The Amazing Race Latin America 6 (also known as The Amazing Race on Space 4) is the sixth season of the Latin American version of the U.S. reality show The Amazing Race. As in seasons prior, the show will consist of 11 teams of different nationalities competing, though for this season the race takes place entirely in Ecuador. The program broadcast throughout Latin America on cable network Space, and in Ecuador on TC Televisión. The prize for the winning team will be $100,000, significantly less than the prize given in previous seasons.

The program was hosted once again by Toya Montoya, who was joined by Ecuadorian presenter Jaime Arellano. This is the first time in the worldwide history of the format that the race is presented by a pair of hosts, as opposed to a single presenter.

Brothers-in-law from Ecuador, Giovanni López & Juan Carlos Estrada, were the winners of the race.

A green ƒ indicates that the team won a Fast Forward clue. If placed next to a Leg number, this indicates that the Fast Forward was available for that Leg but not used.

A purple ε indicates that the team decided to use the Express Pass on that leg. A magenta ə indicates the team had previously been given the second Express Pass and used it on that leg.

A blue team placement indicates that the team came in last on a non-elimination leg.

An underlined blue team placement indicates that the team had to perform a Speed Bump in the next leg of the race.

An italicized blue team placement indicates that there was no penalty for the team.

A brown ⊃ or a cyan ⋑ indicates that the team chose to use one of the two U-Turns in a Double U-Turn; ⊂ or ⋐ indicates the team who received it; ⊂⋑ indicates that the team was U-Turned, but they used the second U-Turn on another team.

Matching colored symbols (orange +, teal ^, magenta –, olive * and brown ~) indicate teams who worked together during part of the leg as a result of an Intersection.

An underlined leg number indicates that there was no mandatory rest period at the Pit Stop and all teams were ordered to continue racing. The first place team was still awarded a prize for that leg.

^ab Stefanía & Felipe and Martín & Jenny initially arrived 1st and 2nd, respectively, but each team were issued 30-minute penalties for not washing the wool in the marked area during the Roadblock as the clue has specified. Their placements were dropped to 4th and 5th place, respectively.

^ Carlos & Orlando were issued a 1-hour penalty for interfering with the model during the Armar Detour. However, since they arrived at the Pit Stop last, they were eliminated without the 1-hour penalty being applied.

^ Audi & David elected to withdraw from the Race at the start of Leg 3 due to an injury Audi sustained at the Roadblock in Leg 1. While Audi was still hospitalised, Toya visited them to inform them of their elimination.

^ Juan & Cecilia used the Express Pass given to them by Stefanía & Felipe to bypass the Detour on Leg 4.

^ Juan & Cecilia initially arrived 2nd, but were issued a 15-minute penalty as they ignored the instructions in their clue and released their taxi at the U-Turn location. This did not affect their placement.

^ Sonia & Gabriel did not complete the other Detour as a result of being U-Turned and were issued a 2-hour penalty upon arriving at the Pit Stop. They arrived at the Pit Stop last, but were notified that it was a non-elimination leg. The 2-hour penalty they would have taken from the Detour/U-Turn was instead applied to their starting time in Leg 6.

^ Stefanía & Felipe used their Express Pass to bypass the second Roadblock on Leg 6. Before using the Express Pass, Stefanía elected to perform the Roadblock, and this is reflected in the total Roadblock count.

^ Martín & Jenny initially arrived 3rd, but they were issued a 30-minute penalty as they got on the bus after it had departed from the bus station, causing a safety hazard. Giovanni & Juan Carlos checked in during their penalty time, dropping Martín & Jenny to 4th.

^ Nicolas & Javier and Giovanni & Juan Carlos initially arrived 1st and 2nd, respectively, but each teams were issued 30-minute penalties for taking the rubber padding out of their hats during the final challenge of the leg, which was explicitly prohibited in the clue. This did not affect either teams' placements.

In the race's first Roadblock, one team member had to descend the Cruz Loma hill using an offroad bicycle, to get their next clue from the bottom of the hill.

Additional tasks

At the Mariscal Sucre International Airport, the teams had to search for the Ecuador's tourism promotional logo that one of the traditional dancers had on their clothes. Once teams found one, they had to take the dancer to Toya and Jaime to receive their first clue.

Teams had to ride the Telefériqo to the top of the mountain, where they would find their next clue.

On La Ronda street, one team member had to put on a giant costume and walk down the street to the 24 de Mayo Boulevard. Once thy have walked down the entire street, they would be given a Claro Tablet with their next clue.

The first Detour of the race requires teams to choose between Armar (Assemble) and Tejer (Weave). In Armar, teams had to travel to the market and properly set up a stall using a completed stall for reference. Once it was perfect, teams would get their next clue. In Tejer, teams made their way to the Intercultural Center. There, they would have to use a loom to weave four traditional friendship bracelets that each followed a specific pattern. For each Detour, there were only five workstations available.

In the Roadblock, one team member had to load wool into a traditional carrying sack and search the area for Josefina, who would give them natural soap made from water and aloe to wash the wool with. They then had to climb up to the washing station to receive their next clue.

Additional tasks

At González Suárez Square, teams found a Tablet with their next clue. This would instruct them to properly braid a local's hair in the traditional manner.

At Araque Waterpark, teams had to row a traditional reed boat across the water to reach the Pit Stop.

In this leg's first Roadblock, one team member had to climb the high-altitude ropes and agility course above the lodge. They had to make their way to many stations on the course, each of which was marked with a number. Teams had to add up the numbers to reach a total of 24 before leaping off a tall platform and getting their next clue.

In the leg's second Roadblock, that team member who did not participate the first Roadblock had to complete the Cotopaxi ropes course and retrieve a flag from the end. The flag could be exchanged for a Samsung Tablet with their next clue on it.

Additional task

At the Bee Farm, teams received a Claro beeper that they had to keep with them for the rest of the leg. Teams had to enter the orchard area and plant a circular arrangement of plants following a given example. If everything was correct, teams would get their next clue.

In this leg's Roadblock, one team member would have to stand behind a designated line and throw an axe at a target painted on a piece of wood. If they could get the axe to stick into the part of the wood painted red, they would receive their next clue. For their Speed Bump, Juan & Cecilia needed to use a local tool to cut and harvest grass until they had filled a bag. Once they filled up, they could continue on to the Detour.

In this Detour, teams had to choose between Ribbons (Cintas) and Tie Up (Enlace). In Cintas, teams had to rid a horse along a marked course and then use a tiny stick to spear a ring attached to a hanging ribbon. In Enlace, teams would have to successfully throw a lasso around a fake bull head to receive their next clue.

Additional tasks

At El Potrero de la Dorada, teams received a CNT tablet that would instruct them to search the marked area for a horseshoe.

After finding the horseshoe, teams would be given a pedometer and had to count the number of steps they took to reach the Pit Stop.

In this leg's Detour, teams had to choose between Aire (Air) and Agua (Water). In Aire, teams had to make their way to the San Martín Canopy, where they would complete a high-altitude course. They had to ride a zipline, then cross the Tibet bridge, a bridge with interspaced metal planks, followed by a rock-climb and another zipline. In Agua, both team members had to use a mechanical ascender to climb to the top of the La Chamana Falls and ring the bell at the top.

In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to take part in the sport of puenting, where they would jump off a bridge while tied to a rope harness and swing below the bridge in a pendulum fashion.

Additional task

At Àmbato Street, teams had to properly make melcocha, a local honey-based sweet, by pulling and tugging the raw ingredients until they turned to a specific colour. Once it was done, they would have to properly pack 5 pieces of the melocha in the traditional manner to get their next clue.

In the first Roadblock, one team member had to utilize an indigenous blowgun known as a putuna to hit a hanging fruit. Once they had hit the fruit, teams would get their next clue.

For their Speed Bump, Sonia & Gabriel would have to learn and perform a local indigenous welcome ritual before they could continue on to the second Roadblock. In the second Roadblock, one team member (alternate team racer who did not complete the first Roadblock was not required) would have to eat five Chacuna, a type of worm, in order to get their next clue.

Additional tasks

At the rivers' meeting point, teams would have to ride an inflatable raft down the river to reach the Presidential Cabin. Two teams could ride in each raft. Once at the cabin, teams had to perform a local ritual to get their next clue.

At the training camp, teams would have to complete a grueling military training course. This would include performing the 'Angel Jump', a face-first bungee drop off of a platform. After completing the course, teams would get their next clue.

In this leg's Roadblock, the chosen team member would have to rappel 60m down the sheer face of a cliff. However, their partner first had to follow a path down to the bottom and wave a flag before they could begin their descent. Once they were reunited, teams would get their next clue.

The Detour was a choice between Hielero (Iceman) or Arriero (Horseman). In Hielero, teams had to use a traditional cloth to carry a "Chimborazo Ice Block" across the area. Once delivered, teams would get their next clue. In Arriero, teams had to take two alpacas from a pen and guide them to a local horseman to get their next clue.

Additional tasks

Teams had to search through the post office to find a key, and then use it to open the many mailboxes there until they found one with a Samsung Galaxy S5 inside.

At the Chimborazo Community, teams had to find a marked house and then set up a TV antenna on the roof. Once they could successfully tune in to the TC Channel, teams would get their next clue.

The Detour had to choose between Flores (Flowers) or Mural. In Flores, teams would have to travel to Plaza de las Flores, where they had to create a flower arrangement that matched an example. In Mural, teams had to travel to Plaza del Otorongo and had to paint a mural that matched an example. After the Detour, they would be directed to the Blind U-Turn at Parque de la Madre.

For their Speed Bump, Juan & Cecilia had to complete their Speed Bump by picking up the eight backpacks nearby and walking them to Parque Inclusivo, and donate them. Once they had donated all eight backpacks, they could move on to the Roadblock. In this Roadblock, one member would have to climb the acrobatic cloth like a circus performer and perform four midair poses; the house, the bed, the star and the box, to receive their next clue.

Additional tasks

At San Blas Park, teams would have to convince people on the street to be weighed on a scale. Teams had to weigh people until they had accumulated a total of 1,000 pounds (450 kg) to receive their next clue.

At Hotel Oro Verde, teams signed up for departure times the following morning.

Along the way to the Pit Stop at Pumapungo Mines, teams would have to use a Samsung wrist device to time how long it took them to climb to the top of the structure that the Pit Stop was on.

In the first Roadblock of the leg, one team member had to dive into the water and search among the coral reefs for some artificial coral coloured with race colours, which could then be traded for their next clue.

In the second Roadblock of the leg, their teammate who did not perform the diving Roadblock had to help with reforesting efforts by planting 10 Scalesia trees in a marked area a long distance away to receive their next clue. They could only carry two tree saplings at a time along the marked path.

Additional tasks

At the beginning of the leg, teams were given a set of geographical coordinates and instructed to travel to the Claro Information Centre to look them up on the internet. The coordinates will lead them to Baltra Island, and they would get their next clue.

At Itabaca Canal, teams would have to get into a kayak and paddle themselves across to Santa Cruz Island.

At German Beach, teams would receive a questionnaire about the importance of the Galapagos Islands to humanity, and would have to search among many flags on the beach for the correct answers to these five questions. Once they had the five correct flags, teams would get their next clue.

At Finca El Manzanillo, teams would find decorative giant tortoise shells. Teams had to pick up a Samsung Galaxy S5 and use the Dual Camera mode to take a "selfie" with a real tortoise in the background. When their photo was approved, teams would receive their next clue.

In this leg's Speed Bump, Martín & Jenny had to get onto an inflatable raft while it was towed by a speed boat. If they could stay on the raft while the boat made some wild maneouvres, they could continue on to the Detour, a choice of Estacionar (Park) or Remar (Row). In Estacionar, teams had to swim out into the ocean to reach three paddleboats floating out there. They had to bring these three boats back to a parking location on the beach to get their next clue. In Remar, teams got into a kayak and had to zigzag around floating buoys until they reached a marked one, then return to shore. Teams had to do this three times for the next clue.

In this Roadblock, one team member had to stay upright on a wakeboard being towed by a speedboat for a full minute in order to get their next clue.

Additional task

After passing the U-Turn, teams then had to use a local vehicle known as a "carricoche" to reach Chipipe Beach. There, teams would have to utilize a large slingshot to launch melons at two towers of plastic buckets, knocking them all down. When everything was knocked down, teams would receive their next clue.

The Detour was a choice of Bartender or Disco Dancer. In Bartender, teams had to find the Caña Grill where they had to stack seven cocktail glasses into a pyramid, and then use a stack of mixing glasses to pour red and yellow colorful cocktails into each glass simultaneously. This had to be done in such a way that none of the cocktails mixed. Once successful, the team would get their next clue. In Disco Dancer, teams had to find Nativa Bambú, where they had to learn from an instructor a series of dance moves. When performing for the judges, teams had to spin a wheel to determine what outfit they had to wear while dancing. If they could perform the dance correctly and score at least 12 points with the judges, they would get their next clue.

In this Roadblock, one team member had to wade out to a boat and offload all of the items on it, taking care not to get any of them wet. The last item to unload would be a real person. If they could do this, they would get their next clue.

Additional tasks

Teams traveled by bus to Montanita, and had to find their next clue next to the surfboards on the Malecon. They then had to search the streets next to the Malecon for a surfer who would have their next clue.

After the Detour, teams would then sign up for departure times for the next morning at the Balsa Surf Camp Hotel.

At Malecon of Olón, teams received their clue directing them to the Pit Stop at Olón Beach; However, they had to cross the beach on stilts in order to step on the mat.

The Detour was a between Bote (Boat) and Stand Up Paddle. In Boat, teams had to paddle a boat around the port, searching for the many boats that would give them a certain amount of fish. Once they had all 30 available fish, they would receive their next clue. In Stand Up Paddle, teams had to use a stand-up paddle board to make their way to many buoys, looking for ones that had puzzle pieces on them. Whenever they found one, they had to return it to shore before looking for another one. Once they had them all, they could piece together the puzzle to see their next clue.

For the Roadblock, one team member would ride in a military vehicle to the base's beach, then had to put on a backpack filled with a large amount of provisions and swim out to a buoy in the water. After circling it and returning to shore, teams found their next clue inside the backpack somewhere. Unknown to them was that they first had to prove themselves to the military trainers by dunking themselves in the water, rolling in the wet sand, and performing warm-up exercises. They would also have to use their breath to inflate their own life preserver.

Additional tasks

At the Hotel Oro Verde for departure times in the morning. The next morning, teams would get their next clue at the hotel's bar.

At the Policía Nacional GIR Station, teams had to complete a grueling pentathlon course that was designed to train police officers. Once they completed the course, an officer will give teams their next clue.

At the church at Montecristi, each team member would have to put a stack of 13 toquillla hats on their heads. They had to keep these hats balanced on their heads while they traveled on foot to Ciudad Alfato, a nearby location. They also had to activate the Samsung watch's pedometer function. At the end of the task is Ciudad Alfato, which was the Pit Stop.

The race's final Roadblock had one team member had to go through a difficult physical challenge course for Calle 7 TV. They had to build a bridge over a pool with a limited number of planks, then transport three blocks over it. They had to then climb up these blocks to retrieve a flag. They then had to climb to the top of an angled rope to retrieve another flag. Next, they had to lift up a very heavy canister and untangle it from a rope wrapped through a maze of wood. Then, they had to stand on a tiny platform and use a long chain to hook a tiny pail. Finally, they would ring a bell at the end of the course to receive their next clue.

Additional tasks

Upon arrival in Guayaquil, teams had to find a trio of guitar players at the Pilsener Plaza. However, the guitar players would sing them a song about how they would get their next clue tomorrow at 11am.

At the Casa Pilsner restaurant, teams would have to correctly count the value of a large amount of poker chips. When teams provided with the correct value of 80,650, a dealer will hand teams their next clue.

At Sanchez Aguilar Theatre, teams had to search the many seats in the building for a small ticket. This would give them entry into the Zaruma hall, where teams will have to complete the final Memory Challenge: teams were given a selection of 54 people, 12 of which were the greeters that welcomed them to the Pit Stops. Teams used one of 12 Samsung Tablets to pick the greeters and place them in the order they appeared during the race. Once they had the correct individuals in the correct order, they could receive their final clue.

1.
The Amazing Race 5 (Latin America)
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The Amazing Race is a Latin American version of the American reality television show of the same name, The Amazing Race. The fifth season of the show was the season aired on the Space channel in association with Disney Media Networks Latin America. It features eleven teams of two, with a relationship, in a race across Latin America to win US$250,000. The fifth season returned to the format by featuring teams from all over Latin America and not only from Brazil. The fifth season premiered on Space and TNT on 16 September 2013 at 9,00 p. m, the season finale aired on Space and TNT on 9 December 2013 at 9,00 p. m. Argentine friends Ezequiel Sapochnik and Tobías de la Barra were the winners of the race, Space greenlit the third season of the series on 19 October 2012. Filming for this season took place from 19 June 2013 to mid-July 2013. The show is broadcast in television on Space HD. This seasons eleven teams were spotted filming in Barranquilla, Colombia on 22 June 2013 and this season covered nearly 12,600 km and featured the Races first ever visit to the Dutch constituent country of Curaçao. Previously visited countries were Colombia, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Panama, none of the eliminated teams were present at the Finish Line. Applications for the season were opened for Brazilians on October 13,2012. On February 13,2013 applications were also opened for the rest of Latin America until March 31,2013 and this season have eleven teams from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Venezuela and for the first time Uruguay. Also, the first contestant from Guatemala, and also for the first time in the regular series, Chile wont be represented. Sponsor for this season are Samsung Electronics and Scotiabank, the sponsors played a major role in the series by providing prizes and integrating their products into various tasks. The following teams participated in the Race, with their relationships at the time of filming, note that this table is not necessarily reflective of all content broadcast on television due to inclusion or exclusion of some data. Placements are listed in finishing order, A red team placement indicates that the team was eliminated, a green ƒ indicates that the team won a Fast Forward clue. If placed next to a Leg number, this indicates that the Fast Forward was available for that Leg, a purple ε indicates that the team decided to use the Express Pass on that leg. A magenta ə indicates the team had previously given the second Express Pass

2.
The Amazing Race (Latin America)
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The Amazing Race, formerly known as The Amazing Race en Discovery Channel, is a reality game show based on the American series of the same name, The Amazing Race. On 15 October 2008, a Latin American version of the show was announced by Discovery Channel Latin America in association with Disney, the first season was produced by Argentinian television production company RGB, while the second season was produced by Venezuelan television company Cinemat. This season was produced by Venezuelan television company Cinemat. The show is the second Latin American version of the franchise, the first was A Corrida Milionária, the Brazilian version of the franchise. It was also the first version in the Spanish language, for the fourth season, a special Portuguese-language edition of the show, Edição Brasil, was made. It was hosted by Brazilian model and actor Paulo Zulu and it featured teams from Brazil in a race mostly concentrated across Brazil. The original presenter for the show was Guatemalan journalist Harris Whitbeck who presented the first three seasons, for the fifth season, the show was presented by Colombian model María Toya Montoya, a former contestant on the third season. She was also the first female host of any version of The Amazing Race, the grand prize for the winning team is $250,000, $750,000 less than the original American versions $1,000,000 prize. Applications for the season were opened for Brazilians on October 13,2012. On February 13,2013 applications were also opened for the rest of Latin America until March 31,2013, the Amazing Race is a reality television competition between teams of two in a race around Latin America. The first team to arrive at a Pit Stop is often awarded a prize while the last team is eliminated from the race. The final leg of each race is run by the last three remaining teams, and the first to arrive at the final destination wins the US$250,000 cash prize, each of the eleven teams are composed of two individuals who have some type of relationship to each other. A total of 66 participants have joined so far, the participants are all required to be able to communicate in Spanish. As well as Portuguese for Brazilian citizens, the contestants chosen to appear are from various Latin American countries and not limited to one country of origin. Participating countries include all citizens in Latin America except Cuba, French Guiana, Puerto Rico, additionally, teams from Jamaica and the Bahamas can participate. Route Markers are yellow and red flags that mark the places where teams must go, the route markers in the first two seasons were coloured blue and black, including the clue envelopes, and the Pit Stop mat is in Red, blue and black color. Clues are found throughout the race in sealed envelopes, normally inside clue boxes and they give teams the information they need and tasks they need to do in order for them to progress through the race. Clues are written in both Spanish and Portuguese, pista, A general clue that may include a task to be completed by the team before they can receive their next clue

3.
The Amazing Race
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The Amazing Race is a reality television game show in which teams of two people race around the world in competition with other teams. Clues provided in each leg lead the teams to the destination or direct them to perform a task. These challenges are related in some manner to the country wherein they are located or its culture, teams are progressively eliminated until three are left, at that point, the team that arrives first in the final leg is awarded the grand prize. Emmy-award-winning New Zealand television personality Phil Keoghan has been the host of the U. S. version of the show since its inception, the show has branched out to include a number of international versions following a similar format. Unless otherwise indicated, the seasons refer to the U. S. version of the series, typically, each cycle of the Race features eleven teams. Original Race rules required that teammates have had a relationship longer than three years, and no previous acquaintances with other racers during that cycle. The team format has varied in some seasons, four seasons featured an additional team of two, while the Family Edition featured ten teams of four players and included young children. Season 29 will feature 22 complete strangers who meet for the first time. Unseen by the viewer most of the time, teams are accompanied by an audio and video production crew that records the team as they race. The production crews are switched among teams each leg to avoid familiarity, at the beginning of each leg of the race, each team receives an allowance with their first clue, from which all expenses must be purchased during the Leg. Selected tasks have also required the teams to use their money to complete the task, however, teams are given a credit card which they must use to purchase airline tickets. While early seasons of the U. S. version of the allowed for teams to use the credit card to reserve flights outside of an airport or travel agency. Allowance money is given in the same currency as the shows nation regardless of location. In one exception, teams were given money in the currency of Vietnam at the start of that Leg, the amount of money varies from leg to leg, and has ranged from hundreds of dollars to nothing. Teams are allowed to any unused money for future race legs. If team members all of their money or have it taken away in a non-elimination leg. This includes borrowing money from other teams, begging from locals or selling their possessions, since season seven, teams have been prevented from begging at United States airports. Additionally, teams may not use their personal possessions to barter payment for services, however, the exact amount is not known, nor are the exact circumstances when it can be used

4.
Ecuador
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Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres west of the mainland. What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population, though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized, including Quichua and Shuar. The capital city is Quito, while the largest city is Guayaquil, in reflection of the countrys rich cultural heritage, the historical center of Quito was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978. Cuenca, the third-largest city, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999 as an outstanding example of a planned. Ecuador has an economy that is highly dependent on commodities, namely petroleum. The country is classified as a medium-income country, Ecuador is a democratic presidential republic. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, Ecuador is also known for its rich ecology, hosting many endemic plants and animals, such as those of the Galápagos Islands. It is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world, various peoples had settled in the area of the future Ecuador before the arrival of the Incas. They developed different languages while emerging as unique ethnic groups, even though their languages were unrelated, these groups developed similar groups of cultures, each based in different environments. Over time these groups began to interact and intermingle with each other so that groups of families in one area became one community or tribe, with a similar language and culture. Many civilizations arose in Ecuador, such as the Valdivia Culture and Machalilla Culture on the coast, the Quitus, each civilization developed its own distinctive architecture, pottery, and religious interests. Eventually, through wars and marriage alliances of their leaders, a group of nations formed confederations, one region consolidated under a confederation called the Shyris, which exercised organized trading and bartering between the different regions. Its political and military came under the rule of the Duchicela blood-line. The native confederations that gave them the most problems were deported to distant areas of Peru, Bolivia, similarly, a number of loyal Inca subjects from Peru and Bolivia were brought to Ecuador to prevent rebellion. Thus, the region of highland Ecuador became part of the Inca Empire in 1463 sharing the same language, in contrast, when the Incas made incursions into coastal Ecuador and the eastern Amazon jungles of Ecuador, they found both the environment and indigenous people more hostile. Moreover, when the Incas tried to subdue them, these indigenous people withdrew to the interior, as a result, Inca expansion into the Amazon basin and the Pacific coast of Ecuador was hampered. The indigenous people of the Amazon jungle and coastal Ecuador remained relatively autonomous until the Spanish soldiers, the Amazonian people and the Cayapas of Coastal Ecuador were the only groups to resist Inca and Spanish domination, maintaining their language and culture well into the 21st century

5.
Space (Latin American TV channel)
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Space is an Argentine cable television channel owned by Turner Broadcasting System and Time Warner. It airs movies, series, and television shows and it is headquartered in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It has also an HD version and it is broadcast in most countries of Latin America under several cable television companies. In 2008 the logo was changed along with the programming and idents, television series Mr. Robot Sports NBA on TNT games Strikeforce UEFA Champions League Films Various Action, Horror, Suspense and Science Fiction. Continuum Justified Without a Trace The Closer Southland Rizzoli & Isles Vegas Fear Itself The Forgotten Leverage Dark Blue Miami Medical Hechizo de Amor TNT Official Website Official Website

6.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic

7.
Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan

8.
Colombia
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Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and it shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, the territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca, the Quimbaya and the Tairona. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of conquest and colonization ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada, the new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation, and then the United States of Colombia, before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Since the 1960s the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, and thereby possesses a rich cultural heritage. Cultural diversity has also influenced by Colombias varied geography. The urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains. Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines, ecologically, it is one of the worlds 17 megadiverse countries, and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer. Colombia is a power and a regional actor with the fourth-largest economy in Latin America, is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is an accessing member to the OECD. Colombia has an economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run. The name Colombia is derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus and it was conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, but especially to those portions under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819. When Venezuela, Ecuador and Cundinamarca came to exist as independent states, New Granada officially changed its name in 1858 to the Granadine Confederation. In 1863 the name was changed, this time to United States of Colombia. To refer to country, the Colombian government uses the terms Colombia. Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from Mesoamerica, the oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza and El Totumo sites in the Magdalena Valley 100 km southwest of Bogotá. These sites date from the Paleoindian period, at Puerto Hormiga and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period have been found

9.
Chile
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Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres of Antarctica, the arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes, the southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. Spain conquered and colonized Chile in the century, replacing Inca rule in northern and central Chile. After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic, in the 1960s and 1970s the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. The regime, headed by Augusto Pinochet, ended in 1990 after it lost a referendum in 1988 and was succeeded by a coalition which ruled through four presidencies until 2010. Chile is today one of South Americas most stable and prosperous nations and it leads Latin American nations in rankings of human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, state of peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. It also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state, Chile is a founding member of the United Nations, the Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile, another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili. Another origin attributed to chilli is the onomatopoeic cheele-cheele—the Mapuche imitation of the warble of a locally known as trile. The Spanish conquistadors heard about this name from the Incas, ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name Chile, after naming the Mapocho valley as such. The older spelling Chili was in use in English until at least 1900 before switching over to Chile, stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the Monte Verde valley area as long as 18,500 years ago. About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys, settlement sites from very early human habitation include Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Craters lava tube. They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army, the result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, the Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarros lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chiles central valley

10.
Venezuela
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Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, Venezuela covers 916,445 km2 and has an estimated population of 31775371. The territory now known as Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples and it gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. This new constitution changed the name of the country to República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Venezuela is a presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District. Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River, oil was discovered in the early 20th century, and Venezuela has the worlds largest known oil reserves and has been one of the worlds leading exporters of oil. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports. The recovery of oil prices in the early 2000s gave Venezuela oil funds not seen since the 1980s, the Venezuelan government then established populist policies that initially boosted the Venezuelan economy and increased social spending, significantly reducing economic inequality and poverty. However, such policies later became controversial since they destabilized the economy, resulting in hyperinflation, an economic depression. According to the most popular and accepted version, in 1499, the stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, of the city of Venice, so he named the region Veneziola Piccola Venezia. The name acquired its current spelling as a result of Spanish influence, where the suffix -uela is used as a term, thus. The German language 16th century-term for the area, Klein-Venedig, also means little Venice, however, Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different account. In his work Summa de geografía, he states that they found people who called themselves the Veneciuela. Thus, the name Venezuela may have evolved from the native word and it is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest, it has been estimated at around one million. In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historic groups such as the Kalina, Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, the Timoto-Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks and their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops, regional crops included potatoes and ullucos

11.
Quito
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It is located in the Guayllabamba river basin, on the eastern slopes of Pichincha, an active stratovolcano in the Andes mountains. With a population of 2,671,191 according to the last census, Quito is the second most populous city in Ecuador and it is also the capital of the Pichincha province and the seat of the Metropolitan District of Quito. The canton recorded a population of 2,239,191 residents in the 2010 national census, in 2008, the city was designated as the headquarters of the Union of South American Nations. The historic center of Quito has one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in the Americas, Quito and Kraków, Poland, were the first World Cultural Heritage Sites declared by UNESCO, in 1978. The central square of Quito is located about 25 kilometres south of the equator, a monument and museum marking the general location of the equator is known locally as la mitad del mundo, to avoid confusion, as the word ecuador is Spanish for equator. Quitos origins date back to the first millennium, when the Quitu tribe occupied the area, according to Juan de Velascos 1767 book Historia del Reino de Quito, the Quitu were conquered by the Caras tribe, who founded the Kingdom of Quito about 980 AD. For more than four centuries, Quito was ruled under the kings, Caras and their allies were narrowly defeated in the epic battles of Tiocajas and Tixán in 1462, by an army of 250,000 led by Túpac Inca, the son of the Emperor of the Incas. After several decades of consolidation, the Kingdom of Quito became integrated into the Incan Empire, in 1534, the Caras/Quitu people were conquered by the Spanish. Rumiñahui was then executed on January 10,1535, on March 14,1541, Quito was declared a city and on February 14,1556, was given the title Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de San Francisco de Quito, starting at this point its urban evolution. In 1563, Quito became the seat of a Real Audiencia of Spain and became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru and its administration on both Viceroyalties remained to Quito. As with other places colonized by the Spanish, the colonizers promptly established Roman Catholicism in Quito, the first church was in fact built even before the city had been officially founded. In January 1535, the San Francisco Convent was constructed, the first of about 20 churches, the Spanish converted the indigenous population to Christianity and used them as labor for construction. In 1743, after nearly 300 years of Spanish colonization, Quito was a city of about 10,000 inhabitants, on August 10,1809, an independence movement from Spanish domination started in Quito. On that date, a plan for government was established that placed Juan Pío Montúfar as president with various prominent figures in other positions of government. However, this movement was ultimately defeated on August 2,1810. A chain of conflicts concluded on May 24,1822, when Antonio José de Sucre, under the command of Simón Bolívar and their victory marked the independence of Quito and the surrounding areas. In 1833, members of the Society of Free Inhabitants of Quito were assassinated by the government after they conspired against it, and on March 6,1845, later, in 1875, the countrys president, Gabriel García Moreno, was assassinated in Quito. Two years later, in 1877, Archbishop José Ignacio Checa y Barba was killed by poisoning while he was celebrating Mass, in 1882, insurgents arose against the regime of dictator Ignacio de Veintimilla

12.
Pichincha Province
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Pichincha is a province of Ecuador located in the northern sierra region, its capital and largest city is Quito. Prior to 2008, the canton Santo Domingo de los Colorados was part of the Pichincha Province and it has since become its own province, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. The province is divided into eight cantons, provinces of Ecuador Cantons of Ecuador Gobierno de la Provincia Pichincha Web site of the Pichincha prefecture Data of Pichincha Geographical Data of the Province. Web site of the Pichincha Prefecture Provincial Prefectures official page

13.
Old Mariscal Sucre International Airport
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Mariscal Sucre International Airport was the main international airport serving Quito, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. It was the busiest airport in Ecuador by passenger traffic, by aircraft movement and by cargo movement and it was named after Venezuelan-born Antonio José de Sucre, a hero of Ecuadorian and Latin American independence. It began operations in 1960, and during its last years of operation, Mariscal Sucre International was the largest hub for TAME with an average of 50 daily departures. The former airport is now the site of Parque Bicentenario, the biggest urban park in Quito, the old Mariscal Sucre International Airport ceased all operations at 19,00 on February 19,2013, following the departure of TAME flight 321 to Guayaquil. Iberia operated the international departure from the airport. On February 20,2013, all moved to the new Mariscal Sucre International Airport. The first domestic flights scheduled to arrive at the new airport were TAME Flight 302 originating in Guayaquil, arrival times were scheduled for 9,00 and 9,30 a. m. respectively. Due to its location in the middle of a city surrounded by mountains and its operation posed risks, six serious accidents and several incidents have occurred in recent years. The new airport is located in the Tababela parish, about 18 kilometres to the east of the city and it was constructed by a private consortium and began operations on 20 February 2013. The airport charged an international departure tax of US $40.80 as of 1 March 2009, as of February 2011, this fee was no longer paid at the airport, it was included in all international airfares. Mariscal Sucre International Airport was inaugurated in 1960, the terminal was designed during the government of President Velasco Ibarra. The present terminal and concourses were refurbished in 2003, consisting of several taxiways, maintenance platforms, parking areas, a cellar, passenger halls, Mezzanine areas and other amenities. Terminal B consisted of two floors, the lower level holds the departures area with executive waiting rooms and restaurants, the airport had 10 gates,5 with Jet bridges and 5 with stairs. On 10 December 2000, TAME officially opened its hub in Quito, offering an estimated 2,000 possible connections per week, including numbers of frequencies, schedules. Connections between domestic and international destinations were operated directly and through code sharing agreements with such as TACA Airlines. TAMEs hub transferred to Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Tababela in February 19,2013, the airport consisted of one terminal split into a national and international areas. It was equipped with five swing gates capable of directing arriving passengers to either Immigration or to baggage claim, in addition, there were numerous ground slots where passengers walked to the aircraft from the terminal. VIP lounges Mariscal Sucre Airport had 4 VIP Salons in the terminals A and B, for passengers of AeroGal, there was an exclusive salon near gate 2, AeroGal VIP Club

14.
Otavalo (city)
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Otavalo, capital of Otavalo Canton, is a largely indigenous town in the Imbabura Province of Ecuador. The town has about 90,000 inhabitants and is surrounded by the peaks of Imbabura, Cotacachi, gustavo Pareja is the current mayor of Otavalo. He was elected in February 2014, the indigenous Otavaleños are famous for weaving textiles, usually made of wool, which are sold at the famous Saturday market. Although the largest market is on Saturday, there is a wide range of wares available throughout the week in the Plaza de los Ponchos. The shops sell textiles such as blankets, tablecloths. The Otavalo market consists of mushroom-shaped concrete umbrellas with benches, the market was designed and built in 1970 by Dutch architect Tonny Zwollo. As the city has more of a tourist attraction, many of the goods sold in the markets are mass-produced in nearby factories. More artisan products can be purchased in neighboring communities or at the Museo Viviente Otavalango, tourism has become the towns main industry and as a result there are many more hotels, hostels, and tour operators than other similarly sized Ecuadorian towns, such as nearby Cayambe. Further, Otavaleño have had success selling their goods abroad. As Otavalo is famous for its textiles, many of the nearby villages, Cotacachi, for example, is the center of Ecuadors leather industry. In San Antonio, where the specialty is wood carving, the main street prominently displays carved statues, picture frames. Many people come to Otavalo to visit the market, but the city and surrounding area is home to the Peguche Waterfall, Lagos de Mojanda. The museum is located in the antigua fabrica San Pedro, where indigenous Otavaleños worked in sweatshop style labor for generations under brutal conditions. After the factory was shut down, a group of locals purchased the land and have since reclaimed the factory and its grounds as a living museum and community space for the indigenous community. The museum shows aspects of Otavaleño life both historically and in present day, and allows visitors to interact with the indigenous craftspeople making textiles, the museum also serves as a community space, with concerts, weddings, and community meetings held in buildings on the grounds. Otavaleña women traditionally wear distinctive white embroidered blouses, with flared lace sleeves, long hair is tied back with a 30 cm band of woven multi coloured material, often matching the band which is wound several times round their waists. Men wear white trousers, and dark blue ponchos, Otavalo is also known for its traditional music and musicians. Every summer the music of Otavalo, and the areas, plays a primary role in the indigenous festival for the summer solstice

15.
Imbabura Province
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Imbabura is a province in Ecuador. The people of the province speak Spanish and the Imbaburan Quechua language, imbabura Volcano is located in the province. Best reached from the town of La Esperanza, the 4, the province is divided into six cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the 2001 census, its area in square kilometres, archived from the original on 2006-08-22

16.
Tungurahua Province
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Tungurahua is one of the twenty-four provinces of Ecuador. The province takes its name from the Tungurahua volcano, which is located within the boundaries of the provinces, in 2011, Tungurahua had an estimated population of 581,389. Approximately 10% of that population is made up of indigenous peoples, the final 20% is made up of peoples of African, Asian, and European ancestry. The province has a dry, temperate climate, generally though, Tungurahua experiences temperatures in-between 14 and 17 degree Celsius in the day-time with cooler nights. At higher altitudes, conditions are much colder. Despite being near the Equator, mountains like Carihuayrazo and Chimborazo are covered in snow for much of the year, the province is very mountainous, containing the Tungurahua volcano near Baños as well as bordering the Carihuayrazo and Chimborazo volcanoes to the south. Baños is the biggest tourist destination, the principal river of the province is the Patate River which flows to the east toward the Amazon Region. The province is divided into nine cantons which stretch from Ambato in the west to Baños in the east, the following table lists each with its population at the 2001 census, its area in square kilometres, and the name of the canton seat or capital. Parque de la Familia Llanganates National Park Chibuleo Provinces of Ecuador Cantons of Ecuador Official website

17.
Shell Mera
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Shell Mera is a town located in the eastern foothills of the Ecuadorian Andes, about 94 miles from Quito. Its name comes from the Royal Dutch Shell Company, and the town of Mera. Shell Mera was established in 1937 as a Shell Oil Company base and it originally consisted of little more than several basic shacks and a 5, 000-foot airstrip. It was operated as part of Shells prospecting efforts in the region, the base was located near some Indian tribes that strongly opposed the exploitation of resources found in their ancestral territories. On a few occasions the Indians attacked Shell, resulting in the deaths of several employees, the oil company eventually considered the base too dangerous to maintain, and abandoned it in 1948. However, it is likely that business prospects had more to do with the decision. It was during this time that the Middle East rose in prominence in the oil industry, after spending 10 years prospecting in Ecuador, the oil company had not produced any oil from the region. Sometime around 1949, Shell was reoccupied by Mission Aviation Fellowship, MAF recognized the importance of Shell due to its airstrip and road access to Quito. They used it as their base of operations for mission work in Ecuador. In 1954 Saint, a member of the U. S. Army. Doolittle was an Air Force aviator who rose to fame during what became known as Doolittles Raid over Tokyo in 1942, General Doolittle was visiting Ecuador for then-President Eisenhower on a fact-finding mission for the CIA. World-wide attention focused on Shell in January 1956 at the news of the disappearance of Saint and four other missionaries – Jim Elliot, Pete Fleming, Ed McCully and they had been trying to reach the Huaorani tribe, and had been making aerial reconnaissance missions. When they landed in Huaorani territory they were killed by the natives, once again, Shell served as a base of operations, this time for the families of the victims and rescue workers. Two years later, in 1958, the Hospital Vozandes Del Oriente opened its doors as the first hospital in that region of Ecuador, the hospital was the dream of Nate Saint, who donated both land and time to work on its construction before his death in 1956. It served an estimated 65,000 people who lived on the side of the Andes. The new Hospital Vozandes Del Oriente was closed at the end of 2013, in August 1964, Nate Saint Memorial School opened in Shell for missionary children. The school was founded by Charlotte Dillon Swanson wife of Wallace Swanson and she began by teaching her own children at home in 1962 and later expanded the school to include other missionary children. After she raised money for a building she named the school in memory of Nate Saint, today, Shell is a much larger town than it was, complete with a Spanish-speaking church, hangars, schools, hotels, and missionary guest houses

18.
Pastaza Province
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Pastaza is a province in the Oriente of Ecuador located in the eastern jungle. The capital is Puyo, founded on May 12,1899, the city is now accessible by paved roads, a recent development, the main road from Baños follows the Pastaza river into the province. The Pastaza River surges into the province from the west and as the landscape flattens, meanders on to the Napo, natural resources of Pastaza are bananas, grapefruit, tobacco, cocoa and coffee. Tea has successfully cultivated by a few British companies. The highest elevation is 1,820 meters, the climate is warm and humid due to the almost 7 meters of annual rainfall in the parts closest to the western mountains, but with significant amounts of rainfall throughout the province. The median temperature is 18 to 24 Celsius and it is rumored that there is a lot of gold in the rivers of Pastaza, however, to date no significant discoveries of gold have been reported. Snakes and other creatures, such as tarantulas and scorpions, are common in the province. Travellers are advised to be cautious in any trekking through the jungles, parks, some of the snakes blend extremely well even in trees, so walking sticks and/or machetes are a good precaution for hiking. The flora of the region is absolutely spectacular, a few local parks have been developed with myriad natural orchids from the area and admittance to these parks is relatively inexpensive. Rainy day gear is advised since the rains are present almost year-round, many times in the late afternoon, the rain is quite warm compared to the North American experience. Pastaza is the largest province in Ecuador and the richest in biodiversity. To the north of Pastaza are the provinces Napo and Orellana, to the south is Morona Santiago, to the east is the country of Peru, the total population is about 83,930 inhabitants. The province is divided into four cantons, the following table lists each with its population at the 2001 census, its area in square kilometres, and the name of the canton seat or capital. Arajuno Mera Puyo Sarayaku Shell Mera Provinces of Ecuador Cantons of Ecuador

19.
Riobamba
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Riobamba is the capital of the Chimborazo Province in central Ecuador, which is located at the Chambo River Valley of the Andes. It is 200 km south of Ecuadors capital Quito and located at 2754 m on the Avenue of the Volcanoes, the city is an important regional transport center as well as being a stop on the Pan-American Highway that runs through Ecuador. Riobamba stands as one of the largest cities in the portion of Ecuadors Sierra region. Riobamba takes its name from a combination of the Spanish word for river, the region surrounding Riobamba was inhabited by the Puruhá nation before the advance of the Incas during the late 15th century. This alliance sealed the peace between the Shyris confederation, named by the Jesuit historian Juan de Velasco to the group of tribes whose ruler were the Duchicela dynasty, and the Inca Empire. The Inca Huayna Capac took as his wife the princess Paccha and gave special treatment, the offspring of this dynastic relation was Atahualpa, the last king of the Incas. On 15 August 1534, the city was founded in the San Miguel plains by Diego de Almagro, in 1563, the city became part of the Spanish Empires newly formed Royal Audience of Quito. The city was destroyed by an earthquake in 1797. The city still retains much architecture from the Spanish period, in the Ecuadorian War of Independence Riobamba first declared independence on November 11,1820 but was soon retaken. The city finally part of an independent Gran Colombia in 1822. On 20 November 2002,7 people were killed and hundreds wounded when an explosion in the depot at the Galapagos Brigade arsenal in Riobamba. Such was the force of the explosion that many residents said their initial reaction was that there had been an earthquake or volcanic eruption, windows were blown out more than 1.5 kilometres from the arsenal, and many of the injured suffered lacerations from flying shards of glass. According to Colonel Arturo Cadena, a spokesman in Quito. In April 2003, the army published its report into the explosion. The report holds the Santa Barbara munitions factory directly responsible for the explosion, Riobamba is located in the center of the country in the sierra region, within close proximity to the Chimborazo volcano. Like many cities in Ecuador, Riobamba has a constant temperature year-round, with a wet. Its altitude and closeness to Chimborazo give the city a cool climate year-round, the economy of the city mainly focuses on the agricultural production of the surrounding local populations. Riobamba is also an important trade center of cattle-ranching, Riobamba is a mid-level city in Ecuador, and the 10th largest in terms of population

20.
Chimborazo Province
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Chimborazo is a province in the central Ecuadorian Andes. It is a home to a section of Sangay National Park, the province contains Chimborazo, Ecuadors highest mountain. The province is divided into 10 cantons, the following table lists each with its population at the time of the 2001 census, its area in square kilometres, and the name of the canton seat or capital. Towns in the province include Cacha

21.
Chimborazo
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Chimborazo is a currently inactive stratovolcano in the Cordillera Occidental range of the Andes. Its last known eruption is believed to have occurred around 550 C. E, with a peak elevation of 6,263 m, Chimborazo is the highest mountain in Ecuador. It is the highest peak near the equator, Chimborazo is not the highest mountain by elevation above sea level, but its location along the equatorial bulge makes its summit the farthest point on the Earths surface from the Earths center. Chimborazo is in the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes of central Ecuador,150 km south-southwest of the capital Quito and it is a neighbor to 5,018 m high Carihuairazo. Chimborazos summit rises 2,500 m above the surrounding highlands with a ≈20 km wide base, under clear conditions, the summit of Chimborazo can be seen from the coastal city Guayaquil, nearly 140 km away. The nearest cities are Riobamba, Ambato and Guaranda, Chimborazo is surrounded by the Reserva de Produccion Faunistica Chimborazo, which forms a protected ecosystem to preserve the habitat for the Andes native camelids of vicuña, llama and alpaca. Chimborazo is at the end of the Ecuadorian Volcanic Arc. Chimborazo is in la Avenida de los Volcanes west of the Sanancajas mountain chain, Carihuairazo, Tungurahua, Tulabug, and El Altar are all mountains that neighbor Chimborazo. The closest mountain peak, Carihuairazo, is 5.8 mi from Chimborazo, there are many microclimates near Chimborazo, varying from desert in the Arenal to the humid mountains in the Abraspungo valley. The top of Chimborazo is completely covered by glaciers, with some north-eastern glacier arms flowing down to 4,600 m and its glacier is the source of water for the population of the Bolivar and Chimborazo provinces of Ecuador. As on other glaciated Ecuadorian mountains, Chimborazos glacial ice is mined by locals to be sold in the markets of Guaranda, in earlier days, the people transported ice for cooling uses down to coastal towns such as Babahoyo or Vinces. With an elevation of 6,263 m, Chimborazo is the highest mountain in Ecuador and the Andes north of Peru, it is higher than any more northerly summit in the Americas. Chimborazo is one degree south of the Equator and the Earths diameter at the Equator is greater than at the latitude of Everest, nearly 27. 6° north, with sea level also elevated. Despite being 2,585 m lower in elevation above sea level, however, by the criterion of elevation above sea level, Chimborazo is not even the highest peak of the Andes. Chimborazo is an inactive volcano in Ecuador. Chimborazo is a volcano composed of one volcanic edifice on top of another. Chimborazo shows four summits, Veintimilla, Whymper, Politecnica, the Veintimilla peak is about 6,230 m high. The Whymper peak is the highest point on the mountain at 6,263 meters, the Politecnica peak is 5,820 m high

22.
Cuenca, Ecuador
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The city of Cuenca — in full, Santa Ana de los cuatro ríos de Cuenca — is the capital of the Azuay Province. The centre of the city is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Trust site due to its historical buildings. Cuenca is well known for its architecture, tourist attractions, hotels. According to studies and archeological discoveries, the origins of the first inhabitants go back to the year 8060 BC in the Cave of Chopsi and they were hunters, hunting everything the Páramo offered them, and nomads, following the animals and seasons. Their culture is represented by such as arrows and spears. The culture was most present about 5585 BC, later the early indigenous people used the stable climate, fertile soil and abundant water to develop agriculture. They grew potatoes, melloco, chocho, squash and quinoa and they also domesticated animals such as cuys, and camelids, llamas and alpacas. For example, they started creating ceramics, in fact, ceramics constitute the greatest number of artifacts which archeologists use to study their culture. The period from 5000 BCE to 2000 BCE is not represented well in the archeological record, beginning around 2000 BCE, the people developed a more highly organized society, demonstrating delegated responsibilities, such as the managing of water and control of plagues. People were specialized as administrative and religious authorities and this occurred during the periods of Chaullabamba, Huayco, Pirincay, Monjas, Putushio, Huancarcucho and Jubones. From then until 500 AD began the periods of Tacalshapa III and the Cañari people, Cuenca was originally a Cañari settlement called Guapondeleg. Archeologists believe Cuenca was founded around 500 AD, Guapondeleg translates into land as big as heaven. Less than half a century before the conquistadors landed, the Incas, after a struggle, conquered the Cañari and occupied Guapondeleg. Though the Incas replaced the Cañari architecture with their own, they did not suppress the Cañari or their achievements in astronomy. As was customary for the Incas, they absorbed useful achievements into their culture, the city became known as the second Cusco, a regional capital. After the defeat of the Cañari, the Inca commander, Tupac Yupanqui, ordered the construction of a city to be called Pumapungo. Its magnificence was said to have rivaled that of the Inca capital of Cuzco, indians told stories to the Spanish chroniclers of golden temples and other such wonders, but by the time the Spaniards found the legendary city, all that remained were ruins. They wondered what happened to the splendor and riches of the second Inca capital

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Azuay Province
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Azuay, Province of Azuay is a province of Ecuador, created on 25 June 1824. It encompasses an area of 8,309.58 square kilometres and it is located in the south center of Ecuador in the highlands. Its mountains reach 4,500 m above sea level in the park of El Cajas. Azuay is located on the Panamerican Highway, cuenca is connected by national flights from Quito and Guayaquil. It has the largest hydroelectric plant of the country, situated on the river Paute. Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010, Mestizo 89. 6% White 5. 2% Indigenous 2. 5% Afro-Ecuadorian 2. 2% Montubio 0. 4% Other 0. 2% The province is divided into 15 cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the 2001 census, its area in square kilometres, provinces of Ecuador Cantons of Ecuador Provincial Prefectures Official Page Ubicacuenca. com - Map - Complete Guide of Azuay, Ecuador

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Mariscal Lamar International Airport
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Mariscal Lamar International Airport is an airport serving Cuenca, a city in the province of Azuay in Ecuador. The airport resides at an elevation of 8,306 feet above sea level. It has one runway designated 05/23 with a surface measuring 6,234 by 118 feet. Since 2002 the ILS system for the airport is available and fully operational, despite improvements the location of the airport in the middle of the city is a major handicap, as the runway is only barely long enough for large planes landing at this altitude. On 20 October 1971, a Vickers Viscount of SAETA was hijacked by six people, on 8 October 1982, Vickers Viscount HC-ATV of SAN Ecuador was damaged beyond economic repair. On 11 July 1983, a Boeing 737 operating a TAME flight from Quito to Cuenca, on 28 April 2016, an Embraer E190, operating a TAME flight from Quito to Cuenca, slid off the end of the runway. No injuries or deaths were reported, but flight operations were limited afterwards as the Dirección General de Aviación Civil de Ecuador prohibited aircraft from landing if the runway was wet and this led to runway resurfacing work, completed in late 2016. Current weather at airport Accident history for CUE at Aviation Safety Network Official site of the airport

25.
Baltra Island
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Baltra Island, or Isla Baltra, is a small island of the Galápagos Islands. Also known as South Seymour, Baltra is a flat island located near the center of the Galápagos. It was created by geological uplift, the island is very arid and vegetation consists of salt bushes, prickly pear cactus and palo santo trees. During World War II Baltra was established as a United States Army Air Force base, crews stationed at Baltra patrolled the eastern Pacific for enemy submarines and provided protection for the Panama Canal. After the war the facilities were given to the government of Ecuador, today the island continues as an official Ecuadorian military base. The foundations of buildings and other remains of the US base including the old airfield can still be seen on the island, until 1986, Seymour Airport was the only airport serving the Galápagos. Now there are two airports which receive flights from the continent, the other located on San Cristóbal Island, private planes flying to the islands must fly to Baltra as it is the only airport with overnight facilities for planes. On arriving into Baltra, all visitors are transported by bus to one of two docks, the first dock is located in a small bay where the boats cruising the Galápagos await passengers. The second is a dock which connects Baltra to the island of Santa Cruz via the Itabaca Channel. Constructions for a larger, modernized airport began in 2011, and as of early 2013 it has started operation, Baltra is currently not within the boundaries of the Galápagos National Park. The Galápagos Land Iguana is the subject of an active re-introduction campaign on the island, the iguanas survived and became the breeding stock for the successful Charles Darwin Research Station captive breeding program. During the 1980s iguanas from North Seymour were brought to the Darwin Research Station as part of this project, as of 1997 scientists counted 97 iguanas living on Baltra,13 of which were born on the islands. Currently it is not uncommon to see iguanas either crossing the mainroad or on the runway at the airport

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Seymour Airport
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Seymour Airport is an airport serving the island of Baltra, one of the Galápagos Islands in Ecuador. The airport became the world’s first “green” airport in December 2012, the new terminal, which consists of recycled steel tubes taken from oil drilling operations in the Amazon, is spread over 6,000 square meters and required an investment of just over $24 million. The new complex will use clean, renewable technologies such as energy, wind farms. According to ECOGAL, the company operates the terminal, the construction of the new airport took into account the surrounding environment. The project was announced in 2008, with construction commencing in 2012, the purpose of the redevelopment from the outset was to create the world’s first ecological airport. ECOGAL was awarded a 15-year concession to administer and operate the airport, the airport resides at an elevation of 207 feet above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 14/32 with a surface measuring 7,876 by 115 feet. During World War II, the airport was used by the United States Army Air Forces Sixth Air Force defending the South American coastline, the first American personnel arrived on 9 April 1942. The military facility was inactivated on 30 April 1946, leaving a communications unit which inactivated on 29 February 1948, today many of the former USAAF aircraft parking hardstands still exist, along with an unused NW/SE runway that was abandoned after the war, but remains in reasonable condition. This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http, world’s First “Green” Airport Fully Operational at Baltra, Galapagos Islands Seymour Field Photo Album Current weather for SEGS at NOAA/NWS Accident history for GPS at Aviation Safety Network

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Puerto Ayora
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Puerto Ayora is a town in central Galápagos, Ecuador. Located on the shore of Santa Cruz Island, it is the seat of Santa Cruz Canton. The town is named in honor of Isidro Ayora, an Ecuadorian president, the town is sometimes mistakenly referred to as Santa Cruz. Puerto Ayora is the most populous town in the Galápagos Islands, Puerto Ayora has the best developed infrastructure in the archipelago. It is the best place in Galápagos for communicating with the world via numerous cybercafes with Internet access or telephone offices. Puerto Ayora emergency medical facilities include a new hospital opened in 2006, the main Avenue is named Avenida Charles Darwin and begins on the main dock of Puerto Ayora and finishes at the Charles Darwin Research Station. Home to both the Charles Darwin Foundation and the Galápagos National Park, Puerto Ayora is the center of the Galápagos conservation efforts, Island visitors may visit the Charles Darwin Research Station to learn the history of the islands and future conservation plans. North Seymour Island is an hour away by boat and has an array of animals with no people living on the island. Puerto Ayora has a location, along the shores of Academy Bay. Temperatures vary between 18 and 29 °C, the hot season usually runs from December to May. The Itabaca Channel is located between two islands in the Galápagos, Baltra Island, also known as South Seymour Island, the Itabaca Channel is used by water taxis who take people from Baltra to Santa Cruz. Academy Bay is a harbor, normally full of boats cruising the islands, passing private yachts. Fresh water is at a premium on the island and in this town, locals practice water conservation and typically collect rainwater during the rainy season. There is a plant on the island. Many facilities have separate water systems with varying degrees of use/quality, for example, water used for cleaning/showering may not be potable. Flights from continental Ecuador fly into either San Cristobal or to Baltra Island just off the end of Santa Cruz. Those airlines are AeroGal, LAN Ecuador, & TAME, the typical means to reach Puerto Ayora from the Baltra airport is a bus ride to the Itabaca Channel where a ferry ride is taken to Santa Cruz Island. Then another bus, courtesy vehicle or taxi is taken to Puerto Ayora, from the Puerto Ayora docks water taxis wait to take passengers to their boats or to west Puerto Ayora

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Tree
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In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most species. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are usable as lumber or plants above a specified height. Trees are not a group but include a variety of plant species that have independently evolved a woody trunk. In looser senses, the palms, the tree ferns, bananas. Trees tend to be long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old, the tallest known tree, a coast redwood named Hyperion, stands 115.6 m high. Trees have been in existence for 370 million years and it is estimated that there are just over 3 trillion mature trees in the world. A tree typically has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground by the trunk and this trunk typically contains woody tissue for strength, and vascular tissue to carry materials from one part of the tree to another. For most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which serves as a protective barrier, below the ground, the roots branch and spread out widely, they serve to anchor the tree and extract moisture and nutrients from the soil. Above ground, the divide into smaller branches and shoots. The shoots typically bear leaves, which light energy and convert it into sugars by photosynthesis, providing the food for the trees growth. Flowers and fruit may also be present, but some trees, such as conifers, instead have pollen cones and seed cones, others, such as tree ferns, trees play a significant role in reducing erosion and moderating the climate. They remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store large quantities of carbon in their tissues, trees and forests provide a habitat for many species of animals and plants. Tropical rainforests are one of the most biodiverse habitats in the world, trees provide shade and shelter, timber for construction, fuel for cooking and heating, and fruit for food as well as having many other uses. In parts of the world, forests are shrinking as trees are cleared to increase the amount of available for agriculture. Because of their longevity and usefulness, trees have always revered, with sacred groves in various cultures. Although tree is a term of common parlance, there is no universally recognised precise definition of what a tree is, either botanically or in common language. In its broadest sense, a tree is any plant with the form of an elongated stem, or trunk. Trees are also defined by height, with smaller plants from 0.5 to 10 m being called shrubs

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Guayaquil
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Guayaquil, officially Santiago de Guayaquil, is the largest and the most populous city in Ecuador, with around 2.69 million people in the metropolitan area, as well as the nations main port. The city is the capital of the Ecuadorian province of Guayas, Guayaquil is located on the western bank of the Guayas River, which flows into the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Guayaquil. Guayaquil is recognized by the government as having been founded on July 25,1538 with the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil by Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana, even before it was founded by the Spanish, it already existed as a native village. In 1687, Guayaquil was attacked and looted by English and French pirates under the command of George dHout and Picard, of the more than 260 pirates,35 died and 46 were wounded,75 defenders of the city died and more than 100 were wounded. The pirates took local women as concubines, Guayaquil declared independence from Spain, becoming Provincia Libre de Guayaquil, and José Joaquín de Olmedo was named Jefe Civil of Guayaquil. This would prove to be a key victory for the Ecuadorian War of Independence, on July 26,1822, José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar held a famous conference in Guayaquil to plan for the independence of Spanish South America. In 1829, the city was invaded by the Peruvian Army, large portions of the city were destroyed by a major fire in 1896. Guayaquileños main sources of income are, formal and informal trade, business, most commerce consists of small and medium businesses, adding an important informal economy occupation that gives thousands of guayaquileños employment. The Port of Guayaquil is Ecuadors most important commercial port, most international import and export merchandise passes through the Gulf of Guayaquil, as the largest city in the country, most industries are located either in the city or its peripheral areas. Ongoing projects seek urban regeneration as an objective of the growth of the citys commercial districts. These projects in the city driven by the recent mayors have achieved this goal after investing large sums of money, the current municipal administration aims to convert Guayaquil into a place for first-class international tourism and multinational businesses. Guayaquils current mayor is Jaime Nebot, in August 2006, the citys first rapid transit bus system, Metrovia, opened to provide a quicker, high-capacity service. One of the projects was called Malecón 2000, the renovation of the waterfront promenade along the Guayas River. The park cost the city about 7 million dollars, the two bridges were a big addition to the Guayas River scenery. Guayaquil is the nations largest city and the capital of Guayas Province and it is on the Guayas River about 60 kilometres north of the Gulf of Guayaquil, near the Equator. Guayaquil is constantly facing tsunami and major earthquake threats due to its soil stratigraphy and location near the Gulf of Guayaquil and the south of North-Andean subduction zone. The city can be damaged by earthquake as its weak and compressible soil stratigraphy is composed of deep soft sediments over hard rocks. The tsunami threat is caused by the nearby Gulf of Guayaquil which also is one of the locations on the Earth where earthquakes tend to happen all the time

Diagram of secondary growth in a eudicot or coniferous tree showing idealised vertical and horizontal sections. A new layer of wood is added in each growing season, thickening the stem, existing branches and roots.

Tall herbaceousmonocotyledonous plants such as banana lack secondary growth, and are trees under the broadest definition.