Lindisfarne Castle

Lindisfarne Castle from the
West

Lindisfarne Castle is an absolute gem. Sitting on top of the 30m
high Beblowe Crag on the otherwise low lying tidal
Holy Island of Lindisfarne, it is a
castle built on an unusually domestic scale. What makes it so attractive is
that it is a castle you could imagine living in. And what makes it so
fascinating is that in 1902 the Country Life magazine founder and owner Edward
Hudson decided to do exactly that.

As a result what you find today is a remarkable fusion of a Tudor
artillery fort and an Edwardian country mansion, a fusion created by the noted
architect Edwin Lutyens in the years from 1903. The castle that emerged from
this process dominates the island on which it stands, and the wider coastal
landscape of Northumberland. Yet it is also a castle which could almost be
called cute.

Visitors to Holy Island
normally have to park on the north west side of the island's village and
thereafter explore on foot. Lindisfarne Castle can be found some two thirds of
a mile east of the village, and the walk past the harbour and around the bay is
a real joy. Those wishing to avoid the walk might like to know that a shuttle
bus runs between the castle and the village during normal hours of opening.

If you walk, you have plenty of time to admire the castle and its
location as you approach. You'd have thought that the most obviously defensible
site on this stretch of the Northumberland coast, bar Bamburgh Castle, would
have been fortified from a very early date. Yet despite this being an area
fought over by the Scots and English for five centuries, and by Vikings,
Northumbrians, Angles, Picts, Caledonians and Romans over the previous
millennium, no sign has ever been found of early fortifications here. Either
there were none, or all trace of anything earlier was obliterated by the
structure you see today.

The known origins of Lindisfarne Castle date back to the mid 1500s.
Henry VIII had ordered
the dissolution of Lindisfarne
Priory (and other monasteries) in 1537 and its estates became crown
property. In 1543 Holy Island served as a military base for the landing of
troops being assembled for a planned expedition by
Henry VIII's forces
into Scotland. In order to protect what became a vital naval base, three earth
and timber defensive positions were built around the harbour. Another was added
on the top of Beblowe Crag in 1548, and this is the earliest structure we know
of on the crag. It was reported at the time that "Beblowe Fort" provided a good
base for guns protecting the island's excellent natural harbour.

In 1561 a military survey of the defences along the Scottish Border
reported that by then little remained of Beblowe Fort beyond a flat platform on
top of the crag surrounded by the base of a turf wall. Work began to build a
stone fortification on the site in 1565, and had been completed by 1571 at a
cost of £1,000. Again the aim was to house artillery that could defend
the harbour from attack.

James VI of
Scotland unified the crowns of Scotland and England in 1603 when he succeeded
Elizabeth I to become
James I of England. On
the face of it, this removed the need for fortifications along the border
between the two countries. Despite this, the fort on Beblowe Crag remained
fully manned and armed. In June 1639,
Charles I landed an army
on Holy Island in the early stages of a series of conflicts with the Scots over
the organisation of the Church, which developed into the ill-named English
Civil War. He was greeted by the castle's governor, Captain Rugge, a man who
impressed all who met him with his generous hospitality and his large drinker's
nose.

By 1646 the castle's then governor, Captain Batton, held
Lindisfarne for the Parliamentary side
in the civil war. He was asked to surrender the island to the Royalists holding
Berwick-upon-Tweed in
return for a promise that the unpaid wages of the garrison would be made good.
He declined, and it took until 1649 for wider situation to allow the
Parliamentary garrison on the island to really feel secure. Further
improvements were made to island's defences in 1671, when
Osborne's Fort was built on the heugh
projecting into the western side of the harbour, but this appears to have
fallen into disuse by 1740 and little remains
of it today.

By the time of the 1715 Jacobite Uprising the garrison of
Lindisfarne Castle comprised just 7 men. The castle's master-gunner earned
additional money by acting as a barber, and on 10 October 1715 the captain of a
ship anchored in the harbour, Lancelot Errington, visited the castle with his
nephew on the pretext of getting a shave. Once inside they drew pistols, and
forced the master-gunner and only other man actually in the castle to leave,
declaring it captured for the Jacobite cause. Their signals to the mainland did
not bring the hoped for Jacobite reinforcements, and the following day they
surrendered to a force of 100 government troops who had arrived on the island
from Berwick-upon-Tweed. The
two subsequently escaped from Berwick gaol.

Lindisfarne Castle continued to be home to a garrison and defensive
artillery through the 1700s and intermittently through the early and mid 1800s.
In 1882 the castle was re-equipped with three 64-pounder guns and manned by
members of the Volunteer Coast Artillery. They left in 1893, and thereafter the
castle fell into disrepair despite occasional use by the Coast Guard.

In 1901 Edward Hudson visited Holy Island while on holiday and fell in
love with the castle. The following year he took out a lease from the Crown and
commissioned his friend, the architect Edwin Lutyens, to transform a Tudor
artillery fort into a holiday home in which Hudson could entertain during his
summer visits. Lutyens was working without the constraints of modern planning
laws, but his transformation of Lindisfarne Castle nonetheless appears to have
been a very sympathetic one. The main external change was the "filling in" of a
gap in the upper part of the structure to allow additional accommodation to be
created. A short distance to the north an old walled garden was restored to use in
1911, laid out to a design by Gertrude Jekyll and now known as the
Gertrude Jekyll Garden.

The result was an Edwardian country mansion set largely within the
structure of the old fort. It comprised four public rooms, nine bedrooms, and a
bathroom (a second bathroom was added later). Most of those who visited loved
Lindisfarne Castle, including Lutyens and his children. Others were less
enamoured, including the Prince of Wales (the future George V), and Lutyens'
wife Emily, who liked neither Hudson nor what she saw as his cold, smoky
castle. Another visitor, the author Lytton Strachey, was obviously a city boy
at heart, and found the castle uncomfortable and far from his taste.

Hudson never married, and the son of a friend who he intended to
bequeath the castle to was killed during the war. Perhaps with a view to to
recouping his investment he purchased the freehold of the castle in 1918, and
then sold it in 1921 for £25,000 to the London stockbroker Oswald Falk.
Within a few years Falk had sold Lindisfarne Castle to Sir Edward de Stein, a
rich merchant banker. Sir Edward gave the castle to the National Trust in 1944,
and lived here until his death in 1965. His sister Gladys took over the tenancy
until she died in 1968. Lindisfarne Castle was subsequently opened to the pubic
by the National Trust, restored very much to the way it would have been (with
the addition of electricity) when Edward Hudson and his house guests spent
their summers here in the years before World War One.

Your visit starts in the hut at the foot of the west end of the crag
that serves as a reception and ticket office. From there you progress up the
cobbled incline to the castle's only external entrance, a door in the south
side of the building. A flight of steps within the structure then takes you up
to the Lower Battery, complete with gun emplacements, that acts as a forecourt
to the castle.

The entrance hall is a lovely space, divided by columns into three
distinct areas. Above the large fireplace that dominates one end of the room is
a beautifully ornate wind indicator. Off to one side of the entrance hall is
the large kitchen, and beyond it is the scullery, complete with the mechanism
for lowering the portcullis that can still be used to bar the entrance below.
The accommodation in the castle forms an L-shape, and you progress down the
long arm of the "L" via a wonderful passage that almost seems to have been cut
through the living rock. Off to one side is the vaulted dining room, dominated
by a large fireplace at one end, and enlivened by a wall painted in Prussian
blue at the other. At the far end of the corridor is Ship Room, created from
the fort's ammunition store and named after the large model of a Dutch ship
hanging from the vaulted ceiling. This is a magnificent room, on a very human
scale.

A curving flight of stone stairs once led directly up from behind
the entrance hall to the Upper Battery. They still do, but Lutyens inserted a
junction on the stairs and a half flight now leads up to the Long Gallery,
which together with three bedrooms to its north are in the "new" structure
added by him. The Long gallery is another superb space, and from its far end
more stairs give access to the upper gallery, tucked beneath the castle roof.

A number of bedrooms are included on the tour, and to modern eyes
they appear rather basic and, in many cases, small: though they do come with
some beautifully crafted beds. The exception among the bedrooms is the East
Bedroom, a bright and nicely proportioned room, and presumably where the most
eminent visitors stayed. Your tour is rounded off on the Upper Battery, which
offers a good sense of the L-shaped structure of the accommodation, and also
offers superb views over the village, over Holy Island, and over a large part of
coastal Northumberland.