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Q: We are looking forward to signing up our new puppy for some training. With so many options available, we are having trouble choosing. Between private in-home sessions, group classes and various types of guarantees, we want to make sure we are making the right decision. How can we choose the right training for our new addition?

A: Pet training is unregulated so a “buyer beware” attitude is necessary. However, sifting through marketing material, designed to sell rather than educate, is a daunting task. Anyone can use the title behaviourist or dog psychologist. These words imply a level of education that often is not present.

Titles and memberships are only as good as the policies that back them. Delve further into any claims of certification or membership. Requirements can vary anywhere from an advanced degree to memberships where anyone who pays a fee can join.

When screening, ask open-ended questions. For example, do not ask if classes are positive or humane. While these may seem like good questions, in dog training these words have multiple or ambiguous meanings.

The word positive might mean kind, or it could also mean to add. Slapping a dog is positive punishment under the technical definition. Asking about positive training can lead to substantial confusion. Similarly, the word humane is too vague to be informative. No trainer is going to claim to be inhumane.

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Ask instead which techniques will be used. Expect clear answers free from jargon.

Determine the maximum number of dogs in each class. Large, overbooked classes tend to be noisy and chaotic. Listening and learning becomes difficult. Few professionals will book more than six dogs per trainer.

Take guarantees with a grain of salt. Most guarantees promise little more than repeat visits from the trainer if results are lacking. If those techniques are not working, this becomes similar to an auto mechanic repeatedly fixing a car, but never getting the problem solved. Guarantees like that are not worth the paper they are written on.

Puppy owners should attend group classes that incorporate controlled socialization. Ask to observe a class prior to booking. Insist on watching a level one class where dogs are in the beginning stages of learning. Watching novice pets allows you to get a realistic picture of what your classes will look like.

Puppies should not run amok. Rather, they should be learning manners while having the opportunity to interact with others in a fun and relaxed manner. Avoid classes that tolerate bullying.

Watch how the trainer interacts with both the dogs and the people. Closely observe the dog’s body language for signs of stress. Dogs should be relaxed and happy. Avoid classes where the dogs appear tense, tuck their tails or hold their bodies low. Dogs should be engaged with their owners and not avoiding them.

Classes that involve yelling, pain or intimidation are not in your puppy’s best interest. Positive early experiences create stable and friendly pets. Harsh treatment can lead to phobias, anxiety and aggression.

Kindness should also extend to owners. Trainers should teach, encourage and coach you through the steps. Coaching that berates, belittles or dismisses your feelings or concerns should make you run in the opposite direction. Find someone that lifts you up, and discusses sensitive matters with courtesy.

Take advantage of social media. Browse Facebook pages. Avoid facilities where trainers post negative comments about clients or break confidentiality. Be cautious of businesses that look too good to be true. They may be deleting negative comments to whitewash their image.

Most importantly, remember that good trainers welcome questions. They appreciate that you care enough to screen carefully.

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