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Classification and Regression Demystified in Machine Learning

Classification and Regression – Both techniques are part of supervised machine learning. Principally both of them have one common goal i.e. to make predictions or take a decision by using the past data as underlined foundations. There is one major difference as well; classification predictive output is a label and for regression its a quantity. Generative algorithms can also be used as classifiers. It just so happens that they can do more than categorising the input data. Can call classification as sorting and regression as connecting technique as well.

Machine Learning – Basics

AILabPage defines machine learning as “A focal point where business, data, experience meets emerging technology and decides to work together”.

ML instructs an algorithm to learn for itself by analysing data. Algorithms here learn a mapping of input to output, detection of patterns or by reward. The more data it processes, the smarter the algorithm gets.

Thanks to statistics, machine learning became very famous in the 1990s. Machine Learning is about the use and development of fancy learning algorithms. The intersection of computer science and statistics gave birth to probabilistic approaches in AI. This shifted the field further toward data-driven approaches. Data science is more about the extraction of knowledge (KDD) from data through algorithms to answer a particular question or solve particular problems.

In other words, Machine learning algorithms “learn” from the observations. When exposed to more observations, the algorithm improves its predictive performance. You can follow the below post for more details on Machine Learning.

Classification – Class Of An Object

In classification, predictions are made by classifying output into different categories or in other words it’s a process of predicting the class of given data points. Classification outputs fall into discrete categories hence algorithms used here are for desired output as discrete labels, targets or categories.

Classification made business life easy as output or predictions are set of possible finite values i.e. outcomes. An email is a spam or not spam can be identified as a classification problem since its a binary classification with only 2 classes. Some of the useful examples in this category are

Determining an email is spam or not

The outcome can be a binary classification / logistic regression

Something is harmful or not

Rainfall tomorrow or no rainfall.

Segmenting business customers, audio and video classification, and text processing for sentiment analytics are few more examples where we get multiple labels as output. Beside logistic regression, the most famous algorithm in the method is K-nearest neighbours and decision tree.

Regression – Numbers Game

The system attempts to predict a value for an input based on past data. Regression outputs are real-valued numbers that exist in a continuous space. It’s a very useful method for predicting outputs that are continuous. In regression predictive model; the predictions come out as quantity so the performance of the model is evaluated at error margin level i.e errors in predictions.

One of the most used and underrated for its simplicity algorithm here is linear regression. As its simple to understand and use; it has gained the highest popularity. Linear regression is an extremely versatile method that can be used for predicting

The temperature of the day or in an hour

Likely housing prices in an area

Likelihood of customers to churn

Revenue per customer.

One of another good example of a regression problem is when we have time-ordered inputs or so-called time-series data for forecasting problems. In simple terms, regression is useful for predicting outputs that are continuous. The predictive model here is a kind of task for approximating a mapping function for mapping input to the continuous output variable.

Function Approximation in Classification and Regression

Finding the best function to map inputs variables to output variables is the main task for any machine learning algorithm.

In both the cases i.e. Classification and Regression function approximations are different hence are two different tasks.

After finding the best model with the best algorithm as the underline foundation it becomes super simple to get the best mapping function. System resources, time in hand, amount of data and quality of data are a critical part of the algorithm of choice.

The end goal is to build predictive modelling which is built on past data to find answers from new data or future data. This work as a basic mathematical problem.

Classification vs Regression

As clear with the above explanations of classification and regression definitions, these two methods used in supervised learning depending upon input variable mapped to output values/labels.

Example– Imagine there is a need to launch a product by your company and as head of the product rollout you want to do some research and analytics work to know whether a product will be successful or not. What is required here?

Data of similar products running in the market and data of similar products failed and went out of market including

There could be several other variables to add for making our predictive model error-free and successful etc.

Classification and Regression – Algorithms

Some of the algorithms used under regression and classification are mentioned below. We will not define the algorithms mentioned in the above picture, These were defined in our previous post.

In upcoming posts, we will try to take each one of them in a detailed way including their definition, use cases and flow etc. For now, let’s just keep our focus on the two supervised learning method. Example a pair consisting of an advice object i.e. typically a vector and desired output value.

Conversion Between Classification and Regression

In some cases, it is possible to convert a regression problem to a classification problem and vise-a-versa

Regression to Classification -: In short, this is a conversion of cardinal numbers to an ordinal range by giving class names to values. Here continuous values get converted into discrete buckets. Creating a bucketing system i.e classifying spending through credit card for a value range of $0-$1000 range into classes as below

$0 to $200 assigned to Class-1

$201 to $500 assigned to Class-2

$501 to $1000 assigned to Class-3

Classification to Regression -: Converting ordinal range into cardinal values i.e discrete buckets to continuous values. After reversing the above example by changing a class value to continues range we get results as below

Class-1 assigned to value range $0 to $200

Class-2 assigned to value range $201 to $500

Class-3 assigned to value range $501 to $1000

Word of caution – Mapping error for continuous range often occurs which results in bad performance of the model. As explained above classification is a supervised learning problem. It targets provided with the input data for the classification task. Some of the example where is used such as loan application approvals, medical diagnosis and email classification etc.

Books + Other readings Referred

Research through Open Internet – NewsPortals, Economic development report papers and conferences.

Feedback & Further Question

Do you have any questions about Machine Learning, Data Science or Data Analytics? Leave a comment or ask your question via email. Will try my best to answer it.

Points to Note:

A classifier instrument utilises some training data to understand how given input variables relate to the class for example spam email or not a spam email. All credits if any remains on the original contributor only.

Conclusion – We have elaborated our earlier posts on Machine learning algorithms for understanding classification and regression techniques under supervised learning. The main focus was on highlighting the difference between classification and regression problems. In short, it’s easy to say in a regression problem; the system attempts to predict a value for an input based on past data. In classification, predictions are made by classifying them into different categories.

Machine learning and its algorithms that are either supervised or unsupervised. Traditional machine learning focuses on feature engineering, deep learning focuses on end-to-end learning based on raw features.