This issue highlights the role of old and new dilemmas in shaping institutional arrangements for governing Islam and religious diversity in different cases. The empirical analysis revolves around a set of common questions: What are the institutional compromises that characterize new models for governing Islam in different cases? How do the historical ‘traditions’ factor in? What is the supervisory role of the state? And, ultimately, how do different models balance demands for freedom and equality with collective concerns, such as national unity, the role of the majority, and non-negotiable common goals of democracy, public order and security?