In the summer, the sun is higher in the sky, so the rays are more concentrated. In the winter, the sun is lower in the sky (but closer to the Earth), so rays less concentrated.

What is reflection and how is it used?

when light bounces off a surface. Planets and moons shine b/c of this.

What is refraction?

when ligh bends as it encounters and moves through a diferent medium.

What constellation is the North Star? What is the N Star's real name?

POLARIS is in the little dipper (ursa minor)

What is unique about Sirius?

It is the brightest star by orion

What is earthshine?

When sunlight hits the Earth, which reflects light onto the moon in a certain way, which makes the earth's "dark" part glow faintly.

What does "synchronous orbital period" mean? Give an example.

when two orbitals periods are the same as the rotational period. The moon and earth have synchonous orbits, which is why we never see one side of the moon. It is 27.333 days

What is the umbra?

The darkest part of the shadow when the sun is completely blocked, seen in solar total eclipse

What is the penumbra?

The less dark part of the shadow

What does the horizon do?

It separates t=what we can see from what's blocked by Earth

What is the zenith?

the point directly overhead, 90 degrees from the horizon

What is the altitude?

the angle above the horizon

What is the meridian?

what separates the East and West (longitude)

What is the shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun?

an ellipse

DRAW THE PHASES OF THE MOON NOWWW

PENCIL AND PAPER, PLEASE

What does it mean when we say that nepture is in conjunction with the Sun?

The Earth and Neptune have coincided at the same celestial longitude?

What does it mean when we say that Saturn is at opposition to the Sun?

Saturn and the Sun have longitudes or right ascensions differing by 180 degrees

What is the order of archeoastronomy groups/people?

China, Greeks (Aristarchus, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Hipparchus)

What did Aristarchus propose?

that Earth moves around the Sun

What did Aristotle say?

supported geocentric theory

Why did geocentric theory make sense?

1- sky appears to rotate ini 24hrs, 2- it doesn't feel like we're moving, 3- no strong wind so of course we can't be moving, 4- if world were spinning, wouldn't we be thrown off?, 5- no stellar paralax observed

What is stellar paralax?

The shifting of the positions of stars do to the moving of the Earth around the Sun.

What did Ptolemy observe/ think?

observed retrograde motion of plants. Used epicycles to produce this motion to fit geocentral model. Has INSANE accuracy.