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1 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT World Investment Report 2006 FDI from Developing and Transition Economies: Implications for Development United Nations New York and Geneva, 2006

2 ii NOTE As the focal point in the United Nations system for investment and technology, and building on 30 years of experience in these areas, UNCTAD, through DITE, promotes understanding of key issues, particularly matters related to foreign direct investment and transfer of technology. DITE also assists developing countries in attracting and benefiting from FDI and in building their productive capacities and international competitiveness. The emphasis is on an integrated policy approach to investment, technological capacity building and enterprise development. The terms country/economy as used in this Report also refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The major country groupings used in this Report follow the classification of the United Nations Statistical Office. These are: Developed countries: the countries members of the OECD (other than Mexico, the Republic of Korea and Turkey), plus the new European Union member countries which are not OECD members (Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Slovenia), plus Andorra, Israel, Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino. Transition economies: South-East Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Developing economies: in general all economies not specified above. The reference to a company and its activities should not be construed as an endorsement by UNCTAD of the company or its activities. The boundaries and names shown and designations used on the maps presented in this publication do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The following symbols have been used in the tables: Two dots (..) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported. Rows in tables have been omitted in those cases where no data are available for any of the elements in the row; A dash (-) indicates that the item is equal to zero or its value is negligible; A blank in a table indicates that the item is not applicable, unless otherwise indicated; A slash (/) between dates representing years, e.g., 1994/95, indicates a financial year; Use of a hyphen (-) between dates representing years, e.g., , signifies the full period involved, including the beginning and end years; Reference to "dollars" ($) means United States dollars, unless otherwise indicated; Annual rates of growth or change, unless otherwise stated, refer to annual compound rates; Details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. The material contained in this study may be freely quoted with appropriate acknowledgement. UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.06.II.D.11 ISBN Copyright United Nations, 2006 All rights reserved Printed in Switzerland

3 iii PREFACE This year s World Investment Report highlights the changing role of developing countries and transition economies in global foreign direct investment and the international production system. It examines their emergence as significant sources of foreign direct investment as well as the underlying factors and broader implications. The Report stresses that such outward investment offers an additional avenue for developing countries to link up to global markets and production systems. If managed successfully, these investments can help firms access markets, natural resources, foreign capital, technology or various intangible assets that are essential to their competitiveness but that may not be readily available in their home countries. Appropriate policies are needed to mitigate the risks and costs and seize the opportunities arising from outward investment. From a host-country perspective the rise of transnational corporations from developing and transition economies expands the range of potential sources of finance, technology and management know-how. This is of particular relevance to low-income countries. As shown in the Report, inflows of foreign investment into many least developed countries come primarily from other developing countries. It is important to consider how this form of South-South cooperation can be further strengthened to promote mutual development gains. Developed countries and their firms will face new competition for various resources and assets, but they will also find new opportunities for economic collaboration. They will have to become accustomed to many more transactions involving investors from developing and transition economies as they expand internationally. In fact, the emergence of these new sources of investment has broader implications for international economic relations as it reflects their growing clout in the world economy. Finally, the emergence of transnational corporations from developing and transition economies imparts greater momentum to South-South cooperation. New investment corridors are opening up between Latin America, Africa and Asia as part of this dynamic activity, with positive prospects for advancing development. To capitalize on this opportunity, policy-makers from home and host developing countries need to gear themselves into action and, for this, they will require insightful knowledge and analysis. This year s World Investment Report is a step towards this goal. New York, July 2006 Kofi A. Annan Secretary-General of the United Nations

9 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix C. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND FDI FROM DEVELOPING AND TRANSITION ECONOMIES The growing role of IIAs Regional economic integration agreements and South-South FDI D. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND TNCS FROM DEVELOPING AND TRANSITION ECONOMIES Multilaterally agreed CSR principles Benefits for TNCs from the South from addressing CSR issues Encouraging good practices E. CONCLUDING REMARKS NOTES CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES SELECTED UNCTAD PUBLICATIONS ON TNCs AND FDI QUESTIONNAIRE I.1. FDI and round-tripping of investments I.2. FDI and trans-shipping of investments I.3. UNCTAD expert meeting on FDI statistics: sound data essential for sound policies I.4. Comparison of the impact of cross-border M&As and greenfield FDI on host countries I.5. Characteristics of private equity and hedge fund investments I.6. Large private equity investments in the German real estate sector I.7. Incoherence between IIAs I.8. The largest TNCs from the transition economies of South-East Europe and the CIS I.9. Expanding the coverage of leading developing-country TNCs, from top 50 to top 100: a comparison of samples II.1. Asian FDI in Africa II.2. South Africa: from import substitution to export orientation in the automotive industry II.3. Egypt: National Suppliers Development Programme to boost manufacturing II.4. South Africa: Skills Support Programme II.5. Prospects for FDI rise as TNCs from developing countries invest in oil in Africa II.6. China s revised and new data on FDI II.7. China dollars will stimulate more Chinese outward FDI II.8. FDI in R&D continues to rise in developing Asia II.9. Rising FDI in Asian real estate II.10. Recent privatizations involving FDI in West Asia II.11. Intraregional FDI flows on the rise in West Asia II.12. How are West Asian petrodollars recycled in FDI? II.13. Page Efforts in West Asia to strengthen national FDI databases in line with the ESCWA/UNCTAD joint project II.14. Accession to the WTO and liberalization of FDI by Saudi Arabia II.15. Latin American firms step into the breach II.16. High oil prices have induced changes in oil and gas regulations II.17. Russian mobile phone operators in the CIS II.18. Will Japanese FDI stock really be doubled by 2006? II.19. The effects of the Homeland Investment Act on United States outward FDI II.20. New EU member States continue to attract international car manufacturers II.21. FDI in banking in the EU-15: trends, determinants and barriers to integration III.1. Statistics on FDI from developing and transition economies a cautionary note

10 x World Investment Report FDI from Developing and Transition Economies: Implications for Development III.2. Early trends in FDI from developing countries III.3. The Outward FDI Performance Index III.4. The Orascom Group III.5. Internationalization of Samsung Electronics III.6. Overseas investments of Temasek Holdings III.7. Huawei Technologies: a global player in telecom equipment III.8. India s Infosys goes global III.9. IV.1 Early Argentinean TNCs A tale of two continents: policy choices and industrial development in East and South-East Asia and Latin America IV.2 The use of inward and outward FDI to upgrade the competitiveness of countries IV.3 A panorama of developing-country TNCs IV.4 Surveys of developing and transition economy TNCs IV.5 Mixed, complementary and evolutionary FDI motives V.1. V.2. How does outward FDI promote the market expansion of developing-country TNCs? The case of white goods How does outward FDI promote the market expansion of developing-country TNCs? The case of personal computers V.3. Internationalization and profitability: the case of CSCEC V.4. Impact of developing-country FDI in a small LDC: The experience of Lesotho VI.1. Controls on international capital flows VI.2. South Africa s outward FDI policy: emphasis on Africa VI.3. The gradual liberalization of outward FDI policies in the Republic of Korea VI.4. China s going global strategy VI.5. Incentives for outward FDI: Asian examples VI.6. Political risk insurance as a tool for promoting South-South investment VI.7. Singapore s outward FDI promotion strategy VI.8. Private sector assistance to overseas investment some examples VI.9. Malaysia s approach to outward FDI promotion VI.10. MIGA s assistance to export credit agencies VI.11. FDI and national security exceptions VI.12. Investment disputes involving investors from developing and transition economies VI.13. The ASEAN Investment Area and South-South FDI VI.14. Programmes to enhance the social impact of activities: the cases of Cemex and Petrobras VI.15. The 10 principles of the United Nation s Global Compact VI.16. The Equator Principles II.3.1. How does the NSD programme work? II Number of intraregional cross-border M&As and their share in total cross-border M&As in West Asia, II Map of location of foreign affiliates in the new EU member States, Page I.2.1. Inward FDI stock in holding companies of selected countries, I.2.2. FDI inflows in Luxembourg, distributed between SPE/trans-shipped FDI and non-spe/non-trans-shipped FDI, I.9.1. Comparison of the country/industry composition of the largest 50 and 100 TNCs from developing economies, II.1.1. FDI in Africa from selected Asian developing economies, II.1.2. Cross-border M&As in Africa by firms from selected developing Asian economies, II.6.1. Data on FDI inflows reported by MOFCOM and by SAFE, II Selected privatization projects involving foreign investors in West Asia, 2005-June II Composition of inward FDI stock in Japan, II Earnings of foreign affiliates of United States TNCs, 2004/QI-2006/QI II.20.1 Macroeconomic and other indicators for selected EU members III.3.1. UNCTAD s Outward FDI Performance Index, selected economies, average and average V.1.1. Internationalization of Arçelik and Haier,

11 TABLE OF CONTENTS xi V.3.1. Financial results of CSCEC, 2000 and VI.2.1. South Africa s gradual easing of restrictions on outward FDI I.1. FDI inflows, global and by group of economies, I.2. Concentration of FDI inflows: the share of the top 5 FDI recipients in the world total, I.3. Total net resource flows to developing countries, by type of flow, I.4. Cross-border M&As by sector, I.5. Sectoral breakdown of cross-border M&A sales, Transnationality index of host economies, I.7. Number of cross-border M&As by collective investment funds, by target region, I.8. Cross-border M&As by private equity funds and hedge funds, by sector and main industry, I.9. Regulatory changes in 2005, by nature and region I.10. Number of BITs and DTTs concluded, cumulative and annual, I.11. Total BITs concluded, by country group, as of end I.12. Total DTTs concluded, by country group, as of end I.13. Top 10 signatories of BITs, as of end I.14. The growth of IIAs other than BITs and DTTs, 1957 to I.15. Known investment treaty arbitrations, cumulative and newly instituted cases, II.1. FDI flows by region, II.2. Africa: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed capital formation, II.3. Shares of Africa in world FDI inflows, world GDP and world exports, II.4. Africa: FDI inflows, top 10 economies, II.5. Africa: FDI outflows, by subregion, II.6. South, East and South-East Asia, and Oceania: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed capital formation, II.7. South, East and South-East Asia: top 10 recipients of FDI inflows, II.8. South, East and South-East Asia, and Oceania, FDI outflows, by subregion, II.9. South, East and South-East Asia: top 10 sources of FDI outflows, II.10. Pattern of intraregional FDI flows in South, East and South-East Asia, II.11. West Asia: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed capital formation, II.12. West Asia: FDI flows, top five economies, II.13. West Asia: FDI outflows, by subregion, II.14. II.15. Latin America and the Caribbean: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed capital formation, FDI inflows and income on FDI inflows in selected countries in Latin America and the Caribbeana, II.16. Latin America and the Caribbean: FDI flows, top 10 economies, II.17. Latin America and the Caribbean: FDI outflows, by subregion, II.18. Latin America and the Caribbean: FDI inflows by sector, II.19. Page South-East Europe and the CIS: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed capital formation, II.20. South-East Europe and the CIS: top 10 economies for FDI inflows, II.21. South-East Europe and the CIS: FDI outflows, by subregion, II.22. Developed countries: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed capital formation, II.23. Developed countries: FDI flows, top 10 economies, II.24. Developed countries: FDI outflows, by subregion, III.1. FDI outflows from developing and transition economies, III.2. Outward FDI flows from developing and transition economies, III.3. Cross-border M&As by TNCs from developing and transition economies, by origin of purchaser, III.4. Cross-border M&As by developing and transition economies, by destination, III.5. Outward FDI stock, by source region, III.6. Shares of the main offshore financial centres in FDI flows from developing and transition economies, III.7. Cross-border M&A purchases by companies based in developing and transition economies, by sector, III.8. Intraregional and interregional flows in developing countries excluding offshore financial centres, average for III.9. Relationship between real GDP per capita and the share of developing and transition economies in total FDI inflows,

12 xii World Investment Report FDI from Developing and Transition Economies: Implications for Development III.10. Distribution of foreign affiliates by TNCs from developing and transition economies, 1989 and IV.1. Relationship between net outward investment and GDP per capita, selected countries, IV.2. Annual average growth rates of outward FDI flows V.1. Main benefits gained by developing-country TNCs from investing abroad: results of the UNCTAD global survey, V.2. Share of repatriated profits in total income on outward FDI flows, V.3. Preferred mode of establishment of overseas affiliates by developing-country TNCs, V.4. Sales of foreign affiliates established by developed- and developing-country TNCs, various years V.5. Share of R&D expenditures of foreign affiliates of developed- and developing-country TNCs in total gross domestic R&D expenditure, selected host countries, various years V.6. Share of exports of foreign affiliates of developed- and developing-country TNCs in total exports, selected countries, various years V.7. Employment in foreign affiliates of TNCs from developing and developed countries, various years VI.1. Share of countries with controls on outward FDI or notification requirements, by region, VI.2. Percentage of IPAs that target FDI from developing or transition economies, by region of IPAs VI.3. Developing and transition economies targeted by IPAs as potential sources of FDI VI.4. Regional distribution of targeted developing and transition economies by host region VI.5. Target industries for IPAs promoting FDI from developing and transition economies I.1. Distribution of FDI by region and selected countries, I.2. Selected indicators of FDI and international production, I.3. Cross-border M&As valued at over $1 billion, I.4. Cross-border M&As through exchange of shares, I.5. Main characteristics of cross-border M&As: then and now I.6. Cross-border M&As by collective investment funds, I.7. Selected 20 large cross-border M&As using collective investment funds, announced or completed during 2004-March I.8. Top 20 rankings by Inward FDI Performance Index, 1995, 2004 and I.9. Inward FDI Performance Index, by region, 1990, 2004 and I.10. Matrix of inward FDI performance and potential, I.11. National regulatory changes, I.12. IIAs concluded, by region, cumulative and I.13. Snapshot of the world s 100 largest TNCs, 2003, I.14. Snapshot of the world s 50 largest TNCs from developing economies, 2003, I.15. Performance measures of the largest TNCs from developing economies, I.16. Comparison of TNI values, by region, 2003, I.17. Comparison of II and TNI values for the top 100 TNCs from both lists, by industry, I.18. Most-favoured locations of top 100 TNCs from both lists I.19. Preferred locations of TNCs from Mexico and Malaysia, II.1. Sectoral distribution of cross-border M&As, by group of economies, II.2. Africa: country distribution of FDI flows, by range, II.3. Africa: distribution of cross-border M&As, by home/host region, II.4. Africa: distribution of cross-border M&As of African countries, by sector/industry, II.5. South, East and South-East Asia, and Oceania: country distribution of FDI flows, by range, II.6. Inward FDI of South, East and South-East Asia from major country groups, II.7. Selected large M&A deals undertaken by United States private equity investors in South, East and South-East Asia, 2005-early II.8. South, East and South-East Asia: distribution of cross-border M&A sales, by sector/industry, 2004, II.9. West Asia: distribution of cross-border M&As, by home/host region, II.10. West Asia: distribution of cross-border M&As, by sector, II.11. Latin America and the Caribbean: distribution of cross-border M&As, by sector/industry, II.12. Latin America and the Caribbean: country distribution of FDI flows, by range, II.13. Page South-East Europe and the CIS: distribution of cross-border M&As, by home/host country, II.14. South-East Europe and the CIS: distribution of cross-border M&As, by sector/industry, II.15. Inward FDI of developed countries from major country groups,

13 TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii II.16. Developed countries: distribution of cross-border M&As, by home/host region, II.17. Developed countries: country distribution of FDI flows, by range, II.18. Outward FDI from developed countries to major country groups, II.19. Developed countries: distribution of cross-border M&As, by sector/industry, III.1. Top 15 acquirers based in developing economies, cumulative, III.2. Top 25 cross-border M&A deals by TNCs from developing and transition economies, III.3. Number of greenfield and expansion FDI projects by firms based in developing and transition economies, by source region, III.4. Top 15 developing and transition economies in terms of stocks of III.5. outward FDI, 1980, 1990, 2000 and Basic facts about the outward FDI stock of major developing and transition economies, 2005 or latest year available III.6. Outward FDI stock of developing and transition economies, by sector, III.7. Outward FDI stock of developing and transition economies, by sector and selected industries, III.8. FDI from developing and transition economies, III.9. Inward FDI stock of developing and transition economies, by major country groups, III.10. FDI from developing and transition economies to selected LDCs, various years III.11. III.12. FDI projects undertaken by TNCs from developing or transition economies, by destination region, Number of foreign affiliates of TNCs from developing and transition economies, selected developed host countries, various years III.13. Number of parent companies, selected developing economies, selected years III.14. Top 20 TNCs, ranked by revenue and their activities, 2005 or latest available year III.15. Top South African non-financial TNCs, ranked by sales, III.16. Selected large ethnic Chinese companies in South-East Asia, ranked by market capitalization III.17. Largest TNCs from Latin America and the Caribbean, ranked by sales, III.18. Largest TNCs from South-East Europe and the CIS, ranked by sales, IV.1. Types of advantages possessed by developing-country TNCs, by sources of advantage IV.2. Types of competitive advantages of developing-country TNCs, by sector V.1. V.2. V.3. V.4. V.5. Top 10 cross-border M&A deals in the oil and gas industry by companies from developing and transition economies, ranked by the value of sales, Balance-of-payments impact of FDI in the United States, selected developing home economies, Exports per unit of sales of affiliates of TNCs from developing and developed countries in 15 sub-saharan African countries, by industry, Selected indicators of employment by affiliates of TNCs from developing and developed countries in 15 sub-saharan African countries, Training expenditure per foreign affiliate in 15 sub-saharan African countries, by size and origin of affiliate, VI.1. Economies with no controls on outward FDI, VI.2. TPOs and outward FDI promotion: results from a survey VI.3. Services offered by TPOs promoting outward FDI VI.4. IPAs known to have offices in developing or transition economies A.I.1. Greenfield FDI projects, by investor/destination region, A.I.2. Estimated world inward FDI stock, by sector and industry, 1990 and A.I.3. Estimated world outward FDI stock, by sector and industry, 1990 and A.I.4. Estimated world inward FDI flows, by sector and industry, and A.I.5. Estimated world outward FDI flows, by sector and industry, and A.I.6. Number of parent corporations and foreign affiliates, by region and economy, latest available year A.I.7. Cross-border M&A deals with values of over $1 billion completed in A.I.8. Selected 50 large cross-border M&As involving collective investment funds, completed during A.I.9. Inward FDI Performance and Potential Index rankings, A.I.10. Top 50 economies signatories of BITs and DTTs, concluded as of end A.I.11. The world s top 100 non-financial TNCs, ranked by foreign assets, A.I.12. The top 100 non-financial TNCs from developing countries, ranked by foreign assets, A.I.13. Page The top 10 non-financial TNCs from South-East Europe and the CIS, ranked by foreign assets,

14 xiv World Investment Report FDI from Developing and Transition Economies: Implications for Development A.I.14. The top 50 financial TNCs, ranked by the UNCTAD Spread Index, A.I.15. International Investment Agreements (other than BITs and DTTs) concluded in A.I.16. International Investment Agreements (other than BITs and DTTs) under negotiation, as of end A.II.1. Big players in outward FDI from West Asia, 2005-June A.V.1. Exports of foreign affiliates of developed- and developing-economy TNCs: share in host countries total exports DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES A. General definitions Transnational corporations Foreign direct investment Non-equity forms of investment B. Availability, limitations and estimates of FDI data presented in WIR FDI flows FDI stocks C. Data revisions and updates D. Data verification E. Definitions and sources of the data in annex table B F. Definitions and sources of the data in annex tables B.4-B G. Definitions and sources of the data on operations of foreign affiliates in annex tables B.8-B Page B.1. FDI flows, by region and economy, B.2. FDI stock, by region and economy, 1990, 2000, B.3. FDI flows as a percentage of gross fixed capital formation, , and FDI stocks as a percentage of gross domestic product, 1990, 2000, 2005, by region and economy B.4. Cross-border M&As, by region/economy of seller/purchaser, B.5. Cross-border M&As, by region/economy of seller/purchaser, B.6. Cross-border M&As, by sector/industry, B.7. Cross-border M&As, by sector/industry, B.8. Number of foreign affiliates in the host economy and of foreign affiliates of home-based TNCs, B.9. Assets of foreign affiliates in the host economy and of foreign affiliates of home-based TNCs, B.10. Employment of foreign affiliates in the host economy and of foreign affiliates of home-based TNCs, B.11. Wages and salaries of foreign affiliates in the host economy and of foreign affiliates of home-based TNCs, B.12. Sales of foreign affiliates in the host economy and of foreign affiliates of home-based TNCs, B.13. Value added of foreign affiliates in the host economy and of foreign affiliates of home-based TNCs, B.14. Profits of foreign affiliates in the host economy and of foreign affiliates of home-based TNCs, B.15. Exports of foreign affiliates in the host economy and of foreign affiliates of home-based TNCs, B.16. Imports of foreign affiliates in the host economy and of foreign affiliates of home-based TNCs, B.17. R&D expenditures of foreign affiliates in the host economy and of foreign affiliates of home-based TNCs, B.18. Employment in R&D of foreign affiliates in the host economy and of foreign affiliates of home-based TNCs, B.19. Royalty receipts and payments of foreign affiliates in the host economy and of foreign affiliates of home-based TNCs,

16 xvi World Investment Report FDI from Developing and Transition Economies: Implications for Development

17 OVERVIEW ANOTHER YEAR OF FDI GROWTH Foreign direct investment in 2005 grew for the second consecutive year, and it was a worldwide phenomenon. Inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) were substantial in They rose by 29% to reach $916 billion having already increased by 27% in Inward FDI grew in all the main subregions, in some to unprecedented levels, and in 126 out of the 200 economies covered by UNCTAD. Nevertheless, world inflows remained far below the 2000 peak of $1.4 trillion. Similar to trends in the late 1990s, the recent upsurge in FDI reflects a greater level of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As), especially among developed countries. It also reflects higher growth rates in some developed countries as well as strong economic performance in many developing and transition economies. Inflows to developed countries in 2005 amounted to $542 billion, an increase of 37% over 2004, while to developing countries they rose to the highest level ever recorded $334 billion. In percentage terms, the share of developed countries increased somewhat, to 59% of global inward FDI. The share of developing countries was 36% and that of South-East Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was about 4%. The United Kingdom saw its inward FDI surge by $108 billion to reach a total of $165 billion, making it the largest recipient in Despite a decline in the level of inward FDI, the United States was the second largest recipient. Among developing economies, the list of the largest recipients compared with previous years remained stable, with China and Hong Kong (China) at the top, followed by Singapore, Mexico and Brazil. Regionally, the 25-member European Union (EU) was the favourite destination, with inflows of $422 billion, or almost half of the world total. South, East and South-East Asia received $165 billion, or about a fifth of that total, with the East Asian subregion accounting for about three quarters of the regional share. North America came next with $133 billion, and South and Central America followed with $65 billion. West Asia experienced the highest inward FDI growth rate, of 85%, amounting to $34 billion. Africa received $31 billion, the largest ever FDI inflow to that region. Global FDI outflows amounted to $779 billion (a different amount from that estimated for FDI inflows due to differences in data reporting and collecting methods of countries). Developed countries remain the leading sources of such outflows. In 2005, the Netherlands reported outflows of $119 billion, followed by France and the United Kingdom. However, there were significant increases in outward investment by developing economies, led by Hong Kong (China) with $33 billion. Indeed, the role of developing and transition economies as sources of FDI is increasing. Negligible or small until the mid-1980s, outflows from these economies totalled $133 billion last year, corresponding to some 17% of the world total. The implications of this trend are explored in detail in Part Two of this Report. It was spurred by cross-border M&As, with increasing deals also undertaken by collective investment funds. Cross-border M&As, especially those involving companies in developed countries, have spurred the recent increases in FDI. The value of cross-border M&As rose by 88% over 2004, to $716 billion, and the number of deals rose by 20%, to 6,134. These levels are close to those achieved in the first year of the cross-border M&A boom of The recent surge in M&A activity includes several major transactions, partly fuelled by the recovery of stock markets in There were 141 mega deals valued at more than $1 billion close to the peak of 2000, when 175 such deals were observed. The value of mega deals was $454 billion in 2005 more than twice the 2004 level and accounting for 63% of the total value of global cross-border M&As. A new feature of the recent M&A boom is increasing investment by collective investment funds, mainly private equity and related funds. A number of factors, including historically low interest rates and increasing financial integration,

18 xviii World Investment Report FDI from Developing and Transition Economies: Implications for Development have led private equity firms to undertake direct investments abroad, which are estimated to have reached $135 billion in 2005 and accounted for 19% of total cross-border M&As. Unlike other kinds of FDI, private equity firms tend not to undertake long-term investment, and exit their positions with a time horizon of 5 to 10 years (or an average of 5-6 years), long enough not to be regarded as typical portfolio investors. Thus host countries, and developing ones in particular, need to be aware of this difference in time horizon. At the same time, foreign ownership can bring market access and new technologies, and private equity investment can help host-country enterprises at a critical juncture to move to a new phase of development. Most inflows went into services, but the sharpest rise in FDI was in natural resources. Services gained the most from the surge of FDI, particularly finance, telecommunications and real estate. (Since data on the sectoral distribution of FDI are limited, these observations are extrapolated from data relating to cross-border M&As, which accounted for a significant share of inflows.) The predominance of services in crossborder investments is not new. What is new is the further and sharp decline in the share of manufacturing (four percentage points lower in cross-border M&A sales over the preceding year) and the steep rise of FDI into the primary sector (with a sixfold increase in cross-border M&A sales), primarily the petroleum industry. There has been a significant increase in developing-country firms in the universe of transnational corporations. Transnational corporations (TNCs), most of them privately owned, undertake FDI. However, in some home countries (notably in the developing world) and in some industries (especially those related to natural resources) a number of major State-owned enterprises are also increasingly expanding abroad. According to estimates by UNCTAD, the universe of TNCs now spans some 77,000 parent companies with over 770,000 foreign affiliates. In 2005, these foreign affiliates generated an estimated $4.5 trillion in value added, employed some 62 million workers and exported goods and services valued at more than $4 trillion. The TNC universe continues to be dominated by firms from the Triad the EU, Japan and the United States home to 85 of the world s top 100 TNCs in Five countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States) accounted for 73 of the top 100 firms, while 53 were from the EU. Heading the list of the global top 100 non-financial TNCs are General Electric, Vodafone and Ford, which together account for nearly 19% of the total assets of these 100 companies. The automobile industry dominates the list, followed by pharmaceuticals and telecommunications. However, firms from other countries are advancing internationally. Total sales of TNCs from developing countries reached an estimated $1.9 trillion in 2005 and they employed some 6 million workers. In 2004, there were five companies from developing economies in the list of the top 100 TNCs, all with headquarters in Asia, three of them State-owned. These five companies Hutchison Whampoa (Hong Kong, China), Petronas (Malaysia), Singtel (Singapore) Samsung Electronics (the Republic of Korea) and CITIC Group (China) topped the list of the largest 100 TNCs from developing countries. (Since 1995, the World Investment Report has published a list of the top 50 TNCs, but in this Report the list has been expanded to cover 100 TNCs.) In 2004, 40 of the firms were from Hong Kong (China) and Taiwan Province of China, 14 from Singapore and 10 from China. Altogether, 77 of the top 100 TNCs had their headquarters in Asia; the remaining were equally distributed between Africa and Latin America. Liberalization continues, but some protectionist tendencies are also emerging. In terms of regulatory trends relating to investment, the pattern observed in previous years has persisted: the bulk of regulatory changes have facilitated FDI. They have involved simplified procedures, enhanced incentives, reduced taxes and greater openness to foreign investors. However, there have also been notable moves in the opposite direction. In both the EU and the United States, growing concerns have arisen over proposed foreign acquisitions. In early 2006, the acquisition by DP World (United Arab Emirates) of P&O (United Kingdom), a shipping and port management firm, along with that firm s management of some ports in the United States, led to United States protests on the grounds of security. Similarly, in Europe concerns were voiced over a bid by Mittal Steel to acquire Arcelor, and broader European opposition to the EU s own directive relating to the liberalization of services. Some notable regulatory steps were also taken to protect

19 OVERVIEW xix economies from foreign competition or to increase State influence in certain industries. The restrictive moves were mainly related to FDI in strategic areas such as petroleum and infrastructure. For example, the Latin American oil and gas industry became the focus of attention, particularly following the Bolivian Government s decision to nationalize that industry in May The web of international agreements of relevance to FDI continued to expand. By the end of 2005, the total number of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) had reached 2,495, and double taxation treaties (DTTs) 2,758, along with 232 other international agreements containing investment provisions. A number of developing countries are actively involved in such rule-making, including through more South-South cooperation. A notable trend involves the conclusion of further free trade agreements and various economic cooperation arrangements dealing with investment. The universe of international investment agreements (IIAs) is becoming increasingly complex. The recent IIAs tend to deal with a broader set of issues, including public concerns related, for example, to health, safety or the environment. While such quantitative and qualitative changes may contribute to creating a more enabling international framework for foreign investment, they also mean that governments and firms have to deal with a rapidly evolving system of multilayered and multifaceted set of rules. Keeping this framework coherent and using it as an effective tool to further countries development objectives remain key challenges. Africa attracted much higher levels of FDI. In Africa, FDI inflows shot up from $17 billion in 2004 to an unprecedented $31 billion in Nonetheless, the region s share in global FDI continued to be low, at just over 3%. South Africa was the leading recipient, with about 21% ($6.4 billion) of the region s total inflows, mainly as a result of the acquisition of ABSA (South Africa) by Barclays Bank (United Kingdom). Egypt was the second largest recipient, followed by Nigeria. As in the past, with a few exceptions such as Sudan, most of the region s 34 least developed countries (LDCs) attracted very little FDI. The leading source countries remained the United States and the United Kingdom, along with France and Germany further behind. Most of the FDI was in the form of greenfield investments. FDI flows to Africa in 2005 went mainly into natural resources, especially oil, although services (e.g. banking) also figured prominently. High commodity prices and strong demand for petroleum led to an increase in exploration activities in a number of African countries, including Algeria, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania, Nigeria and Sudan. TNCs from the United States and the EU continued to dominate the industry, but a number of developingcountry TNCs, such as CNOOC from China, Petronas from Malaysia and ONGC Videsh from India, are increasingly expanding into Africa. Total FDI into six African oil-producing countries Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria and Sudan amounted to $15 billion, representing about 48% of inflows into the region in Although outward FDI from Africa declined in 2005, several African TNCs deepened their internationalization, including through cross-border M&As. For example, Orascom, acquired Wind Telecommunicazioni of Italy through Weather Investments of Egypt. Most of the FDI from South Africa, the leading investor in Africa, went to developing countries in Manufacturing attracted less FDI than natural resources and services. However, some sectorspecific developments are worth highlighting. Automotive TNCs have set up export-oriented production facilities in South Africa, generating employment opportunities and export revenues. Conversely, fragmented markets, poor infrastructure and a lack of skilled workers, coupled with the ending in 2005 of the quotas established under the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA), contributed to some divestment in the ready-made garments industry in countries like Lesotho. These divestments suggest that preferential market access (as provided by the United States African Growth and Opportunities Act and the EU s Everything But Arms initiative) is not in itself sufficient to attract and retain manufacturing FDI in a globalizing environment. If African countries are to become internationally competitive, it is essential that they strengthen the necessary linkages between their export sectors and the rest of the economy by building and fostering domestic capabilities in areas such as physical infrastructure, production capacity and institutions supportive of private investment. There have been positive developments in terms of regulatory regimes, and many African countries have signed new bilateral agreements related to investment and taxation. However, attracting quality FDI the kind that would significantly increase employment, enhance skills and boost the competitiveness of local enterprises remains a challenge. Africa s industrial progress

20 xx World Investment Report FDI from Developing and Transition Economies: Implications for Development requires competitive production capacity, in addition to better market access. South, East and South-East Asia is still the main magnet for inflows into developing countries... FDI inflows into South, East and South-East Asia reached $165 billion in 2005, corresponding to 18% of world inflows. About two thirds went to two economies: China ($72 billion) and Hong Kong, China ($36 billion). The South-East Asian subregion received $37 billion, led by Singapore ($20 billion) and followed by Indonesia ($5 billion), Malaysia and Thailand ($4 billion each). Inflows to South Asia were much lower ($10 billion), though they grew significantly in several countries, with the highest level ever for India of $7 billion. Over half of the inflows to the region came from developing home economies, mostly within the region. The figures for inward stock show significant growth in the share of these sources over the past decade, from about 44% in 1995 to about 65% in 2004, with a corresponding decline in the share of developed-country sources. Manufacturing FDI has been increasingly attracted to South, East and South-East Asia, although specific locations have changed as countries have moved up the value chain. The sector continues to attract large inflows, especially in the automotive, electronics, steel and petrochemical industries. Viet Nam has become a new location of choice, attracting new investment by companies such as Intel, which is investing $300 million in the first semiconductor assembly plant in that country. In China, investment in manufacturing is moving into more advanced technologies; for example, Airbus plans to set up an assembly operation for its A320 aircraft. There is, however, a shift towards services in the region, in particular banking, telecommunications and real estate. Countries in South, East and South-East Asia continue to open up their economies to inward FDI. Significant steps in this direction were taken in 2005, particularly in services. For example, India is now allowing single-brand retail FDI as well as investment in construction, and China has lifted geographic restrictions on operations of foreign banks and travel agencies. A few measures were also introduced to address concerns over crossborder M&As in countries such as the Republic of Korea. South, East and South-East Asia is also an emerging source of FDI (among developing countries), with outflows of $68 billion in Although this implies a drop of 11% from 2004, Chinese outflows increased and seem set to rise further in the next few years. Many of the region s countries have accumulated large foreign reserves, which may lead to more outward FDI. Among the main recent FDI deals involving companies from this region were Temasek s (Singapore) purchase of an 11.5% stake in Standard Chartered (United Kingdom) in 2006, and CNPC s (China) takeover of Petrokazakhstan in China and India have been energetically pursuing the acquisition of oil assets, and have even cooperated on some bids. while West Asia received an unprecedented level of inflows. FDI inflows into the 14 economies of West Asia soared by 85%, the highest rate in the developing world in 2005, to reach a total increase of about $34 billion. High oil prices and consequently strong GDP growth were among the main factors that drove this increase. In addition, the regulatory regime was further liberalized, with an emphasis on privatization involving FDI notably in services: for instance, power and water in Bahrain, Jordan, Oman and the United Arab Emirates, transport in Jordan, and telecommunications in Jordan and Turkey. The United Arab Emirates collectively received inflows of $12 billion, to become the largest recipient of FDI in West Asia in The next largest was Turkey, primarily on account of a few mega cross-border M&A sales in services. FDI inflows in West Asia have gone mainly into services, including real estate, tourism and financial services. Much of the FDI in real estate has been intraregional. There is also increasing FDI in manufacturing, especially in refineries and petrochemicals, in which Saudi Arabia alone received some $2 billion in There is little FDI in the primary sector, as most West Asian countries do not permit it in upstream activities in the energy industry. West Asia is becoming a significant outward direct investor. Traditionally, most of the region s petrodollars have gone into bank deposits and portfolio purchases abroad, particularly in the United States. This is changing in both form and location. Unlike the previous periods of high oil revenues, the present phase is witnessing substantial outward FDI in services, in developing as well as developed countries. One motivation for

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