$2.99 or $3.00? Will the difference of a penny get you to the checkout counter?

WACO, Texas (July 30, 2018) – A traditional belief in retail marketing is that prices ending in "9" – $1.99 or $2.99, for example – will prompt more purchases than a whole number. But is that true? And is a simple one-penny price difference the best tactic to sell more products?

In a new study published in the journal Marketing Letters, marketing researchers in Baylor University's Hankamer School of Business contend that "nine-ending pricing" is not universally effective. The study, composed of four experiments with 932 consumers, reveals that marketers might experience more success in price-setting if they focus their efforts on identifying – and even modifying – the thinking styles of their target consumers.

"We looked specifically at two styles of thinking – analytic and holistic," said Lingjiang Lora Tu, Ph.D., assistant clinical professor of marketing at Baylor and the study's lead author. Chris Pullig, Ph.D., professor and chair of Baylor's marketing department, served as co-author.

Analytic thinkers, Tu explained, tend to view all the digits in a price as separate and independent, with the focal object being the left-most digit. Holistic thinkers tend to view all the digits as interconnected, with each digit being an inseparable part of the price.

The study shows:

1. Analytic thinkers are more subject to nine-ending pricing than holistic thinkers.

"Analytic thinkers tend to view the nine-ending price as lower because of the difference in the left-most digit. In contrast, holistic thinkers tend to view all price digits as a whole and are less subject to the nine-ending price effect," Tu said. "We identified that when individuals are more inclined to holistic thinking (versus analytic thinking), the effectiveness of a nine-ending pricing tactic is pretty weak."

2. When holistic thinkers' cognitive resources are limited – they're under time pressure, for example – they are more subject to the nine-ending price effect, just as analytic thinkers are.

"Holistic thinkers are not always immune to nine-ending prices. Our research shows that holistic thinking takes more cognitive resources than analytic thinking. When their cognitive resources are limited by time pressure or distractions, holistic thinkers respond to nine-ending prices the same way analytic thinkers do.

That is, they view a nine-ending price as much lower than a round price just one cent higher." Tu said.

"Our findings suggest that irrespective of consumers' thinking style, nine-ending prices are most likely to be effective in situations that strain consumers' resources, such as when shoppers are time-pressured at the checkout counter or distracted by background music or occupied with an interactive product demonstration."

<p>3. Analytic/holistic thinking style can be manipulated as well as measured.</p> <p>&quot;Marketers may manipulate thinking style via communication strategies, such as promotion imagery, message framing, website design and retailer environment so that chosen pricing tactics will be more effective,&quot; Tu said. </p> <p>She added that nine-ending pricing is more effective with chronically analytic thinkers (e.g. Westerners, individualists) than with chronically holistic thinkers (e.g. East Asians, collectivists).</p> <p>&quot;Given growing cultural diversity of most major markets, identifying chronically holistic and analytic thinkers in regional and local markets will boost the effectiveness and predictive accuracy of managers' pricing policies,&quot; the researchers wrote. </p> <p>###</p> <p><strong>ABOUT THE STUDY</strong>

"Penny wise and pound foolish? How thinking style affects price cognition" is authored by Lingjiang Lora Tu, Ph.D., assistant clinical professor of marketing, Baylor University's Hankamer School of Business, and Chris Pullig, Ph.D., professor and chair of marketing, Baylor University's Hankamer School of Business. The study is published in the journal Marketing Letters.

ABOUT BAYLOR UNIVERSITY

Baylor University is a private Christian University and a nationally ranked research institution. The University provides a vibrant campus community for more than 17,000 students by blending interdisciplinary research with an international reputation for educational excellence and a faculty commitment to teaching and scholarship. Chartered in 1845 by the Republic of Texas through the efforts of Baptist pioneers, Baylor is the oldest continually operating University in Texas. Located in Waco, Baylor welcomes students from all 50 states and more than 80 countries to study a broad range of degrees among its 12 nationally recognized academic divisions.

<p><strong>ABOUT HANKAMER SCHOOL OF BUSINESS</strong>

Baylor University's Hankamer School of Business provides a rigorous academic experience, consisting of classroom and hands-on learning, guided by Christian commitment and a global perspective. Recognized nationally for several programs, including Entrepreneurship and Accounting, the school offers 24 undergraduate and 13 graduate areas of study. Visit http://www.baylor.edu/businessand follow on Twitter at twitter.com/Baylor_Business.