The tight truck capacity aggravated by the ELD mandate, is affecting all modes on inland cargo transportation including railroad, drayage, and transloading and longhaul truckload. Ocean carriers are responding with a mixture of actions, i.e. emergency surcharges, raising tariffs, and suspending or restricting store-door deliveries in the United States. After April 1, law enforcement began placing truckers out of service for failure to operate a working ELD or violating hours-of-service regulations. This tight truck capacity and surging US import volume, up 9.8 million to 3.9 trillion TEU in January and February on a year-over-year basis, according to PIERS – has made this year an anomaly. Drayage costs are also 25-30% higher than a year ago, if not more.