cal and archaeological documentation, respectively, of the medieval remains. Ancient samples were available thanks to the Museum, the Association Amigos del Museo de Priego de Co´rdoba, and local authorities of Priego de Co´rdoba. Antonio Alcala´ and the donors made the collection of modern DNA samples possible. We also acknowledge the unconditional support of Nils C. Sten- seth to the project. Ian Frame gave all his support to this research, and Eva Staalstrøm provided with A1B2 A2B1primers.

List of populations, and related literature, included in the broad geographical areas for HVRI mtDNA compari- sons. Numbers at the beginning of lines indicate the size of the samples included in the analysis.