The Future of email marketing – 2018 edition

The Future of email marketing – 2018 edition

Come and step into the future of email marketing with our 7th annual review of email marketing trends and predictions.

How can you stay on top of the ever-changing environment that is the inbox? And what about the customers’ Mind-Box?!

The new, 2019 edition is out!

The Future is a moving target. So know that we made a newer, super updated, latest version with all the new 2019 email marketing predictions. There are some great insights below, but be sure to check out what the lastest highlights are of what’s happening right now in email and marketing automation.

To be honest, the future is already here, it’s just not distributed evenly.
Creating this email marketing trends overview has always been a good excuse for me to show what’s already happening right now. Take a peek at what is coming up in 2018 and beyond.
So let’s jump in and see what email industry today, has to say about the future of email marketing tomorrow…

– Jordie van Rijn

Email marketing 5 years ahead …

Econsultancy asked brand side marketers, how they thought email marketing will evolve: “Looking ahead five years, what do you think the single biggest change to email marketing will be?”

This resulted in the following word cloud. The top topics for the coming 5 years are Data, Personalisation, Content, AI and Automation. With Personalisation taking a big leap as the #1 focus area for the upcoming year.

10 Marketing Experts share the future transformations of MarTech

What will be the most interesting developments and trends? Ten marketing experts share their views on what the future of MarTech will hold and out comes a truly interesting article.

This Is What the Future of Email Will Look Like in your Inbox

There is hope for a better email world and it’s coming fast. According to Erik Lukas, in the near future our email Inbox will be more visual, more interactive, give users more control, and be paid.

Our inbox will be more visual
In the future, all important links within an email will be surfaced and previewed, all attachments will be previewed and shown without having to download. Contact photos will be more prominent for people we’re close. We will be able to organize our inbox with gestures and pickup and reorganize mails according to priority.

Our inbox will be 3d and interactive
A smartphone already offers a lot more possibilities than email apps are letting us access. Users will be able to interact with their inbox is new ways that feel like superpowers in the near future. Imagine picking up, tossing, and grouping emails in whatever way you see fit in 3d space.

Our inbox will give users more control
The inboxes of the future will give users vastly more control in three ways:a) control through interaction,b) control through personalization andc) control through programmability.

You can choose to see favourite contacts and most important labels being more prominent and customizable.
It will allow something like personal hashtag rules that give priority contacts permission to ‘top post’ on your inbox. The email hashtag #yourname could be a personal hashtag to create and give out to a few colleagues to use when there is something urgent to consider and a decision is needed asap. A focus mode is another way of control, removing distractions Only to look at only the emails from today or a certain person easily.

Email will be paid
A paid model or protocol layer will naturally sift and improve the quality of emails that make it through the ‘pay filter’ protocol to your inbox. That means…. less junk email! Bitcoin can, in theory, handle micro-payments by lowering transaction costs but they would need widespread adoption or a layer that makes mass usage easy and possibly invisible.Read the whole article here

2018 Email Marketing Predictions

Hold onto your fidget spinners, because the future of email is going to be very bright. Six of the most epic white turtleneck wearing minds in email marketing and automation bring the 2018 Email Marketing Predictions courtesy of Campaign Monitor.

Samantha Anderl: The marketing funnel as we know it is dead.
There is no one-size-fits-all funnel, journey or customer experience anymore. The funnel is changing, and new marketing tactics are on the rise. Leads can enter at any stage and email marketing is a leading channel at every stage of this new funnel. Marketers must own the complete customer journey, not just think about cherry-picking touchpoints along the way.

Chad White: Email targeting will become turbocharged.
Relevance is paramount— In 2018, email marketers will increase their use of automated emails, which are central to creating better email experiences. Rather than viewing these emails unwisely as “set it and forget it” programs, we’ll treat them as “review and improve” programs, maximize their efficiency and supercharge our impact.

Philip Storey: Marketers will own the multi-channel experience like never before.
Until now, marketers have been focused on acquisition and loyalty, but not the rest of the lifecycle. In 2018, tools and technologies make it possible for marketers to fully tackle the complete customer lifecycle, where customers need that little bit more from the brands they love.

Jordie van Rijn: A new type of combined email marketing automation is rising.
The line between marketing automation, email marketing, and CRM is set to blur as email and automation companies continue to expand their features. That is great for marketers. A new midfield of marketing technology players will emerge. Expect high-value platforms and sophistication at a better price than we are used to.

Kath Pay: Predictive marketing metrics will become coveted by marketers.
Machine learning and AI will predict individual and group customer lifetime value – this is called Predictive CLV. It helps to make better informed, data-driven decisions that contribute to increased revenue. Insights like: which subscribers and their attributes will be the most profitable over a specific time period, which acquisition type earns the highest ROI and which customer attributes help in driving increased lifetime value.

The hottest email marketing trends scored by category

What happens if you read all the “2018 email marketing predictions”, “Top email trends for 2018”, “Where is email headed in the year to come?” articles out there trying to find what are the hottest topics? No need. Gerald Marshall from Indiemark did the heavy lifting for you and categorized 100+ email marketing trends and predictions.

The top 4 categories of email predictions in 2018 are: Mails and ESPs, Content, Data analysis, and Segmentation/ Personalization. The same topics as in 2017, although Data analysis moves from 1st to 3rd place. There is more talk about Emails and ESPs, making that the hottest email category in town.

“Alexa, predict the future of email” Sorry Mike, I’m afraid I can’t do that

Mike Regan puts on his (tin-foil?) thinking hat and ponders that digital assistants like Alexa might be giving pro-active recommendations to its users soon. These, of course, would be sourced from the email offers just received.

Alexa: “Mike, I know you are talking about buying a new pair of shoes. Did you know you received a great offer from your favourite shoe shop the other day?

You really should treat yourself once in a while, you handsome devil. The last time you bought shoes was over a year ago.”

10 Key Email Marketing Trends 2018

What does 2018 hold for email marketing? When the Email marketing and digital trends for 2018 are discussed. Ross Sibbald from Striata urges you to ask yourself the question:
“Am I implementing these in my overall marketing strategy and do they help get me to my goals?”

Here are the 10 Key Email Marketing Trends they identified. Not all new or never seen before, but still be newly introduced in your startegy.
Read the highlights here

SmartInsights reviewed the success factors to improving email ROI, combined with views and email marketing predictions of email marketing specialists making a good mix of trends which will be important in 2018.

To start, the lifecycle marketing model shows how email marketing helps to increase relevance and response to communications across potential customer touchpoints. Marketing activities such as personalization, loyalty programs, and re-engagement email programs are vital to your email marketing strategy.

Respecting personal data will change your email marketing strategy
General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) changes will be enforced in May 2018. This is one of the biggest changes happening that affects email marketing strategies in 2018 and is going to be very disruptive if not terminal for email 3rd party data.

Mailable ‘Microsites’ are set to continue it’s winning spree.
Also known as Interactive email, it allows the user to interact with the email interface within the inbox. Interactivity in email is all set to continue its winning spree in 2018. Helping to retain customers and give a more engaging approach to content. Interactive emails keep the inbox interesting and unique.

Conversational tone is adopted for more personal interaction with audience
The tone you chose to use in your emails affects the way your customers will respond. A conversational can give more personal and genuine interaction. Ask questions, get them thinking and then give them the answer they need – through your CTA directing them to your content that helps/educates them.

More businesses push for mobile-friendly design
We now live in a mobile-first society. It is now more important than ever to make your emails mobile-friendly. 73% of email marketers were prioritizing optimizing email for mobile devices according to econsultancy.

Testing and deliverability need addressing further
For a long time, deliverability of emails has been important – make sure the emails are opened with the correct design and delivered to the correct email folder. Adoption of authentication will surge in 2018 because of the emerging Brand Indicators for Message Identification (BIMI) standard.

Personalization and segmentation remain a high priority, sharing dynamic and engaging content
Achieving personalization using machine learning/AI will achieve an uptake in 2018. Marketers continue to focus on getting personalization and relevance right. Even the customer journey will begin to develop a dynamic path based on an individual consumer’s needs.

Email marketing trends Insights 2018

To set the foundation for your email marketing in 2018, Freshmail has gathered the email marketing trends and predictions from 12 leaders of email marketing space.

Laura Atkins: Email filtering changes at ISPs are going to rewrite the deliverability rules as we know them. ISPs will drive senders away from email blasts and towards more segmented and personalized emails to reach the inbox better.

Kath Pay: Email marketers are competing not only on price and service but also on customer experience. 1:1 personalisation using AI/machine learning will become commonplace and necessary for a brand and email plays a crucial role in customer experience as it often kick starts their journey. Customer-centricity as the basis of our strategy is an essential ingredient to success.

Jordie van Rijn: Expect marketers to become fans of the combination of email and on-site interactions. With guided tours, (chat)bots and slide-ins marketers can promote the next best action to and from email and continue the customer interaction flow.

Gerald Marshall: Last year list bombing was a new way for bad actors to influence email delivery. What will the hackers and pranksters be up to this year? I am not sure what the next tactic will be, but you can bet deliverability threats will continue in 2018.

Adam Q. Holden-Bache: With interactive email coming to the inbox, more use of artificial intelligence and predictive marketing, email’s value will only continue to increase.

Rene Kulka: Campaign orchestration, automation, and subscriber insight remain major MarTech drivers and expectations for AI are high. But with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), I am excited to see how the tension between collecting and protecting data will be resolved in the next years.

Chad White: Creating and optimizing automated emails will be a major trend in 2018. Already, nearly 13% of brands already generate the majority of their email marketing revenue from automated emails, according to our 2017 State of Email Survey.

Roland Pokornyik: there is a rapid rise in advanced triggered emails and (in-app, on-site or FB) messages. Retargeting and event/time triggered campaigns are becoming a more integrated part of every marketing strategy, so I expect to be buzzed with 2-5x more emails that aim to re-engage.

Jaymin Bhuptani: with email marketing pushing towards machine learning and automated tools, we will be witness to a phenomenal change in improved personalization, better list segmentation, and better email designs based on previous emails results.

Pawel Sala: Upcoming GDPR regulations will push towards better segmentation. Due to lower costs of big data, we will continue to see more complete ecosystems with data flow between marketing tools.

Jenna Tiffany: Let the machine do the talking! AI and machine learning tools will analyse and interpret consumers behaviour and then provide recommendations with brand values in the back of their… mind?

Samantha Iodice : The evolution of email Email will come from interactive elements, like Live Content, AI, HTML5, and great coding hacks. This will be the catalyst for more personal email and a more holistic email approach.

Email: The Trends To Come In 2018

It seems like only last year that Mailjet sat down to tell you all about what would be in store for your inboxes in 2017. Because it was. How about 2018? Wil it be Personalization, Automation and Interactivity again or something else?

Trend 1: The best -ization to hit the inbox
And it is not personalization. In 2018, we’ll see more one-to-one emails, where it feels like each email you receive in your inbox is relevant to you as an individual: Humanization.

Trend 2: Email Messages; less messy more clarity.
In 2018, it will be ever important to get your message across in a clear and concise way, so your customers know exactly what is expected of them and what you want them to do. So for so “same as ever”, although there is a twist because the clarity extends to GDPR and your forms etc as well. Yikes!

Trend 3: The interactive email experience
In 2018, we hope to see marketers braving new technologies and adding interactivity layers to their emails. Interactive emails are for instance where you can shop within the inbox, without clicking through to a website. Or product customization options within the email that can help ease the experience for the consumer, as well as offer another dimension to your (otherwise) static emails.

Trend 4: Transactional email, only better and engaging
Wishfull thinking? Adding a marketing layer to your transactional emails, should be a prio. As these emails go to the most engaged group of customers and do very well. So add so marketing elements to these most desired emails. (as long as you take GDPR into account).

11 Email Expert Predictions for 2018

2017 has been a bumper year in email marketing, finds the team at Action Rocket / Taxi for Email. Eleven of the finest minds in email marketing share their email marketing trends and views to find out where that bump will come from for 2018.

Here is the short of it:

Marketers must make email preference centers part of their marketing efforts.

Find your voice and experiment with email design

Treat each and every email as a customer service email

Emoji use will skyrocket

Email marketers start really focusing on meaningful personalisation

Email is the driver and catalyst for amazing relevant relationships

Two watchwords for email marketing in 2018: Accessibility and Consent

Make sure you test, with a plan

Relevancy will be the only winner in the inbox in 2018!

Accessibility for all!

The whole relationship will be more valuable to all involved

Clicketh here to see the full scripture and ride the 2018 email trends wave.

Top Email Design Trends for 2018 by Litmus

Chad S. White (what does the S. stand for Chad?) expects you to see more interactive and personalized emails in your inbox. Those are the two email design trends that dwarfed all others in the poll of nearly 600 marketers Litmus did.
The next tier of email marketing design trends for 2018 includes creating smaller, more bite-sized email content and using storytelling more effectively, whether within a single email or across a series of emails.

Prepare yourself for the new year: 6 email marketing predictions

The smart folks from Emma share what they think is the One thing (or actually six) that marketers should prepare for in email marketing in the new year.

Get that engagement focus – Colby Cavanaugh, Senior VP of Marketing
Resist the temptation to be in acquire, acquire, acquire mode all the time. Take a moment to focus, provide value, and be generous to your most engaged audience, and they’ll return the favor.

Optimize for accessibility – Logan Baird, Design Services Lead
Be prepared to focus on accessibility. Make email marketing inclusive and accessible to everyone in your respective audience. Turn on your phone’s accessibility options and explore your own content like that is a great start.

Send fewer promos – Elizabeth Duffey, Senior Email Specialist
Discounts encourage one time purchases, but brands that stick to only sending promotional messages will fall behind. The only way to stand out is to connect and leave a lasting impression with fabulous content that they look forward to (even better if it’s personalized).

Simply, email – Lee Floyd, Creative Director
Thinking about email design, less is more will be the trend. Simplify your design, template, and messaging to help your team move faster and create a scannable email that looks great on all devices. Clarity and simplicity will be the ultimate differentiators when competing in the inbox.

Explicit permission – Art Quanstrom, Deliverability & Compliance Lead
The importance of getting subscribers’ explicit permission will continue to increase. Marketers who provide clarity, respect their subscribers’ time and attention, and provide relevant, engaging content will succeed in 2018.

Cool, contextual email – Jamie Bradley, Customer Marketing Manager
Contextual email is one (really cool) tactic to be more relevant and useful in the inbox than your competitors. For instance include a progress bar to show shipping status of your purchase, or add real-time poll or survey results inside your email. The cool, contextual way to stand out in the inbox.

What do marketers think the future of email marketing looks like?

ClickZ asked marketers about email, the role it plays in the modern marketing strategy and whether email is at risk of being disrupted by instant messaging. The conclusions:

Email very to extremely important.
Two-thirds of marketers in the study said that email is “Extremely important” or “Very important” in the context of their broader strategy. A further 20% reported that email is “Important, but not central”,

Personalisation and Segmentation are the Trends most likely to impact email marketing strategy.
30% of marketers responded with Personalization as the development most likely to impact their email marketing. Segmentation was a fairly close second, with 21% choosing this trend.

In five years’ time, email will be the same, but different.
What will email marketing look like in five years’ time? Will it be unchanged, broadly the same, significantly changed but still fundamentally email, completely transformed, or non-existent?
The vast majority of marketers think that email will still be recognizable as email. 38% said that they think email will be “Broadly the same with some innovations”, 39% said email will undergo “Major changes but with the same fundamentals”.

Top Customer Experience Trends to Watch in 2018

Pure360 asked experts’ unique takes on customer experience trends in 2018, as smart brand marketers evolve the ways they make each brand touchpoint work to an easier customer’s purchase decision.

Kath Pay: Customer-centricity will need to underpin every strategy.
Smart marketers will focus on the customer and their journey (customer-centric approach) rather than trying to connect the channels (brand-centric approach).

Jenna Tiffany: Brands that apply personalisation technology will be at an advantage.
2018 will be a year of even more heightened expectations for personalisation. Data is a challenge, but there are alternatives, such as geo-targeting, using weather, or time of day—all potential insights into a person’s mood or behaviour pattern.

Philip Storey: Customer first, marketing goals second.
Brands face a huge challenge to keep people engaged with ther content. But they create it for themselves, by putting their own goals, needs and targets before the needs of the customer.

Dela Quist Attribution will be the biggest challenge in improving customer experience.
Unless our attribution is on point, we are ill-equipped to decide which touchpoints we need to enhance. The email addresses plays an important role in the ability to join up the dots and understand the sequence of interactions that led to purchase

Becs Rivett-Kemm: Aligning experiences with how people actually shop.
To align to shopping behavior eCommerce brands need to consider how their experience aligns with how consumers actually shop. For instance, maintaining a basket across multiple devices is quite important (to me).

Read the complete article here for and more insights like how we should shift the mindset from conversion to experience and those who get granular will get ahead from experts Lilach Bullock, Jordie van Rijn Chloe Thomas, Paul Airy.

Email marketing trends in 2018: What do the experts predict?

Great question here, from Nikki at econsultancy. What Email trends do the experts predict? Turns out that these 4 experts predict email to become big this year, very big. That means more transactions, ESP-agnostic platforms driving innovation, more engagement and more live content in emails.

Steven Ledgerwood: “Batch and Buy” will make email the largest transaction platform on Earth

The big brands are set to turn email from a traffic to a direct revenue channel. Embedded ‘Buy Now’, allows consumers to purchase goods and services from within an email. And integrated bills encourage customers to pay their electricity or gas bills within their email instead of having to go directly to a site. This will make email the largest transaction platform on earth!

Parry Malm: ESP agnosticism and AI will drive email marketing, not cars.
Parry Malm of Phrasee suggests you change your socks a bit more often, at least more often than your ESP. Companies will change their ESPs a lot and blaming a technology provider for their woes. But they are basically all the same, sort of. The future of this channel is not ESPs, but ESP-agnostic solutions like Phrasee themselves. AI – the other hot trend on the other hand, should be realistic it can drive your car, but rather start with subject lines.

Colby Cavanaugh: Email should get on the engagement treadmill
of Emma Resist the temptation to get on the “grow your audience” treadmill, where it’s acquire, acquire, acquire all the time. Wrong treadmill! Email marketing in 2018 is all about fostering engagement. A fully engaged subscriber will give marketers better results and give them higher priority in reaching the inbox. Provide value, and be generous to their most engaged audience.

Graham Charlton: Dynamic content brings the emails to life
If brands use data, they can personalize and create emails which are relevant to the recipient’s interests, habits and purchase history. OK, but that is not all: We’ll see more use of dynamic content, where elements of the email are updated as people open them. For example, live pricing and images and other content can be changed based on their current location.

Email marketing trendbook 2018

In their Email marketing trendbook 2018, Krzysztof Jarecki, Aleksander Heba and Adam Ambrożewicz from ExpertSender discuss what they believe are the most interesting trends for 2018. These are bound to play a bigger role in your marketing strategy this year.

Welcome series email adoption to grow
2018 will be the year where every savvy email marketer will introduce welcome series into their marketing programs, improving conversions, customer and brand loyalty.

Behavioral triggers to beat like a drum
Behavioral triggers give marketers the tools to track what users do on a website or in email and allows marketing communications to be sent to re-engage users, and hopefully helps you restore them back into your sales funnel.

Chatbots to help marketers grow their email lists
Customizable bots can be used to effectively engage website users and collect their email addresses. Integrating chatbots into your email marketing program is a must-have for eCommerce retailers in 2018.

Recommendation engines enter emails
This technology analyzes behavioral patterns of website visitors to predict the products or services they might be interested in. Email is one of the select push channels that’ll allow you to suggest similar or complementary products to your customer once they’ve already left your website.

Predictive analytics will be more prevalent
The next step in evolving your marketing game is to precisely predict when your customers will want to make their next purchase. Predictive analytics will help marketers earn more with what they’re spending already by allowing you to send communications that you know your customers want to receive.

Email production automation will become the norm
A lot of time spent in email creation can be automated using email templates and dynamic code. More and more marketers are making use of dynamic content as a time-saving email strategy.

AI to write some of your content
Will AI be writing all your long-form copy? Maybe not just yet, but it’ll help us match existing human written content with a customer’s interests.

Web push technology to complement email
Web push is complementary to email and opens the door to those that avoid email marketing. Web push allows marketers to engage with these customers through a different channel.

Gamification becoming more prevalent in email
Translate game mechanics to motivate customers; recognition, savings, or altruism and we can design email campaigns that employ gamification that benefits both our customers and bottom line.

More automated personalized customer relationships
Brands that keep a personal, 1-to-1 relationship, with a contextual experience, build customer loyalty and engagement. To get more personal, more companies will step into a fully automated customer lifecycle through the email marketing channel.

Envisioning the Top 7 Email Design Trends for 2018

Driving ahead with Dynamic Data
Dynamic data that changes on email open is picking up pace. The challenge for designers is displaying it correctly in a particular content blocks without breaking the layout or big whitespaces.

Tapping into the Typography Trend
Use of artistic fonts in email is a good way to grab subscribers’ attention as they make the emails more visually appealing and can highlight the important offers. 2018 is sure to witness a spike in emails with unique typography. Look at how Aéropostale uses decorative typeface and highlights the important offers.

Instagram in your inbox
Email marketers can include their Instagram stories in their promotional emails and create a sense of consistency, emulating the familiar feel of Instagram. While offering an omnichannel experience to their subscribers.

Live Polling in Emails
Let your subscribers tell you what they want by implementing live polling in your emails. Customer-centric marketing like that can be far more effective than the usual sales mails.

Leveling Up Interactivity with Gamification
Early adopters can let their emails leap out from the inbox and go a level up with gamification in your emails. Offer your subscribers some reward at the other end of the entertaining and eye-catching experience.

An impulse to highlight Important Elements
Add a small pulse to emphasize important phrase in your email to get them noticed. That will increase the chance of conversions and convey your email purpose much better.
Here is a part of an email from Hollister that highlights urgency “Last day!”.

Creating some drama with an HTML5 Video
HTML5 video can work wonders to promote your services in email. Use video in your HTML email template to showcase the success stories of the past and offer a dramatic experience (in a good way).

3 Trends Driving the Future of Email Marketing

The best way to determine the future is to look at the momentum of what’s happening now, and where it is headed. Will Devlin listed the three master-trends that will likely define the future of email marketing at Customer Think:

Think mobile first
Mobile devices are becoming our preferred personal computer and are outpacing desktops and other devices for email opens and clicks. Customers don’t differentiate touchpoints. They’re just interacting with your brand.

Time for Real Time
the time where marketers can respond and capture sales has never been shorter. Enterprise marketers have to start thinking about their email program the same way they think about their websites. Automated campaigns need real-time data in order to be effective. Triggered emails (like abandoned cart or product view promotions) need to be plugged into the global ecosystem.

Personalisation
Personalization is critical for success. For custom experiences, marketers need to find technology that allows them to access all of their data in real-time so they can have a complete view of what their customers are doing.. Examples are demographic data, customer satisfaction, lifestyle, spending habits, purchase behaviors, brand interactions, etc.

Top Email Marketing Trends to Know in 2018

Email marketing is just as relevant as ever. Dane Cobain list a few of the trends that are shaping email marketing for 2018 on DisruptorDaily.

Cross-Channel Tracking and Targeting
Today’s consumers are using all sorts of different devices. Tracking tools are getting better and able to bring data together from all those sources. But tracking is only useful if you act on it. That’s why more and more email marketing vendors will allow users to set up advanced targeting and automation rules based on tracking email subscribers across any touchpoint and device.

Increased Regulation
Regulation has always been a big issue for email marketers. But in 2017, thanks to the unstable state of global politics and the ever-increasing focus on online privacy, we’ll continue to see attempts to launch new regulations.

Shrinking Emails
The explosive growth in mobile and tablet usage has pushed to reduce the sizes of emails. In 2018 and beyond, email lengths and file sizes are likely to decrease in line with a greater focus on super relevant bite-sized content. It’s up to marketers to change their approach to meet consumer demands.

Better Sign-Up Calls-To-Action
Nobody really cares about your generic newsletter. Many marketers have already shifted towards using segmentation, automation, and personalization. Your calls-to-action should move from ‘sign up to our newsletter’ to be more tailored, promising value in exchange for an opt-in. This shift will continue, and the calls-to-action will change as a result of it.

The Rise of Dialogues
Email is an excellent tool for building relationships with customers. Marketers will set up structured campaigns that link people to live chat widgets, surveys and other tools. Engage with their customers over time, and pushing people further down the sales funnel.

The New Future of Email Marketing and Automation

The Future you can’t put in a bottle and keep forever. We made a new-new, super updated, latest version with all the fresh email marketing predictions for 2019. These were some great insights, but be sure to check out what the lastest highlights are of what’s happening right now in email and marketing automation.

Jordie van Rijn is an independent email marketing consultant. Next to helping companies improve their email marketing results he gives email marketing training and is a writer and speaker in the field of online marketing.