Transcript

1.
PewResearchCenter
MILLENNIALS
A PortrAit of GenerAtion next
Confident.
Connected.
Open to Change.
February 2010

2.
PEw RESEARch cENtER is a nonpartisan “fact tank” that provides information on the issues, attitudes and trends
shaping America and the world. it does so by conducting public opinion polling and social science research, by analyzing
news coverage, and by holding forums and briefings. it does not take positions on policy issues.
its work is carried out by seven projects:
• Pew research Center for the People & the Press
• Pew research Center’s Project for excellence in Journalism
• Pew internet & American Life Project
• Pew forum on religion & Public Life
• Pew Hispanic Center
• Pew Global Attitudes Project
• Pew Social & Demographic trends Project
it provides its research and data—free of charge—as a public service to policymakers, researchers, journalists and the
general public. All publications and datasets can be accessed via Pewresearch.org, which is a portal to a network of Pew
research websites.

3.
PewResearchCenter
MILLENNIALS
Confident.
Connected.
Open to Change.
this publication is part of a Pew research Center report series that looks at the
values, attitudes and experiences of America’s next generation: the Millennials.
find out how today’s teens and twentysomethings are reshaping the nation at:
www.pewresearch.org/millennials.

4.
Preface
This report represents the Pew Research Center’s most ambitious examination to date of America’s newest
generation, the Millennials, many of whom have now crossed into adulthood. We began looking at this age
group in 2006 in a comprehensive survey we conducted in association with the PBS documentary series,
“Generation Next.”
Our new report greatly expands on that seminal work. In the pages that follow we set out to compare the
values, attitudes and behaviors of Millennials with those of today’s older adults. And to the extent that we can,
we also compare them with older adults back when they were the age that Millennials are now.
But we undertake this exercise in generational portraiture with a healthy dose of humility. We know that, in one
sense, it’s too easy – and in another, it’s too hard.
It’s too easy because most readers don’t need a team of researchers to tell them that the typical 20-year-old, 45-
year-old and 70-year-old are likely to be different from one another. People already know that.
It’s too difficult because, try as we might, we know we can never completely disentangle the multiple reasons
that generations differ. At any given moment in time, age group differences can be the result of three
overlapping processes: 1) Life cycle effects. Young people may be different from older people today, but they
may well become more like them tomorrow, once they themselves age. 2) Period effects. Major events
(wars; social movements; economic downturns; medical, scientific or technological breakthroughs) affect all age
groups simultaneously, but the degree of impact may differ according to where people are located in the life
cycle. 3) Cohort effects. Period events and trends often leave a particularly deep impression on young adults
because they are still developing their core values; these imprints stay with them as they move through their life
cycle.
It’s not always possible to identify – much less unpack and analyze – these various processes. On many
measures, the long-term trend data needed to make comparisons simply do not exist. Also, while generations
may have personalities, they are not monolithic. There are as many differences within generations as there are
among generations. Moreover, the composition of a given age cohort can change over time as result of
demographic factors such as immigration and differential mortality. Finally, even if we had a full set of long-term
data, we know that the discrete effects of life cycle, cohort and period cannot be statistically separated from one
another with absolute certainty.
Nonetheless, we believe this journey is worth taking. All of us know people who still bear the marks of their
distinctive coming-of-age experiences: the grandmother raised during the Depression who reuses her tea bags;
the child of the Cold War who favors an assertive national security policy; the uncle who grew up in the 1960s
and sports a pony tail.
We don’t yet know which formative experiences the Millennials will carry forward throughout their life cycle.
But we hope that the findings presented here begin to shine a light on what they are like today – and on what
America might be like tomorrow.
Paul Taylor and Scott Keeter, editors

6.
i
About the Report
This report on the values, attitudes, behaviors and demographic characteristics of the Millennial generation was
prepared by the Pew Research Center, a nonpartisan “fact tank” that provides information on the issues,
attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. The Center does not take positions on policy issues.
Findings in this study are mainly based on the results of a telephone survey conducted Jan. 14 to 27, 2010, on
landlines and cell phones with a nationally representative sample of 2,020 adults. To allow for a detailed analysis
of attitudes of the Millennial generation, the survey includes an oversample of respondents ages 18 to 29, for a
total of 830 respondents in this age group. The margin of error due to sampling is plus or minus 3 percentage
points for the full sample and plus or minus 4 percentage points for the sample of Millennials. Interviews were
conducted in English or Spanish. The survey field work was carried out by Abt SRBI Inc. For a full description of
the research methodology, see page 110. A note on terminology used in this report: Whites include only non-
Hispanic whites. Blacks include only non-Hispanic blacks. Hispanics are of any race.
Data from this 2010 survey were supplemented by findings from many other Pew Research Center surveys,
including two relatively recent ones: a survey on changing attitudes toward work conducted Oct. 21-25, 2009,
with a nationally representative sample of 1,028 respondents ages 18 and older and a survey on generational
differences conducted July 20-Aug. 2, 2009, with a nationally representative sample of 1,815 people ages 16
and older.1
The chapter on demography (Chapter 2) is based on a Pew Research Center analysis of census data. The chapter
on technology (Chapter 4) draws on the 2010 survey as well as on surveys conducted over the years by the Pew
Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. The chapter on political ideology and engagement
(Chapter 8) is based on data from the 2010 survey as well as on our analysis of more than 20 years of data from
polls on political and social values conducted by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. The
chapter on religious beliefs and behaviors (Chapter 9) draws on surveys conducted over the years by the Pew
Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life, the General Social Survey and the Gallup organization.
The following people at the Center carried out this project:
Andrew Kohut, President
Paul Taylor, Executive Vice President
Scott Keeter, Director of Survey Research
Kim Parker, Senior Researcher
Rich Morin, Senior Editor
D’Vera Cohn, Senior Writer
Mark Hugo Lopez, Senior Researcher
Gregory Smith, Senior Researcher
Richard Fry, Senior Researcher
1
To view the report summarizing the results of the work survey, go to http://pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/742/americas-changing-work-force.
The report on generational differences is at http://pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/739/woodstock-gentler-generation-gap-music-by-age.

8.
Chapter 1: Overview 1
Chapter 1: Overview
Generations, like people, have personalities, and Millennials – the American teens and twenty-somethings who
are making the passage into adulthood at the start of a new millennium – have begun to forge theirs: confident,
self-expressive, liberal, upbeat and open to change.
They are more ethnically and
racially diverse than older The New Face of America
adults. They’re less religious, Millennials (ages 18-29) Adults ages 30 and older
less likely to have served in the
military, and are on track to Black Black
become the most educated
14% 11%
generation in American Hispanic Hispanic
13%
history. 19%
5% Asian
Their entry into careers and 61%
5% Other
first jobs has been badly set Asian 70%
back by the Great Recession, White Other White
but they are more upbeat than
their elders about their own
Source: December 2009 Current Population Survey (CPS)
economic futures as well as
about the overall state of the
nation.
They are history’s first “always connected” generation. Steeped in digital technology and social media, they treat
their multi-tasking hand-held gadgets almost like a body
part – for better and worse. More than eight-in-ten say Do You Have a Profile on a Social
Networking Site?
they sleep with a cell phone glowing by the bed, poised to
% saying “yes”
disgorge texts, phone calls, emails, songs, news, videos,
games and wake-up jingles. But sometimes convenience All 41
yields to temptation. Nearly two-thirds admit to texting
while driving. (Chapter 4).
Millennial (18-29) 75
They embrace multiple modes of self-expression. Three-
Gen X (30-45) 50
quarters have created a profile on a social networking site.
One-in-five have posted a video of themselves online. Boomer (46-64) 30
Nearly four-in-ten have a tattoo (and for most who do, Silent (65+) 6
one is not enough: about half of those with tattoos have
two to five and 18% have six or more). Nearly one-in-four
have a piercing in some place other than an earlobe –
about six times the share of older adults who’ve done this. But their look-at-me tendencies are not without
limits. Most Millennials have placed privacy boundaries on their social media profiles. And 70% say their tattoos
are hidden beneath clothing. (Chapters 4 and 7).

9.
Chapter 1: Overview 2
Despite struggling (and often failing) to find
Millennials’ Priorities
jobs in the teeth of a recession, about nine-
% saying … is one of the most important things in their
in-ten either say that they currently have lives
enough money or that they will eventually
Being a good parent 52
meet their long-term financial goals. But at
the moment, fully 37% of 18- to 29-year- Having a successful marriage 30
olds are unemployed or out of the
Helping others in need 21
workforce, the highest share among this age
group in more than three decades. Research Owning a home 20
shows that young people who graduate Living a very religious life 15
from college in a bad economy typically
suffer long-term consequences – with Having a high-paying career 15
effects on their careers and earnings that Having lots of free time 9
linger as long as 15 years.2 (Chapter 5).
Becoming famous 1
Whether as a by-product of protective
Note: Based on adults ages 18-29.
parents, the age of terrorism or a media
culture that focuses on dangers, they cast a
wary eye on human nature. Two-thirds say
“you can't be too careful” when dealing with people. Yet they are less skeptical than their elders of government.
More so than other generations, they believe government should do more to solve problems. (Chapter 8).
They are the least overtly religious American generation in modern times. One-in-four are unaffiliated with any
religion, far more than the share of older adults when they were ages 18 to 29. Yet not belonging does not
necessarily mean not believing. Millennials pray about as often as their elders did in their own youth. (Chapter 9).
Only about six-in-ten were raised by both parents – a smaller share than was the case with older generations. In
weighing their own life priorities, Millennials (like older adults) place parenthood and marriage far above career
and financial success. But they aren’t rushing to the altar. Just one-in-five Millennials (21%) are married now,
half the share of their parents’ generation at the same stage of life. About a third (34%) are parents, according to
the Pew Research survey. We estimate that, in 2006, more than a third of 18 to 29 year old women who gave
birth were unmarried. This is a far higher share than was the case in earlier generations. 3 (Chapters 2 and 3).
Millennials are on course to become the most educated generation in American history, a trend driven largely by
the demands of a modern knowledge-based economy, but most likely accelerated in recent years by the millions
of 20-somethings enrolling in graduate schools, colleges or community colleges in part because they can’t find a
2
Lisa B. Kahn. “The Long-Term Labor Market Consequences of Graduating from College in a Bad Economy,” Yale School of Management,
Aug. 13, 2009 (forthcoming in Labour Economics).
3
This Pew Research estimate is drawn from our analysis of government data for women ages 18 to 29 who gave birth in 2006, the most recent
year for which such data is available. Martin, Joyce A., Brady E. Hamilton, Paul D. Sutton, Stephanie J. Ventura, Fay Menacker, Sharon
Kirmeyer, and TJ Mathews. Births: Final Data for 2006. National Vital Statistics Reports; vol 57 no 7. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center
for Health Statistics. 2009.

10.
Chapter 1: Overview 3
job. Among 18 to 24 year olds a record share – 39.6% – was enrolled in college as of 2008, according to census
data. (Chapter 5).
They get along well with their parents. Looking back at their teenage years, Millennials report having had fewer
spats with mom or dad than older adults say they had with their own parents when they were growing up. And
now, hard times have kept a significant share of adult Millennials and their parents under the same roof. About
one-in-eight older Millennials (ages 22 and older) say they’ve “boomeranged” back to a parent’s home because of
the recession. (Chapters 3 and 5).
They respect their elders. A majority say that the older generation is superior to the younger generation when it
comes to moral values and work ethic. Also, more than six-in-ten say that families have a responsibility to have
an elderly parent come live with them if that parent wants to. By contrast, fewer than four-in-ten adults ages 60
and older agree that this is a family
responsibility. Democratic Advantage Narrows Among
Millennial Voters (%)
Despite coming of age at a time when the
Millennials Other age groups
United States has been waging two wars,
Republican/Lean R Republican/Lean R
relatively few Millennials—just 2% of males—
Democrat/Lean D Democrat/Lean D
are military veterans. At a comparable stage of
their life cycle, 6% of Gen Xer men, 13% of 62
Baby Boomer men and 24% of Silent men were
veterans. (Chapter 2). 53
54
Politically, Millennials were among Barack
Obama's strongest supporters in 2008, backing
him for president by more than a two-to-one 40
ratio (66% to 32%) while older adults were 37
giving just 50% of their votes to the Democratic
30
nominee. This was the largest disparity between
younger and older voters recorded in four 2000 2004 2008 2009
decades of modern election day exit polling.
Note: Based on registered voters. Figures show net leaned party
Moreover, after decades of low voter identification as yearly totals from 2000 through 2008 and
quarterly for 2009.
participation by the young, the turnout gap in
Source: Pew Reseach Center surveys
2008 between voters under and over the age of
30 was the smallest it had been since 18- to 20-
year-olds were given the right to vote in 1972. (Chapter 8).
But the political enthusiasms of Millennials have since cooled —for Obama and his message of change, for the
Democratic Party and, quite possibly, for politics itself. About half of Millennials say the president has failed to
change the way Washington works, which had been the central promise of his candidacy. Of those who say this,
three-in-ten blame Obama himself, while more than half blame his political opponents and special interests.
To be sure, Millennials remain the most likely of any generation to self-identify as liberals; they are less
supportive than their elders of an assertive national security policy and more supportive of a progressive

11.
Chapter 1: Overview 4
domestic social agenda. They are still more likely than What’s in a Name?
any other age group to identify as Democrats. Yet by
early 2010, their support for Obama and the Generational names are the handiwork of popular
culture. Some are drawn from a historic event;
Democrats had receded, as evidenced both by survey
others from rapid social or demographic change;
data and by their low level of participation in recent others from a big turn in the calendar.
off-year and special elections. (Chapter 8).
The Millennial generation falls into the third
Our Research Methods category. The label refers those born after 1980 –
the first generation to come of age in the new
This Pew Research Center report profiles the roughly millennium.
50 million Millennials who currently span the ages of
18 to 29. It’s likely that when future analysts are in a Generation X covers people born from 1965
position to take a fuller measure of this new through 1980. The label long ago overtook the first
generation, they will conclude that millions of name affixed to this generation: the Baby Bust. Xers
are often depicted as savvy, entrepreneurial loners.
additional younger teens (and perhaps even pre-teens)
should be grouped together with their older brothers The Baby Boomer label is drawn from the great
and sisters. But for the purposes of this report, unless spike in fertility that began in 1946, right after the
we indicate otherwise, we focus on Millennials who end of World War II, and ended almost as abruptly
are at least 18 years old. in 1964, around the time the birth control pill went
on the market. It’s a classic example of a
We examine their demographics; their political and demography-driven name.
social values; their lifestyles and life priorities; their The Silent generation describes adults born from
digital technology and social media habits; and their 1928 through 1945. Children of the Great
economic and educational aspirations. We also Depression and World War II, their “Silent” label
compare and contrast Millennials with the nation’s refers to their conformist and civic instincts. It also
three other living generations—Gen Xers (ages 30 to makes for a nice contrast with the noisy ways of the
anti-establishment Boomers.
45), Baby Boomers (ages 46 to 64) and Silents (ages
65 and older). Whenever the trend data permit, we The Greatest Generation (those born before
compare the four generations as they all are now— 1928) “saved the world” when it was young, in the
and also as older generations were at the ages that memorable phrase of Ronald Reagan. It’s the
generation that fought and won World War II.
adult Millennials are now.4
Generational names are works in progress. The
Most of the findings in this report are based on a new
zeitgeist changes, and labels that once seemed spot-
survey of a national cross-section of 2,020 adults on fall out of fashion. It’s not clear if the Millennial
(including an oversample of Millennials), conducted tag will endure, although a calendar change that
by landline and cellular telephone from Jan. 14 to 27, comes along only once in a thousand years seems
2010; this survey has a margin of error of plus or like a pretty secure anchor.
minus 3.0 percentage points for the full sample and
larger percentages for various subgroups (for more details, see page 110). The report also draws on more than
4
We do not have enough respondents ages 83 and older in our 2010 survey to permit an analysis of the Greatest Generation, which is usually
defined as encompassing adults born before 1928. Throughout much of this report, we have grouped these older respondents in with the Silent
generation. However, Chapter 8 on politics and Chapter 9 on religion each draw on long-term trend data from other sources, permitting us in
some instances in those chapters to present findings about the Greatest Generation.

12.
Chapter 1: Overview 5
two decades of Pew Research Center surveys, supplemented by our analysis of Census Bureau data and other
relevant studies.
Some Caveats
A few notes of caution are in order. Generational analysis has a long and distinguished place in social science, and
we cast our lot with those scholars who believe it is not only possible, but often highly illuminating, to search for
the unique and distinctive characteristics of any given age group of Americans. But we also know this is not an
exact science.
We acknowledge, for example, that there is an element of false precision in setting hard chronological
boundaries between the generations. Can we say with certainty that a typical 30-year-old adult is a Gen Xer
while a typical 29-year-old adult is a Millennial? Of course not. Nevertheless, we must draw lines in order to
carry out the statistical analyses that form the core of our research methodology. And our boundaries—while
admittedly too crisp—are not arbitrary. They are based on our own research findings and those of other
scholars.
We are mindful that there are as many differences in attitudes, values, behaviors and lifestyles within a
generation as there are between generations. But we believe this reality does not diminish the value of
generational analysis; it merely adds to its richness and complexity. Throughout this report, we will not only
explore how Millennials differ from other generations, we will also look at how they differ among themselves.
The Millennial Identity
Most Millennials (61%) in our January, 2010 survey say their generation has a unique and distinctive identity.
That doesn’t make them unusual, however. Roughly two-thirds of Silents, nearly six-in-ten Boomers and about
half of Xers feel the same way about their generation.
But Millennials have a distinctive reason for feeling distinctive. In response to an open-ended follow-up
question, 24% say it’s because of their use of technology. Gen Xers also cite technology as their generation’s
biggest source of distinctiveness, but far fewer—just 12%—say this. Boomers’ feelings of distinctiveness
coalesce mainly around work ethic, which 17% cite as their most prominent identity badge. For Silents, it’s the
shared experience of the Depression and World War II, which 14% cite as the biggest reason their generation
stands apart. (Chapter 3).
What Makes Your Generation Unique?
Millennial Gen X Boomer Silent
1. Technology use (24%) Technology use (12%) Work ethic (17%) WW II, Depression (14%)
2. Music/Pop culture (11%) Work ethic (11%) Respectful (14%) Smarter (13%)
3. Liberal/tolerant (7%) Conservative/Trad’l (7%) Values/Morals (8%) Honest (12%)
4. Smarter (6%) Smarter (6%) “Baby Boomers” (6%) Work ethic (10%)
5. Clothes (5%) Respectful (5%) Smarter (5%) Values/Morals (10%)
Note: Based on respondents who said their generation was unique/distinct. Items represent individual, open-
ended responses. Top five responses are shown for each age group. Sample sizes for sub-groups are as follows:
Millennials, n=527; Gen X, n=173; Boomers, n=283; Silent, n=205.

13.
Chapter 1: Overview 6
Millennials’ technological exceptionalism is chronicled
Do You Sleep with Your Cell Phone?
throughout the survey. It’s not just their gadgets—it’s
% who have ever placed their cell phone on
the way they’ve fused their social lives into them. For or right next to their bed while sleeping
example, three-quarters of Millennials have created a
All 57
profile on a social networking site, compared with half
of Xers, 30% of Boomers and 6% of Silents. There are
big generation gaps, as well, in using wireless
Millennial 83
technology, playing video games and posting self-
created videos online. Millennials are also more likely Gen X 68
than older adults to say technology makes life easier and 50
Boomer
brings family and friends closer together (though the
generation gaps on these questions are relatively Silent 20
narrow). (Chapter 4).
Work Ethic, Moral Values, Race Relations
Of the four generations, Millennials are the only one that doesn’t cite “work ethic” as one of their principal
claims to distinctiveness. A nationwide Pew Research Center survey taken in 2009 may help explain why. This
one focused on differences between young and old rather than between specific age groups. Nonetheless, its
findings are instructive.
Nearly six-in-ten respondents cited work ethic as one of the big sources of differences between young and old.
Asked who has the better work ethic, about three-fourths of respondents said that older people do. By similar
margins, survey respondents also found older adults have the upper hand when it comes to moral values and
their respect for others.
It might be tempting to dismiss these findings as a typical older adult gripe about “kids today.” But when it comes
to each of these traits—work ethic, moral values, respect for others—young adults agree that older adults have
the better of it. In short, Millennials may be a self-confident generation, but they display little appetite for claims
of moral superiority.
That 2009 survey
also found that the Weighing Trends in Marriage and Parenthood, by Generation
% saying this is a bad thing for society
public—young and
Millennial Gen X Boomer Silent
old alike—thinks the
younger generation More single women deciding to have children 59 54 65 72
More gay couples raising children 32 36 48 55
is more racially More mothers of young children
working outside the home 23 29 39 38
tolerant than their
More people living together w/o getting married 22 31 44 58
elders. More than More people of different races marrying
each other 5 10 14 26
two decades of Pew
Research surveys Note: “Good thing”, “Doesn’t make much difference”, and “Don’t know” responses not shown.
confirm that

14.
Chapter 1: Overview 7
assessment. In their views about interracial dating, for example, Millennials are the most open to change of any
generation, followed closely by Gen Xers, then Boomers, then Silents.
Likewise, Millennials are more receptive to immigrants than are their elders. Nearly six-in-ten (58%) say
immigrants strengthen the country, according to a 2009 Pew Research survey; just 43% of adults ages 30 and
older agree.
The same pattern holds on a range of attitudes about nontraditional family arrangements, from mothers of young
children working outside the home, to adults living together without being married, to more people of different
races marrying each other. Millennials are more accepting than older generations of these more modern family
arrangements, followed closely by Gen Xers. To be sure, acceptance does not in all cases translate into outright
approval. But it does mean Millennials disapprove less. (Chapter 6).
A Gentler Generation Gap
A 1969 Gallup survey, taken near the height of the social and political upheavals of that turbulent decade, found
that 74% of the public believed there was a “generation gap” in American society. Surprisingly, when that same
question was asked in a Pew Research Center survey last year—in an era marked by hard economic times but
little if any overt age-based social tension—the share of the public saying there was a generation gap had risen
slightly to 79%.
But as the 2009 results also make clear, this modern generation gap is a much more benign affair than the one
that cast a shadow over the 1960s. The public says this one is mostly about the different ways that old and young
use technology—and relatively few people see that gap as a source of conflict. Indeed, only about a quarter of
the respondents in the 2009 survey said they see big conflicts between young and old in America. Many more
see conflicts between immigrants
and the native born, between rich The Satisfaction Gap
% saying they are satisfied with the way things are going in this
and poor, and between black and
country today
whites.
18-29 30+
There is one generation gap that 60
has widened notably in recent
50
years. It has to do with satisfaction 41
over the state of the nation. In 40
recent decades the young have 30
always tended to be a bit more
26
20
upbeat than their elders on this key
measure, but the gap is wider now 10
than it has been in at least twenty
0
years. Some 41% of Millennials say 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
they are satisfied with the way
Source: Pew Research Center surveys
things are going in the country,
compared with just 26% of those

15.
Chapter 1: Overview 8
ages 30 and older. Whatever toll a recession, a housing crisis, a financial meltdown and a pair of wars may have
taken on the national psyche in the past few years, it appears to have hit the old harder than the young. (Chapter
3).
But this speaks to a difference in outlook and attitude; it’s not a source of conflict or tension. As they make their
way into adulthood, Millennials have already distinguished themselves as a generation that gets along well with
others, especially their elders. For a nation whose population is rapidly going gray, that could prove to be a most
welcome character trait.

16.
Chapter 2: Demography 9
Chapter 2: Demography
The demographic makeup, living
arrangements and life experiences of Race/Ethnicity in 2009
% by generation
the Millennial generation differ
markedly from those of the other White Hispanic Black Asian Other
three living U.S. generations,
especially the Boomers and the Silent Millennial 61 19 13 4 2
generation.
Gen X 62 18 12 6 2
Millennials, born after 1980, are
more ethnically and racially diverse Boomer 73 10 11 4 2
than older generations, more
Silent 80 7 8 4 1
educated, less likely to be working
and slower to settle down. Note: All groups (other than Hispanic) are non-Hispanic.
Source: Pew Research Center tabulations from the March 2009 Current
If one were to assume that the Population Survey for the civilian, non-institutional population
Millennial generation, like the
famously-large Baby Boomer
generation, encompasses everyone born over an 18 year span, the two generations would be about equal in size
(77 million). However, this is not because fertility rates in recent times have been especially high—they were
about 70% higher during the baby boom from 1946 to 1964—but because population growth, including a big
wave of immigration since then, has added more women of child-bearing age.
The demographic analysis in this chapter looks only at characteristics of the oldest Millennials—born in 1981 to
1991, and ages 18 to 28 in 2009—as they begin to make their mark as adults. It compares them with Generation
X (ages 29-44 in 2009), Baby Boomers (ages 45-63 in 2009) and the Silent generation (ages 64 and older in
2009), both today and when the older generations were the same ages the Millennials are now.5
An interactive display of the current and past demographics of these four generations is available on the Pew
Research Center website (http://pewresearch.org/millennials).
Race, Ethnicity and Nativity
Only about six-in-ten Millennials (61%) are non-Hispanic whites. This is similar to the share among Generation
X (62%), but less than that of Baby Boomers (73%) or the Silent generation (80%). The flip side of this measure
is that racial and ethnic minorities make up 39% of Millennials and 38% of Gen Xers, compared with just 27%
of Baby Boomers and 20% of the Silent generation.
5
The birth years and 2009 ages of the other generations are as follows: Generation X, born 1965-1980, ages 29-44; Baby Boomers, born 1946-
1964, ages 45-63; and Silent generation, born before 1946, ages 64 and older. For purposes of this analysis, “today” represents 2009. When
using 2009 data, the full generations are compared. In comparing Millennials with other generations when they were the same age, only those
ages 18 to 28 from earlier generations are included. This analysis relies on the March Current Population Surveys (1963, 1964, 1978, 1995 and
2009) for the civilian, non-institutional population from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series(IPUMS).

17.
Chapter 2: Demography 10
The rapid recent growth of the Hispanic population, compared with the black population, also has made its mark
on this generation. In the Baby Boom generation, the black (11%) and Hispanic (10%) shares of the population
are similar; among Millennials, there are more Hispanics (19%) than blacks (13%).
Despite the recent influx of immigrants into the United States, Millennials are not markedly more likely to be
foreign born than are older Americans. In fact, they are less likely to be foreign born than Gen Xers (14% vs.
21%), reflecting the fact that many new immigrants are in their 30s when they arrive. In 1995, when
Generation X was about the same age as Millennials are now, its foreign-born share was similar (13%).
What distinguishes Millennials, in terms of nativity, is that 11% are U.S.-born children of at least one immigrant
parent. That share is higher than for Gen Xers (7%) or Boomers (5%).
By this measure, Millennials most resemble the Silent generation (11%), many of whose parents came to the
U.S. during the surge of immigration that began in the late 1800s.
Education and Work
Millennials are more highly educated when ranked with other generations at comparable ages. More than half of
Millennials have at least some college education (54%), compared with 49% of Gen Xers, 36% of Boomers and
24% of the Silent generation when they were ages 18 to 28. Millennials, when compared with previous
generations at the same age, also are more likely to have completed high school.
An analysis of education trends by
gender shows that Millennial women Male Educational Attainment When They Were 18-28
surpass Millennial men in the share % by generation
graduating from or attending college.
Less than high school High school
This reversal of traditional patterns
Some college 4 years of college or more
first occurred among Generation X.
In the Boomer and Silent
Millennial 15 35 34 15
generations, men exceeded women
in college attendance and graduation Gen X 18 36 33 13
rates.
Boomer 21 41 25 13
Social trends and economic forces
help explain the differences in labor Silent 32 40 19 9
force patterns between the
Millennials and earlier generations. Source: Pew Research Center tabulations from the March Current Population
Surveys (1964, 1978, 1995 and 2009) for the civilian, non-institutional
Millennials are less likely to be population
employed (63%) than Gen Xers
(70%) or Boomers (66%) had been
at the same age. One reason is that overall economic conditions today are less favorable than they were when
Gen Xers were ages 18 to 28 in 1995, or when Boomers were that age in 1978. Another is that Millennials are

18.
Chapter 2: Demography 11
more likely than earlier
Female Educational Attainment When They Were 18-28
generations to be in college, and
% by generation
thus are somewhat more likely to
be out of the labor force.6 Less than high school High school
Some college 4 years of college or more
However, compared with the
Silent generation at the same age,
Millennial 12 28 40 20
Millennials overall are more likely
to be in the labor force. That's Gen X 16 32 37 15
mainly because in 1963, among
Boomer 19 47 23 11
Silents who were ages 18 to 28, a
large share of the young women Silent 31 49 15 6
were stay-at-home wives.
Source: Pew Research Center tabulations from the March Current Population
Looking at another dimension of Surveys (1964, 1978, 1995 and 2009) for the civilian, non-institutional
population
life experience—military
service—the share of veterans
among Millennial men is notably
lower (2%) than it is among older generations when they were ages 18 to 28. The share of veterans ranges from
6% for Gen Xers to 13% for Boomers to 24% for the Silent generation.
Marriage and Children
In their living arrangements, Millennials are markedly less likely to be married or to have children than earlier
generations were at comparable ages. Three-quarters (75%) have never married, compared with only 43% of
the Silent generation, 52% of
Boomers and 67% of Gen Xers at the Marital Status When They Were 18-28
same ages. % by generation
Just one-in-five Millennials is Married Separated or divorced Never married/Single
currently married (21%) and just
one-in-eight (12%) is married with Millennial 21 4 75
children at home, half the
Gen X 29 5 67
proportions (42% and 26%,
respectively) of Boomers at the same Boomer 42 6 52
age. Millennials are more likely to be
Silent 54 3 43
single parents living with their
children (8%) than Boomers (4%).
Source: Pew Research Center tabulations from the March Current Population
And, whether married or single, Surveys (1963, 1978, 1995 and 2009) for the civilian, non-institutional
population
Millennials are less likely than
6
"Out of the labor force" means being of working age (16 or older) but not working and not actively seeking work. Among 18-to-24 year old
Millennials, 47% were enrolled in school or college in 2009. By contrast, 40% of 18-to-24 year old Gen Xers were enrolled in school or
college in 1995.

19.
Chapter 2: Demography 12
Boomers at the same age to both be parents and be living in the same household with their child or children
(20% versus 30%).
What has replaced the married-with-children household among Millennials? It is not the single-person
household, which is no more prevalent among Millennials than it was among Gen Xers or Boomers at the same
age (no data are available for the Silent generation).
Millennials are more likely to be living with other family members (47%), such as their parents, than were the
immediate two previous generations at the same age (Gen Xers, 43%; Boomers, 39%). They also are more
likely than others had been at the same stage of life to be cohabiting with a partner or living with a roommate.
Community Type
The types of communities where Millennials live, compared with earlier generations, flow from the nation’s
changing geography, which has become less rural and more suburban-metropolitan in recent decades.
Millennials are markedly less likely to live in rural areas than older Americans were at comparable ages. Only
14% of Millennials live in rural areas, compared with more than a quarter of Boomers (29%) and a third of the
Silent Generation (36%) at the same ages.
The rise of the suburbs also can be seen when the share of Millennials now living in them (54%) is compared
with the share of Boomers who lived in a suburb in 1978 (41%) and the share of Silents who lived in a suburb in
1963 (31%). Millennials also are more likely to live today in central cities than are older generations—32% of
them do, compared with 23% of the Silent generation.

20.
Chapter 3: Identity, Priorities, and Outlook 13
Chapter 3: Identity, Priorities and Outlook
Looking at themselves in relation to others, most
Millennials say that theirs is a unique generation. Is Your Generation Unique?
Six-in-ten (61%) say they think of their own age % saying that their age group is unique and distinct
group as unique and distinct from other
All 57
generations; 37% do not.
Millennials are not alone—other generations also
see themselves as unique in varying degrees. Millennial (18-29) 61
About half of Gen Xers (49%) see their Gen X (30-45) 49
generation as unique as do 58% of Boomers and
Boomer (46-64) 58
66% of Silents
Silent (65+) 66
When asked to name some ways in which their
generation is unique and distinct, responses differ
widely across age groups. Among Millennials
who see their generation as unique, technology use is the single most popular response. Roughly a quarter of
those under age 30 (24%) say technology is what sets their generation apart. Other ways in which Millennials
see themselves as unique include their music, pop culture and style (11%), and their liberalism and tolerance
(7%). Gen Xers also point to technology as a defining characteristic of their generation—but just 12% name this
as a way in which they differ from other generations. In addition, 11% of Gen Xers say their work ethic sets
them apart.
What Makes Your Generation Unique?
Millennials Gen X Boomers Silent
1. Technology use (24%) Technology use (12%) Work ethic (17%) WW II, Depression (14%)
2. Music/Pop culture (11%) Work ethic (11%) Respectful (14%) Smarter (13%)
3. Liberal/Tolerant (7%) Conservative/Trad’l (7%) Values/Morals (8%) Honest (12%)
4. Smarter (6%) Smarter (6%) “Baby Boomers” (6%) Values/Morals (10%)
5. Clothes (5%) Respectful (5%) Smarter (5%) Work ethic (10%)
Note: Based on respondents who said their generation was unique/distinct. Items represent individual, open-ended
responses. Top five responses are shown for each age group. Sample sizes for sub-groups are as follows: Millennials,
n=527; Gen X, n=173; Boomers, n=283; Silent, n=205.

21.
Chapter 3: Identity, Priorities, and Outlook 14
For Boomers, it’s their work ethic (17%) and respect for others that make their generation unique. The Silents
point to historical experiences such as World War II and the Depression as defining their generation (14%).
They also see themselves as smarter and more well-educated (13%), and more honest and trustworthy (12%)
than other generations.
The responses to this open-ended question
Classifying the Differences among Generations
coalesce around certain general themes,
% of responses falling into each general category
and there are significant differences across
generations. When asked what sets their Millennial Gen X Boomer Silent
age group apart from others, all four
generations point to differences in values 47
and attitudes. Boomers and members of the Different 47
values/
Silent generation are more likely than those 63
attitudes
in younger generations to point to these 66
differences. Millennials emphasize
technology use as the defining characteristic 27
of their generation much more than do Different use 15
of
their older counterparts. In addition, 6
technology
Millennials and Gen Xers are more likely 5
than older generations to see factors having
to do with behavior and lifestyle as setting 17
their generations apart. Boomers and Different
15
behaviors/
Silents are more likely than the younger 8
lifestyles
generations to point to historical 9
experiences.
2
Different
4
historical
14
experiences
18
Note: Asked of respondents who said their age group is unique or
distinct (N=1,205). Categories represent combined open-ended
responses that fall into each NET category.

22.
Chapter 3: Identity, Priorities, and Outlook 15
Millennials and the Generation Gap
These patterns echo the findings of other Pew
Research Center surveys showing that the generation The Values Gap between Young and Old
Who has better values … ?
gap is still very much a part of the American psyche. A
survey conducted in February 2009 found that Older people Young people
Americans are just as likely now as they were during No difference Neither/DK
the turbulent 1960s to say there is a generation gap 70
between young and old. In the 2009 survey, 79% said 4
M oral values
there is a major difference in the point of view of 16
younger people and older people today; 74% said the 10
same in 1969.7 A subsequent study, conducted in the
74
summer of 2009, found that technology and values are
3
what most differentiate the generations. Nearly three- Work ethic
16
quarters of all adults said young and older people are 7
very different in the way they use computers and new
technologies. And majorities said young and old are 71
very different in their work ethic (58%), their moral 3
Respect for others
values (54%), and the respect they show others 19
(53%).8 7
Not only do most Americans agree that young and old 19
Attitudes toward
are different when it comes to values and morals, but 47
other races and
most people feel that older people are superior in this 21
groups
13
regard. Regardless of age, about two-thirds or more of
the public believes that, compared with the younger Source: Pew Research Center Social & Demographic
generation, older Americans have better moral values, Trends survey report, “Forty Years After Woodstock, A
Gentler Generation Gap,” August 12, 2009.
have a better work ethic and are more respectful of
others.
The one area in which young people come out ahead is racial tolerance. By a ratio of more than two-to-one,
young people are viewed as being more tolerant of races and groups different from their own than the older
generation (47% vs. 19%). For the most part, the generations are in agreement on this point: 55% of those
under age 30 say their generation is more tolerant, and 37% of those ages 50 and older concur.
The public may see the generations as different in fundamental ways, but most do not see them as being in
conflict. Only 26% say there are strong conflicts between young people and older people today. More than two-
thirds (68%) say that conflicts are either not very strong or are nonexistent.
7
See Pew Research Center Social & Demographics Trends Project, “Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality,” June 29, 2009
(http://pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/736/getting-old-in-america).
8
See Pew Research Center Social & Demographics Trends Project, “Forty Years after Woodstock, A Gentler Generation Gap,” August 12,
2009 (http://pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/739/woodstock-gentler-generation-gap-music-by-age).

23.
Chapter 3: Identity, Priorities, and Outlook 16
Millennials and Their Elders
Not only do young people see their
Respecting their Elders
elders as having better morals and a
Adult children allowing an elderly parent to live in their home
stronger work ethic, most feel it’s is…? (%)
the responsibility of adult children to
care for their elderly parents. In a A responsibility Not a responsibility
2005 Pew Research Center survey, 63 33
Millennial (18-25)
nearly two-thirds (63%) of
Millennials (ages 18-25 at the time) Gen X (26-41) 67 30
said it is an adult child’s
Boomer (42-60) 55 41
responsibility to allow an elderly
parent to live in their home if that’s Silent (61+) 38 52
what the parent wants to do. A third
said this is not a responsibility. Gen Source: Pew Research Center Social & Demographic Trends survey report,
Xers (ages 26-41) shared this point of “From the Age of Aquarius to the Age of Responsibility: Baby Boomers
Approach Age 60,” December 8, 2005. Ages for generations have been
view, with 67% saying taking in an adjusted in accordance with the survey date. Sample sizes for subgroups are
as follows: Millennial, n=296; Gen X, n=741; Boomer, n=1120; Silent, n=806.
elderly parent is an adult child’s
responsibility and 30% saying it is
not.
Boomers were more evenly divided on this issue. Among those ages 42-60, 55% said it’s a responsibility for
adult children to allow their elderly parents to live with them. Members of the Silent generation were less likely
to say adult children are responsible for taking in their elderly parents (38% said this is a responsibility while
52% said it is not).
It is not clear whether these How Often Parents and Their Young Adult Children Disagree
variances are the product of % of parents who have major disagreements w/their children ages 16-24
respondents’ stage of the
% of adults (ages 30+) who, when they were younger, had major
life cycle or of true
disagreements w/their parents
generational differences.
However, the 2005 poll
Often 10 19
also included a list of other
things family members Sometimes 33 29
sometimes do for each
Hardly ever 43 37
other, and found far fewer
differences between age Never 13 14
groups. These other
behaviors included parents Source: Pew Research Center Social & Demographic Trends survey report, “Forty Years
paying for a child’s college after Woodstock, A Gentler Generation Gap,” August 12, 2009. Based on parents with
children ages 16-24 (n=265) and adults ages 30+ (n=1304).
education, parents allowing
an adult child to live with

24.
Chapter 3: Identity, Priorities, and Outlook 17
them, parents saving money for their children’s inheritance, and grandparents helping with childcare for their
grandchildren. On each of these items, Millennials, Gen Xers, Boomers and Silents were mainly in agreement.
On a more personal level, there seems to be less conflict between parents and their young adult children these
days than in the past. According to the 2009 Pew Research survey, today’s parents say they are having fewer
serious arguments with their children in their late teens and early 20s than they recall having with their own
parents when they were that age. Only one-in-ten parents with children ages 16-24 say they “often” have major
disagreements with their kids. Among adults ages 30 and older, twice as many (19%) say they often had major
arguments with their folks when they were young.9
What Millennials Want Out of Life
To a large extent, the things that Millennials value in life mirror the things older generations value. Family
matters most, and fame and fortune are much less important. When asked to rate how important a series of life
goals are to them personally, being a good parent ranked at the top for all four generations. Overall, 50% of the
public says this is one of the most important things in their lives. An additional 44% say this is very important
but not the most important thing for them personally. Only 5% say this is only somewhat important or not
important at all. Although only about a third of Millennials (34%) have children, they are just as likely as their
older counterparts to place high value on good parenting. About half (52%) say being a good parent is one of the
most important things to them. This compares with 50% of those ages 30 and older. Millennial women are even
more likely than Millennial men to say being a good parent is one of the most important things to them (56% vs.
48%). No similar gender gap exists among older generations.
9
See Pew Research Center Social & Demographics Trends Project, “Forty Years after Woodstock, A Gentler Generation Gap,” August 12,
2009 (http://pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/739/woodstock-gentler-generation-gap-music-by-age).

25.
Chapter 3: Identity, Priorities, and Outlook 18
Three-in-ten Millennials say having a
Life’s Priorities
successful marriage is one of their
% saying each is one of the most important things in their
most important life goals. Here they lives
differ somewhat from the rest of the
18-29 30+
public; of those ages 30 and older,
35% place the highest level of
52
importance on having a successful Being a good parent
50
marriage. Among Millennials, whites
are more likely than nonwhites to
30
place a high priority on marriage. A Having a successful marriage
35
third of non-Hispanic whites rank a
successful marriage as one of the most
21
important things in their life, Helping others in need
20
compared with 25% of nonwhites.
Roughly a quarter of Millennials 20
Owning a home
(23%) say they are currently married, 21
compared with 59% of Gen Xers and
64% of Boomers. In general, young 15
Living a very religious life
people are less likely to be married 21
now than was the case 20 years ago.
Being successful in a high- 15
Beyond marriage and family, 21% of
paying career 7
Millennials say that helping people
who are in need is one of the most
9
important things in their life. Older Having lots of free time
10
generations agree—20% of those ages
30 and older say helping others is one
1
of their most important goals. Equally Becoming famous
1
important is owning a home. Among
Millennials, 20% say owning their
own home is one of the most
important things to them. Similarly,
21% of those ages 30 and older place the highest importance on owning a home.
Religion is a lower priority for Millennials. Some 15% say living a very religious life is one of their most
important goals, and an additional 28% say it is very important but not one of the most important things. About
a quarter (26%) say this is not important to them. Older generations are more likely to place a high importance
on this—21% of those 30 and older say that living a very religious life is one of the most important things in
their life.
Millennials place more importance on being successful in a high-paying career than they do on living a religious
life. Some 15% say being successful in their career is one of the most important things in their life. An additional

26.
Chapter 3: Identity, Priorities, and Outlook 19
47% say this is very important, though not one of the most important things. Among the older generations, only
7% rate a high-paying job as one of the most important things in their life.
Having lots of free time to relax and do things they want to do is not a high priority for Americans of any age.
Only 9% of adults under age 30 say this is one of the most important things in their life. Among those ages 30
and older, 10% place the highest priority on free time.
In spite of the fact that they have come of age in the era of YouTube and reality TV, very few Millennials
consider becoming famous an important life goal. A mere 1% say this is one of the most important things in their
life, and 3% consider it very important but not one of the most important things. The vast majority (86%) say
fame is not important to them. Older generations feel much the same: Just 1% say achieving fame is one of the
most important things to them, while 87% say it is not important to them at all.
Several of these life goals were included in a 1997 survey conducted by the Washington Post, The Henry J.
Kaiser Family Foundation and Harvard University. The findings from that study provide some insight into the
goals of Gen Xers, who are now ages 30-45,
when they were younger.10 For the most part, Millennials vs. Gen X When They Were Young
the priorities of Millennials are similar to those % saying each is one of the most important
held by Gen Xers at a similar stage of life. Gen things in their life
Xers placed more value on family relationships
Being a good parent
than on career goals or religious life.
Having a successful marriage
However, Gen Xers viewed parenting as less
52
important and marriage as slightly more
42
important when compared with how 35
Millennials feel today. In the 1997 survey, 42% 30
of adults ages 18-29 said being a good parent
was one of the most important things in their
life. Among today’s Millennials, 52% say being
a good parent is one of the most important
things to them. In 1997, adults under age 30 1997 18-29 year-olds 2010 18-29 year-olds
(Gen X) (Millennial)
were more likely than their older counterparts
to place a great deal of importance on having a Source: Data from 1997 are from the Washington Post/Henry J.
successful marriage. Today, just the opposite is Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University Gender Survey,
conducted August 14-27, 1997.
true.
10
The 18-29 year-old age group from 1997 provides a close approximation of Gen X at that time.

27.
Chapter 3: Identity, Priorities, and Outlook 20
Millennials’ Economic Outlook: Vulnerable yet Optimistic
Millennials have not escaped the current
economic downturn. But even though they’re Dissatisfaction and Youthful Optimism
Based on those who are employed
not happy with their current economic
circumstances, they remain highly optimistic M illennial Gen X Boomer
about their financial future. 31
Earn
Young people who are employed are mostly enough 46
dissatisfied with the amount of money they now 52
make—just 31% say they earn enough money
to lead the kind of life they want. As would
Will earn 88
be expected, young workers are less satisfied
with their current income than are older enough in 76
the future 46
workers. Among employed Gen Xers, 46%
are satisfied with the amount of money they
make. That number is slightly higher among Note: Sample sizes for subgroups are as follows: Millennials, n=554;
Gen X, n=266; Boomers, n=346. Silents not shown due to small
Boomers (52%). sample size.
However, young workers are more optimistic
than older workers about their future earning
power. Among Millennials who say they don’t earn enough money, 88% think they will be able to earn enough
in the future. This compares with 76% of Gen Xers and 46% of Boomers.
These measures have changed very little since 2006,
The Recession’s Impact on Millennials
when 32% of those under age 30 who were employed
Who are Not Employed
either full time or part time said they made enough
money to live the kind of life they wanted. Among 2006 2010
those who didn’t earn enough, 92% said they thought
87 89
they would in the future. Today’s employed young
people are actually somewhat more optimistic about
their economic future than Gen Xers were when they 38
were young. In 1997, among employed young people 19
who said they did not make enough to earn the kind of
life they wanted, 77% thought they would make
enough in the future. Have enough income Don't have enough
to lead the kind of income now but will in
Roughly a third of Millennials are not currently life you want the future
employed. Among this group, things have gotten
Note: Based on adults ages 18-29 who are not employed.
significantly worse since 2006. Only 19% of Sample sizes are as follows: 2006 n=170; 2010 n=276.
Millennials who are not employed, say they have
enough income to lead the kind of life they want. This
is down from 38% in 2006. While their circumstances may have worsened, their optimism has not waned.

28.
Chapter 3: Identity, Priorities, and Outlook 21
Among Millennials who say they currently don’t have enough income, 89% believe they will have enough in the
future. This is basically unchanged from 2006. A similar pattern is evident among unemployed people ages 30
and older: Fewer are now satisfied with the amount of income they have (47% now vs. 57% in 2006), but
optimism about the future has changed very little (43% say they will have enough income in the future, as
opposed to 41% in 2006).
Assessing the State of the Nation
Amid the recession and other pressing
national and international problems, Different Views on the State of the Nation
Millennials are more upbeat than older age Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the way things
are going in this country today?
groups about the state of the nation. When
asked whether they are satisfied or dissatisfied % satisfied % dissatisfied
with the way things are going in the country
today, 41% of Millennials say they are All 29 65
satisfied and 55% are dissatisfied. Gen Xers
are slightly less satisfied than Millennials,
Millennial 41 55
though the difference is not statistically
significant (36% satisfied). Satisfaction with Gen X 36 57
the state of the nation is lower among Boomer 23 71
Boomers (23%) and lowest among members
Silent 14 78
of the Silent generation. Only 14% of those
ages 65 and older say they are satisfied with
the way things are going in the country today;
more than three-quarters (78%) are
dissatisfied.

29.
Chapter 3: Identity, Priorities, and Outlook 22
Over the 20 years the Pew
Young People Consistently More Upbeat
Research Center has been tracking
% satisfied with the way things are going in this country today
attitudes toward the state of the
country, young people have 18-29 30+
60
consistently expressed higher
satisfaction than their older 50
counterparts. However, the gap in 41
overall satisfaction is wider now 40
than it has been at any time since
30
1990. This is due at least in part to
26
the widespread dissatisfaction 20
among those ages 65 and older. In
10
addition, Millennials are more
united in their views of the 0
country than are older Americans. 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Among Millennials, there is no Source: Data from 1990 through 2009 are from surveys conducted by the Pew
significant difference between Research Center for the People & the Press.
whites and nonwhites in terms of
their assessment of conditions in
the country—39% of whites and 43% of nonwhites say they are satisfied with the way things are going in the
country. Among those 30 and older, whites are much less satisfied than nonwhites with conditions in the
country (24% vs. 31%).
Views of the country may be less politicized among Millennials than among older age groups. Millennials who
identify with or lean to the Democratic Party are more
likely to be satisfied with the state of the nation than are
Satisfaction with Local Communities
Millennials who identify with or lean to the Republican
% satisfied with the way things are going in
Party (43% vs. 35%). However, among those ages 30 and their local community today
older, the partisan gap is much wider: 36% of Democrats
All 69
or independents who lean Democratic are satisfied with
the way things are going in the country today, compared
with only 16% of Republicans or independents who lean Millennial 69
toward the Republican Party.
Gen X 73
The views of young and old are more closely aligned on
Boomer 67
community satisfaction. In general, Americans are much
more satisfied with the way things are going in their own Silent 66
communities these days than they are with the way things
are going in the country. Overall, 69% of adults say they
are satisfied with conditions in their local communities.
This includes 69% of Millennials, 73% of Gen Xers, 67% of Boomers and 66% of those in the Silent generation.

30.
Chapter 3: Identity, Priorities, and Outlook 23
Happiness and Trust
Young people are relatively happy with their lives overall, and in this regard they are not much different from
older age groups. Among Millennials, 31% say they are very happy these days and an additional 56% are
somewhat happy. Only 12% say they are not too happy. Nearly equal proportions of Gen Xers (27%), Boomers
(29%) and Silents (27%) are very happy. Members of the Silent generation are somewhat more likely than
Millennials to say they are not too happy with their lives (20%).
A good deal of research has been done on the underlying factors of happiness. Recent analyses done by the Pew
Research Center have found that income, marital status and church attendance are all linked to overall
happiness.11 The current survey supports those earlier findings showing that among Millennials, those with
higher incomes, those who are married and those who attend church weekly are among the happiest.
When it comes to trusting other people, the public is skeptical at best. When asked whether most people can be
trusted or if you can’t be too careful in dealing with people, nearly two-thirds of adults (64%) say you can’t be
too careful in dealing with people. Only 31% say most people can be trusted. Currently the views of young
people do not differ significantly from those of older age groups on this question: 28% of those ages 18-29 say
most people can be trusted,
compared with 32% of those ages
30 and older who say the same. Measuring Social Trust
% who say most people can be trusted
In recent years, there has been a
larger gap in trust across age 18-29 30+
60
groups. Younger people have
consistently been less trusting. 48
50
Academic researchers have been
40
tracking this gap in social trust 32
35
over the past several decades. 30
Some have suggested that the 28
20
changing values of young people in
the 1970s and 1980s have 10
contributed to the erosion of social
0
trust among this age group.12
1997 1998 2001 2003 2006 2010
Interestingly, according to the Source: Data from 1997 through 2006 are from surveys conducted by the Pew
current survey, the gap has Research Center for the People & the Press.
diminished significantly since 2006
as the level of trust among those
ages 30 and older has fallen sharply. In 2006, 44% of those ages 30 and older said that most people could be
11
See Pew Research Center Social & Demographics Trends Project, “Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality,” June 29, 2009
(http://pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/736/getting-old-in-america) and Paul Taylor, Pew Research Center, “Republicans: Still Happy Campers,”
October 23, 2008(http://pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/718/republicans-happier).
12
See Wendy M. Rahn and John E. Transue, “Social Trust and Value Change: The Decline of Social Capital in American Youth, 1976-1995,”
Political Psychology, vol. 19, no. 3, 1998, pp. 545-565.

31.
Chapter 3: Identity, Priorities, and Outlook 24
trusted; now only 32% express that opinion. There has been little change in the level of interpersonal trust
expressed by those under age 30 over that period of time.
Trust is strongly correlated with socioeconomic factors such as income and education. This is true among
Millennials as well as older age groups. Adults who have attended or graduated from college are more trusting
than those with less education. Race and ethnicity are also linked to interpersonal trust. Among Millennials,
33% of non-Hispanic whites say most people can be trusted. That compares with 15% of non-Hispanic blacks
and 24% of Hispanics. Similarly, among those ages 30 and older, 39% of non-Hispanic whites say most people
can be trusted, compared with 6% of blacks and 18% of Hispanics.

32.
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media 25
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media
Technological change and generational change often go hand in hand. That’s certainly the story of the Millennials
and their embrace of all things digital. The internet and mobile phones have been broadly adopted in America in
the past 15 years, and Millennials have been leading technology enthusiasts. For them, these innovations provide
more than a bottomless source of information and entertainment, and more than a new ecosystem for their
social lives. They also are a badge of generational identity. Many Millennials say their use of modern technology
is what distinguishes them from other generations (For details, see Chapter 3).
Millennials13 outpace older
Millennials Outpace Older Americans in Technology Use
Americans in virtually all types
Millennial Gen X Boomer Silent
of internet and cell use. They (18-29) (30-45) (46-64) (65+)
are more likely to have their
Internet behaviors % % % %
own social networking Created social networking profile 75 50 30 6
profiles, to connect to the Wireless internet away from home 62 48 35 11
Posted video of themselves online 20 6 2 1
internet wirelessly when away Use Twitter 14 10 6 1
from home or work, and to
Cell phones and texting
post video of themselves Use cell to text 88 77 51 9
Texted in past 24 hours 80 63 35 4
online.
Texted while driving 64 46 21 1
Have a cell phone/no landline 41 24 13 5
Similarly, while a majority in
Median # texts in past 24 hours 20 12 5 --
all age groups have a cell
Note: Median number of texts based on those who texted in past 24 hours.
phone, significantly more
Millennials than members of
any other generation use their phone for texting. Among survey respondents who report that they texted in the
past 24 hours, the typical Millennial sent or received 20 texts in that period, compared with a dozen for a Gen
Xer and five for a Baby Boomer. The young are also much more likely than older people to text while driving.
Nearly two-thirds of Millennials say they’ve done so, compared with almost half of Xers, one-in-five Boomers
and virtually no Silents.
Within the Millennial generation are demographic differences in various kinds of online and wireless behaviors.
For example, Millennials who have attended college are more likely than those who have no college experience
to be online, use social networking sites, watch and post video online, connect to the internet wirelessly, and
send and receive text messages. Younger Millennials are more likely than older Millennials use the internet and
social networking sites, and to have sent or received a larger number of text messages in the past 24 hours. And
on some of these behaviors, there are also gender and racial-ethnic differences among Millennials.
13
This survey and report deals with Millennial adults ages 18 to 29. There is a body of work about teens and their technology use at the Pew
Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project that parallels many of these findings. It can be accessed at
http://pewinternet.org/topics/Teens.aspx. Reports can be browsed by clicking on “By content type” and choosing “Report.”

33.
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media 26
Views of Technology
What do Americans think about the digital Attitudes about Technology:
revolution? Do they believe it has made life easier Many Positive, Some Negative
or more complicated? Brought people together or
New technology makes life more complicated
made them more isolated? Led people to waste
New technology makes life easier
time or to use it more efficiently?
All 26 64
In each case, a majority of the public takes the
positive view of modern technology. But a
M illennial 18 74
substantial minority also takes the negative view
on each evaluation. Millennials tilt the most Gen X 21 69
positively, not surprising in light of their heavy Boomer 30 60
use. But in general the age group differences on Silent 36 50
these attitudinal questions are relatively modest.
Like the rest of the public, Millennials see both
New technology makes people more isolated
the good and the bad in their array of digital
New technology makes people closer to
gadgets, services, platforms and applications.
their friends and family
Overall, more than twice as many Americans
All 39 50
think that new technology makes life easier (64%)
rather than more complicated (26%). This view is
shared across age groups, but more Millennials M illennial 35 54
(74%) and Gen Xers (69%) say that new Gen X 36 52
technology makes life easier than Boomers (60%) Boomer 42 48
and those in the Silent generation (50%). 44 44
Silent
A modest majority (52%) says that new
technology allows people to use their time more
New technology makes people
efficiently rather than makes people waste too
waste too much time
much time (35%). A majority of Millennials
New technology allows people to
(56%), Gen Xers (52%) and Boomers (54%)
use their time more efficiently
think technology helps people use their time more
efficiently, but those in the Silent generation are All 35 52
more divided in their views (41% say it helps
people use their time more efficiently, and an
M illennial 33 56
equal share say it encourages people to waste too
Gen X 34 52
much time).
Boomer 35 54
Half of the public says that new technology makes
Silent 41 41
people closer to their friends and family, but 39%
say that new technology makes people more Note: “Don’t know/Refused” responses not shown.
isolated. A majority of Millennials (54%) and Gen

34.
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media 27
Xers (52%) think that new technology makes people closer to Internet Use: 2005-2010
each other rather than more isolated. But Boomers and members % of public who use the internet or
of the Silent generation are more divided in their opinion. send and receive email at least
occasionally
Among Boomers, 48% say technology makes people closer but
2005 2010 Change
nearly as many (42%) say that it makes people more isolated.
Similarly, equal proportions of the Silent generation say that All 68 77 +9
technology makes people closer (44%) as say it makes people Millennial 83 90 +7
more isolated (44%). Gen X 84 87 +3
Boomer 73 79 +6
Silent 36 40 +4
Many Americans Online
Note: 2005 Data are from Pew Research
About three-fourths (77%) of Americans use email or the Center’s Internet & American Life Project
survey conducted May 4–June 7, 2005.
internet, at least occasionally. This is up from 14% in 199514 and
68% in 2005. The proportion of the public that is online has
remained fairly consistent since 2006.15
There continue to be substantial age differences in Internet Use Among Millennials
internet use. In this survey, 90% of Millennials and 87% % of Millennials who use the internet or send
of Gen Xers use the internet, compared with 79% of or receive email at least occasionally
Baby Boomers. Only 40% of the Silent generation uses All M illennials 90
the internet even occasionally. The proportion in each
generation who use the internet has changed only
18-24 92
modestly since 2005.
25-29 88
Even among Millennials there are significant differences
in internet use. More than nine-in-ten whites (95%) and
Whites 95
blacks (91%) are online. By comparison, only 73% of
Blacks 91
Hispanic Millennials say they use the internet or email at
least occasionally. A report by the Pew Hispanic Center Hispanics 73
and the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American
Life Project found that the gap between young Latinos College 96
and whites had narrowed from 2006 to 2008.16 But both 83
No college
the 2008 data and the current 2010 survey indicate that
among the young, Hispanics still lag behind whites, and
Note: Based on adults ages 18 to 29.
to a lesser extent blacks, in their use of the internet.
Educational attainment still matters as a factor in
internet adoption, even among Millennials. Nearly all (96%) young people who are currently in college or have
14
See Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, “Americans Going Online … Explosive Growth, Uncertain Destinations: Technology
in the American Household,” Oct. 16, 1995 (http://people-press.org/report/136/americans-going-online--explosive-growth-uncertain-
destinations).
15
Trend data from the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project can be downloaded as an Excel spreadsheet by clicking on the
link labeled “Usage Over Time” on this page. (http://www.pewinternet.org/Static-Pages/Trend-Data.aspx).
16
See Pew Hispanic Center, “Latinos Online, 2006-2008: Narrowing the Gap,” Dec. 22, 2009
(http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=119 ).

35.
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media 28
attended college use the internet at least occasionally, compared with 83% of those who have not attended
college. There are no significant age differences in internet use between younger and older Millennials.
More Millennials Use Social Networking Sites
Use of social networking sites has grown Social Networking Users
rapidly over the past five years. In 2005, only % of adults who use social networking sites
5% of the public used social networking sites. Feb/Mar Aug Nov/Dec Jan 05-10
That share grew to 11% in 2006 and 27% in 2005* 2006* 2008* 2010** Change
2008. In the current survey, 41% say they All 5 11 27 41 +36
have created their own profile on a social Millennial 7 51 71 75 +68
networking site, such as Facebook, MySpace Gen X 7 10 38 50 +43
Boomer 5 4 13 30 +25
or LinkedIn.
Silent 2 * 2 6 +4
Millennials far outpace older Americans in the *Data from surveys conducted by the Pew Research Center’s Internet
& American Life Project. Question wording varied from 2005 to 2008.
use of social networking sites. Three-fourths The 2005 item was worded “Use online social or professional
(75%) of Millennials have created a social networking sites like Friendster or LinkedIn.” The 2006 item was
worded “Use an online social networking site like MySpace, Facebook
networking profile compared with 50% of or Friendster.”
The 2008 item was worded “Use a social networking site like
Gen Xers. Only 30% of Boomers and 6% of MySpace, Facebook or LinkedIn.com.”
members of the Silent generation have created **Question wording: Have you ever created your own profile on any
social networking site?
their own profile on a social networking site.
Use of social networking sites has grown since 2005 for all adults under 65, particularly among Millennials.
Only 7% of young people used social networking sites in 2005, but that jumped to 51% in 2006. The share of
Millennials using social networking sites has been fairly stable since 2008, with 75% now saying they have
created their own social networking profile.
Growth in online social networking among Millennials is followed closely by increases among Gen Xers.
Currently, 50% of Gen
Xers use social networking Millennials Make Frequent Visits to Social Networking Sites
sites, up from 38% in 2008 % of social networking users who visit the site they use most often …
and 10% in 2006. Use of Several times a day Once a day Every few days Once a week or less
social networking sites also
All Social Networking Users 21 23 23 34
has grown among Baby
Boomers. In 2005 and
2006, only about 5% of
M illennial 29 26 20 25
Boomers used these sites,
but by 2008 13% did so; Gen X 19 19 24 39
that has grown to 30% in
Boomer 11 26 25 38
the current survey. Social
networking use among the
Note: Based on adults who have their own social networking profile. Silent Generation
Silent generation, not shown because of small sample size. “Don’t know/Refused” responses not shown.
however, remains quite

36.
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media 29
low—just 6% say they have created their own profile.
Among those who use social networking sites, Millennials stand out from other age groups in the frequency with
which they use these sites. They are more likely than older social networking users to visit these sites several
times a day. About three-in-ten Millennials (29%) who have their own social networking profile make several
visits a day to the site they use most often. By comparison, 19% of Gen Xers and 11% of Boomers visit a social
networking site multiple times a day.
More than half (55%) of social networking Millennials visit these sites at least once a day, and an additional 20%
do so every few days. Only a quarter visit social networking sites weekly (10%) or less often (15%).
Differences among Millennials in Social Networking Use
Within the Millennial generation, there is variance
in usage of social networking sites. Younger Social Networking Use among Millennials
Millennials are more likely than their older Visit**
counterparts to use social networking sites and to Created Several About once
profile* times/day a day
visit them more often. About eight-in-ten (81%)
18- to 24-year-olds have created their own social % % %
All Millennials 75 29 26
networking profile, compared with 66% of those
18-24 81 31 27
ages 25 to 29. Similarly, 58% of young Millennial
25-29 66 25 23
social networking users visit the site they use most
Men 72 24 28
often at least daily, compared with 48% of older Women 77 33 23
Millennials. Whites 83 25 29
Blacks 71 45 11
Social networking is especially popular with young Hispanics 52 -- --
women. While roughly similar proportions of
College 86 30 30
young men and women have created their own No college 59 28 16
social networking profile, more women (33%) *Based on all adults ages 18 to 29.
than men (24%) social networking users visit a **Based on adults ages 18 to 29 who created their own social
networking profile. Those who visit less often than daily or
social networking site several times a day. There don’t know not shown. Insufficient number of Hispanics for
analysis.
also are differences by race and ethnicity. White
Millennials are the most likely to have created a
social networking profile (83%). By comparison, 71% of blacks and 52% of Hispanics have done that. But
among those who have created their own profile, blacks are more likely to use these sites multiple times a day
(45% vs. 25% of whites).
Millennials who have attended college are significantly more likely than those with less educational attainment to
have their own social networking profile; 86% of those with at least some college experience have created their
own social networking profile, compared with 59% of those with no college experience. Similarly, 60% of
social networking users who have attended college visit these sites at least once day; of those who have not
attended college, fewer visit the sites daily (44%).

37.
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media 30
Twitter
Some 8% of all adults use Twitter. According to research by the
Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project, use of Do You Ever Use Twitter?
% saying yes
Twitter and online status updating increased from 2008 to 2009
but has leveled off since fall 2009.17 Roughly comparable All 8
proportions of Millennials (14%) and Gen Xers (10%) use
Twitter. By comparison, only 6% of Boomers and 1% of Silents
M illennial 14
use Twitter.
Gen X 10
There are no significant differences by age, gender, or race and
Boomer 6
ethnicity in Twitter usage among Millennials. But college-
educated Millennials are more likely to tweet; 17% of young Silent 1
people who have attended college use Twitter, compared with
9% of Millennials who have not attended college.
More Millennials Posting Videos Online
Only 7% of the public has ever posted a video of
themselves online, but Millennials are much more likely More Young Men Than Women Have
than older Americans to have done so. One-in-five Posted a Video of Themselves Online
% of Millennials who have ever posted a
Millennials (20%) have posted video of themselves
video of themselves online
online, compared with only 6% of Gen Xers, 2% of
All M illennials 20
Boomers and 1% of those in the Silent generation.
There are significant differences among Millennials by
18-24 24
age, gender and education. About a quarter (24%) of
younger Millennials have posted a video of themselves on 25-29 14
the internet, compared with 14% of older Millennials. In
addition, more men (24%) than women (16%) have M en 24
posted video of themselves online. Millennials with at
Women 16
least some college education are also more likely to have
uploaded video of themselves; 23% of those with college
experience have posted their videos online, compared College 23
with 16% of Millennials who have never attended No college 16
college.
Note: Based on adults ages 18 to 29.
17
See Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project, “Social Media and Young Adults,” Feb. 3, 2010
(http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Social-Media-and-Young-Adults.aspx).

38.
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media 31
Connecting to the Internet Wirelessly
About four-in-ten Americans (41%) connect to the internet
More Millennials Connect to
wirelessly using a laptop or hand-held device when away from
Internet Wirelessly
home or work. This is up from 36% in April 2009.18 Far more % who connect to the internet
Millennials than those in older generations use wireless wirelessly using a laptop or hand-
connections to surf the internet. About six-in-ten Millennials held when away from home or work
(62%) connect to the internet wirelessly when away from home All 41
or work, as do 48% of Gen Xers. Only 35% of Boomers and
11% of the Silent generation use wireless internet connections
away from home or work. M illennial 62
There are no significant differences among Millennials by age or Gen X 48
gender. But as with other online activities, fewer young Boomer 35
Hispanics use wireless internet connections away from home or
Silent 11
work. About half (47%) of Hispanic Millennials connect to the
internet wirelessly using a laptop or hand-held device, compared
with 64% of whites and 66% of blacks.
Far more Millennials who have attended college than those without college experience connect to the internet
wirelessly: 74% who have been to college use wireless
connections away from home or work, compared with Differences Among Millennials in
47% of those who have not attended college. The Wireless Connectivity
question did not specifically mention use of wireless % of Millennials who connect to the internet
connections at school. However, these findings likely wirelessly when away from home or work
reflect to some degree the general situation on many All M illennials 62
campuses, where wireless connectivity is ubiquitous.
Whites 64
Blacks 66
Hispanics 47
College 74
No college 47
Note: Based on adults ages 18 to 29.
18
See Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, “Independents Take Center Stage in Obama Era,” May 21, 2009
(http://people-press.org/report/517/political-values-and-core-attitudes).

39.
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media 32
Age Differences in Cell Phone Use
More than eight-in-ten (86%) adults now have a cell phone,
More Millennials Are Cell-Only
including majorities across all age groups. Millennials are somewhat
Have a Are
more likely than all other age groups to have a cell phone: 94% have cell phone cell-only*
one, as do 90% of Gen Xers and 89% of Boomers. Although
% %
significantly fewer in the Silent generation have a cell phone, even All 86 21
62% among this group now have a cell phone.
Millennial 94 41
Gen X 90 24
According to the Pew Research Center’s recent projections, based Boomer 89 13
on data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS),19 21% Silent 62 5
of all adults depend exclusively on a cell phone for calls and do not *Have a cell phone but do not have a
have landline phones in their homes. The proportion of adults who landline phone at home.
have only a cell phone has steadily increased since 2003; the share of adults who have both a landline and cell
phone has also grown during this time.
Millennials continue to be far more likely than other age groups to rely only on a cell phone for their
communication needs. In the survey, 41% of Millennials were reached on a cell phone and say they have no
landline at home. By comparison, 24% of Gen Xers, 13% of Boomers and 5% of those in the Silent generation
have become cell phone-only.
Who Has Slept with Cell Nearby?
Millennials are more likely than older Americans to treat % who have placed their cell phone on
their cell phones as a necessary and important appendage. or right next to their bed while sleeping
Many even bring their cell phones to bed. A majority (57%) All 57
of the public has placed their cell phone on or right next to
their bed while sleeping. Millennials are more likely than
their elders to do so: 83% have placed their cell phone on or M illennial 83
right next to their bed while sleeping. A large majority Gen X 68
(68%) of Gen Xers also have slept with or near their cell
Boomer 50
phone, as have 50% of Boomers. Of the Silent generation,
the least likely to have a cell phone, just 20% have kept their Silent 20
cell phones nearby while sleeping.
19
Stephen J. Blumberg and Julian V. Luke, “Wireless Substitution: Early Release of Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey,
January-June 2009,” National Center for Health Statistics, December 2009. Available from: (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm).

40.
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media 33
Texting Behavior
A majority of Americans (59%) say they use their cell
Millennials Are the Most Avid Texters
phone to send or receive text messages, while 26% have
Ever Text Median #
not used their cell phones to text and 14% do not use text* in past day* in past day**
cell phones at all. Nearly half of the public (48%)
% % #
reports sending or receiving text messages in the 24 All 59 48 10
hours preceding the survey. Among those who texted in
the previous 24 hours, the median number of messages Millennial 88 80 20
Gen X 77 63 12
sent and received is 10. Boomer 51 35 5
Silent 9 4 --
Millennials are more likely than older adults to use their
Note: *Based on all adults.
cell phones to send and receive text messages: 88% use **Based on adults who texted in past 24 hours. Silent
their cell phones to text, as do 77% of Gen Xers and generation not shown because of small sample size.
51% of Boomers. Only 9% of those in the Silent
generation use their cell phones to text. A similar pattern is evident when it comes to texting in the previous 24
hours, but the gap between Millennials and those in other age groups is even larger. Four-in-five (80%)
Millennials texted in the previous 24 hours, compared with 63% of Gen Xers, 35% of Boomers and 4% of
Silents.
Among those who texted in the 24 hours preceding the survey, the median number of texts sent and received by
Millennials is 20, compared with 12 for Gen Xers and five for Boomers. And within the Millennial generation,
there are a notable number of power-texters. A quarter (25%) say they sent more than 50 messages in the
previous 24 hours.
Among Millennials who have texted in the last 24 hours, there are age and racial differences in the number of
texts sent and received. Among younger Millennials (those 18 to 24), the median number sent or received is 40,
compared with 12 for Millennials ages 25 to 29. Similarly, among blacks who have texted in the previous day,
the median number of texts sent or received is 50 compared with 20 among whites.

41.
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media 34
Cell Phone Use and Driving
An array of recent research has focused on the issue of
While Driving, Have You…
distracted driving and the problems it causes on the roads.
Talked on a Sent or received
The new survey finds that a majority of Americans (66%) say cell phone a text message
they have talked on a cell phone while driving and 34% say
% %
they have sent or received a text message while driving. All 66 34
Millennials are no more likely than Gen Xers or Boomers to Millennial 75 64
Gen X 75 46
have talked on a cell phone while driving; about three-fourths Boomer 72 21
of those in each age group have done so. But texting while Silent 27 1
driving is a different story. More Millennials than those in
older age groups use their cell phones to text, so it is not surprising that more also text while driving. Nearly
two-thirds (64%) of Millennials say they have sent or received a text message while driving, compared with 46%
of Gen Xers and 21% of Boomers. Members of the
Silent generation are the least likely to have talked on a Majority of Millennials Have Talked or
cell phone or texted while driving; 27% of Silents have Texted While Driving
talked on a cell phone while driving, and only 1% have Talked on cell phone while driving
sent or received a text message while behind the Sent or received a text message while driving
wheel. 75
All Millennials
64
Younger and older Millennials are equally as likely to
say they have talked or texted while driving, but there
74
are other significant demographic differences among 18-24
65
78
Millennials. More men than women have talked on a 25-29
63
cell phone while driving (80% vs. 71%), but there are
no gender differences in texting while driving. Whites 80
Men
are more likely than blacks or Hispanics to have talked 66
71
on a cell phone or texted while driving. Women
63
More Millennials who have attended college have used
their cell phones while driving than those who have 86
Whites
72
not attended college (84% vs. 64%). Similarly, 74% 61
Blacks
of young adults who have attended college have sent 58
Hispanics 58
or received a text message while driving, compared 49
with 52% of those without college experience.
84
College
74
64
No college
52
Note: Based on adults ages 18 to 29.

42.
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media 35
Internet Rivals TV for Main News Source Among Millennials and Gen Xers
The proportion of Americans who turn to the internet for most of their national and international news grew
substantially from 2007 to 2009, and young people have been a large part of that increase. Among Millennials
and Gen Xers, nearly as many now cite
the internet as their main source for How Do You Get Most of Your News?
national and international news as cite Millennial Gen X Boomer Silent
television. Among Millennials, 65% say Main news source* % % % %
television and 59% cite the internet as Television 65 61 76 82
Internet 59 53 30 13
their main source for news. Far fewer get Newspapers 24 24 34 50
most of their national and international Radio 18 22 20 15
Other 4 5 3 5
news from newspapers (24%) and radio
Television source*
(18%). There is a similar pattern among Any cable source 43 34 40 47
Gen Xers: 61% get most of their news CNN 24 19 21 22
Fox news channel 19 15 19 26
from television and 53% from the MSNBC 7 6 6 6
internet, while only 24% get most of Any network source 18 19 30 30
ABC 9 8 14 14
their news from newspapers and 22% by
CBS 8 6 11 11
listening to the radio. NBC 7 9 16 13
Local TV 16 16 20 14
By comparison, television is the primary
Number of respondents 355 658 1149 690
news source among Baby Boomers (76%)
and the Silent generation (82%). Among Internet source** % % % %
Yahoo 20 12 6 3
Boomers, about as many get most of CNN 18 16 5 3
their news from newspapers (34%) as Google 10 5 3 1
MSN 7 8 5 1
from the internet (30%). But among Fox 4 5 4 1
Silents, far more get most of their New York Times 4 3 2 2
MSNBC 3 3 2 2
national and international news from AOL 3 1 2 1
newspapers (50%) than from the internet Number of respondents 189 346 571 322
(13%).
*Main news source and television news source based on combined data
from surveys conducted by the Pew Research Center for the People & the
Millennials are about as likely as those in Press in July and December 2009. Respondents could name multiple news
older age groups to get their television sources.
**Online news source based only on the December survey. Respondents
news from cable or local TV news. could name up to three sources. Most frequently mentioned web sites
shown.
Millennials and Gen Xers are less likely
than Boomers and Silents to get most of their national and international news from the major networks (ABC,
CBS and NBC).
When asked what sites they go to most often for news and information, one-fifth (20%) of Millennials mention
Yahoo, 18% cite CNN, 10% Google and 7% MSN. Less than 5% get news online from the New York Times,
MSNBC, AOL or other outlets. Among Gen Xers, 16% get online news from CNN, 12% from Yahoo, 8% from
MSN, 5% use Google and another 5% use Fox. Those in older age groups who get most of their news online are
less likely to cite Yahoo or CNN as their main news sources.

43.
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media 36
What Did You Do in the Past 24 Hours?
To get a broad measure of some lifestyle differences among the age groups, several questions were asked about
activities people might have pursued “in the past 24 hours.” Their answers show how Millennials stand out from
their elders in the activities they pursue and how they allocate their time.
A majority of Americans watched more than an hour of television (71%), read a daily newspaper (55%), and
sent or received email in the 24 hours preceding the survey interview (51%). Far fewer watched video online
(18%), posted a message to someone’s personal online profile (17%) or played video games (16%). But the
proportion who posted a message to someone’s personal online profile is up from 9% in September 2006 to
17% now.
There are large differences in the
share engaging in these activities What Did You Do in the Past 24 Hours?
% saying they have …
by age. Millennials are more likely
Millennial Gen X Boomer Silent
than all other age groups to have
watched video online and to have Millennials more likely to have… % % % %
Watched a video online 32 23 9 7
posted a message to someone’s Posted a message to an online profile 32 22 9 3
online profile in the previous 24 Played video games 28 14 15 6
hours. About a third of Millennials Millennials as likely to have…
Sent or received an email 56 57 54 26
(32%) watched video online over
Older Americans more likely to have…
that period, compared with 23% Watched more than an hour of TV 57 67 78 82
of Gen Xers, and less than 10% of Read a daily newspaper 43 50 58 73
Boomers and Silents. A nearly Number of respondents 830 351 487 319
identical pattern is evident on
posting to an online profile. In addition, about twice as many Millennials (28%) as Gen Xers (14%) and Boomers
(15%) played video games in the previous 24 hours; only 6% of those in the Silent generation did that.
There are no significant differences among Millennials, Gen Xers and Boomers in the share that sent or received
an email in the previous 24 hours, but fewer than half as many Silents emailed over that period. Millennials are
the least likely to have watched an hour of television in the previous 24 hours. Even so, a majority (57%) of
Millennials did that. Two-thirds (67%) of Gen Xers watched more than an hour of TV, as did 78% of Boomers
and 82% of those in the Silent generation. Fewer Millennials read a daily newspaper than did those in any other
age group; 43% of young people did that, compared with 50% of Gen Xers, 58% of Boomers and 73% of those
in the Silent generation.
Among Millennials, the only significant difference by age is on posting to an online profile; more younger
Millennials than older ones did that in the previous 24 hours (37% vs. 26%). There also are some differences by
gender. More young men than women played video games (37% vs. 18%) and watched a video online (39% vs.
26%) in the 24 hours prior to the survey. But more women posted a message to someone’s online profile (37%
vs. 28%). There are very few differences by race and ethnicity; however, more white Millennials (61%) sent or
received an email in the previous 24 hours than did blacks (47%) or Hispanics (45%).

44.
Chapter 4: Technology and Social Media 37
There are several differences among Millennials by education. Nearly twice as many Millennials who have
attended college emailed in the previous 24 hours than did those who did not attend college (71% vs. 36%).
Also, more watched a video online (40% vs. 22%). Similarly, more Millennials with college experience posted a
message to an online profile in the previous 24 hours than did those with no college experience (37% vs. 25%),
and more read a daily newspaper (47% vs. 37%).

46.
Chapter 5: Work and Education 39
Chapter 5: Work and Education
The recession has hurt all Americans but has been
particularly hard on the Millennial generation, Full-time Employment Drops among
Young Adults
according to the latest Pew Research Center
% of 18- to 29-year-olds in each year who were…
survey. As jobs vanished and businesses closed,
America’s newest entrants into the labor force have 2010 2006
often found themselves among the last hired and Change
the first to lose their jobs. Working full 41
-9
time 50
A Pew Research Center survey in 2006 found that
half of all 18- to 29-year-olds were employed in
Working 24
full-time jobs. Then came the Great Recession. In
+3
part time 21
our 2010 survey, as a battered economy struggles
to rebound, about four-in-ten (41%) people in the
same age group say they are working full time—a Student, 13
+3
decline of 9 percentage points. In contrast, about not working 10
the same proportion of older adults reported
working full time in both the 2006 and 2010
Not 22
surveys. +4
employed
18
Millennials are also more likely than older
Americans to report they recently lost a job (10% Note: The “Not employed” and “Student, not working”
vs. 6% for adults ages 30 or older). categories include those who are unemployed and those who
are not actively seeking work.
Even those Millennials who are working say times
are tough. Among members of this generation who
are employed full time or part time, less than a third (31%) say they earn enough money to lead the kind of lives
they want. That judgment contrasts sharply with the majority of workers ages 46-64 who say they are satisfied
with their current income (52%).
Then again, young people never think they have enough spending money. In a Pew Research Center survey
conducted in 1997 during an economic boom, only three-in-ten adults ages 18 to 29 said they made enough to
live their ideal life. In the arc of most people’s lives, income and earning power tend to be relatively low in
one’s youth and to rise through middle age.
For many Millennials, mom and dad help ease the sting of a skimpy paycheck or a financial setback. More than a
third of all Millennials (36%) say they depend on financial support from their families, including 14% of all
young adults who are working full time. In contrast, only 6% of Gen Xers under 40, a group with higher
incomes and more job security, say they rely on financial help from loved ones.
Many of these measures of financial well-being are driven by life-cycle effects. In the 18-29 age range, many
young adults typically move through different stages—finishing their education, finding a first job, beginning a
career, starting a family and buying a house—and their economic circumstances change rapidly during this

47.
Chapter 5: Work and Education 40
passage into full adulthood. Then again, losing a job, being underemployed or trying to land that first full-time
job when no one is hiring is rarely a good thing, regardless of age or life circumstances.
And because of where they are in life, young people have been affected by the recession in ways that members of
other generations have not. A Pew Research Center survey conducted in October 2009 found that 13% of those
ages 22 to 2920 have moved back in with their parents after living on their own “because of the recession,” more
than double the proportion of adults ages 30-45 who have returned home. And fully 15% of younger adults say
they have moved in with a roommate to cut costs, triple the proportion of those ages 30-45 who say they were
forced by the recession to share living quarters with someone else.21
In key ways, adults ages 18 to 29 have always been more
Millennials and College
vulnerable to economic swings than older Americans. The
% of Millennials who…
Millennial generation is no exception. Relatively few young
people have accumulated enough assets or personal wealth to Already Plan to graduate
carry them through bad times. They are the least likely of any graduated from college
generation to own their own home (22% vs. 71% for adults from college
ages 30 and older) and, like most Americans, a majority worry 19%
44%
that they aren’t saving as much as they should. While these Don't
young adults are, as a group, healthier than older Americans, 6%
know
Millennials are also the least likely of any generation to say they
31%
are covered by health insurance (61% vs. 82% for those 30 and
older). Have no plans to
However, even though the recession has been hard on young graduate from college
people, it has not dimmed their optimism. About two-thirds of
Millennials (68%) say they are not earning enough money to
live the kind of life they want. However, within that group the vast majority (88%) say they expect to earn
enough in the future to live the good life. That is significantly higher than the percentage of Gen Xers (76%) or
Baby Boomers (46%) who share this hopeful view.
Millennials have a reason to be optimistic: Time is on their side. When the jobs return, the survey results
suggest these young people will be prepared. Millennials appear to be on track to becoming the most educated
generation in America’s history. Millennials have not yet matched the educational attainment of Gen Xers. So
far, 19% are college graduates compared with 35% of Gen Xers. About four-in-ten Millennials are still in
school. Separately, 30% of those not in school say they plan to go back to earn a college degree, according to the
Pew Research Center survey.
What’s holding them back? Money and time. Of all Millennials who have not earned a college degree and are
not in school, more than a third (36%) say that they can’t afford to go to school right now, and an additional
35% say they simply do not have the time.
20
The more restrictive age range was used because a disproportionately large share of Millennials ages 18 to 21 are not living on their own but
instead are still living with parents or are in school.
21
For a more detailed look at the impact of the recession on young adults, see Wendy Wang and Rich Morin, “Home for the Holidays … and
Every Other Day,” Pew Research Center Report, Nov. 24, 2009 (http://pewsocialtrends.org/assets/pdf/home-for-the-holidays.pdf).

48.
Chapter 5: Work and Education 41
But Millennials are accustomed to meeting challenges. Many find the time for both work and school. Almost a
quarter attend school and work full time (10%) or part time (14%). In comparison, only about 8% of Gen Xers
work and attend school, in part because a larger proportion already have finished their formal education and are
well along in their chosen career.
The remainder of this chapter will examine in more detail the education and employment characteristics of
Millennials. The first sections analyze the educational attainment of this generation and compare it to that of
older adults. The later sections examine the working lives of Millennials, including their attitudes toward their
job and career as well as their concerns about personal finances.
Education
Educational Profile of
Millennials have not yet matched the educational achievements of their Millennials
Gen X older brothers and sisters—but give them time. About four-in- Still in school 39%
ten (39%) are still in college, high school or trade school. According to % currently attending:
the Pew Research Center survey, Millennials may be on track to College/undergraduate 26
Grad or professional
emerge as the most educated generation ever. school 5
HS or trade school* 8
So far only about one-in-five Millennials (19%) are college graduates.22
Not in school 61%
An additional 26% are currently in school and plan to graduate from % who completed:
college, while an additional 30% are not in school but expect to HS grad or less 34
someday earn a college degree. These numbers suggest that when Some college/
trade school* 14
Millennials have finished their formal education, a majority could be College grad/
college graduates. Half of Gen Xers are college graduates or plan to get undergrad degree 11
Grad or professional
their degree sometime in the future. school 3
Educational Aspirations of Millennials *Includes trade, vocational and
technical school. Percentages may not
add to 100% because of rounding.
When it comes to education, this generation aims high. Millennials
currently enrolled in high school, college or graduate school are particularly ambitious—about half want to go
on to earn a graduate or professional school degree. A somewhat smaller share (34%) plan to end their formal
education after they graduate from college. For the remainder, a high school diploma, degree from a community
college, or a certificate from a trade or vocational school will mark the end of their formal schooling.
Being out of school has not ended the educational aspirations of most young people. About two-thirds (65%) of
all young adults ages 18-29 who are currently not in school say they plan to go back someday. The educational
goals of this group are not quite as high as others in their generation who are currently in school: Roughly a third
plan to go to graduate or professional school (32%). Still, that’s a nine percentage point increase in the
proportion of 18- to 29-year-olds with similar aspirations in 2006.
22
Consists of 14% who are college graduates and 5% who are college graduates who are attending graduate or professional school.

49.
Chapter 5: Work and Education 42
An additional 30% intend to go back
The Millennials: College Diplomas, College Dreams
to school and get a four-year college
% of each group…
degree, while an almost equal
proportion (28%) want to get their Already a college graduate
high school diploma, go to trade or Plan to graduate from college
vocational school, or get a degree Do not plan to graduate from college
from a community college. All M illennials 19 44 31
Will Millennials fulfill their dreams
of academic achievement? Only time M en 16 40 36
will tell. But for now, according to a Women 21 48 26
recent Pew Research Center report,
the share of 18- to 24-year-olds
Whites 22 42 29
attending U.S. colleges recently hit
an all-time high,23 with nearly all of Blacks 10 55 29
the recent growth occurring in Hispanics 10 39 44
community college enrollments. And
U.S. Census Bureau surveys find that 18-24 9 57 29
a majority of Millennials (54%) 25-29 31 27 35
already have attended some college
or have graduated, compared with Note: Figures based on Millennials who have completed their education, those
just slightly fewer Gen Xers (49%) at who are still in school and those who are out of school but plan to return.
a similar age.
Who Has a College Degree—and Who Wants One
According to the Pew Research survey, Millennial women are slightly more likely than men to be college
graduates (21% vs. 16%). Younger whites are about twice as likely as blacks or Hispanics to have finished
college (22% vs. 10% for both blacks and Latinos). But blacks are significantly more likely than whites or
Hispanics to say they want to earn a college diploma.
Predictably, Millennials ages 18 to 24 are significantly less likely than older Millennials to be college graduates
(9% vs. 31%). But they are significantly more likely to say they plan to get their degrees (57% vs. 27%), in large
part because a large number of younger Millennials are currently attending college and advancing toward a
degree. When these results are analyzed together, younger and older Millennials look roughly similar: 66% of
younger Millennials already have a college degree or plan to get one, compared with 58% of older Millennials.
23
For a more detailed look at changes in college enrollment and employment among young adults, see Richard Fry, “College Enrollment Hits
All-Time High, Fueled by Community College Surge,” Pew Research Center Report, Oct. 29, 2009
(http://pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/747/college-enrollment-hits-all-time-high-fueled-by-community-college-surge).

50.
Chapter 5: Work and Education 43
Reasons for Not Continuing in School
Despite their plans and good intentions, about half (48%) of all Millennials are not college graduates and are not
currently in school. So what, if anything, is holding them back?
Too little money and too little time. According
to the survey, more than a third (36%) of this Biggest Reason for Not Completing College
group say they cannot afford school, a judgment % of Millennials who are not college graduates or
that may reflect the soaring cost of higher currently enrolled
education as much as it does the impact of the Can't afford school 36
recession. An additional 35% say they don’t
have the time. Only 14% say they are not Don't have the time 35
attending school because they don’t need more
Don't need more education 14
education.
Other/DK 14
Men and women are about equally likely to say
money or time is the reason that they are not in Note: Percentages may not add to 100% because of rounding.
school. The sample of minorities without
college degrees and who are not currently
enrolled in school is too
small to draw firm Studying and Working
conclusions. % of Millennials who…
All M illennials 18-24 25-29
Studying and Working
31
Many Millennials work;
Work full time, do not go to school 19
many others go to school. 48
And many Millennials do
both. Overall, about one-in- 10
Work full time, go to school 9
four 18- to 29-year-olds
10
(24%) are employed and
enrolled in school. About 10
one-in-ten Millennials study Work part time, do not go to school 11
9
and work full time, while an
additional 14% study and 14
hold part-time jobs. About Work part time, go to school 20
four-in-ten of all Millennials 5
are employed full time or
13
part time and are not going
Do not work, go to school 20
to school. This group 4
includes 30% of younger
Note: Those who are going to school may be either full or part time students. Those
Millennials and more than not working and not in school not shown.
half of those ages 25 to 29

51.
Chapter 5: Work and Education 44
(57%), many of whom have finished their formal schooling and are well on their way to launching careers and
families.
Almost identical proportions of younger and older Millennials—about one-in-ten of each group—are employed
full time and going to school. Younger Millennials are four times as likely as those ages 25 and older to say they
are working part-time jobs while they hit the books (20% vs. 5%).
As a group, younger Millennials who are enrolled in school are about twice as likely to work part time as they
are to hold a full-time job (20% vs. 9%). That pattern is reversed among Millennials ages 25 to 29; about 10%
work full time while going to school, and 5% are employed part time. Younger Millennials also are significantly
more likely than their older generational counterparts to be non-working students (20% vs. 4%).
Employment and Millennials
Nearly two-thirds of all Millennials have full- or Generations at Work
part-time jobs.24 As a group, they are less likely to % of each generation who are…
be working than their Gen X brothers and sisters Employed full time
(65% vs. 75%) and about as likely to be employed Employed part time
as Baby Boomers (68%). Not employed
But the comparison is deceptive. Fully 13% of all 41
M illennial 24
Millennials are students who do not work for pay, 35
compared with only 1% of Gen Xers and even
65
fewer Baby Boomers. When the share of students in
Gen X 10
the Millennial generation is factored into the 25
equation, the profiles of the generations look
54
remarkably the same: About three-quarters of both
Boomer 13
generations are employed or attending school (80% 32
for Millennials vs. 78% for Gen Xers).
Note: The category “Not employed” includes those who are
While a somewhat smaller share of Baby Boomers is not actively seeking work.
working (68%), the difference is largely due to the
fact that 13% of Baby Boomers have already retired.
24
While this estimate of 65% is based on the latest Pew Research Center survey, it is virtually identical to official government estimates of
employment. According to Census Bureau figures collected last year, about 63% of Millennials are defined as “civilian employed” while 37%
are either unemployed or not in the labor force.

52.
Chapter 5: Work and Education 45
The Demographics of Employment
Among Millennials and in the population as a
Work Status of Millennials
whole, men and college graduates are more
% of each group who are…
likely to be employed, more likely to work
full time and less likely to be unemployed Employed full-time Employed part-time
than women or those who are not college Students, not working Unemployed-lost/quit job
grads. Other/Don't know
According to the survey, nearly half of all All M illennials 41 24 14 10 12
Millennial men (46%) are employed full
time, compared with 35% of young women. M en 46 23 13 11 7
This 11 percentage point gap about equals
Women 35 25 15 9 17
the 13-point employment gender gap that
exists among all men and women (53% of
men are employed full time, compared with Whites 44 23 13 9 12
40% of women).
Blacks 34 25 16 13 11
Predictably, Millennials ages 18 to 24 are Hispanics 38 23 10 13 17
significantly less likely than those 25 to 29 to
hold full-time jobs (28% vs. 58%). At the
same time, these younger Millennials are far 18-24 28 30 20 11 11
more likely to work part time (31% vs. 25-29 58 15 5 9 14
14%) or be non-working students (20% vs.
4%). Note: The category “Not employed” includes those who are not
actively seeking work.
Full-time Employment Declines
among Millennials
Millennials are significantly less likely to be working full time (41%) than Gen Xers (65%) or Boomers (54%),
reflecting in part the very different life circumstances of Millennials. At the same time, these youngest members
of the labor force are about twice as likely to work part time (24%) as are members of the Gen X (10%) or Baby
Boom (13%) generations.
Full-time employment among 18-to-29-year-olds has dropped significantly in the past four years while
remaining largely unchanged for older working-age adults. According to Pew Research Center surveys, the
share of 18-to-29-year-olds employed full time declined 9 percentage points from 2006 to 2010. In comparison,
full-time employees make up about the same proportion of 30-to-45-year-olds (63% in 2006 and 65% in the
latest survey) and 46-to-64-year-olds (53% in 2006 and 54% today).

53.
Chapter 5: Work and Education 46
The recession has changed the work experience
Full-time Employment by Generation,
of many Millennials. For some, hard times have
2006-2010
meant a part-time job instead of full-time
% of each generation employed full time…
employment. For others, the recession has led
to delayed entry into the labor market, either 2010 2006 Change
by enrolling in school or lingering longer in 41
college. For still others, it has meant a lengthier M illennial -9
50
wait for a job.
The proportion of Millennials employed full 65
Gen X +2
time has fallen from 50% in 2006 to 41% today. 63
At the same time, the proportion of this
generation who work part time or are full-time 54
Boomer +1
students has increased by 3 percentage points to 53
24% and 13%, respectively, and the share of
those ages 18 to 29 who are not employed
increased by 4 percentage points to 24%. While
these smaller shifts are not statistically significant, they are roughly similar to the declines that have been
documented by government employment statistics collected over the past four years.
Census statistics also tell another story. About six-in-ten Millennials (63%) are currently employed. That is a
significantly smaller share than the proportion of Gen Xers (70%) or Baby Boomers (66%) who were working
when those generations were the same age.
Career and Job-Switching among Millennials
Predictably, America’s newest workers are far more likely than older workers to say they are likely to switch
careers or to change employers sometime in their
work lives.
Attitudes toward Job, Career
According to the Pew Research Center survey,
% of each generation who say it is likely they will…
about two-thirds of all employed Millennials say
it is “very likely” (39%) or “somewhat likely” M illennial Gen X Boomer
(27%) they will switch careers sometime in their 66
working life, compared with 55% of Gen Xers Switch careers sometime
55
and 31% of Baby Boomers. Remarkably, nearly in their work life
31
six-in-ten employed Millennials say they already
have switched careers at least once, suggesting 42
that many Millennials are trying out different Stay at current job rest of
62
careers or that some respondents equated a job working life
84
change with a career switch.
Note: Based on those who are employed full time or part time.

54.
Chapter 5: Work and Education 47
Millennials also are job-hoppers, not surprising because most of them will be working at least three more
decades. Members of this generation are far more likely than members of others to say they will one day be
working for someone other than their current employers. Nearly six-in-ten younger workers (57%) say it is not
very likely or not likely at all that they will stay with their current employers for the remainder of their working
life.
Among Gen X workers, those numbers are virtually reversed: A 62% majority say it’s likely they will never
leave their current employer, while only 36% expect to someday be working for someone else. Baby Boomers,
many of whom are at or approaching retirement age, are even more settled: 84% expect to remain with their
current employer for the rest of their working life.
But not all Millennials expect to someday move on. One-third of Millennials say their current job is their career.
Among these fortunate few who have found their life’s work, nearly two-thirds (63%) say it is likely that they
will remain with their current employer the rest of their working lives.
But co-workers can expect to say goodbye and wish good luck to the majority of Millennials who see their
current position as either a steppingstone to a career or just a job to help them get by. Among those who see
their current position as a springboard to another job, six-in-ten (61%) expect to be working for someone else
while 37% say they likely will never leave their current employer. And among those who see their current job as
merely a job, three-quarters (75%)
expect to be working for somebody else Happiness is a Full time Job for Older Millennials
sometime in their working life. % of full time workers in each group who are “very happy”
with their lives…
Older Millennials: Young,
Employed—and Happy M illennial 18-24 M illennial 25-29 Gen X Boomer
Previous surveys conducted by the Pew 23
42
Research Center have consistently found Very happy
27
that people who are employed are
29
generally happier than people without a
job.25 And the latest survey finds that 64
older Millennials with full-time jobs may 51
Pretty happy
just be the happiest workers in America. 58
58
Fully a third of all Millennials with full-
time jobs (35%) say they are “very 13
happy” with their lives; 27% of Gen Xers 7
Not too happy
who work full time and 29% of Baby 14
Boomers who work full time say this. 12
That proportion rises to 42% among Note: Based only on those who are employed full time.
Millennials ages 25-29 who work full
25
For a detailed analysis of the predictors of happiness, see “Are We Happy Yet?” Pew Research Center Report, Feb. 13, 2006.
(http://pewresearch.org/pubs/301/are-we-happy-yet).

55.
Chapter 5: Work and Education 48
time though just 23% of younger Millennials ages 18 to 24 who work full time say they are “very happy” with
their lives.
Personal Finances
As the effects of the Great Recession linger, most Americans are keeping a sharper eye on their personal finances
and young people are no exception. A majority of 18- to 29-year-olds (55%) say they are watching their
spending “very closely” these days, up from 43% of 18- to 29-year-olds who shared that view in 2006. That
increase almost matches the 11-point rise in the overall proportion of adults who are keeping a closer eye on
their finances these days (46% in 2006 vs. 57% now).
Adults under age 30 continue to worry that they aren’t saving or investing enough (72% in 2006, 77% today).
That is about equal to the percentage of those ages 30 to 45 (78%) who say they are concerned about growing
their nest eggs.
One reason Millennials are particularly vulnerable to hard times is that they are by far the least likely of any
generation to be covered by health insurance; about six-in-ten (61%) of all Millennials say they are covered by
some form of health plan, compared with 73% of Gen Xers, 83% of Baby Boomers and 95% of the Silent
generation (most of the oldest group are eligible for Medicare or receive health benefits as part of their
retirement plans). Among Millennials, as in the population as a whole, Hispanics are more likely to be one
serious injury or illness away from financial disaster. Only about four-in-ten Latinos ages 18 to 29 have health
insurance (42%), compared with 64% of
blacks and 67% of whites. Who Gets Help from the Family?
% of each group who say they depend on family for
But in these hard times, Millennials have a financial assistance
resource they can tap in times of financial
Depend on family Do not depend on family
stress that is either unavailable or untapped
by other generations: their families. All M illennials 36 63
Help from Family
M en 37 62
More than a third of all Millennials (36%) Women 34 64
depend on their parents or other family
members for financial assistance.
Whites 38 61
Predictably, Millennials ages 18 to 24—a
Blacks 33 65
group that includes a disproportionately
Hispanics 28 70
large share of full-time students—are far
more likely to get help from families than
are older Millennials (50% vs. 16%). 18-24 50 48
25-29 16 83
Nearly four-in-ten whites (38%), 33% of
blacks and 28% of Hispanics say they rely
Note: “Don’t Know/Refused” responses are not shown.
on money from family members to get by.

56.
Chapter 5: Work and Education 49
Not surprisingly, Millennials who are attending school and are not employed are the most likely to be receiving
financial support (77%). Still, about one-in-seven Millennials with a full-time job—and about half who work
part time—say they depend on family members to help them get by. About a third of Millennials who don’t
have a job and are not in school get significant help from their parents or other family members.

58.
Chapter 6: Family Values 51
Chapter 6: Family Values
Millennials are more tolerant
than adults in other Millennials Assess Trends in Marriage and Parenting
generations of a wide range % saying the trend is a …
of nontraditional behaviors
Bad thing No difference Good thing
related to marriage and
parenting. M ore single women having children 59 34 6
Whether the trend is more
single women having M ore gay couples raising children 32 46 19
children, more people living
together without being M ore mothers of young children
23 40 33
married, more mothers of working outside the home
young children working M ore people living together without
22 63 14
outside the home, more getting married
people of different races M ore people of different races
marrying one another or 5 60 34
marrying each other
more gay couples raising
children, Millennials are Note: “Don’t Know/Refused” responses are not shown.
more receptive than their
elders to these newer
patterns of behavior.
They are also the only generation to favor the legalization of gay marriage —they do so by a 50% to 36%
margin, with the remainder undecided. When it comes to the other generations, support for gay marriage
declines in a fairly straight progression from young to old: 43% of Gen Xers, 32% of Baby Boomers and 24% of
Silents favor legalizing gay marriage.
The pattern is similar on most of the other nontraditional family behaviors tested in this portion of the survey:
Younger adults are generally the most accepting; older adults the least, and middle-aged adults fall in between.
On the issues of single women having children and gay couples adopting, Millennials are more in line with Gen
Xers, and the generation gap is between the two younger generations and the two older ones.
It needs to be noted, however, that the Millennials’ receptivity to these new trends is high only in relative
terms. Their tolerance does not translate into outright approval.
In fact, no more than 34% of Millennials describe any of these trends as “good for society.” On four of the five
trends tested, a majority or plurality decline to pass judgment; they say the trend is neither good nor bad for
society. And when it comes to one of the trends —more single women having children—they voice strong
disapproval. Nearly six-in-ten (59%) Millennials say it is bad for society, compared with just 6% who say it is
good and a third (34%) who say it is neither bad nor good.

59.
Chapter 6: Family Values 52
Millennials also tilt negative—albeit by less lopsided numbers—on gay couples raising children (32% say this is
bad for society; 19% say it is good; the rest say it makes no difference) and on people living together without
getting married (22% bad; 14% good).
They tilt positive on mothers of young children working outside the home (33% good; 23% bad) and on people
of different races marrying each other (34% good; 5% bad).
On all but one of these trends, the judgments of those ages 30 and older are significantly more negative. For
example, some 42% of adults ages 30 and older say it is bad for society that more people are living together
without getting married. Just 22% of Millennials agree.
Weighing Trends in Marriage and Parenthood, by Generation
% saying this is a bad thing for society
Millennial Gen X Boomer Silent
(18-29) (30-45) (46-64) (65+)
More single women deciding to have children 59 54 65 72
More gay couples raising children 32 36 48 55
More mothers of young children
working outside the home 23 29 39 38
More people living together without getting married 22 31 44 58
More people of different races marrying each other 5 10 14 26
Note: “Good thing”, “Doesn’t make much difference”, and “Don’t know/Refused” responses not shown.
The generation gap is nearly as large on attitudes about mothers of young children working outside the home.
Just 23% of Millennials—compared with 35% of adults ages 30 and older—say this trend is bad for society. On
this question, attitudes of both the old and the young are fairly evenly divided. Among Millennials, 23% say the
trend is bad, 33% say it is good and 40% say it is neither. Among adults ages 30 and over, 35% say it is bad,
26% say it is good and 33% say it is neither.
There is also a generation gap in views about interracial marriage. Among Millennials, about a third (34%) say
the trend is a good thing, just 5% say it is a bad thing and six-in-ten say it is neither. The share describing this
trend as a bad thing rises to 10% among Xers, 14% among Boomers and 26% among Silents. The Silents are the
only generation more inclined to call this trend bad (26%) than good (15%). But as with all other generations, a
majority of Silents say it is neither.
Silents are much more negative about three other trends: 72% say that more single women having children is
bad for society; 58% say the same about more people living together without being married; and 55% say the
same about gay couples raising children.

60.
Chapter 6: Family Values 53
Of all the trends examined, Changes since 2007 in Attitudes about Marriage and Parenting
the one that draws the most % of 18- to 29-year-olds saying each is a bad thing for society
negative assessments across
2007 2010 Change
all four generations is more
More gay couples raising children 47 32 -15
single women having More people living together w/o getting married 32 22 -10
children. A majority of More mothers of young children
working outside home 30 23 -7
Silents (72%), Boomers More single women having children 65 59 -6
(65%), Xers (54%) and
Note: “Good thing”, “Doesn’t make much difference”, and “Don’t know/Refused”
Millennials (59%) say this responses not shown.
Source for 2007 data: Pew Social and Demographic Trends survey report, “As Marriage and
trend is bad for society. (In Parenthood Drift Apart, Public is Concerned about Social Impact,” July 1, 2007.
2007, 39.7% of all children
in the United States were born out of wedlock. In 1970, that figure was just 10.7%.)26
While the public tends to see more bad than good in this set of trends, its level of disapproval has moderated in
recent years. Compared with similarly aged respondents to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in 2007,
Millennials are anywhere from 6 to 15 percentage points less disapproving of these trends now than they had
been then. Likewise, those ages 30 and older are anywhere from 5 to 9 percentage points less disapproving now.
Millennials’ views of changes in the American family may be shaped at least in part by their own experiences
growing up. Only 62% of Millennials say that their parents were married during the time they were growing up.
That compares with 71% of Gen Xers, 85% of Boomers and 87% of Silents. Roughly one quarter of Millennials
(24%) say their parents were divorced
or separated, and 11% say their parents Growing Up with One Parent or Two
were never married (2% say their Who did you live with most of the time while you were
parents were widowed and 1% did not growing up?(%)
answer the question). Both parents Only one parent Neither parent
As a result, three-in-ten Millennials M illennial 61 31 7
(31%) say they lived with only one
parent while they were growing up Gen X 68 25 7
(27% lived with their mothers, 4% with
Boomer 80 16 4
their fathers), while 61% lived with
both parents. Gen Xers are more likely Silent 80 14 6
than Millennials to have grown up in a
household with both parents (68%). Note: “Don’t Know/Refused” responses not shown.
And among Boomers and Silents, 80%
26
1970 data is from Ventura, Stephanie J. and Christine A. Bachrach. Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States, 1940-1999. National Vital
Statistics Reports; vol 48, no. 16. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2000. 2007 data is from Ventura, Stephanie J.
Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States. NCHS Data Brief, no. 18. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for
Health Statistics. 2009.

61.
Chapter 6: Family Values 54
had both parents at home. Across age groups, whites are more likely than nonwhites to have grown up with both
parents in their home.
Differences among Millennials
Millennials are not of a single mind about these trends, nor are members of other generations. Within
generations opinions vary according to gender, partisanship, religious affiliation, and other factors. Among
Millennials, for the most part, these subgroup differences tend to be rather modest.
For example, when it comes to views about
the trend toward more single women having Difference in Family Values among Millennials
% who disapprove of “single women having children”
children, two-thirds of male Millennials say it
is bad for society, compared with just half of All M illennials 59
female Millennials. There’s a similarly sized
divide on this question by partisanship: two-
M en 66
thirds of Republicans or Republican leaners say
Women 51
this trends is bad for society, compared with
53% of Millennials who are Democrats or lean
that way. These same gaps exist among older Rep/Lean Rep 66
generations. Dem/Lean Dem 53
Some 66% of black Millennials say this trend is
bad for society, compared with 57% of whites Black 66
and 59% of Hispanics. Because of the relatively White 57
small size of the black and Hispanic subgroups Hispanic 59
in the survey, these differences fall short of
statistical significance. Nonetheless, the Religiously affiliated 61
percentages are notable in light of the fact that 47
Unaffiliated
single parenthood is much more prevalent
among blacks than whites. Note: Based on adults ages 18-29.
Religious beliefs also impact views about these
societal trends. Millennials who are atheist,
agnostic or otherwise unaffiliated with a religious denomination are more accepting of single women having
children. Less than half of unaffiliated Millennials (47%) disapprove of this trend, compared with 61% of those
with a clear religious affiliation.
Millennials are more accepting of the trend toward mothers of young children working outside the home and the
trend toward couples living together without getting married. Less than a quarter of Millennials disapprove of
each of these trends. On these questions, there are subgroup differences by partisanship. For example, 33% of
Millennials who are Republican or lean Republican disapprove of cohabitation without marriage, compared with
14% of those who are Democrats or lean Democratic.

62.
Chapter 6: Family Values 55
The marital circumstances of the family home in
Views on Living Together without Marriage
which a Millennial was raised is also associated
% of Millennials saying this is a bad thing for society
with attitudes toward some of these trends. For
example, 27% of Millennials whose parents Rep/Lean Rep 33
were married disapprove of cohabitation
Dem/Lean Dem 14
without marriage, compared with 15% of those
whose parents were divorced or separated. Among Millennials whose parents were…
M arried 27
Attitudes toward Gay Marriage
Divorced or separated 15
Gay marriage has been a heated political and
Note: Based on adults ages 18-29.
civil rights issue for the better part of a decade,
and Millennials have a distinctive set of views on
the matter. Fully half either strongly favor
(21%) or favor (29%) legalization of gay marriage, while just 36% oppose, making Millennials the only living
generation that tilts positive on this question. The views of Xers are not significantly different from Millennials
on the issue of gay marriage, though Xers
oppose legalization by a narrow margin (46% Views about Gay Marriage, by Generation
oppose and 43% favor). Silents oppose gay % who favor/oppose allowing gay and lesbian couples
to marry legally
marriage by a ratio of nearly three-to-one;
Boomers by a ratio of nearly two-to-one. Strongly favor/Favor Stongly oppose/Oppose
Among Millennials, women are more All 38 51
supportive of legalizing gay marriage than are
men. Democrats are more supportive than
M illennial 50 36
either Republicans or independents. Religion
Gen X 43 46
makes a difference as well. Millennials who
are religiously affiliated are much less Boomer 32 58
supportive of gay marriage than are those with Silent 24 66
no religious affiliation (45% vs. 67%). And
whites and Hispanics are more supportive than
blacks.

63.
Chapter 6: Family Values 56
When it comes to the size of these various gaps,
Views about Gay Marriage among Millennials
partisanship stands out. Fully 63% of Millennials
% saying they favor legalization …
who are Democrats or lean to the Democratic
Party support gay marriage. This compares with All Millennials 50
just 37% of self-described Republicans or
Republican leaners. This partisan gap is not
Men 44
unique to Millennials. In fact, it is even sharper
among those ages 30 and older: 47% of Women 56
Democrats and those who lean to the
Democratic Party favor gay marriage, compared
Rep/Lean Rep 37
with only 21% of Republicans and Republican
leaners. Dem/Lean Dem 63
Independent 47
Religiously affiliated 45
Unaffiliated 67
Whites 53
Blacks 36
Hispanics 51
Note: Based on adults ages 18-29.

64.
Chapter 7: Lifestyle 57
Chapter 7: Lifestyle
In many of their lifestyle choices, Millennials are not
much different from adults of other generations. And Tattoos, by Generation
it’s often their ideology or socioeconomic status, % who have a tattoo
rather than their age, that drives their behaviors. In
realms as disparate as gun ownership and going green, All 23
Millennials are in the mainstream. But in some
corners of their lives, they find unique ways to
M illennial (18-29) 38
express themselves. Technology usage, as noted in
Chapter 4, is one. Body art is another. Gen X (30-45) 32
Tattoos have become something of a trademark for Boomer (46-64) 15
Millennials—nearly four-in-ten (38%) have at least
Silent (65+) 6
one. Gen Xers are not far behind; 32% say they have
a tattoo. Only 15% of Baby Boomers and 6% of
Silents wear body art.
Moreover, one tattoo isn’t enough for many Millennials. While 31% of tattooed Millennials have just one
tattoo, half have two to five tattoos. And fully 18% have six or more. Among adults ages 30 and older who have
tattoos, nearly half (47%) have just one. Only 9% say they have six or more tattoos.
Among all adults, men and women are
equally likely to have a tattoo. Among The Politics of Tattoos
Millennials, those who have not attended Based on Millennials
college are more likely than those with at
D o you have a tattoo? (%)
least some college experience to have a
Yes No
tattoo (47% vs. 30%).
Rep/Lean Rep 31 69
If you see a Millennial with a tattoo, he or
she is more likely to have voted for Barack Dem/Lean Dem 44 56
Obama than for John McCain in the 2008
presidential election. There is no evidence
to suggest that tattoos are a form of Conservative 32 68
political expression for Millennials.
M oderate 37 63
However, both party and ideology are
correlated with having a tattoo. Among Liberal 43 57
adults under age 30, 44% of Democrats or
independents who lean Democratic have at
Note: Based on adults ages 18-29. Sample sizes of subgroups are as
least one tattoo. Among Republicans and follows: Rep/Lean Rep, n=268; Dem/Lean Dem, n=425; Conservative,
n=233; Moderate, n=275; Liberal n=249. “Don’t know/Refused”
independents who lean Republican, 31% responses not shown.
have a tattoo. Similarly, 43% of Millennials
who identify themselves as liberals have a

65.
Chapter 7: Lifestyle 58
tattoo, versus 32% of conservatives who have one.
Tattoos: Public or Private?
Most adults with tattoos, whether young or old, Based on all adults with tattoos
don’t display them for all the world to see. When
Are your tattoos usually visible or not? (%)
asked if their tattoos are usually visible, the vast Yes No
majority (72%) say that they are not. This is true for 76
72
Millennials and their older counterparts. Among 68
those with at least one tattoo, 70% of Millennials
and 73% of those ages 30 and older say their tattoos
are not usually visible.
23
18
Men are more likely than women to have tattoos 13
that can be seen by all—23% vs. 13%. This pattern
is consistent across age groups. When asked
whether their tattoos are usually visible, roughly All adults with M en with Women with
one-in-ten tattooed women volunteered that it tattoos tattoos tattoos
depends on what they are wearing.
Note: Sample sizes of sub-groups are as follows: all adults
with tattoos n=492; men, n=244; women, n=248. “Depends
In addition to tattoos, many Millennials choose to on what I’m wearing”; “Some visible, some not”; and “Don’t
alter their appearance with body piercings. Nearly a know/Refused” responses not shown.
quarter of Millennials (23%) say they have a piercing
in a place other than an ear lobe. In this regard,
Millennials lead all other generations. One-in-ten Gen Xers Body Piercings
(9%) have a piercing somewhere other than an ear lobe, and % who have a piercing somewhere other
among those ages 45 and older, only 1% has one. than an ear lobe
Young women are much more likely than young men to All 8
have a body piercing: 35% of women under age 30 have a
piercing somewhere other than an ear lobe, compared with
11% of men.
M illennial 23
Gen X 9
Boomer 1

66.
Chapter 7: Lifestyle 59
Going Green
Protecting the planet is a multi-generational
cause these days. Most Millennials recycle Environmentally Conscious Behaviors
% who do each
and try to buy green products, but the same
can be said of adults of all ages. In fact, M illennial Gen X Boomer Silent
Millennials lag behind their older
counterparts in terms of recycling. This is 69
probably more an outcome of their stage in Recycle from 77
life than a measure of their commitment to home 72
the environment. Roughly seven-in-ten 77
Millennials (69%) say they recycle paper,
plastic or glass at home. That compares with 53
77% of Gen Xers, 72% of Boomers and 55
Buy green
77% of Silents who recycle.
products 54
Among all age groups, those with at least 51
some college education are more likely to
recycle than those who have never attended 36
college. The gap is particularly wide among Buy organic 38
Millennials: 78% of those who have gone to foods 35
college recycle, compared with 60% of 27
those who have not.
Millennials are just as likely as other age
groups to say they try to buy green or
environmentally friendly products, even if they are more expensive. Just over half of Millennials (53%) say they
buy green products. Roughly the same proportion of Gen Xers (55%), Boomers (54%) and Silents (51%) say
they do so as well. Income is a barrier to buying green products for adults of all ages—63% of Millennials with
annual household income of $75,000 or more say they try to buy green products, as do 62% of those 30 and
older in the same income category. That compares with less than half of those whose annual income is below
$30,000.
More than a third of all adults say they try to buy organic foods, even if they are more expensive. This includes
nearly equal proportions of Millennials (36%), Gen Xers (38%) and Boomers (35%). Members of the Silent
generation are less likely to buy organic foods (27%). Among both Millennials and older age groups, women are
more likely than men to buy organic.

67.
Chapter 7: Lifestyle 60
Exercise and Leisure
Exercise is a big part of the lives of most Millennials.
More than half say they got some kind of vigorous Millennials and Exercise
% saying they got vigorous exercise in the
exercise, such as jogging, biking or working out at a
past 24 hours
gym, in the 24 hours before they were interviewed for
the survey. Gen Xers are somewhat less likely to 46
All
exercise daily—48% of those surveyed said they had
gotten vigorous exercise in the previous 24 hours.
Roughly four-in-ten Boomers (42%) and members of the
M illennial 56
Silent generation (39%) say they exercised in the past 24
hours. The differences across age groups are likely due at Gen X 48
least in part to life-cycle effects. Not only are Millennials
younger and healthier, but they also are less likely than Boomer 42
their older counterparts to be married or have children, 39
Silent
and so probably have more time available for exercise.
Among Millennials, men are much more likely than
women to exercise: 63% of men ages 18-29 say they got
vigorous exercise in the past 24 hours, compared with 48% of women. The gender gap among older adults is
significantly smaller.
While Millennials are more likely than older adults to exercise on a daily basis, they are less likely to watch TV.
Some 57% say they watched more than an hour of
television programming in the past 24 hours. Two-
Who Votes on ‘American Idol’?
thirds of Gen Xers (67%) watched more than an hour
% saying they have voted for a contestant in a
of TV, as did 80% of Boomers and Silents. televised talent contest
Much of the reality TV programming these days may M en Women
seem to be geared toward young viewers, but
27
Millennials are no more likely than Gen Xers or
24
Boomers to actively participate in reality TV. One-in-
five Millennials say they have voted for a contestant in a
televised talent contest such as “American Idol” or 14
“Dancing with the Stars.” Nearly as many (18%) of Gen 9
Xers and Boomers say they have voted, while only 11%
of Silents have done this.
Women are much more likely than men to have voted
on a show like “American Idol,” and this is true for M illennial 30+
young and old alike. Among Millennials, those who use
social networking sites such as Facebook or MySpace
are nearly twice as likely as those who do not use social

68.
Chapter 7: Lifestyle 61
networking sites to have cast a vote for a reality TV
Millennials and Guns
contestant (23% vs. 12%).
% saying they have a gun in their home
Nearly 28% of Millennials say they have a gun, rifle
or pistol in their home. They fall slightly below the All 34
general population in gun ownership (34% of all
adults say they own at least one gun). Baby Boomers
M illennial 28
are more likely than any other age group to own a
gun—42% of Boomers have a gun, compared with Gen X 31
31% of Gen Xers and 32% of Silents. Men are more Boomer 42
likely than women to own a gun, and Republicans
Silent 32
are much more likely than Democrats to do so. This
is true among Millennials as well as those ages 30
and older.
Gay Friends and Family Members
Millennials are different from members of other generations when it comes to their experience with and
exposure to gay people. More than half of Millennials (54%) say they have a close friend or family member who
is gay. That compares with 46% of Gen Xers, 44% of Boomers and 26% of members of the Silent generation.
Millennials are more likely to favor gay marriage than are members of other generations. And for Millennials,
having a close friend or family member who is gay is
strongly linked to support for legalizing gay marriage.
When Gay Marriage Gets Personal
Among those ages 18-29 who have a gay friend or
% who…
relative, nearly two-thirds (65%) favor allowing gay and
lesbian couples to marry, while 23% are opposed to Favor gay marriage
Oppose gay marriage
this. For those ages 30 and older, the correlation is not
65
as strong. Roughly half of those over the age of 29
(51%) who have a gay friend or relative favor gay 51
marriage, while 40% oppose it. 40
Among Millennials, women are much more likely than 23
men to say they have a close friend or family member
who is gay (63% vs. 45%). The gender gap among those
ages 30 and older is not nearly as wide. Party
identification and education are also correlated with
Under 30 and have a 30 + and have a gay
knowing someone who is gay, and this is true for both gay friend or family friend or family
young and old. Democrats as well as those who have member member
attended or graduated from college are much more
likely than Republicans and those who have not gone to
college to have a gay family member or close friend.

70.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 63
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement
In the 2008 presidential election, Millennials made a big splash. They supported Barack Obama over John
McCain by a lopsided margin of 66% to 32% while voters ages 30 and older were dividing their votes almost
evenly (Obama 50%; McCain 48%).27 This was the largest disparity between younger and older voters recorded
in four decades of modern exit polling. Moreover, after decades of low voter participation by the young, the
turnout gap in 2008 between voters under and over the age of 30 was the smallest it had been in any election
since 18- to 20-year-olds were given the right to vote in 1972.
Even before Millennial voters lent such strong support to Obama, their partisan leanings had already become
clear. In both the 2004 and 2006 elections, a significantly greater share of young adults than older adults voted
Democratic. By 2008, the Democratic Party’s advantage in party affiliation among young voters, including those
who “lean” to a party, had reached a whopping 62% to 30%—larger than for any other age group.
Yet since 2008, both the partisan leanings and political activism of Millennials have ratcheted down. In recent
elections in Virginia, New Jersey and Massachusetts, turnout among young voters was notably low (both in
absolute terms and relative to the turnout of older voters). By the end of 2009, the Democratic Party’s
advantage among Millennials had been cut by more than half, to a still sizable but much narrower 54% to 40%
edge over the GOP. In addition, Millennials today are evenly split on whether or not Obama has changed the
way Washington works, and his job approval rating among them has fallen considerably, just as it has among
older adults.
To be sure, Millennials remain significantly more
liberal than members of other generations. This is Millennials Are More Pro-Government
reflected not just in their partisan identification and % identifying with statement closest to their view
voting patterns, but also in their overall views Government should do more to solve problems
about the role of government and about a range of Government is doing too many things better
social and national security issues. More than half left to businesses and individuals
of Millennials (53%) say government should do
M illennial (18-29) 53 42
more to solve problems, while 42% say
government is doing too many things better left to Gen X (30-45) 45 47
businesses and individuals. Support for an activist
government is not as strong among other Boomer (46-64) 43 50
generations of Americans. 39 47
Silent (65+)
The distinctiveness of members of the Millennial
Note: “Don’t know/Refused”responses not shown.
generation is particularly evident in their social
values, where they stand out for their acceptance
of homosexuality, interracial dating, expanded
roles for women and immigrants. At the same time, however, their views are not particularly distinctive in
other areas, such as attitudes about business and the social safety net.
27
See National Exit Poll results as published by CNN (http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls.main/).

71.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 64
In their civic engagement, Millennials present a mixed picture. On some measures, such as volunteering or
boycotting a product or service, Millennials match their elders. On other measures, such as frequency of voting,
Millennials lag behind other generations. It is true that Millennials narrowed the age gap in voter turnout in
2004 and 2008. But the relatively low turnout of Millennials in more recent elections raises questions about the
durability of that change. Moreover, even though Millennials made extensive use of social media in the 2008
campaign, it is too early to judge the long-term impact of these technologies on their level of engagement.
This chapter draws on data from a number of sources, including the January 2010 survey of Millennials, as well
as regular political surveys conducted by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press and the Center’s
ongoing study of political values that began in 1987. Some of the material in this chapter was recently published
in “Democrats’ Edge among Millennials Slips: A Pro-Government, Socially Liberal Generation,” the Pew
Research Center for the People & the Press’s report on the political values and partisanship of the Millennials.
About the Values Surveys
For more than two decades, the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press’s ongoing political values
surveys have tracked a broad range of beliefs and values that shape public opinion and ultimately influence
voting behavior. The study has been conducted 14 times since 1987 and asks respondents whether they agree
or disagree with a series of approximately 80 statements covering core beliefs about government, business,
religion and several other topics. The most recent study in the series was conducted March 31-April 21, 2009,
with a nationwide sample of 3,013.
To get a clearer sense of the broad trends in each of several different kinds of attitudes and values, related
questions in each substantive area were combined into a summary index. Respondents were sorted into
generations (also referred to as cohorts) according to their age at the time of the interview. Index scores for
each generation of respondents are then presented graphically. Each line on the graph follows one cohort
through the series of surveys. The Millennial cohort first appears in the 2003 survey, when enough interviews
with adult members of that group were available for reliable reporting. Millennials in 2009, who ranged in age
from 18 to 28, can usefully be compared with Gen X in 1994, when that cohort was roughly the same age.
This allows a comparison of two cohorts at the same point in their own life cycles, though the circumstances
of the political world in 1994 and 2009 were very different.
Portions of this chapter are also available in a report by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press
entitled “Democrats' Edge among Millennials Slips: A Pro-Government, Socially Liberal Generation.”

72.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 65
Views of Obama and Change in Washington
During the 2008 presidential campaign,
candidate Obama said again and again that if Public Split on Whether Obama Has Changed
the Way Things Work in Washington
elected president he would change the way
Since Barack Obama has been in office, do you
things work in Washington. According to the think the way things work in Washington (%) …
current Millennials survey, the public is split on
Has changed Has not changed
whether or not Obama’s election has
accomplished this overarching goal—47% say
All 47 47
Obama’s arrival in Washington has changed the
way it works, while 47% say things have not
changed.
Even though Millennials were among Obama’s M illennial 46 48
biggest supporters in the 2008 election, today
they are just as split as the general public on Gen X 51 43
Obama’s impact on Washington. Some 46% say
Boomer 41 52
yes, things have changed, but nearly half (48%)
say no, the way Washington works has not
Silent 49 43
changed. Other generations are also split on
whether the way Washington works has Note: “Don’t know/Refused” responses not shown.
changed. Obama voters, whether young or old,
see more change in Washington than those who
did not vote for him.
When asked why Obama has failed to change Washington, six-in-ten (60%) survey respondents who see no
change say it is because opponents and special interests have prevented change. One-quarter (25%) place the
blame on Obama; they say that he has not really tried to change things. As is the case with older age groups,
more Millennials (56%) who see no change in Washington blame opponents and special interests for this, rather
than Obama (30%).

73.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 66
Obama’s Job Approval Rating
President Obama’s job approval rating has fallen substantially in the past year across all age groups, Millennials
included. In Pew Research’s February 2010
survey, 57% of Millennials approved of the Obama Job Rating among Millennials
way Obama was handling his job as president, Still Positive, Less Glowing
down from 73% in February 2009. % who approve of Obama’s job peformance
Moreover, Millennials have become much
Silent Boomer GenX M illennial
more critical of Obama’s handling of several
major issues, especially the war in 80
Afghanistan. In January, Millennials were the 73
only age group in which more disapproved 63
than approved of Obama’s handling of the 62
situation in Afghanistan. 55 57
49
Even as Millennials have grown more critical
of some of Obama’s major policies—and his 39
job approval among them has fallen—he
remains personally very popular with young 30
Feb June Sept Feb
people. 2009 2010
In November, 75% of Millennials said they Source: Pew Research Center surveys
had a favorable impression of Obama, which
was virtually unchanged from January 2009. Meantime, Obama’s personal favorable ratings fell by double digits
among older age groups, including by 25 points among members of the Silent generation. Over this period, the
share of Millennials expressing unfavorable opinions of Obama remained relatively stable (19% in November).
Negative opinions of Obama in
older age groups have increased Obama Still Personally Popular with Millennials
Favorability of Barack Obama
markedly: Among Baby Boomers,
32% expressed an unfavorable Jan 2009 April 2009 Nov 2009 Jan-Nov
Un- Un- Un- change
opinion of Obama in November, Fav fav Fav fav Fav fav in fav
up from 13% in January. Among
% % % % %
the Silent generation, 38% Total 79 15 73 24 65 30 -14
viewed Obama unfavorably in Millennial 73 23 82 16 75 19 +2
November, compared with just Gen X 79 14 75 23 69 27 -10
Boomer 82 13 69 28 63 32 -19
8% less than a year earlier. Silent 81 8 66 29 56 38 -25
Note: “Never heard of/Can’t rate/Refused” responses not shown.
Source: Pew Research Center surveys

74.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 67
Political Party Identification—A Declining Democratic Advantage among Millennials
As Millennials have arrived on the political scene, they have consistently identified more with the Democratic
Party than the Republican Party. Interviews with more than 18,000 registered voters nationwide in 2009 found
an average of 37% of Millennial voters identifying as Democrats and 22% as Republicans. A substantial share of
Millennials called themselves independent (38%), while the rest mentioned another party or did not state a
preference.
The 2009 Democratic advantage was even larger when the partisan leaning of independents is taken into
account. An additional 20% of Millennial voters said they leaned toward the Democratic Party, 13% toward the
Republican Party and 8% did not lean either way. When these leaners are combined with partisans, 57% of
Millennial voters identified with or leaned toward the Democratic Party; only 35% identified with or leaned
toward the Republican Party.
The Democratic advantage among Millennials peaked in 2008 when 62% favored the Democrats and only 30%
the Republicans. From 2003 to 2007, the Democrats held an advantage of 11 to 21 points in leaned party
identification among Millennials.
The partisan leanings of the Millennial generation have consistently stood apart from older generations. On
average in 2009, the Democrats held a 22-point edge over Republicans in leaned party identification among
Millennial voters. This compares with more modest advantages among voters in Gen X (50% to 41%) and in the
Baby Boom (50% to 40%) and Silent generations (49% to 41%). In 2003, the balance of Republican and
Democratic identification was virtually even among all three older generations, while Millennials favored the
Democrats by 50% to 39%.
Leaned Party Identification by Generation: 1990-2009
Greatest <1928 Silent 1928-1945 Boomer 1946-64 GenX 1965-80 M illennial 1981+
65
55
45 50 62 57
35
65
62
Democrat/Lean Democratic Republican/Lean Republican
57
50
45
39
35
30
25
1990 1997 2003 2009 1990 1997 2003 2009
Note: Based on registered voters. Data points represent annual totals based on all Pew surveys of the general public conducted
in each calendar year.
Source: Pew Research Center surveys

75.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 68
Republican Gains in 2009
Between the 2004 and 2008 presidential
Changes in Party Identification in 2009
election years, the Democratic Party by Generation
opened a substantial advantage nationwide % who approve of Obama’s job peformance
in party identification. In 2004, Democrats
Dem
held a slim 47% to 44% advantage in Dem/lean Dem Rep/lean Rep
adv N
leaned party identification among All registered voters
registered voters. By 2008, this lead had Jan-M ar 53 38 + 15 3473
expanded to 51% to 39%. April-June 52 37 +15 5423
July-Sept 49 41 +8 5426
But the Democrats’ advantage peaked in
Oct-Dec 49 42 +7 4147
2008 and early 2009, and it has decreased
over the past year. In the first quarter of
Millennial (1981+)
2009, 53% of registered voters identified
Jan-M ar 60 31 + 29 330
with or leaned to the Democratic Party,
April-June 58 31 +27 491
compared with 38% who identified with or
leaned to the Republican Party. But in the July-Sept 56 A 37 +19 485
final quarter, Democrats had only a 49% to Oct-Dec 54 40
+14 352
42% advantage over Republicans among
voters. GenX (1965-80)
Jan-M ar 51 41 + 10 743
This overall shift has taken place within
April-June 53 37 +16 1100
most age groups. The share of Millennial
July-Sept 46
A 44 +2 1063
voters who identified or leaned Democratic
Oct-Dec 50 41 +9 824
fell from 60% at the beginning of 2009 to
54% at the end of the year, while the share
who identified or leaned Republican rose Boomer (1946-64)
from 31% to 40%. While the Democratic Jan-M ar 52 39 + 13 1397
Party still maintained an advantage among April-June 51 38 +13 2234
Millennials at the end of 2009, the margin July-Sept 49 39 +10 2208
A
had shrunk substantially. Oct-Dec 47 44 +3 1698
Democrats also enjoyed a double-digit
advantage among voters in the other Silent (1928-1945)
Jan-M ar 54 38 + 16 783
generations at the start of the 2009. But as
April-June 48 40 +8 1256
the year came to a close, the Democratic
Party’s edge among Boomers and those in July-Sept 48 42 +6 1367
the Silent generation had all but Oct-Dec 46 44 +2 1014
disappeared. Leaned party affiliation among
Source: Pew Research Center surveys
Generation X ended the year much as it
started, with a modest Democratic
advantage.

76.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 69
Younger Voters over Time
The Millennial generation is more Democratic in Party Identification over Time
their party affiliation than Gen Xers when they % of those in each generation who say they are…
were young but are not substantially more
1956* 1974* 1994 2008
Democratic than young Boomers or members of
% % % %
the Silent generation at comparable points in Republican 35 22 33 28
time. To understand how each of the generations Millennial (1981+) -- -- -- 22
GenX (1965-80) -- -- 34 29
identified politically when they were young, Boomer (1946-64) -- 17 34 29
selected years were chosen where the members Silent (1928-1945) 28 23 31 31
Greatest (1910-1927) 30 26 33 --
of each generation were about the same age as
Millennials are today. These years also align with Democrat 44 44 33 38
Millennial (1981+) -- -- -- 41
key presidential or midterm elections that may GenX (1965-80) -- -- 30 36
have helped shape the political views each of the Boomer (1946-64) -- 47 30 37
Silent (1928-1945) 45 46 36 38
respective generations. Greatest (1910-1927) 47 51 39 --
In 2008, at the height of the Democratic Party’s Independent 21 31 30 29
Millennial (1981+) -- -- -- 32
advantage, 41% of Millennial voters identified GenX (1965-80) -- -- 34 31
with the Democratic Party, while only 22% Boomer (1946-64) -- 35 34 29
Silent (1928-1945) 26 29 28 25
identified with the GOP. By comparison, Greatest (1910-1927) 22 22 22 --
Republicans had a slight advantage over
Note: Based on registered voters. “Other party” and “Don’t
Democrats among Gen Xers when they were know/Refused” responses not shown.
Source: *1956 and 1974 data based on surveys conducted by the
roughly the same age as Millennials are today. In Gallup organization and provided by the Roper Center. 1994 and
2008 based on Pew Research Center surveys.
1994, a strongly Republican year, 34% of voters
in Gen X said they were Republicans and 30% said they were Democrats. In recent years, Gen Xers have
become more Democratic, along with the public as a whole.
When Boomers and members of the Silent generation were the same ages as Millennials are today, they also
identified more with the Democratic Party than the Republican Party. In 1974—a year in which a Republican
president resigned from office—nearly half of Boomer voters (47%) identified with the Democratic Party and
just 17% identified with the Republican Party. At that time, older generations also were more Democratic in
their party affiliation. In 1956, a better time for the Republican Party, 45% of voters of the Silent generation
identified as Democratic, compared with 28% who identified with the Republican Party. The Greatest
generation, whose formative experiences included the Great Depression, the presidency of Franklin D.
Roosevelt and the Second World War, remained more Democratic in affiliation than other cohorts throughout
much of the second half of the 20th century, even though they—along with the rest of the populace—had
become more Republican by 1994.28
28
Many of the cohort analyses in this chapter separate members of the Greatest generation (born 1910-1927) from the Silent generation (born
1928-1945). With the exception of Chapter 9, most of the other analysis in this report, including all discussions of the January 2010 survey,
does not separate the Silent and Greatest generations because it deals with relatively recent data, in which the number of respondents from the
Greatest generation is too small to tabulate separately.

77.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 70
Political and Social Values
Millennials are far more likely than older people to describe themselves as liberals. In the fourth quarter of
2009, as many Millennial voters identified themselves as liberals (29%) as conservatives (28%), while 40% said
they are moderates. In every other age group, far more voters described their views as conservative than liberal.
Among voters in Gen X, 38% described their political views as moderate and 38% said they were conservative;
only 20% described themselves as liberal.
More Baby Boomers and members of the Silent generation described their political views as conservative than
moderate; 43% of Baby Boomer voters said they are conservative, 36% described themselves as moderate and
only 18% said they are liberal. Similarly, 45% of voters in the Silent generation described their views as
conservative, 35% as moderate and 15% as liberal.29
Self-Reported Ideology by Generation: 1997-2009
50
40 Silent 1928-1945
30
20 Boomer 1946-64 GenX 1965-80 M illennial 1981+
10
50
Liberal Conservative
45
43
40
38
30
29
28
20
20
18
15
10
1997 2003 2009 1997 2003 2009
Note: Based on registered voters.
Source: Pew Research Center surveys
29
Self-reported ideology trend results are based on annual averages among registered voters from Pew Research Center surveys. While slightly
different, the January 2010 Pew Research Center survey reports that among Millennial registered voters, 29% say their political views are
liberal, 34% say they are moderates and 32% are conservative. For a complete tabulation by generation, see the survey topline in the Appendix.

78.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 71
Millennials are significantly less critical of Scope of Government Index
government on a number of dimensions than are
Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
other age cohorts. This tendency has been seen on a
variety of individual survey questions as well as on a Government is generally
effective, pro-regulation
three-question index of items from the political
values survey; this index covers opinions about
government’s effectiveness, government regulation
of business and whether the government has too
much control over people’s lives.
The public’s attitudes about the role of government
have fluctuated over the years in response to political Government is ineffective,
events and in reaction to the leadership at the time. anti-regulation
For example, support for an active government 87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
reached a low point in 1994, the year of sweeping Source: Pew Research Center surveys
Republican victories in the congressional elections
that fall. And support fell again in 2007 as much of the public lost faith in the Bush administration.
Baby Boomers were more supportive of active government than the Silent generation through much of the
period covered by the survey, but in 2007 and 2009 the views of these two cohorts converged. Generation X has
been more supportive than the Boomers throughout the period, a result at odds with the fact that this generation
has been somewhat more Republican than other cohorts throughout much of its existence. The Millennials are
more supportive of government than is Gen X, but they are currently no more supportive than Gen X was in
2002, a few months after the 9/11 attacks.
One key indicator in this series explores the public’s
When Something Is Run by the
views about government efficiency. Majorities of the
Government, It Is Usually Inefficient and
public since 1987 have agreed with a statement that Wasteful
asserts that the government is often wasteful and % who agree
inefficient, though the size of that majority has varied
Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
substantially over the period. Since their appearance
in the Pew Research Center values surveys in 2003, 80
Millennials have been less likely than other age
cohorts to agree with that statement. In 2009, just
60
42% did so, compared with 55% for Generation X,
66% for Baby Boomers and 62% for the Silent
generation. 40
20
87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
Source: Pew Research Center surveys

79.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 72
In 1994, when Generation X spanned roughly
Among Millennials, Women and Minorities Most
the same ages (18 to 28) as the adult Pro-Government
Millennials last year, 55% of that cohort % identifying with statement closest to their view
agreed that government was wasteful and
Government should do more to solve problems
inefficient, considerably greater than the
share of Millennials who said that last year Government is doing too many things better
left to businesses and individuals
(42%). It is unclear whether Millennials will
continue to be less critical of government All M illennials 53 42
going forward, especially because overall
anti-government sentiment is considerably
18-24 55 40
lower now than in 1993. But, compared with
older cohorts, Gen Xers have remained less 25-29 50 44
opposed to active government for more than
a decade, suggesting that these attitudes,
M en 46 47
once formed, tend to persist, at least in
comparison with other age cohorts. Women 59 36
Views of the role of government are not the
same across all Millennials. Nearly two-thirds Whites 47 49
(64%) of Hispanics and 61% of blacks say Blacks 61 25
government should do more to solve
Hispanics 64 35
problems. In contrast, less than half (47%) of
white Millennials say the same. Young
women are more likely than young men to College 50 46
say government should do more—59% vs.
No college 55 37
46%. Millennial college graduates, current
college students and those with some college
Note: Based on adults ages 18-29. “Don’t know/Refused” responses
experience are more likely than Millennials not shown.
with no college experience to say that
government does too much —46% vs. 37%.

80.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 73
Millennials Socially Liberal
Not only are Millennials more likely than other
Social Conservatism Index
generations to say they are politically liberal, but they
stand out as significantly more liberal than other Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
generations in terms of social values. On an index Conservative views on family,
composed of questions about family, homosexuality homosexuality, civil liberties
and gender roles, members of Generation X are
somewhat more conservative than Millennials but are
more similar to them on social values than are the
two older generations.
Baby Boomers are slightly more conservative than
Gen X and have become less conservative since first
Liberal views on family,
being polled in 1987. The most conservative group is
homosexuality, civil liberties
the Silent generation. Even though they have become
87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
slightly more progressive in their views over time,
Source: Pew Research Center surveys
they continue to hold much more traditional social
values than other age groups.
In the 2009 survey, 82% of the Silent generation agreed that they have “old-fashioned values about family and
marriage.” By contrast, 61% of Millennials agreed. Members of Generation X in 2009 were only slightly more
likely than Millennials to agree with the statement
(67% did so). But in 1994, when members of Gen X I Have Old-Fashioned Values about
Family and Marriage
were about the same ages as the Millennials were in
% who agree
2009, 77% of Gen X agreed.
Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
One of the underlying factors in the strong
generational pattern in social values is religion. 100
Younger cohorts are less likely than older ones to
express strong religious sentiment and are more apt 80
to be religiously unaffiliated (for an extensive analysis
of generational differences in religion, see Chapter
60
9). On an index of three questions measuring
traditional religious values, Millennials register as less
religious than other generations. 40
87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
Source: Pew Research Center surveys

81.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 74
Views of Business
Millennials’ views of business are not substantially Business Attitudes Index
different from those of older generations. On a three-
Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
question index of attitudes about business power and
profits, Millennials’ opinions mirror those of Gen Businesses make fair profits
Xers and members of the Silent generation and are and are not too powerful
slightly less critical of business than are the views of
Baby Boomers. Millennials are no more likely than
other cohorts to say that big companies have too
much power, and Millennials are nearly as likely as
other cohorts to agree that the country’s strength is
mostly built on the success of American business.
Businesses make too much
On one question, Millennials appear more supportive
profit and have too much power
of business than their elders. A higher percentage of
87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
Millennials than other cohorts agrees that “business
Source: Pew Research Center surveys
corporations generally strike a fair balance between
making profits and serving the public interest.”
Among Millennials, 44% agree, compared with 35%
each for Gen X and Boomers, and 32% for the Silent Business Corporations Generally Strike a
generation. Throughout much of their early Fair Balance between Making Profits and
adulthood, members of Generation X had also been Serving the Public Interest
% who agree
more pro-business on this measure; in 2009, their
views converged with those of the two older cohorts. Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
80
60
40
20
87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
Source: Pew Research Center surveys

82.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 75
Which Has More Influence: Government or Business?
Millennials are more supportive of activist government than other generations, yet are not much different in
their attitudes about business compared to other generations. Which do Millennials think has more influence
over their lives? In answer to this question, Millennials are evenly split. Four-in-ten (40%) say government has
more influence over their lives, while 42% say business corporations do. The remainder say both or have no
opinion.
Like Millennials, Gen Xers are split The Influence of Government and Business
Which of these do you think has the most influence over
about the influence of government and
how you live your life these days?
business corporations on their lives—
Government Business Corporations
39% identify government as having the
Both (vol.) Don't know (vol.)
biggest role, and 41% identify business
corporations. M illennial 40 42 10 8
Among older generations, views about
which has more influence are somewhat Gen X 39 41 7 13
different from those of Millennials and
Gen Xers. Baby Boomers are slightly
more likely to point to government as Boomer 42 35 10 13
having a greater influence than business
corporations over their lives—42% vs. Silent 48 18 12 22
35%. And among members of the Silent
generation, more than twice as many say
the government has more influence on Source: January 2010 Pew Research Center survey
how they live their lives than business
corporations—48% vs. 18%.

83.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 76
Social Safety Net
While Millennials are less skeptical than older age
Social Safety Net Index
groups about the effectiveness of government, they
are not particularly supportive of an expanded Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
government social safety net. In the 2009 survey,
Government has a responsibility
those younger than 30 were no more likely than Baby to help those in need
Boomers—and only somewhat more likely than the
Silent generation—to favor an activist role for
government in helping the poor on a three-question
social safety net index.
Since 2007, there has been a decline in the overall
proportion favoring more generous assistance for the
poor, a downturn that was true for Millennials as It is not the government's
well as for older groups. In 2009, for instance, 51% role to guarantee a safety
of Millennials agreed that “the government should 87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
help more needy people even if it means going Source: Pew Research Center surveys
deeper in debt”; two years earlier, 59% of Millennials
agreed with that statement.
The Government Should Help More Needy
The decline was equally large among Gen Xers (from People Even if It Means Going Deeper in
Debt
55% in 2007 to 45% in 2009). On this measure,
% who agree
Millennials’ views came closest to those of Baby
Boomers, with Gen Xers and members of the Silent Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
generation less supportive of the government 80
providing more aid for the needy if it means incurring
more debt.
60
40
20
87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
Source: Pew Research Center surveys

84.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 77
Equal Rights
The Millennial generation is somewhat more
supportive of efforts to ensure equal rights than are Equal Opportunity Index
members of older age groups, though it not clear that Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
this difference is truly a generational one. Differences
Ensure equal opportunity, even
among the three older cohorts on this measure have if preferential treatment
narrowed over time. On an index of three questions
measuring support for ensuring equal rights and
opportunities, Millennials have been more in favor
than other age groups in each survey since 2003.
In the early 1990s, members of Generation X were at
least as supportive as the Millennials are now. Gen X
Too far on equal rights,
was distinct from older cohorts in those earlier years,
oppose preferential treatment
but differences among the older three cohorts have
87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
vanished.
Source: Pew Research Center surveys
The largest percentage difference between Millennials
and other cohorts in the area of equal rights is on a
question about improving the position of blacks and
other minorities “even if it means giving them Affirmative Action
preferential treatment.” Among Millennials in 2009, % who agree “We should make every possible
45% agreed that this should be done, a much higher effort to improve the position of blacks and other
minorities, even if it means giving them
level of support than among Gen Xers (30%), preferential treatment”
Boomers (27%) or the Silent generation (25%). But
support for such efforts among Millennials has Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
fluctuated over time as more members of the cohort 70
have reached adulthood, with 53% supporting them
in 2003 and fully 62% doing so in 2007. Among
50
members of Generation X in 1993, 45% supported
making efforts to improve the position of blacks and
other minorities, even with preferential treatment, 30
the same share as among the Millennials today.
10
87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
Source: Pew Research Center surveys

85.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 78
Another question that looks at attitudes about race, I Think It’s All Right for Blacks and Whites
but is not included in the equal opportunity index, to Date Each Other
concerns interracial dating. This question shows a % who agree
strong increase in approval over time within all age
Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
cohorts, as well as large and persistent differences
among cohorts. In the 2009 survey, 93% of 100
Millennials agreed that it was OK for blacks and
whites to date. Among Gen Xers and Boomers, 86% 80
and 83%, respectively, agreed. Among the members
of the Silent generation, just 68% were supportive of
blacks and whites dating. Members of all three older 60
cohorts have all grown much more accepting of
interracial dating over the past two decades. 40
87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
National Security
Source: Pew Research Center surveys
In 2009, young people expressed less support for an
assertive national security policy than did older
people. The young were less supportive of remaining in Iraq and Afghanistan and less likely to say that the best
way to achieve peace is through military strength. But the relationships among age, generation and attitudes
about national security are complex and defy easy
generalization. National Security Index
Generational differences are evident from an index of Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
three values questions about national security policy.
Assertive approach to
Members of the Silent generation tend to be more national security
supportive of an assertive approach to national
security, compared with members of other cohorts.
At times, Baby Boomers have been more hawkish
than the two younger generations, though often the
differences among the cohorts have been quite small.
The Millennials appear distinctively less hawkish in
2009, but that was not the case in 2007 or 2003.
Less assertive approach
to national security
87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
Source: Pew Research Center surveys

86.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 79
One of the key questions driving the pattern in the The Best Way to Ensure Peace Is Through
index asks people to agree or disagree with the Military Strength
statement that “the best way to achieve peace is % who agree
through military strength.” With only a few
Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
exceptions, Generation X has been significantly less
likely than the two older cohorts to agree with this 80
statement. The Millennials first appeared in the 2003
survey, when 47% agreed. That was close to the 45% 60
among Gen Xers who agreed and lower than the 55%
of Boomers and 60% of the Silent generation who did
so. In 2009, just 38% of Millennials agreed that peace 40
is best achieved through military strength.
20
Another dimension of attitudes about foreign affairs
87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
relates to immigration. Pew Research Center surveys
in the past few years have found younger people Source: Pew Research Center surveys
more tolerant of immigrants than are older people.
Especially in 2007 and 2009, older cohorts were
more apt to say immigrants have a negative impact on The Growing Number of Newcomers from
American customs and values. Millennials were not Other Countries Threaten Traditional
American Customs and Values
particularly different from members of Gen X in
% who agree
either 2003 or 2007, but stood out as much more
accepting of immigrants in 2009. Another question Silent Boomer GenX Millennial
with a large age difference in 2009 found Millennials 80
much less supportive of further restrictions on
immigration than were other cohorts. Still, a 59%
60
majority of Millennials said the U.S. should restrict
and control immigrants more than it does now; at
least 76% of each of the older cohorts agreed. 40
20
87 88 90 92 94 97 99 02 03 07 09
Source: Pew Research Center surveys

87.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 80
Political and Civic Engagement among Millennials
From voting to volunteering to contacting
Measures of Political and Civic Engagement
their local government officials, citizens
have many ways to get involved in their • Regular voting
communities. Over the past 10 years, • Voter turnout
Millennials have matched other adults in In the past 12 months:
some civic engagement activities, such as • Spent time participating in any community service or
volunteer activity
volunteering and consumer activism, but • Contacted a government official in person, by phone
have lagged in others, such as voting and or by letter
• Contacted a government official by sending an email
contacting public officials.30 or posting a message on the official’s website or social
networking page
In the 2010 Millennials survey, respondents • Signed a petition online
were asked about their participation in eight • Signed a paper petition
• Bought a certain product or service because you like
different civic engagement activities, the social or political values of the company that
including how often they vote, whether provides it (buycotted)
• Decided NOT to buy a product or service because you
they volunteer, whether they contacted a disagree with the social or political values of the
government official, whether they signed company that provides it (boycotted)
any petitions, and whether they bought
products or refused to buy products because of the social and political values of a company.31
Political Engagement
Younger Americans traditionally lag behind older Americans in their attention to politics and voting
participation and in other forms of political activity. The Millennials today are no exception to this pattern.
However, the presidential elections of 2004 and 2008 produced a significant uptick in voter turnout among
young people, reducing the gap in turnout between younger and older Americans. It is unclear whether this
pattern reflects a generational change or is mostly a result of circumstances unique to the highly polarized
elections of recent times.
30
See Mark Hugo Lopez, Peter Levine, Deborah Both, Abby Kiesa, Emily Kirby and Karlo Marcelo, “The 2006 Civic and Political Health of the
Nation: A Detailed Look at How Youth Participate in Politics and Communities,” Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and
Engagement, October 2006.
31
While this is a long list of civic engagement activities, it is by no means exhaustive. For a more complete list of civic engagement activities,
see A New Engagement? Political Participation, Civic Life, and the Changing American Citizen by Cliff Zukin, Scott Keeter, Molly Andolina,
Krista Jenkins, and Michael X. Delli Carpini (Oxford University Press, 2006).

88.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 81
The percentage of young adults who Voter Turnout in Presidential Election Years
turned out to vote jumped from
18-29 30+
40% in the 2000 election to 49% in
2004, while turnout among older 70 71 71 72
69 68 67
adults rose only 3 percentage 67 65
64
points, to 68%. Turnout among the
young rose again in 2008, to 51%,
55
while among those 30 and older, 49 48 49 52
49 51
turnout was virtually unchanged, at 44
40 40
67%. Looking across the 36 years
Size of age gap:
for which reliable estimates of 15 18 23 22 25 20 24 25 19 16
turnout by age are available, the gap
in turnout percentage between
1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
older and younger people has not
been as small since 1972, the first
Source: Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement
year that 18-year-olds were (CIRCLE) tabulations from the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey,
November Supplements.
guaranteed the right to vote.
The higher youth turnout in 2004
and 2008 may have been the product of many things, including highly charged campaigns, polarization over the
president and two wars, and significant efforts on the part of the parties, campaigns and nonprofit organizations
to mobilize young voters. The higher turnout also might signal an increased engagement that is generational in
nature but that is difficult to prove at this point. Indeed, elections held since 2008 throw some cold water on the
notion of a permanently engaged young cohort.
The 2009 gubernatorial elections in New Jersey and Virginia were marked by low turnout among young voters.
According to the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) at Tufts
University, just one-in-ten (10%) Virginia voters
in last year’s gubernatorial election were under
Millennials Less Likely to Be Regular Voters
30. In contrast, the share of Virginia voters in
% of registered voters who say they “always” or
November 2008 who were ages 18 to 29 was “almost always” vote
more than twice as large—21%. In New Jersey,
fewer than one-in-ten (9%) voters in last year’s M illennial 69
gubernatorial election were under 30, down
Gen X 85
from 17% in November 2008. Similarly,
estimates of the number of young people who
Boomer 89
voted in the Massachusetts special election for the
U.S. Senate in January 2010 were also quite low. Silent 91
According to a Washington Post-Kaiser
Foundation-Harvard University special election Note: Based on registered voters.
poll, 13% of voters in the special election were

89.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 82
under age 30, down from 17% of voters in
Regular Voters among Millennials
November 2008.
% of registered voters who say they “always” or
Another way to assess the level of political “almost always” vote
engagement among registered voters is to ask them All M illennials 69
how often they vote. When asked this question in
the 2010 Millennial survey, young people were 18-24 65
least likely of any age group to say they always or 25-29 75
almost always vote. Nearly seven-in-ten (69%)
Millennial registered voters say they always or M en 70
nearly always vote, compared with 85% of Gen X, Women 69
89% of Boomer and 91% of Silent registered
voters.
College 76
One reason young people may be less likely to No college 60
identify themselves as regular voters is that, having
Note: Based on registered voters ages 18-29.
recently turned 18, they have had fewer
opportunities than others to vote. However, even
among Millennials ages 25 to 29, the share saying
they always or nearly always vote (75%) is lower than other generations.
Generations and the 2010 Midterm Elections
Millennials stand out for their support of Democrats in early surveys of voting intentions for the 2010 midterm
elections. In combined data from January and February 2010, 51% of those younger than 30 said they support
the Democratic candidate in their district, while 37% favor the Republican. In no other age group do the
Democrats have a significant lead. In the fall of 2006, Millennials favored the Democratic candidate by 20 points
(53% to 33%).
2010 Midterms: Millennials Favor Democrats
A generational analysis of % who say they will vote for the (Republican/Democratic) candidate for
recent midterms finds Congress in their district
that, as might be 1994 2002 2006 2010
expected, the Silent Rep Dem Rep Dem Rep Dem Rep Dem
generation has become % % % % % % % %
much more Republican All registered voters 45 43 42 46 39 49 43 45
in its voting intentions. Millennial -- -- -- -- 33 53 37 51
Gen X 48 46 43 44 40 46 44 45
In the 2010 surveys, 48% Boomer 48 40 44 45 40 49 42 46
of those in the Silent Silent 43 45 40 48 41 49 48 39
generation support the Note: All surveys of registered voters. Preferences include those who lean toward party’s
candidate. 1994, 2002 election weekend surveys; 2006 surveys from October and election
Republican candidate, weekend; 2010 surveys conducted Jan. 6-10 and Feb. 3-9.
compared with 39% who
back the Democrat. In 2006 and 2002, the Silent generation supported the Democrat, while in the fall of 1994
members of this age cohort were evenly divided (45% Democrat, 43% Republican).

90.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 83
Volunteering
Volunteering for an organization or
helping others without being paid is one Who Volunteers?
% who say they volunteered in the past 12 months
way many Americans are involved in
their communities. Nearly six-in-ten M illennial 57
(57%) Millennials say that they had
volunteered in the past 12 months, Gen X 54
which is no higher than the proportion of
Gen Xers (54%) who said they had done Boomer 52
this. About half of Baby Boomers (52%)
and just 39% of those in the Silent Silent 39
generation say they volunteered in the
past year.32
Expression of Political Voice
There are many ways citizens can express their Expressing Political Voice
point of view in their communities and to their % who say in the past 12 months they…
elected leaders. One way is to sign a petition.
M illennial Gen X Boomer Silent
On this measure of civic engagement,
Millennials are just as likely as other 21
generations to say they had done this in the Signed a petition online 19
21
past year. About two-in-ten (21%) Millennials
10
say they had signed a petition online, a share
equal to that among Gen Xers (19%) and 24
23
Boomers (21%). Signed a paper petition
30
20
Millennials are also just as likely as members of
other generations to say they signed a paper Contacted an official by 17
petition. Nearly one-in-four (24%) Millennials email, or the official's 25
website or social 29
say they had done this in the last year, as did
networking page 13
23% of Gen Xers and 20% of Silents. Boomers
were the most likely to say they had signed a 18
Contacted an official in 22
paper petition in the last year. Three-in-ten
person, by phone or letter 29
(30%) Boomers say they had done this.
22
Another way to express one’s voice is to
contact a government official, either
electronically or in person. Fewer than one-in-
32
Volunteering is a difficult civic engagement activity to measure because measurement depends on survey question framing and context.
According to an analysis of the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey September supplement, the Corporation for National and
Community Service reports a much lower volunteering rate than the current survey (52%). In 2008, 26.4% of Americans say they had
volunteered for an organization in the year prior to the survey (Corporation for National and Community Service, 2009).

91.
Chapter 8: Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement 84
five Millennials (17%) say they contacted a government official by email, or through the official’s website or
social networking site in the past 12 months; that is not much higher than the proportion of Silents (13%) that
have done this. By comparison, 25% of Gen Xers and 29% of Boomers say they contacted a government official
electronically.
When asked if they had contacted a government official in person, by phone or by letter, fewer than one-in-five
(18%) Millennials say they had done so in the past 12 months. Some 22% of Gen Xers and Silents said they had
contacted a government official in person, by phone or by letter, in the last year. Boomers are slightly more
likely to say they have contacted a government official in person, by phone or by letter. Nearly three-in-ten
(29%) say they have done that in the past year.
Political Consumerism
Another way to express one’s voice is through consumer Political Consumerism
activism. This can come in two forms. Consumers can % who say in the past 12 months they…
choose not to buy certain products or services because M illennial Gen X Boomer Silent
they disagree with the social or political values of the
35
company that provides it—in short, they can engage in
34
their own personal boycott. Alternatively, consumers Boycotted
36
can choose to buy the products of a company because
25
they like the social or political values of the company
that provides the product or service. This is called 34
“buycotting.”33 30
Buycotted
27
When asked if they had decided NOT to buy a product
18
or service in the past year because they disagreed with
the social or political values of the company that
provides that product or service, roughly a third of
Millennials (35%), Gen Xers (34%), and Boomers
(36%) say they had boycotted a company in the past year. A smaller share of Silents (25%) said they had done
that in the past year.
The Millennial survey also finds that nearly as many Americans say they had bought a product in the past year
because they agree with the social or political values of a company as said they boycotted a company. About one-
in-three (34%) Millennials said they have buycotted a company in the past 12 months; about as many Gen Xers
(30%) report doing this. Some 27% of Boomers and 18% of Silents say they have buycotted a company in the
past year.
33
Boycotting and buycotting are among the more common forms of political expression among the American public. In a 2006 survey from the
Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE), more than one-in-three (35%) Americans said they had
boycotted and nearly one-in-three (32%) said they had buycotted in the year prior to the survey. See Mark Hugo Lopez, Peter Levine, Deborah
Both, Abby Kiesa, Emily Kirby and Karlo Marcelo, “The 2006 Civic and Political Health of the Nation: A Detailed Look at How Youth
Participate in Politics and Communities.”

92.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 85
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors
By some key measures, Americans ages 18 to 29 are considerably less religious than older Americans. Fewer
young adults belong to any particular faith than older people do today. They also are less likely to be affiliated
than their parents’ and grandparents’ generations were when they were young. Fully one-in-four members of
the Millennial generation are
unaffiliated with any particular faith. Young People Less Religiously Affiliated
Millennials are also more unaffiliated % unaffiliated with a religion, by generation
than members of Gen Xers were at a
comparable point in their life cycle
(20% in the late 1990s) and twice as
unaffiliated as Baby Boomers were as
young adults (13% in the late 1970s).
Young adults also attend religious
services less often than older
Americans today. And compared
with their elders today, fewer young
people say that religion is very
important in their lives.
Yet in other ways, Millennials remain
fairly traditional in their religious
beliefs and practices. Pew Research
Source: General Social Surveys
Center surveys show, for instance, Question wording: What is your religious preference? Is it Protestant,
Catholic, Jewish, some other religion or no religion?
that young adults’ beliefs about life
after death and the existence of
heaven, hell and miracles closely
resemble the beliefs of older people today. Though young adults pray less often than their elders do today, the
number of young adults who say they pray every Daily Prayer Among Young Adults, by Decade
day rivals the portion of young people who said Among adults ages 18-29 in the…
the same in prior decades. And though belief in 1980s 1990s 2000s
God is lower among young adults than among Pray daily 41 40 45
older adults, Millennials say they believe in God Pray less often 59 60 55
100 100 100
with absolute certainty at rates similar to those
N 2,130 1,224 1,679
seen among Gen Xers a decade ago. This suggests
that some of the religious differences between
Source: General Social Surveys
younger and older Americans today are not Question wording: About how often do you pray? [RESPONSE
entirely generational but result in part from CATEGORIES INCLUDE: Several times a day, once a day, several
times a week, once a week, less than once a week, never.]
people’s tendency to place greater emphasis on
religion as they age.

93.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 86
In their social and political views, young adults
are clearly more accepting than older Americans A Note on Sources and Methods
of homosexuality, more inclined to see evolution This chapter is based on data from a variety of sources,
as the best explanation of human life and less including Pew Research Center surveys, which are used
prone to see Hollywood as threatening their primarily to compare young adults with older adults
moral values. At the same time, Millennials are today. General Social Surveys and Gallup surveys are
used primarily for cohort analyses, which compare
no less convinced than their elders that there are
young adults today with previous generations when they
absolute standards of right and wrong. And they were in their 20s and early 30s. While the surveys
are slightly more supportive than their elders of explore similar topics, exact question wording and
government efforts to protect morality, as well results vary from survey to survey.
as somewhat more comfortable with involvement
Present-day comparisons are made between adults ages
in politics by churches and other houses of
18-29 and those 30 and older. By contrast, the cohort
worship. analyses define generations based on respondents’ year
of birth. There is significant—but not complete—
These and other findings are discussed in more
overlap between the two approaches. That is, in the
detail in the remainder of this report by the Pew present-day analyses, depending on the year of the
Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public survey being analyzed, some in the 18-29 age group are
Life. It explores the degree to which the religious actually young members of Generation X (defined here
characteristics and social views of young adults as those born from 1965 to 1980) and not true members
of the Millennial Generation (defined here as those born
differ from those of older people today, as well as
after 1980).
how Millennials compare with previous
generations when they were young. This chapter is also available on the Pew Forum on
Religion & Public Life’s website as a report titled
Religious Affiliation “Religion Among the Millennials.”
Compared with their elders today, young people
are much less likely to affiliate with any religious tradition or to identify themselves as part of a Christian
denomination. Fully one-in-four adults under age 30 (25%) are unaffiliated, describing their religion as “atheist,”
“agnostic” or “nothing in particular.” This compares with less than one-fifth of people in their 30s (19%), 15% of
those in their 40s, 14% of those in their 50s and 10% or less among those 60 and older. About two-thirds of
young people (68%) say they are members of a Christian denomination and 43% describe themselves as
Protestants, compared with 81% of adults ages 30 and older who associate with Christian faiths and 53% who
are Protestants.

95.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 88
The large proportion of young adults who are unaffiliated with a religion is a result, in part, of the decision by
many young people to leave the religion of their upbringing without becoming involved with a new faith. In
total, nearly one-in-five adults under age 30 (18%) say they were raised in a religion but are now unaffiliated
with any particular faith. Among older age groups, fewer say they are now unaffiliated after having been raised
in a faith (13% of those ages 30-49, 12% of those ages 50-64, and 7% of those ages 65 and older).
Religious Switching, by Age
Switched from…
One faith to
Affiliated to Unaffiliated to another/switched Have not
unaffiliated affiliated within tradition* switched N
% % % %
Total population 13 4 27 57=100 35,556
Ages 18-29 18 4 20 58=100 4,242
Ages 30+ 11 4 29 56=100 30,453
Ages 30-49 13 4 27 56=100 11,823
Ages 50-64 12 3 30 55=100 10,484
Ages 65+ 7 3 30 60=100 8,146
Source: 2007 U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life
*Includes people who have switched faiths within religious traditions such as within Protestantism (e.g., from Baptist to
Methodist) and within the unaffiliated (e.g., from atheist to agnostic). Also includes respondents who refused to specify
childhood faith but did specify current faith, as well as those who refused to specify current faith but did specify childhood faith.
Age Composition of Major Religious Traditions
Young people’s lower levels of religious
affiliation are reflected in the age 18-29 30-49 50-64 65+ N
composition of major religious groups, % % % %
Total Population 20 39 25 16=100 34,695
with the unaffiliated standing out from
other religious groups for their relative Protestant 17 38 26 20=100 18,494
Evangelical Churches 17 39 26 19=100 9,281
youth. Roughly one-third of the Mainline Churches 14 36 28 23=100 7,271
unaffiliated population is under age 30 Hist. Black Churches 24 36 24 15=100 1,942
Catholic 18 41 24 16=100 7,856
(31%), compared with 20% of the total Mormon 24 42 19 15=100 565
population. Jehovah’s Witness 21 39 25 14=100 207
Orthodox 18 38 27 17=100 358
Jewish 20 29 29 22=100 664
Muslim* 29 48 18 5=100 1,027
Buddhist 23 40 30 7=100 410
Hindu 18 58 19 5=100 250
Unaffiliated 31 40 20 8=100 4,947
Religious Unaffiliated 30 43 20 7=100 1,662
Secular Unaffiliated 29 41 21 8=100 1,965
Atheist 37 36 16 12=100 502
Agnostic 34 34 22 9=100 818
*Source for Muslims is “Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly
Mainstream,” Pew Research Center, 2007. All other results from the 2007
U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life.
Percentages have been adjusted to exclude nonresponse.

96.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 89
Data from the General Social Surveys
Religious Affiliation Among Young Adults, by Decade
(GSS), which have been conducted
Among adults ages 18-29 in the…
regularly since 1972, confirm that
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
young adults are not just more
Unaffiliated % % % %
unaffiliated than their elders today but (no religion) 12 12 16 23
are also more unaffiliated than young Affiliated 88 88 84 77
people have been in recent decades. In 100 100 100 100
GSS surveys conducted since 2000, N 2,722 3,434 2,525 2,711
nearly one-quarter of people ages 18- Source: General Social Surveys
29 have described their religion as
Question wording: What is your religious preference? Is it Protestant, Catholic,
“none.” By comparison, only about Jewish, some other religion or no religion?
half as many young adults were Percentages have been adjusted to exclude nonresponse.
unaffiliated in the 1970s and 1980s.
Among Millennials who are affiliated with a
religion, however, the intensity of their Intensity of Religious Affiliation, by Generation
% saying they are a “strong” member of their religion
religious affiliation is as strong today as
among previous generations when they
were young. More than one-third of
religiously affiliated Millennials (37%)
say they are a “strong” member of their
faith, the same as the 37% of Gen Xers
who said this at a similar age and not
significantly different than among Baby
Boomers when they were young (31%).
Source: General Social Surveys. Based on those affiliated with a religion.
Question wording: Would you call yourself a strong [INSERT RELIGIOUS
PREFERENCE] or a not very strong [INSERT RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE]?

98.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 91
The long-running GSS also finds that
Attendance at Religious Services, by Generation
young people attend religious services
% saying they attend several times a week, every week or
less often than their elders. Furthermore, nearly every week
Millennials currently attend church or
worship services at lower rates than Baby
Boomers did when they were younger;
18% of Millennials currently report
attending religious services weekly or
nearly weekly, compared with 26% of
Boomers in the late 1970s. But
Millennials closely resemble members of
Generation X when they were in their
20s and early 30s, when one-in-five Gen
Xers (21%) reported attending religious
services weekly or nearly weekly.
Source: General Social Surveys.
Question wording: How often do you attend religious services?
[RESPONSE CATEGORIES, USED AS PROBES AS NECESSARY: Never, less
than once a year, about once or twice a year, several times a year,
about once a month, two to three times a month, nearly every week,
every week, several times a week.]

99.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 92
Other Religious Practices
Consistent with their lower levels of affiliation, young adults engage in a number of religious practices less often
than do older Americans, especially the oldest group in the population (those 65 and older). For example, the
2007 Religious Landscape Survey finds that 27% of young adults say they read Scripture on a weekly basis,
compared with 36% of those 30
and older. And one-quarter of Scripture Reading, Prayer and Meditation
adults under 30 say they meditate
on a weekly basis (26%), Read Scripture Pray Meditate
weekly daily weekly N
compared with more than four-in-
ten adults 30 and older (43%).
% % %
These patterns hold true across a Total Population 35 58 39 35,556
variety of religious groups. Ages 18-29 27 48 26 4,242
Ages 30+ 36 60 43 30,453
Ages 30-49 33 56 35 11,823
In addition, less than half of adults Ages 50-64 37 61 46 10,484
under age 30 say they pray every Ages 65+ 43 68 56 8,146
day (48%), compared with 56% Religiously Affiliated 40 65 42 30,236
of Americans ages 30-49, 61% of Ages 18-29 34 58 28 3,163
Ages 30+ 41 66 45 26,360
those in their 50s and early 60s, Unaffiliated 9 22 26 5,048
and more than two-thirds of those Ages 18-29 8 18 21 1,034
Ages 30+ 10 24 28 3,913
65 and older (68%). Age
differences in frequency of prayer Evangelical Protestant
Churches 60 78 46 9,472
are most pronounced among Ages 18-29 51 73 28 929
members of historically black Ages 30+ 62 79 50 8,352
Mainline Protestant Churches 27 53 35 7,470
Protestant churches (70% of those Ages 18-29 23 49 18 528
under age 30 pray every day, Ages 30+ 28 54 37 6,743
Hist. Black Protestant Churches 60 80 55 1,995
compared with 83% among older Ages 18-29 45 70 37 356
members) and Catholics (47% of Ages 30+ 64 83 61 1,586
Catholic 21 58 36 8,054
Catholics under 30 pray every Ages 18-29 17 47 24 926
day, compared with 60% among Ages 30+ 22 60 39 6,930
older Catholics). The differences
are smaller among evangelical and Source: 2007 U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life
mainline Protestants. Question wording: Please tell me how often you do each of the following. How often
do you [read Scripture outside of religious services/meditate]? Would you say at
least once a week, once or twice a month, several times a year, seldom, or never?
People practice their religion in different ways. Outside of attending religious
services, do you pray several times a day, once a day, a few times a week, once a
week, a few times a month, seldom, or never?

100.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 93
Although Millennials report praying
Daily Prayer, by Generation
less often than their elders do today,
% saying they pray daily
the GSS shows that Millennials are in
sync with Generation X and Baby
Boomers when members of those
generations were younger. In the 2008
GSS survey, roughly four-in-ten
Millennials report praying daily (41%),
as did 42% of members of Generation
X in the late 1990s. Baby Boomers
reported praying at a similar rate in the
early 1980s (47%), when the first data
are available for them. GSS data show
that daily prayer increases as people get
older.
Source: General Social Surveys
Question wording: About how often do you pray? [RESPONSE CATEGORIES,
USED AS PROBES AS NECESSARY: Several times a day, once a day, several
times a week, once a week, less than once a week, never.]

102.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 95
Gallup surveys conducted over the past
Importance of Religion, by Generation
30 years that use a similar measure of
% saying religion is very important in their lives
religion’s importance confirm that
religion is somewhat less important for
Millennials today than it was for
members of Generation X when they
were of a similar age. In Gallup surveys
in the late 2000s, 40% of Millennials
said religion is very important, as did
48% of Gen Xers in the late 1990s.
However, young people today look
very much like Baby Boomers did at a
similar point in their life cycle; in a
1978 Gallup poll, 39% of Boomers said
religion was very important to them.
Source: Gallup surveys
Question wording: How important would you say religion is in your [own]
life … [would you say] very important, fairly important, or not very
important?

104.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 97
But GSS data show that Millennials’ level
Certain Belief in God, by Generation
of belief in God resembles that seen
% saying they know God exists, with no doubts
among Gen Xers when they were roughly
the same age. Just over half of Millennials
in the 2008 GSS survey (53%) say they
have no doubt that God exists, a figure
that is very similar to that among Gen
Xers in the late 1990s (55%). Levels of
certainty of belief in God have increased
somewhat among Gen Xers and Baby
Boomers in recent decades. (Data on this
item stretch back only to the late 1980s,
making it impossible to compare
Millennials with Boomers when Boomers
were at a similar point in their life cycle.)
Source: General Social Surveys
Question wording: Please look at this card and tell me which statement
comes closest to expressing what you believe about God: I don't believe in
God; I don't know whether there is a God and I don't believe there is any
way to find out; I don't believe in a personal God, but I do believe in a
Higher Power of some kind; I find myself believing in God some of the time
but not at others; While I have doubts, I feel that I do believe in God; I
know God really exists and I have no doubts about it.

105.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 98
Differences between young people and their elders today are also apparent in views of the Bible, although the
differences are somewhat less pronounced. Overall, young people are slightly less inclined than those in older
age groups to view the Bible as the literal word of God. Interestingly, age differences on this item are most
dramatic among young evangelicals and are virtually nonexistent in other groups. Although younger evangelicals
are just as likely as older evangelicals (and more likely than people in most other religious groups) to see the
Bible as the word of God, they are less likely than older evangelicals to see it as the literal word of God. Less
than half of young evangelicals interpret the Bible literally (47%), compared with 61% of evangelicals 30 and
older.
Views of Scripture
Scripture is word of God
Not word of
NET word Literal, word Not God / Other /
of God for word literal Don’t know N
% % % %
Total Population 63 33 30 37=100 35,556
Ages 18-29 59 28 31 41=100 4,242
Ages 30+ 64 34 30 36=100 30,453
Ages 30-49 63 32 30 37=100 11,823
Ages 50-64 62 33 29 38=100 10,484
Ages 65+ 70 39 31 30=100 8,146
Religiously Affiliated 71 37 34 29=100 30,236
Ages 18-29 71 35 37 29=100 3,163
Ages 30+ 71 38 33 29=100 26,360
Unaffiliated 25 11 14 75=100 5,048
Ages 18-29 26 11 15 74=100 1,034
Ages 30+ 25 11 14 75=100 3,913
Evangelical Protestant Churches 88 59 29 12=100 9,472
Ages 18-29 88 47 41 12=100 929
Ages 30+ 88 61 27 12=100 8,352
Mainline Protestant Churches 61 22 38 39=100 7,470
Ages 18-29 60 21 39 40=100 528
Ages 30+ 61 23 39 39=100 6,743
Hist. Black Protestant Churches 84 62 22 16=100 1,995
Ages 18-29 83 59 24 17=100 356
Ages 30+ 84 63 21 16=100 1,586
Catholic 62 23 39 38=100 8,054
Ages 18-29 62 25 36 38=100 926
Ages 30+ 62 22 40 38=100 6,930
Source: 2007 U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life
Question wording: Which comes closest to your view? [HOLY BOOK*] is the word of God, or [HOLY BOOK] is
a book written by men and is not the word of God? [IF WORD OF GOD, ASK:] And would you say that [HOLY
BOOK] is to be taken literally, word for word, OR not everything in [HOLY BOOK] should be taken literally,
word for word?
*For Christians and the unaffiliated, "the Bible" was inserted for HOLY BOOK; for Jews, "the Torah" was
inserted; for Muslims, "the Koran" was inserted; for members of other faiths, "the holy scripture" was
inserted.

106.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 99
On this measure, too, Millennials display
Views of the Bible, by Generation
beliefs that closely resemble those of
% saying Bible is actual, literal word of God
Generation X in the late 1990s. In the 2008
GSS survey, roughly a quarter of
Millennials (27%) said the Bible is the
literal word of God, compared with 28%
among Gen Xers when they were young.
This is only slightly lower than among Baby
Boomers in the early 1980s (33%) and is
very similar to the 29% of Boomers in the
late 1980s who said they viewed the Bible
as the literal word of God.
Source: General Social Surveys
Question wording: Which of these statements comes closest to describing
your feelings about the Bible? a. The Bible is the actual word of God and is
to be taken literally, word for word; b. The Bible is the inspired word of
God but not everything in it should be taken literally, word for word; c.
The Bible is an ancient book of fables, legends, history, and moral precepts
recorded by men.

108.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 101
Young people who are affiliated with a religion are more inclined than their elders to believe their own religion
is the one true path to eternal life (though in all age groups, more people say many religions can lead to eternal
life than say theirs is the one true faith). Nearly three-in-ten religiously affiliated adults under age 30 (29%) say
their own religion is the one true faith leading to eternal life, higher than the 23% of religiously affiliated people
ages 30 and older who say the same. This pattern is evident among all three Protestant groups but not among
Catholics.
Interestingly, while more young Americans than older Americans view their faith as the single path to salvation,
young adults are also more open to multiple ways of interpreting their religion. Nearly three-quarters of
affiliated young adults (74%) say there is more than one true way to interpret the teachings of their faith,
compared with 67% of affiliated adults ages 30 and older.
Obtaining Eternal Life, Interpreting Religious Teachings
Own religion is Many Only one
one true faith religions true way to More than
that leads to can lead to interpret one true
eternal life eternal life own religion way N
% % % %
Total Affiliated 24 70 27 68 30,236
Ages 18-29 29 66 23 74 3,163
Ages 30+ 23 71 28 67 26,360
Ages 30-49 24 71 26 70 9,882
Ages 50-64 20 73 28 68 9,062
Ages 65+ 24 68 33 59 7,416
Evangelical Protestant Churches 36 57 41 53 9,472
Ages 18-29 43 52 33 64 929
Ages 30+ 35 58 43 51 8,352
Mainline Protestant Churches 12 83 14 82 7,470
Ages 18-29 18 79 11 87 528
Ages 30+ 11 84 15 81 6,743
Hist. Black Protestant Churches 34 59 39 57 1,995
Ages 18-29 39 55 34 63 356
Ages 30+ 33 61 40 55 1,586
Catholic 16 79 19 77 8,054
Ages 18-29 17 78 15 82 926
Ages 30+ 15 79 20 76 6,930
Results based on those affiliated with a religion.
Source: 2007 U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life
Question wording: Now, as I read a pair of statements, tell me whether the FIRST statement or the SECOND statement comes
closer to your own views even if neither is exactly right. First/next ...My religion is the one true faith leading to eternal life,
OR Many religions can lead to eternal life. There is only ONE true way to interpret the teachings of my religion, OR There is
MORE than one true way to interpret the teachings of my religion.

109.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 102
Social and Culture War Issues
Young people are more accepting of Views of Homosexuality
homosexuality and evolution than are older
Homosexuality should be
people. They are also more comfortable with accepted by society N
having a bigger government, and they are less %
Total Population 50 35,556
concerned about Hollywood threatening their Ages 18-29 63 4,242
values. But when asked generally about Ages 30+ 47 30,453
Ages 30-49 51 11,823
morality and religion, young adults are just as Ages 50-64 48 10,484
convinced as older people that there are Ages 65+ 35 8,146
absolute standards of right and wrong that Religiously Affiliated 46 30,236
apply to everyone. Young adults are also Ages 18-29 58 3,163
Ages 30+ 43 26,360
slightly more supportive of government efforts Unaffiliated 71 5,048
to protect morality and of efforts by houses of Ages 18-29 79 1,034
Ages 30+ 67 3,913
worship to express their social and political
views. Evangelical Protestant
Churches 26 9,472
Ages 18-29 39 929
According to the 2007 Religious Landscape Ages 30+ 24 8,352
Survey, almost twice as many young adults say Mainline Protestant Churches 56 7,470
Ages 18-29 69 528
homosexuality should be accepted by society as Ages 30+ 54 6,743
do those ages 65 and older (63% vs. 35%). Hist. Black Protestant Churches 39 1,995
Ages 18-29 51 356
Young people are also considerably more likely Ages 30+ 36 1,586
than those ages 30-49 (51%) or 50-64 (48%) to Catholic 58 8,054
Ages 18-29 72 926
say that homosexuality should be accepted. Ages 30+ 55 6,930
Stark age differences also exist within each of
Source: 2007 U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, Pew Forum on Religion
the major religious traditions examined. & Public Life
Compared with older members of their faith,
Question wording: Now I’m going to read you a few pairs of
significantly larger proportions of young adults statements. For each pair, tell me whether the FIRST statement or
the SECOND statement comes closer to your own views — even if
say society should accept homosexuality. neither is exactly right: Homosexuality is a way of life that should be
accepted by society, OR homosexuality is a way of life that should be
discouraged by society.

110.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 103
In the 2008 GSS survey, just over four-
Views of Homosexuality, by Generation
in-ten (43%) Millennials said
% saying same-sex sexual relations are always wrong
homosexual relations are always
wrong, similar to the 47% of Gen Xers
who said the same in the late 1990s.
These two cohorts are significantly less
likely than members of previous
generations have ever been to say that
homosexuality is always wrong. The
views of the various generations on this
question have fluctuated over time,
often in tandem.
Source: General Social Surveys
Question wording: What about sexual relations between two adults of the
same sex … do you think it is always wrong, almost always wrong, wrong
only sometimes, or not wrong at all?

111.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 104
Roughly half of young adults
Views on Abortion
(52%) say abortion should be
Abortion should be…
legal in all or most cases. On
this issue, young adults Legal in all/ Illegal in all/ Don’t
most cases most cases know N
express slightly more % % %
permissive views than do Total Population 47 44 9=100 5,534
Ages 18-29 52 44 5=100 761
adults ages 30 and older. Ages 30+ 46 45 10=100 4,679
However, the group that Ages 30-49 48 44 8=100 1,627
Ages 50-64 48 42 10=100 1,664
truly stands out on this issue Ages 65+ 37 51 12=100 1,388
is people 65 and older, just
Religiously Affiliated 42 49 9=100 4,648
37% of whom say abortion Ages 18-29 45 50 5=100 541
should be legal in most or all Ages 30+ 42 49 10=100 4,039
Unaffiliated 68 25 7=100 807
cases. Ages 18-29 67 28 5=100 210
Ages 30+ 69 23 8=100 582
Interestingly, this pattern
White Evangelical Protestant 23 71 6=100 1,266
represents a significant change Ages 18-29 Sample size too small for analysis
from earlier polling. Ages 30+ 23 70 6=100 1,162
White Mainline Protestant 55 34 11=100 1,116
Previously, people in the Ages 18-29 55 37 8=100 115
middle age categories (i.e., Ages 30+ 56 34 11=100 980
Catholic 45 45 10=100 1,199
those ages 30-49 and 50-64) Ages 18-29 45 51 4=100 156
Ages 30+ 44 44 11=100 1,025
tended to be more supportive
of legal abortion, while the Source: Aggregated Pew Research Center surveys, 2009
youngest and oldest age Question wording: Do you think abortion should be legal in all cases, legal in most
cases, illegal in most cases or illegal in all cases? [Response categories read in reverse
groups were more opposed. order for half of sample]
In 2009, however, attitudes
Note: Most of the analyses in this report compare responses among Protestant groups
toward abortion moved in a as defined by denominational affiliation. In this table, however, Protestants are
categorized as "white evangelicals" or "white mainline Protestants" on the basis of
more conservative direction their race and their responses to a question asking if they think of themselves as
among most groups in the "born-again or evangelical" Christians.
population, with the notable
exception of young people. The result of this conservative turn among those in the 30-49 and 50-64 age brackets
means that their views now more closely resemble those of the youngest age group, while those in the 65-and-
older group now express the most conservative views on abortion of any age group.

112.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 105
Surveys also show that large Evolution, Hollywood and Size of Government
numbers of young adults (67%)
Evolution best Agree Prefer bigger
say they would prefer a bigger explanation for Hollywood government,
human life threatens values more services N
government that provides more
% % %
services over a smaller Total Population 48 42 46 35,556
Ages 18-29 55 33 67 4,242
government that provides fewer Ages 30+ 47 44 41 30,453
services. Among older Ages 30-49 49 41 48 11,823
Ages 50-64 47 46 39 10,484
Americans, only 41% feel this Ages 65+ 40 48 31 8,146
way. Fewer young people than
Religiously Affiliated 44 45 46 30,236
older people see their moral Ages 18-29 49 36 68 3,163
values as under assault from Ages 30+ 43 47 41 26,360
Unaffiliated 72 28 48 5,048
Hollywood; one-third of adults Ages 18-29 73 25 64 1,034
under age 30 agree that Ages 30+ 71 29 41 3,913
Hollywood and the entertainment Evangelical
industry threatens their values, Protestant Churches 24 53 41 9,472
Ages 18-29 27 42 65 929
compared with 44% of people 30 Ages 30+ 23 55 36 8,352
and older. And more than half of Mainline Protestant
Churches 51 41 37 7,470
young adults (55%) believe that Ages 18-29 52 32 62 528
evolution is the best explanation Ages 30+ 50 42 33 6,743
Hist. Black
for the development of human Protestant Churches 38 35 72 1,995
life, compared with 47% of Ages 18-29 47 29 81 356
Ages 30+ 36 36 69 1,586
people in older age groups. These Catholic 58 43 51 8,054
patterns are seen both in the total Ages 18-29 68 35 73 926
Ages 30+ 56 45 46 6,930
population and within a variety of
Source: 2007 U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life
religious traditions, though the
link between age and views on Question wording: Now, as I read some statements on a few different topics, please
tell me if you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly DISagree or completely
evolution is strongest among disagree with each one. [Evolution is the best explanation for the origins of human
life on earth / I often feel that my values are threatened by Hollywood and the
Catholics and members of entertainment industry]
historically black Protestant
If you had to choose, would you rather have a smaller government providing fewer
churches. services, or a bigger government providing more services?

113.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 106
But differences between Morality, Religion and Government
young adults and their
Agree there are Government Houses of worship
elders are not so stark on all absolute standards should do should express
of right and more to protect views on social and
moral and social issues. For wrong morality political issues N
instance, more than three- % % %
Total Population 77 40 50 35,556
quarters of young adults Ages 18-29 76 45 55 4,242
(76%) agree that there are Ages 30+ 77 39 49 30,453
Ages 30-49 77 41 52 11,823
absolute standards of right Ages 50-64 77 35 47 10,484
and wrong, a level nearly Ages 65+ 78 39 42 8,146
identical to that among Religiously Affiliated 79 43 53 30,236
older age groups (77%). Ages 18-29 80 50 61 3,163
Ages 30+ 79 41 51 26,360
More than half of young Unaffiliated 67 27 34 5,048
adults (55%) say that Ages 18-29 67 32 39 1,034
Ages 30+ 67 24 32 3,913
houses of worship should
speak out on social and Evangelical
Protestant Churches 85 50 64 9,472
political matters, slightly Ages 18-29 85 54 72 929
more than say this among Ages 30+ 85 49 62 8,352
Mainline Protestant
older adults (49%). And Churches 77 33 46 7,470
45% of young adults say Ages 18-29 78 46 50 528
Ages 30+ 77 31 45 6,743
that the government should Hist. Black
do more to protect Protestant Churches 78 48 69 1,995
Ages 18-29 83 52 77 356
morality in society, Ages 30+ 77 47 66 1,586
compared with 39% of Catholic 79 43 48 8,054
Ages 18-29 77 48 56 926
people ages 30 and older. Ages 30+ 79 41 46 6,930
Source: 2007 U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life
Question wording: Now, as I read some statements on a few different topics, please tell me
if you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly DISagree or completely disagree with each
one: There are clear and absolute standards for what is right and wrong.
Now I’m going to read you a few pairs of statements. For each pair, tell me whether the
FIRST statement or the SECOND statement comes closer to your own views — even if neither
is exactly right: The government should do more to protect morality in society, OR I worry
the government is getting too involved in the issue of morality.
In your opinion, should churches and other houses of worship keep out of political matters,
or should they express their views on day-to-day social and political questions?

114.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 107
GSS surveys show Millennials are
Views on Pornography, by Generation
more permissive than their elders are
% saying pornography should be illegal for people of all ages
today in their views about
pornography, but their views are
nearly identical to those expressed by
Gen Xers and Baby Boomers when
members of those generations were
at a similar point in their life cycles.
About one-in-five Millennials today
say pornography should be illegal for
everyone (21%), similar to the 24%
of Gen Xers who said this in the late
1990s and the 22% of Boomers who
took this view in the late 1970s. Data
for the Silent and Greatest
generations at similar ages are not
available, but data from the 1970s Source: General Social Surveys
Question wording: Which of these statements comes closest to your
onward suggest that people become feelings about pornography laws? There should be laws against the
more opposed to pornography as distribution of pornography whatever the age, OR there should be laws
against the distribution of pornography to persons under 18, OR there
they age. should be no laws forbidding the distribution of pornography.

115.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 108
Similarly, Millennials at the present
Opposition to Bible Reading, Lord’s Prayer in Schools
time stand out from other
% saying they approve of Supreme Court ruling banning required
generations for their opposition to reading of Lord’s Prayer or Bible verses in public schools
Bible reading and prayer in schools,
but they are less distinctive when
compared with members of
Generation X or Baby Boomers at a
comparable age. During early
adulthood, about half of Boomers
(51%) and Gen Xers (54%) said they
approved of U.S. Supreme Court
rulings that banned the required
reading of the Lord’s Prayer or Bible
verses in public schools; 56% of
Millennials took this view in 2008.
Generation X and the Boomer
generation have become less
supportive of the court’s position
over time, while the pattern in the Source: General Social Surveys
Question wording: The United States Supreme Court has ruled that no state or
views of the Silent and Greatest local government may require the reading of the Lord's Prayer or Bible verses in
public schools. What are your views on this - do you approve or
generations has been less clear. disapprove of the court ruling?.

116.
Chapter 9: Religious Beliefs and Behaviors 109
Selected Religious Beliefs and Practices among Ages 18-29 by Decade
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Religious Affiliation % % % %
Unaffiliated 12 12 16 23
Affiliated 88 88 84 77
100 100 100 100
N 2,722 3,434 2,525 2,711
Question wording: What is your religious preference? Is it Protestant, Catholic, Jewish, some other religion or no religion?
Service Attendance
Attend nearly weekly 26 25 22 21
Attend less 74 75 78 79
100 100 100 100
N 2,722 3,432 2,486 2,697
Question wording: How often do you attend religious services? [Response categories, used as probes if necessary: Never, less than
once a year, about once or twice a year, several times a year, about once a month, 2-3 times a month, nearly every week, every
week, several times a week]
Frequency of prayer
Pray daily NA 41 40 45
Pray less 59 60 55
100 100 100
N 2,130 1,224 1,679
Question wording: About how often do you pray? [Response categories, use as probes if necessary: include: Several times a day,
once a day, several times a week, once a week, less than once a week, never.]
Belief in God
Certain God exists NA 55 59 53
Less certain/doesn’t exist 45 41 47
100 100 100
N 356 1,041 1,097
Question wording: Please look at this card and tell me which statement comes closest to expressing what you believe about God:
I don't believe in God; I don't know whether there is a God and I don't believe there is any way to find out; I don't believe in a
personal God, but I do believe in a Higher Power of some kind; I find myself believing in God some of the time but not at others;
While I have doubts, I feel that I do believe in God; I know God really exists and I have no doubts about it.
Belief in an afterlife
Believe in afterlife 73 79 80 82
Don’t believe 27 21 20 18
100 100 100 100
N 1,439 2,298 1,587 1,654
Question wording: Do you believe there is a life after death?
View of the Bible
Bible literal word of God NA 33 31 30
Not literal/book of fables 67 69 70
100 100 100
N 1,205 1,755 1,810
Question wording: Which of these statements comes closest to describing your feelings about the Bible? The Bible is the actual
word of God and is to be taken literally, word for word; The Bible is the inspired word of God but not everything in it should be
taken literally, word for word; The Bible is an ancient book of fables, legends, history, and moral precepts recorded by men.
Source for all items: General Social Surveys. Results based on total answering.

117.
Appendix 1: Survey Methodology 110
ABOUT THE DATA IN THIS REPORT
Results for the January 2010 Millennial Survey are based on telephone interviews conducted under the direction
of Abt SRBI Inc. among a national sample of 2,020 adults living in the continental United States, 18 years of age
and older, from Jan. 14 to 27, 2010 (851 respondents were interviewed on a landline telephone, and 1,169
were interviewed on a cell phone, including 538 who had no landline telephone). Both the landline and cell
phone samples were provided by Survey Sampling International. Interviews were conducted in English and
Spanish.
Five separate samples were used for data collection to obtain a representative sample that included an
oversample of 18- to 29-year-olds. The first sample was a list-assisted random digit dial (RDD) landline sample.
A total of 739 interviews were completed using this RDD landline sample. The sample design also included a
RDD cellular sample. A total of 744 interviews were completed using this RDD cellular sample. In addition, a
RDD cellular sample was used to screen an oversample of 18- to 29-year-olds; 181 interviews with 18- to 29-
year-olds were completed using this additional RDD cellular sample.
These interviews were supplemented with two callback samples (landline and cellular) to obtain additional
interviews with 18- to 29-year-olds. Callback samples came from recent national Abt SRBI Inc. surveys and Pew
Research Center surveys in which respondents said they were between the ages of 18 and 29. An additional 112
interviews were completed by calling back landline sample and 244 interviews were completed by calling back
cellular sample. A total of 830 18- to 29-year-olds were interviewed across the five samples.
Number of Interviews by Sample Source
New RDD Callback Total
Landline 739 112 851
Cellular (incl. 18-29 oversample) 925 244 1169
Total 1664 356 2020
As many as seven attempts were made to contact every sampled telephone number. Calls were staggered over
times of day and days of the week to maximize the chance of making contact with potential respondents. Each
phone number received at least one daytime call in an attempt to find someone at home.
The introduction and screening procedures differed depending on the sample. For each contacted household in
the main RDD landline sample, interviewers asked, based on a random rotation, to speak with either the
youngest male or female adult currently at home. If no male/female was available at the time of the call,
interviewers asked to speak with the youngest adult of the other sex. This systematic respondent selection
technique has been shown to produce samples that closely mirror the population in terms of age and gender
when combined with a cellular sample. For the RDD cellular sample, interviews were conducted with the
person who answered the phone once it was confirmed that he or she was 18 years of age or older and was in a
safe place to talk. For the oversample from the RDD cellular sample, interviews were conducted with the

118.
Appendix 1: Survey Methodology 111
person who answered the phone once it was confirmed that he or she was between the ages of 18 to 29 and was
in a safe place to talk.
For the landline callback sample, interviewers asked to speak with the person based on age and gender who
participated in a survey earlier in the year. For the cellular callback sample, interviews were conducted with the
person who answered the phone once it was confirmed that he or she was an adult and was in a safe place to talk.
For both the landline and callback samples, interviews confirmed that respondents were still between the ages of
18 and 29.
Weighting is generally used in survey analysis to adjust for effects of the sample design and to compensate for
patterns of nonresponse that might bias results. The weighting was accomplished in multiple stages to account
for the different sample frames as well as the oversampling of certain groups. Weighting also balances sample
demographic distributions to match known population parameters.
The first stage of weighting accounted for the disproportionately stratified RDD sample design of the main
landline sample and also included a probability-of-selection adjustment for the RDD landline sample to correct
for the fact that respondents in the landline sample have different probabilities of being sampled depending on
how many adults live in the household (e.g., people who live with no other adults have a greater chance of being
selected than those who live in multiple-adult households). Lastly, the first stage of weighting also accounted for
the overlap in the landline and cellular RDD frames.
In the second weighting stage, the demographic composition of each age group (18- to 29-year-olds, 30 and
older) was raked to match national parameters for gender, age, education, race/ethnicity and region using
parameters from the Census Bureau’s March 2009 Current Population Survey (CPS). In addition, each age
group was weighted to match national parameters for telephone status (cell phone only vs. not), based on
extrapolations from the 2008 National Health Interview Survey. After each of the two age groups was weighted
to its population parameters, the total sample was weighted to match national parameters for age (from the 2009
CPS) and population density (from the 2000 Census). The second stage of weighting incorporated each
respondent’s first stage weight and simultaneously balanced the distributions of all weighting parameters.
Sampling errors and statistical tests of significance take into account the effect of weighting.
The survey’s margin of error is the largest 95% confidence interval for any estimated proportion based on the total
sample— the one around 50%. For example, the margin of error for the entire sample is approximately ±3.0%.
This means that in 95 out every 100 samples drawn using the same methods, estimated proportions based on the
entire sample will be no more than 3.0 percentage points different from their true values in the population. The
margins of error for the total sample and the four age groups used in this report are reported below.

119.
Appendix 1: Survey Methodology 112
Total Sample and Subgroup Margins of Sampling Error
Approximate Margin of
N
Error
Total Sample 2,020 ± 3.0 percentage points
Millennial (18-29) 830 ± 4.0 percentage points
Gen X (30-45) 351 ± 6.0 percentage points
Baby Boomer (46-64) 487 ± 5.0 percentage points
Silent (65 and older) 319 ± 6.5 percentage points
It is important to remember that sampling fluctuations are only one possible source of error in a survey estimate.
Other sources, such as respondent selection bias, questionnaire wording and reporting inaccuracy, may
contribute additional error of greater or lesser magnitude.
Other data in the report are drawn from surveys conducted over the years by the projects of the Pew Research
Center as well as by other organizations, as noted in the text, charts and footnotes. Data sources for the cohort
analyses in Chapter 8 (Politics, Ideology and Civic Engagement) and Chapter 9 (Religious Beliefs and Behaviors)
are described in detail in those chapters.

120.
Appendix 2: Topline Questionnaire 113
PEW SOCIAL & DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS
JANUARY 2010 MILLENNIAL SURVEY
FINAL TOPLINE
JANUARY14-27, 2010
TOTAL N=2,020, AGES18-29 N=830
NOTE: ALL NUMBERS ARE PERCENTAGES. THE PERCENTAGES LESS THAN .5 % (INCLUDING
ZERO) ARE REPLACED BY AN ASTERISK (*). COLUMNS/ROWS MAY NOT TOTAL 100% DUE TO
ROUNDING. ALL TRENDS REFERENCE SURVEYS FROM SOCIAL & DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS
AND THE PEW RESEARCH CENTER FOR THE PEOPLE & THE PRESS UNLESS OTHERWISE
NOTED. PERCENTAGES FOR SUB-GROUPS ARE NOT REPORTED WHEN N IS LESS THAN 100.
ASK ALL:
Q.1 Generally, how would you say things are these days in your life -- would you say that you are very happy, pretty happy,
or not too happy?
Millennial Gen X Boomers Silent
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
28 31 27 29 27 Very happy
54 56 56 54 50 Pretty happy
16 12 16 16 20 Not too happy
2 1 1 2 11 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
(n=830) (n=351) (n=487) (n=319)
RANDOMIZE Q.2 AND Q.3
ASK ALL:
Q.2 All in all, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the way things are going in this country today?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
29 41 36 23 14 Satisfied
65 55 57 71 78 Dissatisfied
6 4 7 6 8 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
Q.3 All in all, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the way things are going in your local community today?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
69 69 73 67 66 Satisfied
26 27 23 29 25 Dissatisfied
5 4 5 4 9 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
ASK ALL:
Q.4 Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can’t be too careful in dealing with
people?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
31 28 31 34 29 Most people can be trusted
64 67 64 61 65 Can’t be too careful
4 4 5 4 4 Other/Depends (VOL)
1 * * 1 1 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)

123.
Appendix 2: Topline Questionnaire 116
4 Other general miscellaneous mentions 4 5 4 4
3 Family dynamics/Family-oriented/Different approach 2 3 5 3
to families
1 Other different demographics mentions 2 1 * 1
2 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 3 3
ASK ALL:
Thinking about the government,
Q.7a Which comes closer to your view, even if neither is exactly right? [READ AND RANDOMIZE]?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
45 53 45 43 39 Government should do more to solve problems [OR]
47 42 47 50 47 Government is doing too many things better left to
businesses and individuals
8 6 8 7 14 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
Trend for comparison (among 2008 voters):
Government is doing too
Government should do many things better left to DK/Ref
more to solve problems businesses and individuals (VOL)
Total
Jan 2010 43 51 6
Nov 2008 NEP exit poll 50 44 6
18-29
Jan 2010 50 45 5
Nov 2008 NEP exit poll 69 27 4
ASK ALL:
Q.8 Here are some goals that people value in their lives. Some people say these things are very important to them. Others
say they are not so important. Please tell me how important each is to you personally. First [INSERT FIRST ITEM;
RANDOMIZE], is that one of the most important things in your life, very important but not the most, somewhat
important, or not important? How about [INSERT NEXT ITEM]? [REPEAT AS NECESSARY “is that one of the
most important things in your life, very important but not the most, somewhat important, or not important?”]
a. Being successful in a high-paying career or profession
Washington Post /
Kaiser /Harvard
Aug 1997
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+ Total 18-29
9 15 10 4 5 One of the most important things 9 13
36 47 40 28 28 Very important but not the most 32 45
34 27 33 41 32 Somewhat important 39 31
21 10 17 25 32 Not important 20 10
1 * 0 1 3 Don’t know/Refused (VOL) * 0

125.
Appendix 2: Topline Questionnaire 118
Q.8 CONTINUED….
g. Helping other people who are in need
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
20 21 19 20 21 One of the most important things
60 60 59 61 59 Very important but not the most
18 17 19 17 19 Somewhat important
1 2 2 1 * Not important
1 1 1 1 1 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
h. Owning your own home
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
20 20 19 18 28 One of the most important things
53 53 55 57 43 Very important but not the most
20 21 20 18 20 Somewhat important
7 6 6 7 9 Not important
1 0 0 1 1 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
ASK ALL:
On another subject…
INT1 Do you use the internet, at least occasionally?
INT2 Do you send or receive email, at least occasionally?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
77 90 87 79 40 Yes to either (internet users)
23 10 13 21 60 No to both (non internet users)
0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
ASK ALL:
Q.9 Here are some activities some people do and others do not. For each, please tell me if you have done this in the past 12
months or not. (First/next) In the past 12 months, have you... [READ AND RANDOMIZE ITEMS IN BLOCKS
a-d AND e-f. ALSO RANDOMIZE WITHIN BLOCKS],or not?
a. Contacted a government official in person, by phone or by letter
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
23 18 22 29 22 Yes, did this
76 82 78 71 78 No, did not
* 1 * * 0 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
ASK Q.9b AND 9c OF ALL INTERNET USERS (INT1=1 OR INT2=1):
b. Contacted a government official by sending an email or posting a message on their website or social
networking page
BASED ON TOTAL:
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
22 17 25 29 13 Yes, did this
55 74 61 50 28 No, did not
23 10 13 21 60 Not an internet user
* 0 * * 0 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)

128.
Appendix 2: Topline Questionnaire 121
ASK IF AGE < 65 [n=1,668]:
SCHL Are you currently enrolled in school?
[IF YES, PROBE TO DETERMINE IF ATTENDING HIGH SCHOOL, TECHNICAL TRADE OR
VOCATIONAL SCHOOL, A COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATE OR IN GRADUATE SCHOOL]
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64
16 39 11 5 Yes
2 5 1 * in High School
1 3 1 1 in Technical, trade, or vocational school
10 26 5 3 in College (Undergraduate)
3 5 4 1 in Graduate School
84 61 89 95 No
0 * 0 0 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
Trend:
Sep 200635
18-29 18-29
39 Yes 36
5 in High School 5
3 in Technical, trade, or vocational school 2
26 in College (Undergraduate) 25
5 in Graduate School 4
61 No 63
* Don’t know/Refused (VOL) 1
ASK IF AGE < 65 AND CURRENTLY ENROLLED IN SCHOOL (SCHL=1,2,3,4) [n=409]:
SCHL2 How much further in school do you plan to go? [DO NOT READ]
Sep 2006
18-29 18-29
1 Finish high school 2
5 Technical, trade, or vocational school 3
8 Attend college, no degree or 2 year/associate degree 12
34 Attend college, bachelor’s degree 30
47 Graduate or professional school or degree 50
0 No further (VOL) 1
2 Other [Specify] (VOL) 1
3 Don’t know/Refused (VOL) 1
(n=349)
NO QUESTION 16
35
The 2006 survey only asked 18-39 year olds of this question.

129.
Appendix 2: Topline Questionnaire 122
ASK IF AGE < 65 AND NOT ENROLLED IN SCHOOL (SCHL=5,9) [n=1,259]:
RSCHL Do you ever plan to return to school?
18-64 18-29 30-45 46-64
36 65 39 20 Yes
57 29 53 74 No
7 6 9 6 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
(n=481) (n=312) (n=466)
Trend:
Sep 2006
18-29 18-29
65 Yes 65
29 No 27
6 Don’t know/Refused (VOL) 8
ASK IF AGE < 65 AND PLANS TO RETURN TO SCHOOL (RSCHL=1) [n=553]:
RSCHL2 How much further in school do you plan to go? [DO NOT READ]
18-64 18-29 30-45
3 4 2 Finish high school
9 9 7 Technical, trade, or vocational school
12 15 10 Attend college, no degree or 2 year/associate degree
25 30 28 Attend college, bachelor’s degree
32 32 36 Graduate or professional school or degree
1 0 1 No further (VOL)
8 2 9 Other [Specify] (VOL)
11 6 7 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
(n=330) (n=128)
Trend:
Sep 2006
18-29 18-29
4 Finish high school 10
9 Technical, trade, or vocational school 10
15 Attend college, no degree or 2 year/associate degree 11
30 Attend college, bachelor’s degree 35
32 Graduate or professional school or degree 23
0 No further (VOL) *
2 Other [Specify] (VOL) 5
6 Don’t know/Refused (VOL) 6
ASK IF <30 AND NO COLLEGE DEGREE AND NOT ENROLLED IN SCHOOL (AGE=18-29 AND EDUC=1-5 AND
SCHL=5,9) [n=347]:
Q.17 Which of the following is the MOST important reason why you are not currently in school
[READ AND RANDOMIZE]?
18-29
36 You can’t afford school right now
14 You don’t need more education right now
1 You couldn’t get into a school you wanted to attend
35 You don’t have time to be in school right now
12 Other [SPECIFY] (VOL)
1 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)

132.
Appendix 2: Topline Questionnaire 125
ASK ALL INTERNET USERS (INT1=1 OR INT2=1):
On another subject…
Q.19 Have you ever created your own profile on any social networking site like MySpace, Facebook or LinkedIn, or haven’t
you done this?
BASED ON TOTAL:
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
41 75 50 30 6 Yes
35 16 37 49 34 No
23 10 13 21 60 Not an internet user
* 0 0 * 0 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
ASK IF HAS SNS PROFILE (Q.19=1): [n=1,027]
Q.20 How often do you visit the social networking site you use most often… several times a day, about once a day, every
few days, once a week or less often?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64
21 29 19 11 Several times a day
23 26 19 26 About once a day
23 20 24 25 Every few days
16 10 19 19 Once a week
18 15 20 19 Less often
* * 0 0 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
(n=655) (n=189) (n=152)
ASK ALL INTERNET USERS (INT1=1 OR INT2=1):
Q.21 Do you ever use Twitter, or haven’t you done this?
BASED ON TOTAL:
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
8 14 10 6 1 Yes
69 77 77 73 40 No
23 10 13 21 60 Not an internet user
* 0 0 0 0 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
ASK ALL INTERNET USERS (INT1=1 OR INT2=1):
Q.22 When you are away from home or work, do you ever connect to the internet wirelessly using a laptop or handheld
device, or not?
BASED ON TOTAL:
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
41 62 48 35 11 Yes
36 28 38 44 29 No
23 10 13 21 60 Not an internet user
* * 0 0 0 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)

136.
Appendix 2: Topline Questionnaire 129
ASK ALL:
On another subject…
EMPLOY Are you now employed full-time, part-time or not employed?
ASK IF NOT EMPLOYED (EMPLOY=3):
EMPLOY2 Is that because you are a student, because you are retired, because you choose not to work, or because you’ve
lost or quit a job?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
60 64 75 68 16 Employed
46 41 65 54 7 Full-time
14 24 10 14 9 Part-time
40 35 25 32 84 Not employed
3 13 1 * 0 Student
17 * 1 13 75 Retired
4 4 7 3 1 Choose not to work
7 10 7 8 1 Lost or quit a job
8 8 8 8 6 Other reason [Specify] (VOL)
* 0 1 * 0 Don't know/Refused (VOL)
* * 0 0 0 Don't know/Refused (VOL)
ASK IF EMPLOYED (EMPLOY=1,2) [n=1,239]:
EMPLOY3 Are you self-employed, do you work for someone else, or do you do both?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64
13 6 12 18 Self-employed/own a business
76 82 78 71 Work for someone else
10 12 10 10 Both
* * * 0 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
(n=554) (n=266) (n=346)
ASK IF EMPLOYED (EMPLOY=1,2) [n=1,239]:
Q.31 Do you think of your current job as a career, a stepping stone to a career, or do you think of it as just a job to get you
by?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64
51 28 53 64 A career
18 33 24 5 A stepping stone to a career
29 38 22 28 Just a job to get you by
2 * 1 2 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
Trend for comparison:
Public Agenda
Aug 200536
18-25 18-25
18 A career 18
36 A stepping stone to a career 36
45 Just a job to get you by 46
0 Don’t know/Refused (VOL) 0
36
National random sample of 1,000 young adults ages 18-25, conducted August 14-September 4, 2004.

145.
Appendix 2: Topline Questionnaire 138
ASK ALL:
KIDSA Do you have any children under the age of 18?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
34 34 69 19 2 Yes
66 65 30 81 98 No
* * * * * Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
ASK ALL:
FAM1 During the time you were growing up, who did you live with MOST of the time? Did you live with … [READ]
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
73 61 68 80 80 Both parents
19 27 23 14 12 Only your mother
3 4 2 2 2 Only your father
6 7 7 4 6 Neither parent
* 1 * * * Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
ASK ALL:
FAM2 What was the marital status of your parents during most of the time you were growing up – were they married,
divorced, separated, widowed or never married to each other?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
76 62 71 85 87 Married
12 19 14 8 5 Divorced
3 5 5 2 1 Separated
2 2 2 2 4 Widowed
5 11 7 2 1 Never married
1 1 * 1 2 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
ASK ALL:
RELIG What is your present religion, if any? Are you Protestant, Roman Catholic, Mormon, Orthodox such as Greek or
Russian Orthodox, Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu, atheist, agnostic, something else, or nothing in particular?
[INTERVIEWER: IF R VOLUNTEERS “nothing in particular, none, no religion, etc.” BEFORE
REACHING END OF LIST, PROMPT WITH: And would you say that’s atheist, agnostic, or just nothing
in particular?]
ASK IF SOMETHING ELSE OR DK/REF (RELIG=11, 99):
CHR Do you think of yourself as a Christian or not?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
51 44 48 53 60 Protestant
23 20 22 25 24 Catholic
16 24 20 13 6 Unaffiliated
8 8 8 7 9 Other
2 3 2 2 1 Don't know/Refused (VOL)
ASK ALL:
ATTEND Aside from weddings and funerals, how often do you attend religious services... more than once a week,
once a week, once or twice a month, a few times a year, seldom, or never?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
12 7 11 15 14 More than once a week
24 20 23 26 31 Once a week
13 14 17 12 11 Once or twice a month
18 21 17 17 19 A few times a year
18 20 19 17 15 Seldom
13 17 12 12 10 Never
1 1 1 1 1 Don't know/Refused (VOL)

146.
Appendix 2: Topline Questionnaire 139
ASK ALL:
INCOME Last year, that is in 2009, what was your total family income from all sources, before taxes? Just stop me
when I get to the right category. [READ]
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
19 24 18 12 26 Less than $20,000
12 15 14 9 13 $20,000 to under $30,000
17 19 14 19 18 $30,000 to under $50,000
14 13 13 19 8 $50,000 to under $75,000
11 8 14 13 4 $75,000 to under $100,000
13 9 18 16 6 $100,000+
14 13 10 11 24 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
ASK IF AGE <40: [n=1,026]
FINAN Do you depend on your parents or other family members for financial assistance, or not?
Total 18-29 30-39
23 36 6 Yes
76 63 94 No
1 1 * Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
(n=830) (n=196)
ASK ALL:
HEALTH
Are you, yourself, now covered by any form of health insurance or health plan or are you not covered at this time?
[READ IF NECESSARY: A health plan would include any private insurance plan through your employer or a plan that
you purchased yourself, as well as a government program like Medicare or Medicaid]
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
77 61 73 83 95 Covered by health insurance
22 37 26 17 3 Not covered by health insurance
1 2 * 0 2 Don’t know/Refused (VOL)
ASK ALL:
REGIST These days, many people are so busy they can't find time to register to vote, or move around so often they don't get a
chance to re-register. Are you NOW registered to vote in your precinct or election district or haven't you been able
to register so far?
ASK IF RESPONDENT ANSWERED '1' YES IN REGIST:
REGICERT Are you absolutely certain that you are registered to vote, or is there a chance that
your registration has lapsed because you moved or for some other reason?
Total 18-29 30-45 46-64 65+
78 66 73 85 88 Yes, registered
75 62 70 84 87 Absolutely certain
2 4 3 1 * Chance registration has lapsed
* 1 * * 0 Don't know/Refused (VOL)
21 31 27 14 11 No, not registered
1 2 * * 2 Don't know/Refused (VOL)

149.
pewresearch.org/millennials
at that web address, users can explore special features such as our “How
Millennial are you?” quiz and other interactive graphics. and they can read other
reports in this on-going series.
A sampler of recent reports in this series:
Teens and Distracted Driving The Post-Communist Generation in the Social Media and Young Adults
nov. 16, 2009 former eastern Bloc feb. 3, 2010
Jan. 20, 2010
Between Two Worlds: How Young Latinos
Come of Age in America Almost All Millennials Accept Interracial
Dec. 11, 2009 Dating and Marriage
feb. 1, 2010
PewResearchCenter
Pew Research Center for the People & the Press • Pew Global Attitudes Project
Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism • Pew Hispanic Center
Pew Internet & American Life Project • Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life
Pew Social & Demographic Trends
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