Criminal Investigation With Infotrac

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This text stresses the practical procedures, techniques, and applications of private and public investigations to provide students with a solid foundation in criminal investigation. The Seventh Edition emphasizes professionalism and integrates coverage of modern investigation tools as it presents established investigation policies, procedures, and techniques for the law enforcement officer. Recent court cases; coverage of the latest investigative techniques and technology; and new material on topics such as terrorism, stalking, and child abuse enhance the text's practical and applied approach. In addition, a new 8-page, full color crime scenes photos insert uses current, real-life cases to illustrate chapter topics, and a new interactive Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM comes packaged with each student edition.

Preface

xix

Section One: Introduction

1

(30)

Criminal Investigation: An Overview

2

(29)

Introduction

3

(1)

Criminal Investigation Definitions

4

(1)

Other Terms Defined

4

(1)

Goals of Criminal Investigation

5

(1)

Basic Functions

6

(1)

Characteristics of an Effective Investigator

6

(3)

Intellectual Characteristics

7

(1)

Psychological Characteristics

8

(1)

Physical Characteristics

9

(1)

The Preliminary Investigation: Basic Considerations

9

(6)

The Initial Response

9

(1)

The Point of Arrival

10

(1)

Setting Priorities

11

(1)

Handling Emergency Situations

11

(1)

Protecting the Crime Scene

12

(1)

Conducting the Preliminary Investigation

13

(2)

Crime Scene Investigators (CSIs)

15

(1)

The Follow-Up Investigation

15

(1)

Computer-Aided Investigation

16

(2)

Crime Analysis, Mapping and Geographical Information Systems

17

(1)

Problem-Oriented Policing

18

(1)

Investigative Productivity

19

(1)

The Investigative Function: The Responsibility of All Police Personnel

19

(1)

Interrelationships with Others---Community Policing

20

(4)

Uniformed Patrol

21

(1)

Dispatchers

21

(1)

Prosecutor's Staff

22

(1)

Defense Counsel

22

(1)

Physicians, Coroners and Medical Examiners

22

(1)

Crime Laboratories

22

(1)

Private Laboratories

23

(1)

Citizens

23

(1)

Witnesses

23

(1)

Victims

23

(1)

Witnesses, Victims and the Media

24

(1)

Major-Case Task Forces

24

(1)

Avoiding Civil Liability

25

(1)

Summary

25

(1)

Checklist

26

(1)

Discussion Questions

27

(1)

Investigate the Web

27

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

27

(1)

Internet

27

(1)

Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM

27

(1)

References

28

(3)

Section Two Basic Investigative Responsibilities

31

(168)

Documenting the Scene: Note Taking, Photographing and Sketching

33

(30)

Introduction

34

(1)

Field Notes

35

(1)

When to Take Notes

35

(1)

What to Record

35

(2)

Where to Record Notes

37

(1)

How to Take Notes

37

(1)

Using a Tape Recorder

38

(1)

Characteristics of Effective Notes

38

(1)

Filing Notes

38

(1)

Admissibility of Notes in Court

39

(1)

Investigative Photography: An Overview

39

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Photographs

40

(1)

Basic Photographic Equipment

40

(3)

Training in and Using Investigative Photography

43

(2)

What to Photograph or Videotape

43

(1)

Errors to Avoid

44

(1)

Types of Investigative Photography

45

(2)

Surveillance Photography

45

(1)

Aerial Photography

45

(1)

Night Photography

46

(1)

Laboratory Photography

46

(1)

Mug Shots

46

(1)

Lineup Photographs

47

(1)

Identifying, Filing and Maintaining Continuity of Evidence

47

(1)

Admissibility of Photographs in Court

48

(1)

Crime-Scene Sketches: An Overview

48

(1)

The Rough Sketch

49

(1)

Sketching Materials

49

(1)

Steps in Sketching the Crime Scene

49

(7)

Step One: Observe and Plan

50

(1)

Step Two: Measure and Outline the Area

50

(2)

Step Three: Plot Objects and Evidence

52

(2)

Step Four: Take Notes

54

(1)

Step Five: Identify the Scene

54

(1)

Step Six: Reassess the Sketch

54

(2)

File the Sketch

56

(1)

The Finished Scale Drawing

56

(1)

Computer-Assisted Drawing

57

(2)

Admissibility of Sketches and Drawings in Court

59

(1)

Summary

59

(1)

Checklists

60

(1)

Discussion Questions

61

(1)

Investigate the Web

62

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

62

(1)

Internet

62

(1)

Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM

62

(1)

References

62

(1)

Searches

63

(23)

Introduction

64

(1)

Legal Searches and the Fourth Amendment

64

(6)

Search with a Warrant

65

(2)

Search with Consent

67

(1)

Patdown or Frisk during a ``Stop''

68

(1)

Search Following an Arrest

69

(1)

Search in an Emergency Situation

69

(1)

Basic Limitation on Searches

70

(1)

The Exclusionary Rule

70

(1)

The Crime-Scene Search

70

(2)

Organizing the Crime-Scene Search

71

(1)

Physical Evidence

71

(1)

Search Patterns

72

(4)

Exterior Searches

72

(1)

Interior Searches

72

(3)

General Guidelines

75

(1)

Plain-View Evidence

75

(1)

Other Types of Investigatory Searches

76

(4)

Building Searches

76

(1)

Trash or Garbage Can Searches

76

(1)

Vehicle Searches

76

(3)

Suspect Searches

79

(1)

Dead Body Searches

80

(1)

Use of Dogs in a Search

80

(2)

Summary

82

(1)

Checklist

83

(1)

Discussion Questions

83

(1)

Investigate the Web

83

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

83

(1)

Internet

83

(1)

Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM

83

(1)

References

83

(1)

Cases Cited

84

(2)

Forensics/Physical Evidence

86

(41)

Introduction

87

(1)

Definitions

88

(1)

Investigative Equipment

89

(3)

Considerations in Selecting Equipment

91

(1)

Equipment Containers

91

(1)

Transporting the Equipment

91

(1)

Training in Equipment Use

92

(1)

Discovering, Recognizing and Examining Evidence

92

(1)

Forensic Light Sources

93

(1)

Collecting, Marking and Identifying Evidence

93

(1)

Packaging and Preserving Evidence

94

(3)

Transporting Evidence

97

(1)

Frequently Examined Evidence

97

(22)

Fingerprints

97

(6)

Voiceprints

103

(1)

Language Analysis

103

(1)

DNA Profiling

103

(4)

Blood and Other Body Fluids

107

(1)

Hairs and Fibers

108

(1)

Shoe and Tire Impressions

109

(1)

Bite Marks

110

(1)

Tools and Tool Marks

110

(2)

Firearms and Ammunition

112

(3)

Glass

115

(1)

Soils and Minerals

116

(1)

Safe Insulation

116

(1)

Ropes, Strings and Tapes

117

(1)

Drugs

117

(1)

Documents

117

(1)

Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Marks

118

(1)

Paint

118

(1)

Skeletal Remains

118

(1)

Wood

119

(1)

Other Types of Evidence

119

(1)

Evidence Handling and Infectious Disease

119

(1)

Protecting and Storing Evidence

120

(1)

Admissibility of Evidence in Court

121

(1)

Final Disposition of Evidence

121

(1)

Summary

122

(1)

Checklist

123

(1)

Discussion Questions

124

(1)

Investigate the Web

124

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

124

(1)

Internet

124

(1)

Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM

124

(1)

References

125

(1)

Cases Cited

126

(1)

Obtaining Information

127

(33)

Introduction

128

(1)

Sources of Information

128

(4)

Reports, Records and Databases

129

(1)

The Internet

130

(1)

Complainants, Witnesses, Victims and Informants

131

(1)

Suspects

132

(1)

Interviewing and Interrogating

132

(2)

Characteristics of an Effective Interviewer/Interrogator

132

(2)

The Interview

134

(5)

Advance Planning

134

(1)

Selecting the Time and Place

134

(1)

Beginning the Interview

135

(1)

Establishing Rapport

135

(1)

Networking an Interview

136

(1)

Interviewing Techniques

136

(2)

Enhancing Communication

138

(1)

Statements

139

(1)

Closing the Interview

139

(1)

The Interrogation

139

(12)

The Miranda Warning

140

(3)

The Interplay of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments

143

(1)

Foreign Nationals and the Vienna Convention Treaty

144

(1)

Selecting the Time and Place

145

(1)

Starting the Interrogation

145

(1)

Establishing Rapport

146

(1)

Approaches to Interrogation

146

(1)

Using Pervision during Interrogation

147

(1)

Ethics and the Use of Deception

147

(1)

Third-Degree Tactics

148

(1)

Admissions and Confessions

148

(3)

Questioning Children and Juveniles

151

(1)

Evaluating and Corroborating Information

151

(1)

Breaking a ``Pat'' Story

152

(1)

Scientific Aids to Obtaining and Evaluating Information

152

(3)

The Polygraph and CVSA

153

(1)

Hypnosis and Truth Serums

154

(1)

Use of Psychics and Profilers

155

(1)

Sharing Information

155

(1)

Summary

156

(1)

Checklist

157

(1)

Discussion Questions

157

(1)

Investigate the Web

157

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

157

(1)

Internet

158

(1)

Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM

158

(1)

References

158

(1)

Cases Cited

159

(1)

Identifying and Arresting Suspects

160

(39)

Introduction

161

(1)

Identifying Suspects at the Scene

162

(1)

Identification by Driver's License

162

(1)

Mobile Identification Technology

162

(1)

Field Identification/Show-Up Identification

162

(1)

Developing a Suspect

163

(7)

Victims and Witnesses

163

(1)

Mug Shots

164

(1)

Composite Drawings and Sketches

165

(1)

Developing a Suspect through Modus Operandi Information

166

(1)

Psychological or Criminal Profiling

166

(1)

Racial Profiling

167

(1)

Tracking

168

(1)

Other Identification Aids

168

(1)

Information in Police Files and Files of Other Agencies

168

(2)

Informants

170

(1)

Locating Suspects

170

(1)

Identifying Suspects

171

(1)

Photographic Identification

171

(1)

Lineup Identification

171

(1)

Surveillances, Undercover Assignments and Raids: The Last Resort

172

(1)

Surveillance

173

(8)

The Surveillant

174

(1)

The Subject

175

(1)

Types of Surveillance

175

(2)

Avoiding Detection

177

(1)

Surveillance Equipment

177

(1)

Aerial Surveillance

177

(1)

Visual/Video Surveillance

177

(2)

Audio or Electronic Surveillance

179

(2)

Surveillance and the Constitution

181

(1)

Undercover Assignments

181

(2)

Raids

183

(3)

Planning a Raid

183

(1)

Executing a Raid

184

(1)

SWAT Teams

185

(1)

Legal Arrests

186

(7)

Use of Force

187

(2)

Less-Lethal Weapons

189

(1)

Use of Deadly Force

190

(2)

Off-Duty Arrests

192

(1)

False Arrest

192

(1)

Summary

193

(1)

Checklists

193

(1)

Discussion Questions

194

(1)

Investigate the Web

195

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

195

(1)

Internet

195

(1)

Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM

195

(1)

References

195

(2)

Cases Cited

197

(2)

Section Three Investigating Violent Crimes

199

(126)

Death Investigations

202

(33)

Introduction

203

(1)

Classification

204

(2)

Natural Causes

204

(1)

Accidental Deaths

204

(1)

Suicide

204

(1)

Homicide

205

(1)

Elements of the Crime

206

(2)

Challenges in Investigation

208

(1)

Suicide

208

(2)

Equivocal Death

209

(1)

Suicide by Police

209

(1)

Suicide of Police Officers

210

(1)

The Preliminary Investigation

210

(2)

Determining that Death Has Occurred

211

(1)

The Focus of the Homicide Investigation

211

(1)

Discovering and Identifying the Victim

212

(1)

Estimating the Time of Death

213

(4)

Recent Death

213

(1)

Death that Occurred 1/2 Hour to 4 Days Prior

213

(2)

Many Days after Death

215

(1)

Effects of Water

216

(1)

Factors Suggesting a Change in the Victim's Routine

216

(1)

Unnatural Causes of Death and Method Used

217

(4)

Gunshot Wounds

217

(2)

Stabbing and Cutting Wounds

219

(1)

Blows from Blunt Objects

219

(1)

Asphyxia

219

(2)

Poisoning

221

(1)

Burning

221

(1)

Explosions, Electrocution and Lightning

221

(1)

Drug-Related Homicides

221

(1)

Vehicular Homicide

221

(1)

The Homicide Victim

222

(1)

Domestic Violence Homicide

223

(1)

Law Enforcement Officers Killed

223

(1)

Witnesses

223

(1)

Suspects

223

(3)

Mass Murderers

224

(1)

Serial Killers

224

(2)

Lust Murderers

226

(1)

Physical Evidence

226

(1)

The Medical Examination

227

(1)

Exhuming a Body for Medical Examination

228

(1)

Death Notification

228

(1)

Strategies for Reducing Homicide

229

(1)

Summary

230

(1)

Checklist

231

(1)

Application

231

(1)

Discussion Questions

232

(1)

Investigate the Web

232

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

232

(1)

Internet

233

(1)

Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM

233

(1)

References

233

(1)

Case Cited

234

(1)

Assault, Domestic Violence, Stalking and Elder Abuse

235

(22)

Introduction

236

(1)

Assault: An Overview

236

(1)

Classification

237

(1)

Legal Force

237

(1)

Elements of the Crime

237

(1)

Simple Assault

237

(1)

Aggravated Assault

238

(1)

Attempted Assault

238

(1)

Special Challenges in Investigation

238

(1)

The Preliminary Investigation

239

(1)

Proving the Elements of Assault

239

(1)

Evidence in Assault Investigations

240

(1)

Investigating Domestic Violence

240

(9)

History of Domestic Violence and the Police Response

240

(1)

The Cycle of Violence

241

(1)

Prevalence of Domestic Violence and Its Victims

241

(2)

Predictors and Precipitators of Domestic Violence

243

(1)

The Police Response

244

(2)

Effectiveness of Various Interventions

246

(2)

Restraining Orders

248

(1)

Legislation

248

(1)

Other Efforts to Deal with Domestic Violence

248

(1)

Avoiding Lawsuits

249

(1)

Investigating Stalking

249

(2)

Types of Stalking

249

(1)

Legislation and Department Policies

250

(1)

The Police Response

250

(1)

Investigating Elder Abuse

251

(1)

Prevalence of Elder Abuse

251

(1)

Signs of Physical Abuse of the Elderly

252

(1)

The Police Response

252

(1)

Reducing Elder Abuse

252

(1)

Summary

252

(1)

Checklist

253

(1)

Application

253

(1)

Discussion Questions

254

(1)

Investigate the Web

254

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

254

(1)

Internet

254

(1)

Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM

254

(1)

References

255

(1)

Cases Cited

256

(1)

Sex Offenses

257

(20)

Introduction

258

(1)

Classification

259

(1)

Other Sex Offense Terminology

260

(1)

Investigating Obscene Telephone Calls

260

(1)

Rape/Sexual Assault

260

(2)

Elements of the Crime of Rape

261

(1)

Sex Offenders

262

(2)

Challenges to Investigation

264

(1)

Blind Reporting

264

(1)

The Police Response

264

(2)

Physical Evidence

265

(1)

Investigating Date Rape

265

(1)

The Victim's Medical Examination

266

(1)

Interviewing the Victim

267

(3)

Establishing the Behavioral Profile in Sex Offense Cases

269

(1)

Ending the Victim Interview

269

(1)

Follow-Up Investigation

270

(1)

Interviewing Witnesses

270

(1)

Taking a Suspect into Custody and Interrogation

270

(1)

Coordination with Other Agencies

270

(1)

Prosecution of Rape and Statutory Changes

271

(1)

False Reports

271

(1)

Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders after Sentences Served

272

(1)

Sex Offender Registry and Notification

272

(1)

Summary

273

(1)

Checklist

274

(1)

Application

274

(1)

Discussion Questions

275

(1)

Investigate the Web

275

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

275

(1)

Internet

275

(1)

Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM

275

(1)

References

276

(1)

Cases Cited

276

(1)

Crimes against Children

277

(26)

Introduction

278

(1)

The Extent of the Problem

279

(1)

The Cycle of Abuse

279

(1)

Classification

280

(1)

Terminology

281

(1)

The Effects of Child Abuse

281

(1)

Challenges to Investigation

282

(2)

Protecting the Child

282

(1)

Difficulty in Interviewing Children

282

(1)

Credibility Concerns

283

(1)

The Need to Involve Other Agencies: The Multidisciplinary Team Approach