Tuesday, July 1, 2014

Update On Iraq’s Insurgency Interview With Aymenn Jawad al-Tamimi

Iraq’s insurgency continues to make gains across central
Iraq. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) now just the Islamic
State (IS) is in the vanguard of this war, but other groups such as the
Baathist Jaish Rijal al-Tariqa al-Naqshibandi (JRTN) and its Military Councils,
Jamaat Ansar al-Islam, the Mujahadeen Army, the Islamic Army of Iraq, and
others are involved. In many areas where ISIS has moved into it is attempting
to dominate these other organizations. For an update on the situation is Aymenn
Jawad al-Tamimi who has extensively researched Syrian and Iraqi militant
groups. He can be followed on Twitter at @ajaltamimi.

1. ISIS has been in
the headlines during the current surge in violence, but in Anbar it doesn’t
seem to have the same hold it does in other provinces. So what groups are
active there and what are they doing?

If we start with Fallujah, which has been the city in Anbar
the longest out of government hands since January [2014], the media made much
of the ISIS parade and hoisting the banner there, but six months later ISIS
still doesn’t exercise full control over the area. They are sharing power with
a military council, which is composed of representatives of a variety of
insurgent groups in the Fallujah area who are backed by local tribesmen. They
include the local front-group branch of the Naqshibandi (i.e. the Fallujah
branch of the General Military Council for Iraq’s Revolutionaries), the 1920s
Revolution Brigades, the Islamic Army of Iraq, and others. Evidence that ISIS
is still somewhat cautious of asserting itself too far is the fact that it
hasn’t issued the equivalent of that city charter that it issued for Mosul,
which details Islamic regulations like compelling women to wear modest dress,
vowing to destroy idols, and so on. The city charter was a very clear
indication of a rejection of Baathism equally as much as the “Safavid”
republic, which is referring to the Shiite led government. In Fallujah ISIS
still doesn’t have a full monopoly on power, but I’m sure its position has
grown over time because they have the financial resources to engage in
outreach.

If we go further out into the wider Fallujah area, for example
like al-Garmah it’s not just ISIS. You have ISIS and their number one rival
insurgent group in that area Jaish al-Mujahadeen, which is a
nationalist-Islamist group that aspires to overthrow the central government,
but is at the same time anti-Shiite in outlook.

The Islamic State holds both sides of the border with Al Qaim in Anbar and Al-Bukamal in Syria and even won the allegiance of members of Syria's Jabhat al-Nusra (Wikipedia)

In terms of the majority of recent gains made by the overall
insurgency in Anbar against federal forces I think it is fair to say ISIS
spearheaded or went it alone for the majority of those operations. If you look
back at the controversy in April surrounding incursions into other areas of
Anbar east of Fallujah and Ramadi like Zuba there were competing claims for
credit from both ISIS and the JRTN’s front group the General Military Council.
ISIS accused the General Military Council of stealing credit for operations,
and reminded the other factions that its goal is to build a caliphate and
anyone who opposes that project is its enemy. It subsequently emerged via a
Military Council spokesman from Fallujah that it was actually just ISIS that
carried out those incursions. Secondly, in terms of the recent gains in western
Anbar like Rawa, al-Qaim, Ana, and so on it’s apparent that’s been spearheaded
by ISIS particularly with al-Qaim. What happened there was once ISIS moved into
the town they then went over to the other side of the border into Syria’s
al-Bukamal as well, which had been controlled for some time by Jabhat al-Nusra,
which is Al Qaeda’s official Syrian affiliate. Jabhat al-Nusra, faced with the
prospect of ISIS moving into al-Bukamal pledged allegiance to it. For a time
ISIS controlled the majority of al-Bukamal, and other factions there basically
acquiesced to ISIS’s rule, but it seems renewed fighting has broken out as
rebels in al-Bukamal and reinforcements called in from elsewhere in Deir az-Zor
province have sought to expel ISIS, which in turn has called up reinforcements
from al-Qaim. So I think that’s a clear indication of who is calling the shots
in al-Qaim and the other western Anbar towns need to be seen in that light as
well. Although I have seen reports that local General Military Council
militants operate in western Anbar as well, but again, I think it’s clear the
gains in that area have been spearheaded by ISIS.

What’s interesting about far western Anbar is that with the initial wave of
breakdown in government control sweeping across northern and western Iraq,
rebels from the Syrian side of the border took advantage of the situation to
make incursions and seize weaponry to defend themselves against ISIS on the
Syrian side of the border, as ISIS had swiftly sent army HUMVEES taken from the
Mosul offensive to its Hasakah province stronghold of ash-Shaddadi to be
deployed in Deir az-Zor to conquer the remainder of the province.

Captured Iraqi Humvees being transported to Syria by IS (via Aymenn Jawad al-Tamimi)

The incursions by rebels from Syria into western Anbar may
well have been facilitated by local tribesmen, and historically there are
strong links between al-Bukamal and al-Qa’im even as the two localities were
separated by provincial boundaries going back to the Ottoman era. Moreover,
over the course of last year, the local leadership of at least two local
groupings in al-Bukamal (Jabhat al-Nusra and a similarly aligned battalion
called Liwa al-Qadisiya al-Islamiya) had participated in fighting in Iraq
against government forces, working with ISIS in the days before widespread
infighting broke out in Syria. However, the case of western Anbar demonstrates
a pattern repeatedly seen where other insurgents might create the initial
security vacuum but ISIS fills that gap eventually.

2. Let’s go to Mosul.
There ISIS came in, but then people were speculating how they could take such a
large city, so it obviously must have been working with other groups. Then
afterward as you mentioned it issued a code of conduct for the city, so it’s
pretty clear that ISIS led that attack. Who else is operating in Mosul?

IS parade in Mosul with captured ISF vehicles (via Alexandre Massimo)

If you look at the initial claims that were made in Mosul it
was that the western half of the city fell, and from there the rest of the city
fell out of government hands. The problem is the other insurgent factions tend
not to admit to coordination. If you just read the ISIS Ninawa provincial feed
you would think that it was just ISIS who seized those areas. On the other
hand, the General Military Council, which as I said is the Naqshibandi (JRTN)
front group, issued a statement saying that “all” the rebel factions in Mosul
liberated the western side of the city. If you look at past evidence from
before the fall of Mosul it is clear that other factions besides ISIS took part
in the fall of the city most notably JRTN and Jamaat Ansar al-Islam. However I
think there the gains were still spearheaded by ISIS. Secondly ISIS seized the
bulk of financial assets and new military equipment in the city.

If you look at the way these groups present themselves in
Mosul there’s been lots of evidence of ISIS parades in the city since its fall,
while the evidence from the other groups has been more about showing the
weaponry they captured or destroyed. The General Military Council’s output has
featured destroyed Army HUMVEES for example. I have no doubt these other groups
like JRTN and others played an auxiliary role in the capture of the city, but
I’d stress it was an auxiliary one. The city charter issued by ISIS indicates a
clear intention in the long run to exert sole control over the city. I think
they will be able to do so because they’ve made so much money from the area
from extortion and so on. We also have to consider that recent pledge of
allegiance of dozens of Jamaat Ansar al-Islam members to ISIS. ISIS and Jamaat
Ansar al-Islam clashed many times in Mosul, but I would say that ISIS had the
upper hand in the clashes because it had better weaponry, more manpower, and
better finances. I think it is quite clear that members of these other
insurgent groups are fearful of ISIS’s power. While evidence currently suggests
that ISIS hasn’t fully implemented the terms of their city charter particularly
with regards to alcohol and cigarette smoking and so on, it has to be noted
that the same was true of Raqqa, which is ISIS’s de facto capital in Syria. For
some time ISIS didn’t fully implement its vision of Islamic law in that city
either. For example, for many months before they gained full control of the
city in January of this year, ISIS was putting up billboards stipulating that
women should wear the hijab according to sharia [i.e. niqab], but that didn’t
become prevalent until ISIS seized full control of the city. So I think there
are clearly other factions in Mosul, but ISIS is the major faction there, and
they have the means to reach out to the locals, and have the bulk of the
weapons. In the scenario of future infighting in Mosul ISIS would likely
succeed in completely expelling other insurgent groups from the town, and I
think the longer the other insurgent groups tolerate ISIS then the more
difficult it will be for them to dislodge ISIS.

3. After the fall of
Mosul insurgents moved south. In Kirkuk almost the entire western half of the
province fell, so who is doing what there?

Image posted on social media when idea of Jamaat Ansar al-Islama and Jaish al-Mujahadeen cooperation was proposed in Kirkuk (via Aymenn Jawad al-Tamimi)

Kirkuk's Hawija used to be a Naqshibani stronghold but IS has now asserted control over it (AFP)

Kirkuk is interesting because areas like Hawija have
traditionally been associated with JRTN. So for example, the Hawija protest
site from last year was managed by Intifada Ahrar Al-Iraq, which is the
activist wing of the JRTN. In particular an interesting trend more recently was
this output from Jamaat Ansar al-Islam and Jaish al-Mujahadeen suggesting
brotherhood and coordination in the Hawija area. That seemed to be a trend
dating back to April. There were these hints of forging a closer relationship
between those two groups as a counter to ISIS. There were apparent proposals of
a cease-fire between ISIS and Jamaat Ansar al-Islam in April, but those failed
because ISIS ultimately sees itself as a state and wouldn’t except third party
independent arbitration of their disputes with other groups. So there was that
dimension. There has also been evidence of JRTN activity in particular in the
seizure of army bases and weaponry, and the destruction of Iraqi Army
equipment. Again I think you see the same pattern coming where again ISIS
places emphasis upon raids and hoisting their banner. So you’ve seen ISIS
raising their banner at Sulaiman Bek and also Hawija in the main square and
they held a parade there. I’d say that is indicative of the pattern I mentioned
above where the other insurgent groups might play the initial role in
destabilizing government control and seizing an area and creating a vacuum, and
then ISIS moves in and fills that gap with an emphasis upon the urban areas. So
in the urban area of Hawija ISIS seems to have asserted itself. To give a parallel
example at the Fallujah Dam [in Anbar], which was initially seized by JRTN in
January [2014], ISIS later filled that gap.

4. Salahaddin appears
to be where most of the heavy fighting is going on. The Baiji refinery has been
attacked over and over again, Samarra is a really important city for the
militias because of the Askari shrine there, and the Iraqi forces just launched
an operation in Tikrit. What’s going on there?

The crucial initial event there was the fall of Tikrit
actually, which involved not only ISIS guys coming in from the north, but from
the west as well. As I recall the General Military Council claimed involvement
through moving in on the southern entrance into Tikrit. Jamaat Ansar al-Islam
also posted a photo where they hoisted their banner over one of the entrances
to the city. So again I think multiple insurgent groups moved in on the city,
but again ISIS seems to have spearheaded the offensive. Since then they’ve
asserted themselves by putting their banner up in one of the central points of
the city. They also crucially executed hundreds of army soldiers in the Tikrit
area. Again in terms of other [militant] output it’s more of the same where the
other insurgent groups put the emphasis upon taking new military equipment from
army bases, but when it comes to power it’s ISIS who have asserted power within
the center of Tikrit.

Jamaat Ansar Al-Islam raising their banner at one of the entrances to Tikrit showing they were involved in taking the city (via Aymenn Jawad al-Tamimi)

IS's banner in the center of Tikrit shows whose in control of Tikrit (via Aymenn Jawad al-Tamimi)

The Islamic State is in the lead in Salahaddin's Baiji, Tikrit and the attack upon Samarra (Defence Point)

Also in Baiji it’s largely under ISIS control again. It held
a military parade there. They’re not the only faction within that city, but I
think the way things are going they will assert themselves there as they have
done in Tikrit.

Samarra is relevant because there had been an offensive into
the city only days before the fall of Mosul. The evidence for that suggests
that it was an ISIS led offensive. Samarra is also relevant because of the role
of Shiite militiamen have been involved in the fighting. Asaib Ahl al-Iraq lost
at least one fighter in the defense of the city that [initially] pushed ISIS
out. More recently Kataib Hezbollah with their new front group the Popular
Defense Brigades also lost two fighters in that area and crucially
pro-government outlets like al-Masalah have readily reported on the role the
Popular Defense Brigades have played in assisting government forces in the
fight to retake Tikrit.

Much of the media reporting seems to be focused on the fight
for the Baiji refinery. I think the evidence for that shows that ISIS is
involved, but I think other insurgent groups seem to be playing an auxiliary
role in the fighting there.

Overall I think Salahaddin province mimics the picture of
what’s going on in the other provinces. Again it is ISIS that spearheads most
of these attempts to rest these new areas from government control. I think the
second most relevant dimension is the role of Shiite militiamen and their
concern about the “defense of the shrine” narrative, which has been mentioned
previously by Phillip Smyth.

5. Diyala really
hasn’t been getting much press, but there’s been fighting there for a while
too. So who is active in Diyala province?

In Diyala province again ISIS has been there as well.
They’ve played off sectarian tensions there for some time, and that’s going
back to at least last year. Shiite militiamen are there as well, and that’s not
a new phenomenon. So for example I’ve mentioned before in my work about
complaints about Asaib Ahl Al-Haq operating there with impunity, and causing
displacement of Sunnis within Diyala province going back to last year. ISIS has
played off of that to build local support.

On the other hand, Diyala is interesting because there’s
photographic evidence of the Islamic Army of Iraq being active there. The
Islamic Army of Iraq is disliked by most of the other insurgent factions
because after the U.S. withdrawal it set up an activist wing Al-Herak Ash-Sha’abi
as-Sunni, the Sunni Popular Movement, which sought by peaceful means to achieve
a Sunni federal region. That was seen as being too moderate by other factions
like Jaish al-Mujahadeen that have always been rejectionists towards the
central government. Again, the JRTN front, the General Military Council, is
there and I’m sure they have been coordinating with ISIS in the contested areas
like Jalwala and Azim.

There’s a third element at play as with the Kirkuk area with
the Kurdish aspirations to use this opportunity to take the disputed
territories. I’m not saying it is wholly opportunistic. I think most people in
practice would prefer to see a place like Kirkuk and some of these Diyala areas
come under KRG [Kurdistan Regional Government] control rather than insurgent
control, but nonetheless one has to remember that this is not a recipe for
stability in the long run because the Sunni insurgent groups hate the central
government, but that doesn’t mean they look favorably upon the KRG either.
Interestingly, Jamaat Ansar al-Islam has some Kurdish members although it is
mostly Sunni Arab now, but it considers the KRG and peshmerga apostates. So
neither in Kirkuk nor in Diyala will simply having the peshmerga in these
contested areas lead to stability in the long run as long as the Sunni Arab
insurgency is so active.

6. Northern Babil
province has been under insurgent control for a while now. The security forces
have launched operation after operation there saying that it is cleared, and
then go right back in a week or two later.

In northern Babil's Iskandiriya, Jurf al-Sakhr and Musayib it is just the Islamic State carrying out attacks (IraqSlogger)

Babil province is interesting because it is essentially just
ISIS. There is no evidence to suggest that other insurgent groups are operating
there, and more over the evidence shows that ISIS has been active in these hot
spot areas both now as ISIS and as its predecessor the Islamic State of Iraq
(ISI) for a number of years now even during the height of the Surge when there
was still a large U.S. presence. The security forces were not able to build
sufficient trust with the local population to crackdown on ISI or ISIS. In the
same way that ISI and ISIS were never dislodged from Mosul ISIS and its
previous incarnation have been in Jurf al-Sakhr and Iskandiriya and Musayib for
a long time. I think that exemplifies a fundamental problem that goes beyond
just who is prime minister. Of course the prime minister is the commander and
chief of the armed forces, but ultimately what goes on on the ground and how
the security forces conduct their operations alienates locals, and I think that
is a problem that pervades the entire military culture. That’s not just true of
Iraq but of the wider Middle East and North Africa.

7. Lets do the last
province Baghdad. Obviously that is the goal of all the insurgent groups to
reach the capital and overthrow the government. Are there any other groups that
have claimed operations there besides ISIS?

Yes, if we look at Tarmiya and Taji in northern Baghdad
province there has been video evidence of operations by the Naqshibandi front
group the General Military Council. Also there’s been this minor insurgent
brand called Kataib Thwar al-Sunna who have carried out IED attacks in the
Baghdad suburbs. However I haven’t seen any other output from them for a couple
months now. As a brand it seems like it just doesn’t compete with ISIS. The
operations in Taji by the Naqshibandi are primarily mortar rounds and IEDs, and
that doesn’t suggest anything like mounting a full-scale offensive on the city
in the way ISIS is emphasizing through its rhetoric. ISIS talks about the “greatest
battle of Baghdad” is coming for months now, and that was before the fall of
Mosul. I don’t think that will succeed. The only likely result of that will be
more ethnic cleansing of Sunni Arabs from the Baghdad suburbs and from the
Baghdad belt area. It’s just going to trigger a terrible human cost of mass
displacement and killings, and so on.

Summing up where the insurgency is going it can only go so
far as Sunni majority areas. They can’t overthrow the central government. ISIS
just can’t go in and claim the capture of Baghdad. Of course you’ll have unrest
in the Sunni suburbs, but Baghdad is a Shiite majority city. Given the
activation of Shiite militias as well it will just trigger bloodshed and
displacement of Sunni Arabs, and they’ll just be an even smaller demographic
constituent of the city then now considering they are a smaller proportion of
the city since 2003. Some areas to look out for would be Saidiya in southern
Baghdad that’s one of the few mixed Sunni-Shiite areas of the city that is
still left. I think it will go majority Shiite by the end of all this.

On another major concluding note I would add that ISIS’ announcement of the
establishment of a Caliphate marks the boldest venture yet in ISIS’ assertion
of the primacy of its status and goals in relation to the other insurgent
groups. Already prior to the announcement there were signs of a shift towards
Caliphate messaging in ISIS’ Iraq discourse, referring to its flag prior to the
announcement as the “Banner of the Caliphate” and the rebuke to the General
Military Council back in April. Certainly it is a somewhat risky move in
increasing the chances of wider infighting in Iraq between ISIS and the other
insurgent groups, but as even the Syrian experience should show the chances of
substantially rolling back ISIS in this scenario are slim. Generally there is
too much willingness to buy into the claims of the likes of [Sheikh] Ali Hatem [Sulaiman]
that “tribal” fighters will defeat ISIS or General Military Council claims to
have tens of thousands of fighters. Ultimately a real change in the situation
would only come about if the U.S. decided to deploy a large-scale ground force
but I think J.M. Berger is right that ISIS’ declaration of the Caliphate may
complicate things- whether through U.S. airstrikes or a ground force- as it
becomes easier to attract global Muslim support if the U.S. is seen to be the
power trying to destroy the new Caliphate. Things just got a whole lot murkier.
If ISIS’ long-term trajectory is to experience a major decline in its fortunes,
then we are talking of a timescale of at least several years, I believe.

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About Me

Musings On Iraq was started in 2008 to explain the politics, economics, security, culture and history of Iraq via original articles and interviews. If you wish to contact me personally my email is: motown67@aol.com