Dr. Walt Cook, acting state veterinarian, said the government would pay thelivestock owner an indemnity fee based on fair market value for the sheep,before "depopulating" the herd.

"It's the best and the simplest thing to do," Cook said. "It's unfortunateto put down all those sheep, but it will allow us to test them and make sureno other animals are infected."

======

confusious is still confused, why did the USDA/FSIS/APHIS not take the same action with the atypical BSE BASE cases in Texas and Alabama. as with this NOR98 atypical scrapie, they have no idea if it will spread vertical or horizontal i.e. spreading via birthing or the environment via salvia, urine, feces, soil etc etc. ??? considering BASE is more virulent to humans, it just might be more virulent in other ways i.e. vertical and horizontal ??? and the fact that the BASE is sporadic CJD in humans, rather than the nvCJD, this makes absolutely no sense to me. ...tss

7. WHY is it that the Farm of the Mad Sheep of Mad River Valley were quarantined for 5 years, but none of these

farms from Texas and Alabama with Atypical TSE in the Bovine, they have not been quarantined for 5 years, why

not, with the real risk of BSE to sheep, whom is to say this was not BSE ?

http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf

From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (216-119-130-102.ipset10.wt.net)Subject: When a case of B.S.E. is found in the U.S/Response to Disease outbreak...'redbook' Date: March 13, 2000 at 10:13 am PST

BSE Red Book 2.1-26

5.0 Response to Disease Outbreak

5.1 Notifications

When the Deputy Administrator of VS and the Administrator of APHISconcur with the diagnosis of a presumptive case of BSE, the Response andNotification/ Briefing section of the BSE Response Plan will beactivated.Because BSE is not known to be contagious or vector borne, a declarationof national emergency is not automatically necessary but may berequested if warranted by the particular circumstances of the outbreak.

Because BSE has an extremely long incubation period, is not a herddisease, appears to be transmitted primarily by contaminatedruminant-origin rendered feed ingredients, and is not known to becontagious or vector borne, an outbreak of the disease is not anepidemiologic emergency.The declaration of an animal disease emergency need not be automatic. Toavoid undue public alarm, an emergency should not be declared unlessindicated by the particular circumstances of the BSE outbreak.The Secretary of Agriculture has authority under the Federal Act of July2, 1962 (Title 21 U.S. Code, 134-134 h) to declare an emergency when adisease exists that constitutes a threat to the livestock or poultryindustries of the United States. Title 9, Code of Federal Regulations(CFR), Part 76 contains regulations issued under this and otherauthorities.Declaration of an animal disease emergency authorizes the FederalGovernment to control and eradicate the disease problem and allows theGovernment to seek funds from the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) andother sources, to expend funds, and to place Federal quarantines on theinterstam movement of animals and animal products.When appropriate, the Secretary would issue a formal declaration ofemergency. All affected States would be notified and expected tocooperate by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the USDAspecifying actions and responsibilities for activities such assurveillance, quarantine, indemnity, and seizure of animals. BothFederal and State quarantines may be used simultaneously.The most probable reason for declaring a BSE animal disease emergencywould be the inability to obtain funds for BSE-related activities in anyother manner, such as from the Secretary's contingency fund. Because BSEoutbreaks do not spread rapidly, adequate time to seek funding from theusual sources or to prepare a budget request to Congress should beavailable.

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5.3 Declaring an Extraordinary Emergency

Under authority of the Act of July 2, 1962 (21 U.S. Code 134a, 134b,134d, and 145f) the Secretary of Agriculture may declare anextraordinary emergency when adequate measures to control a disease arenot being taken by thc State involved. These acts authorize the FederalGovernment to quarantine portions of a State, to enter premises afterobtaining a warrant, and to seize and destroy animals if necessary tocontrol the disease. It would seldom be necessary to declare anextraordinary emergency for an outbreak of BSE, except to obtainfunding.

5.4 Authority To Pay Indemnity

Under provisions of Title 9, CFR, Part 53, USDA has the authority to paythe fair market value or up to 100 percent of the expenses to purchaseand dispose of animals and materials required to be destroyed due to anFAD (BSE), depending on the availability of funds for that purpose.Because BSE can be transmitted through rendered animal products,CNS-suspect animals must not be sent to slaughter. In the event of aconfirmed diagnosis of BSE or a presumptive diagnosis, notify FDA, CVMif carcasses have moved to rendering or animal feed manufacturing.Funds at 100 percent of the slaughter value at the time the suspectanimal is surrendered to the Government may be paid for suspect animals,providing that:

*The animals are surrendered voluntarily to USDA for euthanasia anddisposal, or for research, observation, and diagnostic purposes;

*The owner agrees to cooperate with all BSE epidemiologicinvestigations, diagnostic procedures, and disease preventive measuresconsidered necessary by APHIS; and

At the beginning of a BSE outbreak, it is strongly recommended thatAPHIS choose to purchase all animals in an infected herd for research,observation, or depopulation.

5.5 Inspections and Seizures

Authority is provided under Section 5 of the Act of July 2, 1962 forFederal and State inspectors (when specifically designated by the DeputyAdministrator of VS) to stop vehicles carrying bovids, make inspections,and seize animals and other items to prevent the transmission and spreadof an FAD (BSE).The applicable authority, 21 U.S. Code 134d, states that:

"Employees of the Department of Agriculture designated by the Secretaryfor the purpose, when properly identified, shall have authority:

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"To stop and inspect, without a warrant, any person or means ofconveyance, moving into the United States from a foreign country, todetermine whether such person or means of conveyance is carrying anyanimal, carcass, product, or article regulated or subject to disposalunder any law or regulation administered by the Secretary for preventionof the introduction or dissemination of any communicable animal disease;"To stop and inspect, without a warrant, any means of conveyance movinginterstate upon probable cause to believe that such means of conveyanceis carrying any animal, carcass, product, or article regulated orsubject to disposal under any law or regulation administered by theSecretary for the prevention of the introduction or dissemination of anycommunicable animal disease; and"To enter upon, with a warrant, any premises for the purpose of makinginspections and seizures necessary under such laws and regulations. AnyFederal judge, or any judge of a court of record in the United States,or any United States commissioner, may within his jurisdiction, uponproper oath or affirmation indicating probable cause to believe there ison certain premises any animal, carcass, product, or article regulatedor subject to disposal under any law or regulation administered by theSecretary for the prevention of the introduction or dissemination of anycommunicable animal disease, issue warrants for the entry upon suchpremises and for inspections and seizures necessary under such laws andregulations. Such warrants may be executed by any authorized employee ofthe Department of Agriculture."

Since BSE is infectious but not a contagious disease under normalcircumstances, it will rarely be necessary to stop vehicles or seizeanimals and other related materials.

5.6 Other Authorities

Authorities for the control and eradication of diseases and pests oflivestock and poultry are changed from time to time. Consult the Officeof the General Counsel, USDA, and the Federal Register for authorities,rules, and regulations.

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6.0 Quarantine

6.1 Authority To Quarantine

State and Federal regulatory officials have authority to imposequarantines or hold orders. Usually, State quarantines are imposed onindividual herds and premises when any foreign animal disease issuspected. Control of intrastate movement is by application of Stateauthority. It is important to coordinate efforts with State officials. Asurvey of all State Veterinarians in the United States was conducted,and all agreed to use quarantine authority on a herd in their State inthe event that BSE was diagnosed.In contrast, Federal quarantines control the interstate andinternational movement of diseased livestock. Only a declaration by theSecretary of Agricultare of an Extraordinary Emergency will provideFederal authority to control livestock movements within a State. Federaland State quarantines may be used simultaneously.

6.2 Suspected Premises Quarantine or Hold Order

When BSE or any foreign animal disease is suspected, the investigatingveterinarian or FAD diagnostician should decide the issuance of a Statequarantine or a hold order on the promises. The slow onset andprogression of clinical signs will often require that an individualsuspect animal be held and monitored for several weeks. Although BSE isnot a rapidly spreading disease, the suspect animal or any otherpotentially infected carcasses must be kept out of the animal and humanfood chains and rendering channels. The reason for the issuance of thequarantine should be listed as a CNS suspect.

6.3 Affected Premises Quarantine

When there is presumptive diagnosis of BSE, movement of all bovineanimals on and off the promises should be restricted to allow time for athorough epidemiologic investigation. A hold order or quarantineindicating the number, age, sex, breed, and identification of all bovineembryos, ova. and semen supplies should be completed. No bovine animals,embryos, ova or semen from the affected premises shoald be sold,slaughtered, or rendered.Although the role of maternal transmission in the spread of BSE has notbeen fully determined and epidemiologic evidence suggests that maternaltransmission may not be significant, cow-to-calf transmission cannot beruled out. Hence, until more conclusive scientific evidence eitherconfirms or refutes maternal transmission, precautions (an extendedquarantine or other movement restrictions) to prevent disease spread viathis route are prudent. At this time, natural progeny of theBSE-affected cows need to be traced and should be purchased. Thisrecommendation may be modified if scientific research data become moredefinitive.

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BSE Red Book

It is strongly recommended that the Government (APHIS) purchase allcattle in the herd. No cattle from this herd shall be rendered. Tissuesfrom cattle dying of neurologic or prolonged wasting condition should besubmitted to a diagnostic laboratory.If the herd of birth and the herd of last residence of the infectedanimal are different, an investigation should be done to determine ifhusbandry practices in the herd of birth are the likely source ofinfection. Under certain circumstances, a quarantine (or other movementrestrictions) of this herd may be warranted until the epidemiologicinvestigation is completed.

6.3.1 Affected Premises SecurityRecord the number and permanent identification of bovine animals,embryos, ova and semen at the time of the quarantine or hold order.Animals should not be allowed to move unless permitted by a State orFederal animal health official. Introduction of new bovine animals tothe premises should be discouraged.Because BSE is not a highly contagious disease, the need to post policeor other monitoring personnel is not obligatory.Restriction of movements of non-Bovidae animals and vehicles orinanimate objects must be determined on a case-to-case basis. However,normal biosecurity and sanitary precautions should be observed.

6.3.2 Procedures on Affected PremisesA detailed epidemiologic investigation (sec. 4) should be performed onall premises where BSE-confirmed animals are found.Evidence from the United Kingdom has shown that the clinicalmanifestation of BSE in any given herd is usually confined to a singleanimal or a small group of animals. Although another suspect is unlikelyto be found, all cattle should be examined.If another suspect is identified, that animal should have tissuescollected and submitted for diagnostic purposes after clinical signshave sufficiently progressed. Carcasses of BSE-confirmed or suspectanimals should be incinerated.Because BSE is not known to be highly contagious or vector borne, herdsfound to contain a confirmed BSE case may or may not be depopulated.Depending on circumstances, the government may purchase all animals(suspect and exposed animals) for destruction or research purposes.Embryos, ova, and semen from herds with confirmed BSE animals should beheld until an epidemiologic investigation is completed and the holdorder or quarantine is removed.Milk from healthy animals in herds that have had BSE-confirmed animalsmay be used for consumption, but milk from BSE suspects should bewithheld and disposed of in an environmentally acceptable method. Publichealth authorities should be informed of the herd's BSE status. Litter,bedding, feces, and urine from herds that have had BSE-confirmed animalsis not likely to be infectious. However, materials should be disposed ofaccording to good husbandry practices.Feeds or feeding ingredients do not need to be destroyed simply becausethey were near (or in contact with) suspect or confirmed animals.However, if it is determined that feeds or feed ingredients containrendered animal protein originating from suspect or confirmed animals,or that the feed or feed ingredient has

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BSE Red Book 2.1-31

been epidemiologically linked to known BSE outbreaks, then the feeds orfeeding ingredients should he destroyed and disposed of by incineration.Other steps that should be adhered to are the following:

*Federal, State and local policies concerning the feeding of renderedruminant or other mammalian protein to ruminants should be closelyfollowed.

*In light of recent preliminary research findings concerning maternaltransmission, farmers should be advised to promptly remove andincinerate or bury placentas from calving pens. Calving pens should becleaned and disinfected. The disinfectants of choice are 4-percentsodium hydroxide or 2-percent available chlorine.

6.4 Establishment of Quarantine Zone or Buffer Zone

Epidemiologic evidence indicates that the primary route of BSEtransmission is via infected meat and bone meal that is used in therations. Thus there is no need to establish a quarantine or buffer Zonesurrounding the affected premises.

6.5 Quarantine of Public Livestock Concentration Points

Livestock concentration points should be notified and employees shouldbe educated concerning the clinical signs of BSE. Any animal exhibitingsigns indicative of the disease should be reported. All bovids showingevidence of neurological disease should be placed in an observationfacility within the premises. If the clinical signs are sufficientlyadvanced, the animal should be euthanized and its tissues should besubmitted for examination. The carcass should be incinerated or buriedand must not be rendered. Due to the modes of disease transmission,there is no need to quarantine livestock at concentration points.

6.6 Quarantine at Slaughter Plants

BSE is not known to be contagious or vector berne. Therefore, it is notnecessary to quarantine slaughter plants. Food Safety and InspectionService and slaughter-plant employees should be notified and educatedconcerning BSE. Any animal exhibiting signs suggestive of the diseaseshould be reported. All CNS suspects should be isolated in a facilitywhere the animals can he adequately observed. The animal should beeuthanized and tissues submitted for examination. The carcass should notpermitted to enter the human or animal food chain. If laboratorydiagnostic tests have ruled out BSE the carcass may be rendered. In theevent of a presumptive diagnosis or a confirmed diagnosis of BSE, notifyFDA, CVM if carcasses have moved to rendering or animal feedmanufacturing plants.

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BSE Red Book 2.1-32

6.7 Moratorium on Animal Movements

No moratorium on the movement of animals (except as required by theprovision of the quarantine on affected herds) is necessary. However, ifanimals from the same herd are presented for slaughter, those carcassesshould be held. Consult VS, Emergency Programs staff.

6.8 Veterinary Practitioners Operating in a Quarantine or Buffer Zone

A quarantine zone or buffer zone is not necessary in case of a BSEoutbreak, but the area must be geographically identified if the BSEcases were domestic cases; similar feeding practices in the area may bea risk factor. Veterinary practitioners throughout the United Statesshould be alerted and encouraged to report all animals with suspicioussigns. The Regional Emergency Animal Disease Eradication Organization(READEO) director and the local AVIC or designated personnel should havethe responsibility for notifying all private practitioners in theoutbreak area after consultation with Emergency Programs staff.Guidelines for working with a CNS-suspect animal or a BSE-affected herd:

*Practitioners should wear clean coveralls and boots on each premisesvisited.

*If performing a caesarian section, assisting with the calving of a BSEsuspect, or performing this work on an infected farm, the practitionershould wear gloves and eye protection.

*If no FAD deagnostician or pathologists are available and theveterinary practitioner must remove the brain of a CNS suspect fordiagnostic submission, every precaution should be taken to preventexposure of the skin or mucous membranes because rabies cannot be ruledout. Practitioners should record all clinical signs and theirprogression.Veterinarians who need to visit premises under quarantine for BSE shouldbe allowed to do so and should observe normal disease controlprecautions. They should wear clean overalls or similar apparel andrubber hoots. Boots should be cleaned with an approved and registereddisinfectant before entering and when leaving a premise. Thermometers,restraint devices (tongs), and other equipment should be disinfectedbetween premises as other contagious diseases cannot be ruled out.

The role that germ plasm plays in the transmission of the spongiformencephalopathies, especially BSE, is still unclear. Studies involvingbovine semen and embryos are in progress and to date have revealed noevidence of playing a role in the transmission of BSE. Due to recentexperimental evidence that scraple

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BSE Red Book 2.1-33

may be transmitted by embryos, precautions against BSE transmission byova and embryos are reasonable (Foster et al. 1992 and 1996). All semen,ova, and embryos produced by BSE--confirmed animals should be located,inventoried and destroyed if the owner is agreeable. If an owner ofsemen, ova, and embryos from a BSE-confirmed animal is not willing tohave these materials destroyed, guidance must be sought from VS,Emergency Programs staff at once. Field personnel should not offerindemnity for semen, ova, or embryos unless authorized by EmergencyPrograms.Normal reproductive activities, including semen and ova collection,natural and artificial insemination, and embryo transfer, may be allowedto continue during the quarantine period on premises that have hadBSE-confirmed animals. However, movements of semen, ova, or other germplasm collected on the premises with confirmed cases of BSE should berestricted until the quarantine is released.

6.10 Animal Protein Preservation

The carcasses from BSE-affected animals must not be used for human oranimal consumption. Dispose of carcasses by environmentally acceptablemethods, preferably incineration or deep burial. Consult VS, EmergencyPrograms and public health authorities if necessary.

Cattle from premises under quarantine for BSE should not be slaughteredor rendered until the epidemiologic investigation has been completed andthe quarantine has been lifted. Depending on the findings, the herd maybe purchased for research or depopulation.

6.11.1 Control of Animal Products From Affected PremisesEven if public health regulations allow, utilization of products ofclinically healthy animals from quarantined premises should not betransported and processed for human consumption (except milk) during thequarantine period.

6.11.2 Meat ProductsMeat from BSE-suspect animals must not be used for human or animalconsumption or enter the rendering chain.

6.11.3 OffalFederal, State, and national rendering policies and FDA regulationsconcerning the use of viscera and rendered proteins in animal feeds andhuman food must be followed. Cooperation from other Government agenciesinvolved, as well as the rendering industry, is very important.

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BSE Red Book 2.1-34

6.11.4 Skins or HidesSkins or hides from healthy or exposed animals are not a risk forspreading BSE. Normal processing precautions should be observed.

6.11.5 MilkMilk from BSE-suspect animals should not be used for human consumption.Milk from clinically healthy animals may be pasteurized and used withoutfurther restriction. Public health officials should be informed.

6.12 Adjacent Premises

Area spread of BSE by vectors or other methods is not known to occur.Therefore, quarantine of adjacent premises is not necessary.

6.13 Guidelines for Zoologic Parks and Exhibitions

Zoologic parks where transmissible spongiform encephalopathies have beenconfirmed should be handled in a manner similar to that of beef or dairyfarms. Confirmed operation of the park and public access may becontinued. Affected animals should be isolated and observed for theprogression of the clinical signs before a final disposition is made.

6.14 Quarantine Release

After the epidemiologic investigation has been completed and decisionsare made concerning the disposition of the herd, the quarantine may bereleased. At the beginning of an outbreak, it is strongly recommendedthat the Government purchase affected herds for research andobservation.

The section below would be implemented only after a first case of BSE isconfirmed in the United States.

7.1 READEO Activation

READEO activation will rarely be necessary for BSE outbreaks. Differentfrom most other foreign animal diseases and infectious diseases, BSE isnot a rapidly spreading, acute epizootic; is not thought to betransmitted horizontally between animals within a herd, has an extremelylong incubation period, and usually affects only isolated single animalsor, at most, a few animals within herds. Because BSE does not spreadrapidly, the workload to investigate and manage most outbreaks shouldnot normally exceed the capability of existing local field personnel.READEO activation should be considered only if the particularcircumstances of a BSE outbreak warrant. If field personnel feel theyare unable to manage a BSE outbreak, they should communicate this totheir Regional Director and VS, Emergency Program staff, who willevaluate the need for READEO activation.

7.2 READEO Organization

If READEO is activated, a reference should be made to the revised READEOManual for further guidance on READEO organization and operations.

7.2.1 Office of the DirectorWhen an animal disease emergency exists, the Task Force Directors areresponsible for the READEO activities. The directors immediately move tothe location of the outbreak and setup the READEO headquarters. Work iscoordinated with State officials of the States involved in the outbreak.7.2.1.1 State Director--(Note: This is the new designation for theAssistant Director.) Each READEO may have one or more State Directorssince each State where the disease outbreak is found will be representedin the READEO by State officials designated by the State Veterinarian.7.2.1.2 Emergency Program Officer--This individual, designated by theChief Staff Veterinarian of VS, Emergency Programs, provides liaisonbetween the READEO and the Emergency Programs at APHIS headquarters.7.2.1.3 Public Affairs Officer--The Public Affairs Officer plans,develops, supervises, and maintains information activities for theREADEO.7.2.1.4 Legal--The Legal Advisor provides counsel and assistance to theREADEO.7.2.1.5 Military--The U.S. Armed Forces Command will designate a seniorline officer to be the Military Support Officer on the staff of theREADEO Task Force Directon The individual is assigned to be the liaisonbetween the Depart-

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BSE Red Book 2.1-36

ment of Defense and VS, Emergency Programs,and to coordinate neededmilitary assistance during eradication of an FAD outbreak.7.2.1.6 Meat and Poultry Inspection Operations--The Meat and PoultryInspection Operations, Food Safety and Inspection Service, willdesignate personnel to report to the READEO Task Director and to provideliaison between the Task Force and the Meat and Poultry InspectionOperations.7.2.1.7 Laboratory Coordination--The Laboratory Coordination Officerwill advise the READE(3 Director concerning laboratory capabilities andappropriate laboratory examinations to be conducted to provide neededresults as rapidly as possible. This individual will assist withinterpretation of results.

7.2.2 AdministrationThe Administrative Officer assigned to the READEO will direct andcoordinate all facets of general administrative functions. Refer to therevised READEO Manual for a detailed description of the organization andresponsibilities.

7.2.3 Field OperationsThe Field Operations Officer will direct line operations and supervisefield personnel in a READEO. Disease investigation, field epidemiology,disease security and personnel security, animal movement control andquarantine enforcement, appraisals of animals and materials,depopulation and disposal, and cleaning and disinfection are among thisperson's responsibilities.

7.2.4 Technical SupportStaff support consists of a technically competent staff designed to actas a resource for the READEO Task Force. Personnel may include but arenot limited to individuals who have expertise in the following areas:animal welfare, data systems, disease reporting, economics,environmental impact, epidemiology, evaluation, orientation andtraining, risk analysis, and wildlife. The staff communicates the needsof the Field Epidemiology Delivery System (FEDS) to the READEO Directoras required to maintain an efficient, accurate, up-to-date FEDS.7.2.4.1 Animal Welfare---Animal Welfare Officers must be knowledgeableabout current Federal and State animal welfare regulations, humanemethods of animal depopulation, and socioeconomic concerns related toanimal welfare issues. They advise the technical support staff and fieldoperations concerning current procedures and accepted methods for use inthe humane depopulation of livestock and poultry.7.2.4.2 Wildlife-- Wildlife Officers participate with the Director andother officials of the READEO to establish and carry out wildlifepolicies and objectives for the emergency animal disease operation.Through familiarity with the topography, wildlife density, susceptiblewildlife species, and movements of susceptible wildlife, the WildlifeOfficers can review maps and make recommendations concerning areas to beincluded in the quarantined high-risk and buffer zones. These officersmaintain contact with local, State, and Federal wildlife enforcementofficers and wildlife biologists. They develop strategies for conductingsurveys of susceptible wi!dlife in the outbreak

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area to determine the incidence of the disease. They direct andcoordinate the vaccination and depopulation of wild animals as necessaryto eliminate the disease.

7.3 Supplies and Equipment

During an outbreak of BSE, supplies and equipment should be obtainedthrough normal procurement procedures. If a READEO is activated,supplies and equipment should be ordered through the READEO Procurementand Supply Officer.

7.3.1 General Field Supplies GuidelinesRefer to APHIS Directive 326.1, 10/10/77 and 221.1, 1/29/74.

7.4 Personnel Responsibilities

During a BSE outbreak, field personnel should follow instructions issuedthrough the normal chain of command. If a READEO is activated, personnelshould refer to the revised READEO Manual for detailed descriptions ofindividual responsibilities.

7.4.1 PersonnelPersonnel assigned to the READEO Task Force are individually accountablefor equipment and supplies checked out to them. They should orderreplacement equipment and supplies or return equipment for repairsthrough the READEO Procurement and Supply Officer. All damages or lossesto equipment or vehicles should be reported immediately to the READEOAdministrative Officer, and the required forms should be completed andsubmitted promptly.

7.4.2 TravelEmployees of the READEO Task Force are responsible for recording andpreparing all travel-related documents. Claims for travel, lodging, perdiem, and incidental expenses should be submitted to the READEOAdministrative Officer for processing.

7.4.3 VehiclesEmployees of the READEO Task Force are responsible for operating,cleaning, and performing routine maintenance of assigned vehicles. Theyalso are responsible for recording mileage, expenses, and services.Required reports are to be submitted to the READEO Vehicle Officer.

7.4. 4 ClothingEmployees of the READEO Task Force are issued protective clothing towear when entering a premises where BSE has been diagnosed or issuspected. Clean clothing should be worn on each premises. Employees areresponsible for laundering the clothing before reusing it.

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BSE Red Book 2.1-38

In a large task-foree operation, arrangements may be made for acommercial laundry service to handle the clothing. If it is possible andpractical, all clothing should be labeled to identify the employees towhom it is assigned.

All animals, products, and materials to be destroyed because of BSEshould be appraised according to 9 CFR 53.3 and appropriate Stateregulations.

7.5.1 Appraisal TeamsAppraisals must represent the interests of the owner, the State, and theFederal Government and be consistent with fair market values. If Stateauthorities approve, State and Federal interests may be represented by aVS employee alone. Owners may, at their discretion and expense, employ aprofessional appraiser to advise them or to act as their agent. Eitherthe owner or the owner's agent must be present at appraisals.No animals may be destroyed until after the appraisal forms are signedby the owner or the owner's agent. Appraisers should be certain that theowner or the owner's agent is aware of the indemnity form's clauseconcerning liens and mortgages.When the number of animals to be destroyed is small, and the total valueof animals, products, and materiais is low, APHIS field personnel maynegotiate the appraised value with the animal's owner without assistancefrom a professional appraiser. The appraised value of a BSE suspectshould be the slaughter value of the animal, taking into account anyexisting defects or diseases that would affect the slaughter value butignoring those signs that caused the animal to be classified as a BSEsuspect. If field personnel are in doubt concerning the need to use aprofessional appraiser, they should consult their supervisor or VS,Emergency Programs staff.If a determination is made that healthy progeny, ova, semen, or embryosmust be destroyed, they should be appraised at 100 percent ofreplacement value.Feeds or feed ingredients located on suspect farms will rarely need tobe destroyed. If a determination is made that feeds or feed ingredientsmust be destroyed (for example, to comply with a policy decision toremove all rendered products from animal feeds), then these materialsshould be appraised and indemn'ff~ed according to 9 CFR 53.3.

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BSE Red Book 2.1-39

7.6 Depopulation Procedures

7.6.1 Factors and ConsiderationsIf the owner is agreeable, a humane method of euthanasia of BSE suspectswill be necessary to facilitate the accurate diagnosis of the diseaseproblem, to ensure that the suspect animal is not slaughtered orrendered, and to terminate the animal's suffering. Under nocircumstances may BSE suspects be sent fo slaughhter or rendering.Notify FDA, CVM if you suspect that the carcass of a BSE-confirmedanimal has moved to rendering or animal feed manufacturing. The VS,Emergency Programs staff, Riverdale, MD, must authorize the use ofeuthanasia, depopulation, and indemnity payments for READEO operations.

7.6.2 Humane Euthanasia MethodsOnly experienced veterinarians should perform euthanasia because thereare inherent dangers. Precautions should be taken to prevent accidents.Owners should be given a complete explanation of what to expect, andonly humane euthanasia methods should be used. Euthanasia should beperformed away from public view, and, if possible, the owner should notbe present. Euthanized animals must be checked to confirm death. (See VSMemo 583.1, 1992.)7.6.2.1 Mechanical (Firearms)--Because the only acceptable method foreuthanizing an animal by using firearms is to shoot it in the head, andbecause the animal's brain must be preserved to diagnose BSE, firearmsare not an acceptable euthanasia method.7.6.2.2 Chemicals(Toxic Gas or Lethal Injection)--Follow guidelinesestablished by the American Veterinary Medical Association. When using aregulated controlled substance (e.g., barbiturates), control andadministration of the euthanasia agent must be given by a veterinarianhaving a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) number issued by the U.S.Treasury. Control and administration of chemical substances foreuthanasia must be authorized by the AVIC unless directed by the VSDeputy Administrator. (See VS Memorandum 583.1, 1992.)

7.6.3 Supervision of DepopulationField personnel should never perform depopulation or euthanasia withoutexplicit permission from their supervisor or, if appropriate, the READEOHumane and Disposal Officer. (Refer to the revised READEC) Manual.)

7. 6.4 Permits for MovementAll BSE suspects may be moved under permit to facilitate medicaltreatment, euthanasia, necropsy examination, or carcass disposal.Permitted movement will be according to the quarantine restrictions andwill be administered by the State or Federal officials.

7.7 DisposalUnder no circumstances may BSE suspects be sent to slaughter orrendering. Notify FDA, CVM if you suspect that the carcass of aBSE-confirmed animal has moved to rendering or animal feedmanufacturing. Field personel should arrange for the carcass to betransported to and examined by a qualified veterinary pathologist orfield veterinary medical officer. After the pathologic examination hasbeen completed and the necessary diagnostic specimens have beenobtained, field personnel should arrange for disposal of the carcass.Before a method of disposal is selected, there are many factors thatmust be considered, and often other State and Federal agencies must beconsulted. The environmental and legal impacts of the operation must beconsidered. Upon recommendation of the State or Federal agencies, VS mayconsider other disposal methods.

7.7.1 IncinerationIncineration, although more expensive than burial, is the preferreddisposal method for BSE-suspect carcasses. Federal, State, and localenvironmental regulations may restrict the use of this method andpermits may be necessary. As soon as BSE suspects are reported to APHIS,field personnel should investigate the location and availability ofincinerators of sufficient size to process a bovine carcass.Institutions likely to have incinerators include State and universitydiagnostic laboratories, waste contractors, large municipalities, andprivate industries. Ideally, the diagnostic laboratory where thepathologic examination was done will have incineration facilities.The BSE-suspect carcass disposal is APHIS' responsibility (not thediagnostic laboratory's). Field personnel should arrange fortransportation and final disposal of the suspect carcass and shouldinform their supervisors and/or the READEO Humane and Disposal Officerof these arrangements.Personnel should be aware that some laboratories dispose of carcasses byrendering and should specifically inquire if this is the case. CNSsuspects should be incinerated or held from rendering until a diagnosisof BSE can be ruled out. Under no circumstances may BSE susuects be sentto slaughter or rendering. Notify FDA, CVM if you suspect that thecarcass of a BSE-confirmed animal has moved to rendering or animal feedmanufacturing.Field personnel should be prepared to accompany the carcass from thefarm of origin to the diagnostic laboratory and then to the disposalsite if any doubt exists concerning the final disposal method.

7.7.2 BurialIf there are no other avenues for carcass disposal, burial ofBSE-suspect carcasses may be an acceptable disposal method. APHIS fieldpersonnel should inquire with environmental authorities concerningFederal, State, and local regulations that may impose restrictions onthis method.The burial site may be on the affected farm, at the diagnosticlaboratory where the carcass is examined, or in a local landfill. Thesite should be inaccessible to animals, removed from populated areas,not used for agricultural purposes, clearly marked, and properlyprotected.

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Burial sites should also be located a sufficient distance fromunderground utility lines, septic systems, water wells, and surfacewater. Local environmental or public works officers may be helpful inlocating a satisfactory site.Field personnel should consult with their supervisors and/or the READEOEnvironmental Impact Officer before digging. Burial trenches arenormally at least 9 feet deep with floor dimensions of 7 by 2 feet peradult bovine carcass. Carcasses should be covered with at least 6 feetof soil. This soil should not be tightly packed because gas formationmay cause a tightly packed trench to crack and leak.

7.7.3 RenderingBecause BSE is spread by rendered animal protein, BSE-suspect andconfirmed carcasses must not be rendered, unless the rendered materialis incinerated. Notify FDA, CVM if you suspect that dead BSE animals orcarcasses have moved to rendering or animal feed manufacturing.

7.7.4 Other Disposal MethodsThe AVIC, the State animal health officials, and the READEO Director mayrecommend other methods of disposal to the Deputy Administer, VS, forapproval (9 CFR 53.4). Options for disposal must be discussed andapproved by VS, Emergency Programs staff and must comply with all Stateand local Environmental Protection Agency regulations.

7.8 Cleaning and Disinfecting (C&D)

Although BSE is neither contagious nor vector borne, appropriate C&D isrequired to prevent farm-to-farm transmission of most other infectiousdiseases. Field personnel must remember, however, that at the time theyare requested to euthanize a BSE-suspect animal, a confirmed diagnosisof BSE will not be available. Signs compatible with BSE may be caused bynumerous infectious diseases and many BSE-suspect animals will, in fact,have some other disease. Although the C&D of items such as manure,bedding, feed, stalls, halters, milking machines, and other supplies andequipment that have been in contact with BSE suspects is notspecifically necessary to control BSE, C&D is still advisable to controlother diseases that may be present.

7.8.1 Procedures for Cleaning and Disinfecting7.8.1.1 Premises and Items--Field personnel are not responsible for C&Dof premises such as barns, stalls, and animal pens unless invasivediagnostic procedures (such as a necropsy examination or the removal ofthe suspect animal's brain) were performed on the premises. If possible,field personnel should avoid doing such procedures on the farm. Ifcircumstances require that such procedures must be done on the farm,personnel should clean and disinfect the immediate area after completingthe work.7.8.1.2 Vehicles--Vehicles used to transport personnel to affectedpremises should be kept clean, and normal precautions against thefarm-to-farm spread of any disease should be observed.

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7,8.1.3 Carriers--Thoroughly clean trucks and trailers transporting BSEsuspects. Manure and bedding may be disposed of by any environmentallyaccepted method such as spreading on fields or composting. Afterconveyances have been thoroughly cleaned, disinfectant should be sprayedon the sides and floor of the truck bed.7.8.1.4 Livestock Markets--The risk of BSE transmission at livestockmarkets is negligible. If a BSE suspect is found at a livestock market,it should be managed the same as if it were found at a farm. Because ofthe high risk of transmission of diseases other than BSE, invasivediagnostic procedures, such as a necropsy examination or removal of thesuspect animal's head, should not be performed at livestock markets. Dueto the recent research findings concerning maternal transmission, anypens or areas in which calving occurs should be thoroughly cleaned anddisinfected.Cleaning and disinfection is not necessary to prevent the spread of BSE.However, the C&D procedures are recommended to prevent the spread ofother diseases from pens or buildings where BSE suspects were held.7.8.1.5 Slaughter Plants--Becanse BSE is spread by rendered animalprotein in cattle feeds, BSE suspects must not be slaughtered norrendered. If a BSE suspect is found at a slaughter plant, it should bemanaged similarly to finding a suspect at a farm.

7.8.2 Approved DisinfectantsField personnel should use professional judgment in the choice of adisinfectant. Preferred disinfectants to inactivate the BSE agentinclude 1N sodium hydroxide solution or sodium hypochlorite solutioncontaining 2 percent chlorine (1 hour exposure at 20 %C [68 %F]). Thisshould be used whenever there is reason to strongly suspect that BSE isin fact the cause of the suspect animal's disease. Such reasons includepreviously confirmed BSE in the geographic area or signs more compatiblewith BSE than with any other neurologic disease.If the suspect animal's signs are more compatible with diseases such asrabies or listeriosis, then a phenolic disinfectant such as "One Stroke"may be preferable. (Refer to appendix A Survival of BSE Agent and sec.1.4.4.)

7. 8. 3 PrecautionsAll disinfectants are hazardous to human beings, animals, and theenvironment. Label directions should be carefully read and followed.Many disinfectants, including sodium hypochlorite solution, are alsocorrosive and should be used with caution on metal and other corrodiblematerials. Thorough rinsing is necessary if corrosive disinfectants areused on metallic items.Disinfectants, especially in concentrated form, may irritate skin, eyes,and respiratory systems. Protective equipment such as appropriateclothing, rubber boots, rubber gloves, mask and goggles should be wornduring mixing and application of disinfectants. If areas of the body areexposed to a disinfectant, they should be washed thoroughly with water.Employees should notify their supervisor and their Health and SafetyOfficer if excessive human or animal exposure to disinfectants occurs orif there is accidental release into the environment.

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Field personnel should use normal hygienic procedures (such as washingand disinfecting boots and removing the outer layer of clothing) whenleaving the farm. Unless the disease problem is noncontagious, personnelshould not travel to other livestock premises for the duration of thatday.

7.9 Vector Control

Current scientific data indicate that BSE is not spread by vectors.

7.10 Disease Prevention and Philosophy

The goal of disease prevention and control is to confine the occurrenceof BSE to as few herds as possible and to prevent recycling of the BSEagent in the ruminant food supply. If undiagnosed cases are rendered andincluded in ruminant rations, the long incubation period may allow manyanimals to be exposed.Action should be taken immediately after the detection and confirmationof BSE to initiate an extensive epidemiologic investigation to determinethe source and extent of the disease, to stop the spread, and toeradicate the disease.7.10.1 Philosophy--Immediate action should be taken to preventcontamination of the animal food supply by prohibiting rendering of anyinfected or suspect bovine carcasses. In addition, care should be takento monitor those animals born and raised in affected herds and toprevent their becoming a source of infection to other herds.7.10.2 Agent Spread--Epidemiologic evidence indicates that the primaryroute of BSE transmission is through the feeding of contaminated meatand bone meal that has been manufactured using scrapie infected sheepcarcasses or BSE infected bovine carcasses. Recent research findingssuggest that maternal transmission may occur at a rate of approximately1 percent in some species. It is believed that this route oftransmission is not significant enough to maintain an epidemic. Cases ofapparent maternal transmission have also been identified in captiveexotic ruminants.7.10.3 Control of Products and Conveyances--Carcasses of BSE suspectsshould be incinerated. Carcasses must not be rendered and incorporatedin animal feed. If carcasses are transported for disposal, conveyancesshould be cleaned and disinfected after use with either a sodiumhypochlorite solution (2 percent available chlorine) or 1 N lye (sodiumhydroxide solution).7.10.4 Control of Biologics and Drugs--Although no documented cases ofBSE have resulted from the use of biologics derived from bovines,tissues from suspect or exposed animals must not be used for theproduction of biologics and drugs.The agents responsible for causing the transmissible spongiformencephalopathies are highly resistant to normal inactivation processes.Careful selection of source materials is the best way to secure maximumsafety of ingredients or reagents of bovine origin used in themanufacture of biologics or other medicinals. Factors that should beconsidered are the age of the animals, exposure to the agent, and thetissue or organ from which the product is derived.

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7.10.5 Wild Birds, Wind and Insects---Wild birds, wind and insects arenot known factors in the spread of BSE.7.10.6 Rodents--Rodents are not known factors in the spread of BSE.7.10.7 Hunting--Restrictions on the hunting of wild animals are notnecessary to prevent BSE.7.10.8 Exhibitions--Cancelling scheduled exhibitions is not necessary.7.10.9 Rendering Trucks and Drivers--The carcasses from BSE suspectsmust not be rendered. If any rendering truck is used to transport asuspect, it should be cleaned, washed, and disinfected as above. (Referto appendix A--Agent Survival and sec. 7.8.2--Disinfectants.)7.10.10 Treatment--Currently there is no known treatment for BSE.7.10.11 Prevention--Suspects and animals confirmed to have BSE must notbe rendered. Producers, feed mills, and rendering establishments shouldadhere to U.S. State and local rendering policies and FDA regulationsconcerning the feeding of rendered animal protein to ruminants. Becauseof the possibility that some transmissible spongiform encephalopathiesmay be transmitted at the time of parturition, precautions should betaken to prevent exposure of healthy animal to placenta and reproductivefluids. Importation of live animals and animal products from countrieswith BSE or having high risk factors for BSE should be restricted basedupon scientific risk assessment.7.10.11.1 Immunization--The agent that causes BSE elicits no detectableimmune response in the host. Therefore, vaccination is not a viableoption. There is no vaccine currently developed for BSE or other TSE's.7.10.11.2 Sanitation--Although it is unknown whether a contaminatedenvironment plays any role in the spread of BSE, it is suggested thatpens having contained BSE-infected animals be cleaned and disinfected.The disinfectants o choice are sodium hydroxide (lye) and sodiumhypochlorite, in infected herds it is also advisable that all placentasbe removed promptly and buried or incinerated. The calving pens alsoshould be cleaned and disinfected.7.10.113 Producer Defense---The most effective way to prevent anintruduction of BSE into a herd is not to feed ruminant byproducts toruminants. As of August 4, 1997, the FDA has a ban in place whichprohibits the feeding of most mammlian proteins to ruminants.

7.11 Records Maintenance in a Foreign Animal Disease Outbreak

The APHIS FEDS will be used by the READEO to record information. FEDS acomputerized network designed to transmit accurate information rapidlyduring any emergency disease outbreak. The use of FEDS will allow theREADEO to direct its attention to the minute-to-minute business ofcontaining and eradicating the disease.For an accurate record of the activities, all field supervisors in aREADEO task force should maintain a diary. Activities and observationsshould be recorded in the diary when they occur. Date all documents andenter events by time and date to show a correct chronology.Enter events as they occur in the diary as well. An accurate history isof considerable value in developing policies and plans for futuredisease-eradication

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programs, and it may be important if there is litigation. A diary willbe helpful for day-to-day administration of funds, personnel, andequipment. It is also useful as a later reference in preparing reportsand summaries of activities.

7.11.1 Daily ReporlsSubmit daily reports of significant activities to the READEO Directorand the VS, Emergency Programs staff Riverdale, MD. (Refer to appendix Ffor current telephone listings.)Include the following as part of the historical file of an outbreak:

*Maps showing premises where BSE-infected animals were found;*Inventory of feeds and feed sources;*Origin of BSE-suspeet and confirmed animals;*Public information material distributed, newspaper clippings; and,Administrative reports to support the expenditure of funds, utilizationof personnel and equipment, and disposition of excess materials andequip­ment at the end of the program.

In Reply to: Emergency Operations...BSE Red Book posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. on March 13, 2000 at 1:30 pm:

will inform all APHIS headquarters units through normal reportingchannels. Emergency Programs also will immediately report anysignificant events to the Deputy Administrator, VS, who will immediatelyadvise the APHIS Administrator, especially of legal or politicallyimportant events. A weekly summary report of control and eradicationactivities will be provided to the APHIS Administrator and the DeputyAdministrator, VS. See BSE Response Plan, communications section.

7.11.3 DispositionRecords should be maintained until a historical account of the programhas been prepared and all pertinent information has been gleaned fromthe records.Furthermore, all records should be maintained if there may be legalaction pending as a result of the program activities. Usually,administrative records are maintained a minimum of 3 years for auditpurposes.