Magnesium alloys show a very high potential in automotive applications as constructive metal, whereas the main focus lies on die cast parts. Electronic industry is the major commercial consumer for die castings besides the automobile industry. Room temperature applications like steering wheels and frame components in cars as well as mobile phone- or notebook housings are well established. These castings are produced with AZ- or AM-magnesium alloys, which show good room temperature properties and a good castability. The great alloy development challenge in extending the use of magnesium cast alloys are application for higher temperatures. The application in powertrain components is considered to be the benchmark here. Besides alloy development there are also further research activities in development of casting processes. Semi-solid processes like New-Rheocasting (NRC), Thoxomolding trademark or Thixocasting (TC) are adapted to the requirements of newly developed alloys. Not only cast alloys but also magnesium wrought alloys have moved to the centre of interest in the last decade. Alloy development for improving the formability on the one hand as well as process development in extrusion or rolling has to be done in order to find optimum parameters for deforming magnesium alloys properly. (Abstract Copyright [2007], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.) [German] Magnesiumlegierungen weisen ein sehr hohes Potential fuer den Einsatz als metallischen Konstruktionswerkstoff fuer die Automobilindustrie auf, wobei der Anwendungsschwerpunkt bei Druckgussbauteilen liegt. Neben der Automobilindustrie ist die Elektroniksparte der wichtigste Abnehmer fuer Druckgussteile aus Magnesiumlegierungen. Raumtemperaturanwendungen wie z. B. Lenkraeder und Rahmenteile im Automobil oder Handy- und Notebookgehaeuse sind industriell gut eingefuehrt. Sie werden aus Magnesiumlegierungen der AZ- oder AM-Familie gegossen, die mit ihren guten Raumtemperatureigenschaften und der guten Giessbarkeit die

The present report contains results on the occurrence of polar and nonpolar substances in the Elbe and selected tributaries which were analysed in the period from 1994 to 1999. It shows that industrial and municipal purification plants still have an insufficient cleaning capacity for certain substances. The process by which ubiquitous pollutants can enter the Elbe via a small, widely ramified fluvial system is exemplified for the family of chloroalkyl phosphates. These mainly occur in flame retardants and plasticisers in polyurethanes. The paper also presents results from a selection of 28 substances listed in Directive 76/464/ECC. They provide a decision aid for the planning of future measuring concepts based on the EU Water Framework Directive. In the ARGE ELBE programme organic pollutants are recorded and published on a routine basis. These are mostly nonpolar substances such as the well-known polychlorinated biphenyls or slow-evaporating insecticidal chlorinated hydrocarbons such as DTT. Recent analysis results show that this group of substances is relevant now as before and that it will remain so for the years to come. Special studies involving aqueous phase measurements were performed on a different group of substances, namely polar substances, which are generally readily soluble. The substances on which this report is chiefly focused originate from different sources: industrial and municipal effluents, diffuse inputs from agriculture and atmospheric depositions. In many cases they are difficultly degradable and could attain significance where river water in the form of river bank filtrate is used for drinking water production. However, due to complex and effective purification technologies they rarely enter drinking water. [German] Der vorliegende Bericht enthaelt Ergebnisse zum Vorkommen polarer und unpolarer Stoffe in der Elbe und in ausgewaehlten Nebenfluessen, die in dem Zeitraum von 1994 bis 1999 analysiert worden sind. Er zeigt, dass fuer einzelne

This book is an introduction to physics and chemistry especially for medical personnel. After a general introduction, measurement methods, mechanics including mechanics of solid bodies, fluids and gases, heat, optics, acoustics, electricity, radiations including their biological effects, general chemistry, inorganic and organic chemistry are treated. Every chapter contains exercises mostly in connection with medical and biological effects. Furthermore, connections with biology and medicine are considered. The chapters on physiological chemistry, computer and information theory, chemistry and ecology, and metabolism have been rewritten. (HP).

This book is an introduction to physics and chemistry especially for medical personnel. After a general introduction, measurement methods, mechanics including mechanics of solid bodies, fluids and gases, heat, optics, acoustics, electricity, radiations including their biological effects, general chemistry, inorganic and organic chemistry are treated. Every chapter contains exercises mostly in connection with medical and biological effects. Furthermore connections with biology and medicine are considered. (orig./HP) With 104 figs., 51 tabs.

The volume on the 50th annual meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Neuroradiologie includes the abstracts concerning the following issues: infectious central nervous system diseases, neurodegenerations, infarction, petrosal bone pathology, neurointerventions.

Apart from knowing exactly the statistic performance of the supplied wind capacity the projection of the capacity to be expected in the short and medium-term is of increasing importance for the utilisation plan of power plants and the load management of public utilities. Various approaches and methods already exist for the projection of wind capacity. These approaches are based on the capability to approximate non-linear interrelations and to use unclear, incomplete or even contradictory data with the help of artificial neuronal networks. The physical and meteorological interrelations of the problem do not need to be known during the modelling. Based upon the on-line measurement of wind energy supply the short time projection for periods of one to four hours, e.g. by means of artificial neuronal networks, is an important first step for an improved integration of wind energy into load control and utilisation plan of power plants of public utilities with a high share in wind energy. A first study carried out by the ISET (Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology) showed the basic possibility to predict the overall capacity of widely distributed joint systems of wind power plants by means of artificial neuronal networks. (orig.) [German] Neben der genauen Kenntnis des statistischen Verhaltens der eingespeisten Windleistung ist die Vorhersage der kurz- bis mittelfristig zu erwartenden Leistung fuer die Kraftwerkseinsatzplanung und das Lastmanagement von Energieversorgungsunternehmen von zunehmender Bedeutung. Fuer die Prognose der Windleistung existieren bereits verschiedene Ansaetze und Verfahren. Dabei basieren die Ansaetze zur Windleistungsprognose mit Hilfe von Kuenstlichen Neuronalen Netzen (KNN) auf der Faehigkeit, nichtlineare Zusammenhaenge zu approximieren und verrauschte, unvollstaendige oder sogar widerspruechliche Daten zu verwenden. Weiter sind bei der Modellierung keine Kenntnisse der physikalischen oder meteorologischen Zusammenhaenge des Problems

Observations of disturbances in the hormonal regulation mechanisms of humans and animals raised an interest in the potential hazards of environmental pollutants with hormonal, in particular estrogenic activity. The available information on the mode of action, dose dependence and exposure pathways (exposure scenarios) suggests that the hazard to humans may be low. On the other hand, the exotoxicological effects are less easily assessible, and further investigations will be required for a well-founded risk characterisation and assessment. There are now many research programmes in this field in various countries including Germany. For example, there are projects concerning 'Environmental chemicals affecting the endocrineous system (environmental hormones)' which are funded by the German state (German Bundestag 1998) and several projects funded by the Association of the Chemical Industry and various German states. Further information on terminated and current projects is available from the Federal Environmental Office where the national activities are coordinated. [German] Beobachtungen ueber die Beeinflussung hormoneller Regulationsmechanismen bei Mensch und Tier haben die Aufmerksamkeit auf eine moegliche Gefaehrdung durch Umweltstoffe mit hormoneller, insbesondere solche mit oestrogener Aktivitaet gelenkt. Die verfuegbaren Informationen ueber Wirkungsweise, Dosisabhaengigkeit und Art der Exposition (Expositionsszenarien) lassen das Ausmass der Gefaehrdung fuer den Menschen gering erscheinen. Die oekotoxikologischen Auswirkungen sind demgegenueber weniger klar. Fuer eine fundierte Risikocharakterisierung und Risikoabschaetzung sind weitgehende Untersuchungen erforderlich. Dem tragen zahlreiche Forschungsprogramme in verschiedenen Laendern Rechnung. Auch in Deutschland wird Forschung auf diesem Gebiet unterstuetzt. Zum Beispiel: etliche Vorhaben zum Thema ''Chemikalien in der Umwelt mitWirkung auf das endokrine System (Umwelthormone

`Alternatives for Action of Environmental Organizations in the EC` analyses the changes and challenges environmental organisations are facing due to to their own growth, to the growing relevance of environmental policies and due to EC-integration. In doing this, it compares the various national conditions for environmental organizations in Germany, Spain, Holland, Great Britain, and on a European level. Environmental organizations have each developed their own national responses to these framework conditions. The investigation puts special emphasis on the different styles of politics and political culturs in the various countries. In an international comparison, it is possible to detect distinct national profiles, which are more important than political differences between different groups (e.g., conservation versus political ecology). The different national political styles are proving to be a great obstacle to developing common European activities. This could be demonstrated by five thematic case studies (environment and domestic market, energy taxes, eco-labels, FFH). This means that the readiness to learn is a precondition for environmental organizations that want to gain influence on a European level. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das Forschungsprojekt analysiert die Veraenderungen und Herausforderungen die sich fuer Umweltverbaende mit ihrem eigenen Wachstum dem Bedeutungsgewinn des Umweltthemas und der voranschreitenden EG-Integration ergeben. Sie vergleicht dabei die unterschiedlichen nationalen Handlungsbedingungen fuer Umweltverbaende in Deutschland, Spanien, den Niederlanden, Grossbritannien und auf europaeischer Ebene. Umweltverbaende haben ihre jeweiligen nationalen Antworten auf diese Rahmenbedingungen entwickelt. Ihr Politikstil und ihre politische Kultur werden dabei besonders beruecksichtigt. Man kann im internationalen Vergleich ausgesprochen nationale Profile erkennen, die bedeutsamer sind als politische Differenzen zwischen unterschiedlichen Gruppen (z

In 1995 the ATC developed a Code of Practice which, in conjunction with the ATIEL Code of Practice, represents the basis for the European Engine Lubricant Quality Management System (EELQMS). Compliance with the requirements of this system is a prerequisite for performance claims made by engine oil marketers regarding the European ACEA Engine Oil Sequences. TAD, the German section of the Technical Committee of Petroleum Additive Manufacturers in Europe (ATC), has prepared this presentation in order to promote the dialogue between the industries concerned and to provide information on EELQMS and the ATC Code of Practice to a broader audience. Key elements of the paper are: - What is EELQMS? - How does EELQMS work? - What is the role of the ATC Code of Practice in EELQMS? - What are the most important rules of the ATC Code of Practice? - What benefits do EELQMS and the ATC Code of Practice offer to the end-user? - What is the current status of EELQMS? We hope that this presentation will help to promote a better understanding and acceptance of EELQMS on a broad basis. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Jahre 1995 hat der ATC eine Code of Practice entwickelt, der in Verbindung mit dem ATIEL Code of Practice die Grundlage des Europaeischen Qualitaets-Management-Systems fuer Motoroele (European Engine Lubricant Quality Management System=EELQMS) ist. Die Einhaltung der in diesem System spezifizierten Regeln ist Voraussetzung fuer die Erfuellung der ACEA-Richtlinien und der entsprechenden Performance-Aussagen nach den jeweiligen europaeischen ACEA-Motorenoelsequenzen. Zur Vertiefung des Dialogs zwischen den beteiligten Industrien und zur Verbreitung der Kenntnisse ueber EELQMS und den ATC Code of Practice hat die TAD, die deutsche nationale Organisation innerhalb des europaeischen Dachverbandes der Additivindustrie (ATC), folgende Praesentation ausgearbeitet. Wesentliche Elemente der Praesentation sind: - Was ist EELQMS? - Wie funktioniert EELQMS? - Welche Rolle spielt der ATC Code of

The range of activities of the Chair in Open-cast and International Mining at the Institute for Mining at Clausthal Technological University currently comprises the field of teaching and further scientific training, research and development as well as transfer of knowledge and technology. In addition to these legally sanctioned activities PR work concerning the necessity for the mining of mineral raw materials and the associated training of mining engineers plays a central role. In accordance with the fundamental idea that a prerequisite for good training in the field of engineering science is a close link between university and industry the contents of the courses are always adapted to the state of the art in the mining industry and the main areas of research based on practical requirements. In accordance with this process current aspects of the safeguarding of raw materials, sustenance and management of knowledge in the mining industry are integrated in these courses. The current research work is interdisciplinary and deals with quality management, deposit protection, recultivation and rehabilitation as well as reduction of emissions. (orig.) [German] Das Aufgabenspektrum des Lehrstuhls fuer Tagebau und Internationalen Bergbau am Institut fuer Bergbau der TU Clausthal umfasst die Gebiete Lehre und wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung, Forschung und Entwicklung sowie Wissens- und Technologietransfer. Ueber diese gesetzlich verankerten Aufgaben hinaus nimmt die PR-Arbeit ueber die Notwendigkeit bergmaennischer Gewinnung mineralischer Rohstoffe und der damit einhergehenden Ausbildung von Bergbauingenieuren eine zentrale Stellung ein. Dem Leitgedanken folgend, dass eine gute Ausbildung im ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Bereich eine enge Verbindung zwischen Hochschule und Industrie voraussetzt, werden die Lehrinhalte stets dem Stand der Technik im Bergbau angepasst und die Forschungsschwerpunkte praxisbezogen abgeleitet. Diesem Prozess folgend wurden aktuell Aspekte der

More and more metals are needed to expand modern energy technologies, but we can not completely dispense with fossil raw materials and biomass in the near future either. Are the incidence of the conversion of energy sources sufficient? The analysis of the academy project ''Energy Systems of the Future'' (ESYS) comes to the conclusion that geologically enough raw materials are available. The challenge, however, is to make the supply safe, affordable and environmentally and socially compatible. The analysis explains the mechanisms of action on the global commodity markets and identifies supply risks. These include, for example, sudden demand on the international markets as well as the unequal distribution of the world's raw material reserves. This is followed by the analysis approaches, in order to recognize warning signals for potential raw material bottlenecks in time, to develop evasive strategies and to secure the raw material supply for the energy turnarounds. For example, the expansion of recycling can help to reduce the dependence on metal imports. In mining, on the other hand, innovative technologies have to be developed in order to improve the exploration and utilization of the deposits. By establishing binding environmental and social standards, the extraction of raw materials could also become more sustainable. The analysis also highlights the importance of bioenergy and fossil raw materials, such as oil and natural gas, for energy generation. The authors describe the advantages and disadvantages of these energy carriers and the measures that can be used to reduce environmental pollution such as greenhouse gas emissions. [German] Fuer den Ausbau moderner Energietechnologien werden immer mehr Metalle benoetigt, doch auch auf fossile Rohstoffe und Biomasse koennen wir in naher Zukunft nicht vollstaendig verzichten. Reichen die Vorkommen zur Umsetzung der Energiewende aus? Die Analyse des Akademienprojekts &apos

Purpose: To develop and evaluate a new, pneumatically operated motion apparatus for the dynamic functional MR examination of the cervical spine. Materials and Methods: A metal-free, pneumatically operated motion apparatus for functional dynamic MR imaging of the cervical spine was developed with respect to the geometry of a short-bore, superconducting high-field MR system. The examination protocol included a T{sub 2}-weighted multi-slice turbospin echo sequence (T{sub 2}-TSE, TR/TE=2610/115, matrix 254/512) and a dynamic T{sub 2}-weighted single-shot sequence (T{sub 2}-TSE, TR/TE=1110/110, matrix 255/256, acquisition time 1 s) in a sagittal plane. In order to evaluate the new motion apparatus and the examination protocol, 10 healthy subjects and 10 patients were examined. Results: The new motion apparatus allowed us to perform a passive stepless inclination and reclination motion of the patient's cervical spine within the MR scanner without leaving the magnet bore. The maximum motion degrees of the cervical spine were within -35 C (reclination) and 30 C (inclination). Due to the T{sub 2}-contrast and the high spatial resolution of the dynamic sequence, the myelon, the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid and the discoligamental structures were imaged with a good contrast and allowed a sufficient evaluation of the cervical spinal channel in all functional positions. Conclusions: This new motion apparatus allows a standardized and stepless dynamic functional MR examination is a short-bore high-field MR scanner. By the use of fast T{sub 2}-weighted spin echo sequences it has been shown to be of high value for the evaluation of the cervical myelon, the anterior and posterior cerebrospinal fluid and the discoligamental structures. (orig.) [German] Ziel: Entwicklung und Erprobung einer neuen pneumatischen Bewegungsvorrichtung fuer die dynamische Funktionsuntersuchung der Halswirbelsaeule in der Kernspintomographie. Methoden: Eine nicht-metallische pneumatisch betriebene

Measurements of steam wetness are necessary for the determination of the thermodynamic state in a two-phase steam flow, which is for example the case of efficiency measurements in LP steam turbines. Since wetness measurements are always related to flow measurements, a combined pneumatic-optical probe for contemporary flow and wetness measurement has been developed at Institut fuer Thermische Stroemungsmaschinen of the University of Stuttgart (ITSM) in collaboration with an institute of the University of Shanghai Science and Technology (USST). The pneumatic part consists of a four-hole wedge probe. The optical part is based on multiwavelength-light extinction. During measurement in power plant Schkopau this measuring system has been introduced for the first time in a real steam turbine. The results of these flow and wetness measurements, that have been conducted both for nominal and partial load will be presented and discussed in this publication. Since institutes of RWTH Aachen and University of Hannover, even though with different type of probes, have also conducted measurements in the power plant in Schkopau, a comparison between the results obtained by the combined probe and these other ones can be made. (orig.) [Deutsch] Fuer die Bestimmung des thermodynamischen Zustandspunktes in einer Zweiphasen-Wasserdampfstroemung, wie es z.B. bei Wirkungsgradmessungen in der ND-Teilturbine von Kondensationsdampfturbinen notwendig ist, ist die Messung der Dampfnaesse erforderlich. Da Naessemessungen mit optischen Messverfahren immer auch mit Stroemungsmessungen verbunden sind, wurde am Institut fuer Thermische Stroemungsmaschinen der Universitaet Stuttgart (ITSM) in Zusammenarbeit mit einen Institut der University of Shanghai Science and Technology (USST) eine kombinierte optisch-pneumatische Sonde fuer gleichzeitige Stroemungs- und Naessemessungen in Zwei-Phasen Wasserdampfstroemungen entwickelt. Der pneumatische Teil der Sonde besteht aus einer 4-Loch Keilsonde. Das

The paper reports results of the mesoscale transport, chemism and flow model METRAS for the period from 22 April to 11 May 1995. During this period, a measurement campaign was carried out in the area of the German Bight under the ``KUSTOS`` springtime scheme (``Coastal mass and energy transport processes - The transition from land to sea in the south-eastern North Sea``). In order to take instationary and inhomogeneous weather situations into account, the modellings used data provided by the German weather service, which form part of its Germany model (DM), both to initialize and drive the METRAS data. The modelling results of METRAS are compared with routine readings taken by the German weather service in some selected measuring sites. (orig./KW) [Deutsch] In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse des mesoskaligen Transport-, Chemie- und Stroemungsmodells METRAS fuer den Zeitraum vom 22. April bis zum 11. Mai 1995 vorgestellt, in dem die Messkampagne des KUSTOS-Fruehjahrsexperimentes (Kuestennahe Stoff- und Energietransporte - der Uebergang Land - Meer in der suedoestlichen Nordsee) im Bereich der Deutschen Bucht stattfand. Zur Beruecksichtigung instationaerer und inhomogener Wetterlagen bei den Modellrechnungen wurden sowohl zur Initialisierung als auch zum Antrieb von METRAS Daten des Deutschland-Modells (DM) des Deutschen Wetterdienstes verwendet. Die Modellergebnisse von METRAS werden mit Routinemessungen des Deutschen Wetterdienstes an einigen ausgewaehlten Messstationen verglichen. (orig./KW)

The authors present an interesting comparative calculation: What (investment) costs, prices, emissions and employment figures are to be expected on the energy sector if the permission to operate nuclear power stations is sustained without time limit (scenario 1), or if all remaining nuclear power stations are shut-down by the year 2004 (scenario 2). These business economists come to the conclusion that in the case of shut-down of operation of nuclear power stations, the price for electric energy will increase on a short-term basis and the investment costs will initially rise significantly, but as from the year 2024 these relationships will reverse - the golden end of the early investments will then pay off. However, the authors estimate that the nominal additional costs for quick shut-down of nuclear power stations will amount to 87.6 billion DM. They estimate a loss of only 23 000 jobs. A problematic aspect of quick shutdown in above all the dramatically greater emission of CO{sub 2}; it will increase by 1850 million tons. According to the opinion of the authors, this figure is unavoidable - without corresponding technical innovation - and also not acceptable within the limits of responsibility. The prognosis is reserved with regard to technical innovation on the sector of fossil fuel power stations, because if nuclear power stations are shut-down quickly there will hardly be enough time for new technical developments. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Autoren legen eine interessante Vergleichsrechnung vor: Welche (Investitions-)kosten, Preise, Emissionen, und Beschaeftigungszahlen sind im Energiebereich zu erwarten, wenn die Genehmigungsdauer fuer Kernkraftwerke unbefristet bestehen bleibt (Szenario 1) bzw. wenn alle verbleibenden Kraftwerke zum Jahr 2004 abgeschaltet werden (Szenario 2). Die Volkswirtschaftler kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass bei der Umsetzung des Ausstiegsbeschlusses kurzfristig die Strompreise steigen werden und die Investitionskosten zunaechst deutlich

The carotid bifurcation is currently a subject of controversial discussion within the vascular territory. These controversies are obvious for diagnostic imaging but the more so for therapy. Performing stenting as a treatment tool, controversies exist also as to whether angioplasty is performed without or obligatory with cerebral protection. Theron and colleagues first described the concept of cerebral protection during carotid angioplasty and stent placement. Currently, there are three temporary cerebral protection systems, i.e. balloon occlusion, filtration baskets, and systems for flow reversal in the internal carotid artery. While these systems provide a considerable degree of protection, as has been shown in in vitro and preliminary clinical studies, embolization might still occur, even under protection. In addition, it is still not clear what the minimum size of emboli is that need to be stopped to prevent a stroke, and what the relevance of cerebral microemboli is. Clinical evidence suggests that the usage of protection systems favours a good outcome of the intervention: however, whether or not such systems should be used routinely remains a matter of discussion and should thus be verified in further clinical studies. (orig.) [German] Die Karotisbifurkation ist ein derzeit viel und kontrovers diskutiertes Gefaessterritorium. Dies gilt sowohl fuer die Diagnostik, mehr noch fuer die Therapie. Wird die Therapievariante Stent gewaehlt, bestehen kontroverse Ansichten, ob die Angioplastie ohne oder obligat mit zerebralem Protektionssystem zu erfolgen hat. Das Konzept der Protektion waehrend der Karotisangioplastie bzw. Stentbehandlung zur Vermeidung zerebraler embolischer Komplikationen wurde erstmals von Theron et al. beschrieben. Heutzutage stehen als Protektionssysteme ausser einer temporaeren Ballonokklusion temporaere Filtrationssysteme und Systeme zur Flussumkehr in der A. carotis interna (ACI) zur Verfuegung. Es ist bis zum heutigen Tag noch nicht definiert

Technical progress sometimes takes place at remote places. Away from the Bundesstrasse 27 which goes from Rottweil via the Swabian Mountains to Tubingen a lovingly renovated old farmhouse is located in a romantic meadow near Schoemberg. Since the middle of last year 90% of its electricity demand is covered with solar power. The project has been presented to the public by the Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Solare Energiesysteme Freiburg at the 18.th of May. (orig.).

This report concludes three years of work of the advisory council on climate and energy at Muenster and contains the results of the investigations. It points out carbon dioxide reduction potentials for the individual sectors and derives recommendations for corresponding action, specifying in greater detail and in part extending the measures proposed by the interim report. By implementing these action recommendations, the target postulated by the federal German government of cutting down carbon dioxide emissions by 25 to 30 per cent by the year 2005 is to be attained at the municipal level. By joining the international climate league, the town of Muenster, moreover, has committed itself to halving per-capita carbon dioxide emissions by 2010 as compared to 1987, thereby even increasing the need for action in the energy and transport sectors of the local government and at the management level of the Muenster town works.- The recommendations of the advisory council on climate and energy submitted in this report form the basis for further action to be taken by the town of Muenster in order to cut down carbon dioxide emissions (orig./KW). [Deutsch] Der vorliegende Bericht schliesst die dreijaehrige Arbeit des Beirates fuer Klima und Energie in Muenster ab und stellt die Ergebnisse seiner Untersuchungen dar. Fuer die einzelnen Sektoren sind hier CO{sub 2}-Reduktionspotentiale aufgezeigt und daraus Handlungsempfehlungen abgeleitet, wobei die bereits im Zwischenbericht enthaltenen Massnahmenvorschlaege praezisiert und z.T. erweitert worden sind. Die Umsetzung dieser Handlungsempfehlungen soll dazu fuehren, auf kommunaler Ebene das von der Bundesregierung postulierte Ziel, einer 25 bis 30%-igen CO{sub 2}-Minderung bis zum Jahr 2005 zu erreichen. Mit dem Beitritt zum Klimabuendnis hat sich die Stadt Muenster darueber hinaus verpflichtet, bis zum Jahr 2010 die CO{sub 2}-Emissionen (pro Einwohner) im Vergleich mit dem Jahr 1987 zu halbieren, was den Handlungsbedarf im Bereich

This report concludes three years of work of the advisory council on climate and energy at Muenster and contains the results of the investigations. It points out carbon dioxide reduction potentials for the individual sectors and derives recommendations for corresponding action, specifying in greater detail and in part extending the measures proposed by the interim report. By implementing these action recommendations, the target postulated by the federal German government of cutting down carbon dioxide emissions by 25 to 30 per cent by the year 2005 is to be attained at the municipal level. By joining the international climate league, the town of Muenster, moreover, has committed itself to halving per-capita carbon dioxide emissions by 2010 as compared to 1987, thereby even increasing the need for action in the energy and transport sectors of the local government and at the management level of the Muenster town works.- The recommendations of the advisory council on climate and energy submitted in this report form the basis for further action to be taken by the town of Muenster in order to cut down carbon dioxide emissions (orig./KW). [Deutsch] Der vorliegende Bericht schliesst die dreijaehrige Arbeit des Beirates fuer Klima und Energie in Muenster ab und stellt die Ergebnisse seiner Untersuchungen dar. Fuer die einzelnen Sektoren sind hier CO{sub 2}-Reduktionspotentiale aufgezeigt und daraus Handlungsempfehlungen abgeleitet, wobei die bereits im Zwischenbericht enthaltenen Massnahmenvorschlaege praezisiert und z.T. erweitert worden sind. Die Umsetzung dieser Handlungsempfehlungen soll dazu fuehren, auf kommunaler Ebene das von der Bundesregierung postulierte Ziel, einer 25 bis 30%-igen CO{sub 2}-Minderung bis zum Jahr 2005 zu erreichen. Mit dem Beitritt zum Klimabuendnis hat sich die Stadt Muenster darueber hinaus verpflichtet, bis zum Jahr 2010 die CO{sub 2}-Emissionen (pro Einwohner) im Vergleich mit dem Jahr 1987 zu halbieren, was den Handlungsbedarf im Bereich

The document presents an analysis of a governmental support programme for enhanced use of renewable energy technologies, installed for the period from 1994 to 1998. The '100 million Deutschmark programme' financed by the German Federal Ministry of Economics (BMWi) was intended to boost applications of renewable energy technologies in the residential and commercial sector. The objectives of the programme were to improve market penetration of renewable energy technologies, eg. by inducing a decline in costs, so as to bring those generation technologies closer to the break-even point of economic efficiency, or make them achieve economic efficiency on a broader basis through more widespread applications. The evaluation presented in the document was to show the programme's achievements with respect to the following aspects and criteria: Comparison with other governmental programmes, in particular those of Land governments. Indirect effects on employment, imports and exports, or in terms of incentives for technological enhancements. Assessment of direct effects on the marketing situation and the technologies. The conclusions drawn were to include recommendations for a successor programme. (orig./CB) [German] Vom Bundesministerium fuer Wirtschaft (BMWi) wurde die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien durch Investitionszuschuesse fuer private Haushalte und Unternehmen von 1994 bis 1998 in einem '100-Millionen-DM-Programm' gefoerdert. Es war als Breitenprogramm ausgelegt, sollte die Nachfrage staerken und Marktimpulse in Form von Kostendegressionen geben, so dass die erneuerbaren Energien der Wirtschaftlichkeit naeher kommen oder sie erreichen. Die vorliegende Evaluation sollte den Erfolg des Programmes durch Aussagen zu den nachstehenden Themenschwerpunkten analysieren: - Vergleich des Foerderprogramms mit anderen Programmen, insbesondere denjenigen auf Laenderebene. - Die indirekten Wirkungen auf Arbeitsplaetze, Import und Export, Anstoss fuer technische

The author describes the retrospective data acquisition and evaluation on the characterization and prognosis for 776 patients (average age 40:1 years) with differentiated thyroid carcinomas in the Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin der Universitaet zu Koeln in the period from 1990 to 2005. The methodology includes patient-relevant data, examination data, imaging techniques and biochemical tests. Clinically important differences were found for papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Further differences concern the localization of metastases. The author discusses the prognostic significance of the primary tumor radius in comparison with the so-called TNM classification for papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. It is concluded that the new version of the TNM classification offers only slight advantages with respect to the former version. It was also shown that the primary tumor size is adequate for prognostic estimations.

The annual report of the Saarland and Rheinland-Pfalz Mines Inspectorate outlines the economic and technical developments in mining in these two German states as well as the activities of the mining authorities in all fields of mining. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Jahresbericht des Oberbergamtes fuer das Saarland und das Land Rheinland-Pfalz gibt einen Ueberblick zur bergwirtschaftlichen und bergtechnischen Entwicklung in beiden Bundeslaendern und vermittelt einen umfassenden Einblick in die Taetigkeiten der Bergbehoerden in den vielfaeltigen Bergbauzweigen. (orig.)

In cooperation with the Ad-hoc working group 'Transfer of heavy metals from soil to plant' of the Laenderarbeitsgemeinschaft Bodenschutz (LABO) the significance of mercury evaporation for the deduction of threshold values in respect of the impact via the pathway soil to plant was investigated. Mercury contamination of food- and feeding stuff plants was examined with special emphasis. For these purposes a lab experiment including three different soils with varying initial mercury load (background level, geogenic and anthropogenic contamination) and two different plant species (parsley and spinach) was carried out under defined conditions in closed lysimeters. Mercury uptake via the roots was minimised since the plants grew in isolated customary substrate which showed a low concentration of mercury. Thus, only the surrounding soil evaporated mercury. The concentrations of mercury in the plants in the background level treatment (0.1 mg Hg/kg dry soil) were 0.15 mg/kg dry matter (spinach). The treatment with anthropogenic contaminated soil (111 mg Hg/kg dry soil) resulted in concentrations in the two plants of 2.0 and 2.6 mg/kg dry matter, respectively. A comparable order of magnitude was achieved in the geogenic contaminated treatment (34 mg Hg/kg dry soil) with 2.1 mg/kg dry matter (spinach) and 0.44 mg/kg dry matter (parsley). Experiments conducted with radioactive {sup 203}Hg showed in each case Hg-tracer in the leaves, in the stem and in the roots, indicating a translocation within the plant from leaf to root. By means of a comprehensive literature study the state of the art for Hg-evaporation and Hg-uptake of plants was compiled. Comparing the experimental results with data derived from literature, the Hg-concentrations found are confirmed by results of other authors. (orig.) [German] In fachlicher Zusammenarbeit mit der Ad-hoc-Arbeitsgruppe 'Schwermetalltransfer Boden/Pflanze' der Laenderarbeitsgemeinschaft Bodenschutz (LABO) wurde fuer die

Targets for wind energy use are given in different units. In addition to the number of plants, the power and the annual electricity generation, an information of a surface to be used for the use of wind power has become increasingly established. However, the relationships between area consumption, installed power and generated current are not approximately linear. On the basis of a small-scale modeling of the addition of wind energy installations using the wind resource tools WiSTl developed by the Research Center for Energy Economics (FfE), the article provides recommendations for the conversion of the area identified. In addition, the share of electricity generation based on a 2% scenario of power generation from wind power plants of the electricity consumption will be determined for each Federal State. [German] Ziele zur Windenergienutzung werden in verschiedenen Einheiten angegeben. Neben der Anzahl an Anlagen, der Leistung und der jaehrlichen Stromerzeugung hat sich zunehmend die Angabe einer fuer die Windkraftnutzung auszuweisenden Flaeche etabliert. Die Zusammenhaenge zwischen Flaechenverbrauch, installierter Leistung und erzeugter Strommenge sind jedoch nicht annaehernd linear. Anhand einer kleinteiligen Modeliierung des Zubaus von Windenergieanlagen mithilfe des von der Forschungsstelle fuer Energiewirtschaft (FfE) entwickelten Windszenario-Tools WiSTl gibt der Artikel Empfehlungen zur Umrechnung der ausgewiesenen Flaeche. Zusaetzlich wird basierend auf einem 2 %-Szenario der Anteil der Stromerzeugung aus Windenergieanlagen am Stromverbrauch je Bundesland bestimmt.

The First Technical Report of the project 'Analysis of Seasonal Storage of Solar Heat in Mines' describes the local terms of construction and operation of a shaft storage at the 'Bergwerk General Blumenthal/Haard' in Recklinghausen. For the installation of a pilot storage the Shaft No. 6 should be chosen because of the better condition of the shaft walling and the greater diameter in comparison with Shaft No. 2. As the result of the objective of operational reliability only the leakproof metal tubbing array in the shaft should be used. In compliance with this rule, a system with a volume of 2,155 m{sup 3} is designated for the Shaft No. 6 (storage height 63 m). The storage is only insulated at the top. A gravel/water filling guarantees static strength of the site. With a vertical distance of 1.5 m, 42 pipe coils should be installed, evenly distributed across the cross section and connected to 10 temperature-dependent controllable layers. Each pipe coil consists of 100 m steel pipes with an inside diameter of 2.5 cm. Simulation calculations show that storage efficiencies higher than 80% can be expected. The efficiencies and the discharged energy considerably depend on the temperature level of the district heat netowrk. The collector area and the quantity of heat have a comparatively smaller influence on the storage operation results. The specific investment costs of the shaft storage at the location 'General Blumenthal 6' were calculated to 477 DM/m{sup 3}. A reduction of the specific costs can be achieved especially by the use of larger storage volumes in the future. (orig.) [German] Im vorliegenden Bericht werden die Rahmenbedingungen fuer den Bau und Betrieb eines Schachtspeichers am Beispiel des Standortes Bergwerk General Blumenthal/Haard in Recklinghausen konkretisiert. Da der Schacht 2 in einem deutlich schlechteren Zustand ist und einen kleineren Schachtdurchmesser aufweist, ist es sinnvoll, den Schacht 6 fuer die Installation

In the framework of an international collaboration a new electron-positron linear accelerator (ILC) with a c. m. energy up to 500 GeV is planned. For the International Large Detector Concept (ILD) a time projection chamber (TPC) shall perform precise measurements of the particle tracks. In order to fulfil the high requirements on the resolution, a microstructure gas-amplification system is used for read-out. For research and development of the detector principle for the application at the ILC at DESY a large TPC prototype is developed. For the operation of the detector it is necessary to monitor its state and especially that of the measurement gas. For this purpose in the framework of this thesis a slow control system is built, which shall make possible for the different collaboration partners to operate the prototype and to integrate the slow control data into their measurement. For this with an object-oriented control system a graphic user interface was created, which makes an overview over the applied measurement devices and a driving allows. Furthermore the influence of impurities of the gas mixture by oxygen was studied. For this with a small TPC prototype measurements of the electron attachment coefficient at different oxygen concentrations were performed with a magnetic flux density of 4 T. From the amplitude of the measurement signal a rate for the electron attachment could be determined. The values obtained for this agree sufficiently in comparison with literature values. [German] Im Rahmen einer internationalen Kollaboration ist ein neuer Elektronen-Positronen-Linearbeschleuniger (ILC) mit einer Schwerpunktsenergie bis zu 500 GeV geplant. Fuer das International Large Detector Concept (ILD) soll eine Zeitprojektionskammer (TPC) praezise Vermessungen der Teilchenspuren durchfuehren. Um die hohen Anforderungen an die Aufloesung zu erfuellen, wird ein Mikrostruktur-Gasverstaerkungssystem zur Auslese verwendet. Zur Erforschung und Entwicklung des

The planar design concept of Siemens company for the high-temperature fuel cell (SOFC) enables the electrodes (cathode, anode) and the active and joining layers to be made by the screen printing process. So far, however, such layered paste systems prepared by this method could be tested and shown to be successful only in smaller stacks. The work reported and carried out in the period 1996 - 1998 was intended to elaborate approaches for technology-level optimization of paste systems for application to thick-film system preparation as a low-price fabrication process for 50 kW stacks. The defined goals were to find ways for improving pastes and the thick-film preparation methods using the standard as well as enhanced powder materials, so as to improve the quality of fabricated stacks. Tasks involved encompassed determination of the relevant parameters with an effect on long-term stability and temperature resistance of the thick films, adjustment of the properties of pastes to advancements achieved in bipolar plate design, optimization of the paste systems for stack fabrication based on tests with suitable powders, suitable scale-up of paste preparation, enhancement of the reliability of the screen printing process in the preparation of structures up to a size of {>=}(20x20) cm{sup 2}. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] In dem Planar-Konzept der Fa. Siemens fuer die Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzelle (SOFC) koennen die Elektroden (Kathode, Anode), Funktions- und Fuegeschichten mittels Siebdruck realisiert werden. Ein solches vollstaendiges Pastensystem ist allerdings nur in kleineren Stacks erfolgreich getestet worden. Gegenstand der Arbeiten in der Phase 1996-98 ist die technologieorientierte Optimierung von Pastensystemen fuer den Einsatz der Dickschichttechnik als kostenguenstige Fertigung von 50 kW-Leistungseinheiten. Daraus ergeben sich folgende Ziele: - Pasten- bzw. Dickschichttechnologische Untersuchungen mit Standard- und weiter verbesserten Ausgangspulvern zur

The Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, by order of the BMWi, continuously issues information on the status of the investigations into the safety of nuclear power plants by publishing semi-annual and annual progress reports within the series of GRS-F-Fortschrittsberichte (GRS-F-Progress Reports). Each progress report represents a compilation of individual reports about the objectives, work performed, results achieved, next steps of the work etc. The individual reports are prepared in a standard form by the research organisations themselves as documentation of their progress in work and are published by the Research Management Division of GRS within the framework of general information on the progress in reactor safety research. The compilation of the reports is classified according to general topics related to reactor safety research. Further, use is made of the classification system ''Joint Safety Research Index'' of the CEC (commission of the european communities). The reports are arranged in sequence of their project numbers. (orig.) [German] Die Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH informiert im Auftrag des BMWi halbjaehrlich und jaehrlich ueber den Stand der Untersuchungen zur Sicherheit von Kernreaktoren in den Fortschrittsberichten der GRS-F-Berichtsreihe. Jeder Fortschrittsbericht stellt eine Sammlung von Einzelberichten ueber Zielsetzung, durchgefuehrte Arbeiten, erzielte Ergebnisse, geplante Weiterarbeit etc. dar, die von den Forschungsstellen selbst als Dokumentation ihres Arbeitsfortschritts in einheitlicher Form erstellt und von der Forschungsbetreuung (FB) in der GRS im Rahmen der allgemeinen Information ueber die Fortschritte von Untersuchungen zur Reaktorsicherheit herausgegeben werden. Die inhaltliche Gliederung der Berichtssammlung erfolgt durch sachliche Zuordnung der Vorhaben zu uebergeordneten Themenbereichen der Reaktorsicherheitsforschung, ferner nach dem Klassifikationsschema

In connection with the 2002 amendment to the German Atomic Energy Act, the topics of generational change and maintenance of competence grew in importance and necessitated new solution approaches. To this end, various activities were launched, with the aim of conducting conceptual analyses of these topics. Examples include the 'National Competence Network for Nuclear Technology' (Nationaler Kompetenzverbund fuer Kerntechnik), various networks established by colleges and universities, the 'Knowledge Management for the Maintenance and Transfer of Competence in Reactor Safety' (Wissensmanagement zum Kompetenzerhalt und -transfer in der Reaktorsicherheit) workshop held in 2001 in Garching near Munich (Germany) and the 'Ad-hoc Workgroup on the Maintenance of Competence' (Ad-hoc-Arbeitskreis Kompetenzerhalt) of the VdTUeV. The nuclear technology departments of the TUeV Nord Group were aware of te challenges associated with the generational change early on. By establishing the 'Nuclear Technology Training Center' (Ausbildungszentrum fuer Kerntechnik, AfK), the TUeV Nord Group intended to ensure the required knowledge transfer during the generational change as well as maintain the renowned high qualification as regards the subject of nuclear technology and thus continue to provide - in the sense of social responsibility - crucial contribution to the long-term safety of nuclear plants. Four years have passed since the training center held the first courses in the fall of 2002. Up to now, more than 350 participants have been trained in the courses conducted by the AfK. In the opinion of the TUeV Nord Group, the activities of the AfK have laid the foundation for a successful change of generations within the group's nuclear technology organizations. (orig.)

Subject of the current project ''3605S04477 - Entwicklung einer ''Job-Exposure-Matrix'' fuer Tieraerzte zur Abschaetzung der Exposition an ionisierender Strahlung bei der Diagnose mit Hilfe von Roentgengeraeten in der tieraerztlichen Praxis'' is the analysis of the radiation exposure of medical staff due to diagnostic x-ray examinations in veterinary medicine. In detail the radiation exposure of the medical staff will be first measured and next will be analysed and transformed into a data structure, which allows an easy estimation of the radiation exposure of the medical staff due to the future execution of diagnostic x-ray examination. The measurements, this data structure (called ''Job-Exposure-Matrix'') is based on, will be taken primarily during examinations performed at two veterinary clinics of the ''Freie Universitaet Berlin (FU Berlin)'', which are linked to the project. In addition some further measurements are taken at four veterinary clinics in Germany. Finally, for some examinations measurements are performed using phantoms set up of dead animals. Due to the shielding of the x-ray protective clothing and the resulting very low values the doses are measured in front of the protective clothing. Primarily, electronic personal dosemeters are used, complemented by thermoluminescence dosemeters and an ionisation radiation chamber. The measurement and the related analysis show, that the exposure of the medical staff due to the scattered Roentgen beam during a single x-ray examination is low. However, a high frequency of examinations during a year may result in no more marginal exposure which in addition might exceed the relevant dose limits. Thus, the measurements also emphasize the importance of radiation shielding even in case of low exposure due to a single x-ray examination. The compilation of the measured data in the data structure allows an easy estimation of the radiation

The final report contains information on the work performed under the `German-Russian cooperation in the field of industrial gas turbines for gas pumping stations in the CIS` between September 1, 1994 and November 30, 1996. During this period the following major tasks were completed: Task A: Preliminary analysis and design work for the development of components for a new IGT power turbine (preliminary design with aerodynamic blade profiles, turbine disks and casings) Task B: Provision of an improved casting process using a large single-crystal hollow blade as an example (after adaptation of the MTU tools to suit Russian machinery directionally solidified single-crystal blades were cast from Russian alloys furnished by MTU and then evaluated) Task C: Investigations into innovative blade technologies in terms of design and materials. (Description of problems encountered in connection with turbine blades and of corrective measures aimed at increasing the blade life; 3 casting test series at VIAM). Despite the very good cooperation with the Russian partners VIAM/Moscow and Motorostroitel/Samara the project was delayed and finally stopped because of problems with the Russian customs authorities as well as problems in connection with deliveries and contractual matters. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Schlussbericht enthaelt Angaben ueber die im Rahmen der `Deutsch-Russischen Zusammenarbeit bei Industriegasturbinen fuer Erdgas-Pumpstationen der GUS` durchgefuehrten Arbeiten im Zeitraum zwischen dem 1. September 1994 und dem 30. November 1996. In diesem Zeitraum sind im Arbeitsprogramm folgende Hauptaufgaben bearbeitet worden: Aufgabe A: Analytisch-konstruktive Vorarbeiten zu Komponenten-Entwicklung am Beispiel einer neuen IG-Nutzturbine (Auslegung eines Vorentwurfs mit aerodynamischen Schaufelprofilen, Turbinenscheiben und -gehaeuse). Aufgabe B: Bereitstellung verbesserter Gusstechnologie am Beispiel einer grossen einkristallin erstarrten Hohlschaufel (nach Anpassung von MTU

As a consequence of the loss of competence threatening to arise from the retirement of many experts, countermeasures in the form of expanded and improved training schemes and the development of knowledge management have been introduced by the Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH. The new modules of basic as well as specialized training are described. A brief outline is given of the GRS Intranet portal with its integrated document management. The development of a portal for each project allows all project-related information to be combined. An account is presented of initial experience in using methods of knowledge representation and display, and an outlook is given into expected further developments. (orig.)

almost decisive for the amount of the EEG apportionment, depends on the development of the privileged final consumption and the associated payment flows. The amendment of the EEG in 2014 also resulted in a reform of the special compensation scheme (BesAR). This implies a much more complex calculation methodology for the calculation of privileged final consumption quantities. For 2016, a privileged final consumption of about 104 TWh is expected, which is slightly below the level of the previous years. This declining trend will continue in the coming years due to efficiency improvements in the industry, reaching a level of 101 TWh in 2020. The related allocation payments amount to 467 million Euros in 2016. Taking into account the prognosticated amounts for net electricity demand, self-procured self-supply and privileged final consumption, a non-privileged final consumption amounting to around 356 TWh results for 2016. It can be expected that the future decline in demand for net electricity will have a direct impact on the medium-term development of non-privileged final consumption, as the increase in self-sufficiency is compensated by a reduction in privileged final consumption. Accordingly, non-privileged final consumption is reduced to 351 TWh by the year 2020. [German] Die deutschen Uebertragungsnetzbetreiber sind verpflichtet, kalenderjaehrlich Prognosen zur Entwicklung der bundesweiten EEG-Umlage zu erstellen und zu veroeffentlichen. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil dieser Untersuchung stellt eine Prognose der Stromabgabe an Letztverbraucher dar. Dabei ist neben dem Stromverbrauch der Eigenversorger auch der Letztverbrauch differenziert nach Privilegierungskategorien zu untersuchen, fuer den die EEG-Umlage in verringerter Hoehe gezahlt werden muss. Der Letztverbrauch betrug im Jahr 2014 in etwa 463 TWh und sinkt kontinuierlich bis zum Jahr 2020 auf etwa 446 TWh ab. Im Jahr 2016 betraegt der Letztverbrauch rund 460 TWh. Der Rueckgang des Letztverbrauchs faellt

This paper gives an overview about the diagnostic use of {sup 99m}Tc-Dimercaptosuccinic ({sup 99m}Tc-DMSA)-scintigraphy in siblings and children and presents our own results with this tracer in pediatric nephro-urology. {sup 99m}Tc-DMSA offers a high renal accumulation and therefore is suited for the diagnosis of renal malformations. Furthermore, a calculation of the tubular renal split function and imaging of the renal cortex is possible due its high tubular retention. The tracer may be used with success in the non invasive diagnostic work up of both renoparenchymal and renovascular hypertension in childhood and especially in the diagnosis of segmental renal artery stenosis. Scintigraphy with {sup 99m}Tc-DMSA is a simple and highly effective method in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis and renal scarring. It offers important informations about the further prognosis of a child with urinary tract infection. In upper urinary tract infection {sup 99m}Tc-DMSA-scintigraphy may be more specific than available clinical tests. In the diagnosis of pyelonephritis and renal scarring scintigraphic imaging has been proven to be more sensitive than pyelography and ultrasound and its diagnostic power is at least equal compared with computed tomography. Therefore, imaging with {sup 99m}Tc-DMSA can be considered as the reference method in these questions. Regarding that reflux is seen in less than 40% of children with a pathologic DMSA-scan and that the prognosis of children with an urinary tract infection without a pathologic DMSA-scan is usually good, one could question the use of micturating cystourethrography in the diagnostic work up of children with symptomatic urinary tract infection and a normal DMSA-scan. (orig.) [German] Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Ueberblick ueber die Verwendungsmoeglichkeiten der {sup 99m}Tc-Dimercaptosuccinid ({sup 99m}Tc-DMSA)-Szintigraphie im Saeuglings- und Kindesalter und moechte in diesem Rahmen auch ueber eigene Ergebnisse bei

important part of the operational capability of the force. The fire stations in the premises of the German armed forces provide a smooth service and increase...Schutzaufgaben sind deshalb integraler Be- standteil aller Prozesse, Verfahren und Anwendungen im Betrieb und irr: Einsatz der Bundeswehr. Zum Schutz von

The main purpose of our investigations is to improve the knowledge about the physical and chemical conditions of waste ash by applying appropriate analytical techniques in order to have a better understanding of the reutilisation and long-term stability of waste ash. Of special interest are the heavy metals Copper, Lead and Zinc due to the fact that these elements are a main part of the leachable volume. A specific topic of our investigations is the test and application of new approaches for the characterization of municipal waste ash. This is done by the combination of: (I) A mineralogical way to describe the ash-system, (II) a reduction of complexity by separation of serveral fractions and (III) the application of specialized analytical methods. From fractionation specific fractions of a given grain size, susceptibility and density derived. The analysis of ash particles and single phases is done by statistical methods like optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and scattered electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray-fluorescene analysator. The main chemical components as well as the trace and ultratrace components are analized by neutron activation, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence and sequential chemical extraction. (orig./HS) [Deutsch] Zielsetzung der Pilotstudie ist, durch Anwendung geeigneter Analysetechniken zu einer weiterfuehrenden Beschreibung des physikalischen und chemischen Zustands von HMV-Schlacken zu gelangen, um somit deren Wiederverwertbarkeit und Langzeitstabilitaet besser einschaetzen zu koennen. Besondere Beachtung finden die Metalle Kupfer, Blei und Zink, da fuer diese Elemente feststeht, dass sie einen wesentlichen Bestandteil des eluierbaren Potentials darstellen. Im vorliegenden Forschungsvorhaben werden neue Methodische Ansaetze zur Charakterisierung der HMV-Schlacke erprobt und umgesetzt. Tragende Saeulen sind dabei die mineralogische Betrachtungsweise des Stoffsystems, die Reduzierung der Komplexitaet durch Zerlegung in

In the project a concept and prototypes have been developed and tested for an automatic, computer-based monitoring of sites suspected to be hazardous in areas of abandoned open-pit lignite mines. In-situ measurements with milieuparameter probes and an optical sensor system in observation wells are combined with measurements between the wells using an electromagnetic system. Methods are being developed for monitoring the vadose and saturated zones. The areas of abandoned open-pit lignite mines in eastern Germany are not in a steady-state condition. Considerable changes are occurring due to redistribution and aeration of the sediments during removal of the overburden, due to disposal of solid and liquid wastes in the mine area, as well as to the re-establishment of normal groundwater levels. Monitoring will help to better understand the system. Precautionary and remedial measures must also be monitored as well as natural attenuation of pollutants. The results of the project are encouraging with regard to the range of the electromagnetic monitoring system as well as with regard to the long-term stability. Hence, the efficiency will be tested at a reference object in a long time test. (orig.) [German] Im Vorhaben sind ein Konzept und Prototypen fuer die vollautomatische, rechnergestuetzte Langzeitueberwachung (Monitoring) von Altlastenstandorten in den Braunkohlenbergbaufolgelandschaften entwickelt und getestet worden. Das Konzept basiert auf der Kombination lokaler Messungen mit Milieuparametersonden und einem System zur optischen Spektrometrie mit raeumlichen Ueberwachungsmethoden eines elektromagnetischen Ueberwachungssystems. Dabei wurden Loesungen sowohl fuer ein Monitoring in der wassergesaettigten als auch in der ungesaettigten Zone entwickelt. Derartige Ueberwachungssysteme werden kuenftig benoetigt, um zu einem besseren Verstaendnis und zur Loesung der Probleme in den Braunkohlenbergbaufolgelandschaften zu kommen, die durch die Belueftung und Umstrukturierung

With the extension of the Mainz microtron MAMI at the Institut fuer Kernphysik with a third stage it is now possible to produce particles with open strangeness. For their detection the spectrometer facility of the A1 collaboration has been expanded with the KAOS-spectrometer which has been inherited from GSI in Darmstadt. We are studying the p(e,e'K{sup +}){lambda}/Sigma{sup 0} reaction where the outgoing electron and kaon have to be detected. If we use a different target than hydrogen there is the possibility of a hypernuceus being formed. Spectroscopy of these gives the opportunity to study the hyperon potential within the atomic nucleus and the hyperon-nucleon interaction. Due to the good quality of the electron beam mass resolutions of a few hundred keV/c{sup 2} can be achieved. The detectors and the optical properties of the spectrometer have been simulated with GEANT4. Hit pattern in the detectors have been generated to aid the programming of the FPGA-based trigger. A first mapping of the detector coordinates to the target coordinates has been generated. For the experiments with hypernuclei KAOS has to be placed at 0 forward angle and the primary electron beam has to go via a magnetic chicane through the dipole. The simulation shows only a slight increase of the radiation for this case, especially around the beam-dump. Thus it is possible to operate KAOS as double sided spectrometer at MAMI. Within the scope of this thesis the readout and control electronics for all detectors had to be integrated into the existing A1 data acquisition and into the control system. During two beamtimes in autumn 2008 kaons where detected in the angular range between 20 and 40 and the momentum range between 400 MeV/c and 600 MeV/c. A time resolution of 1ns FWHM could be achieved which allows particle identification. The angular and momentum resolution was sufficient to identify {lambda} and {sigma}{sup 0} hyperons in the missing mass spectrum. (orig.)

Within the project work was done in the area of development of coatings, the up-scaling of processes, the development of test procedures and the area of process optimization/process monitoring. The test procedure for coated isolating glazings produced important results to the long-term stability of different types of low-e coatings. The new development layer systems on the base of double-silver have very good optical and heat-conserving properties. The TwinMag-cathode developed by Leybold was successfully scaled-up to the large area cathode and integrated into the production process of a coater for architectural glazings. A tool for the puls-sputtering of silver was successfully tested at a large area cathode. Negativ effects to the properties of the coating were not found. A program for automatical and continuous aquisition of process- and product data was developed with the aim of total quality control. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Rahmen des Verbundprojektes wurden Arbeiten zur Schichtentwicklung, zur Hochskalierung verschiedener Prozesse, zur Entwicklung von Testverfahren und zur Prozessoptimierung/Prozessueberwachung durchgefuehrt. Das Labortestverfahren fuer beschichtete Isolierglaeser hat wichtige Erkenntnisse zur Langzeitstabilitaet verschiedener Low-E-Schichten gebracht. Die beiden neuentwickelten Schichtsysteme auf Doppelsilberbasis weisen sehr gute optische und waermetechnische Eigenschaften auf. Das vom Projektpartner Leybold entwickelte Konzept der TwinMag-Kathode gepaart mit der Mittelfrequenztechnik wurde erfolgreich auf einer Grosskathode fuer eine Architekturglasbeschichtungsanlage hochskaliert und in den Produktionsprozess integriert. Ein Geraet zum Pulssputtern von Silber erwies in Tests an der Grosskathode seine Funktionstuechtigkeit. Negative Auswirkungen auf die Schichteigenschaften konnten nicht gefunden werden. Ein Programm zur automatischen und kontinuierlichen Erfassung der Prozess- und Produktdaten wurde entwickelt mit dem Ziel einer umfassenden

VDEW has asked Bremer Energie-Institut to evaluate the role of nuclear power in electricity generation in Germany. This article summarises the methods used in this study and presents the results. A scenario of phasing out nuclear energy within 5 years is compared with a scenario on the basis of a life time for nuclear power plants of 40 years (reference). A simulation model of power generation is used to derive the differences between the two scenarios regarding the cost of electricity production and CO{sub 2} emission. Also possible consequences for the employment in the economy are being analysed. The comparison of the two scenarios shows a difference in CO{sub 2} emission of 1.8 bill. t and about 88 bill. DM (current prices) in the next 30 years. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Vereinigung Deutscher Elektrizitaetswerke - VDE - e.V., hat das Bremer Energie-Institut beauftragt, eine volkswirtschaftliche Bewertung des Beitrags der Kernenergie durchzufuehren. Die Verfasser erlaeutern die Studie und stellen das Ergebnis vor. (orig.)

The coordinating office for the surveillance of the radioactivity in the environment at the Federal Dairy Research Centre (BAfM) in Kiel/Germany is one of 7 laboratories of the BAfM which is to be accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025. The preparation of documents needed for accreditation as well as the implementation of technical requirements stipulated in the DIN standard are about to be completed in the coordinating office. In the summer of 2003, the first review of the quality management system will be carried out by internal audits. After a subsequent test period the first audit by the accreditation body will be carried out in October 2003. The most important advantage that will arise from accreditation is that an independent party (national accreditation body AKS, Hannover/Germany) formally certifies the competence of the coordinating office to generate technically valid results. This may increase the confidence that those results that are transmitted to a third party, e.g. within one of the measurement programmes established and carried out by the coordinating office, have been generated in accordance to validated analytical methods within a certified quality management system. Furthermore, a quality management system will help to improve the quality of laboratory work with respect to a comprehensive traceability of all results obtained. Methods to be accredited include procedures for determining gamma- and beta-emitting radionuclides in those sample types for which the coordinating office in Kiel has responsibility. The methods described in the ''Messanleitungen fuer die Ueberwachung der Radioaktivitaet in der Umwelt und zur Erfassung radioaktiver Emissionen aus kerntechnischen Anlagen'' serve as a basis for the choice of methods to be accredited. As the coordinating office also conducts interlaboratory comparison studies, an increased acceptance by German and foreign laboratories may arise from the accredited status. The

The public perception of the importance of environmental factors for carcinogenesis was investigated in a representative sample of Austrians (n=2073) who in 1995 were {>=} 15 years of age. Results show that about 60% of the respondents attribute great importance to environmental pollution as a cause for cancer development. Only smoking ranks higher. Approximately 56% of the respondents rate toxic agents in the workplace to be of great importance. In the case of pesticide residues this is true for 50% and in the case of passive smoking for 44%. High voltage power lines, `earth rays` and `water veins` are rated to be of great importance by about 25% of the respondents. The ratings of women and men do not differ except for the last two esoteric factors, with women giving more importance to them. The survey shows that the role of environmental factors in cancer development is overestimated. A better information of the public about the various cancer risks seems to be necessary. It should be based on the recommendations concerning risk communication, risk didactics and risk comparisons. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit der vorliegenden Untersuchung sollte erhoben werden, welche Bedeutung aus Sicht der oesterreichischen Bevoelkerung Umweltfaktoren bei der Krebsentstehung zukommt. Im Rahmen der Oesterreichischen Krebsumfrage 1995 wurde eine repraesentative Stichprobe der Bevoelkerung {>=} 15 Jahre (n=2073) befragt. Rund 60% der Respondenten messen der Umweltverschmutzung grosse Bedeutung fuer die Krebsentstehung zu, sie wird damit nach dem Rauchen als wichtigster Faktor angesehen. Die Schadstoffbelastung am Arbeitsplatz hat fuer 56% der Befragten grosse Bedeutung, Pestizide in Lebensmitteln fuer 50% und Passivrauchen fuer 44%. Jeweils ungefaehr 25% der Respondenten messen Hochspannungsleitungen, Erdstrahlen und Wasseradern grosse Wichtigkeit zu. Lediglich Erdstrahlen und Wasseradern haben fuer Frauen groessere Bedeutung als fuer Maenner. Die Ergebnisse der Befragung zeigen, dass

The research activities in power plant technology are presented from three points of view: - First the political basis of energy research in Germany is presented: the fourth programme `Energy Research and Energy Technologies` of the Federal Republic of September 1997 in the paper: Part 1 - Current Goals of BMBF Research Funding for Energy Technology`; - Subsequently the consequences of the need for saving for the quality of research and teaching at universities are described under Part 2 `Consequences of Budget Reductions for the Quality of Research and Teaching in German Universities`; - To conclude with, Part 3, the joint research of industry, universities and large research organizations is demonstrated taking `Joint Research Concerning the High-Temperature Gas Turbine - Research Objectives and Research Results of the TURBO Working Group (AG TURBO)` as an example. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Forschungsaktivitaeten in der Kraftwerstechnik werden unter drei Gesichtspunkten dargestellt: - zunaechst wird die politische Grundlage fuer die Energieforschung in Deutschland vorgestellt: das 4. Programm `Energieforschung und Energietechnologien` der Bundesregierung vom September 1997, - anschliessend werden die Auswirkungen von Sparzwaengen auf die Qualitaet von Forschung und Lehre an den Hochschulen geschildert, und - zuletzt wird an dem konkreten Beispiel: `Forschungsziele und Forschungsergebnisse der AG TURBO` die Verbundforschung von Industrie, Hochschulen und Grossforschungseinrichtungen demonstriert. (orig.)

Thin film solar cells based on silicon are of great interest for cost-effective conversion of solar energy into electric power. In order to reach this goal, intensive research is still necessary, pointing, e.g., to a further enhancement of the conversion efficiency, an improvement of stability and a reduction of the production time. Aim of the project work was the achievement of knowledge on microcrystalline silicon and its application in thin film solar cells by means of a broad research and development program. Material research focused on growth processes of the microcrystalline material, the incorporation and stability of hydrogen, the electronic transport and defects. In particular the transition from amorphous to microcrystalline material which is obtained for the present deposition methods by minor variations of the deposition parameters as well as the enhancement of the deposition rate were intensively studies. Another focus of research aimed toward the development and improvement of zinc oxide films which are of central importance for this type of solar cells for the application as transparent contacts. A comprehensive understanding was achieved. The films were incorporated in thin film solar cells and with conversion efficiencies >8% for single cells (at relatively high deposition rate) and 10% (stable) for tandem cells with amorphous silicon, top values were achieved by international standards. The project achievements serve as a base for a further development of this type of solar cell and for the transfer of this technology to industry. (orig.) [German] Duennschichtsolarzellen auf der Basis von Silizium sind von grossem Interesse fuer eine kostenguenstige Umwandlung von Sonnenenergie in elektrischen Strom. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, ist jedoch noch intensive Forschung, u.a. zur weiteren Steigerung des Wirkungsgrades, zur Verbesserung der Stabilitaet und zur Verkuerzung des Produktionsprozesses erforderlich. Ziel der Projektarbeiten war, durch ein

Since the seventies, unmanned remotely operated underwater vehicles have been used increasingly be offshore industries for inspection and maintenance of platforms and pipelines. The range of potential uses became wider, and the wish arose to adapt these vehicles to various different applications. For some of the commercially operated vehicles, manufacturers offer, e.g., MasterSlave manipulator arms or Sonar sensors as optional extras. On the other hand, the universally applicable modular ROV has not so far grown beyond the conceptual design stage. As ROVs are employed especially in locations where extreme environmental conditions make the work of divers uneconomical small inspection vehicles have been employed also in the flooded sections of nuclear installations. In the light of the conditions prevailing in that environment, some existing vehicles were scaled down and equipped with radiation-resistant underwater cameras. The Institute for Materials Studies of the University of Hanover developed small ROVs specifically for use in nuclear facilities, with these boundary conditions being taken into consideration: Failsafe characteristics; design allowing easy decontamination; small dimensions; high mobility for precise maneuvers in constricted spaces; low water depths not exceeding 30 m; short tooling times; reliable retrievability of the vehicle. (orig./RHM) [Deutsch] Unbemannte, fernbediente Unterwasserfahrzeuge werden seit den siebziger Jahren in wachsendem Masse in der Offshore-Industrie bei der Inspektion und Wartung von Plattformen und Pipelines eingesetzt. Da ROVs insbesondere dort eingesetzt werden, wo der Einsatz von Tauchern aufgrund der extremen Umgebungsbedingungen unwirtschaftlich ist, fanden kleinbauende Inspektionsfahrzeuge den Weg in die gefluteten Sektionen kerntechnischer Anlagen. Auf Grund der hier vorherrschenden Situation wurden z.T. bestehende Fahrzeugkonzepte verkleinert und mit strahlenresistenten Unterwasserkameras versehen. Am Institut fuer

Part I of this article, which appeared in the preceding issue, described in general terms the background to the search for a disposal site and the result of the exploration to date of the repository, which would appear to be suitable from a mining standpoint according to the present knowledge. According to the rules in effect up to now, the exploration and construction would be financed by advance payments on the contributions of the waste producing companies, in particular the utility companies. The working draft of an 'Act on the search for and selection of a site for a repository for heat generating radioactive waste' (Gesetz zur Suche und Auswahl eines Standortes fuer ein Endlager fuer waermeentwickelnde radioaktive Abfaelle) from autumn 2012 provides for a new version of section 21b Atomic Energy Act, under which the costs for 'carrying out a repository selection procedure pursuant to the Repository Selection Act (Standort-auswahlgesetz)' would be allocated to the future users of the repository who are obliged to make contributions as a 'necessary expense'. Part II evaluates this provision of the working draft on the basis of the financial constitutional law. A comparison of sites is not a measure that could be allocated to the future users of the repository who are obliged to make contributions as a 'necessary expense'. Moreover, there is a lack of responsibility for the financing and of a legally relevant advantage that would be conferred by a cumulative alternative repository search for the later users of the repository who are obliged to provide the pre-financing. The costs can therefore not be allocated to the later users as either a contribution or a special charge, not even by way of an association with mandatory membership (Zwangsverband). They must be borne by the state. Consequently, the allocation stipulated by provision would constitute an impermissible charge under financial constitutional law. (orig.)

The final disposal of radioactive waste is a state task that is assigned to the Federal Government pursuant to section 9a (3) sentence 1 of the Atomic Energy Act (AtG). Since the early 1970's, the Federal Government has been actively searching for and exploring final disposal sites for radioactive waste. In a proceeding accompanied by the intensive participation of technical experts and the public, the Gorleben salt dome (Salzstock) has emerged as a presumably suitable disposal site from a mining standpoint (eignungshoeffig) according to the current status of the exploration. The cost of these exploratory measures - and the subsequent construction - will be financed by the waste producers, in particular the utility companies, by means of advance payments on their contributions. Part I of this article will evaluate the selection and exploration of the Gorleben salt dome to date and examine the provisions on the pre-financing burden from the point of view of constitutional law. Constitutional objections can also be raised against the regulation in section 21b (4) AtG that was introduced in 1998, which excludes a refunding of the pre-financing contributions even if the repository is never erected or operated. Part II of this article, which will appear in the next issue, will take up the question of whether a search for an alternative repository site, as the Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) envisions in the working draft of an 'Act on the search for and selection of a site for a repository for heat generating radioactive waste' (Gesetz zur Suche und Auswahl eines Standortes fuer ein Endlager fuer waermeentwickelnde radioaktive Abfaelle), is likewise to be refinanced as a contribution by the parties obliged to make advance payments. (orig.)

For decades now, power network planning has been a task that had to consider consumption growth rates of 7% and above, which corresponds to a 100% increase within a period of ten years. Hence the major task of power network planning was to achieve network expansion at lowest possible cost in response to increased demand and for ensuring reliable power supply. Other than today, it has been easier then, approx. until the early 1970s, to implement general planning decisions by way of releatively immediate action, as for instance the change in voltage levels in medium high voltage systems from 20 kV to 20 kV. As a result of the oil crisis, economizing efforts everywhere cut off the power industry from the macroeconomic growth trends. Today, electric power consumption in Germany practically remains at level. Network expansion planning activities are restricted to new installations connecting or expanding existing transmission lines to newly built areas or town districts. For some years it looked as if network planning was falling behind in importance and network operation planning coming to the foreground. Meanwhile however, new and comprehensive tasks and activities have cropped up in the power market which demand optimization and best possible achievement to the benefit of the customers and the utilities. (orig.) [Deutsch] Fuer Jahrzehnte war die Aufgabe der Netzplanung gekennzeichnet durch intensiven Zuwachs an Energieverbrauch. Bei Zuwachsraten von 7% und darueber, was einer Verdoppelung binnen zehn Jahren entsprach, war eine der vordringlichsten Aufgaben der Netzplanung die Sicherstellung eines moeglichst kostenguenstigen Netzausbaus zur Gewaehrleistung der Versorgung. Leichter als heute konnten in dieser Zeit, die bis in die 70er Jahre andauerte, Grundsatzplanungen mit eingreifenden Massnahmen umgesetzt werden, etwa die Umstellung von Spannungsstufen in Mittelspannungsenetzen, z.B. von 10 kV auf 20 kV. In den 70er Jahren begann mit den Einsparbemuehungen als Folge

Rheinische Aktiengesellschaft fuer Braunkohlenbergbau und Brikettfabrikation was set up in the year 1908, and this event heralded an unprecedented streamlining of the lignite industry as it grew and developed in the Rhenish mining area. It paved the way for a bundling of forces that had become necessary in the sector's recent history if it was going to successfully face the upcoming challenges on the commodity and energy markets and in the mining sector. The amalgamation of the many Rhenish mining companies also enabled the industry to safeguard its interests more forcefully and effectively in its dealings with other market players and policy-makers. In the light of today's discussions about raw-material shortages, sustainable energy supply, climate protection and emissions trading, lignite is again facing huge challenges, just as it once did. Even if these are new and of a different nature, the course taken 100 years ago may provide pointers for the future alignment of the Rhenish lignite-mining industry. In view of the ongoing efforts made to gain acceptance among citizens, policy-makers and business, backed by an internal promotion of knowledge transfer and further education, the systematic use of technical progress to improve the competitive situation, and a far-sighted gearing of the product portfolio to growth markets. Rhenish lignite is creating a sound basis that will enable it to successfully meet tomorrow's challenges in a time-tested manner. (orig.)

One major area of interest of the plasma physics group at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH (GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research) and the laser and plasma physics group at the Institut fuer Kernphysik (Nuclear Physics Institute) of the University of Technology Darmstadt is the determination of the energy loss of heavy ions in plasma. The experimental area Z6 at GSI offers the unique opportunity for this in the combination of the ion accelerator UNILAC with two high energy laser systems: nhelix and PHELIX. In recent experiments a thin carbon foil is probed by regular ion bunches every 9.2 ns. A laser pulse of one or both of the laser systems heats the foil to the plasma state at a certain time. The change in arrival time of each ion bunch at a stop detector allows to determine the energy loss in the plasma. In addition to this experimental scheme with a directly heated foil a different scheme with indirectly heated targets is investigated. The laser is unable to penetrate the foil and thus deposits its energy on the surface, leading to gradients in density and temperature. In the indirectly heated set-up the laser energy is converted into thermal X-Rays in a converter hohlraum. A secondary cavity, containing the interaction target for the ion beam, is attached to the converter and heated homogeneously by the X-Rays. In the present work the thermal radiation from a converter cavity with a diameter of either 750 m or 650 m was investigated. The frequency-doubled nhelix beam (532 nm wavelength) with energies of up to 30 joules in six to seven nanoseconds (FWHM) was used as the heating laser. A new diode spectrometer, specifically designed for the temperature measurement, recorded the absolute radiation intensity at four different wavelengths and resolved the temperature evolution during the heating phase. Maximum values between 32 eV and 38 eV have been determined in various measurements. In addition to the temporal characterisation the

Compact synopsis for natural scientists, engineers and vacuum specialists. Application-oriented presentation with many practical examples and exercises. Ideal for bachelor study programmes. Knowledge on the movement, speed and energy of gas particles are an important prerequisite for an understanding of modern technologies such as vacuum engineering, or, closely related to the former, of vacuum physics or the handling of gases. This book presents the mechanics of gases in a readily understandable manner. The mathematics used is no more complex than necessary. The material is presented in coherent manner and follows a logical progression. The book begins with a description of Maxwell's velocity distribution. This is followed by a derivation of the equations of state for ideal gases as well as a description of the most important equations of state for real gases. Next the author derives relationships for all important gas kinetic parameters and shows how they can be determined experimentally. The presentation ends with explanations of selected calculations and a synopsis of all important formulas. The book contains a number of examples which are oriented towards questions as they arise in engineering or applied physics. The content level is ''Upper Undergraduate''. Keywords: gas dynamics; gas kinetics; ideal and real gas; kinetic gases; textbook of gas dynamics; textbook of gas kinetics; textbook of gas mechanics; Maxwell's law; gas mechanics; fluid mechanics; equations of state for gases. [German] - Kompakte Zusammenfassung fuer Naturwissenschaftler, Ingenieure und Vakuumspezialisten. - Anwendungsorientierte Praesentation mit vielen Praxisbeispielen und Aufgaben. - Ideal fuer das Bachelor-Studium Kenntnisse ueber die Bewegung von Gasteilchen, deren Geschwindigkeit und Energie sind eine wichtige Voraussetzung zum Verstaendnis moderner Technologien, z. B. der Vakuumtechnik, und eng damit verknuepft der Vakuumphysik oder der Handhabung von

Solar energy will surely continue to be the most important renewable energy source. Since 1985, solar cell production has doubled every five years while the per unit price decreased continuously. This trend is expected to continue. Germany made important contributions both in the construction of new solar cell production plants and in the development of new PV materials and material combinations, as well as in technology and PV plant construction. The states of Thuringia and Saxony were significant contributors. In Thuringia, two solar cell production plants were constructed, while Saxon vacuum coating technology was used in nearly all new German production plants. This workshop presented the activities in Thuringia in Saxony. Contacts were to be established between partners from industry and research, joint projects were to be initiated, and society and politicians were to be informed on the success and new chances achieved. The workshop was held on the occasion of the termination of construction and the starting of experimental production of the ANTEC Solar GmbH factory at Rudisleben. [German] Im Mix der erneuerbaren Energien spielt die Solarenergie kuenftig wohl die wichtigste Rolle. Seit 1985 verdoppelt sich die Solarzellenproduktion in jeweils fuenf Jahren, gleichzeitig sank der Preis pro Leistungseinheit kontinuierlich. Dieser Trend wird weiter anhalten. Deutschland leistete in den letzten Jahren wichtige Beitraege zu dieser Entwicklung, sowohl beim Aufbau neuer Fertigungskapazitaeten fuer Solarzellen, als auch bei der Entwicklung neuer Photovoltaik-Materialien bzw. -Materialkombinationen und auf den Gebieten der Technologie und des Anlagenbaus. Der Anteil Thueringens und Sachsens an dieser positiven Entwicklung ist groesser als generell vermutet. In Thueringen entstanden zwei Unternehmen fuer die Solarzellenproduktion, der saechsische Vakuumbeschichtungs-Anlagenbau war am Aufbau fast aller neuen deutschen Fertigungsstaetten beteiligt. Auf dem Workshop werden

The research project serves the only purpose of preparation of a detailed research proposal for the topic 'River Basin Management' in the research focus (BMBF) 'Research for the Environment'. The report contain those contents of the research proposal which are of basic interest and general validity. Furthermore the various aspects of its production are presented. The topics and problems dealt with in the research proposal are as follows: The Europen Union requires that water management in future should be handled in the sense of integrated river basin management. Thus one of the main objectives of the intended research project is the development of methods and instruments suitable for integrated river basin management, which presently hardly exist. This requires on the one hand development of theories, on the other hand their validation along with a real river system. For this purpose the basin of the Lippe river was chosen. River basin management requires the introduction of several measures suitable to change the present conditions of water quality in rivers and groundwater towards the conditions which are required by the framework directive. This, in turn, requires a multidimensional evaluation of those measures as far as ecology, technical efficiency and social economy are concerned. The decision support system to be developed shall aggregate those evaluated measures into few parameters relevant for decision making. This way it will be feasible for the decision makers to decide between prepared alternatives in a transparent way. It is expected that the project will lead to economically improved solutions and form the basis for future research. (orig.) [German] Das Forschungsvorhaben diente ausschliesslich der Vorbereitung eines detaillierten Forschungsantrags zum Thema 'Flusseinzugsgebietsmanagement' im Foerderprogramm 'Forschung fuer die Umwelt'. Der Bericht enthaelt die wesentlichen grundsaetzlich interessanten und

The paper describes the basic mode of operation of the Transrapid system, the design and construction of the drive system for the Berlin-Hamburg line and the efficiency profile between the power station and the air gap of the linear motor under the vehicle floor. After this introduction, the vehicle properties affecting the power requirements (components due to train resistance/auxiliary service supply) are discussed. Using these system parameters as a basis, the power requirements for the proposed mode of operation of the Berlin-Hamburg line are specified. (orig.) [German] Der Autor beschreibt zunaechst die prinzipielle Funktionsweise des Transrapid-Systems sowie den Aufbau und die Auslegung des Antriebs fuer die Strecke Berlin-Hamburg. Die Wirkungsgradkette vom Kraftwerk bis zum Luftspalt des Linearmotors unter den Fahrzeugen wird dargestellt. Anschliessend werden die fuer den Energiebedarf relevanten Eigenschaften der Fahrzeuge selbst (Fahrwiderstandsanteile/Eigenbedarf) besprochen. Mit diesen Systemparametern wird der Energiebedarf der Magnetschnellbahn Berlin-Hamburg fuer die geplante Betriebsweise dargestellt. (orig.)

This report describes a project which was performed within the German national aeronautical research program. Subject of the investigation is the Diesel/Jet-A rotary engine developed by WANKEL ROTARY and its applicability as aero propulsion system by an experimental program. The technologies which were used to adapt the existing basic construction to the specific requirements of an aero engine are presented. The results of the performed theoretical and experimental investigations are explained and evaluated, also in relation to the preconditions and the future possibilities for development. (orig.) [German] Der Bericht beschreibt ein im Rahmen des nationalen Luftfahrt-Forschungsprogramms durchgefuehrtes Vorhaben. Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist der von WANKEL ROTARY entwickelte Diesel/Kerosin-Kreiskolbenmotor und seine Verwendbarkeit als Flugantrieb in einem Experimentalprogramm. Es werden die verwendeten Technologien dargestellt, um die vorhandene Grundkonstruktion an die spezifischen Erfordernisse als Flugantrieb anzupassen. Die Ergebnisse der hierzu durchgefuehrten theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen werden erlaeutert, bewertet und in Bezug zu den Voraussetzungen und zukuenftigen Weiterentwicklungsmoeglichkeiten gesetzt. (orig.)

Hydropower has played an important role throughout the past two millennia. It is therefore conceivable that this potential source of energy could again come much more to the forefront today. This is illustrated by examples of the successful reactivation of old hydropower facilities. Furthermore, the paper points out the significance of hydropower for craft and trade during the Middle Ages, for the monastic culture and existing landscape features and for the industrialization that took place in Southern Germany during the 19{sup th} century. Finally, the early days of electricity generation using hydropower are recalled. (orig.) [German] Der Verfasser macht deutlich, dass vielfache historische Quellen auf eine kuenftig moegliche, wesentlich staerkere Nutzung der Wasserkraft hindeuten. Beispielhaft berichtet er von messbaren Erfolgen bei der Wieder-Aktivierung alter Wasserkraftanlagen. Ausserdem wird die Bedeutung der Wasserkraft fuer das Gewerbe im Mittelalter, fuer erhaltene Klosterkultur und Landschaft sowie auf die Industrialisierung mit Wasserkraft im Sueddeutschland des 19. Jahrhunderts hingewiesen. Zum Schluss erinnert der Autor an die Anfaenge der Stromversorgung mit Wasserkraft. (orig.)

The INFP is primarily occupied with basic research work in the field of solid state physics and materials science, with preference being given to subjects and problems of interest from the point of view of potential applications. This is particularly true for research work devoted to the high-temperature superconductors, which currently are the area of main effort of the Institute, but also for work performed in the fields of interface and microstructure research. In 1991, about 80% of the activities were superconductivity research. (orig./MM). [Deutsch] Das Institut fuer Nukleare Festkoerperphysik verfolgt ueberwiegend grundlagenorientierte Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Festkoerper- und Materialforschung, und zwar vorzugsweise zu solchen Themen, die auch eine stark anwendungsorientierte Seite besitzen. Das gilt vor allem fuer die Arbeiten zu den neuentdeckten Hochtemperatursupraleitern (HTSL), die gegenwaertig Arbeitsschwerpunkt des Instituts sind, aber auch fuer Arbeiten aus dem Bereich der Grenzflaechen- und Mikrostrukturforschung. Im Jahr 1991 lagen etwa 80% der Aktivitaeten im Bereich der Supraleitung. (orig./MM).

Report by a participant in the International Nuclear Law School. In 2001, this advanced training course was first offered by the OECD-NEA together with the University of Montpellier and other international partners. This effort is intended to provide an overview of nuclear law, a discipline normally playing a subordinate role in curricula. In this way, a contribution is to be made to the important preservation of the existing knowledge base and to increasing know-how in this field. In 2003, the International Nuclear Law School will be continued with a new curriculum addressed to all interested participants. (orig.) [German] Erfahrungsbericht eines Teilnehmers der Internationalen Schule fuer Nuklearrecht 2002 an der Universitaet Montpellier. Erstmals im Jahr 2001 wurde diese Fortbildungsveranstaltung von der Nuclear Energy Agency der Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD-NEA) zusammen mit der Universitaet Montpellier und weiteren internationalen Kooperationspartnern angeboten. Ziel ist es, das weltweite in Lehrveranstaltungen eher untergeordnete Nuklearrecht in einem Gesamtueberblick zu vermitteln und damit zum wichtigen Wissenserhalt und zur Foerderung des Know-hows auf diesem Sektor beizutragen. Die Internationale Schule fuer Nuklearrecht wird im Jahr 2003 mit einem erneuten Teilnahmeangebot fortgefuehrt. (orig.)

The presented case study by the Fraunhofer Institute ISE shows that the market for stationary electrochemical storage prices are currently too high for economical operation. In winter, a battery in Germany is not always fully loaded because of low sunlight. Therefore, the combination of a battery with a PV system at this time of year does not have enough full cycles to be economical. For more complete cycles of the year and consequently lower specific storage cost wind turbines or other power generators can be connected. Since - in contrast to lead acid batteries - there is no experience with long-term storage in lithium and redox flow batteries, this study is based on current forecasts. Compared to lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid and redox flow batteries have a lower efficiency, so that the investment costs of the battery must be lower because fewer savings can be achieved. Especially for short-term storage, the production costs must be reduced. The cost reduction potential of redox flow and lithium-ion batteries is due to the current technical state of development compared to lead acid batteries very high. This means that an economic operation in the future is possible with constant development of electricity and battery prices. [German] Die vorgestellte Fallstudie des Fraunhofer Instituts ISE zeigt, dass die Marktpreise fuer stationaere elektrochemische Speicher aktuell fuer einen wirtschaftlichen Betrieb zu hoch sind. Im Winter wird eine Batterie in Deutschland aufgrund der niedrigen Sonneneinstrahlung nicht immer komplett geladen. Daher hat die Kombination eines Speichers mit einer PV-Anlage zu dieser Jahreszeit nicht genug Vollzyklen, um wirtschaftlich zu sein. Fuer mehr Vollzyklen im Jahr und demzufolge geringere spezifische Speicherkosten koennen Windkraftanlagen oder andere Stromerzeuger angeschlossen werden. Da es- im Gegensatz zu Bleisaeure- Batterien - noch keine Erfahrung mit Langzeitspeichern im Bereich Lithium und Redox-Flow gibt, beruht diese

A process photometer for the near infrared is designed taking into account the spectral properties of eligible heteropolar molecular compounds as well as the properties exhibited by commercially available diode lasers for communication engineering at 1.3 and 1.5 {mu}m, respectively. Compared with the conventional systems, this new process photometer has a high selectivity. Two frequency tuning methods are investigated. On the basis of the values measured, the method suitable for the InGaAs(P) diode lasers is determined. This method is then compared with that used for cooled lead salt diode lasers. A special method for the calculation of the hydrogen fluoride concentration with a reduced expenditure is examined for the occurrence of an additional water absorption line. This method is based on the use of the computer already incorporated in the analog device version. Subsequently, the analog device unit tested under operating conditions in the stack of our industrial cooperation partner is described. By means of error assessment, a 1{sigma} standard deviation of 0.066 mg HF/Ncbm is obtained for this version in case of a 100-h measurement. The lower limit of detection of photometer systems with thermal optical sources is 36 mg HF/Ncbm. When using the diode laser photometer presented in this report, this value is reduced to 0.5 mg/Ncbm. (orig./BBR). [Deutsch] Die Konzeption eines gegenueber herkoemmlichen Systemen hochselektiven Prozessphotometers fuer den spektralen Bereich des Nahen Infrarot wird in Abhaengigkeit von den spektralen Eigenschaften der in Frage kommenden heteropolaren Molekuelverbindungen sowie den Eigenschaften der kommerziell verfuegbaren Diodenlaser der Nachrichtentechnik bei 1.3 und 1.5 {mu}m erarbeitet. Zwei Frequenzabstimmverfahren werden untersucht, anhand von Messungen wird das fuer die InGaAs(P)-Diodenlaser geeignete Verfahren ermittelt und gegenueber demjenigen fuer gekuehlte Bleisalz-Diodenlaser abgegrenzt. Ein spezielles Verfahren zur

This preparatory study, ``Shaft barriers for underground waste repositories in abandoned salt mines``, was to demonstrate the current scientific and technological know-how based on a comprehensive analysis of the barrier design concepts or established structures intended to serve as barriers in abandoned shafts of potash or rock salt mines. Taking as a basis the current regulatory regime and the available know-how on barrier systems in underground waste repositories taken into account so far in plan approval and licensing procedures, as well as the state of the art, concepts are developed as technical guides and models of barrier systems for mine shafts. The required research work for the various components of a shaft barrier is shown, particularly relating to aspects such as materials suitability and technical realisation. Immediate demand for research activities is shown with regard to the available potentials of mathematic and numeric geotechnical and hydrogeologic calculation models required in order to give proof of the long-term workability of shaft barriers. The authors are of the opinion that the following activities are required in order to meet the research demand quantified: (1) Laboratory and bench-scale experiments for determination of the efficiency of various sealing materials and backfilling materials, and (2) an in-situ, large-scale experiment in order to demonstrate the suitability of low-consolidation shotter columns, or constructional technologies. The laboratory work can be done in the facilities of the GSF research mine of Asse, the Freiburg Mining Academy, and the Institut fuer Gebirgsmechanik in Leipzig, and the benchmark experiments also at the Asse site in the research mine. The Kali und Salz Beteiligungs AG is prepared to offer its mine Salzdetfurth II as a site for the large-scale experiment. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Rahmen der Vorstudie ``Schachtverschluesse fuer Untertagedeponien in Salzbergwerken`` wird ausgehend von einer umfangreichen

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a systemic disease with a 5% mortality which was first described in 1997 and which only occurs in patients with severely impaired renal function (GFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m{sup 2}) and for which an association with previous administration of several Gd-chelates has been observed. According to retrospective case control studies the odds ratio for a patient with severely impaired renal function to develop NSF was increased by a factor of 22-32 when gadodiamide was administered. At this time there are approximately 250 confirmed cases of NSF of which 177 are associated with the administration of gadodiamide and 78 are associated with gadopentetate dimeglumine. This review article elucidates the postulated pathogenesis of NSF and provides an overview of the published statements and recommendations from international regulatory authorities and from international advisory boards. Even though the pathogenesis is not completely understood at this time, the European Pharmacovigilance Working Party has decided that gadodiamide and gadopentetate dimeglumine must not be used in high-risk patients. Other Gd-containing contrast agents should only be administered after thorough assessment of the indication and with minimized Gd dose. In the USA, the FDA has issued a black box warning for Gd-containing contrast agents. (orig.) [German] Die nephrogene systemische Fibrose (NSF) ist eine 1997 erstmals beschriebene systemische Erkrankung mit einer 5%igen Mortalitaet, die bislang ausschliesslich bei Patienten mit terminaler Niereninsuffizienz (glomerulaere Filtrationsrate [GFR] <30 ml/min/1,73 m{sup 2}) aufgetreten ist und fuer die eine Assoziation mit der vorherigen Verabreichung verschiedener Gadolinium- (Gd-)haltiger MR-Kontrastmittel beobachtet wurde. Laut retrospektiver Fall-Kontroll-Studien war die Odds Ratio fuer die Entwicklung einer NSF bei Patienten mit stark eingeschraenkter Nierenfunktion 22- bis 32-fach hoeher, wenn Gadodiamid

Modern imaging modalities, especially noninvasive cross-sectional imaging techniques, have advanced dramatically in recent years and are now the backbone of pre- and postoperative evaluation of aortic pathologies. The planning in particular, but also the aftercare following endovascular aortic reconstructions, make heavy demands on physicians. It is necessary to select the method of examination that is best suited to the pathology concerned and to apply it to the patient in an individual manner. Ultrasound is the examination of choice for screening and follow-up of infrarenal aneurysms. Transesophageal echocardiography and magnetic resonance angiography are used in diagnosis, in intraoperative navigation during the implantation of endografts and in follow-up of patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissections who have undergone conservative treatment, with very high sensitivity and specificity. The use of MRA is restricted by the long time needed for an examination, metal artifacts and limited availability. DSA has been largely superseded in the diagnosis of aortic pathologies by CTA, but as yet retains its role in intraoperative imaging of the anchorage regions of endoprostheses. Selective demonstration of postoperative internal leaks with subsequent therapeutic embolization is a further area of use for DSA. CTA, including so-called image postprocessing, has taken over the prime role in imaging of the aorta. Disease-specific diagnostic algorithms are useful and necessary in day-to-day clinical practice. (orig.) [German] Die moderne Bildgebung, insbesondere die nichtinvasive Schnittbildgebung, hat sich in den letzten Jahren dramatisch weiterentwickelt und stellt mittlerweile die Basis fuer die prae- und postoperative Diagnostik aortaler Pathologien dar. Insbesondere die Planung, aber auch die Nachsorge endovaskulaerer Aortenrekonstruktionen stellen sehr hohe Anforderungen an den Diagnostiker und Therapeuten. Aus der Vielzahl der bestehenden

Determination of disease extension and disease activity are in the foreground of diagnostic imaging in vasculitides. There are several radiologic modalities available each having specific indications. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) readily depicts granulomas and mucosal inflammations in the paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity and orbits. Computed tomography detects osseous lesions of the skull. Due to its superb sensitivity MRI is an established screening modality for CNS vasculitides, although there are limitations with regard to specificity. In spite of its limited accuracy in most institutions angiography is still required for radiological confirmation of CNS vasculitis. Perfusion and diffusion MR-imaging may combine the advantages of ''conventional'' MRI and angiography. By now the method is not fully validated for vasculitides, however. Vascular disease in Takayasu's arteritis and in giant cell arteritis involving predominantly large and medium sized vessels is readily diagnosed by non invasive magnetic resonance angiography. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty has proven to be an effective and save therapeutic modality for the cure of vascular stenoses and occlusions. Plain film radiography in two planes is the established modality for pulmonary imaging. In pulmonary vasculitides a more thorough analysis of lung disease is provided by high resolution computed tomography. Diagnostic imaging does substantially assist in the interdisciplinary management of patients suffering from vasculitides. (orig.) [German] Die Bestimmung der Krankheitsausdehnung und die Festlegung der Krankheitsaktivitaet stehen im Vordergrund der bildgebenden Diagnostik von Vaskulitiden. Fuer die eigentliche Diagnosefindung ist die Radiologie von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Die verschiedenen radiologischen Methoden weisen jeweils spezifische Indikationen auf. Die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) hat sich als hilfreich fuer die Diagnostik von Granulomen und

The textbook presents examples of inventions and technological developments which paved the way for innovations of essential economic impact, as for instance the electromotor, the alternating current, the radiowaves, the transistor, or laser technology. A brief outline is given of the evolution of the science of physics as the important background of those developments, starting with the strongly mathematical approach of Newton and summarising the resulting advances in the science of chemistry, connected with the work of Lavoisier, and the steam engine invented by James Watt. The fundamentals of Maxwellian electrodynamics are explained, including the role of the theory of relativity, as well as that of Planck`s and Einstein`s quantum theory for the world of atoms. In order to pepper the scientific parts of the textbook with human aspects, short excursions to daily life of the time are inserted, with news about social and political implications in connection with inventions. The textbook also addresses aspects relating to patent law, the atomic bomb, the energy issue, or recent research into chaos and synergistics and the impacts on the economic sector, including the employment situation, as well as the new outlook offered by the non-linearity of physics. The book is intended for students and the general reader wishing to keep informed about the world of the natural sciences. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Das Buch bringt Beispiele von Erfindungen und technologischen Entwicklungen, die zu Innovationen von entscheidender wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung gefuehrt haben, wie der Elektromotor, der Wechselstrom, die Radiowellen, der Transistor oder Laser. Dazu wird eine Kurzschilderung der Entwicklung der Physik gegeben, wie diese von Newton mit mathematischer Begruendung ausgegangen ist mit Folgen fuer die moderne Chemie von Lavoisier oder der umwaelzenden Dampfmaschine von James Watt. Das Grundgeruest der Maxwellschen Elektrodynamik wird erklaert einschliesslich der Konsequenz der

Patients who have experienced high energy trauma have a particularly high risk of suffering from fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine. The detection of spinal injuries and the correct classification of fractures before surgery are not only absolute requirements for the implementation of appropriate surgical treatment but they are also decisive for the choice of surgical procedure. By the application of spiral computed tomography (CT) crucial additional information on the morphology of the fracture can be gained in order to estimate the fracture type and possibly the indications for specific surgical treatment options. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is ideally suited to provide valuable additional information regarding injuries to the discoligamentous structures of the spine. Magerl et al. developed a comprehensive classification especially for injuries of the thoracic and lumbar spine, which was adopted by the working group for osteosynthesis (AO). This is based on a 2-pillar model of the spinal column. The classification is based on the pathomorphological characteristics of fractures recognizable by imaging. The injury pattern is of particular importance. In spinal trauma a distinction is made between stable and unstable fractures. The treatment of spinal injuries depends on the severity of the overall injury pattern. Besides adequate initial treatment at the scene, a trauma CT should be immediately carried out in order that no injuries are overlooked and to ensure a rapid decision on the treatment procedure. (orig.) [German] Insbesondere bei Patienten, die Hochenergie- oder Rasanztraumata erfahren haben, besteht ein erhoehtes Risiko, Frakturen der BWS und LWS zu erleiden. Die Erkennung von Verletzungen der Wirbelsaeule und die korrekte Klassifikation der Frakturen vor der Operation sind nicht nur unbedingte Voraussetzungen fuer die Einleitung einer adaequaten, ggf. operativen Therapie, sondern mitentscheidend fuer die Wahl des operativen Verfahrens. Bei

The liberalisation of the electricity market has strongly stimulated that many (if not all) business processes within this sector are being evaluated on their economic merits. Calculations on return on investment and optimizing effort (personell and means) against value for the company also applies to the chemistry departments of electricity generating units. This is a new approach and the cost/benefit of having a chemistry department is not as straightforward as maybe for many of the other business processes. In this paper a method is presented for estimating the economic value that is generated by the chemistry department, differentiated for individual activities of that department. It provides a tool for getting insight in the added value of having chemical expertise and monitoring available at the plant. In an example it will be shown that, though generally regarded as a cost center, the chemistry department easily provides a good return on investment by avoided risk for damage and downtime. (orig.) [German] Die Liberalisierung des Strommarkts war ein starker Impuls, die Wirtschaftlichkeit vieler (wenn nicht sogar aller) Unternehmensprozesse im Kraftwerksbereich zu ueberpruefen. Daher werden auch fuer die Kraftwerkschemie Ermittlungen des Aufwands im Vergleich zum Vorteil fuer das Unternehmen durchgefuehrt. Die Vorteile bei der Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse sind fuer die Kraftwerkschemie oft nicht so offensichtlich, wie das fuer andere Unternehmensprozesse der Fall ist. Vorgestellt wird eine neue Methode, mit deren Hilfe der wirtschaftliche Wert der Beitraege der Kraftwerkschemie geschaetzt werden kann. (orig.)

In the research project on the ''Review and development of safety-related assessments of disposal facilities with negligible heat generation; development and provision of the necessary set of tools, using the example of the Konrad disposal facility'' (Untersuchung und Entwicklung von sicherheitstechnischen Bewertungen fuer Endlager fuer Abfaelle mit vernachlaessigbarer Waermeentwicklung; Entwicklung und Bereitstellung des notwendigen Instrumentariums am Beispiel des Endlagers Konrad - Forschungsvorhaben 3612R03410), the state of the art in science and technology of the safety-related assessments and sets of tools for building a safety case was examined. The reports pertaining to the two work packages described the further development of the methodology for accident analyses (WP 1) and of building a safety case (WP 2); also, comparisons were drawn on a national and international scale with the methods applied in the licensing procedure of the Konrad disposal facility. As part of the project, the report of Work Package 1 depicts the methodology of the operating safety analysis in order to control malfunctions and incidents (accident analysis) using the example of the Konrad mine accident analysis. Set of criteria in this connection is the state-of-the-art international and national comprehensive body of legislation identifying the incident requirements. In extracts complementary safety analysis procedures of other countries are presented where applicable. It becomes apparent, that the majority of the investigated countries use a deterministic accident analyses to identify incidents. Here, common international practice is to com-plement the deterministic accident analysis by a probabilistic analysis. This procedure acts on the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) terms of reference using both deterministic and probabilistic methods for the determination of facility hazard potentials. Based on the Konrad mine method, aspects of incident

Due to its favourable physical properties, [{sup 99m}Tc]Technetium is the mostly used radionuclide in nuclear medicine. It can only be used as metal complexes, whose pharmacokinetics cannot be predicted easily. By systematic variations of a known compound, Tc-c