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“Hegemony is as old as Mankind…” -Zbigniew Brzezinski, former U.S. National Security Advisor

The term “New Middle East” was introduced to the world in June 2006 in Tel Aviv by U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was credited by the Western media for coining the term) in replacement of the older and more imposing term, the “Greater Middle East.”

This shift in foreign policy phraseology coincided with the inauguration of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Oil Terminal in the Eastern Mediterranean . The term and conceptualization of the “New Middle East,” was subsequently heralded by the U.S. Secretary of State and the Israeli Prime Minister at the height of the Anglo-American sponsored Israeli siege of Lebanon . Prime Minister Olmert and Secretary Rice had informed the international media that a project for a “New Middle East” was being launched from Lebanon .

This announcement was a confirmation of an Anglo-American-Israeli “military roadmap” in the Middle East . This project, which has been in the planning stages for several years, consists in creating an arc of instability, chaos, and violence extending from Lebanon , Palestine , and Syria to Iraq , the Persian Gulf, Iran , and the borders of NATO-garrisoned Afghanistan .

The “New Middle East” project was introduced publicly by Washington and Tel Aviv with the expectation that Lebanon would be the pressure point for realigning the whole Middle East and thereby unleashing the forces of “constructive chaos.” This “constructive chaos” --which generates conditions of violence and warfare throughout the region-- would in turn be used so that the United States , Britain , and Israel could redraw the map of the Middle East in accordance with their geo-strategic needs and objectives.

New Middle East Map
Secretary Condoleezza Rice stated during a press conference that “[w]hat we’re seeing here [in regards to the destruction of Lebanon and the Israeli attacks on Lebanon], in a sense, is the growing—the ‘birth pangs’—of a ‘New Middle East’ and whatever we do we [meaning the United States] have to be certain that we’re pushing forward to the New Middle East [and] not going back to the old one.”1 Secretary Rice was immediately criticized for her statements both within Lebanon and internationally for expressing indifference to the suffering of an entire nation, which was being bombed indiscriminately by the Israeli Air Force.

The Anglo-American Military Roadmap in the Middle East and Central Asia

U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice’s speech on the "New Middle East" had set the stage. The Israeli attacks on Lebanon --which had been fully endorsed by Washington and London-- have further compromised and validated the existence of the geo-strategic objectives of the United States , Britain , and Israel . According to Professor Mark Levine the “neo-liberal globalizers and neo-conservatives, and ultimately the Bush Administration, would latch on to creative destruction as a way of describing the process by which they hoped to create their new world orders,” and that “creative destruction [in] the United States was, in the words of neo-conservative philosopher and Bush adviser Michael Ledeen, ‘an awesome revolutionary force’ for (…) creative destruction…”2

Anglo-American occupied Iraq , particularly Iraqi Kurdistan, seems to be the preparatory ground for the balkanization (division) and finlandization (pacification) of the Middle East . Already the legislative framework, under the Iraqi Parliament and the name of Iraqi federalization, for the partition of Iraq into three portions is being drawn out. (See map below)

Moreover, the Anglo-American military roadmap appears to be vying an entry into Central Asia via the Middle East . The Middle East, Afghanistan , and Pakistan are stepping stones for extending U.S. influence into the former Soviet Union and the ex-Soviet Republics of Central Asia . The Middle East is to some extent the southern tier of Central Asia . Central Asia in turn is also termed as “ Russia ’s Southern Tier” or the Russian “Near Abroad.”

Many Russian and Central Asian scholars, military planners, strategists, security advisors, economists, and politicians consider Central Asia (“Russia’s Southern Tier”) to be the vulnerable and “soft under-belly” of the Russian Federation.3

It should be noted that in his book, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geo-strategic Imperatives, Zbigniew Brzezinski, a former U.S. National Security Advisor, alluded to the modern Middle East as a control lever of an area he, Brzezinski, calls the Eurasian Balkans. The Eurasian Balkans consists of the Caucasus ( Georgia , the Republic of Azerbaijan , and Armenia ) and Central Asia ( Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Afghanistan , and Tajikistan ) and to some extent both Iran and Turkey . Iran and Turkey both form the northernmost tiers of the Middle East (excluding the Caucasus4) that edge into Europe and the former Soviet Union .

The Map of the “New Middle East ”

A relatively unknown map of the Middle East, NATO-garrisoned Afghanistan , and Pakistan has been circulating around strategic, governmental, NATO, policy and military circles since mid-2006. It has been causally allowed to surface in public, maybe in an attempt to build consensus and to slowly prepare the general public for possible, maybe even cataclysmic, changes in the Middle East . This is a map of a redrawn and restructured Middle East identified as the “New Middle East.”

MAP OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST

Map: click to enlarge

Note: The following map was prepared by Lieutenant-Colonel Ralph Peters. It was published in the Armed Forces Journal in June 2006, Peters is a retired colonel of the U.S. National War Academy. (Map Copyright Lieutenant-Colonel Ralph Peters 2006).

Although the map does not officially reflect Pentagon doctrine, it has been used in a training program at NATO's Defense College for senior military officers. This map, as well as other similar maps, has most probably been used at the National War Academy as well as in military planning circles.

This map of the “New Middle East” seems to be based on several other maps, including older maps of potential boundaries in the Middle East extending back to the era of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and World War I. This map is showcased and presented as the brainchild of retired Lieutenant-Colonel (U.S. Army) Ralph Peters, who believes the redesigned borders contained in the map will fundamentally solve the problems of the contemporary Middle East .

The map of the “New Middle East” was a key element in the retired Lieutenant-Colonel’s book, Never Quit the Fight, which was released to the public on July 10, 2006. This map of a redrawn Middle East was also published, under the title of Blood Borders: How a better Middle East would look, in the U.S. military’s Armed Forces Journal with commentary from Ralph Peters.5

It should be noted that Lieutenant-Colonel Peters was last posted to the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, within the U.S. Defence Department, and has been one of the Pentagon’s foremost authors with numerous essays on strategy for military journals and U.S. foreign policy.

It has been written that Ralph Peters’ “four previous books on strategy have been highly influential in government and military circles,” but one can be pardoned for asking if in fact quite the opposite could be taking place. Could it be Lieutenant-Colonel Peters is revealing and putting forward what Washington D.C. and its strategic planners have anticipated for the Middle East ?

The concept of a redrawn Middle East has been presented as a “humanitarian” and “righteous” arrangement that would benefit the people(s) of the Middle East and its peripheral regions. According to Ralph Peter’s:

"International borders are never completely just. But the degree of injustice they inflict upon those whom frontiers force together or separate makes an enormous difference — often the difference between freedom and oppression, tolerance and atrocity, the rule of law and terrorism, or even peace and war.

The most arbitrary and distorted borders in the world are in Africa and the Middle East . Drawn by self-interested Europeans (who have had sufficient trouble defining their own frontiers), Africa ’s borders continue to provoke the deaths of millions of local inhabitants. But the unjust borders in the Middle East — to borrow from Churchill — generate more trouble than can be consumed locally.

While the Middle East has far more problems than dysfunctional borders alone — from cultural stagnation through scandalous inequality to deadly religious extremism — the greatest taboo in striving to understand the region’s comprehensive failure isn’t Islam, but the awful-but-sacrosanct international boundaries worshipped by our own diplomats.

Of course, no adjustment of borders, however draconian, could make every minority in the Middle East happy. In some instances, ethnic and religious groups live intermingled and have intermarried. Elsewhere, reunions based on blood or belief might not prove quite as joyous as their current proponents expect. The boundaries projected in the maps accompanying this article redress the wrongs suffered by the most significant "cheated" population groups, such as the Kurds, Baluch and Arab Shia [Muslims], but still fail to account adequately for Middle Eastern Christians, Bahais, Ismailis, Naqshbandis and many another numerically lesser minorities. And one haunting wrong can never be redressed with a reward of territory: the genocide perpetrated against the Armenians by the dying Ottoman Empire .

Yet, for all the injustices the borders re-imagined here leave unaddressed, without such major boundary revisions, we shall never see a more peaceful Middle East .

Even those who abhor the topic of altering borders would be well-served to engage in an exercise that attempts to conceive a fairer, if still imperfect, amendment of national boundaries between the Bosphorus and the Indus. Accepting that international statecraft has never developed effective tools — short of war — for readjusting faulty borders, a mental effort to grasp the Middle East’s “organic” frontiers nonetheless helps us understand the extent of the difficulties we face and will continue to face. We are dealing with colossal, man-made deformities that will not stop generating hatred and violence until they are corrected."6

(emphasis added)

"Necessary Pain"

Besides believing that there is “cultural stagnation” in the Middle East, it must be noted that Ralph Peters admits that his propositions are “draconian” in nature, but he insists that they are necessary pains for the people of the Middle East . This view of necessary pain and suffering is in startling parallel to U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice’s belief that the devastation of Lebanon by the Israeli military was a necessary pain or “birth pang” in order to create the “New Middle East” that Washington, London , and Tel Aviv envision.

Moreover, it is worth noting that the subject of the Armenian Genocide is being politicized and stimulated in Europe to offend Turkey .7

The overhaul, dismantlement, and reassembly of the nation-states of the Middle East have been packaged as a solution to the hostilities in the Middle East , but this is categorically misleading, false, and fictitious. The advocates of a “New Middle East” and redrawn boundaries in the region avoid and fail to candidly depict the roots of the problems and conflicts in the contemporary Middle East . What the media does not acknowledge is the fact that almost all major conflicts afflicting the Middle East are the consequence of overlapping Anglo-American-Israeli agendas.

Many of the problems affecting the contemporary Middle East are the result of the deliberate aggravation of pre-existing regional tensions. Sectarian division, ethnic tension and internal violence have been traditionally exploited by the United States and Britain in various parts of the globe including Africa, Latin America, the Balkans, and the Middle East . Iraq is just one of many examples of the Anglo-American strategy of “divide and conquer.” Other examples are Rwanda , Yugoslavia , the Caucasus, and Afghanistan .

Amongst the problems in the contemporary Middle East is the lack of genuine democracy which U.S. and British foreign policy has actually been deliberately obstructing. Western-style "Democracy" has been a requirement only for those Middle Eastern states which do not conform to Washington 's political demands. Invariably, it constitutes a pretext for confrontation. Saudi Arabia , Egypt , and Jordan are examples of undemocratic states that the United States has no problems with because are firmly alligned within the Anglo-American orbit or sphere.

Additionally, the United States has deliberately blocked or displaced genuine democratic movements in the Middle East from Iran in 1953 (where a U.S./U.K. sponsored coup was staged against the democratic government of Prime Minister Mossadegh) to Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Turkey, the Arab Sheikdoms, and Jordan where the Anglo-American alliance supports military control, absolutists, and dictators in one form or another. The latest example of this is Palestine .

The Turkish Protest at NATO’s Military College in Rome

Lieutenant-Colonel Ralph Peters’ map of the “New Middle East” has sparked angry reactions in Turkey . According to Turkish press releases on September 15, 2006 the map of the “New Middle East” was displayed in NATO’s Military College in Rome , Italy . It was additionally reported that Turkish officers were immediately outraged by the presentation of a portioned and segmented Turkey .8 The map received some form of approval from the U.S. National War Academy before it was unveiled in front of NATO officers in Rome .

The Turkish Chief of Staff, General Buyukanit, contacted the U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Peter Pace, and protested the event and the exhibition of the redrawn map of the Middle East, Afghanistan , and Pakistan .9 Furthermore the Pentagon has gone out of its way to assure Turkey that the map does not reflect official U.S. policy and objectives in the region, but this seems to be conflicting with Anglo-American actions in the Middle East and NATO-garrisoned Afghanistan .

Is there a Connection between Zbigniew Brzezinski’s “Eurasian Balkans” and the “New Middle East ” Project?

The following are important excerpts and passages from former U.S. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski’s book, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geo-strategic Imperatives. Brzezinski also states that both Turkey and Iran, the two most powerful states of the “Eurasian Balkans,” located on its southern tier, are “potentially vulnerable to internal ethnic conflicts [balkanization],” and that, “If either or both of them were to be destabilized, the internal problems of the region would become unmanageable.”10

It seems that a divided and balkanized Iraq would be the best means of accomplishing this. Taking what we know from the White House's own admissions; there is a belief that “creative destruction and chaos” in the Middle East are beneficial assets to reshaping the Middle East, creating the “New Middle East,” and furthering the Anglo-American roadmap in the Middle East and Central Asia:

"In Europe , the Word “Balkans” conjures up images of ethnic conflicts and great-power regional rivalries. Eurasia , too, has its “Balkans,” but the Eurasian Balkans are much larger, more populated, even more religiously and ethnically heterogeneous. They are located within that large geographic oblong that demarcates the central zone of global instability (…) that embraces portions of southeastern Europe, Central Asia and parts of South Asia [Pakistan, Kashmir, Western India], the Persian Gulf area, and the Middle East.

The Eurasian Balkans form the inner core of that large oblong (…) they differ from its outer zone in one particularly significant way: they are a power vacuum. Although most of the states located in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East are also unstable, American power is that region’s [meaning the Middle East ’s] ultimate arbiter. The unstable region in the outer zone is thus an area of single power hegemony and is tempered by that hegemony. In contrast, the Eurasian Balkans are truly reminiscent of the older, more familiar Balkans of southeastern Europe: not only are its political entities unstable but they tempt and invite the intrusion of more powerful neighbors, each of whom is determined to oppose the region’s domination by another. It is this familiar combination of a power vacuum and power suction that justifies the appellation “Eurasian Balkans.”

The traditional Balkans represented a potential geopolitical prize in the struggle for European supremacy. The Eurasian Balkans, astride the inevitably emerging transportation network meant to link more directly Eurasia ’s richest and most industrious western and eastern extremities, are also geopolitically significant. Moreover, they are of importance from the standpoint of security and historical ambitions to at least three of their most immediate and more powerful neighbors, namely, Russia , Turkey , and Iran , with China also signaling an increasing political interest in the region. But the Eurasian Balkans are infinitely more important as a potential economic prize: an enormous concentration of natural gas and oil reserves is located in the region, in addition to important minerals, including gold.

The world’s energy consumption is bound to vastly increase over the next two or three decades. Estimates by the U.S. Department of Energy anticipate that world demand will rise by more than 50 percent between 1993 and 2015, with the most significant increase in consumption occurring in the Far East. The momentum of Asia’s economic development is already generating massive pressures for the exploration and exploitation of new sources of energy, and the Central Asian region and the Caspian Sea basin are known to contain reserves of natural gas and oil that dwarf those of Kuwait, the Gulf of Mexico, or the North Sea.

Access to that resource and sharing in its potential wealth represent objectives that stir national ambitions, motivate corporate interests, rekindle historical claims, revive imperial aspirations, and fuel international rivalries. The situation is made all the more volatile by the fact that the region is not only a power vacuum but is also internally unstable.

(…)

The Eurasian Balkans include nine countries that one way or another fit the foregoing description, with two others as potential candidates. The nine are Kazakstan [alternative and official spelling of Kazakhstan] , Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia—all of them formerly part of the defunct Soviet Union—as well as Afghanistan.

The potential additions to the list are Turkey and Iran , both of them much more politically and economically viable, both active contestants for regional influence within the Eurasian Balkans, and thus both significant geo-strategic players in the region. At the same time, both are potentially vulnerable to internal ethnic conflicts. If either or both of them were to be destabilized, the internal problems of the region would become unmanageable, while efforts to restrain regional domination by Russia could even become futile."11

(emphasis added)

Redrawing the Middle East

The Middle East , in some regards, is a striking parallel to the Balkans and Central-Eastern Europe during the years leading up the First World War. In the wake of the the First World War the borders of the Balkans and Central-Eastern Europe were redrawn. This region experienced a period of upheaval, violence and conflict, before and after World War I, which was the direct result of foreign economic interests and interference.

The reasons behind the First World War are more sinister than the standard school-book explanation, the assassination of the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian (Habsburg) Empire, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo . Economic factors were the real motivation for the large-scale war in 1914.

Norman Dodd, a former Wall Street banker and investigator for the U.S. Congress, who examined U.S. tax-exempt foundations, confirmed in a 1982 interview that those powerful individuals who from behind the scenes controlled the finances, policies, and government of the United States had in fact also planned U.S. involvement in a war, which would contribute to entrenching their grip on power.

The following testimonial is from the transcript of Norman Dodd's interview with G. Edward Griffin;

We are now at the year 1908, which was the year that the Carnegie Foundation began operations. And, in that year, the trustees meeting, for the first time, raised a specific question, which they discussed throughout the balance of the year, in a very learned fashion. And the question is this: Is there any means known more effective than war, assuming you wish to alter the life of an entire people? And they conclude that, no more effective means to that end is known to humanity, than war. So then, in 1909, they raise the second question, and discuss it, namely, how do we involve the United States in a war?

Well, I doubt, at that time, if there was any subject more removed from the thinking of most of the people of this country [the United States], than its involvement in a war. There were intermittent shows [wars] in the Balkans, but I doubt very much if many people even knew where the Balkans were. And finally, they answer that question as follows: we must control the State Department.

And then, that very naturally raises the question of how do we do that? They answer it by saying, we must take over and control the diplomatic machinery of this country and, finally, they resolve to aim at that as an objective. Then, time passes, and we are eventually in a war, which would be World War I. At that time, they record on their minutes a shocking report in which they dispatch to President Wilson a telegram cautioning him to see that the war does not end too quickly. And finally, of course, the war is over.

At that time, their interest shifts over to preventing what they call a reversion of life in the United States to what it was prior to 1914, when World War I broke out.

(emphasis added)

The redrawing and partition of the Middle East from the Eastern Mediterranean shores of Lebanon and Syria to Anatolia (Asia Minor), Arabia, the Persian Gulf , and the Iranian Plateau responds to broad economic, strategic and military objectives, which are part of a longstanding Anglo-American and Israeli agenda in the region.

The Middle East has been conditioned by outside forces into a powder keg that is ready to explode with the right trigger, possibly the launching of Anglo-American and/or Israeli air raids against Iran and Syria . A wider war in the Middle East could result in redrawn borders that are strategically advantageous to Anglo-American interests and Israel .

NATO-garrisoned Afghanistan has been successfully divided, all but in name. Animosity has been inseminated in the Levant, where a Palestinian civil war is being nurtured and divisions in Lebanon agitated. The Eastern Mediterranean has been successfully militarized by NATO. Syria and Iran continue to be demonized by the Western media, with a view to justifying a military agenda. In turn, the Western media has fed, on a daily basis, incorrect and biased notions that the populations of Iraq cannot co-exist and that the conflict is not a war of occupation but a "civil war" characterised by domestic strife between Shiites, Sunnis and Kurds.

Attempts at intentionally creating animosity between the different ethno-cultural and religious groups of the Middle East have been systematic. In fact, they are part of carefully designed covert intelligence agenda.

Even more ominous, many Middle Eastern governments, such as that of Saudi Arabia , are assisting Washington in fomenting divisions between Middle Eastern populations. The ultimate objective is to weaken the resistance movement against foreign occupation through a "divide and conquer strategy" which serves Anglo-American and Israeli interests in the broader region.

Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya is in an independent writer based in Ottawa specializing in Middle Eastern and Central Asian affairs. He is a Research Associate of the Center for Research on Globalization (CRG).

1 U.S. State Department; Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, What the Secretary Has Been Saying; Special Briefing on the Travel to the Middle East and Europe of Secretary Condoleezza Rice, Washington, DC. July 21, 2006.

Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Centre for Research on Globalization.

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Dear Blank,
Thank you for your post, reject the Neocolonialism Blood Oil Dream Map (EU Neocolonialism Blood Diamond Destroyed Africa) , it is not going to work for reasons I will post soon. The new world order must be based on better integration based on Cyrus The Great vision, Secular Democracy, Free Society and Human Rights . The Map that the people of the region are going to decide is called Cyrus The Great Unity map (CU) .
The CU must exist to stop EU, China and Russia Neocolonialism disaster and expansion. The CU and US must become united to balance EU, China, and Russia. Few Millions hardcore Islamists from CU must be sent back to Mecca where they really want to be and they should be allowed to create their ideal Islamic society and wait to go to heaven.
As the above article claims http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=NAZ20061116&articleId=3882 if it is true those top US officials that have agreed with this stupid plan against American long term National interest then they must be fired, because this is very similar to the stupid CEO who does not understand the real problems of his company and just restructure the Company to show his investors that he is doing something to solve the problem.. .... The new map will create bloodbath beyond any imagination without solving any problem.
Regards,
Cyrus
______________________________________

Contribution of Persia to the World Civilization
Compiled by:
Prof. M.S. Tajar
University of the Philippines
March 2004

"Persia" is the Greek name of Pars, a province of modern day Iran. Meanwhile, the name Iran (==Land of the Aryans) is derived from the Aryan people, who first moved from Central Asia, and settled in what is now Iran, some 30,000 years ago. And here are some of the most important contributions of the people of Persia or Iran, to the world civilization:

1. The first human civilization - - The Persian
Civilization (==Eilam); It was ahead of Egypt by 500
years, of India, by 1,000 years, and of China, by
2,000 years, of Greece by 3,000 years, and of Rome, by
4,000 years! According to Professor Arthur A. Pope,
the famous Orientalist (A.H. Saidian, Iran: Land and
the People, Tehran 2001 P. 358)
Professor Pope also believes that the world owes its
greatest industrial developments, in the early stages,
to the Persian Civilization! (Ibid).
Another Orientalist, the French Professor Kalamar of
the Sorbonne University of Paris believes that: The
Persian Civilization is the mother of all
civilizations! (Ibid).
2. The first empire in the world, the Persian Empire
(from the Indus River down to the Danube River in
Europe and up to the Nile River in Africa;Central
Asia, present day Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Azirbaijan,
Armenia, Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt, Libya, Macedonia,
Cyprus,Lydia and up to the borders of Greece. It
stretched from Ethiopia to India, with 127 provinces
and 28 different nationalities).
"The Greeks and Romans later copied the best features
of the Persian Method of Governing the Empire. (World
History, Philip Groisser, New York, 1970, p. 17).
3. Cyrus the Great conquered Babylonia, Assyria,
Media and India; His son Cambodia (any influence on
the Cambodian People?) added Egypt later, and for the
first and the last time in history, all the
governments of the known world were ruled under one
color!
4. Insurance by Government was started during Cyrus
the Great of Persia. (Gardeshgari, Iran, March 2000).
5. Weight, Money and Measurements were standardized
in Persia, for the first time, some 2, 500 years ago
(Gardeshgari, March 2000)
6. Sanskrit, which is the mother of all modern
languages, was born in Iran, before it went to India
(Gardeshgari, Aug. 2001).
7. The Stone Age, which dates back some 70, 000
years ago, was started in Iran, the cradle of the
earliest human civilization! (Gardeshgari, July 2000).
8. In Iran today, there are 1.2 million historical
sites, discovered so far, with some 70,000 historical
moulds (Gardeshgari, July 2000).
9. The first accounting tools were found in Iran,
belonging to 9,000 years ago. (Gardeshgari, March
2000).
10. The first brick invention took place in Iran.
(Gardeshgari, Iran, March 2002).
11. The world's greatest masonry work is Perspolis,
Iran. (Gardeshgeri, Iran, March, 2000).
12. The architecture of castles originated in Persia
thousands of years ago.
13. Iranian tales/legends are some 20, 000 years
old.(Ibid)
14. According to the Shah-Namah of Ferdausi, the first
caesarian operation (actually Persian-Birth) was done
in Persia, some 5,000 years ago upon the birth of
Rustom from his mother--- Rudabeh. (Gardeshgari, Iran,
Jan. 2000.
15. According to the Persian Holy Books--- Avesta, the
first anesthesia was practiced in Persia 1,000 B.C.
16. According to Professor Griffith Taylor of
Australia, the homo sapiens (Caucassians) were
originated from the Iranian Plateau, also known as the
Land of Mahd(the Medes?) and scattered throughout the
world some 17,000 years ago (15,000 B.C.)Gardeshgari,
Iran, Jan. 2001.
No wonder, the famous Orientalist, Professor Arthur
Pope said: "Western world has a vast unpaid debt to
the Persian civilization!"
Also Hegel, the great German Philosopher,
wrote: The beginning of evolution of man starts with
the history of Persia (Hegel, Philosophy of History p.
174).
17. Some paintings in Lorestan caves in Persia, that
show a horse-riding man, are 17,000 years old! (15,000
B.C.) (Gardeshgari, Iran, Jan. 2001).
18. The original homeland of the Chaldeans (Father
Abraham?) was Susa, Iran. The word Chaldean comes from
Khald, which comes from Kurd (Kurdish) who were
originally Tajiks (Gradeshgari, Iran, Sep. 2000).
19. According to the Encyclopedia Britanica, "It may
well be proved eventually that the human race evolved
in Central Asia or Iran" (Gardeshgari, Iran, Sep.
2000).
20. According to the Indian Professor, Mereji Baba
Kolka: A group of Iranian migrants were settled along
the Nile River and founded the Egyptian civilization,
thousands of years ago! (Gardeshgari, Iran, March
2000).
21. Sumerians were originally Iranians from
Kurdestan. So were the Chaldeans, Babylonians,
Assyrians, Achadians; All of them spoke Chaldean, as
their original language.
22. According to Professor Filder Petry : The
civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia are actually
branches of the older Culture of Eilam (Persia),
which dates back to 6-10 thousand years ago!
(Gardeshgari, Iran, March 2000).
23. The Turkish People are a result of the mixture of
the early Iranians, and the Chinese; Semites and
Egyptians, Palestinians and Arabs, are the mixtures of
Iranians and Africans; while the Indians are a mixture
of Iranians (Brahman) and the native blacks of India,
Dravidians. (Gardeshgari, March 2000 p. 47).
24. The history of first people of Persia goes back
some 30,000 years ago (28,000 B.C.) Gardeshgari, Iran,
March 2000).
25. The oldest rock relief in the world is the
Bistoon rock relief in Persia some 2,500 years old.
26. The most mammoth ziggurat was constructed in
Persia, near the historic city of Susa, thousands of
years ago.
27. The biggest thatch construction also took place
in Kerman, Persia, some 2,000 years ago.
28. King Darius of Persia wrote the first Human
Rights Charter, some 2,500 years ago. It is still
engraved in the Alvand Mountain (Ganj-Nameh), near the
ancient Persian Capital of Hagmataneh (Present City of
Hamadan).
It was this concept of Human Rights, freedom
of religion and the equality of all races that lead to
the freedom of the Jews, from the captivity of
Babylon, by Cyrus the Great of Persia (539 B.C.).
29. While all other world powers persecuted and
discriminated against the Jews (e.g. The Egyptians,
Assyrians, Babylonians, Romans and later Germans and
the Russians etc.) the Persians were the only world
power who actually liberated and protected the Jews
(the only monotheistic religion of that time). By
doing so, the Persians pioneered the freedom of
religion and culture of the minorities in the world.
(While some European conquerors, like Alexander the
Great, destroyed Persepolis and other areas, or exiled
their people, the Persian kings supported the local
culture and religion).
30. The first World Super-Highway, that connected the
East and the West, was the Silk Road. It joined China
to Europe; and its main part was Central Asia (Ancient
Persia) with its many Caravans, Caravansarais,
Bazaars, etc. etc.
31. The first time that the Navy was used in a
Military Operation was by the Persian Army some
2,500B.C.
32. The first time that the ships were used as bridge
to cross the river, was done by King Darius, who
crossed the Nile and conquered Egypt.
33. The first ruler who planned and constructed the
Suez Canal in Egypt was King Xerxes of Persia (539
B.C.).
34. The first time that a canal was built to connect
two seawaters was by King Xerxes of Persia, who built
the Xerxes' canal, near Greece, and attacked Greece,
during the Persian Wars, 500 B.C. (International
Herald Tribune, Nov. 15, 2001).
35. One of the earliest Legal Codes in the world is
called The Law of the Medes and the Persians (the
"unchangeable").
36. The first system of federal government was
started in the Persian Empire. There were many Ostans
(Stan or State, like what you see in Pakistan,
Afghanistan, Hindu-stan, Uzbeki-stan, Etc.) that were
run by the satraps or smaller kings (Shah) who were
under the great king or Shahan-Shah (Kings' King).
37. The first secret service, called the eyes and the
ears of the king, was started in Persia.
38. The first world leader, who was called great, was
Cyrus the Great of Persia, some 200 years ahead of
Alexander the Great!
39. Darius the Great of Persia established the First
Tax System, Customs Duties, Official Records and The
Legal Code, in the world level.
40. Countries of the world, whose names are
originally Persian:
1) Afghanistan, 2) Iran, 3) Kazakhstan, 4)
Azirbaijan (Fire Temples Land), 5) Turkministan, 6)
Qirqizistan, 7) Tajikistan Uzbikistan, 9)
Pakistan (Land of the Pure), 10) Hindustan (also the
Khalistan of the Sikhs).
41. Regions of the world, whose names are originated
from Persian:
1) Dagestan (Caucasus), 2) Qara Bagh (Azirbaijan, also
Afghanistan) 3) Baluchistan (Iran and Pakistan) 4)
Rajastan (India) 5) Panjab or Punjab (India and
Pakistan) 6) Waziristan (Pakistan) 7) Turkistan
(China) Kurdistan (Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria and
Russia), 9) Bash-Kurtustan (Russia), 10) Hazara
(Afghanistan, Pakistan) 11) Kafiristan, 12) Noorestan
(Afghanistan) 13)Possibly, the Iranon tribes of the
Southern Philippines, the Ire-an of Palawan
(Pahlawan?) in Southern Philippines, and the Irian
Jaya of Indonesia, etc.
42. Capitals of the world, whose names are Persian:
1.Baghdad (Iraq), combination of Bagh (God, Garden)
and Dad (justice / giving) A God given Place
(Diosdado) or Garden of Justice (of King Anush Ravan
or Anushirvan of Persia).Actually, Baghdad was rebuilt
by the Iranian Master Architect, Nou-Bakht, during the
Abbasid Era (8th century A.D.).
2.Damascus (City of Musk, capital of Syria, the oldest
existing city in the world).
3. Ashq Abad (or Eshqabad) capital of Turkmenistan.
4. Islamabad capital of Pakistan (Note: Abad in
Persian means Town, City).
5. Baku (Baad Kubeh == the Windy City) capital of
Azerbaijan.
6. Doshanbeh, capital of Tajikistan.
7. Tashkant (or Tashkent) capital of Qirqizistan.
8. Muscat or Muskat (==Musky, see Webster) the
Capital of Oman, on the shores of the Persian Gulf.
9. Samarkant (or Samarqand) Capital of Uzbekistan.
10. Bandar Sri Begawan (Brunei).
11. Iravan (Yerevan) capital of Armenia
(Armanestan).
12. Astana, Capital of Kazakhstan.
13. Moscow or Musk_va (City of Musk, from
Moschi or Moschos==Persian word for musk).
43. Historical cities whose names are Persian:
1) Bukhara, 2) Samarkand 3) Khawrazm (Khiveh) in
Central Asia, 4) Allahabad, 5) Ahmed Abad, 6) Heydar
Abad, 7) Faiz Abad, Jamshid Pour, 9) Mahmood
Abad, 10) Shah Abad etc. (India) 11) Faisal Abad ,
12) Heydar Abad, 13) Ghazi Abad,14) Khorram, 15)
Chaman, 16)Islamabad, etc. (Pakistan) 17) Rajshahi 1
Cox Bazaar, (Bangladesh) 19) Mozaffar Abad (Pakistani
Kashmir) 20) Kufah or Kuppah (Hillside) Iraq 21)
Salman Pak (Pure) Iraq, 22) Ctesiphon (Iraq), 23)
Halabcha (Iraq) 24) Khorsabad (Iraq) 25) Nippur
(Iraq) 26) Khanaqin (Iraq) 27) Khan Azad (Iraq) 2
Diwaniyyah,(Iraq) 29) Bandar Sri Begawan (Brunei)
(Note: Bandar in Persian means port city like Bandar
Abbas) 30) Banda Aceh (Indonesia) 31) Shirwan
(Caucasia) 32) Nakhjavan (Armenia) 33)Mozdok
(==Mazdak,Caucasia) 34) Astarkhan (Russia)etc.
44. Famous Persian Queens/Princesses in History:
1) Queen Vashti of King Xerxes ( see the Bible) 2)
Queen Esther, a Jewish girl, born in Persia, who
became the Queen of Persian King Xerxes (see Old
Testament, Book of Esther Note: Esther's tomb is in
Hamadan Iran today) 3) Queen Cleopatra of Egypt (Part
Greek, Part Persian) 4) Queen Mumtaz Mahal (of Taj
Mahal ) the Queen of the Mogul Emperor of India, 5)
Princess Shahr Banu of the Sasan Dynasty, the
daughter-in-law of Prophet Mohammad (wife of Imam
Hosain) 6) Madam Maragel, one of the wives of Emperor
Harun Rashid, the Abbasid Khalif (she was the mother
of Mamoon, the most intellectual Khalifah in the
history of Islamic civilization, who translated and
transferred all Greek philosophy and science books
into Arabic language), 7) Puran-Dokht, the First Lady
of Khaliffah Ma'moon, Princesses in several Arab
states of the Persian Gulf, including the mother of
Shaikh Makhtum of the United Arab Emirates, 9) Nusrat
Bhutto, the First Lady of Pakistan (1971-1978) wife of
Pakistani Prime Minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. 10)
Jihan Sadat, the First Lady of Egypt (1970-1982), wife
of President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, etc.
45. In the Field of Fashion: Almost all the clothing
and dresses of the Mogul Darbar in the Indian
subcontinent (Including Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc) are
Persian in origin; that includes the world famous
Nehru Tunic or Shirwani, the Jinah Cap (made of lamb
skin), the Shalvar Qamis, the Indian Turban, the Parsi
Gara (Persian Style Embroidery in India), and a
variety of shoes and other accessories, including the
well known Sukarno cap in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei,
Singapore, Philippines, etc.
46. According to Professor Noel Malcon: Necktie (or
cravat in European languages) came from the Croats (of
Balkans) a branch of Iranian people who migrated from
Persia, some 2000 years ago! Even the Serbs are
originally from Persia.
(Ref. Malcolm, Noel: Bosnia, A Short History, Mc.
Millan, London 1996). Also: CNN World Report,
November 16, 2003.
47. In Jewelries: Almost all the famous jewelries of
the Moguls of India (including those of Taj Mahal)
were designed by Persian master designers. The
well-known Kooh-i Noor is a Persian name, which
means the mountain of light.
Incidentally, the word Jawaher (as in Jawaher
Lal-Nehru) comes from the Persian word Gauhar
(==Gem/Precious stone). Also the word La'l is another
Persian word, meaning Ruby.

48. In Linguistic Influences:
1. For 700 years, Persian was the official language
of the Moguls of Indian subcontinent (including
Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc).
Practically, every Mogul miniature contains not only
the Persian arts and drawings, but also Persian poetry
in Farsi Alphabet (a mixture of Persian and Arabic
letters) in them.
2. Urdu language: the official language of Pakistan
(and India) is a result of Marriage between
Persian-Arabic (which came through Persia) and the
Sanskrit. It is now spoken by some 800 million people
around the world. ( Even Sanskrit itself was born in
Persia, before it reached India, some 7,000 years
ago!). Gardeshgari, August 2001.
3. Persian literature of the Indian subcontinent,
with great writers and poets, the jewel of them being,
the late Dr. Mohammad Iqbal,the National Poet of
Pakistan (and India).
4. The names and surnames of almost all the people
in Armenia (Armanestan) and the Armenians around the
world, is totally or partially influenced by Persian
language and culture. (Examples: Melekian, Saturian,
Haturian, etc. etc.).
49. The first animal domesticated by man was goat,
and it was done in Persia (Manila Bulletin, February
20,2001). Also the so-called Arabian Horse (originally
Persian) See BBC Worlds' Simpson Report.(Note: In
Arabic Language, horse is called Al-Faras, and Persia
is called Al-Fars; while the Persian is called
Al-Farsi!). Other animals, which were also first
domesticated in Persia, are Sheep, Cow, and Camel.
50. The first people who used fish as food were the
people around the Persian Gulf, (Philippine Daily
Inquirer, 1998).
51. Nargileh/Hookeah or Shishah, the most famous
pastime smoking pipe in the Ottoman Empire, and the
rest of Asia and the Middle East, was invented in
Persia (The Webster Dictionary).
52. The first time in the world that pearl was
discovered and harvested (Some 5,000 years ago) was in
the Persian Gulf state of Bahrain (which was part of
the greater Persia, before the British colonization in
the 19th century) CNN 2002.
53. Noodles were first invented in Persia.(Expat.
Weekly, Manila 1996)
54. King Feraidun of Persia discovered winemaking
method, some 3,000 year B.C.
55. Punch (the mixture of five beverages) although
was popularized in British-India, is actually a
Persian concoction. Panj in Persian means five,
the number of the mixtures. (Philippine Daily
Inquirer (Trivia) Feb. 2000)
Also the word Punjab (or Panjab == Five
waters/rivers, in India and Pakistan) and Panjacila
(Five Principles) of Sukarno in Indonesia, etc.
56. A Persian Alchemist, called Zacharia Alrazi
discovered the Industrial Alcohol.(Al Razi is known
in the west as Rhazes).
57. The first Beer-making techniques were discovered
in Medeo-Persia, some 5-6, 000 years ago. (On the
Net://www.udli./ucla.edu/).
The legend says that beer was first brewed by
Ninkasi, some 3,500B.C. (For details, see the cult of
Ninkasi). *Manila Bulletin,August 30, 2002.
58. Various musical instruments, including setar
(cithara or cittern) and probably even guitar, Tamboor
(Tambourine,) and Santour (Dulcimer). Other musical
instruments are Tar (six-stringed, while Setar is
four-stringed) and Ud, from which the medieval
European lute developed; as well as Ney or Flute.
(Iran Today, MFA, Tehran, 1976, p. 122). Iranian Music
has even influenced the Flamenco tradition of Spain.
(Iran Today p.122).
59. The first people, who started the "Birthday"
celebration, where the Persian nobility and the
royalty (So, "Happy Birthday" could originally be a
Persian song?)
60. The first time that cake was used in a birthday
party was by King Darius of Persia when he conquered
Egypt. (500 B.C.)Philippine Daily Inquirer 1999.
61. Polo game was invented in Persia, some 500 years
B.C. (Philippine Daily Inquirer 1998).
62. Wrestling, both as an art of war and sports,
originated in Persia.
63. Poker was also invented in Persia some 3,000 years
ago. It was called Aas. (The Philippine Daily Inquirer
(Trivia) June 18, 2000.)
64. Chess, although originated in India, but was
perfected and passed on to the West, through Persia,
in 10th century; thus the words Chess (from Shah or
King) Shakhmat (Shahmat) Rookh (rokh, or Chariot) etc.
65. The world's first known money appeared in Persia,
800 B.C.(Philippine Daily Inquirer,April 27,2002)
66. The words Paradise, Star, Bazaar, Caravan, Bank,
Check, Roxan, Rose, Jasmine, Parthian-Shots,
(==Parting Shots), Sugar (Shakar), Paw (Paa) Cow
(Gau), Name (Naam); Nan (Bread) Nah (No), Bad, Behtar
(Better), Mushk (Musk) Pajamas, Orange, Dervish,
Khaki, Sepoy (Sepahy), Istana (Astana), Diwan/Divan,
Pashmina (the Cashmere) Kooh-e- Noor (Mountain of
Light), Pasha, Pesh Marga, Jungle, Magi, Magic,
Magician, Mummy (Moumi) Sherryvalies (Shalvar), Kaftan
(Caftan), Taffeta, Shawl, Shahtoosh, Sherpa,
Bang,Band,Spinach, Saffron, Lemon, Woe! (Waa/Waay!),
Gyn (Zan==Woman) Bakh-shish, Penta (Panj==five), Thou
(Toh), Me (Man), Am (-am), Eyebrow (Abru), Lips (Lab),
Pharao (=úr-zand or son of Ra/Mithra, the Sun-god of
Persia and later, Egypt) Buss (Buseh), Officer
(Afsar/Afsara), Mouse (Moush), Ouch (Aaakh), Aura
(Ahura), Aurora, Murra, Ricksha (Rakh'sh) as well as
Pope (Papa/Baba), Pedar (Father) Madar (Mother) Nana
(Nanny==Mother), Baradar (Brother) Brethren, Dokhtar
(Daughter), etc. (almost 300 words in the English
language)
67. The world's first public postal system was
invented in the Persian Empire some 3,000 years ago.
68. Cuneiform, the earliest form of writing in the
world. The cuneiform (wedge-shaped) was invented in
what is known in History as the Medeo-Persia, some
5-600 years ago. (On the Net
http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/)
69. The earliest known written documents, clay
tablets, inscribed more than 4,000 years ago, were
found in the Medeo- Persian region. These cuneiform
texts include the earliest known creation myths, legal
codes, medical prescriptions and recipes--- Ledgers,
deeds, receipts --- and the list of everything, from
the types of bird, to the musical instruments and the
woods used to make them. (The Philippine Star, May 24,
2002).
70. The first calendar, composed of a year with 354
days, was invented in Medeo-Persia, 2000 B.C.
(*Philippine Daily Inquirer April 27, 2002) And during
the Islamic era, another new Calendar, but this time
the most accurate calendar ever devised, in the whole
history of mankind, came into being --- the Jalali
Solar Calendar by the Persian mathematician and poet
par excellence, the Great Omar Khayyam.
Omar Khayyam's Persian solar calendar is even
more accurate than its Western Gregorian counterpart.
(The Persian calendar has an error of only one day in
every 5,000 years, as opposed to one in every 3,500
years for the Gregorian calendar). See Iran Today,
MFA, Tehran, 1976 p. 130.
71. The latest archeological excavations show that,
glass was first produced in the Asia-Minor region,
some 4, 000 years ago. (Echo of Islam Magazine,
Tehran, Iran. Aug. 1986).
72. The Art of Miniature was originated in Persia, by
Maani (founder of Manichaeism) some 2,600 years ago,
and reached China, later, (Gardeshgari, Iran, Sep.
2002)
73. The first operation on human skull in the world,
took place in Persia, some 5,000 years ago!
(Gardeshgari, Iran, Sep. 2002)
74. The origins of all the Indo-European languages,
including Indian, German, English, Greek, Spanish,
French and many other European languages today, are
Iranian. (Gardeshgari, Iran, Sep. 2002) So, it should
be called Irano-European, not Indo-European!
75. Did you know where the Saxons (of Saxony - -
Germany and the Anglo-Saxons of Britain) came from?
Well, the British Orientalist, Sir Percy Sykes,
himself a Saxon, went around the world to look for
their origin. He found out that the Saxons originated
from the Central Iranian Plateau, which was called
Sakstan (Present day Sistan- Baluchistan!)
Gardeshgari, Iran, Sept. 2002. (How about the Saxan or
Sassan Dynasty of Persia?).
76. The Iranian Capital of Tehran with 3,200 years of
history has much greater historical treasures to offer
to humanity than the entire country of Greece!
(Gardeshgari, Iran, Sep. 2002)
77. Domes of the Byzantine Churches and Palaces were
an adaptation from the Persian Architecture
(Gardegari, Iran, Aug. 2000)
78. The world famous Holland Windmill is originally
Persian, and the Dutch know about it! (Gardeshgari,
Iran, Aug. 2001).
79. The Sumerians and Egyptians were the early
migrants who came from the Iranian Plateau, thousands
of years ago! (Gardeshagri, Iran, Sep. 2002).
80. The Sumerian Seamen (probably) discovered America,
many centuries before Christopher Columbus.
(Gardeshgari, Iran, Aug. 2001)
81. Archery of which the world famous Parthian Shots
(or Parting Shots) is a good proof, originated in
Persia.
82. Persian carpet, walnuts, hazelnuts, Pistachio
nuts, pilau, kebab, beryani, shawarma, naan (bread)
yoghurt, spinach, saffron (the world's most precious
spice), rice, grapes, lemon, tulip, rose and
perfume-were all originated in Persia.
83. Vertical windmill was invented in Persia, in 9th
century, A.D. (Ancient Inventions p. 398). Also the
hand operated mills.
84. Trousers called Shalwar, were invented by the
Persians (while the Greek and the Romans preferred
skirts).
Also the world famous shawl and many other
innovations in clothing and shoe making, including a
variety of hats and caps, etc. The word pajama in
English comes from the Persian words Paa (leg) and
Jameh (clothes).
85. The wheel was first invented in the cradle of
civilization, the area that is known in History as
Medeo-Persia, some 5,000 years ago. (*Philippine Daily
Inquirer, April 27, 2002) See Persian wheel (Webster
Dictionary).
86. Chariots of war were invented during Cyrus the
Great of Persia (559-529 B.C.)
87. Cross, as an instrument of punishment for the
criminals was first invented by the Persians, and it
was
adopted by the Romans, some 2,300 years
ago.(Philippine Daily Inquirer 1997) Also Swastika,
etc.
88. Condom comes from the Persian word kandu or
kondu, a long vessel made from the intestines of the
animals and used for storing corn. Even today kondu
(or kendu) is used in Persian language for the
beehives as well as small clay storage for grains or
food. (Condominium also?). Well, in Western Iran,
there is a town called Kanduan [plural of kandu]. In
that town, all the houses are dug in the mountain, on
top of each other--a natural condominium).
89. Qanat or kanat, the underground water supply
systems that are stretched several miles, were also
invented in Persia.
90. Silo for grains preservation, some 1300 B.C.
(Ettelaat, Iran Daily, 2001).
91. Baad-gir or Wind Shaft, the earliest form of
modern air-conditioners,which was built on top of the
roof in order to catch the fresh air and transfer it
inside the building.
92. Aub-Anbar, the underground water reservoir that
kept water cool and safe, for the community (Take note
of the word Aub, the Persian word for water and its
relation to Eu de Cologne, water of cologne; also the
ending of the words like Mindan-ao, Dav-ao,
Lan-ao,Mara-nao, Maguin-danao, Tugigar-ao, Suri-gao,
Dan-ao (even Tamar-ao, Carab-ao?) as well as Aub-dast
-- Filipino and Chinese Muslims' ablution with water,
or Panj-ab, in India and Pakistan. etc.).
93. The first man who used an Airplane, to fly, was
a legendary Persian King, by the name of Keykaus. He
tied 4 big birds to his coach and placed some baits in
a distance, dangling in front of the birds to catch.
(And thus for him to fly!).
94. The oldest combination lock, (with secret
numbers) was made some 800 years ago in Persia
(Professor Arthur Pope, History of Persian
Civilization. c/o Ettelaat Daily, Tehran, Iran,
January 25, 2003).
95. Embroidery was first invented by the Scythian
people (a branch of Persians) Ref. Webster Dictionary
& CNN 2003.
96. The first travelers Inns called caravansaray
(Inns of caravan) some of which still exist along the
Silk Road, were built in Persia.
97. The largest mud-brick structure is the citadel of
Bam, in Kerman Province of Iran. It is 2,000 years
old!
98. Parasol (Decorative Umbrella), used as an honor,
over the heads of the kings and the dignitaries, was
invented in Persia, too.
99. Crown or Taj (See Taj Mahal)- the bejeweled
headpiece for the King or the Queen, was first used in
Persia.
100. The art of tile-work was invented and perfected
in Persia, many centuries ago. It was copied by
others, but was never equaled in its elegance and
beauty.
101. Persian Blinds (or Persiana in Spanish and
other European Languages) is the origin of what is
known today as the Venetian Blinds (Webster
Dictionary).
102. Blue Jars. The blue jars with floral designs
(just like the Blue Domes) are also a Persian
invention. The Chinese adopted these blue jars, after
Genghis Khan invaded Persia in 13th century A.D.
103. Chewing gum (called saqqez) as well as a variety
of other gums, including the well-known mummy or moumi
(Webster Dictionary).
104. There are many other ancient inventions that are
originated in the greater Persia. Some of them are as
follows:
1) Needle 2) Weaving (like Taffeta, Shawl, etc.) 3)
Roads/Hi-ways 4) Chain mail (for body defense) 5)
Spoons and Forks 6) Boots 7) Gloves Soap 9)
Shampoo, 10) Perfume 11) Protocols and Etiquette 12)
Turkish Bath 13) Dagger, hammer, axes 14) Military
Marches, 15) Catapult, 16) Puppet Show 17) Tradition
of syndication (for farmers, workers, professionals)
1 Dams 19) Sickle 20) Jars and Pots of clay 21)
Brick making 22) Metals 23) Seals (Origin of
printing?) 24) Wheel (Persian wheel) 25) Coins
26) Oil 27) Compass 2 Animal skin for writing 29)
Measurement 30) Lighthouse 31) World map 32)
Basic Human Flight 33) Military Fire Power 34)
Alphabet 35) Early Electrical devices 36) Fast
Reporting system (Like mores code, using mirror and
sun) etc. (for more details see Iran: Land and the
People, by Mr. A.H. Saidian, Tehran, 2001)

105. King Cambyses II, of Persia, was the first person
that examined the dead bodies of the mummies of Egypt,
after conquering the Egyptian City of Memphis, in 600
B.C. (Philippine Daily Inquirer (Trivia)June 15,2000.)
106. Also, the first people who fought against the
superstitious beliefs of the Egyptians (e.g. cats,
bulls, crocodiles worshipped as gods) were the
Persians. King Cambyses II threw many cats over the
walls of Memphis City, and the Egyptians who believed
in cats as gods, were so scared that they surrendered
the city, without a fight (Philippine Daily
Inquirer,Trivia ,2001).
107. The first person that gazed into a crystal ball
(to see the world events, just like a TV or a
satellite) was King Jamshid of Persia (see Jam-e
Jamshid).
108. Persians were also pioneers in Astronomy, as
Bible states that the Magies saw the birth of Jesus
Christ in the stars.(see Mathew, Chapter II).
109. The belief that Number 13 is an unlucky one, was
started in Persia, some 5,000 years ago. Even today,
all Persians (the Kurdish, the Baluchis, the Central
Asians, etc.) leave their homes every 13th day of the
New Year (March 21) and they go out in the fields, so
as to avoid the bad luck of the 13th day of the New
Year.
110. Incidentally, the Phenomenon of the New Year
itself is a Persian Tradition, where the Natural New
Year (first day of the Spring, not middle of the
winter!) is celebrated on March 21, every year.
(CNN,January 01, 2003).
111. The Persian Businessmen Mr. Hosain Qermezian and
his brothers, in Canada, introduced the first Mega
Mall in the West, during the 40s and the 50s. In that
Mega Mall (which was probably inspired by the Persian
Bazaar or Timcheh) everything, from a needle up to the
latest car, is available under one roof!
112. The world's most glamorous
building-cum-mausoleum, (one of the Seven Wonders of
the World) the Taj Mahal in India (also the Shish
Mahal or Mirror Palace in Pakistan) was designed by a
Persian Master Architect, Ustad Eisa Shirazi and his
son Mohammad Shirazi, in 1631 A.D. (Village Voice,
Manila, Feb.2002. Also the world's most glamorous and
the best loved Queen was a Persian Lady,Arjumand Banu
or Mumtaz Mahal, whose Mausoleum is also the best
ever; -- The Taj Mahal. In the words of the English
poet, Sir Edwin Arnold: "Not a piece of Architecture
as other buildings are, but a proud passion of an
Emperor's love wrought in living stones." (Village
Voice, Manila Feb.2002).
113. The world's most educated (100% highly educated)
Community is that of the Parsis (the Persian
Zoroastrians) who live mostly in Iran, India, Pakistan
and England. They are also one of the most financially
successful communities in the world. (They established
the first Cancer Hospital, and many other educational
and Social Centers, including some of the oldest and
biggest libraries in India - -see International Herald
Tribune, April 24, 2003). Incidentally, the most well
known poet of the Gujrati language in India is a
Parsee by the name of Khabar-Dar.
114. The world's most expensive residence belongs to a
Persian by a name of Dr. Nasser Khalili, who lives in
England. His classical English Mansion is worth over
$240 Million (Manila Bulletin, June, 12, 200).
115. For further details on Persian Culture, see
Webster Dictionary for terms such as: Persiana,
Persian ammoniac, Persian apple, Persian berry,
Persian blue, Persian buttercup, Persian cat, Persian
clover, Persian daisy, Persian date, Persian deer,
Persian earth, Persian green, Persian iris, Persian
lamb, Persian lawn, Persian lilac, Persian melon,
Persian nightingale, Persian rose, Persian wheel, etc.
116. In the fields of Religion and Philosophy: The
oldest living religion in the world, is
Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion of Persia,
(Philippine Star, Jan. 26, 2002).
117. The first divinely revealed religion, which
still exists today is Zoroastrianism. No other
religion has influenced other world Religions like
Zoroastrianism. It has influenced Judaism,
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, (Mahayana),
Manicheanism and the Pagan European Cults. Over half
of the world has virtually accepted a significant
portion of Zoroastrian teachings. Many Christian
traditions as well as some of its Philosophy are
actually the adaptations from the Zoroasterianism and
Mithraism, the Persian Religion of Sun god
worshipping. Here are some examples:

1. The Christmas is, in reality, the Birthday of
Mithra the Sun-god (Not the Son of God!) which was
born on December 25, after the Saturnalia Festivals).
2. Virgin Mary (mother of Baby-god Jesus) resembles
Anahita, the Persian goddess, The Mother of gods!

3. Sunday (the Christians Holiday) is actually
dedicated to Sun-god or Mithra, the Persian god.
4. Songs and praises in the churches.
5. Bread and wine tradition.
6. The white ropes of the priests.
7. Celibacy of the Priests and Nuns
8. Cross, Swastika, etc.
9. The symbol of Smiling Sun (Mithra) on some
Christian flags (like that of Argentina) etc.
(Note: Even the Egyptians adopted the Persian Sun-god
- - Mithra, as their highest deity, and called him
"Ra" (Probably short for Mithra). In fact, Pharaoh
[The title of the Kings of Egypt] means The Son of
Ra!). Is it possible that Ray in English has also
something to do with Ra or Mithra? How about Rex
(king) in Latin, Rey (king in Spanish), etc?

Aside from Zoroastrianism, the other religious and
philosophical movements of Persia, include Mithraism
(the Sun god), which was also adopted by the Romans;
Manicheanism, which was later on adopted by the
Christians in North Africa, and probably the first
communist movement called Mazdakism (500 A.D.) Later
on Sufism, Carmathism, Ismaili (Agha Khani), Babism,
Bahaism, Akhbarism, Kasravism, etc., etc.

118. According to some scholars, the most important
person in the recorded history of religion, is the
Persian Prophet - - Zoroaster. (Check Internet,
Persian Culture, also Mithraism, etc).
119. FAMOUS PERSIAN PROPHETS/RELIGIOUS FOUNDERS:
1. Zoroaster (500 B.C.), Founder of Zoroastrianism,
the oldest living religion in the world, that has
influenced all other religions, including Judaism,
Christianity and Islam.
2. Maani "The Messenger of Light" (the founder of
Gnosticism and Manicheanism that influenced
Christianity, later). The ___expression of "Manichaean
language" or religious absolutism came from there.
3. Mazdak (founder of Mazdakism, a communist movement
at 500 AD).
4. Baabak Khorram-din, 800 AD (Founder of the
Religious-Political movement of Khorram Dinan).
5. Hassan Sabbah (founder of Militant Esmailism and
the originator of the Assassins, or the Hashashin
movement, also known as Fedayins, 11th century A.D).
6. Agha Khan Mahallati 1900 A.D. (Founder of Agha
Khani / Esmaili sect.).
7. Baab (Ali Mohammad) 1900 A.D. (Founder of Babism).
8. Bahaullah,1900 A.D. (Founder of Bahaism).
9. Shah Nematullah Kermani, Sheikh Safi-Uddin, Safi
Ali Shah and many other founders of Sufi Orders.
120. The hippies of Europe and America got their
hairstyle and their shabby looks (and probably their
ideas, too from the Fekirs and Qalandars of India, who
in turn got it from the Dervishes and Sufis of Persia!
121. The philosophy of Yin and Yang
(male-female/positive-negative), which is the
foundation of the Taoist religion in China, Korea,
Japan, etc., was first introduced by the Persian
Prophet Zoroaster, as the Ahura Mazda (God of light)
and Ahriman (God of darkness) some 5,000-6,000 years
ago.
It was later on expanded further by another
Persian Prophet-Maani, as religious and philosophical
Dualism of Good and Evil (see Webster).
122. The concept of Celibacy in Christianity was one
of the many influences of the Persian Prophet Maani on
the Christian Faith ("Manicaean influences on the
Augustinian Doctrines") see Webster.
123. Special respect for the animals, particularly
cows and bulls, which was very popular among the early
Egyptians and the Indians today, has an Aryan
(Iranian) origin. It's because of those animals' great
roles in agriculture and human sustenance. (And
considering that the early Egyptians and the Brahmans
of India, were actually the emigrants from the Land of
Arya, the connections becomes more evident).
But, while the Indian and the Egyptian
cultures considered all animals sacred, even the
dangerous ones (crocodiles, snakes, disease-carrying
mice, etc.) the Persians respected the good ones, but
also did not hesitate to kill the harmful.

124. The latest archeological, historical and
linguistic researches very clearly show that the
Europeans (Eastern and Western) were originally the
migrants from the Land of the Aryans (Iran). So were
the ruling classes of Egypt (the Pharaohs), and India
(the Brahmans), as well as the ancient Greeks and the
Romans.
In other words, all those leading cultures of
the ancient world were the children of the migrant
Iranians of the olden days.
But how about the White Americans of today?
Well, the White Americans are actually the children of
of the European migrants, or the "grandchildren" of
the Persians or the Iranians!
125. The first people, who accepted and believed in
Jesus Christ, were the Persians. See the story of the
three Magi/Wise men/Kings, who came from Persia to see
baby Jesus (Ref. Mathew II).
126. In Political and Economic Fronts. The first
revolution in the Middle East, even ahead of the 1917
Russian Revolution, was the Mashruta (Constitutional)
Revolution of Iran, in 1906. It changed the country
from an absolute Monarchy to a Constitutional
Monarchy.
127. The first religious revolution in the world, that
led to the establishment of an Islamic Republic, took
place in Iran in 1979. Ahmad Ben Bella, the
revolutionary president of Algeria called it the
"Miracle of our Age". (Ettelaat, Tehran January 1980).
That Islamic Revolution caused the Revival of
the Islamic aspirations all over the Muslim world,
which is visible everywhere, today. (Time Magazine,
New York, April 16, 1979. Also International Herald
Tribune September 4, 2002)
128. The first nationalization of oil and other
natural resources in the Middle East was lead by Dr.
Mohammad Mosaddeq of Iran, in 1940s and 1950s.
129. The first oil well in the world was found and
drilled in the Persian City of Baku (or Baad Kubeh ==
the Windy City, now the capital of Azerbaijan) in the
1394, A.D. (New World, Siemens Magazine, Germany Sept.
2001). It was in this same region that the first
Temple of Fire was built by the followers of Zoroaster
the Persian Prophet some 5, 000 years ago).
130. The first oil pipeline also was built in Baku,
from the woods of the Caspian region.
131. The first oil tanker in the world was built in
Baku, and it was named after the Persian Prophet the
Zoroaster. (Source: New World, Siemens Magazine,
Germany, Sept. 2001).
132. The largest inland body of water in the world, is
located in Northern Persia. The Caspian Sea, with the
best Caviar in the world, plus oil, gas and a lot of
flora and fauna.
133. In Poetry and Literature:
A. One Thousand and one Nights (The "Arabian Nights"
or corrected The Persian Nights, written in the 10th
century A.D.)
B. Undoubtedly the best poetry that was created by
man, in:
1. The Rubaiyyat of Omar Khayyam
2. The Shah Namah of Firdausi (The "Paradise Man")
the story of Rostum and Sohrab.
3. The Math-nawi. The ultimate light of mysticism and
Sufism by Jalalud Din Rumi. (The best-seller in the US
today)!
4. The best Love Songs in the Odes of Hafez of
Shiraz, who is considered as the "Greatest Poet ever
who walked this earth"! (See The Gift, Collection of
Hafiz's Poems, by Daniel Ladinsky, 1998, N.Y., USA).
Hafez is also adored and "worshipped" by J.W. Goethe,
the greatest poet of Germany and Europe).
5. The classical Persian Romanticism by Nezami of
Ganjeh;
6. The Purest Sufi Expressions in the "Ruba'iyyat"of
Baba Tahir "The Oryan".
7. The Sweetest language in poetry and prose in the
Rose Gardens (Gulestan and later Bustan) of Sheikh
Sa'di.

In Islamic Sciences and Islamic Civilization:

The Persians also played the greatest role in the
development of the Islamic Sciences and Islamic
Civilization, as well as the preservation and
spreading of it, in the world, as follows:

134. Salman Al-Farsi was the first person to translate
the Holy Quran into a foreign language (i.e. Persian).
135. The first time the Holy Qur'an was printed in a
Muslim country (by modern machines) was in Persia, in
1866 A.D. (Ref. Ettelaat International, Tehran, 1996).
136. The first melodious translation of the Holy
Qur'an (as the original Arabic is also melodious) for
a better reading and an easier memorization of its
verses, by the non-Arabs, was done by the Persian
scholar, Dr. Fazlollah Nikayin - - in the USA(1998).
This translation which is titled, "Qur'an: A Poetic
Translation from the Original" is first of its kind,
not only in English language, but also in any other
translation of the Holy Qur'an, in 1,400 year history
of Islam. (Reference: The Ultimate Book 2000, Skokie
Publications (Illinois) U.S.A.)
137. The most translated language of the entire Holy
Qur'an in the world is Persian---some one thousand
translations (Ref. Ettalaat International, Tehran,
1996)
138. The youngest person, who ever memorized the
entire Holy Qur'an, was a 5-year-old Persian boy by
the name of M.H. Taba-Tabai. (He received a Ph.D.
from the Hijaz Islamic College of England, as the
youngest scholar of the Holy Qur'an in 1996).
139. The greatest Imam among the majority of
Muslims---Imam Abu Hanifah was a Persian.
140. The greatest master of SUFISM (Islamic Mysticism)
was Al-Ghazzali, another Persian teacher, (Some
orientalists consider him as the most qualified
scholar in Islam, aside from the Prophet Mohammad
himself).
141. The greatest interpreter of the Holy Quran in
Islam, is Tabari, also a Persian.
142. All the earliest collectors and writers of the
traditions of Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H.) who
preserved and spread his words, were
Persians--Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidi, Ibni Maja, Nasai
and Abu Dawoud.
143. The man, who finally defeated the western
crusaders, liberated Jerusalem from the invaders and
saved the Muslims from a total annihilation, was a
Kurdish (Persian) man by the name of Salahud Din
(Saladin the Magnificent).
144. The greatest grammarian of Arabic language was a
Persian--the Sibwaih of Shiraz.
145. The first compiler of Arabic Dictionary was a
Persian by the name of Khalil Bin Ahmad.
146. The first scholar who organized, formulated and
established the Science of Rhetoric, Elocution and
Prosody in Arabic language was a Persian master by the
name of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jorjani (Gorgani).
147. The greatest Philosophical mind after Aristotle,
who preserved philosophy from destruction during the
Dark Ages (of Europe) was Al-Farabi the Persian. He
was a linguist and a music virtuoso. He is known as
the Second Master. (After Aristotle).
148. The greatest intellectual during the Middle Ages
was Abu Ali Sina (Avicena) the Persian
Physician-Philosopher (see International Herald
Tribune, Oct. 11, 2001).
149. The first scientific book that was printed in the
world, after the invention of the printing machine,
was the Cannon of Abu Ali Sina (or Avicena, the
Persian Physician-Philosopher). His medical
masterpiece was the most popular textbook of Medicine,
in European Colleges and Universities, during the
Middle Ages and up to the 18th Century A.D.(By the
way, the earliest College of Medicine, recorded in the
History of Iran was "Gundishapur Medical School", 500
A.D. Also take note that the terms, Medica, Medicine,
etc. came from Medes==Medeo-Persian Men).
150. The first man who introduced Arabic numerals in
the West (which used Roman Numerals, before) was a
Persian scholar by the name of Al Kharwrazmi (9th
century A.D.).
151. The first physician in the world, who treated
Small Pox, was Zakariyya Al Razi (10th century A.D.).
152. The first scientist who invented a computing
machine was Al-Kashani (15th century A.D.).
153. The first scientist who explained the cause of
rainbow in 13th century A.D. was another Persian
called Qutb Shirazi. (Source: Islam: A global
civilization, Cambridge, U.K. 1995.)
154. The first scientist who measured the distance
between the Earth and the Moon was a Persian by the
name of Naseer ud-Din Tousi (13th century A.D.).
155. The first physician who diagnosed and treated
Meningitis during the Dark Ages was Abu Ali Sina (11th
century A.D.). (Source: The Islamic Text Society
Cambridge U.K. 1995).
156. The greatest Muslim scholar, who collected and
preserved Islamic traditions and teachings, is another
Persian by the name of Mohammad Majlesi (17th century
A.D.) His masterpiece on Islamic teaching and
traditions (titled, Behar Al-Anwaar) is 100 plus
Volumes.
157. The most prominent religious and political figure
in the history of Islam in the past 1,000 years (as
far as the political and religious revival of the
Muslim world is concerned) was Ayatullah Ruhullah
Khomeini, the leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran
(1979). He was named, Man of the Year (Time, 1980).
158. The greatest collection and preservation of the
Islamic Arts in the world belongs to a Persian patron
of Arts, by the name of Dr. Nasser Khalili, who lives
in England. (Mabuhay Magazine, Philippines, 1998).
159. Qawwali, the Art of Sufi chanting with music,
started in Persia, in the 9th century A.D. before it
came to India (also Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri
Lanka, etc.) It was also spread westward to Turkey and
other countries up to Algeria, Tunesia and Morocco, in
North Africa.
It is a form of Praising Allah, remembering the Holy
Prophet, and the spiritual men of God, thru musical
songs.
160. The first scientists who claimed that the Earth
was actually round (not flat, as the Europeans
believed) were the Muslim scholars of Persia
(Gardeshgari, Iran, March 2002).
161. Persian Muslim Scientists knew the Law of
Gravity, as early as 840 A.D. (Ibid).
162. The Iranian master musicians, like Abu Ishaq
Musuli, actually thought the Arabs the Fine Art of
Music, but later on they gave up on music, upon
conversion to Islam, because of Religious reasons
(Motahhari,Khadamat, Tehran, Iran, 1970).
163. The most popular word among the Muslim
Communities, around the world for
Teacher/Guru/Master/Spiritual Leader, is Ustad/Ustaz,
a Persian word which means Educator/Trainor .
164. Muslims in Central Asia, South West Asia, South
East Asia and China, still use the Islamic terms, in
Persian, rather than in the Original Arabic Language.
Examples are: Namaz (Prayer) Ruzah (Fasting) Bang
(call to prayer) Aub-dast (Ablution) Farman (Teaching)
etc. etc.
165. The most brilliant and the most intellectual
Caliph in the History of Islam, was a half-Persian, by
the name of Ma-moon. His father was Khalifa Haroon
Ar-Rashid, and his mother, a lady from Persia by the
name of Maragel.
This same Khalifa Ma-moon, translated and
transferred all the Greek Philosophy and Science books
into Arabic (by the help of mostly Iranian scholars)
and thus saved Ancient Science and Philosophy for
mankind, by protecting them from destruction during
the Dark Ages of Europe! He established the House of
Wisdom or House of Sciences in Baghdad in 9th Century
A.D.
166. The first Muslim woman in the world, who won the
Noble Peace Prize, was the Iranian Lady Judge, Shirin
Ebadi (Year 2003).
167. Iran was probably the only country in the Middle
East (and one of the few in the world) that was not
colonized by the foreign powers, in the Modern
History.
168. One of the chief architects of OPEC (the first
oil cartel in the Third World, which turned many poor
oil producing countries into super-rich) was the Shah
of Iran, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (International
Herald Tribune, October 18, 2003)
169. The world's most exclusive "couturier" (for the
rich and the famous) is Mr. "Bijan", an Iranian master
designer in New York with over $300 Million of income
annually. (Mohajer, info@iranshouse.org.)
170. The First Sheikhul Islam of Siam (Modern
Thailand) was a Persian Statesman by the name of
Shaikh Ahmad Qommi (1600 AD). He was later on
appointed by the King of Thailand as the Prime
Minister of Siam. (Thailand: A Golden Land by M.
Tamhidi, Al Hoda Publishing, Tehran. 2001)
Also, the first Sheikhul Islam of Aceh in
Indonesia, Seyyed Hassan Astar Abadi was a Persian
religious leader, during the reign of "Sultan Malek
Salek" of Aceh, 17th century. (ibid.)

Compiled by:

Prof. M.S. Tajar
University of the Philippines

ActivistChat 2007 Guideline Framework And Vision Of Future For Regime Change In Iran To Break The Backbone of Islamic Fascists

1. Cyrus the Great (585-529 BC), is the founding father of Persia. ActivistChat members admire Cyrus The Great as the greatest liberator of all time for defining the First Declaration of Human Rights over 2500 years ago and the humane treatment of vast empire he ruled. Professor Richard Frye of Harvard University said; "Surely the concept of One World, the fusion of Peoples and Cultures into oneness was one of his important legacies".

2. Ferdowsi is the father of Iranian Renaissance, neo-Iranian cultural awareness, and the Shahnameh is credited with the revival of Iranian identity.

3. Being Iranian is defined by a state of mind, not by a place of residence. The barbaric Islamist mullahs and their mercenaries presently ruling Iran are not Iranians and currently Iran is under occupation of Islamic Fascists. Iranians are proud spiritual descendants of King Cyrus the Great, the author of the first charter of the human rights. Some of Cyrus’ children live in the patch of land called Iran. The overwhelming majority—free humans with human beliefs—live in every country, city, and village of the earth.

4. Our unity, position and expectation from others are defined and evaluated with new set of rules and test cases as guidance in search of truth:
a- Have a secular democracy purpose b- Have a Human Rights purpose
c- Have a Free Society purpose d- Have a primary effect to increase freedom at global level.
e- Have the element of War Of Ideas to expand public awareness, education and expansion of truth.

5. Our vision of Greater Middle East is based on Cyrus The Great Unity vision and referred as CU. In the past 2500 years of the history of Greater Middle East the only time that we have seen relative peace and prosperity was during Cyrus The Great and Achaemenid Empire era and some of the worst bloodshed happened after creation of Islam 1400 years ago. The Iranians regarded Cyrus The Great as The Father, the Babylonians as The Liberator, the Greeks as the Law-Giver, and the Jews as the Anointed of the Lord. Reject any Religious, Ethnic cleansing and religious parties for creating division and partition.

6. The "War on Terror" which is a subset of "War on Taazi" UNWINNABLE and the world peace can not be achieved as long as the Unelected Taazi Islamists Terror and Torture Masters are in power in Iran. The TAAZI terror state and fear society can not create peace and stability.
To avoid War or Nuclear war or another disaster like Chernobyl nuclear disaster 20 years ago , ( Animation of Nuclear Bunker Buster: Destructive impact on civilian population in Iran and beyond )
our message to Iranian people inside Iran: General Strike Now, our message to Security Forces (Police, Pasdaran and Military) must act now for regime change and replacing it with Free society and Secular Democracy. The Iranian people have already spoken by boycotting Elections. The Armed forces must choose between defending and serving the people or serving Mullahs. This is up to armed and security forces to choose between SHAME and HONOR, serving Mullahs or their Sisters, Brothers, Fathers & Mothers who pay their salary.
To avoid war Iranian people of all ages do not have any choice other than be prepared to fight to free their homeland from Viruses of Iranian society whether the armed forces serve them or serve the enemy of freedom and free society. Iranian people should be prepared for final battle for freeing their homeland from TAAZI and must not forget that their FOREVER leader Cyrus the Great died in battlefield in 530 BC at the age of 60 and not in bed.

7. Iranian people can decide about Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Research and Atomic Bomb after the regime change when they have established stable secular democracy and FREE society until then Iran should avoid any kind of Nuclear research program, resulting to acquire Atomic Bomb, under Islamist Taazi occupation and control.

8. Territorial integrity and national sovereignty of Iran.

9. Complete separation of religion from the State.

10. Acceptance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

11. Free, open and democratic referendum to elect the type of the new Government of Iran in the post-IRI era.

12. Work within high standard of code of ethics not to fight with other political groups or fellow FREE Iran Activists unless they are violating one of the key principles or moving against the concept of Free Society and secular democracy.

13. We are Free Iran Activists and Watch Group monitoring high government officials, Journalists , writers and scholars words and their actions based on the following direction from James Madison:
"If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men! over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions. "
The Federalist No. 51 (James Madison).

14. Support and promote people, groups and leadership who are making positive contributions for Human Rights, Regime Change in Iran, Free
Iran, Free Society and Secular democracy from progressive Center, Right and Left.

An ancient skull from South Africa and carved tools and ornaments from Russia paint a rare picture of the time when modern humans migrated out of Africa to colonize Europe, researchers reported on Thursday.

The two reports in the journal Science link the far reaches of Europe to southernmost Africa across a short time span of 36,000 years ago to 45,000 years ago.

"The big surprise here is the very early presence of modern humans in one of the coldest, driest places in Europe," said John Hoffecker, of the University of Colorado-Boulder's Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research.

"It (Russia) is one of the last places we would have expected people from Africa to occupy first," Hoffecker said in a statement.

Scientists generally agree that modern humans spread out of Africa starting about 50,000 years ago, quickly establishing Stone Age cultures throughout Europe, Asia and Australia.

But there is a big gap in the evidence until about 30,000 years ago.

Ted Goebel of the Center for the Study of the First Americans at Texas A&M University said the two studies open a window into this mysterious period.

"Current interpretations of the human fossil record indicate that fully modern humans emerged in sub-Saharan Africa by 195,000 years ago," Goebel wrote in a commentary published in Science.

"By 35,000 years ago, modern humans thrived at opposite ends of Eurasia, from France to island southeast Asia and even Australia. How they colonized these and other drastically different environments during the intervening 160,000 years is one of the greatest untold stories in the history of humankind."

Very little hard evidence has been found linking early modern humans in Africa to these dispersed cultures. A less popular theory holds that modern humans evolved independently in Africa and Europe, Asia and elsewhere from Homo erectus, which had migrated much earlier.

OLD SKULL

For one of the studies, Frederick Grine of Stony Brook University in New York and an international group of colleagues re-examined a skull discovered in 1952 near Hofmeyr, South Africa.

It looked much more modern than other African skulls but it had been hard to date. The researchers used a combination of advanced optical and uranium methods to date the skull to about 36,000 years ago.

This was key, because few human fossils have been found in sub-Saharan Africa that date to between 70,000 and 15,000 years ago. Plenty of sophisticated stone and bone tools and artwork can be found, and fossils have been found in northern Africa and nearby areas of Asia and Europe -- but little from the birthplace of humanity itself.

"Here is the first skull of an adult modern human from sub-Saharan Africa that dates to the critical period, and one that can speak to the relationship of early moderns from Africa and Europe," Goebel wrote.

Hoffecker's Russia team lacks a skull, but the researchers have other evidence placing humans there at a crucial gap in time.

They, along with the Russian Academy of Sciences, reported on human teeth, tools, beads, carved ivory and other artifacts dug up at the Kostenki archeological site on the Don River in Russia, about 250 miles south of Moscow.

They date these artifacts to 45,000 to 42,000 years ago, an age similar to other items found in Western Europe.

One carved piece of mammoth ivory may be the unfinished head of a small human figurine. "If confirmed, it will be the oldest example of figurative art ever discovered," Hoffecker said.

At this time Federalism and new invented stupid term “Secular Islam” can not be part of any discussion as long as Iran is under the control and hostage of Mullahs . Discussion of Federalism in the context of weak, poor and small Iran is the most unpatriotic priority by any one at any level for creating another bloodbath like Iraq in Iran ….
FREE Iran Centralized Secular Elected Government Priorities and Tasks After Regime Change are as follows:
- Internal Security
- Border Security
- Creating Free Society
- Creating Secular Democracy
- Cleaning 30 years of Mullahs, EU3 … and Islamist Taazi mess in Iran
- Establishing strong Economy for all regions of country
- Justice
-
-
If and when the above tasks completed successfuly then people of the region via their elected officials might wish to discuss Federalism in the context of big Iran covering over 200 million people free from Islam and Blood Oil …..