Family Structure Updated: December 2015

Transcription

1 Updated:

2 The proportion of children living with both parents, following a marked decline between 1970 and 1990, has fallen more slowly over the most recent two decades, dropping from 69 percent in 2000 to 64 percent in By 2015, the proportion had actually increased, to 65 percent. Importance Both mothers and fathers play important roles in the growth and development of children. The number and the type of parents (e.g., biological, step) in the household, as well as the relationship between the parents, are consistently linked to a child s well-being. 1 (Nationally representative data on adoptive families are relatively new, and warrant a separate treatment. 2 ) Among young children, for example, those living with no biological parents, or in single-parent households, are less likely than children with two biological parents to exhibit behavioral selfcontrol, and more likely to be exposed to high levels of aggravated parenting, than are children living with two biological parents. 3 Children living with two married adults (biological or adoptive parents) have, in general, better health, greater access to health care, and fewer emotional or behavioral problems than children living in other types of families. 4 Among children in two-parent families, those living with both biological parents in a lowconflict marriage tend to do better on a host of outcomes than those living in step-parent families. Outcomes for children in step-parent families are in many cases similar to those for children growing up in single-parent families. 5,6 Children whose parents are divorced also have lower academic performance, social achievement, and psychological adjustment than children with married parents. 7 Reliance on kin networks (for example, living with grandparents) can provide social and financial support for some families, particularly single-parent families. However, the evidence suggests that children who live in households with single mothers in some cases fare better, and in other cases worse, when also living with a grandparent. 8 Single-parent families tend to have much lower incomes than do two-parent families, while cohabiting families fall in-between. Research indicates, however, that the income differential only partially accounts for the negative effects on many areas of child and youth well-being (including health, educational attainment and assessments, behavior problems, and psychological well-being) associated with living outside of a married, two-parent family. 9,10 2

3 Trends Between 1960 and 1996, the proportion of all children under age 18 who were living with two married parents decreased steadily, from 85 to 68 percent. This share was stable during much of the late 1990s and into the 2000s, but by 2012 it had decreased to 64 percent. The rate was stable between 2012 and 2015, and was at 65 percent in (Figure 1) In 1960, the proportion of children living in mother-only families was eight percent, but by 1996 that proportion had tripled, to 24 percent. Since then, it has fluctuated between 22 and 24 percent, and was at 23 percent in Between 1990 and 2015, the share of children living in father-only families has fluctuated between three and five percent, and was at four percent in The proportion living without either parent (with either relatives or with non-relatives) has remained steady, at approximately four percent. (Figure 1) Figure 1 Living Arrangements of Children Under 18: Percent Living with two married parents Mother only Father only Living with no parent Note: Children living with two married parents may be living with biological, adoptive, or non-bioligical parents. Children living with mother only or father only may also be living with the parent's unmarried partner. Source: Data for : Child Trends calculations of U.S. C ensus Bureau, C urrent Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. "America's Families and Living Arrangements". Tables C-2, C-3. Available at: Data for : Child Trends calculations using: Living Arrangements of Children Under 18 Years Old: 1960 to Present. Tables CH-1, CH-2, CH-3, CH-4, and Ch-7. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Online. Available: 3

4 In 2015, seven percent of all children lived in the home of their grandparents. In two-thirds of these families, one or both parents were also present. The proportion living with grandparents increased until the mid-1990s, from three to six percent of children. After remaining at around five percent until 2006, the proportion increased until 2010, but has since remained steady, at between six and seven percent. (Appendix 2) Differences by Race and Hispanic Origin 11 Black children are significantly less likely than other children to be living with two married parents. In 2015, 34 percent of black children were living with two parents, compared with 83 percent of Asian children, 74 percent of white children, and 60 percent of Hispanic children. (Figure 2) Most children who live with just one parent, regardless of race or Hispanic origin, live with their mothers. This is the case for nearly half of all black children, and more than one-quarter of all Hispanic children; among white and Asian children, smaller proportions (about one in seven, and one in ten, respectively) live with their mothers only. (Figure 2) Figure Living Arrangements of Children, by Race and Hispanic Origin: Non-Hispanic White Black Hispanic Asian Percent Living with two married parents Mother only Father only Living with no parent Source: Child Trends Calculations of U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, "America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2015." Table C-2. Available at: 4

5 In 2015, eight percent of all black children did not live with either parent, compared with four percent of Hispanic children, three percent of white children, and two percent of Asian children. (Figure 2) Cohabiting Couples In 2015, there were 3.3 million cohabiting couples (unmarried) with children under 18. This number has been steadily increasing: in 1996, it was 1.2 million. However, the number of all unmarried couples (with or without children) has increased even more during the same time period. (Figure 3) Figure 3 Number of Opposite-Sex Cohabiting Couples (in Thousands), With and Without Children under 18: Total number of cohabiting couples Cohabiting couples with biological children 8,318 7,913 6,799 Thousands ,661 5, ,166 3, ,858 2,505 1,971 2,558 1, Children under 18 include biological children of either partner, who have never been married. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. America's Families and Living Arrangements: Living Arrangements of Adults. Table UC-1. Available athttp://www.census.gov/hhes/families/data/adults.html Compared with married couples with children, cohabiting couples with children tend to be younger, less educated, lower income, and have less secure employment. In cohabiting couples with children, just over four in ten parents are between 25 and 34 years old, compared with less than three in ten parents in married couples. Less than a third of parents in cohabiting couples are between 35 and 44 years old, compared with four in ten parents in married couples. (Appendix 3) 5

6 Among women in cohabiting couples, 16 percent have no high school diploma, and another 35 percent have no college-level education. Among mothers in married couples, nine percent have no high school diploma, and 21 percent have no college-level education. (Appendix 3) In cohabiting couples with children, 63 percent of women, and 81 percent of men, were employed, compared with 66 and 91 percent of mothers and fathers, respectively, in married couples. In eight percent of unmarried couples with children, neither person was employed in 2015, compared with only four percent among married couples with children. (Appendix 3) Children born to cohabiting parents are less likely than children born to married parents to remain in a stable family: two-thirds of children in the former group experience family instability before age 12, compared with about one-fourth of children in the latter group. 12 State and Local Estimates State and local estimates of children s living arrangements are available from the KIDS COUNT Data Center at: International Estimates Data for selected countries ( ) are available in the U.S. Census Bureau s 2010 Statistical Abstract. See https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2009/compendia/statab/129ed/internationalstatistics.html (See tables 1301 and 1302) Additional data are available from the 2014 World Family Map at: National Goals None. 6

7 Related Indicators Births to Unmarried Women: Adopted Children: Foster Care: Child Support Receipt: Child Care: Adverse Experiences: Definition For this indicator, unless otherwise specified, a two-parent family refers to parents who are married to each other and living in the same household. They may be biological, adoptive, or stepparents. The Current Population Survey identifies all parents who are family or subfamily heads. Where cohabitants are concerned, until 2007, the CPS did not ask whether that person was also the parent of the child. Single-parent families refer primarily to families in which only one parent is present, but before 2007 may include some families where both parents were present but unmarried. No-parent families refer to families where neither parent of the child lives in the household. Data about children living with grandparents reflect those living in households headed by their grandparents, and do not include families where a grandparent is in the household as a dependent. Parents may or may not be present in such cases. Data Sources 2015 data on cohabiting and married couples: Child Trends calculations of U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. "America's Families and Living Arrangements". Table UC3, FG1, and FG3. Available at: All other data for : Child Trends calculations of U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. "America's Families and 7

8 Living Arrangements". Tables C-2, C-3. Available at: Data for non-hispanic white and Asian children, : Child Trends calculations of U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. "America's Families and Living Arrangements". Tables C-2, C-3. Available at: Other Data for : Child Trends calculations using: Living Arrangements of Children Under 18 Years Old: 1960 to Present. Tables CH-1, CH-2, CH-3, CH-4, and Ch-7. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Online. Available: Raw Data Sources March Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Decennial Census. 8

9 Appendix 1 - Living Arrangements of Children Under 18 Years Old, Percentages by Race and Hispanic Origin 1 : Selected Years, Living with Two 3 Married Parents White White, non- Hispanic Black Hispanic Asian and Other Pacific Islander Asian Living with One 4 Parent White White, non- Hispanic Black Hispanic Asian and Other Pacific Islander Asian

10 Living with Mother 4 Only White White, non- Hispanic Black Hispanic Asian and Other Pacific Islander Asian Living with Father 4 Only White White, non- Hispanic Black Hispanic Asian and Other Pacific Islander Asian Living with No Parent White White, non- Hispanic Black Hispanic Asian and Other Pacific Islander Asian

11 1 From 2003 forward, data for race reflect only those who selected a single race. 2 Revised based on population from the decennial census for that year. 3 Whether biological, adoptive, or non-biological parents. 4 Before 2007, the parent may be residing with an unmarried partner. Note: Based on Current Population Survey (CPS) (unless otherwise indicated) Sources: Data for : Child Trends calculations of U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. "America's Families and Living Arrangements". Tables C-2, C-3. Available at: Data for non-hispanic white and Asian children, : Child Trends calculations of U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. "America's Families and Living Arrangements". Tables C-2, C-3. Available at: Other Data for : Child Trends calculations using: Living Arrangements of Children Under 18 Years Old: 1960 to Present. Tables CH-1, CH-2, CH-3, CH-4, and Ch-7. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Online. Available: 11

12 Appendix 2 - Percentage of Children Living in Households Headed by their Grandparents: Selected Years, Number of children under 18 (in thousands) 69,276 63,369 64,137 70,254 72,012 72,006 72,321 73,001 73,205 73,494 Living with Grandparents With parent(s) present Both parents present Mother only present Father only present Without parent(s) present Number of children under 18 (in thousands) 73,664 73,746 74,104 74,230 74,718 74,630 73,817 73,910 73,692 73,623 Living with Grandparents With parent(s) present Both parents present Mother only present Father only present Without parent(s) present Source: Child Trends calculations using: Grandchildren Living in the Home of Their Grandparents: 1970 to Present. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Online. Available: 12

13 Appendix 3 - Men and Women in Cohabiting and Married Heterosexual Couples 1 with Children Under 18, 2 Percentages by Selected Characteristics: 2015 Cohabiting Married Men Women Men Women Currently Cohabiting or Married (numbers in thousands) Age 3,255 3,255 24,857 24, years years years years or more Education No high school diploma or GED High school diploma or GED Some college, no bachelor's degree Bachelor's degree or higher Annual Income Under $5,000, without income, or loss $5,000 to $14, $15,000 to $29, $30,000 to $74, $75,000 and over Race/Hispanic origin White only, not Hispanic Black only, not Hispanic Hispanic Labor Force Status In Labor Force Employed Unemployed Not in Labor Force

14 Cohabiting Married Employment Status of Household Adults Both are employed Man only is employed Woman only is employed Neither is employed Same-sex couples with children are excluded from the analysis because, due to differences in state laws, the distinctions between married and unmarried couples are less clear, and vary by state. Additionally, due to the relative rarity of same-sex couples with children, heterosexual married or cohabiting couples with a misidentified gender have an outsize influence on this population. 2 Excludes children who have been married. Sources: Cohabiting data: Child Trends calculations of U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. "America's Families and Living Arrangements." Table UC3. Available at: Married data: Child Trends calculations of U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. "America's Families and Living Arrangements." Tables FG1 and FG3. Available at: 14

15 March 2015 Endnotes 1 Amato, P. R. (2005). The impact of family formation change on the cognitive, social, and emotional wellbeing of the next generation. The Future of Children, 15(2), For a first nationally representative look at adopted children and their families, see Vandivere, S., Malm, K., and Radel, L. Adoption USA: A chartbook based on the National Survey of Adoptive Parents. Washington, DC: Child Trends. Available at 3 Manning, W. D. and Lamb, K. A. (2003). Adolescent well-being in cohabiting, married, and single-parent families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 65(4), Blackwell, D. L. (2010). Family structure and children s health in the United States: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Statistics, 10(246). 5 Moore, K. A., Jekielek, S. M., and Emig, C. (2002). Marriage from a child s perspective: How does family structure affect children, and what can we do about it? (Research Brief). Washington, DC: Child Trends. Available at: 6 Manning, W. D. and Lamb, K. A. (2003). Op. cit. 7 Amato, P. R., (2001). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. In Robert M. Milardo (ed.), Understanding Families into the New Millennium: A Decade in Review. (Lawrence, KS: National Council on Family Relations), Dunifon, R. & Kowaleski-Jones, L. (2007). The influence of grandparents in single-mother families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(2), Brown, S. L. (2004). Family structure and child well-being: The significance of parental cohabitation. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 66(2), The Urban Institute. (2006). Parents and children facing a world of risk: Next steps towards a working families agenda. Available at: 11 Hispanics can be any race. Estimates for whites in this report do not include Hispanics. 12 Manning, W. (2015). Cohabitation and child wellbeing. The Future of Children, 25(2),

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