Martin van Bruinessen was born at Schoonhoven on July 10, 1946. Secondary education (gymnasium ) at the Christelijk Lyceum, Gouda. In 1964 he enrolled at the State University of Utrecht, where he studied mathematics and physics, since 1966 also social anthropology. In 1971 he took his master's degree ("doctoraalexamen") in theoretical physics, cum laude. Previously, in 1970, he had taken a "candidaats" degree in anthropology. From 1971 to 1973 he taught mathematics at a secondary school in Utrecht, then travelled a little. The research for this thesis was carried out from mid-1974 to mid-1976, as a research fellow of the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.).

Table des Matières

Contents

Preface / xiIntyroduction / 1

How this thesis come to be written / 1Subject of this study / 9A not e on the written sources / 12A note on the transcription of oriental words / 14

Chapter III Tribes and the stateIII. a Resume of characteristics of the Kurdish tribe; introduction to the discussion in this chapter / 145III. b Tribes of Kurdistan not autonomous units / 148III. c Same recurring patterns: tribes and the government of states in the Middle East / 150III. d Same recurring patterns: centre- periphery relations / 153The Merwanids / 156III. e The incorporation of Kurdistan into the Ottoman Empire / 161Prelude: Qaraqoyunlu and Aqqayunlu / 161The Safavids / 163The event s as seen from below / 167Ottoman-Safavid confrontation / 168Ottoman policy vis-à-vis the Kurds / 169III. f Political history of same Kurdish emirates / 1721. The meliks of Hisnkeyf / 1722. Hekari and its mirs / 1743. Çemişkezek / 179III. g Administrative organization of (Ottoman) Kurdistan in the 16th century / 181Land regime and administrative organization of the Ottoman Empire (15th - 16th centuries) / 181The application of Ottoman administrative organization in Kurdistan / 189III. h Internal organization of the Kurdish emirates / 1941. Bitlis / 1952. Baban / 208III. i Intermezzo: the emigration to northeastern Iran / 215III. j Political changes in the 19th century / 220III. k The rise of Bedr Xan Beg and the fall of the emirate of Botan / 222Botan after the disappearance of the mir / 227Conclusion / 228III. l The new land code and its effects / 229Land policy of the British in Iraqi Kurdistan / 232III. m The establishment of Kurdish tribal militias: Hamidiye / 233III. n Changes in the early 20th century / 239New borders: the further partitioning of Kurdistan / 240Tribal policies of the successor states / 241III. o A few remarks to conclude this chapter / 244

Appendix to Chapter IV / 340I. Branches of the Berzenci family / 341II. The Sedate Nehri and the Barzani family / 345III. The sheikhs of Biyare/Tawêla and of Palû / 348IV. Other important Naqshbandi families / 349V. More influential Naqshbandi sheikhs / 350