterson, who formerly worked as an ecologist for the Bureau of Land Management. "This is a corporate giveaway. There is a lot of skepticism over the fairness - taking it to Washington, D.C., rather than really analyzing it on the ground."

Nyal J. Niemuth, chief mining engineer for the Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources - a state agency that promotes mining - said the Resolution Copper project would "be like the Super Bowl," invigorating the industry statewide for decades. He said the ore body's discovery a decade ago has prompted significant exploration - and economic infusion - as mining companies "are trying to duplicate the find, though no one has yet."

He called environmental and recreational concerns misguided in a state that has staked its identity on mining for more than a century.

A report from the Arizona Mining Association says the industry had $3 billion in statewide direct economic impact in 2009 - employing 9,100 people, paying $151 million to state and local governments and spending more than $2 billion on goods and services from Arizona businesses.

"This is a bright spot in our otherwise dismal Arizona economy," Niemuth said, adding that it is especially important since the economic crisis chilled residential development. "We're not pounding a lot of nails out here, but we live in a very complicated world. Some people want jobs; other people . . . want to oppose things."