Keywords

We describe a new MR-based attenuation correction (MRAC) method for neurological studies performed using integrated PET/MR scanners. The method, combining the advantages of image segmentation and atlas-based approaches to generate a high-resolution template, is based on the widely available SPM8 software and provides robust and accurate linear attenuation coefficients (LACs) for head while requiring minimal user interaction.

Atlas generation: 3T MR and CT images from 15 glioblastoma subjects were used to generate the high-resolution atlas. MR images were segmented into 6 tissue classes: GM, WM, CSF, soft tissue, bone and air)[1]. Tissue classes were then coregistered using an iterative diffeomorphic image registration algorithm [2] to form the template.

Atlas validation: The template was validated on 16 subjects. SyN [3] and IRTK [4], considered state-of-the-art for non-rigid image registration[5], were used for comparison. Final attenuation maps were created from the warped CT atlas following [6]. PET images were then reconstructed using the proposed methods as well as the manufacturer’s built-in method (dual-echo Dixon-VIBE sequence) [7] and compared to the gold standard CT-based attenuation correction (CTAC).

The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the attenuation maps revealed that the SPM8-based method produces very robust results (Figure 1). In terms of the PET data quantification, we observed improvements of > 70% compared to the VIBE-based method (Table 1 and Figure 2). When compared to SyN-based image registration, the SPM8 approach showed improved global results on the brain area (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1

Comparison of LACs from a validation subject for our proposed method (A), the SyN method (B) and the manufacturer’s built-in Dixon method (C) to the gold standard CTAC (D). Image differences with respect to the gold standard CTAC of our method (E), the SyN method (F) and the Dixon method (G).

Table 1

Summary of voxel- and ROI-based results between our method (atlas) and the current manufacturer’s method (Dixon)

*

*

*

*

µatlas

µDixon

PETatlas

PETDixon

Validation

All ROIs

0.99(1.81)

3.04(3.15)

2.74(2.28)

9.38(4.97)

dataset

Voxel-based

1.86(4.06)

4.18(6.68)

3.87(5.0)

13.0(10.25)

* Average across subjects of the mean absolute relative changes, RC(%) and SD: Mean(SD);

We presented a new MRAC technique for brain images acquired on simultaneous PET/MR scanners. The new approach relies on segmentation- and atlas-based features to provide robust and more accurate LACs than using state-of-art non-rigid image registration while avoiding sophisticated user input or interaction.

Copyright

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.