Wed October 23, 2013

States' Refusal To Expand Medicaid May Leave Millions Uninsured

Protesters fill the Miami office of state Rep. Manny Diaz Jr. on Sept. 20 to protest his stance against expansion of health coverage in Florida.

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President Obama on Tuesday appointed one of his top management gurus, Jeffrey Zeints, to head the team working to fix what ails HealthCare.gov, the troubled website that's supposed to allow residents of 36 states to enroll in coverage under the Affordable Care Act.

But even if the team gets the website working as it should, millions of Americans may still log on to discover that they aren't eligible for any health coverage at all. And that won't be due to any technical glitch. It's because their state has decided not to expand its Medicaid program.

This is not the way the health law was designed and enacted, says Bruce Siegel.

"Originally the idea was that millions and millions of Americans would get health insurance," says Siegel, president and CEO of America's Essential Hospitals, a group that represents safety net institutions around the country. "They'd get coverage through Medicaid or through private insurance on the exchanges."

Currently in most states you have to be a child, pregnant or disabled to get Medicaid. The health law was supposed to change all that — expanding the program to include nearly everyone with incomes up to about 133 percent of the federal poverty level, or about $15,000 a year for an individual.

But in the summer of 2012, when the Supreme Court upheld the health law as constitutional, it did something unexpected, Siegel says. "They said states had the option of expanding their Medicaid program or not expanding it. And that led to a very, very different landscape than what we expected."

As a result, according to the Urban Institute, between 6 million and 7 million low-income uninsured adults live in states that are so far not expanding their programs.

And some of those states have among the largest populations of low-income uninsured people.

"Over 3 million of them live in just four states," says Genevieve Kenney, senior fellow and co-director of the Urban Institute's Health Policy Center. Those states are Florida, Texas, Georgia and North Carolina.

The problem, says Kenney, is that for many of those people the law offers them nothing. Because they were supposed to get Medicaid, they're not eligible to buy private insurance at the exchanges unless their incomes are above the poverty line. That's about $11,000 a year for an individual.

"I think it's going to be confusing for individuals who are applying for coverage," says Kenney. "It certainly makes the message about the new affordable coverage that's available a lot more complicated to target."

Among the people who could get left behind is Ellen Wall. She's a nanny and sometime music teacher from Atlanta. She says her income fluctuates, but most years it's right around the poverty line. She says as long as she can pay her bills, she doesn't mind earning that amount.

"I love doing what I do because I'm very good at what I do, that's why I've chosen this profession," she says. "But there are those years when it's quite lean and then I'm just barely making it. And what am I gonna do if something comes up and I'm really sick and I need some help?"

Wall doesn't have and hasn't had health insurance. She says that was a real problem a few years back when she was in the hospital after an asthma attack.

"It was kind of a very embarrassing situation to be in, not to have the health insurance that could have covered that few days that I was in the hospital," she says.

If Wall lived in a state expanding Medicaid she would clearly qualify. But so far, Georgia isn't. And her income may or may not be high enough to let her qualify for help buying private coverage on the state's exchange. So she'll likely remain working, poor and uninsured.

Most advocates say people like Wall should turn to community clinics and public hospitals if they can't get insurance. But there's a problem there, too, says public hospital advocate Siegel. The health law cut funding for public hospitals because it assumed so many more people would have insurance. But in those states that aren't expanding Medicaid, the need for free care is likely to go up instead of down.

"Many of these hospitals will be overwhelmed," Siegel says. "Some of them are already overwhelmed; many of them are already losing money, providing a high level of service to people in need. And this will simply not be a tenable position."

Public and other hospitals are among those lobbying hard for Medicaid expansion in the states that so far have opted not to expand their Medicaid programs. Some states are still considering opting in. But in others, patients left behind may have to scramble even harder to find care if they get sick.

Copyright 2013 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

Transcript

STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:

You've made it to Wednesday along with MORNING EDITION from NPR News. I'm Steve Inskeep.

DAVID GREENE, HOST:

And I'm David Greene, good morning. The Obama administration is trying to fix the troubled website Healthcare.gov. To help, they've drafted a management guru named Jeffrey Zeints. Healthcare.gov is where, in theory, consumers can shop for health insurance. I say in theory because there have been some embarrassing glitches.

Now, even if Zeints and his team get the site working, at some point millions of low-income Americans are going to discover they are not eligible for any health coverage at all. That's not due to any glitch. It's because their state has decided not to expand Medicaid. NPR's Julie Rovner explains.

JULIE ROVNER, BYLINE: This is not the way the health law was originally designed and enacted.

BRUCE SIEGEL: Originally the idea was that millions and millions of Americans would get health insurance. They'd get coverage through Medicaid or through private insurance on the exchanges.

ROVNER: Bruce Siegel represents safety net institutions around the country as president and CEO of America's Essential Hospitals. Expanding Medicaid was a major piece of the health law, he says.

SIEGEL: Medicaid was supposed to be expanded by covering people who weren't eligible today, people who were fairly poor.

ROVNER: Meaning those with incomes up to about one and a third times the federal poverty level or about $15,000 for an individual. Right now in most states you have to be either a child or pregnant or disabled to get Medicaid. The health law was supposed to change all that, expanding the program to nearly everyone with low incomes.

But in the summer of 2012, when the Supreme Court upheld the health law as constitutional, it did something unexpected.

SIEGEL: They said that states had the option of expanding their Medicaid program or not expanding it. And that led to a very, very different landscape than what we expected.

ROVNER: Only half the states so far have opted to expand their Medicaid programs, even though the federal government is paying the entire cost of the additional people for the first three years, and 90 percent going forward. As a result, according to the Urban Institute, between six and seven million low-income uninsured adults live in states that are so far not expanding their programs.

GENEVIEVE KENNEY: Over three million of them live in just four states - Florida, Texas, Georgia and North Carolina.

ROVNER: That's Urban Institute's senior fellow, Genevieve Kenney. The problem, says Kenney, is that for many of those people, the law offers them nothing. Because they were supposed to get Medicaid, they're not eligible to buy private insurance at the exchanges unless their incomes are over the poverty line. That's about $11,000 a year for an individual.

KENNEY: I think it's going to be confusing for individuals who are applying for coverage. It certainly makes the message about the new affordable coverage that's available a lot more complicated to target.

ROVNER: Among those who could be left out is Ellen Wall. She's a nanny and sometime music teacher from Atlanta. She says her income fluctuates, but most years it's right around the poverty line. She says as long as she can pay her bills, she doesn't mind earning that amount.

ELLEN WALL: I love doing what I do because I'm very good at what I do; that's why I've chosen this profession. But there are those years when it's quite lean and then, you know, I'm just barely making it. But then what am I going to do if something comes up and I'm really sick and I need some help?

ROVNER: Wall doesn't have and hasn't had health insurance. She says that was a real problem a few years back when she was in the hospital after an asthma attack.

WALL: It was kind of a very embarrassing situation to be in, not to have the health insurance that could have covered that few days that I was in the hospital.

ROVNER: If Wall lived in a state expanding Medicaid, she would clearly qualify. But so far, Georgia isn't. And her income may or may not be high enough to let her qualify for help buying private coverage on the state's exchange. So she'll likely remain working, poor and uninsured.

Most advocates say people like Wall should turn to community clinics and public hospitals if they can't get insurance. But there's a problem there too, says public hospital advocate Bruce Siegel. The health law cuts funding for public hospitals because it assumes so many more people would have insurance. But in those states that aren't expanding Medicaid, the need for free care is likely to go up instead of down.

SIEGEL: Many of these hospitals will be overwhelmed. Some of them are already overwhelmed. Many of them are already losing money, providing a high level of service to people in need. And this will simply not be a tenable position.

ROVNER: Ohio this week became the 25th state to vote to expand Medicaid, but despite lobbying efforts by hospitals and even the business community in some places, many states remain firmly opposed, which means patients left behind may have to scramble even harder to find care if they get sick. Julie Rover, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.