1.
Moldova
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Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian, Republica Moldova, listen, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878, Bessarabia remained a province of the Russian Empire until 1917, when during the Russian Revolution it became an autonomous and then nominally independent Moldavian Democratic Republic. In 1918, following a vote of its assembly, Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania, the decision was disputed by Soviet Russia, which in 1924, created within the Ukrainian SSR, on a territory east of Bessarabia, a so-called Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union, the Soviets decided to split the region between a newly established Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian SSR. The Moldavian SSR included two-thirds of the territory of Bessarabia, on 27 August 1991, as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. The current Constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994, the strip of the Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester river has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990. Its economy is the poorest in Europe in per capita terms, Moldova is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The name Moldova derives from the Moldova River, the valley of this served as a political centre at the time of the foundation of the Principality of Moldavia in 1359. The origin of the name of the river remains unclear, the dogs name, given to the river, extended to the Principality. For a short time in the 1990s, at the founding of the Commonwealth of Independent States, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the country began to use the Romanian name, Moldova. Officially, the name Republic of Moldova is designated by the United Nations, in 2010, Oldowan flint tools were discovered at Bayraki that are 800, 000–1.2 million years old. This demonstrates that humans were present in Moldova during the early Paleolithic era. The inhabitants of this civilization, which lasted roughly from 5500 to 2750 BC, practiced agriculture, raised livestock, hunted, in antiquity, Moldovas territory was inhabited by Dacian tribes. Between the 1st and 7th centuries AD, the south was intermittently under the Roman, and then Byzantine Empires. The Principality of Moldavia, established in 1359, was bounded by the Carpathian Mountains in the west, the Dniester River in the east, and the Danube River and Black Sea to the south. Its territory comprised the territory of the Republic of Moldova, the eastern eight counties of Romania. Like the present-day republic and Romanias north-eastern region, it was known to the locals as Moldova, Moldavia was invaded repeatedly by Crimean Tatars and, beginning in the 15th century, by the Turks. In 1538, the principality became a tributary to the Ottoman Empire, the title used in the document of 6 July 1600 was The King of the country of Romania, Ardeal and of all of Moldavia

2.
Democratic Party of Moldova
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The Democratic Party of Moldova is a social-democratic political party in Moldova. The party is associated with its chief financial backer, the oligarch Vladimir Plahotniuc. It had grown out of the movement that supported independent candidate Petru Lucinschi in the 1996 presidential elections and it formed the basis of the For a Democratic and Prosperous Moldova alliance during the 1998 parliamentary election. In April 2000 the party was re-established under its current name, the PDM received 5% of the vote in the 2001 parliamentary election, but failed to win a seat. The party then joined the Democratic Moldova Electoral Bloc for the 2005 election, however, after the elections the three constituent parties Bloc split into separate parliamentary groups. The Social Liberal Party merged into the PDM on 10 February 2008, the April 2009 parliamentary election saw the party receive 3% of the vote and failed to win a seat. However, the PDM increased its share of the vote to 13% in the elections in July 2009. The PDM subsequently joined the ruling Alliance for European Integration coalition government alongside the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova, the Liberal Party and Our Moldova Alliance. In the 2010 parliamentary election, the PDM received 12. 7% of the vote and 15 seats, in the 2014 parliamentary election on 30 November 2014, the PDM received 15. 8% of the vote and 19 seats. On 18 February 2015, the PDM joined the Political Alliance for a European Moldova minority government led by Prime Minister Chiril Gaburici of the PLDM

3.
Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova
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The Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova is a pro-Russian socialist political party in Moldova. Between 2005 and 2011 it was known as the Party of Socialists of Moldova «Motherland», the PSRM was founded in 1997 by members of the Socialist Party of Moldova. The Founding Congress took place on 29 June 1997 in Chişinău, Veronica Abramciuc and Eduard Smirnov were elected as co-chairmen of the new party. In 2011, Igor Dodon, former member of the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova, joined the party, subsequently a Socialist Group, which included three former representatives of the PCRM, was set up in the Parliament. In the 2014 general election the party won the election with over 20% of the vote, the party remained in opposition, as two pro-EU center-right parties managed to form a minority cabinet with the external support of the PCRM. The PSRM participated in the Moldovan parliamentary elections in 1998 and 2001 without success, at the 2009 legislative elections in April and July and at the 2010 legislative election it supported the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova. Its leader, Veronica Abramciuc, was included in the PCRM candidates list

4.
Liberal Party (Moldova)
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The Liberal Party is a conservative-liberal political party in Moldova. The president of the party is Mihai Ghimpu and his nephew Dorin Chirtoacă is the current Mayor of Chișinău and vice-president of the Party. The party was established under the name Party of Reform in 1993 by Anatol Șalaru, in 1997 Mihai Ghimpu was elected chairman. Until April 2005, the party had a Christian democratic electoral platform, at the second party congress, held on 24 April 2005, party members adopted the new name Liberal Party, along with a new logo and programme, which presented a liberal political platform. Mihai Ghimpu was elected president of the party, the party competed in the April 2009 parliamentary election, obtaining 13. 13% of the vote and of 15 seats in parliament. At the parliamentary election of 2009 in July, the vote rose to 14. 68%. The party was included in the First Filat Cabinet, at the 2010 parliamentary election, the party obtained 9. 96% of the vote and 12 seats in parliament. The party remained in the Second Filat Cabinet, the European Action Movement merged into the party in March 2011. Under the leadership of Ghimpu, the party has altered its former Christian democratic orientation, on 25 January 2009, a Conference for the constitution of a Womens wing for the Liberal Party the Liberal Womens Organisation was held. The party also formed a wing the Young Liberals. The party has joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe as an observer member, in February 2013 the party suffered an internal split. On 12 April 2013 the Liberal Party Reform Council was launched, the members of this Council were called Liberal Reformers by the media. At the 2014 parliamentary election, the Liberal Party received 9. 7% of the vote, in the 2007 local elections the party gained 18. 31% in Chișinău municipality and 11 seats on the Chișinău Municipal Council. Its vice-president, Dorin Chirtoacă, became Mayor

5.
European People's Party of Moldova
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The European People’s Party of Moldova is a centre-right political party in Moldova. The party is led by Iurie Leancă, who was Prime Minister of Moldova from 2013 to 2015, for the duration of this premiership, Leancă was a member of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova. The government of Moldova which emerged from coalition talks after the 2014 parliamentary election did not command a parliamentary majority, the PLDM, led by former Prime Minister Vlad Filat, conceded Leancăs departure from office to the PCRM as part of this arrangement. Besides Leancă, former deputy Prime Minister Eugen Carpov and Nicolae Juravschi are the partys other MPs, the party participated in the 2015 local election as the European People’s Platform Electoral Bloc — Iurie Leancă with the Liberal Reformist Party, Democratic Action and Democracy at Home. The party leadership has expressed opposition to Moldovas communist legacy and opposes even informal cooperation with communist parties, from this perspective anti-communism can be seen as party of the PPEMs platform

6.
Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova
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The Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova is a communist party in Moldova, led by Vladimir Voronin. It is the only communist party to have held a majority in government in the post-Soviet states, the PCRM is part of the Party of the European Left. It is currently supporting the government of Moldova on a confidence. It does not have any ministers delegated in the Gaburici Cabinet, after the July 2009 parliamentary election, it was the leading opposition party to the Alliance For European Integration. The PCRM was registered as a party in 1994. The PCRM was part of the Popular Patriotic Forces Front at the time of the 1996 presidential election, in which Voronin stood as the candidate and won 10. 3% of the vote. The party supported Petru Lucinschi in the round of the election. In the March 1998 parliamentary election, the PCRM won 30. 1% of the vote and 40 seats, becoming the largest party in parliament, in its platform, it called for the rebirth of a socialist society. Despite its strong showing, the PCRM was left in opposition due to the formation of a coalition government, Alliance for Democracy. Although Lucinschi later nominated Voronin as Prime Minister of Moldova in late 1999, subsequently the PCRM received 49. 9% of the vote in the February 2001 parliamentary election, winning 71 out of the 101 seats in parliament. With a PCRM parliamentary majority, Voronin was elected as President by parliament in April 2001, the Constitutional Court ruled that the President could also lead a political party, and Voronin was re-elected as party leader. It was the political party in Moldova. It won the Moldovan parliamentary election,2005, and provided the President, Vladimir Voronin, the Prime Minister, Zinaida Greceanîi, under Voronin, it privatized several state-owned industries and governed in a multi-party fashion. It also favors European integration and eventual EU membership, after April 2009 election and the civil unrest, the climate in Moldova became very polarized. The parliament failed to elect a new president, for this reason, the parliament was dissolved and snap elections were held. At the July 29 polls the Communist Party received 44. 7% of the vote and that gave the former ruling party 48 MPs, and the remaining 53 seats in the 101-member chamber went to four opposition parties, Alliance For European Integration. While officially espousing a Leninist communist doctrine, there is debate over their policies, the party is strongly opposed to any unification of Romania and Moldova. For the current period of governance, the PCRM has outlined the goals for the country, A new quality of life, Economic modernisation

7.
Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova
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The Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova is a conservative political party in Moldova. The party is led by Vlad Filat, who was Prime Minister of Moldova from 2009 to 2013, the partys founding congress was held on 8 December 2007 and Vlad Filat was elected as president. Soon, a number of local branches of the Christian Democratic Popular Party, disappointed with Iurie Roscas policy of cooperation with the Communist Party of Moldova. The party attracted a number of prominent members of civil society. At its first election, in April 2009, PLDM won 15 seats, in November 2010, the PLDM jumped to 32 seats, becoming the dominant non-Communist party. The AIE was replaced by the Pro-European Coalition in 2013, when Iurie Leancă replaced Filat as Prime Minister, on October 8,2007, the initiative group composed of 53 leaders renowned in their fields, launched the idea of creating the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova. In their statements, the group members acknowledged the profound crisis in the Republic of Moldova. For two months, over 20,000 citizens from all districts of the submitted applications to join the Liberal Democratic Party. Organizations were created in all units of the second level in Chişinău, Bălţi, Tiraspol, Bender. The first founding Congress of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova took place on December 8,2007 in Chişinău and it was attended by 592 delegates from 38 local organizations. The Congress approved the Program and Statute and elected the governing, the second Congress of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova took place on September 27,2008, in Balti. It was attended by 547 delegates from local party organizations, the Liberal Democratic Teachers Association was formed within the party on September 13,2008 and on October 11,2008 – the Liberal Democratic Doctors and Pharmacists Association. Formation of socio-professional associations within the party is stipulated in the statute of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova, the Founding Conference of the Youth Organization of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova took place on November 15,2008. It was attended by 517 delegates from all country districts, the delegates at the conference approved the Regulation of the Youth Organization of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova and elected the administration of the organization. The Conference approved the Green Charter for Youth - a programmatic document that includes solutions to key issues that people face. On December 27,2008, the Liberal Democratic Womens Organization was created within the PLDM, also, the Liberal Democratic Association of People active in the cultural field was created on January 31,2008 within the framework of the party. At the parliamentary elections of April 5,2009, PLDM obtained 12. 43% of the votes, at the early elections of July 29, PLDM gained 16. 57% of the votes and was represented in the Parliament by 18 deputies. Together with deputies from the LP, DPM and AMN, the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova formed the new majority coalition in the Legislative - the Alliance for European Integration

8.
Christian-Democratic People's Party (Moldova)
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The Christian-Democratic Peoples Party is a Christian democratic political party in Moldova. The party was led by Iurie Roșca from 1994 until 2011, until 2005, the PPCD and the National Liberal Party were the main political organizations in the country supporting the unification of Moldova and Romania. The party has had poor results in all subsequent elections. Since April 2005, the PPCD has lost several deputies, mayors, councillors and members to the liberal-democratic parties, the PPCD was an informal coalition partner of the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova from 2005–2009. It is the successor of the Democratic Movement of Moldova, Popular Front of Moldova, in March 2005, the party became an observer member of the European Peoples Party. The 2002 one-month suspension of activities was found to be in violation of its freedoms of assembly. Official website Election results at e-democracy. md

9.
Ecologist Green Party (Moldova)
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The Ecologist Green Party, formerly known as the Ecologist Party of Moldova Green Alliance is a green political party in Moldova. The party was established on April 9,1992, the Founding Congress adopted the program and bylaws and elected the governing bodies. Gheorghe Malarciuc was the first leader of the party, Green party Green politics List of environmental organizations Official website European Greens profile for the Ecologist Party Green Alliance of Moldova

10.
Labour Party (Moldova)
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The Labour Party is a minor political party in Moldova led by Gheorghe Sima. The party was established as the Labour Union on 25 September 1999, in 2001 the party joined the Braghiş Alliance, an electoral alliance set up by Prime Minister Dumitru Braghiș to contest the 2001 parliamentary elections. The Alliance won 19 seats in the elections, emerging as the second-largest faction in Parliament behind the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova, prior to the 2005 parliamentary elections the party was renamed Labour Union Party Fatherland. It ran alone in the elections, but received only 0. 9% of the vote, the party also failed to win a seat in the 2007 local elections, and did not contest the two parliamentary elections in 2009. The party returned to run in the 2010 parliamentary elections, but received just 875 votes, however, it did win six seats in the 2011 local elections

11.
Liberal Reformist Party (Moldova)
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The Liberal Reformist Party is a political party in Moldova. Formed on 12 April 2013 as the Liberal Party Reform Council, the PLR is an observer affiliate of the Liberal International. On 21 June 2013 at Costeşti, Ialoveni took place General Meeting of the Liberal Party Reform Council, on 1 August 2013 in Chişinău took place the first meeting of the Council of Founding of the Liberal Reformist Party. The party failed to gain representation at the 2014 parliamentary election, Liberal Party Reform Council official website

12.
National Liberal Party (Moldova)
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The National Liberal Party of Moldova is a political party in Moldova. It was founded in 1993 and temporarily disappeared through political amalgamation in 2000, the party supports the Unification of Romania and Moldova and shares the visual identity and ideology of its sister party in Romania. Unlike the Romanian PNL which is once again dominant on the centre-right, in addition to support for political union with Romania, as an interim measure, the PNL supports EU and NATO membership for Moldova. PNL leaflet -1 PNL leaflet -1 Official website

13.
New Force Movement
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The New Force Social-Political Movement is a minor political party in Moldova led by Valeriu Pleşca. Registered on 28 May 1997, the party joined the For a Democratic, the alliance received 18% of the vote, winning 24 of the 101 seats and becoming the third-largest faction in Parliament. The MSPFN held one seat, taken by Pleşca and it formed the Alliance for Democracy and Reforms coalition together with Democratic Convention of Moldova and the Party of Democratic Forces, which was able to form a government led by Ion Ciubuc. The party contested the 1999 local elections as part of the Centrist Alliance, prior to the 2001 parliamentary elections the party joined the Braghiş Alliance. The Alliance won 19 seats, one of which was taken by the MSPFNs Pleşca

14.
Democratic Action Party (Moldova)
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The Democratic Action Party is a liberal political party in Moldova. The PAD was founded in 2011 by ex-member of the Liberal Democratic Party Mihai Godea, the party was founded as the social movement Alternative Democratic Platform. The Founding Congress took place on 6 November 2011 in Chişinău, Mihai Godea was elected as chairman of the new party

15.
Social Democratic Party (Moldova)
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The Social Democratic Party is an extra-parliamentary political party in Moldova, currently led by Victor Şelin. The party was founded on May 13,1990, when was known as the Social Democratic Party of Moldova, the Founding Conference elected Oazu Nantoi, Ion Negură, Alexandru Coşelev as the Party Co-chairpersons. Initially, the Social-Democratic Party of Moldova fought for the independence of the Moldovan SSR and that was the first party to promote the values of European social democracy in Moldova. At the third congress of the party, 25–26 February 1995, on the eve of 1996 presidential elections, Social Democrats were the only ones to openly support Petru Lucinschi. During 1996-1998, the party underwent some internal problems generated from within by controversial opinions on the party political course as well as from outside and this internal crisis culminated in 1998, when Gheorghe Sima group left the party. The old team headed by Oazu Nantoi took over the party leadership, Social-Democratic Party of Moldova was a member of the Socialist International. Incumbent Party Chairperson, Oazu Nantoi, attended in November 1999 the 21st Paris Congress of the Socialist International. At the seventh congress of the party,1 February 2004, Oazu Nantoi came with a proposition for Ion Muşuc to take over the party leadership, in 1999 Social Democrats insisted on Ion Muşuc candidacy for the position of Mayor of Chişinău. At the legislative elections on March 6th,2005, the party won 2. 9% of the popular vote, in December 2007 the party merged with the Social Democracy Party of former prime minister Dumitru Braghiș. Some representatives of the Centrist Union of Moldova joined the new party and they didnt agree with the decision of their leader, Mihai Petrache, to abandon the process of negotiation regarding the unification of social democrats that had started some months before. Braghis has become new leader of the merged party, Eduard Muşuc, who was the chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Moldova before the fusion congress, has become the new secretary general of the party. In June 2008 Eduard Muşuc formed a coalition with the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova, the year before the partys president Braghis was heavily criticized by the same communists when he ran for mayor. Some party members saw this as betrayal and left the party for Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova, in February 2010, it was reported that approximately 11,000 members of the PSD defected to the rival centre-left Democratic Party of Moldova. Following the 12th party congress, on April 17,2010, the party took part in the 1994,1998,2001,2005, July 2009,2010 parliamentary elections, but didnt pass the threshold of representation

16.
Our Party (Moldova)
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Our Party, previously known as the Republican Peoples Party is a political party in Moldova. It was founded in 1999 as the Peasants Christian Democratic Party of Moldova, at the 2005 parliamentary election, the party won 1. 4% of the popular vote, but no seats. The 6th National Conference of the Peasants Christian Democratic Party of Moldova took place on 28 May 2005, the conference decided to change the name of the party to the Republican Peoples Party and adopted a new status and program. The party was in opposition to the Party of Communists, who governed until 2009, on 13 April 2014 a party congress took place, in which Nicolae Andronic ceded leadership to Renato Usatîi, and the party was renamed Our Party. On 10 June 2014 the Ministry of Justice of Moldova announced that it had not recognised this action. On 8 February 2015 the Congress of party was repeated and on 27 February 2015 the Ministry of Justice approved the modifications to the party program, status, the new name and new leader

17.
Alliance for Democracy and Reforms
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It is important that a former First Secretary of the Moldavian Communist Party, Petru Lucinschi, was the President of Moldova during the activity of The Alliance for Democracy and Reforms. The Alliance for Democracy and Reforms government was formed as a result of negotiations and was the first coalition government in the history of Moldova. ADR government included representatives of all political parties members of the coalition, the Alliance for Democracy and Reforms had three Prime Ministers. Foreign policy was marked by a duality of belonging to the CIS, the Christian Democratic Popular Front voted with the Communist Party for the dismissal of the Alliance government on November 9,1999. Their criticisms of the Alliance For European Integration is a good example, governments Take Hard Hits to Qualify for World Bank Loans

18.
Alliance for European Integration
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The Alliance for European Integration was the ruling coalition in Moldova from the July 2009 election until it lost a no confidence vote on February 13,2013. It was succeeded by the Pro-European Coalition, after the April 2009 election and the civil unrest, the climate in Moldova became very polarised. The parliament failed to elect a new president, for this reason, the parliament was dissolved and snap elections were held. The July 29 polls were won by the Communist Party with 44. 7% of the vote and that gave the former ruling party 48 MPs, and the remaining 53 seats in the 101-member chamber went to four opposition parties. 51 votes are needed to elect the speaker and prime minister, after the July 2009 elections, the alliance was formed by the following parties, Liberal Democratic Party, Liberal Party, Democratic Party, and Our Moldova Alliance. On August 8,2009, the four Moldovan parties agreed to create a coalition that pushed the Communist party into opposition. The name of the coalition is the Alliance for European Integration, on 25 September 2009, the Alliance for European Integration has voted a pro-European government. After the 2010 elections, the alliance increased its majority from 53 seats to 59 seats, although the Our Moldova Alliance did not return to parliament, the leaders of the three remaining parties of the alliance pledged signed a new coalition agreement on 30 December 2010. The new cabinet was installed on 14 January 2011, when a vote took place in parliament. The leaders of the four parties – Vlad Filat, Mihai Ghimpu, Marian Lupu, the coalition said it wants an association agreement with the European Union. Also, the coalition said it wants strategic relations with both Russia and the United States, in a press conference on October 21,2009, Iurie Leancă announced that official negotiations on the association agreement Moldova-EU will start on January 12,2010. Commission for constitutional reform in Moldova is a commission instituted on December 1,2009 by acting President Ghimpu to adopt a new version of the Constitution of Moldova. The first session of Moldovas parliament has been scheduled for August 28, on August 28,2009, Mihai Ghimpu was elected as the Speaker of the Moldovan Parliament, through secret voting, getting all 53 votes of the Alliance For European Integration. Mihai Ghimpu on August 28,2009, I thank my colleagues for their trust, I hope that while in this post I will cooperate for a free press, independent legal system, and a state of law of which all the Moldovan citizens will be proud. Constitutional Court of Moldova confirmed the legitimacy of Mihai Ghimpus position as acting president, in the same day, Ghimpu signed a decree nominating Filat for the office of prime minister. The Alliance cabinet of Vlad Filat took office after winning the approval of parliament on September 25,2009, Filat said that his first official visit as premier will be made to Brussels. He added that the agenda of the first official meetings will include visits to Paris, Berlin, Bucharest, on September 11,2009, Mihai Ghimpu became the acting president of Moldova. The interim position was possible following the resignation of Moldovan President, Vladimir Voronin, one of the goals of the Alliance is to elect the new president

19.
Pro-European Coalition
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The Pro-European Coalition was the ruling coalition in Moldova from 30 May 2013 until 18 February 2015. Its leaders were Vlad Filat, Marian Lupu, and Ion Hadârcă, the previous Alliance for European Integration collapsed after it lost a no confidence vote on March 5,2013. It was succeeded by the Political Alliance for a European Moldova, leancă Cabinet - list of coalition ministers. The agreement Pro European Coalition set up was made public

20.
Political Alliance for a European Moldova
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The Political Alliance for a European Moldova was the pro-European governing coalition in Moldova from 18 February to 24 July 2015. On 24 July 2015 the Liberal Party joined a new majority coalition and its leaders were Chiril Gaburici, Vlad Filat and Marian Lupu. the Alliance was a minority coalition that from its outset relied on parliamentary support from the Moldovan Communist Party. On 22 June 2015 Gaburici resigned as Prime Minister due to an investigation into the veracity of his educational qualifications and he was replaced on an interim basis by Foreign Minister Natalia Gherman, also of the PLDM. On 24 July 2015 it was announced that Liberal Party would join a new majority coalition, Gaburici Cabinet - list of coalition ministers

21.
National Moldavian Party
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The National Moldavian Party was a political party in Bessarabia. Prior to 1917, Bessarabian intelligentsia was divided between noblemen, conservatives, democrats, and socialists, Vasile Stroescu, a rich but very modest filantop boyar, managed to persuade all major factions to leave internal fights and at four day meeting the National Moldavian Party was created. In April 1917 the party leadership was elected and it was headed by Vasile Stroescu, having among its members Paul Gore, Vladimir Herţa, Pan Halippa, Onisifor Ghibu. Botezat, Alexandru Groapă, Ion Codreanu, Vasile Gafencu, the party, which demanded autonomy, had a newspaper called Cuvânt moldovenesc, to which some refugees from Bukovina and Transylvania also contributed. The cornerstone of the National Moldavian Party program was to obtain political, administrative, church, school and they did not hesitate to send members of the respective profession to the various congresses held in Bessarabia throughout 1917, and became very influential. The party was remplaced by the Bessarabian Peasants Party, founded in Chişinău on 23 August 1918

22.
Bessarabian Peasants' Party
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The Bessarabian Peasants Party or Moldavian National Democratic Party was an agrarian political party, active in the Kingdom of Romania and, more specifically, the region of Bessarabia. Comprising various pro-Romanian and regionalist factions that had existed within the Moldavian Democratic Republic, it was brought together by shared opposition to Bolshevik Russia and communism. The PȚB, founded in August 1918, was led by Pan Halippa and Ion Inculeț, originally representing, respectively, its right and left wings, Ion Pelivan was the co-chair. It was therefore co-opted by the Parliamentary Bloc, formed around the Romanian National Party, although losing several of its chapters before the 1920 elections, it still won Bessarabia by a significant margin, openly embracing the cause of decentralization and regional autonomy. Rallied with the opposition by 1921, the PȚB was effectively split over merging with Ion Mihalaches Peasants Party. Halippa supported such a fusion, and took his supporters out of the PȚB, Inculeț reclaimed for himself the party leadership, marginally defeating Halippa and Stere in the election of 1922, the PȚB was again co-opted into government. Inculeț and his supporters entered the National Liberal Party in early 1923, the PȚB was officially founded in Chișinău on August 23,1918, some months after Bessarabias union with Romania. It was the fusion of two groups that has existed in the Moldavian Democratic Republic. Many cadres, including Halippa, had belonged to the Moldavian Bloc, which represented Romanian nationalism faction within Sfatul Țării, the Bloc itself was a relic of the National Moldavian Party, which had existed after the February Revolution—when Bessarabia was still part of the Russian Republic. On its left, the PȚB also incorporated ethnic Romanians who had caucused with Sfatul Țăriis Peasant Faction, the latters notable members were Inculeț, Pantelimon Erhan, and Vladimir Tsyganko. References to a Bessarabian Peasants Party date back to the era before World War I, a faction of that name existed in the Russian State Duma after the 1907 election. Centered on Dionisy Gulikin, it campaigned for the recognition of Romanian as a language of Russia. The same title was used in common parlance for the Peasants Faction of Sfatul Țării. Various Peasant Faction affiliates, like other future PȚB cadres, had belonged to left-wing parties in Russia, Inculeț and Daniel Ciugureanu had been Esers, and had for long maintained links with the Russian Provisional Government. More to the left, Ion Buzdugan and Gherman Pântea had caucused with the Bolsheviks, in November 1917, almost a year before the PȚBs formal registration, a party of the same name had participated in the ill-fated election for the Constituent Assembly. Its list included, among others, Inculeț, Pântea, and Halippa. The results would have allowed the party to hold 5 of the 13 Bessarabian deputy seats, as many as the local Esers, in contrast, during the same month, Inculeț was elected the Moldavian Republics President by his colleagues in Sfatul. Inculeț defended himself against such charges, in his account, he had merely passed himself off for a revolutionary, in hopes of dissuading radicals from toppling his government, and hide his sentiments

23.
Democratic Agrarian Party
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The Democratic Agrarian Party was a clandestine political party in the Moldovan SSR. The leader of the Democratic Agrarian Party was Vasile Odobescu, during the Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, his family was deported from Bessarabia. In 1953, Vasile Odobescu was sentenced to death and Ilarion Tautu, list of political parties in Moldova Raportul Comisiei Cojocaru Drama Basarabiei Preluarea puterii şi instaurarea dictaturii comuniste Raportul privind crimele comunismului in Basarabia

24.
Our Moldova Alliance
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The Our Moldova Alliance was a social-liberal political party in Moldova led by Serafim Urechean, former mayor of Chișinău. It merged into the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova during April 2011 and it was led by Dumitru Braghiș and absorbed the Socio-political Movement Plai Natal in 2002. Among its leaders was former president Mircea Snegur, the last party leader was Veaceslav Untila. The Independents Alliance of Moldova, a party founded in 2001 by Serafim Urechean, the Popular Democratic Party of Moldova, a party established in 1997. At the April 2009 parliamentary elections, the Our Moldova Alliance won 11 seats, at the July 2009 parliamentarty election, the Our Moldova Alliance lost 4 seats, receiving a total of 7 seats. However, other parties gained enough seats for a majority. In August 2009, the party became a force within the Alliance For European Integration. The party lost all representation in the 2010 parliamentary election

25.
Popular Front of Moldova
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The Popular Front of Moldova was a political movement in the Moldavian SSR, one of the 15 union republics of the former Soviet Union, and in the newly independent Republic of Moldova. Formally, the Front existed from 1989 to 1992 and it was the successor to the Democratic Movement of Moldova, and was succeeded by the Christian Democratic Popular Front and, ultimately, the Christian-Democratic Peoples Party. The Popular Front was well organized nationally, with its strongest support in the capital, once the organization was in power, however, internal disputes led to a sharp fall in popular support, and it fragmented into several competing factions by early 1993. The precursor of the Front, the Democratic Movement of Moldova organized public meetings, demonstrations, and song festivals since February 1988, in the streets, the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chișinău, and the adjacent park harboring Aleea Clasicilor. On January 15,1988, in a tribute to Mihai Eminescu at his bust on the Aleea Clasicilor, leonida Lari was one of the founders and main leaders of Popular Front of Moldova. The Fronts founding congress took place on May 20,1989 amidst the backdrop of a ferment that had gripped the republic since late 1988, initially, it was a reformist movement modeled on the Baltic pattern that stressed glasnost, perestroika and demokratizatsiya and was not exclusivist. The congress was attended by representatives from many of Moldovas ethnic groups, including a delegate from the Gagauz umbrella organisation, during the second congress, Ion Hadârcă was elected as president of the Front, from among 3 candidates for the job. Other two candidates that sought election to the post were Nicolae Costin and Gheorghe Ghimpu, FPM was at first called a public organization, since political parties other than the Communist Party were forbidden in the USSR. Also in summer 1989, Russian-speaking elites in Transnistria had defected from the movement, nevertheless, the Popular Front was far from dead and soon achieved its first major objective. Grand National Assembly was the first major achievement of the Popular Front, later, when this autonomous territorial unit was created, Gagauz and Russian were recognized as official alongside Moldovan in Gagauzia. Its identity with the Romanian language was also established, august 31 has been the National Language Day ever since. Together with affiliated groups, the Front won a victory and one of its leaders, Mircea Druc. The Popular Front saw its government as a purely transitional ministry, its role was to dissolve the Moldavian SSR, the policies of the Druc government included a virtual purge of non-Moldovans from cultural institutions and the reorientation of educational policy away from Russian-speakers. However, this strident line, coupled with receptiveness to union in Romania, a chief supporter of Moldovas sovereignty was Snegur, who became president in September 1990. Organized in the Supreme Soviet as the Soviet Moldavia faction, the anti-reformers became increasingly inflexible, hence, clashes occurred almost immediately once the new Supreme Soviet began its inaugural session in April 1990. The leaders of the FPM were driven by the belief that Romanians and Moldovans form a single nation. Although an explicit unionist position was not adopted until it had been relegated to permanent opposition status, in addition, some leaders of the PFM were quick to alienate ethnic minorities and PFM sympathizers from within the Soviet system. The discrepancy with the economic needs of the population

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Politics of Moldova
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The politics of Moldova takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, wherein the prime minister heads the government, and of a multi-party system. Legislative power is vested in the Parliament, the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The position of the region of Transnistria, relations with Romania and with Russia. The Moldovan Parliament has 101 members, elected for a term by proportional representation. The president is elected for a term by parliament. The seat of the legislature is simply as the Parliament Building. In the 2010 Parliamentary election, the Communists won 42 seats, while the Liberal-Democrats won 32, the Democratic Party won 15, and this gave the Alliance for European Integration 59 seats, two short of the 61 needed to elect a President. The result thus maintained the status quo following the constitutional deadlock. Observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Council of Europe lauded the election, the president is elected by the Parliament for a four-year term. The cabinet is selected by prime minister-designate, subject to approval of parliament, the cabinet meets at Government House on Stephen the Great Boulevard in Central Chișinău. The underlying issue in The Republic of Moldova revolves around whether or not the country should reunite with Romania, with which it shares a common ethnicity, language, culture and history. Today Moldova is effectively bilingual, with a Romanian speaking majority, there is disagreement as to whether elections and politics in Moldova are carried out in a free and democratic climate on the part of certain organizations. Other critics have referred to the Communist Party government as being authoritarian. Nevertheless, George W. Bush stated that, We note and welcome Moldovas positive record since independence in conducting free and fair elections, there have also been reports of politically motivated arrests and arrests without valid legal grounds. Such arrests are allegedly carried out against opponents of the Communist Party government of President Vladimir Voronin, in one case which was criticized by various Western organizations and individuals, opposition politician Valeriu Pasat was sentenced to ten years imprisonment on dubious grounds. Moldova had successfully joined the World Trade Organization and the Southeast European Stability Pact in 2001, agreement in these areas was critical, because large government debts that were due in 2002 had to be rescheduled. The government has made concerted efforts to find ways to pay for Moldovas energy supplies, political parties and other groups publish newspapers, which often criticize government policies. There are several independent news services, radio stations, and an independent television station, peaceful assembly is allowed, though permits for demonstrations must be obtained, private organizations, including political parties, are required to register with the government