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2 Table of Contents I. Executive Summary 3-4 II. Innovation and Productivity: What s Next? 5-6 III. Waves of Innovation and Change 7-12 The First Wave: The Industrial Revolution The Second Wave: The Internet Revolution The Third Wave: The Industrial Internet IV. How Big is the Opportunity? Three Perspectives Economic Perspective Energy Consumption Perspective Physical Asset Perspective Things That Spin V. The Benefits of the Industrial Internet Industrial Sector Benefits: The Power of One Percent Commercial Aviation Rail Transportation Power Production Oil & Gas Development and Delivery Healthcare Economy-wide Gains: The Next Productivity Boom The Great Fizzling The Internet Revolution Return of the Skeptics Industrial Internet: Here Comes the Next Wave How Much of a Difference Would it Make? Industrial Internet and Advanced Manufacturing Impact on the Global Economy Role of Business Practices and the Business Environment VI. Enablers, Catalysts and Conditions Innovation Infrastructure Cyber Security Management Talent Development VII. Conclusions 34 VIII. Endnotes and Acknowledgements 35-37

3 I. Executive Summary The world is on the threshold of a new era of innovation and change with the rise of the Industrial Internet. It is taking place through the convergence of the global industrial system with the power of advanced computing, analytics, low-cost sensing and new levels of connectivity permitted by the Internet. The deeper meshing of the digital world with the world of machines holds the potential to bring about profound transformation to global industry, and in turn to many aspects of daily life, including the way many of us do our jobs. These innovations promise to bring greater speed and efficiency to industries as diverse as aviation, rail transportation, power generation, oil and gas development, and health care delivery. It holds the promise of stronger economic growth, better and more jobs and rising living standards, whether in the US or in China, in a megacity in Africa or in a rural area in Kazakhstan. With better health outcomes at lower cost, substantial savings in fuel and energy, and better performing and longer-lived physical assets, the Industrial Internet will deliver new efficiency gains, accelerating productivity growth the way that the Industrial Revolution and the Internet Revolution did. And increased productivity means faster improvement in income and living standards. In the US, if the Industrial Internet could boost annual productivity growth by percentage points, bringing it back to its Internet Revolution peaks, then over the next twenty years through the power of compounding it could raise average incomes by an impressive percent of today s level over and above the current trend. And as innovation spreads globally, if the rest of the world could secure half of the US productivity gains, the Industrial Internet could add a sizable $10-15 trillion to global GDP the size of today s U.S. economy over the same horizon. In today s challenging economic environment, securing even part of these productivity gains could bring great benefits at both the individual and economy-wide level. The Next Wave How will this be possible? The Industrial Internet brings together the advances of two transformative revolutions: the myriad machines, facilities, fleets and networks that arose from the Industrial Revolution, and the more recent powerful advances in computing, information and communication systems brought to the fore by the Internet Revolution. Together these developments bring together three elements, which embody the essence of the Industrial Internet: Intelligent machines: New ways of connecting the word s myriad of machines, facilities, fleets and networks with advanced sensors, controls and software applications. Advanced Analytics: Harnessing the power of physics-based analytics, predictive algorithms, automation and deep domain expertise in material science, electrical engineering and other key disciplines required to understand how machines and larger systems operate. People at work: connecting people, whether they be at work in industrial facilities, offices, hospitals or on the move, at any time to support more intelligent design, operations, maintenance as well as higher quality service and safety. Connecting and combining these elements offers new opportunities across firms and economies. For example, traditional statistical approaches use historical data gathering techniques where often there is more separation between the data, the analysis, and decision making. As system monitoring has advanced and the cost of information technology has fallen, the ability to work with larger and larger volumes of real-time data has been expanding. High frequency real-time data brings a whole new level of insight on system operations. Machine-based analytics offers yet another dimension to the analytic process. The combination of physics- based approaches, deep sector specific domain expertise, more automation of information flows, and predictive capabilities can join with the existing suite of big data tools. The result is the Industrial Internet encompasses traditional approaches with newer hybrid approaches that can leverage the power of both historic and real-time data with industry specific advanced analytics. Building Blocks and Things that Spin The Industrial Internet starts with embedding sensors and other advanced instrumentation in an array of machines from the simple to the highly complex. This allows the collection and analysis of an enormous amount of data, which can be used to improve machine performance, and inevitably the efficiency of the systems and networks that link them. Even the data itself can become intelligent, instantly knowing which users it needs to reach. In the aviation industry alone, the potential is tremendous. There are approximately 20,000 commercial aircraft operating with 43,000 commercial jet engines in service. Each jet engine, in turn, contains three major pieces of rotating equipment which could be instrumented and monitored separately. Imagine the efficiencies in engine maintenance, fuel consumption, crew allocation, and scheduling when Figure 1. Key Elements of the Industrial Internet 1 Intelligent Machines Connect the world s machines, facilities, fleets and networks with advanced sensors, controls and software applications 2 Advanced Analytics Combines the power of physicsbased analytics, predictive algorithms, automation and deep domain expertise 3 People at Work Connecting people at work or on the move, any time to support more intelligent design, operations, maintenance and higher service quality and safety 3

4 Industry Aviation Power Healthcare Rail Oil & Gas Table 1: Industrial Internet: The Power of 1 Percent What if... Potential Performance Gains in Key Sectors Segment Note: Illustrative examples based on potential one percent savings applied across specific global industry sectors. Source: GE estimates intelligent aircraft can communicate with operators. That is just today. In the next 15 years, another 30,000 jet engines will likely go into service as the global demand for air service continues to expand. Similar instrumentation opportunities exist in locomotives, in combined-cycle power plants, energy processing plants, industrial facilities and other critical assets. Overall, there are over 3 million major things that spin in today s global industrial asset base and those are just a subset of the devices where the Industrial Internet can take hold. Power of just one percent The benefits from this marriage of machines and analytics are multiple and significant. We estimate that the technical innovations of the Industrial Internet could find direct application in sectors accounting for more than $32.3 trillion in economic activity. As the global economy grows, the potential application of the Industrial Internet will expand as well. By 2025 it could be applicable to $82 trillion of output or approximately one half of the global economy. A conservative look at the benefit to specific industries is instructive. If the Industrial Internet achieves just a one percent efficiency improvement then the results are substantial. For example, in the commercial aviation industry alone, a one percent Type of Savings Estimated Value Over 15 Years (Billion nominal US dollars) Commercial 1% Fuel Savings $30B Gas-fired Generation 1% Fuel Savings $66B 1% Reduction in System-wide System Inefficiency $63B Freight Exploration & Development 1% Reduction in System Inefficiency 1% Reduction in Capital Expenditures $27B $90B improvement in fuel savings would yield a savings of $30 billion over 15 years. Likewise, a one percent efficiency improvement in the global gas-fired power plant fleet could yield a $66 billion savings in fuel consumption. The global health care industry will also benefit from the Industrial Internet, through a reduction in process inefficiencies: a one percent efficiency gain globally could yield more than $63 billion in health care savings. Freight moved across the world rail networks, if improved by one percent could yield another gain of $27 billion in fuel savings. Finally, a one percent improvement in capital utilization upstream oil and gas exploration and development could total $90 billion in avoided or deferred capital expenditures. These are but a few examples of what can be potentially achieved. Broad Global Benefits As an early mover and source of key innovation, the US is at the forefront of the Industrial Internet. Given increasingly deeper global integration and ever more rapid technology transfer, the benefits will be worldwide. In fact, with emerging markets investing heavily in infrastructure, early and rapid adoption of Industrial Internet technologies could act as a powerful multiplier. There may be opportunities to avoid the same phases of development that developed economies went through. For example, the use of cables and wires may be avoided by going straight to wireless technology. Or the availability of private, semi-public, or public cloud-based systems may displace the need for isolated systems. The result could be a more rapid closing of the productivity gap between advanced and emerging nations. And in the process, the Industrial Internet would ease resource and financial constraints, making robust global growth more sustainable. Enablers and Catalysts The Industrial Internet will require putting in place a set of key enablers and catalysts: A sustained effort in technological innovation is needed, along with investment to deploy the necessary sensors, instrumentation and user interface systems. Investment will be a fundamental condition to rapidly transfer new technologies into capital stock. The pace of Industrial Internet growth will ultimately be driven by how cost effective and beneficial they can be relative to current practice. The costs of deploying the Industrial Internet will likely be sector and region specific, but the assumption is that the costs of deployment will be providing a positive return for technology dollars invested. A robust cyber security system and approaches to manage vulnerabilities and protect sensitive information and intellectual property. Development of a strong talent pool including new cross-cutting roles that combine mechanical and industrial engineering into new digital-mechanical engineers, data scientists to create the analytics platforms and algorithms, and software and cyber security specialists. Endowing workers with these skills will help ensure that, once again, innovation will result in more jobs as well as higher productivity. It will take resources and effort, but the Industrial Internet can transform our industries and lives pushing the boundaries of minds and machines. 4

5 II. Innovation and Productivity: What s Next? For much of human history, productivity growth was barely perceptible, and living standards improved extremely slowly. Then approximately 200 years ago, a step change in innovation occurred: the Industrial Revolution, in which muscle power, from both humans and animals, was replaced by mechanical power. The Industrial Revolution unfolded in waves, bringing us the steam engine, the internal combustion engine, and then the telegraph, telephone and electricity. Productivity and economic growth accelerated sharply. Per capita income levels in western economies had taken eight hundred years to double by the early 1800 s; in the following 150 years they rose thirteen-fold. But in the 1970 s, productivity growth in the US, then at the frontier of productivity, fizzled out. The second step change in innovation followed more recently with the rise of computing and the global internet which rested on breakthroughs in information storage, computing and communication technology. Its impact on productivity was even stronger, but seemed to lose momentum after just ten years, around Some now argue that this is where the story ends. They acknowledge that businesses and economies have benefited significantly from past waves of innovation but are pessimistic about the potential for future growth in productivity. They argue that the transformations brought about by the Industrial Revolution were of a oneoff nature, and their gains have already been realized; that the Internet Revolution has already played out, its innovations being nowhere near as disruptive and productivity-enhancing as those of the Industrial Revolution. We challenge this view. In this paper we examine the potential for a new wave of productivity gains. Specifically, we point to how the fruits of the Industrial Revolution and the machines, fleets and physical networks that it brought forth are now converging with the more recent fruits of the Internet Revolution: intelligent devices, intelligent networks and intelligent decisioning. We call this convergence the Industrial Internet. We highlight evidence which suggests that a wide range of new innovations can yield significant benefits to business and to the global economy. We believe the skeptics have been too quick to draw conclusions that close the book on productivity gains. Much like the Industrial Revolution, the Internet Revolution is unfolding in dynamic ways and we are now at a turning point. A number of forces are at work to explain why the Industrial Internet is happening today. The capabilities of machines are not being fully realized. The inefficiencies that persist are now much greater at the system level, rather than at the individual physical machine level. Complexity has outstripped the ability of human operators to identify and reduce these inefficiencies. While these factors are making it harder to achieve improvements through traditional means, they are creating incentives to apply new solutions arising from Internetbased innovations. Computing, information, and telecommunication systems can now support widespread instrumentation, monitoring, and analytics. The cost of instrumentation has declined dramatically, making it possible to equip and monitor industrial machines on a widening scale. Processing gains continue unabated and have reached the point where it is possible to augment physical machines with digital intelligence. Remote data storage, big data sets and more advanced analytic tools that can process massive amounts of information are maturing and becoming more widely available. Together these changes are creating exciting new opportunities when applied to machines, fleets and networks. The rapid decline in the cost of instrumentation is matched by the impact of cloud computing, which allows us to gather and analyze much larger amounts of data, and at lower cost, than was ever possible. This creates a cost-deflation trend Processing gains continue unabated and have reached the point where it is possible to augment physical machines with digital intelligence. 5

6 comparable to that which spurred rapid adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) equipment in the second half of the 1990 s and which will this time accelerate the development of the Industrial Internet. The mobile revolution will also accelerate this deflation trend, making it more affordable to efficiently share information and leading to decentralized optimization and personalized optimization. Remote monitoring and control of industrial facilities, distributed power, and personalized and portable medicine are just some of the most powerful examples. To fully appreciate the potential, it is important to consider how large the global industrial system has become. There are now millions of machines across the world, ranging from simple electric motors to highly advanced computed tomography (CT) scanners used in the delivery of health care. There are tens of thousands of fleets, ranging from power plants that produce electricity to the aircraft which move people and cargo around the world. There are thousands of complex networks ranging from power grids to railroad systems, which tie machines and fleets together. The Industrial Internet will help make each of these levels of the industrial system perform better. It will enable enhanced asset reliability by optimizing inspection, maintenance and repair processes. It will improve operational efficiency at the level of fleets as well as larger networks. The conditions are ripe and early evidence suggests that this new wave of innovation is already upon us. In the following pages we present a framework for thinking about how the Industrial Internet will unfold, and examples of benefits it holds for businesses and more broadly for economies around the world. 6

7 III. Waves of Innovation and Change Over the last 200 years, the world has experienced several waves of innovation. Successful companies learned to navigate these waves and adapt to the changing environment. Today we are at the cusp of another wave of innovation that promises to change the way we do business and interact with the world of industrial machines. To fully understand what is taking place today, it is useful to review how we got here and how past innovations have set the stage for the next wave we are calling the Industrial Internet. The First Wave: The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on society, the economy and culture of the world. It was a long process of innovation that spanned a period of 150 years between 1750 and During this period, innovations in technology applied to manufacturing, energy production, transportation and agriculture ushered in a period of economic growth and transformation. The first stage started in the mid-eighteenth century with the commercialization of the steam engine. The Industrial Revolution started in Northern Europe, which at the time was the most productive economy, and spread to the United States, where railways played a crucial role in accelerating economic development. 1 The second surge came later, in 1870, but was even more powerful, bringing us the internal combustion engine, electricity and a host of other useful machines. The Industrial Revolution changed the way we lived: it brought about a profound transformation in transportation (from the horse-carriage and the sailboat to the railways, steamboats and trucks); in communication (telephone and telegraph); in urban centers (electricity, running water, sanitation and medicine). It dramatically transformed living standards and health conditions. 2 Figure 2. Rise of the Industrial Internet Wave 1 Industrial Revolution Machines and factories that power economies of scale and scope Wave 2 Internet Revolution Computing power and rise of distributed information networks Wave 3 Industrial Internet Machine-based analytics: physicsbased, deep domain expertise, automated, predictive Innovation Time 7

8 Several key features characterized this period. 3 It was marked by the rise of the large industrial enterprise spanning new industries from textiles to steel to power production. It created significant economies of scale and corresponding reduction in costs as machines and fleets got larger and production volumes increased. It harnessed the efficiencies of hierarchical structures, with centralization of control. The global capital stock of dedicated plant and equipment grew dramatically. Innovation began to be thought of in a systematic way, with the rise of central laboratories and centers for research and development (R&D). Enterprises, both large and small, worked to harness new inventions in order to create and profit from new markets. Despite the enormous gains reaped by the economy and society, the Industrial Revolution also had a downside. The global economic system became more highly resource-intensive and had a more significant impact on the external environment as a result of both resource extraction and industrial waste streams. In addition, working conditions during this era needed vast improvement. Much of the incremental innovation that has occurred since the Industrial Revolution has been focused on improving efficiency, reducing waste and enhancing the working environment. The Second Wave: The Internet Revolution At the end of the twentieth century, the Internet Revolution changed the world yet again. The timeframe in which it unfolded was much shorter, taking place over about 50 years instead of 150; but like the Industrial Revolution, the Internet Revolution unfolded in stages. The first stage started in the 1950 s with large main frame computers, software and the invention of informationpackets which permitted computers to communicate with one another. The first stage consisted of experimentation with government-sponsored computer networks. In the 1970 s, these closed government and private networks gave way to open networks and what we now call the World Wide Web. In contrast to the homogenous closed networks used during the first stage of the Internet, the open networks were heterogeneous. A key feature was that standards and protocols were explicitly designed to permit incompatible machines in diverse locations owned by different groups to connect and exchange information. Openness and flexibility of the network were key elements that created the basis for its explosive growth. The speed of growth was breathtaking. In August 1981 there were less than 300 computers connected to the Internet. Fifteen years later the number had climbed to 19 million. 4 Today the number is in the billions. Speed and volume of information transmitted grew dramatically. In 1985 the very best modems were only capable of speeds of 9.6 kilobits per second (Kbps). The first generation of iphone, by contrast, was 400 times faster, capable of transmitting information at 3.6 megabits per second (Mbps). 5 The combination of speed and volume created powerful new platforms for commerce and social exchange by driving down the cost of commercial transactions and social interactions. Companies went from selling nothing over the internet to creating large new efficient markets for exchange. In some cases this involved existing companies shifting to new digital platforms; however, the vast majority of the innovation and ferment centered on the creation of brand new companies and capabilities. When ebay began in 1995, it closed the year with 41,000 users trading $7.2 million worth of goods. By 2006, it had 22 million users trading $52.5 billion worth of goods. Social networking had a similar trajectory. Facebook was launched in February 2004 and in less than a year reached 1 million active users. By August 2008, Facebook had 100 million active users. Facebook now has over one billion users. In eight years, Facebook enabled more than 140 billion friend connections to be made, 265 billion photos were uploaded, and more than 62 million songs were played 22 billion times. 6 The qualities of the Internet Revolution were very different from the Industrial Revolution. The Internet, computing and the ability to transmit and receive large amounts of data, have been built on the creation and value of networks, horizontal structures and distributed intelligence. It changed thinking about production systems by permitting deeper integration and more flexible operations. Also, rather than an ordered linear approach to research and development, the Internet has enabled concurrent innovation. The ability to exchange information rapidly and decentralize decision-making has spawned more collaborative work environments that are unconstrained by geography. As a consequence, older models of centralized internal innovation have ceded ground to start-ups and more open innovation models that harness an environment of more abundant knowledge. Thus, rather than resource- intensive, the Internet Revolution has been information and knowledgeintensive. It has highlighted the value of networks and the creation of platforms. It has opened up new avenues to reduce environmental footprints and support more eco-friendly products and services. 8

9 The Third Wave: The Industrial Internet Today, in the twenty-first century, the Industrial Internet promises to transform our world yet again. The melding of the global industrial system that was made possible as a result of the Industrial Revolution, with the open computing and communication systems developed as part of the Internet Revolution, opens up new frontiers to accelerate productivity, reduce inefficiency and waste, and enhance the human work experience. Indeed, the Industrial Internet Revolution is already underway. Companies have been applying Internet-based technologies to industrial applications as they have become available over the last decade. However, we currently stand far below the possibility frontier: the full potential of Internet-based digital technology has yet to be fully realized across the global industry system. Intelligent devices, intelligent systems, and intelligent decisioning represent the primary ways in which the physical world of machines, facilities, fleets and networks can more deeply merge with the connectivity, big data and analytics of the digital world. Intelligent Devices Providing digital instrumentation to industrial machines is the first step in the Industrial Internet Revolution. Several factors have aligned to make the widespread instrumentation of industrial machines not only possible, but economically viable. Widespread instrumentation is a necessary condition for the rise of the Industrial Internet. Several forces are at work to make machines and collections of machines more intelligent. Costs of deployment: Instrumentation costs have declined dramatically, making it possible to equip and monitor industrial machines in a more economical manner than in the past. Computing power: Continued improvements in microprocessor chips have reached a point that now makes it possible to augment physical machines with digital intelligence. Advanced Analytics: Advances in big data software tools and analytic techniques provide the means to understand the massive quantities of data that are generated by intelligent devices. Together, these forces are changing the cost and value of collecting, analyzing and acting on data that has existed in theory but has not been fully harnessed in practice. Making sense of the rivers of data that can be generated by intelligent devices is one of the key components of the Industrial Internet. As illustrated in Figure 3, the Industrial Internet can be thought of in terms of the flow and interaction of data, hardware, software and intelligence. Data is harvested from intelligent devices and networks. The data is stored, analyzed and visualized using big data and analytics tools. The resultant intelligent information can then be acted upon by decision makers, in real-time if necessary, or as part of broader industrial assets optimization or strategic decision processes across widely diverse industrial systems. Figure 3. Applications of the Industrial Internet D I G I T A L W O R L D Intelligent systems Intelligent decisioning Network optimization B E N E F I T S Fleet optimization Intelligent devices Facility optimization Asset optimization Networks I N D U S T R I A L W O R L D Fleets Facilities Machines 9

10 Figure 4. Industrial Internet Data Loop Physical and Human Networks Intelligence flows back into machines Instrumented Industrial Machine Extraction and storage of proprietary machine data stream Data sharing with the right people and machines Remote and Centralized Data Visualization SECURE, CLOUD- BASED NETWORK mobile databases Storage SQL big data new Twitter time example Data column-store now query compression toolsstore Big Data Analytics terabytes support big database storage processing information analysis analyses Industrial Data Systems Machine-based algorithms and data analysis Intelligent information can also be shared across machines, networks, individuals or groups to facilitate intelligent collaboration and better decision making. This enables a broader group of stakeholders to engage in asset maintenance, management and optimization. It also ensures that local and remote individuals that have machinespecific expertise are brought into the fold at the right time. Intelligent information can also be fed back to the originating machine. This not only includes data that was produced by the originating machine, but also external data that can enhance the operation or maintenance of machines, fleets and larger systems. This data feedback loop enables the machine to learn from its history and behave more intelligently through on-board control systems. Each instrumented device will produce large quantities of data that can be transferred via the Industrial Internet network to remote machines and users. An important part of the implementation of the Industrial Internet will involve determining which data remains resident on devices and which data is transferred to remote locations for analysis and storage. Determining the degree of local data residency is one of the keys to ensuring the security of the Industrial Internet and the many and diverse companies who will benefit from being a part of it. The important point here is that new innovations are permitting sensitive data generated by an instrumented machine to remain on-board, where it belongs. Other data streams will be transferred remotely so that they can be visualized, analyzed, augmented and acted upon, as appropriate, by people at work or on the move. Over time, these data flows provide a history of operations and performance that enables operators to better understand the condition of the critical components of the plant. Operators can understand how many hours a particular component has been operating and under what conditions. Analytic tools can then compare this information to the operating histories of similar components in other plants to provide reliable estimates of the likelihood and timing of component failure. In this manner, operating data and predictive analytics can be combined to avoid unplanned outages and minimize maintenance costs. All of these benefits come from machine instrumentation using existing information technologies and doing so in ways that enable people to do their jobs more effectively. This is what makes the widespread deployment of intelligent devices so potentially powerful. In an era when it is increasingly challenging to squeeze more productivity from high-performance machines such as highly-engineered aircraft engines, the broad deployment of intelligent devices holds the potential to unlock additional performance and operational efficiencies. 10

11 Each machine can be aggregated into a single information system that accelerates learning across the machine portfolio. Intelligent Systems The potential benefits of intelligent systems are vast. Intelligent systems include a variety of traditional networked systems, but the definition is broader to encompass the combination of widespread machine instrumentation with software as deployed across fleets and networks. As an increasing number of machines and devices join the Industrial Internet, the synergistic effects of widespread machine instrumentation can be realized across fleets and networks. Intelligent systems come in a number of different forms: Network Optimization: The operation of interconnected machines within a system can be coordinated to achieve operational efficiencies at the network level. For example, in health care, assets can be linked to help doctors and nurses route patients to the correct device more quickly. Information can then be seamlessly transmitted to care providers and patients resulting in shorter wait times, higher equipment utilization, and better quality care. Intelligent systems are also well suited for route optimization within transportation networks. Interconnected vehicles will know their own location and destination, but also can be alerted to the location and destination of other vehicles in the system allowing optimization of routing to find the most efficient system-level solution. Maintenance Optimization: Optimal, low-cost, machine maintenance across fleets can also be facilitated by intelligent systems. An aggregate view across machines, components and individual parts provides a line of sight on the status of these devices and enables the optimal number of parts to be delivered at the right time to the correct location. This minimizes parts inventory requirements and maintenance costs, and provides higher levels of machine reliability. Intelligent system maintenance optimization can be combined with network learning and predictive analytics to allow engineers to implement preventive maintenance programs that have the potential to lift machine reliability rates to unprecedented levels. the event of major storms, earthquakes or other natural hazards, a network of smart meters, sensors, and other intelligent devices and systems can be used to quickly detect and isolate the biggest problems so that they do not cascade and cause a blackout. Geographic and operational information can be combined to support utility recovery efforts. Learning: Network learning effects are another benefit of machine interconnection with a system. The operational experiences of each machine can be aggregated into a single information system that accelerates learning across the machine portfolio in a way that is not possible with a single machine. For example, data collected from airplanes coupled with information about location and flight history can provide a wealth of information about airplane performance in a variety of environments. The insights derived from this data are actionable and can be used to make the entire system smarter, thereby driving a continuous process of knowledge accumulation and insight implementation. Building out intelligent systems harnesses the benefits of widely deploying intelligent devices. Once an increasing number of machines are connected within a system, the result is a continuously expanding, self-learning system that grows smarter over time. System Recovery: Establishing broad system-wide intelligence can also assist in more rapidly and efficiently restoring systems after major shocks. For example, in 11

12 Intelligent DECISIONING The full power of the Industrial Internet will be realized with a third element Intelligent Decisioning. Intelligent Decisioning occurs when enough information has been gathered from intelligent devices and systems to facilitate data-driven learning, which in turn enables a subset of machine and network-level operational functions to be transferred from operators to secure digital systems. This element of the Industrial Internet is essential to grapple with the increasing complexity of interconnected machines, facilities, fleets and networks. Consider fully instrumented networks of facilities or fleets across wide geographic locations. Operators need to quickly make thousands of decisions to maintain optimal system performance. The challenges of this complexity can be overcome by enabling the system to perform select operations with human consent. The burden of complexity is transferred to the digital system. For example, within an intelligent system, signals to increase the output of a dispatchable power plant will not have to be sent to the operators of individual plants. Instead, intelligent automation will be used to directly co-dispatch flexible plants in response to variable resources like wind and solar power, changes in electricity demand, and the availability of other plants. These capabilities will facilitate the ability of people and organizations to do their jobs more effectively. and analyze high frequency real-time data brings a new level of insight on system operations. Machine-based analytics offer yet another dimension to the analytic process. Using a combination of physicsbased methodologies, deep sector-specific domain expertise, increased automation of information flows, and predictive techniques, advanced analytics can be joined with the existing suite of big data tools. The result is the Industrial Internet encompasses traditional approaches with newer hybrid approaches that can leverage the power of both historic and real-time data with industry-specific advanced analytics. The full potential of the Industrial Internet will be felt when the three primary digital elements intelligent devices, intelligent systems and intelligent decision-making fully merge with physical machines, facilities, fleets and networks. When this occurs, the benefits of enhanced productivity, lower costs and reduced waste will propagate through the entire industrial economy. Intelligent Decisioning is the long-term vision of the Industrial Internet. It is the culmination of the knowledge gathered as the elements of the Industrial Internet are assembled device-by-device and systemby-system. It is a bold vision that, if realized, can unlock productivity gains and reduce operating costs on a scale comparable to the Industrial and Internet Revolutions. Integrating the elements As the intelligent pieces are brought together, the Industrial Internet brings the power of big data together with machine-based analytics. Traditional statistical approaches use historical data gathering techniques where often there is more separation between the data, the analysis, and decision making. As system monitoring has advanced and the cost of information technology has fallen, the ability to work with real-time data has been expanding. Greater capability to manage 12

13 IV. How Big is the Opportunity? Three Perspectives To appreciate the scale of the opportunity of the Industrial Internet it is useful to first scale the global industrial system. How big is this system? The simple answer is very big. However, there is no single simple measure. We therefore suggest three different perspectives: economic share, energy requirements, and physical assets in terms of machines, facilities, fleets and networks. While not exhaustive, these measures when taken together provide a useful perspective on the vast potential scale and scope of the Industrial Internet. Economic Perspective Traditional economic definitions of global industry include manufacturing, natural resource extraction, construction, and utilities sectors. 7 Based on these categories, in 2011, global industry represented about 30 percent or $21 trillion of the $70 trillion dollar world economy. 8 Of that, manufacturing of goods represented 17 percent of output, while other industries including resource extraction and construction contributed about 13 percent of global output. At a regional level, there is considerable variation depending on the economic structure and resource endowment of any particular country. Within the developed economies, industry represents roughly 24 percent of output, while in developing economies industrial sectors represent about 37 percent of GDP output. Within this industrial total, manufacturing activities represent 15 percent and 20 percent of advanced and developing country economic output, respectively. Thus, by traditional economic accounting measures, industrial activity represents roughly one-third of all economic activity, with country-by-country variation. While one-third of the global economy is extremely large, it does not capture the full expanse of the Industrial Internet s potential. The Industrial Internet will encompass a broader array of sectors than captured by conventional economic categories. For example, it will also engage large swaths of the transport sector including: Figure 5. Industrial Internet Potential GDP Share Global GDP ~$70 Trillion Developing Economies $29 Trillion Advanced Economies $41 Trillion Non-Industrial Economy $18.1 Trillion Industrial Economy $10.8 Trillion Industrial Economy $9.7 Trillion Non-Industrial Economy $31 Trillion Other $14.3 Trillion Other $23.1 Trillion 7 Trillion 7 Trillion 6 Trillion 6 Trillion 5 Trillion 5 Trillion 4 Trillion 4 Trillion 3 Trillion 3 Trillion 2 Trillion 2 Trillion 1 Trillion 1 Trillion Transportation $2.2 Trillion Healthcare $1.7 Trillion Other Industrial $5.3 Trillion Manufacturing $5.5 Trillion Manufacturing $6.1 Trillion Other Industrial $3.6 Trillion Transportation $2.6 Trillion Healthcare $5.3 Trillion Industrial Internet opportunity ( $32.3 Trillion ) 46% share of global economy today Source: World Bank, 2011 and General Electric 13

14 industrial transport fleets and large-scale logistical operations such as aviation, rail, and marine transport. 9 In 2011, the global transportation services sector including land, air, marine, pipelines, telecommunications and supporting logistics services, represented about 7 percent of global economic activity. Transportation fleets are critical links in the supply and distribution chains associated with manufacturing and energy production. Here the Industrial Internet helps by optimizing timing and flow of goods within heavy industries. In commercial transport services like passenger aircraft, there are further opportunities for optimizing operations and assets while improving service and safety. Other commercial and government services sectors will also benefit. For example, in health care, finding the critical commonalities and analogs in high-volume secure data can literally be a matter of life or death. The health care industry, including public and private spending, is estimated to comprise 10 percent of the global economy or $7.1 trillion in 2011 a giant sector of the global economy by itself. Here the focus of the Industrial Internet shifts from optimizing the flow of goods to the flow of information and workflows of individuals getting the right information, to the right person, at the right time. When traditional industry is combined with the transportation and health services sectors, about 46 percent of the global economy or $32.3 trillion in global output can benefit from the Industrial Internet. As the global economy grows and industry grows, this number will grow as well. By 2025, we estimate that the share of the industrial sector (defined here broadly) will grow to approximately 50 percent of the global economy or $82 trillion of future global output in nominal dollars. 10 The technologies of the Industrial Internet will not be instantly applied to the entire asset base corresponding to the 50 percent of the world economy described above. Introducing them will require investment, and the pace of the investment may in turn depend on the speed at which the enabling infrastructures are developed. To this extent, what we have described represents an upper limit, the available envelope. On the other hand, it also limits this envelope to those sectors where the Industrial Internet can find direct application. But the benefits of the Industrial Internet will be felt beyond those sectors. For example, the positive impact on the health sector will result in better health outcomes, which in turn will result in fewer workdays lost because of sickness across the rest of the economy. Similarly, improvements in transportation and logistics will benefit all economic activities which rely on shipping of goods and on the reliability and efficiency of supply chains. Energy Consumption Perspective One of the key benefits of the integration of smarter technologies and robust networks is the ability to create energy saving efficiencies and reduce costs. Constraints on the energy system are intensifying. Scarcity of resources, need for better environmental sustainability, and lack of infrastructure are issues across the world. It might even be argued that the rise of the Industrial Internet is a direct response to increasing resource constraints and scarcity. Therefore, another perspective on the scale of the Industrial Internet comes from understanding the energy footprint associated with the global industrial system. Huge volumes of energy resources are required to create the goods and services the world needs. If energy production and conversion is considered in addition to manufacturing and transportation sectors, the scope of the Industrial Internet benefits encompasses more than half of the world s energy consumption. The energy sector involves the spectrum of activities required to create finished energy for consumption including: Extracting fuels (e.g. oil, gas, coal, uranium) or harnessing water, wind and solar energies Refining and processing primary fuels into finished products for delivery (e.g. gasoline, LNG) Converting those fuels into electricity About 46 percent of the global economy or $32.3 trillion in global output can benefit from the Industrial Internet. 14

15 In 2011, the world produced more than 13.0 billion metric tons of energy, when converted to an oil equivalent basis (Btoe) for comparative purposes. 11 To help put this in perspective, all the cars and light vehicles in the United States, which now total about 240 million, consumed less than one half of one Btoe. Of this 13.0 Btoe of global primary energy production, 4.9 Btoe was converted to electricity at a conversion efficiency of about 40 percent and the other 8.1 Btoe was refined, processed for impurities, washed (in the case of coal) or converted in preparation for transport and delivery to energy consumers. It s important to recognize there are immense costs associated with energy production. To maintain and grow energy supply, the global energy industry including coal, gas, oil, and power, on average, will require about $1.9 trillion dollars (about 3 percent of global GDP) in new capital spending each year. The large volume and cost creates tremendous scope for continued deployment of Industrial Internet technologies. Shifting to the consumption side of the energy balance, the world s primary energy sources were converted into 9.5 Btoe of useful energy products including 1.9 Btoe of electricity and 7.1 Btoe of other finished fuels. Industrial end-users consumed 36 percent in the form of electricity, diesel fuel, metallurgical coal, natural gas, and chemical feedstocks. This roughly aligns with the manufacturing sector described in the economic perspective above. Within the industrial sector, the heaviest energy consumers are the steel and metals industries and the petrochemical industry. Together, these heavy industries represent about 50 percent of the industrial energy consumed. Recent studies indicated that if best practice technologies are deployed, heavy industry energy consumption could be reduced by 15 to 20 percent. 12 The continued and expanded Industrial Internet deployment can support this effort through process integration, life-cycle optimization, and more efficient utilization and maintenance of motors and rotating equipment. The transportation sector is another large consumer of energy comprising 27 percent of global energy demand primarily oil products. Within the transportation sector, approximately half (48 percent) of the fuel consumed is in heavy fleets including trucks, buses, aircraft, marine vessels, and rail locomotives. The other half of transport sector energy (52 percent) is used in light duty vehicles. Using information technology and networked devices and systems to optimize transport appears to be one of the most exciting opportunities from the Industrial Internet. Assuming most of the large fleets and a portion of the light duty vehicle fleets can benefit, perhaps 14 percent of global transportation fuel demand can be impacted by Industrial Internet technologies. There are clearly many dimensions and challenges in achieving real changes in global energy consumption. Each system and sub-system needs to be evaluated Figure 6: 2011 Global Energy Flows Energy Production 13 BTOE Oil 31% Other Conversion Losses Light-Duty Transport 14% Buildings 32% Other 10% Coal 28% Gas 22% Renewables 11% Nuclear 5% Hydro 3% Energy Consumption 9.5 BTOE Electricity Fuel Input Electricity Electricity Conversion Losses Industry 28% Heavy-Duty Transport 16% Industrial Internet can impact 100% of energy production Industrial Internet can impact 44% of global energy consumption Source: GE, Global Strategy & Planning Estimates,

16 in terms of how it performs within the system and how it interacts with the larger energy networks. Advances over the last two decades in process management and automation appear to have been largely successful. While some parts of the energy system are being optimized, new efforts are underway. All of the many machines, facilities, fleets, and networks involved in energy production and conversion have inefficiencies that can be improved through the growth of the Industrial Internet. Physical Asset Perspective Things That Spin A third perspective on opportunities to expand the Industrial Internet is to look at specific physical assets involved in various parts of the industrial system. The industrial system is comprised of huge numbers of machines and critical systems. There are now millions of machines across the world, ranging from simple electric motors to highly advanced computed cosmography (CT scanners) used in the delivery of health care. All of these pieces of equipment are associated with information (temperature, pressure, vibration and other key indicators) and are valuable to understanding performance of the unit itself and in relation to other machines and systems. One area of particular interest concerns critical rotating machinery. While it is probably impossible to know precisely how many machines and devices, fleets, and networks exist within the world s ever expanding industrial system, it is possible to look at some specific segments to get a feel for the scale of the industrial system. Table 2 provides an illustrative list of major pieces of rotating machinery in key industry categories. Within this list, there are currently over 3 million types of major rotating equipment. These numbers are based on a basic review of major system processes in these machines and plants. The high degree of customization within the industrial system makes comparisons difficult. However, a general assessment can be made based on the typical sets of rotating equipment and key devices that are targets for monitoring and control. The result is an estimate of things that spin in parts of the industrial system. All of these assets are subject to temperature, pressure, vibration and other key metrics, which are already being, or can be, monitored, modeled, and manipulated remotely to provide safety, enhanced productivity, and operational savings. Sector Transportation Table 2. Things that Spin: Illustrative List of Rotating Machines Rotating Machinery # of Global Big Assets & things Plants that spin Rail: Diesel Electric Engines Wheel Motors, Engine, Drives, Alternators 120,000 2,160,000 Aircraft: Commercial Engines Compressors, Turbines, Turbofans 43, ,000 Marine: Bulk Carriers Steam Turbines, Reciprocating Engines, Pumps, Generators 9,400 84,600 Oil and Gas Rotating Machinery Big Energy Processing Plants (1) Compressors, Turbines, Pumps, Generators, Fans, Blowers, Motors ,900 Midstream Systems (2) Engines, Turbines, Compressors, Turbo Expanders, Pumps, Blowers 16,300 63,000 Drilling Equipment: Drillships, Land Rigs etc. Engines, Generators, Electric Motors, Drilling Works, Propulsion Drives 4,100 29,200 Power Plants Rotating Machinery Thermal Turbines: Steam, CCGT, etc. Turbines, Generators 17,500 74,000 Other Plants: Hydro, Wind, Engines, etc. (3) Turbines, Generators, Reciprocating Engines 45, ,000 Industrial Facilities Rotating Machinery Steel Mills Blast and Basic Oxygen Furnace Systems, Steam Turbines, Handling Systems 1,600 47,000 Pulp and Paper Mills Debarkers, Radial Chippers, Steam Turbines, Fourdrinier Machines, Rollers 3, ,000 Cement Plants Rotary Kilns, Conveyors, Drive Motors, Ball Mills 2,000 30,000 Sugar Plants Cane Handling Systems, Rotary Vacuums, Centrifuges, Cystalizers, Evaporators ,000 Ethanol Plants Grain Handling Systems, Conveyors, Evaporators, Reboilers, Dryer Fans, Motors ,000 Ammonia and Methanol Plants Steam Turbines, Reformer and Distillation Systems, Compressors, Blowers 1,300 45,000 Medical Machines Rotating Machinery CT Scanners Spinning X-Ray Tube Rotors, Spinning Gantries 52, ,000 Notes: Not exhaustive. (1) includes LNG processing trains, Refineries, and Ethylene steam crackers. (2) includes Compressor and pumping stations, LNG regasification terminals, Large Crude carriers, gas processing plants. (3) Only counting engines in large scale power generation greater than 30 MW Sources: Multiple aggregated sources including Platts UDI, IHS-CERA, Oil and Gas Journal, Clarkson Research, GE Aviation & Transportation, InMedica, industrial info, RISI, US Dept. of Energy, GE Strategy and Analytics estimates of large rotating systems Total 3,207,700 16

17 rotating machinery in the global fleet of commercial engines. Commercial Jet Aircraft The number of rotating parts and the potential for instrumentation in the Combined Cycle Power Plants commercial jet engine fleet is significant. According to Jet Information Services, there are approximately 21,500 commercial jet aircraft and 43,000 jet engines in service around the world in Commercial jets are most commonly powered by a twin jet engine configuration. These aircraft take approximately 3 departures per day, for a total of 23 million departures annually. 13 Each jet engine contains many moving parts; however, there are three major pieces of rotating equipment: a turbo fan, compressor, and turbine. Each of these components will be instrumented and monitored separately. In total, there are approximately 129,000 major pieces of spinning equipment operating in the commercial fleet today. Beyond the commercial jet fleets, instrumentation opportunities exist in the military and non-commercial general aviation fleets, which are over 10 times as large as the commercial jet aircraft fleet. 14 The bottom line is that the opportunities for instrumentation of jet airline fleets are vast and increasing daily. GE Aviation estimates that to meet the growing needs of air travel another 32,000 engines might to be added to the global fleet over the next 15 years. This represents another 100,000 pieces of The opportunities for Industrial Internet instrumentation are just as vast in the global fleet of power plants. There are 62,500 power plants operating around the world today with a capacity of 30 megawatts or greater. The total global capacity of power plants is approximately 5,200 gigawatts (GW). These plants are displayed in Figure 7. Consider only the large amount of instrumentable rotating parts in just one small slice of this fleet: combined cycle power plants, which represent just 2.5 percent of global power plants, or 1,768 plants. These plants have a global installed capacity of 564 GW. 15 Combined cycle gas turbines use both gas turbines and steam turbines in tandem, converting the same source of heat natural gas into mechanical and then electric energy. By combining gas and steam turbines, combined cycle gas turbines use two thermodynamic cycles (gas turbine Brayton cycle and a steam turbine Rankine cycle) to improve efficiency and reduce operating costs. A combined cycle gas turbine power plant typically uses multiple sets of gas turbine-steam turbine combinations. The most common combined cycle configuration today is a 2x1, which uses two gas turbines and one steam turbine. In this example, there are 6 major rotating components: 2 gas turbines, 2 gas turbine generators, one steam turbine and one steam turbine generator. Beyond the big critical systems, we estimate that there are another 99 rotating components in the balance of plant from feed water pumps to air compressors. In all, there are 105 rotating components in a 2x1 combined cycle power plant that are instrumentable. Consider the implications for the global combined cycle fleet. If instrumentation was applied to every component in all 1,768 plants, this would represent about 10,600 major system pieces and 175,000 smaller rotating parts available for instrumentation. Looking forward over the next 15 years, another 2,000 combined cycle plants amounting to 638 GW of capacity are likely to be added to the global industrial system. 16 This will add another 12,000 units of large rotating equipment and at least another 200,000 pieces of smaller rotating equipment to complete these plants. If other types of power plants are considered, the scope for further expansion of Industrial Internet technologies is clearly significant. Figure 7. Global Power Plant Fleet by Technology Fuel Type Biomass Geothermal Solar Wind Natural Gas Oil Nuclear Hydro Coal Other Source: Power plant data source Platts UDI Database, June 2012 Note: Circle size represents installed capacity (MW). 17

18 Locomotives Locomotives haul vast quantities of raw materials and goods around the world. In 2011, there were more than 9.6 trillion tonne-kilometers of freight transported via the world s 1.1 million kilometer rail system. In that system today, there are approximately 120,000 diesel-electric powered rail engines worldwide. There are about 18 major rotating components within a diesel-electric locomotive that can be grouped into six major systems: traction motor, radiator fan, compressor, alternator, engine, and turbo. If instrumentation was applied to every component of the rail fleet, this would represent more than 2.2 million rotating parts available for instrumentation. Conservative forecasts expect about 33,000 new diesel-electric locomotives to be delivered in the next 15 years which would entail significant monitoring as 396,000 sensors will be deployed by 2025 in dieselelectric locomotives alone. Oil Refineries Refineries and petrochemical plants have been targets for advanced monitoring and control for many years. Older facilities with vintage technologies are being forced to compete with new state-of-the-art greenfield facilities. At the same time, the boom and bust cycles of the oil business, coupled with stricter environmental compliance, are driving the need for continuous process enhancements and adjustments. Rotating machines such as reciprocating and centrifugal compressors, along with hundreds of pumps, are the critical components of energy processing plants including refineries. Today, operators are monitoring and modeling these devices for preventative maintenance and safety along with total plant optimization. Managing these plants for efficiency, safety and enhanced productivity is one of the places where the Industrial Internet is working today. To give a sense of scale, there are 655 oil refineries in the world, representing 88 million barrels per day of crude input capacity approximately equal to daily world oil consumption. 17 Each modern refinery has approximately 45 large rotating systems within the various critical refinery processes including crude and vacuum distillation, coking, hydrocracking, hydrotreating, and isomerization. Some refineries will be smaller, others more complex, as each refinery in the world is essentially a customized industrial plant depending on the crudes it processes and the consumers it serves. Key equipment sets in most refineries include centrifugal charge pumps, wet and dry compressor sets, power turbines, and air coolers. If just the major systems are considered, there are approximately 30,000 big things that spin in a refinery. Beyond this, there are hundreds of pumps and smaller devices that are targets for system monitoring. Over the next fifteen years, the world could need more than 100 new refineries, and major expansion to existing refineries, to meet the increasing needs of emerging markets. 18 This represents incremental need for process management and automation on more than 4,500 large rotating systems in oil refineries alone. Health Care Although it is not commonly recognized, health care delivery also involves rotating machinery. One example is computed tomography (CT) scanners. These machines are used to visualize internal structures of the body. CT scanners employ a rotating x-ray device to create a 3-D cross-sectional image of the body. Globally there are approximately 52,000 CT scanners. They are used for diagnostic and treatment evaluation across a wide spectrum of applications including: cardiac, angiography, brain, chest, abdomen, and orthopedic. These examples are only a portion of the millions of machines and critical systems that can be monitored, modeled, and remotely controlled and automated. The rise of more robust global networks will only improve the ability to more efficiently deploy assets, improve servicing and safety, and optimize the flow of resources. The gains from technology integration will require adoption of new equipment along with retrofitting and refurbishing of older machines. This will create new possibilities in process optimization, increased total factor productivity, and decreased cost structures. These systems are expected to change the competitive balance in various industries, forcing rapid adoption by many businesses to survive. The next sections examine the potential benefits and challenges facing the deployment of the Industrial Internet. 18

19 V. The Benefits of the Industrial Internet The Industrial Internet promises to have a range of benefits spanning machines, facilities, fleets and industrial networks, which in turn influence the broader economy. As discussed above, the global industrial system is vast. In this section, we review the potential industry-specific benefits in more detail and conclude that even relatively small improvements in efficiency at the sector level could have sizeable benefits when scaled up across the economic system. Further, we examine how productivity trends have impacted economic growth over the last few decades and estimate what broad diffusion of the Industrial Internet could yield in the global economy over the next twenty years. The Industrial Internet opens the door to a variety of benefits for the industrial economy. Intelligent instrumentation enables individual machine optimization, which leads to better performance, lower costs and higher reliability. An optimized machine is one that is operating at peak performance and enables operating and maintenance costs to be minimized. Intelligent networks enable optimization across interconnected machines. Some companies have been early adopters, realizing benefits and overcoming challenges related to capturing and manipulating data streams. Historically, many of these efforts have centered on the digital controls systems of industrial assets with performance scope that is narrow and compartmentalized relative to what is now becoming possible. Given the size of the asset base involved, broader integration of systems and sub-systems at the product level through intelligent devices is expected as sensing and data handling costs fall. At the other end of the spectrum, enterprise management software and solutions have been widely adopted to drive organizational efficiencies at the firm level. The benefits of these efforts include better tracking and coordination of labor, supply chain, quality, compliance, and sales and distribution across broad geographies and product lines. However, these efforts have sometimes fallen short because while they can passively track asset operations at the product level, the ability to impact asset performance is limited. Optimizing the system to maximize asset and enterprise performance is what the Industrial Internet offers. System-wide optimization allows people at work to achieve efficiency improvements and cost reductions beyond those achievable through individual machine optimization. Intelligent Decisioning will allow smart software to lock-in machine and system-level benefits. Further, the benefits of continued learning holds the key to the better design of new products and services leading to a virtuous cycle of increasingly better products and services resulting in higher efficiencies and lower costs. Industrial Sector Benefits: The Power of One Percent Industrial assets and facilities are typically highly customized to the needs of the sector. Benefits will vary and different aspects of the Industrial Internet are emphasized. However, there are common themes of risk reduction, fuel efficiency, higher labor productivity, and reduced cost. To illustrate the benefits of the Industrial Internet in greater detail, we examine a number of sector-specific examples. Each example highlights how small improvements, even as small as one percent, can yield enormous system-wide savings when scaled up across the sector. Commercial Aviation The airline industry, like other commercial transportation systems, is ideally positioned to further benefit from deployment of the Industrial Internet. By focusing on optimizing operations and assets while improving safety at every phase of airline operations, Industrial Internet applications have the potential to transform the airline industry. The Industrial Internet has the potential to improve both airline operations and asset management. Operations can be transformed through fuel reduction, improvement in crew effectiveness, reduction in delays and cancellations, more efficient maintenance planning and parts inventory, and optimal flight scheduling. Airline assets can be better optimized through improved preventive maintenance which will extend engine lives and limit unscheduled interruptions. 19

20 Figure 8. Aviation Industrial Internet CRUISE ARRIVAL DESCENT AIRFRAME MAINTENANCE OEM PARTS WAREHOUSE TAXI AIRLINE WAREHOUSE ON WING AIRFRAME AND ENGINE OEMS AIRLINE OPS, IT DATA CENTER...VIRTUAL COLLABORATION Service Quality Asset and Facility Optimization Fleet and Network Optimization Asset Performance One vision for how the Industrial Internet can impact aviation comes from the area of aircraft maintenance inventory management. An intelligent aircraft will tell maintenance crews which parts are likely to need replacement and when. This will enable commercial airline operators to shift from current maintenance schedules that are based on the number of cycles to maintenance schedules that are based on actual need. The combination of sensor, data analytics, and data sharing between people and machines is expected to reduce airline costs and improve maintenance efficiency. These systems will act like virtual proactive maintenance teams, determining the status of the aircraft and its subsystems to supply real time, actionable information to help aircraft operators predict failures before they occur and provide a quick and accurate whole plan view of health. As the industry becomes more comfortable with the ability of intelligently monitored equipment to signal the need for replacement, there is an opportunity to move away from traditional part replacement cycles. Regulations require airlines to service or replace parts after a certain number of flight cycles. The efficiency benefits from replacing parts at the right time, rather than when the part cycles dictate, look to be substantial. Assuming all safety measures can be met or improved, parts inventories can be reduced, aircraft utilization can be increased, and costs can be reduced. Operators can detect a problem and see exactly where it has occurred in an easily accessible, accurate, and concise manner. Over the last few decades, the global commercial airline industry has grown 2-3 times faster than the global economy, expanding generally at the same pace as world trade. 19 Today, global commercial airline revenues are around $560 billion per year. However, profitability and return on capital invested remain significant challenges for the industry. 20 These challenges highlight the focus on fuel costs which account for nearly 30 percent of industry costs, and the potential benefits of improving asset utilization. In the US, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) conducted a study that showed that over an 8-year period, flight inefficiencies boosted costs by an average of 8-22 percent. 21 The implication is there are large potential savings if higher productivity can be achieved. The global commercial airline business is spending about $170 billion per year on jet fuel. Estimates within the industry point to perhaps 5 percent cost reduction from better flight planning and operational changes: a benefit of over $8.0 billion per year. If Industrial Internet technologies can achieve only one percent in cost reduction, this would represent nearly $2 billion per year or about $30 billion in fuel cost savings over 15 years. Another potential benefit comes from avoided capital costs. From 2002 to 2009 the commercial aviation industry spent almost $1.0 trillion dollars or $135 billion per year. 22 If better utilization of existing assets from the Industrial Internet results in a one percent reduction in capital expenditures, the savings benefit could total $1.3 billion dollars per year or a cumulative benefit of approximately $29 billion dollars over 15 20

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