Alzheimer’s Disease

What is Alzheimer’s?

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in older people. A dementia
is a medical condition that disrupts the way the brain works. AD affects
the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. Although
the risk of getting the disease increases with age, it is not a normal
part of aging. At present the cause of the disease is unknown and there
is no cure.

AD is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German psychiatrist. In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer described changes
in the brain tissue of a woman who had died of an unusual mental illness.
He found abnormal deposits (now called senile or neuritic plaques) and
tangled bundles of nerve fibers (now called neurofibrillary tangles).
These plaques and tangles in the brain have come to be characteristic
brain changes due to AD.

Symptoms Include:

initial mild forgetfulness

confusion with names and simple mathematical problems

forgetfulness to do simple everyday tasks, i.e., brushing their teeth

problems speaking, understanding, reading, and writing

behavioral and personality changes

aggressive, anxious, or aimless behavior

Statistics

It is estimated that currently 4 million people in the United States may have Alzheimer’s disease.
The disease usually begins after age 65 and risk of AD goes up with age.
While younger people may have AD, it is much less common. About 3% of
men and women ages 65-74 have AD and nearly half of those over age 85
could have the disease.

Diagnosis

No definitive test to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease in living patients exits. However, in specialized
research facilities, neurologists now can diagnose AD with up to 90% accuracy.
The following is some of the information used to make this diagnosis:

Scientists are trying to learn what causes AD and how to prevent it. This list may not be all inclusive
or definite. However, research has lead scientists to consider these as
possible risk factors:

Genetic factors

Environmental factors - aluminum, zinc, and other metals have been detected in the brain tissue
of those with AD. However, it isn’t known whether they cause AD,
or build up in the brain as a result of AD.

Viruses - Viruses that might cause the changes seen in the brain tissue of AD patients are
being studied.

The only known risk factors are age and family history. Serious head and lower levels of education
may also be risk factors. AD is probably not caused by any one factor.
Most likely, it is several factors together that react differently in
each person. Unfortunately, no blood or urine test currently exists that
can detect or predict AD.

Treatment

Alzheimer’s disease advances in stages, ranging from mild forgetfulness to severe dementia.
The course of the disease and the rate of decline varies from person to
person. The duration from onset of symptoms to death can be from 5 to
20 years.

Currently, there is no effective treatment for AD that can halt the progression. However, some experimental
drugs have shown promise in easing symptoms in some patients. Medications
can help control behavioral symptoms; making patients more comfortable
and easier to manage for caregivers. Still other research efforts focus
on alternative care programs that provide relief to the caregiver and
support for the patient.

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