Expressing likeness, similarity or hearsay

In Japanese there are many different ways to express likeness or similarity depending on appearance, behavior, or outcome. When
learning these expressions for the first time, it is difficult to understand what the differences are between them because they all translate
to the same thing in English. This lesson is designed to study the differences between
these expressions so that you can start to get a sense of which is appropriate for what you want to say.

Expressing similarity with よう （様）

We've already briefly gone over 「よう」 here. We learned that 「よう」 means an appearance or
manner. We can use this definition to say that something has an appearance or manner of a certain state.
This word can be used in many ways to express similarity. The simplest example is by
directly modifying the subordinate clause. When the sentence ends in 「よう」,
you must explicitly express the state of being by adding 「だ」, 「です」, or 「でございます」.

（１） ここには、誰もいないようだ。- Looks like no one is here.
（２） 映画を観たようです。- Looks like [he] watched the movie.

When directly modifying nouns or na-adjectives, you must use the 「の」 particle for nouns or attach 「な」 to na-adjectives.
（３） 学生のようだ。- Looks like it's a student.
（４） ここは静かなようだ。- Looks like it's quiet.
Notice that （３） does not say that the person looks like a student. Rather, the explicit state of being states
that the person appears to be a student. On a side note, you can't say 「おいしいようだ」 to say that something looks tasty. This is like
saying, "This dish apparently is tasty," which can actually be kind of rude.

You can also use it as a na-adjective to describe something that appears to be something else.
（５） あの人を見たような気がした。- Had a feeling like I saw that person before.
（６） 彼は学生のような雰囲気ですね。- He has a student-like atmosphere.

Finally, we can attach the target particle to say things like, "I heard it like that" or "I said it like...".
（７） ちょっと怒ったように聞こえた。- Was able to hear it like (she) was a little mad.
（８） 何も起こらなかったように言った。- Said (it) like nothing happened.

Using 「みたい」 to say something looks like something else

Another way to express similarity which is considered more casual is by using 「みたい」. Do not confuse this with the 「たい」
conjugation of 「見る」.
The main difference is that this 「みたい」 can be attached directly to nouns, adjectives, and verbs just like particles
which i-adjectives like 「～たい」 obviously can't do.

Using 「みたい」 to say something looks like something else

Attach 「みたい」 to the noun that bears the resemblance. 「みたい」 conjugates like a noun or na-adjective and not an i-adjective.

Conjugation Example with 「犬」

Positive

Negative

Non-Past

犬みたい

Looks like a dog

犬じゃないみたい

Doesn't look like a dog

Past

犬だったみたい

Looked like a dog

犬じゃなかったみたい

Didn't look like a dog

Examples

（１） もう売り切れみたい。- Looks like it's sold out already.
（２） 制服を着ている姿をみると、学生みたいです。- Looking at the uniform-wearing figure, (person) looks like a student.

The implied meaning here is the person wearing the uniform is not really a student because he/she only looks like a student.
This is different from （３） of the previous 「よう」 section which implied that the person appears to be (but might not be) a student. Again, we also can't say
「おいしいみたい」 to say that something looks tasty because it implies that, in actuality, the food might not be so good. Similarly, you would
never say 「かわいいみたい」 to say that something looks cute.

Don't forget that 「みたい」 does not conjugate like the 「～たい」 form or i-adjectives.
（誤） このピザはお好み焼きみたくない？- (みたい conjugates like a na-adjective.)
（３） このピザはお好み焼きみたいじゃない？- Doesn't this pizza looks like okonomiyaki?

「みたい」 is really a grammar only used in conversation.
Do not use it in essays, articles, anything that needs to sound authoritative. You can use 「よう」 instead in the following fashion.
（６） もう売り切れのようだ。- It appears that it is sold-out already.
（７） このピザはお好み焼きのように見える。- This pizza looks like okonomiyaki.

Guessing at an outcome using 「～そう」

The problem with English is that the expression, "seems like" has too many meanings. It can mean similarity in appearance, similarity in
behavior or even that current evidence points to a likely outcome. We will now learn how to say the third meaning; how to indicate a
likely outcome given the situation.

Just like the grammar we have learned so far in this lesson, we can use this grammar by simply attaching 「そう」 to the end of verbs,
and adjectives. However, there are four important different cases. Actually, I just noticed this but the conjugation rules are exactly
the same as the 「～すぎる」 grammar we learned in the last section.
The only difference is that for the adjective 「いい」, you need to change it to 「よさ」 before attaching 「そう」 to create 「よさそう」.

Identical to the 「～すぎる」 grammar, i-adjectives that are derived from the negative 「～ない」
like 「もったいない」 or 「情けない」 also follow this rule as well (which would be 「もったいなさそう」 and 「情けなさそう」 in this case).

4. This grammar does not work with plain nouns.

（誤） その人は学生そう。

There are other grammars we have already covered that can be used to indicate that something is likely to be something else.

（１） その人は学生でしょう。
- That person is probably student.

（２） その人は学生だろう。
- That person is probably student.

Be careful never to use 「かわいい」 with this grammar. 「かわいそう」 is a completely different word used when you feel sorry for something
or someone. 「かわいい」 means, "to look cute" already so you never need to use any of the grammar in this lesson to say something looks cute.

（１） この犬はかわいそう。
- Oh, this poor dog.

（２） この犬はかわいい。- This dog is cute.

Expressing hearsay using 「～そうだ」

The reason that there are so many annoying rules to using 「～そう」 is to distinguish it from this next grammar we will learn.
This is a useful grammar for talking about things you heard that doesn't necessary have anything to do with how you yourself, think or feel.
Unlike the last grammar we learned, you can simply attach 「そうだ」 to verbs and i-adjectives. For na-adjectives and nouns,
you must indicate the state of being by adding 「だ」 to the noun/na-adjective. Also, notice that 「そう」 itself must always end in 「だ」、「です」、or 「でございます」.
These differences are what distinguishes this grammar from the one we learned in the last section. There are no tenses for this grammar.

（１） 明日、雨が降るそうだ。- I hear that it's going to rain tomorrow.
（２） 毎日会いに行ったそうです。- I heard he went to meet everyday.

Don't forget to add 「だ」 for nouns or na-adjectives.
（３） 彼は、高校生だそうです。- I hear that he is a high school student.

When starting the
sentence with this grammar, you also need to add 「だ」 just like you do with 「だから」
（１） 今日、田中さんはこないの？- Is Tanaka-san not coming today?
（２） だそうです。- So I hear.

Expressing hearsay or behavior using 「～らしい」

「らしい」 can be directly attached to nouns, adjectives, or verbs to show that things appear to be a certain way due to what you've heard.
This is different from 「～そうだ」because 「～そうだ」 indicates something you heard about specifically while 「らしい」 means things seem to be a
certain way based on some things you heard about the subject. 「らしい」 conjugates like a normal i-adjective.

（Ａ） 今日、田中さんはこないの？- Is Tanaka-san not coming today?
（Ｂ） こないらしい。- Seems like it (based on what I heard).

（Ａ） あの人は何なの？- What is that person over there?
（Ｂ） 美由紀さんの友達らしいですよ。- Seems to be Miyuki-san's friend (based on what I heard).

Another way to use 「らしい」 is to indicate that a person seems to be a certain thing due to his behavior.
（１） あの子は子供らしくない。- That child does not act like a child.
（２） 大人らしくするつもりだったのに、大騒ぎしてしまった。- Despite the fact that I planned to act like an adult, I ended up making a big ruckus.

「っぽい」: Slang expression of similarity

A really casual way to express similarity is to attach 「っぽい」 to the word that reflects the resemblance. Because this is a very casual
expression, you can use it as a casual version for all the different types of expression for similarity covered above.

「 っぽい」 conjugates just like an i-adjective, as seen by example （３） below.