The Origins of Jim Crow

Throughout the 1830s and '40s, the white entertainer Thomas Dartmouth Rice (1808-1860)
performed a popular song-and-dance act supposedly modeled after a slave. He named
the character Jim Crow. Rice darkened his face, acted like a buffoon, and spoke with
an exaggerated and distorted imitation of African American Vernacular English. In
his Jim Crow persona, he also sang "Negro ditties" such as "Jump Jim Crow."

Rice was not the first white comic to perform in blackface, but he was the most popular
of his time, touring both the United States and England. As a result of Rice's success,
"Jim Crow" became a common stage persona for white comedians' blackface portrayals
of African Americans.

After the American Civil War (1861-1865), most southern states and, later, border
states passed laws that denied blacks basic human rights. It is not clear how, but
the minstrel character's name "Jim Crow" became a kind of shorthand for the laws,
customs and etiquette that segregated and demeaned African Americans primarily from
the 1870s to the 1960s.

Father of Minstrelsy

Minstrel shows were popular musical stage shows from the 1830s to the early 1900s.
The performers, their faces artificially blackened, played the roles of ignorant,
lazy, joyous blacks. Audiences roared with laughter. Thomas Dartmouth Rice is known
as the Father of Minstrelsy.

A short video showing images of Thomas Rice as "Jim Crow," minstrel inspired toys, and clips from minstrel performances. Video features the "Jump Jim Crow" tune.

Blackening Up

When performing as minstrels, white performers used burnt cork and greasepaint or
shoe polish to darken their skin and red or white makeup to exaggerate their lips.
They also wore woolly wigs and ragged clothes to imitate and ridicule African Americans.
Ironically, by the 1840s, even some black entertainers were darkening their already
dark skin and performing in blackface as minstrels.

Hollywood has a long list of actors and actresses who appeared in films whether as
blackface characters or with blackface characters. Actors like Bing Crosby, Milton
Berle, Al Jolson, Edie Cantor, Fred Astaire, Martha Mears, Shirley Temple, Judy Garland,
Ronald Reagan and Bugs Bunny, all gave their support to "Blackening up" in films.

Popularity of Minstrel Shows

With the popularization of radio and motion pictures in the 1920s, professional minstrel
shows lost much of their national following. However, amateur minstrel shows continued
in local theaters, community centers, high schools, and churches as late as the 1960s.

The stage was not the only place where caricatures of African Americans were on display.
The graphic art on Minstrel Show sheet music and posters were also venues to display
highly caricatured images. These images set the tone for the ridicule that ensued,
at the expense of African Americans, at minstrel shows.

An American Caste System

Jim Crow refers to the racial hierarchy that defined American life through a set of
laws and practices which operated primarily, but not exclusively, in southern and
border states between 1877 and the mid-1960s. This hierarchy, with whites at the top
and blacks at the bottom, was supported by millions of everyday objects and images.

Everyday Segregation

During the Jim Crow period, a black person might begin a bus or train ride near the
front, but each time a white passenger boarded the African American passenger had
to move back a row. An added indignity was that black passengers were often the ones
forced to carry and re-position the segregation sign.

This "For Colored Patrons Only" sign was taken by a white woman from Michigan who
was a visitor in Louisiana in the 1920s. She removed the sign because both the sign
and segregation offended her.

Segregated Water Fountains

Segregated water fountains were common during the Jim Crow period. The supporters
of racial segregation argued that if blacks and whites shared public facilities-in
this case water fountains-it would promote social equality, which would, in turn,
lead to the destruction of American culture.

Segregation Was Pervasive

During the Jim Crow period there were separate hospitals for blacks and whites, separate
prisons, separate public and private schools, separate churches, separate cemeteries,
separate public restrooms, and separate public accommodations. In most instances,
the black facilities were grossly inferior-older, smaller, less-well-kept, and less
conveniently located. In other cases, there were no black facilities-no Colored public
restroom, no public beach, and no place to sit or eat.

The segregation laws written on this wall are a sample of the thousands of laws that
existed during the Jim Crow period. This list was compiled by the Martin Luther King,
Jr. National Historic Site Interpretive Staff.