Harp, stringed instrument in which the resonator, or belly, is perpendicular, or nearly so, to the plane of the strings. Each string produces one note, the gradation of string length from short to long corresponding to that from high to low pitch. The resonator is usually of wood or skin. In arched, or bow-shaped, harps the neck extends from and forms a curve with the body. In angular harps, body and neck form an angle. In frame harps (mostly confined to Europe), body and neck are set at an angle and are connected by a column, pillar, or forepillar, that braces against the tension of the strings. Harps lacking a forepillar are strung at relatively low tension, which results in a lower pitch than frame harps. The modern double-action pedal harp combines the basic structure and sound of ancient harps with a complex mechanism in order to obtain a full chromatic range.

Egyptian statuette with angular harp, painted wood, Late Period (1085–525 bce); in the …

Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum, London; photograph, J.R. Freeman & Co. Ltd.

Harps were widely used in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East, although rare in Greece and Rome; depictions survive from Egypt and Mesopotamia from about 3000 bce. Many were played in vertical position and plucked with the fingers of both hands, but Mesopotamia also had horizontal harps. Placed on the player’s lap, strings toward him, they were plucked with a plectrum. Horizontal harps are pictured in India as late as 800 ce but apparently died out in the Middle East about 600 ce. At this same time arched harps fell out of use in the Middle East but survive today in Africa, Myanmar (Burma), and a few isolated areas. Angular harps survived until the 19th century in Iran.

Frame harps appeared in Europe by the 9th century; their ultimate origin is uncertain. Medieval harps were apparently wire strung, typically had outcurving forepillars, and eventually were tuned diatonically (seven notes per octave). They were particularly important in Celtic societies. In the late 14th century the earlier form was displaced on the Continent by the Gothic harp, with a slender, straighter neck; thin, shallow soundbox; and nearly straight pillar. By approximately 1500, possibly earlier, it was strung with gut strings. This European diatonic harp developed into the modern harp and survives in the folk harps of Latin America.

From the 17th century the harp was progressively subject to efforts to give it the chromatic notes demanded by changing musical styles. Two approaches were used: hooks or pedal mechanisms that altered the pitch of selected strings when necessary, and harps with 12 strings per octave (chromatic harps).

Hooks were first used in the Tirol in the 17th century. In 1720 the Bavarian Celestin Hochbrucker added seven pedals that controlled the hooks via levers set in the forepillar. Hochbrucker’s single-action pedal harp was improved in 1750, when Georges Cousineau replaced the hooks with metal plates that gripped the strings while leaving them in plane, and in 1792, when Sébastian Érard substituted rotating disks for the metal plates.

Chromatic harps were built as early as the 16th century—e.g., the double harp, with two rows of strings, and the Welsh triple harp, with three rows. They also include the chromatic harp, invented in the late 19th century by the Pleyel firm of Paris, with two crossing sets of strings (like an X), and its U.S. predecessor, in which each set of strings has a separate neck and forepillar.

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any musical instrument that produces sound by the vibration of stretched strings, which may be made of vegetable fibre, metal, animal gut, silk, or artificial materials such as plastic or nylon. In nearly all stringed instruments the sound of the vibrating string is amplified by the use of a...

The Burmese arched harp (saung gauk) has features that may be traced back to pre-Hittite times and the Egyptian 4th dynasty (c. 2575–c. 2465 bce). Scarcely existent outside of Myanmar, this instrument underwent a renascence in the 20th century. A more popular solo instrument is a wooden xylophone ...

Some scholars have suggested that the harp evolved from the musical bow (usually classified as a type of zither), which must have been in existence prior to the establishment of Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Although the musical bow is virtually identical in shape to the hunter’s bow, it is uncertain whether the musical instrument might be derived from the weapon; indeed, there is no...

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The modern harp is a stringed instrument, or chordophone, played by soloists and used in symphony orchestras. It has a range of more than six octaves and uses strings made of gut, nylon, or metal. Throughout the harp’s long history, the basic elements of its construction have remained the same: a series of strings in increasing lengths stretched across the instrument’s triangular framework. When plucked by the musician, each string produces a note. The shortest string on a harp creates the instrument’s highest note; the longest string creates the lowest note. The modern harp has a soundboard, or resonator, that forms an acute angle with the frontal pillar at the base of the instrument. (Harps with a frontal pillar are known as frame harps.) The top ends of the frontal pillar and the soundboard support a curved neck, and it is between the neck and the soundboard that the strings are stretched. (See also orchestra; stringed instruments.)