Inclusive agricultural development in Rwanda, focused on new crops, new practices, and new markets, has reduced poverty and improved the resilience of agriculture. Public investment in land management and irrigation has reduced short term sensitivity to floods and droughts. Education and higher rural incomes complemented by disaster risk reduction has enhanced adaptive capacity in the medium to longer term. However, sector led growth has not driven broader diversification and the economy remains highly susceptible to climate risks. In the long run agricultural growth must be part of a broader economic transformation to support livelihood diversification, reduced inequality and climate resilient development.