A jury found Gregory Lee Latham (Gregory) and Yvonne Dee Latham
(Yvonne) guilty of the second degree murder of their 17-year-old
daughter, Nanette Latham (Nanette) (Pen. Code, §§ 187, subd. (a), 189)
(count 1).*fn2 The jury also found appellants
guilty of child endangerment (§ 273a, subd. (a)) (count 2).*fn3
In addition, with respect to count 2, the jury found
that appellants committed the offense under circumstances specified in
section 12022.95.*fn4 Nanette, who suffered from
type 1 diabetes, died from complications related to the disease.*fn5
At trial, the People presented evidence that
appellants acted with conscious disregard for Nanette's life by
failing to obtain medical treatment for her in the days preceding her
death.

Appellants contend that there is insufficient evidence to support the jury's verdicts finding them guilty of second degree murder. Specifically, appellants contend that the record lacks sufficient evidence from which the jury could have found that they knew that their failure to obtain medical treatment for Nanette endangered her life or that they failed to obtain such medical treatment in conscious disregard for Nanette's life, both of which the jury had to impliedly find in order to convict appellants of second degree murder. We affirm the judgment.*fn6

II.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. The trial

1. The prosecution's evidence

a. Nanette's prior medical treatment for diabetes

In December 2001, Nanette was admitted to the emergency room after she displayed "an altered level of consciousness." She was diagnosed as suffering from diabetes mellitus, type 1, and diabetic ketoacidosis.*fn7 Diabetic ketoacidosis is a complication related to diabetes that occurs when the body fails to produce adequate amounts of insulin. While the condition can be fatal, most cases of diabetic ketoacidosis are treatable and the patient recovers. Nanette's symptoms included Kussmaul breathing*fn8 and "fruity breath," a sign of acetone on the breath.

Medical records from Nanette's 2001 hospitalization indicated that appellants were provided with education related to the management of Nanette's diabetic condition at that time. This education would have included instruction as to how to recognize the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis. The medical records state that appellants did "not grasp[] [the] seriousness of [Nanette's] . . . condition," and that they displayed "ignorance and [a] lack of comprehension of how close their daughter came to dying."

After her diagnosis, Nanette was primarily responsible for managing her own diabetic condition. She monitored her blood sugar and injected herself with insulin, as needed. Gregory, who had type 2 diabetes, sometimes assisted Nanette in the management of her diabetes.

In 2004, Nanette was taken to a medical office after she became lethargic and unresponsive. Yundell Montalbo, a physician's assistant, diagnosed Nanette as having low blood sugar. Montalbo believed that Nanette was going into a coma and that she required hospitalization. An ambulance was summoned. An emergency medical technician provided Nanette with glucose, and her blood sugar level began to rise. Yvonne decided not to allow Nanette to be taken to the hospital in the ambulance, and Nanette was not hospitalized on this occasion.

b. Nanette's illness in April 2006

In April 2006, Nanette became ill and displayed the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis. Over a period of approximately a week prior to April 15, Nanette's physical condition deteriorated. She became immobile, began to breathe heavily, complained of pain to her lungs and ribs, and appeared to be semiconsciousness or unconscious for periods of time. In the days just prior to April 15, neighbors urged the appellants to obtain medical treatment for Nanette. Appellants did not obtain any medical treatment for Nanette prior to April 15.

c. Nanette's hospitalization and death

On April 15, the Lathams' neighbor, Linda Conner, heard Yvonne screaming, "I think Nanette died. I think Nanette is dead." Another neighbor, Jesse Wallis, called 911 after learning that Nanette had stopped breathing. Paramedics arrived at appellants' residence at approximately 12:39 p.m. Upon their arrival, paramedics determined that Nanette was in cardiac arrest, meaning that she was not breathing and her heart was not beating. Paramedics rushed Nanette to the hospital. Hospital personnel drew Nannette's blood approximately 10 minutes after her arrival. Nanette's blood sugar level was 1297, which is roughly 15 times the normal level.

On April 17, 2006, physical examinations showed that Nanette had no brain activity and that she met the criteria for brain death. Doctors pronounced her dead at 6:30 p.m. that evening. Nannette remained on a ventilator until the following day in order to afford appellants the opportunity to visit her. Appellants visited Nanette briefly on April 18. Minutes after appellants' visit, doctors removed Nanette from "organ support," and all respiration and cardiac activity ceased. A forensic pathologist determined that Nanette died as a result of diabetic ketoacidosis.

d. Expert testimony concerning diabetic ketoacidosis

Pediatric endocrinologist Dr. John Mace testified concerning diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis. Dr. Mace explained that there are two types of diabetes--type 1 and type 2. In persons suffering from type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce enough insulin, a hormone made in the pancreas that lowers the body's blood sugar. Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when the body is not getting enough insulin and begins to burn fat. When the body burns fat, it produces ketoacids. Individuals who are suffering from diabetic ketoacidosis will breathe "fast and hard" in effort to rid their bodies of the acid. Dr. Mace described that breathing as follows, "It would be like you just ran a race, and so you would be breathing that hard." Unless a person suffering from diabetic ketoacidosis receives insulin, his or her body will become progressively acidotic, and his or her brain will cease to function properly. If untreated, a person suffering from diabetic ketoacidosis will become comatose, stop breathing, and die.

Dr. Mace also testified that a blood sugar level of 1297 is "very high" and that with a blood sugar level this high, Nanette would have been "acutely ill" and would have gone into cardiac arrest.

2. The defense

a. Gregory's defense

Endocrinologist Dr. Steven Schessler testified concerning diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis. Dr. Schessler explained the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and stated that a person who suffers from type 2 diabetes and who has not had specialized training regarding type 1 diabetes might incorrectly treat a type 1 diabetic. Dr. Schessler also explained that some diabetics can have normal blood sugar levels, yet be acidotic. Dr. Schessler also agreed with defense counsel that it would be "possible" for a person's blood sugar level to rise from 300 to 1200 in 12 hours.

Appellants' daughter, Heidi, testified that Nanette was sick for "about three days" prior to April 15. During those three days, Heidi saw Nanette only twice. Nanette appeared sick and told Heidi that she had a stomach ache. On the second day that Nanette was sick, Nanette asked Heidi for some water. Heidi saw Gregory attempt to give Nanette pizza and a yogurt drink, but Nanette pushed them away. Heidi also saw Gregory check Nanette's blood sugar level.

The paramedics took Nanette to San Gorgonio Hospital. Heidi and Yvonne went there to see her. After Nanette was transferred to Loma Linda Hospital, Heidi went with Gregory and Yvonne to see Nanette. According to Heidi, at the hospital, Gregory was yelling and "in a rage" because "they wanted him to pull the plug."

Heidi stated that approximately two months prior to Nanette's death, Yvonne was attacked by a man who kicked her in the head with steel-toed boots and stabbed her with keys. After the attack, Heidi could see that Yvonne had bruises on her head and chest and cuts on her arms, shoulders, and face. Yvonne was taken by ambulance to the hospital. After this incident, Yvonne appeared "sad" to Heidi. Yvonne told Heidi that she was "messed up" from the attack.

b. Yvonne's defense

Appellants' son, Gregory Latham, Jr. (Gregory Jr.), testified that sometime prior to February 2006, he witnessed a man attack Yvonne.*fn9 Gregory Jr. saw the man "stomping" on Yvonne's head. Yvonne had "lumps all over her head" as a result of the attack. Gregory Jr. also was "pretty sure [Yvonne] was bleeding" as a result of the attack.

On the morning that paramedics took Nanette to the hospital, Gregory Jr. heard Yvonne screaming as if she were "frantic about something." Yvonne told Gregory Jr. that Nanette had stopped breathing. Gregory Jr. performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation on Nanette. Yvonne was crying and appeared "really stressed out" and "[r]eally worried."

The trial court sentenced Gregory to an aggregate term of 17 years to life in prison. On count 1, the court sentenced Gregory to 15 years to life. On count 2, the court sentenced Gregory to 10 years in prison, consisting of the upper term of six years on the underlying count (§ 273a, subd. (a)) and four years for the section 12022.95 enhancement. The court stated that the term on count 2 was to be served concurrently with the term imposed on count 1, and stayed execution of the sentence on count 2 pursuant to section 654. On count 3, the court sentenced Gregory to two years in prison, to be served consecutively to the term imposed on count 1.

The trial court sentenced Yvonne to an aggregate term of 15 years to life in prison. On count 1, the court sentenced Yvonne to 15 years to life. On count 2, the court sentenced Yvonne to 8 years in prison, consisting of the middle term of four years on the underlying count (§ 273a. subd. (a)) and four years for the section 12022.95 enhancement. The court stated that the term on count 2 was to be served concurrently with the term imposed on count 1, and the court stayed execution of the sentence on count 2 pursuant to section 654.

III.

DISCUSSION

A. There is sufficient evidence in the record to support the jury's
verdicts finding
appellants guilty of second degree murder

Appellants contend that there is insufficient evidence in the record to support the jury's verdicts finding them guilty of second degree murder (§§ 187, subd. (a), 189).

1. Governing law and standard of review

a. Sufficiency of the evidence

"A state court conviction that is not supported by sufficient evidence violates the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and is invalid for that reason." (People v. Rowland (1992) 4 Cal.4th 238, 269, citing Jackson v. Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 307, 313-324.) In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, "the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." (Jackson v. Virginia, supra, at p. 319.) "[T]he court must review the whole record in the light most favorable to the judgment below to determine whether it discloses substantial evidence--that is, evidence which is reasonable, credible, and of solid value--such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." (People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d 557, 578.) "The standard of review is the same in cases in which the prosecution relies mainly on circumstantial evidence." (People v. Rodriguez (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1, 11.)

"Such malice may be express or implied. It is express when there is manifested a deliberate intention unlawfully to take away the life of a fellow creature. It is implied, when no considerable provocation appears, or when the circumstances attending the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart.

"When it is shown that the killing resulted from the intentional doing of an act with express or implied malice as defined above, no other mental state need be shown to establish the mental state of malice aforethought. Neither an awareness of the obligation to act within the general body of laws regulating society nor acting despite such awareness is included within the definition of malice."

"We have interpreted implied malice as having 'both a physical and a mental component. The physical component is satisfied by the performance of "an act, the natural consequences of which are dangerous to life." [Citation.] The mental component is the requirement that the defendant "knows that his conduct endangers the life of another and . . . acts with a conscious disregard for life." [Citation.]' [Citation.]" (Ibid.)

A parent owes his or her child a duty to obtain needed medical attention. (People v. Burden (1977) 72 Cal.App.3d 603, 614 (Burden)); accord § 270.) The "omission of a duty is in law the equivalent of an act" (Burden, supra, at p. 616), and thus, a defendant's failure to perform an act that he or she has a legal duty to perform is identical to the defendant's affirmative performance of an act. (Id. at p. 618 ["common law does not distinguish between homicide by act and homicide by omission"]; see CALCRIM No. 520 ["If you conclude that the defendant owed a duty to , and the defendant failed to perform that duty, (his/her) failure to act is the same as doing a negligent or injurious act"].)

2. Application

Appellants contend that the record lacks sufficient evidence from which the jury could have found that they knew that their failure to obtain medical treatment for Nanette endangered her life or that they failed to obtain such medical treatment in conscious disregard for Nanette's life.*fn10

a. There is sufficient evidence from which a jury could have found that appellants harbored the requisite mental state to be found guilty of implied malice murder

There are four categories of evidence in the record that support the jury's implied finding that appellants acted with implied malice. Below, we discuss each of these categories and explain how the cumulative weight of the evidence is sufficient to support the jury's verdicts.

i. Nanette's medical condition in the days prior to her death

Conner testified that approximately five days before paramedics
rushed Nanette to the hospital, Conner saw Nanette lying on the couch,
"completely out of it." Conner shook Nanette, but was unable to
awaken her. Approximately three days before Nanette suffered cardiac
arrest and was transported to the hospital, Wallis saw Nanette lying
on the bed, moaning, in a drowsy, semiconscious state.*fn11
The next day, Wallis observed Nanette lying on the bed
in the same condition. On the day before Nanette suffered cardiac
arrest, Wallis testified that Nanette appeared "out of it." Wallis
stated that Nanette was unable to sit up on her own and that she was
"really weak." Wallis watched Gregory attempt to pour some yogurt
into Nanette's mouth while propping her up with his arms. According
to Wallis, the yogurt was "running down [Nanette's] chin."

Appellants' daughter, Carra,*fn12 testified that Nanette became sick a week before she was taken to the hospital.*fn13 During that week, Nanette looked weak, "got real skinny," could not "really" walk, and did not want to drink or eat. In addition, during an interview that a police investigator conducted with Carra on April 25, 2006, 10 days after Nanette was hospitalized, Carra stated that Nanette had told her and appellants' other daughter, Carol, that Nanette's ribs "hurt bad," and that "her lungs hurted [sic]." Carra also told the investigator, "Carol said [Nanette's] lungs are probably shutting down or something." In addition, Carra told the investigator that Carol told Yvonne that Nanette had said her ribs and lungs hurt.

Carol testified that Nanette got sick "about a week" before she was taken to the hospital.*fn14 According to Carol, as the week progressed, Nanette "wasn't responding to anybody's answer [sic]." Carol explained, "[S]he would barely, like, say 'yes' or 'no.' " Carol said that Nanette was "barely" able to stand up and walk. Carol also noted that Nanette was unable to use the restroom, and that Yvonne had put a diaper on Nanette. Moreover, according to Carol, Nanette was "breathing hard" in the "couple of days" prior to being hospitalized. Carol had heard Nanette breathe in a similar fashion at the time Nanette was initially diagnosed with diabetes. Carol also testified that Nanette said that her ribs hurt.

Nathan Buddruis, one of the paramedics who took Nanette to the hospital, testified that when he saw Nanette being removed from appellants' residence, "she appeared to . . . be possibly a very old woman that could have been maybe 70 years old, just by judging by the look of her skin, and her eyes and her face and the fact that she was in a diaper." Paramedics determined that Nanette was in cardiac arrest, and emergency room personnel discovered that Nanette was unresponsive to any stimuli and that her blood sugar level was extremely high.

In addition to evidence pertaining to Nanette's medical condition in the days preceding her death, the record also contains expert testimony concerning the symptoms that a patient suffering from diabetic ketoacidosis would ordinarily display in the 24 hours prior to cardiac arrest and death. Dr. Mace testified that such a patient would engage in extremely heavy breathing for a period of approximately 24 hours prior to suffering cardiac arrest. The prosecutor asked Dr. Mace, "The heavy breathing that you have described, is that something most people would recognize as a problem?" Dr. Mace responded in the affirmative. Dr. Mace provided a demonstration of this type of breathing while on the witness stand, which the court described as follows: "[T]he witness is taking extremely deep breaths, utilizing the shoulders and chest extensively."*fn15 In addition, Dr. Mace testified that a patient who ultimately suffered cardiac arrest caused by diabetic ketoacidosis would have become "progressively less aware and gradually slip[ped] into coma" during the 24-hour period prior to suffering cardiac arrest and death.

ii. Appellants had received training on recognizing the
symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis

At the time of Nanette's 2001 hospitalization, appellants received training in the management of diabetes. This training included instruction concerning how to recognize the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis, including "Kussmaul breathing," "acetone on the breath,"*fn16 and "mental stupor."

On at least three separate occasions during the four days before Nanette suffered cardiac arrest, Conner told Gregory that "[she] wished they . . . would call the paramedics." Conner told Yvonne "the same thing." Conner was worried that Nanette might be in "a coma."

Two days prior to Nannette's hospitalization, neighbor Anthony Costa visited Nanette and appellants. After hearing Nanette make a moaning sound as if she were in pain, Costa offered to drive the family to a doctor's office or to the hospital. Gregory responded, "No, it's okay. She is all right. She will be all right."

On the day before Nanette suffered cardiac arrest, Wallis told both appellants that Nanette "didn't look real good at all, that she should be taken to a hospital." Wallis said that appellants "kind of just looked at [him]," and that he "told them that if they didn't take her to the hospital, [he] was going to call an ambulance first thing in the morning."

iv. Appellants' emotional state and conduct near the time of Nanette's death

Neighbor Cassandra Wallis (Cassandra) testified that after 911 had been called, but prior to the arrival of emergency personnel at the scene, Cassandra ran into appellants' residence. Cassandra saw Gregory sitting on a bench approximately five to six feet away from Nannette, drinking a beer. The prosecutor asked Cassandra, "Did it appear to you that he was paying attention to Nanette?" Cassandra responded, "No."

Sergeant Thomas Brewster of the Riverside County Sheriff's Department interviewed Gregory at approximately noon on April 18, three days after Nanette was hospitalized. Gregory told Sergeant Brewster that he had purchased two or three six-packs of beer that morning, and that he had not yet visited Nanette at Loma Linda Hospital. Gregory told Sergeant Brewster that he would try to find a friend to take him to the hospital the following day. Sergeant Brewster asked Gregory whether he would be interested in visiting Nanette if Sergeant Brewster were able to arrange the necessary transportation. According to Sergeant Brewster, Gregory responded that, "[h]e was tired, and he needed to get something to eat, and he would have Tony [the friend] take him later or the next day." At the end of the interview, Sergeant Brewster explained to Gregory that Nanette was "brain dead," and that the hospital "was keeping her alive on a ventilator as a courtesy so that he would have the opportunity to say his good-byes." Sergeant Brewster stated that Gregory appeared to show "indifference" upon learning of Nanette's condition. Sergeant Brewster then told Gregory that the hospital "would prefer that he go see her sooner rather than later." According to Sergeant Brewster, Gregory responded by reiterating that "[h]e was tired, and he needed to get something to eat, and he would try and have Tony take him later."

Several neighbors testified that on April 15, after paramedics were called, Yvonne went into neighbor Linda Conner's residence and locked herself in the bathroom. Cassandra was attempting to get Yvonne to come out of the bathroom. Neighbor Vickie Hamilton heard Cassandra say, " 'That's no reason not to call 9-1-1 and to lock yourself in the bathroom.' " Yvonne remained in Conner's residence until the ambulance left with Nanette. A few days later, Yvonne told Cassandra that she had not called 911 earlier because she was embarrassed about the smell and mess inside her residence.*fn17

Dr. Debra Craig, an ethicist who was involved in making the determination concerning when to remove Nanette from life support, testified that she observed appellants during their final visit with Nanette in the intensive care unit on April 18. Dr. Craig testified that Yvonne did "very little more than glance toward the bed" and estimated that appellants spent "less than three minutes" in the ward during this final visit. Sergeant Gary Leclair of the Riverside County Sheriff's Department interviewed Yvonne on April 18 and testified, "She gave me an opinion [sic] that she wasn't interested or didn't care what was going on with her daughter."

v. The cumulative impact of the evidence discussed above is
sufficient to support the jury's implied finding that appellants acted with
implied malice

Viewing the cumulative impact of the evidence discussed above in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier of fact could have found that the appellants were aware that their failure to obtain medical treatment for Nanette endangered her life, and that they failed to obtain medical treatment for her in conscious disregard of that risk. Most importantly, evidence that Nanette displayed clearly visible signs of an extremely serious medical condition supports the inference that appellants were aware of the life threatening nature of her condition. (See Burden, supra, 72 Cal.App.3d at p. 620 [visible evidence of malnutrition "sufficient to show that defendant must have appreciated that his baby was in a state of terminal starvation"]; accord People v. Moore (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 937, 941 [concluding record contained evidence that defendant acted with implied malice and observing, "It takes no leap of logic for the jury to conclude that because anyone would be aware of the risk, [defendant] was aware of the risk"].)

Evidence that appellants had previously received training in recognizing the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis bolsters this inference. (See People v. Brogna (1988) 202 Cal.App.3d 700, 709 ["evidence that a defendant has suffered a prior conviction and participated, as a condition of probation, in some form of alcohol education program which emphasized the dangers of driving while intoxicated is relevant to prove the accused's awareness of the life threatening risks caused by his conduct"].)

Evidence that several different people told appellants that Nanette needed medical attention in the days prior to her death also supports the inference that appellants were aware of, and consciously disregarded, the risk to Nanette's life of failing to obtain medical treatment. (See People v. Autry (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 351, 359 [evidence that passengers warned defendant driver that he was driving dangerously supported inference that defendant acted with implied malice].) Finally, although far from overwhelming, there was some evidence from which the jury could have inferred that appellants were unconcerned with Nanette's fate, even after she had suffered cardiac arrest. This evidence also supports the jury's verdict. (See, e.g., Burden, supra, 72 Cal.App.3d at pp. 620-621 ["A defendant's lack of concern as to whether the victim lived or died, expressed or implied, has been found to be substantial evidence of an 'abandoned and malignant heart' by the appellate courts of this state"]; People v. Ogg (1958) 159 Cal.App.2d 38, 51 ["Defendant's failure to seek the assistance of his friends or to obtain medical aid even though he knew that his wife was seriously injured indicates a heartless attitude and callous indifference toward her"].)

b. Appellants' contentions that the evidence is insufficient to support their convictions are not persuasive

Appellants contend that People v. Caffero (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 678 (Caffero) supports their claim that the evidence in this case was insufficient to support their convictions. In Caffero, the Court of Appeal affirmed the trial court's dismissal of murder charges against two parents arising from the death of their two-week-old infant. Evidence suggested that the infant died from a bacterial infection that entered the infant's system through perianal sores. (Id. at p. 685.) The sores were likely caused as a result of the infant's skin remaining in "prolonged contact with fecal matter." (Ibid.) Although the Caffero court noted that there was evidence from which a jury could reasonably infer that the infant's death was caused by the parents' "grossly inadequate care," the court determined that there was "no evidence defendants were actually aware their conduct endangered [the infant's] life." (Ibid.) The Caffero court thus concluded, "The evidence will not support the inference defendants acted with conscious or wanton disregard for human life and thus with malice aforethought." (Id. at p. 686.)

Appellants contend that the present case "is analogous to Caffero." We are not persuaded. When the parents in Caffero initially took the infant to the emergency room, a triage nurse deemed the infant's condition " 'non-urgent' " after observing that the infant had a temperature of 98.9 and "good facial color." (Caffero, supra, 207 Cal.App.3d at p. 681.) In this case, when paramedics arrived at appellants' residence, Nanette was in full cardiac arrest--an obviously life threatening situation. In addition, in Caffero, medical evidence indicated that the infant's "condition became extremely grave a short time after she was brought to the hospital," but that there was "no evidence [that suggested] defendants knew [developing perianal sores] were life-threatening." (Id. at p. 685.) In this case, in contrast, there was evidence that Nanette's condition worsened over several days, that appellants were aware of her worsening condition, and that appellants knew that Nanette's condition was life threatening.

Further, in Caffero, two days before taking the infant to the emergency room, the infant's mother called the emergency room and described the infant's symptoms to hospital personnel. (Caffero, supra, 207 Cal.App.3d at p. 685.) "[T]he advice she received [in response] conveyed no sense of urgency about the need for immediate medical attention." (Ibid.) The following day, the infant's grandmother examined the infant, and told the infant's mother that she thought the infant had "colic and diaper rash." (Ibid.) Thus, in Caffero, there was no evidence that the defendants had been warned of the need to seek immediate medical attention for their child. In this case, in contrast, numerous individuals urged appellants to take Nanette to hospital in the days just prior to her death.

In addition, in this case, in contrast to Caffero, there was evidence that appellants had received prior training concerning the medical condition that caused their child's death. Finally, in this case, unlike in Caffero, there was evidence from which the jury could have found that appellants were unconcerned with their child's fate after they learned the seriousness of her health condition. In sum, the facts in Caffero are clearly distinguishable from those in the present case. Caffero thus does not support appellants' contention that there is insufficient evidence to support the jury's verdicts.

Appellants also note that there is evidence that they, and in particular Gregory, took steps to attempt to treat Nanette's physical condition, including providing her with fluids, insulin, and food and monitoring her blood sugar, and that they believed that her condition was improving. Appellants also observe that the records of Nanette's 2001 hospitalization suggest that appellants did not fully grasp the seriousness of Nanette's disease. The record also contains evidence from which the jury might have found that appellants loved Nannette and did not want her to die. Further, Yvonne notes that the record contains evidence that she delegated to Gregory the predominant responsibility to care for Nanette and that, during the relevant time period, Yvonne was "suffering psychologically" as the result of an assault that occurred a few months prior to Nanette's death.

We acknowledge that a reasonable jury might very well have determined that the People failed to establish that either appellant acted with implied malice. However, in considering appellants' sufficiency claims, "[w]e do not reweigh or reinterpret the evidence." (People v. Baker (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 463, 469.) The existence of a mere conflict in the evidence provides no basis for reversal. (E.g., People v. Galvez (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1253, 1259 ["All conflicts in the evidence are resolved in favor of the judgment"].) Thus, although we might have reached a different conclusion had we sat as members of the jury, in this appeal the only issue that is properly before us is whether any reasonable jury could have found that appellants acted with implied malice. While the evidence is, in our view, far from overwhelming, and we believe that appellants' sufficiency claims present close and difficult issues, we conclude that the evidence described above provides a sufficient basis from which a reasonable jury could have found that appellants acted with implied malice.

c. Conclusion

After reviewing the entire record in the light most favorable to the People, we conclude that there is sufficient evidence to support the jury's implied findings that appellants were aware that their failure to obtain medical treatment for Nanette endangered her life, and that appellants failed to obtain such medical treatment in conscious disregard of that risk. Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support the jury's verdicts finding appellants guilty of second degree murder.

B. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to
sufficiently investigate a
juror's comment that allegedly suggested possible juror
misconduct

Appellants contend that the trial court erred in failing to sufficiently investigate a juror's comment that allegedly suggested possible misconduct on the part of two jurors.

1. Factual and procedural background

On March 22, 2010, at 2:40 p.m., the jury commenced its deliberations in the case. The jury deliberated until 4:30 that afternoon. At 9:05 the next morning, the following colloquy occurred:

"The Court: Back on the record . . . . Both defendants are present with their respective counsel. [The prosecutor] for the People. The jury is not present. [¶] . . . [W]hen the Court came in this morning, I received a message from my bailiff . . . that he had been contacted by Juror No. 7. [¶] Is that correct, Mr. [Bailiff]?

"[The bailiff]: Yes.

"The Court: What did she say, please?

"[The bailiff]: She was told by Juror No. 2 that there is a possibility that two other jurors already have their minds made up as to verdicts.

"The Court: So the court immediately notified all counsel of that. And we have had a brief chambers discussion on that. All right [sic]. [¶] How did counsel want to stipulate that we proceed, please?

"[The prosecutor]: Your honor, I think we are all in agreement that you should do nothing with this information, in the sense that it's vague. It's not clear. Who is refusing to deliberate, or even if they are, it just seems like three levels of hearsay in the legal definition of it. [¶] I would suggest that the jury be reminded that the court explicitly instructed them to communicate via note with Your Honor,[*fn18 ] not by any other means, just for this purpose. And we leave it at that.

"The Court: Vis-a-vis the method of that communication made by the bailiff [sic], that if anybody has anything to say to the judge, put it in writing?

"[The prosecutor]: Yes.

"The Court: So stipulated?

"[Yvonne's counsel]: So stipulated, your honor.

"[Gregory's counsel]: Yes.

"The Court: All counsel and the Court--Mr. and Mrs. Latham, do you agree to that also? [¶] Mr. Latham?

"[Gregory]: Yes, your honor.

"The Court: Mrs. Latham?

"[Yvonne]: Yes.

"The Court: All right. All right. So then, [Mr. Bailiff] when you put them together --are they together right now?

"[The bailiff]: Not yet, your honor.

"The Court: When you put them together, just tell them that if there is any communication whatsoever, they are to be made as the judge instructed you in writing to the judge.

"[The bailiff]: Yes, sir.

"The Court: Okay?

"[The bailiff]: Yes, sir.

"The Court: If they are asking anything regarding the jury. Thank you. [¶] Does that take care of the matter, counsel?

"[Yvonne's counsel]: Yes, your honor. Thank you.

"The Court: Thank you very much."

2. Governing law

a. Invited error

" ' "It is settled that where a party by his conduct induces the commission of an error, under the doctrine of invited error he is estopped from asserting the alleged error as grounds for reversal." ' [Citation.]" (People v. Mays (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 13, 37.) For example, a defendant may not claim on appeal that the trial court erred in the manner by which it responded to a deliberating jury's question where the defendant agreed to the court's response to the question. (Ibid. ["[defendant] agreed to the language in the court's response and, thus, under the invited error doctrine, he may not raise the error on appeal"].) Similarly, a defendant is barred from claiming on appeal that the trial court erred in excusing a deliberating juror who has been feeling ill if the defendant stipulated that the trial court could excuse the juror. (People v. Seaton (2001) 26 Cal.4th 598, 639 [invited error doctrine precludes reversal due to alleged error based upon defense counsel's stipulation].)

b. Juror misconduct

In People v. Virgil (2011) 51 Cal.4th 1210, 1284, the Supreme Court outlined the following law governing the investigation of possible juror misconduct:

" ' "When a trial court is aware of possible juror misconduct, the court 'must "make whatever inquiry is reasonably necessary" ' to resolve the matter.' [Citation.] Although courts should promptly investigate allegations of juror misconduct "to nip the problem in the bud" [citation], they have considerable discretion in determining how to conduct the investigation.' [Citation.] 'The decision whether to investigate the possibility of juror bias, incompetence, or misconduct--like the ultimate decision to retain or discharge a juror--rests within the sound discretion of the trial court. [Citation.] The court does not abuse its discretion simply because it fails to investigate any and all new information obtained about a juror during trial.' [Citation.]"

In People v. Allen and Johnson (2011) 53 Cal.4th 60, 70, the Supreme Court observed, "Although a court should exercise caution to avoid threatening the sanctity of jury deliberations, it must hold a hearing when it learns of allegations which, if true, would constitute good cause for a juror's discharge."

3. Application

Both appellants stipulated to the manner by which the court would respond to information it received from a juror, via the bailiff, that there was "a possibility" that two jurors had made up "their minds as to verdicts." Accordingly, we conclude that the appellants are estopped from contending that the trial court erred in the manner by which the court responded to this information. (E.g., People v. Seaton, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 639 [invited error doctrine precludes reversal due to alleged error based upon defense counsel's stipulation].)

People v. Barber (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 145 (Barber), cited by appellants, is not to the contrary. In Barber, the Court of Appeal stated that it would consider a defendant's contentions that the trial court erred in the manner by which it investigated a claim of alleged juror misconduct and that the court erred in dismissing a juror for alleged misconduct, notwithstanding that the defendant had not raised an objection in the trial court. (Id. at p. 150.) The Barber court stated, "Such constitutional issues may be reviewed on appeal even where the defendant did not raise them below." (Ibid.) The Barber court also rejected the People's argument on appeal that the defendant had waived his contention that the trial court had erred in permitting the prosecutor to examine a holdout juror, because defense counsel "previously objected in chambers to questioning the jurors after the foreperson stated the jury was deadlocked." (Id. at pp. 149-150.)

In this case, unlike in Barber, appellants did not merely fail to object or raise an objection only during a chambers conference. On the contrary, appellants expressly stipulated to the court's proposed manner of responding to the bailiff's information concerning Juror No. 2's statement. The distinction is significant. Even assuming that the doctrine of waiver or forfeiture would not prevent appellants from claiming for the first time on appeal that the trial court did not properly investigate the purported juror misconduct (see Barber, supra, 102 Cal.App.4th at p. 150), the doctrine of invited error bars appellants from complaining about the trial court's response to the information concerning Juror No. 2's comments because appellants specifically stipulated that the court should respond in the manner in which it did. (See People v. Coffman and Marlow (2004) 34 Cal.4th 1, 49 [applying doctrine of invited error to preclude challenge to dismissal of prospective juror because "Coffman's counsel did not merely acquiesce, but affirmatively joined in the challenge to Prospective Juror B., and thus cannot be heard to claim the court erred in excusing her"].)

In any event, appellants' contention fails on the merits. To begin with, contrary to appellants' claim that the trial court "became aware of allegations that jurors were not deliberating" (italics added), there is no evidence that any juror alleged that another juror or jurors were refusing to deliberate. At most, there was evidence that one juror had concluded that there was "a possibility" that "two other jurors already have their minds [made up] as to verdicts." (See People v. Allen and Johnson, supra, at p. 70 [noting the distinction between an allegation of a juror's "refusal to deliberate" and an allegation that a juror had prejudged a case].) Further, there was no evidence that the jurors who allegedly had "possib[ly]" already made up "their minds as to verdicts" had done so "before deliberations began." (Ibid. [noting that the statement that potentially suggested that "juror had made up his mind before all evidence was presented and the court had instructed on the law," formed a reasonable basis for inquiry into potential juror misconduct].)

In addition, the hearsay statements of Juror No. 2, as paraphrased by the bailiff, were equivocal (i.e., referring to "a possibility"), and devoid of information as to what had led Juror No. 2 to form the impression that two jurors might "already have their minds [made up] as to verdicts." Even more fundamentally, evidence that certain jurors may have formed strong impressions as to the manner by which the case should be decided--during deliberations--simply does not amount to juror misconduct. (See People v. Allen and Johnson, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 74 ["That a given juror may reach a different conclusion on these questions from those espoused by other jurors, or may do so forcefully, is not necessarily evidence of prejudgment or a failure to deliberate"].)

Yvonne argues that "[a] juror who expresses a fixed conclusion at the start of deliberations and rebuffs attempts to engage him or her in the discussion of other points of view raised by other jurors has refused to deliberate and properly may be discharged." However, there is no evidence in this case that any jurors reached fixed conclusions at the start of deliberations or refused to deliberate in good faith. Gregory's citation of People v. McNeal (1979) 90 Cal.App.3d 830, 835 (McNeal) is similarly unpersuasive. In McNeal, the court received information that indicated that " 'one of the jurors ha[d] some personal knowledge . . . [that] . . . [would] definitely ha[ve] a bearing on the way [the juror] [would] vote.' " (Ibid.) In this case, in contrast, the court was not presented with any evidence that any jurors would be unable to discharge their duties, nor was the court provided any other evidence of juror misconduct.

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in the manner by which it responded to the information concerning Juror No. 2's comments to the bailiff.

C. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellants' motion to disclose personal juror information

Appellants claim that the trial court abused its discretion in denying their motion to disclose personal juror information.

1. Factual procedural background

Approximately one month after the jury rendered its verdicts, Yvonne filed a petition for an order to disclose personal juror information.*fn19 In a declaration in support of the petition, Yvonne's counsel stated that he had been unable to obtain the telephone numbers and addresses of the jurors in this case. Counsel contended that good cause existed for disclosure of the information for the following reason:

"During deliberations [the bailiff] informed the Court that a juror approached him stating that it appeared as though at least two jurors had already 'made up there [sic] minds" and the implication was that there was a refusal to be fair in deliberations. The Court instructed them to make any inquiries by note to the Court. During the polling of the jurors subsequent to the verdict of guilty, at least two jurors were hesitant in answering if the verdict was correct. [¶] It is this attorney's opinion that the jurors were coerced into a decision that was unsupported by the evidence."

On April 30, the day set for sentencing, the trial court indicated that it had received Yvonne's petition for disclosure of personal juror information. The prosecutor read the petition and stated that "all counsel" had agreed that "we wouldn't go into the issue," and that the issue had been resolved. Yvonne's counsel urged the court to consider the "totality of the circumstances," including that several jurors were distraught at the time the verdicts were about to be read, and that at least two jurors, including Jurors Nos. 2 and 7, hesitated during the polling of the jury. Gregory's counsel joined in Yvonne's petition. The prosecutor opposed the petition, arguing that the statements to the bailiff had already been addressed and that any hesitation during the polling process was not indicative of juror misconduct. After further discussions with counsel, the court stated that it would review the transcript of the proceedings involving Juror No. 2's comment to the bailiff prior to making a ruling.

On May 7, after hearing further argument from counsel, the court stated that it had reviewed the transcript of the proceedings involving Juror No. 2's comment to the bailiff. The court noted that the record indicated that there had been a "stipulation by counsel that [counsel] did not want the court to make any inquiry and pursuant to that stipulation and request of all counsel, the court [acceded] to that feeling." The court also stated that it had noticed no hesitancy during the polling, and that no counsel had pointed to any such hesitancy at the time of the polling. The court acknowledged that it had noticed "some watery eyes" on "more than two jurors" at the time the jury rendered its verdicts. The court commented that the facts of the case were "very, very sad," but that the court had seen "nothing to indicate that there was any reticence on the part of the jury to render their verdict," and there has been no evidence brought to the court's attention indicating any potential juror misconduct had occurred. The trial court denied the motion.

2. Governing law and standard of review

Code of Civil Procedure section 237 provides in relevant part:

"[(a)](2) Upon the recording of a jury's verdict in a criminal jury proceeding, the court's record of personal juror identifying information of trial jurors, as defined in [Code of Civil Procedure] Section 194, consisting of names, addresses, and telephone numbers, shall be sealed until further order of the court as provided by this section.

"[¶] . . . [¶]

"(b) Any person may petition the court for access to these records. The petition shall be supported by a declaration that includes facts sufficient to establish good cause for the release of the juror's personal identifying information. The court shall set the matter for hearing if the petition and supporting declaration establish a prima facie showing of good cause for the release of the personal juror identifying information . . . . If the court does not set the matter for hearing, the court shall by minute order set forth the reasons and make express findings either of a lack of a prima facie showing of good cause or the presence of a compelling interest against disclosure."

Code of Civil Procedure section 206 provides in relevant part:

"(g) Pursuant to [Code of Civil Procedure] Section 237, a defendant or defendant's counsel may, following the recording of a jury's verdict in a criminal proceeding, petition the court for access to personal juror identifying information within the court's records necessary for the defendant to communicate with jurors for the purpose of developing a motion for new trial or any other lawful purpose. This information consists of jurors' names, addresses, and telephone numbers. The court shall consider all requests for personal juror identifying information pursuant to [Code of Civil Procedure] Section 237."

In order to establish a prima facie showing of good cause, a defendant must provide a " 'sufficient showing to support a reasonable belief that jury misconduct occurred, that diligent efforts were made to contact the jurors through other means, and that further investigation is necessary to provide the court with adequate information to rule on a motion for new trial. . . .' " (People v. Carrasco (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 978, 990, citation omitted.)

In support of their petition to disclose juror information, appellants relied on Juror No. 2's statement to the bailiff, the assertion that some jurors appeared to be distraught at the time the jury rendered its verdicts, and appellants' counsels' observation that at least two jurors had hesitated when the jurors were individually polled as to their verdicts. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that none of these facts, whether considered individually or cumulatively, were sufficient "to support a reasonable belief that jury misconduct occurred." (People v. Carrasco, supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 990.)

Juror No. 2's statement to the bailiff does not support a reasonable belief that juror misconduct occurred, for the reasons stated in part III.B., ante. We specifically reject Yvonne's counsel contention in his declaration in support of the petition that Juror No. 2's statement implied "a refusal to be fair in deliberations," as well as appellants' contention on appeal that the statement suggested that "two jurors [were] failing to deliberate." As noted in part III.B., ante, there is no evidence in the record that suggests that any juror had prejudged the case or was refusing to deliberate. Further, the record indicates that after the court instructed the bailiff to reiterate to the jury that all communication with the court was to be in writing, there were no further communications from the jurors concerning any potential juror misconduct. The jury did send the court two written communications requesting read backs of testimony offered at trial, which, we note, are actions consistent with the jury having performed its role in weighing the evidence and reaching verdicts in the case.

With regard to any hesitancy on the part of individual jurors at the time they affirmed their verdicts when polled, and the emotional state of some of the jurors at the time the jury rendered its verdicts, we are aware of no case, and appellants have cited none, that suggests that either factor is indicative of juror misconduct. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that neither factor supported a reasonable belief that juror misconduct occurred.

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellants' motion to disclose personal juror information.

IV.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

WE CONCUR: HUFFMAN, Acting P. J. HALLER, J.

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