Fourth, we tested whether the observed tremor-related thalamic activity was localized in a region that is anatomically connected to the cerebellum and the motor cortex. As we did not have tractography data available for our patients, we compared our functional MRI findings to a recently published study that localized the VIM using DTI tractography (
Sammartino
et al.
, 2016
). Thus, we compared the Euclidean distance between thalamic activity in our cohort (
Table 2
) and the tractographically defined VIM in MNI space (see also
Helmich
et al.
, 2011
).

To test for the effects of dopamine on the tremor network in terms of effective connectivity we used DCM, which has been indicated as a valid method for studying cerebral effects of dopaminergic treatment in patients with Parkinson’s disease (
Rowe
et al.
, 2010
) and has also been used to investigate effective connectivity regarding essential tremor (
Buijink
et al.
, 2015
;
Gallea
et al.
, 2015
). DCM is a Bayesian method of inference where one defines models based on predefined hypotheses to model the causal influence that one neuronal system exerts over another (
Friston
et al.
, 2003
). These models of interacting brain regions are built by specifying connectivity parameters between included regions of interest, including (i) fixed connections between nodes; (ii) modulation of these fixed connections by exogenous inputs; and (iii) exogenous inputs that directly cause perturbations of included nodes. These parameters are used to estimate the neural activity in each node, while haemodynamic parameters are used to translate this into a BOLD response using the haemodynamic state equation. Subsequently, these parameters are estimated into a forward model such that the predicted BOLD response provides an accurate but parsimonious explanation for observed responses—as scored by variational free energy or model evidence. The model evidence is therefore simply the probability of observing the data
y
under a particular model
m
. This model evidence can then be used for Bayesian Model Selection (BMS), a method for determining the most likely among a set of competing hypotheses (
Penny
et al.
, 2004
).

Here, we use a DCM model representing the cerebral tremor network based on a recently published study (
Dirkx
et al.
, 2016
). As in our previous study, we used stochastic DCM (
Dirkx
et al.
, 2016
). This is particularly important, given evidence that dopamine affects steady state stochastic BOLD dynamics within the basal ganglia (
Piray
et al.
, 2016
). In our previous study we investigated how the basal ganglia interact with the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit (variation of the endogenous connections, i.e. matrix A), and through which of the network nodes tremor is initiated (variation of the EMG-change as input, i.e. matrix C). We found consistent evidence across two independent cohorts of Parkinson’s disease patients that cerebral activity associated with changes in tremor amplitude drove network activity through the GPi, and that the basal ganglia effectively influenced the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit through the motor cortex (but not the cerebellum). Here we continue with this winning model to determine the effects of dopamine onto this circuit by varying the modulation of dopamine onto endogenous connections (matrix B). As in our previous study, we used two-state DCM to specify inhibitory and excitatory connections between regions (
Mnearreiros
et al.
, 2013
;
Kahan
et al.
, 2014
).

As always with Huawei phones, the photos you can take with this phone are superb. As well as giving you great results in a point-and-shoot mode, you've also got a ton of advanced photographic effects to play around with. If you're a serious mobile photographer, the
Huawei P20 Pro
should be on your shortlist, and not just because of the triple-lens rear camera.

The other specs are equally impressive: Huawei's own Kirin 970 chipset, with dedicated AI component, 6GB of RAM, and 128GB of storage. It's also fantastically designed – especially if you go for that cool-looking Twilight colour – and the battery life is among the best we've seen from a flagship lately.

If anything holds the Huawei P20 Pro back, it's a few quirks in the software, and the lack of a few useful features such as wireless charging. Take the package as a whole though, and this deserves its place among the best Android phones of 2018.

OnePlus 6

Still killing off those flagships

Weight:
177g

Dimensions:
155.7 x 75.4 x 7.8mm

OS:
Android 8.1

Screen size:
6.28 inches

Resolution:
1080 x 2280 pixels

CPU:
Snapdragon 845

RAM:
6/8GB

Storage:
64/128/256GB

Battery:
3300mAh

Rear camera:
16MP f/1.7 + 20MP f/1.7

Front camera:
16MP f/2.0

+
Top-end specs at mid-range prices
+
OxygenOS a smart take on Android

-
No full IP68 waterproofing

Way back in 2014, OnePlus launched its first phone as a "flagship killer" – a phone intended to put a serious dent in the market share of high-priced Android flagships by offering comparable specs at a much more reasonable price.

On the whole, it's succeeded very well in that mission over the last four years, right up to and including its latest offering, the
OnePlus 6
. The phone offers just about the best internal specs you're going to get in a handset this year, and tops it all off with a gorgeous-looking, 6.28-inch, 1440 x 2880 pixel AMOLED display.

It runs very fast, it looks very good, and in its in-house OxygenOS take on Android, OnePlus might just have something to rival Google's own stock Android. The changes OnePlus has made are clever and tasteful, and on some screens the mobile operating system actually looks better than what Google is doing.

There are some downsides, like a lack of wireless charging and full waterproofing, but the real beauty (and what OnePlus specialises in) is the low price – a good chunk of change below what you might expect to pay for a flagship phone from the likes of Samsung or Google.

Fulfilment by Amazon (FBA) is a service Amazon offers sellers that lets them store their products in Amazon's warehouses, and Amazon directly does the picking, packing, shipping and customer service on these items. Something Amazon hopes you'll especially enjoy:

Sponsored Products are advertisements for products sold by merchants on Amazon. When you click on a Sponsored Product ad, you will be taken to an Amazon detail page where you can learn more about the product and purchase it.

Keep this in mind: The delivery of your entire order with us only costs £4.95! Even if you order many plants, the delivery costs will remain at £4.95. With Lubera, you do not pay for the transport per plant, but per order.

Product information "Rhododendron Hybrid 'Pfauenauge'®"

The rhododendron hybrid 'Pfauenauge'® surprises you with its light purple flowers with black red marking that appear from late May to mid to mid-June. The ornamental shrub is moderately vigorous and has a wide, upright habit. It grows up to 1.2 m high and 1.5 m wide. This plant is suitable for individual or group plantings.
What are INKARHO rhododendrons:
Thanks to a specially bred rootstock that is grafted to the selected rhododendrons, it is possible to grow INKARHO rhododendrons in normal garden soils. There is no need to undergo pH changes, as INKARHO rhododendrons cope well with limy and even heavy soils.
Flowers:
light purple, with darker edge and black red marking
Final height:
approx. 120 cm
Final width:
approx. 150 cm
Flowering time:
May-June, late flowering is possible from mid-September to mid-October

Customer comments "Rhododendron Hybrid 'Pfauenauge'®"

Write an comment

Take advantage of this form for your questions(s) about the product "Rhododendron Hybrid 'Pfauenauge'®". Your question(s) and also the answers (from the Lubera® team and other garden friends) will be published here.