Do the languages we speak shape the way we think? For example, how do we think about time? The word "time" is the most frequent noun in the English language. Time is ubiquitous yet ephemeral. It forms the very fabric of our experience, and yet it is unperceivable: we cannot see, touch, or smell time. How do our minds create this fundamental aspect of experience? Do patterns in language and culture influence how we think about time?

Do languages merely express thoughts, or do the structures in languages (without our knowledge or consent) shape the very thoughts we wish to express? Can learning new ways to talk change how you think? Is there intrinsic value in human linguistic diversity?

Join us as Stanford cognitive scientist Lera Boroditsky re-invigorates this long standing debate with data from experiments done around the world, from China, to Indonesia, Israel, and Aboriginal Australia.

Lera Boroditsky

Lera Boroditsky is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Stanford University and Editor in Chief of Frontiers in Cultural Psychology. Professor Boroditsky does research in cognitive science with a specific focus on cognitive linguistics. She studies language and cognition, specifically focusing on interactions between language, cognition, and perception. She received her B.A. from Northwestern University and her Ph.D. from Stanford University, where her thesis advisor was Gordon Bower.

Her research combines insights and methods from linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, and anthropology. She has received several awards for her research, including an NSF CAREER award, the Marr Prize from the Cognitive Science Society, and being named a Searle Scholar.

Her work has provided new insights on the controversial question of whether the languages we speak shape the way we think (see Sapir-Whorf hypothesis). She has discovered important empirical examples of cross-linguistic differences in thought and perception that stem from syntactic or lexical differences between languages. This work has been influential in the fields of psychology, philosophy, and linguistics in countering the notion that human cognition is largely universal and independent of language and culture.

In addition to scholarly work, Boroditsky also gives popular science lectures to the general public, and her work has been covered in news and media outlets. For the Burning Man festival, she once built a banana vehicle.

Stewart Brand

Stewart Brand is co-founder and president of The Long Now Foundation and co-founder of Global Business Network. He created and edited the Whole Earth Catalog (National Book Award), and co-founded the Hackers Conference and The WELL. His books include The Clock of the Long Now; How Buildings Learn; and The Media Lab. His most recent book, titled Whole Earth Discipline, is published by Viking in the US and Atlantic in the UK.

Alexander Rose

As the director of the Long Now Foundation, Alexander Rose has facilitated projects such as the 10,000 Year Clock with Danny Hillis, the Rosetta Project, Long Bets, Seminars About Long Term Thinking, Long Server and others. Rose shares several design patents on the 10,000 Year Clock with Danny Hillis, the first prototype of which is in the Science Museum of London.

Hired as the first employee of the foundation in February of 1997, Rose has been an artist in residence at Silicon Graphics Inc., a project manager for Shamrock Communications, and a founding partner of Inertia Labs. Rose attended the Art Center College of Design and graduated with a bachelor of arts honors degree from Carnegie Mellon University in Industrial Design in 1995.

Psychologist/linguist Lera Boroditsky explains how former Vice President Dick Cheney absolved himself of responsibility for shooting his friend Harry Whittington in the face by simply (and masterfully) choosing his words carefully.

Linguist Lera Boroditsky explains that the euphemism "freedom fries" never took off because this type of word substitution is based on an illogical theory of how cognition and language relate to one another.

COMPUTER GENERATED TRANSCRIPT

Click on any word within the transcript to jump to that point in the program.

good evening i'm Alexander Rose an executive director at the long now Foundation thank you allfor making it out and squeezing it looks like to think of that everybody and fromthe outside line thank you um as many of you know that before we do thesetalks we have a tradition called the Long short a short film that exemplifies long term thinkingwe try and fifteen days for the evenings talk and for this evening Austin in ouroffice found this wonderful one that was done for a radial after this called words sentenceis about the interpretation of words and has no words and enjoy on the phone toooh no was surprised by getting interested in languages are a Rosetta project really was justthe idea to figure out something would be fun to show in the non digital preservationformat once we discovered that nobody had actually collected all the document languages in the worldin one place we started getting into it and now person in charge for a setof use or Welcher linguist was like training and though we are fighting are so cutegetting off the languages would surely it can ever to appear a couple months ago ofit spent time with the par aha email was on hand up he threw up NoamChomsky these approach to linguistics because it didn't fit with what he saw the field ournext speaker says that all anthropologists have this experience please welcome someone coming from psychology tolinguistics Lera Boroditsky the the the you very much in having me it's a real pleasureto be able to speak to this crowd the home the home crowd on I studyhow the language is that we speak she completely and all I discussion of this classstarts in a sea of speech languages BBQ for one what you require your speakers let'sstart with that it suppose what I say this in our hypothetical this focus on theverb time if you would say this in English and is something that happened in thepast then you have to mark that on the verb the say read instead it willbe to me its history the team that information Act it's only which is uber coolchange he could verb that there are tense in Indonesia it's all at the verb butalways seats some languages is not only would you have to change it verb but you've gotto figure out how long ago in the past the event happened to the temple and meand ask to be keenly it there are five different past tense so depending on whethersomething happened just now or in the last two weeks and one year or so hewould have to use a past tense some languages at I can Russian my native it langauge that itgot too much sense but you'd also have concluded on the verb gender of the weekso if it leads to Todd Palin it could be the case is different for her andif it was Sarah in Russian I get to taste verb depending on whether event that was completedor not so if a Sarah read the whole thing others it just me but the onefor her she steamed to learn she started it down we also have to get thispicture it's very lenient see this coming on creatures is tomorrow we have to connect withit it on languages which is likened to Turkish you up to verb different depending onhow you came to know about some of each stamp if I you witness this miraculousevent that your are stuck with the one verb if you just heard about it aftersomeone or maybe something new and varied for something to say get to see her againsome languages make many such distinctions he knows something hearing this site is steeped in barringit from hearing was to bring it inside use up all the different verb but itsucked how languages really required very different things that are speakers must be the case butspeakers of different languages see the world it but to speak of light which grammatically itthis site are good enough just because it doesn't necessarily mean it everyone notices all ofthe stupid things just depending on the lead which they use you happen to it onebit of information about a bit of information but it doesn't really mean that you don'tknow all the worst linguistic expressions are always very sparse the only real really ever saying avery small proportion now so it could be everyone actually knows in peace attention to allstaff let it be that would mean that all speakers a volley which is the FTPattention to encourage all of the distinctions that are included in all of the world's languagesin a country carried the SEC staff that the tampons the debate I'm eighty inevitably whicha spot is not to be the one question lots of interesting questions that we canask for example you can ask to people who speak different languages think differently is learningnew languages she really thinks that he take a French class or Japanese class he justlearning a new way are you actually learning a new way of thinking in new wayof seeing them I gots people speak lots of play which is to be differently dependingon the link which they are speaking out in the moment I am so people somebedding most report that they're actually feel like a good thing inland speaking Spanish to makea habit if a person or a different person unthinkable happened which accurately which doesn't havethat particular property you haven't learnt that the ticket yet I would either some things thatare impossible for you too can see ultimately what is a stick which is universal inhuman cognition the languages and cultures allowance to become a smart and sophisticated as we areand their intrinsic value in all this linguistic diversity at seven thousand languages in the worldand they all differ from one another and innumerable this is devaluing have been expressing opinionson this topic for very very long time so I hear firsthand from China none ofthe Roman Emperor he said sad to have a second language is to have a secondsoul it's a very strong statement about that the value of which one of his successorssays a man whose foreign language uses for it is worth one and again another verystrong statement I and other successor Frederick the great depression had a more specific set ofhypotheses he says I speak English to Mecca thanks to land that students need to ministersled him to my guide enter into my pores sure how he came up with thisparticular set the kinds of things that people had been sitting for a long time Germany'sbetter for these intermediate French is better for love the Hebrews better for oratory a newcircle advocates for a new piece he reached over arching hypotheses but I will talk aboutmore specific well these guys had a lot of it everyone has been in love withthis idea sit here and is Jerry further he said philosopher of mind and that hesays relativism with the heat anything else except me he's a sailor said he doesn't andhe doesn't like Ann Coulter lilies and we can use boats but beyond those boats thatit will be in its existence the safety of the plane which my sheep we peopleyou the leaks persons with cognitive science and philosophy of mind linguistics it around to thecollapsed at a few decades the treaty became disenchanted with the safety of the plane whichI hate that we can it because there's so little evidence that these kinds of effectsso it was a few days show you some of the new acts so the questionwe have is structured to be taken in protest I shaped the way we can toencourage her present from an increase here's the outline for the park that before a differentway of settling which is thought to four weeks that I think are interesting at thefirst one is blatantly which can have deeper or the effect on competition the next oneis wiggling which could have broader produce effects I'll explain these leader whether it be differencesis a function of costly stick at different speeds a way that they're important real worldit's suspect let's start with deep Ruby I knew that's what the is there so onthe difference is that I can change how you perceive the world so that it carrieda six percent pressing things presses it is very very early in the Cup history Imay be affected at wing Beach he can show that something like takes place what's onthat everything down downstream everything that are the perceptible costs would be affected as well it'svery exciting the contents and picking a huge amount of information from the world we can'tpossibly prices all its deter a lot of encryption way so it fits the case it'sbecause of different languages and trying out different parts of their perception of cremation when youthrow up information early on in perception prices it's got to get a stick at that'sone reason people have been very excited to look for early at ten ish sick Idon't mean to look isn't the perception of color so languages defied the color spectrum andmany many different ways something which is only two weeks of her son had lots andlots of words on this an example these colors don't look at exactly right but tospeak a word for it I'm so in English at theirs agreeable to that covers let'spretend all the covers screen here but in the shame there isn't a single word fromat there instead two different words you have to make a distinction that he might bethe schoolboy and that he's seen so it means that Russian speakers to call the stupidways by different names it mean that patients because actually see those places be more differentfrom mine that it would be easier for them to distinguish East so the kids andthe simple task people I showed the patches of color the laptop is identical to oneof the Clinton we all tell which one it so I didn't ask that all youhave to do this you have to press a button you can let her in theright to see which one is taken for a simple pass you don't have to bevery smart do this task if you are teaching you could do this task they don'tneed language for this past week but she missed this you make a distinction in yourline which actually change how quickly and at how well you can get this set upthis play the trials the descriptor color the color they are not going to choose comesfrom I had different to increase the category in Russian then the two colors they're identicaland other trials it comes from seeming to catch him Mr Speaker this kind of trialI are left should be easier than that I'll write the speaker first there all dayno distinction supposed to touch equally the pretext of course the words never accurate colors arejust there for you or your convenience now that we started doing this study we didit because I thought it wasn't going to work I thought of giving the good wayto place limits on how far lane which can be tempted to cut its staff thereare two surprises coming my way the first prize is there's actually difference between Russian speakersand how they were able to get the stats special speakers put her on these kindsof trials and trials where's the speakers fed no different even though they're looking at allthe same colors of the Russian speakers room there something in each of the colors thatwas different a I actually were the past surprise when is that to them the weekpeople's ability to use language and the casket way so as people for doing this taskwe need them the numbers to sell this a wipes out your ability to do toaccess your linguistic knowledge only kickbacks that took away the crest of the state average it'sbecause the English speakers this suggested to us that it was late which meddling in thisvery low level we never would've thought to win which would be reached Ellis it expectsso I was just settling which kept the athlete and into the scary or the eyeseats and change that we have come across this even the perceptible work other something morebrought something that's something that applies to maybe more more different categories here's an example atthe broader for a stint at its effects usually come from grammatically pizzas so in lotsof claim which is their grammatical gender systems where on downstairs into a one game duringwhich the masculine and an increase in Spanish at how many people here speak the languagejust perhaps it's set up almost all of you know and talk about it can bepretty for being a bikini with the first reading learn the language to my attention toit today says this wonderful at essay about how he was frustrated and learning French addto my gender so much so that he decided to return everything in the plural certificateto toasters to ten eighty years add to blender say that because then he would haveto remember them Anderson so on one thing it's very convenient about Abbi dramatically genders theydiffer from mine which limits the free sample to wait for this I'm standing in Germanand Spanish the week beginning this mosque and German and its package does that mean thatactually German speakers actually think of the sun is the more pendants and no Spanish speakersit is the one asking the people actually take the leap from the schematic to itshow you an example of how for the sake of the agenda market in the landwhich has come a day or so this is an example from Russia in words havedifferent than other contenders have different fun optical properties of sound different on these different numberwhere it's the way for one will be different depending on whether it's one masculine sleepingand in its thing I get different attitude and it's different the nuns in the sensethat even different thread and it just so I circled in red there is one exampleif you wanna say in action my chair was wiped away tears asking the city isthe masculine form of mind when you have the word chair that is has investments theyuse the masculine for what is and ask him or what see it just mark themasculinity of the chair four times and forwards don't have a lot of opportunity to forgetwhat the gender things Tikrit basic features privilege the effect of grammatical gender actually look likewhat is it me I say to you do you think of the chairs masculine femininein the year not think he has no biological properties but what could possibly take isan example I this is that Angie nineteen describing an experience that he had as hewas switching between Russian and French spending summers at with his pen he says as tohow they served all the sounds of Charlotte's lately each this planet and without wondering whyat that link in the grass that become extinct admitting brilliance sometimes existed in investment andhad a tea bag to Christian identity imposed it seemed fine when it's nice to talkto the Russian word for a hour and its skin it was scintillating the velvety upliking an inning or becoming the team's bench after spending there the kind of effective grammaticalgender and skin and takes the group are at that something takes on a different kindof defeat she ate a bit iffy cheating a different connotation depending on the conduct whichhasn't language well normal people have these kinds of associations are too sensitive young and learningFrench the others so here's some examples a friend in the literature people people who arenot poets at showing skin on it's because this is a study done in nineteen fiftyan old study a Russian speakers at Moscow State University were asked personified ease of theweek to act like Monday your acts like Wednesday like Tuesday these days so that wehave differing cannot attend it's so Monday is a feeling that Wednesday is spent and atwhat the researchers noticed this is a study day roaming up detailing the Pistons people areacting out as these days of the week actually had to act like a man fromMonday with a woman for Wednesday study I dumped it in Spanish speaking his grasp whenlooking at any good move here all the characters and their night at the clock Foxto make it in pencil what was she begins to be scared I had to choosethe place I think they're young kids were starting to kick voices that were country thevoice the one o'clock to have depended on that project I'm in another set of sadisticwords to describe out to teachers come into the last thing we are told three adjectivesto describe the breach people have to add to these chickens adjectives but he looked likethey can work in groups cannot protect him I expended in your mind that you wouldlike to see beautiful elegant extended where's the task of a new language more like DCon power the arts on you can see these effects to your own eyes if uR Kelly asked the artist decide how to personify extra him to use in their artso we did this piece looked through a arts through which is a giant Ikea pieceabout six hundred years our works at we concentrated on we asked for all the personificationsaid exist in this art to the east and we predict with their time or deathor victory will be masculine or feminine depending on the grammatical gender and artistically which itis seventy percent I'm making a prediction so he fled in a combat pretty good atit too high to place the kinds of things you can see it for yourself stepfor step of the statue of Liberty by slippery the a League when she spoke shespeaks and in French the baby is what they see John Ashcroft and behind him isthis step to justice that he tried to cover up because she was sewing decent Iguess you could ask why is justice just to suspend him that's where it's way hereare some of my favorite examples this is the collection though on sculpting different parts ofthe day so that the UN the day that dogs can you may ask well whyis the dawn I wanted and Damien dusk IV in and night to one am wellthis that the conduct which years it this is that wonderful way in which this littlequirk of grammar that we don't eat them you who speak a language like this asa speaker you don't even notice its plea even into the physical world that we everythinghe gets passed down his physical weakness that there at the people in half ok nowwe're going to be interested in this funny quirk a contender is that the content orso per the state and not leave which gender goes on out so on if hecan show they cannot attend her people think that means that this feature of language thatis a teacup think about anything the canteen name by now think about all the thingshe can't name I now it's as you look around the world at exit very hairybeast of the way there'd be different its agenda any easier small tree nations widely spreadthe area leaving the eight defeats on differences I think we need to turn to thoseparts of a nation we are we really need to construct the world where the worlddoesn't have a structured to get us we have to bring structure it the good thingsto look at that so I take time to time is one of my favorite examplesbut it's a it's the one hand it's extremely popular set the word and is atthe most frequent now an invention of the temple where it's like here and day outon top at least in English speaking culture were upset with her but even though it'sso frequent Sarah it can't stop its forms the very fabric of our experience but youcan't see it behind me that next time you can smell time come up with thattype of representation at this abstract yet this question you come up with leprosy patients abstractthe US has been hunting people for the the wrong time I get frustrated play doughfor example treated him so much that he came up with it being the next postethical argument called argument and the pot to keep the students but that argument let's isthat information available in the fire is simply not enough not structured enough not complex enoughnot available it to Beaver to create abstract thought and so I he says I keptseeing how we could possibly very nice things it in his solution is a wee bitcalled in from past incarnations our souls I Amy inculcate of you know what that springit's a long time ago a wooded the creek is now anyway Aristotle thought that greenis a greedy or so I didn't even know thinking happen to agree on I shouldkick actually modern ideas about we are content to come from I'd share some of thesevery happy secure for example is no Chomsky and two thousand he says if it weren'tsuch discovery came here was the familiar problem of poverty the students surprisingly conclusion may bethat nature has provided us with any stock of contacts and the child's task is todiscover their peoples it can BBQ other possibilities I like to think there must be apossibility it just isn't very even the exciting note you actually were born in the ATFcarburetor bureaucrat carried out the awesome right I don't know what a carburetor nice now thatseems unlikely so let's that lets look for some answers so all the evidence on thisstory we come up with an ATM it's the canteen Adam it's probably not through personalexperience that time travel it's not because you actually went and travel to another time andcame back and the story we experienced on this discovery I'm hustling which you speak withthe spatial language speech were to talk about so we see things like we're approaching holidaysare coming up on Christmas where and coming up tell for May's out that metaphor andanalogy where I need to pass a new traveling that analogy based attendees to pass inyour traveling well on a regular path he can travel in any direction you want inwhatever speaking summer to have that amount she thinks it allows the possibility you can helpme taking in the East so what evidence can be a bit this kind of wayof building on the couch responsible or something people do well so one question you canask is it the case that people build knowledge of time I acknowledge its peace thereis two patterns in remission but to actually reach the people I cringed if we saythese things the secretary to the dance of the time travel story just eat one isyou have to have patented lane which encourage an analogy and yet there is that youare using special knowledge it just a couple of brief data points and connected the coolestones that I have but if you have a repeat it ok on the way thisis a good ad demonstration of how tasty oriented Adam I detest the idea that theway people speak about the time is based in honey that's pieces to find cultures havetwo for different ways of thinking about speaks and see they also have different ways soto demonstrate the difference but it was all due this month but I need to askall of you close your eyes I can start it's the least I can tell ifthey're happy and stress everyone played South East next feeding ok you can open your eyesa seaplane spare their day and and I dunno which reduced the data many make afew observations about what you did is a cognitive psychologist at first that there's a reallylow compliance rate a lot of you just did not point we may have to throwyou out of this subject with them on second there is a really long reaction timefor light he took a long time tend to pull and that perhaps most importantly thatthe actors he was very high I don't need to know which way is to knowthat because he has planted in every possible direction I now possess the places where askinga question like that I would yield immediate correct responses from everyone including people who findyour soul so I don't come back and Alan asked folks at Stanford or Harvard MITat the dudes at the scene guys to it's just not something that we keep trackso what if the sculptures that keep track of where the honor of that here's anexample of a culture had a chance to work with there an Aboriginal group in Australiait afterwhich is they don't use I briefly left and right to defy speaks instead everythingis expressed in terms of North South East and West I mean everything all skeptics saysay things like there's a dog trying to buy your EastLink I can you move yourcup to the north west a little bit the boys standing south of the area's mybread there every skein just hoping that I can you must see or eat because youdon't just have to stay oriented to describe its consistent moment you have to bring thegirls which the earring to be able to describe the stakes get straight to you didI'd be able to see things like oh I must've left my glasses to the northwest of the telephone silly of me at all after dinner party you can only sayoh they set their salad forks to the south east of the dinner for the Philliesdiets the sake of those Tbilisi nine his hand in this PC party I say lookand the answer should be something like by distance of the queue that is really toget past them know you have to know which leader to ten knots in your normaldaily lives as you're walking around your office you walk an aisle where is your everyperson says hi tea tree prettier heading direction youth oriented pretty quick there was a geekspeak about of all social church it's a political prop so that people who speak languageslike this they're a lot of languages like this around the world people who speak languageslike this you have a pretense attraction they are able to perform navigation that we useto think we're beyond human ability so on we know for a long time that itlooks different kinds of animals and at orientation abilities that seemed to surpass him in ourkitchen is so for example retail ants at the state we did pretty well baking decoratingbut they use a treat to take steps such as that or birds into the stategranted that they have been added to their beaks so he now takes off the hookwell he's out there people in the world to adjust the rain to the keen attentionto where they're going it's because they have to do its duty to speak the languageso we don't have any excuses and don't need to happen that meets your Dukes todo it the strict sense of direction steam in all kinds of cool to practice andart sale at the Arctic people producing the sculptures is always done from a bird's eyeview it to leak out on the ground to appropriate orientation I start to the oneexplain how it's going to repeat that people think about the question is if you thinkabout space good deed to settle to mean I don't speak about time here's a taskI give people a set of pictures like that's a topic to be pictures of mygrandfather to eat scramble them up they couldn't even see the geese out on the groundsit there and the correct order if they are displayed in the correct order is thatas of the speakers perceive the correct order from left to right the week and goespress now of course this left her a Twitter relates to writing to action is nothingintrinsically linked to write about time and had their wonderful examples from history that the casingway and that's the free sample have at this low though this is part of theirnutritional supplements for kids program whenever they add try this out and say in Arabic speakingcountry he ran into some problems because if you read this from a right to leftit's not clear what this product as for your child so they had to head torethink their approach even ill people are asked to lay out and seeing things in temporalorder to English speakers will eat things out like this where steeper speakers were gunning acorrection and has even that I view the fun finding Blair for any sentence you askpeople in the chain there is giving flowers to Susie try that out well speakers ortry to outwit spill in Alaska to see Arabic speakers would try it out with theLondon take it easy to surmise that between action and action seems to go in thatdirection cool for finding all the action see you imagine how pissed percent report the timeeither don't use ft sec left in it so how will he arranged this because dudefrom left to right if I were both eighteen here's an example percent sorry for menis healed and tear on to his person next to a seated facing south and thesenumbers represent or guarantee their bikes to get the picture sets out to hear everything goesfrom I left her I use a secret Santa differently this time feasting on it choosefrom right to lead first and if he's East well everything comes to expect but theorder the East West now at risk when you look at these padding that you mightthink there's no work and are just doing it any which way you know I actuallyI would appreciate is that it's the speakers that are to your door I'm always travelswith acts with respect to my body real teaching in a moment in time is goingto split but now it's going this way but now it's going to skip any casethe trip to Aspen time it was to turn around every ten returner sometimes States withrespect to Polanski perhaps as a kid ok went into the interest in the sky Citysamples is that the chemistry between a difference and I needed a cognitive ability to checkon us to English speakers that we tested at least costs could not have done withI did because they simply didn't know which famously said even if they wanted to andlayout time for Easter less they have no idea which the east where he could doit on and it was the tipping know I actually East whisper you explain it's justnot the way we organize or be organized with respect us this post with respect thisshows that there are so costly differences that are not just a matter of a treethat when it is more or less explain that way it is qualitatively different ways toorganize the world this is the dates I think it's discovering these other ways to keepit organized the world of their ways you can see the world there I it's almostlike you get to have attended a dinner or snack apparel discovering it for weeks sowe think about how people think at that time in at giving you two examples areone of that what makes a difference one is how people think about space to keepbuying the ticket that speaks to me but at the plant was about cultural artifacts likereading direction Nelson's too out patterns and which metaphors and language the kitty a few samplesfrom him it it's time chorus uncle or is it for what that is a studycomparing English Mandarin speakers in both English and Mandarin you can use Corps entrepreneurs to organizetime and in the atrium cricketers are also quite frequent still in entering the past isup and futures down to the upfront is the last mile and a down market nextmonth so on does that mean that many speakers actually I'm predicting more more so tospeak here's a simple task I stand next to someone and you say tell you thatthis year's today with which it is good and when which the prestigious best to letme stay in a sample after a dramatic reenactment this is me it is made withthe needle I will leave in June so so that their Mandarin speaker lunch a greatyear queries a day practices Q a dance and ten the day so I know theUN audio and other weighty test is this a little bit more in the sack atthis task keeping you can try for yourself so I didn't see a picture like thisthat and then you can see another picture that will represent their earlier leader tongue pointso starting from this set earlier in the air in it didn't I it it someof these are tricky now that instead of responding for police and just asking did youreact to protest against responding pressing buttons it to dairying like this where the earlier buttonson the left leader but isn't right or if they could invigorate first time the oppositedirection for my English speakers like on Fuller they couldn't arrange critically either with the earlierbutton on top when the earlier a bomb delays would there be some napping it's morean actual activation and speakers like better it he likely next to the well and Ican show you graph first graph at the top so appellants reaction times of its slowword and here we had English because I'm on the left this because in the darkMr Lam at the earlier bought this on the left and with them don't like itwhen your spot buttons on the right went to the army they don't care don't careif the earlier buttons on top or bottom on financing speakers at eight also preferred eagerlybut nonetheless still an MIT the English speakers they also have a preference on the plaquesthey want the earlier back into the top past earlier past is out I feel likeit you bought but keeping on enemy just plain out that there's an overall difference mentionspeakers on in our sample are a little bit slower than the English speakers that's becausethis there are English speakers early Stanford's to stick to their selected to be put toperform our trip our victory tasks very efficiently it's very hard to find other people fora weekly selected in the specially this purpose and said that's why there's always going toget things like this ok on that the rules so frenetic to say that metaphors ratherthan asking it's time for some critical now let's ask smoking are you looking into theforest and coming towards you so English but that these things are here both of thesemetaphors are available he can say we're approaching holidays we can take holidays approach at helpsus get the full story chance that people actually think of these two scenarios to bevery different even though it's against the laws of physics to think if there is avery different because I am there's no fixed grounded in Scripture those two things should bethe time is it that were speaks as if it had its extra demand now butthe lesson of the speakers I use both of these metaphors quick pick me on mostof its kind people talk about something much more rarely do people talk about themselves ismoving in time it will be the case that a superior this is an abstracted graphof the many studies I'm only thing is that Mandarin speakers so enchanting up to speedup is more likely to think of kindness moving and modeling tools I might like itbecause I was reading English monarchs it creeps up finding holes in the middle so thatmeant English Ivy was protested and entering look like Mandarin speakers and a once in atest match that says you that the plane which the tube it's said that to getto that bilingual England looking for one lane which are not there does that make adifference the answers yes but I look like they're those two groups are actually looking likea mindless by language what that suggests is that Eileen bulls the ones that are testedin entry it being affected by having my English even though they're not speaking in abilingual is that a test in English it being affected by having learned winter evening speakingit is both a slow time effectively having my language it's affecting even when you're notusing bleach but also this immediate effect that switching between the two split amicably which arespeaking to cling to it cool the test here's just another example this is an exampleto me I lie in South America I'm not a sin English futures ahead speck ofdust is ahead of this the worst kind danced with the King forward to next yearits own the pictures isn't it and that in this wonderful study at the ski touringthe filming is look at how it would just ruin the top of a time I'mborrowing a couple but to pass the test or clicked for me to talk about thefuture the test retorts the back corner for school so I don't mean at times itseems to feed the differences in how people think can be the reverse direction Claire anextra dimension go from east to west is a poster from left to right at thisas the PPP this it if it isn't real world it's the real world consequences Westend the real world people really care about what things are called and we know thatthat people are actually arguing about what things should be called returning to change the namesof the US that did it but didn't think that what things are called matter hewould never have to be there and they're so pretty striking examples right to call someonean anti abortion or pro life I do you call a government structure regime are inadministration a TV called people freedom fighters were insurgents or terrorists is a different perspective Idoes the US government sponsored torture nor is it just enhanced interrogation techniques to get veryserious consequences I is an acidic government rescue plan or is it the bailout turns outmainly people support the same provision to call it the rescue plan to call it thelast time or another example the Bill and Monica had sex at the case for impeachmentand stand on the definition of this word means to PTC these spots this is asillier example of one and one that brings came on at some point at the eighteenyears in the real boring nothing of import be teaching the FDA to allow them tochange the name of the project from roots to try this now add just a peekthey are printed right on the same thing Easter nowhere they wanted you to obviously it'sa good idea because prudence the wood frame in a terrible linguistic neighborhood what a Princeneighbors plan all the Ch laxatives they remind you of all kinds of things that's gonnahelp the California State not want to be reminded to bring me shopping for snacks whiskit right on this method of removing its deeper and deeper desire dried apricots and driedmangoes him Brian Kiwi fruits all kinds of tasty things will seek take a hike onso vain Dave a kitten heel be the case the young California to be more interestedin buying and dried plums and your interest in buying things they cost them millions ofdollars to get and get this change it dried plums to sell better than Prince eventuallythey had to add sell prints and dried plums side by side because some people actuallywanting them laxative properties of prints Bayside there's one in the healthy delicious snack after Auguston first anyone who's traveled there isn't there bizarrely named products being sold around the worldas an example of a curry sweat today popular soft drinks all all around Asia andthe buyers there aren't concerned by the connotations of the week sweat and something to drinkI and there's a reason I think you can all guess my history hasn't taken offis a big seller in America that's because perhaps advertises understand something the split may nottaste as sweet back to more serious matters it the world building which requires is toconstrue the fence in the world even is the smallest at the shortest instantaneous physical effectsfor Clarence to come up with some leading me to to take this example eye DickCheney was out hunting has failed the hunting accident yesterday and he shoots his hunting partnera winning team in the East now it's a split second defendant in a mini manydifferent ways that we could possibly construed said this is one that this is from yourKing Harold and they said Cheney actually are so Cheney went out for lawyers well nowit's a straightforward the share Cheney shot Harry Whittington he could say Harry Whittington got choppedI came he picked a e a Harry Whittington got to be touching up to geta new text a kiss but Cheney said that this is when he was taking fullresponsibility for the event he said it on well for me with a guy who pulledthe trigger that fired the round they carry and you can talk about the of theconditions that existed the time but that's the bottom line and there's no does not carryspot it's a kind of image the first sentence ultimately I'm the guy who pulled thetrigger that fired the round he split second it then but now therefore actually teaching offoreign banks and he just happens to be on one end of his pants actually didone better but he said he said he had a bright flash when he turned andpulled the trigger and saw his friend get through it some monster full expectation he transformsfrom a change in your weakness with in one sentence I of course the onion alwayshas the best lines they say what has the knowledge of a team that God isspeaking more and they need to trim additional benefits with the sadistic and stiffer on itso much eating T T I too much cause of power this gene happening to medescribe it as the person who caused the outcome was just one and of a longchain of events that created the outcome was he even I don't fall I would justgive us many many tools to construe the intensely than that stupid construed in some wayso English you could say John proof that the Easter that bespoke and then a callat this kind of construction it in to the other not intend to in Spanish forexample you can also say something like John Breaux to face with a bespoke but inthe trash it's a it's kind of construction that John proof that the speech and constructionits mark on it when using on attentively which it sounds it be said to sortof thing that politicians do with young kids do you know when they're trying to getout of having done something stupid mistakes for me all of us have a favorite nonejected usage is that we've seen in politicians it's catfish it's the agent of construction it'smore economical if that wasn't the second was an accident we could say he broke thepeace you but to me that he spoke he would use this makes a heater onto market on this is a old joke at a meeting and American Canadian and Mexicandistance though a good thing in this country safer in the East it's also a spotwhenever something goes wrong to say something or a CD on the Spanish actually sky commonin the world's languages and English seems to be kind of an outlier in terms ofhow it chanted we want or descriptions to the ceiling will educate you can see it'slike I broke my arm Dublin which as you can say something like I broke myarm a masterpiece unless you specifically when out looking to break your arm and then youbreak it and it just that would just be a really bizarre thing to say sothese kinds of differences in Hollywood just hand to discredit that actually mattered for example howpeople assign blame and punish add it to the next one EP and keep an eyewitness country is an example say that so at dark on Mary Ann I wish thepeople of Haiti as I am idiocy to contain intentional or accidental actions to hear someonepopping a balloon intentionally the rear but see that it at this in action also poppinga balloon but this time it's an accident to be at the student is our creekWilson two tracks I we went to find out to the English and Spanish speakers actuallydescribe these events to differ so I guess putting the speaker said about the accidents hesaid adding that the GOP's cancel all trying to play with it his head down andpicked up the speaking or if he wants to build in I liked this one andthen opens and I'm at the opening umbrella Lazard automatic be opening my summing up toopen in either someone has to open in automatically opening umbrella a way with a meatperson I have to be sure to click tidying up the box off the table inSpanish the cases looked quite different Sue at people say things like an a capella himupon him to cancel group where he was going to put something away in her postitself the keepers state itself stuck to his hand simply screw themselves I've nowhere pencil splititself into escaping it ever happens in English so I used to showing you the differencesand distinctions in that forum for intentional actions and really describes at the fence and gentlypress into actions is a difference in the speaker's it does reduce the margin to descriptionsSpanish speakers so I blog about in misery to people you can not describe include aday on the contention to predict it feels good to remember that maybe that was animportant part of the van to a potential can so that we should people now expectits own at a temple in the past people made it seem these two guys performinghis actions I tell you is the third character and he does the action in thiscase popping the balloon the contest we asked which of these guys did it the firstso it's kind of like a lineup just have to say can you please remember toattend in his will actions everyone remembers he did pretty well the facts the elections wellEnglish speaker summer member who did really well there's space speakers at the less well that'sa less important thing to pay attention to plan attacks it's very specific to the currentbecause of descriptions that you repeat useful that they are part of a potential consequences skipon any kitty another example on him this matter for how much people a month punishpeople on you what city we looked at a whole bunch of quick thesis about twohundred thousand court cases I hurried in London said to court and yet simple question ifyour trial contains an agent of expression I broke it I'd be more likely to befound guilty in a church that contains an unintended expansion it broke any excuse gets ifit is attentive language in years in the transcript if you are a quick East yeargoing to be more like it also wanted to find out on much does it matterhow much to linguistic descriptions actually so what we did was we should people at JanetJackson's Orchard malfunction I stuck the guys probably will show it now because I don't wantto upset the censors but this isn't a bad way just in Timberlake and Janet Jacksonwere performing at the Super Bowl halftime and for nine sixteen pts of the second JanetJackson's breast was that it sort of display on national television is a big deal andI just until the lake actually clean the term worker of malfunctions print this apology fromdidn't exist until I he apologized for the wardrobe malfunction and the people are having workedor the functions of the time and so we bought a video they saw the videoand we get them either inattentive rephrase that news report about it or not it changedthe face news report actually be a technical report except for a couple of things Santaquestion is how much extra do you have to compete for transit you get it thatgot me over the transit of construction how much will that cost you one Justin Timberlakeskis people wanted fifty three percent more in fines and I we say here that thecostume as opposed to the costume for it pretty hefty fine to protect it ok sothis is where you can on just review some of that the sense that I thinkthe samples and showing you our baby about language they ask lately which keeps the recipientbetween the needy people after that the different faces different me and because of that thetopic Kenya which we attract cause of the woods here some ways that we at takinga nap when I stand in language training studies today D is it's a plane whichmeans she thought she'd people to people and new with tough enough to change everything that'sexactly what I said this is done that's exactly it on when you were talking andin it for me also teachers recently which means to be so high in the caseson eyewitness memory for example what if the English speakers and you just bombarded them withnot intend to play in which they kept saying things like the toast is burned inthe crisp passing and I hate spiders and an amateur remember a bunch of actions actuallythe worst at remembering we did after hearing that can not attend to it's just getsit yourself around to it in it even within and expect the content and language changeswould appear attention to one is going to get city so I talked about this atthe very beginning of the top piece of colored at he won the people's ability touse language in a task that often changes how they often changes with a view actuallymakes this quite stupid he's a link which they don't realize that we're solving a lotof tasks linguistic that's what we're doing a lot to study showing if you wait theplane which amount to be the team's its puppet people it's a bilingual study soon youtake but the most New Testament lonely which are another to see the linguistic context thatthe media to context and I saw an example that he did it matters but inNew Testament which another on and the complete add to find out is to compare thetables on gloves and Steve having learned that dealing with its complete a pass it makesa difference and gets hit that assaults yes some other ways to establish the cause outthat Lee was actually hot pace of causal role is of course the case that assin France also goes the way languages are to be for our purposes here to seeour cognitive me so it isn't just a win which keeps up its cos of thatdifferences in the this to something sweet black people who speak different languages thing to mein many different aspects of play which they can cheat at cooking from grammar and lexicaldefense has been torn up and coming which is great which medals and even low levelperception of decisions at surprising me on a new languages can change the way you cansee this in the bilingual studies at people who've learned in Atlanta which are just learninga new way it expects the box there in it for me actually changing it whichexpects based on a scandal in which their learning so to speak what you think differentlydepending on the link to it being stupid I in by the most bold claim itis or however many languages you know I get to some extent when even when you'renot using linked to some long term having me but you get to show you ishappening in Ewing which you can change the way you speak in which the Whitsundays wecontinue to encourage ironing clothes at an Indonesian you don't have to add Mark tents wereasked to conduct the temporal and the nation and sentences if you don't want that optionIndonesia's complete English which requires its forces in every sentence any chance of learning English startputting more temple and the nation in immune condition today actually changing everyday speaking a differentbeast it I explain which provides us with a ton of cognitive to get out Huxleythe knowledge of world few buckets been developed over thousands of years of culture incredibly richknowledge system speaking each linguistic system it so I am sharing at least a little bitof evidence as testing the play which is really shake how we construct reality and theyhelp make this a smart and sophisticated as PR it's one thing that I do agreeand Trotsky on I he says will study human lane which were put in what somemight call the human aspects the distinctive qualities of mind are so biased we know hecan this it just is that if we take this idea that language baby differ fromone another series it at this point which is a skating somewhat different killing us it'sa somewhat different way of the summit different way of seeing the world and each oneMac be a potentially very exciting I can't say I think a ok that language butyou're telling a super funny and she still think that's the kindest at it just doesn'tseem to work on so here's an example on the change that to some linguistic changingits history Sergei US Congress decides to rename French fries to freedom fries this is whenFrance refuse to go into the war in Iraq and didn't want to join a coalitionof the living this was their way of getting back added well that and that thatseems stupid this new set during World War one for example everything they had a Germansounding names that begin with very decent dinner there on Sydney these kinds of substitution stillwork and it's because they're based on the wrong theory that ha cognition and language soI where it's that you can simply replace one for the ad or link which aresentenced to two words came and I equally go well and any phrase that means thatthey have the senior students until we make the cut of the things that we aresaying this which is synonymous with freedom so thanks as if it spreads to speak andtoast and peanut noodles French kissing speak and kissing and have taken many years what wecall Fritz than the delay it at French would be the language of freak it's settingup the wrong kind of thing so I was just as if we understand the beautya howling which are trapped in mind and the nationalistic in a more effective Sophie reallywant Illinois the French I say take on things that the French he called in Frenchthat will be like for example catch it because the sauce McDonald's will be the Frenchcafe short of the French pants ministers will be French towns Disneyland to be France Americanswith the French people English during which the offence again thanks brain these are the folkshelp make this all possible its panels the the the the it one home she wasa good new year I decided it was because I break my heart for this venueChris Christie make so much of flailing quail lightly one of the word is being bilingualand what isn't the flu it's a belief system yes it of religion possibly do itall you who were Russian first is to trial an ending which when you are heldwell ok it's still pretty young I guess the question I would have on people learnthe language a certain way when they're very often in a different way school traveling asan adult it doesn't matter which comes first and how all they manage to buy awink moments I like to wear it at England's and as I can buy going wellwith the without falling off my chair he does get harder to Aaron and new languagesas you get older and industry for a lot of different reasons that a lot ofpeople use that as an excuse to not learning new languages at but have a differentwe have the guts to think about it and that is it's to cling to bea lot easier to learn new language now then it will be in ten years saidhe should start now every year it's like to link it's never too late that Stephanielot easier now Andrew the future species do it now to me at we seem tobe differences and an languages that you are in early on languages that you learn thatuse the most in language that if it's just been using my things that have themost clear cut chance this is actually played at an old set of principles and coverageso there can be three things the best critic the heat here in Tennessee that thenew and first recruits the new deal most often and recent see that the new orjust do it and when the teams to be no different to impress the things thatyou must be the things you just do it more swing you do use gestures orsay or even Thomas in question were just cherish them and she wonders if they're beenstudies that look of the use of hands he emphasized spoken word the set meal playout in these different languages and does it affect our we think and stuff like saysbecause of the killing which is to test different me and at the study of gesturehas just come on this team last couple of decades it's that it's something that peopledidn't use to let that in mind that at all and to eye there's an incrediblyrich source it's impossible to that Chester here in Texas I guess researchers give talks atall one thing that's interesting about just reasons that we just shared with Westchester community andfor other people if you've ever seen someone talk on the phone is still a gesturewhich means that we're all suggesting ourselves that it's actually helping the content has both ofthis but it's not only at two explain something someone else it's false hopes it helpsyou repeat the word if you ask people to sit on their hands bother getting lotsof cognitive tasks I present the heathen same upwards with its hand in the slowdown wewant but to be able to have to have her hands just as yeast we pushit from Holly actually let the Caprice weekend it to take effect the help of languageswhich are merely Castro sign language it's to be done any studies on meet the stationsystems and timing which is the kicker is that the schools the three dimensional space asintensity cents an increase that the people how very very intense that many defense family whichis tomorrow and of course I am in that it's the shell of its nature thingsare represented actually it's the safest in time the way spoken language it's been so atthere all kinds of court decisions that suddenly which is also kept me up like Iam I going to represent left and right with respect to myself or with respect seethings like that Sep layout well if your family which is all that other problem Tiffanyand that was huge you have to be happy to get outta here um two versionsone of her indiscretion is respond yes show what experiment would love to can and myversion a question that the only ask what questions are you asking yourself these days thistheory so I expect that everyone in psychology wants to see that it is get adesert island but she just acts and keep epic they control all the conditions of histime to new trees to protect children different exposures information either freeze them only with exposureto German or Spanish or you freeze them with information about their gender or not toreally eat any question that's about the origins is that nature is it nurture it that'sthe question now that that's the extent that everyone wants to be a good sleeper stillthe ethical reasons around buying diamonds that are easy groups of children in which her whatsgoing on so that we have to come up with that their proxies forgetting that callsstory but at or a clanging actual cases where groups comes from creeks different compare don'tactually want to freeze children controlled conditions it's to be here the kinds of things andthinking about now are we construe internal expects I think that's the next set next toa really huge she's because until experience how you feel how you think what is itmean to have an ATM plan to send a new beginning when to sit and whenyou have a lot alike is a pop last but is it need to understand allof these internal experience this they're still important to its inhabitants yourselves I have reacted toa little is known that one how we come up with that say to spell andI think purses have a thought which he too was there before purchase I greeted meat the glimmering seven hundred different languages doing internally bench I thought so isn't am forone thing something you can have so I'm going to be male or female that's rightwhat I get process might be something you can attest to the second half on itmight be a proper QQ p I'm thinking he's thirsty mix it with the interesting differenceis that people have found him the education center and is a study by one ofmy colleagues at Stanford for a walk on he he and others notice that it expectssomething and turned in terms of that and now a category C say I am acharacter oh and chopper it seems more minutes then he say I love carrots by thecarrots are enough chocolate but said he thought could actually shocked people on how much thething about themselves that they love carrots or chocolate I getting them to write I'm acat lover was suppose to I love cats says it but when he told them thisis the handwriting recognition study I doubt this phrase five tons of people write down spaceto think it's a totally arbitrary race people are riding on top of that half thepeople at night I'm chopping and people are riding high in the top of her thenlater report loving cup of hot and am wanting to buy more chopping eat much oneth I played it more times in the future regardless of its effects but the circumstancesand so on so on little provide the defense's can have an effect yet on howyou think of yourself snow that lingered distinctly different IP described and personalities free samples ofselling widgets at Margaret's noun for us to pursue see issues famous fitness dysentery new dishfor every personality type to imagine a lot actually a lot of personality terms in Englishthe barn to see some such rot there I mention their clocks pots so all ofthese things it so Christmas is that a more permanent description of personality thing you wouldhave been used in XP for the purpose see what the people in Italy which isactually in personalities can change or not depending on how the specs she leaves to theadvertising up advertising for but some of the best examples are smart folks were thinking abouthow you cut your own solve the problem people who work in advertising are never surprisedlink which is important for how people can see the things they think it's bizarre toanyone the reading your stuff and pretty new to the conference is complete think they're eatingout he needed help we are at the question I have a number of patients hereand people wondering about attended the scene of the attack and the subject hundred of thembut Jessica went from Jeff I don't care who is asking about languages whether languages haveum more sense than just fighting of the cataclysm know that the Latino or settling whichis that you mean if you knew that and said you looked at in languages thatare multi gender have different but the other race in St so I bought some plainwhich is higher than the system that we talked about masculine feminine that's a really boringa stack of blankets much parts at least to buy I announce and tempers some haveas many sixteen genders make each year for hunting weapons shiny things or at all malesexcept canines or something like that you add all kinds are at different categorization simply whichis the way of life here one is that but I studied in college and PRceiling which India to category four rounds she thinks that space well into the camera makeup the mess they made it like about her gender at the nest and there's anAfrican religion and has gender or on women fire and teachers thanks this one to onegender people but never acted to title of this book at the most dramatic tension waswinning fire in a dangerous things but in fact that's not the case has just beenan eye and didn't expect it we should use to call her keys but female menow usually has a psychologist was inclusive of a loss or again when we went tothe away from his female named for her that I dun care to speculate that thehigh streets like that St site and limits of free sampling the tree of all diseasesI am so many diseases discovery it's always good I did think link which is thethese categories them well here's the categories are useful to every word is really category rightsto share it with my chair there was a word that and all these different thingsthat are chips they look different the field different smells different and so that weren't chairis a category all all the other way to healing which are two languages in additionto those with degrees also happens to my mind's eye some people instead be present withthem at the gender it's useful for keeping track of what's related to weapons snuggling whichI can brush then you might know the dependencies between words that are seven words apartit's really hard to know if this adjective is modifying this town that no if youhave three grammatical gender is that the probability that will be in a not so unbeatenstreak to be able to track what goes with what so that's what when useful it'sreally just left it corrects humans love love cutting into categories in organizing her world butthe effects are all sitting in his organize chairs I can see station the segregated fromyou and your parking these wonderfully organized parking spots outside in our streets are organized intoblocks that they know that's that's what we do wonderfully something which is a masterful pieceof that kind to the structure arbitrary or another victory speech some structure in his victorybut a lot it's soo fun our chairs and tables arbitrary not skin and feminine whyare they a master and images for students one thing that we are really try toget it back which leads to first become very compatible ten years across a whole bunchof different language it's pure in the text Emilie unless there's a correlation or animal chaptersor so I stress that don't ask everywhere and everywhere it is declared that's we foundno inclination to subpoena the tree we also asked him if he can to paddling atme it's a stupid act say people this can happen and the animals in their inputto the ticket for artifacts that step there seems to be awful lot of our patronswhen we see that is to see how lame that Hollywood is a sign genders twonew words that mental image are twenty seven favorite example the word giraffe so a crashingin German didn't have a word the giraffe until relatively recently for obvious reasons you're ateenager at to talk about so then the French village Africa they see giraffes taken backwith this wonderful new weren't sure at this mythical creature and Russians and Germans want totalk about giraffes to study by the French word track in German it's using the samespelling the same after that system adds that the French years Eve and that way sayanything with it yet the end is likely to become an inch or two giraffe becomesan inward journey and use it if enough of that system in anything with a consonantsound and it gets that's going to Pierce it becomes a masculine noun the same wordadopted about the same time to do differently which has an assigned based on these principlesof convenience which was that in French I know the opening and laugh course the DLwith right here a good question Michael Lyons could actually speak of the relative vocabularies forexample most epic fifty seven words for snow or one night few winners he would killfor a Spanish is a really straight forward relatively simple way which consists of one wordone thing in the least seems to be useful all kinds of work around an auditof the spinning of old timers I'd rather have it in English and Spanish Michigan austereof stopping the sort of like when you're trying to say I just did go butat the mains way when Elaine which is spoken in lots of different locations lamb ona plane which is breaking down weighing on lots of different professions speak the same languagethat swelling which is at the bigger her up at school you can you can usethose actors to predict how big a look at the images have the Spanish is avery rich language it was simple kind of character and that way and I have himin all cases where we'd clerics fifties we also honor I said oh I eating andwe are talking bout left and right into the two respective speaker Dr Siti in somecases you just have to know is present with her sailor you don't use left andright into the EU sports star it's if you have to say only curator I writeit might be too late it's the one to avoid any kind of anti cute inthat seat develop new new packets of powder for regional sailors would use the cardinal pointsyes they would say let's also not be a real usually with respectively so I tookthe wind direction said that sets a lot of it but it added so that theirrichness there's a cone could to help you develop a cat in a few things thatyou wanna talk about it and see what I think about it more fine detail onbut also points out but at least about if your child ringtone which has the effectthing that happens distinctions and so it appears that this pursuit for consideration should be putto the bar at the way then at the next group of folks with learning alanguage after reading those distinctions and next an expert at the concrete find it it doesn'tgo to infinity if it seems like you different cultures have attended the that's enough wordsthanks when the present not the case now we know alot of words coming I knowhoney you know that is probably some number of English you know the sort of acollege educated English person will have X number were at there there are numbers like thatI don't actually numbers of words to that it isn't an impossibly which is easy tothis question with which houses were to be speaking with differing which can lead to differentpieces together you can create a public yet weren't that's what it is simple you cansee snow that's been peed on that's a new word because you can put all thosebits together and it's the fifty words for snow it's really if we can agree wellso don't well let's go there there are fifty works but I think it presenting methat he said Eskimo snow words increases it interesting question what does the word and whatmakes this to say that one which keywords for anything so funny words for snow doesEnglish that is to have one waits we do we all sat down to slash itsthe there she and here's to more words for this year's couple at whispers to methe question about it and vocabulary and categories and says this is prompted by percent byyear and illness Luke who is asking whether it be done the orientation to Colonel contractionsthat you use Australian average the posturing of Persian languages do you think very carefully atthe dance to that money we get a lot of the sling which is so arerapidly disappearing because the picture to get them a link to their village um so theidea is do these categories nations survived a shift to another language asked her what Isaw him up around us and people alike but here's the match but ass I wasthere I only ever heard that one uses the word right and never left it whenpeople are getting directions in English perhaps on instead of using leftover I feel sick tohis nurse at its best but what they do instead is the point to the correctdirection and just ringing general incorrect or actions is very important but it's all thanks tosome it is already getting see the likes of think of it and I am it'snot there and play in and checked the brigade than I like the two thousand milesaway that's an important part of the communication it is something a hat that this isa baby heart problem to solve I was cared for it is people ask Leary fromand to set some unusual and there isn't speaking with an American accent in with aTV speak so that was in the air on TV or what and where where rightfrom the people would say at eight a m from California but that's insufficient you haveto tweet interaction in which youth so I had a great laugh at this problem whichway to your points to California from I keep York to go around the wood Iwent to do was go there as varied as the crow flies are due to threeareas and so the first few times and assess question is required to play I pleadedin consistently making people understand shifty character I was really trying to hide from him wherewas that even I didn't know which would be very real war I was actually notthe street so that if a little while for me to settle simple with clique cityit's just use a gesture is paid an interim strategy in which you think on theirchildren with TTP that they would retain this gestures that you think that the way BPadopt the most small together or did you see that as the stages of labor tocultural shift what you think that those hang on for awhile we doing just that wedon't carry my stuff for example in English for speakers workshops are from left to rightthe times the same for speed at this than we did this family that we neversay Tuesday is left of Winston or still have lots of things to do left theparty of no use terms left and right to talk to I'll be getting gesture that'sthe path so it's conceivable that a pattern can be very strong jokes and just arenot assist him in the language and that would deal with it here's a check somethingelse keeps a lot of the couple imitation questions Jeremy police's free wheeling with cheap slutbut what will for rules language for example when Gary has no dinner and pronouns andearrings are just sucks to know and he nodded your head Jason us burst is youhave any examples of thoughts or experiences that cannot be for us and wanting to soakit in the sets were twirling towards the horizon of this continent the report so onclearly there lotsa at this last step in the world that we can discover you canadd a link which doesn't call this category said on the case of carrying an inchlanguages that don't have to bear on isn't the case that to finish speakers are onthe epoch of retreat use by randomly bumping into once in awhile so that it appearsin India finish speakers blowing I need to get out of the parents to buy lunchwhich is even though it's not mine time the cases like that it's acquiring that thesewidgets this is a study by Alexander dealer he did this to the east of thestudy he asked and it's willing to teach English and Hebrew the same question are youa boy or girl this I think it's to be kept on any I had allkinds of clever ways of asking us to reply air I using the terms plain girland nine which he would have the piles of pictures of boys and girls and humidthat you take all the girls and one Tylenol the boys in the coming another pileyou eat a couple or a defeat in six years here's a picture of the yeargo an eclipse at the present very very heavy gendered language in the words are usedto it which is kind of an intermediate case and finish this region so what arethe odds that the kids get that first they discover firstly that they themselves are aboy or girl and then indicates and then image actually pay off the tube out Marlinsat there is this Department of Defense that it takes you beyond the discomfort pedigree ifit's a good sign so that's that that's kind of lovely example of how plane whichcontains the Department of time are things that are not expensive only which have lots ofthinking lately just at the back or any kind of spatial asking so cute that thegame at an antique shop I and you want that one no no that one ofthe day bleeding it's very very hard to specify exactly which one you want everything thesewould be cool if that is a foot to the southeast that's right and also lotsof love Aaliyah like experiences that are hard to express them too the content of thiswonderful example he says he can it's very easy to express that high def not beenshy in language it's very hard to express the sound of clarinet weeks each color tothe sky that some leopard so there's some kinds of things that seem to be muchmore suitable or linguistic creamy it's we have but there was at the present we couldn'tbe more question from you in one community so huge that it takes be a goodCD this chair to two to three percent so this is a follow up certain tothat question about what experiment which looks deep expected and this is going back to youjump right in at auction in two thousand and six what do you believe that youcannot put his youth group in Britain for at least tried to prove or experimented ona number of things for what you believe about certainly wish that you cannot well Ithink what I would like to see yes at what's the real hard to capture anyoneexpect he is a set of relationships at eighteen all the different sub systems or soit's one thing to go in and say well the spatial system despite this the templesystem like this gender systems like this but I hope these things are actually working togetherin any actual natural speaker a language they are using all of these things and soI really love to be able to do it's actually start putting pieces together and mysense is that when you're not looking at just one what little time to bring actuallya system to get there a much more complex differences were each activity right now can'tmention that it the site and see what it will take to people to mention thisand system level difference is that those two into a tool thats what im looking likeI didn't know how I can do it you ever get to that question do yousee the field of linguistics living in the picture I was to suspend experiment on thelast ten years down the gospel of linguistics has turned a PhD studies that's really sadbecause it is and it's just becoming a much quicker discipline and actually expect the technologiesand creaking and aren't are standing at least get to see the snow at keep updatedto mind you know that in mind it either it it opens up all kinds ofquestions people ask for no relates to how society is to serve blame to manage yourcuriosity in your performance for us and other scientists don't ask you you going to bringin circle time together and how did your curiosity and performance the aspect play out andgoing to bring and what happens well it's that I have a dinner in the eighteenlearning another language is like exploring their world I continually in the steam see no questionit with exploring the world is to go to the world so that you can thinkof as you know going into the country or at going even to get have toget into the country that they're doing a benefit to the defense has become a statusthing and C I see a totally different world than in Britain and has that samefavorite experience for people in the lake the trouble to world has a different set ofsocial movements and different set of respected as they carry when you go to North firstreal York and in the city don't usually drive car shaped like a banana um saysfeel about your performance aspects of a very unusual focus that about it was great itwas really just a center and the internet many years ago and is used up atsome fans and built this giant banana people that he was made to Beatrix and demanda statement we all climb inside really care intimidating at the camp and that villagers bananasuch an attractive thing that no one would refuse a giant yellow calling in and campand we all jump out of intent to steal the Peter snow the I feel greatfuture science the word the the the the the new law mm loony it it the