Welcome to the website of CLIMB, the Center for Loss in Multiple Birth, Inc. We are parents throughout the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and beyond who have experienced the death of one or more, both or all of our twins or higher multiples at any time from conception through birth, infancy, and childhood. We originated in 1987, when a mother whose twin son died very suddenly at birth believed that she was truly the only one – then began to search for “a few” others. Soon, she was hearing from families everywhere who were struggling to cope and heal from the devastating loss of their twin or twins, their triplet or triplets or other higher multiples, in a wide variety of circumstances – in sad contrast to the happy images of multiples portrayed in the media and elsewhere.

At a time when the number of multiple pregnancies has increased dramatically, our mission is and has always been to ensure that none of us who have found ourselves on the tragic side of the higher risks for twins and higher multiples needs to feel truly alone or like the only one, no matter what the loss or the circumstances. We do this by ensuring that bereaved multiple birth parents have the same opportunities other bereaved parents need and want: to read materials that relate to what we are going through – to talk to others who we know truly do understand – and to gain information that in some way relates to our loss and the challenges we are facing as people and as parents.

In the process, we’ve found that by speaking up about our experiences and their immediate and long-term impacts on us, it helps the public to learn the real extent of twin loss and higher multiple loss, and the importance of making all possible efforts toward prevention of them. It also helps relatives, friends, and caring others such as health care professionals, twins and multiples clubs, and loss support groups learn how they can offer the most meaningful support.

We hope you will benefit from our site, and you are welcome to be in touch with us.

Significance of multiple birth loss

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publishes 4 reports that include data related to deaths in multiple pregnancy and birth in the United States. These are excerpts from each of the reports, followed by some comments by us.

1.
For multiple births, the infant mortality rate in 2009 was 27.39 [per 1,000], five times the rate of 5.64 for singleton births. From 2008–2009, infant mortality rates declined by 3 percent for single births and by 5 percent for multiple births. Infant mortality rates for multiple births were higher than the rates for single births for all race and Hispanic-origin groups.

The risk of infant death increases with the increasing number of infants in the pregnancy. In 2009, the infant mortality rate for twins (25.50 per 1,000) was nearly 5 times the rate for single births (5.64). The infant mortality rate for triplets (60.97) was 10 times, the rate for quadruplets (129.58) was 23 times, and the rate for quintuplets and higher order births (350.00) was 62 times the rate for single births.

Multiple pregnancy can lead to an accentuation of maternal risks and complications associated with pregnancy. For example, multiple births are much more likely to be born preterm and at low birthweight than singleton births. The higher risk profile of multiple births has a substantial impact on overall infant mortality. For example, in 2009 multiple births accounted for 3 percent of all live births, but 15 percent of all infant deaths in the US.
[These numbers are of babies who were alive at birth.]

–Infant Mortality Statistics from the 2009 Period Linked Birth⁄Infant Death Data Set. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services), National Center for Health Statistics, Vol. 61 No. 8, January 24, 2013 http:⁄www.cdc.gov⁄nchs⁄data⁄nvsr⁄nvsr61⁄nvsr61_08.pdf

2.
The twin birth rate declined slightly in 2010 to 33.1 per 1,000 total births, from 33.2 in 2009. The twinning rate climbed steadily, by 76 percent from 1980 to 2009. Rates rose nearly 3 percent a year during the 1990s, but the pace of increase had slowed to less than one-half of one percent annually since the mid-2000s. There were 132,562 [live] births in twin deliveries in 2010…

The rate of triplet⁄+ births declined 10 percent in 2010 to 137.6 per 100,000 births from 153.5 in 2009. The 2010 rate is the lowest in 15 years. The triplet⁄+ birth rate (higher multiples per 100,000 births) rose more than 400 percent during the 1980s and 1990s, but has declined 29 percent since the 1998 peak. The 2010 number of triplet⁄+ births (5,503) was the lowest since 1995 and includes 5,153 triplets, 313 quadruplets, and 37 quintuplets and higher-order multiples.

The pronounced rise in multiple birth rates during the 1980s and 1990s has been associated with two related factors: older maternal age and the expanded use of fertility-enhancing therapies, both assisted reproductive technologies (ART) (e.g. in-vitro fertilization, IVF) and non-ART treatments (ovulation induction medications without ART). The recent decline in triplet⁄+ birth rates has been associated with practice guidelines from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine intended to reduce the incidence of higher-order multiple gestation pregnancies, and to improvements in ART procedures, that is, the transfer of fewer embryos per IVF cycle.

Infants in multigestation pregnancies tend to be born earlier and smaller than those in singleton pregnancies. In 2010, more than 5 of every 10 twins, and 9 of 10 triplets were delivered preterm, compared with about 1 in 10 singletons. Accordingly, multiples are at greater risk of early death; twins are about 5 times, and triplets 10 times as likely to die in infancy [emphasis added].

3.
Multiple-infant births are associated with greater problems for both mothers and infants, including higher rates of caesarean section, prematurity, low birth weight, and infant disability or death.

Part A of Figure 11 shows that among the 37,191 pregnancies that resulted from ART cycles using fresh nondonor eggs or embryos, approximately 63% were singleton pregnancies and 31% were multiple-fetus pregnancies (28% were twins and 3% were triplets or more). Approximately 6% of pregnancies ended before the number of fetuses could be accurately determined. Therefore, the percentage of pregnancies with more than one fetus might have been higher than what was reported (about 31%).

In 2010, 6,613 pregnancies resulting from ART cycles ended in either miscarriage, stillbirth, induced abortion, or maternal death, and 153 pregnancy outcomes were not reported. The remaining 30,425 pregnancies resulted in live births. Part B of Figure 11 shows that approximately 30% of these live births produced more than one infant (29% twins and approximately 2% triplets or more). This compares with a multiple-infant birth rate of slightly more than 3% in the general U.S. population.

Although total percentages for multiples were similar for pregnancies and live births, there were more triplet or higher order pregnancies than births. Triplet or higher order pregnancies may be reduced to twins or singletons by the time of birth. This can happen naturally (e.g., fetal death), or a woman and her doctor may decide to reduce the number of fetuses using a procedure called multifetal pregnancy reduction. CDC does not collect information on multifetal pregnancy reductions.

[ART here refers to in-vitro fertilization, IVF, GIFT and ZIFT, but not the use of fertility drugs alone without transfer.]

4.
In 2006, 9% of fetal deaths occurred in multiple deliveries, compared with 3% of live births. A multiple delivery is one in which more than one fetus is delivered alive or dead at any time during the pregnancy, and a given multiple pregnancy may include any combination of fetal deaths or live births.

The fetal mortality rate for twins (15.73) was almost three times that for singletons (5.69). The rate for triplet or higher-order deliveries (27.08) was nearly five times that for singletons [emphasis added]. The increased risks for multiple pregnancies may relate in part to increased rates of preterm labor, fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, congenital anomalies, and placental and cord problems. Also, many multiple pregnancies are the result of assisted reproductive technologies, and the use of these therapies may increase the risk of adverse outcomes.

Fetal death refers to the intrauterine death of a fetus prior to delivery. Fetal mortality is generally divided into three periods: early (less than 20 completed weeks of gestation), intermediate (20–27 weeks of gestation), and late (28 weeks of gestation or more). Although the vast majority of fetal deaths occur early in pregnancy [emphasis added], most states in the U.S. only report fetal deaths at 20 weeks of gestation or more, and these intermediate and late fetal deaths are the subject of this report. Statistics on fetal death exclude data for induced terminations of pregnancy. Fetal mortality rates in this report are computed as the number of fetal deaths at 20 weeks of gestation or more per 1,000 live births and fetal deaths at 20 weeks or more – the population at risk of the event.

Based on the data above, there is plenty of reason to be certain that death in multiple pregnancy and birth occurs much more often than among singleton babies – and to know that it affects thousands of families each year in the United States alone. But there are also reasons to think that there are many more multiples conceived, and more who do not survive, because current data collection underreports their numbers and also makes the actual number of families affected each year difficult to know. Among these reasons are:

– Death in utero at less than 20 weeks’ gestation is not counted. In our experience, as well in population studies (see our Bibliography, Loss In-utero), the loss of one or more of multiples at some time from conception through 20 weeks of gestation is quite prevalent (just as miscarriage in singleton pregnancies outnumbers stillbirths later in gestation, as noted by the CDC above)(and multiples face special risks as noted in the reports). Not counting these disregards the realities of parents who often have had their babies diagnosed at 6 to 8 weeks’ gestation via ultrasound and bonded to each of them for months before the 20-week mark. It would also lead to underestimating the actual number of multiples conceived and the actual number of living twins and multiples, if a child whose twin was miscarried at 15 weeks’ gestation is not considered a twin birth, or a child whose two brothers died at 10 and 13 weeks along is not counted as a triplet.

– Multifetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR) is not counted. The CDC’s Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) data shows that of the 1 out of 3 women who do conceive after IVF, 1 out of those 3 conceives multiples. It also states that the difference between the number of triplets conceived and born alive may be because of MFPR, but that data on MFPR is not collected. (Nor is it collected for selective termination, chosen by some parents when one or more babies has a major problem that may impact the others.) (However, the Birth Data report states that the marked decrease in triplet and even higher order births was associated [in time period?] with the voluntary practice guidelines for IVF intended to reduce higher-order conceptions.) The ART data includes only IVF, but even more people seek fertility treatment based on ovulation induction (OI) by certain drugs without transfer of embryos; it is the OI procedures that have the highest risk of conceiving multiples, sometimes more than 5. In our experience, it is women who undergo OI who are most likely to have to consider MFPR. Not tracking OI (even though it is said by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine to produce twice as many twins as ART) and MFPR produces a major underestimate of the numbers and sizes of multiple pregnancies that are actually conceived – by parents who very much wished for babies and may be very emotionally impacted by MFPR, whether or not it is successful, or by loss before 20 weeks, after months of bonding through ultrasound. So the “decline” in triplet or higher births in the Birth Data report, when measured by live births, does not necessarily reflect a decline in conceptions, or even pregnancies that go beyond the first trimester, but could rather indicate an increase of in-utero losses that occur spontaneously or after difficult decisions.

– In 2010, for the first time, the number of twin babies born alive had decreased slightly, from 33.2 per 1,000 to 33.1 (while having increased overall 76 percent from 1980 to 2009). If this was not because of an increase in fetal death (2009 data is not yet tabulated), it would be the first time that this has occurred in the data reported by the CDC; the 5% decrease in twin infant mortality in twins in 2009 would be a first also if it does not reflect increased fetal death (or an increase in babies who survive the first year but not their second, as is the case for families we know). At the same time, the 3 times and 5 times greater risk for twins, and the 15% contribution of multiples to infant mortality in a year when triplets⁄+ decreased by 10%, are other indications that twin pregnancies are far from routine (as it had seemed to some when triplet and higher pregnancies were becoming more prevalent).

Until now, our strong hunch has been that the number of twin pregnancies has been increasing more than the risks for them could possibly be decreasing; and that therefore the absolute number of families experiencing twin loss in some way is the same as ever, even with some advances in care. This had proved to be the case with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), after the dramatic reduction in SIDS rates, as confirmed by Alice Check in her communications with the CDC a few years ago; the absolute number of families who lost a twin to SIDS remained the same. Now, it will be seen in the next few years whether the number of twin pregnancies of over 20 weeks remains stable or decreased while mortality decreases, if it does. This would decrease the absolute number of babies dying and families affected, while still not addressing the losses before 20 weeks and the true rate of twin or higher multiple pregnancies.

– The data counted individual babies, not pairs of twins or sets of triplets or more, so it is impossible to know whether one or both of a set of twins has died, if one of them has died. In this method of counting, at one extreme, every one of the 132,562 live births of twins in 2010 could have been a baby whose twin died in utero after 20 weeks’ gestation; or there could have been 66,281 sets of twins born prematurely who all died soon after birth. The lack of showing outcome for sets is significant in several ways. If someone who is considering or undergoing IVF were to know whether—if she was the 1 in 9 IVF patients who will conceive multiples – that it is more likely, if there is a loss, that she will bring no babies home (if that were the case statistically) or to bring one baby home, it would be significant information for her and for her physicians. It also makes it difficult to determine (for example) the extent of the loss of both twins in utero in the third trimester, something that we hear of too often. And – it makes it impossible to determine the true number of families impacted by loss in twin or multiple birth each year, since two or three babies may represent one family, or two or three families. To the extent that there is loss of one or more but not all multiples, more families are impacted with a loss, one that is little understood, devastating, and has lifelong consequences for the family. To the extent that it is both or all the babies, there are fewer families but they are experiencing double or triple (or more) bereavement that is completely devastating and for which there is currently no established intervention (please see the next article). The one study that tracked twin outcomes by pairs found that of the 1 in 20 families who experience death in twin pregnancy from 20 weeks’ gestation to 28 days after birth, 45% experienced the death of both the babies (Hartley, Emanuel, & Hitti, 2001). The CDC did produce one set of matched data, for 1995-2000, for twin loss from 20 weeks’ gestation to birth, that showed that 1 in 16 lost one or both babies, with 47% of them losing both (CDC, 1995-2000 Matched Multiple Birth Data Set, CD-ROM Series 21, No. 17). These numbers also indicate that for many parents, their chance of losing one or both of the babies even after 20 weeks was greater than their chances of conceiving twins in the first place.

Kollantai, Jean (May, 2012). Loss in Multiple Birth: A Literature Review.
This article was written by CLIMB founder Jean Kollantai in May, 2012, for a social work graduate seminar. It uses the number of twin births reported by the CDC and other peer-reviewed information to estimate the number of multiples conceived annually in the US and the number who are alive at the end of the first year after birth, and the actual number of families impacted. It also reviews the peer-reviewed literature on the impacts of loss in multiple birth, and the most important gaps in available information.

Research needed

Over the years here at CLIMB, it’s been obvious how much research is needed on almost every aspect of loss in multiple birth. But if there is one area in which research is most painfully lacking, it is that of the death of both of all the babies, or what some call complete multiple birth loss. Around 35% of CLIMB’s membership is, and has always been, parents who have experienced the deaths of their two, three or more babies, with no survivors, and almost not a day goes by without hearing from someone with this tragedy – yet to the best of our knowledge, no ongoing statistics exist that show what percentage of the time this is the outcome of a multiple pregnancy and birth.

However, a study by Hartley, Emanuel, and Hitti (2001) that utilized birth and death certificates for Washington State over 11 years, showed that of the 1 in 20 families who experienced death in twin pregnancy from 20 weeks’ gestation to 28 days after birth, a full 45% experienced the death of both twins; even of those who did have a loss after 36 weeks, 10% experienced the death of both of the babies. The one set of matched data produced by the Centers for Disease Control, for 1995-2000, for twin loss from 20 weeks’ gestation to birth, showed that of the 1 in 16 mothers lost one or both babies in that timeframe, 47% of them lost both (CDC, 1995-2000 Matched Multiple Birth Data Set, CD-ROM Series 21, No. 17). (Because this was based on fetal deaths and live births, and many twins are born very prematurely and both die within hours or days of birth, this method undercounted the numbers of twins who do both die, though not necessarily their proportion of twin loss compared to the death of one of the babies.)

This is important in several ways:1) to know how many actual families each year are affected by loss in multiple birth (when looking at the total number of babies who have died)(as discussed in the previous article);

2) for those attempting to conceive with the help of fertility technology to know–if they conceive multiples, and if they do experience a loss–whether they are more likely to still bring home a baby, or more likely to bring home no one at all, something that would be important in their decision making about how to proceed;

3) to show that the death of two babies from one pregnancy and birth is not an extremely rare event that does not merit much attention, but rather one that is impacting thousands of families annually in ongoing ways that deserves recognition and appropriate support, as well as medical research and prevention.

Medical topics which have not received much attention include the most prevalent timing of the loss of both or all the babies, the causes of it in addition to prematurity and/or Twin Transfusion Syndrome, and whether these have any implications for standard prenatal care. Loss of both babies in the third trimester tragically occurs on a regular basis and as yet has received little or no specific research attention. There is much literature on “the vanishing twin”, the loss of a multiple in-utero in the first trimester or first 20 weeks of pregnancy, but none that we have been able to identify on the rate or causes of loss of both twins or all higher multiples during those timeframes, even though there is generally early diagnosis of multiples and this may be one of the biggest contributors to the true extent of loss in multiple birth.

Most of all, from the point of view of CLIMB’s mission, nothing at all besides CLIMB’s efforts has been done to acknowledge or study the grief features and needs of the parents and families who experience the deaths of two, three, or more babies from the same pregnancy and birth, sometimes all at once, sometimes over a period of days, weeks or months, often as their first experience of parenthood: what are the most effective interventions at the time, and what are the most effective forms of support over what period of time, taking into account also that most parents also face the imperative to try again for another pregnancy as soon as possible, some of them with the help of fertility technology. CLIMB and other groups offer potential access to parents who have experienced this kind of loss and grief and we encourage qualified people in search of important but unexplored topics to consider this one.

This web site is the official web site of the Center for Loss in Multiple Birth (CLIMB), Inc., whose name and associated logo are the service marks of the Center for Loss in Multiple Birth, Inc., and may not be reproduced without permission. All personal stories are included by permission of the author. The contents of this site may not be quoted, excerpted, reprinted or used in any way without the written permission of CLIMB and of the individual author. To do so will result in legal action.
Disclaimer This site, as with CLIMB’s newsletter and other materials and activities, is not intended as counseling or as medical or legal advice, nor as a substitute for participation in a bereavement support group, professional counseling, or any other activity appropriate for bereaved parents. Instead it is a parent-to-parent effort to share our experiences and offer each other understanding of the special "twin"/multiple aspects of our losses, and help caring others to learn how the needs of bereaved multiple birth parents may be supported. This site is for general use and we urge you to consult a physician, counselor or other professional with any questions you may have about your individual situation. CLIMB has no responsibility for the content of any internet sites which may include a link to CLIMB's site; and CLIMB has no responsibility for the content of the sites which are linked from this site.