1.
Georgia (country)
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Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. The capital and largest city is Tbilisi, Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres, and its 2016 population is about 3.72 million. Georgia is a unitary, semi-presidential republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy, during the classical era, several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia. The kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia adopted Christianity in the early 4th century, a unified Kingdom of Georgia reached the peak of its political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 12th and early 13th centuries. Thereafter the kingdom declined and eventually disintegrated under hegemony of various powers, including the Mongols, the Ottoman Empire. Russian rule over Georgia was eventually acknowledged in various treaties with Iran. Since the establishment of the modern Georgian republic in April 1991, post-communist Georgia suffered from civil, the countrys Western orientation soon led to the worsening of relations with Russia, culminating in the brief Russo-Georgian War in August 2008. Georgia is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and it contains two de facto independent regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which gained limited international recognition after the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. Georgia and a part of the international community consider the regions to be part of Georgias sovereign territory under Russian military occupation. Georgia probably stems from the Persian designation of the Georgians – gurğān, in the 11th and 12th centuries adapted via Syriac gurz-ān/gurz-iyān, starting with the Persian word gurğ/gurğān, the word was later adopted in numerous other languages, including Slavic and West European languages. This term itself might have established through the ancient Iranian appellation of the near-Caspian region. The self-designation used by ethnic Georgians is Kartvelebi, the medieval Georgian Chronicles present an eponymous ancestor of the Kartvelians, Kartlos, a great-grandson of Japheth. However, scholars agree that the word is derived from the Karts, the name Sakartvelo consists of two parts. Its root, kartvel-i, specifies an inhabitant of the core central-eastern Georgian region of Kartli, ancient Greeks and Romans referred to early western Georgians as Colchians and eastern Georgians as Iberians. Today the full, official name of the country is Georgia, before the 1995 constitution came into force the countrys name was the Republic of Georgia. The territory of modern-day Georgia was inhabited by Homo erectus since the Paleolithic Era, the proto-Georgian tribes first appear in written history in the 12th century BC. The earliest evidence of wine to date has found in Georgia. In fact, early metallurgy started in Georgia during the 6th millennium BC, the classical period saw the rise of a number of early Georgian states, the principal of which was Colchis in the west and Iberia in the east

2.
President of Georgia
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The President of Georgia is the head of state, supreme commander-in-chief, and holder of the highest office within the Government of Georgia. Executive power is split between the President and the Prime Minister, who is the head of government, the office was first introduced by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia on 14 April 1991, five days after Georgias declaration of independence from the Soviet Union. The President serves a five-year term, the incumbent is Giorgi Margvelashvili, who was sworn in on 17 November 2013. The President of Georgia is Head of State, the President is a guarantor of national independence and unity of the country. He/she ensures the functioning of state bodies in accordance with the Constitution, the President is the representative of Georgia in foreign relations. The President of Georgia is elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot, the President may not be elected for more than two consecutive terms. Appoints and dismisses military commanders in agreement with the government, the president of Georgia issue decrees, edicts, and ordinances, also orders as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Georgia, to exercise constitutional powers. The President of Georgia also exercises other powers defined in the Constitution, legal acts of the president require countersignature from the Prime Minister. Any legal act of the President that requires countersigning shall be promulgated, in the case of countersignature, the responsibility for legal acts shall rest with the Government. During his/her period in office, he/she may not be arrested, in the event that the President violates the Constitution, betrays the state or commits other crimes, Parliament may remove him/her from office with the approval of the Constitutional Court. Security of the President of Georgia is provided by the Special State Protection Service, copies of the standard are used inside the Presidents office, at the Chancellery Building, other state agencies, and as a car flag on vehicles bearing the President within Georgian territory. In the nationwide elections to this post, on 26 May 1991, Gamsakhurdia won a landslide victory, Gamsakhurdia was ousted in a military coup détat in January 1992. He continued to function as a president-in-exile until his death in a attempt to regain power in December 1993. In the post-coup absence of power, a position of the Head of State was introduced for Georgias new leader Eduard Shevardnadze on 10 March 1992. After the adoption of a new Constitution on 24 August 1995, Shevardnadze was elected to presidency on 5 November 1995, and reelected on 9 April 2000. He resigned under pressure of mass known as Rose Revolution on 23 November 2003. After Nino Burjanadzes brief tenure as an Acting President, Mikheil Saakashvili was elected on 4 January 2004 and he was reelected on 5 January 2008. For leaders before independence, see List of leaders of Georgia Presidential Administration of Georgia Official Site of the President of Georgia

3.
Political party
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A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. The party agrees on some proposed policies and programmes, with a view to promoting the good or furthering their supporters interests. While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are many differences. Many political parties have a core, but some do not. In many democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government, many countries, such as Germany and India, have several significant political parties, and some nations have one-party systems, such as China and Cuba. The United States is in practice a two-party system, but with smaller parties also participating. Its two most important parties are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, the first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles, emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late 17th century England. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 1721–1742, as the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig partys initial base of support from the aristocratic families widened to include the emerging industrial interests. A major influence on the Whigs were the political ideas of John Locke. They acted as a united, though unavailing, opposition to Whig corruption and they finally regained power with the accession of George III in 1760 under Lord Bute. Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged, the first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke. A coalition including the Rockingham Whigs, led by the Earl of Shelburne, took power in 1782, the new government, led by the radical politician Charles James Fox in coalition with Lord North, was soon brought down and replaced by William Pitt the Younger in 1783. It was now that a genuine two-party system began to emerge, by the time of this split the Whig party was increasingly influenced by the ideas of Adam Smith, founder of classical liberalism. As Wilson and Reill note, Adam Smiths theory melded nicely with the political stance of the Whig Party. The modern Conservative Party was created out of the Pittite Tories of the early 19th century, in the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results, following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. However, a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade, Party politics revived in 1829 with the split of the Democratic-Republican Party into the Jacksonian Democrats led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, led by Henry Clay

4.
Georgian parliamentary election, 2012
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The Georgian parliamentary election of 2012 was held on 1 October 2012 in Georgia. It was the 7th legislative election held since independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the opposition Georgian Dream coalition of billionaire businessman Bidzina Ivanishvili won a majority of seats. President Mikheil Saakashvili conceded his partys loss, the election was held according to a reformed electoral system agreed upon by the incumbent and several opposition parties in 2011. 77 of the 150 seats are allocated proportionally to party lists, the new parliament will be relocated from the capital of Tbilisi to the countrys second largest city of Kutaisi later in 2012. A new government will also be formed following the scheduled 2013 presidential election as envisaged by the 2010 constitutional amendments, south Ossetia and Abkhazia did not vote. Again, in 2011 protests seeking the resignation were suppressed. The amendments envisage significant reduction of the powers of President in favor of Prime Minister of Georgia, according to another amendment, passed on 1 July 2011, the parliament elected in 2012 will be permanently relocated from Tbilisi to the countrys second largest city of Kutaisi. In November 2010, the United National Movement and several opposition parties launched talks in order to develop a new electoral system, on 27 June 2011, the UNM succeeded in a gaining majority consensus for its proposed electoral system reform, effectively splintering the Group of Eight opposition coalition. He named the Republican Party, led by David Usupashvili, and Our Georgia – Free Democrats, led by Irakli Alasania, in a written statement, Ivanishvili revealed that, beyond dual Georgian and Russian citizenship, he also had a French passport. As a result, the Georgian civil registry agency ruled his Georgian citizenship had become invalid, according to the law, only Georgian citizens can set up or fund a political party. In May 2012, the parliament voted to allow the European Union citizens to become MPs, on 27 May 2012, Ivanishvili and his Georgian Dream alliance announced the start of the campaign, drawing tens of thousands of supporters in a large anti-government rally in downtown Tbilisi. Ivanishvili would not debate prime minister Vano Merabishvili and would meet only Mikheil Saakashvili, saying, I respect Vano, after the screening of a video on Maestro TV and Ivanishvilis TV9 channel, showing torture in a Georgian prison, demonstrators called for Saakashvilis resignation. The interior minister, Bacho Akhalaia resigned, as well as the Corrections and Legal Assistance Minister, Khatuna Kalmakhelidze, also resigned. Those who committed crimes will spend long years in jail, as will those who bribed guards to stage these horrors. It was, he added, an emergency and he ordered that police officers should perform prison duties until reforms were enacted. This followed a visit by the ministers of Sweden and Poland the previous week in order to discuss preparations for the election with unnamed national leaders. The OSCE electoral observer teams Tonino Picula said on 23 August said his organizations monitors had seen a political polarization in the country. The fines levied were disproportionate and apparently being applied in a selective manner mainly targeting one political subject, multiple exit polls displayed varying results, but all showed the Georgian Dream party to be in the lead

5.
Rose Revolution
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The Revolution of Roses, often translated into English as the Rose Revolution, describes a pro-Western peaceful change of power in Georgia in November 2003. The event derives its name from the moment, when demonstrators led by Mikheil Saakashvili stormed the Parliament session with red roses in hand. The Citizens Union of Georgia had been the party for most of Eduard Shevardnadzes Presidency. The ineffectiveness of the government and the popularity of the regime led to the defection of numerous parliamentary deputies from the ruling party in 2000. The first group to leave the CUG represented the business community and this began the collapse of the party, as numerous party officials and deputies defected to join or form other parties. Eduard Shevardnadze himself resigned from the chairmanship of the CUG in September 2001, fatefully, Mikheil Saakashvili left the ruling party in September and would form the National Movement opposition party one month later. The disintegration of the party highlighted the weakness of the Shevardnadze regime and dispersed the political elite amongst a number of new parties, the collapse of the Citizens Union of Georgia and more apparent public discontent with Shevardnadze allowed for the formation of numerous new parties after 2000. The former ruling party showed its vulnerability in the 2002 local elections, losing decisively to independents, the local elections saw independents secure 2754 seats, with the New Rights Party being the most successful political party, obtaining 558 parliamentary seats. The Citizens Union of Georgia won only 70 out of approximately 4,850 parliamentary seats, following the disastrous 2002 local elections, Shevardnadze made a concerted attempt to rebuild a political coalition that could support him. The CUG was rebuilt before the 2003 parliamentary election, which was understood to be a key trial before the 2005 presidential election, however, President Shevardnadzes popularity rating had plummeted to around 5%, undermining any attempt to revive the CUG under his leadership. The new CUG further found itself divided over internal disputes, NGOs played a significant role in the Rose Revolution. By the end of 2000, the amount of NGOs estimated to be in Georgia numbered around four thousand, the 1997 Civil Code made the registration of an NGO relatively easy, and they operated in Georgia with few restrictions. Though only a portion of those likely had influence on the government or were successful in lobbying. While public participation in these NGOs was relatively low, they were successful in mobilizing the population to play a more active role in government. Georgias weak economy allowed these NGOs, who were often partially foreign funded, some of these leaders hoped to make the Serbian scenario a reality in Georgia, in the sense that they wanted to promote non-violent protests to force the resignation of an authoritarian leader. Before the Rose Revolution, a network of NGOs with foreign financial support already existed in the country that could later coordinate protest. Foreign support for the Shevardnadze regime declined from 2000 to 2003, in the three years before the Rose Revolution, foreign financial support for the regime began to become severely limited. Instead, foreign states and organizations gave financial assistance to NGOs and opposition parties within Georgia, the United States announced a reduction in aid, coinciding with a decision by the International Monetary Fund to suspend aid to Georgia

6.
Parliament of Georgia
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The Parliament of Georgia is the supreme legislature of Georgia. All members of the Parliament are elected for four years on the basis of universal human suffrage, since May 2012 the Parliament meets at the new Parliament Building in Kutaisi. The Constitution of Georgia grants Parliament of Georgia central legislative power, the confrontation ended in the victory of the supporters of unlimited royal power. Qutlu Arslan was arrested on the Queen’s order, subsequently, it was only in 1906 that the Georgians were afforded the opportunity of sending their representatives to a Parliamentary body of Government, to the Second State Duma. Georgian deputies to the Duma were Noe Zhordania, Ilia Chavchavadze, Irakli Tsereteli, Karlo Chkheidze, in 1918 the first Georgian National Parliament was founded in the already independent Georgia. In 1921 the Parliament adopted the first Georgian Constitution, however, shortly after the adoption of the Constitution, Georgia was occupied by the Bolshevik Red Army. This was followed by a gap of 69 years in the Parliamentary Government in Georgian history, the construction of the parliament building started in 1938 and completed in 1953, when Georgia was still a part of Soviet Union. It was designed by architects Victor Kokorin and Giorgi Lezhava, the first multiparty Elections in the Soviet Union were held in Georgia on October 28,1990. The elected Supreme Soviet proclaimed the independence of Georgia, on May 26,1991 Georgia’s population elected the Chairman of the Supreme Council Zviad Gamsakhurdia as President of the country. The tension between the ruling and opposition parties gradually intensified, which in 1991-92 developed into an armed conflict, the President left the country, the Supreme Soviet ceased to function and power was taken over by the Military Council. The State Council restored Georgia’s Constitution of 1921, announcing August 4,1992 as the day of parliamentary elections, in 1995, the newly elected Parliament adopted a new Constitution. Georgia now has a system with a unicameral parliament. In 2011 Mikheil Saakashvili the president of Georgia signed the amendment of constitution which located the parliament in the city of Kutaisi. On 26 May 2012, Saakashvili inaugurated the new Parliament building in Kutaisi, the Parliament is chaired by its speaker. Zurab Zhvania held the post of speaker from November 1995 until he broke with then-President Eduard Shevardnadze, at the close of a marathon session, Nino Burjanadze was elected speaker on November 10,2001. She was the speaker until the parliament elected in 2008 convened, davit Bakradze, who headed the ruling National Movements party list in the 2008 parliamentary elections, was elected Speaker of the 2008 parliament. After 2016 parliamentary election, David Usupashvili was replaced by Irakli Kobakhidze, Parliamentary committees and the President are the chief initiators of legislative proposals in Georgia. A draft law, prepared on the committee or received through legislative initiative, is discussed at a meeting of the relevant committee, the draft, with the view of the committee or explanatory note attached, is passed on to other Parliamentary committees and factions

7.
Giorgi Margvelashvili
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Giorgi Margvelashvili is a Georgian academic and politician who has been the fourth President of Georgia since 17 November 2013. A philosopher by education, he was twice the rector of the Georgian Institute of Public Affairs from 2000 to 2006, in October 2012, he became a member of the newly formed cabinet of Bidzina Ivanishvili as Minister of Education and Science of Georgia. In February 2013, he was appointed as First Deputy Prime Minister. Margvelashvili was named by the Ivanishvili-led Georgian Dream coalition as its candidate in May 2013. Margvelashvili is not a member of any political party, giorgi Margvelashvili was born in Tbilisi in the family of Teimuraz Margvelashvili, an engineer, and Mzeana Gomelauri, a psychologist. Margvelashvili graduated from the Tbilisi State University in 1992 with a degree in philosophy and he continued his post-graduate education at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary and the Institute of Philosophy, Georgian Academy of Sciences. In 1998, he obtained a doctorate in philosophy from the Tbilisi State University, early in the 1990s he worked as a mountain guide at the Caucasus Travel agency. Margvelashvili twice served as a rector of the GIPA from 2000 to 2006 and, again, in between his two tenures as a rector, he headed the GIPAs research department from 2006 to 2010. During these years, he was a frequent commentator on politics, Margvelashvili was not a household name in Georgia until 2012. By 2012, Margvelashvili had become a critic of Mikheil Saakashvilis government and he publicly supported the Georgian Dream coalition set up by the billionaire tycoon Bidzina Ivanishvili, but he was not directly involved in the coalitions election campaign. In February 2013, Ivanishvili appointed Margvelashvili as First Deputy Prime Minister, replacing Irakli Alasania, during his tenure, Margvelashvili came to public attention several times. Within two weeks, the authorization to the Agrarian University was renewed after the said that the shortcomings had been addressed. In May 2013, Margvelashvili was again in media headlines after he slammed proposed amendments to the labor code, on 11 May 2013, the Georgian Dream coalition named him as its candidate for the October 2013 presidential election. The leader of the coalition, Ivanishvili, claimed the decision was unanimous, the outgoing president of Georgia, Mikheil Saakashvili, expressed skepticism about the nomination, comparing it to Caligulas alleged naming of his horse to the senate. Both Margvelashvili and Ivanishvili rejected claims by opponents that Margvelashvili was a puppet in the hands of a prime minister. Although not obligated by the law, Margvelashvili resigned, as he put it, on 18 July 2013, he was succeeded by Tamar Sanikidze in his ministerial position. Margvelashvili campaigned aggressively, with Ivanishvili frequently appearing by his side, on 17 October, Margvelashvili announced, following Ivanishvilis advice earlier that day, that he would withdraw from the race in case of a runoff. On 27 October 2013, Margvelashvili won the election, getting 62% of the vote

8.
Georgian presidential election, 2008
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Presidential elections were held in Georgia on 5 January 2008, having been brought forward by President Mikheil Saakashvili after the 2007 demonstrations from the original date in autumn 2008. A referendum on when to hold the elections was held at the same date. On 26 November 2007 the Presidents office announced that Georgia would hold another referendum on NATO membership. Saakashvili was declared a winner with 53. 7% of the votes amid the accusation of fraud by the Georgian opposition. In the earliest pre-election poll held by the weekly Mteli Kvira in November 2007, in December 2007, in a poll commissioned by Saakashvilis party, the BCG company surveyed of 13,000 respondents throughout Georgia showed that 29. 5% of voters were still undecided. 36. 7% said they would vote for Saakashvili, followed by Gachechiladze with 9. 7%, Patarkatsishvili –4. 7%, Gamkrelidze - 3%, Natelashvili –2. 5%, one percent said they would vote for none of the candidates. The survey showed that 63. 5% of those who have decided to vote for one of the candidates will vote for Saakashvili, followed by Gachechiladze and Patarkatsishvili with 16. 7% and 8. 1%, respectively. According to another survey, also commission by Saakashvilis party, was overseen by the U. S. base Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research,20. 6% were undecided and 2. 3% said they wouldn’t vote for any candidate. Of those who have decided to vote for one of the candidates, 64% said they would vote for Saakashvili, followed by Gachechiladze and Patarkatsishvili with 17% and 10%, respectively. On December 23,2007, the pro-opposition Imedi TV announced that the organization called Dialogue for Development of Democracy conducted public opinion research between December 17 and December 21, the survey was reported to have shown that 21. 7% still remain undecided. The latest survey, commissioned by the Saakashvili’s campaign from the U. S. -based Greenberg Quinlan Rosner, was published on January 3,2008 and it also showed that only a minority of Georgian voters feel the presidential elections will not be free and fair. Meanwhile, all national television broadcasters plan to conduct their own exit polls and have commissioned seven local research groups. In late December, Patarkatsishvili, who had pledged his support to the November rallies. The plan included to stage a mass manifestation against the government, the accusations forced Patarkatsishvili onto defensive. On December 26,2007, several leading journalists defected from Imedi TV, later that day, the television station’s management announced that Imedi TV temporarily suspended broadcasts until the stations legal status in respect of ownership is not clarified. By doing so we are distancing from dirty political games, said Giorgi Targamadze, on December 28,2007, Patarkatsishvili announced that he would withdraw his bid for presidency, but would nominally remain a candidate until January 4,2008. On January 3,2008, he reversed himself, however, in response, his top campaign official Giorgi Zhvania resigned, declaring that Patarkasishvili does not have the unquestionable reputation one would expect of a countrys president. The pre-election period in Georgia was also marked with the tension in breakaway Abkhazia