Circumcision

Circumcision is a universal
practice which is greatly influenced by cultural and religious traditions,
especially of the Moslems and Jews. It is
the most frequent operation on males not only in Islamic countries, but also
other parts of the world. For example, in the United States of America more than
one million male infants are circumcised each year. The performance of
circumcision is one of the rules of cleanliness in Islam. It is reported by Abu Hurairah that the
Prophet Muhammed (Peace Be Upon Him) mentioned:

Five are the acts quite akin to fitra: circumcision, shaving the pubes, cutting
the nails, plucking the hair under the armpits and clipping (or shaving) the
moustache (Recorded in "Sahih Muslim", "Sahih Bukhari", "Musnad Ahmed" and "Sunnah
At-Tirmidhi"). The word fitra in relation to cleanliness can refer to the Sunnah
of the Prophet (pbuh) with regard to this matter, and fitra also "implies an
inner sense of cleanliness in man which is proof of his moral convictions and
mental health".

Circumcision means removal of the foreskin of the penis.

The Islamic scholar Al-Mawardi said, "The ideal method is to remove the skin
completely from the beginning of the glens, and the minimum condition is that
nothing is left to cover the end of the glens". The
Prophet Muhammed (pbuh)
recommended performing circumcision at an early age. Al-Mawardi stated that the
chosen time is the 7th day after birth, but it can be carried out up to 40 days
after birth or thereafter until the age of 7 years, depending upon the
health of
the infant or child at the time.

There is an ongoing debate on the value of neonatal circumcision. Indeed, the
position of the American Academy of Pediatrics since 1975 has been that there
are no valid or absolute medical indications for routine circumcision of newborn
male infants. On the other hand, the results of recent clinical and
epidemiological studies are supportive of the practice of circumcision in
newborn and infant males.

From a two-part study involving cohorts of 3,924 and 422,328 infants
respectively Wiswell and Roscelli found a higher rate of urinary tract infection
in uncircumcised compared with male circumcised infants. These investigators
observed that as the circumcision frequency rate decreases, the incidence of
urinary tract infections increases. Infection usually begins in the foreskin
which becomes swollen and difficult to retract. A medium for bacterial growth
and further spread of infection is provided by the fecal material trapped
between the foreskin and glens of the penis. Such a condition probably leads to
other more serious complications.

The cause for cancer of the penis is not known, but it is associated with
related infections. According to current belief, cancer of the penis occurs less
frequently among Muslims and Jews. Whether this is so and is a benefit of
circumcision should be investigated in carefully controlled clinical studies.
Foreskin complications are more common in uncircumcised children.
According to the report of Herzog and Alvarez early circumcision of male infants
protects them from these conditions. Proper hygienic care of the penis, which
includes regular washing, will prevent some infections, but among children this
is difficult to maintain and is probably not as effective as circumcision. Some
conditions, such as phimosis, often lead to circumcision at a later age that
could have been prevented if it had been performed earlier. The possible risk
for long term urological complications in the infected, uncircumcised male
infant has not been properly studied. It is known, however, that as many as 50%
of male infants with urinary tract infections will subsequently reveal
demonstrable radiological abnormalities. Thus, the performance of circumcision and
the practice of Sunan Al-Fitra as recommended in Islam is medically beneficial
and reflects the wisdom of the Islamic statements.

Today the doctors say that lack of circumcision:

Is the biggest risk factor for heterosexually-acquired AIDS virus infection in
men (8-times higher risk by itself, and even higher when lesions from STDs are
added in).

Is responsible for a 12-fold higher risk of urinary tract infections. Carries a
higher risk of death in the first year of life (from complications of urinary
tract infections: kidney failure, meningitis and infection of bone marrow).

One in 900 uncircumcised men will die from cancer of the penis or require
at least partial penile amputation as a result. (In contrast, penile cancer
never occurs in men circumcised at birth).

Often leads to balanitis (inflammation of the glens), phimosis (inability to
retract the foreskin) and paraphimosis (constriction of the penis by a tight
foreskin). Up to 18% of uncircumcised boys will develop one of these by 8 years
of age, whereas all are unknown in the circumcised.

Means problems that may result in a need for circumcision late in life:
complication risk = 1 in 100 (compared with 1 in 1000 in the newborn).

Is associated with higher incidence of cervical cancer in the female partners of
uncircumcised men.

There is no evidence of any long-term psychological harm arising from
circumcision. The risk of damage to the penis is extremely rare and avoidable by
using a competent, experienced doctor. Surgical methods use a procedure that
protects the penis during excision of the foreskin. As an alternative, for those
who might prefer it, a device (PlastiBell) is in use that clamps the foreskin,
which then falls off after a few days, and so eliminates the need to actually
cut the foreskin off. For some, cultural or religious beliefs dictate the
method.