{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/814713"], "description"=>"<p>The frames on the right represent DNA processing steps with related enzymes found in NCLDVs, and the frames on the left with grey backgrounds show viruses that have the corresponding enzymes. The first frame from the top right corresponds to the dNTP biosynthesis catalyzed by RNR and ThyA. The second frame shows four enzymes involved in DNA replication: DNAP B, TopoIIA, PCNA and FEN. Proteins involved in these two DNA biosynthesis steps were found in diverse large DNA viruses, such as NCLDVs, <i>Herpesviridae</i> and <i>Myoviridae</i>. The third frame represents the DNA transcription step, in which the RNAP II and the transcription factor TFIIB are involved; viral homologs of these proteins are only found in NCLDVs. The last frame shows <i>Mimiviridae</i> amino-acyl tRNA synthetases (aa tRNA synthetase) involved in mRNA translation. Interestingly, viral lineages were consistently less well represented from nucleotide to protein biosynthesis, with the exception of NCLDVs, which were represented in each step. a.a., amino acid.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["proteins", "rna"], "article_id"=>485077, "categories"=>["Virology", "Genetics", "Microbiology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Mickaël Boyer", "Mohammed-Amine Madoui", "Grégory Gimenez", "Bernard La Scola", "Didier Raoult"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_NCLDV_proteins_involved_in_DNA_RNA_and_protein_biosynthesis_/485077", "title"=>"NCLDV proteins involved in DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-12-02 01:24:37"}

{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/815144"], "description"=>"<p>This figure represents the living species in the four small pictures according to the current classification of organisms: eukaryotes (represented by yellow cell), bacteria (represented by green cell), <i>Archaea</i> (represented by blue cell) and viruses (represented by magenta colored Mimivirus). An organism classification based on ribosomal proteins allows the discrimination of cellular organisms, but viruses are excluded de facto from historical scenarios for life evolution. Our study shows that eight proteins involved in DNA processing and present both in viruses, particularly in NCLDVs, and in two or three other domains of life could be used for phylogenetic tree reconstruction, displaying schematic topologies for each protein represented by lines colored in light green for RNR, in yellow for ThyA, in blue-green for DNAP B, in blue for TopoIIA, in magenta for PCNA, in orange for FEN, in red for RNAP II and in purple for TFIIB. Topology representations were similar to that based on ribosomes (for RNAP II, FEN, PCNA and TFIIB proteins) and/or with bifurcations (for ThyA, RNR, DNAP B and Topo IIA proteins) representing probable lateral gene transfer. Thus, this figure illustrates that REOs and CEOs (bona fide viruses) share a common set of genes involved in DNA processing that evolved from a common ancestral source of genes. The phenomenon of long-branch attraction makes the identification of the exact deep rooting of each analyzed gene difficult and is therefore hidden by a black mark.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ncldvs", "rhizome", "roots"], "article_id"=>485506, "categories"=>["Virology", "Genetics", "Microbiology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Mickaël Boyer", "Mohammed-Amine Madoui", "Grégory Gimenez", "Bernard La Scola", "Didier Raoult"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.g005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>6, "page_views"=>24, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Scenario_of_NCLDVs_emerging_from_the_rhizome_of_life_with_roots_appearing_at_the_very_beginning_of_life_/485506", "title"=>"Scenario of NCLDVs emerging from the rhizome of life with roots appearing at the very beginning of life.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-12-02 01:31:46"}

{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/814832"], "description"=>"<p>The ML tree of RNAP II was inferred from a cured alignment of 80 sequences from the six supergroups of <i>Eukarya</i> (blue), <i>Bacteria</i> (purple), <i>Archaea</i> (green) and NCLDVs (red). The tree is unrooted, and values near branches are SH-like local supports computed by the FastTree program and are used as confidence values of tree branches. Scale bar represents the number of estimated changes per position for a unit of branch length.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["rna", "polymerase", "ii", "beta"], "article_id"=>485199, "categories"=>["Virology", "Genetics", "Microbiology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Mickaël Boyer", "Mohammed-Amine Madoui", "Grégory Gimenez", "Bernard La Scola", "Didier Raoult"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Phylogenetic_tree_of_the_RNA_polymerase_II_beta_subunit_/485199", "title"=>"Phylogenetic tree of the RNA polymerase II beta subunit.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-12-02 01:26:39"}

{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/406348", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/406375", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/406403", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/406434", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/406464", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/406483", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/406510", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/406535", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/406551", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/406571", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/406598", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/406634"], "description"=>"<div><p>The discovery of Mimivirus, with its very large genome content, made it possible to identify genes common to the three domains of life (<em>Eukarya</em>, <em>Bacteria</em> and <em>Archaea</em>) and to generate controversial phylogenomic trees congruent with that of ribosomal genes, branching Mimivirus at its root. Here we used sequences from metagenomic databases, Marseillevirus and three new viruses extending the <em>Mimiviridae</em> family to generate the phylogenetic trees of eight proteins involved in different steps of DNA processing. Compared to the three ribosomal defined domains, we report a single common origin for Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV), DNA processing genes rooted between <em>Archaea</em> and <em>Eukarya</em>, with a topology congruent with that of the ribosomal tree. As for translation, we found in our new viruses, together with Mimivirus, five proteins rooted deeply in the eukaryotic clade. In addition, comparison of informational genes repertoire based on phyletic pattern analysis supports existence of a clade containing NCLDVs clearly distinct from that of <em>Eukarya</em>, <em>Bacteria</em> and <em>Archaea</em>. We hypothesize that the core genome of NCLDV is as ancient as the three currently accepted domains of life.</p> </div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["phylogenetic", "phyletic", "studies", "informational", "genes", "genomes", "viruses"], "article_id"=>140289, "categories"=>["Cancer", "Genetics", "Microbiology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Mickaël Boyer", "Mohammed-Amine Madoui", "Grégory Gimenez", "Bernard La Scola", "Didier Raoult"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.s003", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.s004", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.s005", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.s006", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.s007", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.s008", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.s009", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.s010", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.s011", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530.s012"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>18, "page_views"=>11, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/Phylogenetic_and_Phyletic_Studies_of_Informational_Genes_in_Genomes_Highlight_Existence_of_a_4_th_Domain_of_Life_Including_Giant_Viruses/140289", "title"=>"Phylogenetic and Phyletic Studies of Informational Genes in Genomes Highlight Existence of a 4<sup>th</sup> Domain of Life Including Giant Viruses", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2010-12-02 00:04:49"}