1.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie

2.
University of Chicago
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The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. It holds top-ten positions in national and international rankings and measures. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,700 students in the College, Chicagos physics department helped develop the worlds first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the viewing stands of universitys Stagg Field. The university is home to the University of Chicago Press. With an estimated date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicagos curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences, the University of Chicago has many prominent alumni. 92 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university as professors, students, faculty, or staff, similarly,34 faculty members and 16 alumni have been awarded the MacArthur “Genius Grant”. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field, while the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B, Cobb who provided the funds for the campus first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Fields pledge of $100,000. Organized as an independent institution legally, it replaced the first Baptist university of the same name, william Rainey Harper became the modern universitys first president on July 1,1891, and the university opened for classes on October 1,1892. The business school was founded thereafter in 1898, and the law school was founded in 1902, Harper died in 1906, and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929. During this period, the Oriental Institute was founded to support, in 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice, several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910, in 1929, the universitys fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office, the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. In 1933, Hutchins proposed a plan to merge the University of Chicago. During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals finished construction, also, the Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created. Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression, during World War II, the university made important contributions to the Manhattan Project. The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial, in the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood

3.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage

4.
Minneapolis
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Minneapolis is the county seat of Hennepin County, and the larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. As of 2015, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second-largest economic center in the Midwest, after Chicago. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul. It was once the worlds flour milling capital and a hub for timber, the city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing Americas fifth-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. As an integral link to the economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. Noted for its music and performing arts scenes, Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub. The name Minneapolis is attributed to Charles Hoag, the citys first schoolteacher, who combined mni, a Dakota Sioux word for water, and polis, Dakota Sioux had long been the regions sole residents when French explorers arrived around 1680. For a time relations were based on fur trading, gradually more European-American settlers arrived, competing for game and other resources with the Dakota. In the early 19th century, the United States acquired this territory from France, fort Snelling was built in 1819 by the United States Army, and it attracted traders, settlers and merchants, spurring growth in the area. The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, the Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present-day Minneapolis as a town in 1856 on the Mississippis west bank. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago. It later joined with the city of St. Anthony in 1872. Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the highest waterfall on the Mississippi River, forests in northern Minnesota were a valuable resource for the lumber industry, which operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses, including mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes. Due to the hazards of milling, six local sources of artificial limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the 1890s. The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the citys thirty-four flour mills, a father of modern milling in America and founder of what became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Some ideas were developed by William Dixon Gray and some acquired through industrial espionage from the Hungarians by William de la Barre, pillsbury Company across the river were barely a step behind, hiring Washburn employees to immediately use the new methods. The hard red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable, not until later did consumers discover the value in the bran that Minneapolis

5.
Evanston, Illinois
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It is one of the North Shore communities that adjoin Lake Michigan and is the home of Northwestern University. The boundaries of the city of Evanston are coterminous with those of the former Evanston Township, prior to the 1830s, the area now occupied by Evanston was mainly uninhabited, consisting largely of wetlands and swampy forest. However, Potawatomi Indians used trails along higher lying ridges that ran in a general direction through the area. French explorers referred to the area as Grosse Pointe after a point of land jutting into Lake Michigan about 13 miles north of the mouth of the Chicago River. The area remained sparsely settled, supporting some farming and lumber activity on some of the higher ground. The 1850 census shows a few hundred settlers in this township, in 1851, a group of Methodist business leaders founded Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute. They chose a bluffed and wooded site along the lake as Northwesterns home, purchasing several hundred acres of land from Dr. John Foster, a Chicago farm owner. In 1854, the founders of Northwestern submitted to the county judge their plans for a city to be named Evanston after John Evans, in 1857, the request was granted. The township of Evanston was split off from Ridgeville Township, at approximately the same time, the nine founders, including John Evans, Orrington Lunt, and Andrew Brown, hoped their university would attain high standards of intellectual excellence. Today these hopes have been fulfilled, as Northwestern consistently ranks with the best of the nations universities, Evanston was formally incorporated as a town on December 29,1863, but declined in 1869 to become a city despite the Illinois legislature passing a bill for that purpose. Evanston expanded after the Civil War with the annexation of the village of North Evanston, finally, in early 1892, following the annexation of the village of South Evanston, voters elected to organize as a city. The 1892 boundaries are largely those that exist today, during the 1960s, Northwestern University changed the citys shoreline by adding a 74-acre lakefill. In 1939, Evanston hosted the first NCAA basketball championship final at Northwestern Universitys Patten Gymnasium, in August 1954, Evanston hosted the second assembly of the World Council of Churches, still the only WCC assembly to have been held in the United States. President Dwight Eisenhower welcomed the delegates, and Dag Hammarskjöld, secretary-general of the United Nations, Evanston first received power in April 1893. Many people lined the streets on Emerson St. where the first appearance of lights were lined and turned on. Evanston is the birthplace of Tinkertoys, and Evanston, along with Ithaca, New York, Two Rivers, Wisconsin, Evanston was the home of the Clayton Mark and Company, which for many years supplied the most jobs. Evanston was a dry community from 1858 until 1972, when the City Council voted to allow restaurants, in 1984, the Council voted to allow retail liquor outlets within the city limits. According to the 2010 census, Evanston has an area of 7.802 square miles

6.
University of Chicago Band
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The University of Chicago Band is a pep band and a marching band for the University of Chicago. The Band was founded in 1898, five years after the university opened, University President William Rainey Harper organized the group in Autumn 1898. The bands first concert was held on December 16,1898 in an auditorium in Kent Hall, amos Alonzo Stagg, football coach and head of the Athletic Department at the time, was eager for a band to support his teams. He incorporated the band into the Athletic Department and provided it with a budget for travel, equipment, the uniforms consisted of maroon sweaters and ties with white shirts and trousers. In cold weather, the bandsmen also wore overcoats and caps, the bands original primary purpose was to support the football team in their matchups against other Midwestern and East Coast universities. Typical opponents of the time included such schools as Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Northwestern, in fact, the University of Chicago has a perfect 4-0 record against Notre Dame in football, the most recent matchup between the two schools took place in 1899. The Band was originally called the UC Military Band, although it had no affiliation with any form of the Armed Forces at that time, however, during World War I, almost every male member of the band enlisted in some branch of the federal service. The band lived up to its name during World War II when it became a color guard military band. With a fluctuating membership of 50 to 100 musicians, the band performed field maneuvers in the classic Big Ten style, spelling out letters and words as wells as forming pictures. However, it added its own zany twist to shows with balloons, confetti, the band performed at all home football games at Stagg Field, which stood on the current site of the Regenstein Library. It also travelled to at least one game each year. In addition to performances at football games, basketball games, and other athletic events, for many years, the band possessed permanent rehearsal and storage space underneath the stands of Stagg Field. In 1941 the band moved to new quarters in the basement of the Music Building at 5727 S, University Ave. currently called the Statistics and Mathematics Building. The UC Bands fate took a turn in 1939 when the University cancelled intercollegiate football. However, the organization survived as a band for several more years. It seems to have disappeared entirely sometime during World War II, the group reappeared in 1955 as a basketball band. Since then, the band has gone through periods of activity and inactivity. The band has had a number of directors throughout its history, the most famous was Harold Bachman, a nationally renowned band leader, who served from 1935 until the bands demise sometime in the early 1940s

7.
Amos Alonzo Stagg
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Amos Alonzo Stagg was an American athlete and pioneering college coach in multiple sports, primarily American football. His Chicago Maroons teams of 1905 and 1913 have been recognized as national champions and he was also the head basketball coach for one season at the University of Chicago, and the head baseball coach there for 19 seasons. At the University of Chicago, Stagg also instituted an annual basketball tournament. Both drew the top school teams and athletes from around the United States. Stagg played football as an end at Yale University and was selected to the first College Football All-America Team in 1889. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as both a player and a coach in the class of 1951 and was the only individual honored in both roles until the 1990s. Influential in other sports, Stagg developed basketball as a five-player sport and this 5 man concept allowed his 10 man football team the ability to compete with each other and to stay in shape over the winter. Stagg was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in its first group of inductees in 1959, Stagg also forged a bond between sports and religious faith early on in his career that remained important to him for the rest of his life. Stagg was born in a poor Irish neighborhood of West Orange, New Jersey, Stagg attended Yale College, where he was a divinity student, and a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and Skull and Bones society. He played as a pitcher on his baseball team, he declined an opportunity to play for six different professional baseball teams. He nonetheless influenced the game through his invention of the batting cage, Stagg played on the 1888 team. He was an end on the first All-America team, selected in 1889 and he went on to earn an MPE from the Young Mens Christian Training School, now known as Springfield College. On March 11,1892, Stagg, still an instructor at the YMCA School, a crowd of 200 watched as the student team beat the faculty, 5–1. Stagg scored the basket for the losing side. He popularized basketball teams having five players and he later abandoned the theology career and received a MPE from Young Mens Christian Training School in 1891. Stagg became the first paid coach at Williston Seminary, a secondary school. This was also Staggs first time receiving pay to coach football and he would coach there one day a week while also coaching full-time at Springfield College. Stagg then coached at the University of Chicago from 1892 to 1932, University president Robert Maynard Hutchins forced out the septuagenarian Stagg, who he felt was too old to continue coaching

8.
Stagg Field
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Amos Alonzo Stagg Field is the name of two different football fields for the University of Chicago. The earliest Stagg Field is probably best remembered for its role in a scientific achievement by Enrico Fermi during the Manhattan Project. The site of the first artificial nuclear reaction received designation as a National Historic Landmark on February 18,1965. On October 15,1966, which is the day that the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was enacted creating the National Register of Historic Places, the site was named a Chicago Landmark on October 27,1971. A Henry Moore sculpture, Nuclear Energy, in a small quadrangle commemorates the location of the nuclear experiment, the Universitys current Stagg Field is located a few blocks away and reuses one of the original gates. Chicago Pile-1, the worlds first artificial nuclear reactor, was built under the west stands of Stagg Field, the first man-made self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction occurred on December 2,1942. The first Stagg Field was a stadium at the University of Chicago in Chicago and it was primarily used for college football games, and was the home field of the Maroons. Stagg Field originally opened in 1893 as Marshall Field, named after Marshall Field who donated land to the university to build the stadium, in 1913, the field was renamed Stagg Field after their famous coach Amos Alonzo Stagg. The final capacity, after several expansions, was 50,000. The University of Chicago discontinued its program after 1939 and left the Big Ten Conference in 1946. The stadium was demolished in 1957, and much of the site was re-utilized as the site of Regenstein Library. In addition to Maroons football, the stadium hosted other events. These include the 1936 US Olympic Trials for Track and Field held June 19–20,1936 and the NCAA Mens Track and Field Championships in 1921,1922,1923,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933, Northwestern also played a number home games at Stagg Field. At the turn of the 20th century, Northwestern was unable to handle large crowds, so they hosted then-powerhouse Minnesota at Marshall Field for a 1901 game, in 1925 Northwestern again was unable to accommodate large crowds, and as a result played two games at Stagg Field. The first was a win over Michigan. The second was an October 24 game against Tulane that had originally scheduled to be played at Soldier Field instead. Tulane won the game at Stagg Field 18-7, the University of Michigan fight song The Victors was written by Michigan music student Louis Elbel in 1898, following a 12-11 Michigan victory over the University of Chicago at Stagg Field. The current Stagg Field is a field located several blocks to the northwest that preserves the Stagg Field name

9.
T formation
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In American football, a T formation is a formation used by the offensive team in which three running backs line up in a row about five yards behind the quarterback, forming the shape of a T. The T formation is said to be the oldest offensive formation in American football and is claimed to have been invented by Walter Camp in 1882. However, as the pass was legalized, the original T became obsolete in favor of formations such as the single wing. Innovations, such as a smaller, more throwing-friendly ball, along with the invention of the snap in the 1930s. The original T formation is used today, but it was successful in the first half of the 20th century. The formation led to a faster-paced, higher-scoring game, Shaughnessy helped the Bears prepare for the game against the Redskins. He has been called The father of the T formation, the T-formation was viewed as a complicated gadget offense by early football coaches. Shaughnessy was as an advisor to Halas in the 1930s athehead coach at the University of Chicago, the T became much more viable in 1933 when passing was legalized anywhere behind the line of scrimmage. Halas recruited Solly Sherman, the Quarterback for the University of Chicago because of his experience with the T-Formation under Clark Shaughnessy, Solly then taught Sid Luckman the system. Sherman, a half back, had torn his meniscus in college. Eventually he played backup to Sid Luckman with the Bears in 1939 and 1940, Sid Luckman went on to win four NFL championships in the 1940s. The last team to run the single-wing in the NFL, the Pittsburgh Steelers, since that time, the T, and all its variants, have dominated offensive football and created the American football now employed throughout the NCAA and NFL. The T is referenced in the Chicago Bears fight song, Bear Down, Chicago Bears, well never forget the way you thrilled the nation, with your T formation. Additionally, two books detail the development of the T with the Bears, the Chicago Bears by Howard Roberts written in 1947, credits several coaches including Ralph Jones and Clark Shaughnessy for upgrading the T and teaching it to a succession of Bears QBs. The Wow Boys by James W. Johnson written in 2006 tells the story of the Stanford University football season of 1940, the arrival of Shaughnessy and his T offense led to a 10-0 season and a victory in the Rose Bowl over heavily favored University of Nebraska. The Bears thumping of the Washington Redskins 73-0 a few weeks later caused a sensation, the T swept college and pro football. The brain trust that created the T was always anchored by Coach Halas, who had the savvy for what worked, while unpopular today, the key innovations of the T still dominate offensive football. The T was the first offense in which the quarterback took the snap from under center, other offenses used the QB primarily as a blocker and the snap usually went to a halfback or tailback

10.
Big Bertha (drum)
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Big Bertha is a bass drum used by the Longhorn Band of The University of Texas at Austin. The Big Bertha name was chosen to evoke the famous German Big Bertha howitzer, the university claims Big Bertha to be the worlds largest drum, it measures 8 feet in diameter,44 inches in depth, and stands 10 feet tall when on its four-wheeled cart. The drum weighs more than 500 pounds, Big Bertha is wheeled onto the field for the half-time show during varsity football games, and is used in other occasions such as parades and spirit rallies. The drum is managed by the Bertha Crew, sometimes called drum wranglers, the crew move the drum and play it after touchdowns. Big Bertha is nicknamed the Sweetheart of the Longhorn Band, in 1922, the University of Chicago commissioned C. G. Conn Instruments to build a bass drum for the school. Its first use was in the 1922 game versus rival Princeton University, when the University of Chicago ended its varsity football program, the drum was stored under the schools bleachers. It later became radioactively contaminated as a result of research for the Manhattan Project conducted at the stadium during the 1940s. In March 1980 a Kappa Kappa Psi pledge class hand-scraped years of lead paint from the body of the drum. The 6 pledges names are inscribed on the wall of the drum. The Big Bertha name was chosen to evoke the famous German Big Bertha howitzer, in 2005, the university celebrated the 50th anniversary of Big Bertha. In 2015, Big Bertha appeared in the A&E show Shipping Wars S,7 E,13 as part of its journey to appear in the Londons New Years Day Parade in London, the University of Texas Longhorn Band, Big Bertha Texas Traditions, Big Bertha

11.
1892 Chicago Maroons football team
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The 1892 Chicago Maroons football team represented the University of Chicago during the 1892 college football season. In its first year of football, the Chicago team compiled an 8–4–1 record. The 1892 season included four victories over local high school teams, in intercollegiate play, the team compiled a 2–4–1 record. On October 1,1892, the University of Chicago opened its doors for its first semester. At 2,30 p. m. that day, at the university chapel, after an hour of experimenting with yells, Stagg selected a number of students to form the universitys first football team. Stagg took the students to Washington Park for preliminary football practice. Stagg later recalled that he began with about a dozen inexperienced players, because of the lack of student participation during the 1892 season, Stagg decided to participate as a player. He later recalled, I had to do one-half the playing and our boys are so very green. On Saturday, October 8,1892, Chicago played its first football game, the lineup for Chicago consisted of Rapp, Stagg, Dyas, Hanson, Chase, Wyant, Smith, Loeb, Olson, Knapp, and Lamay. On Monday, October 10,1892, Chicago played its football game. Nearly 1,000 spectators watch the game at Washington Park, in its account of the game, the Chicago Daily Tribune credited Knapp, Wyant, Olson, Chase and Stagg for their splendid work. On October 22,1892, Chicago played its first intercollegiate football game, the game was played starting at 3,30 p. m. before 300 students at the South Side Ball Park. In the second half, Stagg had a run for a touchdown, but the referee ruled that the ball had not touched the third man. Chicagos lineup in the game was Rulkoetter, Smith, Knapp, Brenneman, Wyant, Allen, Chase, Raycrof, McGillorey, Stagg, and Rapp. On November 2,1892, Chicago sustained its first loss, falling to Northwestern by a 6 to 4 score in a game played at Evanston, the game began at 3,50 p. m. and was played in the rain. In the first half, Kennicott scored a touchdown on a long run, in the second half, Chicago scored a touchdown, but Staggs kick for the goal after touchdown was wide to the left. On November 5,1892, Chicago secured its first victory in a football game. The game began at 3,30 p. m. and was played at the South Side grounds, the Chicago Daily Tribune reported that Chicagos captain, Stagg, played a game of strategy like the wizard he is

Many older buildings of the University of Chicago employ Collegiate Gothic architecture like that of the University of Oxford. For example, Chicago's Mitchell Tower (left) was modeled after Oxford's Magdalen Tower (right).