This paper develops the idea of a “leading edge” transference, which was mentioned by Heinz Kohut in his supervision of Jule Miller (see Miller, 1985). In the early stages of developing his theory of selfobject transferences in his lectures to candidates (see Tolpin and Tolpin, 1996), Kohut also occasionally referred to patients' overlooked “forward moves,” which remobilized still healthy strivings and needs of the child and adolescent self. For the time being, at least, I use the term forward edge childhood strivings and transferences—”leading edge” having been rendered less useful by its frequent use in advertising. I have also considered describing the transference remobilization of the “growth edge” or “growing edge” of development, loosely analogous to the normal functioning of the epiphyses (growth centers of the long bones) before their closure ends further growth. There may be other felicitous terms for what I have in mind. It is my impression that the theory of forward edge or growth transferences that I am proposing has validity for all psychoanalytic theories, not only for the theory of the self that informs this work. For example, Racker (1968, p. 150-154) described a “total transference,” including a “prospective” element that has been overlooked.心理学空间u\5D2['O5ja+CZ
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The title of this paper usually comes as a surprise to psychoanalysts. One friendly colleague put it this way: “You can't do psychoanalysis of normal development—psychoanalysis is about abnormal development and psychopathology!” My reply to such objections is, Yes, that is precisely the problem: theories of psychoanalytic treatment and practice (regardless of their many critical diﬀerences and the recent inﬂuence of developmental ﬁndings) place the strongest emphasis on abnormal development and psychopathology. Speciﬁcally, the problem for theory and practice I am referring to is created by our view of transference proper as a “pathogenic complex” (Freud, 1912, p. 104), “new [artiﬁcial] illness” (Freud, 1914, p. 154). (For an instructive paper on changing views of what constitutes the core childhood pathology that is repeated in transferences, see Cooper, 1987.)心理学空间.Ht__8x3P

,FG2WCiX0K"Hz:in0In fact, the problem is twofold. First, the “new illness” view of transference is a source of theory induced clinical blindspots, which prevent us from recognizing and analyzing “forward edge” transferences—transferences of still remaining healthy childhood development in the unconscious depths, albeit in the form of fragile “tendrils” that are thwarted, stunted, or crushed. Second, it places unintended iatrogenic limits on therapeutic action because we do not support struggling “tendrils” of health and facilitate their emergence and growth. Instead, we actually obscure them by assigning what remains of healthy development to the concept of “therapeutic alliance” or positive relationship with a “new object.” As a consequence, tendrils of health are not fully reactivated in depth and are not accessible to a vitally important working-through process. It is this bit-by-bit and over again process that is the basis for expansion, integration, transformation, and stabilization of healthy aspects of the self into an altered psychic reality.

"p0~a$iMd%n?.D0To repeat my main point: At one and the same time, theory-induced blindspots restrict our clinical vision of the patient's (and our own) psychic reality because ﬁrst, they lead us to expect transference repetitions of nuclear childhood pathology and its later derivatives, and second, they obscure the subtle hints of bona ﬁde transferences that derive their force and momentum from still-viable tendrils of healthy childhood motivations, strivings, expectations, and hopes of getting what is needed now from the forward edge transference to the analyst. (For a discussion about the early eﬀort to include hope in the etiological equation, see French, 1958.)心理学空间 IPJ4g7fV

[ y0b1^;}1k\0Here it is crucial to stress that fragile tendrils of remaining healthy needs and expectations are not readily apparent on the surface. My clinical examples will show that we have to be primed to look for them in order to see them and tease them out from the trailing edge pathology in which they are usually entwined. For instance, tendrils of forward edge strivings have to be disentangled from manifestly pathological mergers, idealizations, grandiosity, “narcissistic entitlement” (Murray, 1964), rage, envy, depreciation, and, further, from intermediate defenses and compromise formations that protect the self the patient has built up and, at the same time, inhibit, restrict, and further compromise normal development.

When the joint analytic work required to see, interpret, and foster the healthy tendencies is done by both patient and analyst, we are likely to actualize these tendencies and revive the “urge to complete development” and to regain “developmental momentum,” as noted by Bibring (1937) and Anna Freud (1965). In other words, the vague “curative factors” these authors adduced can now be grounded in the clinical theory of analyzable forward edge transferences that restart and reinvigorate an expectable developmental process.

Before turning to the clinical examples of healthy tendrils that are overlooked in their transference potential, I want to brieﬂy mention two interconnected historical trends that delayed the discovery of analyzable transferences of health, indelibly shaped the theory and technique of psychoanalytic practice and its accent on repetitions of pathology, and continue to interfere with our doing psychoanalysis that reactivates and strengthens normal self-development.心理学空间!R%Y+@"j0S!e

~V'i%nm:C)?6Oo1L0Psychoanalysis originated in studies of illness—Freud initially discovered the childhood depth of transference while, as a physician, he was investigating and trying to cure his patients' pathology. The initial trend to base analytic understanding of transference proper on a disease model of childhood development continued when Freud (1937) and other pioneers treated patients whose disorders posed challenges to successful analytic treatment. Their lack of success was attributed to their patients' “narcissistic resistances”; to “bedrock” factors such as psychic “inertia” and “adhesiveness of the libido”; to unconscious superego resistances and “negative therapeutic reaction”; to constitutional factors that led to ego deﬁcits and distortions; and to primitive early object relations, archaic defenses, and splits.心理学空间y [}K3o&Py

8c^Wzv!E'Z0This phase of “pathomorphic” theory led to the second major historical trend which still dominates many sectors of the ﬁeld—namely, the demarcation of transference proper (a new edition of childhood illness) from unobjectionable positive transference (Freud, 1915), the therapeutic split in the ego (Sterba, 1934), and the positive identiﬁcation/positive relationship with the idealized analyst described by Zetzel (1956), Stone (1961, 1981), Greenson (1965), Greenson and Wexler (1969), Gutheil and Havens (1979), Renik (1995, 1996, 1998, 1999), Meissner (1996), Shane, Shane and Gales (1997), Hausner (2000), and Novick and Novick (2000). In this connection also see Bacal (1985, 1990) on optimal responsiveness. And for early active therapy see Ferenczi (1920). Friedman (1969) wrote a penetrating review of the concept of therapeutic alliance.