For students of modern history, Berlin stands for war—the wars of German unification, WWI and WWII and, finally, the Cold War that kept both Germany and Berlin divided and in ideological, political and diplomatic contention. Berlin today displays little of its militant past, emphasising industrial and economic success and on playing a responsible role in regional and world affairs within the EU framework.

Vulf’s lair

During a recent visit, I wished to see places linked with Germany’s recent history. In Berlin, this is best represented by the outdoor exhibition, Topography of Terror. Located on the spot where the headquarters of the Gestapo and the SS were located, with rubble of the old buildings still strewn about, the exhibition is a chronological depiction of the steady rise of Nazism and the regime’s excesses, in terms of the persecution of Jews, Gypsies, political opponents, the handicapped, etc.

Alongside this museum is a building that looks at the institutions of German fascism that conceived and carried out the brutalities associated with the Nazi era, including the identification, incarceration and annihilation of millions of Jews. At the centre of these institutions were Himmler, Bormann, Goebbels and Goering and, of course, Hitler. Many of the photos are of ordinary people; bureaucrats strutting in fancy uniforms. The exhibition makes it clear that, after the war, most of the Nazis went unpunished and were absorbed into Federal Germany’s governmental and economic establishments.

The Eye of the Zyklon

About 35 km to the north of Berlin is the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. It was set up in 1936 as a model camp which, up to 1945, took in about 2,00,000 prisoners. The gate of this camp bears the slogan, Arbeit macht Frei (Work shall set you free). From 1943, this camp evolved into an extermination centre, with the construction of gas chambers and ovens. Several thousands of Soviet prisoners were imprisoned here; they constituted an overwhelming majority of the 30,000 souls who died here.

Modern historians are still unable to understand how such an accomplished and sophisticated people could reach such depths of hate and violence, or why the Germans continued to support Hitler and the Reich with such fanatical devotion and loyalty to the bitter end. Given that opposition to Hitler was negligible, almost all German expositions emphasise the July 20, 1944, assassination attempt of Col Claus von Stauffenberg and his associates, recently revived by Tom Cruise in the film Valkyrie.

No skin off...

Berlin atones for its atrocities against the Jews through the Holocaust Memorial, an open space of grey, grim concrete slabs of different sizes placed irregularly in the town centre, while on its basement walls are inscribed the names of Jewish victims. Jews in modern Germany number over a 1,00,000 and generally feel at home. However, since June, a controversy has threatened this relatively benign environment. A district court in Cologne has ruled that circumcision constitutes child torture and violates bodily integrity. A group of 600 German intellectuals has supported the court’s ruling, even seeing in circumcision sexual violence against underage boys. Jews and Muslims of course view this as an existentialist threat. In early September, Jewish and Muslim organisations organised a joint protest in Berlin. In place of the anger and bitterness that has defined their ties over the last few decades, is it possible that this unfortunate dispute could encourage Jewish and Muslim communities to rediscover their joint heritage in terms of the prophets revered by them, their long history of camaraderie and mutual support, and the numerous religious and cultural traditions they share?

Up-Root

Potsdam, just 24 km from Berlin, is where the seeds of the German empire were planted by Frederick the Great and where, from July-August 1945, the victorious powers presided over its destruction. This beautiful city is adorned with numerous gardens and palaces, including the Cecilienhof palace where the Potsdam conference took place. Here the Allies, in effect, sanctioned the enlarged Soviet empire made up of Soviet republics and satellite states, while dividing Germany itself.

‘Mr Gorbachev’

The Berlin Wall was brought down dramatically in November 1989. Some slabs remain as memorials and attract thousands of tourists. The route of the old wall is marked by cobbled stones embedded in the streets. It’s difficult today to recall the era when Berlin was “the most dangerous place on earth”, with well-founded fears of the East-West standoff leading to nuclear conflagration. jfk had his moment in Berlin on June 26, 1963, when, before its residents, he proclaimed “Ich bin ein Berliner”.

Another Hitler?

Alarmed at the thousands of rapturous Germans welcoming jfk to the city before his address, chancellor Adenauer turned worriedly to Dean Rusk and asked: “Do you think we could have another Hitler here?”

Talmiz Ahmad is a former diplomat; E-mail your diarist: talmiz.ahmad AT gmail.com

If you wish your letter to be considered for publication in the print magazine, we request you to use a proper name, with full postal address - you could still maintain your anonymity, but please desist from using unpublishable sobriquets and handles

I read Talmiz Ahmad’s Berlin Diary (Nov 19) with interest. I was in Berlin recently. Sure, the Jews have their memorials, and they erected one, albeit reluctantly, for the Gypsies too. But what of the 20 million Soviets who died in what Hitler called the ‘war of extermination’ of subhuman Slavs, mainly after the invasion of ussr? They only get to know about the Shoah. In fact, when in east Berlin, one mainly learns about how terrible life behind the iron curtain was. One doesn’t know that for all its shortcomings, the gdr granted women full rights, which West Germany did not. One also doesn’t know that West Germany was a supporter of apartheid South Africa, whereas East Germany was behind the African National Congress. So much for the German state’s self-narrative.

I think the people mentioned after Hitler, were his very ardent followers, they were ardent because they felt obliged in their positions in his government. They all left him, for some good reason, according to them, later. Hitler was a leader when he was, because there was no other leader in Germany. The govt., before Hitler took power, was humilated by foreign governments, and by their own people, for suffering humiliation in the name of the Weimar Republic.

Visited Berlin and region very recently and not for the first time. Did not sense that much about the nazi past. Oh sure, the jews have their memorial. After some reluctance they built one for the gypsies too. But what about some 20 million soviets who lost their lives in what Hitler called the "war of extermniation" (Vernichtungskrieg) of subhuman slavs, mainly in the USSR? No memorial for them? Not even a mention?
Probably never. German kids don't learn about the "extermination war" in their schoolbooks. They learn only about the Shoah. In fact, when you visit Berlin, you mainly learn about how horrible the east German Democratic Republic was. You do not learn that, whatever their other shortcomings or misdeeds, the east German republic granted women rights which west Germany did not. In fact, after reunification east German women lost many of those rights. Which explains that German demographic growth is currently negative, as opposed to steady population growth in former east Germany. You do not learn either that the western Federal republic of Germany was a staunch supporter of apartheid in South Africa, where as east Germany helped Mandela's battle against it from the beginning. West German companies also made military equipment for the US war in Indochina, and more recently supplied nuclear-capable submarines to Israel.
Nowadays, when you go for a trip to Berlin, officials (though not those of the Berlin city govt. - these are lefties) recommend visiting museums, musicals and chatter programs whose aim is not to tell visitors about Germany's past, present and future, but about how the eastern GDR was a "graceless dictatorship". Those words are from one elderly "witness of that period", a cold warrior of sorts, mustered by the authorities to meet tourists. The GDR disappeared a quarter century ago. Why keep on harping about it?

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