Highest-posted speed limits around the world. Kilometres per hour are on the left and miles per hour on the right. (One or other is rounded in each case.)

A road speed limit is the limit of speed allowed by law for road vehicles, usually the maximum speed allowed. Occasionally there is a minimum speed limit.[1] Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative bodies of national or local governments.

Contents

The following tables show various jurisdictions' default speed limits (where applicable) that apply to different types of vehicles travelling on three different types of road. Actual speed limits may range beyond these values. Speeds are listed in kilometers per hour. The enforcement tolerance is specified in km/h or percentage above the stated limit. For the United Kingdom and the United States, the speed limit is also listed in miles per hour in brackets.[fn 1] Germany, with its Autobahns, is the only country without a general speed limit on its highways.[2] The Isle of Man is the only jurisdiction without a general speed limit on rural two-lane roads.

in Victoria 3 km/h strictly enforced by fixed speed camera and at the discretion of Victoria Police

7 km/h over in Western Australia

Generally 10% over speed limit in other states, but a ticket will be given for less when detected by fixed speed camera. However, new laws may see the drivers issued with a ticket for exceeding 2 km/h over the posted speed limit. Heavy penalties apply for speeding in Australia.

20% to 40% unofficially (depends on police officer, province, type of road). Speed limits are more strictly enforced in school zones and construction zones where road workers are present. Tickets can be given from 1 km/h above the speed limit.

China, People's Republic of !People's Republic of China

30–60

60–80

100–120 (motorcycles not allowed on toll sections of expressways)

N/A

N/A

Chile

40–60

80–100

100–120

100 (90 for trucks)

100

Christmas Island

40

N/A

N/A

N/A

90

Colombia

30–60

80–90

90–100

60

90

Costa Rica

40

40-60

80–90-100 (100 only on the 27 route)

60

60

when the police used radar 3% tolerance under 100 km/h, 3 km/h over 100 km/h; but the law only permit ticktes when speed is over 20 km/h on limit speed

Threshold for speed camera is set at minimum of 40 km/h above speed limit on expressway and minimum 30 km/h above limit on other streets.

Police enforcement varies depending on jurisdiction, officers, traffic flow and types of street, but 20 km/h above speed limit on expressway and 15 km/h above limit is tolerated on other streets.[27] Some jurisdictions, such as Tokyo Metropolitan Police, releases the list of traffic enforcement locations on their websites.[28]

3 km/h for up to 100 km/h measured, 3% of the measured speed otherwise, plus a correction of 3 km/h.[39] From 01–01–2012, the correction for speeds over 130 km/h has been abolished in favour of the 3% rule (resulting in fines being issued from 136 km/h).[40][fn 26]

Speed cameras are widely used in Lima and have no tolerance. On national paved roads in rural areas speeding is very common (up to 110 km/h) and speed limits are seldom enforced. Police offices can give fines at their own discretion.

Philippines

40–60

20–60

60–100

40–80

40–60

Trucks/buses are only allowed to reach 80 km/h at expressways.

Poland

50 (60 between 2300–500)[45]
can be increased up to 80 on main transit routes[fn 27]

The National Police Chiefs’ Council (NPCC) suggests police forces don’t prosecute until drivers exceed a margin of error of 10 per cent of the speed limit to take into account driver concentration, plus 2mph for speedometer error. [57]

States have jurisdiction over speed limits. Enforcement varies, from warning (e.g., Nebraska) to fines to jail (e.g., Wyoming above 100 mph). Typically, ~5 mph over in speed limit zones 50 mph and under and ~10 mph in zones 55 mph and over (highway speeds)[citation needed] Usually up to 5 mph over.; can be as little as 1 mph.[58]

^ abSigns are posted in mph. Until recently, speed limit signs on a stretch of Interstate 19 in southern Arizona were the only ones based on the metric system. As part of the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the federal government funded a project where the state of Arizona replaced the km/h signs on that stretch with miles-based speed limit signs.

^No special limit applies for automobiles with trailers. A 100 km/h speed limit applies for heavy vehicles with a gross vehicle mass of 12 tonnes or more. A 100 km/h limit applies for buses with a gross vehicle mass of 5 tonnes or more. In some Australian states, Road Trains are limited to 90 km/h. In some cases, over steep descents or other potentially dangerous stretches of road, heavy vehicles may have other special speed limits as indicated by signage.

^A provisional increase to 160 km/h was in place on a 12 km stretch on the A10 (between Spittal an der Drau and Paternion) in May and June 2006. The 160 km/h speed limit was displayed only during the day (from 5 till 22) and under optimal conditions. In the night (from 22 till 5) the speed limit could be only up to 110 km/h. In bad weather or traffic conditions the displayed speed limit could be lowered. In very poor conditions, the rate was reduced to 80 km/h.

^130 km/h is the recommended maximum speed on motorways, as indicated by a square blue sign (round blue sign = minimum speed). Many sections of the German motorway network are now covered by speed limits, usually ranging from 80 to 130 km/h (140 km/h as speed limit is being tested in Lower Saxony -some politicians are against it, because 140 km/h is over the recommended maximum speed, depending on local conditions (i.e., frequent traffic, terrain, etc.). It is usual for drivers involved in crashes who were exceeding the 'recommended' speed limit to be held to be at least partly at fault, regardless of the circumstances of the crash, and insurance companies have the right to withhold payment. Already more than 50% Autobahns now have a (partially variable) speed limit. Vehicles also must be able to go faster than 60 km/h.
Roughly 30% of german Autobahn have permanent limits. An additional 17% have at least partial limits depending on time, weather or traffic. Study on the speed limit on german Autobahn.Archived 25 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.

^Speed limits have been signed in kilometres per hour since the 1980s. The unit "km/h" was signed below the number before the late 1990's.

^Type restriction is not prescribed for private motor vehicles or motor cycles as opposed to goods vehicles and buses. The default speed limit is 50 km/h unless signed otherwise.

^No default speed limit is mandated on expressways. The lowest signposted limit on main lines is 70 km/h, which is the norm for examples from the 1970's and 80's usually found in urban areas. More commonly, however, 80 km/h is signed. The rural standard is 100 km/h and is signed whenever practicable in the New Territories. The highest limit, 110 km/h, is only used on the island of Lantau.

^Buses, as well as goods vehicles with a laden weight of 7.5 tonnes, are limited to 70 km/h, minibuses to 80 km/h. Most buses and all minibuses are mechanically restricted. The restriction for goods vehicles is not enforced by the police.

^The default speed limit in the territory is 50 km/h. 30 km/h may be signed on less used roads built on rough terrain.

^Iceland does not have expressways/motorways in the traditional sense. There is only one true 'expressway', road 41(Reykjanesbraut), which is built to motorway standard most of its route – grade separated, 2 lanes each direction. However it does not have a higher speed limit. Other such expressways are located within Reykjavík city limits, and the maximum speed is 80 km/h.

^ ab100 km/h is default limit on all National Routes regardless of design standard when local limits do not apply; regional and minor routes have an 80 km/h limit. All limits are signposted either way. *On urban motorways such as the M50 (100km/h or 80 km/h) or M1 (as low as 80km/h in places) or in tunnels (80km/h).

^Two and three-lane motorways (autostrada): 130 km/h; since 2003 on some three-lane autostrade a 150 km/h limit was introduced, but is not operative).

^Some two lane Federal highways are posted at 110 km/h provided they have a paved shoulder.

^In the Netherlands, only cars or vans pulling a trailer with a total weight of less than 3.5 metric tons (with the trailer weighing less than 750 kg) are allowed to drive 90 km/h, except where a lower speed limit is posted. Vehicles of other categories (i.e. trucks), as well as cars or vans with a trailer weighing more than 3.5 tons are restricted to 80 km/h.

^This is because the 3% are rounded up. 3% of 136 km/h is 4.08, which after rounding up results in a tolerance of 5 km/h. Thus after correction for tolerance, a measured speed of 136 km/h results in a fine for driving 131 km/h, or 1 km/h over the speed limit.

^Speed limit is 130 km/h, but no legal sanction is established for driving within 10 km/h over the speed limit.

^100 km/h on: a) one-way roads, b) roads with more than two lanes, or c) roads with shoulders at least 1.5 m wide; 90 km/h elsewhere.
On two-way roads, cars and motorbikes are allowed to go 20 km/h over the speed limit in order to overtake a slower vehicle in a shorter amount of time.

^On roads with a speed limit of 100 km/h for cars and motorbikes: 90 km/h for buses, vans and vehicles with a trailer weighing 750 kg or less, 80 km/h for trucks and vehicles with a trailer weighing more than 750 kg.
On roads with a speed limit of 90 km/h for cars and motorbikes: 80 km/h for buses, vans and vehicles with a trailer weighing 750 kg or less, 70 km/h for trucks and vehicles with a trailer weighing more than 750 kg.

^100 km/h for buses and vans, 90 km/h for trucks and vehicles with a trailer weighing 750 kg or less, 80 km/h for vehicles with a trailer weighing more than 750 kg.

^ abcSweden introduced new speed limits in 2008/2009, where the regular limits 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 km/h are complemented by 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 km/h. Please see this document for more information In general speed limits of 110 and 120 km/h apply on freeways only (4 lanes). However speed limits of 110 km/h remain on fence-divided 2–3 lane highways in the northern part of the country. Parts of the east-coast European Route E4 north of the city of Gävle towards Haparanda is an example of this. All other 2–3 lane highways previously zoned at 110 km/h have been lowered to either 90 or 100 km/h respectively.

^In June 2010, a motion has taken by the Turkish Grand National Assembly to increase the speed limit in double lane highways in rural areas from 90 km/h to 110 km/h. New law is expected to be valid from July 2010.

^ abUK roads only have three blanket limits for non-towing private vehicles (separate from those for trucks, buses and towing vehicles). 30 mph (48 km/h) in towns (including dual carriageways), 60 mph (97 km/h) on non-urban single carriageway roads, and 70 mph (113 km/h) on all dual-carriageway roads and motorways (including rare single-carriageway motorway sections, and slip roads), which apply without needing signs. Any other limits in force must be clearly posted. For example, 20 mph (32 km/h) limits are sometimes seen in residential estates and city-centre areas and outside primary schools, whereas 40 mph (64 km/h) limits are common on major urban through-routes, including many 2-lane single-carriageway residential urban roads, and usually come with both zone start/end signs and small repeaters (with 30 mph areas also usually having start/end signs for clarity, but rarely repeaters; 60/70 sections tend to be marked with struck-circle "de-restriction" signs, but very occasionally zone-start and repeaters for clarity or preserving the higher limit on limited-access routes that would otherwise technically class as an urban road). Higher limits in urban areas are usually reserved for limited-access dual carriageways. Lower limits are common on sections of dual carriageways, even on some major intercity routes. Permanent, mandatory lower motorway limits are rare but do exist, e.g. 50 mph (80 km/h) is generally applied on tidal flow sections, in tunnels, some bridges or sections of substandard alignment and junction structure. Variable, legally-enforceable limits for traffic control (including hard-shoulder running at up to 50~60 mph) are being gradually introduced (at time of writing, on sections of the M25, M42 and M6) and may go as low as 20 mph (32 km/h) in 10 mph steps. Any other speed signs on motorways are usually advisory-only but may be used for apportioning liability for accidents.

^In general, non-urban, all-purpose (i.e. not limited to motor traffic, except in the case of "A(M)" roads) dual carriageways are subject to the same 70 mph limit for light vehicles as motorways, but lower limits (50 and 60 mph) are in place for heavy trucks, buses/minibuses and towing vehicles. These roads take the place of motorways where a high-traffic trunk route is required but building a motorway would be impractical for reasons of cost and/or geography. For instance, steeper or more winding alignments and less forgiving junctions than would be found on motorways necessitate lower limits for some stretches – as low as 30 mph in some cases, e.g. around Penmaenbach on the A55 in Wales, or a less severe 60 mph restriction on some parts of the A38 and A45.

^ abGenerally in the UK, lorries over a laden weight of 7500 kg are mechanically or electronically speed-limited to 56 mph (90 km/h) because of overriding European law, even on motorways where they are legally permitted (under UK law) to travel at 60 mph. Some heavier machines are further limited to 53 mph (85 km/h) for the same reasons, and carry warning plates to this effect. Some lorries or trucks with a laden weight between 3500 kg and 7500 kg are also speed-limited to 56 mph (90 km/h) on all roads. On non-motorway roads, heavier trucks are legally limited to 50 (single-carriageway) or 60 (dual carriageway) mph (80 and 97 km/h) except in scotland where they are limited to 40 (single-carriageway) or 50 (dual carriageway (as of 6th April 2015), Medium trucks and buses/commercial van-based minibuses to 50 and 60 mph (80 and 97 km/h), though the latter are further subdivided: some are allowed a motorway speed of 60 mph (97 km/h) and others 70 mph (113 km/h). Light commercial vans are subject to the same 60/70/70 mph limits as private cars and motorcycles, and towing cycles/cars/vans subject to medium truck 50/60/60 limits.

^The lower speed limit in large inner-cities may be as low as 45 mph (72 km/h) for example on I-90/94 which goes through Chicago. In many urban areas, controlled-access highways typically take 5 – 15 mph off the speed limit. For example, in Cleveland and Cuyahoga county, the speed limit is 60 mph (97 km/h). Once out of the county, the speed limit returns to 65 mph (105 km/h).

^There are no specific speed limits in Venezuela. The standard within towns is 60 km/h and from 80 to 120 km/h in highways however it varies depending on road conditions therefore speed limits are set by transit authorities through signals. Ley de Transito Terrestre, 3 November 2007.

American interstate highways are frequently patrolled by law enforcement, typically referred to as Highway Patrol, State Patrol or State Police. Speed limit enforcement is the most profitable part of their duty, but other traffic laws are sometimes enforced. Enforcement varies notably between states and traffic conditions. Montana and Nebraska have high tolerance toward speeding. More states are experimenting with variable speed limits, with electronic speed limit displays replacing fixed-number signs. The New Jersey Turnpike and a stretch of Interstate 77 in Virginia has long been equipped with variable-limit signs; in 2011, the same system was put in place along a stretch of Interstate 80 through Wyoming. The idea is to vary speed limits with traffic and weather conditions, the latter being the most immediate concern in Wyoming.

In some countries in Europe, traffic calming is gradually becoming a regular part of urban traffic management, after a long evolution of opinions and attitudes towards car use and vulnerable road users. From 1980, regulations for 30 km/h zones were enacted and have been widely applied. New urban policies have been defined with a view to encouraging a switch from car use to public transport and non-motorised modes (cycling, walking), with the additional condition of lower speeds to improve safety of vulnerable road users, for example national policies such as Duurzaam Veilig ('sustainable safety') in the Netherlands or "Vision Zero" in Sweden.

1.
Speed limit
–
Road speed limits are used in most countries to set the maximum speed at which road vehicles may legally travel on particular stretches of road. Speed limits may be variable and in some places speeds are unlimited, Speed limits are normally indicated on a traffic sign. Speed limits are set by the legislative bodies of nations or provincial governments. The first maximum speed limit was the 10 mph limit introduced in the United Kingdom in 1861, the highest posted speed limit in the world is 140 km/h, which applies to some roads in Poland and Bulgaria, similarly Texas posts 85 mph on one 40-mile long toll road. However, some roads have no speed limit for certain classes of vehicles, best known are Germanys less congested Autobahns, where automobile drivers have no mandated maximum speed. Measurements from the German state of Brandenburg in 2006 showed average speeds of 142 km/h on a 6-lane section of autobahn in free-flowing conditions, rural roads on the Isle of Man and the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Telangana, also lack speed limits. Speed limits are set to attempt to cap road traffic speed. It is often done with an intention to improve traffic safety. Speed limits may also be set in an attempt to reduce the impact of road traffic. Some cities have reduced limits to as little as 30 km/h for both safety and efficiency reasons, however, it has also been shown that in some circumstances changing a speed limit has little effect on the average speed of cars. In situations where the road speed is considered too high by governments. For some classes of vehicle, speed limiters may be mandated to enforce compliance, since their introduction, speed limits have been opposed by some motoring advocacy groups. The United Kingdom Stage Carriage Act 1832 first introduced the offense of endangering the safety of a passenger or person by furious driving. The Locomotives on Highways Act 1896, which raised the limit to 14 mph is celebrated to this day by the annual London to Brighton Veteran Car Run. The first person to be convicted of speeding is believed to be Walter Arnold of East Peckham, Kent and he was fined 1 shilling plus costs. In Australia, during the early 20th century, there were reported for furious driving offences. One conviction in 1905 cited furiously driving 20 mph when passing a tram traveling at half that speed. Most jurisdictions use the metric speed unit of kilometers per hour for speed limits, while some, primarily the United States, Australia followed the United Kingdom system before changing to the metric system in the 1970s

2.
Kilometers per hour
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The kilometre per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of kilometres travelled in one hour. Worldwide, it is the most commonly used unit of speed on road signs, the Dutch on the other hand adopted the kilometre in 1817 but gave it the local name of the mijl. The SI representations, classified as symbols, are km/h, km h−1 and km·h−1, the use of abbreviations dates back to antiquity, but abbreviations for kilometres per hour did not appear in the English language until the late nineteenth century. The kilometre, a unit of length, first appeared in English in 1810, kilometres per hour did not begin to be abbreviated in print until many years later, with several different abbreviations existing near-contemporaneously. For example, news organisations such as Reuters and The Economist require kph, in Australian unofficial usage, km/h is sometimes pronounced and written as klicks or clicks. The use of symbols to replace words dates back to at least the medieval era when Johannes Widman, writing in German in 1486. In the early 1800s Berzelius introduced a symbolic notation for the chemical elements derived from the elements Latin names, typically, Na was used for the element sodium and H2O for water. In 1879, four years after the signing of the Treaty of the Metre, among these were the use of the symbol km for kilometre. In 1948, as part of its work for the SI. The SI explicitly states that unit symbols are not abbreviations and are to be using a very specific set of rules. Hence the name of the unit can be replaced by a kind of algebraic symbol and this symbol is not merely an abbreviation but a symbol which, like chemical symbols, must be used in a precise and prescribed manner. SI, and hence the use of km/h has now been adopted around the world in areas related to health and safety. It is also the system of measure in academia and in education. During the early years of the car, each country developed its own system of road signs. In 1968 the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals was drawn up under the auspices of the United Nations Economic, many countries have since signed the convention and adopted its proposals. The use of SI implicitly required that states use km/h as the shorthand for kilometres per hour on official documents. Examples include, Dutch, kilometer per uur, Portuguese, quilómetro por hora Greek, in 1988 the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration promulgated a rule stating that MPH and/or km/h were to be used in speedometer displays. On May 15,2000 this was clarified to read MPH, or MPH, however, the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 101 allows any combination of upper- and lowercase letters to represent the units

3.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

4.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

5.
Miles per hour
–
Miles per hour is an imperial and United States customary unit of speed expressing the number of statute miles covered in one hour. Miles per hour is the also used in the Canadian rail system. In some countries mph may be used to express the speed of delivery of a ball in sporting events such as cricket, tennis, road traffic speeds in other countries are indicated in kilometres per hour, while occasionally both systems are used. For example, in Ireland, a considered a speeding case by examining speeds in both kilometres per hour and miles per hour. The judge was quoted as saying the speed seemed very excessive at 180 km/h but did not look as bad at 112 mph, nautical and aeronautical applications, however, favour the knot as a common unit of speed. 1 Mph =0.000277778 Mps Example, Apollo 11 attained speeds of 25,000 Mph, if Apollo 11 were to travel at 25,000 Mph from New York to Los Angeles it would reach Los Angeles in under 6 minutes

6.
Autobahn
–
The Autobahn is the federal controlled-access highway system in Germany. The official German term is Bundesautobahn, which translates as federal motorway, the literal meaning of the word Bundesautobahn is Federal Auto Track. German autobahns have no federally mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles, however limits are posted in areas that are urbanized, substandard, accident-prone, or under construction. On speed-unrestricted stretches, a speed limit of 130 kilometres per hour applies. A2008 estimate reported that 52% of the network had only the advisory speed limit, 15% had temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions. Measurements from the German State of Brandenburg in 2006 showed average speeds of 142 km/h on a 6-lane section of autobahn in free-flowing conditions. Germanys autobahn network has a length of about 12,993 kilometres in 2016. Longer similar systems can be found in the United States and India, only federally built controlled-access highways with certain construction standards including at least two lanes per direction are called Bundesautobahn. They have their own, white-on-blue signs and numbering system, in the 1930s, when construction began on the system, the official name was Reichsautobahn. Various other controlled-access highways exist on the federal, state, district and these highways are considered autobahnähnlich and are sometimes colloquially called Gelbe Autobahn because most of them are Bundesstraßen with yellow signs. Some controlled-access highways are classified as Bundesautobahn in spite of not meeting the construction standard. Nearly all exits are to the right, in the postwar years, a thicker asphaltic concrete cross-section with full paved hard shoulders came into general use. The top design speed was approximately 160 km/h in flat country, a flat-country autobahn that was constructed to meet standards during the Nazi period, could support the speed of up to 150 km/h on curves. The current autobahn numbering system in use in Germany was introduced in 1974, all autobahns are named by using the capital letter A, which simply stands for Autobahn followed by a blank and a number. The main autobahns going all across Germany have a single digit number, shorter autobahns that are of regional importance have a double digit number. The first digit used is similar to the system above, depending on the region, east-west routes are always even-numbered, north-south routes are always odd-numbered. The north-south autobahns are generally numbered using odd numbers from west to east, that is to say, similarly, the east-west routes are numbered using even numbers from north to south. One project was the private initiative HaFraBa which planned a car only road crossing Germany from Hamburg in the North via central Frankfurt am Main to Basel in Switzerland

7.
Isle of Man
–
The Isle of Man, also known simply as Mann, is a self-governing crown dependency in the Irish Sea between England and Northern Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann, the Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. Foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the British Government, the island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century and the Manx language, in 627, Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia. In the 9th century, Norsemen established the Kingdom of the Isles, magnus III, King of Norway, was also known as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103. In 1266, the became part of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the short form often used in English, Mann, is derived from the Manx Mannin, though sometimes the name is written as Man. The earliest recorded Manx form of the name is Manu or Mana, the Old Irish form of the name is Manau or Mano. Old Welsh records named it as Manaw, also reflected in Manaw Gododdin, the name for an ancient district in north Britain along the lower Firth of Forth. The oldest known reference to the calls it Mona, in Latin, in the 1st century CE, Pliny the Elder records it as Monapia or Monabia. Later Latin references have Mevania or Mænavia, and Eubonia or Eumonia by Irish writers and it is found in the Sagas of Icelanders as Mön. The name is cognate with the Welsh name of the island of Anglesey, Ynys Môn, usually derived from a Celtic word for mountain. The name was at least secondarily associated with that of Manannán mac Lir in Irish mythology, later, a Manannán is recorded as the first king of Mann in a Manx poem. The island was cut off from the islands around 8000 BC. The first residents were hunter gatherers and fishermen, examples of their tools are kept at the Manx Museum. There were also the local Ronaldsway and Bann cultures, during the Bronze Age, burial mounds became smaller. Bodies were put in stone-lined graves with ornamental containers, the Bronze Age burial mounds created long-lasting markers around the countryside. The ancient Romans knew of the island and called it Insula Manavia although it is whether they conquered the island

8.
Single carriageway
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A single carriageway or undivided highway is a road with one, two or more lanes arranged within a single carriageway with no central reservation to separate opposing flows of traffic. A two-lane road or two-lane highway is a single carriageway with one lane for each direction, a single-track road has a single lane with passing places for traffic in both directions. Road traffic safety is generally worse for high-speed single carriageways than for dual carriageways due to the lack of separation between traffic moving in opposing directions, the term single carriageway is used for roads in the Republic of Ireland. In urban areas, the speed limit is 50 km/h. The maximum UK speed limit for single-carriageway roads is lower than the maximum for dual-carriageway roads, the National Speed Limit, which is lower for built-up areas, only applies in places where a lower numeric speed limit is not in place. The UK has one major single-carriageway motorway, the A38, but a number of roads at motorway interchanges are single-carriageway. In the U. S. the expression undivided highway is likely to mean a multi-lane road with only striping between the two directions of traffic flow, a road with two lanes of traffic moving in opposite directions is specifically called a two-lane road. Two-way undivided roads have a center line. This center line may be solid, broken, or a combination of the two, with the different styles denoting whether passing is permitted at a given location, drivers can always tell the direction of traffic flow by looking at the striping coloration. Since successful experiments in the late 1960s, some undivided highways in the U. S. have had a neutral left-turn lane. This configuration is called a left turn lane. Essentially, this puts a turning lane in the position of where a median would be if the road were divided. These roads almost always have an odd number of lanes overall, usually five, TWLTLs are most frequently built in suburban commercial areas where there are a large number of closely spaced driveways. State laws typically require drivers using the center lane to use signals, to drive slowly in that lane. Operationally TWLTLs can be if the left-turn demand exceeds the amount of storage that can be accommodated in the center lane. Operational problems can occur if there is limited visibility due to curvature or terrain

9.
Limited-access road
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The degree of isolation from local traffic allowed varies between countries and regions. The precise definition of these terms varies by jurisdiction, the first implementation of limited-access roadways in the United States was the Bronx River Parkway in New York, in 1907. The New York State Parkway System was constructed as a network of high-speed roads in, the first limited access highway built is thought to be the privately built Long Island Motor Parkway in Long Island, New York. The Southern State Parkway opened in 1927, while the Long Island Motor Parkway was closed in 1937 and replaced by the Northern State Parkway, in the United States, the national Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices uses full control of access only for freeways. This definition is used by some states, some of which also restrict freeways only to motor vehicles capable of maintaining a certain speed. Some other states use controlled access to mean a higher standard than limited access, while Australias larger capital cities feature controlled-access highway networks, the smaller metropolitan areas mostly rely on limited-access highways for high-speed local traffic. In South Australia the terms expressway and freeway can be synonymous, the Southern and Northern Expressways are both controlled-access highways. However, perhaps confusingly, the Port River Expressway is a limited-access highway, dual carriageways that connect capital cities and regional centres, such as the M31 Hume Highway between Sydney and Melbourne, are almost all limited-access highways. In spite of this, freeway terminology is used on signage for most regional limited access highways in the state of Victoria, the Expressway Network of the Peoples Republic of China is the longest highway system in the world. The network is known as National Trunk Highway System. As of 2011, the length is 85,000 kilometres. Expressways in China are a recent addition to a complex network of roads. Chinas first expressway was built in 1988, until 1993, very few expressways existed. The network is expanding rapidly after 2000, in 2011,11,000 kilometres of expressways were added to the network. The Philippines has many expressways and highways particularly concentrated on the island of Luzon, the country currently has 6 completed and available expressways and 8 major highways including the Pan-Philippine Highway also known as Asian Highway 26. The Expressways of Pakistan are a network of multiple-lane, high-speed highways in Pakistan and they are one class lower than the countrys motorways and are usually upgraded versions of the national highways. The total length of Pakistans expressways is 260-kilometre as of November,2016, around 770-kilometre of expressways are currently under construction in different part of country. Most of these expressways will be complete between 2017 and 2020, Expressways in Taiwan may be controlled-access highways similar to National Freeways or limited-access roads

10.
Motorway
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A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway, other similar terms include Interstate and parkway. Some of which may be limited-access highways, although this term can refer to a class of highway with somewhat less isolation from other traffic. In countries following Vienna convention, the motorway qualification implies they are forbidden for walking or parking, a controlled-access highway provides an unhindered flow of traffic, with no traffic signals, intersections or property access. They are free of any at-grade crossings with roads, railways, or pedestrian paths. Entrances and exits to the highway are provided at interchanges by slip roads, on the controlled-access highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated by a median strip or central reservation containing a traffic barrier or grass. Elimination of conflicts with other directions of traffic dramatically improves safety and capacity, controlled-access highways evolved during the first half of the 20th century. Italy opened its first autostrada in 1924 connecting Milan to Varese, Germany began to build its first 30-kilometre autobahn controlled-access highway without speed limits in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn. It then rapidly constructed a system of such roads in anticipation of their use in the Second World War. The first North American freeways opened in the New York City area in the 1920s, Britain, heavily influenced by the railways, did not build its first motorway, the Preston By-pass, until 1958. Most technologically advanced nations feature a network of freeways or motorways to provide high-capacity urban travel, or high-speed rural travel. Many have a national-level or even international-level system of route numbering, exit is marked with another symbol. The definitions of motorway from the OECD and PIARC are almost identical, british Standards Motorway, Limited-access dual carriageway road, not crossed on the same level by other traffic lanes, for the exclusive use of certain classes of motor vehicle. ITE Freeway, A divided major roadway with full control of access and this definition applies to toll as well as toll-free roads. Freeway A, This designates roadways with greater complexity and high traffic volumes. Usually this type of freeway will be found in areas in or near the central core. Freeway B, This designates all other divided roadways with full control of access where lighting is needed, principal arterials may cross through urban areas, serving suburban movements. The traffic is characterized by high speeds and full or partial access control, other roads leading to a principal arterial are connected to it through side collector roads

11.
Dual carriageway
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A dual carriageway or divided highway is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation. Roads with two or more carriageways which are designed to higher standards with controlled access are generally classed as motorways, freeways, a road without a central reservation is a single carriageway regardless of the number of lanes. Dual carriageways have improved road traffic safety over single carriageways and typically have speed limits as a result. In some places, express lanes and local/collector lanes are used within a system to provide more capacity. A very early example of a dual carriageway was the Via Portuensis, in 1907 the Long Island Motor Parkway opened, and roughly 20% of it featured a semi-dual-carriageway design. The New York City Belt Parkway system, which was built between 1907 and 1934, also pioneered the same design, however the majority of it featured concrete or brick railings as lane dividers instead of grass medians. In 1924 the first Italian autostrada was opened running 55 km from Milan to Varese and it featured a broad road bed and did not feature lane dividers except near cities and through the mountains. The London end of the Great West Road became Britains first dual carriageway when it was opened in 1925 by King George V, in 1927 the Rome bypass was opened. It ran 92 km bypassing Rome to the east, almost the entire length featured a dual-carriageway design. In the early 1930s it was extended all the way to Naples. Most of the routing was destroyed by the Allies in the World War II. By 1930 several US and European cities had built dual-carriageway highways, in 1932 the first German autobahn opened between Cologne and Bonn. It ran 21 km and became a precedent for future highways, although it, like the first autostrada, did not feature a dual-carriageway design, it inspired the mass construction of future high-speed roadways. During the 1930s, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union began construction of a network of dual carriageway expressways. By 1942, Germany had over 3,200 km of dual carriageway roads, Italy had nearly 1,300 km, opened to traffic in 1940, the 160-mile-long Pennsylvania Turnpike was the first rural dual carriageway built in the United States. By 1955 several states had built dual carriageway freeways and turnpikes, completed in 1994, the major highway system links all the major cities of the United States. In the UK, although the dual carriageway applies to any road with physically separated lanes. Such major dual carriageways usually have two lanes of traffic in each direction, with the lane nearest the centre being reserved for overtaking, occasionally dual carriageways have only one lane in each direction, or more than two lanes each way

12.
Truck
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A truck is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, smaller varieties may be similar to some automobiles. Commercial trucks can be large and powerful, and may be configured to mount specialized equipment, such as in the case of fire trucks and concrete mixers. Modern trucks are powered by diesel engines, although small to medium size trucks with gasoline engines exist in the US. In the European Union, vehicles with a gross mass of up to 3.5 t are known as light commercial vehicles. Trucks and cars have an ancestor, the steam-powered fardier Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built in 1769. However, steam wagons were not common until the mid-1800s, the roads of the time, built for horse and carriages, limited these vehicles to very short hauls, usually from a factory to the nearest railway station. The first semi-trailer appeared in 1881, towed by a tractor manufactured by De Dion-Bouton. In 1895 Karl Benz designed and built the first truck in history using the internal combustion engine, later that year some of Benzs trucks were modified to become the first bus by the Netphener, the first motorbus company in history. A year later, in 1896, another internal combustion engine truck was built by Gottlieb Daimler, other companies, such as Peugeot, Renault and Büssing, also built their own versions. The first truck in the United States was built by Autocar in 1899 and was available with optional 5 or 8 horsepower motors, trucks of the era mostly used two-cylinder engines and had a carrying capacity of 3,300 to 4,400 lb. In 1904,700 heavy trucks were built in the United States,1000 in 1907,6000 in 1910, after World War I, several advances were made, pneumatic tires replaced the previously common full rubber versions. Electric starters, power brakes,4,6, and 8 cylinder engines, closed cabs, the first modern semi-trailer trucks also appeared. Touring car builders such as Ford and Renault entered the heavy truck market, although it had been invented in 1890, the diesel engine was not common in trucks in Europe until the 1930s. In the United States, it took longer for diesel engines to be accepted. The word truck might come from a back-formation of truckle, meaning small wheel or pulley, from Middle English trokell, another possible source is the Latin trochus, meaning iron hoop. In turn, both sources emanate from the Greek trokhos, meaning wheel, from trekhein, the first known usage of truck was in 1611, when it referred to the small strong wheels on ships cannon carriages. In its extended usage it came to refer to carts for carrying heavy loads and its expanded application to motor-powered load carrier has been in usage since 1930, shortened from motor truck, which dates back to 1901

13.
Trailer (vehicle)
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A trailer is generally an unpowered vehicle towed by a powered vehicle. It is commonly used for the transport of goods and materials, sometimes recreational vehicles, travel trailers, or mobile homes with limited living facilities, where people can camp or stay have been referred to as trailers. In earlier days, many vehicles were towable trailers. In the United States, the term is used interchangeably with travel trailer and mobile home, varieties of trailers. Their origins lay in utility trailers built in a fashion to horse-drawn wagons. A trailer park is an area where homes are placed for habitation. In the United States trailers ranging in size from single-axle dollies to 6-axle,13 ft 6 in high,53 ft 0 in long semi-trailers are commonplace. The latter, when towed as part of a tractor-trailer or 18-wheeler, enclosed toy trailers and motorcycle trailers can be towed by commonly accessible pickup truck or van, which generally require no special permit beyond a regular drivers license. Other trailers, such as utility trailers and travel trailers or campers come in single and multiple axle varieties, there also exist highly specialized trailers, such as genset trailers, pusher trailers and their ilk that are also used to power the towing vehicle. Others are custom-built to hold entire kitchens and other specialized equipment used by carnival vendors, there are also trailers for hauling boats. Popular campers use lightweight trailers, aerodynamic trailers that can be towed by a small car and they are built to be lower than the tow vehicle, minimizing drag. Others range from two-axle campers that can be pulled by most mid-sized pickups to trailers that are as long as the host countrys law allows for drivers without special permits. Larger campers tend to be fully integrated recreational vehicles, which often are used to tow single-axle dolly trailers to allow the driver to bring small cars on their travels, a semi-trailer is a trailer without a front axle. A large proportion of its weight is supported either by a tractor or by a detachable front axle assembly known as a dolly. A semi-trailer is normally equipped with legs, called landing gear, which can be lowered to support it when it is uncoupled. In the United States, a single trailer cannot exceed a length of 57 ft 0 in on interstate highways, semi-trailers vary considerably in design, ranging from open-topped grain haulers through Tautliners to normal-looking but refrigerated 13 ft 6 in x 53 ft 0 in enclosures. Many semi-trailers are part of semi-trailer trucks, other types of semi-trailers include dry vans, flatbeds and chassis. A full trailer is a used in the United States for a freight trailer supported by front and rear axles

14.
Highway
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A highway is any public road or other public way on land. It is used for roads, but also includes other public roads and public tracks, It is not an equivalent term to controlled-access highway, or a translation for autobahn, autoroute. In North American and Australian English, major such as controlled-access highways or arterial roads are often state highways. Other roads may be designated county highways in the US and Ontario and these classifications refer to the level of government that maintains the roadway. In British English, highway is primarily a legal term, everyday use normally implies roads, while the legal use covers any route or path with a public right of access, including footpaths etc. The term has led to several related derived terms, including highway system, highway code, highway patrol, the term highway exists in distinction to waterway. Major highways are named and numbered by the governments that typically develop. Australias Highway 1 is the longest national highway in the world at over 14,500 km or 9,000 mi, China has the worlds largest network of highways followed closely by the United States of America. Some highways, like the Pan-American Highway or the European routes, some major highway routes include ferry services, such as U. S. Route 10, which crosses Lake Michigan. Traditionally highways were used by people on foot or on horses, later they also accommodated carriages, bicycles and eventually motor cars, facilitated by advancements in road construction. In the 1920s and 1930s, many nations began investing heavily in progressively more modern highway systems to spur commerce and these features are typically present on highways built as motorways. The general legal definition deals with right of use not the form of construction, the status of highway on most older roads has been gained by established public use while newer roads are typically dedicated as highways from the time they are adopted. In England and Wales, a highway is also known as The Queens Highway. The core definition of a highway is modified in various legislation for a number of purposes, scots law is similar to English law with regard to highways but with differing terminology and legislation. What is defined in England as a highway will often in Scotland be what is defined by s, Highways generally have a route number designated by the state and federal departments of transportation. Smaller roads may be termed byways, modern highway systems developed in the 20th century as the automobile gained popularity. The worlds first limited access road was constructed on Long Island New York in the United States known as the Long Island Motor Parkway or the Vanderbilt Motor Parkway, construction of the Bonn–Cologne autobahn began in 1929 and was opened in 1932 by the mayor of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer. In the USA, the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 enacted a fund to create a highway system

15.
Speed limits in Australia
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Speed limits in Australia range from 10 kilometres per hour shared zones to 110 kilometres per hour. In the Northern Territory four highways have 130 kilometres per hour zones, speed limit signage is in km/h since metrication on 1 July 1974. All speed limits are multiples of 10 km/h – the last digit in all speed signs is zero, Australian states and territories use two default speed limits. These apply automatically in the absence of posted speed restriction signage, school zones are variable speed zones, with a 40 kilometres per hour limit applying during gazetted school terms and at specific times of the day when children are expected to be present. In South Australia, the limit is 25 kilometres per hour, a minority of school zones have flashing lights to indicate when the lower speed limit applies. Common speed zones above the limits are, Many sub-arterial roads are zoned 60 kilometres per hour. Major connector roads and smaller highways are zoned 60 kilometres per hour,70 kilometres per hour,80 kilometres per hour or 90 kilometres per hour, some highways and freeways are zoned 110 kilometres per hour. Most of the Stuart, Arnhem, Barkly and Victoria highways in the Northern Territory are zoned 130 kilometres per hour and it contains the word END and a number in a black circle beneath this, representing the ceasing speed-limit. It is typically used where, according to AS1742 and it is intended therefore to invoke particular caution. This sign is used as a replacement for the slash-through speed derestriction signs common in Europe. Speed limits are enforced in almost all areas of the country except for areas of the Northern Territory. This was updated in 2006 to require that the speed indicated shall not be less than the speed of the vehicle. Detection measures used are radar, LIDAR, fixed and mobile speed cameras, Vascar, pacing, despite introduction of model national road rules by the states in 1999, Western Australia and the Northern Territory retain different default speed limits. The table below indicates the speed limits along with typical school zone limits. In the external territories, and in special cases, the speed limits may differ significantly from those found across the rest of the nation. Historically, Australia operated a simple speed limit system of urban and rural default limits, with the onset of metrication in 1974, speed limits and speed advisories were converted into kilometres per hour, rounded to the nearest 10 km/h, leading to small discrepancies in speed limits. The urban default, which prior to the 1930s was 30 miles per hour, applied to any built up area, usually defined by the presence of street lighting. This limit was increased to 35 miles per hour over the next 30 years by each of the states and territories

16.
Speed limits in Germany
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General speed limits in Germany are set by the federal government. All limits are multiples of 5 km/h, there are two default speed limits,50 km/h inside built-up areas and 100 km/h outside built-up areas. The German Highway Code section on speed begins with the requirement which may be rendered in English, speeds must be adapted to the road, traffic, visibility and weather conditions as well as the personal skills and characteristics of the vehicle and load. This requirement applies to all roads, and is similar to the reasonable speed legal obligation levied in other nations, speed limits are enforced with a small tolerance. Driving merely 3 km/h or faster above the posted or implied speed limit is considered an infraction in Germany. The speeding fines are set by federal law, the Nazi-era Road Traffic Act of 28 May 1934 imposed the first nationwide speed limit,60 km/h maximum in urban areas, but no limit on rural highways or autobahns. In October 1939, the Nazis further throttled speeds in order to fuel,40 km/h in urban areas,80 km/h elsewhere. In December 1952 the West German legislature voted to abolish all speed limits, seeing them as Nazi relics, reverting to State-level decisions. However, rising traffic fatalities led to a reversal, an urban speed limit of 50 km/h became effective September 1,1957. By 1970, fatalities had climbed to over 19,000, at 14 November 1983 the Hamburg suburb of Buxtehude had the first implementation of 30 km/h limits in residential areas, a concept that became popular. East Germanys safety efforts primarily focused on restrictive traffic regulation, for examples, there is no national speed limit, either, for cars and motorcycles on any highway outside of towns if it has a central reservation or a minimum of two marked lanes per direction. Due to this it is common to be overtaken by cars or motorcycles travelling over 200 km/h, on such roads, as well as motorways, a recommended speed limit of 130 km/h applies. While driving at higher speeds is not punishable, the risk induced by higher speeds may result in partial liability for damages. Moreover, the law forbids travel at speeds that would extend the vehicles minimum halting distance beyond the line of sight. On all German roads, there are speed limits for trucks, buses, cars towing trailers, in 1973, in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis, a federal speed limit of 100 km/h on Autobahns was imposed to help conserve fuel for fear of impending future shortages. The measure only lasted from December 1973 to March 1974, while the administration and the Bundestag were in favor of keeping the speed limit and this law is basically still in effect today. The Umweltbundesamt repeated its recommendation of such regulation in early 2007, at present, it is generally thought that a blanket speed limit would not be significantly beneficial, regarding both environmental and climate concerns and road safety. Current estimates conclude that a limit would reduce Germanys overall CO2 emission by a mere fraction of a percent

17.
Tokyo Metropolitan Police
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The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department serves as the police force of the Tokyo metropolis. Founded in 1874, it is headed by a Superintendent-General, who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commission, the Metropolitan Police, with a staff of more than 43,000 police officers and over 2,800 civilian personnel, manages 102 stations in the prefecture. The main building of the Keishicho is located in the Kasumigaseki part of central Tokyo, built in 1980, it is 18 stories tall, a large wedge-shaped building with a cylindrical tower, it is easily seen from the street and a well-known landmark. The Metropolitan Police Department is under the command of a Superintendent-General, each District Headquarters commands several police stations

18.
Home zone
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Legislation was introduced by the Highway Act 1835 which banned the playing of football and games on the highway with a maximum penalty of up to forty shillings. In 1925 Nancy Astor MP noted in the Commons that There is no more pitiable sight in life than a child which has been arrested for playing in the street, by 1935 over 2,000 young people under the age of seventeen are prosecuted for playing in the streets. Following a trial of 200 Play Streets in Manchester and Salford from 1936, Play street legislation was included in section 49 of the Road Traffic Act 1960. By 1963 there were 750 such streets around the country, in 1976 Trevor Huddleston, the Bishop of Stepney commented that Britain appeared to prefer motor cars to children ‘by cluttering up Play Streets with parked cars. By the 1980s Playgrounds Streets had been forgotten, there were streets which retained the signage and accompanying traffic restrictions. In 2002 Farley Bank, a cul-de-sac in Hastings was designated as a Play Street giving children traffic-free space for play between 8am and sunset, further guidelines relating to England in circular 02/2006, The Quiet Lanes and Home Zones Regulations 2006. These principles are similar to those of the shared space type schemes, encouraging childrens play is an important aim of many home zone schemes. Home zones have a good safety record, but are not primarily designed as road safety schemes. Home zones are encouraged by the UK Government as part of new residential areas, although it is not possible for prospective residents to be involved in the design of new streets, steps can be taken to involve them in their maintenance and management. Home zones often involved the use of shared space, where the street is not strongly divided into exclusive pedestrian, concerns have been expressed over the inability of blind and partially sighted people to use shared space streets. Providing a clear route for pedestrians that is free of traffic. Well-designed home zones often include features such as benches, tables, Street trees and areas of planting, ideally maintained by residents, will often feature. On-street parking also forms part of the layout in most schemes, traditional traffic calming features such as road humps can also be used, but should be integrated into the design rather than being added as an engineered afterthought. Examples of UK practice include Staiths South Bank in Gateshead, which at over 600 homes was the largest newbuild home zone development in the UK at the time it received planning consent. Lessons from London Play’s Home Zones project A report by Tim Gill Street Playgrounds Act 1938 History of playground streets in London http, //www. streetparty. org. uk http, //www. streetsalive. net

19.
Speed limits in the United States
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Speed limits in the United States are set by each state or territory. Highway speed limits can range from a low of 35 mph to a rural high of 85 mph. Speed limits are posted in increments of five miles per hour. Some states have lower limits for trucks and at night, most speed limits are set by state or local statute, although each state allows various subdivisions to set a different, generally lower, limit. The highest speed limits are generally 70 mph on the West Coast and the eastern states, 75–80 mph in inland western states, along with Louisiana. Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, and Vermont have a limit of 65 mph. Washington, D. C. and the U. S. Virgin Islands have a speed limit of 55 mph, and Guam. Unusual for a state east of the Mississippi, much of I-95 in Maine north of Bangor allows up to 75 mph. Although Nevada law has allowed speed limits up to 80 mph since October 2015, no 80 mph limit had been posted in Nevada as of August 2016, and it stays pending. Portions of the Idaho, Montana, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, the highest posted speed limit in the entire country can be found in one single stretch of rural freeway in Texas, and it is 85 mph. For 13 years, federal law withheld Federal highway trust funds to states that had speed limits above 55 mph, from April 1987 through December 8,1995, an amended federal law disincentivized speed limits above 65 mph. This table contains the most usual posted daytime speed limits, in miles per hour, the values shown are not necessarily the fastest or slowest. They usually indicate, but not always, statutory speed limits, Some states and territories have lower truck speed limits applicable to heavy trucks. If present, they are only on freeways or other high-speed roadways. Nevada and Washington allow for speeds up to 80 and 75 miles per hour respectively, Mississippi allows speeds up to 80 mph on toll roads, but no such roads exist. Oklahoma removed the speed of 75 from its laws, though no road been posted higher than 75. Whether this reduced gasoline consumption is debated and the impact on safety is unclear, studies, the law was widely disregarded by motorists, even after the national maximum was increased to 65 miles per hour on certain roads in 1987 and 1988. In 1995, the law was repealed, returning the choice of speed limit to each state, in addition to the legally defined maximum speed, minimum speed limits may be applicable

20.
Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction
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Speed limits in the United States vary depending on jurisdiction, with 75 to 80 mph common in the Western United States and 65 to 70 mph common in the Eastern United States. States may also set speed limits for trucks and night travel along with minimum speed limits. The highest speed limit in the country is 85 mph, which is posted on a stretch of tollway in rural Texas. In Alabama, it is illegal to drive at a speed that is not reasonable and prudent for the current conditions, drivers must also not drive so slow that they impede the flow of traffic. The Minnesota Drive Expressway features a 60-mile-per-hour speed limit, engineering studies are needed to define which road segments to post a speed limit higher than 55 miles per hour. The speed limit when towing a mobile home is 45 miles per hour, the default speed limit outside of business or residential districts in Arizona is 65 miles per hour, within those districts the default speed limit is 25 miles per hour. The school zone speed limit is 15 miles per hour, while some may be 25 to 35 miles per hour, exceeding these limits only in the best of driving conditions is considered prima facie evidence of speeding. Altered speed limits are not prima facie, the maximum speed limit on Interstate Highways is 75 miles per hour. This limit may be applied outside of urbanized areas, where speeds of over 85 miles per hour on any highway is considered a criminal offense, however, Interstate 10 near the California border is reduced to 65 miles per hour. Some portions of Interstate 15 have the same due to sharp curves. There is an exception of urban highway in Casa Grande, with a limit of 75 miles per hour. Within business or residential districts, exceeding the limit by more than 20 miles per hour is considered criminal. Within urbanized areas,55 miles per hour speed limit citations are given for waste of a finite resource and this exception only applies within a 10-mile-per-hour threshold. As long as the speed not exceed 65 miles per hour. Non-passenger vehicles in excess of 13 short tons, or vehicles drawing a pole trailer weighing more than 3 short tons may not exceed 65 miles per hour unless signs are posted that allow such a speed. Yet this does not differ from the speed limit, and has the practical effect of requiring extra consideration for posting a standard speed limit sign in excess of 65 miles per hour. A non-numeric minimum speed limit is incorporated with the basic speed rule in Arizona, night speed limit signs are posted on some roads within Tucson city limits that do not have street lights. Examples, Fort Lowell Road from Oracle Road to Country Club Road, Urban districts by default are posted at 30 mph

21.
Texas State Highway 130
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SH130 runs in a 131-mile corridor east and south of Austin. The route parallels I-35 and is intended to relieve the Interstates traffic volume through the San Antonio-Austin corridor by serving as an alternate route, the highway is noted for having a speed limit of at least 80 mph along its tolled section. The 41-mile section of the road between Mustang Ridge and Seguin has a posted speed limit of 85 mph, the highest posted speed limit in the United States. SH130 begins co-signed with I-410 at an interchange with I-35 in southwestern San Antonio, hwy 130 follows 410 until an interchange with I-10/US90, just east of Downtown San Antonio, following those two highways to Seguin. SH130 leaves I-10 in eastern Seguin, running north as a tollway, near Lockhart, the tollway begins an overlap with US183, with US183 running along the frontage roads. In the small community of Mustang Ridge, US183 leaves the frontage roads, the two highways run in a northeast direction passing through rural areas of Travis County. The tollway passes near Austin-Bergstrom International Airport at the interchange with SH71, the tollway curves around Lake Walter E. Long after the interchange with the Manor Expressway near Manor, in the city of Pflugerville, theres slight development along the route near RM620. SH45 leaves the tollway in Pflugerville with SH130 running through areas of Williamson County. SH130 runs in a slight northwest direction before ending at I-35 in northern Georgetown, SH130 was originally designated in far west Texas, between the city of El Paso and SH54 in El Paso, Hudspeth, and Culberson counties. That route was constructed in 1928, in 1932, the route was co-designated as a portion of US62. The SH130 designation was dropped with the general re-description of the highway system in 1939. Since 1943, the route has also been designated as a portion of US180 along with US62. The cost of section was expected to be $1.5 billion, which included the costs of utility relocation, design, construction. Right-of-way costs alone were estimated at $389 million, groundbreaking for SH130 took place on October 3,2003. The first segment of SH130 to open to the public was from US290 northbound to US79 on November 1,2006, on December 13, the highway was extended northward to a junction with I-35. On September 6,2007, the route was extended southward from US290 to SH71, segment 4 opened on April 30,2008, running 8. 7-mile from SH71 to US183. Cintra-Zachry formed SH130 Concession Company to manage the project, in exchange for the investment, the company received the right to collect tolls for 50 years in a revenue-sharing agreement with the state

22.
Road Train
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A road train or land train is a trucking vehicle of a type used in rural and remote areas of Australia, Canada, Mexico and the United States, to move freight efficiently. The term road train is used in Australia. In the United States, the triples, turnpike doubles. A road train has a normal tractor unit, but instead of towing one trailer or semi-trailer. Early road trains consisted of traction engines pulling multiple wagons, the first identified road trains operated into South Australias Flinders Ranges from the Port Augusta area in the mid 19th century, according to Basil Fuller in his book, The Ghan. They displaced bullock teams for the carriage of minerals to port and were, in turn, during the Crimean war a traction engine was used to pull multiple open trucks. By 1898 steam traction engine trains with up to four wagons were employed in military manoeuvres in England, in 1900, John Fowler & Co. provided armoured road trains for use by the British forces in the Second Boer War. Lord Kitchener stated that he had around 45 steam road trains at his disposal, there is an earlier road train built by its inventor in the United Kingdom. It is shown in the No.320 edition of The Auto Title, The Renard Road Train and this truck pulled two or three 6 m Dyson four-axle self-tracking trailers.5 m cooling fan, behind the seats. Australian Kurt Johansson is recognised as the inventor of the road train. After transporting stud bulls 200 mi to a property, Johansson was challenged to build a truck to carry 100 head of cattle instead of the original load of 20. Provided with financing of about 2000 pounds and inspired by the abilities of the Government roadtrain. Two years later his first road train was running, johanssons first road train consisted of a U. S. Army World War II surplus Diamond-T tank carrier, nicknamed Bertha, and two home-built self-tracking trailers. Australia has the largest and heaviest road-legal vehicles in the world, the majority are between 80 and 120 t. A double road train should not be confused with a B-double, in South Australia, B-triples up to 35.0 metres and two-trailer road trains to 36. Triple road trains operate in western New South Wales, western Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, in South Australia, road trains up to 53.5 metres are only permitted on the Stuart Highway and Olympic Dam Highway in the Far North. Darwin is the capital city in the world where triples. Tasmania and Victoria do not allow the operation of trains on any of their roads

23.
Spittal an der Drau
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Spittal an der Drau is a town in the western part of the Austrian federal state of Carinthia. It is the centre of Spittal an der Drau District. The town is located on the slopes of the Gurktal Alps. Its summit can be reached by cable car, the municipal area consists of seven Katastralgemeinden, Amlach, Edling, Großegg, Molzbichl, Olsach, Spittal proper, and St. Peter-Edling. In Großegg, the area of Spittal extends to the shore of Lake Millstatt. The adjacent settlement received market rights in 1242, together with the Ortenburg estates, Spittal in 1418 was inherited by Count Hermann II of Celje. Frederick granted the citizens the right to choose their own judge, from 1533 onwards, the Counts of Salamanca-Ortenburg had Schloss Porcia erected on the main square as their residence. The building in the style of an Italian palazzo is considered one of the most important Renaissance castles in Austria. They also rebuilt the Spittl hospital on the side of the Lieser River. In 1662 Spittal passed to the Gorizia Counts of Porcia, owners of Schloss Porcia until 1918, today the palace hosts an annual festival for classic theatrical comedies and is also home of a museum of local history. In 1537 the Carinthian Khevenhüller noble family had a residence erected opposite the castle, restored to the Austrian Empire by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the local economy was decisively promoted, when it gained access to the Austrian Southern Railway network in 1871. It formally received town privileges on the occasion of the ten-years-anniversary in 1930, since 1995 the Spittl has been a seat of the Carinthian Fachhochschule for engineering. A small museum nearby shows several artifacts of Carolingian origin, on a slope above the valley, northeast of Molzbichl is Schloss Rothenthurn, in the 11th century called Red Tower, a fiefdom of the Counts of Ortenburg. The present-day palace is a building from the 17th century and serves as a hotel, andrä Manuel Kuttin Austrian footballer who plays for Admira Wacker The city has a railway station on the Tauernbahn railway line from Villach to Salzburg. It lies also near the A10 Tauern Autobahn as well as on the Bundesstraßen highways B99 Katschberg-Straße leading to the Katschberg Pass, a cableway runs up to Mount Goldeck. Spittal an der Drau is twinned with, Löhne, Germany Pordenone, Italy Porcia, Italy

24.
Quebec Autoroute 40
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It is one of the two major connections between Montreal and Quebec City, the other being Autoroute 20 on the south shore of the St. Lawrence. Autoroute 40 is currently 347 km long, between the Ontario–Quebec boundary and the interchange with Autoroute 25, the route is signed as part of the Trans-Canada Highway. The portion of Autoroute 40 from the Ontario border to Autoroute 25 is part of the Trans-Canada Highway, two sections of Autoroute 40 were not part of the original plans, The original intention was to bypass Trois-Rivières to the north. In addition, a different route was planned around Sainte-Foy south of Jean Lesage International Airport. While the right-of-ways of both still exist and may still be developed in the future as congestion increases, there are no immediate plans to renew construction. In 1997, the highway was renamed Autoroute Félix-Leclerc after the late Quebec artist, List of crossings of the Ottawa River List of bridges in Montreal A-40 at Exitlists. com A-40 at Quebec Autoroutes Virtual tour of A-40 Transports Quebec Map

25.
Lower Saxony
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Lower Saxony is a German state situated in northwestern Germany and is second in area, with 47,624 square kilometres, and fourth in population among the sixteen Länder of Germany. In rural areas Northern Low Saxon, a dialect of Low German, and Saterland Frisian, a variety of Frisian, are still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining. Lower Saxony borders on the North Sea, the states of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, and the Netherlands. Furthermore, the state of Bremen forms two enclaves within Lower Saxony, one being the city of Bremen, the other, its city of Bremerhaven. In fact, Lower Saxony borders more neighbours than any other single Bundesland, the states principal cities include the state capital Hanover, Braunschweig, Lüneburg, Osnabrück, Oldenburg, Hildesheim, Wolfenbüttel, Wolfsburg and Göttingen. The northwestern area of Lower Saxony, which lies on the coast of the North Sea, is called East Frisia, in the extreme west of Lower Saxony is the Emsland, a traditionally poor and sparsely populated area, once dominated by inaccessible swamps. The northern half of Lower Saxony, also known as the North German Plains, is almost invariably flat except for the hills around the Bremen geestland. Towards the south and southwest lie the northern parts of the German Central Uplands, the Weser Uplands, between these two lie the Lower Saxon Hills, a range of low ridges. Thus, Lower Saxony is the only Bundesland that encompasses both maritime and mountainous areas, Lower Saxonys major cities and economic centres are mainly situated in its central and southern parts, namely Hanover, Braunschweig, Osnabrück, Wolfsburg, Salzgitter, Hildesheim and Göttingen. Oldenburg, near the coastline, is another economic centre. To the north, the Elbe river separates Lower Saxony from Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the banks just south of the Elbe are known as Altes Land. Due to its local climate and fertile soil, it is the states largest area of fruit farming. Most of the territory was part of the historic Kingdom of Hanover. It was created by the merger of the State of Hanover with several states in 1946. Lower Saxony has a boundary in the north in the North Sea. The state and city of Bremen is an enclave surrounded by Lower Saxony. The Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region is a body for the enclave area. To the southeast the state border runs through the Harz, low mountains that are part of the German Central Uplands, in northeast Lower Saxony is Lüneburg Heath

26.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network

27.
Autostrada
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The Autostrade are roads forming the Italian national system of motorways. The total length of the system is about 6,758 kilometres, in North and Central Italy this is mainly as tollways, with the biggest portion in concession to the Atlantia group which operates some 3,408 km. Italy was the first country in the world to build motorways, i. e. fast roads, the Milano-Laghi motorway was devised by Piero Puricelli, a civil engineer and entrepreneur. He received the first authorization to build a public-utility fast road in 1921, by the end of the 1930s, over 400 kilometers of multi- and dual-single-lane motorways were constructed throughout Italy, linking cities and rural towns. Italys autostrade have a speed limit of 130 km/h for cars. Limits for other vehicles are lower, in 2016, no road was taking advantage of this possibility. The first speed limit, to 120 km/h, was enacted in November 1973 as a result of the 1973 oil crisis, the designation A2 is to be used instead of A3 for the A3 Naples - Campo Calabro in future and the A3 will be retired. After a link was built bypassing Rome, the designation A2 was withdrawn, the residual connections to the Grande Raccordo Anulare were designated as raccordi. Until 1973, the designation A17 referred to the current A16, and this is a list of tangenziali classified as autostrada. Bretelle, diramazioni or raccordi are generally connections between two motorways, or connections between motorways and important cities without a motorway. They have the number as one of the two autostrade linked, a combination of the numbers of the two autostrade linked, or the number of the main autostrada. Important alpine tunnels are identified by the capital letter T followed by a single digit number, currently there are only three T-classified tunnels, Mont Blanc Tunnel, Great St Bernard Tunnel and Frejus Road Tunnel. Tunnels that cross the border between Italy and France or Switzerland, are treated as motorways, although they are not proper motorways, the code T3 was once assigned to the Bargagli-Ferriere Tunnel in Ligurian Appennines before it was reclassified as SP226. RA stands for Raccordo autostradale, a short spur route that connects an autostrada to a nearby city or tourist resort not directly served by the motorway. These spurs are owned and managed by ANAS, some spurs are toll-free motorways, but most are type-B or type-C roads. All RA have separate carriageways with two lanes in each direction, generally, they do not have an emergency lane. Access restrictions on highways are exactly the same as autostrade. Signage at the beginning and the end of the highways is the same, the general speed limit on strade extraurbane principali is 110 km/h

28.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously

29.
Metric ton
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The SI symbol for the tonne is t, adopted at the same time as the unit itself in 1879. Its use is also official, for the metric ton, within the United States, having been adopted by the US National Institute of Standards and it is a symbol, not an abbreviation, and should not be followed by a period. Informal and non-approved symbols or abbreviations include T, mT, MT, in French and all English-speaking countries that are predominantly metric, tonne is the correct spelling. Before metrication in the UK the unit used for most purposes was the Imperial ton of 2,240 pounds avoirdupois, equivalent to 1,016 kg, differing by just 1. 6% from the tonne. Ton and tonne are both derived from a Germanic word in use in the North Sea area since the Middle Ages to designate a large cask. A full tun, standing about a high, could easily weigh a tonne. An English tun of wine weighs roughly a tonne,954 kg if full of water, in the United States, the unit was originally referred to using the French words millier or tonneau, but these terms are now obsolete. The Imperial and US customary units comparable to the tonne are both spelled ton in English, though they differ in mass, one tonne is equivalent to, Metric/SI,1 megagram. Equal to 1000000 grams or 1000 kilograms, megagram, Mg, is the official SI unit. Mg is distinct from mg, milligram, pounds, Exactly 1000/0. 453 592 37 lb, or approximately 2204.622622 lb. US/Short tons, Exactly 1/0. 907 184 74 short tons, or approximately 1.102311311 ST. One short ton is exactly 0.90718474 t, imperial/Long tons, Exactly 1/1. 016 046 9088 long tons, or approximately 0.9842065276 LT. One long ton is exactly 1.0160469088 t, for multiples of the tonne, it is more usual to speak of thousands or millions of tonnes. Kilotonne, megatonne, and gigatonne are more used for the energy of nuclear explosions and other events. When used in context, there is little need to distinguish between metric and other tons, and the unit is spelt either as ton or tonne with the relevant prefix attached. *The equivalent units columns use the short scale large-number naming system used in most English-language countries. †Values in the equivalent short and long tons columns are rounded to five significant figures, ǂThough non-standard, the symbol kt is also sometimes used for knot, a unit of speed for sea-going vessels, and should not be confused with kilotonne. A metric ton unit can mean 10 kilograms within metal trading and it traditionally referred to a metric ton of ore containing 1% of metal. In the case of uranium, the acronym MTU is sometimes considered to be metric ton of uranium, in the petroleum industry the tonne of oil equivalent is a unit of energy, the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, approximately 42 GJ

30.
Slip road
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It differs from a standard intersection, at which roads cross at grade. Note, The descriptions of road junctions are for countries where vehicles drive on the side of the road. For countries where driving is on the left the layout of the junctions is the same, a freeway junction or highway interchange or motorway junction is a type of road junction, linking one controlled-access highway to another, to other roads, or to a rest area/motorway service area. On the UK motorway network, most junctions with roads are numbered sequentially. In the U. S. interchanges are numbered according to cardinal interchange number. A highway ramp or slip road is a section of road which allows vehicles to enter or exit a controlled-access highway. A directional ramp always tends toward the direction of travel. This means that a ramp that makes a left turn exits from the side of the roadway. Left directional ramps are relatively uncommon as the lane is usually reserved for high-speed through traffic. Ramps for a turn are almost always right directional ramps. Where traffic drives on the left, these cases are reversed, a non-directional ramp goes in a direction opposite to the desired direction of travel. A semi-directional ramp exits a road in a direction opposite from the direction of travel. A U-turn ramp leaves the road in one driving direction, turns over or under it, weaving is an undesirable situation in which traffic veering right and traffic veering left must cross paths within a limited distance, to merge with traffic on the through lane. Some on-ramps have a meter, which is a dedicated ramp-only traffic light that throttles the flow of entering vehicles. A complete interchange has ramps to provide access from any direction of any road in the junction to any direction of any other road in the junction. A complete interchange between a freeway and another road requires at least four ramps, complete interchanges between two freeways generally have at least eight ramps, as having fewer would considerably reduce capacity and increase weaving. Depending on the type and the connectivity offered other numbers of ramps may be used. For highways with high-occupancy vehicle lanes, ramps can be used to service these carriageways directly, an incomplete interchange has at least one or more missing ramps that prevent access to at least one direction of another road in the junction from any other road in the junction

31.
Penmaenbach
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The Carneddau are a group of mountains in Snowdonia, Wales. They include the largest contiguous areas of ground in Wales and England. The range also encloses a number of such as Llyn Cowlyd and Llyn Eigiau. It is delimited by the Irish Sea to the north, the Conwy valley to the east, the area covers nearly 200 square kilometres, about 10% of the area of Snowdonia. The rocks from which the Carneddau are formed mostly originated in the Ordovician period between 500 and 440 million years ago, at that time, the continental land masses on either side of the Iapetus Ocean were moving together. The friction between these caused the floor of the ocean to melt, volcanoes to form and the land to rise up and this was the origin of the towering mountains that were to become Snowdonia and the other mountain ranges in Central and North Wales. Over time, these mountains have been eroded by the weather, the Carneddau were formed in this way and consist of volcanic and sedimentary rock. The last ice sheet retreated about 10,000 years ago and it left behind a landscape of smooth summits above erratic boulders and scree at the foot of cliffs on the eastern side of the mountains, and moraines that created shallow lakes in the cwms. This area was first colonised in Neolithic times, when Stone Age farmers started clearing the forests of oak and birch that covered all but the uppermost ridges. They were followed by Bronze Age people who cleared more forests, there are more than one thousand ancient monuments on the Carneddau estate. The remains of stone huts dating back to this time have been found. On the north slopes of Drosgl there are clusters of Iron Age huts. This settlement endured for a thousand years, lasting until after the Romans arrived, there are other huts elsewhere and traces of field systems and numerous hill forts situated at strategic upland sites. The Romans subdued the area and built a road, Bwlch y Ddeufaen across the slopes of the Carnedds. After they left in 410, the land was controlled once again by Welsh princes who schemed and formed alliances among themselves, the clearance of the native forests continued and at one time goats were the main form of livestock. Their feral descendants are found in the area today on the Glyderau. They were later followed by cattle and it was not till the 18th century desire for wool that sheep became numerous, by the thirteenth century, English ambitions were increasing under King Edward I of England in this part of Wales and the English castles encircled Snowdonia. It was in a bog in the foothills of Bera Mawr, at a place called Nanhysglain

32.
Wales
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Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and it had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2. Wales has over 1,680 miles of coastline and is mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon. The country lies within the temperate zone and has a changeable. Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudds death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of Englands conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism, Welsh national feeling grew over the century, Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, two-thirds of the population live in south Wales, mainly in and around Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and in the nearby valleys. Now that the countrys traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales economy depends on the sector, light and service industries. Wales 2010 gross value added was £45.5 billion, over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the land of song, Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness. The Old English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term Wælisc when referring to the Celtic Britons in particular, the modern names for some Continental European lands and peoples have a similar etymology. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. The use of the word Cymry as a self-designation derives from the location in the post-Roman Era of the Welsh people in modern Wales as well as in northern England and southern Scotland. It emphasised that the Welsh in modern Wales and in the Hen Ogledd were one people, in particular, the term was not applied to the Cornish or the Breton peoples, who are of similar heritage, culture, and language to the Welsh. The word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century and it is attested in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. The Latinised forms of names, Cambrian, Cambric and Cambria, survive as lesser-used alternative names for Wales, Welsh

33.
Interstate highways
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The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is a network of controlled-access highways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States. The system is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who championed its formation, construction was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, and the original portion was completed 35 years later, although some urban routes were cancelled and never built. The network has since been extended and, as of 2013, as of 2013, about one-quarter of all vehicle miles driven in the country use the Interstate system. In 2006, the cost of construction was estimated at about $425 billion, the nations revenue needs associated with World War I prevented any significant implementation of this policy, which expired in 1921. In the plan, Mehren proposed a 50, 000-mile system, the system would include two percent of all roads and would pass through every state at a cost of $25,000 per mile, providing commercial as well as military transport benefits. As the landmark 1916 law expired, new legislation was passed—the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 and this new road construction initiative once again provided for federal matching funds for road construction and improvement, $75 million allocated annually. The Bureau of Public Roads asked the Army to provide a list of roads that it considered necessary for national defense. A boom in construction followed throughout the decade of the 1920s. As automobile traffic increased, planners saw a need for such a national system to supplement the existing, largely non-freeway. By the late 1930s, planning had expanded to a system of new superhighways, in 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Thomas MacDonald, chief at the Bureau of Public Roads, a hand-drawn map of the United States marked with eight superhighway corridors for study. He recognized that the system would also provide key ground transport routes for military supplies. The publication in 1955 of the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways, informally known as the Yellow Book, assisting in the planning was Charles Erwin Wilson, who was still head of General Motors when President Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953. The Interstate Highway System was authorized on June 29,1956 by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate, three states have claimed the title of first Interstate Highway. Missouri claims that the first three contracts under the new program were signed in Missouri on August 2,1956, the first contract signed was for upgrading a section of US Route 66 to what is now designated Interstate 44. On August 13,1956, Missouri awarded the first contract based on new Interstate Highway funding, kansas claims that it was the first to start paving after the act was signed. Preliminary construction had taken place before the act was signed, the state marked its portion of I-70 as the first project in the United States completed under the provisions of the new Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The Pennsylvania Turnpike could also be considered one of the first Interstate Highways, on October 1,1940,162 miles of the highway now designated I‑70 and I‑76 opened between Irwin and Carlisle. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania refers to the turnpike as the Granddaddy of the Pikes, October 12,1979, The final section of the Canada to Mexico freeway Interstate 5 is dedicated near Stockton, California

34.
New Jersey Turnpike
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The New Jersey Turnpike, colloquially known to New Jerseyans as the Turnpike, is a toll road in New Jersey, maintained by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. According to the International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association, the Turnpike is the nations sixth-busiest toll road and is one of the most heavily traveled highways in the United States and its northern terminus is located at the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee, Bergen County. The Turnpike is a major thoroughfare providing access to localities in New Jersey, as well as Delaware, Pennsylvania. The route divides into four roadways between exit 6 and exit 14, with the inner lanes restricted to carrying only cars, and with the outer lanes for cars, trucks and buses. The northern part of the turnpike, along with the entirety of its extensions and spurs, is part of the Interstate Highway System. South of exit 6, it has the unsigned Route 700 designation, construction of the mainline from conceptualization to completion took 23 months, from 1950 to 1952. It was officially opened to traffic in November 1951, between its terminus and exit 10. The Interstate Highway System took some of its design guidelines by copying the Turnpikes design guidelines, to some degree, the Turnpike is considered iconic in pop culture, having been referenced in music, film and television. The main road of the New Jersey Turnpike splits from I-295 in Carneys Point Township and runs a north-northeast route to Ridgefield Park and it is designated Route 700, an unsigned route, from exit 1 to exit 6, and as I-95 from exit 6 to exit 18. The number of ranges from 4 lanes south of exit 4,6 lanes between exit 4 and exit 6,12 lanes between exit 6 and exit 11, and 14 lanes between exit 11 and exit 14. None of these state highway designations have ever been signed, specifically, starting in Mansfield Township, the Turnpike has a total of 12 lanes,6 in each direction. From Woodbridge Township to Newark, High-occupancy vehicle lanes exist on the outer roadway, thereby making it 7 lanes in each direction. The HOV lanes are in effect on weekdays, from 6,00 a. m. –9,00 a. m. northbound, north of exit 14, the Turnpike splits into two spurs, the Eastern Spur and the Western Spur. Both spurs are signed as I-95, the Western Spur is posted for through traffic on I-95 seeking Interstate 280, the Meadowlands Sports Complex, and the George Washington Bridge. Traffic seeking U. S. Route 46, Interstate 80, the New Jersey Department of Transportation, which calls every class of highway Route, calls the Western Spur Route 95W. It connects Newark with Lower Manhattan via the Holland Tunnel in Jersey City and this extension contains three exits and due to its design, it has a 50 mph speed limit. A 6-mile long six-lane highway, it not only connects the Pennsylvania Turnpike with the mainline and it was formerly designated as Route 700P, but is currently designated I-95 in anticipation of the completion of the Pennsylvania Turnpike/Interstate 95 Interchange Project in 2018. A 4-mile stretch of I-95 north of U. S.46 came under Turnpike Authority jurisdiction in 1992 and this section of the road travels past the interchange for I-80 and through a cut in the Hudson Palisades at GWB Plaza

35.
Traffic calming
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Traffic calming uses physical design and other measures to improve safety for motorists, pedestrians and cyclists. It aims to encourage safer, more driving and potentially reduce traffic flow. Urban planners and traffic engineers have many strategies for calming, including narrowed roads. Such measures are common in Australia and Europe, but less so in North America, Traffic calming is a calque of the German word Verkehrsberuhigung – the terms first published use in English was in 1985 by Carmen Hass-Klau. In its early development in the UK in the 1930s, traffic calming was based on the idea that residential areas should be protected from through-traffic, subsequently, it became valued for its ability to improve pedestrian safety and reduce noise and air pollution from traffic. For much of the century, streets were designed by engineers who were charged only with ensuring smooth motor vehicular traffic flow. Traffic calming initiatives have grown to other design functions as well. For example, it has shown that car traffic severely impairs the social and recreational functions of public streets. Traffic engineers refer to three Es when discussing traffic calming, engineering, education, and enforcement, engineering measures involve physically altering the road layout or appearance to actively or passively retard traffic by increasing the cognitive load of driving. Measures include speed humps, chicanes, curb extensions, and living street, the town of Hilden in Germany has achieved a rate of 24% of trips being on two wheels, mainly via traffic calming and the use of 30 km/h or 20 mph zones. In 1999, the Netherlands had over 6000 woonerven where cyclists and pedestrians have priority over cars. A number of changes to roads are being made to encourage more attentive driving, reduced speed, reduced crashes. Visual traffic calming includes lane narrowings, road diets, use of next to streets, on-street parking. Physical devices include speed humps, speed cushions, and speed tables, such measures normally slow cars to between 10 and 25 miles per hour. Most devices are made of asphalt or concrete but rubber traffic calming products are emerging as an alternative with several advantages. Narrowing measures include, Lane narrowings can be created by extending sidewalks, adding bollards or planters, curb extensions narrow the width of the roadway at pedestrian crossings Chokers are curb extensions that narrow roadways to a single lane at certain points Road diets remove a lane from the street. For example, allowing parking on one or both sides of a street to reduce the number of driving lanes, pedestrian refuges or small islands in the middle of the street can help reduce lane widths. Converting one-way streets into two-way streets forces opposing traffic into close proximity, using polymer cement overlay applies a brick texture and appearance to asphalt surfaces to indicate a high traffic crosswalk

36.
Traffic sign
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Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of or above roads to give instructions or provide information to road users. The earliest signs were simple wooden or stone milestones, later, signs with directional arms were introduced, for example, the fingerposts in the United Kingdom and their wooden counterparts in Saxony. Such pictorial signs use symbols in place of words and are based on international protocols. Such signs were first developed in Europe, and have adopted by most countries to varying degrees. Traffic signs can be grouped into several types, for example, Annexe 1 of the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals, which on 30 June 2004 had 52 signatory countries, defines eight categories of signs, A. Special regulation signs F. Information, facilities, or service signs G. Direction, position, a rather informal distinction among the directional signs is the one between advance directional signs, interchange directional signs, and reassurance signs. Advance directional signs appear at a distance from the interchange. A number of countries do not give information for the road ahead, advance directional signs enable drivers to take precautions for the exit. They often do not appear on lesser roads, but are normally posted on expressways and motorways, while each nation has its own system, the first approach sign for a motorway exit is mostly placed at least 1000 m from the actual interchange. After that sign, one or two additional advance directional signs typically follow before the interchange itself. The earliest road signs were milestones, giving distance or direction, for example, in the Middle Ages, multidirectional signs at intersections became common, giving directions to cities and towns. In 1686, the first known Traffic Regulation Act in Europe is established by King Peter II of Portugal and this act foresees the placement of priority signs in the narrowest streets of Lisbon, stating which traffic should back up to give way. One of these still exists at Salvador street, in the neighborhood of Alfama. The first modern road signs erected on a wide scale were designed for riders of high or ordinary bicycles in the late 1870s and early 1880s. These machines were fast, silent and their nature made them difficult to control, moreover their riders travelled considerable distances, the development of automobiles encouraged more complex signage systems using more than just text-based notices. One of the first modern-day road sign systems was devised by the Italian Touring Club in 1895, by 1900, a Congress of the International League of Touring Organizations in Paris was considering proposals for standardization of road signage. In 1903 the British government introduced four national signs based on shape, in 1909, nine European governments agreed on the use of four pictorial symbols, indicating bump, curve, intersection, and grade-level railroad crossing. The intensive work on road signs that took place between 1926 and 1949 eventually led to the development of the European road sign system

37.
Warning sign
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A traffic warning sign is a type of traffic sign that indicates a hazard ahead on the road that may not be readily apparent to a driver. In most countries, they take the shape of an equilateral triangle with a white background. However, both the color of the background and the color and thickness of the border varies from country to country, in the Peoples Republic of China, warning signs appear with a black border and a yellow background. In Sweden, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Finland, Iceland, the polar bear warning sign in Svalbard recently changed from displaying a black bear on white background to a white bear on black background. Some countries that use a white background have adopted an orange or amber background for road work or construction signs. Warning signs in some countries have a shape in place of the standard triangular shape. Some other countries use these standards for some signage. The warning signs usually contain a symbol, in Europe they are based on the UNECE Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals. In the United States they are based on the MUTCD standard, some of the first roadside signs —ancient milestones— merely gave distance measures. Hazard warnings were rare though occasional specimens appeared, such as the warning about horse-drawn vehicles backing up which was carved in stone in Lisbons Alfama neighborhood in 1686. The early signs did not have high-contrast lettering and their messages might have been easily overlooked, Signs were written in the local language, symbolic signs, though long used on certain tradesmens signs were to be used for traffic only much later in history. Complex signage systems emerged with the appearance of motorcars, in 1908 the automobile association in West London erected some warning signs. In 1909, nine European governments agreed on the use of four symbols, indicating bump, curve, intersection. The intensive work on road signs that took place between 1926 and 1949 eventually led to the development of the European road sign system. As the 20th century progressed and also as traffic volume and vehicle speeds increased, sign-visibility, earlier flat painted signs gave way to signs with embossed letters. Wording might be spelled out with so-called button copy —letters dotted with reflective glass spheres for night visibility, button copy signs with plastic pips rather than glass appeared in the 1970s. Flat metal signs reappeared in the 1980s with the use of surfaces covered with retroflective sheeting materials like Scotchlite. In Europe, the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals tried, among other things, after the fall of the Iron Curtain and greater ease of country-to-country driving in the Eurozone, European countries moved toward lessening the regional differences in warning signs

38.
Regulatory sign
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One type of regulatory signs are traffic signs intended to instruct road users on what they must or should do under a given set of circumstances. Examples of non-traffic types of regulatory signs might be signs for vehicles without disabled parking stickers or no-smoking signs where there are laws prohibiting smoking. Section 1A.13 Definitions of Words and Phrases in This Manual, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. Regulatory Sign—a sign that gives notice to users of traffic laws or regulations

39.
Prohibitory traffic sign
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Prohibitory traffic signs are used to prohibit certain types of manoeuvres or some types of traffic. No admittance to unauthorised personnel, usually shown as a red circle with a white rectangle across its face and it is often used for one-way traffic. These signs denote that the road is only for traffic coming in the opposite direction, Used at intersections to roads with one-way traffic or ramps. Traffic is not permitted to continue straight, and must usually turn and these may occur at an intersection with incoming one-way traffic. Motor vehicles are not permitted in this region, motorcycles are not permitted in this area. Heavy goods vehicles are not allowed Buses are not permitted, pedestrians are not allowed on the road, but may use a footpath instead. Pedestrians and bicycles are not permitted, but may be allowed on a footpath, either for all vehicles or with some exceptions. These are usually to speed up traffic through an intersection or due to cars or other right of ways or if the intersecting road is one-way. Indicated near-universally by a making the prohibited turn overlaid with a red circle with an angular line crossing it. No overtaking or passing signs See, Speed limit Used to indicate a maximum speed limit, the indicated limit is in mph in the USA and the UK, and in km/h in all other countries. Speed limit signs End of speed limit signs Used denote maximum weight for bridges, Used to denote maximum width on narrow roadways. Used to denote height limit on bridges and underpasses Used to denote maximum length, sounding your horn is not allowed for vehicles in some areas, most commonly in school zones, villages, or near hospitals or churches. Amongst one of the most familiar signs, this sign is used where parking is prohibited, the no parking sign is a part of controlled parking zone sign, which is obsolete in Belgrade from 1997. This sign is used where parking and stopping is prohibited, usually shown as a red cross inside a blue circle with a red ring in Europe and parts of Asia, and a E in a red circle with a X through in South America. Stop at customs that are used at crossings, toll roads or police. These are the signs that end restrictions

40.
Mandatory sign
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Mandatory signs are road signs which are used to set the obligations of all traffic which use a specific area of road. Unlike prohibitory or restrictive signs, mandatory signs tell traffic what it must do, in Vienna Convention signatories, the mandatory sign is either a light blue circle with a white border or a white circle with a red border. The mandatory sign group is not used in Australia, Ecuador, or the United States, canada has developed its own style using a green circle, which is not used in any other country. The U. S. instead uses black arrows and border on taller-than-wide rectangular white signs, below is a chart comparing some of the most common mandatory signs. When a specific area of roadway is designated with a sign specifying a vehicle type. These signs can be combined by putting one pictogram above the other, if the pictograms are side-by-side however, with the sign divided by a white vertical line, each type of vehicle must stay within the lane indicated by the sign. A red line through a sign indicates not that a vehicle of a specific type is prohibited from entering the designated area. Mandatory signs can also be used to issue instructions to all vehicles - common examples include pass on this side signs seen at roadworks, and compulsory roundabout signs seen at mini-roundabouts

41.
Stop sign
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A stop sign is a traffic sign to notify drivers that they must make sure no cars are coming and slow down before proceeding. The Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals proposed the standard stop sign diameters of 600,900 or 1200 mm, the United Kingdom and New Zealand stop signs are 750,900 or 1200 mm, according to sign location and traffic speeds. In the United States, stop signs have a size of 750 mm across opposite flats of the red octagon, the white uppercase letters in small caps forming the stop legend are 250 mm tall. Larger signs of 900 mm with 300 mm legend and 25 mm border are used on multi-lane expressways, the metric units specified in the US regulatory manuals are rounded approximations of US customary units, not exact conversions. The field, legend, and border are all retroreflective, in the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of the UN, the instruction on the sign to stop is specified to be either in English as stop or written in the local language. The signs distinctive design was developed and first used in the US, despite this, the US is not a signatory to this UN Convention. The reason that the US has the sign design as specified by the Convention is that the Convention adopted the US standard. However, most countries see fewer of them than North America and South Africa, because all-way stops are never used, at the vast majority of minor intersections in these countries Give Way signs and/or equivalent road markings are used. Finally, at the crossing streets, Give Way signs may be replaced by roundabouts. Stop signs are used in North America to control conflicting traffic movements at intersections that are not busy enough to justify the installation of a traffic signal or roundabout. In the United States, the sign is not intended for use as a traffic calming device. Stop signs may be erected on all intersecting roads, resulting in three-, more recently, Georgia Traffic Engineer Martin Bretherton Jr. Fifteen studies found that unwarranted multi-way stops actually increased speed away from intersections as motorists try to make up lost time spent at unnecessary stop signs, multi-way stop signs impose high vehicle operating costs, longer than needed travel times, excessive fuel consumption and increased vehicle emissions. Researchers also found that safety of pedestrians may sometimes be actually decreased, pedestrians expect vehicles to stop, but many drivers run the unnecessary signs. Engine exhaust, brake, tire and aerodynamic noise may all increase as cars brake, while the initial cost of installing stop signs is low, enforcement costs can be prohibitive, and one 1990 study estimated extra travel costs per intersection as $210, 061/year. Finally, where unwarranted multi-way stops have been removed with public support. Another major issue surrounding the use of stop signs pertains to the publics variegated understanding of their meaning, one prolific source of accidents is the misconception of law that every motorist who attempts to enter a main highway from a side road, does so at his or her peril. He or she has a right to assume that the driver of the car will obey the law, slow down

42.
Yield sign
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In road transport, a yield or give way sign indicates that each driver must prepare to stop if necessary to let a driver on another approach proceed. A driver who stops or slows down to let another vehicle through has yielded the right of way to that vehicle, in contrast, a stop sign requires each driver to stop completely before proceeding, even if no other traffic is present. Particular regulations regarding appearance, installation, and compliance with the signs vary by jurisdiction, while give way and yield essentially have the same meaning in this context, many countries have a clear preference of one term over the other. The following chart compiles which countries and territories use which term and this chart is based on official government usage in the English language and excludes translations from other languages. A black triangle was a symbol of stop for all vehicles since about 1925 in Germany, in the United States, the first yield sign was installed in 1950 at First Street and Columbia Avenue Tulsa, Oklahoma, having been devised and designed by Tulsa police officer Clinton Riggs. Riggs invented only the sign, not the rule, which was already in place, the sign as originally conceived by Officer Riggs was shaped like a keystone, later versions bore the shape of an inverted equilateral triangle in common use today. In Australia, the Give Way sign experienced a similar evolution as its counterpart in the United States, during the 1940s and 1950s, the sign was circular and yellow. In 1964, the changed to the triangular shape and red. In the 1980s the sign adopted its design and gained a counterpart for use at roundabouts. In road signs in Ireland, the sign reads yield in most areas, though in Gaeltacht areas. Signs erected before 1997 and still in service read yield right of way, Signs 1956–62 had blank white interior or were hollow. In New Zealand, the design also used the keystone shape as in the United States. In the 1980s, the design was adopted. The United Kingdoms Road Traffic Act calls for give way signs, the road marking accompanying the sign consists of a large inverted triangle painted just before the place to give way. In Wales, the signs bear bilingual legends, the Welsh ildiwch appears above give way, in the United Kingdom, a stop or give-way sign may be preceded by an inverted, blank, triangular sign with an advisory placard such as give way 100 yards. If controlling a merge-type movement on the roadway where acceleration geometry and/or sight distance is not adequate for merging traffic operation. The second crossroad of a highway, where the median width at the intersection is 9 m or greater. In this case, a STOP sign may be installed at the entrance to the first roadway of a highway

43.
Crossbuck
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A crossbuck is a sign composed of two slats of wood or metal of equal length, fastened together on a pole in a saltire formation. In the United States, the crossbuck carries the words RAIL and ROAD on one arm and CROSSING on the other, older variants simply used black and white paint, newer installations use a reflective white material with non-reflective lettering. Some antique U. S. crossbucks were painted in color schemes. Other countries, such as China, also use this layout, often, a supplemental sign below the crossbuck indicates the number of tracks at the crossing. A special kind of crossing sign assembly was introduced on a basis in Ohio in 1992. The experiments final report gave the device a favorable review, however, the plate was rejected for inclusion in the 2003 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. In Canada, crossbucks have a red border and no lettering, in Mexico, the crossbucks read CRUCERO FERROCARRIL, a literal translation of its U. S. counterpart. Older designs read CUIDADO CON EL TREN, meaning beware of the train, in Argentina, the most common legend is PELIGRO FERROCARRIL. A version with a yellow and black cross, and one with the cross in white with a red border, a special symbol in the center indicates an electric railroad crossing, cautioning road users about excessive height cargo that may contact the electric wires. In Australia, the crossbuck is a St Andrews Cross as in Europe, but uses words, in contrast to the American RAILROAD CROSSING, Australian signs say RAILWAY CROSSING or TRAMWAY CROSSING. Different countries may classify the sign differently, for example, in Australia it is considered a regulatory sign, while in close neighbour New Zealand it is considered a warning sign. Some countries, such as Australia, France, New Zealand, several countries use a sign to indicate that multiple tracks must be crossed at a level crossing. In Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the U. S. a sign is mounted beneath the crossbuck with the number of tracks, many European countries use multiple crossbucks or additional chevrons below the first one. Taiwan also uses half-crossbucks below the regular crossbuck, several countries include the crossbuck design in their advance warning signs for a railway crossing ahead. Traffic Control for Railroad and Light Rail Transit Grade Crossings, U. S, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices,2009 ed

Speed limit
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Road speed limits are used in most countries to set the maximum speed at which road vehicles may legally travel on particular stretches of road. Speed limits may be variable and in some places speeds are unlimited, Speed limits are normally indicated on a traffic sign. Speed limits are set by the legislative bodies of nations or provincial governme

1.
A typical 60 km/h speed limit sign used in Australia

2.
A typical 50 mph speed limit sign in the United States.

3.
Antique New Hampshire speed limit sign.

4.
A speed limit sign in Ontario

Kilometers per hour
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The kilometre per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of kilometres travelled in one hour. Worldwide, it is the most commonly used unit of speed on road signs, the Dutch on the other hand adopted the kilometre in 1817 but gave it the local name of the mijl. The SI representations, classified as symbols, are km/h, km h−1 and km·h−1, the u

1.
A car speedometer that indicates measured speed in kilometres per hour.

2.
Automobile speedometer, measuring speed in miles per hour on the outer track, and kilometres per hour on the inner track. In Canada "km/h" is shown on the outer track and "MPH" on the inner track.

United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border wi

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Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.

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Flag

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The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.

4.
The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.

United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean,

1.
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764

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Flag

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The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.

4.
The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

Miles per hour
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Miles per hour is an imperial and United States customary unit of speed expressing the number of statute miles covered in one hour. Miles per hour is the also used in the Canadian rail system. In some countries mph may be used to express the speed of delivery of a ball in sporting events such as cricket, tennis, road traffic speeds in other countri

1.
Automobile speedometer, indicating speed in miles per hour on the outer scale and kilometres per hour on the inner scale

2.
United States road sign with maximum speed noted in standard Mph

Autobahn
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The Autobahn is the federal controlled-access highway system in Germany. The official German term is Bundesautobahn, which translates as federal motorway, the literal meaning of the word Bundesautobahn is Federal Auto Track. German autobahns have no federally mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles, however limits are posted in areas that

3.
Rare sight in Europe: 4 lanes in each direction of travel for 21 kilometers. The section between Zeppelinheim and Darmstadt, it is the oldest Autobahn.

4.
Typical section of modern autobahn near an interchange, with overhead direction signs.

Isle of Man
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The Isle of Man, also known simply as Mann, is a self-governing crown dependency in the Irish Sea between England and Northern Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann, the Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. Foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the British Government

1.
The Braaid in central Isle of Man, with remnants of a Celtic-Norse roundhouse and two longhouses, c. 650–950 AD

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Flag

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The Calf of Man seen from Cregneash

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A composite satellite image of the Isle of Man

Single carriageway
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A single carriageway or undivided highway is a road with one, two or more lanes arranged within a single carriageway with no central reservation to separate opposing flows of traffic. A two-lane road or two-lane highway is a single carriageway with one lane for each direction, a single-track road has a single lane with passing places for traffic in

1.
The A511 in Leicestershire, England: a typical single-carriageway arterial road with one traffic lane for each direction (and, in this case, a two-way pedestrian and cycle way alongside)

2.
Types of road

Limited-access road
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The degree of isolation from local traffic allowed varies between countries and regions. The precise definition of these terms varies by jurisdiction, the first implementation of limited-access roadways in the United States was the Bronx River Parkway in New York, in 1907. The New York State Parkway System was constructed as a network of high-speed

1.
The Veterans Memorial Parkway in London, Ontario is a modern at-grade expressway

Motorway
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A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway, other similar terms include Interstate and parkway. Some of which may be limited-access highways, although this term can refer to a

1.
The interchange between US-131, M-6 and 68th Street in Wyoming, Michigan, shows many of the features of controlled-access highways—opposing traffic on separate carriageways, no at-grade intersections and no direct access to properties.

2.
French A10 near Orléans showing hard shoulder and emergency telephone. The broken demarcation line for the hard shoulder is specific to France, and serves as a safety reference mark for drivers: the advisory distance from the vehicle ahead is two dashes minimum.

3.
De Lucht Rest Area on the Dutch A2 - A typical rest area with services (fuel, refreshments and toilets). The only access is via the highway that it serves.

4.
Traffic congestion, such as this on the Downtown Connector in Atlanta, is tied to photochemical smog.

Dual carriageway
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A dual carriageway or divided highway is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation. Roads with two or more carriageways which are designed to higher standards with controlled access are generally classed as motorways, freeways, a road without a central reservation is a sing

1.
A typical British dual carriageway with central barrier on the A63 near Hull, England

Truck
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A truck is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, smaller varieties may be similar to some automobiles. Commercial trucks can be large and powerful, and may be configured to mount specialized equipment, such as in the case of fire trucks and concrete mixers. Modern trucks are powered by d

1.
1898 " NW First Truck "

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Truck carrying a large load in India

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Jingle trucks on Karakoram Highway in Pakistan

4.
A truck on Grand Trunk Road, Gakkhar, Pakistan

Trailer (vehicle)
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A trailer is generally an unpowered vehicle towed by a powered vehicle. It is commonly used for the transport of goods and materials, sometimes recreational vehicles, travel trailers, or mobile homes with limited living facilities, where people can camp or stay have been referred to as trailers. In earlier days, many vehicles were towable trailers.

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Utility trailer

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A boat on a single-axle trailer

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A truck pulling a semi-trailer using a trailer dolly.

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ACP Backtracking genset trailer

Highway
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A highway is any public road or other public way on land. It is used for roads, but also includes other public roads and public tracks, It is not an equivalent term to controlled-access highway, or a translation for autobahn, autoroute. In North American and Australian English, major such as controlled-access highways or arterial roads are often st

1.
Cyclists on Highway M-185 in Michigan in the USA

2.
The term highway includes any public road. This is an unpaved highway in Northern England.

3.
An Autobahn in Lehrte, near Hanover, Germany – a busy, high-capacity motorway.

4.
The I-75 / I-85 Downtown Connector in Atlanta, USA.

Speed limits in Australia
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Speed limits in Australia range from 10 kilometres per hour shared zones to 110 kilometres per hour. In the Northern Territory four highways have 130 kilometres per hour zones, speed limit signage is in km/h since metrication on 1 July 1974. All speed limits are multiples of 10 km/h – the last digit in all speed signs is zero, Australian states and

1.
50 km/h speed limit sign

2.
60 km/h speed limit sign

3.
Most urban freeways in Australia have speed limits of 80, 90, 100 or 110 km/h. This example is of the EastLink tolled motorway in Melbourne.

4.
130 km/h speed limits are found on the Stuart, Barkly, Victoria and Arnhem Highways

Speed limits in Germany
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General speed limits in Germany are set by the federal government. All limits are multiples of 5 km/h, there are two default speed limits,50 km/h inside built-up areas and 100 km/h outside built-up areas. The German Highway Code section on speed begins with the requirement which may be rendered in English, speeds must be adapted to the road, traffi

1.
Speed limits in Germany

Tokyo Metropolitan Police
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The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department serves as the police force of the Tokyo metropolis. Founded in 1874, it is headed by a Superintendent-General, who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commission, the Metropolitan Police, with a staff of more than 43,000 police officers and over 2,800 civilian personnel, manages 102 stations in the pr

1.
The headquarters building of the Keishicho stands beyond the historic Ministry of Justice headquarters.

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Asahikage

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Metropolitan Police HQ seen from the Imperial Palace

4.
Mazda RX-8

Home zone
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Legislation was introduced by the Highway Act 1835 which banned the playing of football and games on the highway with a maximum penalty of up to forty shillings. In 1925 Nancy Astor MP noted in the Commons that There is no more pitiable sight in life than a child which has been arrested for playing in the street, by 1935 over 2,000 young people und

1.
Entrance to a home zone in Wonford

Speed limits in the United States
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Speed limits in the United States are set by each state or territory. Highway speed limits can range from a low of 35 mph to a rural high of 85 mph. Speed limits are posted in increments of five miles per hour. Some states have lower limits for trucks and at night, most speed limits are set by state or local statute, although each state allows vari

1.
A speed limit sign entering a school zone, along with a warning light above

2.
A standard sign indicating a speed limit of 80 miles per hour (mph), a night-time speed limit of 65 mph, and a truck speed limit of 55 mph

3.
In 1973, Congress enacted a national speed limit of 55 mph (89 km/h). Some states, such as Washington, enacted lower speed limits.

4.
Night speed limit in the Key Deer habitat on the Florida Keys. Note the nonreflective backing of the day speed limit number. At night, only the number on the lower sign is visible in the headlights.

Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction
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Speed limits in the United States vary depending on jurisdiction, with 75 to 80 mph common in the Western United States and 65 to 70 mph common in the Eastern United States. States may also set speed limits for trucks and night travel along with minimum speed limits. The highest speed limit in the country is 85 mph, which is posted on a stretch of

1.
Antique New Hampshire speed limit sign.

2.
Typical speed limit sign that one would see at the Montana state line from December 1995 to June 1999.

3.
A standard-style New York State speed sign indicating the state speed limit

4.
Common until the late 1980s, signs indicating the end of a speed zone, like this "End 30 Mile Speed" sign, are now obsolete.

Texas State Highway 130
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SH130 runs in a 131-mile corridor east and south of Austin. The route parallels I-35 and is intended to relieve the Interstates traffic volume through the San Antonio-Austin corridor by serving as an alternate route, the highway is noted for having a speed limit of at least 80 mph along its tolled section. The 41-mile section of the road between Mu

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SH 130 northbound near Kingsbury, July 2013

2.
State Highway 130

3.
SH 130 northbound in Pflugerville, May 2008

Road Train
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A road train or land train is a trucking vehicle of a type used in rural and remote areas of Australia, Canada, Mexico and the United States, to move freight efficiently. The term road train is used in Australia. In the United States, the triples, turnpike doubles. A road train has a normal tractor unit, but instead of towing one trailer or semi-tr

1.
Volvo NH15 BP tanker road train

2.
Double-stacked trailers (with a small truck and gooseneck dolly as well) being unloaded at Timber Creek, Northern Territory.

3.
A B-double parked at a truck stop.

4.
Quad dog trailer

Spittal an der Drau
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Spittal an der Drau is a town in the western part of the Austrian federal state of Carinthia. It is the centre of Spittal an der Drau District. The town is located on the slopes of the Gurktal Alps. Its summit can be reached by cable car, the municipal area consists of seven Katastralgemeinden, Amlach, Edling, Großegg, Molzbichl, Olsach, Spittal pr

1.
View from Mt. Goldeck towards the Gurktal Alps

2.
Main square

3.
Porcia Castle

4.
Town hall

Quebec Autoroute 40
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It is one of the two major connections between Montreal and Quebec City, the other being Autoroute 20 on the south shore of the St. Lawrence. Autoroute 40 is currently 347 km long, between the Ontario–Quebec boundary and the interchange with Autoroute 25, the route is signed as part of the Trans-Canada Highway. The portion of Autoroute 40 from the

Lower Saxony
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Lower Saxony is a German state situated in northwestern Germany and is second in area, with 47,624 square kilometres, and fourth in population among the sixteen Länder of Germany. In rural areas Northern Low Saxon, a dialect of Low German, and Saterland Frisian, a variety of Frisian, are still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining. Lower

1.
Hannover

2.
Flag

3.
Braunschweig

4.
Lüneburg

Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving c

1.
Wayback Machine

Autostrada
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The Autostrade are roads forming the Italian national system of motorways. The total length of the system is about 6,758 kilometres, in North and Central Italy this is mainly as tollways, with the biggest portion in concession to the Atlantia group which operates some 3,408 km. Italy was the first country in the world to build motorways, i. e. fast

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Map of the autostrade of Italy

Netherlands
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The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United K

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The Netherlands in 5500 BC

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Flag

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The Netherlands in 500 BC

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An oak figurine found in Willemstad, North Brabant (4500 BC).

Metric ton
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The SI symbol for the tonne is t, adopted at the same time as the unit itself in 1879. Its use is also official, for the metric ton, within the United States, having been adopted by the US National Institute of Standards and it is a symbol, not an abbreviation, and should not be followed by a period. Informal and non-approved symbols or abbreviatio

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Base units

Slip road
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It differs from a standard intersection, at which roads cross at grade. Note, The descriptions of road junctions are for countries where vehicles drive on the side of the road. For countries where driving is on the left the layout of the junctions is the same, a freeway junction or highway interchange or motorway junction is a type of road junction

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The High Five in Dallas, Texas, United States: an example of interchange design. This is a complicated five-level stack interchange due to the proximity of frontage roads and high-occupancy vehicle lanes. This hybrid design is based on parts of a four-level-stack for highways and a three-level-diamond interchange to handle the frontage roads. 32°55′27″N 96°45′49″W﻿ / ﻿32.924167°N 96.763611°W﻿ / 32.924167; -96.763611

Penmaenbach
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The Carneddau are a group of mountains in Snowdonia, Wales. They include the largest contiguous areas of ground in Wales and England. The range also encloses a number of such as Llyn Cowlyd and Llyn Eigiau. It is delimited by the Irish Sea to the north, the Conwy valley to the east, the area covers nearly 200 square kilometres, about 10% of the are

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The snow-covered Carneddau with Yr Elen in the centre, Carnedd Llywelyn behind and Carnedd Dafydd to the right

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Wild ponies on the flanks of Drosgl

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Pen yr Ole Wen rising above Ogwen Cottage

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Yr Elen, with Carnedd Llewelyn behind

Wales
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Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and it had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2. Wales has over 1,680 miles of coastline and is mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central

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Bryn Celli Ddu, a late Neolithic chambered tomb on Anglesey

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Flag

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This article is about the country. For other uses, see Wales (disambiguation).

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Coin of Magnus Maximus

Interstate highways
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The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is a network of controlled-access highways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States. The system is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who championed its formation, construction was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, and th

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A rural stretch of I-5, with two lanes in each direction separated by a large grassy median and with cross-traffic limited to overpasses and underpasses

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Interstate Highways in the 48 contiguous states. Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico also have Interstate Highways. (See version with numbers.)

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I‑55 under construction in Mississippi, photo from May 1972

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Interstate highway in New Jersey built to modern standards

New Jersey Turnpike
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The New Jersey Turnpike, colloquially known to New Jerseyans as the Turnpike, is a toll road in New Jersey, maintained by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. According to the International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association, the Turnpike is the nations sixth-busiest toll road and is one of the most heavily traveled highways in the United States

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Detailed map of the Turnpike including interchange locations and other surface highways in New Jersey

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Map of the New Jersey Turnpike mainline and spurs in red in relation to other Interstates (blue) and toll roads (green) in the state

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View south along the turnpike from a plane landing at Newark Airport

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A Delta Air Lines Boeing 757 flies very low over the Turnpike, just north of Newark Liberty International Airport.

Traffic calming
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Traffic calming uses physical design and other measures to improve safety for motorists, pedestrians and cyclists. It aims to encourage safer, more driving and potentially reduce traffic flow. Urban planners and traffic engineers have many strategies for calming, including narrowed roads. Such measures are common in Australia and Europe, but less s

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Construction of polymer cement overlay to change asphalt to brick texture and color to indicate high traffic crosswalk

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Median island with a raised mid-block pedestrian crossing

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Curb extension at a mid-block pedestrian crossing

Traffic sign
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Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of or above roads to give instructions or provide information to road users. The earliest signs were simple wooden or stone milestones, later, signs with directional arms were introduced, for example, the fingerposts in the United Kingdom and their wooden counterparts in Saxony. Such pictori

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Two or more signs may be displayed on one post. Here a Canadian end-of-road marker appears together with a rural airport sign.

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A "route confirmation" sign on the Warrego Highway in Queensland, Australia, informing motorists of their distance (in kilometres) from the places listed

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A group of green-coloured directional signs on the National Highway No. 1 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Warning sign
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A traffic warning sign is a type of traffic sign that indicates a hazard ahead on the road that may not be readily apparent to a driver. In most countries, they take the shape of an equilateral triangle with a white background. However, both the color of the background and the color and thickness of the border varies from country to country, in the

Regulatory sign
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One type of regulatory signs are traffic signs intended to instruct road users on what they must or should do under a given set of circumstances. Examples of non-traffic types of regulatory signs might be signs for vehicles without disabled parking stickers or no-smoking signs where there are laws prohibiting smoking. Section 1A.13 Definitions of W

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Stop

Prohibitory traffic sign
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Prohibitory traffic signs are used to prohibit certain types of manoeuvres or some types of traffic. No admittance to unauthorised personnel, usually shown as a red circle with a white rectangle across its face and it is often used for one-way traffic. These signs denote that the road is only for traffic coming in the opposite direction, Used at in

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Prohibitory traffic signs in Russia

Mandatory sign
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Mandatory signs are road signs which are used to set the obligations of all traffic which use a specific area of road. Unlike prohibitory or restrictive signs, mandatory signs tell traffic what it must do, in Vienna Convention signatories, the mandatory sign is either a light blue circle with a white border or a white circle with a red border. The

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A "pass on the left" sign embedded into an illuminated plastic bollard in the United Kingdom.

Stop sign
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A stop sign is a traffic sign to notify drivers that they must make sure no cars are coming and slow down before proceeding. The Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals proposed the standard stop sign diameters of 600,900 or 1200 mm, the United Kingdom and New Zealand stop signs are 750,900 or 1200 mm, according to sign location and traffic spe

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A stop sign in Australia

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An American school bus displaying front and rear folding stop signs

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Yellow 1924–1954 stop sign. Mounting height is typical.

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Bilingual stop sign.

Yield sign
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In road transport, a yield or give way sign indicates that each driver must prepare to stop if necessary to let a driver on another approach proceed. A driver who stops or slows down to let another vehicle through has yielded the right of way to that vehicle, in contrast, a stop sign requires each driver to stop completely before proceeding, even i

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Yield sign Leipzig, Germany 1951

Crossbuck
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A crossbuck is a sign composed of two slats of wood or metal of equal length, fastened together on a pole in a saltire formation. In the United States, the crossbuck carries the words RAIL and ROAD on one arm and CROSSING on the other, older variants simply used black and white paint, newer installations use a reflective white material with non-ref

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American crossbucks at the intersection of Redrock Randsburg Road and the Southern Pacific Railroad, in the Mojave Desert near Garlock, California.

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Malaysian road signs at Federal Highway in Petaling Jaya. On the left side is the toll expressway and the highway's green signs and on the right side is the non-tolled federal, state and municipal highway's blue signs.

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An example of a directional road sign in Italy, in this case near Rieti.

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Example of directional road sign with multiple destinations. It is blue because it is on a main road (not a motorway) outside a town. The indication to a motorway is in a green box, and the indication to a tourist attraction is in a brown box. It uses both allowed fonts: the words VIAREGGIO and Marina di Vecchiano are in Alfabeto Normale, and the word autostrade is in Alfabeto Stretto