Nor does the book provide a history of the various other privatization programs which affected everything from housing to small- and medium-sized enterprises. Kalyuzhnova (1998:69-78) provides a useful summary of these initiatives.

See the “Investor’s Display” at http://en.kkb.kz/Investors_Display/equity.asp. The other major shareholder of Kazkommertsbank was the Bank of New York with 26.99 percent, but it was only a nominal owner thus obscuring true ownership even further.

See Nelson Resources Press Release of March 13, 2000. One of CAIH’s purchases was of the Canadian company Nelson Gold (then renamed Nelson Resources) and since Nelson was a public company, its press releases provided some public information about CAIH. Similarly, CAIH’s efforts to acquire Hurricane Hydrocarbons Ltd, another public company, provided additional information.

An early example of the consequences of development that relied almost entirely on foreign investment was provided by changes in Baku in what is now Azerbaijan. By the end of the nineteenth century, Azeris accounted for less that one-quarter of the population of Baku; the rest were Armenians, Russians, Iranians, and of course the foreign investors themselves (Van Der Leeuw 2000:69). The first violent ethnic-based disruption in Baku occurred in 1905.

Census results are taken from Alampiev (1959:94-107). The census defined industrial enterprises as those employing 16 or more workers and using an engine or those with 30 or more workers but no engine. Values were calculated at 1926-7 prices.

Unless otherwise noted, information in this section draws from the unusually well documented history of the Spassky Company in the reports of E. Nelson Fell (1916) who, with his brother, was a founder of the company and lived at Spassky from 1904-9; John Wardell (1958) who was an engineer and lived at Spassky from 1914 to 1919; and Olivia Fell Vans-Agnew (1962), Fell’s daughter, who lived at Spassky from 1905-9.

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