Louis de Broglie used to say that the fundamentals of physics should
be reconsidered from time to time. Paul A. M. Dirac in one of his last
works (1984) noted: Physics should be based on strict mathematics because
the fundamental ideas of the existing theory are wrong; a new mathematical
basis is needed. And since the mid-1980s, in line with those pronouncements,
I began to focus my main interests on the study of fundamental physics
in pure geometrical terms. I try to show how the physical notions, rules
and laws would appear from a mathematical space.

I carry out my research on the construction of quantum mechanics in
real space, on the fusion of submicroscopic quantum mechanics with
quantum gravity, and on the microstructure of the universe. I have examined
how the main notions of fundamental physics (particle, mass, velocity,
de Broglie wavelength, Planck's constant, Compton wavelength, etc.)
can be deduced from the discrete geometry of space and the submicroscopic
mechanics developed on the scale about 10-30 m (according to the
modern knowledge at this size all types of interactions come together).
Specifically, in collaboration with Professor Michel Bounias
we worked together on the project "On the theory of space".
Leading French mathematician Michel Bounias, a man of big heart, passed away
on 23 March 2003. Let he be remebered forever.
Here is my article written in his memory (pdf file)

We started from topology, set theory and fractal geometry. In our opinion such notion
as space-time is only "ad hoc" hypothesis, which is in severe conflict
with such fundamental notion as a mathematical space. Time has been considered
as something that independent from space but it should appear in space
if one endows space by special properties and rules. A mathematical
space that Professor Bounias and I have been constructed, is endowed
with all the properties needed for fundamental physics. This is an antipode
to the notion of space-time that cannot be called microscopic.
Space structure, matter, motion and gravity

The necessary and sufficient conditions allowing a
previously unknown space to be explored through some 'scanning' are
re-examined with respect to the measure theory by Michel Bounias and me
in Refs. [16-20, 32]. In line with our theory of space,
the real physical space is considered as a mathematical lattice of closely packed
topological balls with the size around the Planck one, ~ 10-35 m.
We have proved that such lattice is a fractal lattice and it is also manifests
tessellation properties. That is why it has been called the tessellattice.
In the tessellattice, a ball allows both volumetric and surface fractalities,
which are associated with such fundamental physical concepts as mass and charge,
or electromagnetism in general, respectively (see papers [19,22]). Note also that a
valuable support of our viewpoint on the fundamentals is available in ordinary
studies on fractal geometry. For instance, Jens Feder notes that a curve can
be measured by means of the number of balls that cover it
[J. Feder, Fractals, Plenum Press, New York and London, 1988, Ch. 2].
This in fact is a first crude step to our concept presented in works [16-20].
Thus, the tessellattice allows us to completely replace such uncertain notions as
"physical vacuum", "space-time" and "aether" and hence we are able to make clear
the science behind the so-called first principles sustained by orthodox
quantum theories.

Figure 1. The continuity of homeomorphic mappings of structures
is broken if once a deformation involves an iterated transformation
with internal self-similarity, which involves a change in
the dimension of the mapped structure.

A stable local deformation of the tessellattice, i.e. its deformed cell,
is treated as a canonical particle. A submicroscopic mechanics of the motion
of a particle in the tessellattice developed in a series of works
[1-13] (or see review articles [7,10]) has a remarkable comparison with conventional
quantum mechanics, which, as well-known, operates in an abstract phase space.
Submicroscopic mechanics is developed in the real space and explicates an inner
sub structure of the ψ-wave function giving expressions to an interlink
of the particle's de Broglie wavelength λ
with the range of space Λ covered by spatial excitations that accompany the moving particle.
These excitations were called inertons due to the fact that
they represent carriers of the force of inertia,
i.e. a resistance that emerges on the side of space when a material
object is moving through the space substrate, which in our theory is treated
as the tessellattice.

The concept allows the determination of mass as such: the mass is treated as a local
deformation of the tessellattice, i.e. fractal volumetric deformation of a cell of
the tessellatticce is associated with the physical notion of mass [18].

Figure 2. Topological ball (cell, or superparticle) is represented
as a triangle, figuring 3 dimensions, in a metaphorical
form. A degenerate ball keeps the same dimension, in contrast with a particled ball
endowed with a fractal substructure. A complete decomposition into one single ball
(k = 1) conserves the volume without keeping the fractal dimension.
The von Koch-like fractal has been simplified to 3 iterates for
clarity.

A moving particle surrounded by its inerton cloud bears a strong resemblance to a spindle;
inertons move away from the particle and reach the distance λ,
i.e.amplitude of the inerton cloud [1,2,4]

Λ = λ c / v

in the transversal direction to the particle's path
where λ is the de Broglie wavelength of the particle and v its velocity,
c is the velocity of light.

Submicroscopic mechanics, which is deterministic, operates on
the scale 10-30 m, or the Planck size 10-35 m.
Papers [6,13,23] discuss conceptual difficulties of
contemporary quantum theory and propose a way of its improvement.
In particular, the principle of uncertainty

[ x , p ] > h

does not look as true in submicroscopic mechanics, because the momentum
p is decomposed to the mass m and the velocity v;
and each of these parameters is characterized by its own behavior along the
particle's de Broglie wavelength >λ:
the particle velocity changes from v to 0 and then is reistated to
v (Refs. [1,2,4]), that is, it is not constant at all;
the particle mass m also varies owing to the emission and re-absorption
of inertons that transfer bits of the total particle mass (Refs. [18,32,33]).
Thus, it is the inerton field that forms the specific
quantum mechanical formalism at the atom size, 10-10 m
(the Schroedinger and Dirac formalisms, Refs. [1,2] and [4],
respectively).

A deeper inspection of the phase transition in a quantum system when
one should pass from the nonrelativistic formalism to the relativistic one
has been conducted in Ref. [4]. The examination [4] shows that the gravitation
phenomenon to be caused by the dynamic inerton field rather
than the static geometry of empty spacetime that the theory of general
relativity orders. This means, in particular, that hypothetical gravitons of
general relativity are merely a methodological error since the relativity
does not take into account the presence of the matter waves whose subsructure
is just inertons. The results obtained display: mythical gravitons have made
a way for real inertons.

Figure 3. Space net (i.e. the tessellattice) that is made up of cells,
or superparticles and the motion of a particle in it.

In papers [12,21,24,33] the exchange dynamics of a moving particle, i.e. exchanges
with the tessellattice by fragments of the particle's fractal volumetric deformations
carrying by inertons have been studied in detail. Such a mass/fractal dynamics allows
the study in the framework of a specific Lagrangian and the
corresponding Euler-Lagrange equations. The result shows that
inertons scatter from the particle as a standing spherical wave.

The deformation coat made up around the particle in the degenerate space
(see Figure 3) plays the key role in the processes of emittion and the following
re-absorption of inertons [12]. It seems reasonably to say that the main idea of the
research conducted in Refs. [12,21,24,33] may briefly be stated in the words:
no motion, no gravity .

An analysis carried out in paper [24] additionally allows us to estimate the velocity
of inertons: vinerton = 92 c where c
is the velocity of light. The inerton standing sperical wave 1/r is developing
around the object studied just with this inerton velocity. But in time longer than
the time concerened with the inerton dynamics we can talk about a special deformation relief
around the object and this relief exactly coincides with Newton's graviational potential
G M / r [12,33].
Since laboratory methods of the study of gravity are mainly optical, we perceive
Newton's graviational potential as static, though it is dynamic by its nature!

A detailed analysis [27] enables us to conclude that the inerton field
is also responsible for the nucleus stability, i.e.
the inerton field generated at the scale from 10-35
to 10-30 m also acts on the size 10-13 m.
The same should take place in the case of hadrons: the inerton field may be
identified with gluons of quantum chromodynamics that acts at
~10-18 m.

The notion of the particle spin has been successfully interpreted in Ref. [4].
An actual canonical particle can possess the spin projection to the z-axis
equal only to +1/2 or -1/2. Particles with an integer spin (0, 1, 2, ...)
are compound particles.

Figure 4. Proper oscillations of the particle in the real space is
associated with the notion of its spin. In principle such oscillations
can occur not only along/against the particle path but also to the left/right.

In such a manner the proposed line of research develops the model of real space, the
mechanics of motion of particles, the submicroscopic theory of gravity and
discloses the inner reasons of elementary interactions. Only two fundamental fields
are presented in the theory: the inerton field and the photon one called also
the electromagnetic field. The phenomenon of "static" gravity is also derived from
the dynamic inerton field. The unification of the two said fields is reduced
to the space net that is simulated by special building blocks,
which using the mathematical language may be called "balls".
So the space net is simulated as a tesselation of topological balls
(or superparticles, or elementary cells), which are primary blocks of Nature.
In other words, saying physically the real space is
regarded as a substrate that is densely packed with those balls, or
superparticles, which are found in the degenerate state and whose size is
on the order of the Planck length, 10-35 m.
A particle is defined as a local curvature, or a local deformation of a superparticle,
i.e., the creation of a fractal deformation in a superparticle means the induction
of mass in it. Thus the real space can be regarded rather as a kind of a quantum
aether that as a medium manifest itself at laboratory measurements. And in
fact, we have recorded the inerton field that is the production of
the fine-grained structure of space (see below the subsection
Experimental verification of the concept).

The electric charge and the photon

A detailed theory of the photon and the electric charge as such, which
are generated and move in the tessellattice, has been presented in works [11,19, 22].
The descriptive-geometric sense of the electric and magnetic fields and their
carriers - photons - is analyzed. The notion of the scalar and vector potentials
of a charged particle and their behavior at the motion of the particle is
investigated explicitly. Based on the potentials, the Lagrangian leading
to the Maxwell equations is constructed. The distinctive properties of free basic
excitations of the tessellattice - the inerton and the photon - are discussed.
Work [22] suggests the detailed interpretation of the Maxwell equations
in terms of the submicroscopic approach to Nature.

Figure 5.
The complete free primary ball, or superparticle (left),
which being embedded in the tessellattice becomes crumpled (center),
and the charge particle - two opposite polarized surface states correspond
to the positive and negative electric charge (right) (from Ref. [22]).

Thus the electric charge is kept and plays on the surface of the particle,
which complete agrees with The Rigveda as has recently been
decoded by Dr. R. R. M. Roy in his
Vedic Physics.

The magnetic charge has appeared at the motion of the particle: it is
generated every odd half period λ/2
where λ is the amplitude of spatial
oscillations of the particle, i.e. the particle's de Broglie wavelength. The
magnetic charge is characterized by the bent state of needles on the surface
of the particle [22].

Figure 6.
Motion of the charged particle, for instance, the electron. The particle
passing the half de Broglie wavelength λ/2
becomes the monopole, but to the end of the next section
λ/2 the particle reverts to the initial pure electric state.
Standing waves of inerton-photons, i.e.
inertons polarized electromagnetically, accompany the particle
(from Ref. [22]).

How do a free inerton and a free photon look like? These excitations of
the tessellattice migrate from cell to cell transferring their peculiar properties.
The motion is characterized by periodicity, namely, the wavelength
λ. The inerton carries fragments
of cell's deformation: the deformed cell, i.e. mass m, is
periodically transferred to the inflatied cell, the so-called antimass', which
can be described by the oscillation of the radius of a cell between values
R - Δr and R + Δr where R
is the effective radius of a superparticle in the degenerate state, i.e. in the
non-perturbed tessellattice.

Figure 7.
Motion of two basic quasi-particles of the space:
the free inerton and the free photon (from Ref. [22]).

The photon transfers a surface polarization of a cell, which can have
two possible orientations. During each spatial period, or wavelength
λ, the electric polarizartion
changes to the magnetic one.

Experimental verification of the concept

In paper [5] electrons moving in atoms were treated as entities surrounded by
their inerton clouds. The investigation of the interaction between such extended
entities and a photon flux was curried out in detail. The major peculiarity proposed
was the effective cross-section of electrons significantly enlarged due to their
inerton clouds spread around the electrons. A number of different experiments
aimed at the study of laser-induced gas ionization were in agreement with
the theoretical results prescribed by the inerton theory, though other
theories failed to account for those data.

The impact of the Earth inerton waves on the behavior of atoms in metals was studied
theoretically and then observed experimentally in changes of the fine morphological
structure of specimens by the high-resolution electron-scanning microscope [3].

The inerton concept was applied [9] to explain a fine dynamics of hydrogen atoms
in the crystal whose FTIR spectra in the 400 to 4000 cm-1 range showed unexplainable
sub maximums. Features observed in the spectra were associated with the overlapping of
hydrogen atoms' matter waves that induced the mean inerton field contributing to
the paired potential of hydrogen-hydrogen interaction. Such additional interaction
brought to the formation of hydrogen clusters that became the origin of
the modulated spectra.

The phenomenon of irradiation of aqueous solutions by scalar waves generated
by the so-called Teslar® technology was studied in papers [25,26].
Our study justified that the Teslar watch produced nor the electromagnetic,
neither ultrasound radiation.
That was the inerton radiation generated by a special electric circuit embedded
in the watch (two superimposed electromagnetic waves whose amplitudes are shifted
to 180o are cancelled, but an inerton flow,
which continues to transfer the energy, remains).
These studies showed that the inerton field, in fact, carries a mass defect
Δm, which is absorbed by entities in condensed media.

In our experiment [28] laser illuminating ferroelectric crystal of LiNbO3
generated stable electron droplets contained around 1010 electrons, which
freely moved with the velocity 0.5 cm/s in the air along the surface of the
crystal experiencing the Earth gravitational field. We showed that the cluster
stability was possible only due to the weighting of electrons up to millions of
times, which happened due to the absorption of the crystal inertons by ejected
electrons. Then in a cluster, electrons were interacting through two competitive
potentials: the Coulomb one and the inerton field that a solitary one could
elastically withstand the Coulomb repulsion.

Consequently, the mass defect Δm becomes an inherent property not only of
atomic nuclei but also of any physical and physical chemical systems.

At last, in the section Recent Events
read about our device that measures the inerton radiation!

Gravitation

Gravity, as it is originated from the submicoscopic concept, macroscopic effects associated
with the gravitation, and the explanation of well-known macroscopic experiments are shown
in the appropriate papers [12,16,33,34,37,38] in the subsection
Publications.

Lyrical digression

Consequently, just as from the viewpoint of conventional quantum physics
classical theories are phenomenological, all modern quantum theories (quantum
mechanics, electrodynamics, chromodynamics, etc.) in turn to be regarded as
phenomenological from the developing submicroscopic standpoint. In other
words, from a deeper submicroscopic understanding some interpretations and
predictions of quantum theories are wrongly construed.

No principal difficulties in the submicroscopic approach. However, there is a
resistance, which rather very strong, from the editorial boards, but this is
a typical situation for any new fundamental concept. Today physicists prefer
to develop only formal methods, which are limited by predictions and deriving
formulas of the stable states. Modern physical concepts do not take into
consideration factors, which are responsible for fundamental notions
researchers operate with every day. H. A. Lorentz and L. de Broglie intimated
that the detailed description of physical phenomena - step-by-step - is also
the goal of physics. Holding the idea of detailed description we should undoubtedly
come to complete determinism that was strongly propagated by Henri Poincare,
especially see his exceptionally bright last books:
La valeur de la science, La science et l'hypothese,
Science et methode and Dernieres pensees
(Flammarion, Paris: 1905,1906, 1908 and 1913 respectively).

Their position brings back G. Galilei's words: In questions of science,
the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual.
In my study I attempt to recapture such an important avenue of
investigation (see also
Recent Events).