Anti-Bacterial Agents

This book is an up-to-date practical guide to the treatment of both common and unusual bacterial, fungal, and protozoal skin infections. Antibiotics and other treatment options for common skin diseases such as acne, rosacea, erysipelas, and impetigo are extensively discussed, and a thorough update is provided on therapies for fungal infections in the nails, hair, and skin. Current treatments for skin symptoms associated with sexually transmitted diseases are also explored in detail. As the sulfonamides and tetracyclines have long held a special status in dermatology and venereology, an individual chapter focuses on these drugs and their potential side-effects. A range of mycobacterial infections are discussed, and a further chapter considers the treatment of protozoal infections, including leishmaniasis, which are often unfamiliar to practitioners in the Western world. This handy book, with its helpful graphics and clear lists of symptoms, treatments, and practical tips, will be an ideal quick reference for the busy practitioner.

This brief provides an overview of antibiotic resistance, including a summary of its current impact, the factors that contribute to its spread, and the policy recommendations put in place by federal and global public health agencies. It also reviews the debate around the regulation of antibiotic use in agriculture and examines new developments in policy and research associated with multidrug-resistant bacterial diseases and their underlying causes.

Daniel Amsterdam, Phd, ABMM, FAAAS, FIDSA, Professor, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medicine, and Pathology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Chief of Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Erie County MEdical Center, Buffalo, New York.

A comprehensive compendium of all commonly used antibiotics, including indications, side effects, dosage information, and drug/food interactions Antibiotics Manual: A Guide to Commonly Used Antimicrobials, Second Edition is a unique, user-friendly guide made for all who prescribe antibiotics. It's the only book available that takes a 100% drug-listed approach to 200 of the most common antibiotics prescribed to patients each day. Presented in full color, it's also a convenient reference for every clinician to consult once the decision to use a particular antibiotic has been reached. This edition of Antibiotics Manual includes newer antibiotics that have been released since the publication of the First Edition and updates prescribing information for the older antibiotics. This all-new Second Edition: -Has a color-coded interior design which provides quick and easy point of care access for the user -Includes 200 of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics, listed by both brand and generic names -Features important recently-released antibiotics such as ceftaroline, tedizolid, and bedaquiline Antibiotics Manual: A Guide to Commonly Used Antimicrobials, Second Edition is a welcome book for physicians in all specialties of medicine who prescribe antibiotics. It is also a handy tool for pharmacists, nurses, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants who want more information on the drugs they administer.

Includes information on antimicrobial therapy and alternative therapy when the drug of choice cannot be given. The resource delivers information via review articles, capsule summaries, mini-reviews, and a guided PubMed search to pick up post-publication research.

Reports on the emergence and prevalence of resistant bacterial infections in hospitals and communities raise concerns that we may soon no longer be able to rely on antibiotics as a way to control infectious diseases. Effective medical care would require the constant introduction of novel antibiotics to keep up in the "arms race" with resistant pathogens. This book closely examines the latest developments in the field of antibacterial research and development. It starts with an overview of the growing prevalence of resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including their various resistance mechanisms, prevalence, risk factors and therapeutic options. The focus then shifts to a comprehensive description of all major chemical classes with antibacterial properties, their chemistry, mode of action, and the generation of analogs; information that provides the basis for the design of improved molecules to defeat microbial infections and combat the emerging resistances. In closing, recently developed compounds already in clinical use, those in preclinical or first clinical studies, and a number of promising targets to be exploited in the discovery stage are discussed.

Tackling threats and future problems of multidrug-resistant bacteria.-Emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance: recent insights from bacterial population genomics -- Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage patterns in the community -- Diagnostics and resistance profiling of bacterial pathogens -- Use of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine as exemplified by the swine pathogen Streptococcus suis.-Antibiotics and the intestinal microbiome: individual responses, resilience of the ecosystem and the susceptibility to infections -- Anti-virulence strategies to target bacterial infections -- Strategies to block bacterial pathogenesis by interference with motility and chemotaxis -- New horizons in the development of novel needle-free immunization strategies to increase vaccination efficacy -- History of antibiotics research -- Actinobacteria and Myxobacteria -- Two of the most important bacterial resources for novel antibiotics -- Exploitation of fungal biodiversity for discovery of novel antibiotics -- Strategies for the discovery and development of new antibiotics from natural products: Three Case Studies -- New structural templates for clinically validated and novel targets in antimicrobial drug research and development -- Synthesis of antibiotics -- Antibiotics clinical development and pipeline -- Anti-infectives in drug delivery -- overcoming the Gram-negative bacterial cell envelope.

The increasing prevalence of chronic, difficult-to-treat resistant bacterial infections have created a pressing need for the discovery of promising, novel pharmaceutical candidates that could replace or complement current therapies, which are becoming less reliable and effective due to a rise in bacterial resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a naturally occurring, ubiquitous, and ancient class of antibiotics that offer a unique template for the development of novel antimicrobial therapies. However, in vivo therapeutic peptides have a short half-life since they are easily degraded by proteases, thus reducing their bioavailability, which renders them a less attractive choice therapeutically. Consequently, non-natural mimics of AMPs, which can emulate the favorable characteristics of AMPs are becoming significantly important. Poly-N-substituted glycines, also called "Peptoids", are structural and functional mimics of AMPs and are resistant to proteolysis. Predecessors in the Barron laboratory designed and characterized antimicrobial peptoids against free-floating, planktonic bacteria. However, almost 60% of infections are caused by bacterial biofilms. These complex communities of microorganisms are protected by an excreted matrix of adhesive biomacromolecules and are more difficult to kill with conventional antibiotics than planktonic bacteria. Furthermore, to develop peptoids as potential therapeutics, the mechanisms by which they interact with bacteria need to be understood, which are still under investigation. Here, we report that peptoids have similar or better efficacy than conventional antibiotics against biofilms of a clinical isolate of drug-resistant P. aeruginosa. We determined the effects of peptoids on bacterial biomass and cell viability, by Crystal Violet assay and bacterial plating, respectively. We also explored the efficacy of peptoids against Mycobacterium (an organism resistant to antibiotics due to the presence of a thick waxy coating) and intracellular L. monocytogenes by bioluminescent imaging. In addition, we also investigated the mechanisms of action of peptoids and peptides by biophysical techniques (Ultra-Violet Visible spectroscopy) and bioluminescent imaging. We report that peptoids are non-lytic and cause bacterial killing by aggregating the bacterial ribosomes and decreasing ATP levels inside the cell. Lastly, we present a mouse wound model, which suggests that peptoids are effective in vivo in reducing P. aeruginosa infections.

Macrolides have long been among the most widely used antibiotics. Despite this utility, development of new macrolides through traditional synthetic and semisynthetic approaches has been greatly hindered by the inherent structural complexity of these compounds. Precursor-directed biosynthesis is a technique which circumvents this difficulty by incorporating simple synthetic precursors into a biosynthetic pathway, allowing the bulk of the molecule to be constructed enzymatically. This dissertation describes the evolution and application of a system for the facile production of new macrolides through precursor-directed biosynthesis. The results of this work are the discovery of an unexpected macrolide structure-activity relationship and the ultimate discovery of a promising new lead for macrolide development.

Tuberculosis is a complex and ancient disease that, after many years of virtual disappearance in the developed world, is now making something of a comeback. Helen Bynum tracks the historical development of the disease and considers the challenges it presents to the modern world.

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