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Samuel Bowles, Our New West (1869) [The Chinese], of course, have been the victims of much meanness and cruelty from individuals. To abuse and cheat a Chinaman; to rob him; to kick and cuff him; even to kill him, have been things not only done with impunity by mean and wicked men, but even with vain glory. Terrible are some of the cases of robbery and wanton maiming and murder reported from the mining districts. [The Chinese], of course, have been the victims of much meanness and cruelty from individuals. To abuse and cheat a Chinaman; to rob him; to kick and cuff him; even to kill him, have been things not only done with impunity by mean and wicked men, but even with vain glory. Terrible are some of the cases of robbery and wanton maiming and murder reported from the mining districts.

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Samuel Bowles, Our New West (1869) Had “John,”...--a good claim, original or improved, he was ordered to “move on,”--it belonged to somebody else. Had he hoarded a pile, he was ordered to disgorge; and, if he resisted, he was killed. Worse crimes even are known against them; they have been wantonly assaulted and shot down or stabbed by bad men, as sportsmen would surprise and shoot their game in the woods. There was no risk in such barbarity; if “John” survived to tell the tale, the law would not hear him or believe him. Had “John,”...--a good claim, original or improved, he was ordered to “move on,”--it belonged to somebody else. Had he hoarded a pile, he was ordered to disgorge; and, if he resisted, he was killed. Worse crimes even are known against them; they have been wantonly assaulted and shot down or stabbed by bad men, as sportsmen would surprise and shoot their game in the woods. There was no risk in such barbarity; if “John” survived to tell the tale, the law would not hear him or believe him.

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San Francisco, April 1, 1876 H. H. Ellis, Chief of Police, City and County of San Francisco. San Francisco, April 1, 1876 H. H. Ellis, Chief of Police, City and County of San Francisco. Sir: We wish to call your attention to the fact that at the present time frequent and unprovoked assaults are made upon our Chinese People while walking peacefully the streets of this city. The assaulting party is seldom arrested by your officers, but if a Chinaman resists the assault he is frequently arrested and punished by fine or by imprisonment.

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Inflammatory and incendiary addresses against the Chinese, delivered in the public streets to the idle and irresponsible element of this great city, have already produced unprovoked and unpunished assaults on some of our people, and we fear that if such things are permitted to go on unchecked a bloody riot against the Chinese may be the result. Inflammatory and incendiary addresses against the Chinese, delivered in the public streets to the idle and irresponsible element of this great city, have already produced unprovoked and unpunished assaults on some of our people, and we fear that if such things are permitted to go on unchecked a bloody riot against the Chinese may be the result. Letter from the Chinese Six Companies Letter from the Chinese Six Companies

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Huie Kin, Reminiscences (1932) On San Francisco in the 1870s On San Francisco in the 1870s The Chinese were in a pitiable condition in those days. We were simply terrified; we kept indoors after dark for fear of being shot in the back. Children spit upon us as we passed by and called us rats. The Chinese were in a pitiable condition in those days. We were simply terrified; we kept indoors after dark for fear of being shot in the back. Children spit upon us as we passed by and called us rats.

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Wunder, Anti-Chinese Violence in the American West What is the geography of violence in the American West? Where did these episodes occur? What is the geography of violence in the American West? Where did these episodes occur? What state had the most “outbreaks”? What state had the most “outbreaks”?

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Wunder, Anti-Chinese Violence in the American West Which state had the most deaths? Which state had the most deaths? Did these outbreaks occur in urban or rural areas? Did these outbreaks occur in urban or rural areas? What type of violence was occurring in the western states? What type of violence was occurring in the western states?

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Wunder, Anti-Chinese Violence in the American West Wunder writes about a sixty-year period. When did the outbreaks of anti-Chinese violence occur? Wunder writes about a sixty-year period. When did the outbreaks of anti-Chinese violence occur? Does Wunder agree or disagree with the notion that anti-Chinese violence was a temporary aberration occurring in ? Does Wunder agree or disagree with the notion that anti-Chinese violence was a temporary aberration occurring in ? Which state had what Wunder calls the longest embrace of anti-Chinese sentiment? Which state had what Wunder calls the longest embrace of anti-Chinese sentiment?

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Tacoma, Washington 1885 Anti-Chinese mayor elected, who calls congress that demands ouster of Chinese Anti-Chinese mayor elected, who calls congress that demands ouster of Chinese Committee of Fifteen selected, which selects November 1 deadline for Chinese expulsion Committee of Fifteen selected, which selects November 1 deadline for Chinese expulsion In November mobs begin forcible ejection of Chinese from homes and businesses In November mobs begin forcible ejection of Chinese from homes and businesses Committee of Fifteen subsequently acquitted of charges of civil rights violations Committee of Fifteen subsequently acquitted of charges of civil rights violations

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Seattle 1886 After acquittal, Committee of Fifteen sets sights on Seattle After acquittal, Committee of Fifteen sets sights on Seattle Four hundred Chinese are forced to leave Four hundred Chinese are forced to leave By March 1886, most of the Chinese in western Washington had been expelled By March 1886, most of the Chinese in western Washington had been expelled

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A Chinese Laundry at a Bargain Sale Mrs. H. Scovile (Seattle) What I remember best about the early days in Seattle in the Chinese riots in My husband came home one Sunday morning and told me an officer from the Home Guards had come into the church and commanded all the men to report for duty at once. There were a number of Chinese in Seattle then, some running laundries, others having cigar stores, and so on. The people of the town had become incensed at the idea of Orientals being allowed to carry on business when Americans needed work. What I remember best about the early days in Seattle in the Chinese riots in My husband came home one Sunday morning and told me an officer from the Home Guards had come into the church and commanded all the men to report for duty at once. There were a number of Chinese in Seattle then, some running laundries, others having cigar stores, and so on. The people of the town had become incensed at the idea of Orientals being allowed to carry on business when Americans needed work.

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A Chinese Laundry at a Bargain Sale Mrs. H. Scovile (Seattle) The Committee of Fifteen had told the Chinese that they must go, get out of town, by a certain date. A steamer from San Francisco would be in the harbor on that date, and they must go aboard. The Chinese began selling off their goods and equipment. My husband and I decided to buy a laundry. We knew nothing about the laundry business but we thought we could learn. We bought the laundry and all the equipment for almost nothing, and opened for business. We prospered, the business grew fast, and we never regretted buying a laundry at a bargain sale. The Committee of Fifteen had told the Chinese that they must go, get out of town, by a certain date. A steamer from San Francisco would be in the harbor on that date, and they must go aboard. The Chinese began selling off their goods and equipment. My husband and I decided to buy a laundry. We knew nothing about the laundry business but we thought we could learn. We bought the laundry and all the equipment for almost nothing, and opened for business. We prospered, the business grew fast, and we never regretted buying a laundry at a bargain sale.

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Portland, Oregon, March 7. - The bodies of M. Coleman and Wilson Patten, well- known citizens of Seattle, W. T., arrived here from Lake Washington yesterday. They were assassinated by some unknown persons. Coleman was foreman of the Grand Jury that indicted a number of men for participating in the recent Seattle riot, and also those who shot and killed several Chinamen at the New Castle coal mines.

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Memorial of Chinese Laborers Resident at Rock Springs (1885) What was going on in Rock Springs before the outbreak of violence? What was going on in Rock Springs before the outbreak of violence? Were whites and Chinese working together or was there occupational segregation? Were whites and Chinese working together or was there occupational segregation? Were the Chinese aware of white hostility before the violent outburst? Were the Chinese aware of white hostility before the violent outburst?

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Memorial of Chinese Laborers Resident at Rock Springs (1885) According to the Memorial, what happened in Rock Springs in the first few days of September 1885? According to the Memorial, what happened in Rock Springs in the first few days of September 1885? What role did the federal government play after the Rock Springs massacre? What was the reaction of the mining company? What role did the federal government play after the Rock Springs massacre? What was the reaction of the mining company? In the aftermath of the massacre, what did the Chinese laborers from Rock Springs want? In the aftermath of the massacre, what did the Chinese laborers from Rock Springs want?

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The 1903 Anti-Chinese Riot in Tonopah, Nevada, from a Chinese Perspective We had intended to accept the humiliating treatment and stopped pursuing the case, but the merchant leaders reproached us severely, saying “… People will regard you with contempt if you don’t do your utmost to fight back against these Westerner ruffians after you suffered this cruel treatment.” We had intended to accept the humiliating treatment and stopped pursuing the case, but the merchant leaders reproached us severely, saying “… People will regard you with contempt if you don’t do your utmost to fight back against these Westerner ruffians after you suffered this cruel treatment.” With the help of our fellow countrymen, we hope to win the court case and execute the head ruffians to avenge the soul of the innocent dead and to comfort those of us who were brutally expelled. With the help of our fellow countrymen, we hope to win the court case and execute the head ruffians to avenge the soul of the innocent dead and to comfort those of us who were brutally expelled.

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South Asian Immigration Indians emigrated to British Columbia, Canada in the first decade of the 20 th century at the rate of 2000 per year Indians emigrated to British Columbia, Canada in the first decade of the 20 th century at the rate of 2000 per year White Canadians begin calls for exclusion based upon fear of economic competition and the inability of “Hindus” to assimilate White Canadians begin calls for exclusion based upon fear of economic competition and the inability of “Hindus” to assimilate In 1909, Canadian government ends Indian immigration In 1909, Canadian government ends Indian immigration

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South Asian Immigration Indian immigration to United States begins roughly in 1898 Indian immigration to United States begins roughly in 1898 From 1898 to 1903, number of immigrants averaged thirty per year From 1898 to 1903, number of immigrants averaged thirty per year From 1904 to 1906, 250 per year average From 1904 to 1906, 250 per year average In 1907, 1,072 In 1907, 1,072 In 1908, 1,710 In 1908, 1,710 In 1909, 377 In 1909, 377 In 1910, 1,782 In 1910, 1,782 In 1940, 2,405 In 1940, 2,405 Initially, Immigrants were working primarily as laborers in the lumber industry of Washington and California Initially, Immigrants were working primarily as laborers in the lumber industry of Washington and California

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“The Hindoo Question in California,” Proceedings of the Asiatic Exclusion League (1908) From every part of the Coast, complaints are made of the undesirability of the Hindoos, their lack of cleanliness, disregard of sanitary laws, petty pilfering, especially of chickens, and insolence to women. From every part of the Coast, complaints are made of the undesirability of the Hindoos, their lack of cleanliness, disregard of sanitary laws, petty pilfering, especially of chickens, and insolence to women.

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Herman Scheffauer, “The Tide of Turbans,” Forum (1910) This time the chimera is not the saturnine, almond-eye mask, the shaven head, the snaky pig-tail of the multitudinous Chinese, nor the close-cropped bullet- heads of the suave and smiling Japanese, but a face of finer features, rising, turbaned out of the Pacific and bringing a new and anxious question. This time the chimera is not the saturnine, almond-eye mask, the shaven head, the snaky pig-tail of the multitudinous Chinese, nor the close-cropped bullet- heads of the suave and smiling Japanese, but a face of finer features, rising, turbaned out of the Pacific and bringing a new and anxious question.

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“The Hindu, the Newest Immigration Problem,” Survey (1910) The civic and social question concerns the ability of the nation to assimilate this class of Hindus and their probable effect on the communities where they settle. Their habits, their intense caste feeling, their lack of home life—no women being among them—and their effect upon standards of labor and wages, all combine to raise a serious question as to whether the doors should be kept open or closed against this strange, new stream. The civic and social question concerns the ability of the nation to assimilate this class of Hindus and their probable effect on the communities where they settle. Their habits, their intense caste feeling, their lack of home life—no women being among them—and their effect upon standards of labor and wages, all combine to raise a serious question as to whether the doors should be kept open or closed against this strange, new stream.

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Bellingham Reveille, Sept. 6, 1907 From every standpoint it is most undesirable that these Asians should be permitted to remain in the United States. They are repulsive in appearance and disgusting in manners. They are said to be without shame, and while no charges of immorality are brought against them, their actions and customs are so different from ours that there can never be tolerance of them. They contribute nothing to the growth and upbuilding of the city as a result of their labors. They work for small wages and do not put their money into circulation. From every standpoint it is most undesirable that these Asians should be permitted to remain in the United States. They are repulsive in appearance and disgusting in manners. They are said to be without shame, and while no charges of immorality are brought against them, their actions and customs are so different from ours that there can never be tolerance of them. They contribute nothing to the growth and upbuilding of the city as a result of their labors. They work for small wages and do not put their money into circulation.

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Bellingham Reveille, Sept. 5, 1907 The Hindu is not a good citizen. It would require centuries to assimilate him, and this country need not take the trouble. Our racial burdens are already heavy enough to bear.... Our cloak of brotherly love is not large enough to include him as a member of the body politic. The Hindu is not a good citizen. It would require centuries to assimilate him, and this country need not take the trouble. Our racial burdens are already heavy enough to bear.... Our cloak of brotherly love is not large enough to include him as a member of the body politic.

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Filipino Immigration Between 1925 and 1929, 22,767 Filipinos and 1,356 Filipinas entered California Between 1925 and 1929, 22,767 Filipinos and 1,356 Filipinas entered California One-third of the males were between 16 and 21 years old and nearly half were between 22 and 29 years old One-third of the males were between 16 and 21 years old and nearly half were between 22 and 29 years old

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Filipino Immigrants and Intermarriage In late 1920s in California, among Filipinos there were nineteen men to every one woman. In late 1920s in California, among Filipinos there were nineteen men to every one woman. In 1937, in Los Angeles, a survey of 95 families found both spouses were Filipinos in 29 households (30%) In 1937, in Los Angeles, a survey of 95 families found both spouses were Filipinos in 29 households (30%)

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Judge D.W. Rohrback Watsonville Evening Pajaronian, Jan. 10, 1930 [I]f the present state of affairs continues... there will be 40,000 half-breeds in the State of California before ten years have passed.... We do not advocate violence but... the United States should send those unwelcome inhabitants from our shores.... I hope that we overcome this menace to our general welfare. [I]f the present state of affairs continues... there will be 40,000 half-breeds in the State of California before ten years have passed.... We do not advocate violence but... the United States should send those unwelcome inhabitants from our shores.... I hope that we overcome this menace to our general welfare.

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Judge D.W. Rohrback Damn the Filipino! He won’t keep his place. The worst part of his being here is his mixing with young white girls from thirteen to seventeen. He gives them silk underwear and makes them pregnant and crowds whites out of jobs in the bargain. Damn the Filipino! He won’t keep his place. The worst part of his being here is his mixing with young white girls from thirteen to seventeen. He gives them silk underwear and makes them pregnant and crowds whites out of jobs in the bargain.

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Judge D.W. Rohrback Watsonville Evening Pajaronian, Dec. 5, 1929 Filipinos were “little brown men about ten years removed from a bolo and breechcloth.” “Attired like ‘Solomon in all his glory,” Filipinos were “strutting like peacocks and endeavoring to attract the eyes of young American and Mexican girls.” Filipinos were “little brown men about ten years removed from a bolo and breechcloth.” “Attired like ‘Solomon in all his glory,” Filipinos were “strutting like peacocks and endeavoring to attract the eyes of young American and Mexican girls.”

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Fears of Miscegenation David Barrows, The Desirability of the Filipino, The Commonwealth (Nov. 5, 1929) David Barrows, The Desirability of the Filipino, The Commonwealth (Nov. 5, 1929) Their vices were almost entirely based upon sexual passion.... He usually frequents the poorer quarters of our towns and spends the residues of his savings in brothels and dance halls, which in spite of our laws exist to minister to his lower nature. Their vices were almost entirely based upon sexual passion.... He usually frequents the poorer quarters of our towns and spends the residues of his savings in brothels and dance halls, which in spite of our laws exist to minister to his lower nature.

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Fears of Miscegenation Stockton California resident, 1930 Stockton California resident, 1930 The Japs and Chinese have never mixed with white women to any extent, not the extent that the Filipino does anyway. The Japs and Chinese have never mixed with white women to any extent, not the extent that the Filipino does anyway. Witness, House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, 1930 Witness, House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, 1930 The Filipinos are … a social menace as they will not leave our white girls alone and frequently intermarry. The Filipinos are … a social menace as they will not leave our white girls alone and frequently intermarry.

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Fears of Miscegenation “Mr. Moody,” Deputy labo “Mr. Moody,” Deputy labor commissioner, 1930 The love-making of the Filipino is primitive, even heathenish... more elaborate. The love-making of the Filipino is primitive, even heathenish... more elaborate. D. Crowell, business owner, 1930 D. Crowell, business owner, 1930 The Filipinos are hot little rabbits, and many of these white women like them for that reason. The Filipinos are hot little rabbits, and many of these white women like them for that reason.

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Fears of Miscegenation San Francisco Municipal Court Judge Sylvain Lazurus, Time (April 13, 1936) San Francisco Municipal Court Judge Sylvain Lazurus, Time (April 13, 1936) It is a dreadful thing when these Filipinos, scarcely more than savages, come to San Francisco, work for practically nothing, and obtain the society of these girls.... Some of these boys, with perfect candor, have told me bluntly and boastfully that they practice the art of love with more perfection than white boys, and occasionally one of the girls has supplied me with information to the same effect. In fact some of the disclosures in this regard are perfectly startling in nature. It is a dreadful thing when these Filipinos, scarcely more than savages, come to San Francisco, work for practically nothing, and obtain the society of these girls.... Some of these boys, with perfect candor, have told me bluntly and boastfully that they practice the art of love with more perfection than white boys, and occasionally one of the girls has supplied me with information to the same effect. In fact some of the disclosures in this regard are perfectly startling in nature.

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California’s Anti-Miscegenation Statute Groups such as the American Legion, the Native Sons and daughters of the American West, and the California State Federation of Labor called for a new miscegenation statute that would include Filipinos. Groups such as the American Legion, the Native Sons and daughters of the American West, and the California State Federation of Labor called for a new miscegenation statute that would include Filipinos. In 1933, California legislature amended the miscegenation statute to state that all marriages of Caucasians with “negroes, Mongolians, members of the Malay race, or mulattoes are illegal and void” and that no marriage license would be issued for a marriage of “a white person with a negro, Mulatto, Mongolian, or members of the Malay race.” In 1933, California legislature amended the miscegenation statute to state that all marriages of Caucasians with “negroes, Mongolians, members of the Malay race, or mulattoes are illegal and void” and that no marriage license would be issued for a marriage of “a white person with a negro, Mulatto, Mongolian, or members of the Malay race.” Both bills passed unanimously in the Senate and 66-1 and 63-0 in the Assembly. Both bills passed unanimously in the Senate and 66-1 and 63-0 in the Assembly.

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Juries and Jury Nullification American courts have a long history of all- white juries acquitting white defendants charged with crimes against non-whites (when charges are brought at all) American courts have a long history of all- white juries acquitting white defendants charged with crimes against non-whites (when charges are brought at all)