Throughout time, many countries have needed to implement some sort of economic reform in order to strengthen their economy so that they can be more of a power on the world stage and to stabilize their country. The Chinese reforms were long in the making, an unfolding process that had spanned most of the 20th century and, unlike other countries such as Russia who were trying to do the same thing but whom eventually failed, China prospered, and increased its economy greatly. China has had the fastest growing economy in the world for the past two decades, with an annual growth rate of approximately 10 percent since the economic reforms in 1979, and now has the second largest GDP in the world, second only to the USA. Starting in 1979 they have implemented numerous economic and political tactics to open the Chinese marketplace to the rest of the world, and Deng Xiaoping’s appointment in 1978 was the catalyst to further economic development within China. Just a few areas China's government has been addressing are agricultural technology, the medical market, and infrastructures, like telecommunications, transportation and the construction industry. China is one of the very few countries that have made a successful transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, and done over several important periods since 1978 up until the present time. The following piece will examine these periods and the reforms put in place by Deng Xiaoping. Firstly it is important to analyze how Deng came about his position in the late 70’s and the immediate impact that he had. Deng gradually emerged as the de-facto leader of China following Mao’s death in 1976. Prior to Mao’s death, the only governmental position he held was that of First Vice Premier of the State Council (Zhiyue, 2007). By carefully mobilizing his supporters within the party, Deng was able to outmaneuver Mao’s appointed successor Hua Guofeng, who had pardoned him, then oust Hua from his leadership positions in 1980. Deng continued to outmaneuver his political opponents, by encouraging public criticism of the Cultural Revolution, he had weakened the positions of those who owed their positions to that event, while strengthening the positions of those like himself and had been purged during that time (Chang, 1991). Deng’s elevation to China’s new number-one figure meant that the historical and ideological questions around Mao Zedong had to be addressed properly. As Deng wanted to pursue deep reforms, it wasn’t possible for him to continue Mao’s hard-line “class struggle” policies and mass public campaigns, and in 1982 the Central Committee of the Communist Party released a document entitled On the Various Historical Issues since the Founding of the People's Republic of China. Mao retained his status as a "great Marxist, proletarian revolutionary, militarist, and general", and the undisputed founder and pioneer of the country and the People's Liberation Army. "His accomplishments must be considered before his mistakes", the document declared. Deng personally commented that Mao was "seven parts good, three parts bad." The document also steered the prime responsibility of the Cultural Revolution away from Mao to the "counter-revolutionary cliques" of the Gang of Four and Lin Biao (Chang, 1991). From this moment on Deng was vital to China’s economic reforms and their rise to becoming a major economic power in the world today. The years between 1978 and 1984 were when Deng really started to assert himself on the Chinese economic front. His first reforms began in agriculture, which was long neglected by the Communist Party. By the late 1970’s, food production and supplies were so deficient that another “disaster of 1959” was being talked about by many people. That was of course the famines which killed tens of millions during the Great Leap Forward (Brandt, 2008). Deng responded to this talk by decollectivizing agriculture and emphasizing the Household-responsibility...

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...To what extent have the economicreforms of Deng Xiaoping changed the form of Communism that previously existed in China?
The economicreforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping during his term as leader of the Chinese Communist Party from 1977 to 1992 has meant that China is an economic power in the world today. Prior to Deng’s term the Chinese economy was centrally planned, meaning that alleconomic activity was controlled by the government and all companies were owned by the State. Deng’s economicreform policies of allowing private ownership of business, embracing a more free market system, and opening the economy to international trade and investment were in large contrast to the policies of his predecessor Chairman Mao Zedong. Deng’s economicreforms transformed Communism in China from its pure form under Mao to a form of communism with many economic characteristics of a market economy typically found in Western nations.
DengXiaoping’s believed that if the Chinese people were allowed to start up business and own land they would be encouraged to work hard to generate wealth for themselves and that this would be good for China. Under Mao’s rule, the standard of living for the masses generally improved and equality began to emerge in China. Many of its...

...Deng Xiaoping
(22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997)
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Greatest contributions
to modern China:
1. EconomicReform
since 1979;
Open door policy to
attract foreign
investment;
Have the college
entrance examinations
reinstated in 1977;
College Entrance Exams 1977
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During the Cultural
Revolution, millions of
middle school and high
school graduates were
assigned to work on
farms, in factories and the
army;
Held in winter instead of
summer, 5,700,000 people
participated the 1977
college entrance exams!
"Poverty is not socialism.“
reinterpretation of Marxism
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Ascending to power in 1978, Deng ridiculed 嘲讽
a Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) slogan that held
it was "better to be poor under socialism than rich
under capitalism."
The blunt, practical Deng offered instead: "Poverty
is not socialism."
He encouraged the creation of a market economy
and capitalist-like enterprises, and by the early
1990s his reforms had helped lift an estimated 170
million peasants out of extreme poverty.
Principles of Distribution of Wealth
Karl Marx
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Lower stage of
communisim
各尽所能按劳分配
【 gèjìnsuǒnéng‘
ànláofēnpèi 】 from
each according to his
ability, to each according
to his work - the socialist
principle of distribution.
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Higher phase of
communisim –Utopian?
各尽所能按需分配
【 gèjìnsuǒnéng‘
ànxūfēnpèi 】 from
each according to his
ability, to each according
to his needs - the
communist...

...
EconomicReforms in India since 1991: Has Gradualist Approach Worked?
By Vadapalli.Tilak Kumar,
India was a latecomer to economicreforms, embarking on the process in earnest only in 1991, in the wake of an exceptionally severe balance of payments crisis. The need for a policy shift had become evident much earlier, as many countries in east Asia achieved high growth and poverty reduction through policies which emphasized greater export orientation and encouragement of the private sector. India took some steps in this direction in the 1980s, but it was not until 1991 that the government signaled a systemic shift to a more open economy with greater reliance upon market forces, a larger role for the private sector including foreign investment, and a restructuring of the role of government.
India’s economic performance in the post-reforms period has many positive features. The average growth rate in the ten year period from 1992-93 to 2001-02 was around 6.0 percent, as shown in Table 1, which puts India among the fastest growing developing countries in the 1990s. In sharp contrast, growth in the 1990s was accompanied by remarkable external stability despite the east Asian crisis. In addition, the annual average growth rate for the periods 2002-03 to 2011-12 is 7.97 percent. Poverty also declined significantly in the post-reform period, and at a faster rate than in the...

...﻿ECONOMICREFORMS IN PAKISTAN
There is a widely shared consensus about the nature of reforms that Pakistan should embark upon. This consists of two components – stabilization and long term structural reforms. Under the first component the economy has to be stabilized with the help of fiscal consolidation, widening of tax net and mobilization of domestic resources, cutting down the losses of state owned corporations, curtailing wasteful development expenditure and assigning priority to removing supply-side bottlenecks such as energy and infrastructure, keeping inflation under control and maintaining exchange rate stability. The second component requires governance reforms in the structure, processes and human resource policies of the Federal , Provincial and Local governments, taxation and tariff reforms, removing microeconomic distortions such as issuing selective Statutory Regulatory Orders (SROs) for specific firms, liberalizing and deregulating goods and factor markets, strengthening regulatory architecture, promoting market competitive forces and building human capital particularly in science and technology.
THE RECORD 1947-2012
Last five decades have witnessed a remarkable change in the economic fortunes of various countries and continents. The poor, underdeveloped, developing and emerging countries that account for two-fifth of the world population have, by and...

...﻿Reforms of Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping thought improving relations with the foreign countries were important. This idea was outlined in his program of reform termed Gaige Kaifang (Reforms and Openness). He wanted China to become to a modern country.
Allowed peasants to sell crops from their own private plots at local markets if they have enough crops for the government
Allowed people to start private businesses, to hire workers, or making profits
Let foreign investors established factories, and using cheap Chinese labor to produce products
Since 1978, DengXiaoping’s policy increased the growth of Chinese economy and led it to be a major world economic power.
Observation:
How can the peasants afford a washing machine and television?
Why do they look so miserable?
Why did they travel all the way to Beijing?
Evidence:
-Deng Xiapoing started reforms in the countryside by allowing farmers to produce the government required amount of crops and also sell crops privately, improving individual economic statuses.
-He accepted capitalist enterprise, which led to the formation of small, private businesses, which, ultimately, improved the economy.
-Agricultural production increased which meant that there was more food for the people.
-Industrial production also increased, ushering China into the modern world...

...The EconomicReform of China
What is the meaning of reform?
1.0. Introduction
In the late 1970s, China initiated a full-scale economicreform in rural and urban parts of the country, because of the economicreform China has transformed itself from a centrally planned economy to an emerging market economy and at the same time its economy has achieved nearly a 9.5 percent average growth rate. The pace of China’s growth is not unique — Korea, Singapore and other economies in East Asia grew as fast in the 1970s and 1980s. What is unprecedented historically is its scale. The size of China’s population, market and geography, and the dynamism that flowed from economicreform and transformation are what define its impact on the rest of the world. Despite a still relatively low per capita income, the sheer size of the Chinese economy has made China a significant player in world production, consumption, trade and increasingly international finance and the environment.
The historic decision on “reform and opening-up” made at the Third Plenum of the CCP Eleventh Party Congress on December 18-22, 1978, marked the beginning of China’s reform era. At the time, China had a clear desire to increase productivity and raise living standards by reforming its economic system and structure, but it did not have a clear...

...
How far were the economicreforms of Witte the most important development within Russia between 1881 and 1903?
During the Late 1800s, Russia was going through stages of economicreforms and developments. Russia faced many problems at the end of the nineteenth century. Under Minister of Finance Ivan Vyshnegradskii there had been famine because of high taxes on consumer goods which had forced peasants to sell more and more grain. The government were slow to act and, although they eventually enforced a ban on grain exports, 350,000 died of starvation or disease. Economically and industrially Russia was also falling far behind many other Western countries at the time, like Britain and Germany. When Count Witte became Minister of Finance in 1893, there was desperate need to decrease inflation, improve infrastructure and encourage foreign investment. I agree with the hypothesis that Witte’s reforms were the most important because of the reforms he put in place to secure the development of capital goods, coal, iron, steel and oil, the building blocks of future economic growth
Sergei Witte’s reforms were extremely important because he linked industrial growth with a stronger nation politically and economically, and therefore invited foreign experts from more industrialised countries like Britain, France and Germany to Russia to advise him on modernisation. In Russia,...