A gaida is a bagpipe from the Balkans and Southeast Europe. Southeastern European bagpipes known as gaida include: Macedonian and Bulgarian гайда/гајда (gayda), the Greek γκάϊντα, Albanian, Croatian and Serbian gajde and Slovak gajdy.

Gaida bags are generally of sheep or goat hide. Different regions have different ways of treating the hide, the simplest methods involve just the use of salt, while more complex treatments involve milk, flour, and the removal of fur. The hide is normally turned inside out so that the fur is on the inside of the bag, as this helps with moisture buildup within the bag, the stocks into which the chanters and blowpipe and drone fit are called "glavini" (главини) in Bulgarian. These can be made out of cornel wood or animal horn.

The blow pipe is a short, conical wooden or bone tube in which the player blows to refill the bag, at the end of the blow pipe that is within the bag, there is a small return valve of leather or felt which allows air into the bag via the blow pipe but not back out. In some more primitive gaida there is no flap, but the player blocks returning air with his tongue during breaths.

Each chanter is fitted with a reed made from reed (arundo donax), bamboo, or elder. In regional languages these are variously termed lemellas, Piska, or pisak. A more modern variant for the reed is a combination of a cotton phenolic (Hgw2082) material from which the body of the reed is made and a clarinet reed cut to size in order to fit the body, these type of reeds produce a louder sound and are not so sensitive to humidity and temperature changes. [1]

The chanter (gaidunitza, gaidanitsa, gajdenica, gajdica, zurle) is the pipe on which the melody is played. Different gaida may have a conical bore (Bulgaria), or cylindrical bore (Macedonia and other regions). Popular woods include boxwood (shimshir) cornel wood, plum wood or other fruit wood. A distinctive feature of the gaida's chanter (which it shares with a number of other Eastern European bagpipes) is the "flea-hole" (also known as a mumbler or voicer, marmorka) which is covered by the index finger of the left hand. The flea-hole is smaller than the rest and usually consists of a small tube that is made out of metal or a chicken or duck feather. Uncovering the flea-hole raises any note played by a half step, and it is used in creating the musical ornamentation that gives Balkan music its unique character.

Some types of gaida can have a double bored chanter, such as the Serbian three-voiced gajde, it has eight fingerholes: the top four are covered by the thumb and the first three fingers of the left hand, then the four fingers of the right hand cover the remaining four holes.

The drone (ruchilo, ison, prdaljka, prdak, brčalo) is a long pipe which provides a constant harmony note, and thus has no finger-holes. It is generally a long, three-piece tube with a note much lower than that of the chanter.

Shepherd
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A shepherd /ˈʃɛpərd/ or sheepherder is a person who tends, herds, feeds, or guards herds of sheep. Shepherd derives from Old English sceaphierde, shepherding is among the oldest occupations, beginning some 5,000 years ago in Asia Minor. Sheep were kept for their milk, meat and especially their wool, over the next thousand years, sheep and shepherdi

Bagpipe
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Bagpipes are a wind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The term bagpipe is equally correct in the singular or plural, though pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as the pipes, a set of bagpipes minimally consists of an air supply, a bag, a chanter, and usually at least one drone. Many bagpipes

2.
A detail from the Cantigas de Santa Maria showing bagpipes with one chanter and a parallel drone (Spain, 13th century).

3.
A detail from a painting by Hieronymus Bosch showing two bagpipers (15th century).

4.
A Great Highland Bagpipe practice chanter

European Cornel
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It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape, the flowers are small, with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter, well before the leaves appear. Th

1.
Cornelian cherry

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Fruits

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European Cornel flowering

Check valve
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A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a valve that normally allows fluid to flow through it in only one direction. Check valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave, there are various types of check valves used in a wide variety of applica

2.
The check valves on this steam locomotive are located under the small cover between the chimney and the main dome

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Hastelloy check valves

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Stainless steel wafer check valve

Chanter
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The chanter is the part of the bagpipe upon which the player creates the melody. It consists of a number of finger-holes, and in its simpler forms looks similar to a recorder. On more elaborate bagpipes, such as the Northumbrian bagpipes or the Uilleann pipes, it also may have a number of keys, like the rest of the bagpipe, they are often decorated

1.
The chanter of the Great Highland bagpipe.

Reed (instrument)
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A reed is a thin strip of material which vibrates to produce a sound on a musical instrument. The reeds of most woodwind instruments are made from Arundo donax or synthetic material, musical instruments may be classified according to the type and number of reeds used. The earliest types of single-reed instruments used idioglottal reeds, where the r

Phragmites
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Phragmites is a genus of four species of large perennial grasses found in wetlands throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, maintained by Kew Garden in London, – Japan, Korea, Ryukyu Islands, Russian Far East Phragmites karka Trin. About 130 other synonyms have been proposed, and some h

Arundo donax
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Arundo donax, giant cane, is a tall perennial cane growing in damp soils, either fresh or moderately saline. It is one of the species of the so-called reed. Other common names include Carrizo, Arundo, Spanish cane, Colorado river reed, wild cane, Arundo donax is native to the Mediterranean Basin and middle east Asia, and probably also parts of Afri

Bamboo
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The bamboos /bæmˈbuː/ are evergreen perennial flowering plants in the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae. The dicotyledonous woody xylem is also absent, the absence of secondary growth wood causes the stems of monocots, including the palms and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering. Bamboos include some of the plants in

Elderberry
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Sambucus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae. The various species are commonly called elder or elderberry, the genus was formerly placed in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, but was reclassified due to genetic and morphological comparisons to Adoxa. In Sambucus, there are between 5 and 30 species of shrubs, small trees and

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Sambucus

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Sambucus berries

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Sambucus canadensis showing the complex branching of the inflorescence

Buxus
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Buxus is a genus of about 70 species in the family Buxaceae. Common names include box or boxwood, centres of diversity occur in Cuba, China and Madagascar. They are slow-growing evergreen shrubs and small trees, growing to 2–12 m tall. The leaves are opposite, rounded to lanceolate, and leathery, they are small in most species, typically 1. 5–5 cm

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Buxus

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Buxus sinica foliage

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Buxus henryi foliage

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Buxus wallichiana foliage and seed capsules

Musical ornamentation
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In music, ornaments or embellishments are musical flourishes that are not necessary to carry the overall line of the melody, but serve instead to decorate or ornament that line. Many ornaments are performed as fast notes around a central note, the amount of ornamentation in a piece of music can vary from quite extensive to relatively little or even

Balkan music
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The music of Southeastern Europe or Balkan music is a type of music distinct from others in Europe. This is definitely because it was influenced by music of Southeastern European ethnic groups. The music is characterised by complex rhythm, the music of the Slavic countries of Southeastern Europe is significantly different from the rest of the music

List of bagpipes
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Uilleann pipes, Also known as Union pipes and Irish pipes, depending on era. Bellows-blown bagpipe with keyed or un-keyed 2-octave chanter,3 drones and 3 regulators, the most common type of bagpipes in Irish traditional music. Great Irish Warpipes, Carried by most Irish regiments of the British Army until the late 1960s, the Warpipe differed from t

International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning

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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

LIST OF IMAGES

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Shepherd
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A shepherd /ˈʃɛpərd/ or sheepherder is a person who tends, herds, feeds, or guards herds of sheep. Shepherd derives from Old English sceaphierde, shepherding is among the oldest occupations, beginning some 5,000 years ago in Asia Minor. Sheep were kept for their milk, meat and especially their wool, over the next thousand years, sheep and shepherding spread throughout Eurasia. Some sheep were integrated in the farm along with other animals such as chickens. To maintain a large flock, the sheep must be able to move from pasture to pasture and this required the development of an occupation separate from that of the farmer. The duty of shepherds was to keep their flock intact, protect it from predators, in ancient times, shepherds also commonly milked their sheep, and made cheese from this milk, few shepherds still do this today. In many societies, shepherds were an important part of the economy, unlike farmers, shepherds were often wage earners, being paid to watch the sheep of others. Shepherds also lived apart from society, being largely nomadic and it was mainly a job of solitary males without children, and new shepherds thus needed to be recruited externally. Shepherds were most often the sons of farming peasants who did not inherit any land. Shepherds would normally work in groups either looking after one large flock, or each bringing their own and they would live in small cabins, often shared with their sheep, and would buy food from local communities. Less often shepherds lived in covered wagons that traveled with their flocks, shepherding developed only in certain areas. In the lowlands and river valleys, it was far more efficient to grow grain and cereals than to allow sheep to graze, thus the raising of sheep was confined to rugged and mountainous areas. In pre-modern times shepherding was thus centered on such as the Middle East, Greece, the Pyrenees, the Carpathian Mountains. The shepherds crook is a strong multi-purpose stick or staff, often fashioned with a hooked end, in modern times, shepherding has changed dramatically. The abolition of common lands in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth century moved shepherding from independent nomads to employees of massive estates. Some families in Africa and Asia have their wealth in sheep, in the USA, many sheep herds are flocked over public BLM lands. Wages are higher than was the case in the past, keeping a shepherd in constant attendance can be costly. Also, the eradication of sheep predators in parts of the world have lessened the need for shepherds, in places like Britain, hardy breeds of sheep are frequently left alone without a shepherd for long periods of time

Shepherd
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Shepherds travelling in Chambal, India
Shepherd
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Shepherd with grazing sheep in Făgăraş Mountains, Romania
Shepherd
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Middle Age livestock shelter or paridera in a natural cave in Piedra River in the monk's old path from the monastery to the roe deer salt ponds, Aragon, Spain
Shepherd
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Shepherd with his horse and dog on Gravelly Range, Madison County, Montana, August 1942

2.
Bagpipe
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Bagpipes are a wind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The term bagpipe is equally correct in the singular or plural, though pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as the pipes, a set of bagpipes minimally consists of an air supply, a bag, a chanter, and usually at least one drone. Many bagpipes have more than one drone in various combinations, held in place in stocks—sockets that fasten the various pipes to the bag, the most common method of supplying air to the bag is through blowing into a blowpipe, or blowstick. In some pipes the player must cover the tip of the blowpipe with their tongue while inhaling, an innovation, dating from the 16th or 17th century, is the use of a bellows to supply air. In these pipes, sometimes called cauld wind pipes, air is not heated or moistened by the players breathing, the bag is an airtight reservoir that holds air and regulates its flow via arm pressure, allowing the player to maintain continuous even sound. The player keeps the bag inflated by blowing air into it through a blowpipe or pumping air into it with a bellows, materials used for bags vary widely, but the most common are the skins of local animals such as goats, dogs, sheep, and cows. More recently, bags made of materials including Gore-Tex have become much more common. A drawback of the bag is the potential for fungal spores to colonise the bag because of a reduction in necessary cleaning. An advantage of a bag is that they have a zip which allows the user to fit a more effective moisture trap to the inside of the bag. Bags cut from larger materials are usually saddle-stitched with an extra strip folded over the seam, holes are then cut to accommodate the stocks. The chanter is the pipe, played with two hands. Almost all bagpipes have at least one chanter, some pipes have two chanters, particularly those in North Africa, the Balkans in Southern Europe, and Southwest Asia. A chanter can be bored internally so that the walls are parallel for its full length. The chanter is usually open-ended, so there is no way for the player to stop the pipe from sounding. Thus most bagpipes share a constant, legato sound where there are no rests in the music, primarily because of this inability to stop playing, technical movements are used to break up notes and to create the illusion of articulation and accents. Because of their importance, these embellishments are often highly technical systems specific to each bagpipe, a few bagpipes have closed ends or stop the end on the players leg, so that when the player closes the chanter becomes silent. A practice chanter is a chanter without bag or drones, allowing a player to practice the instrument quietly, the term chanter is derived from the Latin cantare, or to sing, much like the modern French word chanteur. The note from the chanter is produced by a reed installed at its top, the reed may be a single or double reed

Bagpipe
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Angel playing bagpipes in the Thistle Chapel, Edinburgh
Bagpipe
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A detail from the Cantigas de Santa Maria showing bagpipes with one chanter and a parallel drone (Spain, 13th century).
Bagpipe
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A detail from a painting by Hieronymus Bosch showing two bagpipers (15th century).
Bagpipe
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A Great Highland Bagpipe practice chanter

3.
European Cornel
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It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape, the flowers are small, with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter, well before the leaves appear. The fruit is a red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter. The fruits when ripe on the plant bear a resemblance to coffee berries, the fruit is edible, but the unripe fruit is astringent. The fruit only fully ripens after it falls from the tree, when ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. In Turkey and Iran it is eaten with salt as a snack in summer, cultivars selected for fruit production in Ukraine have fruit up to four cm long. It is eaten in Eastern Europe in many ways including as a medicine and it is very high in vitamin C and is used to fight colds and flus. The fruit of C. mas has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. Known as shan zhu yu, 山茱萸, it is used to retain the jing, essence, to tonify the kidneys, the species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BC onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood. The woods association with weaponry was so known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for spear in poetry during the fourth. The red dye used to make fezzes was produced from its bark, Cornus mas, male cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the female cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerards Herbal. The shrub was not native to the British Isles, william Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548, but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace. Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens of such as rare and dainty plants and by the 17th century. The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development, the Royal Horticultural Society gave Cornus mas an Award of Garden Merit in 1924. The cultivars Golden glory and Variegata have also gained the award, wood economy National Agricultural Research Foundation - Pomology Institute, Cornus mas Greek website about the plant

4.
Check valve
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A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a valve that normally allows fluid to flow through it in only one direction. Check valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave, there are various types of check valves used in a wide variety of applications. Check valves are often part of household items. Although they are available in a range of sizes and costs, check valves generally are very small, simple. Check valves work automatically and most are not controlled by a person or any control, accordingly. The bodies of most check valves are made of plastic or metal, an important concept in check valves is the cracking pressure which is the minimum upstream pressure at which the valve will operate. Typically the check valve is designed for and can therefore be specified for a specific cracking pressure, heart valves are essentially inlet and outlet check valves for the heart ventricles, since the ventricles act as pumps. Cracking pressure — the inlet pressure at which the first indication of flow occurs, reseal pressure — the pressure at which there is no indication of flow. In some ball check valves, the ball is spring-loaded to help keep it shut, for those designs without a spring, reverse flow is required to move the ball toward the seat and create a seal. The interior surface of the seats of ball check valves are more or less conically-tapered to guide the ball into the seat. Ball check valves are often small, simple, and cheap. They are commonly used in liquid or gel minipump dispenser spigots, spray devices, some rubber bulbs for pumping air, etc. manual air pumps and some other pumps, and refillable dispensing syringes. Although the balls are most often made of metal, they can be made of other materials, high pressure HPLC pumps and similar applications commonly use small inlet and outlet ball check valves with both balls and seats made of artificial ruby, for both hardness and chemical resistance. After prolonged use, such check valves can eventually wear out or the seat can develop a crack, there are similar check valves where the disc is not a ball, but some other shape, such as a poppet energized by a spring. Ball check valves should not be confused with ball valves, which is a different type of valve in which a ball acts as a rotor to stop or direct flow. A diaphragm check valve uses a rubber diaphragm positioned to create a normally-closed valve. Pressure on the side must be greater than the pressure on the downstream side by a certain amount, known as the pressure differential. Once positive pressure stops, the diaphragm automatically flexes back to its closed position

5.
Chanter
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The chanter is the part of the bagpipe upon which the player creates the melody. It consists of a number of finger-holes, and in its simpler forms looks similar to a recorder. On more elaborate bagpipes, such as the Northumbrian bagpipes or the Uilleann pipes, it also may have a number of keys, like the rest of the bagpipe, they are often decorated with a variety of substances, including metal, bone, ivory, or plastic mountings. Chanters come in two types, parallel and non-parallel bored. This refers to the shape of the bore of the chanter. On the Great Highland Bagpipe, the bore is conical. The Northumbrian pipes, on the hand, have a parallel bore. Although the majority of chanters are unkeyed, some make use of keys to extend the range and/or the number of accidentals the chanter can play. The most common pipe featuring this arrangement is the Northumbrian smallpipe, another variant of the chanter is the two-piped chanter. The chanter pipes may be designed to be played separately, one with each hand, one chanter may provide a drone accompaniment to the other, or the two chanters may play in a harmony of thirds and sixths. On the Great Highland bagpipe, tuning of the notes of the chanter is done using tape to slightly cover the finger holes as needed. Historically, it was done with wax, as was done with other woodwind instruments, the practice chanter is used as a practice instrument for the Great Highland Bagpipe. It is somewhat similar in appearance, though smaller than the bagpipe chanter. It is also used as a first instrument so that learners can learn the finger technique before learning the mechanics of controlling the bag. It is almost exclusively made of hardwood or plastic

Chanter
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The chanter of the Great Highland bagpipe.

6.
Reed (instrument)
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A reed is a thin strip of material which vibrates to produce a sound on a musical instrument. The reeds of most woodwind instruments are made from Arundo donax or synthetic material, musical instruments may be classified according to the type and number of reeds used. The earliest types of single-reed instruments used idioglottal reeds, where the reed is a tongue cut. Much later, single-reed instruments started using heteroglottal reeds, where a reed is cut and separated from the tube of cane, by contrast, in a an uncapped double reed instrument, there is no mouthpiece, the two parts of the reed vibrate against one another. Single reeds are used on the mouthpieces of clarinets and saxophones, the back of the reed is flat and is placed against the mouthpiece, the rounded top side tapers to a thin tip. These reeds are roughly rectangular in shape except for the thin vibrating tip, all single reeds are shaped similarly but vary in size to fit each instruments mouthpiece. Reeds designed for the instrument may look identical to each other. Hardness is generally measured on a scale of 1 through 5 from softest to hardest and this is not a standardized scale and reed strengths vary by manufacturer. The thickness of the tip and heel and the profile in between affect the sound and playability, cane of different grades, even if cut with the same profile, will also respond differently. This is due to the natural differences in the density of the cane fibers. The cane used to make reeds for saxophone, clarinet, once the cane is cut, it must lay out and dry in direct sunlight for about a month. The cane is rotated regularly to ensure proper and complete drying, once dry, they are taken to be stored in a warehouse. As the cane is needed, it is pulled from the warehouse, once at the factory, the cane is taken to the cutting department where it is cut into tubes. The tubes are graded by diameter and wall density, the tubes are then cut into splits which are transformed into reed blanks. The blanks are tapered and profiled using blades or CNC machines into reeds, after the reeds are completed, they are taken to a machine that grades them for strength. Double reeds are used on the oboe, oboe damore, English horn, bass oboe, Heckelphone, bassoon, contrabassoon, sarrusophone, shawm, bagpipes, nadaswaram and they are typically not used in conjunction with a mouthpiece, rather the two reeds vibrate against each other. Reed strengths are graded from hard to soft, the making of double reeds begins in the same way as how single reeds are made. The cane is collected from Arundo donax, dried, processed, similar to single reed production, the cane is separated into various diameters. The most common diameters for American-style oboe reeds are as follows,9. 5–10 mm, 10–10.5 mm, many American oboists prefer a specific diameter at one time of the year and a different diameter at other times, depending on the season and the weather

7.
Phragmites
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Phragmites is a genus of four species of large perennial grasses found in wetlands throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, maintained by Kew Garden in London, – Japan, Korea, Ryukyu Islands, Russian Far East Phragmites karka Trin. About 130 other synonyms have been proposed, and some have been widely used, arundo phragmites L. and Phragmites vulgaris Crép. Recent studies have characterised morphological distinctions between the introduced and native stands of Phragmites australis in North America, americanus – the North American genotype has been described as a distinct subspecies, subsp. Americanus, and Phragmites australis – the Eurasian genotype is sometimes referred to as subsp, altissimus Clayton is an accepted subspecies of P. australis. Phragmites australis var. marsillyanus Kerguélen is a variety of Phragmites australis. In North America, the status of Phragmites australis was a source of confusion and it was commonly considered an exotic species and often invasive species, introduced from Europe. However, there is evidence of the existence of Phragmites as a plant in North America long before European colonization of the continent. It is now known that the North American native forms of P. a. subsp, americanus are markedly less vigorous than European forms. The recent marked expansion of Phragmites in North America may be due to the more vigorous, Phragmites outcompetes native vegetation and lowers the local plant biodiversity. Phragmites forms dense thickets of vegetation that is unsuitable habitat for native fauna, Phragmites displaces native plants species such as wild rice, cattails, and native wetland orchids. Phragmites has a high ground biomass that blocks light to other plants allowing areas to turn into Phragmites monoculture very quickly. Decomposing Phragmites increases the rate of marsh accretion more rapidly than would occur with native marsh vegetation, australis is causing serious problems for many other North American hydrophyte wetland plants, including the native Phragmites australis subsp. Gallic acid released by Phragmites is degraded by ultraviolet light to produce acid, effectively hitting susceptible plants. Phragmites are so difficult to control one of the most effective methods of eradicating the plant is to burn it over 2-3 seasons. The roots grow so deep and strong that one burn is not enough, ongoing research suggests that goats could be effectively used to control the species. Phragmites australis, common reed, commonly forms extensive stands, which may be as much as 1 square kilometre or more in extent, where conditions are suitable it can also spread at 5 metres or more per year by horizontal runners, which put down roots at regular intervals. It can grow in damp ground, in standing water up to 1 metre or so deep, the erect stems grow to 2–6 metres tall, with the tallest plants growing in areas with hot summers and fertile growing conditions

8.
Arundo donax
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Arundo donax, giant cane, is a tall perennial cane growing in damp soils, either fresh or moderately saline. It is one of the species of the so-called reed. Other common names include Carrizo, Arundo, Spanish cane, Colorado river reed, wild cane, Arundo donax is native to the Mediterranean Basin and middle east Asia, and probably also parts of Africa and southern Arabian Peninsula. It forms dense stands on disturbed sites, sand dunes, in wetlands, Arundo donax generally grows to 6 metres, in ideal conditions it can exceed 10 metres, with hollow stems 2 to 3 centimetres diameter. The leaves are alternate,30 to 60 centimetres long and 2 to 6 centimetres wide with a tip, grey-green. Overall, it resembles an outsize common reed or a bamboo, Arundo donax flowers in late summer, bearing upright, feathery plumes 40 to 60 centimetres long, that are usually seedless or with seeds that are rarely fertile. Instead, it reproduces vegetatively, by underground rhizomes. The rhizomes are tough and fibrous and form knotty, spreading mats that penetrate deep into the soil up to 1 metre deep, stem and rhizome pieces less than 5 centimetres long and containing a single node readily sprouted under a variety of conditions. This vegetative growth appears to be adapted to floods, which may break up individual A. donax clumps, spreading the pieces. Arundo donax is a tall, perennial C3 grass species belongs to the subfamily Arundinoideae of the Poaceae family, the hollow stems,3 to 5 cm thick, have a cane-like appearance similar to bamboo. Mature stands can reach a height up to 8 m, stems produced during the first growing season are unbranched and photosynthetic. It is an asexually reproducing species due to seed sterility and it needs to be established by vegetative propagation, due to a lack of viable seed production. Underground it produces a network of large, but short rhizomes like bulbs. From late July the lower leaves start to dry, depending to seasonal temperature patterns, crop drying accelerates during autumn when anthesis occurs from the beginning of October to the end of November. In this phenological stage moisture contents fall significantly, in winter-time giant reed stops its growth because of low temperatures and regrowth occurs in the following springtime. In Central Europe giant reed behaves as an energy crop for the low soil temperatures. The base growth temperature reported for giant reed is 7 °C, and it has a high photosynthetic capacity, associated with absence of light saturation. Carbon dioxide exchange rates is high compared to other C3 and C4 species, under natural condition, the maximum CO2 uptake ranged between 19.8 and 36.7 µmol m−2 s−1, depending on irradiance, leaf age, and it is regulated by leaf conductance

9.
Bamboo
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The bamboos /bæmˈbuː/ are evergreen perennial flowering plants in the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae. The dicotyledonous woody xylem is also absent, the absence of secondary growth wood causes the stems of monocots, including the palms and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering. Bamboos include some of the plants in the world, due to a unique rhizome-dependent system. Certain species of bamboo can grow 91 cm within a 24-hour period, giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family. Bamboos are of economic and cultural significance in South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, being used for building materials, as a food source. Bamboo has a higher compressive strength than wood, brick, or concrete. The word bamboo comes from the Kannada term bambu, which was introduced to English through Indonesian, the subfamily in its current sense belongs to the BOP clade of grasses, where it is sister to the Pooideae. The woody bamboos do not form a group, instead. Altogether, more than 1,400 species are placed in 115 genera, most bamboo are native to warm and moist tropical and warm temperate climates. However, many species are found in climates, from hot tropical regions to cool mountainous regions. In the Asia-Pacific region they occur across East Asia, from 50°N latitude in Sakhalin south to Northern Australia, and west to India, China, Japan, Korea, India, and Australia, all have several endemic populations. They also occur in numbers in sub-Saharan Africa, confined to tropical areas, from southern Senegal in the north to southern Mozambique. Bamboo is also native through Central America and Mexico, northward into the Southeastern United States, canada and continental Europe is not known to have any native species of bamboo. Recently, some attempts have been made to grow bamboo on a basis in the Great Lakes region of east-central Africa. In the United States, several companies are growing, harvesting, bamboos include some of the fastest-growing plants on Earth, with reported growth rates up to 91 cm in 24 hours. Primarily growing in regions of warmer climates during the late Cretaceous period, some of the largest timber bamboo can grow over 30 m tall, and be as large as 25–30 cm in diameter. However, the range for mature bamboo is species-dependent, with the smallest bamboos reaching only several inches high at maturity. A typical height range that would cover many of the common bamboos grown in the United States is 4. 6–12 m, depending on species

10.
Elderberry
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Sambucus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae. The various species are commonly called elder or elderberry, the genus was formerly placed in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, but was reclassified due to genetic and morphological comparisons to Adoxa. In Sambucus, there are between 5 and 30 species of shrubs, small trees and herbaceous perennial plants. The genus occurs in temperate to subtropical regions of the world, more widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, its Southern Hemisphere occurrence is restricted to parts of Australasia and South America. Many species are cultivated for their ornamental leaves, flowers. The leaves are pinnate with 5–9 leaflets, each leaf is 5–30 cm long, and the leaflets have serrated margins. They bear large clusters of white or cream-colored flowers in late spring. Sambucus australis Sambucus canadensis Sambucus cerulea, western North America, dark blue-black berries with glaucous bloom on surface, Sambucus javanica Sambucus nigra This is the species most often used medicinally. The flowers are in rounded panicles, but the berries are black, it is a small shrub, some botanists include it in the red-berried elder group. The flowers are in rounded panicles, and the berries are red, they are smaller shrubs. The flowers are in rounded panicles, and the white or yellow. Sambucus adnata Sambucus ebulus Other species, Sambucus melanocarpa Gray Sambucus neomexicana Wooton Sambucus velutina Dur, ornamental varieties of Sambucus are grown in gardens for their showy flowers, fruits and lacy foliage. Native species of elderberry are often planted by people wishing to support native butterfly, elderberry fruit or flowers are used as dietary supplements for minor diseases such as flu, colds, constipation, and other conditions, often served as a tea, extract, or in a capsule. There is insufficient research to know its effectiveness for such uses or its safety profile, raw elderberries are 80% water, 18% carbohydrates, and less than 1% each of protein and fat. In a 100 gram amount, elderberries supply 73 calories and are a source of vitamin C. Elderberries also have moderate contents of vitamin B6 and iron, with no other nutrients in significant content, the French, Austrians and Central Europeans produce elderflower syrup, commonly made from an extract of elderflower blossoms, which is added to Palatschinken filling instead of blueberries. People throughout much of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe use a method to make a syrup which is diluted with water. In Germany, yoghurt desserts are made both the berries and the flowers

11.
Buxus
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Buxus is a genus of about 70 species in the family Buxaceae. Common names include box or boxwood, centres of diversity occur in Cuba, China and Madagascar. They are slow-growing evergreen shrubs and small trees, growing to 2–12 m tall. The leaves are opposite, rounded to lanceolate, and leathery, they are small in most species, typically 1. 5–5 cm long and 0. 3-2.5 cm broad, the flowers are small and yellow-green, monoecious with both sexes present on a plant. The fruit is a small capsule 0. 5-1.5 cm long, containing small seeds. The African and American sections are genetically closer to other than to the Eurasian section. Europe, northwest Africa, Asia Africa, Madagascar Americas Box plants are grown as hedges. In Great Britain and Mainland Europe box is subject to damage from caterpillars of Diaphania perspectalis which can devastate a box hedge within a short time and this is a recently introduced species first noticed in Europe in 2007 and in the UK in 2008 but spreading. There were 3 UK reports of infestation in 2011,20 in 2014 and 150 in the first half of 2015, owing to its fine grain it is a good wood for fine wood carving, although this is limited by the small sizes available. It is also resistant to splitting and chipping, and thus useful for decorative or storage boxes, formerly, it was used for wooden combs. As a timber or wood for carving it is boxwood in all varieties of English. Owing to the high density of the wood, boxwood is often used for chess pieces, unstained boxwood for the white pieces and stained boxwood for the black pieces. The extremely fine endgrain of box makes it suitable for printing and woodcut blocks. In the 16th century, boxwood was used to create intricate decorative carvings, as of 2016, high quality wooden spoons have usually been carved from box, with beech being the usual cheaper substitute. Boxwood was once called dudgeon, and was used for the handles of dirks, due to its high density and resistance to chipping, boxwood is a relatively economical material, and has been used to make parts for various stringed instruments since antiquity. It is mostly used to make tailpieces, chin rests and tuning pegs, other woods used for this purpose are rosewood and ebony. General Thomas F. Meagher decorated the hats of the men of the Irish Brigade with boxwood during the American Civil War, Boxwood blight Cydalima perspectalis - box tree moth Box / Royal Horticultural Society American Boxwood Society Revision of the genus Buxus in Madagascar

12.
Musical ornamentation
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In music, ornaments or embellishments are musical flourishes that are not necessary to carry the overall line of the melody, but serve instead to decorate or ornament that line. Many ornaments are performed as fast notes around a central note, the amount of ornamentation in a piece of music can vary from quite extensive to relatively little or even none. The word agrément is used specifically to indicate the French Baroque style of ornamentation, in the baroque period, it was common for performers to improvise ornamentation on a given melodic line. A singer performing a da capo aria, for instance, would sing the melody relatively unornamented the first time, improvised ornamentation continues to be part of the Irish musical tradition, particularly in sean-nós singing but also throughout the wider tradition as performed by the best players. Ornamentation may also be indicated by the composer, a number of standard ornaments are indicated with standard symbols in music notation, while other ornamentations may be appended to the score in small notes, or simply written out normally. Frequently, a composer will have his or her own vocabulary of ornaments, which will be explained in a preface, much like a code. A grace note is a written in smaller type, with or without a slash through it. In Spain, melodies ornamented upon repetition were called diferencias, and can be traced back to 1538, a trill, also known as a shake, is a rapid alternation between an indicated note and the one above. Sometimes it is expected that the trill will end with a turn, such variations are often marked with a few grace notes following the note that bears the trill indication. The trill is indicated by either a tr or a tr~~, with the ~ representing the length of the trill, in Baroque music, the trill is sometimes indicated with a + sign above or below the note. Play There is also a single tone trill variously called trillo or tremolo in late Renaissance, the mordent is thought of as a rapid alternation between an indicated note, the note above or below, and the indicated note again. This article as a whole addresses an approximate nineteenth-century standard, in the Baroque period, a Mordant was what later came to be called an inverted mordent and what is now often called a lower mordent. In the 19th century, however, the name mordent was generally applied to what is now called the upper mordent. Mordents of all sorts might typically, in some periods, begin with an extra inessential note, the same applies to trills, which in Baroque and Classical times would standardly begin with the added, upper note. A lower inessential note may or may not be raised to make it just one semitone lower than the principal note. A turn is a figure consisting of the note above the one indicated, the note itself, the note below the one indicated. It is marked by a mirrored S-shape lying on its side above the staff, the details of its execution depend partly on the exact placement of the turn mark. The following turns, might be executed like this, Play The exact speed at which the notes of a turn are executed can vary, the question of how a turn is best executed is largely one of context, convention, and taste

13.
Balkan music
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The music of Southeastern Europe or Balkan music is a type of music distinct from others in Europe. This is definitely because it was influenced by music of Southeastern European ethnic groups. The music is characterised by complex rhythm, the music of the Slavic countries of Southeastern Europe is significantly different from the rest of the music of Eastern Europe, which includes the Slavic states of the former USSR. The latter was more influenced by the common eastern Slavic culture, notably by Kievan Rus. Byzantine music is associated with the sacred chant of Christian Churches following the Constantinopolitan rite. Its modal system is based on the ancient Greek models, Greek folk music includes Demotika, Cretan and Nisiotika, Pontian, Laiko and Rebetiko. The music of the Aegean Islands, are known for Nisiótika songs, crete has a well known folk dance tradition, it includes swift dances like pentozalis. Most of the Greek folk songs are accompanied by Greek musical instruments like, lira, clarinet, guitar, Greek folk dances include Kalamatianos, Syrtos and Sousta. Dimitrie Cantemir was a composer of Ottoman music, many musical instruments were introduced to the Balkans during the time of Ottoman control, but many Ottoman instruments were borrowed by the locals. Balkan is a Turkish word which means sharp mountains, as this the influence of Mehter and Turkish rhythms and melodies can be seen in Balkan Music. In the 19th century in imitation of the Turkish military bands which replaced the Mehterhane formations of Janissary Turks beginning in 1828, apparently, as in Turkey, they dethroned the ancient traditional oboe and double-membraned drum ensembles. Traditional folk instruments in Bulgarian music include various kinds of bagpipes, drums, tarambuka, bells, daire, clapper, zilmasha, woodwind diple, zurla, kaval, duduk, dvoyanka, ocarina, accordion. String instruments, gadulka, tambura, fiddle, mandolin, guitar, the medieval era in Serbia traditional music. During the Nemanjic dynasty, musicians played an important role in the royal court, Other rulers known for the musical patronage included Stefan Dušan, Stefan Lazarević, and Đurađ Branković. Medieval musical instruments included horns, trumpets, lutes, psalteries, progressive Balkan folk has seen rise in many western countries, particularly the United States. It has had its greatest success with progressive communities across the country, younger American generations are discovering the possibilities of this genre and are bringing it to small clubs and festivals across the US. The upbeat, dramatic tone of the music has attracted a following in the Tribal Fusion bellydance community. Tribal Fusion does not claim to traditional dances, costume or music styles strictly

14.
List of bagpipes
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Uilleann pipes, Also known as Union pipes and Irish pipes, depending on era. Bellows-blown bagpipe with keyed or un-keyed 2-octave chanter,3 drones and 3 regulators, the most common type of bagpipes in Irish traditional music. Great Irish Warpipes, Carried by most Irish regiments of the British Army until the late 1960s, the Warpipe differed from the latter only in having a single tenor drone. Brian Boru bagpipes, Carried by the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers and had three drones, one of which was a baritone, pitched between bass and tenor, unlike the chanter of the Great Highland Bagpipe, its chanter is keyed, allowing for a greater tonal range. Pastoral pipes, Although the exact origin of this keyed, or un-keyed chanter and keyed drones, pipe is uncertain, Great Highland Bagpipe, This is perhaps the worlds best-known bagpipe. It has acquired widespread recognition through its usage in the British military, the bagpipe is first attested in Scotland around 1400, having previously appeared in European artwork in Spain in the 13th century. Border pipes, also called the Lowland Bagpipe, commonly confused with smallpipes, played in the Lowlands of Scotland, and in England near the Anglo-Scottish border. Conically bored, less raucous in timbre than the Highland pipes, Scottish smallpipes, a modern re-interpretation of an extinct instrument. Derived from the Northumbrian pipes by Colin Ross and others, Northumbrian smallpipes, a bellows-blown smallpipe with a closed end chanter played in staccato. Cornish bagpipes, a type of double chanter bagpipe from Cornwall, there are now attempts being made to revive it on the basis of literary descriptions. Welsh pipes, Of two types, one a descendant of the pibgorn, the loosely based on the Breton Veuze. Both are mouthblown with one bass drone, pastoral pipes, Although the exact origin of this keyed, or un-keyed chanter and keyed drones, pipe is uncertain, it was developed into the modern Uilleann bagpipe. English bagpipes, with the exception of the Northumbrian smallpipes, no English bagpipes maintained an unbroken tradition, however, music enthusiasts are attempting to reconstruct various English bagpipes based on descriptions and representations, but no actual physical evidence. Säkkipilli, The Finnish bagpipes died out but have been revived since the late 20th century by such as Petri Prauda. Pilai, a Finnish bagpipe, described in 18th century texts as similar to the Ukrainian volynka, torupill, an Estonian bagpipe with one single-reeded chanter and 1-3 drones. MP3 Dūdas, Latvian bagpipe, with single reed chanter and one drone. Dudmaisis, or murenka, kūlinė, Labanoro dūda, a bagpipe native to Lithuania, with single reed chanter and one drone. Säckpipa, Also the Swedish word for bagpipe in general, the surviving säckpipa of the Dalarna region was on the brink of extinction in the first half of the 20th century. It has a bore and a single reed, as well as a single drone at the same pitch as the bottom note of the chanter

15.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code