Ancient Rome & Early Christianity

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Transcript of Ancient Rome & Early Christianity

250 B.C.0A.D. 500500 B.C.A.D. 250Ancient Rome & Early ChristianityThe Early RepublicThe Republic CollapsesThe Roman Worldemphasized discipline, strength, & loyaltyChristianity Spreads Through The Empiredespite political and religious opposition, Christianity spread throughout the empirefighting three rivals for leadership of RomeEarly Christian ChurchRoman RepublicRoman Empire1000 - 500 B.C.EtruscansLatinsGreeks750 - 600 B.C.Rome (753 B.C.)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_RemusTwelve Tables (451 B.C.)Punic WarsPax Romanabuilt on seven rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber RiverTarquin the Prouda harsh tyrant driven from power...509 B.C.important plebeian victory...https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Tableshttp://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/twelve_tables.aspFirst written law code of Romefree citizens had a right to the protection of the lawRepublic: a form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leadersPatricians vs. Plebeianswealthy landownerscommon farmers, artisans, merchantsTribunes: Plebeian AssemblySenateTribal AssemblyConsulsCenturiate Assemblylike kingsserve for ONE yeararistocratic branch of governmentserve for lifeadvises consuls300 memberssoldiers onlychose consulsserve for lifeordinary citizensserve for lifemakes laws for the common peopleRoman Governmentcommanded the armydirected the governmentlegislative & administrative functionsRoman ArmyALL citizens who owned land were required to serveLegions: large military units5,000 heavily armed foot soldiersa group of soldiers on horseback (cavalry)divided into smaller groups of 80 men (century)265 B.C.Rome controls ALL ItalyLatins became full citizensconquered people enjoyed all the rights of Roman citizenship except the voteother conquered groups became allies of Rome264 B.C. - 146 B.C.216 B.C.Battle of CannaeBattle for Control of Sicily & W. Mediterraneanends in the defeat of Carthage...First Punic War (264 - 241 BC)Rome lays Siege to CarthageRome set fire to the city and sold its inhabitants into slavery...Third Punic War (149-146BC)Battle with HannibalHannibal attacks Rome (218 BC)Victory at Cannae (216 BC)Second Punic War (218 - 202 BC)50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, 60 elephantsScipio attacks Carthage (202 B.C.)defeated Hannibal at Zama near Carthageexpanding borders brought problems...growing discontent among the lower classesthe gap between the rich and poor grew widerenslaved people made up 1/3 of Rome's populationurban poor totaled 1/4 of Roman societyTiberius & Gaiusproposed reforms to help the poor...133 B.C. 121 B.C. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Gracchusgenerals began seizing power for themselvesJulius Caesar Takes Control60 B.C. - First Triumvirate (Crassus, Caesar, & Pompey)58 - 50 B.C. - Governor of Gaulled his armies to conquer ALL of Gaul50 B.C. - Caesar ordered to disband his legionsJanuary 10, 49 B.C. - Caesar took his army across the Rubicondefeated Pompey's armies...44 B.C. - Caesar named dictator for lifeCaesar's Reformsgranted roman citizenship...expanded the Senate...helped the poor by creating jobs...started new colonies...increased the pay of soldiers...March 15, 44 B.C. - Caesar assassinated by Senators led by Marcus Brutus & Gaius CassiusBeginning of the EmpireAfter Caesar's death, civil war broke out that would end the Roman RepublicSecond TriumvirateOctavian - Mark Antony - LepidusAugustusRome was now an empire ruled by ONE man...the beginning of a period known as Pax Romanastabilized the frontiersglorified Rome with splendid public buildingscreated efficient governmentcreated a civil service27 B.C. - A.D. 180honored strength over beauty, power over grace, usefulness over eleganceSlaves & CaptivityGods & GoddessesSociety & Cultureslavery was a significant part of Roman lifemay have reached 1/3 of the total populationearly Romans worshipped powerful spirits or divine forces, called numinagovernment & religion were mixed (theocracy)Jupiter (father of the gods)Juno (Wife of Jupiter)Minerva (goddess of wisdom)wealth & social status determined how you livedmuch of the city population was unemployedthe government provided games, races, mock battles, & gladiator contestsCaligula (37 - 41 A.D.)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CaligulaNero (54 - 68 A.D.)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeroDomitian (81 - 96 A.D.)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DomitianNerva (96 - 98 A.D.)Trajan (98 - 117 A.D.)Hadrian (117 - 138 A.D.)Antoninus Pius (138 - 161 A. D.)Marcus Aurelias (161 - 180 A.D.)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Piushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aureliushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperorsThe Life & Teachings of JesusRome took control of the Jewish Kingdom in A.D. 6Jesus of Nazarethc. 6 - 4 B.C. a Jew named Jesus was born in BethlehemAt age 30, he began his public ministryTeachings...emphasized God's personal relationship to each human beingstressed the importance of people's love for God, their neighbors, their enemies, and even themselvestaught that God would end wickedness in the worldwould establish an eternal kingdom for those who repented their sinsDeath...29 A.D. - enthusiastic crowds greeted him as the Messiah (the one who would rescue the Jews)Pontius Pilate accused Jesus of defying Roman authorityarrested and sentenced him to be crucifiedApostle Paulwrote influential letters (epistles) to believersstressed that Jesus was the son of God who died for people's sinsChristianity should welcome ALL convertsJewish RebellionA.D. 66 - Jews rebelled against RomeA.D. 70 - Romans storm Jerusalem and destroy the Temple complexA.D. 73 - Jewish fortress Masada falls (1/2 million Jews killed)A.D. 132 - another 1/2 million Jews die in three years of fightingDiaspora: Jews are driven from their homelandPersecution of ChristiansChristians refused to worship Roman godsrefusal was seen as opposition to Roman rule Romans exiled, imprisoned, or executed Christians for refusing to worship Roman deities3rd Century A.D. - Millions of Christiansembraced ALL peoplegave hope to the hopelessappealed to those who were disgusted with Roman extravaganceoffered a personal relationship with a loving Godpromised eternal life after deathConstantineA.D. 312Battle at Milvian BridgeChi-RhoEdict of Milan (A.D. 313)declared Christianity an approved religionPriests (local level)Bishop (supervised several churches)Pope (father of the Christian Church)disagreements about beliefs developed among followersNew Testamentfour gospels, the epistles of Paul, and other documents...A.D. 325 - Council of Nicaeadefined the beliefs of the Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaeahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed#Comparison_between_Creed_of_325_and_Creed_of_381Church FathersSt. Augustine of Hippo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Fathershumans needed the grace of god to be savedCentury of Crisishostile tribes & pirates disrupted tradesuffered from inflation (drop in the value of money)overworked soil lost its fertilitysoldiers became less disciplined and loyalbegan using mercenaries (paid foreign soldiers)Roman Economy WeakensDiocletian ReformsA.D. 284 - briefly restored order to the empiredoubled the size of the armyfixed prices to control inflationdivided the empire into Greek East & Latin WestA.D. 324 - Constantine secured control of the East restoring single ruleA.D. 330 - Constantine moved the capital from Rome to ByzantiumWestern Empire CrumblesA.D. 370 - Mongol Nomads (Huns) move into the regionA.D. 444 - Attila the Hun begins terrorizing the Eastern & Western empiresA.D. 410, the Visigoths, led by Alaric, breached the walls of Rome and sacked the capital of the Roman EmpireA.D. 476 Romulus, the last of the Roman emperors in the west, was overthrown by the Germanic leader OdoacerRome & the Roots of Western Civilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_%28ancient_Rome%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Greathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiocletianGreco-Roman Culture: mixing of elements of Greek, Hellenistic, & Roman cultureRoman Fine ArtsRoman art was practical in purpose...developed a type of sculpture called bas-reliefartists were skilled in creating mosaicsRoman LiteratureVirgil: spent 10 years writing the most famous work of Latin literature, the Aeneid (epic of Aeneas)Livy: compiled a multivolume history of RomeTacitus: wrote Annals & Histories about the good and bad of imperial RomeMaster Buildersaqueducts: designed to bring water to RomeLatin Languagedeveloped into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanianbuilt a vast network of roads constructed of stone, concrete, & sandRoman LawAll persons had the right to equal treatment under the lawA person was considered innocent until proven guiltyThe burden of proof rested with the accuser rather than the accusedA person should be punished only for actions, not thoughtsAny law that seemed unreasonable or unfair could be set aside