This thesis concerns the relation between archaeologists and the Atikamekw from the Wemotaci community, located in the Haute Mauricie region. This relation will be studied from the perspective of knowledge transmission. Archaeologists and Native Americans each possess a distinct knowledge and it is the dynamic nature of the encounter between these two knowledge systems that will be discussed here. Different viewpoints on many themes, such as the way the past, territory or the objet are perceived do not, however, impede a mutual recognition between the archaeologists and the Atikamekw. Indeed, each group gains and incorporates the knowledge of the other according to their preoccupations and needs. This transmission of knowledge is not limited to that between archaeologist and Atikamekw; it also occurs between the different Atikamekw generations. Within the history of colonization, education and settlement in sedentary communities, Atikamekw knowledge is changing. Thus, archaeology can become a way to promote Indigenous knowledge by favouring an intergenerational encounter on an archaeological field project. Finally, within a context where First Nations want to become more involved in their cultural heritage, archaeology can also be a means of cultural reappropration.