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The E. I. Du Pont site is in Pompton Lakes, Passaic County, New Jersey. E. I. Du Pont, Pompton
Lakes Works (PLW) is an explosives manufacturing operation that has been in operation since
1886. The site has been owned by Du Pont since 1902. Waste management practices during this
time have resulted in significant contamination of surface water, soil and sediment, and groundwater
contamination both on and off site. Elevated levels of lead and mercury were found in off-site soils
in the Acid Brook flood plain, known as the Acid Brook Area. Private wells downgradient from
PLW are contaminated with elevated levels of chlorinated solvents. Residents in the Acid Brook
Area have been exposed to elevated levels of heavy metals in soil, and residents downgradient from
PLW have been exposed to elevated levels of chlorinated solvents in groundwater. Exposures to
contaminants in groundwater ceased in 1985, when two residents who had been using their private
wells as their drinking water supply were provided alternative water supplies; however, exposures to
heavy metals in soils may continue to occur until remediation of Acid Brook Area soils is complete.
Therefore, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) concludes that this site
was a past public health hazard, and will remain a public health hazard until off-site remediation is
complete.

Exposure to lead- and mercury-contaminated soils in the Acid Brook Area may cause adverse health
effects. Findings in the scientific literature indicate that chronic low level exposures to lead in soil
have been associated with decreased learning ability in children. In addition, long-term exposures to
trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, dichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride found in some private
wells have resulted in a low to moderate increased risk for cancer for residents who have used the
wells as a drinking water supply in the past. Long-term ingestion of those chlorinated solvents in
groundwater may also affect the central nervous system, liver, kidneys, and skin.

Health outcome data were available from the State of New Jersey and from Lenox Elementary
School. E.I. Du Pont biomonitoring tests of local residents were also reported, which included
analyses of lead and mercury from blood and urine samples. However, the health outcome data
currently available are inadequate to evaluate the relationship between environmental contamination
and adverse health outcome among community members.

Residents of the Acid Brook Area expressed numerous concerns about the lead and mercury soil
contamination in their yards, including cleanup levels and migration of contamination into the
school water supply. Residents have also raised several health concerns including learning
disabilities, blood diseases, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and other unexplained illnesses and deaths.
Detailed responses to these concerns appear in the Public Health Implications Section of this public
health assessment.

Many public health activities have already taken place under the direction of the New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection and Energy (NJDEPE), the New Jersey Department of
Health (NJDOH) and E.I. Du Pont. Some of these public health activities have included posting
health advisories for the Acid Brook Area, and portions of Wanaque River, and Pompton Lake;
providing biomonitoring for community members; community meetings; and relocation during
remediation of residential properties. ATSDR recommends maintaining existing health advisories
for Acid Brook, Wanaque River, and Pompton Lake until monitoring data indicate that exposures to
soils, surface water, and fish are not a public health threat. The Agency also recommends
continuing to restrict access to the PLW property and to post the Acid Brook Area until remediation
is complete. In addition, ATSDR recommends (1) ensuring that all private wells downgradient from
PLW are not being used as a drinking water supply; (2) continuing to monitor groundwater at and
downgradient from PLW; and (3) conducting a community health investigation for Acid Brook
residents to better evaluate health outcomes.

The ATSDR Health Activities Recommendation Panel concurred with these recommendations, and
recommended additional public health actions. Based on their recommendations, the public health
assessment and the conclusions, ATSDR will implement the following actions: 1) conduct
additional health profession education for local health care providers and Lenox Elementary School
Learning Disability Staff as needed, and 2) address other public health issues as needed or if new
data becomes available. Also, NJDOH is planning to conduct a community health investigation as recommended by HARP.

BACKGROUND

ATSDR will evaluate the public health significance of on- and off-site contamination, will determine
whether health effects are possible, and will recommend actions to reduce or prevent possible health
effects. ATSDR, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, is a federal agency within the U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services and is authorized by the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) to conduct health assessments at hazardous
waste sites.

A. Site Description and History

Pompton Lakes Works

The 600 acre E.I. Du Pont, Pompton Lake Works (PLW) site, an explosives manufacturing
operation, is at the north end of Pompton Lakes, New Jersey. The site lies to the south of a rural
mountainous area near Wanaque River and north of Pompton Lake. The Acid Brook Area lies to
the south of PLW. Acid Brook is a perennial stream running through the center of PLW and then
continues south south-east until it empties into Pompton Lake (1). The Acid Brook Area contains
Du Pont Village and an additional residential area that borders Acid Brook on the south (2).
NJDEPE defined this area for remediation purposes through soil sampling (see Appendix A, Figure
1) (3). The public health assessment will focus on the PLW site and the Acid Brook Area, since
environmental contamination has been characterized in both of those areas.

E.I. Du Pont acquired PLW in 1902. PLW had been in operation since 1886. In 1989, Du Pont
scaled down operations by 60% (4). During its lengthy history (see the table on the next page) PLW
produced black powder, smokeless powder, blasting caps, detonating fuses, mercury fulminate,
boosters, primers, rocket igniters, bullets, grenades, and lead azide. Primary substances used on site
have been explosives manufactured from salts of lead, mercury, and sodium; organic explosives;
metal wire and blasting cap components, and solvents for raw material and product cleaning (3).

Production of those materials generated various wastes. Wastes disposed of on site included lead
salts, mercury compounds, explosive powders, chlorinated solvents, waste wire drawing solution,
and detonated blasting caps. In 1988, Du Pont identified 119 possible waste disposal areas scattered
throughout PLW; however, only 23 were active at the time (3). For a complete history of activities
at PLW, see Appendix D (4).

PLW Site Operational Chronology (10)

Operation

Chemicals Involved in Process

Dates of
Operation

mercury fulminate production

mercury fulminate powder, ethyl
alcohol, nitric acid

1912 - 1950's

lead azide production

sodium azide, lead nitrate, lead
carbonate sludge, lead azide powder

1930 - present

powder processing

waste solvents

1906 - present

boron/red lead delays

lead, boron, 1,1,1-TCA, Thiokol,
red lead powders, lead tubing

1929 - present

loading operations

solvents

1906 - present

shell production

animal fat lubricants, solvents,
metal scrap

1910 - present

wire production

lubricants, spent solvents, scrap
iron and copper, scrap wire

1900 - present

cordline production

acetone, hydraulic oil

late 1970's -
present

jet tapper production

RDX, pentolite, tetryl, acetone,
alcohol

late 1940's -
present

rivet production

solvents, degreaser

1937 - 1970

metal cladding

amatol residues, cholorothene,
metal waste

1966 - 1973

assembly operations

solvents

1906 - present

control laboratory operation

powder residues, metal waste, waste
solvents

unknown - present

On September 15, 1988, Du Pont entered into an Administrative Consent Order with NJDEPE,
which required investigation and remediation of all contamination on and emanating from the PLW
property (43).

On July 5, 1990, PLW was issued a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
permit by NJDEPE for five on-site areas, including those used for storing and
burning wastes. On August 24, 1992, the Environmental Protection Agency ordered
corrective actions at all waste management operations throughout the site under
the Hazardous Substance and Waste Amendment (41).

Off site and Acid Brook Area

Environmental investigations began for this area in 1984, when Du Pont reportedly suspected that a
plume of contaminated groundwater may have migrated off site. In October 1985, Du Pont sampled
private wells of nearby residents and connected two residences to the municipal water system later
that same year (4). These two homes were the only two using the private well water for drinking
water purposes at that time (43). In May 1990, Du Pont discovered other off-site contamination,
primarily heavy metals, in the soil and sediments along Acid Brook and the Wanaque River.

The Acid Brook Area residential history dates from 1920 when the first deeds were issued for
property along the southern bank. However, development took place primarily from 1940 to the
present. The most recent development took place on the northern end of Acid Brook in 1951 (3).

A health advisory was issued jointly by E.I. Du Pont and the Borough of Pompton Lakes advising
against eating fish caught in Acid Brook, the Wanaque River or Pompton Lake, and advising
against disturbing the soil along the stream beds (5). In December 1990, 5500 soil samples and
stream bank samples, taken in and around Acid Brook, indicated elevated levels of lead and
mercury (4). Subsequently, a Remedial Action Work Plan for PLW Acid Brook Cleanup became
final in March 1991 (3).

On April 1, 1991, based on health concerns of citizens, NJDOH petitioned ATSDR for a health
assessment of the Acid Brook Area (6). Also, upon request of the NJDOH, ATSDR issued two
health consultations. The first was to evaluate the threat to public health posed by off-site soil and
sediment contamination in the Borough of Pompton Lake, and the second was to review the work
plan for remediation of the off-site contamination (2, 41). Also, after a request from the NJDOH,
ATSDR recommended that some residents temporarily move during clean up of Acid Brook and
that criteria be developed to determine who should move and when. Du Pont offered and provided
relocation to all residents. On June 4, 1991, following a visit to the Acid Brook site, ATSDR
accepted NJDOH's request for a public health assessment of the Acid Brook Area.

B. Site Visits

From April 6 - 10, 1992, ATSDR environmental health scientist, Ms. Lynelle Neufer, and Region II
Representative, Mr. Arthur Block, visited the site. They toured the Acid Brook area on April 8,
1992. A Du Pont representative and the county health officer accompanied ATSDR personnel on
the site visit.

Acid Brook flows through various yards in a residential area of Pompton Lakes. At some points, the
brook is lined by cement block walls about four feet high. These walls are in various stages of disrepair. The following observations were made:

Warning signs were posted at intervals along the brook and Pompton Lake that read:
CAUTION DO NOT ALLOW CHILDREN TO PLAY IN THIS AREA in both English and Spanish. The visitors did not see any "no fishing" signs.

Evidence of children playing was noted at several locations along Acid Brook. Evidence
included toys, a shovel, a ball, and a broken bicycle found in the brook. Bike tracks, food
wrappers, and soda cans were noted in the sediment around the banks of the brook. During
the site visit, residents with whom ATSDR staff members spoke also reported seeing
children playing in the brook despite warnings. One resident found children building a dam
in the brook out of rocks found in the nearby sediments. She instructed them not to play there and told them to go home and take showers.

The Lakeside School is next to the delta of Acid Brook to Pompton Lake. Signs, in both English and Spanish, are posted warning children not to play in the water or around sediments. Access is not restricted.

ATSDR staff members observed a man fishing on Pompton Lake. He communicated that he
fishes for carp for personal consumption; however, he spoke very little English and no
Spanish. He was unaware of the fish advisory.

Residences closest to PLW were older, middle-income homes. Some yards had relatively poor vegetative cover. Yards next to the site were fenced; however, access to the site was available through open gates and broken fences.

Some residences had already had contaminated soil removed and their yards and landscaping
completed. Others were in the soil removal process. Access to these homes was restricted
with 24-hour security to prevent theft. Windows were sealed with plastic and tape. Yards were restricted by bright orange snow fencing, signs, and cones.

Throughout the representatives' tour of Acid Brook, young children were observed playing in yards and in the street.

A couple of small industries were observed along Acid Brook, including a film developer.
Incidents of chemical spills in the brook were reported by residents during the site visit.
These spills were accompanied by pungent odors. The residents suspected that the spilled 55-gallon drums on the film developer property may have been the source.

The following observations were made at the PLW site:

The entrance area to PLW was being remediated extensively. The site abuts the back yards
of about ten residences. Access was restricted by six-foot chain link fences, orange snow
fences, and signs. The Du Pont representative reported that the contamination has been
removed and that the area is being landscaped and restored.

Access to the site, although restricted by six-foot chain link barbed wire fences and no
trespassing signs, is still easy through open gates and breaks in the fence. Guards at the gate
checked all visitors. The Du Pont plant manager reported that trespassing is rare to
nonexistent, and gates and fences are monitored 24 hours by security guards.

C. Demographics, Land Use and Natural Resource Use

In order to evaluate potential health effects associated with exposure to hazardous substances in the
environment, ATSDR obtains information on the population in the vicinity of the site
("demographics"), the types of land use near the site, and natural resource use in the area.

Population information is needed because some types of illnesses and diseases are more common in
certain age groups such as the elderly or children, in certain ethnic groups, or in groups of people
with low income. In addition, some groups may be more sensitive to the presence of hazardous
substances in the environment. Information on education levels provides ATSDR some guidance on
what types of health communication programs may be useful near the site in the future. Land use
information is important because sensitive groups of people, such as schoolchildren or residents of
health care facilities, may be located near the site. Use of some natural resources, such as
groundwater, may have an effect on the potential for human exposure to hazardous substances.

Demographics

According to 1990 United States Census data, 10,539 people reside in Pompton
Lakes, a community in northwest Passaic County (29). The community is predominantly
white (97.2%) with a relatively even distribution of ages (23.2% of residents
under the age of 18, and 14% above 65) (29). Census tract 1964 encompasses Pompton
Lake. Block groups 2, 3, and 9 are those census block groups that surround Acid
Brook (see Figure 3 in Appendix A). A total of 3013 persons reside within these
three block groups. Demographic age data for block groups 2, 3, and 9 appear
in the table below.

A survey of homes in the Acid Brook area was given to ATSDR by Du Pont. Du Pont reports that
they either spoke in person or over the phone with every family in compiling these data (44). The
Acid Brook Area is smaller than the block group area and is contained within it (see Figures 1 and 2
in Appendix A). A total of 418 people reside in the Acid Brook Area. For an age breakdown, see
the table below.

Summary Demographic Data for the Acid Brook Area

Age

Number of persons

Census Block Groups 2,3,
and 9

Survey of Acid Brook Area

under 1

37

10

1 - 6

199

45

7 - 11

152

32

12 up

2625

331

Pompton Lakes is primarily a middle-income community. The median value of homes is about
$160,000 in census blocks 2,3, and 9, according to 1990 US Census Data (29).

Land Use

The Acid Brook Area and the surrounding neighborhood are primarily residential areas,
concentrated south and southeast of Acid Brook, (see Figure 2 in Appendix A for the definition of
the Acid Brook Area). A few residences are located within a mile north of Acid Brook and PLW in
a narrow valley. There are approximately 1000 homes within a mile of Acid Brook (1). There are
currently 137 properties, both residential and commercial, within the Acid Brook Area.

A mix of commercial businesses and homes is centralized 1000 - 2000 feet southwest
and west of the southern end of Acid Brook (see Figure
1 in Appendix A) (1). Twelve businesses lie within the Acid Brook Area on
Cannonball Road (8).

PLW is the main industry in Pompton Lakes, located directly north and next to the Acid Brook Area
on Cannonball Road. PLW occupies 600 acres in two valleys between Pompton Lake (to the east)
and two mountainous ridges (to the west and north). PLW contains approximately 100 buildings on
site (see Figure 1 in Appendix A) (1).

Four domestic gardens were tested within the Acid Brook Area. These gardens consisted of carrots,
tomatoes, peppers, beans, cucumbers, eggplants, and cabbages (9). Residents report that there were
many more gardens present in the area.

Schools are located 1000, 1500, and 2000 feet southeast of the southern end of Acid Brook (1). An
elementary school is situated 450 feet from where Acid Brook empties into Pompton Lake (2). The
closest hospital is three and a half miles away in Pompton Plains (1), (See figure 1 in Appendix A).

Natural Resources

Pompton Lakes residents receive their water supply from three municipal groundwater wells. The
closest is half a mile southwest of PLW near the southern border of Twin Lake; the other two are
located three quarters of a mile and a mile and a half south and southwest of Acid Brook
respectively (1,10).

Twenty-six private wells were identified south of PLW and sampling began in 1985. Two
residences with contaminated wells were connected to the municipal water supply in 1985, and by
1989, all private wells identified in the Pompton Lakes community, whether contaminated or not,
were connected to the municipal water supply (10,4).

There are four main surface water bodies in Pompton Lake: Acid Brook, Wanaque River,
Pequannok River, and Pompton Lake. First, Acid Brook is a very shallow stream originating in a
mountainous ridge north of PLW, flowing south through residential areas, and discharging into
Pompton Lake. Acid Brook flows year around and flows through the center of the PLW property
(1,9).

Second, Wanaque River is a shallow stream flowing in a southerly direction through the center of
Pompton Lakes, parallel to Acid Brook. Wanaque River originates from the large Wanaque
Reservoir 2.5 miles due north of Pompton Lake. Wanaque River empties into the Pequannok River
at the Riverdale-Pompton Lakes municipal boundary. Wanaque River lies 500 feet east of the
current PLW property and through Du Pont property (10,1). The river used to be dammed to form
Lake Inez (as pictured in Figure 1 in Appendix A); however, the dam was removed in 1984. PLW
plant storage facilities were located along the banks of the former Lake Inez, and reportedly
foundations from past PLW operations are still evident (10).

Third, the Pequannok River originates from the Charlotteburg and Oak Ridge Reservoirs west of
Pompton Lakes, and flows down the western border of Pompton Lakes through a residential
neighborhood (1,9). The Pequannok River is similar in size to the Wanaque River, and is a mile
and a half south west of PLW (1).

Finally, Pompton Lake is a small urban lake formed by a dam on the Ramapo River (9). It is
approximately two miles long and a half mile wide. Residential areas of the Pompton Lake
community border the lake on the west, while rural mountainous areas make up the eastern and
southern borders. The lake lies 2000 feet southeast of PLW, with residential areas in between. Acid
Brook empties into the western end of the lake at the lakes widest point (1), (see Figure 1 in
Appendix A for location of these four water bodies and their relation to the site and the Acid Brook
Area).

Currently, health advisories are in effect for Acid Brook, Wanaque River, and Pompton Lake (5).
The health advisories were issued jointly by Du Pont and the Borough of Pompton Lakes in 1990.
Specifically, these precautionary measures were suggested to the citizens of Pompton Lake:

- Avoid direct contact with soil.
- If contact with soil is unavoidable, wash dirt off as soon as possible.
- Encourage children to play in other areas.
- Do not garden in the area near Acid Brook or the Wanaque River.
- Do not eat fish from Acid Brook, Wanaque River, or Pompton Lake.
- Do not disturb soil adjacent to Acid Brook or Wanaque River.

The extent of community compliance with the health advisory is unknown. During a previous site
visit, ATSDR personnel observed children playing and wading in Acid Brook (4). On the most
recent site visit, further evidence of noncompliance with warnings was noted, (see the Site Visit section).

D. Health Outcome Data

Government agencies routinely collect information on the health of the population within their areas
of jurisdiction. The federal government collects general health information on the entire nation.
Many state health departments have developed registries of illnesses and diseases. Some county and
local health departments also routinely collect health information. Concerned citizens and citizen
action groups may also collect health information in areas of interest. This section identifies the
available databases. The Public Health Implications Section evaluates the relevance of these
databases to this public health assessment. The following is a list of available databases.

Sources of state and local data for health outcome information include:

The NJDOH Cancer Registry

Vital Statistics Records

Birth Defects Registry

Renal Dialysis Network

Hospital Discharge Reports

Of relevance to this public health assessment is the New Jersey State Cancer Registry, the Birth
Defects Registry, hospital discharge reports, and the Vital Statistics Records.

The NJDOH Cancer Registry is a population-based incidence registry that includes cancer
cases among New Jersey residents diagnosed since October 1, 1978. New Jersey Regulation
(N.J.A.C. 8:57-6) requires the reporting of all newly-diagnosed cancer cases (incidence) to
the registry within three months of hospital discharge or six months of diagnosis. The basic
source of information is the patient's medical records. Demographic data and medical data
are abstracted from those records and do not include information on modes of treatment or on survival. The only follow-up information included is the date of death.

Cancer might be possible from long-term exposure to at least one site contaminant. Please refer to
the Toxicological Implications subsection of the Public Health Implications section for more
information on cancer. Cancer incidence for the E.I. Du Pont site has been requested from the
cancer registry and is not available for review and evaluation at the time of the writing of this public
health assessment. Data will be reviewed and incorporated into the public health assessment as soon as they become available.

To address community concerns regarding exposure to environmental lead and mercury, Du
Pont funded health screening activities for residents in the Acid Brook area. The University
of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ) was subcontracted by Du Pont to
provide medical services and counseling to individuals who live on or near a property with
elevated levels of lead and mercury in the soil, and guidance to private physicians. The
screening consisted of laboratory testing of blood and urine for lead and mercury exposure.
Biological investigation included tests for measuring blood and urinary lead, blood and
urinary mercury, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and urinary creatinine. Results of the
biological investigations were provided to ATSDR in February 1992, and will be discussed
in the health outcome evaluation section.

Learning disability records are maintained by local schools until a student has been out of
the school system for two years; then, these records are either forwarded to the student's
family or destroyed. The principal of Lenox Elementary school reported the percentage of
children with learning disabilities in his school. District and federal data on learning disabilities were used for comparison (37).

The Birth Defects Registry established in 1985 is a population-based surveillance registry
maintained by the Special Child Health Services Program at the NJDOH. Any infant who is
born to a resident of the State of New Jersey, or who becomes a resident of the state before
one year of age, and who shows evidence of a birth defect either at birth or any time during
the first year of life is reported to the State Department of Health, Special Child Health
Services Program. For reporting purposes, Congenital Anomalies (Diagnostic Codes 740.00
through 759.90) in the most recent revision of the International Classification of Diseases,
Clinical Modification, and other congenital defects specified by the Commissioner of Health constitute reportable defects.

COMMUNITY HEALTH CONCERNS

ATSDR believes identifying and addressing community health concerns relevant to this site is
critically important to the public health assessment. Community concerns were communicated
during the several community meetings attended by ATSDR, through phone contact and letters, and
informally during site visits. This section identifies community health concerns regarding possible
health effects of this site. The Public Health Implications Section will address these concerns.

Residents and officials raised the following health-related concerns:

Citizens of Pompton Lake are concerned about the availability of physicians for
monitoring lead and mercury exposures during remediation of Acid Brook area
yards.

Citizens perceive an excess of unexplained illnesses among community members.

Citizens worry that their children are not doing well in school and want their
children's elementary school health unit educated for signs of learning disabilities.

Citizens are concerned about lead contamination of the school water supply. They
want the school water tested for lead.

Citizens are concerned about exposure to mercury-contaminated soils. They want
clean-up levels for mercury to be lower, more surface samples to be taken, and more
biomonitoring to be done.

NJDOH relayed concerns from residents about the effect that exposure to site
contaminants might have on residents' health. Residents are specifically concerned
about:

the current health status of all of the residents in the affected area;

lead and mercury levels of residents and assuring treatment where appropriate, and

illnesses or deaths that may have resulted from chronic exposures to
environmental contamination (13).

Former Mayor John Sinsimer of Pompton Lakes wanted to know if an increase has
occurred in multiple sclerosis, learning disabilities, and in such blood diseases as
anemia, because of exposure to chemicals at the site.