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Description

Neural Models of Language Processes offers an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the nature of human language and the means whereby we use it.
The book is organized into five parts. Part I provides an opening framework that addresses three tasks: to place neurolinguistics in current perspective; to provide two case studies of aphasia; and to discuss the ""rules of the game"" of the various disciplines that contribute to this volume. Part II on artificial intelligence (AI) and processing models discusses the contribution of AI to neurolinguistics. The chapters in this section introduce three AI systems for language perception: the HWIM and HEARSAY systems that proceed from an acoustic input to a semantic interpretation of the utterance it represents, and Marcus9 system for parsing sentences presented in text. Studying these systems demonstrates the virtues of implemented or implementable models.
Part III on linguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives includes studies such as nonaphasic language behavior and the linguistics and psycholinguistics of sign language. Part IV examines neurological perspectives such as the neuropathological basis of Broca's aphasia and the simulation of speech production without a computer. Part V on neuroscience and brain theory includes studies such as the histology, architectonics, and asymmetry of language areas; hierarchy and evolution in neurolinguistics; and perceptual-motor processes and the neural basis of language.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors
Preface
I An Opening Perspective
1 Neurolinguistics in Historical Perspective
Introduction
Early Observation and Theory
The Transition to Modernity
The Diagram Makers
Problems and Attacks
Where Were We in 1908 and in 1958?
Representations, Processes, and Instantiations
Coda
References
2 Two Case Studies: Broca's and Wernicke's Aphasia
Introduction
The Western Aphasia Battery and Classification
Localization of Lesions
The Syndromes
Case Presentations
Conclusion
References
3 Brain and Language: The Rules of the Game
Anatomical and Evolutive Aspects of Behavior
Physiology of Language
The Visible and the Invisible Aspects of Brain Activities and Behavior
Information Processing Analysis
Artificial Models, Theories, and Language Processing
Brain and Language Theories: A History of Disparity
References
II Artificial Intelligence and Processing Models
4 From Artificial Intelligence to Neurolinguistics
Introduction
Syntax as a Symptom of Translation
Planning as an Ongoing Process
Toward a C2 Methodology for Neurolinguistics
ATNS, Broca's Aphasia, and the Evolutionary Substrate
Conclusion
References
5 HWIM: A Speech Understanding System on a Computer
Incremental Simulation of Human Speech Understanding
The HWIM System
A Sample Analysis of an Utterance
References
6 Consequences of Functional Deficits in a Parsing Model: Implications for Broca's Aphasia
A Sketch of the Language Understanding System
The Parser
Hypothetical Deficit 1Loss of Closed Class Lexicon
Conclusion
References
7 Production Strategies: A Systems Approach to Wernicke's Aphasia
Wernicke's Aphasia Seen as a Processing Deficit, Not as a Knowledge Loss
Jargonaut, a Research Tool in Language Processing
Neural Machines and Fuzzing Effects
How Errors Are Generated
The Effect of Lesions upon the Fuzzied System: Distorting Transformations
Appendix
References
III Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Perspectives
8 Three Perspectives for the Analysis of Aphasic Syndromes
On Modeling Linguistic CapacitySome General Considerations
A Grammatical Analysis of Agrammatism
Two Processing Analyses of Agrammatism
Conclusion
References
9 The Use of Data from Aphasia in Constructing a Performance Model of Language
Grammatical and Processing Accounts of Broca's Aphasia
Access to Features of Structure and Meaning and Some On-Line Considerations
Some Other Issues for Future Research
References
10 Remarks on the Relation between Language Production and Language Comprehension Systems
Introduction
Structural Targets in Production and Comprehension
Using the Lexicon for Recognition and Recall
Phrasal Structure
Organization of Production and Comprehension Systems
Conclusion
References
11 Shared Components of Production and Perception
Shared Syntactic Knowledge
Shared Processing Units
Shared Complexity Rankings
References
12 The Translational Hierarchy of Language
Introduction
Evidence from Language Pathology
Linguistic Theory
Competence and Performance
Conduction Aphasia
Nonlesion Evidence
The Mind-Body Problem
The Problem of Control
Relational Networks and Aphasia
Some Illustrations
Summary
References
13 Prospects for the Study of Aphasia in a Visual-Gestural Language
Introduction
The Structure of a Visual-Gestural Language
Background to the Study of Aphasia in Deaf Signers
Issues in the Study of Aphasia in Deaf Signers
References
IV Neurological Perspectives
14 The Neuropathological Basis of Broca's Aphasia and Its Implications for the Cerebral Control of Speech
Evidence from Neuropathological Studies
Anatomical and Physiological Studies
The Cortical Mediation of SpeechAn Alternative Model
References
15 Localization of Lesions in Fluent Aphasies
Introduction
Localization in Wernicke's Aphasia
Lesions in Neologistic Jargon
Lesions in Semantic Jargon
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Pure Word Deafness
Conduction Aphasia
Mumbling Jargon
Undifferentiated Jargon
Conclusion
References
16 Simulation of Speech Production without a Computer
Process Control and Motivation in Glossolalia: Comments on Lecours' Presentation by Pierre Lavorel
References
17 The Neurology of Reading Disorders
What Is Reading?
What Is a Reading Disorder?
Acquired Reading Disorders (Alexias)
References
18 What Is a Symptom-Complex?
Introduction
Syndromes in Practice
Modifications within the Clinical Paradigm
A Little History
Two Syndromes
Conclusion
References
19 Reconciling the Categories: Representation in Neurology and in Linguistics
V Neuroscience and Brain Theory
20 Histology, Architectonics, and Asymmetry of Language Areas
General Principles of Architectonic Organization
Broca's Region
Wernicke's Region
Other Language Areas
References
21 Hierarchy and Evolution in Neurolinguistics
Microgenesis and Modularity
Maturation and Aphasia
The Nature of Agrammatism
The Defect in Motor Aphasia
The Defect in Posterior Aphasia
The Role of the Right Hemisphere
Perceptuomotor Systems and Language Representation
Mind and Microgenesis
References
22 Organization of Frontal Association Cortex in Normal and Experimentally Brain-Injured Primates
Modular Organization of Cortical Connections
Recovery of Associative Functions after Brain Damage
References
23 Implications of Simulated Lesion Experiments for the Interpretation of Lesions in Real Nervous Systems
Introduction
Anderson's Model of Associative Memory
Simulated Lesion Experiments
Implications for the Interpretation of Real Lesion Experiments
References
24 Confrontation Naming: Computational Model and Disconnection Simulation
Qualitative Model Outline
Processing Dynamics
Neural Basis
Assumptions for Simulation
Lesioning
Model Results
Deficiencies
Accomplishments
References
25 Perceptual-Motor Processes and the Neural Basis of Language
Introduction
Jacksonian Levels and Cooperative Computation
From the Action-Perception Cycle to Conversation
From Prey Selection to Object Naming
Conclusion
References
Index