Many policy makers across Sub-Saharan Africa, including in fragile and conflict-affectedsituations (FCS), consider youth employment a central policy issue.
... See More + As the recent World Development Report (WDR) on jobs has highlighted, jobs are a key driver of development(World Bank 2012). Jobs matter for living standards, productivity, as well as social cohesion. Particularly in FCS, jobs mean more than earnings; feelings of exclusion stem from a lack ofreliable, quality employment, not simply income (Rebosio and Romanova 2013). Volume 1 of this paper presents results from the application of a novel qualitative toolkit in Liberia, with the objective to improve the knowledge of the constraints to entry and productivity among nonagricultural household enterprises. It outlines lessons learned from the application of this research and makes policy-relevant findings on how to improve productivity in the sector in Liberia. In addition, the report contains methodological lessons that can inform the application of the toolkit in other contexts. Volume 2 of this paper presents a global review of the literature on household enterprises in FCS and the detailed methodology and tools for the research.
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In recent years, skills development has become a priority among developed and developing countries alike. The World Bank Group, in its quest to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity, has joined efforts with countries and multilateral development partners to ensure that individuals have access to quality education and training opportunities and that employers can find the skills they need to operate.
... See More + The skills towards employability and productivity (STEP) skills measurement program is part of the World Bank’s portfolio of analytical products on skills. The STEP program consists of two survey instruments that collect information on the supply and demand for skills in urban areas: a household survey and an employer survey. STEP has been implemented in waves, the first surveys being implemented in seven countries in 2012 (Bolivia, Colombia, Ghana, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (PDR), Ukraine, Vietnam, and the Yunnan Province in China), and the second in five countries in 2013 (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kenya, and Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of (FYR)). The data presented in this publication correspond to these countries. It illustrates the similarities and differences among groups that have completed different education levels on a wide range of issues and outcomes. The dataset contains 52 varibles for each tab that covers : Skills acquisition history, Background conditions, Self-reported cognitive skills, Self-reported socio-emotional skills, Self-repored job-relvant skills, Labor market outcomes. The designer of this assessment, Educational Testing Services (ETS), classifies the results into 6 literacy levels, starting at 0 as the lowest and going up to 5 as the highest. For a description of abilities at each proficiency level, please go to the second tab in this file ("Reading proficiency levels").Given the small proportion of respondents at both extremes of the 0-5 range, data in this file are grouped into four categories: (1) Levels 0-1; (2) Level 2; (3) Level 3; and (4) Levels 4-5. Data are presented for two specific age groups: all adults, which encompases answers of all respondents in urban areas, and youth, which includes only data from respondents between the 15 - 24 age range. To the extent possible, each variable is accompanied with the specific question used to gather the data. However, for the various cases in which data depend on the answers to multiple questions, the table includes only one of the questions asked as an example.
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The Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) began conducting the Labor Force Survey (LFS) in 2001 and then undertook LFS on an almost annual basis until 2009.
... See More + In 2011 KAS began planning for the updated Labour Force Survey which has several important improvements over previous surveys. This Labour Force Survey 2015 report contains data on employment and unemployment by age, gender, employment status, economic activities, occupations and other areas of the labour market.The main objectives of LFS are to collect information, mainly on the supply side of the labour market, i.e., information on those who are working or who are actively looking for work. The LFS collects social and economic information for use in the following areas: (i) Macro-economic monitoring; (ii) Human resource development policies; (iii) Employment policies; and (iv) Income support and social programs.
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The Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) began conducting the Labor Force Survey (LFS) in 2001 and then undertook LFS on an almost annual basis until 2009.
... See More + In 2011 KAS began planning for the updated Labour Force Survey which has several important improvements over previous surveys. This Labour Force Survey 2015 report contains data on employment and unemployment by age, gender, employment status, economic activities, occupations and other areas of the labour market.The main objectives of LFS are to collect information, mainly on the supply side of the labour market, i.e., information on those who are working or who are actively looking for work. The LFS collects social and economic information for use in the following areas: (i) Macro-economic monitoring; (ii) Human resource development policies; (iii) Employment policies; and (iv) Income support and social programs.
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People in Madhya Pradesh are increasingly moving off the farm and into other kinds of work such as construction. Growth in non-farm jobs has been positive after 2005 but lower than in other low-income states.
... See More + The overall job creation in the state lags behind the expansion of the working age population that is not in school. What’s more, more than half the population is still on the farm, and there are very few salaried jobs. For women, there are even fewer jobs and many have dropped out of the labor force.
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People in Bihar are beginning to move off the farm and into other kinds of work. That said, the workforce remains largely tied to agriculture, more so than in most other states in the country.
... See More + Though there has been an increase in the number of jobs after 2005, job creation has lagged behind the expansion of the working age population that is not in school. Very few workers have salaried jobs. Very few women work in Bihar. Worse still, women have exited the labor force in large numbers after 2005.
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People in Uttar Pradesh are increasingly moving off the farm and into other kinds of work. Growthin non-farm jobs has been among the highest in India since 2005, led by construction.
... See More + Despitethis, job creation has failed to keep pace with the expansion of the working age population that isnot in school. What’s more, a little over half the population is still on the farm. There are very few salaried jobs and job opportunities for women remain limited.
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This brief talks about jobs in Odisha, India. People in Odisha are increasingly moving off the farm and into other kinds of work such as construction and transportation.
... See More + Growth in non-farm jobs has been positive after 2005 but not as high as some other Low-Income states. The overall job creation in the state has not kept pace with the growing working age population that is not in school. What’s more, more than half the population is still on the farm, and there are very few salaried jobs. For women, there are even fewer jobs and many have dropped out of the labor force.
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This brief studies about the people in Jharkhand, India who are increasingly moving off the farm and into other kinds of work. Overall job creation in the state however lags behind the expansion of the working age population that is not in school.
... See More + Unlike other Low Income states, job growth was negative in the state after 2005. Half the population is still on the farm. Only a tenth of the working adults have salaried jobs, which is among the lowest in the country. There are even fewer job opportunities for women who have withdrawn from the labor force in large numbers.
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A majority of Chhattisgarh’s people are in farming. The share of non-farm employment in the state is the lowest in the country. Half the workforce is self-employed and of the remaining, very few have salaried jobs.
... See More + Job growth in the state has been better than in most advanced states after 2005. Despite this, the number of jobs created has not been sufficient, particularly for women. There was a significant drop in female labor force participation in rural areas after 2005. By contrast, participation amongst urban women has increased.
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People in Rajasthan are increasingly moving off the farm and into other kinds of work. Since 2005,growth in non-farm jobs has been among the highest in India, led by construction.
... See More + Despite this,overall job creation in the state lags behind the expansion of the working age population that isnot in school and there is a growing jobs deficit. What’s more, half the population is still on thefarm, and there are very few salaried jobs and even fewer job opportunities for women.
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This paper examines the earnings premiums associated with different types of employment in 73 countries. Workers are divided into four categories: non-professional own-account workers, employers and own-account professionals, informal wage employees, and formal wage employees.
... See More + Approximately half of the workers in low-income countries are non-professional own-account workers and the majority of the rest are informal employees. Fewer than 10 percent are formal employees, and only 2 percent of workers in low-income countries are employers or own-account professionals. As per capita gross domestic product increases, there are large net shifts from non-professional own-account work into formal wage employment. Across all regions and income levels, non-professional own-account workers and informal wage employees face an earnings penalty compared with formal wage employees. But in low-income countries this earnings penalty is small, and non-professional own-account workers earn a positive premium relative to all wage employees. Earnings penalties for non-professional own-account workers tend to increase with gross domestic product and are largest for female workers in high-income countries. Men earn greater premiums than women for being employers or own-account professionals. These results are consistent with compensating wage differentials and firm quasi-rents playing important roles in explaining cross-country variation in earnings penalties, and raise questions about the extent to which the unskilled self-employed are rationed out of formal wage work in low-income countries.
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In 1971, a formal memo appeared in the February 1971 edition of International Bank notes. Addressed to a fictitious department head, Paul Szasz, a lawyer in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Legal Department, pens a satire spoofing the use of Bank-ese and the highly technical language used by staff members.
... See More + The subject refers to the explosive growth in the numbers of Bank staff, a fact born out of the doubling of staff that occurred between the years 1968-1971. Szasz examines the consequences for the world at large if the World Bank grew at such high rates of growth. This exhibit was originally published in March 2003 and highlights time scales; recruitment policies; transmutation of internal services; and external impact. This exhibit was originally published in March 2003.
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Richard Van Wagenen, Dean of the Graduate School of American University, was invited by the Bank to assist in the creation of the program. He joined the staff of the Bank in November 1962, and immediately started screening applicants, both within the Bank and also externally.
... See More + The application process began with the paper applications. After the first round of elimination, the remaining applicants were narrowed down through a series of interviews with Bank staff members. The Junior Professional Recruitment and Training Program began with an orientation consisting of three weeks of special lectures and a full-time course of two months in applied development economics. During their career at the Bank, many Young Professionals obtained high positions in the organization such as resident representatives, department directors, and Vice Presidents. The program was, and remains, a very important tool for bringing into the Bank young and motivated individuals from all over the world to join the fight against poverty. This exhibit was originally published in February 2006.
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