Parish records reveal that black citizens were in residence in Tudor England, especially after the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth I. The free people lived, worked and married in the city, in particular around Whitechapel Road in east London.

Archaeologists working at Trusty’s Hill, near Gatehouse of Fleet in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, have unearthed an early medieval Pictish fort. Artifacts at the site were protected by the collapsed ramparts of the fort.