The ingeniousness and beauty of Roman architecture has not been lost on us in the 2000 years since it was built. Even today, we still marvel at what incredible builders the Romans were, and at the sheer scale and integrity of many of their projects. It is hard to argue that today’s architecture will maintain the same lasting grandeur as that which the Romans built. If we can still respect and admire the grandeur of Rome as it was in it’s day, one can only imagine how much of an influence people of the time felt, due to the incredible innovations that the Romans brought to the new regions of their empire. In fact, it is because of the superior engineering skills and architectural ideas possessed by the Romans, and respected by others, that allowed them to conquer, influence and rule such a vast area of the world, for such an extended period of time. Citizens of regions conquered by Rome were the beneficiaries of Roman innovations such as a (public) fresh water supply, bridges over previously impassable rivers, roads linking all parts of the empire (especially to the capital) and incredible public buildings like the forums and baths. They were more easily persuaded into acceptance once the Romans arrived when they saw or heard of these innovations which they realized could have such a huge and beneficial impact on their lifestyles.

The first thing the Romans did upon entering a new region, after winning the war that gained them their new territory, was construct roads and bridges. This was the best way to “Romanize” the new areas, as it permitted easier communication between the colony and the mother country. The roads all led to the capital, which solidified its position as the centre of power, and also allowed the rulers easier and faster access to the colonies when necessary. It has been said that at the peak of Rome’s power, one could travel from the English Channel all the way to Rome without ever fording a stream, simply because the Romans...

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...﻿Influences of Egyptian Architecture
Archaeological discoveries in Egypt reawakened an interest in the ancient temples and monuments. Egyptian Revival architecture became fashionable during the 1800s. In the early 1900s, the discovery of King Tut's tomb stirred a fascination for Egyptian artifacts and the rise of Art Deco architecture.
Where did the Ancient Egyptians live?The Ancient Egyptians lived along the banks of the river Nile in Egypt. Farmers first settled in Egypt along the River Nile around 5000 B.C.
The ancient Egyptian people were grouped in a hierarchical system with the Pharaoh at the top and farmers and slaves at the bottom. The groups of people nearest the top of society were the richest and most powerful.
The diagram below shows the structure of ancient Egyptian society.
The Pharaoh was believed to be a God on earth and had the most power. He was responsible for making laws and keeping order, ensuring that Egypt was not attacked or invaded by enemies and for keeping the Gods happy so that the Nile flooded and there was a good harvest.
The Vizier was the Pharaoh's chief advisor and was sometimes also the High Priest. He was responsible for overseeing administration and all official documents had to have his seal of approval. He was also responsible for the supply of food, settling disputes between nobles and the running and protection of the Pharaoh's household.
Nobles ruled the regions...

...structures, although they were built around 2000 years ago, are still standing and even in use. At the start of Roman history, they imported their marble from another great ancient city; Greece. However, they did eventually find quarries in northern Italy that held an abundance of white marble. This marble helped them become the great architectural city that we see even in present times.
Later on, in the first century AD, the Romans began to use concrete in greater use. The architects of Rome used this concrete to make many structures including domes, arches, and vaults. They added bricks to these structures to improve the strength of the building. After adding the bricks, they put on an extra layer of marble for decoration.
One of the biggest improvements that the Romans made in architecture was the invention of the arch. These arches added a great amount of weight to the structure. To help support this weight, the Romans invented a type of building material that is called a keystone block. The force on top of the arch was directed down to this keystone block. Because of the shape of the keystone block, this force was then pushed through the voussoir blocks that formed the top of the arch. The force then went through the impost and the piers, finally ending up at the foundation. This helped support many of Rome's great structures.
One of the most famous Roman buildings...

...The Roman Empire, founded by Augustus Caesar in 27 B.C. and lasting in Western
Europe for 500 years, reorganized for world politics and economics. Almost the entirety of the
civilized world became a single centralized state. In place of Greek democracy, piety, and
independence came Roman authoritarianism and practicality. Vast prosperity resulted. Europe and
the Mediterranean bloomed with trading cities ten times the size of their predecessors with public
amenities previously unheard of courts, theaters, circuses, and public baths. And these were now
large permanent masonry buildings as were the habitations, tall apartment houses covering whole
city blocks.
This architectural revolution brought about by the Romans required two innovations: the
invention of a new building method called concrete vaulting and the organization of labor and
capital on a large scale so that huge projects could be executed quickly after the plans of a single
master architect.
Roman concrete was a fluid mixture of lime and small stones poured into the hollow
centers of walls faced with brick or stone and over curved wooden molds, or forms, to span
spaces as vaults. The Mediterranean is an active volcanic region, and a spongy, light, tightly
adhering stone called pozzolana was used to produce a concrete that was both light and extremely
strong.
The Romans had developed potsalana concrete about 100 B.C. but at...

...Architectural Engineering
There are 25 major specialties in engineering that are recognized by professional societies. In any one of those 25 specialties, the goal of the engineer is the same. The goal is to be able to come up with a cost effective design that aids people in the tasks they face each day. Whether it be the coffee machine in the morning or the roads and highways people travel, or even the cars people travel in, it was all an idea that started with an engineer. Someone engineered each idea to make it the best solution to a problem.
Even though engineer's goals are similar, there are many different things that engineers do within their selected field of engineering. Out of all the different studies of engineering, one of the most popular is the field of architectural engineering. Like all engineers, architectural engineers apply the theories and principles of science and mathematics to research and develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between scientific discoveries and commercial applications. Engineers design products, machinery to build those products, factories in which those products are made, and the systems that ensure the quality of the product and efficiency of the workforce and manufacturing process. Engineers design, plan, and supervise the construction of buildings, highways, and transit systems.
Architectural engineers develop new...

...ASSIGNMENT 2: ROBOTS
In this report I will write in detail about the uses and operations of industrial robots, flexible manufacturing systems, productivity loading and unloading systems and coordinated work schedules. I will show the benefits and disadvantages of the above and evaluate the consequences of such practices.
First of all robots have many applications such as: assembling products, handle dangerous material, spray finishes on, inspect parts/produce/livestock and cut/polish products. Robots are also used to do tasks that are too dull, dirty, or dangerous for humans. Industrial robots used in manufacturing lines used to be the most common form of robots, but that has recently been replaced by consumer robots cleaning floors and mowing lawns. The advantages of Industrial Robots are:
• Quality - Robots have the capacity to drastically improve product quality when compared to humans. Applications are performed with precision and mass repeatability every time. This level of consistency can be hard to achieve any other way.
• Production - With robots speeds increase, which directly increases the rate of production. Because robots have the ability to work at a constant speed without pausing for breaks, sleep, holidays, they have the potential to produce more than a human worker.
• Safety - Robots increase workplace safety as they’re less likely to cause accidents. Workers are moved to other roles, so they no longer have to perform dangerous applications in...

...Greek and RomanArchitecture
The Greeks thought of their Gods as having the same needs as human
beings, they believed that the Gods needed somewhere to live on Earth. Temples
were built as the gods' earthly homes. The basic design of temples developed
from the royal halls of the Maycenaean Age. A Mycenaean palace consisted of a
number of buildings often more than one story high, grouped around a central
courtyard. It was brightly painted, both inside and out. In each palace there
was a large hall called a megaron, where the king held court and conducted state
business. Little remains of the megaron at Mycenae. This reconstruction is
based on the remains from other palaces, which would have been similar.
The Romans took and borrowed a lot of things from the Greek culture.
For example, the took the Greek Gods and renamed them. They also took the
styles of Greek temples, but they changed them some. The temple was rectangular,
with a gabled roof, with a frontal staircase giving access to its high platform.
They used mainly the Corinthian style, but they also made combinations, for
instance the Corinthian-Ionic style. The Romans also added a lot of details and
decorations to their temples. The Romans also made what became the very common
round, domed temple. The main temple of a Roman city was the capitolium. The
Pantheon, the famous temple in Rome, was a sample for some of...

...Innovation in Religious RomanArchitecture
Throughout human history man has been finding ways of doing art and figuring different ways of doing over time, one such form of architecture that man has discovered long ago and has extensively worked hard in is the art of architecture. One of the definitions of “architecture” is the profession of designing, communities, open areas, and other artificial constructions and environments.[1] Architecture also involves the design or selection of furnishings and decorations of buildings.[2] Architecture has been used for various purposes; one such purpose it has been used for is for religious purposes, like buildings houses of worship. Among these great human civilizations that have constructed pieces of architecture, especially those of religious purposes, is the Roman civilization. Roman civilization has gone through many different changes, one such change can be seen in the innovations that have occurred in religious architecture. The evolution of Roman religious architecture is one of the best examples of seeing how human civilization can and does change in its form of art over a period of time.
During the Ritual and Space period, which lasted from 800-600 B.C, the Romans had no empire of their own and would use ritual, which is a an...

...Influences of Spanish Architecture in Mexico
Spanish expeditions conducted during the seventh and eighteenth century has brought a variety of architectural and artistic influences to the different indigenous regions of the New Americas. It is documented that "the Architecture of Mexico began with the Spanish conquest of the country." (Mullen, 18) The architecture of Mexico has exhibited much richness and wealth, has displayed the political and religious conditions of the time, and has showed off the countries beauty and grace through different artistic devices, mainly through the ornamentation of buildings. The architecture that developed in Mexico during the military expeditions and colonization of Mexico has brought forth many different types of architecture to Mexico, three in particular, Franciscan, Mexican Baroque and Spanish Colonial Architecture. Historians have documented that the Franciscan, Mexican Baroque and Spanish Colonial Architecture found in Mexico is, "the transfer of architectural forms, ideas and traditions brought from Spain to the Americas by Spanish settlers" (Grizzard, 167). Historians believe that, "Spanish colonial architecture was a period of transition from the Spanish Gothic to Spanish Renaissance" (Mullen, 76)
When observing the architecture found in Mexico one has to wonder about...