The recent ceasefire in Ukraine continues to hold after a shaky
start, days after Secretary of State John Kerry publicly accused Russian
officials of lying to his face about their military support for
separatist rebels. The United Nations says the death toll from the
nearly year-old conflict has topped 6,000. This comes as tens of
thousands rallied in Moscow to honor the slain opposition leader Boris
Nemtsov, who had accused Russian President Vladimir Putin of
authoritarian rule. "It’s fashionable in the United States and Britain
to condemn Putin as some sort of distorted mind," says Noam Chomsky, but
he notes no Russian leader can accept the current Ukrainian move to
join NATO. He argues a strong declaration that Ukraine will be neutralized offers the path to a peaceful settlement.

Transcript

This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.

AMYGOODMAN: This is Democracy Now!, democracynow.org, The War and Peace Report. I’m Amy Goodman, with Aaron Maté. Our guest for the hour is MIT institute professor emeritus, Noam Chomsky, known around the world for his political writings.

We’re going to turn right now to the issue of Russia and Ukraine.
Secretary of State John Kerry is meeting with Russian counterpart Sergey
Lavrov in Geneva to discuss the conflict in Ukraine. The meeting comes
just days after Kerry publicly accused Russian officials of lying to his
face about their military support for separatist rebels. Russia and
Ukraine are also holding direct talks in Brussels to resolve a dispute
over the delivery of Russian gas. The U.N. said today the death toll
from the nearly year-old conflict has topped 6,000. A recent ceasefire
continues to hold, over a shaky start.

Also in Russia, the murder this weekend on Friday night of the
opposition leader, Boris Nemtsov. A former deputy prime minister turned
dissident politician, Nemtsov was shot dead Friday night near Red
Square. He was going to lead a major rally that was critical of Vladimir
Putin on Sunday. It grew much larger after his death, with tens of
thousands, perhaps 50,000 people, marching past the Kremlin carrying
signs reading, "I am not afraid."

Noam Chomsky, if you can comment on what’s happening in Russia and Ukraine?

NOAMCHOMSKY:
What’s happening is quite ugly. And I think the criticisms are mostly
accurate, but they’re kind of beside the point. There’s a background
that we have to think about. It’s fashionable now in the United States
and Britain to condemn Putin as some sort of a distorted mind. There’s
an article in Psychology Today analyzing his brain, asking why
he’s so arrogant. He’s been accused of having Asperger’s; an irritable,
rat-faced man, as he’s described by Timothy Garton Ash and so on. This
is all very reminiscent of the early 1950s, when I was a graduate
student then. At that time, the U.S. had overwhelming power, and it was
able to use the United Nations as a battering ram against its enemy, the
Soviet Union, so Russia was, of course, vetoing lots of resolutions,
condemning it. And leading anthropologists in the United States and
England developed a—began to analyze why the Russians are so negative,
what makes them say no at the United Nations all the time. And their
proposal was that the Russians are negative because they raise their
children in swaddling clothes, and that makes them negative. The three
or four of us at Harvard who thought this ridiculous used to call it
diaperology. That’s being re-enacted—a takeoff on Kremlinology. This is
being re-enacted right now.

But the fact is, whatever you think about
Putin—OK, irritable, rat-faced man with Asperger’s, whatever you
like—the Russians have a case. And you have to understand the case. And
the case is understood here by people who bother to think. So, for
example, there was a lead article in Foreign Affairs, the main
establishment journal, by John Mearsheimer with a title like something
like "The West is Responsible for the Ukraine Crisis." And he was
talking about the background. The background begins with the fall of the
Soviet Union, 1989, 1990. There were negotiations between President
Bush, James Baker and Mikhail Gorbachev about how to deal with the
issues that arose at the time. A crucial question is: What happens to NATO? NATO
had been advertised, since its beginning, as necessary to protect
western Europe from the Russian hordes. OK, no more Russian hordes, so
what happens to NATO?

Well, we know what happened to NATO. But the crucial issue was this. Gorbachev agreed to allow Germany, a unified Germany, to join NATO,
a hostile military alliance. It’s a pretty remarkable concession, if
you think about the history of the preceding century, half-century.
Germany alone had practically destroyed Russia several times, and now he
was agreeing to have Germany join a hostile military alliance led by
the only superpower. But there was a quid pro quo, that Germany—that NATO
would not move one inch to the east. That was the phrase that was used
in the interchanges, meaning to East Germany. And on that condition,
they went forward. NATO immediately moved to
East Germany. When Gorbachev vigorously protested, naturally, he was
informed by the United States that it was only a verbal commitment, it
wasn’t on paper. The unstated implication is, if you are naïve enough to
think you can make a gentlemen’s agreement with us, it’s your problem.
They didn’t say that; I’m saying that. But NATO moved to East Germany; under Clinton, moved right up to Russia’s borders.

Just a couple of weeks ago, U.S. military
equipment was taking part in a military parade in Estonia a couple
hundred yards from the Russian border. Russia is surrounded by U.S.
offensive weapons—sometimes they’re called "defense," but they’re all
offensive weapons. And the idea that the new government in Ukraine, that
took over after the former government was overthrown, last December,
late December, it passed a resolution, overwhelmingly—I think something
like 300 to eight or something—announcing its intention to take steps to
join NATO. No Russian leader, no matter who
it is, could tolerate Ukraine, right at the geostrategic center of
Russian concerns, joining a hostile military alliance. I mean, we can
imagine, for example, how the U.S. would have reacted, say, during the
Cold War if the Warsaw Pact had extended to Latin America, and Mexico
and Canada were now planning to join the Warsaw Pact. Of course, that’s
academic, because the first step would have led to violent U.S.
response, and it wouldn’t have gone any further.

AMYGOODMAN: The Cuban missile crisis.

NOAMCHOMSKY:
Yeah, and it’s very interesting to think about what actually happened
at the Cuban missile crisis, which is very striking. The issue—the
crucial issue with the missile crisis was—the peak moment was October
26th and 27th, right at the end. Khrushchev had sent a letter to Kennedy
offering to end the crisis by simultaneous, public withdrawal of
Russian missiles from Cuba and U.S. missiles from Turkey. These were
obsolete missiles for which a withdrawal order had already been given,
because they were being replaced by much more lethal U.S. missiles and
Polaris submarines, invulnerable submarines. So that was the offer. They
would withdraw the missiles; we would withdraw obsolete missiles, which
are already being replaced by more lethal ones. Kennedy refused. And
his own subjective assessment, whatever that means, of nuclear war was a
third to a half. That’s got to be the most horrific decision in
history. Khrushchev backed down, fortunately. The U.S. did secretly say
that it would withdraw the obsolete missiles, of course, which it didn’t
need anymore. But if you take a look at the balance of power that was
assumed to be legitimate, we are—you have to establish the principle
that we have a right to surround anyone with lethal offensive weapons
that can obliterate them in a second, but they can’t do anything
anywhere near us. Same as with—take a look at the conflict with China
over the maritime conflict. Where is it taking place? I mean, is it off
the coast of California? Is it in the Caribbean? No, it’s off the coast
of China. That’s where we have to protect what we call freedom of the
seas, not in—in China’s waters. This is a part of the concept that we
basically own the world, and we have a right to do anything anywhere we
like, and nobody has a right to stand up to it.

Now, in the case of the Ukraine, again,
whatever you think about Putin—think he’s the worst monster since
Hitler—they still have a case, and it’s a case that no Russian leader is
going to back down from. They cannot accept the Ukrainian move of the
current government to join NATO, even probably
the European Community. There is a very natural settlement to this
issue: a strong declaration that Ukraine will be neutralized, it won’t
be part of any military alliance; that, along with some more or less
agreed-upon choices about how—about the autonomy of regions. You can
finesse it this way and that, but those are the basic terms of a
peaceful settlement. But we have to be willing to accept it; otherwise,
we’re moving towards a very dangerous situation. I mentioned before that
the Doomsday Clock, famous clock of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,
has just been advanced to three minutes before midnight. That’s very
close. Midnight means we’re finished. That is the highest, closest it’s
reached since 1983.

And we might remember what happened then. What
happened then was that the Reagan administration, as soon as it came
into office, began highly provocative actions. It wanted to probe
Russian defenses, so they simulated air and naval attacks against
Russia, very publicly and openly. They wanted the Russians to know, to
see how they’d respond. Well, it was a very tense moment. Pershing II
missiles were being installed in western Europe with a five- to
10-minute flight time to Moscow. Reagan had announced the so-called Star
Wars program, which is called defense, but strategic analysts on all
sides agree that it’s a first-strike weapon, what’s called missile
defense. It was an extremely tense period. The Russians were concerned.
It was known at the time that they were concerned, but recently released
archives, Russian archives, indicate that the concern was very high.
There’s a recent U.S. intelligence report analyzing in detail what their
reactions were, and it concludes—its words are—"The war scare was
real." We came close to war. And it’s worse than that, because right in
the—1984, right at the peak of this—this is when the Doomsday Clock was
approaching midnight—right in the midst of that, Russian automated
detection systems, which are much worse than ours—we have satellite
detection. We can detect missiles from takeoff. They have only radar
detection, line of sight, so they can only detect missiles when you can
kind of see them with radar. They detected a U.S. missile attack. The
protocol is for that information to be transmitted to the high command,
which then launches a preventive strike. It went to a particular
individual, Stanislav Petrov. He just decided not to transmit it. That’s
why we’re alive to talk about it.

AMYGOODMAN:
We’re going to have to break, then come back to Noam Chomsky, professor
emeritus at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, author of over a
hundred books. We’ll be back in a minute.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has arrived in the
United States as part of his bid to stop a nuclear deal with Iran during
a controversial speech before the U.S. Congress on Tuesday. Dozens of
Democrats are threatening to boycott the address, which was arranged by
House Speaker John Boehner without consulting the White House.
Netanyahu’s visit comes just as Iran and six world powers, including the
United States, are set to resume talks in a bid to meet a March 31
deadline. "For both Prime Minister Netanyahu and the hawks in Congress,
mostly Republican, the primary goal is to undermine any potential
negotiation that might settle whatever issue there is with Iran," says
Noam Chomsky, institute professor emeritus at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. "They have a common interest in ensuring there is no
regional force that can serve as any kind of deterrent to Israeli and
U.S. violence, the major violence in the region." Chomsky also responds
to recent revelations that in 2012 the Israeli spy agency, Mossad,
contradicted Netanyahu’s own dire warnings about Iran’s ability to
produce a nuclear bomb, concluding that Iran was "not performing the
activity necessary to produce weapons."

Transcript

This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.

AARON MATÉ: Israeli
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has arrived in Washington as part of
his bid to stop a nuclear deal with Iran. Netanyahu will address the
lobby group AIPAC today, followed by a
controversial speech before Congress on Tuesday. The visit comes just as
Iran and six world powers, including the U.S., are set to resume talks
in a bid to meet a March 31st deadline. At the White House, Press
Secretary Josh Earnest said Netanyahu’s trip won’t threaten the outcome.

PRESSSECRETARYJOSHEARNEST:
I think the short answer to that is: I don’t think so. And the reason
is simply that there is a real opportunity for us here. And the
president is hopeful that we are going to have an opportunity to do what
is clearly in the best interests of the United States and Israel, which
is to resolve the international community’s concerns about Iran’s
nuclear program at the negotiating table.

AARON MATÉ: The trip has
sparked the worst public rift between the U.S. and Israel in over two
decades. Dozens of Democrats could boycott Netanyahu’s address to
Congress, which was arranged by House Speaker John Boehner without
consulting the White House. The Obama administration will send two
officials, National Security Adviser Susan Rice and U.N. Ambassador
Samantha Power, to address the AIPAC summit today. This comes just days after Rice called Netanyahu’s visit, quote, "destructive."

AMYGOODMAN:
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is also facing domestic
criticism for his unconventional Washington visit, which comes just two
weeks before an election in which he seeks a third term in Israel. On
Sunday, a group representing nearly 200 of Israel’s top retired military
and intelligence officials accused Netanyahu of assaulting the
U.S.-Israel alliance.

But despite talk of a U.S. and Israeli
dispute, the Obama administration has taken pains to display its staunch
support for the Israeli government. Speaking just today in Geneva,
Secretary of State John Kerry blasted the U.N. Human Rights Council for
what he called an "obsession" and "bias" against Israel. The council is
expected to release a report in the coming weeks on potential war crimes
in Israel’s U.S.-backed Gaza assault last summer.

For more, we spend the hour today with
world-renowned political dissident, linguist, author, Noam Chomsky. He
has written over a hundred books, most recently On Western Terrorism: From Hiroshima to Drone Warfare. His forthcoming book, co-authored with Ilan Pappé, is titled On Palestine
and will be out next month. Noam Chomsky is institute professor
emeritus at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he’s taught for
more than 50 years.

Noam Chomsky, it’s great to have you back here at Democracy Now!, and particularly in our very snowy outside, but warm inside, New York studio.

NOAMCHOMSKY: Delighted to be here again.

AMYGOODMAN:
Well, Noam, let’s start with Netanyahu’s visit. He is set to make this
unprecedented joint address to Congress, unprecedented because of the
kind of rift it has demonstrated between the Republicans and the
Democratic president, President Obama. Can you talk about its
significance?

NOAMCHOMSKY:
For both president—Prime Minister Netanyahu and the hawks in Congress,
mostly Republican, the primary goal is to undermine any potential
negotiation that might settle whatever issue there is with Iran. They
have a common interest in ensuring that there is no regional force that
can serve as any kind of deterrent to Israeli and U.S. violence, the
major violence in the region. And it is—if we believe U.S.
intelligence—don’t see any reason not to—their analysis is that if Iran
is developing nuclear weapons, which they don’t know, it would be part
of their deterrent strategy. Now, their general strategic posture is one
of deterrence. They have low military expenditures. According to U.S.
intelligence, their strategic doctrine is to try to prevent an attack,
up to the point where diplomacy can set in. I don’t think anyone with a
grey cell functioning thinks that they would ever conceivably use a
nuclear weapon, or even try to. The country would be obliterated in 15
seconds. But they might provide a deterrent of sorts. And the U.S. and
Israel certainly don’t want to tolerate that. They are the forces that
carry out regular violence and aggression in the region and don’t want
any impediment to that.

And for the Republicans in Congress, there’s
another interest—namely, to undermine anything that Obama, you know, the
entity Christ, might try to do. So that’s a separate issue there. The
Republicans stopped being an ordinary parliamentary party some years
ago. They were described, I think accurately, by Norman Ornstein, the
very respected conservative political analyst, American Enterprise
Institute; he said the party has become a radical insurgency which has
abandoned any commitment to parliamentary democracy. And their goal for
the last years has simply been to undermine anything that Obama might
do, in an effort to regain power and serve their primary constituency,
which is the very wealthy and the corporate sector. They try to conceal
this with all sorts of other means. In doing so, they’ve had to—you
can’t get votes that way, so they’ve had to mobilize sectors of the
population which have always been there but were never mobilized into an
organized political force: evangelical Christians, extreme
nationalists, terrified people who have to carry guns into Starbucks
because somebody might be after them, and so on and so forth. That’s a
big force. And inspiring fear is not very difficult in the United
States. It’s a long history, back to colonial times, of—as an extremely
frightened society, which is an interesting story in itself. And
mobilizing people in fear of them, whoever "them" happens to be, is an
effective technique used over and over again. And right now, the
Republicans have—their nonpolicy has succeeded in putting them back in a
position of at least congressional power. So, the attack on—this is a
personal attack on Obama, and intended that way, is simply part of that
general effort. But there is a common strategic concern underlying it, I
think, and that is pretty much what U.S. intelligence analyzes:
preventing any deterrent in the region to U.S. and Israeli actions.

AARON MATÉ:
You say that nobody with a grey cell thinks that Iran would launch a
strike, were it to have nuclear weapons, but yet Netanyahu repeatedly
accuses Iran of planning a new genocide against the Jewish people. He
said this most recently on Holocaust Remembrance Day in January, saying
that the ayatollahs are planning a new holocaust against us. And that’s
an argument that’s taken seriously here.

NOAMCHOMSKY:
It’s taken seriously by people who don’t stop to think for a minute.
But again, Iran is under extremely close surveillance. U.S. satellite
surveillance knows everything that’s going on in Iran. If Iran even
began to load a missile—that is, to bring a missile near a weapon—the
country would probably be wiped out. And whatever you think about the
clerics, the Guardian Council and so on, there’s no indication that
they’re suicidal.

AARON MATÉ:
The premise of these talks—Iran gets to enrich uranium in return for
lifting of U.S. sanctions—do you see that as a fair parameter? Does the
U.S. have the right, to begin with, to be imposing sanctions on Iran?

NOAMCHOMSKY:
No, it doesn’t. What are the right to impose sanctions? Iran should be
imposing sanctions on us. I mean, it’s worth remembering—when you hear
the White House spokesman talk about the international community, it
wants Iran to do this and that, it’s important to remember that the
phrase "international community" in U.S. discourse refers to the United
States and anybody who may be happening to go along with it. That’s the
international community. If the international community is the world,
it’s quite a different story. So, two years ago, the Non-Aligned—former
Non-Aligned Movement—it’s a large majority of the population of the
world—had their regular conference in Iran in Tehran. And they, once
again, vigorously supported Iran’s right to develop nuclear power as a
signer of the Non-Proliferation Treaty. That’s the international
community. The United States and its allies are outliers, as is usually
the case.

And as far as sanctions are concerned, it’s
worth bearing in mind that it’s now 60 years since—during the past 60
years, not a day has passed without the U.S. torturing the people of
Iran. It began with overthrowing the parliamentary regime and installing
a tyrant, the shah, supporting the shah through very serious human
rights abuses and terror and violence. As soon as he was overthrown,
almost instantly the United States turned to supporting Iraq’s attack
against Iran, which was a brutal and violent attack. U.S. provided
critical support for it, pretty much won the war for Iraq by entering
directly at the end. After the war was over, the U.S. instantly
supported the sanctions against Iran. And though this is kind of
suppressed, it’s important. This is George H.W. Bush now. He was in love
with Saddam Hussein. He authorized further aid to Saddam in opposition
to the Treasury and others. He sent a presidential delegation—a
congressional delegation to Iran. It was April 1990—1989, headed by Bob
Dole, the congressional—

AMYGOODMAN: To Iraq? Sent to Iraq?

NOAMCHOMSKY:
To Iraq. To Iraq, sorry, yeah—to offer his greetings to Saddam, his
friend, to assure him that he should disregard critical comment that he
hears in the American media: We have this free press thing here, and we
can’t shut them up. But they said they would take off from Voice of
America, take off critics of their friend Saddam. That was—he invited
Iraqi nuclear engineers to the United States for advanced training in
weapons production. This is right after the Iraq-Iran War, along with
sanctions against Iran. And then it continues without a break up to the
present.

There have been repeated opportunities for a
settlement of whatever the issues are. And so, for example, in, I guess
it was, 2010, an agreement was reached between Brazil, Turkey and Iran
for Iran to ship out its low-enriched uranium for storage
elsewhere—Turkey—and in return, the West would provide the isotopes that
Iran needs for its medical reactors. When that agreement was reached,
it was bitterly condemned in the United States by the president, by
Congress, by the media. Brazil was attacked for breaking ranks and so
on. The Brazilian foreign minister was sufficiently annoyed so that he
released a letter from Obama to Brazil proposing exactly that agreement,
presumably on the assumption that Iran wouldn’t accept it. When they
did accept it, they had to be attacked for daring to accept it.

And 2012, 2012, you know, there was to be a
meeting in Finland, December, to take steps towards establishing a
nuclear weapons-free zone in the region. This is an old request, pushed
initially by Egypt and the other Arab states back in the early '90s.
There's so much support for it that the U.S. formally agrees, but not in
fact, and has repeatedly tried to undermine it. This is under the U.N.
auspices, and the meeting was supposed to take place in December. Israel
announced that they would not attend. The question on everyone’s mind
is: How will Iran react? They said that they would attend
unconditionally. A couple of days later, Obama canceled the meeting,
claiming the situation is not right for it and so on. But that would
be—even steps in that direction would be an important move towards
eliminating whatever issue there might be. Of course, the stumbling
block is that there is one major nuclear state: Israel. And if there’s a
Middle East nuclear weapons-free zone, there would be inspections, and
neither Israel nor the United States will tolerate that.

AMYGOODMAN:
I want to ask you about major revelations that have been described as
the biggest leak since Edward Snowden. Last week, Al Jazeera started
publishing a series of spy cables from the world’s top intelligence
agencies. In one cable, the Israeli spy agency Mossad contradicts Prime
Minister Netanyahu’s own dire warnings about Iran’s ability to produce a
nuclear bomb within a year. In a report to South African counterparts
in October 2012, the Israeli Mossad concluded Iran is "not performing
the activity necessary to produce weapons." The assessment was sent just
weeks after Netanyahu went before the U.N. General Assembly with a far
different message. Netanyahu held up a cartoonish diagram of a bomb with
a fuse to illustrate what he called Iran’s alleged progress on a
nuclear weapon.

PRIMEMINISTERBENJAMINNETANYAHU:
This is a bomb. This is a fuse. In the case of Iran’s nuclear plans to
build a bomb, this bomb has to be filled with enough enriched uranium.
And Iran has to go through three stages. By next spring, at most by next
summer, at current enrichment rates, they will have finished the medium
enrichment and move on to the final stage. From there, it’s only a few
months, possibly a few weeks, before they get enough enriched uranium
for the first bomb. A red line should be drawn right here, before—before
Iran completes the second stage of nuclear enrichment necessary to make
a bomb.

AMYGOODMAN:
That was Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in September 2012.
The Mossad assessment contradicting Netanyahu was sent just weeks after,
but it was likely written earlier. It said Iran, quote, "does not
appear to be ready," unquote, to enrich uranium to the highest levels
needed for a nuclear weapon. A bomb would require 90 percent enrichment,
but Mossad found Iran had only enriched to 20 percent. That number was
later reduced under an interim nuclear deal the following year. The
significance of this, Noam Chomsky, as Prime Minister Netanyahu prepares
for this joint address before Congress to undermine a U.S.-Iranian
nuclear deal?

NOAMCHOMSKY:
Well, the striking aspect of this is the chutzpah involved. I mean,
Israel has had nuclear weapons for probably 50 years or 40 years. They
have, estimates are, maybe 100, 200 nuclear weapons. And they are an
aggressive state. Israel has invaded Lebanon five times. It’s carrying
out an illegal occupation that carries out brutal attacks like Gaza last
summer. And they have nuclear weapons. But the main story is that
if—incidentally, the Mossad analysis corresponds to U.S. intelligence
analysis. They don’t know if Iran is developing nuclear weapons. But I
think the crucial fact is that even if they were, what would it mean? It
would be just as U.S. intelligence analyzes it: It would be part of a
deterrent strategy. They couldn’t use a nuclear weapon. They couldn’t
even threaten to use it. Israel, on the other hand, can; has, in fact,
threatened the use of nuclear weapons a number of times.

AMYGOODMAN: So why is Netanyahu doing this?

NOAMCHOMSKY:
Because he doesn’t want to have a deterrent in the region. That’s
simple enough. If you’re an aggressive, violent state, you want to be
able to use force freely. You don’t want anything that might impede it.

AMYGOODMAN:
Do you think this in any way has undercut the U.S. relationship with
Israel, the Netanyahu-Obama conflict that, what, Susan Rice has called
destructive?

NOAMCHOMSKY:
There is undoubtedly a personal relationship which is hostile, but
that’s happened before. Back in around 1990 under first President Bush,
James Baker went as far as—the secretary of state—telling Israel, "We’re
not going to talk to you anymore. If you want to contact me, here’s my
phone number." And, in fact, the U.S. imposed mild sanctions on Israel,
enough to compel the prime minister to resign and be replaced by someone
else. But that didn’t change the relationship, which is based on deeper
issues than personal antagonisms.

Six months after the end of a devastating Israeli assault on
Gaza, aid agencies have condemned the lack of progress in rebuilding
Gaza, saying reconstruction of tens of thousands of destroyed homes,
schools and hospitals has been "woefully slow," with 100,000
Palestinians still displaced. Our guest, Noam Chomsky, notes it was the
Pentagon that supplied many of the weapons used in the massive
destruction. "The arms were taken from arms the U.S. stores in Israel.
They are pre-positioned in Israel for eventual use by U.S. forces,"
Chomsky says. "Israel is regarded essentially as an offshore military
base."

Transcript

This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.

AARON MATÉ: And meanwhile, support for the occupation continues, so much so that during the Gaza assault the U.S. rearmed Israel.

NOAMCHOMSKY:
It was kind of interesting how the U.S. rearmed Israel. The arms—it’s
true that the Pentagon sent more arms to Israel. They were actually
running out of arms in this vicious assault against a totally
defenseless population. The arms were taken from arms that the U.S.
stores in Israel; they’re pre-positioned in Israel for eventual use by
U.S. forces. That’s one part of the U.S.-Israel strategic alliance.
That’s one small part of it, is that Israel is regarded as essentially
an offshore military base. So we store, pre-position arms there, and
some of those arms were transferred to Israeli control so that they
could complete—continue the massive destruction of Gaza, which is
horrific and one of many indications of the nature of the alliance.

It’s a very close alliance, and deep enough—so, for example, one of
the interesting leaks from WikiLeaks was a U.S. government study of—a
Pentagon study of sites in the world that are of such high significance
that we must protect them at all costs. One of them was right near
Haifa. It was the Rafael military industries. It’s one of the main
producers of drones and other high-tech military equipment. And the
relation—and that’s one of the highest—strategic sites of highest
importance. And, in fact, the relationship is so close that Rafael
actually transferred its management offices to Washington, where the
money is and the contacts are. It’s essentially an offshore military
base, in many ways, also a major source for U.S. investment, high-tech
investment. So, Intel, for example, is setting up its major new facility
for next-generation chips in Israel. Warren Buffett just bought a big
Israeli company. There are many very close relationships, and they’re
not going to be affected by a personal conflict between Baker and Shamir
or Obama and Netanyahu.

AMYGOODMAN:
And the Obama administration has taken great pains, even as this
division has taken place, to show its support for Israel. On Sunday,
Secretary of State John Kerry said the U.S. has intervened on Israel’s
behalf hundreds of times in the international arena.

SECRETARY OF STATEJOHNKERRY:
Prime minister of Israel is welcome to speak in the United States,
obviously, and we have a closer relationship with Israel right now in
terms of security than at any time in history. I was reviewing the
record the other day. We have intervened on Israel’s behalf in the last
two years more than several hundred—a couple of hundred times in over 75
different fora in order to protect Israel.

AMYGOODMAN: That was U.S. secretary of state on ABC’s This Week. Noam Chomsky?

NOAMCHOMSKY:
And it’s interesting to look at the cases. The most—one of them
actually received a fair amount of publicity, because it was so
remarkable. That was, I suppose, February 2011, roughly, at the U.N.
Security Council. There was a resolution proposed at the Security
Council calling on Israel to abide by official U.S. policy. The official
U.S. policy is objection to settlement expansion. It’s a pretty minor
issue, incidentally. That’s what’s talked about. But the issue is the
settlements, not the expansion. They’re all illegal. They’re criminal
activities. They undermine any hope for any peaceful settlement. But
U.S. policy is that settlement expansion is, as they put it, not helpful
to peace. The Security Council proposed a resolution asking Israel to
abide by official U.S. policy. Obama vetoed it. You know, that’s real
support for Israel.

AMYGOODMAN:
We’re going to break and then come back to our discussion with the
world-renowned political dissident, linguist, author, institute
professor emeritus at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Noam
Chomsky. Stay with us.

As Iraq launches a new military operation to retake the city of
Tikrit from the self-proclaimed Islamic State, thousands of Iraqi forces
and militia fighters have converged in the city Samarra to strike
nearby ISIS strongholds. The United States is
expected to provide air support as part of its continued bombing
campaign. The offensive comes as the Iraqi military prepares for a major
U.S.-backed operation to retake Mosul from ISIS in the coming weeks. ISIS
"is one of the results of the United States hitting a very vulnerable
society with a sledgehammer, which elicited sectarian conflicts that had
not existed," says Noam Chomsky. "It is hard to see how Iraq can even
be held together at this point. It has been devastated by U.S.
sanctions, the war, the atrocities that followed from it. The current
policy, whatever it is, is not very likely to even patch up or even put
band-aids on a cancer."

Transcript

This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.

AMYGOODMAN: This is Democracy Now!, democracynow.org, The War and Peace Report.
I’m Amy Goodman, with Aaron Maté. Noam Chomsky is our guest for the
hour, the world-renowned political dissident, linguist, author of over a
hundred books, MIT professor emeritus. Aaron?

AARON MATÉ: Yes. Noam, I wanted to ask you about ISIS.
The big news is that Iraq is planning a major offensive to retake
Mosul. It’s currently launching strikes to recapture Tikrit with U.S.
support. My question is about the effectiveness of the U.S. strategy. To
what extent is the U.S. constrained by its own policies in terms of the
effectiveness of defeating ISIS, constrains
in terms of its ties to Saudi Arabia and its refusal to engage with Iran
and groups like Hezbollah, which have been effective in fighting ISIS?

NOAMCHOMSKY:
Patrick Cockburn, who has done by far the best reporting on this,
describes it as an Alice in Wonderland strategy. The U.S. wants to
destroy ISIS, but it’s opposing every force that’s fighting ISIS. So, the main state that’s opposed to ISIS
is Iran. They support the Iraqi government, the Shiite government. But
Iran is, you know, on our enemies list. Probably the main ground forces
fighting ISIS are the PKK
and its allies, which are on the U.S. terrorist list. That’s both in
Iraq and in Syria. Saudi Arabia, our major ally, along with Israel, is
both traditionally, for a long time, the main funder of ISIS
and similar groups—not necessarily the government; rich Saudis, other
people in the emirates—not only the funder, but they’re the ideological
source. Saudi Arabia is committed, is dominated by an extremist
fundamentalist version of Islam: Wahhabi doctrine. And ISIS
is an extremist offshoot of the Wahhabi doctrine. Saudi Arabia is a
missionary state. It establishes schools, mosques, spreading its radical
Islamic version. So, they’re our ally. Our enemies are those who are
fighting ISIS. And it’s more complex.

ISIS is a monstrosity. There’s not much
doubt about that. It didn’t come from nowhere. It’s one of the results
of the U.S. hitting a very vulnerable society—Iraq—with a sledgehammer,
which elicited sectarian conflicts that had not existed. They became
very violent. The U.S. violence made it worse. We’re all familiar with
the crimes. Out of this came lots of violent, murderous forces. ISIS
is one. But the Shiite militias are not that different. They’re
carrying out—they’re the kind of the—when they say the Iraqi army is
attacking, it’s probably mostly the Shiite militias with the Iraqi army
in the background. I mean, the way the Iraqi army collapsed is an
astonishing military fact. This is an army of, I think, 350,000 people,
heavily armed by the United States and trained by the United States for
10 years. A couple of thousand guerrillas showed up, and they all ran
away. The generals ran away first. And the soldiers didn’t know to do.
They ran away after them.

AMYGOODMAN: We have 20 seconds.

NOAMCHOMSKY: Hmm?

AMYGOODMAN: We have 20 seconds.

NOAMCHOMSKY:
Yeah. Well, now, it’s basically—the effect, it’s hard to see how Iraq
can even be held together at this point. It’s been devastated by U.S.
sanctions, the war, the atrocities that followed from it. The current
policy, whatever it is, is not very likely to even patch up, put
band-aids on the cancer.

AMYGOODMAN: We’re going to have to leave it there, but we’ll continue this discussion tomorrow on Democracy Now! Our guest, Noam Chomsky, institute professor emeritus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

We air the second part of our two-day interview with Noam
Chomsky, the world-renowned political dissident, linguist and author.
Chomsky is institute professor emeritus at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, where he has taught for more than 50 years. As Iraq launches
an offensive to retake Tikrit and Congress prepares to debate an
expansive war powers resolution for U.S. strikes, Chomsky discusses how
he thinks the U.S. should respond to the self-proclaimed Islamic State.

Transcript

This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.

AMYGOODMAN:
Today, part two of our discussion with Noam Chomsky, the world-renowned
political dissident, linguist and author, institute professor emeritus
at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he’s taught for more
than half a century. On Monday on Democracy Now!,
Aaron Maté and I interviewed him about Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin
Netanyahu’s speech on Iran to Congress. Today, in part two, we look at
blowback from the U.S. drone program, the legacy of slavery in the
United States, the leaks of Edward Snowden, U.S. meddling in Venezuela
and the thawing of U.S.-Cuba relations. We began by asking Professor
Chomsky how the U.S. should respond to the self-proclaimed Islamic
State.

NOAMCHOMSKY:
It’s very hard to think of anything serious that can be done. I mean,
it should be settled diplomatically and peacefully to the extent that
that’s possible. It’s not inconceivable. I mean, there are—ISIS, it’s a
horrible manifestation of hideous actions. It’s a real danger to anyone
nearby. But so are other forces. And we should be getting together with
Iran, which has a huge stake in the matter and is the main force
involved, and with the Iraqi government, which is calling for and
applauding Iranian support and trying to work out with them some
arrangement which will satisfy the legitimate demands of the Sunni
population, which is what ISIS is protecting and defending and gaining their support from.

They’re not coming out of nowhere. I mean, they are—one of the
effects, the main effects, of the U.S. invasion of Iraq—there are many
horrible effects, but one of them was to incite sectarian conflicts,
that had not been there before. If you take a look at Baghdad before the
invasion, Sunni and Shia lived intermingled—same neighborhoods, they
intermarried. Sometimes they say that they didn’t even know if their
neighbor was a Sunni or a Shia. It was like knowing what Protestant sect
your neighbor belongs to. There was pretty close—it wasn’t—I’m not
claiming it was—it wasn’t utopia. There were conflicts. But there was no
serious conflict, so much so that Iraqis at the time predicted there
would never be a conflict. Well, within a couple of years, it had turned
into a violent, brutal conflict. You look at Baghdad today, it’s
segregated. What’s left of the Sunni communities are isolated. The
people can’t talk to their neighbors. There’s war going on all over. The
ISIS is murderous and brutal. The same is
true of the Shia militias which confront it. And this is now spread all
over the region. There’s now a major Sunni-Shia conflict rending the
region apart, tearing it to shreds.

Now, this cannot be dealt with by bombs. This is much more serious
than that. It’s got to be dealt with by steps towards recovering,
remedying the massive damage that was initiated by the sledgehammer
smashing Iraq and has now spread. And that does require diplomatic,
peaceful means dealing with people who are pretty ugly—and we’re not
very pretty, either, for that matter. But this just has to be done.
Exactly what steps should be taken, it’s hard to say. There are people
whose lives are at stake, like the Assyrian Christians, the Yazidi and
so on. Apparently, the fighting that protected the—we don’t know a lot,
but it looks as though the ground fighting that protected the Yazidi,
largely, was carried out by PKK, the Turkish
guerrilla group that’s fighting for the Kurds in Turkey but based in
northern Iraq. And they’re on the U.S. terrorist list. We can’t hope to
have a strategy that deals with ISIS while
opposing and attacking the group that’s fighting them, just as it
doesn’t make sense to try to have a strategy that excludes Iran, the
major state that’s supporting Iraq in its battle with ISIS.

AMYGOODMAN: What about the fact that so many of those who are joining ISIS
now—and a lot has been made of the young people, young women and young
men, who are going into Syria through Turkey. I mean, Turkey is a U.S.
ally. There is a border there. They freely go back and forth.

NOAMCHOMSKY:
That’s right. And it’s not just young people. One thing that’s pretty
striking is that it includes people with—educated people, doctors,
professionals and others. Whatever we—we may not like it, but ISIS
is—the idea of the Islamic caliphate does have an appeal to large
sectors of a brutalized global population, which is under severe attack
everywhere, has been for a long time. And something has appeared which
has an appeal to them. And that can’t be overlooked if we want to deal
with the issue. We have to ask what’s the nature of the appeal, why is
it there, how can we accommodate it and lead to some, if not at least
amelioration of the murderous conflict, then maybe some kind of
settlement. You can’t ignore these factors if you want to deal with the
issue.

AMYGOODMAN:
I want to ask you about more information that’s come out on the British
man who is known as "Jihadi John," who appears in the Islamic State
beheading videos. Mohammed Emwazi has been identified as that man by
British security. They say he’s a 26-year-old born in Kuwait who moved
to the U.K. as a child and studied computer science at the University of
Westminster. The British group CAGE said he
faced at least four years of harassment, detention, deportations,
threats and attempts to recruit him by British security agencies, which
prevented him from leading a normal life. Emwazi approached CAGE
in 2009 after he was detained and interrogated by the British
intelligence agency MI5 on what he called a safari vacation in Tanzania.
In 2010, after Emwazi was barred from returning to Kuwait, he wrote,
quote, "I had a job waiting for me and marriage to get started. But know
[sic] I feel like a prisoner, only not in a cage, in London." In 2013, a
week after he was barred from Kuwait for a third time, Emwazi left home
and ended up in Syria. At a news conference, CAGE
research director Asim Qureshi spoke about his recollections of Emwazi
and compared his case to another British man, Michael Adebolajo, who
hacked a soldier to death in London in 2013.

ASIMQURESHI:
Sorry, it’s quite hard, because, you know, he’s such a—I’m really
sorry, but he was such a beautiful young man, really. You know, it’s
hard to imagine the trajectory, but it’s not a trajectory that’s
unfamiliar with us, for us. We’ve seen Michael Adebolajo, once again,
somebody that I met, you know, who came to me for help, looking to
change his situation within the system. When are we going to finally
learn that when we treat people as if they’re outsiders, they will
inevitably feel like outsiders, and they will look for belonging
elsewhere?

NOAMCHOMSKY: He’s right. If you—the same if you take a look at those who perpetrated the crimes on Charlie Hebdo.
They also have a history of oppression, violence. They come from
Algerian background. The horrible French participation in the murderous
war in the '90s in Algeria is their immediate background. They live
under—in these harshly repressed areas. And there's much more than that.
So, you mentioned that information is coming out about so-called Jihadi
John. You read the British press, other information is coming out,
which we don’t pay much attention to. For example, The Guardian
had an article a couple of weeks ago about a Yemeni boy, I think who
was about 14 or so, who was murdered in a drone strike. And shortly
before, they had interviewed him about his history. His parents and
family went through them, were murdered in drone strikes. He watched
them burn to death. We get upset about beheadings. They get upset about
seeing their father burn to death in a drone strike. He said they live
in a situation of constant terror, not knowing when the person 10 feet
away from you is suddenly going to be blown away. That’s their lives.
People like those who live in the slums around Paris or, in this case, a
relatively privileged man under harsh, pretty harsh repression in
England, they also know about that. We may choose not to know about it,
but they know. When we talk about beheadings, they know that in the
U.S.-backed Israeli attack on Gaza, at the points where the attack was
most fierce, like the Shejaiya neighborhood, people weren’t just
beheaded. Their bodies were torn to shreds. People came later trying to
put the pieces of the bodies together to find out who they were, you
know. These things happen, too. And they have an impact—all of this has
an impact, along with what was just described. And if we seriously want
to deal with the question, we can’t ignore that. That’s part of the
background of people who are reacting this way.

AARON MATÉ: You spoke before about how the U.S. invasion set off the Sunni-Shia conflict in Iraq, and out of that came ISIS. I wonder if you see a parallel in Libya, where the U.S. and NATO
had a mandate to stop a potential massacre in Benghazi, but then went
much further than a no-fly zone and helped topple Gaddafi. And now, four
years later, we have ISIS in Libya, and
they’re beheading Coptic Christians, Egypt now bombing. And with the
U.S. debating this expansive war measure, Libya could be next on the
U.S. target list.

NOAMCHOMSKY:
Well, that’s a very important analogy. What happened is, as you say,
there was a claim that there might be a massacre in Benghazi, and in
response to that, there was a U.N. resolution, which had several
elements. One, a call for a ceasefire and negotiations, which apparently
Gaddafi accepted. Another was a no-fly zone, OK, to stop attacks on
Benghazi. The three traditional imperial powers—Britain, France and the
United States—immediately violated the resolution. No diplomacy, no
ceasefire. They immediately became the air force of the rebel forces.
And, in fact, the war itself had plenty of brutality—violent militias,
attacks on Africans living in Libya, all sorts of things. The end result
is just to tear Libya to shreds. By now, it’s torn between two major
warring militias, many other small ones. It’s gotten to the point where
they can’t even export their main export, oil. It’s just a disaster,
total disaster. That’s what happens when you strike vulnerable systems,
as I said, with a sledgehammer. All kind of horrible things can happen.

In the case of Iraq, it’s worth recalling that there had been an
almost decade of sanctions, which were brutally destructive. We know
about—we can, if we like, know about the sanctions. People prefer not
to, but we can find out. There was a sort of humanitarian component of
the sanctions, so-called. It was the oil-for-peace program, instituted
when the reports of the sanctions were so horrendous—you know, hundreds
of thousand of children dying and so on—that it was necessary for the
U.S. and Britain to institute some humanitarian part. That was directed
by prominent, respected international diplomats, Denis Halliday, who
resigned, and Hans von Sponeck. Both Halliday and von Sponeck resigned
because they called the humanitarian aspect genocidal. That’s their
description. And von Sponeck published a detailed, important book on it
called, I think, A Different Kind of War, or something like
that, which I’ve never seen a review of or even a mention of it in the
United States, which detailed, in great detail, exactly how these
sanctions were devastating the civilian society, supporting Saddam,
because the people had to simply huddle under the umbrella of power for
survival, probably—they didn’t say this, but I’ll add it—probably saving
Saddam from the fate of other dictators who the U.S. had supported and
were overthrown by popular uprisings. And there’s a long list of
them—Somoza, Marcos, Mobutu, Duvalier—you know, even Ceaușescu, U.S. was
supporting. They were overthrown from within. Saddam wasn’t, because
the civil society that might have carried that out was devastated. He
had a pretty efficient rationing system people were living on for
survival, but it severely harmed the civilian society. Then comes the
war, you know, massive war, plenty of destruction, destruction of
antiquities. There’s now, you know, properly, denunciation of ISIS for destroying antiquities. The U.S. invasion did the same thing. Millions of refugees, a horrible blow against the society.

These things have terrible consequences. Actually, there’s an
interesting interview with Graham Fuller. He’s one of the leading Middle
East analysts, long background in CIA, U.S. intelligence. In the interview, he says something like, "The U.S. created ISIS."
He hastens to add that he’s not joining with the conspiracy theories
that are floating around the Middle East about how the U.S. is
supporting ISIS. Of course, it’s not. But what he says is, the U.S. created ISIS in the sense that we established the background from which ISIS developed as a terrible offshoot. And we can’t overlook that.

AMYGOODMAN:MIT
professor Noam Chomsky. When we come back from break, he talks about
Cuba, U.S. relations with Venezuela, Edward Snowden, U.S. drones, the
legacy of slavery, and a new chapter in Noam’s own life. Stay with us.

World-renowned political dissident, linguist and author Noam
Chomsky discusses why National Security Agency whistleblower Edward
Snowden should be welcomed back to the United States as a hero and why
those who authorized the government surveillance he exposed should be on
trial, not him. Chomsky also argues that while mass surveillance has
been ineffective in stopping terrorism, programs like the global U.S.
drone war have helped spread it to areas all around the world.

Transcript

This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.

AMYGOODMAN: We’re spending the hour with MIT
professor, author and activist Noam Chomsky. We sat down with him
Monday. I asked him about the significance of the leaks by National
Security Agency whistleblower Edward Snowden and whether he should be
allowed to return to the United States without facing any charges.

NOAMCHOMSKY:
He should be welcomed as a person who carried out the obligations of a
citizen. He informed American citizens of what their government is doing
to them. That’s exactly what a person who has real patriotism, not the
flag-waving type, but real patriotism, would do. So he should be
honored, not just allowed back. It’s the people in the government who
should be on trial, not him.

AMYGOODMAN:
I was talking to a friend who was saying, you know, when you talk about
Edward Snowden, what about the issues of terrorism and having to spy on
those who might want to hurt others?

NOAMCHOMSKY:
If they want to—first of all, it’s—we can raise this question, but it’s
academic, because they are not preventing terrorism. You’ll recall,
when the Snowden revelations came out, the immediate reaction from the
government, the highest level—Keith Alexander, others—was that these NSA
programs had stopped, I think they said, 54 or so acts of terror.
Gradually, when the press started asking questions, it was whittled down
to about 12. Finally, it came down to one. And that act of terror was a
man who had sent, I think, $8,500 to Somalia. That’s the yield of this
massive program.

And it is not intended to stop terrorism. It’s intended to control
the population. That’s quite different. You have to be very cautious in
accepting claims by power systems. They have no reason to tell you the
truth. And you have to look and ask, "Well, what is the truth?" And this
system is not a system for protecting terrorism.

Actually, you can say the same about the drone assassination program.
That’s a global assassination program, far and away the worst act of
terror in the world. It’s also a terror-generating program. And they
know it, from high places. You can find quotation after quotation where
they know it. Take this one case that I mentioned before, this child who
was murdered in a drone strike after having watched his family burn to
death by drone strikes.

AMYGOODMAN: In Yemen.

NOAMCHOMSKY:
What’s the effect of this on people? Well, it’s to create terror. The
close analyses have shown that that’s exactly what happens. There’s a
very important book by Akbar Ahmed, who’s an important anthropologist,
who is a Pakistani, who studies tribal systems and worked in the
North-West territories and so on, and it’s called The Thistle and the Drone.
And he goes through, in some detail, the effect on tribal societies of
simply murdering—from their point of view, just murdering people at
random. The drone attacks, remember, are aimed at people who are
suspected of maybe someday wanting to harm us. I mean, suppose, say,
that Iran was killing people in the United States and Israel who they
thought would—might someday want to harm them. They could find plenty of
people. Would we consider that legitimate? It’s again, we have the
right to carry out mass murder of suspects who we think might harm us
someday. How does the world look at this? How do the people look at this
in this village where this child was who said that they’re terrorized
by constant drone strikes all over North-West Pakistan? That’s true. Now
it’s over most of the world. The U.S. war—so-called war against terror
has been a smashing success. There was a small group up in the tribal
areas of mostly Pakistan and Afghanistan, al-Qaeda, and we have
succeeded in spreading it over the whole world. Now they’re all
everywhere—you know, West Africa, Southeast Asia—simply generating more
and more terror. And I think it’s—you know, it’s not that the U.S. is
trying to generate terror. It’s simply that it doesn’t care.

Following its election in January on a pledge to confront the
austerity program that’s decimated Greece’s economy, the Syriza
government has faced a major pushback from international creditors led
by Germany. Days after Greece secured a four-month extension to a loan
package in exchange for new conditions on its spending, Noam Chomsky
says the European response to Syriza has been "extremely savage," a
reaction that could face Spain’s Podemos party should it win upcoming
elections.

Transcript

This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.

AMYGOODMAN:
I wanted to ask you about Syriza in Greece, a movement that started as a
grassroots movement. Now they have taken power, Prime Minister Alexis
Tsipras. And then you have Spain right now. We recently spoke to Pablo Iglesias,
the secretary general of the group called Podemos, that was founded,
what—an anti-austerity party that has rapidly gained popularity. A month
after establishing itself last year, they won five seats in the
European Parliament, and some polls show they could take the next
election, which would mean that Pablo Iglesias, the 36-year-old
political science professor and longtime activist, could possibly become
the prime minister of Europe’s fifth-largest economy. He came here to
New York for just about 72 hours, and I asked him to talk about what
austerity measures have meant in Spain.

PABLOIGLESIAS:
Austerity means that people is expulsed of their homes. Austerity means
that the social services don’t work anymore. Austerity means that
public schools have not the elements, the means to develop their
activity. Austerity means that the countries have not sovereignty
anymore, and we became a colony of the financial powers and a colony of
Germany. Austerity probably means the end of democracy. I think if we
don’t have democratic control of economy, we don’t have democracy. It’s
impossible to separate economy and democracy, in my opinion.

AMYGOODMAN:
That was Pablo Iglesias, the head of this new anti-austerity group in
Spain called Podemos, which means in English "We can." The significance
of these movements?

NOAMCHOMSKY:
It’s very significant. But notice the reaction. The reaction to Syriza
was extremely savage. They made a little bit of progress in their
negotiations, but not much. The Germans came down very hard on them.

AMYGOODMAN: You mean in dealing with the debt.

NOAMCHOMSKY:
In the dealing with them, and sort of forced them to back off from
almost all their proposals. What’s going on with the austerity is really
class war. As an economic program, austerity, under recession, makes no
sense. It just makes the situation worse. So the Greek debt, relative
to GDP, has actually gone up during the period
of—which is—well, the policies that are supposed to overcome the debt.
In the case of Spain, the debt was not a public debt, it was private
debt. It was the actions of the banks. And that means also the German
banks. Remember, when a bank makes a dangerous, a risky borrowing,
somebody is making a risky lending. And the policies that are designed
by the troika, you know, are basically paying off the banks, the
perpetrators, much like here. The population is suffering. But one of
the things that’s happening is that the—you know, the social democratic
policies, so-called welfare state, is being eroded. That’s class war.
It’s not an economic policy that makes any sense as to end a serious
recession. And there is a reaction to it—Greece, Spain and some in
Ireland, growing elsewhere, France. But it’s a very dangerous situation,
could lead to a right-wing response, very right-wing. The alternative
to Syriza might be Golden Dawn, neo-Nazi party.

Noam Chomsky
weighs in on the Black Lives Matter movement across the United States,
calling it a response to the unresolved consequences of slavery and
racism dating back hundreds of years. "[Slavery] is a large part of the
basis for our wealth and privilege," Chomsky says. "Is there a slave
museum in the United States? The first one is just being established now
with a private donor. This is the core of our history along with the
extermination and expulsion of the native population. But it’s not part
of our consciousness."

Transcript

This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.

AMYGOODMAN:
And then you have in the United States a movement around
accountability, overall. It’s the 50th anniversary of the Selma Bloody
Sunday, March 7th, when John Lewis, now a congressman, and scores of
others had their heads beaten in by Alabama state troopers. It’s 50
years later, and you have the Black Lives Matter movement. You have
these stories repeatedly around the country of police officers killing
young people and not-so-young people of color. What do you make of this
movement? And do you see the anti-austerity movement in Europe, the
accountability movement in the United States, the movement around
climate change—do you see these coalescing in any way?

NOAMCHOMSKY:
They should. But in actual fact, the degree of coalescence is not high.
We should remember that—take Selma. If you listen to the rhetoric on
Martin Luther King Day, it’s instructive. It typically ends with the "I
Have a Dream" speech and the voting rights. And Martin Luther King
didn’t stop there. He went on to condemning the war in Vietnam and to
raising class issues. He began to raise class issues and turn to the
North. At that point, he fell out of favor and disappeared. He was
trying to—he was assassinated when he was trying to organize a poor
people’s movement, and he was supporting a sanitation workers’ strike in
Memphis. There was supposed to be a march to Washington to establish a
poor people’s movement, appeal to Congress to do something about class
issues. Well, the march actually took place after his death, led by his
widow, ended up in Washington. They set up a tent city, a resurrection
city. This was the most liberal Congress in history probably, tolerated
it briefly, then sent in the police in the middle of the night and drove
them out of town. And that’s disappeared from the rhetoric on Martin
Luther King Day. So it’s OK to condemn a racist sheriff in Alabama, but
not us, please. Don’t touch our privilege and power. And that’s a large
part of the background.

These issues are very real. There’s more issues here. Racism is a
very serious problem in the United States. Take a look at the scholarly
work on it, say, George Fredrickson’s study of the white supremacy,
comparative study. He concludes, I think plausibly, that the white
supremacy in the United States was even more extreme and savage than in
South Africa. Just think of our own history. You know, our economy, our
wealth, our privilege relies very heavily on a century of horrifying
slave labor camps. The cotton—cotton production was not just the fuel of
the Industrial Revolution, it was the basis for the financial system,
the merchant system, commerce, England, as well. These were bitter,
brutal slave labor camps. There’s a recent study by Edward Baptist which
comes out with some startling information. It’s called—actually, the
title is startling, something like The Half was Never Told [The Half Has Never Been Told],
which is more or less true, was never told. But, for example, he shows,
pretty convincingly, that in the slave labor camps—the "plantations,"
we call them, politely—the productivity increased more rapidly than in
industry, with no technological advance, just the bullwhip. Just by
driving people harder and harder to the point of survival, they were
able to increase productivity and profit. And it’s not just the—he also
points out that the word "torture" is not used in discussion of this
period. He introduces it should be used. I mean, these are camps that
could have impressed the Nazis. And it is a large part of the basis for
our wealth and privilege. Is there a slave museum in the United States?
Actually, the first one is just being established now by private—some
private donor. I mean, this is the core of our history, along with the
extermination or expulsion of the native population, but it’s not part
of our consciousness.