-if seen on gram test as a gram negative diplococci within polymorphonuclear leukocytes then positive result is Reliable. All negative results in woman and asymptamatic men must be comfirmed with a culture.

Hepititis A vacine is called

A vacine = Harvix
A and B vacine = Twinrix

Hep A causes an ACUTE INFECTION after infection body should have immunity.
-Fecal oral transmission

=Most infections are ascending, but some can spread through the blood such as TB or staph aureus
E. Coli is most common cause of urinary infections=

-Obstruction: enlarged prostate, kidney stone, weaker detrusor muscle (causes pooling of urine where bacteria grow)
- post void residual: urine left over after micturition, can be up to 50 cc but only a few cc’s is enough to cause an infection.
-Neurogenic bladder:don’t get sensation that need to urinate or muscles will not contract. May pass urine without realizing it.; MS effects nerves, starts to demyelinate, and cause neurogenic bladder; also with diabetic patients, spina bifida, paraplegic patients, cauda equinism – affects continence.
-Vesicoureteral reflux:common in young girls-urine goes back up into ureter and kidney-hydronephrosis
-Diabetes:if blood glucose over 160 or 200, glucose will get into urine; bacteria can easily grow in the urine if it contains glucose
-Catherization:foreign body fosters growth of bacteria
-Uncircumcised male: Easy for bacteria to hide adn grow
-Sexual Intercourse-non-sterile, friction can make skin more susceptible to infection, spermicides and diaphragms increase risk

(URETHRA IS 20CM)
-complain of penile discharge
-hesitancy or decreased
urinary flow
-Urgency
-can also get prostatitis – which can be felt during palpation during DRE – digital rectal exam (the posterior portion of prostate) and will cause pain.
-PROTECTIVE FACTOR:Prostate secretes zinc which has an antibiotic effect

-if seen on gram test as a gram negative diplococci within polymorphonuclear leukocytes then positive result is Reliable. All negative results in woman and asymptamatic men must be comfirmed with a culture.

=Most infections are ascending, but some can spread through the blood such as TB or staph aureus
E. Coli is most common cause of urinary infections=

-Obstruction: enlarged prostate, kidney stone, weaker detrusor muscle (causes pooling of urine where bacteria grow) post-void residual – urine left over after micturition, can be up to 50 cc but only a few cc’s is enough to cause an infection

(URETHRA IS 20CM)
-complain of penile discharge
-hesitancy or decreased
urinary flow
-Urgency
-can also get prostatitis – which can be felt during palpation during DRE – digital rectal exam (the posterior portion of prostate) and will cause pain.
-PROTECTIVE FACTOR:Prostate secretes zinc which has an antibiotic effect

Ketones-in diabetics or if pt is dehydrated
-Positive leukocyte, nitrate, and protein indicates specimen needs to be cultered
--UA-dipstick result---spin---in tube—supernutent at top and concentrate sediments at bottom-look at sediment microscopy for cells, bacteria, casts, sperm, mucus, trichomonas and quantitate