The purpose of this book is to assist in understanding cogeneration principles (including small power production), in evaluating cogeneration projects, and in making wise choices on cogeneration investments. Cogeneration presents an efficient way of utilizing limited energy resources because the same fuel source is used simultaneously to produce two forms of useful energy, including electricity and heat. Cogeneration also presents a good investment opportunity, for the prices of both electricity and heat and have been escalating manyfold during the past ten years. However, as with other investments, cogeneration involves market risks: the uneven and unpredictable interactions among the electric utility (the buyer), the cogenerator (the seller), and the public utility commission (the regulator) will largely determine the cogeneration market potential as well as the success of failure of many cogeneration projects. This book is intended to serve as a text on the perspicacity of cogeneration development; to identify the cogeneration market to provide guidelines on effective cogeneration system design, to evaluate cogeneration economics, to describe the electric utilities' and public utility commissions' roles in the cogeneration market, and to assist in making the cogeneration investment decision.

The Cogeneration Sourcebook contains information on cogeneration planning, financing, and technical improvements. Several new approaches to cogeneration are covered, including the growth of prepackaged and small-scale systems. Developmental concepts such as solar cogeneration systems, fuel cell cogeneration systems, and other renewable energy cogeneration systems. New techniques of financing cogeneration systems are discussed, as are regulatory procedures required for implementation.

After a brief introduction to the operational principles and advantages of solar cogeneration, seven cogeneration studies are summarized covering such applications as sulfur mining, copper smelting, enhanced oil recovery, natural gas processing, sugar mill operations, and space heating and cooling. For each plant is given a brief site description, project summary, conceptual design, and functional description, including a picture of the facility and a flow chart. Also listed are the addresses of the companies involved for obtaining additional information. (LEW)

This EIS analyzes DOE's decision to support BP West Coast Products, LLC proposal to construct and operate a 720-megawatt, natural-gas-fired, combined-cycle cogeneration facility on land adjacent to its BP Cherry Point Refinery.

DOE ordered Morris Products, Inc. to pay a $170,720 civil penalty after finding Morris had manufactured and distributed in commerce in the U.S. a large quantity of noncompliant metal halide lamp fixtures.

Major factors and considerations in the planning and evaluation of cogeneration systems are explained here. Coverage is provided of prefeasibility assessment, technical and economic feasibility evaluation, computerized systems design, cogeneration technologies and applications, and non-conventional technologies. Also discussed are fuel availability and price trends, financing and risk management in cogeneration projects, and practical considerations in cogeneration implementation.

This article examines how a malt producer incorporated cogeneration into its facility. The topics of the article include a review of the melting process, selection of operating cycle, selection of a building to house the cogeneration system, an overview of the heat recovery, electric, equipment protection, and integrated control systems, and hydrostatic cogeneration system enhancement.

The Lethbridge Regional Hospital is a 264-bed acute care center that offered an excellent opportunity to use a cogeneration system to provide a substantial portion of the hospital`s electrical and steam requirements. Cogeneration is the cost-effective production of two useful forms of energy using a single energy source. The Lethbridge Regional Hospital cogeneration plant produces electrical energy and heat energy using natural gas as the single energy source. The cogeneration project has helped the facility save money on future utility bills, lowered operating costs and produced a cleaner source of power.

This guide serves as an overview of the biomass cogeneration area and provides direction for more detailed analysis. The business assessment is based in part on discussions with key officials from firms that have adopted biomass cogeneration systems and from organizations such as utilities, state and federal agencies, and banks that would be directly involved in a biomass cogeneration project. The guide is organized into five chapters: biomass cogeneration systems, biomass cogeneration business considerations, biomass cogeneration economics, biomass cogeneration project planning, and case studies.

On October 14-15, 1986, EPRI sponsored a Symposium on cogeneration to examine the major issues of current interest to utilities. The Symposium, held in Washington, DC, provided a forum for the review and exchange of information on the recent cogeneration experiences of utilities. Specific topics discussed were federal cogeneration regulations and their impacts on utilities, cogeneration trends and prospects, utility leadership in cogeneration ventures, strategic utility planning relative to cogeneration, small cogeneration: implications for utilities; and electric alternatives to cogeneration. Some of the critical issues relative to cogeneration from the utility perspective were explored in case studies, discussions and question/answer sessions. This report contains the 24 papers presented and discussed at the Symposium. They are processed separately for the data base.

Cogeneration is a well established process for supplying heat and electricity from a single fuel source. Its feasibility and implementation in any particular case depend on technical, economic and internal and external {open_quotes}cultural{close_quotes} factors, including government policies. This paper describes the current status of small scale industrial cogeneration in Australia. A model has been developed to analyse the technical and economic aspects of retrofitting gas turbine cogeneration in the size range 3 to 30MW to industrial sites. The model demonstrates that for typical Australian energy cost data, the payback and the size of the optimized cogeneration plant depend strongly on electricity buyback prices. Also reviewed are some of the {open_quotes}cultural{close_quotes} factors which often militate against an otherwise economic installation, and government policies which may retard cogeneration by concern about local air emissions or favor it as increasing efficiency of energy use and reducing greenhouse emissions. A case study of a small gas turbine plant in Australia is outlined. 2 refs., 2 figs.

The author argues that excess capacity can increase retail rates, but deferral riders which allow utilities to offer lower rates to customers who might otherwise turn to cogeneration would optimize existing generating capacity. The author notes that encouraging cogeneration is only one goal of the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act, while efficient use of powerplant capability is of equal importance. There will still be opportunities for cogenerators under the Cogeneration Deferral Tariff if they are patient because the concept of the tariff is to defer, not preclude cogeneration.

This paper covers the addition of cogeneration to two distinct facilities. Case 1 is a large convention center in which overall utility costs had to be reduced. Case 2 is a large southeastern university that needed additional steam capacity. Each facility initially had different goals, but the solution is the same: cogeneration. This paper offers a step-by-step process by which cogeneration was proven to be the solution that each facility needed.

Chillers can be driven with cogenerated thermal energy, thereby offering the potential to increase utilization of cogeneration throughout the year. However, cogeneration decreases electric output compared to condensing power generation in power plants using a steam cycle (steam turbine or gas turbine combined cycle plants). The foregone electric production increases with increasing temperature of heat recovery. Given a range of conditions for key variables (such as cogeneration utilization, chiller utilization, cost of fuel, value of electricity, value of heat and temperature of heat recovered), how do technology alternatives for combining district cooling with cogeneration compare? This paper summarizes key findings from a report recently published by the International Energy Agency which examines the energy efficiency and economics of alternatives for combining cogeneration technology options (gas turbine simple cycle, diesel engine, steam turbine, gas turbine combined cycle) with chiller options (electric centrifugal, steam turbine centrifugal one-stage steam absorption, two-stage steam absorption, hot water absorption).

Twenty one papers were presented at the Cogeneration/Energy Efficiency Conference held July 19-20, 1994 in Durham, North Carolina. The papers covered such topics as: what's in store for cogeneration technology and development; factors affecting future cogeneration and independent power projects; and energy efficiency innovations. A separate abstract was prepared for each paper for inclusion in the Energy Science and Technology Database.

As the result of a cooperative effort between government, industry, and a major utility, an important cogeneration project became operational in July, 1988. At the Energy Technology Engineering Center (ETEC), a research, development and testing installation operated for the United States Department of Energy (DOE), a 26.9 megawatt turbine-generator added to the SCTI facility in a bottoming-cycle configuration recovers energy from the waste steam produced in the testing steam generators. This paper reports on this project, called Power Pak, which originated in 1980 with proposals to DOE for funding of a cogeneration addition, and encouragement by DOE to evaluate and pursue this and other energy conservation measures. This article presents a narrative history of the development of this project with lessons learned.

A successful cogeneration system design depends of several factors, and the optimal configuration can be founded using a steam and power simulation software. The key characteristics of one of this kind of software are described below, and its application on a process plant cogeneration feasibility analysis is shown in this paper. Finally a study case is illustrated. 4 refs., 2 figs.

Carrier Corporation 7310 West Morris Street Indianapolis, IN. 46231 July 11, 2016 U.S. Department of Energy Office of General Counsel 1000 Independence Avenue SW. Room 6A245 Washington, DC, 20585 RE: Comments to Docket Number: 2016-10956 Regulatory Burden RFI United Technologies Climate, Controls, and Security and its Carrier business would like to submit the following comments to the proposed questions as well as additional commentary as requested and referenced in the RFI. As referenced in the

This patent describes a compact heat exchanger for heating water with, and cleaning, the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine of a cogeneration system. It comprises an outer shell having gas inlet means for entry of exhaust gas from the engine, gas outlet means for outflow of exhaust gas, water inlet means for entry of water to be heated, and water outlet means for outflow of water; a housing positioned within and spaced from the outer shell to form a flow channel therebetween; a coil in communication with the water inlet means and the water outlet means and positioned in the flow channel between the housing and the outer shell; catalytic converter material within the housing; wherein the housing is connected to the gas inlet means to receive exhaust gas from the engine and to direct the exhaust gas through the catalytic converter material.

Tim Morris Seafarers: Tim Morris Posted: February 7, 2013 - 7:02pm | Y-12 Report | Volume 9, Issue 2 | 2013 Tim Morris A U.S. aircraft carrier is 4.5 acres of American soil planted in the world's oceans. The USS Enterprise was Tim Morris' mobile piece of U.S. territory. "There's a lot of pride in Enterprise, and I still feel a real connection. I was working as a reactor operator on her when she was 20," he said. Morris was in charge of instrumentation and controls equipment on that

Leading industrial companies and institutions are forever seeking new and better ways to reduce their expenses, reduce waste, meet environmental standards, and, in general, improve their bottom-line. One approach to achieving all of these goals is a 100 year-old concept, cogeneration. Many industrial and institutional plants need thermal energy, generally as steam, for manufacturing processes and heating. They also need electric power for motors, lighting, compressed air and air conditioning. Traditionally, these fundamental needs are met separately. Steam is produced with industrial boilers and electricity is purchased from a local utility company. However, these needs can be met at the same time with cogeneration, using the same heat source. Cogeneration is the concurrent production of electrical power and thermal energy from the same heat source. Large steam users commonly take advantage of cogeneration by using high pressure steam with a back pressure turbine to generate electricity, and extract lower pressure steam from the turbine exhaust for their process needs. This approach reduces their electric utility bills while still providing thermal energy for industrial processes. The result is also a more efficient process that uses less total heat and discharges less smoke up the stack. Newer technologies are making cogeneration opportunities available to smaller-sized thermal plants, and electric utility deregulation opportunities are causing many CEOs to seriously consider cogeneration in their manufacturing plants. Whether steam is created through cogeneration or separate generation, many opportunities exist to improve productivity in the distribution system, operation, and maintenance. These opportunities are captured by taking a systems approach, which is promoted by programs such as the Department of Energy's Steam Challenge.

Department of Energy Morris, Minnesota: Creating a Sustainable College Campus and Local Jobs Morris, Minnesota: Creating a Sustainable College Campus and Local Jobs August 16, 2012 - 11:46am Addthis The second in a new Energy.gov video series about local clean energy projects is University of Minnesota Morris and their partnership with the town of Morris, Minnesota. Steven R. Thai Steven R. Thai Office of Public Affairs What are the key facts? The school uses two 1.65 megawatt wind turbines.

This paper describes the selection of a cogeneration system for San Jose State University and how that system fits the needs of the University. The cogenerator plant is capable of meeting the total campus steam and electric requirements. When the plant is down for routine maintenance, backup is supplied by the existing boiler plant and the local electric utility. Power generated above the University's needs is sold to the utility. The relatively new Cheng cycle system was chosen for the plant. It has more flexibility than a simple cycle and greater electrical and steaming capacity than for the equivalent combined cycle system. An analysis showed that under the University's loads and rate structure, the Cheng cycle could provide realistic sizing and good financial returns. The design of the Cheng system is described.

Work is reported on designing a system for solar repowering of a cogenerating flash smelting furnace that produces copper and sulfuric acid. Smelter energy requirements are listed and the proposed project is described. Several modifications to existing equipment and additional investment in the plant are listed that are necessary as a result of the solar power system improvement. Expected enhancements of the smelting process performance are discussed and the economics of the project are examined. (LEW)

Cogeneration is a name given to energy systems that produce both electric power and useful thermal energy such as steam. While cogeneration markets have flourished in California, Texas, and some states, those in Maryland have not. A primary reason is that the industries that have been targeted in other states--e.g., oil refining, pulp and paper, chemicals, food processing--are not major elements of Maryland's industrial base. The study estimates the potential for future cogeneration in Maryland, both large units and small packaged systems, and assesses the potential impact of cogeneration systems on Maryland's energy needs between now and 2005. The study is presented in three volumes. Because of significant differences between large- and small-scale cogeneration, the analysis of these two systems was performed separately. This volume is a summary document presenting the findings from both studies.

China`s energy production is largely dependent on coal. China currently ranks third in global CO{sub 2} emissions, and rapid economic expansion is expected to raise emission levels even further in the coming decades. Cogeneration provides a cost-effective way of both utilizing limited energy resources and minimizing the environmental impacts from use of fossil fuels. However, in the last 10 years state investments for cogeneration projects in China have dropped by a factor of 4. This has prompted this study. Along with this in-depth analysis of China`s cogeneration policies and investment allocation is the speculation that advanced US technology and capital can assist in the continued growth of the cogeneration industry. This study provides the most current information available on cogeneration development and market potential in China.

Destec Energy Inc. plans to begin construction of a 212-Mw gas-fired cogeneration plant in Polk County, Fla., late this year. The Houston-based firm will perform engineering and constructionmanagement services for the $150-million, combined-cycle project, but will call for proposals for construction services later this year, says project manager Bob Taylor. The plant north of Tampa, is scheduled to go on line in early 1995. All its electrical output will be sold to Florida Power Co. under a 30-year contract and process steam will go to the host, US Agrichemical Co., a large phosphate producer and fertilizer manufacturer.

This article describes the determination of the cost-effectiveness of a cogeneration project five years after it became operational in 1984. The cogeneration project uses digester sludge gas from a wastewater treatment plant. The topics covered include the history of electrical cogeneration at the site, cogeneration economics in the short term and the long term, and the factors in cost-effectiveness.

Chillers can be driven with cogenerated thermal energy, thereby offering the potential to increase utilization of cogeneration throughout the year. However, cogeneration decreases electric output compared to condensing power generation. The foregone electric production increases with increasing temperature of heat recovery. The economics of alternatives for combining district cooling with cogeneration depend on many variables, including cogeneration utilization, chiller utilization, value of electricity, value and temperature of heat recovered and other factors.

Need of pure water in areas of limited supply has driven the development of technologies to permit recycling of available water and to generate new water supplies by purifying saline resources. These technologies include sedimentation, filtration, softening, ion exchange, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis and distillation. Some of these developments serve needs of the power industry, others evolved due to the synergistic relationship between generating water and power. Large plant seawater desalination depend on this synergism for best economy, especially in Southern California and the Middle East. Applying new processes promise to drive down the cost of desalinated water, based on recently improved thermal efficiencies and on capital cost reductions. Cogeneration with these processes provides new mutual benefits for power and water technologies.

This flier highlights the benefits of cogeneration, cogeneration technologies, laws regulating cogeneration, and methods for financing cogeneration projects. Also includes a list of organizations to contact for more information.

BP West Coast Products, LLC (BP or the Applicant) proposes to construct and operate a nominal 720-megawatt (MW), natural-gas-fired, combined-cycle cogeneration facility next to the existing BP Cherry Point Refinery in Whatcom County, Washington. The Applicant also owns and operates the refinery, but the cogeneration facility and the refinery would be operated as separate business units. The cogeneration facility and its ancillary infrastructure would provide steam and 85 MW of electricity to meet the operating needs of the refinery and 635 MW of electrical power for local and regional consumption. The proposed cogeneration facility would be located between Ferndale and Blaine in northwestern Whatcom County, Washington. The Canadian border is approximately 8 miles north of the proposed project site. The Washington State Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC) has jurisdiction over the evaluation of major energy facilities including the proposed project. As such, EFSEC will recommend approval or denial of the proposed cogeneration facility to the governor of Washington after an environmental review. On June 3, 2002, the Applicant filed an Application for Site Certification (ASC No. 2002-01) with EFSEC in accordance with Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 463-42. On April 22, 2003, the Applicant submitted an amended ASC that included, among other things, a change from air to water cooling. With the submission of the ASC and in accordance with the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) (WAC 463-47), EFSEC is evaluating the siting of the proposed project and conducting an environmental review with this Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Because the proposed project requires federal agency approvals and permits, this EIS is intended to meet the requirements under both SEPA and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville) and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) also will use this EIS as part of their

The utilities required to satisfy the university`s electrical, steam and chilled water needs are generated at the cogeneration facility located in the center of the main campus. The building housing this cogeneration facility was constructed in 1909, at this time it contained a cogeneration facility. The original facility produced 1/100 the capacity of the new facility, yet it was housed in the same area. This existing facility burned coal until April 16, 1932, when the last coal train to pass through the campus on the Colorado and Southern tracks whistled at the campus crossing at 8:45 in the evening. This signaled the end to the cogeneration era at the Boulder campus until September 27, 1992, when once again the university began commercial operation of the new cogeneration facility. Implementation of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act of 1978 (PURPA) encouraged the development of cogeneration facilities due to their inherent energy efficiency. The federal government encouraged the development of cogeneration facilities by removing several major obstacles that historically deterred its full development. It was because of this act, coupled with the fact that the university is interested in energy conservation, reliable energy supply, has a large utility load and wishes to save money that they proceeded with their project. The paper describes the cogeneration system process and power options.

The Morris County Improvement Authority (Authority), a public body corporate and politic of the State of New Jersey and created and controlled by the County, at the direction of the County and through the Program guaranteed by the County, financed 3.2 MW of solar projects (Solar Projects) at fifteen (15) sites for seven (7) local government units (Local Units) in and including the County. The Program uses a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) structure, where the Solar Developer constructs, operates and maintains all of the Solar Projects, for the benefit of the Local Units and the Authority, for the maximum State law allowable PPA period of fifteen (15) years. Although all fifteen (15) sites were funded by the Authority, only the Mennen Arena site was considered for the purposes of the required local match funding for this grant. Specifically at the Mennen Arena site, the Authority financed 1.6 MW of solar panels. On October 18, 2013, the DOE Grant was drawn down following completion of the necessary application documents and final execution of an agreement memorializing the contemplated transaction by the Local Units, the County, The Authority and the solar developer. The proceeds of the DOE Grant were then applied to reduce the PPA price to all Local Units across the program and increase the savings from approximately 1/3 to almost half off the existing and forecasted utility pricing over the fifteen (15) year term, without adversely affecting all of the other benefits. With the application of the rate buy down, the price of electricity purchased under the PPA dropped from 10.9 to 7.7 cents/kWh. This made acquisition of renewable energy much more affordable for the Local Units, and it enhanced the success of the program, which will encourage other counties and local units to develop similar programs.

The performance of a cogeneration system is easily affected by several factors; number and type of engines used in the system, the manner in which the system is operated, and the electric and thermal load profile that the system has to supply. Other factors which the energy analyst must also consider are the electric utility rate structure, the price of fuel used in the cogeneration system, and the working habits of the people at the site. The evaluation of cogeneration energy systems for the purpose of selecting a configuration with the best performance requires a great amount of effort. A computer program to analyze a cogeneration system would greatly reduce the effort needed to evaluate cogeneration systems. Realizing the need for such a tool, the Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory developed such a cogeneration analysis computer program, Civil Engineering Laboratory Cogeneration Analysis Program (CELCAP), for the purpose of evaluating the performance of cogeneration systems on a life-cycle operating cost basis.

This book contains the proceedings of the Gulf Coast Cogeneration Association cogeneration conference held March 23, 1993. The topics of the papers contained in the conference proceedings include planning for additional capacity by electric utilities, fuel selection, fuel supply, competition and market pressures, power transmission and access to power transmission facilities, case studies of successful cogeneration projects.

Cogeneration due to potentially high efficiency can be very competitive in a deregulated market. Cogeneration can achieve extremely high levels of thermal efficiency, much higher than the most advanced and sophisticated combined cycle power plants generating only electric power. Thermal efficiency is one of the key factors in determining the power plant economics and feasibility. High efficiency means a lesser amount of fuel is used to generate the same amount of energy. In turn, burning a lesser amount of fuel means that fewer pollutants will be emitted. The paper first describes cogeneration plants, then discusses the importance of thermal load availability, cogeneration and distributed generation and other issues affecting cogeneration.

The idea of designing a cogeneration project that produces electricity based on the existing heating load is common to many cogeneration projects, but may be limiting the ultimate potential to the end user. Cogeneration which is developed as a power generator producing a small amount of steam for a host load is also common. However, the idea of designing a cogeneration facility to track multiple utility loads is not as common. Where the concept has been used, the projects have been very successful. This article has been written as a primer for professionals looking for ideas when performing analysis of a potential cogeneration project, and as a thought-provoker for end users. The authors will look at each of the possible loads, outline various technical considerations and factors, look at the factors impacting the economics, and lay out an approach that would provide assistance to those trying to analyze a cogeneration project without specialized engineering assistance. Regulatory, legal and financing issues are covered in other sources.

Cogeneration systems fueled by natural gas exceed the reliability of most central station power generating units, according to a study conducted by RINC Corporation for Gas Research Institute (GRI). In the study, researchers obtained operating data from 122 natural gas cogeneration units nationwide representing 2,200 megawatts (MW) of capacity and nearly 2 million hours of operating time at 37 facilities. Units were grouped into categories reflecting size (from 60 kilowatts to 100 MW), type of system (gas engine or gas turbine technology), use of emission controls, and type of thermal application. Various types and sizes of gas systems reported average availability factors ranging from 90.0 to 95.8 versus a weighted average of 85.9 percent for fossil-fuel steam, nuclear, and gas-turbine-based central station power generating units. Comparisons are based on study data and data reported by the North American Electric Reliability Council for utility power plants. Gas cogeneration can improve utility operations because as a group the relatively small, dispersed cogeneration units are more reliable than one or more large central station units of similar capacity.

The European engineers take a different approach to designing cogeneration plants. Instead of building large gas turbines or combined cycle plants whose main target is to produce electricity and then trying to utilize as much heat as possible, European engineers target the replacement of the base heat supply of certain, small scale entities. By focusing on the annual heat demand graph, the basic layout for maximum utilization is determined. If a plant can use all or a majority of the electricity, the by-product, produced in this combined process, the perfect requirements are a given. Today cogeneration is one of the prime technologies available to achieve two valuable goals: efficient usage of limited resources and air pollution reduction. In every major European country there is a non-profit organization promoting the usage of cogeneration and acting as a platform for the various interests involved. These national institutions are members of Cogen Europe, a non-profit organization based in Brussels, Belgium, whose main focus is to promote cogeneration to a multinational level.

The former Soviet Union made a major commitment to Cogeneration. The scale and nature of this commitment created a system conceptually different from Cogeneration in the west. The differences were both in scale, in political commitment, and in socio economic impact. This paper addresses some of the largest scale Cogeneration programs, the technology, and the residual impact of these programs. The integration of the Cogeneration and nuclear programs is a key focus of the paper. Soviet designed nuclear power plants were designed to produce both electricity and heat for residential and industrial uses. Energy systems used to implement this design approach are discussed. The significant dependence on these units for heat created an urgent need for continued operation during the winter. Electricity and heat are also produced in nuclear weapons production facilities, as well as power plants. The Soviets also had designed, and initiated construction of a number of nuclear power plants {open_quotes}ATETs{close_quotes} optimized for production of heat as well as electricity. These were canceled.

The papers presented at the conference are included in this volume. Discussions from the four workshops are also provided. The subjects covered in the workshops are: materials handling; combustion technologies - pile, grate, and suspension systems; gasification and pyrolysis systems; and cogeneration. Separate abstracts for each paper have been prepared for inclusion in the Energy Data Base. (DMC)

This bibliography was compiled to provide current base of information for those interested in industrial cogeneration and to promote effective application of cogeneration technologies in industry. It is concerned with all aspects of industrial cogeneration. It includes citation for the period of January 1985 through May 1991. Citations encompass federal and state government publication, published reports, books, journal articles, technical conference proceedings, and legal publications. Relevant citations were identified trough searches of computerized data bases, prior bibliographies of cogeneration publications, publication lists from industry associations and publishing companies, technical report lists, and journal indices.

This environmental impact statement analyzes the protential impacts of the Coyote Springs Cogeneration Project, a proposed natural gas-fired cogeneration power plant near Boardman, Oregon. The proposed power plant would be built on a 22-acre site in the Port of Morrow Industrial Park. The plant would have two combustion turbines that would generate 440 average megawatts of energy when completed.

In order to understand the benefits of cogeneration -- the on site production of electricity and hot water -- it is beneficial to know the overall efficiency of the energy media presently being used when compared to cogeneration. Virtually every commercial and industrial establishment purchases their electricity from the local utility company and heat their water by using on site boilers and hot water heaters fired by natural gas or propane -- which they also purchase from an outside supplier. When on-site cogeneration is compared to purchased power the results in fuel usage efficiency are: cogeneration -- 89.2%; purchased power -- 52.6%. The overall result of on site, properly applied cogeneration is an economical, environmental, and conservational tool that preserves an establishment`s cash, helps reduce pollution and conserves a precious natural resource.

Department of Energy | Department of Energy Morris Clean Energy Investments Recognized by U.S. Department of Energy University of Minnesota Morris Clean Energy Investments Recognized by U.S. Department of Energy August 16, 2012 - 12:30pm Addthis NEWS MEDIA CONTACT U.S. Department of Energy (202) 586-4940 University of Minnesota, Morris (320) 589-6398 WASHINGTON - Today, the U.S. Department of Energy released its second video in the "Clean Energy in Our Community" video series

Careful consideration must be given to the potential environmental impacts resulting from cooling tower operations in cogeneration projects. Concerns include visible plumes, fogging and icing of nearby roadways, emissions, water use, aesthetics, and noise. These issues must be properly addressed in order to gain public acceptance and allow for easier permitting of the facility. This paper discusses the various evaporative type cooling tower technologies from an environmental standpoint. In addition, typical concerns and questions raised by the public are presented, along with suggested guidelines for addressing these concerns. The use of modeling to predict the potential environmental impacts from cooling tower operations is sometimes required by regulatory agencies as a condition for obtaining approval for the facility. This paper discusses two of the models that are currently available for predicting cooling tower environmental impacts such as fogging, icing, salt deposition, and visible plumes. The lack of standardized models for cooling tower noise predictions, and the means by which the modeling requirements may be achieved are also addressed. An overview of the characteristics of cooling tower noise, the various measures used for noise control and the interdependency of the control measures and other cooling tower performance parameters are presented. Guidance is provided to design cost effective, low noise installations. The requirements for cooling tower impact assessments to support permitting of a cogeneration facility are also presented.

Gas-fired cogeneration plants supplying power and thermal energy make up an increasing percentage of new fossil generation capacity additions, both in the US and overseas. These plants are popular, not only because they cost less to build, but also because they are highly efficient and their operation and maintenance costs are lower than plants using the traditional coal-based Rankine cycle. One of the methods being used to contain the initial cost of building cogeneration plants is to minimize redundancy both in the quantity of spare equipment specified for the various systems in the plants and in the design capacity of individual components. The overall effect of such a strategy may lead to reduced reliability and availability of the cogeneration plant in the long term. Operating cogeneration plants present a variety of technologies, equipment, and operating practices. While newer cogeneration plants routinely operate at a reliability of 90% or higher, older plants may not be able to achieve such performance due to excessive equipment breakdowns or inadequate maintenance strategies. By not having the appropriate maintenance programs in place, even newer cogeneration plants are vulnerable to deteriorating reliability and availability in the long term. This paper describes mechanisms for directing maintenance resources toward reducing current maintenance costs while maintaining high availability without sacrificing long-term reliability. The maintenance strategies discussed are those that can provide the maximum benefits for improving cogeneration plant reliability, availability, capacity, cost control, and safety.

Cogeneration, the utilization of heat created while producing electricity from fossil fuels, is by no means a new technology. In 1926, 71 years ago, a brochure from MAN in Germany showed a heat recovery system for diesel engines. Despite the fact that cogeneration has existed for a long time, it took half a century and the first so called ``oil crisis'' in the 1970's for societies to become aware of limited energy resources. Environmental groups gave cogeneration an additional boost in the 1980's. Additionally, governments in the Western European Nations attracted cogeneration investors by not only providing subsidies and tax breaks but also regulating electricity prices. Although there has been much growth in the cogeneration market in the past years, the industry has still not reached its peak in Europe. A variety of studies have shown that there is still significant growth potential in the future: WWF (World Wildlife Fund) published a study in 1996 suggesting a target of 330 Twh of generation will be produced through cogeneration by the year 2005, a tripling of current generation. Due to the EU's belief that cogeneration is an optimal form of generation, it has developed a cogeneration strategy. As part of this strategy, the EC is promoting cogeneration so that it accounts for 20% of all European generation by the year 2010. These factors would give a variety of companies such as equipment suppliers, investment companies, utilities, consultants and energy brokers a wide range of opportunities in Europe. Detailed information and some hints will be given as to how to participate in this fast growing industry. Ways to overcome obstacles in those markets will be shown as well as the pros and cons of different entry strategies.

This paper focuses on medium steam turbine in the range of 10--80 MW and their application in cogeneration plants. The author summarizes the different steps which have led to the TM concept: good efficiency; competitive price; short delivery time; operation flexibility; ease of integration in a cogeneration process. The second part of the document shows two examples of integration of these turbines in cogeneration processes; one for acrilonitril (ACN) and polypropylene plant in Spain and the second for a textile plant in Taiwan.

To meet BPA`s contractual obligation to supply electrical power to its customers, BPA proposes to acquire power generated by Klickitat Cogeneration Project. BPA has prepared an environmental assessment evaluating the proposed project. Based on the EA analysis, BPA`s proposed action is not a major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment within the meaning of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 for the following reasons: (1)it will not have a significant impact land use, upland vegetation, wetlands, water quality, geology, soils, public health and safety, visual quality, historical and cultural resources, recreation and socioeconomics, and (2) impacts to fisheries, wildlife resources, air quality, and noise will be temporary, minor, or sufficiently offset by mitigation. Therefore, the preparation of an environmental impact statement is not required and BPA is issuing this FONSI (Finding of No Significant Impact).

A system for treating a hydrocarbon containing formation includes a steam and electricity cogeneration facility. At least one injection well is located in a first portion of the formation. The injection well provides steam from the steam and electricity cogeneration facility to the first portion of the formation. At least one production well is located in the first portion of the formation. The production well in the first portion produces first hydrocarbons. At least one electrical heater is located in a second portion of the formation. At least one of the electrical heaters is powered by electricity from the steam and electricity cogeneration facility. At least one production well is located in the second portion of the formation. The production well in the second portion produces second hydrocarbons. The steam and electricity cogeneration facility uses the first hydrocarbons and/or the second hydrocarbons to generate electricity.

This study program is part of the DOE Integrated Industry Cogeneration Program to optimize, evaluate, and demonstrate cogeneration systems, with direct participation of the industries most affected. One objective is to characterize five major energy-intensive industries with respect to their energy-use profiles. The industries are: petroleum refining and related industries, textile mill products, paper and allied products, chemicals and allied products, and food and kindred products. Another objective is to select optimum cogeneration systems for site-specific reference case plants in terms of maximum energy savings subject to given return on investment hurdle rates. Analyses were made that define the range of optimal cogeneration systems for each reference-case plant considering technology applicability, economic factors, and energy savings by type of fuel. This study also provides guidance to other parts of the program through information developed with regard to component development requirements, institutional and regulatory barriers, as well as fuel use and environmental considerations. (MCW)

As a case study of the environmental feasibility of a major renovation to the University of Minnesota`s steam service facilities demonstrates, cogeneration is an efficient method of energy production and reduces area-wide air emissions by reducing the demand and production levels at less efficient facilities in the region. To acknowledge this benefit and encourage efficient production, {open_quotes}cogeneration credits{close_quotes} should be granted to energy producers as an offset to point-source emissions. This paper will identify the projected reduction in area-wide emissions for the University`s cogeneration project and alternatives and will demonstrate the method used for calculating those emissions. Although regulators have not yet fully accepted the validity of cogeneration credits, attitudes are starting to change, and we can only persuade regulators to encourage efficient production by discussing the issue now and by developing ways to make these ideas effective.

Through the Urban Integrated Industrial Cogeneration Systems Analysis (UIICSA), the City of Chicago embarked upon an ambitious effort to identify the measure the overall industrial cogeneration market in the city and to evaluate in detail the most promising market opportunities. This report discusses the background of the work completed during Phase II of the UIICSA and presents the results of economic feasibility studies conducted for three potential cogeneration sites in Chicago. Phase II focused on the feasibility of cogeneration at the three most promising sites: the Stockyards and Calumet industrial areas, and the Ford City commercial/industrial complex. Each feasibility case study considered the energy load requirements of the existing facilities at the site and the potential for attracting and serving new growth in the area. Alternative fuels and technologies, and ownership and financing options were also incorporated into the case studies. Finally, site specific considerations such as development incentives, zoning and building code restrictions and environmental requirements were investigated.

Department of Energy Burner Cogenerates Jobs and Electricity from Lumber Mill Waste Biomass Burner Cogenerates Jobs and Electricity from Lumber Mill Waste December 6, 2011 - 3:57pm Addthis Dale and Sharon Borgford, small business owners in Stevens County, WA, break ground with Peter Goldmark, Washington State Commissioner of Public Lands. The pair brought more than 75 jobs to the area with help from DOE's State Energy Program and the U.S. Forest Service. | Photo courtesy of Washington DNR.

Lumber Mill Waste | Department of Energy Biomass Burner Cogenerates Jobs and Electricity from Lumber Mill Waste SEP Success Story: Biomass Burner Cogenerates Jobs and Electricity from Lumber Mill Waste December 6, 2011 - 11:20am Addthis Dale and Sharon Borgford, small business owners in Stevens County, WA, break ground with Peter Goldmark, Washington State Commissioner of Public Lands. The pair brought more than 75 jobs to the area with help from DOE's State Energy Program and the U.S.

Eleven nonprofit organizations receive community giving grants from Los Alamos National Security, LLC December 15, 2009 Los Alamos, New Mexico, December 15, 2009- Eleven local nonprofit organizations with projects supported by Los Alamos National Laboratory employee volunteers received $75,000 in Community Giving grants from Los Alamos National Security, LLC, the company that manages the Lab for the National Nuclear Security Administration. The organizations are located in Los Alamos, Española,

200 nonprofit organizations to receive monetary donations from Los Alamos National Security, LLC June 7, 2010 Employee volunteer efforts to be recognized LOS ALAMOS, New Mexico, June 7, 2010-Nonprofit organizations are receiving more than $117,000 from Los Alamos National Security, LLC during a recognition event beginning at 9 a.m. Wednesday at Fuller Lodge in downtown Los Alamos. The monetary donations are being made to the nonprofits as a result of the volunteer efforts of Los Alamos National

The User Data Package (UDP) for the Packaged Cogeneration System (PCS) has been developed to facilitate the transition of small decentralized cogeneration technology into the Naval shore establishment. The purpose of this UDP is to assist in the planning, design, procurement, operation, and maintenance phases for packaged cogeneration systems at Naval facilities. Several sources of information were used in the development of the UDP, including Navy documents, cogeneration industry reports, cogeneration literature, data from cogeneration installations, and electric and gas utility reports. The information provided in this UDP will enable Navy engineers to consider cogeneration options for facility installations, assist in the evaluation of PCS options, and aid in the selection of the most cost-effective and practical system. The information in the UDP will also assist in the procurement and operation of the PCS. Data to improve the management of contracts for the installation, operation, or maintenance of the cogeneration unit are also provided.

This article describes a means for industrial, institutional, and commercial energy users to reduce their costs through increased energy efficiency while providing resource management and environmental benefits. There is a significant opportunity for industrial, institutional, and commercial energy users to reduce their costs through the development of internal-use cogeneration systems. These cost reductions are the direct result of increased energy efficiency, providing both resource management and environmental benefits. While internal-use cogeneration may be cost effective, the development of the full potential for this option is hindered by electric utility resistance and counter-marketing and by the neglect of many state regulatory bodies. If the end user is to reap the benefits of this option, then he must develop an understanding of the technology and the developmental process, formulate reasonable expectations as to the benefits of cogeneration, and step forward to provide the initiative required to obtain those benefits. Similarly, the cogeneration industry must recognize the unique developmental issues that arise within the context of small displacement projects and develop the required engineering, financing, construction, and operating infrastructure. Finally, regulators must allow internal-use cogeneration to achieve its full, free-market potential.

Economic considerations constitute the major factor in the decision to build a cogeneration plant and to its eventual design - topics which have been the focus of many studies and papers. These economic concerns continue when the plant is built and on-line, thus plant operation must be geared to provide the customers` demand in the most economically effective manner possible. Unfortunately, the complexity of and high degree of interaction between the disparate components of a cogeneration plant oftentimes, make it difficult to conceptualize the plant configuration required to maximize plant economic performance for a given demand, Indeed, actions taken to increase the thermal performance of individual plant components can actually decrease the overall economic effectiveness of the plant as a whole in the context of converting fuels to sendouts. What is needed, then, is a way to meld the performance of individual plant components into a total plant performance index that accurately measures the economic effectiveness of the plant. This paper details such a method developed by the Cogeneration Management Company to accomplish the performance evaluation of its Medical Area Total Energy Plant which supplies electricity, steam, and chilled water to the Longwood. Medical Area in Boston, This method - which is easily adapted to a variety of cogeneration designs - addresses the aforementioned complexities in the assessing of a cogeneration plant`s effectiveness and results in simple-to-understand plant performance quantifications which have proved to be of great utility in ensuring the economically sound operation of MATEP.

Cogeneration is now accepted as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly means of meeting some of a building`s heating and power needs. Cogeneration plants have been installed in many buildings throughout the United Kingdom. Because of commercial pressures, building owners and cogeneration companies are keen to reduce the time and money involved in sizing units, and a decision support tool has been developed to aid the engineer in selecting the unit size. An initial assessment of the sizing can be made with only knowledge of the building`s type, size, and location, which enables the model to be used in new build situations. For an existing building, the accuracy of the predictions can then be progressively improved by providing more information about the building`s energy use, enabling the optimum unit to be identified. This paper briefly describes the model and demonstrates its use through an example feasibility study.

Cogeneration, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is the combined sequential generation of electricity and thermal or electric energy. The technology has been known essentially since the first commercial generation of electricity as a high efficiency technology option. After a period of decline, its use increased significantly during the 1980s and it is receiving renewed interest lately as a means of increasing efficiency and reducing emissions of air pollutants including carbon emissions. New and developing technology options have added to this potential. Forecasts of future growth and efforts to stimulate cogeneration need to take into account the history of the technology, the factors that have driven it in the past, and factors which could stimulate or retard future growth. This paper reviews and analyzes these factors and looks toward the future potential for cogeneration.

The decision of whether to cogenerate involves several considerations, including technical, economic, environmental, legal, and regulatory issues. Each of these issues is addressed separately in this handbook. In addition, a chapter is included on preparing a three-phase work statement, which is needed to guide the design of a cogeneration system. In addition, an annotated bibliography and a glossary of terminology are provided. Appendix A provides an energy-use profile of the petroleum refining industry. Appendices B through O provide specific information that will be called out in subsequent chapters.

The decision of whether to cogenerate involves several considerations, including technical, economic, environmental, legal, and regulatory issues. Each of these issues is addressed separately in this handbook. In addition, a chapter is included on preparing a three-phase work statement, which is needed to guide the design of a cogeneration system. In addition, an annotated bibliography and a glossary of terminology are provided. Appendix A provides an energy-use profile of the pulp and paper industry. Appendices B and O provide specific information that will be called out in subsequent chapters.

The desision of whether to cogenerate involves several considerations, including technical, economic, environmental, legal, and regulatory issues. Each of these issues is addressed separately in this handbook. In addition, a chapter is included on preparing a three-phase work statement, which is needed to guide the design of a cogeneration system. In addition, an annotated bibliography and a glossary of terminology are provided. Appendix A provides an energy-use profile of the chemical industry. Appendices B through O provide specific information that will be called out in subsequent chapters.

The decision of whether to cogenerate involves several considerations, including technical, economic, environmental, legal, and regulatory issues. Each of these issues is addressed separately in this handbook. In addition, a chapter is included on preparing a three-phase work statement, which is needed to guide the design of a cogeneration system. In addition, an annotated bibliography and a glossary of terminology are provided. Appendix A provides an energy-use profile of the textile industry. Appendices B through O provide specific information that will be called out in subsequent chapters.

A methodology for performance evaluation of a combined-cycle cogeneration system has been presented. Results for such a system using an advanced gas-turbine as the prime mover show that it is a very versatile system. It can produce a large power-to-heat ratio together with a high second-law efficiency over a wide range of process steam pressures. This work also demonstrates once again that the most appropriate and useful performance parameters for decision-making in cogeneration system design are the second-law efficiency and the power-to-heat ratio.

General Electric's method of steam turbine performance was used with pure electrical and with cogeneration power plants at various flow rates. Comparisons were made for two cases: (1) the same amount of heat is added to each boiler and the amount of electrical power generated is compared; and (2) when each plant should produce the same amount of electric power and the amount of heat added to each boiler is compared. Cogeneration is energetically more efficient than pure electrical plant. Correlations for the dependence of heat rate, power generated, heat added to throttle flow ratio were obtained from this work.

The Okeelanta Cogeneration Project is a Bagasse- and wood chip-fired cogeneration project with a net electrical output of approximately 70MW, located at the Okeelanta Corporation`s sugar mill in South Bay, Florida. The Project is comprised of three stoker type boilers each capable of producing 440,000 lbs/hr of steam at 1455 psia, 955F, and a single extraction/condensing steam turbine with a gross output of 75 MW. The electrical output will be sold to Florida Power and Light under the terms of an executed power purchase agreement and delivered at 138kV.

The decision of whether to cogenerate involves several considerations, including technical, economic, environmental, legal, and regulatory issues. Each of these issues is addressed separately in this handbook. In addition, a chapter is included on preparing a three-phase work statement, which is needed to guide the design of a cogeneration system. In addition, an annotated bibliography and a glossary of terminology are provided. Appendix A provides an energy-use profile of the food processing industry. Appendices B through O provide specific information that will be called out in subsequent chapters.

Cities and counties build many multi-million dollar facilities, and supplying energy to run these facilities is a long-term obligation for a community. Cogeneration offers local governments an opportunity to reduce the cost of providing electricity, heating, and cooling to their buildings. Sometimes cogeneration is combined with district heating and cooling systems. This kind of cogeneration results in system efficiencies as high as 70%--about twice the efficiency of a conventional power plant that produces only electricity! The article describes cogeneration combined with district cooling in Trenton, NJ, and cogeneration on a small scale in San Jose, California.

More than 240 nonprofit organizations to receive monetary donations from Los Alamos National Security, LLC June 10, 2013 Employees and retirees perform 270,000 volunteer hours LOS ALAMOS, N.M., June 10, 2013-Nonprofit organizations will receive more than $180,000 from Los Alamos National Security (LANS), LLC during a recognition event beginning at 9:30 a.m. June 12, at Fuller Lodge in downtown Los Alamos. LANS contributions are determined by the number of volunteer hours logged by Los Alamos

The potential and existing problems concerning the interface between US electric utilities and cogenerators are considered by region. Also considered are regulatory barriers, rates and contracts, economic feasibility, and impact on system planning. Finally, the impact of the National Energy Act on the marketability potential of cogeneration is reviewed. The three appendixes summarize the utility meetings on cogeneration held in Washington, DC, Los Angeles, and Chicago.

A large MDF (medium density fiberboard) plant recently started industrial production at the headquarters of Fantoni, in Osoppo (UDINE) Italy. Providing electric power and thermal energy to the process is a cogeneration plant based on four large spark-ignited gas engines. The new Osoppo MDF plant processes 800 m{sup 3} of finished boards per day in a manufacturing line that combines the most advanced technologies available from several European equipment manufacturers. The cogeneration plant features four type 12VA32G spark-ignited gas engines from Fincantieri`s Diesel Engine Division, driving 50Hz, 6.3 kV, 5400 kVA Ansaldo generators at 750 r/min. The turbocharged and intercooled engines are a spark-ignited version of the company`s A32 diesel. They feature 12 Vee-arranged cylinders with 320 mm bore and 390 mm stroke. 5 figs.

A cogeneration plant now under construction at an oil refinery in Martinez, California, is an example of how the energy industry has been responding to the fundamental economic and technological challenges it has been facing over the past ten years. The industry is re-examining cogeneration as one way of meeting the requirements of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act. The new plant is located at Tosco Corporation's Avon Oil Refinery, 45 miles northeast of San Francisco. It was designed by Foster Wheeler to supply process steam for the refinery as well as for a water-treatment installation that will benefit the Contra Costa Water District. Electric power produced will be used primarily by the refinery, with the balance purchased by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company.

What is cogeneration and how does it reduce costs? Cogeneration is the production of power -- and useful heat -- from the same fuel. In a typical biomass-fueled cogeneration plant, a steam turbine drives a generator, producing electricity. The plant uses steam from the turbine for heating, drying, or other uses. The benefits of cogeneration can mostly easily be seen through actual samples. For example, cogeneration fits well with the operation of sawmills. Sawmills can produce more steam from their waste wood than they need for drying lumber. Wood waste is a disposal problem unless the sawmill converts it to energy. The case studies in Section 8 illustrate some pluses and minuses of cogeneration. The electricity from the cogeneration plant can do more than meet the in-house requirements of the mill or manufacturing plant. PURPA -- the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 -- allows a cogenerator to sell power to a utility and make money on the excess power it produces. It requires the utility to buy the power at a fair price -- the utility`s {open_quotes}avoided cost.{close_quotes} This can help make operation of a cogeneration plant practical.

Cogeneration is the simultaneous generation of two types of energy, usually electricity and thermal energy, from a single energy source such as natural gas or diesel fuel. Cogeneration systems can be twice (or more) as efficient than conventional energy systems since both the electricity and the available thermal energy produced as a by-product of the electric generation, are used. This study identified cogeneration technologies and equipment capable of meeting Department of Defense (DOD) requirements for generation of electrical and thermal energy and described a wide range of successful cogeneration system configurations potentially applicable to DOD energy plants, including: cogeneration system prime movers, electrical generating equipment, heat recovery equipment, and control systems. State of the art cogeneration components are discussed in detail along with typical applications and analysis tools that are currently available to assist in the evaluation of potential cogeneration projects. A basic analysis was performed for 55 DOD installations to determine the economic benefits of cogeneration to the DOD. The study concludes that, in general, cogeneration systems can be a very cost effective method of providing the military with its energy needs.

An optimal operational planning method is proposed for cogeneration systems with thermal storage. The daily operational strategy of constituent equipment is determined so as to minimize the daily operational cost subject to the energy demand requirement. This optimization problem is formulated as a large-scale mixed-integer linear programming one, and it is solved by means of the decomposition method. Effects of thermal storage on the operation of cogeneration systems are examined through a numerical study on a gas engine-driven cogeneration system installed in a hotel. This method is a useful tool for evaluating the economic and energy-saving properties of cogeneration systems with thermal storage.

December 3, 2015 Mr. William Johnson President Mission Support Alliance, LLC 2490 Garlick Boulevard P.O. Box 650 Richland, Washington 99352 WEL-2015-07 Dear Mr. Johnson: The Office of Enterprise Assessments' Office of Enforcement has completed an evaluation of an incident involving a rigger injured during a crane re-spooling operation, as reported into the Department of Energy's (DOE) Occurrence Reporting and Processing System under EM-RL--MSC-FSS-2015-0002 on May 11, 2015. On May 1, 2015, a

Security, LLC helps fund Domenici Scholarship August 14, 2008 Donates $500,000 to support area students LOS ALAMOS, New Mexico, August 14, 2008- Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS) is donating $500,000 to the Senator Pete Domenici Endowed Scholarship Fund, which has been established in honor of New Mexico's senior senator. The scholarship, to be managed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory Foundation, recognizes Domenici's more than three decades of support for Northern New Mexico, the

The results of a study investigating solar cogeneration in conjunction with a flash furnace copper smelting operation in southwest New Mexico are presented. Results include a discussion of the overall system configuration with particular emphasis on system design, operation and control. Preliminary findings of the study indicate the potential for an increase in copper production of up to 90 percent due to the higher oxygen content of ambient air relative to the currently combusted air source. Projected capital costs estimates for the facility coupled with appropriate schedule and economic assumptions indicate that a return on investment in excess of 30 percent is achievable.

An experimental observation of spatiotemporal evolution of dust density waves (DDWs) in cogenerated dusty plasma in the presence of modified field induced by glass plate is reported. Various DDWs, such as vertical, oblique, and stationary, were detected simultaneously for the first time. Evolution of spatiotemporal complexity like bifurcation in propagating wavefronts is also observed. As dust concentration reaches extremely high value, the DDW collapses. Also, the oblique and nonpropagating mode vanishes when we increase the number of glass plates, while dust particles were trapped above each glass plates showing only vertical DDWs.

The contemporary situation of our environment claims the sensitive approach to solving effective conversion of energy. Limited supplies of noble fuels and their prices evoke the need to use new combustion technologies of accessible fuels in given region without negative ecological influences. Energoproject participates in the preparation of the two projects in Ostrava-Karvin{acute a} black coal field in Czech Republic. The most effective usage of fuel energy is the combined of electricity and heat. If this physical principle is supported by a pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) one obtains a high electricity/heat ratio integrated steam-gas cycle on the basis of solid fuel. Cogeneration plant Toebovice is the dominant source (600 MW{sub th}) of Ostrava district heating system (1100 MW{sub th}). The high utilization of the installed output and utilization of the clean, compact and efficient of the PFBC technology is the principal but not the single reason for the selection of the Toebovice power plant as the first cogeneration plant for installation of the PFBC in Czech Republic. The boiler will burn black coal from the neighboring coal basin.

The Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) leads the U.S. Department of Energy`s Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Program. The program focuses on developing TES for daily cycling (diurnal storage), annual cycling (seasonal storage), and utility-scale applications [utility thermal energy storage (UTES)]. Several of these storage technologies can be used in a new or an existing power generation facility to increase its efficiency and promote the use of the TES technology within the utility and the industrial sectors. The UTES project has included a study of both heat storage and cool storage systems for different utility-scale applications. The study reported here has shown that an oil/rock diurnal TES system, when integrated with a simple gas turbine cogeneration system, can produce on-peak power for $0.045 to $0.06 /kWh, while supplying a 24-hour process steam load. The molten salt storage system was found to be less suitable for simple as well as combined-cycle cogeneration applications. However, certain advanced TES concepts and storage media could substantially improve the performance and economic benefits. In related study of a chill TES system was evaluated for precooling gas turbine inlet air, which showed that an ice storage system could be used to effectively increase the peak generating capacity of gas turbines when operating in hot ambient conditions.

The Waste-to-Energy Cogeneration Project at Centennial Park has allowed methane from the closed Centennial landfill to export excess power into the the local utility’s electric grid for resale. This project is part of a greater brownfield reclamation project to the benefit of the residents of Munster and the general public. Installation of a gas-to-electric generator and waste-heat conversion unit take methane byproduct and convert it into electricity at the rate of about 103,500 Mwh/year for resale to the local utility. The sale of the electricity will be used to reduce operating budgets by covering the expenses for streetlights and utility bills. The benefits of such a project are not simply financial. Munster’s Waste-to Energy Cogeneration Project at Centennial Park will reduce the community’s carbon footprint in an amount equivalent to removing 1,100 cars from our roads, conserving enough electricity to power 720 homes, planting 1,200 acres of trees, or recycling 2,000 tons of waste instead of sending it to a landfill.

This report describes a two-phase energy project currently contemplated for joint implementation at the Victorias Milling Company, a large sugar mill and refinery on the island of Negros in the Visayas region of the Philippines. The Energy Efficiency (EE) phase is expected to reduce of eliminate VMC`s fossil fuel consumption, which will have a direct and substantial impact on carbon emissions. Phase I is an EE project which involves the installation of equipment to reduce steam and electricity demand in the factories. Phase II, will involve retrofitting and increasing the capacity of the steam and power generation systems, and selling power to the grid. By increasing efficiency and output, the cogeneration project will allow the factory to use only bagasse sugar cane fiber waste as fuel for energy needs. The cogeneration project will also eliminate VMC`s electricity purchases and supply additional power for the island, which will offset generation capacity expansion on the island and the Visayas region.

Transient behavior is thought to play an integral role in brain functionality. Numerical simulations of the firing activity of diffusively coupled, excitable Morris-Lecar neurons reveal transient spatiotemporal chaos in the parameter regime below the saddle-node on invariant circle bifurcation point. The neighborhood of the chaotic saddle is reached through perturbations of the rest state, in which few initially active neurons at an effective spatial distance can initiate spatiotemporal chaos. The system escapes from the neighborhood of the chaotic saddle to either the rest state or to a state of pulse propagation. The lifetime of the chaotic transients is manipulated in a statistical sense through a singular application of a synchronous perturbation to a group of neurons.

The sale of cogenerated process steam to industries could allow Arkansas Power and Light to expand its operation from power generation to manufactured energy at double the revenue. Rising oil prices and pending gas deregulation are forcing industrial customers to look for alternative fuel supplies. Utilities must seize the opportunity to sell cogenerated steam before prospective customers decide to generate their own power and steam, although a user survey shows that industry is reluctant to commit the capital at this time. AP and L's system will join combined-cycle cogeneration and coal gasification. Four figures display the data developed during AP and L's continuing feasibility studies. (DCK)

The site-specific conceptual design progress is described for a solar central receiver cogeneration facility at a Kansas utility. The process is described which led to the selection of the preferred solar cogeneration facility. The status of the conceptual design is presented. The evaluation of system performance is described. A test program is described that is to determine the magnitude of impact that local environmental factors have on collector system performance and to measure the direct normal insolation at the cogeneration facility site. The system specification is appended. (LEW)