Part Two: Review of Sally Jenkins and John Stauffer, State of Jones

This second installment of my review of Sally Jenkins and John Stauffer’s State of Jones (Doubleday, 2009), focuses on the book’s Civil War chapters. To view the first installment, click here. To view the third installment, click here.

The old tale that Newt Knight and his band of renegades drew up a Constitution during the Civil War that declared Jones County, Mississippi, to have seceded from the Confederacy has been a favorite of journalists, folklorists, and even a few historians since the late nineteenth century. Until historians finally shattered this myth, its effect was to paint the men of the Knight Company as hyper-secessionists rather than Unionists; i.e. as good old Southern white boys on a tear against any and all authority—rebels against the Rebellion, if you will.

The subtitle of State of Jones:“The Small Southern County that Seceded From the Confederacy,” revives this myth for a modern audience, but one searches in vain for any description of the alleged imperium in imperio inside the book. Instead, Jenkins and Stauffer forsake the promise of their subtitle and maintain that members of the Knight Company were staunch Unionists who in late 1863 declared their allegiance to the United States government before a county official. So why the false advertising? Why do the authors restore a distorted and thoroughly discredited image of this important Civil War uprising if they don’t believe it themselves?

Not only do the authors resurrect the old myth of secession-within-secession in their subtitle, but they also eagerly offer a new myth: that Newt Knight served at Vicksburg. Jenkins and Stauffer offer no evidence for this assertion; in fact, they dismiss evidence that disputes it. In 1870, five men of the community swore before a court official that Newt Knight had deserted the army once and for all by May 1863. If their sworn letter was true, Newt was not likely at the siege of Vicksburg, which began on May 18. Furthermore, Newt himself never claimed to have been at Vicksburg, nor do his military records place him there. In fact, no one before Jenkins and Stauffer ever suggested such a thing. The authors concede that “a case can be made” that Newt was not at Vicksburg, but press their claim anyway, arguing that Newt was “purposely vague on the subject of his Confederate experiences” because it was “in his best interest to minimize his rebel service as he pursued a federal pension as a Union soldier.” Likewise, they postulate, his friends “may have wanted to aid him [in winning federal compensation] by understating his time in rebel uniform” (note 99, p. 344). In other words, the authors suggest, Newt and his friends lied about his military service.

This unfounded, surprising claim presumes a conspiracy of silence among a multitude of men who testified on behalf of Newt Knight before the federal Court of Claims over a thirty-year period. For the authors, though, it serves a purpose: to justify their stirring fifteen-page foray into the battle of Vicksburg. Their narrative of Vicksburg is only one example of their continual efforts to provide a context for the Jones County insurrection which instead takes the reader far afield. In fact, one member of the 7th battalion of the Confederate Army, O.C. Martin, testified under oath on March 6, 1895, that Newt Knight deserted the 7th battalion at Snyder’s Bluff, Mississippi, just before their unit moved on to Vicksburg.*

Perhaps if the authors had written their history more as a community uprising, as their title suggests, rather than the saga of one Great Man, they would have found it unnecessary to distort Newt Knight’s military record. After all, many future members of the Knight Company indeed WERE at Vicksburg. Such men, however, appear only fleetingly as bit-players in this paean to the book’s leading man.

Several factual errors suggest that State of Jones was written in haste. For example, Jenkins and Stauffer give the wrong figures for Jones County’s secession vote. Relying on Tom Knight’s error-ridden biography of his father rather than official returns available at the Mississippi State Archives, they claim that there were 374 votes for the anti-secession candidate and 24 for the pro-secession candidate (p. 73). The official numbers are, respectively, 166 and 89.

Their erroneous statement that Stacy Collins, who died in 1853, “had spoken out vehemently against secession” (p. 15), reflects a careless misreading of their cited sources, Bynum, Free State of Jones p. 59, and Tom Knight, Life and Activities of Captain Newton Knight, p. 60.

The list goes on. On pp. 50 and 195, the authors misidentify James Reddoch as William Reddoch. On p. 155, they inexplicably claim that Newt’s wife, Serena, fled the state during the war, erroneously citing Bynum, Free State of Jones, p. 100, as their source (I did not argue this, and I’ve never before encountered this story). On p. 198, they mistakenly claim that Newt’s brother, Franklin, was executed by Col Lowry’s troops. On p. 249, while quoting from Ethel Knight’s Echo of the Black Horn, they mistakenly refer to her as a descendant of Newt Knight. On p. 307, they state that Newt’s son Mat helped to bury him, when in fact, Mat predeceased his father (here, the authors uncritically used the statement of a Knight descendant; on Mat’s death, see Bynum, Free State of Jones, p. 168).

Finally, the authors claim that on October 13, 1863, “the men chose a name for their unit: they would be the ‘Jones County Scouts’” (p. 138). They cite no primary source for this assertion. My own research indicates that this name was first applied to Newt’s band of guerrillas in 1887, when lawyers representing Newt’s federal claim case inserted it in place of the “Knight Company.” Apparently, the lawyers thought the new name had a more authentic Unionist ring to it. When Newt Knight’s case was closed in 1900, the name “Jones County Scouts” seems to have disappeared, too—until now.

State of Jones was clearly written to appease the insatiable public appetite for Civil War history. Serious students of that war, however, will be disappointed in a book that decidedly is not the “investigative account” promised on the book’s dust jacket.

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Vikki: Glad you made note of the Jenkins & Stauffer claim that Stacy Collins was on record as having spoken out against secession before his death ca 1853. That was one of the ones in my list of errors that had me referring back to your book, wondering how I could have missed it.
Ed Payne

Thank you for this excellent review. You cover a lot of detailed information succinctly, and with great clarity, which once again shows your mastery of your subject matter.

It seems to me that there is an issue of professional courtesy at stake here, or, perhaps, even a question of ethics concerning what is, or what is not, appropriate conduct. You are, without doubt, the premier expert on the topic of the state of Jones, having devoted many years of scholarly research, analysis, and writing to the topic–published, peer reviewed and well received writing–so it would appear that, at the very least, as a matter of professional courtesy, the writers of The State of Jones should have contacted you prior to the publication of their book to consult with you on different issues concerning the state of Jones, especially since the authors quote your work as a source! Instead, the book was published, your work was cited without prior knowledge on your part when prior knowledge was necessary, in my opinion, since differences of interpretation are involved, and we now have a public conversation taking place out of necessity. All of this might have been avoided had proper respect been shown in the first place. Hopefully, historical scholarship will not devolve into a form of entertainment, subject only to the rules of conduct (and the lack thereof) characteristic of the entertainment industry, as much of what passes today as journalistic reporting has unfortunately done. Sherree

Thank you for such a thoughtful post, Sherree. I especially appreciate your concern that “historical scholarship not devolve into a form of entertainment.” In the spring book issue of The Nation, Elizabeth Sifton addressed the evolution of trade publishing in the 1990s. “The money men,” she writes, “trusted editors less and marketing people more; literary experiment was frowned on, though gambling on popular authors was acceptable–and they all bid to publish the same ones” (The Nation, June 8, 2009, p. 42).

Thankfully, we still have university presses, but they are increasingly strained financially.

I too find it inexplicable that neither author ever contacted me while they were writing their book, if only as a simple matter of “professional courtesy” as you say.

Dear Vicki, in the Jones County wiki page, this article is cited in support of a paragraph that describes Leverett’s thesis that Jones County never seceded from the Confederacy. While it seems this is something the two of you agree on, it seems to me that your over all theses are radically different. You make the case that Jones County never seceded from the Confederacy because they never believed to have left the Union in the first place, while Leverett makes the case that the majority of Jones Countians were loyal to the Confederacy and did not betray the rebel government.

As a long time fan of your work and research I was surprised to read on the wikipedia page that you were in agreement with Leverett’s thesis. Please see the attached excerpt.

“Rudy H. Leverett’s book The Legend of the Free State of Jones (University of Mississippi Press, 1984, reprinted 2009) was the first to take a scholarly look at events in Jones County before and during the Civil War. In the book, Leverett presents the case that Jones County never seceded from the Confederacy. The next person to turn a scholarly eye on Jones County and the secession legend, Victoria E. Bynum, professor emerita at Texas State University, reached the same conclusion.”

Hi Delmon, thanks for your post. That portion of the Wikipedia post quoted by you is fair to the extent that Rudy Leverett’s 1984 book did a good job of proving that the long standing legend that Jones County seceded from the Confederacy under the leadership of Newt Knight and the Knight Company is just that–a legend. While it is true that the Knight Company fought numerous battles against the Confederacy, a few early writers and journalists went so far as to claim that the men actually drew up documents for the county’s secession and wrote up a constitution.

Apart from agreeing that no such secession occurred, however, Dr. Leverett and I wrote dramatically different books. He conducted no research on the identities and backgrounds of the men who joined the Knight Company, dismissing them as bandits and outlaws. In contrast, my research shows that before the war the band members were generally law-abiding citizens with deep roots in the region. Most owned land, but did not own slaves. The core families opposed secession from the beginning and began deserting the Confederacy in the wake of the battle of Corinth in opposition to a “rich man’s war and poor man’s fight.”

To answer your final question, then—no, the quoted Wikipedia description is NOT a “fair portrayal” of my work if read alone. However, the author of that entry moves on to more fully describe my work, and hopefully readers will recognize that Dr. Leverett and I took opposite positions about the origins of the uprising and the character of the men who participated.