New study suggests that iconic structures more aptly named the Pillars of Destruction

Using the MUSE instrument on ESO’s Very
Large Telescope (VLT), astronomers have produced the first complete
three-dimensional view of the famous Pillars of Creation in the Eagle
Nebula, Messier 16. The new observations demonstrate how the different
dusty pillars of this iconic object are distributed in space and reveal
many new details — including a previously unseen jet from a young star.
Intense radiation and stellar winds from the cluster’s brilliant stars
have sculpted the dusty Pillars of Creation over time and should fully
evaporate them in about three million years.

The original NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image of the famous Pillars of Creation
was taken two decades ago and immediately became one of its most famous
and evocative pictures. Since then, these billowing clouds, which
extend over a few light-years [1], have awed scientists and the public alike.

The jutting structures, along with the nearby star cluster, NGC 6611, are parts of a star formation region called the Eagle Nebula,
also known as Messier 16 or M16. The nebula and its associated objects
are located about 7000 light-years away in the constellation of Serpens (The Serpent).

The Pillars of Creation are a classic example of the column-like
shapes that develop in the giant clouds of gas and dust that are the
birthplaces of new stars. The columns arise when immense, freshly formed
blue–white O and B stars give off intense ultraviolet radiation and
stellar winds that blow away less dense materials from their vicinity.

Denser pockets of gas and dust, however, can resist this erosion for
longer. Behind such thicker dust pockets, material is shielded from the
harsh, withering glare of O and B stars. This shielding creates dark
"tails" or “elephant trunks”, which we see as the dusky body of a
pillar, that point away from the brilliant stars.

ESO's MUSE instrument on the Very Large Telescope
has now helped illustrate the ongoing evaporation of the Pillars of
Creation in unprecedented detail, revealing their orientation.

MUSE has shown that the tip of the left pillar is facing us, atop a
pillar that is is actually situated behind NGC 6611, unlike the other
pillars. This tip is bearing the brunt of the radiation from NGC 6611’s
stars, and as a result looks brighter to our eyes than the bottom left,
middle and right pillars, whose tips are all pointed away from our view.

Astronomers hope to better understand how young O and B stars like
those in NGC 6611 influence the formation of subsequent stars. Numerous
studies have identified protostars forming in these clouds — they are
indeed Pillars of Creation. The new study also reports fresh evidence
for two gestating stars in the left and middle pillars as well as a jet
from a young star that had escaped attention up to now.

For more stars to form in environments like the Pillars of Creation,
it is a race against time as intense radiation from the powerful stars
that are already shining continues to grind away at the pillars.

By measuring the Pillars of Creation’s rate of evaporation, MUSE has
given astronomers a time frame for when the pillars will be no more.
They shed about 70 times the mass of the Sun every million years or so.
Based on the their present mass of about 200 times that of the Sun, the
Pillars of Creation have an expected lifetime of perhaps three million
more years — an eyeblink in cosmic time. It seems that an equally apt
name for these iconic cosmic columns might be the Pillars of
Destruction.

Notes

[1] The left pillar, considered as a complete object from top to bottom,
is estimated to be about four light-years in length. It is the longest
pillar and about twice the height of the right pillar.

More Information

This research was presented in a paper entitled "The Pillars of
Creation revisited with MUSE: gas kinematics and high-mass stellar
feedback traced by optical spectroscopy" by A. F. McLeod et al., to
appear in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society on 30 April 2015.

ESO is the foremost intergovernmental astronomy organisation in
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ambitious programme focused on the design, construction and operation of
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important scientific discoveries. ESO also plays a leading role in
promoting and organising cooperation in astronomical research. ESO
operates three unique world-class observing sites in Chile: La Silla,
Paranal and Chajnantor. At Paranal, ESO operates the Very Large
Telescope, the world’s most advanced visible-light astronomical
observatory and two survey telescopes. VISTA works in the infrared and
is the world’s largest survey telescope and the VLT Survey Telescope is
the largest telescope designed to exclusively survey the skies in
visible light. ESO is a major partner in ALMA, the largest astronomical
project in existence. And on Cerro Armazones, close to Paranal, ESO is
building the 39-metre European Extremely Large Telescope, the E-ELT,
which will become “the world’s biggest eye on the sky”.