In order to reduce the exposure of a detector surface 180 of a photo-multiplier 160 to stray charged particles, an off-axis structure is interposed between the resonant structure and the detector surface of the photo-multiplier. By providing the off-axis structure with at least one reflective surface,...http://www.google.com/patents/US20070262234?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20070262234 - Stray charged particle removal device

In order to reduce the exposure of a detector surface 180 of a photo-multiplier 160 to stray charged particles, an off-axis structure is interposed between the resonant structure and the detector surface of the photo-multiplier. By providing the off-axis structure with at least one reflective surface, photons are reflected toward the detector surface of the photo-multiplier while at the same time absorbing stray charged particles. Stray particles may be absorbed by the reflective surface or by any other part of the off-axis structure. The off-axis structure may additionally be provided with an electrical bias and/or an absorbing coating for absorbing stray charged particles.

a photo-multiplier for detecting the electromagnetic radiation having a frequency in excess of a microwave frequency; and

an off-axis structure interposed between the photo-multiplier and the resonant structure, the off-axis structure including at least one reflective surface for reflecting the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the resonant structure toward the photo-multiplier and at least one absorbing surface for absorbing charged particles emitted from or near the resonant structure.

2. The protected photo-multiplier as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one reflective surface and the at least one absorbing surface are one and the same.

3. The protected photo-multiplier as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one reflective surface and the at least one absorbing surface are different surfaces.

4. The protected photo-multiplier as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one reflective surface comprises a mirror.

5. The protected photo-multiplier as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one reflective surface comprises an absorbing coating covering at least a portion of the at least one reflective surface that is exposed to the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the resonant structure.

6. The protected photo-multiplier as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an absorbing material on at least one surface of the off-axis structure that is exposed to the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the resonant structure.

7. The protected photo-multiplier as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an electrical bias for biasing at least one surface of the off-axis structure that is exposed to the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the resonant structure.

10. The protected photo-multiplier as claimed in claim 7, further comprising an absorbing material on at least one surface of the off-axis structure that is exposed to the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the resonant structure.

11. The protected photo-multiplier as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one reflective surface comprises at least two reflective surfaces.

a photo-multiplier for detecting the electromagnetic radiation having a frequency in excess of a microwave frequency; and

a barrier interposed between the photo-multiplier and the resonant structure, the barrier absorbing charged particles emitted from or near the resonant structure while allowing the electromagnetic radiation to reach the photo-multiplier.

The present invention is directed to a device or system for removing stray charged particles during the detection of photons in a high frequency system, and in one embodiment to a reflector-based system with a stray electron absorbing structure between a source of photons and a photo-multiplier.

2. Discussion of the Background

In systems that utilize photo-multipliers to detect the arrival of photo-emissions, known photo-multipliers can produce false detection readings when stray electrons, either instead of or in addition to the desired photons, strike a detector surface in a photo-multiplier. Such a false detection may lead the photo-multiplier to incorrectly indicate the number of photons that were incident on the detector surface.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to reduce the number of stray electrons that are incident on the detector surface of a photo-multiplier when utilizing a resonant structure resonating at a frequency in excess of the microwave frequency.

According to a first embodiment of the present invention, the detector surface of a photo-multiplier is protected from exposure to stray charged particles emitted from or near a resonant structure resonating at a frequency in excess of the microwave frequency by creating an indirect path between the resonant structure and the detector surface.

According to one implementation of such an embodiment, the present invention includes a structure for absorbing stray charged particles (e.g., electrons) while reflecting electromagnetic radiation (e.g., photons) off of a reflective surface. In one configuration the reflective surface is a mirror.

According to another implementation of the first embodiment, the present invention includes an electrically-biased structure for attracting and absorbing stray charged particles while reflecting photons off of a reflective surface. In one configuration the reflective surface is a mirror.

In at least one exemplary embodiment, the reflective surface is coated with a layer of material that enhances absorption of the stray charged particles.

According to a second embodiment of the present invention, the detector surface of a photo-multiplier is protected from exposure to stray charged particles emitted from or near a resonant structure resonating at a frequency in excess of the microwave frequency by creating a particle barrier between the resonant structure and the detector surface where the particle barrier allows the transmission or passage of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., photons).

GLOSSARY

As used throughout this document:

The phrase “ultra-small resonant structure” shall mean any structure of any material, type or microscopic size that by its characteristics causes electrons to resonate at a frequency in excess of the microwave frequency.

The term “ultra-small” within the phrase “ultra-small resonant structure” shall mean microscopic structural dimensions and shall include so-called “micro” structures, “nano” structures, or any other very small structures that will produce resonance at frequencies in excess of microwave frequencies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following description, given with respect to the attached drawings, may be better understood with reference to the non-limiting examples of the drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a top view of a photo-multiplier which is exposed to both photons and stray electrons and which generates false readings of an amount of light incident on the detector surface of the photo-multiplier;

FIG. 2 is a top view of a photo-multiplier which is protected from stray charged particles while allowing electromagnetic radiation to be incident on the detector surface of the photo-multiplier;

FIG. 3 is a top view of an electrically-biased structure for protecting a photo-multiplier from stray charged particles while allowing electromagnetic radiation to be incident on the detector surface of the photo-multiplier;

FIG. 3 is a top view of an electrically-biased structure for protecting a photo-multiplier from stray charged particles while allowing electromagnetic radiation to be incident on the detector surface of the photo-multiplier;

FIG. 4 is a top view of a structure including an absorbing coating for protecting a photo-multiplier from stray charged particles while allowing electromagnetic radiation to be incident on the detector surface of the photo-multiplier;

FIG. 5 is a top view of an electrically-biased structure including an absorbing coating for protecting a photo-multiplier from stray charged particles while allowing electromagnetic radiation to be incident on the detector surface of the photo-multiplier;

FIG. 6 is a top view of an electrically-biased structure including an absorbing coating and two reflective surfaces for protecting a photo-multiplier from stray charged particles while allowing electromagnetic radiation to be incident on the detector surface of the photo-multiplier; and

FIG. 7 is a top view of a structure including an absorbing barrier for protecting a photo-multiplier from stray electrons while allowing electromagnetic radiation to be incident on the detector surface of the photo-multiplier.

DISCUSSION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

As illustrated in FIG. 1, when a recently discovered resonant structure 100 is exposed to (or brought into close proximity to) a beam 120 of charged particles (e.g., electrons or ions) from a charged particle source 140, the resonant structure 100 can emit electromagnetic radiation (such as photons in the form of light, where the photons have a frequency in excess of the microwave frequency) which can be detected by a photo-multiplier 160. When the beam 120 is an electron beam, the beam 120 may be produced by an electron microscope, cathode, or any other electron source.

However, in addition to the electromagnetic radiation striking the detector surface 180 of the photo-multiplier 160, stray charged particles, illustrated in FIG. 1 as stray electrons, can also collide with the detector surface 180 of the photo-multiplier 160 if the detector surface 180 of the photo-multiplier 160 is left exposed. When exposed to the stray charged particles, the photo-multiplier 160 may register an incorrect or false number of photons, leading the output of the photo-multiplier 160 to incorrectly signal the number of photons incident on the detector surface 180 of the photo-multiplier 160.

In order to reduce the exposure of the detector surface 180 of the photo-multiplier 160 to stray charged particles, various protective measures can be taken according to the present invention. In a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in FIG. 2, an off-axis structure 200 is interposed between the resonant structure 100 and the detector surface 180 of the photo-multiplier 160. By providing the off-axis structure 200 with a reflective surface 210, electromagnetic radiation or photons are reflected toward the detector surface 180 of the photo-multiplier 160 while at the same time absorbing stray charged particles. Stray particles may be absorbed by the reflective surface 210 or by any other part of the off-axis structure 200. In this way, the photo-multiplier will provide a more accurate count of the photos emitted from the resonant structure 100.

As shown in FIG. 3, in another embodiment of the off-axis structure 200, off-axis structure 200 is electrically biased using a voltage source 300 to attract the stray charged particles. In the case of stray electrons or negatively charged particles or ions, the voltage source 300 will be a positive voltage source. In the case of stray positively charged particles or ions, the voltage source 300 will be a negative voltage source. The voltage source 300 may bias a single segment or surface (e.g., just the reflective surface 210) of the off-axis structure 200 while remaining isolated from other segments. However, the voltage source 300 may alternatively bias a number of segments or sides of the off-axis structure 200 or the entire off-axis structure 200.

As shown in FIG. 4, in another embodiment of the off-axis structure 200, off-axis structure 200 is supplemented with an absorbing material 400 on at least one surface of the off-axis structure 200, and preferably on the reflective surface 210. Such a material can be selected to coincide with the charge type of the stray charged particles to be absorbed or attracted. While illustrated as covering only a single segment of the off-axis structure 200, the absorbing material 400, may instead be applied to several surfaces thereof. The absorbing material 400 may integrated onto at least one surface of the off-axis structure 200 or may be coated onto at least one surface of the off-axis structure 200.

As shown in FIG. 5, in another embodiment of the off-axis structure 200, off-axis structure 200 is supplemented with both the absorbing material 400 of FIG. 4 and the voltage source 300 of FIG. 3.

As shown in FIG. 6, in another embodiment of the off-axis structure 200, the off-axis structure 200 of FIGS. 2-5 is supplemented with a second reflective surface 210 such that the detector surface 180 of the photo-multiplier 160 is even more protected from stray charged particles.

As shown in FIG. 7, in one embodiment of the present invention, rather than utilizing an off-axis structure 200 (as in FIGS. 2-6), the detector surface 180 of the photo-multiplier 160 is instead protected by an absorbing barrier 600 that is interposed between the resonant structure 100 and the photo-multiplier 160. In one embodiment, the absorbing barrier 600 is transmissive to light (e.g., IR, visible and/or UV). In another embodiment the absorbing barrier 600 is transmissive to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency higher than that of light (e.g., X-ray or gamma-ray).

While certain configurations of structures for protecting a photo-multiplier 160 from stray charged particles have been illustrated for the purposes of presenting the basic structures of the present invention, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other variations are possible which would still fall within the scope of the appended claims.