For Phase 2 of INSROP Project I.1.7, Large Scale Hull Loading of First-Year
Sea Ice, a series of tests in first-year brackish sea ice were carried out in
Tuktoyaktut in the Canadian Arctic to simulate ice loading on a ship hull. Loading
was generated by hydraulic actuators impressing a rigid indentor against an
ice edge.

A finite element analysis of the test geometry was carried out to assess the
deformation and stress distribution in the ice edge for cases with both
undamaged and varying degrees of damage. The calculated and measured stiffness of the
ice edge agreed for a realistic selection of elastic modulus of the parent ice
and damaged ice. The field results showed that, for higher loading rates,
damaging the ice reduced the failure stress from 5.5 MPa to an average of 3.5 MPa,
however this result was not conclusive.

Review of these results and those of other field tests, including our Phase 1
tests (see Working Paper No. 7), showed that the nature of the ice loading,
depending on whether it was uniform pressure or uniform deformation, significantly
affected the results. Failure stress for uniform pressure tests did not have
any dependence on area or aspect ratio. The measured field results gave average
ice pressures less than those recommended by the Arctic Pollution Prevention
Regulations. Crack formation and movement were studied using high speed video,
and the velocity of the cracks was found to be of the order of 10 m/s.