Abstract ~ The purpose of the study was to determine
whether recent disclosures of elemental transmutations occurring
in biological entities have revealed new possible sources of
energy. The works of Kervran, Komaki, and others were surveyed;
and it was concluded that, granted the existence of such
transmutations (Na to Mg, K to Ca, and Mn to Fe), then a net
surplus of energy was also produced. A proposed mechanism was
described in which Mg-Adenosine Triphosphate (MgATP), located in
the mitochondrion of the cell, played a double role as an energy
producer. In addition to the widely accepted biochemical role of
MgATP in which it produces energy as it disintegrated part by
part, MgATP can also be considered to be a cyclotron on a
molecular scale. The MgATP when placed in layers one atop the
other has all the attributes of a cyclotron in accordance with
the requirements set forth by E.O. Lawrence, inventor of the
cyclotron.

It was concluded that elemental transmutations were indeed
occurring in life organisms and were probably accompanied by a
net energy gain.

The work described in this report was authorized and funded by
the U.S> Army Mobility Equipment Research & Development
Command, Material Technology Laboratory, under Project
MTL-01901, PMMR-26

Solomon Goldfein was the principal investigator for the effort.
The work was under the direction of Emil J. York, Material
Technology Laboratory.

Robert C. McMillan, Chief, Radiation Research Group, provided
guidance with regard to matters relating to physics and nuclear
physics aspects.

Introduction ~

(1) Subject ~ The subject of this study was to
determine whether recent disclosures of elemental transmutations
occurring in biological entities have revealed new possible
sources of energy.

(2) Background ~ Two investigators, Kervran and
Komaki (1, 2), have recently been nominated for a joint Nobel
prize for their work involving the experimental proof that
elemental transmutations were occurring in life organisms.
Elements which were definitely proven to have been transformed
were sodium (to magnesium), potassium (to calcium), and
manganese (to iron). Actually, observations have been made for
almost 200 years that elemental transmutations were occurring,
but little credence was given to them because they resembled
alchemy --- a relic of the idle ages.

The French chemist, Vauquelin, in 1799, observed a large
quantity of lime in the daily excretion of hens. To determine
where the lime was coming from, he fed a captive hen a diet of
nothing but oats. He measured the amount of lime in the oats,
fed the oats to the hen, and then measured the amount of lime in
the excretion and the eggs of the hen. The lime had increased
fivefold. Vauquelin realized that lime had been created but he
did not know why.

In 1822, Prout, an English experimenter, defined the
transmutation of elements by studying incubating chicken eggs.
He observed increasing amounts of calcium carbonate inside the
egg and determined that the compound did not come from the
shells.

In 1831, Choubard experimented with germinating watercress
seeds. He observed new minerals in the young plants that were
not present in the original seeds.

In 1844, Vogel also worked with watercress seeds. He placed his
seeds in a controlled-air environment and added a sulfur-free
nutritive solution to the seeds. The plants that grew from the
seeds were found to have more sulfur than the original seeds.
Vogel's answer was that sulfur was not a simple element or that
sulfur was introduced from sources unknown.

After Vogel, Lauwes and Gilbert observed the weight variation
of ashes during vegetation. In particular, they found a
variation in magnesium.

In 1875, von Herzeele also studied vegetating plants and
discovered a weight increase in the ashes of the young plants.

Later, following the works of Vogel and Lauwes and Gilbert, von
Herzeele considered the variation in the weight of magnesium. He
concluded that a transmutation of elements had taken place.

In 1960, Baranger, of France, published his findings on
variations of calcium and phosphorus in germinating seeds. He
also concluded that a transmutation had taken place, but he did
not determine the reason.

In the early sixties, Louis Kervran's discoveries on
transmutations were published by a French scientific review.
Kervran demonstrated that not only molecules but also atoms
could be transformed, and he verified the transmutation of
matter from atom to atom. (4)

Komaki reported that eight strains of microorganisms grown in
K-deficient culture media increase the total K by converting Ca
to K --- a fission reaction. A theoretical basis for Kervran's
work has been discussed by de Beauregard. (5)

Working at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, Baranger, who also
headed the organic laboratory, determined that transmutations
were indeed taking place. Yet, none of these latter-day
alchemists could propose a theory for the mechanism of such an
unlikely appearing event as biological transmutation.

Summarizing, disclosures have been made of transmutation in
microorganisms, plants, and animals. Some have been fusion while
others have been fission phenomena.

II. Investigation ~

(3) Plan ~ In the search for clues to the possibilities
for energy development, calculations were made to determine
whether there was a net weight loss during the transmutation.
This was followed by an examination of the most likely place for
the event to occur and the presence there of the same elements
disclosed to have undergone nuclear changes. A study then flowed
to determine of a mechanism was present which might cause such
nuclear transmutations in accordance with presently accepted
nuclear theory.

(a) Net Weight Change ~ The study was limited to fusion
reactions so that the difference in atomic number would be only
one. These included Na, K, and Mn:

(b) Energy Required for Nuclear Reactions ~ No
information has been discovered as to the energy required for
these reactions to occur and, thus, whether there would be a net
gain of energy. As far back as 1932, however, it was known that
alpha particles having energies when ejected from radioactive
elements of medium life of between 5 and 7 MeV could cause
atomic disintegrations. Cockcroft and Walton built a tall,
vertical tube capable of evacuation with a filament producing
electrons at the top and a target of the element to be bombarded
at the bottom. A low pressure of hydrogen was introduced and
ionized by collisions with the electrons produced by the
filament. The top of the tube could be raised to a high positive
potential, up to 700,000 volts, the bottom being at earth. On
reaching the bottom of the tube, the protons had a kinetic
energy equal in electron-volts to the potential in volts at the
top of the tube. Using a lithium target, at 45° angle to the
bombarding protons, disintegrations of some of the lithium atoms
into pairs of helium nuclei ejected almost in opposite
directions were observed with only 120,000 volts. (6)

(c) Probable Location of Energy Development ~ The
mitochondrion, a cylindrically shaped organelle, is universally
recognized as the primary site for energy production in all life
organisms regardless of whether they are one-celled bacteria,
plants, or animals (7). Some cells have as many as 7000
mitochondria (Figure 1). The mitochondrion is divided into
components in which various reactions take place (Figure 2). (8)

(d) Chemicals Involved ~ Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is
now recognized as the molecule most involved in energy
production in this mitochondrion (Figure 3). When complexed with
Mg++, it forms a cyclic ATP and proceeds through a series of
reactions which produces energy (Figure 4).

Figure 3: Chemical structure of ATP

Figure 4: Chemical structure of ATP chelated with Mg ion

(e) Energy Production ~ The Mg+ is considered to be a
catalyst for these reactions. One phosphate group after another
splits off so that the resultant chelate becomes a diphosphate
(ADP) and then a monophosphate (AMP). The phosphate groups
hydrolyze, and the energy of hydrolysis for each reaction is
7500 calories. The D-ribose then splits off and proceeds through
a long glycolic decomposition cycle to yield further energy. The
chelated, cyclic MgATP thus breaks up completely and is rebuilt
through a series of chemical reactions. None of the
decomposition and rebuilding cycles is as yet completely
understood.

(f) Ions Present in the Mitochondrion ~ Na, Mg, K, Ca,
Mn, and Fe ions have been found to be present in the
mitochondrion. These are the same ions which have been
previously found to undergo nuclear transmutations by Kervran.
In addition, another pair, Cu and Zn, differing by one proton
(elements numbered 29 and 30) is also present (9). H+ and OH-
ions have been produced and are maintained in separate
compartments (10). Conversion to Cu and Zn is also accompanied
by a loss of mass and thus a production of energy:

Gurney determined that removing a negative ion from the
interior of a perfect crystal left a vacant lattice point to
which a positive charge is associated. If this point is
approached by a free electron in the conduction band, the
electron will be attracted as from a positive-charged particle.
Thus, if the electron loses energy, it may be trapped in the
field of the charge. This trapped electron will undergo a series
of stationary states towards a series limit. Beyond this limit,
a continuum of states will exist. The periodic field of the
lattice will cause periodic fluctuations on the wave functions
of the trapped electron, but the trapped electron will not be
prevented from having a definite wave function, in each bound
state, which will be like that of an electron within an atom in
a vacuum and will be spread over many atomic distances in the
crystal. (12)

Similarly, Gurney determined that removing a positive ion from
within a perfect crystal left a vacant lattice point to which a
negative charge is associated. If this point is approached by a
free, positive hole in the filled electronic band, the free,
positive hole will be attracted. If the free, positive hole
loses energy, it will be trapped in the field of the negative
charge. A set of stationary states toward a series limit will be
encountered by the trapped, positive hole. (13)

[(13) ibid. ]

Thus, in either case the current is oscillatory.

(h) Structure of MgATP ~ The complete
conformational structure of mgATP has not yet been elucidated. A
key problem has been the function of the Mg+. Kothekar, et
al. (14), made a study of the changes in electronic charge
and energy distribution in ATP and ADP after incorporation of
Mg++. They hypothesized that even though Mg++ is not absolutely
essential for enzymatic action, its presence facilitates the
action by modifying the charge distribution. The most likely
position of Mg++ is symmetrical between the three P atoms.
Binding between Mg++ and ATP was considered mostly ionic in
nature. No detailed, acceptable information is yet available
regarding the crystalline structure of MgATP. (15)

(4) Proposed Alternate Mechanism for Energy Production ~
There
is hardly a material in life organisms which performs which
performs only a single function. Therefore, MgATP was examined
for an additional and alternate means of energy production which
would encompass nuclear fusion reactions in accordance with
recognized nuclear theory and practice. The principal method of
producing nuclear reactions is by an accelerator --- either
linear or cyclic. E.O. Lawrence in the 1930s used the cyclotron
resonance phenomenon as the basis for the cyclotron particle
accelerator. He derived the equations of motion for a charged
particle in a uniform, magnetic field with a constant period of
revolution so that particles can be accelerated indefinitely in
resonance with an oscillatory electric field. Recently, Hunter
an McIver developed a small spectroscope based on this
principle. (16)

In view of the lack of information regarding the crystalline
structure of MgATP or its structure with regard to adjacent
molecules of MgATP, it is hypothesized tat the molecules of
MgATP are situated one above the other so located that the Mg++
forms a continuous chain. With the exception of the D-ribose
unit, the complex or chelate lies in a plane. The D-ribose folds
up --- a phenomenon called sugar puckering (17). Since the
D-ribose molecules might interfere with each other under these
conditions, the MgATP has been rotated so that the D-ribose
units would lie 180° apart. A top view of the two molecules is
shown in Figure 5. Since the P groups are equidistant from the
Mg++, it follows that they may be 60° apart around a circle
whose center is the Mg++. The acyl oxygen dipoles attached to
the P atoms would likewise be situated around the circumference
in which case four molecules of MgATP would be required for
twelve dipoles to be present in the circle (18). Figures 6 and 7
show top and side views respectively of such an arrangement. The
phosphate chain is in the folded configuration and not extended
as in anhydrous, inorganic phosphates. It would form a helix,
and torsion angles about the bonds have been calculated (19).
The net effect would be that the H+ would make a helical path
which would be circular as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 5: Planar view of two molecules of Mg chelated ATP,
one directly above the other facing each other. The dashed
line structure represents the lower molecule. The Mg++ is at
the center of a circle with six dipoles spaced evenly around
the circumference --- three per molecule of ATP. The adenine
part of the adenosine triphosphate straddles the perimeter

Figure 6: Planar view of four MgATP molecules showing 12
dipoles and only one Mg++ and adenosine molecule. Arrows show
alpha, beta, & gamma rotation of P atoms and, hence,
dipoles 1, 2, and 3 when not chelated. Chelation prevents
rotation of P atoms and could result in forcing dipoles out of
the plane

Figure 7: Side view of four molecules of MgATP. Possible
hydrogen bonding between OH of D-ribose and gamma oxygen is
shown

Dipoles have been found to be energized by unsaturation in the
ionic structure --- binding with metal ions with each dipole
presumable requiring, on the average, one saturation or double
bond (20). Hughes and Rideal showed that a dipole is induced in
a double bond if it is situated in the alpha position but not if
it is further away (21). In contrast, the presence of a double
bond in the 4-5 carbon position of sphingomyelin increases the
surface dipole and, hence, the surface potential of the
monolayer (22). No evidence exists, therefore, for a
maximum-distance limitation. In this case, the unsaturation in
the adenine molecule comprising four double bonds should,
therefore, be sufficient to energize the three dipoles in the
phosphate groups. The current formed by the electron flowing in
an oscillatory fashion from one Mg++ to another must of
necessity be accompanied by an oscillatory magnetic field. This
could easily extend out to the perimeter and accelerate the H+
to relativistic speeds. It would be guided in its path by the
dipoles.

An interesting feature noticed in Figure 5 is the location of
the adenine rings in the adenosine heterocycles. They sit
directly on the circumference or perimeter of the circle formed
by the acyl oxygen dipoles and 180° apart from each other. When
a conjugated ring molecule is placed in a magnetic field, its
electrons are caused to circulate and, in circulating, they
generate secondary magnetic fields, i.e., induced only when
exposed to a magnetic field (23). Because of the puckering
effect of the D-ribose, the ring slopes and skews downward
toward the perimeter. Its induced magnetic field, thus, has a
tangential component capable of exerting an accelerating force
on the H+ as it passes by.

Each requirement for a cyclotron particle accelerator has been
met on a molecular scale as follows:

(a) Oscillatory Electric Field ~ There is a continuous
flow of electrons in the mitochondrion. The current oscillates
as it flows through the chain of Mg++. The electric field
accompanying the current oscillates in unison with it.

(b) Presence of Hydrogen Ions ~ Hydrogen ions are
present in one of the compartments of the mitochondria.

(c) Auxiliary Control & Propulsion of H+ by Dipoles ~
An H+ introduced between the components of the sandwich would be
attracted by an energized dipole and passed from one dipole to
another around a helical circle having a diameter of
approximately 30 Angstroms.

(d) Induction of Ring Current in Adenine ~ The
oscillating electric field induces an oscillating ring current
in the adenine ring of the molecule.

(e) Effect of Magnetic Field on Hydrogen Ion ~ As the H+
passes under the ring, it is attracted by the magnetic field
accompanying the ring current and accelerated to a very high
speed. The H+ soon approaches relativistic speeds because the
ring current also is probably rotating at such speeds.

(f) Circular Helical Path of Hydrogen Ion ~ In a crystal
having four molecules of MgATP, the path of the H+ is a circular
helix. As many molecules of MgATP as are necessary would be
present to accelerate the H+ and impart sufficient energy to it
to penetrate the nucleus of an atom and convert it to an atom of
the next higher number.

III. Discussion ~

(5) General ~ There were numerous evidences that the
premise upon which the study was based was true, i.e., that
nuclear transmutations were indeed taking place in life
organisms of all types. It was shown that there was a net loss
in mass for the transmutation of Na, Km and Mn to Mg, Ca, and Fe
respectively. These represented energies in the range of 8.35
MeV to 11.69 MeV. Although there was no information regarding
the energy cost in effecting the transmutations, similar
transmutations involving hydrogen ions were much less. Thus,
there probably was a net gain in energy during the atomic
transmutations.

The mitochondrion, well known as the location for energy
production in the cell, was closely examined for clues to the
possibility of elemental transmutations also occurring there.
The presence of the ion pairs (Na, Mg), (K, Ca), and (Mn, Fe) in
the mitochondrion gave strong support top such a conjecture.
Moreover, the additional pair (Cu, Zn) found there but not
reported by Kervran or others provided added support. These were
the only ions reported to have been found in the mitochondrion.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in its chelated form with Mg as
MgATP has been pinpointed as the source of energy in the
mitochondrion. An examination of its structure indicated that
when the molecules are placed one on top of another with the
Mg++ in the center, the group resembles a working model of a
cyclotron on a molecular scale. When MgATP is taken apart, its
components can be burned to also form energy. An analogy would
be a windmill or waterwheel made of wood. Both can harness the
elements to produce mechanical or electrical energy. When they
are taken apart and burned, the components produce thermal
energy.

The question of the primary purpose of the transmutations is of
considerable interest. From Komaki's work, it would appear the
transmutations were used to maintain a balance of certain
elements in the human body. It is evident that health would be
considerably impaired if it were attempted to obtain energy
continuously from such transmutations. The body can tolerate
just so much Na, K, Mg, Ca, etc., and the quantities are small.

No reports have been found of experiments which were made in
which energy was measured along with elemental transmutation.
Such experiments would be relatively simple to design and
perform. The relatively available huge supplies of the elements
which have been reported to have been transmuted and the
probable large accompanying energy surplus indicate a new source
of energy in the offing --- one whose supply would be unlimited.

IV. Conclusions ~

(6) Conclusions ~ It is concluded that elemental
transmutations occurring in life organisms are accompanied by
losses in mass representing conversion to thermal energy and
that such energy probably is a net gain when compared to the
amount required to effect the transmutation.