3 Is the World Overpopulated?billion people by 2050Limited resourcesEnvironmental impacts (I=PAT)Some say no- Longer lifespansEconomic growth- stimulated by pop. increaseReligion and population growthFreedom and population growthPoverty- 20% people without basic necessitiesEcological footprintFig. 6-1, p. 94

4 Is the World Overpopulated?Click for Current US and World PopulationFig. 6-1, p. 94

7 Average Crude Birth and Death RatesAverage crude birth rateAverage crude death rateAfrica3814LatinAmerica226Asia20718Oceania7UnitedStates148NorthAmerica14810Europe12

8 Current and projected population sizes by region.AnimationCurrent and projected population sizes by region.

9 How Did the Human Population Increase So Rapidly?Human intelligence and adaptation- enabled expansion to diverse habitats & new climate zonesAgriculture - feeds more people per unit areaMedical technologies and sanitation- controls infectious disease

14 Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Fertility Rates ***Child labor- very important in developing countriesCost of raising and educating children - more expensive in developed countriesAvailability of pension systems - pensions reduce need for children to support in old ageUrbanization- better access to family planning services in citiesEducation and employment of women - TFR drops with increasing education & employment opportunitiesInfant mortality rate - Directly proportional to TFRAverage age of marriage- Fewer children when marriage age ≥ 25 yearsAbortion- 46 million abortions yearly (20 million illegal)Availability of birth controlCulture, religious values, and traditions

23 U.S. age structure interaction.AnimationU.S. age structure interaction.

24 Effects of Population Decline40 nations have stable or declining populationsUN predicts that pop of most develop countries will stabilize by 2050 (not USA)Rapid declines can create severe social and economic problemsLabor and social security problemsSocial and economic impacts of AIDS

25 Solutions: Influencing Population Size***Demographic transitionFamily planningImprove health careEmpowering women- worldwide, women account for 66% of hours worked, but receive 10% of world’s income. See stats of p.138Developing national population policiesImprove education, especially for womenIncrease involvement of men in parentingReduce povertyReduce unsustainable consumption

28 Case Study: Hindrances to Family Planning Programs in IndiaPoor planning of family planning programsBureaucratic inefficiencyLow status of womenExtreme povertyLack of administrative and financial support

34 US Urbanization Initial migration to large central citiesLater migration from large cities to suburbsMigration from north and east to south and westRecent migration back to rural areasAdvantages and disadvantages of US urban areas

45 Transportation and Urban DevelopmentCompact and dispersed citiesPersonal automobilesMotor vehicles in the USAdvantages and disadvantages of motor vehiclesReduction of motor vehicle useAlternatives to motor vehicles

49 Tradeoffs of Rapid RailAdvantagesDisadvantagesCan reduce travel by car or planeIdeal for trips of 200–1,000kilometers (120–620 miles)Much more energy efficient per rider over the same distance than a car or planeExpensive to run and maintainMust operate along heavily usedroutes to be profitableCause noise and vibration for nearby residentsFig. 6-21, p. 116

51 Smart Growth Fig. 6-17, p. 117 Solutions Limits and RegulationsSmart Growth ToolsLimits and RegulationsProtectionLimit building permitsUrban growth boundariesGreen belts around citiesPublic review of new dvlmtPreserve existing open spaceBuy new open spaceBuy development rights that prohibit certain types of development on land parcelsTaxesTax land, not buildingsTax land on value of actual use (such as forest and agriculture) instead of highest value as developed landZoningEncourage mixed useConcentrate development along mass transportation routesPromote high-density cluster housing developmentsTax BreaksFor owners agreeing legally to not allow certain types of development (conservation easements)For cleaning up and developing abandoned urban sites (brownfields)PlanningEcological land-use planningEnvironmental impact analysisIntegrated regional planningState and national planningRevitalization and New GrowthRevitalize existing towns and citiesBuild well-planned new towns and villageswithin citiesFig. 6-17, p. 117