The CITY OF NEW YORK, often called NEW YORK CITY or simply NEW YORK,
is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated
2016 population of 8,537,673 distributed over a land area of about
302.6 square miles (784 km2), New
YorkYorkCity is also the most densely
populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern
tip of the state of New
YorkYork, the city is the center of the New York
metropolitan area , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in
the world. A global power city , New
YorkYorkCity exerts a significant
impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research,
technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the
term _New
YorkYorkminute_. Home to the headquarters of the United
Nations , New
YorkYorkis an important center for international diplomacy
and has been described as the cultural, financial, and media capital
of the world.

Situated on one of the world\'s largest natural harbors , New York
City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of
New
YorkYorkState . The five boroughs –
BrooklynBrooklyn,
QueensQueens, Manhattan
,
The BronxThe Bronx, and
Staten IslandStaten Island– were consolidated into a single
city in 1898. The city and its metropolitan area constitute the
premier gateway for legal immigration to the
United StatesUnited States, and as
many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most
linguistically diverse city in the world. New
YorkYorkCity is home to
more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States, the
world's largest foreign-born population of any city. By 2016
estimates, the New
YorkYorkCity metropolitan region remains by a
significant margin the most populous in the United States, as defined
by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), 20.2 million
residents, and the Combined Statistical Area (CSA), 23.7 million
residents. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product
(GMP) of nearly US$1.39 trillion. In 2012, the CSA generated a GMP
of over US$1.55 trillion. NYC's MSA and CSA GDP are higher than the
GDPs of all but 11 and 12 countries, respectively.

Many districts and landmarks in New
YorkYorkCity have become well known,
and the city received a record 61 million tourists in 2016, hosting
three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013.
Several sources have ranked New
YorkYorkthe most photographed city in the
world.
Times SquareTimes Square, iconic as the world's "heart" and its
"Crossroads", is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater
District , one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections ,
and a major center of the world's entertainment industry . The names
of many of the city's bridges , tapered skyscrapers , and parks are
known around the world. Anchored by
Wall StreetWall Streetin the Financial
District of Lower Manhattan, New
YorkYorkCity has been called both the
most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of
the world, and the city is home to the world's two largest stock
exchanges by total market capitalization , the New
YorkYorkStock Exchange
and
NASDAQNASDAQ. Manhattan's real estate market is among the most
expensive in the world. Manhattan\'s
ChinatownChinatownincorporates the
highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere,
with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city.
Providing continuous 24/7 service, the
New York City SubwayNew York City Subwayis one of
the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in
operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New
YorkYorkCity, including
Columbia UniversityColumbia University,
New York UniversityNew York University, and
Rockefeller UniversityRockefeller University, which have been ranked among the top 35 in
the world.

A Spanish expedition led by captain
Estêvão Gomes, a Portuguese
sailing for Emperor Charles V , arrived in
New York HarborNew York Harborin January
1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel _La Anunciada_ and charted the
mouth of the Hudson River, which he named _Río de San Antonio_ (Saint
Anthony's River). Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he
returned to
SpainSpainin August. The
Padrón Realof 1527, the first
scientific map to show North America's east coast continuously, was
informed by Gomes' expedition and labeled the
Northeastern U.S.Northeastern U.S.as
_Tierra de Esteban Gómez_ in his honor.

Following the purchase,
New AmsterdamNew Amsterdamgrew slowly. To attract
settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628, whereby
wealthy Dutchmen ("patroons", or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to
New NetherlandNew Netherlandwould be awarded swathes of land in New Netherland,
along with local political autonomy and rights to participate in the
lucrative fur trade. This program had little success.

Since 1621, the
Dutch West India CompanyDutch West India Companyhad operated as a monopoly
in New Netherland, on authority granted by the Dutch States General .
In 1639–1640, in an effort to bolster economy growth, the Dutch West
IndiaIndiaCompany relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade in New
Netherland, leading to growth in the production and trade of food,
timber, tobacco, and slaves (particularly with the Dutch West Indies
).

In 1647,
Peter StuyvesantPeter Stuyvesantbegan his tenure as the last
Director-General of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population
of
New AmsterdamNew Amsterdamgrew from 2,000 to 8,000. Stuyvesant has been
credited with improving law and order in the colony; however, he also
earned a reputation as a despotic leader. He instituted regulations on
liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the Dutch Reformed
Church , and blocked other religious groups (including
QuakersQuakers, Jews
, and Lutherans ) from establishing houses of worship. The Dutch West
IndiaIndiaCompany would eventually attempt to ease tensions between
Stuyvesant and residents of New Amsterdam.

ENGLISH RULE

In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant
surrendered
New AmsterdamNew Amsterdamto English troops led by Colonel Richard
Nicolls without bloodshed. The terms of the surrender permitted
Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious
freedom. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city "New York"
after the Duke of
YorkYork(the future King James II of England). The
transfer was confirmed in 1667 by the Treaty of Breda , which
concluded the
Second Anglo-Dutch War.

Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some
epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable
population losses for the
LenapeLenapebetween the years 1660 and 1670. By
1700, the
LenapeLenapepopulation had diminished to 200. New York
experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing
ten percent of its population to the disease in 1702 alone.

New
YorkYorkgrew in importance as a trading port while under British
rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery , with 42%
of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other
than
Charleston, South CarolinaCharleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or
several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor.
SlaverySlaverybecame integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor
of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the
American South . Discovery of the
African Burying Groundin the 1990s,
during construction of a new federal courthouse near
Foley Square,
revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the
area in the colonial years.

The
Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congressmet in New
YorkYorkin October 1765 as the Sons of
Liberty organized in the city, skirmishing over the next ten years
with British troops stationed there. The Battle of
Long IslandLong Island, the
largest battle of the
American Revolutionary WarAmerican Revolutionary War, was fought in
August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After
the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the
city their military and political base of operations in North America.
The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who
joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for
all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city
during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at
the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for
resettlement in
Nova ScotiaNova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England
and the
CaribbeanCaribbean.

Under New
YorkYorkState's gradual abolition act of 1799, children of
slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in
indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with
slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped
slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in
Manhattan. Under such influential
United StatesUnited Statesfounders as Alexander
Hamilton and
John JayJohn Jay, the New
YorkYorkManumission Society worked for
abolition and established the
African Free Schoolto educate black
children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished
in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination.
New
YorkYorkinterracial abolitionist activism continued; among its
leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black
population reached more than 16,000 in 1840.

In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development relating
to its status as a trading center, as well as by European immigration
. The city adopted the Commissioners\' Plan of 1811 , which expanded
the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1825
completion of the
Erie CanalErie Canalthrough central New
YorkYorkconnected the
Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North
American interior via the
Hudson RiverHudson Riverand the
Great LakesGreat Lakes. Local
politics became dominated by
Tammany HallTammany Hall, a political machine
supported by Irish and German immigrants.

The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants .
Over 200,000 were living in New
YorkYorkby 1860, upwards of a quarter of
the city's population. There was also extensive immigration from the
German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and
Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.

Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local
office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant
party. In 1861, Mayor
Fernando WoodFernando Woodcalled upon the aldermen to
declare independence from Albany and the
United StatesUnited Statesafter the South
seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military
conscription laws during the
American Civil WarAmerican Civil War(1861–1865), which
spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300 (equivalent to
$5,835 in 2016) commutation fee to hire a substitute, led to the
Draft Riots of 1863 , whose most visible participants were ethnic
Irish working class. The situation deteriorated into attacks on New
York's elite, followed by attacks on black New Yorkers and their
property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish
immigrants and black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored
Orphan Asylum to the ground, with more than 200 children escaping harm
due to efforts of the New
YorkYorkCity Police Department , which was
mainly made up of Irish immigrants. According to historian James M.
McPherson (2001), at least 120 people were killed. In all, eleven
black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds
of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg , Brooklyn, and New
Jersey; the black population in
ManhattanManhattanfell below 10,000 by 1865,
which it had last been in 1820. The white working class had
established dominance. Violence by longshoremen against black men
was especially fierce in the docks area. It was one of the worst
incidents of civil unrest in American history.

In 1898, the modern City of New
YorkYorkwas formed with the
consolidation of
BrooklynBrooklyn(until then a separate city), the County of
New
YorkYork(which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of
Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The
opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private
systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half
of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry,
commerce, and communication.

In 1904, the steamship _General Slocum _ caught fire in the East
River , killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory fire , the city's worst industrial disaster, took
the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the
International Ladies\' Garment Workers\' Union and major improvements
in factory safety standards.
UN Secretary GeneralUN Secretary GeneralDag
Hammarskjöld in front of the
United Nations HeadquartersUnited Nations Headquartersbuilding,
completed in 1952

New York's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890. New
YorkYorkCity
was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African
Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by
1916, New
YorkYorkCity was home to the largest urban African diaspora in
North America. The
Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissanceof literary and cultural life
flourished during the era of Prohibition . The larger economic boom
generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating
an identifiable skyline .

New
YorkYorkbecame the most populous urbanized area in the world in the
early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10
million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human
history. The difficult years of the
Great DepressionGreat Depressionsaw the election
of reformer
Fiorello La GuardiaFiorello La Guardiaas mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall
after eighty years of political dominance.

In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New
YorkYorkCity to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.
While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the
city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued
to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.
By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to
revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities,
gentrification , and new residents, both American transplants and new
immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as
Silicon AlleySilicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population
reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010
Census.
United Airlines Flight 175United Airlines Flight 175hits the South Tower of the
original World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.

The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic
damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the
September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated
with
Al-QaedaAl-Qaedapiloted
American Airlines Flight 11American Airlines Flight 11into the North Tower
of the World Trade Center and
United Airlines Flight 175United Airlines Flight 175into the
South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them ,
killing 2,192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement
officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area. The North
Tower was subsequently the tallest building ever to be destroyed and
still is. The rebuilding of the area , has created a new One World
Trade Center , and a 9/11 memorial and museum along with other new
buildings and infrastructure. The World Trade Center PATH station ,
which opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also
destroyed in the attack. A temporary station was built and opened on
November 23, 2003. An 800,000-square-foot (74,000 m2) permanent
station designed by
Santiago CalatravaSantiago Calatrava, the World Trade Center
Transportation Hub , the city's third-largest hub, was completed in
2016. The new
One World Trade CenterOne World Trade Centeris the tallest skyscraper in the
Western Hemisphere and the fourth-tallest building in the world by
pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3
m) in reference to the year of American independence .

The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention,
with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch
colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in
Lower ManhattanLower Manhattan,
with developments such as
Battery Park CityBattery Park Cityin the 1970s and 1980s.
Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out,
especially in Manhattan.

The city's total area is 468.484 square miles (1,213.37 km2),
including 302.643 sq mi (783.84 km2) of land and 165.841 sq mi (429.53
km2) of this is water. The highest point in the city is
Todt Hillon
Staten Island, which, at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level , is the
highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of
MaineMaine. The summit of
the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island
Greenbelt . ‹ The template below (_Geographic location _) is being
considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a
consensus. ›

Further information: Architecture of New
YorkYorkCity and List of
tallest buildings in New
YorkYorkCity Modernist architecture
juxtaposed with classical architecture is seen often in New
YorkYorkCity.
The
Chrysler BuildingChrysler Building, above, built in 1930, is an example
of the
Art DecoArt Decostyle, with ornamental hub caps and a spire . The
Empire State BuildingEmpire State Buildingis a solitary icon of New York. It was the
world\'s tallest building 1931–70 and is defined by its setbacks ,
Art DecoArt Decodetails and the spire. Landmark 19th-century
rowhouses , including brownstones , on tree-lined Kent Street in the
Greenpoint Historic District , Brooklyn.

Manhattan's skyline , with its many skyscrapers, is universally
recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest
buildings in the world . As of 2011 , New
YorkYorkCity had 5,937
high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least
330 feet (100 m) high, both second in the world after
Hong KongHong Kong,
with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet (200 m) .
These include the
Woolworth BuildingWoolworth Building, an early example of Gothic
Revival architecture in skyscraper design, built with massively scaled
Gothic detailing; completed in 1913, for 17 years it was the world's
tallest building.

The
1916 Zoning Resolution1916 Zoning Resolutionrequired setbacks in new buildings and
restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size , to allow sunlight
to reach the streets below. The
Art DecoArt Decostyle of the Chrysler
Building (1930) and
Empire State BuildingEmpire State Building(1931), with their tapered
tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements. The
buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the
corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered
some of the finest examples of the
Art DecoArt Decostyle. A highly
influential example of the international style in the
United StatesUnited Statesis
the
Seagram BuildingSeagram Building(1957), distinctive for its façade using visible
bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Condé
Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in
American skyscrapers and has received an award from the American
Institute of Architects and AIA New
YorkYorkState for its design.

The character of New York's large residential districts is often
defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby
tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870
to 1930. In contrast, New
YorkYorkCity also has neighborhoods that are
less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In
neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in
Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are
common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and
Victorian .

Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after
the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of
the Great Fire of 1835 . A distinctive feature of many of the city's
buildings is the wooden roof-mounted water towers . In the 1800s, the
city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories
to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower
elevations, which could break municipal water pipes. Garden
apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, such as
Jackson Heights .

According to the
United StatesUnited StatesGeological Survey , an updated
analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a "slightly lower
hazard for tall buildings" in New
YorkYorkCity than previously assessed.
Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood
than previously thought of slow shaking near the city, which would be
more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in
the vicinity of the city.

New
YorkYorkCity is often referred to collectively as _THE FIVE
BOROUGHS_, and in turn, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods
throughout the boroughs, many with a definable history and character
to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four
of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be
among the ten most populous cities in the
United StatesUnited States(Staten island
would be ranked 37th) ; these same boroughs are coterminous with the
four most densely populated counties in the
United StatesUnited States(New
YorkYork,
Kings , Bronx, and Queens).

Under the
Köppen climate classificationKöppen climate classification, using the 0 °C (32 °F)
isotherm, New
YorkYorkCity features a humid subtropical climate (_Cfa_),
and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American
continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate
north and west lie in the transitional zone between humid subtropical
and humid continental climates (_Dfa_). The city averages 234 days
with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible
sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum.
The city lies in the
USDAUSDA7b plant hardiness zone .

Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow
offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the
Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians
keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities
at similar or lesser latitudes such as
PittsburghPittsburgh,
CincinnatiCincinnati, and
IndianapolisIndianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's
coldest month, is 32.6 °F (0.3 °C); temperatures usually drop to 10
°F (−12 °C) several times per winter, and reach 60 °F (16 °C)
several days in the coldest winter month. Spring and autumn are
unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are
usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically warm to hot and
humid, with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 °F (24.7 °C) in July.
Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island
phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on
average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °F (38
°C). Extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °F (−26 °C),
recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 °F (41 °C) on July 9, 1936.
The average water temperature of the nearby
Atlantic OceanAtlantic Oceanranges from
39.7 °F (4.3 °C) in February to 74.1 °F (23.4 °C) in August.

The city receives 49.9 inches (1,270 mm) of precipitation annually,
which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. Average winter
snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches (66 cm); this
varies considerably from year to year. Hurricanes and tropical storms
are rare in the New
YorkYorkarea, but they are not unheard of and always
have the potential to strike the area.
Hurricane SandyHurricane Sandybrought a
destructive storm surge to New
YorkYorkCity on the evening of October 29,
2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower
ManhattanManhattanand other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in
many parts of the city and its suburbs. The storm and its profound
impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and
other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the
metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences
from another such event in the future.

In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, the
Trust for Public Landreported
that the park system in New
YorkYorkCity was the second best park system
among the 50 most populous US cities, behind the park system of
MinneapolisMinneapolis. ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that
analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the
percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of
park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000
residents.

New
YorkYorkCity has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of municipal parkland
and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches. The largest municipal park in
the city is
Pelham Bay ParkPelham Bay Parkin the Bronx, with 2,765 acres (1,119 ha).

New
YorkYorkCity is home to
Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military\'s only
active duty installation within the city. Established in 1825 in
BrooklynBrooklynon the site of a small battery utilized during the American
Revolution , it is one of America's longest serving military forts.
Today
Fort Hamiltonserves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic
Division of the
United StatesUnited StatesArmy Corps of Engineers and for the New
YorkYorkCity Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th
Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a
military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military
reservations still utilized for National Guard and military training
or reserve operations in the city include
Fort WadsworthFort Wadsworthin Staten
Island and Fort Totten in Queens.

DEMOGRAPHICS

Main articles: Demographics of New
YorkYorkCity , New
YorkYorkCity ethnic
enclaves , and Demographic profile of New
YorkYorkCity

CITY COMPARED TO STATE "> New
YorkYorkCity had an estimated
population density of 28,201 people per square mile (10,890/km²) in
2016, with
ManhattanManhattanalone at 71,999/sq mi (27,799/km²).

HISTORICAL POPULATION

YEAR
POP.
±%

1698
4,937
—

1712
5,840
+18.3%

1723
7,248
+24.1%

1737
10,664
+47.1%

1746
11,717
+9.9%

1756
13,046
+11.3%

1771
21,863
+67.6%

1790
49,401
+126.0%

1800
79,216
+60.4%

1810
119,734
+51.1%

1820
152,056
+27.0%

1830
242,278
+59.3%

1840
391,114
+61.4%

1850
696,115
+78.0%

1860
1,174,779
+68.8%

1870
1,478,103
+25.8%

1880
1,911,698
+29.3%

1890
2,507,414
+31.2%

1900
3,437,202
+37.1%

1910
4,766,883
+38.7%

1920
5,620,048
+17.9%

1930
6,930,446
+23.3%

1940
7,454,995
+7.6%

1950
7,891,957
+5.9%

1960
7,781,984
−1.4%

1970
7,894,862
+1.5%

1980
7,071,639
−10.4%

1990
7,322,564
+3.5%

2000
8,008,278
+9.4%

2010
8,175,133
+2.1%

2016
8,537,673
+4.4%

Note: Census figures (1790–2010) cover the present area of all five
boroughs, before and after the 1898 consolidation. For New
YorkYorkCity
itself before annexing part of the Bronx in 1874, see
Manhattan#Demographics. SOURCES: 1698–1771, 1790–1890,
1900–1990, 2000 and 2010, 2016 Census estimate.
Source: U.S. Decennial Census

New
YorkYorkCity is the most populous city in the United States, with
an estimated record high of 8,537,673 residents as of 2016 ,
incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since
the 2010
United StatesUnited StatesCensus . More than twice as many people live
in New
YorkYorkCity as in the second-most populous U.S. city (Los Angeles
), and within a smaller area. New
YorkYorkCity gained more residents
between April 2010 and July 2014 (316,000) than any other U.S. city.
New
YorkYorkCity's population is about 43% of New
YorkYorkState's population
and about 36% of the population of the
New York metropolitan areaNew York metropolitan area.

POPULATION DENSITY

In 2015, the city had an estimated population density of 28,053
people per square mile (10,756/km²), rendering it the most densely
populated of all municipalities housing over 100,000 residents in the
United States, with several small cities (of fewer than 100,000) in
adjacent Hudson County,
New JerseyNew Jerseyhaving greater density , as per the
2010 Census. Geographically co-extensive with New
YorkYorkCounty, the
borough of Manhattan's 2015 population density of 69,468 inhabitants
per square mile (26,822/km2) makes it the highest of any county in
the
United StatesUnited States and higher than the density of any individual
American city .

The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic
white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American ,
and 12.7% Asian . Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the
population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of
the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white
population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in
decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of
blacks declined over a decade. Clockwise, from
upper left: the
ManhattanManhattanChinatownChinatown; Manhattan's Little
ItalyItaly;
Spanish
HarlemHarlem; and Manhattan\'s Koreatown

Throughout its history, the city has been a major port of entry for
immigrants into the United States; more than 12 million European
immigrants were received at
Ellis IslandEllis Islandbetween 1892 and 1924. The
term "melting pot " was first coined to describe densely populated
immigrant neighborhoods on the
Lower East SideLower East Side. By 1900, Germans
constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish , Jews
, and Italians . In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's
population.

Asian Americans in New
YorkYorkCity , according to the 2010 Census,
number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San
Francisco and Los Angeles. New
YorkYorkcontains the highest total Asian
population of any U.S. city proper. The New
YorkYorkCity borough of
QueensQueensis home to the state's largest
Asian AmericanAsian Americanpopulation and
the largest Andean (Colombian , Ecuadorian , Peruvian , and Bolivian )
populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically
diverse urban area in the world. The Chinese population constitutes
the fastest-growing nationality in New
YorkYorkState; multiple satellites
of the original
ManhattanManhattanChinatownChinatown, in
BrooklynBrooklyn, and around
Flushing,
QueensQueens, are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves -
while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County on
Long IslandLong Island, as the New
YorkYorkmetropolitan region and New
YorkYorkState
have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants,
respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New
YorkYorkCity and surrounding areas, with the largest metropolitan
Chinese diaspora outside Asia, including an estimated 812,410
individuals in 2015. In 2012, 6.3% of New
YorkYorkCity was of Chinese
ethnicity , with nearly three-fourths living in either
QueensQueensor
Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island. A community numbering 20,000
Korean-Chinese (_Chaoxianzu_ or _Joseonjok_) is centered in Flushing,
QueensQueens, while New
YorkYorkCity is also home to the largest Tibetan
population outside China, India, and
NepalNepal, also centered in Queens.
Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%.
Filipinos were the largest
Southeast AsianSoutheast Asianethnic group at 0.8%,
followed by Vietnamese , who made up 0.2% of New
YorkYorkCity's
population in 2010. Indians are the largest
South AsianSouth Asiangroup,
comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and
Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively.
QueensQueensis the preferred
borough of settlement for Asian Indians, Koreans, Filipinos, and
Malaysians and other Southeast Asians; while
BrooklynBrooklynis receiving
large numbers of both West Indian and
Asian IndianAsian Indianimmigrants.
Map of racial distribution in New York, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is
25 people: WHITE, BLACK, ASIAN, HISPANIC or OTHER (yellow)

New
YorkYorkCity has the largest European and non-Hispanic white
population of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's
non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white
populations of
Los AngelesLos Angeles(1.1 million),
ChicagoChicago(865,000), and
Houston (550,000) combined. The non-Hispanic white population was 6.6
million in 1940. The non-Hispanic white population has begun to
increase since 2010. The
European diasporaEuropean diasporaresiding in the city is
very diverse. According to 2012 Census estimates, there were roughly
560,000 Italian Americans , 385,000 Irish Americans , 253,000 German
Americans , 223,000 Russian Americans , 201,000 Polish Americans , and
137,000 English Americans . Additionally, Greek and French Americans
numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at
60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and
35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from
SpainSpainnumbered
30,838 total in 2010. People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both
stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech , Lithuanian ,
Portuguese , Scotch-Irish , and Welsh descent all numbered between
12,000–14,000 people. Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New
YorkYorkCity, with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. Central Asians
, primarily Uzbek Americans , are a rapidly growing segment of the
city's non-Hispanic white population, enumerating over 30,000, and
including over half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United
States, most settling in
QueensQueensor Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are
most highly concentrated in the Bronx.

The wider New
YorkYorkCity metropolitan statistical area, with over 20
million people, about 50% greater than the second-place Los Angeles
metropolitan area in the United States, is also ethnically diverse ,
with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in
the world. The New
YorkYorkregion continues to be by far the leading
metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United
States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of
Los AngelesLos Angelesand
Miami . It is home to the largest Jewish and Israeli communities
outside
IsraelIsrael, with the Jewish population in the region numbering
over 1.5 million in 2012 and including many diverse Jewish sects from
around the
Middle EastMiddle Eastand
Eastern EuropeEastern Europe. The metropolitan area is
also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20
Little
IndiaIndiaenclaves, and 15% of all Korean Americans and four
Koreatowns ; the largest
Asian IndianAsian Indianpopulation in the Western
Hemisphere; the largest Russian American,
Italian AmericanItalian American, and
African AmericanAfrican Americanpopulations; the largest
Dominican AmericanDominican American, Puerto
Rican American , and South American and second-largest overall
Hispanic population in the United States, numbering 4.8 million; and
includes multiple established Chinatowns within New
YorkYorkCity alone.

The
New York metropolitan areaNew York metropolitan areais home to a self-identifying gay and
bisexual community estimated at nearly 570,000 individuals, the
largest in the
United StatesUnited Statesand one of the world's largest.
Same-sex marriages in New
YorkYorkwere legalized on June 24, 2011 and
were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter. Charles
Kaiser, author of _The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay
Life in America_, wrote that in the era after
World War IIWorld War II, "New York
City became the literal gay metropolis for hundreds of thousands of
immigrants from within and without the United States: the place they
chose to learn how to live openly, honestly and without shame." The
annual New
YorkYorkCity Pride March (or gay pride parade ) traverses
southward down
Fifth AvenueFifth Avenueand ends at
Greenwich VillageGreenwich Villagein Lower
Manhattan; the parade rivals the
Sao Paulo Gay Pride Paradeas the
largest pride parade in the world, attracting tens of thousands of
particpants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June.

Wayne R. Dynes, author of the
Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, wrote
that drag queens were the only "transgender folks around" during the
June 1969
Stonewall riotsStonewall riots. "None of them in fact made a major
contribution to the movement." Others say the transgender community
in New
YorkYorkCity played a significant role in fighting for LGBT
equality during the period of the
Stonewall riotsStonewall riotsand thereafter. New
YorkYorkCity is home to the largest transgender population in the United
States, estimated at 25,000 in 2016. However, until the Stonewall
riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay
community.

RELIGION

Christianity (59%), made up of Roman Catholicism (33%), Protestantism
(23%), and other Christians (3%), was the most prevalently practiced
religion in New
YorkYorkas of 2014 , followed by
JudaismJudaism, with
approximately 1.1 million Jews in New
YorkYorkCity . over half living
in Brooklyn; The Jewish population makes up 18.4% of the city. Islam
ranks third in New
YorkYorkCity, with official estimates ranging between
600,000 and 1,000,000 observers and including 10% of the city's public
schoolchildren, followed by
HinduismHinduism,
BuddhismBuddhism, and a variety of
other religions, as well as atheism . In 2014, 24% self-identified
with no organized religious affiliation. The landmark Neo-Gothic
Roman Catholic St. Patrick\'s Cathedral ,
Midtown ManhattanMidtown Manhattan
Ultra-Orthodox Jewish residents in Brooklyn.
BrooklynBrooklynhas the largest
Jewish community in the United States, with approximately 600,000
individuals. The Islamic Cultural Center of New
YorkYorkin Upper
ManhattanManhattan, the first mosque built in New
YorkYorkCity. Ganesh Temple
in Flushing,
QueensQueens, the oldest
Hindu templeHindu templein the U.S. Mahayana
Buddhist Temple in Chinatown,
ManhattanManhattanAtheismAtheism, promoted on an
electronic billboard in
Times SquareTimes Square, is observed by a significant
proportion of New Yorkers.

INCOME

New
YorkYorkCity has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by
its
Gini CoefficientGini Coefficientof 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for
Manhattan. In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in
New
YorkYorkCounty (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total
among large counties in the United States. As of 2016, New
YorkYorkCity
had the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world
with 95, after
BeijingBeijing, including former Mayor
Michael BloombergMichael Bloomberg.
New
YorkYorkalso had the highest density of millionaires per capita among
major U.S. cities in 2014, at 4.6% of residents.
Lower ManhattanLower Manhattanhas
been experiencing a baby boom , with the area south of Canal Street
witnessing 1,086 births in 2010, 12% greater than 2009 and over twice
the number born in 2001.

TIAA (Teachers Ins. while
Silicon AlleySilicon Alley, metonymous for New York's
broad-spectrum high technology sphere, continues to expand. The Port
of New
YorkYorkand
New JerseyNew Jerseyis also a major economic engine, handling
record cargo volume in the first half of 2014. In February 2017, New
YorkYorkCity's unemployment rate fell to 4.3%, the lowest in the city's
recorded history, with the city achieving the status of what many
economists refer to as _full employment_.

Many
Fortune 500Fortune 500corporations are headquartered in New
YorkYorkCity, as
are a large number of multinational corporations . One out of ten
private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. New York
City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting
capital , business, and tourists. This ability to attract foreign
investment helped New
YorkYorkCity top the
FDi MagazineAmerican Cities
of the Future ranking for 2013.

Real estateReal estateis a major force in the city's economy, as the total
value of all New
YorkYorkCity property was assessed at US$1.072 trillion
for the 2017 fiscal year , an increase of 10.6% from the previous year
with 89% of the increase coming from market effects. The Time Warner
Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the
city, at US$1.1 billion in 2006. New
YorkYorkCity is home to some of the
nation's—and the world's—most valuable real estate. 450 Park
Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for US$510 million, about $1,589 per
square foot ($17,104/m²), breaking the barely month-old record for an
American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m²) set
in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue. According to _
ForbesForbes_,
in 2014,
ManhattanManhattanwas home to six of the top ten zip codes in the
United StatesUnited Statesby median housing price.
Fifth AvenueFifth Avenuein Midtown
ManhattanManhattancommands the highest retail rents in the world, at US$3,000
per square foot ($32,000/m2) in 2017.

As of 2013 , the global advertising agencies of
Omnicom Groupand
Interpublic Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual
revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New
YorkYorkCity's
role as the top global center for the advertising industry , which is
metonymously referred to as "Madison Avenue" . The city's fashion
industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in
annual wages.

Other important sectors include medical research and technology,
non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for
a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's
garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing
is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents.

ChocolateChocolateis New
YorkYorkCity's leading specialty-food export, with up
to US$234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were
forming a "
ChocolateChocolateDistrict" in
BrooklynBrooklynas of 2014 , while Godiva
, one of the world's largest chocolatiers , continues to be
headquartered in Manhattan.

New
YorkYorkCity's most important economic sector lies in its role as
the headquarters for the U.S.financial industry , metonymously known
as _Wall Street_. The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400
jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the
city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting
in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent
(US$3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's
total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700. Many large
financial companies are headquartered in New
YorkYorkCity, and the city
is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies .

Lower ManhattanLower Manhattanis the third-largest central business district in the
United StatesUnited Statesand is home to the
New York Stock ExchangeNew York Stock Exchange, on Wall
Street, and the
NASDAQNASDAQ, at 165 Broadway , representing the world's
largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively, when
measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total
market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013. Investment
banking fees on
Wall StreetWall Streettotaled approximately $40 billion in 2012,
while in 2013, senior New
YorkYorkCity bank officers who manage risk and
compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually. In fiscal
year 2013–14, Wall Street's securities industry generated 19% of New
YorkYorkState's tax revenue. New
YorkYorkCity remains the largest global
center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets , driven
in part by the size and financial development of the
U.S. economy.
:31–32 In July 2013,
NYSE Euronext, the operator of the New York
Stock Exchange, took over the administration of the
LondonLondoninterbank
offered rate from the
British Bankers AssociationBritish Bankers Association. New
YorkYorkalso
leads in hedge fund management; private equity ; and the monetary
volume of mergers and acquisitions . Several investment banks and
investment mangers headquartered in
ManhattanManhattanare important
participants in other global financial centers. :34–35 New
YorkYorkis
also the principal commercial banking center of the United States.

Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the
city.
ManhattanManhattancontained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million
m2) of office space in 2015, making it the largest office market in
the United States, while
Midtown ManhattanMidtown Manhattan, with nearly 400 million
square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2015, is the largest central
business district in the world.

Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for
the sphere encompassing the New
YorkYorkCity metropolitan region's high
technology industries involving the
InternetInternet, new media ,
telecommunications , digital media , software development ,
biotechnology , game design , financial technology ("_FinTech_"), and
other fields within information technology that are supported by its
entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. In 2015,
Silicon AlleySilicon Alleygenerated over US$7.3 billion in venture capital
investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises,
most based in Manhattan, with others in Brooklyn, Queens, and
elsewhere in the region. High technology startup companies and
employment are growing in New
YorkYorkCity and the region, bolstered by
the city's position in North America as the leading
InternetInternethub and
telecommunications center, including its vicinity to several
transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines , New York's intellectual
capital , and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity . Verizon
Communications , headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan,
was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion
fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New
YorkYorkCity. As of
2014 , New
YorkYorkCity hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector.

The biotechnology sector is also growing in New
YorkYorkCity, based upon
the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and
commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, then Mayor Michael
R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell
UniversityUniversityand
Technion-
IsraelIsraelInstitute of Technology to build a US$2 billion
graduate school of applied sciences called
Cornell TechCornell Techon Roosevelt
Island with the goal of transforming New
YorkYorkCity into the world's
premier technology capital. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech
investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors ,
including
Eli Lilly and CompanyEli Lilly and Company,
Pfizer, and Johnson ">_ Times
Square is the hub of the
Broadway theaterBroadway theaterdistrict and a media center.
It also has one of the highest annual attendance rates of any tourist
attraction in the world, estimated at 50 million. The I Love
New
YorkYork_ logo, designed by
Milton GlaserMilton Glaserin 1977

Tourism is a vital industry for New
YorkYorkCity, which has witnessed a
growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists,
receiving a seventh consecutive annual record of approximately 61
million visitors in 2016. Tourism had generated an all-time high
US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New
YorkYorkCity in 2014,
pending 2015 statistics. Approximately 12 million visitors to New York
City were from outside the United States, with the highest numbers
from the
United KingdomUnited Kingdom,
CanadaCanada,
BrazilBrazil, and
ChinaChina. According to
the website reuters.com, "New
YorkYorkCity tourism climb record high in
2015 for sixth year.".

_I Love New
YorkYork_ (stylized I ❤ NY) is both a logo and a song that
are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977
to promote tourism in New
YorkYorkCity, and later to promote New York
State as well. The trademarked logo, owned by New
YorkYorkState Empire
State Development , appears in souvenir shops and brochures
throughout the city and state, some licensed, many not. The song is
the state song of New York.

ManhattanManhattanwas on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the
end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang
Insurance Group, based in
ChinaChina, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New
YorkYorkfor US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel
ever sold.

New
YorkYorkis a prominent location for the American entertainment
industry , with many films , television series, books, and other media
being set there. As of 2012 , New
YorkYorkCity was the second largest
center for filmmaking and television production in the United States,
producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000
individuals; the filmed entertainment industry has been growing in New
York, contributing nearly US$9 billion to the New
YorkYorkCity economy
alone as of 2015, and by volume, New
YorkYorkis the world leader in
independent film production – one-third of all American independent
films are produced in New
YorkYorkCity. The Association of Independent
Commercial Producers is also based in New York. In the first five
months of 2014 alone, location filming for television pilots in New
YorkYorkCity exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013, with
New
YorkYorksurpassing
Los AngelesLos Angelesas the top North American city for the
same distinction during the 2013/2014 cycle.

Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and
the life sciences . New
YorkYorkCity has the most post-graduate life
sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, with 127 Nobel
laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2005 ; while in
2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New
YorkYorkCity.
Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial
Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center ,
Rockefeller UniversityRockefeller University, SUNY
Downstate Medical Center , Albert Einstein College of
MedicineMedicine, Mount
Sinai School of
MedicineMedicine, and Weill Cornell Medical College , being
joined by the Cornell
UniversityUniversity/Technion-
IsraelIsraelInstitute of
Technology venture on
Roosevelt IslandRoosevelt Island. The graduates of SUNY
Maritime College in the Bronx earned the highest average annual salary
of any university graduates in the United States, US$144,000 as of
2017.

Public Library System

The Stephen A. Schwarzman
HeadquartersHeadquartersBuilding of the New York
Public Library , at 5th Avenue and 42nd Street .

The New
YorkYorkPublic Library , which has the largest collection of any
public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the
Bronx, and Staten Island.
QueensQueensis served by the
QueensQueensBorough
Public Library , the nation's second largest public library system,
while the
BrooklynBrooklynPublic Library serves Brooklyn.

The New
YorkYorkCity Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the
public hospitals and clinics in New
YorkYorkCity. A public benefit
corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues, HHC is the largest
municipal healthcare system in the
United StatesUnited Statesserving 1.4 million
patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents. HHC
was created in 1969 by the New
YorkYorkState Legislature as a public
benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969). HHC operates 11
acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment
centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving
primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is
one of the New
YorkYorkarea's largest providers of government-sponsored
health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New
Yorkers.

HHC's facilities annually provide millions of New Yorkers services
interpreted in more than 190 languages. The most well-known hospital
in the HHC system is
Bellevue HospitalBellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in
the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment
of the President of the
United StatesUnited Statesand other world leaders if they
become sick or injured while in New
YorkYorkCity. The president of HHC
is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County
health system in Illinois.

PUBLIC SAFETY

Police And Law Enforcement

Main articles: New
YorkYorkPolice Department and Law enforcement in New
YorkYorkCity Further information: Crime in New
YorkYorkCity The New
YorkYorkCity Police Department (NYPD) represents the largest police force
in the United States.

The New
YorkYorkCity Police Department (NYPD) has been the largest
police force in the
United StatesUnited Statesby a significant margin, with over
35,000 sworn officers. Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to
by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname,
_New York's Finest_.

Crime has continued an overall downward trend in New
YorkYorkCity since
the 1990s. In 2012, the NYPD came under scrutiny for its use of a
stop-and-frisk program, which has undergone several policy
revisions since then. In 2014, New
YorkYorkCity had the third lowest
murder rate among the largest U.S. cities, having become
significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s.
Violent crime in New
YorkYorkCity decreased more than 75% from 1993 to
2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a
whole saw increases. By 2002, New
YorkYorkCity's crime rate was similar
to that of
Provo, UtahProvo, Utah, and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216
U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. In 2005, the
homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966, and in 2007, the
city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since
crime statistics were first published in 1963. In 2015, 50.5% of New
YorkYorkCity misdemeanor assault suspects were black, 33.3% Hispanic,
11.1% white, 4.8% Asian/Pacific Islander and 0.3% Native American.
New
YorkYorkCity experienced 352 homicides in 2015, its second lowest
number on record.

Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the
explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some
attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD, including
its use of
CompStatand the broken windows theory . Others cite the
end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes, including from
immigration. Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead
pollution from automobile exhaust, which can lower intelligence and
increase aggression levels, incited the initial crime wave in the
mid-20th century, most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities
like New York. A strong correlation was found demonstrating that
violent crime rates in New
YorkYorkand other big cities began to fall
after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s. Another
theory cited to explain New
YorkYorkCity's falling homicide rate is the
inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly
wetter climate in the city.

Main article: New
YorkYorkCity Fire Department The New
YorkYorkCity
Fire Department (FDNY) is the largest municipal fire department in the
United States.

The New
YorkYorkCity Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection ,
technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and
radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five
boroughs of New
YorkYorkCity. The New
YorkYorkCity Fire Department is the
largest municipal fire department in the
United StatesUnited Statesand the second
largest in the world after the
Tokyo Fire DepartmentTokyo Fire Department. The FDNY
employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300
uniformed EMTs and paramedics . The FDNY's motto is _New York's
Bravest_.

The New
YorkYorkCity Fire Department faces highly multifaceted
firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition
to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single
family homes to high-rise structures , there are many secluded bridges
and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give
rise to brush fires. New
YorkYorkis also home to one of the largest
subway systems in the world, consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel
with electrified track.

Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as
the
Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance, which established the African-American
literary canon in the United States. The city was a center of jazz
in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace
of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were
influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New
YorkYorkhas long had a
flourishing scene for
Jewish American literature.

The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the
Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissancein literature and visual art; abstract
expressionism (also known as the New
YorkYorkSchool ) in painting; and
hip hop , punk , salsa , disco , freestyle ,
Tin Pan AlleyTin Pan Alley, and jazz
in music. New
YorkYorkCity has been considered the dance capital of the
world. The city is also frequently the setting for novels , movies
(see List of films set in New
YorkYorkCity ), and television programs.
New
YorkYorkFashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion events
and is afforded extensive coverage by the media. New
YorkYorkhas also
frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the
annual list compiled by the
Global Language Monitor.

ARTS

New
YorkYorkCity has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and
more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. The city government funds
the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for
the Arts . Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a
network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie
Hall and the
Metropolitan Museum of ArtMetropolitan Museum of Art, that would become
internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to
elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New
YorkYorkCity
theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage
form that became known as the Broadway musical . Strongly influenced
by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and
Hart ,
George M. CohanGeorge M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often
reflected themes of hope and ambition.

Broadway theatreBroadway theatreis one of the premier forms of English-language
theatre in the world, named after Broadway , the major thoroughfare
that crosses
Times SquareTimes Square, also sometimes referred to as "The Great
White Way ". Forty-one venues in Midtown Manhattan's Theatre
District , each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway
theatres. According to
The Broadway LeagueThe Broadway League, Broadway shows sold
approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013–2014
season, an 11.4% increase from US$1.139 billion in the 2012–2013
season. Attendance in 2013–2014 stood at 12.21 million, representing
a 5.5% increase from the 2012–2013 season's 11.57 million.

In April 2015, New
YorkYorkhosted the annual
Cardistry-Con, a three-day
cardistry convention and interactive conference for cardists all over
the world.

Visual Arts

Main article: List of museums and cultural institutions in New York
City

New
YorkYorkCity is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and
historic sites, many of which are internationally known. Museum Mile
is the name for a section of
Fifth AvenueFifth Avenuerunning from 82nd to 105th
streets on the
Upper East SideUpper East Sideof Manhattan, in an area sometimes
called Upper
Carnegie HillCarnegie Hill. The Mile, which contains one of the
densest displays of culture in the world, is actually three blocks
longer than one mile (1.6 km). Ten museums occupy the length of this
section of Fifth Avenue. The tenth museum, the Museum for African Art
, joined the ensemble in 2009, although its museum at 110th Street ,
the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in
1959, opened in late 2012. In addition to other programming, the
museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each
year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation. Many of
the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New
YorkYorkCity.

CUISINE

Main article: Cuisine of New
YorkYorkCity Smorgasburg opened in
2011 as an open-air food market and is part of the
BrooklynBrooklynFlea .

New
YorkYorkCity's food culture includes a variety of international
cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Central European
and Italian immigrants brought bagels , cheesecake , and New
York-style pizza into the city, while Chinese and other Asian
restaurants, sandwich joints, trattorias , diners , and coffeehouses
have become ubiquitous. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the
city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as
falafel and kebabs examples of modern New
YorkYorkstreet food . The
city is home to "nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse
haute cuisine restaurants in the world", according to
MichelinMichelin. The
New
YorkYorkCity Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter
grades to the city's 24,000 restaurants based upon their inspection
results. Clockwise, from upper left: the annual
Macy\'s Thanksgiving Day
ParadeParade, the world's largest parade; the
annual Halloween
ParadeParadein
Greenwich VillageGreenwich Village; the annual Philippine
Independence Day
ParadeParade; and the ticker-tape parade for the Apollo 11
astronauts

PARADES

New
YorkYorkCity is well known for its street parades , which celebrate
a broad array of themes, including holidays, nationalities, human
rights, and major league sports team championship victories. The
majority of parades are held in Manhattan. The primary orientation of
the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching
along major avenues. The annual Macy\'s Thanksgiving Day
ParadeParadeis the
world's largest parade, beginning alongside
Central ParkCentral Parkand
processing southward to the flagship Macy\'s Herald Square store; the
parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of
spectators in person. Other notable parades including the annual St.
Patrick\'s Day
ParadeParadein March, the LGBT Pride March in June, the
Greenwich VillageGreenwich VillageHalloween
ParadeParadein October, and numerous parades
commemorating the independence days of many nations. Ticker-tape
parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other
heroic accomplishments march northward along the Canyon of Heroes on
Broadway from Bowling Green to
City Hall ParkCity Hall Parkin Lower Manhattan.

The New
YorkYorkarea is home to a distinctive regional speech pattern
called the New
YorkYorkdialect , alternatively known as _Brooklynese_ or
_New Yorkese_. It has generally been considered one of the most
recognizable accents within
American EnglishAmerican English. The classic version of
this dialect is centered on middle and working-class people of
European descent. The influx of non-European immigrants in recent
decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect, and the
traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent
among general New Yorkers as in the past.

The traditional New
YorkYorkarea accent is characterized as non-rhotic ,
so that the sound does not appear at the end of a syllable or
immediately before a consonant ; hence the pronunciation of the city
name as "New Yawk." There is no in words like _park_ or (with
vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low-back chain shift),
_butter_ , or _here_ . In another feature called the low back chain
shift, the vowel sound of words like _talk_, _law_, _cross_,
_chocolate_, and _coffee_ and the often homophonous in _core_ and
_more_ are tensed and usually raised more than in
General AmericanGeneral American.
In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York
dialect, the vowel sounds of words like "girl" and of words like "oil"
became a diphthong . This would often be misperceived by speakers of
other accents as a reversal of the _er_ and _oy_ sounds, so that
_girl_ is pronounced "goil" and _oil_ is pronounced "erl"; this leads
to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like "Joizey" (Jersey),
"Toidy-Toid Street" (33rd St.) and "terlet" (toilet). The character
Archie BunkerArchie Bunkerfrom the 1970s sitcom _
All in the FamilyAll in the Family_ (played by
Carroll O\'Connor ) was an example of having used this pattern of
speech, which continues to fade in its overall presence.

In soccer, New
YorkYorkCity is represented by New
YorkYorkCity FC of Major
League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium. The New
YorkYorkRed Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby
Harrison,
New JerseyNew Jersey. Historically, the city is known for the New
YorkYorkCosmos , the highly successful former professional soccer team
which was the American home of
PeléPelé. A new version of the New York
Cosmos was formed in 2010, and began play in the second division North
American Soccer League in 2013. The Cosmos play their home games at
James M. Shuart
StadiumStadiumon the campus of Hofstra
UniversityUniversity, just
outside the New
YorkYorkCity limits in Hempstead, New
YorkYork.

The annual
United StatesUnited StatesOpen Tennis Championships is one of the
world's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National
Tennis Center in
Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. The New York
City Marathon , which courses through all five boroughs, is the
world's largest running marathon, with 51,394 finishers in 2016 and
98,247 applicants for the 2017 race. The
Millrose GamesMillrose Gamesis an annual
track and field meet whose featured event is the
Wanamaker Mile.
Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with
events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison
Square Garden each year. The city is also considered the host of the
Belmont StakesBelmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple
Crown races , held just over the city's border at
Belmont ParkBelmont Parkon the
first or second Sunday of June. The city also hosted the 1932 U.S.
Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 PGA Championships, and has
been host city for both events several times, most notably for nearby
Winged Foot Golf Club. The Gaelic games are played in Riverdale,
Bronx at
Gaelic Park, home to the New
YorkYorkGAA , the only North
American team to compete at the senior inter-county level.

Mass transit in New
YorkYorkCity, most of which runs 24 hours a day,
accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United
States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New
YorkYorkCity Metropolitan Area.

Public transportPublic transportis essential in New
YorkYorkCity. 54.6% of New Yorkers
commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit. This is in contrast to
the rest of the United States, where about 90% of commuters drive
automobiles to their workplace. According to the New
YorkYorkCity
Comptroller , workers in the New
YorkYorkCity area spend an average of 6
hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute
time in the nation among large cities. New
YorkYorkis the only US city
in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of
Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit ,
New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation
than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on
transportation compared to other urban Americans.

New
YorkYorkCity's public bus fleet is the largest in North America,
and the
PortPortAuthority Bus Terminal , the main intercity bus terminal
of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it
the busiest bus station in the world.

AIR

John F. Kennedy Airport in Queens, the busiest international air
passenger gateway to the United States.

NYC
FerryFerry, a NYCEDC initiative with routes that are proposed to
travel to all five boroughs, was launched in 2017, with second graders
choosing the names of the ferries. Meanwhile, Seastreak ferry
announced construction of a 600-passenger high-speed luxury ferry in
September 2016, to shuttle riders between the
Jersey ShoreJersey Shoreand
Manhattan, anticipated to start service in 2017; this would be the
largest vessel in its class.

TAXIS, TRANSPORT STARTUPS, AND TRAMS

Other features of the city's transportation infrastructure encompass
more than 12,000 yellow taxicabs ; various competing startup
transportation network companies ; and an aerial tramway that
transports commuters between
Roosevelt IslandRoosevelt Islandand
ManhattanManhattanIsland.
Ride-sharingservices have become significant competition for cab
drivers in New York.

Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system,
streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan\'s street grid
plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of
the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway ,
Wall StreetWall Street,
Madison AvenueMadison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for
national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and
fashion organizations, respectively.

New
YorkYorkCity also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways ,
which link the city's boroughs to each other and to northern New
Jersey ,
Westchester CountyWestchester County,
Long IslandLong Island, and southwestern
ConnecticutConnecticutthrough various bridges and tunnels . Because these
highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who
commute into Manhattan, it is quite common for motorists to be
stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence,
particularly during rush hour .

New
YorkYorkCity is located on one of the world's largest natural
harbors, and the boroughs of
ManhattanManhattanand
Staten IslandStaten Islandare
(primarily) coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens
and
BrooklynBrooklynare located at the west end of the larger Long Island,
and
The BronxThe Bronxis located at the southern tip of New
YorkYorkState's
mainland. This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the
development of an extensive infrastructure of well-known bridges and
tunnels .

Main article: Environmental issues in New
YorkYorkCity As of July
2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis in service, the largest number
of any city in North America.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REDUCTION

New
YorkYorkCity has focused on reducing its environmental impact and
carbon footprint . Mass transit use in New
YorkYorkCity is the highest
in the United States. Also, by 2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis
and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's
taxi fleet in service, the most of any city in North America.

New York's high rate of public transit use , over 200,000 daily
cyclists as of 2014 , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most
energy-efficient major city in the United States. Walk and bicycle
modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city;
nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%. In both its 2011
and 2015 rankings,
Walk ScoreWalk Scorenamed New
YorkYorkCity the most walkable
large city in the United States.
CitibankCitibanksponsored the
introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city's bike-share
project in the summer of 2013.
ResearchResearchconducted by Quinnipiac
UniversityUniversityshowed that a majority of New Yorkers support the
initiative. New
YorkYorkCity's numerical "in-season cycling indicator"
of bicycling in the city hit an all-time high in 2013.

The city government was a petitioner in the landmark _Massachusetts
v. Environmental Protection Agency _ Supreme Court case forcing the
EPAEPAto regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is also a
leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings
, including the Hearst Tower among others. Mayor
Bill de BlasioBill de Blasiohas
committed to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014
and 2050 to reduce the city's contributions to climate change ,
beginning with a comprehensive "Green Buildings" plan.

WATER PURITY AND AVAILABILITY

Main articles: Food and water in New
YorkYorkCity and New
YorkYorkCity
water supply system

New
YorkYorkCity is supplied with drinking water by the protected
Catskill MountainsCatskill Mountainswatershed . As a result of the watershed's
integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system , New York
is one of only four major cities in the
United StatesUnited Statesthe majority of
whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by
water treatment plants. The Croton Watershed north of the city is
undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant
to augment New
YorkYorkCity's water supply by an estimated 290 million
gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's
current availability of water. The ongoing expansion of New
YorkYorkCity
Water
TunnelTunnelNo. 3 , an integral part of the New
YorkYorkCity water
supply system, is the largest capital construction project in the
city's history, with segments serving
ManhattanManhattanand The Bronx
completed, and with segments serving
BrooklynBrooklynand
QueensQueensplanned for
construction in 2020.

ENVIRONMENTAL REVITALIZATION

Newtown CreekNewtown Creek, a 3.5-mile (6-kilometer) a long estuary that forms
part of the border between the boroughs of
BrooklynBrooklynand Queens, has
been designated a
SuperfundSuperfundsite for environmental clean-up and
remediation of the waterway's recreational and economic resources for
many communities. One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the
PortPortof New
YorkYorkand
New JerseyNew Jersey, it had been one of the most
contaminated industrial sites in the country, containing years of
discarded toxins , an estimated 30 million US gallons (110,000 m3) of
spilled oil, including the
Greenpoint oil spill, raw sewage from New
YorkYorkCity's sewer system, and other accumulation.

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

Main articles: Government of New
YorkYorkCity and Politics of New York
City

GOVERNMENT

New
YorkYorkCity Hall is the oldest City Hall in the United States
that still houses its original governmental functions.

New
YorkYorkCity has been a metropolitan municipality with a
mayor–council form of government since its consolidation in 1898.
The government of New
YorkYorkis more centralized than that of most other
U.S. cities. In New
YorkYorkCity, the city government is responsible for
public education, correctional institutions, public safety,
recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare
services.

The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The
City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members
whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each
term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a
three consecutive-term limit , which is reset after a four-year
break. The _New
YorkYorkCity Administrative Code _, the _New
YorkYorkCity
Rules _, and the _City Record _ are the code of local laws,
compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively.
The New
YorkYorkCounty Courthouse houses the New
YorkYorkSupreme Court and
other offices.

Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state
Unified Court System , of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court
are the local courts, while the New
YorkYorkSupreme Court conducts major
trials and appeals.
ManhattanManhattanhosts the First Department of the
Supreme Court, Appellate Division while
BrooklynBrooklynhosts the Second
Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts
, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court
System.

Uniquely among major American cities, New
YorkYorkis divided between,
and is host to the main branches of, two different US district courts
: the District Court for the Southern District of New
YorkYork, whose
main courthouse is on
Foley Squarenear City Hall in
ManhattanManhattanand
whose jurisdiction includes
ManhattanManhattanand the Bronx; and the District
Court for the Eastern District of New
YorkYork, whose main courthouse is
in
BrooklynBrooklynand whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and
Staten Island. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US
Court of International Trade are also based in New York, also on Foley
Square in Manhattan.

The present mayor is
Bill de BlasioBill de Blasio, the first Democrat since 1993.
He was elected in 2013 with over 73% of the vote, and assumed office
on January 1, 2014.

The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of
April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10%
are Republicans . New
YorkYorkCity has not been carried by a Republican
in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin
Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 . In 2012 , Democrat Barack
Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive
more than 80% of the overall vote in New
YorkYorkCity, sweeping all five
boroughs. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and
economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the
city.

New
YorkYorkis the most important source of political fundraising in the
United States, as four of the top five ZIP codes in the nation for
political contributions are in Manhattan. The top ZIP code, 10021 on
the
Upper East SideUpper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004
presidential campaigns of
George W. BushGeorge W. Bushand
John KerryJohn Kerry. The city
has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state
governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to
the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more
than it receives back). City residents and businesses also spent an
additional $4.1 billion in the 2009–2010 fiscal year to the state of
New
YorkYorkthan the city received in return.

In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was
restructured and renamed _New
YorkYorkCity Global Partners_. New York
City has expanded its international outreach via this program to a
network of cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and
innovation between their citizenry and policymakers, according to the
city's website. New York's _historic sister cities_ are denoted below
by the year they joined New
YorkYorkCity's partnership network.

* ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and
lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given
month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
* ^ Official weather observations for
Central ParkCentral Parkwere conducted
at the Arsenal at
Fifth AvenueFifth Avenueand 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and
at
Belvedere CastleBelvedere Castlesince 1919.

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