Nouns, adjectives and adverbs

o Adverbs of definite frequency, e.g. once, twice, three times a week, daily,every ofternoon, on Saturdays, again, are usually placed at the end of asentence:i go swimming twice a week.I get up at seuen o'cLock every morning.But they can also go at the beginning of a sentence:On Saturdays, I do my shopping.o Ad-verbs of indefinite frequency, e.g. olwoys, usually, sometimes, often, never,usually go after an auxiliary or the verb ro be and before a full verb:I am usually in bed before midnight.I hove olwoys wanted to go there.We sometimes meet for Lunch.o The adverbs frequently, generolly, normally, occtsionally, ordinarily,sometimes, usutlly, quite/very often, always/never (in the imperative), canalso go at the beginning of a sentence for special emphasis:Sometimes he agrees to help me with my lrcmework.Never do that ogain!o Adverbs of degree, e.g. qaite, hnrdly, roo, usually go before the words theymodify:quite nice quite slow|yI quite enjoyed it.o Sentence adverbs, e.g. clearly, generally, evidently, honestly, can go at thebeginning of a sentence:Clearly, the situation is very serlous.Or they can go before the verb (or after the verb to be or an auxiliary):I honestly believe that this is the best thing we con do.Mr Jameson is euidently very happy with the resulrs.Practice5a Write the sentences with the adverbs/adverbial phrases in brackets in thecorrect position. If the adverbs can go in more than one position, put themin the more usual one.1 I've been working (in my office/all morning/hard).l've been workin4 hard in my office all morninq.2 He speaks to me (in the mornings/never/nicely).3 We were listening (all evening/carefully).4 She's been sleeping (in that chair/all afternoon/soundly).225 He is (at this time of daylusually/at the college).Nouns, adjectives and adverbs6 The postman comes (in the morning/very early).7 I thought you spoke (in that meeting/very well/yesterday).8 We go swimming (on Saturdays/generally/at the local pool).9 I bought these jeans (in the sales/very cheaply/last week).5b Complete the story using the following adverbs and adverbial phrases.for three hours so much already a few timesIovingly deeply just anxiously suddenlystraightaway hardly absolutely iffipa+ia+lyfor monthssoon onlyin a friendly way10 He's been (to a dentist/never/in his life).She waited '..i.m?a!:te.rl!.1y.. in the departure lounge. She had..... been there'........ . If she didn'tget on the plane ..... , she might change her mind aboutgoing. She had been planning this trip to Berlin ..... , well,since Uwe had left England. She had missed him u......... ............ andshe could ..... wait to see him again. But did he love heras '............ as she loved him? She wasn't..... sure. She had written to him every day but he had..... written to her ..... . Would hetake her ..... into his arms as soon as she arrived? Orwould he just greet her ..... ? Oh, how she hated thiswaiting. ...... , she heard a message on the tannoy:'Would Ms Pamela Roberts please go to the desk in the departure lounge...... ? A message has 'u......... arrivedfor her.' Pamela walked ..... towards the desk. What couldthe message be?23Nouns, adjectives and adverbs6 Gomparison of adverbsOnly gradable adverbs, that is adverbs that can be modified, can havecomparative and superlative forms. We cannot modify adverbs such assometimes, neuer, there, now, olmost.Adverbs ending in -ly and a few other adverbs can be put into comparative andsuperlative forms:Aduerb Comparative SuperLotiveAdverbs endingtn -lycarefullyquicklymore carefullyquickly moremost carefullymost quicklyAduerbs with sameform as adjectiuefasthardearlyfasterharderearlierfastesthardestearliestlrregulars badlywelllittlemuchworsebetterlessmoreworstbestleastmostShe diues more carefully than he does.I think Sarah works the hardest of us all.He helps me less than he used to.Noteso We can also make adverbial comparisons using:- (not) cs + adverb + as:You waLk as fast os your brother does.I can't speak Engli,sh as well as you can.- the + comparative adverb, the + comparative adverb or adjective:The harder I try, the worse I seem to do.The more carcfully you do it, the bettq it will be.- comparative adverb + and. + comparatlve adverb:As the exams got nearer, he worked harder ond harder.It's happening more ond more regalarly.. superlative adverbs are not used very often.We often use comparative + than ever, onyone, onything:You can do the job better than anyone con.Practice6a Put the adjectives into the comparative adjective or comparative adverbform.1 I sleep much ..t!l9l9.h.e.a.V!!y.. (heavy) than I used to.2 She's become m:uch ..01P.f.ie.f . (nappy) since she stopped seeingDominic.3 He has to work a lot ............ (hard) in this newjob than he used to in his old one.l'oNouns, adjectives and adverbsI always feel ........... . (healthy) when I'm onholiday than when I'm at work.It all happened ........... . (sudden) than I wasexpecting.I think the meal's going to be a lot(expensive) than we anticipated.7 That child ate (hungry) than any childI've ever seen.8 This curry tastes (hot) than you usuallymake it.9 I occasionally go to the gym but I should go(frequent) than I do.10 He was injured (serious) than any of theothers.11 He made me (furious) than I've everbeen in my life.12 He treats her (considerate) now than heused to.13 You need to react ......... ... (assertive) when theytreat you like that.14 The weather's turned (cold) recently.15 Your hair looks much ........ .... (nice) like that.16 You've upset her now. I think you could have told her(tactful).17 I think you were charged too much. Bill would have done the job... (cheap) for you.(''(^-TE---T' 4**tts-25Grammar: odjectives and adverbsAdverbs of degreez very, absolutely, etc.* Gradable adiectives and adverbs refer to qualities that we can grade or compare;they usua[[y have a comparative and supertative form.6= We can use adverbs of degree to make gradable adjectives and adverbs stronger orweaker: He's a foirly good pointer but he needs to improve his technique.They work together extremely efficiently..r=., We can use verywilh att gradable adjectives and adverbs. We can use extremelyand reolly with many of them: very intelligenthadly extremely hot/old-fashionedreally h appy /colo urfu Irr, Ungradable adjectives and adverbs refer to extreme quatities that we don't gradeor compare; they don't usually have a comparative and superlative form. Comparethese pairs of gradable and ungradable adiectives and adverbs: ongry - furiousbadly - oppollingly big - gigontic well - brilliontly hot - boilingimportont - essentiol tired - exhousteduo We can use obsolutely and really to emphasise many ungradable ad jectives andadverbs but we cannot make them weaker: absolutely brilliantly reolly owfulrF Some adverbs of degree tend to collocate with certain adiectives:utte rly i m po ssi ble /m i se rable /ri d i culo us /use le ssh i g hly o m usi n g /i m p ro bo ble /ski lle d /s ucce ssfu Itotally d iffe re nt /exh o uste d /sati sfi ed /u n n ecessaryco m p I e te ly o cc u rat e /re I axe d /f re e /s ati sfi e d /u se I e s se n ti re ly cleo r/hop py /sati sfacto ry /sure= The adverbs quite and rother can have different meanings, depending on how theyare used:quite (= fairty) + gradabte adjective/adverb: /t3 quite good.quite 1= absolutely) + ungradable adiective/adverb: The team ployed quitebrilliontly.rother (= fairty) + negative gradable ad jective/adverb: She3 rother ongry.rather + comparative adjective/adverb: Their last CD wos rother better thon thisone.rather (= to a greater degree than expected) + positive gradable adiective/adverb:Thot progromme wos rother interesting.,iF With a noun, we can use the following patterns: lt was quite o pleosont surprise.It was rother o pleosont surprise. lt was o rother pleosont surprise.i 1",: Circle the correct answer.o Your prediction was accurate. ln fact, yo, *ere(6E.,[i7D I extremety righl.r Carlos is an extremely I obsolutelyhard worker. He also works obsolutely Ivery quickly.z lt's obsolutely I reolly cold outside. Shattwe stay in?3 ls it very I absolutely important that I go out tonight? l'm obsolutely I reallytired.)5Grammar: adjectives ond odverbs4 She was reolly I foirly furious with him for leaving the baby alone.5 lf you foltow the instructions, it's obsolutely I foirly simple to assemble thebookcase.6 Are you absolutely I extremely certain that the information is accurate?7 Hygiene isabsolutely I extremely important in places tike hospitats.8 He was obsolutely I very devastated by the accident. Luckity, alt of his friendsresponded obsolutely I very sympatheticalty.9 Budapest is a beautiful city with some really I very magnificent buitdings.ro You shoutd go and see the exhibition at the museum.lt's absolutely I veryinteresting.16b Circle the correct answers. There may be more than one correct answer.o The meal it@l foirty 7@aeticious.r The film we saw was quite I totally I highly amusing.z You've made foirly I quite I very a big mess.3 I always have a(n) obsolutely I reolly I verywonderfuttime when I go there.4 He looked entirely I very I utterly ridiculous in those ctothes.5 They weren't entirely I rother I utterly happy with the resutts.6 lf you aren't highly I completely I rather satisfied with your purchase, we't[ giveyou your money back.7 They make a(n) obsolutely I extremely I very altractive couple, don't you think?8 She's a(n) entirely I extremely I highly successfulsurgeon.9 Donna hates her new schoot. ln fact, sheis utterly I highly I absolutelymiserabte there.ro There's a lot of traffic on the roads and lthink it's very I entirely I highlyimprobabte that they'tt arrive on time.16( Comptete the conversations. Use quite or rother. Sometimes both are possible.o A: We're .......9.y.i.t3........ amazed at how quickty he's recovered from the ittness.B: I know. lt's ......f9.!!!9!....... surprising but such a relieflr A: You Iook ...................... exhausted. How do you fee[?B: I've just had a rest but I'm stitl .. tired.z A: I think Sue behaved .. appatlingty this evening. Don't you?B: Welt, you're over-reacting a little but she did behave .. badty.3 A: The lead singer performed .. sptendidty this evening.B: She did perform .. wetl given that her reviews haven't beenvery positive.4 A: Sula understands English .. well but she finds it difficutt tospeak.B: True, but she did ...................... better than I expected on her last test.5 A: I think Hong Kong is ...................... an amazing city.B: Yes, and it's .. fascinating too.Grammar: odjectives ond odverbsSentence adverbsi certainly, clearly, etc.Sentence adverbs modify the whole sentence or clause. Some adverbs expresshow certain the speaker is: certainly, definitely, probably, possibly.ln affirmativesentences, these adverbs usua[ty come after the verb be or after the auxiliary. lnnegative sentences, they come before the auxitiary I'll probably be late for dinnertonight. I certoinly won't be early.Some adverbs often come at the beginning of the sentence and may be followedby a comma: cleorly, honestly, hopefully, luckily, noturally, obviously, personolly,surely: Cleorly, the situation is serious. Surely we should be doing more oboutenvironmentol issues.These adverbs can also come before the verb, after the verb be or after the auxiliary:Figures clearly show a drop in soles. The situotion is obviously serious.Some sentence adverbs help to organise a text or conversation . Anyway shows thatthe speaker is about to end a conversation, go back to an important topic or changeto a new topic. By the way introduces a new idea or topic: Anyway, os I said, he isarriving tomorrow. By the woy, have you seen my keys?1:* Re-write the sentences. Put the adverbs in brackets in the correct position.o I'm not sure where she is but she's stitI at work. (probabty)..r.l,l:.lg!.::.trs.vt:.9.r9..:.1.g.!:..9v.!.:.t:.g.':.p.rpPg!.tv.:.:!!!.g.!.v.g.r!.:...................r The disease was caused by tead poisoning. (possibty)z I didn't expect this to happen. (certainty)3 She knew the money was stolen. (surety)4 He's very attracted to you. (obviousty)5 There are no easy answers to the probtem. (ctearty)3.;r* Circte the correct answer.A: You look like you've been enjoying yourself. Where have you been?B: To see the new Bond fitm. ll's (o) noturallq l@rolobDthe best one yet.A: I'm surprised. The reviews (i certoinly I surely haven't been very good.B: (z) Obviously I Personolly,l enioyed it. You can't atways trust the critics.A: lsuppose not. (:) Anyway I Bytheway,you've convinced me. I'm(Q definitely I surely going to see the fi[m now.B: (5) Anywoy I By the way,l heard that you'd had an accident but that(6) luckily f surely, it wasn't anything serious. ls that right?A: I'm afraid so. (l) Fortunotely I Hopefully, I was wearing my seatbelt.(8) Naturolly I Personolly,l was shaken up but I'm fine now.37