Together with an interactive navigation menu (like the
one you can see on the right
side), intence is supposed
to replace the traditional scrollbar. It highlights the
scrollable area, reflects the amount of content and is
therefore proposed as a general designation for a
scrollable area:

Have a look

the text in the area continues beyond the bottom border
— this is indicated by the content fading out to a
special texture

upon the text is scrolled beyond the upper side, the
same indicator appears on top

it increases as long as more content is scrolled beyond
the top border

while the indicator on the bottom side decreases
designating that you are getting closer to the end

until the end of the text is finally reached, and the
indicator disappears completely

Event horizon

In general relativity, an event horizon is a boundary in spacetime
beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer. In layman's
terms, it is defined as "the point of no return", i.e., the point at
which the gravitational pull becomes so great as to make escape
impossible. An event horizon is most commonly associated with black
holes. Light emitted from beyond the event horizon can never reach
the outside observer. Likewise, any object approaching the horizon
from the observer's side appears to slow down and never quite pass
through the horizon, with its image becoming more and more
redshifted as time elapses. The traveling object, however,
experiences no strange effects and does, in fact, pass through the
horizon in a finite amount of proper time.

More specific types of horizon include the related but distinct
absolute and apparent horizons found around a black hole. Still
other distinct notions include the Cauchy and Killing horizon; the
photon spheres and ergospheres of the Kerr solution; particle and
cosmological horizons relevant to cosmology; and isolated and
dynamical horizons important in current black hole research.

Event horizon of a black hole

One of the best-known examples of an event horizon derives from
general relativity's description of a black hole, a celestial object
so massive that no nearby matter or radiation can escape its
gravitational field. Often, this is described as the boundary within
which the black hole's escape velocity is greater than the speed of
light. However, a more accurate description is that within this
horizon, all lightlike paths (paths that light could take) and hence
all paths in the forward light cones of particles within the
horizon, are warped so as to fall farther into the hole. Once a
particle is inside the horizon, moving into the hole is as
inevitable as moving forward in time, and can actually be thought of
as equivalent to doing so, depending on the spacetime coordinate
system used.

The surface at the Schwarzschild radius acts as an event horizon in
a non-rotating body that fits inside this radius (although a
rotating black hole operates slightly differently). The
Schwarzschild radius of an object is proportional to its
mass. Theoretically, any amount of matter will become a black hole
if compressed into a space that fits within its corresponding
Schwarzschild radius. For the mass of the Sun this radius is
approximately 3 kilometers and for the Earth it is about 9
millimeters. In practice, however, neither the Earth nor the Sun has
the necessary mass and therefore the necessary gravitational force,
to overcome electron and neutron degeneracy pressure. The minimal
mass required for a star to be able to collapse beyond these
pressures is the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit, which is
approximately three solar masses.

Black hole event horizons are widely misunderstood. Common, although
erroneous, is the notion that black holes “vacuum up” material in
their neighborhood, where in fact they are no more capable of
“seeking out” material to consume than any other gravitational
attractor. As with any mass in the universe, matter must come within
its gravitational scope for the possibility to exist of capture or
consolidation with any other mass. Equally common is the idea that
matter can be observed “falling into” a black hole. This is not
possible. Astronomers can only detect accretion disks around black
holes, where material moves with such speed that friction creates
high-energy radiation which can be detected. (Similarly, some matter
from these accretion disks is forced out along the axes of spin of
the black hole, creating visible jets when these streams interact
with matter such as interstellar gas or when they happen to be aimed
directly at earth.) Further, relativity dictates that anything
approaching an event horizon will, from the point of view of an
observer, never actually cross the horizon, but will approach ever
more slowly, gaining mass as it does so and, correspondingly, any
light it emits will be further and further redshifted.

Cosmic event horizon

In cosmology, the event horizon of the observable universe is the
largest comoving distance from which light emitted now can ever
reach the observer in the future. This differs from the concept of
particle horizon, which represents the largest comoving distance
from which light emitted in the past could have reached the observer
at a given time. For events beyond that distance, light has not had
time to reach our location, even if it were emitted at the time the
universe began. How the particle horizon changes with time depends
on the nature of the expansion of the universe. If the expansion has
certain characteristics, there are parts of the universe that will
never be observable, no matter how long the observer waits for light
from those regions to arrive. The boundary past which events cannot
ever be observed is an event horizon, and it represents the maximum
extent of the particle horizon.

Examples of cosmological models without an event horizon are
universes dominated by matter or by radiation. An example of a
cosmological model with an event horizon is a universe dominated by
the cosmological constant (a de Sitter universe).

A calculation of the speeds of the cosmological event and particle
horizons was given in a paper on the FLRW cosmological model,
approximating the universe as composed of non-interacting
constituents, each one being a perfect fluid.

Apparent horizon of an accelerated particle

If a particle is moving at a constant velocity in a non-expanding
universe free of gravitational fields, any event that occurs in that
universe will eventually be observable by the particle, because the
forward light cones from these events intersect the particle's world
line. On the other hand, if the particle is accelerating, in some
situations light cones from some events never intersect the
particle's world line. Under these conditions, an apparent horizon
is present in the particle's (accelerating) reference frame,
representing a boundary beyond which events are unobservable.

For example, this occurs with a uniformly accelerated particle. A
space-time diagram of this situation is shown in the figure to the
right. As the particle accelerates, it approaches, but never
reaches, the speed of light with respect to its original reference
frame. On the space-time diagram, its path is a hyperbola, which
asymptotically approaches a 45 degree line (the path of a light
ray). An event whose light cone's edge is this asymptote or is
farther away than this asymptote can never be observed by the
accelerating particle. In the particle's reference frame, there
appears to be a boundary behind it from which no signals can escape
(an apparent horizon).

While approximations of this type of situation can occur in the real
world (in particle accelerators, for example), a true event horizon
is never present, as the particle must be accelerated indefinitely
(requiring arbitrarily large amounts of energy and an arbitrarily
large apparatus).

Interacting with an event horizon

A misconception concerning event horizons, especially black hole
event horizons, is that they represent an immutable surface that
destroys objects that approach them. In practice, all event horizons
appear to be some distance away from any observer, and objects sent
towards an event horizon never appear to cross it from the sending
observer's point of view (as the horizon-crossing event's light cone
never intersects the observer's world line). Attempting to make an
object near the horizon remain stationary with respect to an
observer requires applying a force whose magnitude increases
unbounded (becoming infinite) the closer it gets.

For the case of a horizon perceived by a uniformly accelerating
observer in empty space, the horizon seems to remain a fixed
distance from the observer no matter how its surroundings
move. Varying the observer's acceleration may cause the horizon to
appear to move over time, or may prevent an event horizon from
existing, depending on the acceleration function chosen. The
observer never touches the horizon and never passes a location where
it appeared to be.

For the case of a horizon perceived by an occupant of a de Sitter
Universe, the horizon always appears to be a fixed distance away for
a non-accelerating observer. It is never contacted, even by an
accelerating observer.

For the case of the horizon around a black hole, observers
stationary with respect to a distant object will all agree on where
the horizon is. While this seems to allow an observer lowered
towards the hole on a rope (or rod) to contact the horizon, in
practice this cannot be done. The proper distance to the horizon is
finite, so the length of rope needed would be finite as well, but if
the rope were lowered slowly (so that each point on the rope was
approximately at rest in Schwarzschild coordinates), the proper
acceleration (G-force) experienced by points on the rope closer and
closer to the horizon would approach infinity, so the rope would be
torn apart. If the rope is lowered quickly (perhaps even in
freefall), then indeed the observer at the bottom of the rope can
touch and even cross the event horizon. But once this happens it is
impossible to pull the bottom of rope back out of the event horizon,
since if the rope is pulled taut, the forces along the rope increase
without bound as they approach the event horizon and at some point
the rope must break. Furthermore, the break must occur not at the
event horizon, but at a point where the second observer can observe
it.

Observers crossing a black hole event horizon can calculate the
moment they have crossed it, but will not actually see or feel
anything special happen at that moment. In terms of visual
appearance, observers who fall into the hole perceive the black
region constituting the horizon as lying at some apparent distance
below them, and never experience crossing this visual horizon. Other
objects that had entered the horizon along the same radial path but
at an earlier time would appear below the observer but still above
the visual position of the horizon, and if they had fallen in
recently enough the observer could exchange messages with them
before either one was destroyed by the gravitational
singularity. Increasing tidal forces (and eventual impact with the
hole's singularity) are the only locally noticeable effects.

Beyond general relativity

The description of event horizons given by general relativity is
thought to be incomplete. When the conditions under which event
horizons occur are modeled using a more comprehensive picture of the
way the universe works, that includes both relativity and quantum
mechanics, event horizons are expected to have properties that are
different from those predicted using general relativity alone.

At present, it is expected that the primary impact of quantum
effects is for event horizons to possess a temperature and so emit
radiation. For black holes, this manifests as Hawking radiation, and
the larger question of how the black hole possesses a temperature is
part of the topic of black hole thermodynamics. For accelerating
particles, this manifests as the Unruh effect, which causes space
around the particle to appear to be filled with matter and
radiation.

A complete description of event horizons is expected to, at minimum,
require a theory of quantum gravity. One such candidate theory is
M-theory. Another such candidate theory is loop quantum gravity.

Loop quantum gravity

Loop quantum gravity is a theory that attempts to describe the
quantum properties of the universe and gravity. It is also a theory
of quantum space and quantum time because, according to general
relativity, the geometry of spacetime is a manifestation of
gravity. LQG is an attempt to merge and adapt standard quantum
mechanics and standard general relativity. The main output of the
theory is a physical picture of space where space is granular. The
granularity is a direct consequence of the quantization. It has the
same nature as the granularity of the photons in the quantum theory
of electromagnetism or the discrete levels of the energy of the
atoms. Here, it is space itself that is discrete. In other words,
there is a minimum distance possible to travel through it.

More precisely, space can be viewed as an extremely fine fabric or
network "woven" of finite loops. These networks of loops are called
spin networks. The evolution of a spin network over time is called a
spin foam. The predicted size of this structure is the Planck
length, which is approximately 10−35 meters. According to
the theory, there is no meaning to distance at scales smaller than
the Planck scale. Therefore, LQG predicts that not just matter, but
also space itself has an atomic structure.

Today LQG is a vast area of research, developing in several
directions, which involves about 30 research groups worldwide. They
all share the basic physical assumptions and the mathematical
description of quantum space. The full development of the theory is
being pursued in two directions: the more traditional canonical loop
quantum gravity, and the newer covariant loop quantum gravity, more
commonly called spin foam theory.

Research into the physical consequences of the theory is proceeding
in several directions. Among these, the most well-developed is the
application of LQG to cosmology, called loop quantum cosmology
(LQC). LQC applies LQG ideas to the study of the early universe and
the physics of the Big Bang. Its most spectacular consequence is
that the evolution of the universe can be continued beyond the Big
Bang. The Big Bang appears thus to be replaced by a sort of cosmic
Big Bounce.

In 1986, Abhay Ashtekar reformulated Einstein's general relativity
in a language closer to that of the rest of fundamental
physics. Shortly after, Ted Jacobson and Lee Smolin realized that
the formal equation of quantum gravity, called the Wheeler–DeWitt
equation, admitted solutions labelled by loops, when rewritten in
the new Ashtekar variables, and Carlo Rovelli and Lee Smolin defined
a nonperturbative and background-independent quantum theory of
gravity in terms of these loop solutions. Jorge Pullin and Jerzy
Lewandowski understood that the intersections of the loops are
essential for the consistency of the theory, and the theory should
be formulated in terms of intersecting loops, or graphs.

In 1994, Rovelli and Smolin showed that the quantum operators of the
theory associated to area and volume have a discrete spectrum. That
is, geometry is quantized. This result defines an explicit basis of
states of quantum geometry, which turned out to be labelled by Roger
Penrose's spin networks, which are graphs labelled by spins.

The canonical version of the dynamics was put on firm ground by
Thomas Thiemann, who defined an anomaly-free Hamiltonian operator,
showing the existence of a mathematically consistent
background-independent theory. The covariant or spinfoam version of
the dynamics developed during several decades, and crystallized in
2008, from the joint work of research groups in France, Canada, UK,
Poland, and Germany, lead to the definition of a family of
transition amplitudes, which in the classical limit can be shown to
be related to a family of truncations of general relativity. The
finiteness of these amplitudes was proven in 2011. It requires
the existence of a positive cosmological constant, and this is
consistent with observed acceleration in the expansion of the
Universe.

scroll me

intence speaks human language
and shows what is really relevant for a user:

Scrollbar was invented in 70s, and it still seems to speak
the language of scientists who were the primary users at
those days:

You arealmost at the top

There is much to scroll to the bottom

1/16 of the contentis above the top

About 1/5 of the whole contentis visible

Approximately 10/13 of the content
is still available belowthe bottom border

intence clearly designates the
scrollable area:

Scrollbar is located on a side and it is not always clear,
what exactly is it related to:

Only the right side is scrollable, the menu is fixed

Will the menu on the left side also be scrolled?
With a scrollbar, impossible to say until trying to
scroll...

intence is responsive:

you can also resize the browser window vertically and see
how the indicator of this page reacts

When an area is
compact, intence indicator
is shrinked respectively and never covers too much of
content

If an area is big enough, the indicator gets
notable, so that one can quickly evaluate the
scrolling state without even looking at it

intence is especially suitable
for dynamically added and infinite content:

Scrollbar randomly jumps around and does not actually
designate anything

As long as the content is
added, intence
indicator at the bottom persists in a maximal state
designating that there is still much to
scroll. After the last chunk of content is added,
the indicator switches to a normal mode and finally
hides.

Any texture image can be selected for the indication (or
simply a solid gradient, just like on this page). This
way intence can be
customized to match to any topic or design purpose:

List of candies

Reese's Pieces are a peanut butter candy
manufactured by The Hershey Company for the
North American market; they are also available
in Ireland and the United Kingdom. They are
oblate spheroid in shape and covered in candy
shells that are colored yellow, orange, or
brown. They can be purchased in plastic
packets, cardboard boxes, or cup-shaped travel
containers. The candy was introduced in 1978
and introduced to Canada in 1980. The then
relatively new product became very popular
with the 1982 release of E.T. the
Extra-Terrestrial, in which the candy is
featured.

Reese's Pieces are a product extension of the
Reese's Peanut Butter Cups line; this new
product was designed to capitalize on the
success of the chocolate-covered peanut butter
cups.

Gummi worms are a common variation first
introduced by Trolli, a brand of the German
Mederer GmbH (although the American branch is
owned by Kraft Foods since 1996) on July 15,
1981, the 60th anniversary of gummi bears. The
average gummi worms created by Trolli are
advertised to be about 5 cm long. Gummi worms
vary from 10 to 25 cm and have two different
colors and flavors that mix in the middle of
the gummi worm. Some other brands of gummi
worms have more than two colors, and are
longer than the original Trolli Brite
Crawlers, and may have a sour coating or other
variations.

Vanparys-Candihold is a Belgian confectionery
company created in 1889 by Felix Vanparys in
Brussels near the Sablon. The company produces
chocolate and sugar coated confections
(i.e. almonds, nuts etc.), but is particularly
known for its dragées (sugar-coated chocolate
and almonds), which feature often in Christian
and Islamic traditions and celebrations. The
recipe and preparation of its dragées, dating
back over 125 years ago, are still followed
today.

In 2012, Vanparys extended its range of
confections to include a gourmet range of
chocolate-coated nuts, fruits and coffee beans
– as well as a variety of seasonal
confectioneries such as praliné eggs and
fondant chicks for Easter.

Presently the company is located in Evere,
Brussels, and exports to many countries
including the Netherlands, France, Luxembourg,
UK, Germany, Poland, China, Turkey, Tunisia,
Japan and Portugal.

Each season, Vanparys introduces a range of
new colours to its palette

Milka is a traditional brand of chocolate
confection, since 1990 manufactured by
US-american Mondelēz International (formerly
Kraft Foods). It is sold in bar form and in
a variety of specialty shapes at Easter and
Christmas. The brand also manufactures
chocolate-covered cookies, snacks, and
biscuits with their same Alpine milk
chocolate.

Prince Polo is a Polish chocolate bar. It is
sold in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary,
Lithuania and Ukraine under the name Siesta,
and is also sold in Iceland, where it is
colloquially known as “Prins Póló”. According
to measurements shown by Nielsen, the bar has
been the most sold chocolate bar for decades
in Iceland and was for many years one of the
few chocolate bars available in the
country. It has long been Poland's top-selling
candy brand.

Prince Polo was introduced in 1955, during the
early years of the Polish People's Republic,
by Olza S.A. in Cieszyn. It is a
chocolate-covered wafer, with four layers of
wafer joined by three layers of
chocolate-flavored filling; it was easily
identifiable by its metallic gold-colored
wrapper.

American chocolatiers of the 20th century
picked up on the gift/coin concept by creating
chocolate gelt. In the 1920s, Loft's, an
American candy company, produced the first
chocolate gelt, wrapped in gold or silver foil
in mesh pouches resembling money bags.

Chocolate 'geld' is also given to children as
part of the St. Nicholas holiday in Belgium,
Germany and the Netherlands (geld, spelled
with a d, being both the Dutch and German word
for money). Today most of the chocolate
Hanukkah gelt sold in the United States is
imported, including from Dutch firms Steenland
Chocolate and the Israeli firms Elite and
Carmit. But gourmet versions of chocolate gelt
have been produced in the United States by
companies like California-based Sweet Earth
Organic Chocolates and Vermont-based Lake
Champlain Chocolates. In England, Divine
Chocolates makes gourmet gelt. Verucca
Chocolates in Chicago makes very elegant
beautifully designed gelt designed to look
like Maccabean coins.

An Almond Joy is a candy bar manufactured by
Hershey's. It consists of a coconut-based
center topped with one or two almonds, the
combination enrobed in a layer of milk
chocolate. Almond Joy is the sister product of
Mounds, which is a similar confection but
without the almond and coated instead with
dark chocolate; it also features similar
packaging and logo design, but in a red color
scheme instead of Almond Joy's blue.

Big Hunk is a candy bar made by Annabelle
Candy Company. It first entered production in
the 1950s, in the United States. It is a bar
of roasted peanuts covered in honey sweetened
nougat. It was featured in Steve Almond’s
book, Candyfreak, as being one of several
successful candies made by a small
company. Big Hunk was acquired by Annabelle
Candy Company when the company purchased
Golden Nugget Candy Company in 1970.

Big Hunk Bars are very chewy, and are known
for its bright, high energy and colorful
advertisements such as the line "PUT BIG
PROFITS IN YOUR POCKET WITH BIG HUNK".

It first appeared in 1924 and was made by the
Schutter-Johnson Company of Chicago, Illinois,
United States. Bit-O-Honey was a new kind of
candy bar consisting of six pieces wrapped in
wax paper and then packaged in a cover
wrapper. The candy consists of almond bits
embedded in a honey-flavored taffy, which
makes for a long-chewing candy. Both a large
version the size of a candy bar and a small,
bite-sized version are available for sale, the
latter in bags of multiple units.

In 1969, Schutter-Johnson was merged into the
Ward Candy Company of New York City, makers of
other candies, including Chunky, Oh Henry! and
Raisinets. Between the mid- and late-1970s, a
chocolate-flavored version called
Bit-O-Chocolate was made, but this product was
later dropped. Other spin-offs included Bit o'
Licorice and Bit-O-Peanut Butter.

Bit-O-Honey and most of Ward's other brands
were acquired by the Nestlé Company in
1984. In May of 2013, Nestlé sold the
Bit-O-Honey brand to the Pearson's Candy
Company of Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Mounds is a candy bar made by Hershey's. It
consists of a filling made of shredded
coconut, which is enrobed in dark
chocolate. The Mounds bar's sibling is Almond
Joy, which is made the same way but with milk
chocolate and a whole almond enrobing the
coconut.

Mounds' original slogan, "Indescribably
Delicious",.was created when Mounds ran a
contest to come up with the best two words to
sell a candy. Leon Weiss, the person who came
up with the slogan, won $10, while Mounds went
on to use the slogan in advertising and on the
wrappers, still continuing today.

Mounds uses a packaging and logo design
similar to its sister product, with Almond
Joy's blue replaced by red, and the two
candies are often advertised together. The
candy's famous 1970s ad campaign used a
jingle, "Sometimes you feel like a nut,
sometimes you don't / Almond Joy's got nuts /
Mounds don't", written by Leon Carr.

A similar coconut-filled chocolate bar by the
name of Bounty is manufactured by Mars,
Incorporated and sold in markets other than
the United States. The bars come in light or
dark chocolate and are recognized by their
blue (light chocolate) or red (dark chocolate)
wrappers. Neither bar contains almonds.

The U-No Bar is produced by the Annabelle
Candy Company.

It is a truffle type bar with almond bits
covered in chocolate and comes wrapped in a
silver foil-like wrapper. It is comparable to
a 3 Musketeers except it has a much higher fat
content compared to 3 Musketeers with a much
thinner chocolate shell and more moussy
nougat. U-no bars used to come in two flavors:
Original and mint. Annabelle Candy Company has
since discontinued the mint flavor.

It was first produced by the Cardinet Candy
Company, which was later acquired by the
Annabelle Candy Company.

Squirrel Nut Caramels were originally made by
the Austin T. Merrill Company of Roxbury,
Massachusetts in 1890. It was reincorporated
as the Squirrel Brand Company, which moved to
Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1903. In 1915 it
moved its factory again to 12 Boardman Street
in the Area 4 neighborhood of Cambridge, where
it stayed until 1999. That year, the company
was sold and moved to McKinney, Texas, where a
nut-processing operation continues.

However, in 2004 the Necco company brought the
Squirrel Nut candy brand back to
Massachusetts.

In 2003, the former factory building in
Cambridge was converted to affordable public
housing apartments. A public park and
community gardening space, named Squirrel
Brand Park, is now located next to the former
factory.

Cadbury is a British multinational
confectionery company owned by Mondelēz
International. It is the second largest
confectionery brand in the world after
Wrigley's. Cadbury is headquartered in
Uxbridge in Greater London and operates in
more than fifty countries worldwide.

Cadbury is best known for its confectionery
products including the Dairy Milk chocolate,
the Creme Egg, and the Roses selection box.

Cadbury was established in Birmingham, England
in 1824, by John Cadbury who sold tea, coffee
and drinking chocolate. Cadbury developed the
business with his brother Benjamin, followed
by his sons Richard and George. George
developed the Bournville estate, a model
village designed to give the company's workers
improved living conditions. Dairy Milk
chocolate, introduced in 1905, used a higher
proportion of milk within the recipe compared
with rival products. By 1914, the chocolate
was the company's best-selling product.

Cadbury merged with J. S. Fry & Sons in 1919,
and Schweppes in 1969. Cadbury was a constant
constituent of the FTSE 100 from the index's
1984 inception until the company was bought by
Kraft Foods in 2010.

The Hershey Process milk chocolate used in
these bars is cheaper to make than other types
of chocolate as it is less sensitive to the
freshness of the milk. The process was
developed by Milton Hershey and was the first
mass-produced chocolate in the United
States. As a result, the Hershey flavor is
widely recognized in the United States, but
less so internationally, in particular in
areas where European chocolates are more
widely available. The process is a trade
secret, but experts speculate that the milk is
partially lipolyzed, producing butyric acid,
which stabilizes the milk from further
fermentation. This compound gives the product
a particular sour, "tangy" taste, to which the
US public has become accustomed, to the point
that other manufacturers often add butyric
acid to their milk chocolates. The American
bar's taste profile was not as popular with
the Canadian public, leading Hershey to
introduce a reformulated Canadian bar in
1983. The company describes the revised
Canadian formulation as a "creamier, smoother,
lighter coloured and milder flavoured product
more suitable to Canadian taste". Butyric acid
is a component which provides the
characteristic smell of human vomit, and many
Europeans describe the taste of Hershey bars
as reminding them of vomit, even if they do
not know the underlying chemistry.

Kit Kat is a chocolate-covered wafer biscuit
bar confection that was created by Rowntree's
of York, England, and is now produced globally
by Nestlé (which acquired Rowntree in 1988)
with the exception of the United States where
it is made under license by H.B. Reese Candy
Company, a division of The Hershey
Company. Each bar consists of fingers composed
of three layers of wafer, covered in an outer
layer of chocolate. Each finger can be snapped
from the bar separately. Bars typically have
two or four fingers, although the larger Kit
Kat Chunky bars are a single solid block
marked into three sections.

Many varieties of Kit Kat have existed, either
permanently or as limited editions, such as
those sold to commemorate festivals such as
St. Valentine's Day. In
Japan, Nestlé has introduced over 200
different flavours since 2000, including
ginger ale, soy sauce, creme brulee, green
tea, and banana. The flavours are designed
to appeal to younger buyers, and are often
bought as good-luck gifts as the brand name
echoes the Japanese phrase "Kitto Katsu",
roughly translating as "surely win."

The Kit Kat Orange was the first flavour
variant to be introduced in the United
Kingdom, in 1996 and 1998 in Ireland. It was
followed in 1997 by the Kit Kat Dark and Kit
Kat Mint. All three were available as
permanent editions of the two-finger multipack
in the United Kingdom, along with the Kit Kat
Original, the Kit Kat White, and from 2012 the
Kit Kat Cookies & Cream.

Maltesers are a confectionery product
manufactured by Mars, Incorporated. Maltesers
consist of a roughly spherical malt honeycomb
centre, surrounded by milk
chocolate. Maltesers are sold in a variety of
packaging, including plastic bags (ranging in
size from small 'fun-size' upwards), larger
cardboard boxes and tubes, and plastic buckets
(ranging in size from medium to very
large). They also have medium sized "teasers"
in Celebrations boxes. Maltesers are also one
of the types of sweet included in Mars's
Revels assortment.

The current Maltesers' slogan is "The lighter
way to enjoy chocolate" - earlier slogans have
included "The Dri Drink", "The chocolates with
the less fattening centre", "No ordinary
chocolate" and "Nothing pleases like
Maltesers". The Australian version also
contains the line: "Made in
Australia... ...exported to the world." In the
1930s, advertisements claimed that the
Maltesers honeycomb centre is seven times less
fattening than ordinary chocolate centres;
this led marketers to claim it was beneficial
for weight loss.

In 2011, the product gained Fairtrade
accreditation in the UK and Ireland by
sourcing all their cocoa and sugar under
Fairtrade Terms.

The Milky Way bar is a chocolate bar
distributed by the Mars confectionery
company. The American version of the Milky Way
bar is made of chocolate-malt nougat topped
with caramel and covered with milk chocolate
and is very similar to the Mars bar sold in
other countries. The non-US Milky Way bar, on
the other hand, is not topped with caramel and
is therefore similar to the American 3
Musketeers bar.

The European version of the bar has no caramel
topping, and consists of a nougat center that
is considerably lighter than that of the Mars
bar. Because of this low density (0.88 g/cm3),
it floats when placed in milk. This rare
attribute was used for an advertising campaign
in Germany, France, Russia, Belgium, Ireland,
Poland, the Netherlands and the United
Kingdom.

Originally available within Europe only in
chocolate flavor, the center changed to
vanilla flavor at around 1993, although the
chocolate flavor still remains available in
Australia. The bar is also available in
banana, mango and strawberry flavors. In the
UK, Mars introduced the Flyte bar which is
identical to the old-style chocolate flavored
Milky Way but only comes in twin packs. Also
available in Europe are Milky Way Crispy
Rolls, chocolate covered wafer rolls with a
milk-cream filling.

Reese's Peanut Butter Cups are a milk
chocolate cup confection made of
chocolate-coated peanut butter marketed by The
Hershey Company that pioneered the way to the
generic peanut butter cup. They were created
in 1928 by H. B. Reese, a former dairy farmer
and shipping foreman for Milton
S. Hershey. Reese was inspired by Hershey and
left dairy farming to start his own candy
business.

Rolo (pronounced "Row-low", referring to the
roll-styled candy) is a brand of
truncated-cone-shaped or frustum-shaped
chocolates with a caramel centre, the shape
resembling that of a shallow inverted bucket
or tub or a traditional lampshade. First
manufactured in the United Kingdom by
Mackintosh's in 1937, they are made by Nestlé,
except in the United States where production
has been under licence by The Hershey Company
since 1969.

The Rolo product was developed in the UK by
Mackintosh's, (later Rowntree-Mackintosh),
simply a combination of Mackintosh's Toffee
and a chocolate coating - the acquisition of
Caley's of Norwich had also led to the Quality
Street line. Rolo was first sold in 1937.

In 1930 Mars introduced Snickers, named
after the favorite horse of the Mars
family. The Snickers candy bar consists of
nougat, peanuts, and caramel with a chocolate
coating. The bar was marketed under the name
"Marathon" in the UK and Ireland until 19 July
1990, when Mars decided to align the UK
product with the global Snickers name (Mars
had marketed and discontinued an unrelated bar
named Marathon in the United States during the
1970s). There are also several other Snickers
products such as Snickers mini, dark
chocolate, ice cream bars, Snickers with
almonds, and Snickers peanut butter bars.

Twix is a chocolate bar made by Mars, Inc.,
consisting of biscuit applied with other
confectionery toppings and coatings (most
frequently caramel and milk chocolate). Twix
bars are typically packaged in pairs.

The product was first produced in the United
Kingdom in 1967, and introduced in the United
States in 1979. Twix was called Raider in
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey for
many years before its name was changed in 1991
(2000 in Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden and
Turkey) to match the international brand name.

Abba-Zaba are taffy candy bars with peanut
butter centers, made by Annabelle Candy
Company in Hayward, California.

According to the Candy Wrapper Museum, the
first Abba Zaba bars were manufactured
beginning in 1922 by Colby and McDermott.
Before Annabelle Candy Co. started
manufacturing Abba-Zaba, the packaging
featured imagery which some now consider to be
racially biased. Annabelle Candy Co. will
only say that the wrapper has been the same
for as long as they have manufactured the
candy.

The bar was later manufactured by the Cardinet
Candy Co. along with U-No Bar. Annabelle Candy
Purchased the Cardinet Candy Co. in
1978. Annabelle now manufactures both candy
bars in addition to others.

Abba-Zaba bars are kosher pareve.

Mary Jane is a peanut butter and molasses
flavored taffy-type candy with peanut butter
in the center. Originally made in 1914 by The
Charles N. Miller Co., and later by Stark
Candy Co., it is now manufactured by
Necco. Charles Miller named them after his
favorite aunt, Mary Jane, and the candy has
used the same "little girl" illustration on
the wrappers since its inception.

Mary Jane is dairy-free, egg-free, and
gluten-free and is similar in style, taste and
packaging to the Schutter-Johnson Company's
(now Pearson's Candy Company) Bit-O-Honey,
which appeared in 1924.

intence does not provide any controls
for changing the scrolling position, and this was done
intentionally. From now the issues of scrolling indication and
scrolling control are
separated: intence designates what is
scrollable, and is supposed to work along with a navigation widget,
like the menu on the right side. It can be a pager, or an area with
small previews, a progress bar, or something totally new and
different. For instance, have a look
at some examples of the
navigation components created with a
viewport.js
library. Just like as intence
better than the scrollbar designates the scrollable area, such
components can be designed for the needs of a particular application
and solve the navigation issue in a more efficient manner.

keep your friends informed

Geeks read along

intence is shipped as an
open-source javascript library
[Github]
— so you can easily install it on your site or a
web-application. It works on recent versions of major
browsers (on others it will simply leave the scrollbar
untouched):

That's it! Now the scrollbar is replaced with
the intence indicator
composed out of
the texture.png. You can also
apply the intence class to
the <body> element and
get the whole page indicated.

When selecting a texture for indication, have in mind that
it will be strongly squeezed
vertically:

The shapes on the texture can be highly detailed
horizontally, but should have significant size in vertical
dimension

The texture image is rotated to have its top oriented
towards a side of a scrollable area:

original image

applied as indicator

The texture rolls within an indicator at a different speed:
the closer it is to the area side, the slower it moves. But
additionally it depends on the height of the texture, which
means you can affect the roll speed by selecting a higher or
a lower image:

slowly scroll the areas by dragging and compare the roll speed

Higher texture makes indicator roll slower and more
fluent. This is especially important for people who scroll
with a mouse wheel and normally have a discrete
jump-scrolling. Always prefer higher texture.

Indicator with lower texture moves faster and its speed at
the far end from the side is getting closer to the content
scrolling speed. This is useful if a texture looks like a
continuation of the content, like in the Chinese scroll
example above.

The indicator is growing up to 0.12 of the scrollable area
size in the corresponding dimension. Additionally the
indicator size cannot be more than approximately 0.6 of the
texture height (due to some mathematical reasons). Therefore
you can also use low texture to limit the maximal indicator
size.

Indicator consists of a set of blocks, which are a little bit
overlapped sometimes. In order to avoid dirty connections, do
not use partially transparent areas around top and bottom
sides of the texture. Moreover, prefer fully opaque images
which will make the content fade out. This notifies a user
that the content continues — actually even better than
high contrast scrolling indicator:

Instead of using transparency, use the background of the
scrollable content — the indicator still looks
transparent, but the content is fading out additionally.

Images containing high-contrast shapes or making high-contrast
with the content area, should be avoided. Too much animation
during scrolling may distract user so that he looses the focus.

The mentioned scrollImg
attribute is used for all sides by default, but you may
specify different texture for a particular side
using scrollImgNorth, scrollImgSouth,
scrollImgEast and scrollImgWest attributes:

— use north.png for the top side, and tetxure.png for
every other side

As shown in the examples above, there is a special maximal
mode to be activated in case of infinite scrolling or
dynamically appended content (when it is not known in
advance how much of content is still to be added). Such
behaviour of an indicator is triggered by
the scrollInfiniteNorth, scrollInfiniteSouth, scrollInfiniteWest
and scrollInfiniteEast
attributes, for instance:

This will smoothly decrease the indicator to the proper size
reflecting the amount of remaining content (this does not
happen instantly upon the attribute removal, but upon the
next act of scrolling instead).

If a browser is too
old, intence is not enabled,
and will not change anythig on the page. You can determine
if this is the case by checking
the intence.enabled property
— it contains true
if intence works,
and false otherwise.

Upon the indicator is created for an element, its internal
structure is rebuilt in order to hide the scrollbars and
create the indicator. The original element does not actually
perform scrolling anymore, so if you need to operate the
scrolling programmatically (to find out the current
scrolling position, or to change it), you can find the
actual scroller element at
the .scroller property of the
original element:

// this will not work
// document.getElementById('myElem').scrollTop;
// use this instead
document.getElementById('myElem').scroller.scrollTop;

The scroller property is
available even in case
if intence is disabled (in
this case it simply points to the element itself), so there
is no need to additionally check
the intence.enabled flag.

Finally if you add (or remove)
the intence class to the
element dynamically (or after the page load),
notify intence so that it
creates / removes indicators for the respective elements:

intence.reset();

As already mentioned, intence
splits the issues of scrolling indication, and scrolling
control. Namely, intence is
only an indicator, and does not provide elements to control
the scrolling position — instead it is supposed to be
solved by a developer for a particular application.

Think on which kind of navigation a human needs. In some
cases it might probably be enough to simply rely on a mouse
wheel or a touchscreen. But it will likely be convenient for
a human to have something additional — slider buttons
for an image gallery, or a content preview with the detailed
position designated, like in Sublime Text.

Here are some ideas. Add an opportunity to scroll the
content with a click-and-hold style
using dragscroll library (this is how areas on
this page can be scrolled). Create an interactive navigation
menu which reflects the scrolling state relatively to the
page sections — this can be done with
the viewport.js
library (the menu on this page uses that library, also
have a look at
some addititonal
examples). Use natural
scroll if your navigation component scrolls the viewport
(by clicking on the menu item, for instance).

If you are going to create a library which provides some
controls for scrolling to be used along
with intence, do not cover
the internal content of a scrollable area, or
the intence indicator. The
indicator is currently transparent for mouse events, and
should remain like this (otherwise people will consider the
controls as being part
of intence and will be
confused by it only working in some applications). Put the
controls outside of the area, and not inside it. Do not
recreate the scrollbar.