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On-Page
This technique includes optimizing different parts of your website which helps in improving your search engine rankings.
Off-Page
Any optimization that happens well beyond website boundaries falls into this category. Prime purpose of Off-Page SEO is to drive traffic to your website, generate leads and finally convert them into a user/customer.

On page - work on your own web
Off-page - drop links in other sites
White-hat - You participate and drop reasonably
Black-hat - You spam drop links

All SEO are effective except the Black hat one since people who spams will usually get banned. They just want the see the results in a fastest way, therefore they just jump to different sites and spam their own web link.