Wednesday, September 21, 2011

Turbulence in Singapore

The fourth Grand Prix of Singapore will take place this weekend, and whilst the city-state forms an impressive backdrop for a race, overtaking has been notoriously difficult in previous years here. As difficult, in fact, as it is at Valencia, another street-circuit situated at sea level.

Which is intriguing, because the atmospheric density is greater at sea level, and this has certain aerodynamic ramifications. Assuming the pressure at Singapore is 101 kPa (the standard sea level pressure), a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius corresponds to an air density of 1.196 kg/m3.

Singapore, however, is also notoriously humid, and because water vapour is lighter than dry air, humid air is less dense than dry air. Assuming a relative humidity of 80%, and a temperature of 20 degrees, the air density at Singapore is about 1.190 kg/m3. (The tables here are taken from Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils, Fredlund and Rahardjo, p23-24).

In contrast, at a circuit such as Spa Francorchamps, which lies at an altitude of about 400m, the standard atmospheric pressure is about 95 kPa, and at a temperature of 20 degrees the air density is only 1.124 kg/m3.

Now, greater air density increases downforce and drag, but it also changes the Reynolds number:

Re = (airspeed x length x air density)/viscosity of air

The viscosity of air increases as a function of temperature, (as tabulated on the left here), but is largely independent of pressure. Hence, the increased air density entails that the Reynolds number of the airflow at Singapore (and Valencia) will be slightly greater than it is at venues such as Spa.

How much greater? Well, by a factor of 1.190/1.124 = 1.058. In other words, the Reynolds number at Singapore is about 5% greater than it is at Spa.

Now, the Reynolds number specifies the ratio of the inertial forces to the viscous forces, and this is important for quantifying the effect of turbulence. The greater the Reynolds number, the more turbulent the flow. In particular, as a rule-of-thumb, viscous dissipation of turbulent energy only kicks-in when the Reynolds number of the turbulent eddies approaches unity. Thus, if the air density at Singapore is 5% greater than that at Spa, the viscous dissipation of turbulence doesn't kick-in until the turbulent eddies reach a size about 5% smaller than at Spa.

If the premises here are correct, and the reasoning is valid, then the cars will have a slightly longer turbulent wake at Singapore (and Valencia), than they have at venues such as Spa. That would help to explain why it's so difficult to overtake at Singapore (and Valencia).

Nevertheless, circuit design is still by far the most important factor. Zandvoort, after all, was situated amongst the sand dunes bordering the North Sea, yet the racing there was amongst the best you could care to see.