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Entry Task Write down some of your thoughts for these two questions; be prepared to share. 1.What does a “2” represent? (approaching proficiency) -For a teacher? -For a student? -For a parent? -For a transcript reviewer? 2.What does a “4” represent? (beyond proficiency) -For a teacher? -For a student? -For a parent? -For a transcript reviewer?

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“Clearly a better method for developing and scoring assessments is needed – one that ensures that the scale (the size of an inch) stays the same from one assessment to the next and that a teacher applies the same logic to scoring of each assessment.” Marzano, Robert J. Formative Assessment and Standards-Based Grading 2010

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How does“ Depth of Knowledge” (DOK) as defined by Norman Webb facilitate the implementation of standards-aligned program? How is the “Depth of Knowledge” a foundation for the construction of a proficiency scale to “unpack” clusters/ standards? How can we use the implementation of CCSS and NGSS as a way to infuse standards-focused practices? What implications does scaling have as the foundation for building leveled assessments and instructional plans? How can instructional leaders utilize proficiency scaling as a focal point for a more coherent system for curriculum, assessment and instruction? Session’s Overview

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Norman Webb’s Depth of Knowledge Adapted from the model used by Norm Webb, University of Wisconsin, to align standards with assessments The degree of depth or complexity of knowledge reflected in the content standards and assessments How deeply a student needs to understand the content for a given response/assessment

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Addresses the content being assessed and the depth to which we expect students to demonstrate understanding of that content. Is a reference to the complexity of mental processing that must occur to answer a question, perform a task, or generate a product Is about cognitive complexity, not difficulty Is not grade contextualized Offers a pathway to rigor Webb’s Depth of Knowledge (DOK)

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Created based on work of Webb, Norman L. and others. “Web Alignment Tool” 24 July Wisconsin Center of Educational Research. University of Wisconsin- Madison. 2 Feb. 2006

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Depth of Knowledge depends on more than the verb. The complexity also depends on what the verb is acting on. For example, “draw” is in the DOK level 1 sector. But a student who draws a blueprint of a new building is doing more than recall of information. Explain also can be at different levels--explain by repeating a definition (DOK level 1), explain by putting a paragraph into your own words (DOK level 2), or explain by describing an analysis of the factors contributing to the economic down turn of the US (DOK level 3).

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Bloom’s and Webb’s Different models to describe cognitive rigor Bloom – What type of thinking (verbs) are needed to complete the task? Webb – How deeply do you have to understand the content to successfully interact at a given depth? How complex is the content?

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Depth of Knowledge Recall— Identify this utensil. Concept— Explain the function of the fork. Strategic— Identify two examples of when a fork would not be the best utensil for a type of food and explain why. Extended— Design an investigation to determine the optimal number and length of tines for a salad fork. From: Lois Barnes SREB/HSTW

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Depth of Knowledge Recall— Identify the type of tree. Concept— Explain the function of the leaves. Strategic— Explain how a drought might affect the growth of the tree. Extended— Design an investigation of seedling growth to determine the best fertilizer for this type of tree. From: Lois Barnes SREB/HSTW

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Card Sort Activity? Working with an elbow partner label each task/prompt with the appropriate DOK level and justify your decision.

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Cognitive Complexity vs Difficulty What is the difference between Cognitive Complexity and Difficulty Level? Difficulty refers to how many students answered the question correctly. High Order Thinking refers to how many steps it takes to answer the question. Add: 4,678,895+ 9,578,885 What is the DOK?

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DOK Snapshot DOK is a scale of cognitive demand DOK is not an exact science DOK is not about difficulty but how much thinking is required for the student to complete the prompt/task DOK is about the item/standard not the student The context of the item/standard must be considered to determine the DOK level not just a look at what verb was chosen. DOK is lowered when too much information is given

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How can we be consistent in applying DOK at our grade level? Depth of Knowledge = Cognitive Demand = Rigor How much and what kind of “thinking” is called for in each CCSS cluster, for classroom instruction and on assessments? What kinds of “thinking” is called for approaching the cluster and beyond the cluster?

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Proficiency Scaling The process of identifying and developing the cognitive demand or level of rigor for a given standard. -Starting with the standard: educators use a framework … (Bloom’s, Costa’s, Webb’s DOK or combination) …as way to build “a rigorous rubric-based approach in the interest of valid and reliable assessing” which informs both teacher and student -If Proficient is the standard: -What is Advanced? -What is a Basic? Marzano, Robert J. Formative Assessment and Standards-Based Grading 2010

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Common Core Grades KGrades 1Grades 2 Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from. 1. Represent addition and subtraction with objects, fingers, mental images, drawings2, sounds (e.g., claps), acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations. 2. Solve addition and subtraction word problems, and add and subtract within 10, e.g., by using objects or drawings to represent the problem. 3. Decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record each decomposition by a drawing or equation (e.g., 5 = and 5 = 4 + 1). 4. For any number from 1 to 9, find the number that makes 10 when added to the given number, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record the answer with a drawing or equation. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction. 1. Use addition and subtraction within 20 to solve word problems involving situations of adding to, taking from, putting together, taking apart, and comparing, with unknowns in all positions, e.g., by using objects, drawings, and equations with a symbol for the unknown number to represent the problem.2 2. Solve word problems that call for addition of three whole numbers whose sum is less than or equal to 20, e.g., by using objects, drawings, and equations with a symbol for the unknown number to represent the problem. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction. Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve one- and two- step word problems involving situations of adding to, taking from, putting together, taking apart, and comparing, with unknowns in all positions, e.g., by using drawings and equations with a symbol for the unknown number to represent the problem.

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Advanced Cognitive task extending from standard; requiring decision-making, expressing reasoning, or applying what has been explicitly taught in new contexts Proficient Standard as defined by the state including expectations for content, process, skills, and/or performance to be explicitly taught. Basic Cognitive step just before standard that is explicitly taught; includes concepts broken into distinct segments, foundational skills and key vocabulary. Foundational With help, partial success of Basic or Proficient content and/or elements preceding Basic level.

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K-Math Advanced Cognitive task extending from standard; requiring decision-making, expressing reasoning, or applying what has been explicitly taught in new contexts  Count backwards from a given number by ones.  Write numbers from various starting points beyond 20 and continue the number pattern.  Write given numbers out of sequence above 20. Proficient Standard as defined by the state including expectations for content, process, skills, and/or performance to be explicitly taught. Know number names and the count sequence. (MTH.K.CC.KNNCS)  Count to 100 by ones (MTH.K.CC.KNNCS.1)  Count to 100 by tens (MTH.K.CC.KNNCS.1)  Count forward beginning from a given number within the known sequence (instead of having to begin at 1). (MTH.K.CC.KNNCS.2)  Write numbers from 0 to 20. (MTH.K.CC.KNNCS.2)  Represent a number of objects with a written numeral 0-20 (with 0 representing a count of no objects). (MTH.K.CC.KNNCS.3) Basic Cognitive step just before standard that is explicitly taught; includes concepts broken into distinct segments, foundational skills and key vocabulary  Uses the pattern of 1-9 to count within a decade (e.g. in twenties, in thirties, etc)  Writes numbers from 0 to 20 using a tool (e.g. number line, 100s chart)  Represents a number of objects with a visual tool 0-20 (refer to a number line or number card).  Recognizes the numbers from 0 to 20. Foundational With help, partial success of Basic or Proficient content and/or elements preceding Basic level.

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Advanced Cognitive task extending from standard; requiring decision-making, expressing reasoning, or applying what has been explicitly taught in new contexts Proficient Standard as defined by the state including expectations for content, process, skills, and/or performance to be explicitly taught. Basic Cognitive step just before standard that is explicitly taught; includes concepts broken into distinct segments, foundational skills and key vocabulary. Foundational With help, partial success of Basic or Proficient content and/or elements preceding Basic level.

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Difference Between Scales and Rubrics Scales are built for teachers use in planning assessments and instruction Scales are tied to standard – independent of performance task Basic tasks are deliberate performance expectations not written to be “lacking” or “missing” proficient elements Rubrics are tied to specific performance expectations – Rubrics are smaller picture – Proficiency Scales are the bigger picture

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Is school about ACTIVITIES or LEARNING? Shift from Activities to Learning Fix 5: Don’t reduce grade based on attendance Fix 6: Don’t include “group scores” Fix 9: Don’t assign grades through comparison to others

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Shift from Points to Evidence Fix 3: Don’t add “extra” points Fix 4: Don’t punish with grades (dishonesty) Fix 11: Don’t rely on the mean; use other measures and professional judgment Fix 12: Don’t include 0s – use “I” for insufficient evidence and gather information to make determinations

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Shift from Event to Process Is learning an EVENT or a PROCESS? Fix 13: Don’t use formatives in grade; use only summative evidence Fix 15: Don’t leave students out of the learning process – they should play key roles in the assessment process”