26. Gerald N. Grob, From Asylum to Community: Mental Health Policy in Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), p. 17 and Nathan G. Hale, The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 187-202, 282.

27. Gail Thain Parker, Mind Cure in New England (Hanover NH: University Press of New England, 1973) and Robert C. Fuller, Alternative Medicine and American Religious Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).

35. James Harvey Young, The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America Before Federal Regulation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961) and The Medical Messiahs: A Social History of Health Quackery in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967).

54. S. Szabo, "The Creative and Productive Life of Hans Selye: A Review of His Major Scientific Discoveries," Experientia, 41 (1985): 564B567 and Y. Tache, "A Tribute to the Pioneering Contributions of Hans Selye: An Appraisal Through His Books," Experientia, 41 (1985): 567-568.

58. George L. Engel, Franz Reichsman, and Harry L. Segal, "A Study of an Infant With a Gastric Fistula," Psychosomatic Medicine, 18 (1956): 374-398 and George L. Engel and Franz Reichsman, "Spontaneous and Experimentally Induced Depressions in an Infant With a Gastric Fistula," Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 4 (1956): 428-452.

59. A.H. Schmale, "Giving Up as a Final Common Pathway to Changes in Health," in Z. J. Lipowski, ed., Psychosocial Aspects of Physical Illness (Basel: Karger, 1972), pp. 20-40.

60. George L. Engel, "The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine," Science, 196 (1977): 129-135 and George L. Engel, "The Clinical Application of the Biopsychosocial Model," American Journal of Psychiatry, 137 (1980): 535-543.

67. Francis O. Schmitt, "The Neurosciences Research Program: A Brief History," in Fred Samson and George Adelman, eds., The Neurosciences: Paths of Discovery II (Boston: Birkhauser, 1992), p. 15, points out that the Society for Neuroscience, which was founded in 1970 with an initial membership of 200, had grown to 13,500 members by 1989.

83. For a brief historical overview, see Ruth Lloyd, Explorations in Psychoneuroimmunology (Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton, 1987), Chapt. 1. For a collection of the critical papers that helped shape the discipline, see Steven Locke et. al., eds., Foundations of Psychoneuroimmunology (New York: Aldine, 1985). The seminal book that contained major review articles by the leading figures and that most dramatically launched the field was Robert Ader, ed., Psychoneuroimmunology (New York: Academic Press, 1981).