Overview

Capsule endoscopy camera

Capsule endoscopy camera

During a capsule endoscopy procedure, you swallow a tiny camera that's about the size of a large vitamin pill. The capsule contains lights to illuminate your digestive system, a camera to take images and an antenna that sends those images to a recorder you wear on a belt.

Capsule endoscopy is a procedure that uses a tiny wireless camera to take pictures of your digestive tract. A capsule endoscopy camera sits inside a vitamin-size capsule you swallow. As the capsule travels through your digestive tract, the camera takes thousands of pictures that are transmitted to a recorder you wear on a belt around your waist.

Capsule endoscopy helps doctors see inside your small intestine — an area that isn't easily reached with more-traditional endoscopy procedures. Traditional endoscopy involves passing a long, flexible tube equipped with a video camera down your throat or through your rectum.

Capsule endoscopy has also been approved for screening the colon for polyps in those unable to complete a colonoscopy. But how and on whom capsule endoscopy will eventually be used is still being determined because better alternatives are available. As technology improves, capsule endoscopy of the colon may become more common.

Capsule endoscopy has also been approved to evaluate the muscular tube that connects your mouth and your stomach (esophagus) to look for abnormal, enlarged veins (varices). It's rarely used for this purpose because there has been limited experience with it and traditional upper endoscopy is widely available.

Why it's done

Small intestine

Small intestine

Capsule endoscopy is often used to help your doctor see inside your small intestine. Your small intestine, which is composed of three sections, runs from your stomach to your colon.

Your doctor might recommend a capsule endoscopy procedure to:

Find the cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. If you have unexplained bleeding in your digestive tract, capsule endoscopy can help find the cause.

Diagnose inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease. Capsule endoscopy can reveal areas of inflammation in the small intestine.

Diagnose cancer. Capsule endoscopy can show tumors in the small intestine or other parts of the digestive tract.

Monitor celiac disease. Capsule endoscopy is sometimes used in monitoring this immune reaction to eating gluten.

Screen for polyps. People who have inherited syndromes that can cause polyps in the small intestine might occasionally undergo capsule endoscopy.

Do follow-up testing after X-rays or other imaging tests. If results of an imaging test are unclear or inconclusive, your doctor might recommend capsule endoscopy to get more information.

Risks

Capsule endoscopy is a safe procedure that carries few risks. However, it's possible for a capsule to become lodged in the digestive tract rather than leaving your body in a bowel movement within several days.

The risk, which is small, might be higher in people who have a condition — such as a tumor, Crohn's disease or previous surgery in the area — that causes a narrowing (stricture) in the digestive tract. If you have abdominal pain or are at risk of a narrowing of your intestine, your doctor likely will get a CT scan to look for a narrowing before using capsule endoscopy. Even if the imaging study is negative, there's still a small chance that the capsule could get stuck.

The last pictures taken by the capsule help your doctor determine when the capsule reaches your colon. Most of the time, the capsule moves through your digestive system easily and is likely to pass through your stool. However, if your doctor determines the capsule is stuck in your small intestine — but it does not cause any symptoms — you might wait longer for the capsule to leave your body.

If you do not see the capsule pass in your stool, your doctor may order an abdominal X-ray to make sure it is out of your body, but this is generally not necessary unless you have symptoms. A capsule causing signs and symptoms that indicate bowel obstruction must be removed, either by surgery or through an endoscopy procedure, depending on where the capsule is stuck.

How you prepare

To prepare for your capsule endoscopy, your doctor is likely to ask that you:

Stop eating and drinking at least 12 hours before the procedure. This will ensure that the camera captures clear images of your digestive tract.

Stop or delay taking certain medications. To keep medication from interfering with the camera, your doctor might ask you not to take certain medications before the procedure. In other cases, your doctor will want you to take your medication two hours before or after you swallow the capsule that contains the camera.

Plan to take it easy for the day. In most cases, you'll be able to go about your day after you swallow the camera capsule. But you'll likely be asked not to do strenuous exercise or heavy lifting. If you have an active job, ask your doctor whether you can go back to work the day of your capsule endoscopy.

In some cases, your doctor may ask you to take a laxative before your capsule endoscopy to flush out your small intestine. This has been shown to improve the quality of the pictures collected by the capsule's camera.

Follow your doctor's instructions in preparing for your capsule endoscopy. Failure to follow the directions may mean the test will have to be rescheduled.

What you can expect

During capsule endoscopy

On the day of your capsule endoscopy, your health care team will go over the steps in the procedure with you. You might be asked to remove your shirt so that adhesive patches can be attached to your abdomen. Each patch contains an antenna with wires that connect to a recorder. Some devices don't require the patches.

You wear the recorder on a special belt around your waist. The camera sends images to an antenna on your abdomen, which feeds the data to the recorder. The recorder collects and stores the images.

Once the recorder is connected and ready, you swallow the camera capsule with water. A slippery coating makes it easier to swallow. Once you swallow it, you shouldn't be able to feel it.

You'll then go about your day. You can drive, and you might be able to go to work, depending on your job. Your doctor may recommend some restrictions, such as avoiding strenuous activity, including running and jumping.

After the capsule endoscopy

Wait two hours after you swallow the capsule to resume drinking clear liquids. After four hours, you can have a light lunch or a snack unless your doctor tells you otherwise.

The capsule endoscopy procedure is complete after eight hours or when you see the camera capsule in the toilet after a bowel movement, whichever comes first. Remove the patches and the recorder from your body, pack them in a bag and follow your doctor's instructions for returning the equipment. You can flush the camera capsule down the toilet.

Your body might expel the camera capsule within hours or after several days. Each person's digestive system is different. If you don't see the capsule in the toilet within two weeks, contact your doctor. Your doctor might order an X-ray to see if the capsule is still in your body.

Results

The camera used in capsule endoscopy takes thousands of color photos as it passes through your digestive tract. The images saved on the recorder are transferred to a computer with special software that strings the images together to create a video. Your doctor watches the video to look for abnormalities within your digestive tract.

It might take a few days to a week or longer to receive the results of your capsule endoscopy. Your doctor will then share the results with you.

Clinical trials

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