Did Jesus Exaggerate?

Jesus was well-known for speaking if
figures of speech, which the disciples bluntly state in John 16:29,
"Yes, now you are speaking plainly, not in any figure of
speech."

However, to what extent did Jesus speak
in figures of speech?

First of All, What are Figures of Speech?

Figures of speech are literary tools
used to communicate more effectively, and they are often heavily dependent on culture.

For example, to communicate that
someone thinks they are special, a speaker might say they think
they are "all that, and a bag of chips" (US-English) or they
think they are "God's gift to the world" (US) or in Spanish
(Mexico) they think they are "the last Coca-cola in the desert." This particular figure of speech is called an idiom, where the interpreted meaning is different than the literal meaning of the words themselves. The person does not literally believe they are a bag of chips or a Coca-cola; rather, they think they are special.

Each culture will have their own way of communicating this idea, and it may seem weird to someone from a different culture.

Examples of Jesus Using Figures of
Speech

Jesus Uses Parables

Jesus Uses Idioms

Jesus also used idioms, which is when
the understood meaning of the words are not the same of the literal
meaning.

As an additional example of an idiom, in order to communicate
"telling a secret" someone might say "spill the beans"
(US) or "let the cat out of the bag" (US) or "to leak"
(UK). The speaker doesn't literally mean to spill beans, let a cat
out of a bag, or to leak. They mean "tell a secret."

An example of Jesus using idioms is in
Luke 14:26, when Jesus says, "Whoever comes to me and does not
hate father and mother, wife and children, brothers and sisters, yes,
and even life itself, cannot be my disciple."

We can know Jesus is using an idiom
because Jesus is recorded as making almost the same statement in
Matthew 10:37, "Whoever loves father or mother more than me is
not worthy of me; and whoever loves son or daughter more than me is
not worthy of me..."

While Jesus is recorded as using the
word hate in Luke 14:26, we can see that his actual meaning differs
from the literal meaning of the words. Jesus is referring to loving
others more than him.

In addition, if Jesus literally means
hate, then he is contradicting everything else he has taught.
However, Matthew 10:37 above clarifies what Jesus means.

Jesus Exaggerates

Probably the most misunderstood figure
of speech that Jesus uses is exaggeration. Examples include:

"You blind guides! You strain
out a gnat but swallow a camel!" (Matthew 23:24)

"Then Peter came and said to
him, 'Lord, if another member of the church sins against me, how
often should I forgive? As many as seven times?' Jesus said to him,
'Not seven times, but, I tell you, seventy-seven times.'"
(Matthew 18:21-22)

"If your right eye causes you
to sin, tear it out and throw it away; it is better for you to lose
one of your members than for your whole body to be thrown into hell."
(Matthew 5:29)

Jesus does not mean that they are literally
swallowing a camel. He is exaggerating to emphasize his point that the
Pharisees "have neglected the weightier matters of the law:
justice and mercy and faith." (Matthew 23:23)

Likewise, Jesus does not literally mean that we
should forgive only until the 78th time. Rather he means we should
forgive as many times as necessary. Peter is proposing what he thinks
is a large number of times to forgive someone. Jesus then proposes a
significantly larger number to communicate: as many times as
necessary.

For Matthew 5:29, Jesus also does not literally mean we should
mutilate our bodies to prevent sin. Our bodies do not cause sin;
rather our selfishness causes sin. Jesus is not advocating mutilation
of the body, and Paul opposes this idea in Colossians 2:23 saying
that "severe treatment of the body" has "no value in
checking self-indulgence." Similar to much of what Jesus teaches, he
speaks often about the spiritual when he discusses the physical.

Jesus Uses Sarcasm

Jesus even uses sarcasm as a figure of
speech. He calls the pharisees, "You snakes, you brood of
vipers!" multiple times. (Examples include Matthew 12:34 and
Matthew 23:33)

And Jesus calls Herod a fox in Luke 13:31-32.

In
Matthew 15:26, Jesus basically calls the Canaanite woman a dog.

Jesus was Sinless

Even while Jesus was sinless and perfect, he
used figures of speech to more effectively communicate to his
audience. This reveals a characteristic of God's love, that he
communicates to us in ways we will understand.

God is omniscient, which means that he
understands everything, including all cultures and cultural meanings.
Often figures of speech are able to communicate messages with more
power than using words with literal meanings.

Which is more effective?"You
neglect the important part of the law?" or "You strain out
a gnat but swallow a camel!" (Matthew 23:24)

The visual created by the figure of
speech delivers a much more powerful message. The idea of swallowing a camel compared to straining out a tiny insect highlights the disparity between the parts of the law the Pharisees chose to keep versus the parts of the law they neglected.