400 Jews are taken from a old people's home
and hospital and gased in special execution vans at Kalisz, Poland.

2

1235

A Christian corpse is found on the road
between Lauda and Bischofsheim, Germany. The Jews are blamed. Before a legal inquiry is
made, clergy and townspeople massacre Jewish men, women, and children. 8 notable Jews from
both towns are also tried the same day and tortured and executed.

3

1943

Nazis execute the last Jews of Opoczno,
Poland. They are the last 120 of a community of 3000.

4

1349

Ravensburg, Germany is hit by the Bubonic
Plague. The Jews of the town are burnt alive in the city castle where they fled, knowing
they will be blamed for the Plague.

5

1919

Ukrainian National Army's "Battalions
of Death" pass through Berdichev, Volhynia and loot the town. The local Jewish
militia is disarmed and its members shot. Those attending the funerals are also shot.

6

1497

By decree of Emperor Maximilian I, Jews are
expelled from the provincial capital Graz, of Styria, Austria. There have been Jews in the
city for over 300 years, 30 years after its founding.

7

1943

SS take 500 Jews from Grojec ghetto in
Poland to the forest near Gora Kalvarya and shoot them.

The Castilian Edict containing 24 articles
"contra Judaeos--Against the Jews" is proclaimed in Spain. Under one article,
Jewish ghettoes are to be established in each Spanish town.

13

1298

Pretenders to the German crown, Adolf of
Nasau and Albrecht of Habsburg struggle. The pro-Albrecht people of Rufach, Alsace accuse
the Jews there of siding with Adolf, so they kill them and burnt them on woodpiles.

Jeronimo Jose Ramos, a merchant of Braganza
who has escaped an auto-da-fe once before, is burnt as a Judaizer at Lisbon.

16

1349

The Jews of Freiburg, Germany, men, women,
children are murdered and also at Basel, Switzerland accused of being behind the Black
Death plagues. The Jewish children at Basel are left alive to be baptized forcibly and
raised as Christians.

17

1945

The labor camps Skarzysko-Kamienna, Mielec,
and Plaszow, Poland are liquidated. 10,000 Jews are shot while 5,000 others are sent to
Ravensbruck and Buchenwald.

18

1670

A 3 year old Christian child disappears at
Metz, France. Raphael Levy is accused and tortured. The child is found to have been killed
by a wild animal. Levy is still condemned and burnt at the stake. The townspeople petition
the king to expulse the Jews from their town and he grants it.

19

1942

Of 1,000 Jews arriving at Riga, Latvia, on
a transport from Vienna, less than 80 young Jews are spared for slave labor. The rest are
murdered.

20

1945

Nazis shoot 4,000 Jews at Auschwitz
II-Birkenau camp.

21

1349

Black Death Persecutions: The Jews of
Feldkirch, Austria and Messkirch, Germany are burnt at the stake.

22

1349

Black Death Persecutions: The Jewish
community at Speyer, Germany is destroyed viciously.

23

1639

63 are burnt at the stake for Judaizing at
Lima, Peru by the Inquisition.

24

1943

25 cattle cars full of patients from the
Het Apeldoornse Bos Jewish psychiatric hospital near Apeldoorn, Netherlands, are murdered
at Auschwitz and burnt.

25

1945

Stutthof concentration camp at Gdansk,
Poland is liberated. But there is hardly any Jews left to liberate.

26

1531

After an earthquake at Santarem, Portugal,
Christian monks incite the superstitious and terrified inhabitants against local Jews.
Riots drive the Jews to flee into the mountains during a particularly bitter winter cold,
and many die from cold and lack of food.

27

1942

Hungarian Arrow Cross fascists raid the
village of Stari Becej in Yugoslavia. They kill over 100 Jews.

28

1945

75 Jewish women are shot by SS at Malki,
Poland.

29

1942

2,000 Jews are murdered at the Domanevka
camp, Ukraine by SS.

30

1544

King Ferdinand I expels Jews from the towns
of Austria.

31

1942

Several hundred Jews from Kharkov, Ukrainia
are killed near Drobitzky Yar.

In Neuss, Germany, a
mentally disturbed Jew kills a young Christian woman in a fit of madness, in front of many
witnesses, Jews as well as Christians. The Christians present kill the madman at once, as
well as 6 uninvolved bystanders, Jews of high esteem in the community.

2

1189

As the result of a
quarrel between a Jew and a recent convert, riots break out against the Jewish community
of Lynn, England. Jews are butchered or burned in their houses. Part of the town is
completely destroyed by fire.

3

1939

A bomb planted by a
Hungarian Fascist explodes in a synagogue in Budapest, Hungary, during services. One man
is killed and several others injured.

4

1942

400 Jews are murdered in
the town of Liepaja, Latvian S.S.R.

5

1840

In one more recent case
of alleged ritual murder, known as the Damascus Affair, seven Jews are arrested in
Damascus, Syria. After one of their friars and his servant disappear, the Capuchins accuse
the Jews of having killed them in order to use their blood for the Passover rituals.

In the subsequent investigation two of the falsely accused Jews die
under torture. After the intervention of several well-known European Jews, including Moses
Montefiore and Adolphe Crémieux, the surviving Jews are liberated, but they will never be
acquitted of the alleged crimes.

6

1481

The first auto-da-fé
in the Castilian town of Seville, Spain, is held. Six men and women, all honorable and
respected citizens of Seville, are burned alive for Judaizing, secretly practicing the
Jewish faith.

7

1942

Several hundred Jews of the Stolpce ghetto
in the Polish province of Minsk (today Belorussian S. S. R.), are taken to the Jewish
cemetery and murdered there.

8

1945

During the night, 180
deportees from the Buchenwald concentration camp in Germany, among them many Jews, are
shot on the way from the Mauthausen train station to the Mauthausen concentration camp in
Upper Austria because they cannot walk any farther in the deep snow.

9

1941

In Amsterdam, Dutch
Nazis, supported by German soldiers, attack Jews who refuse to comply with anti-Jewish
regulations. Several young Jews offered resistance; 19 are arrested and deported, most to
the Mauthausen camp in Austria and to the Auschwitz extermination camp in Poland, where
they perish.

998 Jewish men and women are deported from
the Drancy transit camp in France to Auschwitz extermination camp in Poland. Upon arrival
802 of them are gassed; only 11among them 1 womanwill see the liberation of
the camp by the Soviet army in 1945.

12

1486

The seat of the
Inquisition Tribunal is moved from Ciudad Real to Toledo, Spain. A plot against the
Inquisition by some Conversos is betrayed and in the first auto-da-fé held by the
recently moved tribunal, 750 persons of both sexes are led in a procession through Hie
streets of Toledo. Most of them are punished financially and stripped of all civil rights.
About 50 are condemned to death and burned at the stake.

13

1943

Herded into cattle cars,
1,000 Jewish men and women are deported from the Drancy transit camp in the
German-occupied zone in France to the Auschwitz extermination camp in Poland. On arrival
689 of the convoy are immediately sent to the gas chambers. Only 13 of themamong
them one womansurvive until the liberation of the camp by the Soviet army in 1945.

14

1349

Accused of poisoning the wells, the entire
Jewish community of Strasbourg, Alsace, is condemned to death. A huge fire is lit and the
2,000 Jews of the town, adults as well as youngsters, are burned alive.

15

1919

Units of the Ukrainian
National Army under the command of Semosenko march into Proskurov, Ukraine. They slaughter
1,500 Jews. A priest who asks them to stop the massacre is slain in front of the church.

16

1349

During the night of February 16, all Jews
are expelled from Burgdorf on the Emme, in the Swiss canton of Berne. As they are charged
of having spread the plague, the nobleman Eberhard Von Kyburg drives them off his lands,
confiscating all their property

17

1349

The Black Death Persecutions reach the
small town of Mengen in the German province of Wurtemberg. The townspeople murder all the
Jews and then completely destroy the Jewish quarter.

18

1945

More than 500 Jews
throughout Germany who have been protected up to now by their marriage to a Christian are
arrested and deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in Czechoslovakia.

19

1349

During the persecutions
accompanying the Black Death massacres of Jews reach even the remotest spots in Germany.
The entire Jewish community of the village of Sauhgau is slaughtered.

20

1349

Duke Albrecht of Austria
energetically protects his Jewish subjects against the persecution resulting from the
Black Death epidemic and the superstitions of the time. But confronted with ultimata from
all sides, and the threat of seeing his Jewish subjects slaughtered, he decides to
preserve his sovereignty by assuming the role of executioner himself. So the Jews are
burned at the stake in Schaffhausen and in Thurgau, Switzerland.

21

1943

In the Protestant and
Catholic churches of the Netherlands a pastoral letter is read, condemning the persecution
of the Jews. On February 17 this letter was sent to the deputy of the Reich.

22

1943

In retaliation for an
accident in which Jew injured a Ukrainian, the Jewish community of Stanislavov, Ukrainian
S.S.R., is annihilated by the SS and the Ukrainian police. 10,000 people are massacred in
the Jewish cemetery. The Jewish resistance movement, led by Oskar Friedlander and Auda
Luft, battles the Nazis.

23

1484

The second auto-da-fé
takes place in Ciudad Real, Spain, lasting two days. On the first day about 15 Jewish men
and women are burned at the stake for Judaizing, secretly practicing Judaism. The bones
and effigies of 20 more Jews, already deceased, are also burned.

24

1147

At the beginning of the
Second Crusade most of the Jewish communities in Germany, remembering the massacres of the
First Crusade, ask the German King Conrad III and the bishops for protection and seek
shelter in their bishops or their towns fortress. The Jews of Würzburg,
Germany, have totally trusted in the protection of the bishop. When troops of Crusaders
arrive on February 24, excesses against the Würzburg Jewry break out, during which 20
Jews are murdered and many injured.

25

1941

The first and largest
demonstration by non-Jews in a German occupied country against the persecution of the
Jews, takes place in the Netherlands, in the form of a three-day general strike. Nine
people are killed, about 50 severely wounded, and 200 are arrested and tortured. The towns
of Amsterdam, Hilversum, and Zaandam are fined 18 million guilders. The mayors and the
members of the city councils are replaced by Dutch Nazis.

26

1941

A deportation convoy
with 1,049 Jews from Vienna leaves for Opohe in the so-called General Government region of
Poland.

27

1943

Jews previously working in the war industry
in Berlin are deported to the Auschwitz extermination camp in Poland.

28

1670

The Jews of Vienna are
expelled from the town by an edict of Emperor Leopold I.

The Jewish community of
Worms on the Rhine, which is one of the oldest in Germany, is reached by the Black Death
Persecutions. The alderman of Worms sentences the Jews to death at the stake, but they set
fire to their own houses and more than 580 die in the flames.

2

1704

An auto-da-fé is
performed in the Portuguese town of Coimbra. The descendants of Jews baptized centuries
earlier are accused of practicing Judaism secretly. Some are sentenced to death at the
stake.

3

1941

1941 In Amsterdam, Netherlands, the first Jew falls victim to the persecutions of the
Nazis: Ernst Cohn, a refugee from Germany, is shot.

4

1649

After the election of a
new king of Poland in Warsaw, in which the Cossack leader Bogdan Chmielnicki played a
decisive role, his Cossack hordes return to the Ukraine and continue their slaughter of
the Jews. In the town of Ostrog they massacre at least 600 Jews.

5

1328

The county of Navarre,
Spain, tries to become independent of France. As a result of the political tensions
massacres of Jews occur all over Navarre. On March 5, a Sabbath, a massacre begins in the
town of Estella with one of the largest Jewish communities of Navarre. Several thousand
Jews are slaughtered.

6

1943

The second deportation
train to the Majdanek extermination and concentration camp in Poland leaves Drancy in
France. The cattle cars are crammed with 998 Jewish men and women who are sent east.
Immediately after their arrival, 950 of them are gassed and only 4 survive until the
liberation in 1945.

7

1190

Crusaders setting out
for the Holy Land attack the Jewish community of Stanford, England, considering it a good
deed to kill the "murderers of our Lord." The wealth of the Jews is probably not
a minor motive, too. The Jewish bouses are plundered, some Jews are murdered, and many
mistreated. The crusaders flee before the royal officials can get hold of them.

8

1942

1942 In the course of a
three-day Aktion, 7,000 Jews from the ghetto of Kutno in the Polish province of Lodz are
deported to the Chelmno extermination camp where they all perish.

9

1422

A certain John of
Seelau, an agitator, is beheaded on the order of the magistrate of Prague, Bohemia,
Czechoslovakia; after that the townspeople start rioting, assaulting the town hall and
looting the houses of the town councilors. Then they turn their attention to the Jewish
quarter, plundering the Jewish houses and killing many of the inhabitants.

10

1925

Hugo Bettauer, a Jewish
writer from Vienna, dies sixteen days after an attempt on his life by an Austrian National
Socialist. He was famous for his book, The Town without Jews. The assassin will be
acquitted in the subsequent trial on the grounds of not being accountable for his actions.
Bettauer is the first Jewish victim of the Nazis in Austria.

11

1941

The Nazis transport
2,000 Jews from Plock, Poland, to the ghetto of Tomaszov Rawski in the Polish province of
Lodz. The number of Jews in this ghetto is now 15,000. Every day dozens of Jews die from
the mistreatment by the Nazis.

12

1421

Under Albert V, Archduke
of Austria, Emperor of Germany, and King of Bohemia (1411-1430), the persecutions of the
Jews in his realm begin. They are accused of desecrating the host and those who dont
submit to baptism are condemned to death. The persecution culminates in the burning at the
stake of 120 Jewish men 92 Jewish women in Vienna. The Jewish community of 1,400 members
ceases to exist. This event is later known in Jewish tradition as the Wiener Gesera
(Vienna persecution).

13

1605

An auto-da-fé is held
in Lima, Peru, and 19 persons are accused of Judaizing (secretly practicing Judaism); 6
are burned in effigy, 3 are burned at the stake, and 16 are "reconciled," that
is, they promise to repent. They have to do public penance and are deprived of all their
civil rights.

14

1191

The Jewish community of
Bray, France, falls victim to a defamation spread by the townspeople. The Jews are accused
of having executed a murderer by crucifixion, mocking Jesus Christ. King Philip Augustus
hurries with his troops to Bray; the Jews must choose between baptism and death. About
100, almost the entire Jewish community, are burned at the stake.

15

1391

After the sermon of a
monk who is notorious for his hatred of Jews, the people of Seville, Spain, start
attacking the Jews. In spite of the intervention of the city aldermen, the chief of
police, and two judges many Jews are murdered. King Henry II intervenes to stop the
killing for the moment but it recurs even more violently three months later.

16

1474

Persecutions against the Conversos
(children of those Jews who were forcibly baptized during the persecutions of 1391) break
out in Spain. They are accused of Judaizing, secretly practicing Judaism. On March 16,
armed bands march through the streets of Segovia, Spain. They break into the houses of
Conversos, plunder and murder every Converso they can get hold of. The castellan of
Segovia finally intervenes; otherwise the whole community would be annihilated.

17

1190

Rioting against the Jews of York, England,
breaks out. The populace is stirred up by crusaders and aristocrats. The Jews flee into
the towns castle. The armed crowd besieges the castle for six days. On the eve of
March 16 the more courageous Jews commit suicide. The 500 survivors, who open the gates on
March 17 in order to accept baptism, are all massacred by the rioters. Thus the Jewish
community of York is annihilated.

18

1190

One day after the
terrible massacre of the Jews in York, crusaders slaughter 57 Jews in St. Edmund, England.
They consider it an act of piety. However, a motive not to be ignored is the wealth of
same members of the Jewish communities, which will provide the crusaders with the
financial means for their undertaking.

19

1942

This is the last day of
the Aktion against the Jews of Mielec in the Polish province of Krakow. In the course of
four days 7,800 Jews are either shot or sent to extermination camps.

20

1942

From the Rohatyn ghetto,
Polish district of Stanislavov (today Ukrainian S.S.R.), 2,000 Jews are taken to the
border of town and killed, then hurriedly buried in a mass grave.

21

1349

In connection with the
Black Death Persecutions the Jews of Erfurt, Germany, are massacred. Led by the
guildmasters, a crowd carrying a flag and a cross march an the Jewish quarter. The Jews
try bravely to defend themselves, but when a hundred of them are slain, they set fire to
their houses and perish in the flames.

22

1349

At the time of the Black
Death Persecutions, the Jews of Fulda, Gerrnany, hide in three houses, but the townspeople
find and massacre them. Earlier the Jews had sought aid from the abbot but the
abbots servants joined the murderers. Only a few Jews survive.

23

1942

The local police,
supported by the Hlinka Guards, a Slovak copy of the Nazi SS, start rounding up the Jews
of Bratislava, capital of Slovakia, Czechoslovakia. Hundreds of Jews are arrested deported
to the Sered labor camp. The Hlinka Guards were founded in honor of the Catholic priest
Andrej Hlinka, who died in 1938.

24

1942

From the Izbica Lubelska
camp, 2,000 Jews are deported to Belzec and murdered there. Among them are many deportees
from Austria and Czechoslovakia.

25

1350

In the town of Eger,
Bohemia, Czechoslovakia, the crowd is stirred up by the sermon of a Franciscan. They start
looting and the whole Jewish community is slainonly Meir, the architect of the local
synagogue, his mother and his wife survive.

26

1481

After the establishment
of the Spanish inquisition in the Convent of San Paulo in Seville on January 2, 1481, the
first auto-da-fé takes place there 17 Conversos, children and even grandchildren of
the Jews forcibly baptized in 1391, burned at the stake. They are accused of Judaizing
secretly practicing Judaism.

27

1247

A little Christian girl
is found dead in Valréas, France. The rumor spreads that the Jews killed the child in a
ritual murder. Three Jews of Valréas are immediately seized, tortured, and burned at the
stake. However, other Jews of the district are also rounded up, tortured, and finally
burned at the stake.

28

1900

In Konitz, Germany
(today Poland), the body of a young man is found and a number of Jews are charged with the
crime of ritual murder. Anti-Jewish riots break out and the synagogue is attacked.
Finally, one of the accused, Moritz Levy, is sentenced to four years imprisonment.
Later he will be pardoned by Kaiser William II. The Jewish population of Kanitz declines
because many of them are economically ruined by the anti-Semitic agitation.

29

1881

A pogrom breaks out in
Balta, Ukraine. The local population, along with the peasants of the surrounding villages,
destroys the Jewish quarter and loots ail their property. Many women are raped and many
Jews are murdered.

30

1943

From the Westerbork transit camp in the
Dutch province of Drenthe, 1,255 Jewish internees are sent to the Sobibor extermination
camp in Poland.

31

1492

According to the royal
decree issued by the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella, all Jews must leave the
Spanish territories within four months. If they are found in Spain after this period
(later prolonged to August 3), they are to be killed.