Spatial distribution of cloud feedback (in W m−2 per K surface warming) predicted by a set of global climate models subjected to an abrupt increase in CO2
(Reprinted with permission from Ref 26. Copyright 2016 John Wiley and Sons).

Schematic representation of the resilience of integrated agricultural systems (IAS) to climate change. We found suggestive, though by no means conclusive evidence that farm system integration can enhance resilience to climate change. The vast majority of the studies we reviewed found that, compared to less integrated agricultural systems, more integrated agricultural systems experienced a lesser decline in resilience indicators (e.g. yield, income, yield variance) due to climate shocks and/or exhibit less yield variability under climate variability. The graphic depicts three potential advantages of integration for climate resilience discussed in the reviewed literature: lesser short term shocks, faster recovery from short term shocks, and lesser long term shocks.