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from Physiology to a general Biology „Only the investigation of living beings as subjects can lead physiology onto the right way. And studying subjects means practizing Biology“ (Uexküll 1933)Torsten Rüting - Centre for the History of Science, Mathematics

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Uexküll‘s renewed Biology  Biology should - study organisms not as objects, but as active subjects that are creating their “Umwelt” - focus on the organism’s abilities to integrate itself into a complex environment “Umweltforschung”: the investigation of: the communicative unity of the organism and the world sensed by it.Torsten Rüting - Centre for the History of Science, Mathematics

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„Umwelt“ unique phenomenal world embracing each individual, like a “soap bubble” the world of an animal (human), the perception of which is determined by the animal’s design, it’s activity, needs, etc. the individual organism is always actively creating it’s Umwelt „The Umwelt of an astronomer“, illustration by Thure v. Uexküll, 1934Torsten Rüting - Centre for the History of Science, Mathematics

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Funktionskreis – function-circle Illustrating: – the complex interrelation of an organism and the objects of its environment. – the Unity of • sensing and acting • the subject and the objectTorsten Rüting - Centre for the History of Science, Mathematics

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Summarizing Uexküll’s Biology The scientist is a subject, and pure objectivity is a myth. The secrets of life cannot be revealed just by looking for physical or chemical causality. Organisms are more than mechanisms; their fascinating abilities and behavior are based on sign processes – perception and transmission of signs to which meaning is ascribed according to their significance in different situations. Terminology of signs: „Merkzeichen, Wirkzeichen Lokalzeichen, Momentzeichen, Merk – und Wirkmal“Torsten Rüting - Centre for the History of Science, Mathematics

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First „own“ laboratory The Aquarium in the old Zoological Garden (built by William Lloyd in 1870) „Laboratorium für Umweltforschung“ in the small shop left of the entranceTorsten Rüting - Centre for the History of Science, Mathematics

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“subjective space” (Der subjektive Raum) of the animal Uexküll J. v., Brock F. 1927. Atlas zur Bestimmung der Orte in den Sehräumen der Tiere. – Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 5: 167-178. human Musca - Photographic image represents the human Sehraum. By using a grids with different pitches of the matrix the resolution of the compound eye of a fly (Musca) or the eye of a mussel (Pecten) was emulated - the pitch of the raster, corresponding to the sensory elements in the eyes of the animals. Dots corresponding to “visual locations in the visual space. “Sehorte” - In order to eliminate the artifacts of the grid, aquarell paintings of the supposed Umwelten were produced: Science-based pieces of art Grid, raster pitch PectenTorsten Rüting - Centre for the History of Science, Mathematics

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Applied Umweltforschung: Teaching guide dogs - the method of Uexküll- Sarris The cart of the size of a man forces some features (obstacles) of the human Umwelt into the dog‘s UmweltTorsten Rüting - Centre for the History of Science, Mathematics

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1940-1944 Evening of his Life on CapriTorsten Rüting - Centre for the History of Science, Mathematics

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Jakob von Uexküll-Archiv für Umweltforschung und Biosemiotik at the University of Hamburg Keeping: books and offprints of Uexküll‘s scientific library and the library of the „Institute für Umweltforschung“ Collecting: Uexküll, Umweltforschung, Biosemiotics www.math.uni-hamburg.de/home/ruetingTorsten Rüting - Centre for the History of Science, Mathematics