What is THIRD WAVE DEMOCRACY? What does THIRD WAVE DEMOCRACY mean? THIRD WAVE DEMOCRACY meaning - THIRD WAVE DEMOCRACY definition - THIRD WAVE DEMOCRACY explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
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In political science, Third Wave Democracy, also known as Democracy's Third Wave, refers to the third major surge of democracy in history. The term was coined by Samuel P. Huntington, a political scientist at Harvard University in his article published in the Journal of Democracy and further expounded in his 1991 book The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century.
Huntington describes global democratization as coming in three waves, the first beginning in the early 19th century and the third being a current event.
The first wave of democracy began in the early 19th century when suffrage was granted to the majority of white males in the United States ("Jacksonian democracy"). At its peak, the first wave saw 29 democracies in the world. This continued until 1922, when Benito Mussolini rose to power in Italy. The ebb of the first wave lasted from 1922 until 1942, during which the number of democracies in the world dropped to a mere 12.
The second wave began following the Allied victory in World War II, and crested nearly 20 years later in 1962 with 36 recognised democracies in the world. The second wave ebbed as well at this point, and the total number dropped to 30 democracies between 1962 and the mid-1970s. But the "flat line" would not last for long, as the third wave was about to surge in a way no one had ever seen.
Scholars have noted that the appearance of "waves" of democracy largely disappears when women's suffrage is taken into account; moreover, some countries change their positions quite dramatically: Switzerland, which is typically included as part of the first wave, did not grant women the right to vote until 1971.
The Third wave began in 1974 (Carnation Revolution, Portugal) and included the historic democratic transitions in Latin America in the 1980s, Asia Pacific countries (Philippines, South Korea, and Taiwan) from 1986 to 1988, Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and sub-Saharan Africa beginning in 1989. Exact tallies of the number of democracies vary depending on the criteria used for assessment, but by some measures there are well over 100 democracies in the world today, a marked increase in just a few decades. Many of these newer democracies are not fully "consolidated," however, meaning that while they have electoral institutions in place, political democracy remains fragile. Reasons for this fragility include economic instability, continued elite dominance of politics, ongoing military interference in civilian affairs, and others.
Countries undergoing or having undergone a transition to democracy during a wave are subject to democratic backsliding. Political scientists and theorists believe that the third wave has crested and will soon begin to ebb, just as its predecessors did in the first and second waves. Indeed, in the period immediately following the onset of the "war on terror" after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, some backsliding was evident. How significant or lasting that erosion is remains a subject of debate.
Experts have associated the collapse of several dictatorships in the Middle East and North Africa, phenomenon known as Arab Spring, with the events which followed the fall of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe. The similarity between the two phenomena inspired hope for a fourth wave of democratization. However, a few months after the apparent beginning of the transition, most of the Arab political openings closed, causing an inevitable pull-back. One of the most alarming cases was that of Egypt, where the government, controlled by the military, did not facilitate the democratic transition in any way. On the contrary, it strove to silence the protests by arresting peaceful protesters and by “trying them in military tribunals.” A concrete example is provided by the story of Maikel Nabil, an Egyptian blogger convicted to be imprisoned for three years for “insulting the military establishment.” The main causes of the regression and crisis in all the affected countries are attributed to corruption, unemployment, social injustice, and autocratic political systems.....

Artist, curator, and executive and artistic director of CAP UCLA, Kristy Edmunds; choreographer, Victoria Marks; digital humanist and cultural critic, Todd Presner; and psychological anthropologist, Marcelo Suárez-Orozco explore the question, "What is KNOWLEDGE?"
Both an upper division undergraduate course and a series of public conversations open to the broader community, "10 Questions” provides a platform for vibrant conversations that engage multiple disciplinary viewpoints.
Community members have a special opportunity to experience the conversations that drive innovation at the university, as leading scholars from disciplines as diverse as dance, medicine, photography, astrophysics, athletics, Chicanx studies, law, philosophy, religious studies, and more join Brett Steele, Dean of the UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture, to explore one question each week.
These interdisciplinary conversations are a catalyst for dialogue and exchange, seeding a greater understanding of the profoundly interdisciplinary nature of knowledge production in the 21st century.

Cornel West is the author of numerous critically acclaimed scholarly books on the role of religion, philosophy, race, class, and gender in American society including Prophecy Deliverance!: An Afro-American Revolutionary Christianity (1982), The Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought (1991), Race Matters (1994), Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism (2005), and Black Prophetic Fire (2014). He is the recipient of the American Book Award and has been awarded more than 20 honorary degrees. Dr. West is Professor of the Practice of Public Philosophy at Harvard University. He has also taught at Union Theological Seminary, Yale, Harvard, and the University of Paris. After graduating magna cum laude from Harvard in three years, he obtained his MA and PhD in Philosophy at Princeton.
On Tuesday, March 6 at 5:30 p.m., Dr. Cornel West gave a talk presented by the Cogut Institute for the Humanities as part of the PITH (Politics in the Humanities) series.
The event was co-sponsored by the Office of the President, the Office of the Provost, and the Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity in America.

Tuesdays and Thursdays @ 3:05pm we live stream Soc 119, an innovative Sociology course taught by Dr. Sam Richards at The Pennsylvania State University. Sam creates an engaging participatory classroom environment to allow students from every background to step into worlds other than their own. He also invites YOU to join in from wherever you are and he welcomes your personal viewpoint.
Feel free to participate in the chat space and interact with students in the classroom by using the #soc119 hashtag on Twitter. But please be kind. Remember, this is a classroom.
If we show a video in class, we'll post the link in the live stream chat space.
www.soc119.org

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The Lindsay Shepherd Story as told by Lindsay to the Society for Academic Freedom and Scholarship.
With a bit of humour and a lot of grace she recounts the deplorable reaction she received at the hands of those who should have been her objective mentors. The personal consequences she has had to endure for standing up to her tormentors have been substantial.
In this Just Right Media exclusive video Lindsay Shepherd is interviewed by Professor David Haskell on the details of her predicament at Wilfred Laurier University. The discussion took place at the 2018 AGM of the Society for Academic Freedom and Scholarship and is followed by a question and answer period.
This video is the second of three which were recorded at the SAFS AGM. The first is a presentation by SAFS President Mark Mercer "Honest rudeness or insincere civility" which can be viewed here:
https://youtu.be/ZUmeSgzEL3M
And the keynote address was given by Dr. Gad Saad of Concordia University "A Tsunami of Maladies Afflicting the Soul of our Universities." Yet to be released but available soon at this URL.
https://youtu.be/_FtO5v5dcgQ
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Pedagogy in STEM has been positively transformed in recent years in part from research documenting the additive effects of active learning. While the paradigm shift from unidirectional, didactic approaches was a welcome change, the criticisms of 'non-active' instructors suffer from overreach. Missing from the active learning conversation in recent times is context within more historical discussions of the transformative social power of higher education pedagogy for student and instructor. In this light, active learning is helpful, but mechanistic, and is but a part of a more deep, soulful, social, personal process toward pedagogy as an act of liberation.
This plenary session was presented as part of the 2018 Teaching & Learning Conference, hosted by Elon University. The T&LC is a collaboration between the Center for the Advancement of Teaching and Learning & Teaching and Learning Technologies. The theme of the 2018 conference was Busting the Myths of Teaching and Learning, which represented an opportunity to challenge myths, misconceptions, and hidden assumptions related to teaching and learning.

Stanley Gacek, Senior Advisor for Global Strategies at the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union (UFCW), is a North American labor lawyer who has followed the labor movement and labor politics in Brazil for 37 years. He will provide a trade union and pro-worker perspective on the current state of Brazilian labor relations, reviewing the most recent labor law reform and assessing its drastic effects on Brazilian workers and their unions. He also will discuss how the Brazilian labor movement can respond to these challenges.

Artist, Andrea Fraser; media artist, Lauren McCarthy; social justice scholar, Ananya Roy; and moral and political philosophy expert, Seana Shiffrin.
Writer, director, and performer, J.Ed Araiza; evolutionary and conservation geneticist, Paul Barber; scholar and curator of African Arts and Director of the Fowler Museum at UCLA, Marla Berns; and feminist media theorist and critic, Kathleen McHugh explore the question, "What is FREEDOM?"
Both an upper division undergraduate course and a series of public conversations open to the broader community, "10 Questions” provides a platform for vibrant conversations that engage multiple disciplinary viewpoints.
Community members have a special opportunity to experience the conversations that drive innovation at the university, as leading scholars from disciplines as diverse as dance, medicine, photography, astrophysics, athletics, Chicanx studies, law, philosophy, religious studies, and more join Brett Steele, Dean of the UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture, to explore one question each week.
These interdisciplinary conversations are a catalyst for dialogue and exchange, seeding a greater understanding of the profoundly interdisciplinary nature of knowledge production in the 21st century.

Joi Ito and Jonathan Zittrain co-teaching the fifth class of the Ethics and Governance of AI at the MIT Media Lab.
This Spring 2018 term course is a cross-disciplinary investigation of the implications of emerging technologies, with an emphasis on the development and deployment of Artificial Intelligence. The course covers a variety of issues, including the complex interaction between governance organizations and sovereign states, the proliferation of algorithmic decision making, autonomous systems, machine learning and explanation, the search for balance between regulation and innovation, and the effects of AI on the dissemination of information, along with questions related to individual rights, discrimination, and architectures of control.
Class 5 focuses on questions relating to Labor, Automation, and Regulation.
More information at: https://www.media.mit.edu/courses/the-ethics-and-governance-of-artificial-intelligence/
License: CC-BY-4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

Usha Iyer, Assistant Professor, Film and Media Studies, Stanford University, presents the keynote lecture at the 2018 Stanford Global Studies community college symposium. This conference is funded through the U.S. Department of Education's Title VI grant.

This Convergence marks the formation of a regional network of equity-focused design-centric student groups focused on re-imagining the intersection between identity and design. We hope that this event can be the start of a wide-spread dialogue about the importance of identity-based discourse in the practice and pedagogy of design of the built environment, as well as an opportunity to form a network of equity-focused design-student groups and merge these ongoing conversations in our disciplines.
We hope to seize the opportunity to grow and merge the many individual conversations about gender and other identity-based discrimination happening in our disciplines and in our schools. The SAM list did not tell us anything we did not already know; however, it did spark broad conversation where there had been uneasy silence. The Convergence breaks that silence, and invites us to engage in a collective restructuring of the design disciplines and actively question the nature of design work as it intersects with gender and other personal identities.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Female education
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Female education is a catch-all term of a complex set of issues and debates surrounding education (primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, and health education in particular) for girls and women. It includes areas of gender equality and access to education, and its connection to the alleviation of poverty. Also involved are the issues of single-sex education and religious education, in that the division of education along gender lines as well as religious teachings on education have been traditionally dominant and are still highly relevant in contemporary discussions of educating females as a global consideration. In the field of female education in STEM, it has been shown that girls’ and women under-representation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education is deep rooted.While the feminist movement certainly promoted the importance of the issues attached to female education, the discussion is wide-ranging and by no means narrowly defined. It may include, for example, AIDS education. Universal education, meaning state-provided primary and secondary education independent of gender is not yet a global norm, even if it is assumed in most developed countries.
In some Western countries, women have surpassed men at many levels of education. For example, in the United States in 2005/2006, women earned 62% of associate degrees, 58% of bachelor's degrees, 60% of master's degrees, and 50% of doctorates.Education for disabled women has also improved. In 2011, Giusi Spagnolo became the first woman with Down Syndrome to graduate college in Europe (she graduated from the University of Palermo in Italy).Improving girls' educational levels has been demonstrated to have clear impacts on the health and economic future of young women, which in turn improves the prospects of their entire community . The infant mortality rate of babies whose mothers have received primary education is half that of children whose mothers are illiterate. In the poorest countries of the world, 50% of girls do not attend secondary school. Yet, research shows that every extra year of school for girls increases their lifetime income by 15%. Improving female education, and thus the earning potential of women, improves the standard of living for their own children, as women invest more of their income in their families than men do. Yet, many barriers to education for girls remain. In some African countries, such as Burkina Faso, girls are unlikely to attend school for such basic reasons as a lack of private latrine facilities for girls.Higher attendance rates of high schools and university education among women, particularly in developing countries, have helped them make inroads to professional careers with better-paying salaries and wages. Education increases a woman's (and her partner and the family's) level of health and health awareness. Furthering women's levels of education and advanced training also tends to lead to later ages of initiation of sexual activity and first intercourse, later age at first marriage, and later age at first childbirth, as well as an increased likelihood to remain single, have no children, or have no formal marriage and alternatively, have increasing levels of long-term partnerships. It can lead to higher rates of barrier and chemical contraceptive use (and a lower level of sexually transmitted infections among women and their partners and children), and can increase the level of resources available to women who divorce or are in a situation of domestic violence. It has been shown, in addition, to increase women's communication with their partners and their employers, and to improve rates of civic participation such as voting or the holding of office.

Six years ago, few reporters and editors knew much about solutions journalism. Today, hundreds of newsrooms are regularly writing important stories about serious issues, which go beyond forecasting more doom and gloom. How did solutions journalism spread so fast?
(Presented by the Department of Communication Journalism Program and the Solutions Journalism Network)

Moderator: J. Timmons Roberts (Ittleson Professor of Environmental Studies, Brown University)
Speakers:
Dale Jamieson (Professor of Environmental Studies and Philosophy and Director of the Animal Studies Initiative, New York University) presents his talk titled, "Environmental Humanities: Three Tales"
Gregory Cushman (Associate Professor of International Environmental History, University of Kansas) presents "How to Make the Environmental Humanities Central to Teaching Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies from the Start: A Case Study"
For more info:
https://www.brown.edu/academics/humanities/earthly-matters-2018
Saturday, April 7, 2018
Brown University

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Western civilization
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean. It is linked to the Roman Empire and with Medieval Western Christendom which emerged from the Middle Ages to experience such transformative episodes as the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution, scientific revolution, and the development of liberal democracy. The civilizations of Classical Greece and Ancient Rome are considered seminal periods in Western history; a few cultural contributions also emerged from the pagan peoples of pre-Christian Europe, such as the Celts and Germans, as well as some significant religious contributions derived from Judaism and Hellenistic Judaism stemming back to Second Temple Judea, Galilee, and the early Jewish diaspora; and some other Middle Eastern influences. Christianity and Roman Catholicism has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, which throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture. (There were Christians outside of the West, such as China, India, Russia, Byzantium and the Middle East). Western civilization has spread to produce the dominant cultures of modern Americas and Oceania, and has had immense global influence in recent centuries in many ways.
Following the 5th century Fall of Rome, Western Europe entered the Middle Ages, during which period the Catholic Church filled the power vacuum left in the West by the fall of the Western Roman Empire, while the Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire) endured in the East for centuries, becoming a Hellenic Eastern contrast to the Latin West. By the 12th century, Western Europe was experiencing a flowering of art and learning, propelled by the construction of cathedrals and the establishment of medieval universities. Christian unity was shattered by the Reformation from the 16th century. A merchant class grew out of city states, initially in the Italian peninsula (see Italian city-states), and Europe experienced the Renaissance from the 14th to the 17th century, heralding an age of technological and artistic advance and ushering in the Age of Discovery which saw the rise of such global European Empires as those of Spain and Portugal.
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18th century. Under the influence of the Enlightenment, the Age of Revolution emerged from the United States and France as part of the transformation of the West into its industrialised, democratised modern form. The lands of North and South America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand became first part of European Empires and then home to new Western nations, while Africa and Asia were largely carved up between Western powers. Laboratories of Western democracy were founded in Britain's colonies in Australasia from the mid-19th centuries, while South America largely created new autocracies. In the 20th century, absolute monarchy disappeared from Europe, and despite episodes of Fascism and Communism, by the close of the century, virtually all of Europe was electing its leaders democratically. Most Western nations were heavily involved in the First and Second World Wars and protracted Cold War. World War II saw Fascism defeated in Europe, and the emergence of the United States and Soviet Union as rival global powers and a new "East-West" political contrast.
Other than in Russia, the European Empires disintegrated after World War II and civil rights movements and widescale multi-ethnic, multi-faith migrations to Europe, the Americas and Oceania lowered the earlier predominance of ethnic Europeans in Western culture. European nations moved towards greater economic and political co-operation through the European Union. The Cold War ended around 1990 with the collapse of Soviet imposed Communism in Central and Eastern Europe. In the 21st century, the Western World retains significant global economic power and influ ...

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Victorian era
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
In the history of the United Kingdom, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period, and its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of Continental Europe. In terms of moral sensibilities and political reforms, this period began with the passage of the Reform Act 1832. There was a strong religious drive for higher moral standards led by the nonconformist churches, such as the Methodist, and the Evangelical wing of the established Church of England. Britain had relatively peaceful relations with the other Great Powers, excepting during the Crimean War; the Pax Britannica was maintained by the country's naval supremacy and industrial supremacy. Britain embarked on global imperial expansion, particularly in Asia and Africa, which made the British Empire the largest empire in history. National self-confidence peaked.Ideologically, the Victorian era witnessed resistance to the rationalism that defined the Georgian period and an increasing turn towards romanticism and even mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts.Domestically, the political agenda was increasingly liberal, with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform, industrial reform, and the widening of the franchise. There were unprecedented demographic changes: the population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, and Scotland's population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Ireland's population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to emigration and the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrated from Great Britain, mostly to the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia.The two main political parties during the era remained the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives; by its end, the Labour Party had formed as a distinct political entity. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone, and Lord Salisbury. The unsolved problems relating to Irish Home Rule played a great part in politics in the later Victorian era, particularly in view of Gladstone's determination to achieve a political settlement in Ireland.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Madrasa
00:00:37 1 Definition
00:03:49 2 Islamic education
00:04:21 3 Early history
00:09:21 3.1 Elementary education
00:10:26 3.1.1 Primary education
00:10:55 3.1.2 Secondary education
00:11:46 3.2 Higher education
00:13:44 3.2.1 Law school
00:16:33 3.2.2 Medical school
00:17:53 3.2.3 Madrasa and university
00:30:36 3.3 Female education
00:34:46 4 Madaris by region
00:34:55 4.1 Madaris in the Ottoman Empire
00:39:48 4.1.1 Curricula
00:40:42 4.1.2 Social life and the medrese
00:42:16 4.2 Madaris in South Asia
00:42:25 4.2.1 Bangladesh
00:43:14 4.2.2 India
00:46:44 4.2.3 Pakistan
00:47:35 4.3 Madaris in Southeast Asia
00:48:18 4.3.1 Indonesia
00:48:26 4.3.2 Singapore
00:49:57 4.3.3 Philippines
00:51:06 4.4 Madaris in Muslim-minority countries
00:51:16 4.4.1 South Africa
00:51:54 4.4.2 Canada
00:52:40 4.4.3 United States
00:53:10 5 Misuse of the word
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Madrasa (Arabic: مدرسة‎, madrasah, pl. مدارس, madāris) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary instruction or higher learning. The word is variously transliterated madrasah, medresa, madrassa, madraza, medrese, etc. In the West, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the Islamic religion, though this may not be the only subject studied. In countries like India, not all students in madrasas are Muslims; there is also a modern curriculum.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Germany
00:04:00 1 Etymology
00:04:53 2 History
00:06:10 2.1 Germanic tribes and Frankish Empire
00:08:07 2.2 East Francia and Holy Roman Empire
00:13:57 2.3 German Confederation and Empire
00:19:20 2.4 Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany
00:26:01 2.5 East and West Germany
00:29:51 2.6 Reunified Germany and the European Union
00:32:48 3 Geography
00:34:47 3.1 Climate
00:36:38 3.2 Biodiversity
00:38:28 3.3 Urbanisation
00:39:01 4 Politics
00:42:07 4.1 Law
00:43:27 4.2 Constituent states
00:44:30 4.3 Foreign relations
00:46:10 4.4 Military
00:48:34 5 Economy
00:50:31 5.1 Companies
00:51:36 5.2 Transport
00:52:43 5.3 Energy and infrastructure
00:54:06 5.4 Science and technology
00:56:56 5.5 Tourism
00:58:25 6 Demographics
01:00:09 6.1 Immigrant population
01:02:43 6.2 Religion
01:06:17 6.3 Languages
01:08:12 6.4 Education
01:10:41 6.5 Health
01:12:18 7 Culture
01:13:52 7.1 Music
01:15:30 7.2 Art
01:17:18 7.3 Architecture
01:20:07 7.4 Literature and philosophy
01:22:03 7.5 Media
01:23:44 7.6 Cinema
01:27:29 7.7 Cuisine
01:29:10 7.8 Sports
01:31:29 7.9 Fashion and design
01:32:36 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Germany (German: Deutschland German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, listen ), is a country in Central and Western Europe, lying between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands to the west. Germany includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres (137,988 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With nearly 83 million inhabitants, it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia, the most populous state lying entirely in Europe, as well as the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is a very decentralized country. Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country's busiest airport. Many federal institutions have their (secondary) seat in the Federal city of Bonn. Germany's largest conurbation is the Ruhr, with its main centres of Dortmund and Essen. The country's other major cities are Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf, Leipzig, Bremen, Dresden, Hannover, and Nuremberg.
Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the German Confederation was formed in 1815. The German revolutions of 1848–49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights.
In 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states (most notably excluding Switzerland and Austria) unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the revolution of 1918–19, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 led to the establishment of a dictatorship, World War II and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded: West Germany, formed from the American, British, and French occupation zones, and East Germany, formed from the Soviet occupation zone. Following the Revolutions of 1989 that ended communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, the country was reunified on 3 October 1990. Today, the sovereign state of Germany is a federal parliamentary republic with an elected president. It is a great power with a strong economy; ...

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Sati (practice)
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Sati or suttee is an obsolete funeral custom where a widow immolates herself (Anumarana) on her husband's pyre or takes her own life in another fashion shortly after her husband's death.Mention of the practice can be dated back to the 3rd century BCE, while evidence of practice by widows of kings only appears beginning between the 5th and 9th centuries CE. The practice is considered to have originated within the warrior aristocracy in India, gradually gaining in popularity from the 10th century CE and spreading to other groups from the 12th through 18th century CE. The practice was particularly prevalent among some Hindu communities, observed in aristocratic Hindu families, and has been attested to outside South Asia in a number of localities in Southeast Asia, such as in Indonesia and Vietnam.
The British East India Company initially tolerated the practice, with William Carey noting 438 incidences within a 30-mile (48-km) radius of Calcutta, in 1803, despite its ban within Calcutta itself. Historian A.F. Salahuddin Ahmed states Company employees "not only seemed to accord an official sanction, but also increased its prestige value", in Bengal, through only prohibiting involuntary immolations in 1813. Between 1815 and 1818, the number of sati in Bengal province doubled from 378 to 839. Under sustained campaigning against sati by Christian missionaries such as William Carey and Brahmin Hindu reformers such as Ram Mohan Roy, the provincial government banned sati in 1829. This was followed up by similar laws by the authorities in the princely states of India in the ensuing decades, with a general ban for the whole of India issued by Queen Victoria in 1861. In Nepal, sati was banned in 1920. The Indian Sati Prevention Act from 1988 further criminalised any type of aiding, abetting, and glorifying of sati.

Emerald Tablet 101: The Birth of Alchemy
“As above; so below. As within; so without. As with the universe; so with the soul.” ~ Hermes Trismegistus
The story of the Emerald Tablet reads like the syllabus for an ancient civilization college course, with Egyptian pharaohs, Greek conquerors and philosophers, and travels through long-gone countries. While no one in the modern world has seen it, accounts of the Emerald Tablet of Hermes Trismegistus describe a slab of brilliant, crystalline green stone covered with bas-relief Phoenician text. Some believe the tablet holds the secrets of the universe...
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by Gaia Staff
Website: https://www.gaia.com
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https://www.gaia.com/article/emerald-tablet-101-the-birth-of-alchemy
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Political Concepts at Brown: A Critical Lexicon in the Making
The goal of Political Concepts is to serve as a platform for revising, inventing, and experimenting with concepts while exploring the political dimension of their use and dissemination. Participants operate under the assumption that our era urgently needs a revised political lexicon that would help us better understand the world in which we live and act, and that the humanities at large can and should contribute toward such a revision. In the past, some of the participants revised key political concepts while others showed the political work done by terms and common nouns that are not usually considered “political.”
The 2017–2018 conference was dedicated to analyzing and contesting the transformation of the American political system under the presidency of Donald Trump.
Moderator:
Elizabeth Weed, Professor Emerita of Gender and Sexuality Studies, Brown University
Presenter:
Academic Freedom — Akeel Bilgrami, Sidney Morgenbesser Professor of Philosophy, Columbia University
Friday, December 1st, 2017
Brown University

Cont. Engaging a Larger Public Audience through Pedagogy
"Teaching is one of the main venues through which anthropologists regularly reach a larger general audience over a sustained period of time. In a given academic year, individual faculty may work with between 120 to 800 students. Many of these students will not become majors but all will care for, design for, assist, or work with people from many different backgrounds. Yet, in the minds of some students and the larger public, anthropology often indexes vague ideas about Indiana Jones, “other cultures”, and even just-so stories that do not have an equal place in scientific inquiry.
As Cathy Davidson writes in her 2017 article, The Future of Higher Education is Now, “we must radically reform higher education to meet the most pressing needs of our age.” What role does and should anthropology as a discipline have in these changes? What does this mean for the way that anthropologists’ approach teaching? In thinking about how anthropology matters, how do we make anthropology matter to our students? How can we optimize our teaching to reach out to students and the communities in which they belong to help them understand why anthropology matters and more importantly how collaborative work with anthropologists can be relevant for obtaining their goals? This session addresses these and other related questions through highlighting particular pedagogical strategies that can be employed in a variety of class sizes and levels both within academic and vocational settings.
The papers in this session illustrate how anthropology’s analytical skill set, such as an “anthropological ontology”, participant observation, reflexivity, and social theory uniquely position the discipline to contribute to current political debates and educational shifts to more experiential learning. The papers rethink how social media, service learning, collaborative projects, and anthropological theory can be integrated into course curriculum to foster the use of an anthropological skill set in students’ daily lives. Whether it is through experiential or class-based activities, the papers show how anthropologists’ can support students in recognizing and understanding structural inequalities and critically engaging in current issues, such as immigration. They also address the challenges surrounding these approaches and strategies to address them. In addition, attention is given to how similar effects can be reproduced through the use of social media in large introductory anthropology courses and how anthropologists can prepare graduates to communicate why anthropology matters.
Hidden assumptions and conflicting worldviews are at the heart of today’s debates over how to approach global challenges. Openness to different worldviews is key to finding appropriate solutions. This session’s papers call attention to the importance of anthropology in addressing these impasses and how a redesign of the curriculum can bridge the divides. Together, these papers highlight how teaching can serve as an effective platform for anthropology to reach a broader public audience and show how anthropology can and should play a central role in supporting non-majors and the broader public in becoming more aware and socially engaged citizens."
Want to know more about the AAA Annual Meeting? Visit http://www.americananthro.org/meetings

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Culture of India
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The culture of India refers collectively to the thousands of distinct and unique cultures of all religions and communities present in India. India's languages, religions, dance, music, architecture, food, and customs differ from place to place within the country. Indian culture, often labeled as an amalgamation of several cultures, spans across the Indian subcontinent and has been influenced by a history that is several millennia old. Many elements of India's diverse cultures, such as Indian religions, philosophy, cuisine, languages, martial arts, dance, music and movies have a profound impact across the Indosphere, Greater India and the world.

The novel details the lives of Tom and Maggie Tulliver, a brother and sister growing up on the river Floss near the village of St. Oggs, evidently in the 1820’s, after the Napoleonic Wars but prior to the first Reform Bill (1832). The novel spans a period of 10-15 years, from Tom and Maggie’s childhood up until their deaths in a flood on the Floss. The book is fictional autobiography in part, reflecting the disgrace that George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) herself had while in a lengthy relationship with a married man, George Henry Lewes.
Maggie Tulliver holds the central role in the book, as both her relationship with her older brother Tom, and her romantic relationships with Philip Wakem, a hunchbacked, but sensitive and intellectual, friend, and with Stephen Guest, a vivacious young socialite in St. Oggs and fiance of Maggie’s cousin Lucy Deane, constitute the most significant narrative threads. (summary from Wikipedia)
The Mill on the Floss
George ELIOT
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This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Facebook
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Facebook, Inc. is an American online social media and social networking service company based in Menlo Park, California. Its website was launched on February 4, 2004, by Mark Zuckerberg, along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes.
The founders initially limited the website's membership to Harvard students. Later they expanded it to higher education institutions in the Boston area, the Ivy League schools, and Stanford University. Facebook gradually added support for students at various other universities, and eventually to high school students. Since 2006, anyone who claims to be at least 13 years old has been allowed to become a registered user of Facebook, though variations exist in this requirement, depending on local laws. The name comes from the face book directories often given to American university students. Facebook held its initial public offering (IPO) in February 2012, valuing the company at $104 billion, the largest valuation to date for a newly listed public company. It began selling stock to the public three months later. Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements that appear onscreen.
Facebook can be accessed from a large range of devices with Internet connectivity, such as desktop computers, laptops and tablet computers, and smartphones. After registering, users can create a customized profile indicating their name, occupation, schools attended and so on. Users can add other users as "friends", exchange messages, post status updates, share photos, videos and links, use various software applications ("apps"), and receive notifications of other users' activity. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace, school, hobbies or other topics, and categorize their friends into lists such as "People From Work" or "Close Friends". Additionally, users can report or block unpleasant people.
Facebook has more than 2.2 billion monthly active users as of January 2018. Its popularity has led to prominent media coverage for the company, including significant scrutiny over privacy and the psychological effects it has on users. In recent years, the company has faced intense pressure over the amount of fake news, hate speech and depictions of violence prevalent on its services, all of which it is attempting to counteract.

Charlotte Bronte's classic novel Jane Eyre is narrated by the title character, an orphan who survives neglect and abuse to become a governess at the remote Thornfield Hall. She finds a kindred spirit in her employer, the mysterious and brooding Mr. Rochester, but he hides a terrible secret that threatens their chances of happiness. (Summary by Elizabeth Klett)
Jane Eyre (version 2)
Charlotte BRONTË
Genre(s): General Fiction, Romance

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Cornell University
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Cornell University ( kor-NEL) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca, New York. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge—from the classics to the sciences, and from the theoretical to the applied. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornell's founding principle, a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation: "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study."The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus, with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy. The university also administers two satellite medical campuses, one in New York City and one in Education City, Qatar, and Cornell Tech, a graduate program that incorporates technology, business, and creative thinking. The program moved from Google's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017.
Cornell is one of three private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York. Of its seven undergraduate colleges, three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York (SUNY) system, including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school. Of Cornell's graduate schools, only the veterinary college is state-supported. As a land grant college, Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions. The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres, but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens (more than 4,300 acres) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered.As of October 2018, 58 Nobel laureates, four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University. Since its founding, Cornell has been a co-educational, non-sectarian institution where admission has not been restricted by religion or race. Cornell counts more than 245,000 living alumni, and its former and present faculty and alumni include 34 Marshall Scholars, 30 Rhodes Scholars, 29 Truman Scholars, 7 Gates Scholars, and 14 living billionaires. The student body consists of more than 14,000 undergraduate and 8,000 graduate students from all 50 American states and 116 countries.

Edible Education 101 is a weekly lecture series that brings renown experts – leading academics and practitioners – to UC Berkeley to share their visions, research, and experiences about food and its critical role in or culture, well-being and survival.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Lima
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Lima (, Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlima], Quechua: [ˈlɪma], Aymara: [ˈlima]) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. With a population of more than 9 million, Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the second-largest city in the Americas (as defined by "city proper"), behind São Paulo.
Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as Ciudad de los Reyes. It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru. Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area.
Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551, during the Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.
In October 2013, Lima was chosen to host the 2019 Pan American Games. It also hosted the December 2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference and the Miss Universe 1982 pageant.
In October 2015, Lima hosted the 2015 Annual Meetings of the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund.

“Obesogen Toxicology: What doesn’t kill you makes you fatter”
Demetri D. Spyropoulos, PhD
“How Climate Change will Impact our Health”
Mark T. Hamann , PhD
“Environmental Contributors to Child Health Outcomes”
John E. Vena, PhD
What are the challenges and potential solutions to the health of our communities and our environment?
On Wednesday, June 6th a panel of three MUSC researchers will be discussing the intricate link between human health and the environment.

Tuesday, September 25th, 2018 marked the largest National Voter Registration Day on record. Over 800,000 people updated their registration or registered to vote for the first time. At the same time that so many Americans are involved in ballot box politics, the country is polarized, partisan and politicized. With sharp political differences seemingly not going away any time soon, how do we support robust discussions in our classrooms? How do we support our students to consider issues from immigration to gun control through deliberation and not shouting matches?
On the eve of the 2018 midterm elections, with so much at stake on the national, state, and local level, this panel and community discussion will consider how faculty are navigating the nation’s thorny politics and supporting political conversations in the classroom.
Panelists:
* Professor Lisa Garcia-Bedolla, Director, Institute of Governmental Studies (IGS)
* Professor Irene Bloemraad, Sociology
* Professor Cristina Mora, Sociology
ABOUT TEACHING IN TROUBLED TIMES
These timely, interactive dialogues feature dynamic faculty panelists and engage the Berkeley community in exploring how equity and justice challenges – locally, regionally and nationally – are impacting our students, instructors, classrooms, and campus. All events feature plenty of time for open, facilitated discussion.
Launched in 2017-18, the Teaching in Troubled Times series is presented by the Division of Equity & inclusion, the Center for Teaching and Learning, the American Cultures Center, and the Academic Innovation Studio.
Recorded October 29, 2018 at U.C. Berkeley. All rights reserved.

For more on this event, visit: http://bit.ly/2AW7N9p
For more on the Berkley Center, visit: http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/
November 16, 2017 | On August 16, 1967, John Courtney Murray—Jesuit priest, theologian, and public intellectual—passed away less than a month before he would have turned 63. For the final three decades of his life, he taught at Woodstock College and edited the Jesuit journal Theological Studies. Celebrated on Time magazine’s cover (December 12, 1960) for contributions to American domestic and foreign policy debates and for sympathetic, if critical, understanding of religion in American public life, he later helped compose Vatican II’s “Declaration on Religious Liberty” (Dignitatis Humanae).
From Georgetown’s introductory theology course, The Problem of God—named after Murray’s 1962 Yale Lectures—to the mission of the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, Murray’s influence can be seen throughout the university’s programming. This year, Georgetown celebrated John Courtney Murray’s legacy in the fiftieth anniversary year of his passing with a day-long event examining Ignatian practice and Catholic and Jesuit identity.

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
English language
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to the area of Britain that would later take their name, England, both names ultimately deriving from the Anglia peninsula in the Baltic Sea. It is closely related to the Frisian languages, but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages, particularly Norse (a North Germanic language), as well as by Latin and French.English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England and was a period in which the language was influenced by French. Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London, the printing of the King James Bible and the start of the Great Vowel Shift.Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, Modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries. Through all types of printed and electronic media, and spurred by the emergence of the United States as a global superpower, English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science, navigation and law.English is the third most spoken native language in the world, after Standard Chinese and Spanish. It is the most widely learned second language and is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. There are more people who have learned it as a second language than there are native speakers. English is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand, and it is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean, Africa and South Asia. It is a co-official language of the United Nations, the European Union and many other world and regional international organisations. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch. English has a vast vocabulary, though counting how many words any language has is impossible. English speakers are called "Anglophones".
Modern English grammar is the result of a gradual change from a typical Indo-European dependent marking pattern with a rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection, a fairly fixed SVO word order and a complex syntax. Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses, aspect and mood, as well as passive constructions, interrogatives and some negation. Despite noticeable variation among the accents and dialects of English used in different countries and regions—in terms of phonetics and phonology, and sometimes also vocabulary, grammar and spelling—English-speakers from around the world are able to communicate with one another with relative ease.