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Just 0.5 percent of public service worker applicants are getting their student loans forgiven. Here's how you can be one of them

The form to request forgiveness is deceptively simple: It's just two pages, not including instructions. But there are any number of ways to get tripped up. And borrowers who wait 10 years to apply might discover that they've made crucial mistakes at some point along the line.

Many of those mistakes can be overcome if caught in time. That's why the Department of Education encourages borrowers to submit an employment certification form every year, or every time you change jobs. It's the best way to raise your hand to let the government know you're interested in loan forgiveness.

Requirements for the program are set by law. Neither loan servicers nor the Department of Education can waive them. But some borrowers say servicers have lied to them about their eligibility for the program in order to keep them in higher-margin loans. So it's important to understand each of the four major requirements:

Work in a qualifying public service job

"Public service job" is defined in the law. It includes full-time employment (at least 30 hours a week) in:

► Any level of government, including the military, public safety, law enforcement, the Peace Corps or Americorps;

► Public education, including early childhood education;

► Social work in a public child or family services agency;

► Public interest legal services, including prosecution, public defense, or legal aid in a low-income community as part of a nonprofit organization;

► Public or school-based libraries;

► Public service in child care, service for individuals with disabilities, or the elderly;

► Any other work at a tax-exempt public charity established under 501(c)(3) of the tax code;

► Teaching at a tribal college or ina high-needs area as determined by the Department of Education;

Some of these qualifications can get tricky, especially in the non-profit realm. For example: Work for a religious organization could qualify, but time spent on religious activities wouldn't count toward full-time status.

Have the right kind of student loan

Only direct loans from the U.S. Department of Education are eligible. Stafford loans, Perkins loans, and Parent PLUS loans are not eligible. Rule of thumb: If your loan doesn't have the word "direct," it's the wrong kind of loan.

But that doesn't mean you can't still pursue loan forgiveness. Just consolidate your existing loans into a direct loan, and future payments could be eligible.

(If you're in an Income-Sensitive Repayment Plan, you're in the wrong kind of loan. Make sure you have a direct loan.)

There's an exception.

Thousands of borrowers who thought they were on track for forgiveness learned last year that they were in the wrong kind of repayment plan all along. For them, Congress has created a new program, called Temporary Expanded Public Service Loan Forgiveness, or TEPSLF.

Congress in March set aside $350 million – first come, first served – for borrowers who had been paying on a graduated, extended, consolidated standard or consolidated graduated payment plan.

Here's the hitch: For those payments to qualify, they must have been at least as much as the borrower would have paid in an income-based plan.

Payments in the standard repayment plan also qualify. But that plan is designed to pay off loans in 10 years – so there won't be any balance left to forgive. To fully take advantage of the program, switch to an income-based repayment plan.

Make the right number of payments

Borrowers must have made 120 monthly payments since Oct. 1, 2007.

Late payments – those made after the 15-day grace period – and partial payments don't count toward the 120 payments. That means the earliest possible opportunity to apply is 10 years – for borrowers with perfect repayment records. For others, it might be longer.

Optional payments don't qualify. So if you're not required to make a payment because you're still in school or have been granted a deferment or forbearance, any payments you make won't count unless you check with your loan servicer first.

Some borrowers have reported having monthly payments rejected because they paid too much. A double payment, for example, won't necessarily be counted toward the next month's payment, unless you've made arrangements with your servicer.

For many borrowers, paying off student loans early before paying other debt is a bad idea because the interest rate – currently 5.05 percent for undergraduate loans – is far less than credit card and other consumer debt. Plus, that's money that won't be refunded when the balance is forgiven.

Again, a missed payment shouldn't be fatal to your application, as long as you catch up. But it will delay your forgiveness. If you make 12 late payments over 10 years, for example, you won't be eligible for forgiveness until at least 11 years (assuming you don't miss another payment).

Other considerations

Public Service Loan Forgiveness is not the only way to discharge student loan debt, but it is one of the most generous. There is no limit on the amount of student loan debt that can be forgiven under PSLF.

Other programs exist for teachers in low-income schools, and certain teachers and public service workers with Perkins loans.

The Department of Education may cancel loans in cases of death, total permanent disability, identity theft, unauthorized loans, or closed schools.

How to get help

If you've been denied student loan forgiveness and are disputing the decision, you're required to continue making regular payments. If the Department of Education ultimately rules in your favor, excess payments could be refunded to you.

If you believe your application was denied in error, the Department of Education's student loan ombudsman might be able to help explain your options.