Tuesday, January 8, 2013

Direct Searches For Dark Matter Come Up Empty

The latest direct search for dark matter particles, based on muon neutrino observations of the sun conducted since 1978 in the Caucasus Mountains (the BUST Experiment at Baksan) have continued to come up empty and to place stringent limits on the properties of dark matter in the solar system vicinity if it exists at all.

Direct searches for dark matter particles of 10 GeV and up of a type called WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) have ruled out such particles by a robust variety of methods down to very low cross-sections of interaction (on the order of 3*10^-4 picobarns which is equivalent to 3*10^-40 cm^2 and 3*10^-44 m^2).

Implications

This is a bad thing for physicists who hope to understand the universe with existing theories.

Unequivocal evidence from astronomy observations for the phenomena now attributed to dark matter has existed since 1933. See F. Zwicky, “Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln,” 6 Helv. Acta 110 (1933). The intervening 80 years revealed all sorts of particles we weren't looking for. Nobel laureate I. I. Rabi famously quipped, upon the discovery of the muon, "Who ordered that?" But, we have yet to detect a single particle responsible for a huge share of the mass in the universe, if it exists at all, despite looking very hard for it.

Plain vanilla cold dark matter and warm dark matter WIMPS are incompatable with experimentStandard cold dark matter theory, the leading (but increasingly experimentally obsolete) theory of dark matter, needs dark matter particles of 10 GeV or more, that interact weakly (i.e. WIMPS) and it needs them at a fairly well specified density in the vicinity of the solar system. Many beyond the Standard Model theories, including SUSY, propose that dark matter candidates exist in that mass range. But, they are nowhere to be found unless they interact even less strongly than do particles like neutrinos, which only interact via the weak force (and lack electrical charge or strong nuclear force interactions), something that is not true of any known massive particle.
Crude calculations of neutrino elastic cross sections of interaction are 5*10^-44 cm^2, a range not yet excluded by current experiments, but the more elaborate calculation is one that is mass and momentum dependent, so this isn't necessarily a notable excuse for not detecting 10 GeV particles in experiments that could not detect sub-eV particles that were otherwise comparable.

Some revised theoretical expectations as of 2008 for SUSY WIMPS can be found here and are below current detection limits. But, from the same link "to quote a particle physicist,"

The most appealing possibility - a weak scale dark matter particle interacting
with matter via Z-boson exchange - leads to the cross section of order 10^-39
cm2 which was excluded back in the 80s by the first round of dark matter
experiments. There exists another natural possibility for WIMP dark matter: a
particle interacting via Higgs boson exchange. This would lead to the cross
section in the 10^-42-10^-46 cm2 ballpark (depending on the Higgs mass and on
the coupling of dark matter to the Higgs).

In other words, "plain vanilla" Cold Dark Matter WIMPS have been experimentally excluded in the vicinity of the solar system at the expected densities. One needs "exotic WIMPS" or WIMP distributions for Cold Dark Matter theory to work, and measurements 2 to 6 orders of magnitude more precise (just a few decades off at current levels of progress in improving experimental accuracy) would exclude them as well.

Lighter dark matter particles, such as the KeV rest mass particles of "warm dark matter" are problematic in their own very different ways. High precision W and Z boson decay measurements strongly suggest that there are no weak force interacting fundamental particles with less than 10 GeV of rest mass (or for that matter, of less than 45 GeV of rest mass). So again, "plain vanilla" warm dark matter particles that interact via the weak force are experimentally excluded.

Are there loopholes?

Certainly, each of these searchers are subject to a variety of assumptions.

For example, the BUST experiment is actually directly searching for the remnants of the annihilation of massive dark-matter particles in the sun (where gravity ought to be drawing them), and that once there is an annihilation of massive dark-matter particles that the resulting energy produces decays into exotic particles in the Standard Model do.

But, the wide variety of experimental methods that have produced consistent results makes the conclusions robust to many of these assumptions. One has to have a quite exotic BSM dark matter particle to escape the experimental limits now in place.

Alternatives to WIMPS: Sterile Neutrinos or MOND

"Sterile neutrinos" (i.e. massive fundamental particles that act like neutrinos except that they don't interact via the weak force) could fit the bill because they wouldn't be produced in weak force decays and hence can't be ruled out by them. But, how do you go about directly detecting something that has no non-gravitational interactions?

Sterile neutrinos would also need to obtain their masses via something other than the Higgs mechanism that accounts for the masses of all of the other fundamental particles, or the strong force mechanism that accounts for the masses of mesons and hadrons (such as protons and neutrons), i.e. in an entirely unprecedented manner (e.g. a purely or almost purely Majorana mass).

Of course, another possibility is that exotic fundamental particles are not the source of the dark matter effects observed which might instead be due to something such as modifications to the laws of gravity.

A recent Science New feature misleadingly suggests that the likelihood that direct dark matter detection experiments will discover something are just around the corner, but does accurately note that the non-detection of heavy WIMPS so far disfavors SUSY theories.