A paleolithic lifestyle (also known as paleo or primal lifestyle) refers to living as humans presumably did in the paleolithic era (Old Stone Age), or attempting to recreate such a lifestyle in the present day. The rationale for such an approach is that humans have evolved for millions of years in a paleolithic environment. Therefore, their body and mind can be expected to be adequately adapted to the concomitant hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Agriculture, on the other hand, only appeared about 10 000 years ago at the beginning of the neolithic era, and industrial society only about 200 years ago. Proponents of a paleolithic lifestyle assert that insufficient time has passed for humans to adapt to the changes brought by farming and industrialization, leading to a misfit between modern lifestyle and the human genome.

While a small number of cultures in the world continue to live a paleolithic hunter-gatherer lifestyle, a subculture of people has emerged in modern societies who try to recreate elements of a paleolithic lifestyle.[1][2] Their motivation is to enhance health, fitness and happiness by avoiding the common "diseases of civilization", such as obesity, some cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, increasingly prevalent allergies, some forms of depression and chronic stress. These diseases are not yet evidenced among hunter-gatherers, and therefore they are attributed to the modern, "civilized" lifestyle.[3][4]. Moreover there are indications that a paleolithic lifestyle is likely to reduce stress and depression[5], and increase overall happiness and well-being, given that our minds and emotions too are adapted for a life as hunter-gatherers [6][7][8].

The movement is primarily associated with the paleolithic diet, but also includes going barefoot, and replicating a paleolithic exercise routine, or involve paleolithic survival skills. Some people advocate prehistoric lifestyles for animals, notably raw feeding and natural hoof care. More generally, the paleo movement fits within a "back to nature" philosophy, as advocated, e.g., by many environmentalists. However, it distinguishes itself from some more utopian ideas associated with this philosophy by focusing on a realistic, scientific view of what humanity's "true nature" is. For example, it rejects any notions that vegetarianism or veganism is a natural lifestyle, given the evidence that paleolithic people and most present-day hunter-gatherers consumed substantial amounts of animal protein.[9] Evidence such as this comes from scientific disciplines like anthropology, paleoanthropology, evolutionary medicine, evolutionary psychology and environmental psychology.

Basic recommendations

Authors inspired by the paleo philosophy[10][11][12][13][14] formulate a variety of guidelines, including the following:

- adopt a Paleo diet as much as possible: plenty of meat, fish, vegetables, nuts and fruit, while avoiding most forms of food not in existence in paleolithic time. It implies avoiding all processed food, and in particular junk food and food with a high glycemic load, such as sweets, potato products and grains (in particular wheat).- exercise frequently, but with a variety of durations and intensities (including rest periods) rather than doing always the same, extended routines in a gym or while jogging- perform a variety of complex "natural movements" (such as walking, running, jumping, crawling, climbing, carrying, throwing, swimming...) that use the whole body rather than artificially constrained exercises that focus on specific muscles (like those afforded by most gym equipment)- maximize contact with nature, e.g. by keeping plants, gardening, working with animals, hiking in the woods, or climbing trees (as also proposed by the biophilia philosophy)- use a minimum of clothes, shoes or other protective material: exposure to heat, cold, pressure, and other natural forces strengthens rather than weakens the body- expose yourself regularly to the sun or at least to natural light, to get sufficient vitamin D and prevent depression- try to sleep at least 8 hours a day, preferably in line with natural day-night rhythms- spend sufficient time relaxing, playing, and just "being in the present", without worrying about later- reduce overall levels of stress; avoid overworking in favor of downshifting and simple living- allow contact with "dirt": soil contains plenty of beneficial bacteria that strengthen immunity. Eat fermented foods like sauerkraut, kim chi, kombucha, etc. Life-long exposure to a variety of microbes may actually be necessary to prevent allergies and autoimmune diseases, as proposed by the hygiene hypothesis.- rear children the way hunter-gatherers do: extended breast-feeding, carrying of babies on the body, co-sleeping, while allowing older children to play and explore autonomously [15]- sit with legs level with rear end (essentially, in the squatting position), as people in indigenous tribes do.

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