"not eligible" in the approval notice means that at the time the application was approved, you were not eligible to adjust status in the US because your priority date was not current (the key words aren't "not eligible" - they are "at this time").
You state that you have been in legal status the past 5 years, so assuming that you are still in valid status and are otherwise eligible (for example, you don't have a foreign residency requirement, you are not disqualified by adverse criminal...

I think it depends on your status and what your reason for filing the I-131 is (are you an LPR seeking a re-entry permit or an adjustment applicant seeking advanced parole, for example). It seems to me that if you need a re-entry permit in the first place you may not be able to fly back in order to file the I-131. You may want to consult an attorney directly to make sure that you need to file an I-131 and that filing it will address your situation.

You can find out if his lawyer was licensed in Illinois via the Illinois ARDC website (I've attached the link), but it is highly unlikely that it would be a factor in your brother's appeal for at least two reasons. First, as has been pointed out by my colleagues, the immigration court is federal and does not require that attorneys be locally licensed as long as they are licensed in some state. Second, attorney errors or misdeeds are not grounds for an appeal unless they affected the outcome...

As you can probably tell, the number of questions you have is very high, and perhaps what you need to do is sit down with an immigration attorney and go over everything in detail (including additional questions that you will probably only think of in the course of the consultation).
Generally speaking, though, if your Iowa or NY marriage would be valid where contracted (ie. if they don't require you to live there), then yes, you should be able to apply for his green card in terms of the...

If your intention is simply to go back home you should not have any issues doing so - but if you plan to return to the U.S. someday you should probably consult an attorney directly to go over the specifics of your situation and understand your options. You may also wish to have an attorney look over the revocation of your U visa to see whether it was proper. Good luck!

Congratulations on your marriage! You will be able to petition for your parents as "immediate relatives" once you naturalize and become a citizen (3 years from "green card" if married to a citizen, 5 years otherwise). Under current law you would then also be able to petition for your brother, but in preference category F4 - however, if immigration reform passes this year, it's possible that the F4 category will be eliminated, so your sibling may need to immigrate through your parents. Good luck!

Congratulations on this opportunity. Unfortunately your questions depend on numerous individual factors that you should go over directly with an attorney. For example, the type of work visa you have is a very important detail, as are the type of investment you plan on making and the type of business your aunt plans to establish. You may also want to contact an accountant for some of the financial and tax issues unrelated to immigration that may come up. Good luck!

Permanent resident status is presumed to have been abandoned when you are out of the country for one year. People are often questioned about abandonment if they are gone for longer than 6 months. There are certain circumstances when that presumption can be overcome, but after 30 years I just don't think it would be possible. Ggood luck!

That depends on the judge, as they have their own calendars. Additionally, the October government shutdown, the holiday season and judge absences (due to illness or for other reasons) may contribute to unexpected delays in the adjudication of some motions, particularly if the reason for the motion is not directly tied to the merits of the case (examples of motions to advance that are tied to the merits of a case might involve a child who is a "qualifying relative" for relief that is about to "...

Marriage alone would not have any direct effect on his situation, but that doesn't mean that his case is lost. You need to meet with an immigration attorney directly to go over the details of his immigration and criminal history as well as his employment and family in the U.S. He might qualify for an immigration bond and relief from removal (deportation), but it's impossible to say without knowing a number of details about the case. I suggest gathering all the court and police records for...