Tone

Tone is a frequent topic among harp players, but it is not a simple concept
that is well defined. Tone is the Holy Grail of harmonica.
It is related to the musical timbre of the instrument, but most often encompasses
other playing elements as well.

Tone is about
Notes
That sound: good.
Notes
That sound: Clean and full and Big and fat and
Round and warm and Sweet and clear. or
Notes that sound:Bitter and shrill or Light and airy or Bright and piercing or
Powerful and edgy...
Notes:
That aren't weak and wimpy or tentative, but that
Speak out and Sing,
Confidently, with
Your voice.
Or softly whisper
Your secrets.
Notes:
That rip through you and
Grab your insides and
Tear the emotions out of you.
That's good tone.

Tone production relates to the whole of playing a note:
how it is attacked, how it is sustained, what (loudness variation) dynamics
are applied, how it ends: abruptly or smoothly or tailing off, and what
effects are used on it when, such as vibratos and/or tremolos, or slurs
or other combinations with other notes. A player with good tone uses
many different techniques, timbres,
effects, and varieties of note shaping to produce
his/her notes. Notes shouldn't just happen. Notes
should be willfully created. All of them.

Phrasing relates to how notes are played in succession, whether smoothly
with legato or abruptly with degrees of pizzicato or staccato, how dynamics
and musical space are used to frame notes and passages and set them apart
from other phrases in the music. In grammar, a phrase is a related
set of words formed to express an idea. In music, a phrase is a related
set of notes used to express a musical idea. Phrasing, while distinct
from tone, is not unrelated to it. In much improvised play, it is
the musical idea that is maintained from instance to instance of a song,
not the precise notes and timing. Just like when you have an opinion
or idea to express in words, you don't always say it the same way, using
the same words in the same order with the same emphasis--so it goes with
musical ideas too. Musical ideas can be replicated in phrases using
different notes and timings, so long as the feel remains consistent.
What has this got to do with tone? Well, if you take away specific
note sequences and timings for the basis of a musical idea, you have reduced
the number of musical elements left to worry about. Tone (strictly
timbre) is one of those remaining musical elements. Rhythm is another
that is partially left.. the groove--the underlying beat pattern and beat
emphasis is normally kept consistent to maintain the feel of a phrase,
even if the rhythmic patterns of the note durations is not kept the same.
The vibrato element of tone is one element that can be used in setting
the feel to a phrase. The tone of the notes should be appropriate
for the phrase being played--the tone should augment the musical expression.
The tone can work together with the other phrasing elements--including
dynamics, note durations, and rests--to enhance the musical statement that
is a phrase.

Tone comes from the entire musical system that produces the note, from
the instrument to the player to the setting to the amplification.
Of this sound production system, the player is by far the largest most
dominant factor when it comes to tone. Through out these pages I
talk about techniques that enhance your ability to make different sounds
with the harp, and provide a basis for overall good tone. Here are
some elements to pay particular attention to, to pick up on when you see
them associated with other topics and techniques:

Common Elements of Good Tone

Good harmonica tone sounds good with the rest of the music, and changes
according to the demands of the musical expression.

Resonance works with breathing to
produce a loud or complex full bodied tone.

Effective use of vibrato works with the
rhythm of the music to add variety and life to the sound of a note.
Consistency of vibrato through the different note
types can be a key to maintaining a cohesive tone through a passage,
and mask the playing techniques used to create the note.

Consistency among note types in a passage contributes
to the sense of a controlled and motivated tone.

Note types on the diatonic include:

Draws

Blows

Draw Bends

Blow Bends

Full bends

Intermediate bends

Overblows

Overdraws

Single-reed "valve" style closing reed bends.

Open airways, including the mouth and throat
help get the thick round tone. Pinching of the air stream makes a
note weaker and thinner and less confident.

Effective hand cupping techniques add
resonance and variety and shape to the note. For amplified play,
a tight hand cup fattens up the sound, makes the note louder, adds compression,
and contributes to a powerful, edgy distortion. A leaky seal makes
the note thinner, softer, more shrill, less biting. A poor cup around
the harp and mic can be like playing an electric guitar with the amp turned
off. A good tight cup is like turning the amp on.

Proper equipment for amplification enhances
the sound production system--but the player is still the key. If
you have poor acoustic tone, expect to have poor amplified tone as well.
If you have good acoustic tone you have a chance to get good amplified
tone, but you have to master those additional amplified tonal elements
as well.

Proper amplification and electronic effects to work with the player's
tone to enhance the intended feel of the music. For example, if you're
going for a big fat full tone, don't use amplification that emphasizes
high notes and brittle or piercing sound. If you want to sound like
a distorted electric guitar, don't play through a clean rig like an SM57
through the PA. If you want a clean acoustic sound, don't hold a
bullet mic cupped tight and play through an overdriven guitar amp using
effects pedals.

Even, consistent, and controlled volume (loudness) for all
note types, blown, drawn, bent, or overbent. If your notes are
not consistent or controlled as to how loud they are relative to each other,
the result will sound chunky, choppy, and strained, and the sense of good
tone will be greatly diminished.

Good use of dynamics consistently
for all note types contributes to an overall sense of good tone.
Dynamics is about controlling loudness, softness, and pulsing of volume,
and about changes to the loudness--gradually, or suddenly, playing louder
or softer, while keeping any pulsing heartbeat intact.

Good phrase-related tone adds a sense of cohesiveness
and consistency to each phrase and to the music as a whole.

Effective use of variety, especially among
musical phrases, to add interest, add spice, add color, and convey different
feelings works together with the effective use of consistencywithin
musical passages to become the work of musical art painted by the tonal
palette and different tonal colors. If you can't maintain tonal consistency
within a passage, you cannot paint a smooth red stroke; if you can't add
variety to your tone, you can only paint in blue.

Effective use of the strengths of the differences among the note
types--their individual voices and character adds variety and provides
expressive capabilities. Elements you may wish to downplay for the
sake of consistency sometimes, you may want to emphasize for the sake of
expression or variety at other times.

Attention to the details of note attack, formation, sustain, and shaping
is the key to controlling your tone.

Tongue slaps for note articulation
can help thicken up the sound with brief chords and add punch to
the rhythmic heartbeat of the music.

Controlled use of slurs to let in small amounts of air and sound
from adjacent holes can thicken up the sound and add tension.

Effective use and control of difference tones generated with double-stops
(2 notes at a time) can add to the overall sense of musical harmony or
dissonance, and thicken up the sound with these created, extra notes.
This is an advanced technique that requires very precise control over the
bends of both notes when two notes are played at once to "tune" a third
note that is automatically generated as a function of the frequencies of
the notes being played. Control over difference tones is especially
important for amplified play, where the created difference tones are much
louder than during acoustic play.

Good musicianship in general contributes to the overall sense of good tone.

Effect Combinations

Though the elements of tone are described individually, they are often
used in combination to produce the final sound. Just because they
are discussed separately doesn't mean they are used in isolation.
There are lots of examples of effects used in combination.. here are a
few:

Note articulations (including slaps) start a note, but don't impact
the use of dynamics or vibrato.

Hand "wahs" are often used in conjunction with bends that are released,
which emphasizes the "wah" effect.

The depth of tremolos and vibratos can be associated with dynamic changes
to the loudness of a note. As a couple of examples, a note could
start out soft and straight (no vibrato), increase in volume adding a tremolo
wavering of the volume, and end with a loud, pitch-wavering vibrato; or
a note could start loud and straight, then fade out with a little vibrato.

Dynamic pulsing of the volume of vibrato oscillations can work with phrasing,
rhythm, timing, the groove, and legato passages to enhance and emphasize
them.

Practicing Tone

Practicing tone means practicing all the elements that go into tone production,
some of which are mentioned above. It does not
mean playing lots of notes. It means playing each note
for a long time, manipulating it with your mouth and hands and tongue and
breath to try to make it sound as good as you can, in as many different
ways as you can. Practicing and playing with good tone is not
hurrying to the next note, it is lingering on each note
to show the details.

Practicing tone means listening to the sound
of each note, and being aware of the details.
The more you know, the more you will notice, the more details you will
hear. You can actually practice tone by learning what different playing
techniques sound like, and listening to identify what techniques of note
formation and shaping are being used. The songs Misty
and Stormy
Sea II are full of examples you can try to identify and analyze to
see how the techniques contribute to the tone and the music. The
section on diatonic techniques includes
sound samples (in Real Audio format) to help you learn to identify and
understand what the player is doing. Once you can hear and
know and think about what can be done, only then can you try to do it.

What the player is doing. Is doing. Try to do it.
Doing. Do. Something active, not passive. Good
tone is active. It is willfully produced, it is not something
that just happens because of the harp you use or the amplification equipment
you play through. Tone is something the player puts in the note.
Something the player does, actively, willfully,
by exercising control over him/herself, his breathing, her playing, their
music.

But the timbre of different instruments, amps, and mics does vary.
The degree or possibility of certain kinds of tonal manipulations can be
different on different equipment and under different conditions.
But remember, good tone is not passive, not just something that happens.
Good tone is control over notes that is done by the player.

Practice playing one note for a long time, listening to its sound, its
voice, its nuances. Change it subtly, change it dramatically, play
it soft, play it loud, play it gradually softer and softer, play it gradually
louder and louder. Play it straight, play it with vibrato, change
the depth of the vibrato, waver the pitch, oscillate the volume, let it
fade out, make it end abruptly. Hold it for a long time.

I think it is good to practice tone--especially a big fat full round
horn-like tone--on lower key (pitch range) harps (say, key of A or lower
is better). The lower notes require a larger resonance chamber, and
you have to open up and get big on the inside more for low key harps
than on higher key harps (say key of C and higher). I even suggest
working on extended-range low key harps, like a low D or even a "tenor"
C like a Hohner 365. Bends and vibratos on low harps require a tighter
grip on the air stream, and larger mouth and muscle movements--and maybe
I just like their sound. Since different key harps have their own
character, it is good to practice tone on a full range of keys, including
low, medium, and high harps (say, D and higher). Work on higher key
harps requires smaller movements and more subtle control of the muscles.
You can't really get a big fat horn-like sound out of a high key harp,
and it's harder to get a bright, brittle, piercing, or flute-like sound
on a low harp.