Marsh, James H., "Roald Amundsen Crosses the Northwest Passage". In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published August 24, 2013; Last Edited January 25, 2019. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/roald-amundsen-crosses-the-northwest-passage-feature

Roald Amundsen Crosses the Northwest Passage

The great Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen clung grimly to the tiller of his little ship Gjøa. Adrift in the remote waters of Simpson Strait, the Gjøa had just spent two agonizing weeks in August 1905 avoiding the death grip of the polar ice. Over and over the exhausted crew begged Amundsen to turn back. Haggard and ill, he had not eaten for days and he dared not sleep. He knew that his dream of sailing across the top of the world was within his grasp.

Amundsen, one of history's greatest explorers, was the first to complete the Northwest Passage (courtesy Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley).

On 26 August, Amundsen heard the lookout cry “Sail. Sail ahead!” Amundsen knew instantly what it meant. They were in open water and had spotted a whaling ship from the Pacific. In his diary he wrote: “The North-West Passage was done. My boyhood dream — at that moment it was accomplished. A strange feeling welled up in my throat; I was somewhat overstrained and worn — it was a weakness in me— but I felt tears in my eyes.”

At Nome, Alaska, in 1906 after the completion of the Northwest Passage (courtesy Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley).

Amundsen seemed destined to be one of history’s greatest explorers, worthy of his Viking ancestors. Born in southeast Norway, he grew up devouring stories of polar exploration,
particularly the ill-fated journey of the British explorer, Sir John Franklin (seeFranklin Search).
He gnawed leather and bones, strengthened his physique, and endured hardships to prepare himself for the hazardous adventures ahead.

After proving his leadership and courage on a Belgian-financed Antarctic expedition in 1894, Amundsen obtained his captain’s ticket and set about planning his own Arctic expedition:
to search for the Northwest Passage.

A map showing the routes of various expeditions searching for a northwest passage through the Arctic, from 1576 to 1944.

When Amundsen and his little ship the Gjøa set sail on 16 June 1903 towards the North Sea, he knew full well that he was embarking on an adventure that had ended in disappointment and disaster for so many before him.

At Godhaven, west of Greenland, Amundsen took on supplies and purchased a score of Husky dogs (seeDogsledding). The now heavily laden ship struggled in the frightful squalls of Melville Bay, notoriously one of the worst bodies of water in the world. Amundsen
told his frightened crew to “Rely on me. Best of all, rely on the Gjøa. I understand her and she understands me.” At last, the Gjøa rounded Cape York and landed on dreary and lonely Beechey Island,
deep in Lancaster Sound.

From Beechey Island the Gjøa slipped into the mists of Peel Sound, which was the farthest point yet reached by any explorer. After an onboard fire and two groundings, it reached the south coast of King William Island and found a protected harbour Amundsen called Gjøahavn (meaning Gjøa Harbour) for his ship (see Gjoa Haven). While Amundsen set up his instruments
in several locations and was able to collect enough data to locate the North Magnetic Pole (seeMagnetic Poles), he failed in several attempts to reach the North Pole overland.

Netsilingmiut live on the Arctic coast of Canada west of Hudson Bay. They were photographed here visiting Amundsen's expedition in 1903.

Amundsen went to live among the Inuit, who taught him how to survive in the world’s most extreme region. Amundsen was astonished at their happiness and when he left them he wrote
“I don’t think that we will ever meet better people in our lifetime.”

The arduous journey through the Northwest Passage took its toll on Amundsen. He was 33 but he looked 63. His face kept the same lean, gaunt look for the rest of his life. On 2 September the Gjøa slowed its progress off King Point on the north
coast of Canada. One whaling captain, anxious to return overland to San Francisco, persuaded the penniless Amundsen to take him. With two Inuit guides the party crossed a ridge of mountains and on 5 December 1905 reached Fort Egbert. There, by telegraph,
Amundsen informed the world of his triumph.

Amundsen could only add to his fame with his astonishing voyage to the South Pole. By travelling light, with dog sleds — in contrast with the doomed expedition of Robert Falcon Scott — Amundsen made relatively easy progress across the vast plateau to
the South Pole itself.

When in May 1928, Amundsen heard that the Italian explorer Umberto Nobile’s airship had crashed in the Arctic, without hesitation he volunteered to take part in a rescue attempt. In June, his aircraft crashed three hours after it took off from the town
of Tromso. Fridtjof Nansen wrote perhaps the best epitaph for history’s greatest polar explorer: “Amundsen... had set his course, as he had determined, and without looking back... What does it not convey of a sage, well laid plan, and splendid execution
of determined courage, endurance and manly power?”