0:09:51.690,0:09:55.550
and then you kind of suddenly see all the
ways in which he's drawing upon a whole
然后，你突然发现了马克思借助这种种知识经验

0:09:55.550,0:09:57.400
experiential world,
所构筑的一个完整的世界。

0:09:57.400,0:10:00.570
full of Goethe, full of
Shakespeare, you know, all the rest of it.
这个世界里充满了歌德，莎士比亚，还有一些大家耳熟能详的人物。

0:10:00.570,0:10:01.510
So, it's a very
所以，这些正是资本论信息丰富的所在。

0:10:01.510,0:10:04.710
rich text in that kind of way,
and you start to appreciate it,
你会开始欣赏资本论。

0:10:04.710,0:10:06.359
I think, more

0:10:06.359,0:10:08.860
if you stop saying to yourself: 'Well,
也许有时你会停下来问，“那么，资本论引用了那位名人的话？”“资本论

0:10:08.860,0:10:11.660
who is he referring to in history?', or 'Which
引用了那位经济学家的话？”

0:10:11.660,0:10:14.380
economist is he talking about?' and so on.

0:10:14.380,0:10:17.260
And the other thing that will come
across, if you read it that way, is you'll
另外，如果你用这种方式阅读，你一定会

0:10:17.260,0:10:19.930
actually find this a very interesting book.
发现这是本有趣的，

0:10:19.930,0:10:22.460
It's a fascinating book,
迷人的书

0:10:22.460,0:10:25.980
and here of course we come across
another set of preconceptions, because
现在让我们讲讲另外的一个先入之见。

0:10:25.980,0:10:28.660
many of you will already have encountered
那就是我们中的许多人可能已经读过马克思的文字。

0:10:28.660,0:10:31.020
some of Marx in your reading.

0:10:31.020,0:10:34.620
Maybe you read the Communist
Manifesto in high school.
也许你在高中读过共产党宣言

0:10:34.620,0:10:37.710
Maybe you went through one of those
wonderful courses which is called
也许你曾经上过这样一门很精彩的课叫“介绍社会理论”，

0:10:37.710,0:10:40.880
'Introduction to social theory',
where you spent two weeks on Marx,
在这门课上你可能花了两周时间学习马克思的理论，

0:10:40.880,0:10:46.460
you know, two weeks on Weber, a few
weeks on Durkheim and all the other kind of characters.
你也许学过两周韦伯，几周涂尔干，还有其他一些人的理论。

0:10:46.460,0:10:48.910
And maybe you read
some excerpts from Capital.
另外，你可能读过资本论的摘录。

0:10:48.910,0:10:54.000
But reading excerpts from Capital is
entirely different from reading it as a book,
但是，读资本论的摘录和读资本论这本书是完全不同的。

0:10:54.000,0:10:58.269
because you start to see these bits and
pieces that are excerpts as, somehow or other,
因为你开始发现这些碎片的摘录事实上

0:10:58.269,0:11:02.270
playing into a much grander
and broader narrative, and what I think
形成了一个更为宏大的叙事，并且

0:11:02.270,0:11:05.430
I'd like you to really try to
get out of this, is some sense
我希望你真正从中获得的是一种

0:11:05.430,0:11:11.170
of what that grander narrative is, and what that
grander conception is, because that is, if you like,
大局观，因为我认为这种大局观正是

0:11:11.170,0:11:14.040
how Marx, I think, would
want to be read. He would hate it
马克思希望我们理解的。他不会喜欢
0:11:14.040,0:11:15.230
if somebody said:
有人说：

0:11:15.230,0:11:19.000
'Hey, you've got to excerpt this chapter',
or 'You've got to do this chapter', and you can
“嗨，你必须摘录下这一章节”或者“你必须看看这一章”这样你才能

0:11:19.000,0:11:20.080
understand Marx that way.
真正理解马克思。

0:11:20.080,0:11:23.680
And he would certainly hate it if he knew he
was being given three weeks in an introduction
同时，如果马克思知道他在社会理论课的介绍上获得了三个星期，

0:11:23.680,0:11:25.290
to social theory class.
他一定不会高兴。

0:11:25.290,0:11:27.440
And I think you should hate that, too,
我想你们大概也不会高兴，

0:11:27.440,0:11:30.280
because you get a certain
conception of Marx from that,
因为你从中会得到一种新的观念，

0:11:30.280,0:11:32.070
which is radically different
这种观念与你从读
0:11:32.070,0:11:35.290
from the kind of
conception you get from reading
马克思的《资本论》那种书中获得的观念

0:11:35.290,0:11:38.600
a book like Marx's Capital.
完全不同。
0:11:38.600,0:11:43.120
Now the other thing that happens,
of course, from the disciplinary standpoint
现在另外一点，当然，从某学科的角度来说

0:11:43.120,0:11:49.320
is that very often people
start to re-orchestrate their understandings
人们通常开始重新组合他们的理解
0:11:49.320,0:11:52.930
around that disciplinary
standpoint. That is, you say:
围绕该学科的立场。比如

0:11:52.930,0:11:56.380
'Well, I'm not a good economist, I don't
get the economics in here at all, so I'm not
“呃，我不是合格的经济学者，
我完全不懂其中的经济学概念，那么
0:11:56.380,0:11:59.190
going to be bothered to
follow the economic argument,
我不打算劳神理解其中的经济学论述

0:11:59.190,0:12:00.200
I'm just going to follow
我只要理解其中

0:12:00.200,0:12:01.819
the philosophical argument'.
哲学论述”

0:12:01.819,0:12:02.819
And actually,
而实际上

0:12:02.819,0:12:04.830
it's very interesting reading
以这种立场解读马克思

0:12:04.830,0:12:07.460
Marx in that perspective.
非常有趣

0:12:07.460,0:12:11.290
Now, I've taught this course
now every year since 1971,
从1971年至今
我明年讲授这门课程

0:12:11.290,0:12:12.780
except one.
只有一年例外

0:12:12.780,0:12:17.240
Some years I've taught it twice,
some years I even taught it three times.
有几年里，我讲授两次
有几年了，我甚至讲授三次

0:12:17.240,0:12:20.880
And in the early years I
used to teach it to all kinds of
在早年间，我习惯给各种
不同背景的学生

0:12:20.880,0:12:22.310
different groups.
讲课

0:12:22.310,0:12:23.670
One year it was
其中一年

0:12:23.670,0:12:27.430
the whole philosophy department
from what was called Morgan State
来自当时叫做州立摩根大学的
整个哲学系

0:12:27.430,0:12:29.949
College at the time, Morgan
State University. Another time
当时的大学 州立摩根大学
例外一次

0:12:29.949,0:12:33.690
it was all of the graduate students in
the English program at Johns Hopkins.
学生全部来自约翰霍普金斯大学
研究生院的英文课程班

0:12:33.690,0:12:34.579
Another year
还有一年

0:12:34.579,0:12:38.960
it was economists, and this kind of thing.
And actually, what was fascinating to me was,
都是经济学系，诸如此类
实际上，这令我非常着迷

0:12:38.960,0:12:43.170
each time you read it with a different
group, they saw different things in it.
每一次，你跟不同专业学生讲读
他们从中发现不同的含义

0:12:43.170,0:12:46.540
And actually, I learned a great deal about
the text from going through it with these
事实上，跟彼此差异巨大的学科的学生
共同浏览这个文本

0:12:46.540,0:12:49.670
very different disciplinary groups.
我知晓异常多内容

0:12:49.670,0:12:52.680
Sometimes it drove me
crazy, but I learned a great deal.
有时候，这令我困惑
不过，我也获益匪浅

0:12:52.680,0:12:55.100
One year, for example,
比如有一年

0:12:55.100,0:13:00.930
I ran it with a group of people from
the comparative literature program at Johns Hopkins,
我给约翰霍普金斯大学比较文学专业
的一群学生讲这门课

0:13:00.930,0:13:03.630
about seven of them.
他们一共7个人

0:13:03.630,0:13:07.290
And we got onto chapter one,
我们讲读第一章

0:13:07.290,0:13:11.040
and we spent the whole semester on chapter one.
结果我们在第一章上花了一个学期

0:13:11.040,0:13:14.710
It drove me nuts. I was saying: 'Look, we've got
to get onto the working day', you know, and things like
让我快疯了。我当时讲
咱们得讲讲“工作日”，类似问题

0:13:14.710,0:13:17.029
that, very important issues
of this kind, and they'd say:
是其中极其重要的问题，可他们讲

0:13:17.029,0:13:20.690
'No, no, we've got to get this right, we've got
to get this right', you know. 'What does he
“不行，我们必须把目前这点搞对
我们必须搞对，

0:13:20.690,0:13:23.870
actually mean by value? What is
actually this money commodity? What
他讲的价值到底是什么含义
通货到底是什么

0:13:23.870,0:13:26.070
is fetish about? What is this really all about?'
财迷是咋回事
这点究竟是咋回事

0:13:26.070,0:13:27.270
结果

0:13:27.270,0:13:30.830
I said: 'Why are you doing all of this?'
They said: 'Well, we're working very much in the
我问：你们干嘛这么执着？
他们回答：我们正在严格遵循

0:13:30.830,0:13:33.679
tradition of…' somebody I'd never
heard of at the time, and thought
某人的学术传统，某个我从未听说过的学者

0:13:33.679,0:13:37.430
was obviously an idiot, because
he was producing this kind of thing,
那位显然是个白痴
才会造就诸如此类的玩意

0:13:37.430,0:13:39.980
a man called Jacques Derrida,
一位名叫雅克·德里达的人

0:13:39.980,0:13:44.240
who spent a lot of time at
Hopkins during the late 1960s, early
从60年代到70年代初
他在霍普金斯教学多年

0:13:44.240,0:13:47.460
1970s. And so actually
因此显而易见

0:13:47.460,0:13:50.890
was very influential in the
comparative literature program.
他比较文学专业极有影响力

0:13:50.890,0:13:53.100
Now, one of the things I actually afterwards
那次以后 我因此产生的

0:13:53.100,0:13:55.150
thought about this was…
思考之一就是

0:13:55.150,0:14:00.080
What they taught me was to pay
very careful attention to Marx's language;
他们教会我 对马克思的语言要非常仔细

0:14:00.080,0:14:05.040
what he says, and how he says it, and what
he means, and maybe what he's missing out,

0:14:05.040,0:14:08.160
and that is also terribly important.

0:14:08.160,0:14:12.800
And so, actually, I learned…
and I'm very grateful to that group now,

0:14:12.800,0:14:16.530
apart from the fact that I no longer
sound myself like an idiot for saying I don't…

0:14:16.530,0:14:19.270
I've never heard of Jacques Derrida, you know.

0:14:19.270,0:14:23.380
So it was just very influential

0:14:23.380,0:14:28.170
to have a group of that kind sort of take
me through just chapter one

0:14:28.170,0:14:30.100
with a fine-toothed comb,

0:14:30.100,0:14:33.360
going through almost every word,
every sentence, every connection with the

0:14:33.360,0:14:34.910
sentences, and so on.

0:14:34.910,0:14:38.860
Yes, indeed, I want to get you to the
working day. Yes, indeed, I want to get

0:14:38.860,0:14:41.629
you through the volume, so we're
not going to spend all of the time

0:14:41.629,0:14:43.090
on chapter one, but

0:14:43.090,0:14:46.580
this is the kind of thing that different
disciplinary perspectives can open up.

0:14:46.580,0:14:51.300
Because Marx actually wrote this text

0:14:51.300,0:14:55.890
from those many different
standpoints that I've indicated.

0:14:55.890,0:14:56.610
And I think that

0:14:56.610,0:14:58.280
we have to recognize

0:14:58.280,0:15:03.330
how those different standpoints
intersect within the text.

0:15:03.330,0:15:06.130
There are in fact three major

0:15:06.130,0:15:08.430
areas of inspiration

0:15:08.430,0:15:10.550
for this work,

0:15:10.550,0:15:13.790
and they're all powered forward by

0:15:13.790,0:15:18.940
a deep commitment, in Marx's case, to

0:15:18.940,0:15:22.540
critical theory, to a critical analysis.

0:15:22.540,0:15:27.890
When he was relatively young he wrote a little
piece to one of his sort of editorial colleagues

0:15:27.890,0:15:30.070
at a German journal.

0:15:30.070,0:15:35.360
The title of the piece is :
'For a Ruthless Criticism of Everything Existing'.

0:15:35.360,0:15:40.440
A very modest piece, and I
suggest that you actually go read it,

0:15:40.440,0:15:42.780
because it's fascinating.

0:15:42.780,0:15:45.640
What he does there is, he doesn't say

0:15:45.640,0:15:46.680
everybody

0:15:46.680,0:15:50.800
is stupid, I'm going to trash everybody,
I'm going to criticize everybody out of

0:15:50.800,0:15:51.790
existence. No.

0:15:51.790,0:15:53.760
What he says is,

0:15:53.760,0:15:57.050
there are a lot of serious people
who really thought about the world

0:15:57.050,0:15:58.760
very hard.

0:15:58.760,0:16:04.830
And they've seen certain things about
the world, and what they have seen is our resource.

0:16:04.830,0:16:09.540
What the critical method does
is to take what they have seen, and

0:16:09.540,0:16:15.080
to work on it and to transform
it into something different.

0:16:15.080,0:16:18.200
And one of the things he later said,
which I think captures his method

0:16:18.200,0:16:19.750
admirably, is:

0:16:19.750,0:16:24.220
he says the way in which you
do that transformation is you take

0:16:24.220,0:16:26.699
radically different conceptual blocks

0:16:26.699,0:16:32.370
and you rub them together,
and you make revolutionary fire.

0:16:32.370,0:16:36.790
And that is in effect what he's doing.
He is taking very, very different traditions,

0:16:36.790,0:16:38.340
pushing them together,

0:16:38.340,0:16:39.800
rubbing them together,

0:16:39.800,0:16:43.960
and creating a completely
new framework of knowledge.

0:16:43.960,0:16:47.790
And as he says in one of his introductory

0:16:49.670,0:16:52.350
prefaces, he says: if you're trying to
create a new system of knowledge, then