Hodgson joined the Labour Party in 1976, and shortly afterwards became the manager for Stan Rodger's successful campaign in the Dunedin North seat. After holding a number of other Labour Party roles, including that of marginal seats organiser, he was himself nominated to replace Rodger in the 1990 elections. He was successful, and became the MP for Dunedin North.

When the Labour Party formed a government after the 1999 elections, Hodgson was appointed to Cabinet. During Labour's nine years in power, Hodgson's portfolios included Economic Development; Tertiary Education; Research, Science and Technology; Health; Transport; Commerce; Land Information; Statistics; Energy (1999–2004); and Fisheries and Forestry. He was also Associate Minister of Health; Industry and Regional Development; and Foreign Affairs.[2]

In 2001, during the filming of The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy in New Zealand, Hodgson was given the title Minister of the Rings, responsible for investigating methods of capitalising on the boom in tourism to New Zealand that followed the release of the films.[3]

1.
Minister of Health (New Zealand)
–
The present Minister is Jonathan Coleman, a member of the National Party. The first Minister of Public Health was appointed in 1900, during the premiership of Richard Seddon, the word Public was dropped from the title when Sir Māui Pōmare took over the portfolio from 27 June 1923, as simply Minister of Health. The only function remaining was policy-making, for a time, there was a separate Minister in Charge of Crown Health Enterprises, who was not necessarily the same as the Minister of Health

2.
Annette King
–
Annette Faye King is a New Zealand politician. She served as Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party and Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 2008 to 2011 and she was a Cabinet Minister in the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand. She is the current MP for the Rongotai electorate in Wellington, King was born in Murchison, a town in the Tasman region of the South Island. After receiving primary education in Murchison, she attended Murchison District High School and she gained a BA degree from the University of Waikato. She then obtained a diploma in dental nursing, and worked as a dental nurse from 1967 to 1981. She was a tutor of dental nursing in Wellington from 1982 to 1984 and she is partly of Sri Lankan descent. King joined the Labour Party in 1972, and has various offices within the party. In the 1984 elections, she stood as the candidate for Horowhenua. She was re-elected in the 1987 election, following the 1987 election, she was appointed parliamentary under-secretary to the Minister of Employment and of Social Welfare. In 1989, she was elevated to Cabinet, becoming Minister of Employment, Minister of Immigration and she was also given special responsibility for liaising between Cabinet and the party caucus. In the 1990 election, King lost the Horowhenua electorate against Hamish Hancock and she served as chief executive officer of the Palmerston North Enterprise Board from 1991 until the 1993 election, when she was returned to Parliament as the MP for Miramar. In that 1996 election, she was ranked in sixth place on the Labour Partys list, when Labour won the 1999 election, and Helen Clark became Prime Minister, King was appointed Minister of Health. She was ranked sixth within Cabinet, after Labour winning a third term in government at the 2005 election, King took on the roles of Minister of Transport and Minister of Police. Following another reshuffle in late 2007, King became the new Minister of Justice, before the 2008 general election she was elevated to number four on the party list. Labour was defeated in the 2008 election by the National Party led by relative newcomer John Key, King retained her seat with a majority of about 7,800 votes. King became the deputy leader of the Labour Party in a caucus meeting on 11 November 2008 replacing former Deputy Leader. Phil Goff, another senior Labour Party member, became the leader of the Labour Party, King stood again for Rongotai in the 2011 general election. She was ranked second on the Labour Party list and she was succeeded as Deputy Leader by Grant Robertson in the 2011 Labour Party leadership election

3.
David Cunliffe
–
David Richard Cunliffe is a New Zealand politician and former Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party. He is the sitting Member of Parliament for New Lynn, West Auckland, after Labour lost the 2011 general election and Phil Goff stood down as party leader, Cunliffe ran for the leadership, but narrowly lost to David Shearer. On 26 August 2013, Cunliffe announced a leadership bid after David Shearers departure from the leadership and was elected on 15 September 2013. Following Labours defeat at the election in September 2014, he resigned as leader of the Labour Party. Cunliffe was born in Te Aroha on 30 April 1963 and his family moved to Te Kuiti, then to Pleasant Point. His father, Bill, an Anglican minister, was active in the Labour Party, as a teenager he won a scholarship to study the International Baccalaureate at the United World College of the Atlantic in Wales. Cunliffe studied politics at the University of Otago, where he was a member of the Otago University Debating Society and he worked as a diplomat from 1987 to 1994 and gained a Diploma in Social Sciences in economics from Massey University in 1993. He worked as a management consultant with The Boston Consulting Group in Auckland from 1995 to 1999, Cunliffe was first elected to Parliament in the 1999 election, standing as the Labour candidate for the Titirangi seat. Since the 2002 election he has represented the seat of New Lynn, at the 2005 election, Cunliffe was returned with 18,087 votes or 55% of the electorate vote. He retained his seat in the 2008,2011, and 2014 elections, in the 2002–2005 Parliament he held the ICT portfolios and was Associate Minister of Finance and Revenue, after previously serving as Parliamentary Private Secretary for Finance and Commerce. During his first term he served as Chair of the Commerce Select Committee, in 2006, in his previous role as Immigration Minister, he announced a major review of the Immigration Act 1987. In May 2006 Cunliffe was referred to the Securities Commission by the NZX for commenting on Telecoms future dividend plans, the Securities Commission found that no law had been breached and no action was taken. In February 2008, as the Minister of Health, Cunliffe dismissed the Hawkes Bay District Health Board over political, monetary, napier Mayor Barbara Arnott and a number of members of the district voiced opposition to Cunliffes move as many of the board members were democratically elected. Following the release of a Health Ministry-commissioned independent report into the matter, after the 2008 general election defeat of the Labour Party, Cunliffe was made Labours spokesman for Finance, shadowing Nationals Finance Minister, Bill English. Cunliffe had been touted as a leader of the party. Speculation of a challenge again arose during the June 2010 expenses scandal. After Labour lost the 2011 general election and Goff stood down, Grant Robertson and David Parker also entered the race, but subsequently backed David Shearer, who won the high-profile race. Robertson became Deputy Leader, while Parker took Cunliffes finance spokesmanship, Shearer retained Cunliffe in a senior role on the front bench, with the Economic Development and Associate Finance roles

4.
Steve Maharey
–
Steven Steve Maharey CNZM is a former Member of Parliament for Palmerston North in New Zealand, as a member of the Labour Party. Maharey was born in Palmerston North in 1953, the son of William Maharey and he attended Freyberg High School in 1966–1969. After gaining an MA Hons in sociology from Palmerston Norths Massey University, he was a lecturer at that institution from 1978 and his particular specialty within sociology was social change and cultural studies. Maharey served one term on the Palmerston North City Council, in the 1990 election, Maharey stood as the Labour Party candidate for Palmerston North, replacing retiring MP Trevor de Cleene, and was elected to Parliament. After Maharey left the Labour party, Iain Lees-Galloway successfully held the seat for Labour in the 2008 election, Maharey immediately became Labours spokesperson on broadcasting issues, and also gained associate responsibility for education. In 1994, he switched roles and became spokesperson on labour relations, in 1996, he became spokesperson on social welfare, employment, and tertiary education, and dropped the labour relations portfolio in 1997. In 2002 the title changed to Minister for Social Development and Employment and he also became Associate Minister of Education holding special responsibility for tertiary education. After the 2002 elections, in which Labour was re-elected, Maharey also became Minister of Broadcasting and he was officially ranked fourth in the Cabinet hierarchy. Maharey stood down from his roles in 2007, pending his appointment as Vice-Chancellor of Massey University. The New Zealand Herald quoted several exchanges between the two verbatim that were alleged to have occurred by Rankin, the court did not uphold Rankins claims. In April 2007, Maharey came under criticism for saying fuck you in parliamentary question time on 4 April

5.
Wayne Mapp
–
Wayne Daniel Mapp QSO is a New Zealand politician, who represented the National Party in the Parliament of New Zealand. He served as the MP for the North Shore electorate from the 1996 elections until his retirement in late 2011, before entering politics, he lectured in commercial law at University of Auckland. He gained his LLB at University of Auckland and this was followed by his LLM from University of Toronto and his PhD in International Law from Christs College, Cambridge in 1988. He served as an infantry Major in 3rd Auckland and Northland Regiment Royal New Zealand Territorial Army, Mapp was elected MP for the North Shore seat at the 1996 general election. In a September 2003 house sitting, Mapp criticised the incumbent governments lack of support for the US-led invasion of Iraq. On 26 October 2005, National Party leader Don Brash appointed Mapp as the partys Political Correctness Eradicator, previously Mapp served as Nationals spokesperson for Industrial Relations and chaired the Caucus Policy Committee. Brash ranked him 14th within the National Party caucus, on 1 February 2011 when the Ministry of Ministry of Research, Science and Technology was replaced by the Ministry of Science and Innovation Mapp was appointed to lead the new ministry. Mapp announced his retirement from parliament on 15 December 2010 with effect in 2011. On 15 December 2011 in recognition of his term as a Member of the Executive Council of New Zealand Mapp was granted the right to retain the title The Honourable for the rest of his life, on 28 February 2012 Mapp was appointed to the New Zealand Law Commission. In the 2013 New Year Honours, Mapp was made a Companion of the Queens Service Order, on 21 March 2017, investigative journalists Nicky Hager and Jon Stephenson published Hit & Run, The New Zealand SAS in Afghanistan and the meaning of honour. On 30 March 2017, Wayne Mapp wrote in a blog post that he was a source for the book, Wayne Mapp MP official site Profile at National party Profile at New Zealand Parliament Releases and speeches at Beehive. govt. nz

6.
Helen Clark
–
Helen Elizabeth Clark ONZ PC is the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme, and was the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand. She has been Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme, the third-highest UN position, in April 2016, she declared her candidacy for the position of Secretary-General of the United Nations. Clark graduated from the University of Auckland in 1974 and became active in the New Zealand Labour Party as a teenager. While a junior lecturer at the University in the early 1970s, in 1975 she came second for Labour in the rural seat of Piako. In 1981 she was elected to Parliament for the safe Labour seat of Mount Albert, Clark held numerous Cabinet positions in the Fourth Labour government of 1984–1990, including Minister of Housing, Minister of Health and Minister of Conservation. She was Deputy Prime Minister from 1989–1990 under Prime Ministers Geoffrey Palmer, after Labours strong showing in the 1993 election, Clark challenged the Labour leadership of Mike Moore and won, becoming the Leader of the Opposition. After failing to win the 1996 election, she led the Labour Party to a victory in the 1999 election. As Prime Minister of the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand, Clarks government presided over nearly a decade of economic growth and her government was defeated in the 2008 election and she resigned as Prime Minister and Labour Party leader. She resigned from Parliament in April 2009 from her Mount Albert electorate and was replaced by David Shearer to take up the post of Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme. Clarks government implemented major economic initiatives including Kiwibank, the New Zealand Superannuation Fund. Her government also introduced the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 which caused controversy and was eventually repealed in 2011. Clark sent troops to the Afghanistan War, but did not contribute troops to the Iraq War although some medical. Forbes magazine ranked her 20th most powerful woman in the world in 2006 and she rose to the 23rd position in 2014 and then 22nd in 2016. On 26 January 2017 AFP reported that Clark had resigned her directorship of the UN Development Programme, Clark was the eldest of four daughters of a farming family at Te Pahu in the Waikato Region. Her mother, Margaret McMurray, of Irish birth, was a school teacher. Her father, George, was a farmer, Clark studied at Te Pahu Primary School, at Epsom Girls Grammar School in Auckland and at the University of Auckland, where she majored in politics and graduated with an MA in 1974. Her thesis focused on political behaviour and representation. As a teenager Clark became politically active, protesting against the Vietnam War, Clark was brought up as a Presbyterian, attending Sunday school weekly

7.
Margaret Wilson
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Margaret Anne Wilson DCNZM is a New Zealand academic and former politician. She was Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives during the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand and she is a member of the Labour Party. Born in Gisborne, Wilson received her education at St Dominics College. She had a leg amputated due to cancer at the age of 16, instead, she studied law and graduated LLB from the University of Auckland. Wilson worked as a lawyer, a Professor of Law and Dean at the University of Waikato, from 1984 to 1987, she was president of the Labour Party, and from 1989 to 1990, she worked as chief political advisor to the Prime Minister, Geoffrey Palmer. She has also served on the Law Commission, and was appointed as a director of the Reserve Bank and her portfolios included those of Attorney-General and Minister of Labour. Previous speculation had focused on Mark Burton, the Minister of Defence, on 3 March 2005, Parliament elected Wilson as their new Speaker over candidacies by Clem Simich from the New Zealand National Party and Ken Shirley from the ACT Party. Wilson became New Zealands first female speaker, after the 2005 elections, she was re-elected to the position unopposed. Her style was different from her predecessor. In July 2006, National attempted a vote of no confidence in Wilson, after she refused to send a report on Labour MP Taito Phillip Field to the Privileges Committee and she told him to think carefully, and applied to have Hide named after he left. Wilson announced in February 2008 that she would not be standing for re-election in 2008 and she finished by closing the 48th Parliament. Wilson strongly promotes various causes such as feminism and multiculturalism. Wilson established the University of Waikato School of Law as New Zealands fifth law school in 1990 and she was its first Professor of law and founding Dean before becoming a Member of Parliament. After leaving Parliament, she resumed her career at the Waikato University law school, being appointed Professor of Law

8.
Lianne Dalziel
–
Lianne Audrey Dalziel is the Mayor of Christchurch. She resigned from Parliament effective 11 October 2013 to contest the Christchurch mayoral election, the incumbent, Bob Parker, decided not to stand again, and she was widely regarded as the top favourite and won with a wide margin to become the 46th Mayor of Christchurch. Dalziel was born in 1960 raised in Christchurch, and attended Canterbury University and she graduated with a law degree and was admitted to the Bar. She served as the officer for the Canterbury Hotel and Hospital Workers Union. She also participated in national groups such as the Federation of Labour, Dalziel entered Parliament as a Labour Party MP for Christchurch Central in 1990, replacing outgoing former Prime Minister Geoffrey Palmer. She held this seat until the 1996 election, when she became a list MP under the new MMP electoral system, in the 1999 election, she chose to contest an electorate again, and won the Christchurch East seat. She held the seat in the 2002,2005,2008 and 2011 elections, in 2011 she opted not to go on the Labour list. Time magazine picked her as a leader in its December 1994 edition. In the new government formed by Labour, Dalziel became Minister of Immigration, Minister for Senior Citizens, when Labour won re-election in the 2002 election, Dalziel also became Minister of Commerce. In 2003, she ceased to be Minister for Senior Citizens, as Minister of Immigration, Dalziel was often in the spotlight. In particular, she clashed with Winston Peters, leader of the anti-immigration New Zealand First party. After the 2005 election, Dalziel was re-elected by her caucus colleagues to Cabinet and was given the portfolios of Commerce, Small Business, and Womens Affairs. Mike Williams, President of the Labour Party from 2000 to 2009, states that he was surprised by Clark appointing Dalziel Minister of Commerce, but she worked herself into the portfolio, paid attention to detail, and within a year had proved herself. Williams believes this is due to her intelligence and her ability to listen. Williams states that as Minister of Commerce, Dalziel worked closely with Nationals Simon Power, Dalziels position became difficult after she was accused of giving certain documents to the press to bolster the case for a decision her Associate Minister had made. Dalziel tried to avoid admitting to being the source of the documents, there was also significant controversy about how Dalziel had obtained the documents in the first place. Dalziel offered her resignation which Prime Minister Helen Clark accepted, rumours of Dalziel standing as Mayor of Christchurch go back to at least 2009. Since the February 2011 earthquake, the rumours that Dalziel would contest the 2013 Christchurch mayoralty became more consistent, in May 2012, Dalziel tried to put an end to these rumours by announcing, The job I really want is Gerry Brownlees, rather than Bob Parkers

9.
New Zealand Parliament
–
The New Zealand Parliament is the legislative branch of New Zealand, consisting of the Queen of New Zealand and the New Zealand House of Representatives. Before 1951, there was a chamber, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The Parliament was established in 1854 and is one of the oldest continuously functioning parliaments in the world, the House of Representatives is a democratically elected body whose members are known as Members of Parliament. It usually consists of 120 MPs, though sometimes due to overhang seats. 70 MPs are elected directly in electorate seats and the remainder are filled by list MPs based on each partys share of the party vote, Māori were represented in Parliament from 1867, and in 1893 women gained the vote. New Zealand does not allow sentenced prisoners to vote, the Parliament is closely linked to the executive branch. The House of Representatives has met in the Parliament Buildings located in Wellington, Parliament funds the broadcast of its proceedings through Parliament TV, AM Network and Parliament Today. It was based on the Westminster model and had a house, called the House of Representatives. The members of the House of Representatives were elected under the first-past-the-post voting system, originally Councillors were appointed for life, but later their terms were fixed at seven years. In 1951, the Council was abolished altogether, making the New Zealand legislature unicameral, under the Constitution Act, legislative power was also conferred on New Zealands provinces, each of which had its own elected Legislative Council. These provincial legislatures were able to legislate for their provinces on most subjects, over a twenty-year period, political power was progressively centralised, and the provinces were abolished altogether in 1876. Four Māori electorates were created in 1867 during the term of the 4th Parliament, originally the New Zealand Parliament remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. One historical speciality of the New Zealand Parliament was the country quota, from 1889 on, districts were weighted according to their urban/rural split. The country quota was in effect until it was abolished in 1945 by a mostly urban-elected Labour government, the New Zealand Parliament is sovereign with no institution able to over-ride its decisions. The ability of Parliament to act is, legally, unimpeded, for example, the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 is a normal piece of legislation, it is not superior law as codified constitutions are in some other countries. The only thing Parliament is limited in its power are on some entrenched issues relating to elections and these issues require either 75% of all MPs to support the bill or a referendum on the issue. The Queen of New Zealand is one of the components of Parliament—formally called the Queen-in-Parliament and this results from the role of the monarch to sign into law the bills that have been passed by the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives was established as a house and has been the Parliaments sole chamber since 1951

10.
Dunedin North (New Zealand electorate)
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Dunedin North is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, returning one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was established for the 1905 election and has existed since and it is currently held by David Clark of the New Zealand Labour Party, who replaced the long-standing representative Pete Hodgson. It is considered a safe Labour seat, with Labour holding the seat for all, the City of Dunedin electorate was split into the Dunedin Central, Dunedin North, and Dunedin South electorates. As the name suggests, the Dunedin North electorate covers the northern half of the city of Dunedin and it is bordered by Waitaki in the north, Dunedin South in west, south, and south-east, and the Pacific Ocean in the north-east. The electorate covers what is the equivalent of the Waikouaiti Coast-Chalmers ward of the Dunedin City Council outside the urban area of Dunedin. This includes the centre of Waikouaiti, Karitane, Waitati, Seacliff, Warrington, Port Chalmers, Sawyers Bay, Roseneath. The 2013 redistribution saw the electorate expand to include Palmerston, Macraes Flat, Moeraki, Hampden, in urban Dunedin it covers most of northern, central and western Dunedin. A notable influence on voting patterns in the electorate is the location of the University of Otago and Otago Polytechnic in Dunedin North, the electorate has the highest proportion of persons aged 15 to 19 in the country, with 14. 1%. It also has the highest proportion of people on a student allowance, employed in the education and training industry, Dunedin North has a low rate of enrolment compared to New Zealand as a whole. As of 31 May 2012,78. 4% of the eligible population is enrolled to vote. The figure is brought down by the low number of people aged 18 to 24 enrolled — less than half of the eligible population is enrolled, compared to 75. 2% nationally. Enrolments of those aged 25 and over are comparable to the national averages, the electorate was created in 1905, when the City of Dunedin electorate with three members of parliament were broken up. From 1946 to 1963 it was called North Dunedin, the first representative was Alfred Richard Barclay, who had previously represented the City of Dunedin electorate. In the 1908 election, he was defeated by G. M. Thomson, Barclay was succeeded by Andrew Walker representing the United Labour Party in the 1914 election. The remnants of United Labour formed the New Zealand Labour Party in 1916 and he served for one parliamentary term until the 1919 election, when he was defeated by the Independent Edward Kellett. Kellett died during the term on 15 May 1922, and this caused the 1922 by-election. Munro was confirmed at the 1922 general election, but was defeated by Harold Livingstone Tapley in the 1925 election, Munro in turn defeated Tapley at the 1928 election and then served the electorate until his death on 27 May 1945. Munros death caused the 1945 by-election, which was won by Robert Walls, Walls served the electorate until his death on 6 November 1953

11.
David Clark (New Zealand politician)
–
David Scott Clark is a New Zealand Labour Party politician who is the Member of Parliament for Dunedin North. He is the Opposition Spokesperson for Economic Development, Trade and Growth, as well as the Associate Spokesperson for Finance, previously he has been Opposition Spokesperson for Small Business and Economic Development. Clark grew up in Beachlands, just south of Auckland, and was schooled in Auckland, Clark undertook university study at the University of Otago and Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen. He completed degrees in German and theology before a PhD on the work of German refugee, ordained in 1997, Clark is a Presbyterian minister. He was the celebrant at the union of MP Grant Robertson. He has also worked as a Treasury analyst and the warden of Selwyn College at the University of Otago, before his election to Parliament, Clark served as deputy chair of the Otago Community Trust. After serving as chairman on the Labour Party Dunedin North electorate committee and he won the seat at the 2011 election securing 12,976 votes,3489 more than his closest rival. Clark’s maiden parliamentary speech focused on his concern about rising inequality, in it, he argued that a more equal society will produce better outcomes, both socially and economically. Clark shot to prominence as the sponsor of the popular ‘Mondayising’ Bill that saw additional public holidays set aside in years when Waitangi Day. This was the first Bill to pass against the Government in four years, Clark completed an Eisenhower Fellowship in 2013, focusing much of his trip on the priority accorded to the values of fairness and freedom in New Zealand and the United States. Clark stood again for the 2014 election securing 16,315 votes,5917 more than his closest rival, Clark is married to Katrina, and they have three children. His brother, Ben, stood for Labour in the North Shore at the 2011 election, during his university years Clark was a competitive cyclist and has twice completed the New Zealand Ironman. Official website Profile on New Zealand Labour Party website Profile on New Zealand Parliament website

12.
Whangarei, New Zealand
–
Whangarei is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region. It is part of the Whangarei District, a body created in 1989 to administer both the city proper and its hinterland from the former Whangarei City, Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils. The city population was estimated to be 56,400 at the June 2016, the wider Whangarei area had an estimated population of 85,900 in 2015. South and west of the city centre are Morningside, Raumanga, Maunu, Horahora, Woodhill, and the Avenues, and to the east are Riverside, Sherwood Rise, Onerahi, and Parihaka. The Māori iwi Ngāpuhi occupied Whangarei from the early 19th century, captain James Cook and the crew of the Endeavour were the first Europeans to contemplate the Whangarei Harbour entrance. On 15 November 1769 they caught about one hundred fish there which they classified as bream prompting Cook to name the area Bream Bay, in the 1820s the area was repeatedly attacked by Waikato and Ngāti Paoa raiders during the Musket Wars. The first European settler was William Carruth, a Scotsman and trader who arrived in 1839 and was joined, six years later, by Gilbert Mair and his family. For the most part, relations between the settlers and local Māori were friendly, but in February 1842, all farms were plundered in revenge for transgressions of tapu. In April 1845, during the Flagstaff War, all settlers fled from Whangarei, most of the original settlers never returned, but by the mid-1850s there were a number of farmers and orchardists in the area. From 1855, a town developed, driven by the kauri gum trade. Todays Town Basin on the Hātea River was the port and early exports included kauri gum and native timber followed later by coal from Whau Valley, Kamo. Coal from the Kiripaka field was exported via the Ngunguru River, by 1864, the nucleus of the present city was established. Fire bricks made from clay deposits near the Kamo mines supported a brick works over several decades. Local limestone is used in cement manufacture but the coal is now imported from the West Coast of the South Island. Whangarei was the most urbanised area in Northland towards the end of the 19th century, the district slowly exhausted most of its natural resources but was sustained by agriculture, especially dairying. Shipping was the transport link until the North Auckland railway line reached the town in 1925. These terrestrial travel routes forced a decline in coastal shipping. The population was 14,000 in 1945, but grew rapidly in the 1960s, incorporating Kamo, in 1964, Whangarei was declared a city

13.
New Zealand Labour Party
–
The New Zealand Labour Party, or simply Labour, is a centre-left political party in New Zealand. With its historic rival, the New Zealand National Party, Labour has dominated New Zealand governments since the 1930s, Labour currently promotes a social-democratic platform. It is a participant of the international Progressive Alliance, the New Zealand Labour Party was formed in 1916 by various socialist parties and trade unions. It is thus the countrys oldest political party still in existence, there have been five Labour governments. The party was first in power from 1935 and 1949, when it established New Zealands welfare state and it governed most recently from 1999 to 2008 with Helen Clark as party leader and Prime Minister. Since the partys defeat in the 2008 general election, Labour has comprised the second-largest caucus represented in the New Zealand Parliament, on 18 November 2014 Andrew Little was confirmed outside of Parliament and in a press conference as the new Labour leader. Labours 1916 policy objectives called for the socialisation of the means of production, distribution and exchange, up to the 1980s Labour remained a party that believed in a strong role for governments in economic and social matters. However, it had transformed from a trade union-dominated, socialist-oriented movement to a moderate social-democratic party. The Labour Government of the 1980s deviated sharply from a social-democratic path, in a series of economic reforms dubbed Rogernomics, the Government removed a swathe of regulations and subsidies, privatised state assets and introduced corporate practices to state services. Equal access to all social, economic, cultural, political and legal spheres, co-operation as the main governing factor in economic relations, to ensure a just distribution of wealth. Universal rights to dignity, self-respect and the opportunity to work, the right to wealth and property, subject to the provisos of regarding people as always more important than property and the obligations of the state to ensure a just distribution of wealth. The Treaty of Waitangi as the document of New Zealand, and its honouring in the Party, government, society. The promotion of peace and social justice throughout the world by international co-operation, Equality in human rights regardless of race, sex, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, religious faith, political belief or disability. Its origins lie in the British working class movement, heavily influenced by Australian radicalism and it is the oldest surviving New Zealand political party. The New Zealand Labour Party was an amalgamation of a number of early groups, the process of unifying these diverse groups into a single party was difficult, with tensions between different factions running strong. At the turn of the century, the side of New Zealand working class politics was represented by the Socialist Party. The more moderate leftists were generally supporters of the Liberal Party and this established the basic dividing line in New Zealands left-wing politics – the Socialists tended to be revolutionary and militant, while the moderates focused instead on progressive reform. In 1910, the Independent Political Labour League was relaunched as a called the Labour Party

14.
Veterinarian
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In many cases, the activities that may be undertaken by a veterinarian are restricted only to those professionals who are registered as a veterinarian. Most veterinary physicians work in clinical settings, treating animals directly, as with other healthcare professionals, veterinarians face ethical decisions about the care of their patients. The word veterinary comes from the Latin veterinae meaning working animals, Veterinarian was first used in print by Thomas Browne in 1646. The first veterinary college was founded in Lyon, France in 1762 by Claude Bourgelat, according to Lupton, after observing the devastation being caused by cattle plague to the French herds, Bourgelat devoted his time to seeking out a remedy. The Odiham Agricultural Society was founded in 1783 in England to promote agriculture and industry, a 1785 Society meeting resolved to promote the study of Farriery upon rational scientific principles. The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons was established by charter in 1844. Veterinary science came of age in the late 19th century, with contributions from Sir John McFadyean. Veterinarians treat disease, disorder or injury in animals, which includes diagnosis, treatment, the scope of practice, specialty and experience of the individual veterinarian will dictate exactly what interventions they perform, but most will perform surgery. Unlike in human medicine, veterinarians must rely primarily on clinical signs, additionally, there are scenarios where euthanasia is considered due to the constrains of the clients finances. As with human medicine, much work is concerned with prophylactic treatment. Common interventions include vaccination against common illnesses, such as distemper or rabies. This may also involve owner education so as to future medical or behavioral issues. Additionally veterinarians have important roles in health and the prevention of zoonoses. The majority of veterinarians are employed in private practice treating animals, small animal veterinarians typically work in veterinary clinics, veterinary hospitals, or both. Large animal veterinarians often spend time travelling to see their patients at the primary facilities which house them. Other employers include charities treating animals, colleges of medicine, research laboratories, animal food companies. In many countries, the government may also be an employer of veterinarians. State and local governments also employ veterinarians, Veterinarians and their practices may be specialized in certain areas of veterinary medicine

15.
Whangarei
–
Whangarei is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region. It is part of the Whangarei District, a body created in 1989 to administer both the city proper and its hinterland from the former Whangarei City, Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils. The city population was estimated to be 56,400 at the June 2016, the wider Whangarei area had an estimated population of 85,900 in 2015. South and west of the city centre are Morningside, Raumanga, Maunu, Horahora, Woodhill, and the Avenues, and to the east are Riverside, Sherwood Rise, Onerahi, and Parihaka. The Māori iwi Ngāpuhi occupied Whangarei from the early 19th century, captain James Cook and the crew of the Endeavour were the first Europeans to contemplate the Whangarei Harbour entrance. On 15 November 1769 they caught about one hundred fish there which they classified as bream prompting Cook to name the area Bream Bay, in the 1820s the area was repeatedly attacked by Waikato and Ngāti Paoa raiders during the Musket Wars. The first European settler was William Carruth, a Scotsman and trader who arrived in 1839 and was joined, six years later, by Gilbert Mair and his family. For the most part, relations between the settlers and local Māori were friendly, but in February 1842, all farms were plundered in revenge for transgressions of tapu. In April 1845, during the Flagstaff War, all settlers fled from Whangarei, most of the original settlers never returned, but by the mid-1850s there were a number of farmers and orchardists in the area. From 1855, a town developed, driven by the kauri gum trade. Todays Town Basin on the Hātea River was the port and early exports included kauri gum and native timber followed later by coal from Whau Valley, Kamo. Coal from the Kiripaka field was exported via the Ngunguru River, by 1864, the nucleus of the present city was established. Fire bricks made from clay deposits near the Kamo mines supported a brick works over several decades. Local limestone is used in cement manufacture but the coal is now imported from the West Coast of the South Island. Whangarei was the most urbanised area in Northland towards the end of the 19th century, the district slowly exhausted most of its natural resources but was sustained by agriculture, especially dairying. Shipping was the transport link until the North Auckland railway line reached the town in 1925. These terrestrial travel routes forced a decline in coastal shipping. The population was 14,000 in 1945, but grew rapidly in the 1960s, incorporating Kamo, in 1964, Whangarei was declared a city

16.
Bachelor's degree
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A bachelors degree or baccalaureate is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years. In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelors degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, by the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the word came to be associated with bacca lauri in reference to laurels being awarded for academic success or honours. An honours degree generally requires an academic standard than a pass degree. In most African countries, the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power, for example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French. The degree is typically identical to the program of Frances universities, bachelors degree programs cover most of the fields in Algerian universities, except some fields, such as Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science. Bachelors degrees at the University of Botswana normally take four years, the system draws on both British and American models. Degrees are classified as First Class, Second Class Division One, Second Class Division Two and Third as in English degrees, but without being described as honours. The main degrees are named by British tradition, but in recent years there have been a numbers of degrees named after specific subjects, such as Bachelor of Library, in Morocco, a bachelors degree is referred to as al-ʾijāzah. The course of study takes three years, which are divided into two cycles. The first cycle comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year, after successfully completing their first two years, students can pursue either theoretical specialization or professional specialization. The second cycle is one long, after whose completion students receive the licence détudes fondamentales or the licence professionnelle. This academic degree system was introduced in September 2003, University admission is extremely competitive, with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes four to five years to complete a bachelors degree, in cases of poor performance, the time limit is double the standard amount of time. For example, one may not study for more than 10 years for a five-year course, students are normally asked to leave if they must take longer. B. Arch. and other specialized undergraduate degrees, such as B. Eng, Science undergraduate degrees may require six months or a semester dedicated to SIWES but it is usually mandatory for all engineering degrees. A semester for project work/thesis is required, not excluding course work, the classifications of degrees, first-class, second-class, third-class and a pass

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Veterinary medicine
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Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in non-human animals. The scope of medicine is wide, covering all animal species. Veterinary medicine is practiced, both with and without professional supervision. Professional care is most often led by a physician. This can be augmented by other paraprofessionals with specific specialisms such as animal physiotherapy or dentistry, Veterinary science helps human health through the monitoring and control of zoonotic disease, food safety, and indirectly through human applications from basic medical research. They also help to maintain food supply through livestock health monitoring and treatment, Veterinary scientists often collaborate with epidemiologists, and other health or natural scientists depending on type of work. Ethically, veterinarians are obliged to look after animal welfare. The Egyptian Papyrus of Kahun and Vedic literature in ancient India offer one of the first written records of veterinary medicine, first Buddhist Emperor of India edicts of Asoka reads, Everywhere King Piyadasi made two kinds of medicine available, medicine for people and medicine for animals. Where there were no healing herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought, the first attempts to organize and regulate the practice of treating animals tended to focus on horses because of their economic significance. In the Middle Ages from around 475 CE, farriers combined their work in horseshoeing with the general task of horse doctoring. This ultimately led to the establishment of the Worshipful Company of Farriers in 1674, meanwhile, Carlo Ruinis book Anatomia del Cavallo, was published in 1598. It was the first comprehensive treatise on the anatomy of a non-human species, the first veterinary college was founded in Lyon, France in 1762 by Claude Bourgelat. According to Lupton, after observing the devastation being caused by cattle plague to the French herds, the Odiham Agricultural Society was founded in 1783 in England to promote agriculture and industry, and played an important role in the foundation of the veterinary profession in Britain. A founding member, Thomas Burgess, began to take up the cause of animal welfare and campaign for the more humane treatment of sick animals. A1785 Society meeting resolved to promote the study of Farriery upon rational scientific principles. ”The physician James Clark wrote a treatise entitled Prevention of Disease in which he argued for the professionalization of the trade. The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons was established by charter in 1844. Veterinary science came of age in the late 19th century, with contributions from Sir John McFadyean. In the United States, the first schools were established in the early 19th century in Boston, New York, in 1879, Iowa Agricultural College became the first land grant college to establish a school of veterinary medicine

18.
Massey University
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Massey University is a university based in Раlmеrstоn Nоrth, Nеw Zеаlаnd, with significant campuses in Аlbаny and Wellington. Research is undertaken on all three campuses, and more than 3,000 international students from over 100 countries study at the university, Massey University is the only university in New Zealand offering degrees in aviation, dispute resolution, veterinary medicine, and nanoscience. Masseys veterinary school is accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association and is recognised in the United States, Australia, Canada and its agriculture programme is the highest-ranked in New Zealand, and 19th in Quacquarelli Symonds world university subject rankings. It drew from the departments of Victoria University College in Wellington. In 1927 the college was renamed Massey Agricultural College after former New Zealand Prime Minister William Fergusson Massey who died in 1925 and had been vigorous in land reform efforts. The Massey Agricultural College Committee first met on 1 February 1927, the college was officially opened for tuition on 20 March 1928 by O. J. Hawkin. Women were admitted from 1932, with Enid Hills being the first, with the demise of the UNZ in 1961, it became Massey College, part of Victoria University of Wellington. In 1960 a branch of VUW was established in Palmerston North to teach students by distance education, inaugurated in 1993, classes began at Masseys Albany campus in 1994. In December 2010 Massey announced that the Wellington campus would close its School of Engineering, in December 2016, the Chancellor of the University, Chris Kelly, caused outrage by making several comments in a rural newspaper regarding the gender of those in the veterinarian profession. Whereas men find out about booze and all sorts of things during their first year. That’s fine, but the problem is one woman graduate is equivalent to two-fifths of a full-time equivalent vet throughout her life because she married and has a family. These remarks caused outrage, with Kellys apology via Twitter. Kelly resigned as Chancellor on 14 December 2016, and was replaced promptly by then Pro Chancellor Michael Ahie, Massey University has campuses in the Manawatu at Palmerston North, at Wellington and on Aucklands North Shore at Albany. In addition, Massey offers most of its degrees extramurally within New Zealand and it has the nations largest business college. Research is undertaken on all three campuses, New Zealands first satellite, KiwiSAT is currently being designed and built by New Zealand Radio Amateurs with the support of Massey, especially in space environment testing. The Manawatu campus in Palmerston North is based at the Turitea site, the campus has around 9,000 students. The Turitea site houses the administrative units of Massey University as well as the College of Humanities and Social Sciences, the College of Sciences. The Turitea site is home to the only Veterinary School in New Zealand, in 2013 the College of Education became the Institute of Education and is part of College of Humanities and Social Sciences

19.
43rd New Zealand Parliament
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The 43rd New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1990 elections, and it sat until the 1993 elections, the 43rd Parliament saw the beginning of the fourth National Party government, with the Labour Party failing to win a third term in office. The 43rd Parliament was heavily dominated by National, which controlled nearly seventy percent of the seats, only one minor party, Jim Andertons NewLabour, was present at the beginning of the 43rd Parliament. Later, NewLabour would join with several unrepresented parties to form the Alliance, another National MP, Winston Peters, would also break away from his party, becoming an independent. The 43rd Parliament consisted of representatives, the same as the previous Parliament. All of these representatives were chosen by geographical electorates, including four special Māori electorates. Jim Anderton, the sole MP for the NewLabour Party, merged his party with several others to form the Alliance in 1991, Anderton was thereafter recorded as an Alliance MP rather than a NewLabour MP. Robert Muldoon, the National Party MP for Tamaki and a former Prime Minister of New Zealand and his departure prompted a by-election in Tamaki early the following year — it was won by Clem Simich, also of the National Party. Gilbert Myles and Hamish MacIntyre, the National Party MPs for Roskill and Manawatu, respectively and they established a small group Liberal Party, which they eventually merged into the Alliance. Fran Wilde, the Labour Party MP for Wellington Central, quit Parliament in 1992 to become Mayor of Wellington and her departure prompted a by-election in Wellington Central in December — it was won by Chris Laidlaw, also of the Labour Party. Cam Campion, the National Party MP for Wanganui, announced his resignation from the party on 3 March 1993 and he accused the party of attempting to rig the reselection process against him. Campion remained an independent for the remainder of the term, Winston Peters, the National Party MP for Tauranga, resigned from both his party and his seat on 18 March 1993. His departure prompted a by-election in Tauranga in April — Peters contested, later, he would found the New Zealand First party. Working with David, Inside the Lange Cabinet

20.
44th New Zealand Parliament
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The 44th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1993 elections, and it sat until the 1996 elections, the 44th Parliament was the last to be elected under the old FPP electoral system, with voters approving a change to MMP at the same time as they voted in the 1993 elections. The National Party, which had begun the term with a majority, was forced by the end of the term to form a coalition to remain in power. Despite the various maneuverings, however, the National Party remained in government for the duration of the 44th Parliament, the other three parties present at the start of the 44th Parliament, being the Labour Party, the Alliance, and New Zealand First, all remained in opposition. The 44th Parliament consisted of representatives, two more than the previous Parliament. All of these representatives were chosen by geographical electorates, including four special Māori electorates. Ruth Richardson, the National Party MP for Selwyn, quit Parliament in August 1994 and her departure prompted a by-election in Selwyn, which was won by David Carter of the National Party. Peter Dunne, the Labour Party MP for Onslow, left his party in October 1994 and he was an independent for a time before founding the small Future New Zealand party. He would later join with United, Ross Meurant, the National Party MP for Hobson, left his party in September 1994, having clashed on a number of issues with the partys leadership. He eventually established the Right of Centre party, graeme Lee, the National Party MP for Matakana, left his party in 1994, partly due to policy disputes with its leadership and partly due to having lost his Cabinet post in a reshuffle. He founded a new party which became the Christian Democrat Party. Trevor Rogers, the National Party MP for Howick, left his party in June 1995 and he joined Ross Meurants new party. A group of centrist MPs from both the National Party and the Labour Party, along with Peter Dunne and his Future New Zealand party, established a centrist party named United New Zealand in June 1995. The MPs who founded United were Margaret Austin, Bruce Cliffe, Peter Dunne, Clive Matthewson, Pauline Gardiner, Peter Hilt, and John Robertson. Ross Meurant, founder of Right of Centre, came into conflict with his own party in February 1996, trevor Rogers, the sole remaining MP, became leader. Michael Laws, the New Zealand First MP for Hawkes Bay, temple’s Guide to the 44th New Zealand Parliament. Part 1, Votes recorded at each polling place

21.
45th New Zealand Parliament
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The 45th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1996 elections, and it sat until the 1999 elections, the 45th Parliament was notable in that it was the first to be elected under the new MMP electoral system, a form of proportional representation. It was also notable for the fact that it was the first New Zealand Parliament to have an Asian person, Pansy Wong, in the end, New Zealand First opted for a coalition with the National Party, which had governed in the previous Parliament. The Labour Party continued in Opposition, the 45th Parliament consisted of one hundred and twenty representatives. Sixty-five of these representatives were chosen by geographical electorates, including five special Maori electorates, the remainder were elected by means of party-list proportional representation under the MMP electoral system. There was one held during the term of the 45th Parliament. Jim Gerard, a National Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in April 1997 to take up a post as High Commissioner in Ottawa and he was replaced by Annabel Young, the next candidate on Nationals list. Alamein Kopu, an Alliance list MP, resigned from her party in July 1997 and she eventually formed her own party, Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata. Jim Bolger, having been replaced as Prime Minister by Jenny Shipley in 1997 and this caused a by-election in his Taranaki-King Country seat, won by Shane Ardern of the National Party. Neil Kirton, a New Zealand First list MP, resigned from his party in July 1998 after ongoing conflict with its leadership, Kirton opposed his partys coalition with the National Party, and believed that the National Party was too dominant in the agreement. After the collapse of the coalition between the National Party and New Zealand First, the partner, New Zealand First. Eight MPs remained with the party, and eight MPs resigned, the MPs who resigned did not remain united, and eventually split four ways. Batten, Elder, Henare, Morgan, and Waitai established the Mauri Pacific party, delamere joined the Te Tawharau party. She was replaced by Gilbert Myles, the candidate on her former partys list. Myles remained attached to New Zealand First, jill White, a Labour Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in 1998 to become Mayor of Palmerston North. She was replaced by Helen Duncan, the candidate on Labours list. Paul East, a National Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in 1999 to take up a post as High Commissioner in London and he was replaced by Alec Neill, the next candidate on Nationals list. Frank Grover, an Alliance list MP, resigned from his party on 11 June 1999 and he joined the Christian Heritage Party

22.
46th New Zealand Parliament
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The 46th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. Its composition was determined by the 1999 election, and it sat until the 2002 election, the 46th Parliament marked a change of government, with a coalition of the Labour Party and the Alliance taking office. Helen Clark replaced Jenny Shipley as Prime Minister, the National Party, which had formed a minority government for the last part of the 45th Parliament, became the largest opposition party, eventually emerging under a new leader, Bill English. Other parties in Parliament were ACT, the Greens, New Zealand First, several parties represented at the end of the previous Parliament, such as Mauri Pacific, were wiped out, failing to retain any of their seats. The 46th Parliament consisted of one hundred and twenty representatives, sixty-seven of these representatives were chosen by geographical electorates, including six Māori electorates. The remainder were elected by means of party-list proportional representation under the Mixed Member Proportional electoral system, the table below shows the results of the 1999 general election, Key Table footnotes, There were no by-elections held during the term of the 46th Parliament. Don McKinnon, a National Party list MP, left Parliament in March 2000 to become Secretary-General of the Commonwealth and he was replaced by Arthur Anae, the next candidate on the National Party list. Simon Upton, a National Party list MP, left Parliament in January 2001 and he was replaced by Alec Neill, the next candidate on the National Party list

23.
47th New Zealand Parliament
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The 47th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 2002 elections, and it sat until 11 August 2005, the Labour Party and the Progressive Party, backed by United Future, commanded a majority throughout the 47th Parliament. The Labour-led administration was in its second term, the National Party, although dealt a significant blow in the last election, remained the largest opposition party. Other non-government parties were New Zealand First, ACT, the Greens, the 47th Parliament consisted of 120 representatives. Sixty-nine of these were chosen by geographical electorates, including seven Māori electorates, the remainder were elected by means of party-list proportional representation under the MMP electoral system. There was one held during the term of the 47th Parliament. Graham Kelly, a Labour list MP, left Parliament on 29 July 2003 to take up a position as High Commissioner to Canada, moana Mackey, the next candidate on Labours party list, entered Parliament in his place. Donna Awatere Huata, an ACT list MP, was declared an independent on 11 November 2003. This followed her suspension from the ACT caucus on 11 February 2003 after allegations of fraud were made against her, after a lengthy legal fight which went all the way to the Supreme Court, she was expelled from Parliament on 19 November 2004. She was replaced by Kenneth Wang on 30 November, tariana Turia, the Labour MP for Te Tai Hauauru, resigned from Parliament over the foreshore and seabed issue on 17 May 2004. On 10 July, Turia won the resulting by-election under the banner of the new Māori Party, jonathan Hunt, a Labour list MP, left Parliament on 30 March 2005 to take up a position as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. Lesley Soper, the candidate on Labours party list, was sworn in to replace him on 5 April

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48th New Zealand Parliament
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The 48th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined at an election held on 17 September 2005. The new parliament met for the first time on 7 November 2005 and it was dissolved on 3 October 2008. The Labour Party and the Progressive Party, backed by New Zealand First and United Future, the Labour-led administration was in its third term. The National Party and ACT form the opposition to the government. Other non-government parties are the Greens and the Māori Party, the 48th Parliament consists of 121 representatives. This represents an overhang of one seat, with the Māori Party having won one more electorates than its share of the vote would otherwise have given it, in total, sixty-nine of the MPs were chosen by geographical electorates, including seven Māori electorates. The remainder were elected by means of party-list proportional representation under the MMP electoral system, all the Māori Party MPs tried to alter their Oath of office by adding references to the Treaty of Waitangi. They all had to retake their oaths, 48th New Zealand Parliament - changes during the term parliamentary term Rod Donald, co-leader of the Green Party, died on 6 November 2005 before he was sworn in as a member of the 48th Parliament. He was replaced by the person on the Green Partys list, former MP Nándor Tánczos. Jim Sutton, a Labour list MP, retired from politics on 31 July 2006 and he was replaced by the next person on the Labour Partys list, Charles Chauvel. Don Brash, a National list MP and former leader of the National Party and he was replaced by the next person on the National Partys list, Katrina Shanks. Georgina Beyer, a Labour list MP, announced her retirement on 15 December 2006, on 20 February she was replaced by the next person on the Labour Partys list, former MP Lesley Soper. Taito Phillip Field, Labour MP for Mangere, quit the Labour party after being threatened with expulsion on 16 February 2007 and he continued to serve as an MP, and formed the New Zealand Pacific Party in January 2008. Gordon Copeland, a United Future list MP, left the party to become an independent MP in May 2007, ann Hartley, a Labour list MP, was elected to the North Shore City Council in the 2007 local body elections. She left Parliament when it resumed in 2008, and was replaced by the person on the Labour list, Louisa Wall. Brian Donnelly, a New Zealand First MP, resigned from Parliament from 12 February 2008, Donnelly was appointed as New Zealands High Commissioner to the Cook Islands. Dianne Yates, a Labour list MP, stood unsuccessfully for the Hamilton City Council in the 2007 local body elections and she resigned as an MP on 29 March 2008 and was replaced by William Sio on 1 April 2008 as the next person on Labours list

25.
49th New Zealand Parliament
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The 49th New Zealand Parliament was elected at the 2008 election. It comprised 122 members, including an overhang of two seats caused by the Māori Party having won two more seats than its share of the party vote would otherwise have given it. The Parliament served from 2008 until the November 2011 election, New Zealand uses the Mixed Member Proportional system to elect its parliaments. Seventy of the members of the 49th Parliament represented geographical electorates, sixteen in the South Island,47 in the North Island, the remaining 52 were elected from nationwide party vote candidate lists to realise proportionality. There were 10 resignations leading to Electoral Commission replacement selections for new list Candidates from four parliamentary parties, lockwood Smith was the Speaker in the 49th Parliament. In May 2007, the Representation Commission announced the changes to take effect for the next general election. The Commission announced the formation of a new electorate in Greater Auckland, the new electorate, originally dubbed Howick, would have included parts of the existing Pakuranga, Manukau East and Clevedon electorates. After Pakuranga electors strongly objected to the changes the Commission largely reverted proposed changes to the boundaries of the Pakuranga electorate. The Commission opted to alleviate population pressures by moving the Auckland City suburb of Otahuhu into Manukau East, the revised new electorate received the name Botany to reflect its focus on the growing population-centres of Botany Downs–Dannemora. On paper, Botany counts as a safe National seat and this was one more overhang seat than in 2005. cParty Votes and Turnout by Electorate. Chief Electoral Office, New Zealand Ministry of Justice, dThe turnout is given as a percentage of those enrolled to vote. In New Zealand, enrolment is compulsory, though voting is not, New Zealand General Election 2008 - Official Results. There were a number of changes during the term of the 49th Parliament, helen Clark resigned in April 2009 to take up a position as Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme. The resulting Mount Albert by-election was won by David Shearer on 13 June 2009, michael Cullen resigned in April 2009 to become the deputy chairman of New Zealand Post. He was replaced by the person on the Labour Partys list. Richard Worth resigned in June 2009 and he was replaced by the next person on the National Partys list, Cam Calder. Sue Bradford resigned in October 2009 and she was replaced by the next person on the Green Partys list, David Clendon. Jeanette Fitzsimons resigned in February 2010 and she was replaced by the next person on the Green Partys list, Gareth Hughes

26.
New Zealand general election, 1990
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The 1990 New Zealand general election was held on 27 October to determine the composition of the 43rd New Zealand parliament. The governing Labour Party was defeated, ending its controversial two terms in office, the National Party, led by Jim Bolger, won a landslide victory and formed the new government. The Labour Party had taken office after defeating the National Party under Robert Muldoon in the 1984 election, David Lange became Prime Minister and Roger Douglas became Minister of Finance. This internal dissent was off-set somewhat by new legislation and a strong stance against nuclear weapons. Labour was re-elected in the 1987 election with its parliamentary majority untouched, eventually Lange forced Douglas to resign in December 1988, but the crisis had weakened Langes position such that he resigned eight months later. He was replaced as Prime Minister by Geoffrey Palmer, but Palmer failed to revive Labours falling popularity, several months before the election, Palmer was replaced by Mike Moore. The National Party was performing strongly — its leader, Jim Bolger, spoke repeatedly of the Decent Society, the government was also being challenged by the NewLabour Party, founded by renegade MP Jim Anderton. The date for the 1990 election was 27 October,2,202,157 people were registered to vote, and 85. 2% of these people turned out. The number of seats being contested was 97 — this was the same as in the previous election, the 1990 election eventually saw a victory for the National Party, then in opposition. National won nearly half of the vote and 67 of the seats and this was the highest number of seats the party had ever won, either in absolute terms or as a percentage. Four new National MPs, were called the brat pack by Sir Robert Muldoon, the new Green Party gained the third-highest number of votes, but won no seats. The NewLabour Party won a seat, due to Jim Anderton retaining the Sydenham seat he originally won as a Labour candidate. The governing Labour Party, by contrast, suffered its worst-ever electoral defeat since it first won power in the 1935 election, winning only 29 of the seats and 35% of the vote, and losing 27 seats. Initially it appeared that twelve ministers and the Speaker had lost their seats, many of Labours talented class of 84 were sent away, though four of them, Annette King, Jim Sutton, Trevor Mallard and Judy Keall, returned in 1993. The result was due to intense anger at Labour and its policies rather than love of National. Six of these were one-term gains, recaptured by Labour in 1993, seats transferred from departing MPs to new MPs, The seats of North Shore, Papakura, Tarawera, Waitotara and Wallace, all held by departing National MPs, were won by new National candidates. The seats of Christchurch Central, Dunedin North, Eastern Hutt, Manurewa, Nelson, Palmerston North and Panmure, working with David, Inside the Lange Cabinet. The 1990 General Election, Perspectives on Political Change in New Zealand, Occasional Publications No 3,1990 Parliamentary Candidates for the New Zealand National Party

27.
New Zealand general election, 1999
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The 1999 New Zealand general election was held on 27 November 1999 to determine the composition of the 46th New Zealand Parliament. The governing National Party, led by Prime Minister Jenny Shipley, was defeated, being replaced by a coalition of Helen Clarks Labour Party, before the election, the National Party had an unstable hold on power. After the 1996 election National had formed a coalition with the populist New Zealand First party and its controversial leader, NZ Firsts support crashed, though this was also partly caused by scandals and by mid-1997, NZ First was polling at as low as 2%. National also polled badly, and Jim Bolger was replaced as Prime Minister with Jenny Shipley, gradually, however, the relationship between the two parties deteriorated, and Peters took his party out of the coalition. A number of New Zealand First MPs deserted Peters, establishing themselves as independents or as members of established parties. By forming agreements with these MPs, National was able to keep itself in office, the polls were still initially close, but without NZ First support, Nationals chances of forming a government were slim. Eventually, Labour Party gained a lead over National. The Labour Party, which had been in Opposition since losing the 1990 election, presented a strong challenge, the two had not previously enjoyed good relations, primarily due to the presence of the NewLabour Party as one of the Alliances key members. NewLabour had been established by Jim Anderton, a former Labour MP who quit the party in protest over the reforms of Roger Douglas. This agreement was deemed a necessary step towards building an alternative to the National Party. This election was the first in New Zealands history where both parties were led by women. The election took place on 27 November, less than 84. 1% of the 2,509,365 people registered to vote turned out for the election. This was the lowest turnout for some time, although it would drop further in the 2002 elections, a total of 679 candidates stood for electorate seats, representing 36 parties. Party lists comprised 760 candidates from 22 parties, the new government was sworn in on 10 December. In the election 965 candidates stood, and there were 22 registered parties with party lists, of the candidates,482 were electorate and list,197 were electorate only, and 286 were list only. 67% of candidates were male and 33% female, Labour Party won 49 seats in parliament. When combined with the ten seats won by the Alliance, the coalition was two short of an absolute majority. It was able to form a new government with support from the Green Party, Helen Clark openly encouraged Labour supporters in the Coromandel to give their constituency vote to Green Party co-leader Jeanette Fitzsimons and their party vote to Labour

28.
Cabinet of New Zealand
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The Cabinet of New Zealand is a council of senior Government ministers, responsible to the New Zealand Parliament. Cabinet meetings, chaired by the Prime Minister, occur once a week where vital issues are discussed, the Cabinet has significant power in the New Zealand political system and nearly all bills proposed by the Cabinet in Parliament are enacted. All Cabinet ministers also serve as members of the Executive Council, outside the Cabinet, there is an outer ministry and also a number of non-Cabinet ministers, responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister. No legislative act established the Cabinet, rather, it exists purely by constitutional convention and this convention carries sufficient weight for many official declarations and regulations to refer to the Cabinet, and a government department exists with responsibility for supporting it. Although Cabinet lacks any direct legislative framework for its existence, the Cabinet Manual has become the official document which governs its functions, the structure of Cabinet has as its basis the formal institution known as the Executive Council. Most Ministers hold membership of both bodies, but some Executive Councillors – known as ministers outside Cabinet – do not have Cabinet positions, the convention of members of the Executive Council meeting separately from the Governor began during Edward Staffords first tenure as Premier. Stafford, an advocate of responsible government in New Zealand, believed the colonial government should have full control over all its affairs. Because the Governor chaired the Executive Council, Stafford intentionally met with his ministers without the Governor present, all ministers have the style of The Honourable, except for the Prime Minister, who is styled The Right Honourable. The lack of legislation establishing Cabinet leaves the powers of its members only loosely defined. The Cabinet generally directs and controls policy and is responsible to Parliament and it also has significant influence over lawmaking. Convention regarding the Cabinets authority has considerable force, and generally strong enough to bind its participants. Theoretically, each minister operates independently, having received a ministerial warrant over a field from the Crown. But the Governor-General can dismiss a minister at any time, conventionally on the advice of the Prime Minister, Cabinet itself acts as the accepted forum for establishing this framework. This has become known as the doctrine of collective responsibility, problems arise when the Prime Minister breaches collective responsibility. On the other hand, a Prime Minister who tries to act against concerted opposition from his Cabinet risks losing the confidence of his party colleagues. An example is former Prime Minister David Lange, who spoke against a tax reform package which was sponsored by then-Finance Minister Roger Douglas. Lange dismissed Douglas, but when the Cabinet supported Douglas against Lange, Lange himself resigned as Prime Minister, the Cabinet typically meets weekly in the Beehive, where it discusses important political issues. The Prime Minister usually chairs the meeting and sets the agenda, a Cabinet Committee comprises a subset of the larger Cabinet, consisting of a number of ministers who have responsibility in related areas of policy

29.
The Lord of the Rings
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The Lord of the Rings is an epic high-fantasy novel written by English author J. R. R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkiens 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold. The work was intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set, the other to be The Silmarillion. For economic reasons The Lord of the Rings was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955, the three volumes were titled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. Structurally, the novel is divided internally into six books, two per volume, with appendices of background material included at the end of the third volume. Some editions combine the work into a single volume. The Lord of the Rings has since been reprinted numerous times, Tolkiens work has been the subject of extensive analysis of its themes and origins. Although a major work in itself, the story was only the last movement of a larger epic Tolkien had worked on since 1917 and these inspirations and themes have often been denied by Tolkien himself. The Lord of the Rings has inspired, and continues to inspire, artwork, music, films and television, video games, award-winning adaptations of The Lord of the Rings have been made for radio, theatre, and film. In 2003, it was named Britains best-loved novel of all time in the BBCs The Big Read, Sauron was defeated by an alliance of Elves and Men led by Gil-galad and Elendil, respectively. Isildur, son of Elendil, cut the One Ring from Saurons finger, Isildur claimed the Ring as an heirloom for his line, but when he was later ambushed and killed by the Orcs, the Ring was lost in the River Anduin at Gladden Fields. Over two thousand years later, the Ring was found by one of the river-folk called Déagol and his friend Sméagol fell under the Rings influence and strangled Déagol to acquire it. Sméagol was banished and hid under the Misty Mountains, the Ring gave him long life and changed him over hundreds of years into a twisted, corrupted creature called Gollum. Gollum lost the Ring, his precious, and as told in The Hobbit, meanwhile, Sauron assumed a new form and took back his old realm of Mordor. When Gollum set out in search of the Ring, he was captured and tortured by Sauron, Sauron learned from Gollum that Baggins of the Shire had taken the Ring. Sauron, who needed the Ring to regain his power, sent forth his powerful servants. The story begins in the Shire, where the hobbit Frodo Baggins inherits the Ring from Bilbo Baggins, his cousin, neither hobbit is aware of the Rings nature, but Gandalf the Grey, a wizard and an old friend of Bilbo, suspects it to be Saurons Ring. After Gandalf confirms his suspicions, he tells Frodo the history of the Ring, Frodo leaves the Shire, in the company of his gardener and friend, Samwise Gamgee, and two cousins, Meriadoc Brandybuck, called Merry, and Peregrin Took, called Pippin

30.
Welsh Labour Party
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Welsh Labour is the part of the United Kingdom Labour Party that operates in Wales. Welsh Labour is formally part of the Labour Party and it is neither separately registered with the Electoral Commission under the terms of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act, nor is it part of a federal organisation. As such it does not have an office of Leader, Carwyn Jones is regarded as the de facto Leader, although his constitutional position is that of Leader of the National Assembly Labour Party, analogous to the Parliamentary Labour Party. As with Scottish Labour, Welsh Labour has its own General Secretary which is the head of the party and is responsible for how the party is run. Welsh Labour has autonomy in policy formulation for those areas now devolved to the Welsh Assembly, Party objectives are set by the Welsh Executive Committee, which performs a similar function to the Labour Partys National Executive Committee in respect of devolved responsibilities. The Welsh Executive Committee is made up of representatives from each section of the party - government, MPs, AMs, MEPs, councillors, trade unions, each of Waless 40 CLPs are registered as accounting units with the Electoral Commission. They also organise the annual conference, provide legal and constitutional advice, the formation of the new organisation reflected the consolidation of industrial and trade union power under Clement Attlees 1945-1951 Government. An all-Wales party structure was created to reflect this re-alignment, ironically, the commensurate changes in the machinery of government were not implemented until much later, reflecting a persistent ambivalence within Labour about the National question. Welsh Labours predecessor bodies bequeathed it a formidable electoral inheritance, upon which it was to still further. In the 1945 General Election the party won 25 of the 36 Welsh constituencies, at the 1964 General Election Welsh Labour polled some 58% of the vote and won 28 seats in Wales. The Wilson government gave Welsh Labour the opportunity to enact its long-standing promise to create the post of Secretary of State for Wales, the pattern of electoral hegemony seemed set to continue into the 1960s. At the 1966 General Election Welsh Labours share topped 60%, gaining it all but 4 of Waless 36 Parliamentary constituencies, victory in the February 1974 General Election pushed devolution onto the political agenda, culminating in the decisive vote against a Welsh Assembly in the 1979 referendum. The Nationalist threat to the industrial heartland fell away in the 1970s. However, both Plaid Cymru and the Conservatives gained ground in Welsh-speaking and coastal Wales respectively, where Labours roots were far more shallow, by the 1979 General Election Welsh Labour held 22 of the 36 Parliamentary seats, albeit with a 48% share. This relative decline was, however, eclipsed by the collapse in Labour support at the 1983 General Election. Welsh Labour polled a mere 37. 5% of the popular vote, a rampant Conservative Party, by contrast, captured 14 seats and exceeded 30% of the vote for the second election in succession. Welsh Labours problems were compounded by a strong SDP-Liberal Alliance performance. The miners strike of 1984-5, appeared to present Welsh Labour with an electoral opportunity, at the 1987 General Election the party polled 45%, winning 24 seats, with a further two from the Conservatives at by elections in 1989 and 1991

31.
National Assembly for Wales election, 2007
–
The 2007 National Assembly election was held on Thursday 3 May 2007 to elect members to the National Assembly for Wales. It was the general election. On the same day local elections in England and Scotland, and this election was preceded by the previous Assembly election in 2003. The election saw Plaid Cymru make gains at the expense of Labour, although Labour remain the largest party in the Assembly, Plaid stated they would make a referendum on devolving further powers to the National Assembly a condition for a coalition. Discussions between Plaid Cymru, the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats to form a Rainbow Coalition broke down, and a coalition was eventually agreed between Labour and Plaid Cymru. The Welsh Labour Party before the election had 29 seats, Plaid Cymru had 12, the Welsh Conservative Party 11, mrs Law won her seat at a 2006 by-election, the seat having been won by Labour in the 2003 election. The one Forward Wales Assembly Member was elected as an independent before forming the party, otherwise, the standings represent the 2003 results. In general elections for the National Assembly for Wales, each voter has two votes in a mixed member system, the first vote may be used to vote for a candidate to become the Assembly Member for the voters constituency, elected by the first past the post system. The second vote may be used to vote for a closed party list of candidates. Additional member seats are allocated from the lists by the dHondt method, the overall result is approximately proportional. Then and now, she is standing as an independent, but is affiliated with the Blaenau Gwent Peoples Voice Group, ron Davies and John Marek stood as independents, but are members of and continue to play an active role in Forward Wales. Marek is the leader, while Davies is their Policy Director. Neither was elected on 3 May, in South Wales West, there are also party lists from the Communist Party of Britain, Christian Peoples Alliance, RESPECT, Socialist Labour Party, Welsh Christian Party and two independents. Mohammad Asghar, Plaid Cymru, South Wales East Angela Burns, Welsh Conservative, Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire Alun Davies, Welsh Labour, Mid and West Wales Andrew R. T. The main changes are in the North west of Wales where the constituencies of Conwy, Caernarfon, Scottish Parliament election,2007 and United Kingdom local elections,2007 the same day One Wales, the resultant coalition agreement

32.
New Zealand general election, 2008
–
The 2008 New Zealand general election was held on 8 November 2008 to determine the composition of the 49th New Zealand parliament. Key announced a week later that he would lead a National minority government with support from the ACT, United Future. The Governor-General swore Key in as New Zealands 38th Prime Minister on 19 November 2008, the Green Party became the third-largest party in Parliament, with nine seats. The ACT Party came joint-fourth, increasing their number of seats from two to five, and reversing some of their losses from the 2005 election, the Māori Party also won five seats – out of the seven Māori seats – creating an overhang of two seats. The New Zealand First party, which had seven MPs in the parliament, failed to win any electorates or pass the 5 per cent MMP threshold. In her concession speech, Helen Clark announced her resignation as the leader of the Labour Party. She had led the party since 1993, and had served as prime minister since the 1999 election and this was one more overhang seat than in 2005. cParty Votes and Turnout by Electorate. Chief Electoral Office, New Zealand Ministry of Justice, dThe turnout is given as a percentage of those enrolled to vote. In New Zealand, enrolment is compulsory, though voting is not, New Zealand General Election 2008 - Official Results. While the National Party has dominated rural seats since 1938, it achieved a clean sweep this year, Palmerston North remains the only provincial city with a Labour MP. The two seats of Hamilton both went to National, ^† These people entered Parliament at the election as list MPs Notes Party list members resigned during the parliamentary term. Originally unsuccessful party list members declared elected to parliament when elected list MPs resigned, convention in New Zealand expects Parliaments to run for a full three years unless the government loses the confidence of the House, although this has not happened since 1911. On Friday 12 September 2008, Prime Minister Helen Clark announced that the election would take place on 8 November 2008. This set the election timetable as, Dissolution of parliament – Friday,3 October 2008. Writ day – Wednesday,8 October, nominations day – Tuesday,14 October. Election day – Saturday,8 November, Official results declared and writs returned by Saturday,22 November. The 49th Parliament must convene no later than Saturday 3 January 2009, nineteen registered political parties contested the party vote, The following parties either disappeared during the previous parliaments term, or did not contest the 2008 elections for other reasons. New Zealand First received 4. 07% of the party vote – below the threshold of 5% –, in contrast, voter turnout of 79. 5% of enrolled voters came in lower than in most previous elections, the second-lowest since 1978 and third-lowest since 1902

33.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network

34.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records

Minister of Health (New Zealand)
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The present Minister is Jonathan Coleman, a member of the National Party. The first Minister of Public Health was appointed in 1900, during the premiership of Richard Seddon, the word Public was dropped from the title when Sir Māui Pōmare took over the portfolio from 27 June 1923, as simply Minister of Health. The only function remaining was policy

1.
New Zealand

Annette King
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Annette Faye King is a New Zealand politician. She served as Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party and Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 2008 to 2011 and she was a Cabinet Minister in the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand. She is the current MP for the Rongotai electorate in Wellington, King was born in Murchison, a town in the Tasm

1.
Annette King MP

David Cunliffe
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David Richard Cunliffe is a New Zealand politician and former Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party. He is the sitting Member of Parliament for New Lynn, West Auckland, after Labour lost the 2011 general election and Phil Goff stood down as party leader, Cunliffe ran for the leadership, but narrowly lost to David Shearer. On 26 August 2013, Cunlif

1.
Cunliffe speaking in 2013

2.
David Cunliffe closing the 2005 Auckland BioBlitz

Steve Maharey
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Steven Steve Maharey CNZM is a former Member of Parliament for Palmerston North in New Zealand, as a member of the Labour Party. Maharey was born in Palmerston North in 1953, the son of William Maharey and he attended Freyberg High School in 1966–1969. After gaining an MA Hons in sociology from Palmerston Norths Massey University, he was a lecturer

1.
Hon. Steve Maharey

Wayne Mapp
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Wayne Daniel Mapp QSO is a New Zealand politician, who represented the National Party in the Parliament of New Zealand. He served as the MP for the North Shore electorate from the 1996 elections until his retirement in late 2011, before entering politics, he lectured in commercial law at University of Auckland. He gained his LLB at University of Au

1.
Wayne Mapp at his office in Wellington in February 2010

Helen Clark
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Helen Elizabeth Clark ONZ PC is the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme, and was the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand. She has been Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme, the third-highest UN position, in April 2016, she declared her candidacy for the position of Secretary-General of the United Nations. C

1.
The Right Honourable Helen Clark ONZ SSI

2.
Signature

3.
Official portrait of Helen Clark (2005)

4.
With Paul Wolfowitz at the Pentagon, 26 March 2002

Margaret Wilson
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Margaret Anne Wilson DCNZM is a New Zealand academic and former politician. She was Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives during the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand and she is a member of the Labour Party. Born in Gisborne, Wilson received her education at St Dominics College. She had a leg amputated due to cancer at the age of

1.
Margaret Wilson in the Polish Senate (2008)

Lianne Dalziel
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Lianne Audrey Dalziel is the Mayor of Christchurch. She resigned from Parliament effective 11 October 2013 to contest the Christchurch mayoral election, the incumbent, Bob Parker, decided not to stand again, and she was widely regarded as the top favourite and won with a wide margin to become the 46th Mayor of Christchurch. Dalziel was born in 1960

1.
Dalziel in February 2015

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Launch of a tramway extension on 12 February 2015 by Prime Minister John Key and Dalziel

New Zealand Parliament
–
The New Zealand Parliament is the legislative branch of New Zealand, consisting of the Queen of New Zealand and the New Zealand House of Representatives. Before 1951, there was a chamber, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The Parliament was established in 1854 and is one of the oldest continuously functioning parliaments in the world, the House

2.
New Zealand Parliament Pāremata Aotearoa

3.
New Zealand Parliament Buildings

Dunedin North (New Zealand electorate)
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Dunedin North is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, returning one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was established for the 1905 election and has existed since and it is currently held by David Clark of the New Zealand Labour Party, who replaced the long-standing representative Pete Hodgson. It is considered

1.
Dunedin North electorate boundaries used since the 2014 election

David Clark (New Zealand politician)
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David Scott Clark is a New Zealand Labour Party politician who is the Member of Parliament for Dunedin North. He is the Opposition Spokesperson for Economic Development, Trade and Growth, as well as the Associate Spokesperson for Finance, previously he has been Opposition Spokesperson for Small Business and Economic Development. Clark grew up in Be

1.
Reverend Dr David Clark MP

Whangarei, New Zealand
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Whangarei is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region. It is part of the Whangarei District, a body created in 1989 to administer both the city proper and its hinterland from the former Whangarei City, Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils. The city population was estimated to be 56,400 at the June 20

1.
Whangarei Harbour from Mt. Parihaka with the suburbs of Onerahi, Sherwood Rise, Parihaka and Port Whangarei in view.

2.
Panorama of Whangarei from Parihaka

3.
Whangarei Falls

New Zealand Labour Party
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The New Zealand Labour Party, or simply Labour, is a centre-left political party in New Zealand. With its historic rival, the New Zealand National Party, Labour has dominated New Zealand governments since the 1930s, Labour currently promotes a social-democratic platform. It is a participant of the international Progressive Alliance, the New Zealand

2.
New Zealand Labour Party Rōpū Reipa o Aotearoa

Veterinarian
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In many cases, the activities that may be undertaken by a veterinarian are restricted only to those professionals who are registered as a veterinarian. Most veterinary physicians work in clinical settings, treating animals directly, as with other healthcare professionals, veterinarians face ethical decisions about the care of their patients. The wo

Whangarei
–
Whangarei is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region. It is part of the Whangarei District, a body created in 1989 to administer both the city proper and its hinterland from the former Whangarei City, Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils. The city population was estimated to be 56,400 at the June 20

1.
Whangarei Harbour from Mt. Parihaka with the suburbs of Onerahi, Sherwood Rise, Parihaka and Port Whangarei in view.

2.
Panorama of Whangarei from Parihaka

3.
Whangarei Falls

Bachelor's degree
–
A bachelors degree or baccalaureate is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years. In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelors degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. The term b

1.
A licenciatura (equivalent to a bachelor) degree diploma from Portugal

2.
A common design template of a bachelor's degree from the United States.

Veterinary medicine
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Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in non-human animals. The scope of medicine is wide, covering all animal species. Veterinary medicine is practiced, both with and without professional supervision. Professional care is most often led by a physician.

1.
A veterinary technician in Ethiopia shows the owner of an ailing donkey how to sanitize the site of infection.

2.
"Shalihotra" manuscript pages

3.
Minutes taken at the establishment of the Odiham Agricultural Society, which went on to play a pivotal role in the establishment of the veterinary profession in England.

4.
US and South African army veterinary technicians prepare a dog for spaying.

Massey University
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Massey University is a university based in Раlmеrstоn Nоrth, Nеw Zеаlаnd, with significant campuses in Аlbаny and Wellington. Research is undertaken on all three campuses, and more than 3,000 international students from over 100 countries study at the university, Massey University is the only university in New Zealand offering degrees in aviation,

1.
Graduates in Wellington

2.
Massey University Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa

3.
Part of Massey University's Albany Campus in 2005

4.
Nathan Cohen

43rd New Zealand Parliament
–
The 43rd New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1990 elections, and it sat until the 1993 elections, the 43rd Parliament saw the beginning of the fourth National Party government, with the Labour Party failing to win a third term in office. The 43rd Parliament was heavily dominated

1.
Terms of the New Zealand Parliament

44th New Zealand Parliament
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The 44th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1993 elections, and it sat until the 1996 elections, the 44th Parliament was the last to be elected under the old FPP electoral system, with voters approving a change to MMP at the same time as they voted in the 1993 elections. The Nat

1.
Terms of the New Zealand Parliament

45th New Zealand Parliament
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The 45th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1996 elections, and it sat until the 1999 elections, the 45th Parliament was notable in that it was the first to be elected under the new MMP electoral system, a form of proportional representation. It was also notable for the fact tha

1.
Terms of the New Zealand Parliament

46th New Zealand Parliament
–
The 46th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. Its composition was determined by the 1999 election, and it sat until the 2002 election, the 46th Parliament marked a change of government, with a coalition of the Labour Party and the Alliance taking office. Helen Clark replaced Jenny Shipley as Prime Minister, the National

1.
Terms of the New Zealand Parliament

47th New Zealand Parliament
–
The 47th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 2002 elections, and it sat until 11 August 2005, the Labour Party and the Progressive Party, backed by United Future, commanded a majority throughout the 47th Parliament. The Labour-led administration was in its second term, the Nation

1.
Terms of the New Zealand Parliament

48th New Zealand Parliament
–
The 48th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined at an election held on 17 September 2005. The new parliament met for the first time on 7 November 2005 and it was dissolved on 3 October 2008. The Labour Party and the Progressive Party, backed by New Zealand First and United Future, the Labo

1.
Terms of the New Zealand Parliament

49th New Zealand Parliament
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The 49th New Zealand Parliament was elected at the 2008 election. It comprised 122 members, including an overhang of two seats caused by the Māori Party having won two more seats than its share of the party vote would otherwise have given it. The Parliament served from 2008 until the November 2011 election, New Zealand uses the Mixed Member Proport

1.
Terms of the New Zealand Parliament

New Zealand general election, 1990
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The 1990 New Zealand general election was held on 27 October to determine the composition of the 43rd New Zealand parliament. The governing Labour Party was defeated, ending its controversial two terms in office, the National Party, led by Jim Bolger, won a landslide victory and formed the new government. The Labour Party had taken office after def

1.
All 97 seats in the New Zealand House of Representatives 49 seats were needed for a majority

New Zealand general election, 1999
–
The 1999 New Zealand general election was held on 27 November 1999 to determine the composition of the 46th New Zealand Parliament. The governing National Party, led by Prime Minister Jenny Shipley, was defeated, being replaced by a coalition of Helen Clarks Labour Party, before the election, the National Party had an unstable hold on power. After

1.
All 120 seats in the New Zealand House of Representatives 61 seats needed for a majority

Cabinet of New Zealand
–
The Cabinet of New Zealand is a council of senior Government ministers, responsible to the New Zealand Parliament. Cabinet meetings, chaired by the Prime Minister, occur once a week where vital issues are discussed, the Cabinet has significant power in the New Zealand political system and nearly all bills proposed by the Cabinet in Parliament are e

1.
The Ministers of the Fifth Labour Government in 2005, with then Governor-General Dame Silvia Cartwright, 20 October 2005.

2.
New Zealand

The Lord of the Rings
–
The Lord of the Rings is an epic high-fantasy novel written by English author J. R. R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkiens 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold. The work was intended by Tolkien to b

1.
First editions of the series

2.
Mentioned at the beginning of The Lord of the Rings, the Ivy Bush is the closest public house to Birmingham Oratory which Tolkien attended while living near Edgbaston Reservoir. Perrott's Folly is nearby.

Welsh Labour Party
–
Welsh Labour is the part of the United Kingdom Labour Party that operates in Wales. Welsh Labour is formally part of the Labour Party and it is neither separately registered with the Electoral Commission under the terms of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act, nor is it part of a federal organisation. As such it does not have an off

1.
Rhodri Morgan campaigning in 2003 against the introduction of top-up fees for university students – a Labour policy at Westminster

2.
Welsh Labour Llafur Cymru

National Assembly for Wales election, 2007
–
The 2007 National Assembly election was held on Thursday 3 May 2007 to elect members to the National Assembly for Wales. It was the general election. On the same day local elections in England and Scotland, and this election was preceded by the previous Assembly election in 2003. The election saw Plaid Cymru make gains at the expense of Labour, alt

1.
All 60 seats to the National Assembly for Wales 31 seats needed for a majority

2.
Wales

New Zealand general election, 2008
–
The 2008 New Zealand general election was held on 8 November 2008 to determine the composition of the 49th New Zealand parliament. Key announced a week later that he would lead a National minority government with support from the ACT, United Future. The Governor-General swore Key in as New Zealands 38th Prime Minister on 19 November 2008, the Green

1.
All 120 seats (plus 2 overhang seats) in the New Zealand House of Representatives 61 seats were needed for a majority

Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving c

1.
Wayback Machine

Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transition