November 23 (December 5 New Style): Aleksandr Mikhailovich Rodchenko born in Saint Petersburg. Father, Mikhail Mikhailovich Rodchenko (born 1852), is a prop man in the theater; mother, Ol'ga Evdokimovna Paltusova (born 1865), is a washerwoman.

1905

By this year, family has moved to Kazan.

August 20: Receives a certificate of elementary education from the Kazan school board.

1907

Father dies.

1908

Begins two years of apprenticeship as a dental technician.

1910

September: Enrolls in the department of figurative arts in the Kazan School of Fine Arts (Kazanskaia khudozhestvennaia shkola).

Meets Varvara Fedorovna Stepanova (born 1894), also a student at the Kazan School of Fine Arts.

February 20: Attends lecture and performance presented in Kazan by Russian Futurists David Burliuk, Vasilii Kamenskii, and Vladimir Mayakovsky. Becomes an adherent of Futurism (which in Russia designates a wide range of avant-garde experiment). Purchases a photograph of Mayakovsky.

June 7: Although his lack of formal secondary education prevents him from receiving a diploma, obtains a certificate stating that he has completed the course of painting and drawing at the Kazan School of Fine Arts.

July 19 (August 1 New Style): Germany declares war on Russia. World War I begins.

August: To rid the city's name of its Germanic connotation, Saint Petersburg is renamed Petrograd.

1915

October: This month or shortly thereafter moves to Moscow and enrolls in the Graphic Section of the Stroganov School of Applied Art (Stroganovskoe khudozhestvenno-promyshlennoe uchilishche).

Spring-Summer: Departs for military service as operations manager of a hospital train.

1917

Exhibition of Works by Rodchenko 1910-1917 (Vystavka tvorchestva Rodchenko 1910-1917), Moscow. March or May.

Summer: Rodchenko is a founder of Profsoiuz (Professional'nyi soiuz khudozhnikov-zhivopistsev, Professional Union of Artist-Painters) and becomes the secretary of its "left" or avant-garde division, the Young Federation (Molodaia federatsiia). Although relatively small, this "left" federation is assertive enough to get four of its members (Mayakovsky, Nathan Altman, Nikolai Punin, and Vsevolod Meyerhold) on the union's organizing committee.

Fall: With Tatlin and others, assists Georgii Yakulov in designing the Café Pittoresque on Kuznetskii Most in Moscow. Rodchenko designs lamps and makes large-scale working drawings from Yakulov's rough sketches. The café will open on January 30, 1918.

December: Rodchenko is discharged from military service.

February 22: Severe shortages of bread spark the February Revolution, a series of strikes, demonstrations, and mutinies in Petrograd that radically destabilize the government.

March 2: Tsar Nicholas II abdicates in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Michael. Provisional Government is formed.

March 3: Grand Duke Michael abdicates, ending the rule of the Romanov dynasty.

March 10-12: Delegates of artists' groups meet in Petrograd to organize the Union of Art Workers (Soiuz deiatelei iskusstv), asserting independence from state control.

April 16: Vladimir Il'ich Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik party, arrives in Petrograd from exile in Zurich, on a special train provided by the German foreign ministry.

October 25: The October Revolution. Bolshevik Red Guards overthrow the Provisional Government in Petrograd.

Before the end of the month, the new government establishes Narkompros (Narodnyi komissariat prosveshcheniia, the People's Commissariat of Enlightenment) to administer education and culture. Anatoly Lunacharsky is appointed commissar.

November 28: Proletkul't (Proletarskaia kul'tura, the Proletarian Culture association) is formally established in Petrograd. Drawing on principles established before the Revolution, Proletkul't aims to foster a proletarian culture through working-class organizations.

December 7: Establishment of the Cheka (Chrezvychainaia komissiia po bor'be s kontr-revoliutsiei i sabotazhem, the Special Commission for Combatting Counter-Revolution and Sabotage), the Soviet security organ.

5 Years of Work (5 let raboty), club of the Young Federation for New Art (Molodaia federatsiia novogo iskusstva), Moscow.

Untitled group exhibition, club of the Young Federation for New Art, Moscow.

Becomes a member of the presidium of the soviet of Profsoiuz.

January 29: Establishment of Izo (Otdel izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv, the Section of Visual Arts), a department of Narkompros. Painter David Shterenberg is appointed head of the Petrograd section, which includes Vladimir Mayakovsky, Osip Brik, and Nathan Altman. Tatlin is head of the Moscow section, which includes Malevich, Kandinsky, Rodchenko, and others.

Rodchenko will assist Olga Rozanova, head of the Art and Production Subsection (Khudozhestvenno-promyshlennyi podotdel) of Izo, in visiting workshops and studios and raising money to revive craft production. He will be named head of the Museum Bureau (Muzeinoe biuro) of Izo, and of its Moscow centerpiece, the Museum of Painterly Culture (Muzei zhivopisnoi kul'tury), and will be assisted in these positions by Stepanova. Over the next three years, the Museum Bureau will acquire 1,926 works of modern and contemporary art by 415 artists and will organize thirty provincial museums, to which it will distribute 1,211 works.

February: A Moscow branch of Proletkul't is established. Rodchenko will teach a course on the theory of painting here.

Spring: Rodchenko publishes in the anarchist magazine Anarkhiia.

Second half of the year: Works for the first time in abstract sculpture, producing a series of spatial constructions that he calls "white sculptures."

February 1: By government decree, the Gregorian (New Style) calendar in use throughout Western Europe is adopted in Russia; February 1, 1918, becomes February 14, 1918.

March: The Bolshevik party is renamed the Communist Party. The government moves Russia's capital from Petrograd to Moscow.

March 3: Russia signs a treaty with Germany at Brest-Litovsk, Lithuania, ending its involvement in World War I.

April 8: Leon Trotsky is appointed commissar of war.

April 13: Lenin signs a decree establishing a Plan for Monumental Propaganda (Plan monumental'noi propagandy), to be administered by Narkompros and calling for the creation of monuments to revolutionary leaders, and to historical Şgures admired by the Bolsheviks, to replace those of the tsarist era.

April-May: Civil war breaks out in Russia.

Summer: The Bolsheviks impose a series of radical economic policies, part ideological, part pragmatic, that come to be called "war communism." All industrial and economic assets are nationalized and put at the service of the state and the army; the economy is subjected to central planning; forced labor is introduced; and an almost total prohibition on free trade produces a virtually moneyless economy, with barter becoming a basic form of exchange. The often forcible requisitioning of grain will strain relations between the Soviet government and the rural population nearly to the breaking point.

July 7: The government issues a decree closing all non-Bolshevik daily newspapers in Moscow.

December 11 and 13: The First and Second Free State Art Workshops (Pervye i vtorye svobodnye gosudarstvennye khudozhestvennye masterskie, or Svomas) are opened in Moscow, amalgamating and replacing the Stroganov School of Applied Art, the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture (Moskovskoe uchilishche zhivopisi, vaianiia i zodchestva), and a handful of private studios. The Free State Art Workshops will make art education free to all students, regardless of social and educational background. Students will have a say in the selection of their teachers--a condition often unfavorable to Futurist artists.

1st State Painting Exhibition of Local and Moscow Artists (1aia gosudarstvennaia vystavka kartin mestnykh i moskovskikh khudozhnikov), Vitebsk. Organized by the fine-arts section of the education department of the Vitebsk regional government.

Produces a series of linocuts; executes his first collages using printed materials; starts work on a series of architectural drawings, and also on a series of spatial constructions that can be stored şat and then opened up into three-dimensional hanging forms.

Joins the Collective of Painterly, Sculptural, and Architectural Synthesis (Zhivskul'ptarkh, the Kollektiv zhivopisno-skul'pturno-arkhitekturnogo sinteza). Wins first prize in a competition, organized by the collective, to design a newspaper kiosk.

January: In Vyborg, near Petrograd, Osip Brik and Vladimir Mayakovsky announce the creation of Komfut, a group of "Kommunisty-futuristy"(Communists-Futurists) intended as a subset of a Party unit, and dedicated to developing a political Futurism and to pursuing concerns with both cultural policy and "Communist consciousness."

March: Creation of the Politburo, or inner cabinet of the government. Leading members include Lenin, Lev Kamenev, Joseph Stalin, and Grigorii Zinoviev.

June: End-of-year exhibition of the First Free State Art Workshops, organized to stress the collective nature of the artists' work. In the fall, some of these artists, as well as Konstantin Medunetskii and Georgii and Vladimir Stenberg, will form a loose association, Obmokhu (Obshchestvo molodykh khudozhnikov, the Society of Young Artists; this summer exhibition will later be often misidentified as the first Obmokhu exhibition).

2nd Art Exhibition (2aia khudozhestvennaia vystavka), Sovetsk. Organized by the Subsection of the Department of Museums and Conservation of Monuments and Antiquities (Podotdel po delam museev i okhrany pamiatnikov iskusstva i stariny).

1st Kosmodem'iansk Exhibition for the Third Anniversary of the Great October Revolution (1aia kozmodem'ianskaia vystavka k 3ei godovshchine velikoi oktiabr'skoi revolutsii), Kosmodem'iansk. Organized by Izo.

Organizes, designs, and participates in Exhibition to the Third Congress of the Komintern (Vystavka k III kongressu kominterna).

May: Formal establishment of Inkhuk (Institut khudozhestvennoi kul'tury, the Institute of Artistic Culture) under the auspices of Izo Narkompros. It has grown out of meetings among Kandinsky, Rodchenko, Stepanova, Vladimir Franketti, Viktor Shestakov, and others. Its initial program is formulated by Kandinsky.

For the 19th State Exhibition (19aia gosudarstvennaia vystavka), organized under the auspices of Izo Narkompros, Rodchenko prepares two essays, "Everything is Experiment" (Vse-opyty), which is displayed in the exhibition next to his work, and "The Line" (Liniia), which announces a new cycle of work. The exhibition opens on October 20, and here Rodchenko meets Vladimir Mayakovsky.

October 24: With Stepanova, moves out of Kandinsky's apartment.

November: Becomes a professor at Vkhutemas, where he will teach "Construction," a mandatory course, and give the lectures "Initiative" and "Graphic Construction of a Plane" for one year.

November 5: With Stepanova, moves into an apartment in the building of the Museum Bureau, at 14 Volkhonka Street.

November 14: Aleksei Gan invites him to design for Gan's play We (My).

November 23: Formation of the General Working Group of Objective Analysis (Obshchaia rabochaia gruppa ob'ektivnogo analiza)within Inkhuk. Including Aleksei Babichev, Rodchenko, Stepanova, and others, it coheres in opposition to Kandinsky's program and leadership. Babichev would later write, "The psychological approach of Kandinsky sharply diverged from the views of those who considered the material, self-contained object' to be the substance of creation."

The Central Committee abrogates the independence of Proletkul't, placing it under the authority of Narkompros.

May 2-16: The young artists who, since the preceding fall, have called their group Obmokhu present their first exhibition under that name.

Second Spring Obmokhu Exhibition (Vtoraia vesenniaia vystavka Obmokhu), held in the former Mikhailova Salon, Moscow. May-June.

5x5=25 exhibition held at the Club of the All-Russian Union of Poets (Klub vserossiskogo soiuza poetov), Moscow. Part one September, part two October.

Wins first prize in a competition to design union insignia.

February: Teaches drawing for one term at the Ceramics Faculty (Keramicheskii fakul'tet) of Vkhutemas.

March 18: Forms the First Working Group of Constructivists (Pervaia rabochaia gruppa konstruktivistov) with Aleksei Gan, Karl Ioganson, Konstantin Medunetskii, Stepanova, and Georgii and Vladimir Stenberg.

September-October: With Alexandra Exter, Lyubov Popova, Stepanova, and Aleksandr Vesnin, presents work in 5x5=25, a two-part exhibition held at the Club of the All-Russian Union of Poets (Klub vserossiskogo soiuza poetov). Each artist shows five works in each part. The first part opens in September and features works especially produced for the occasion; Rodchenko exhibits Line (Liniia,1920), Grid (Kletka, 1921), and the three monochrome paintings Pure Red Color (Chistyi krasnyi tsvet), Pure Yellow Color (Chistyi zheltyi tsvet), and Pure Blue Color (Chistyi sinii tsvet, all 1921), which are often referred to as a triptych. The second part of the show, in October, is dedicated to works on paper.

November 26: Rodchenko reads his essay "The Line" (Liniia)at an Inkhuk meeting.

Rodchenko works on free-standing sculptures made of identically sized wooden elements.

January-April: "Composition-construction" debates take place at Inkhuk, exploring the meaning of the two terms as approaches to artmaking, and leading to the formation of the Constructivist group. The debates stake out the terms of the group's opposition to Kandinsky's program.

Communist forces under Trotsky suppress a mutiny of 10,000 sailors at the Kronstadt naval base near Petrograd.

Summer-Fall: Height of a famine that kills hundreds of thousands, probably millions, of Russians.

November 24: Coining the slogan "Art into Life," more than twenty artists associated with Inkhuk declare their renunciation of the self-sufficient art object (and of easel painting in particular) and their intention to go into industry. This is the beginning of the Productivist phase of Constructivism.

December: Kandinsky leaves Russia to teach at the Bauhaus, in Weimar, Germany.

October 15: Opening of the First Russian Art Exhibition (Erste russische Kunstausstellung), at the Galerie van Diemen, 21 Unter den Linden, Berlin. The exhibition, which includes work by Rodchenko, is Western Europe's first comprehensive overview of Russian modernist art. It will later travel to the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam.

March: Establishment of AKhRR (Assotsiatsiia khudozhnikov revoliutsionnoi Rossii, Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia). Adherents of nineteenth-century realism, its members will develop the style of Socialist Realism in the 1930s.

February 6: The Cheka is replaced by the GPU (Gosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenie, the State Political Administration).

April 3: Stalin is elected general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party.

April 16: Russia and Germany sign an accord of economic cooperation at Rapallo, Italy.

May: "First International Congress of Progressive Artists" held in Düsseldorf, Germany. In opposition to the Expressionist majority, artists including Theo van Doesburg, El Lissitzky, and Hans Richter form the International Section of Constructivists.

May 21: Release of the first number of Kino-Pravda (Cine-Truth), Dziga Vertov's series of twenty-three short documentary films.

Acquires a 13-by-18-cm. view camera to make copies, enlargements, and reductions for his photocollage work.

Begins to design advertisements and insignia for the state airline Dobrolet. This work soon leads to regular collaborations with Mayakovsky (who writes the slogans) on advertisements for the state grocery-concern Mossel'prom, the state candy-maker Krasnyi Oktiabr', the state department-store gum, the state rubber-trust Rezinotrest, the state tea-producer Chaiupravlenie, and the state publishing-house Gosizdat.

Shows costume designs for Gan's play We in the Exhibition of Moscow Stage Design 1918-1923 (Vystavka teatral'no-dekorativnogo iskusstva Moskvy 1918-1923).

His Metfak students at Vkhutemas exhibit furniture designs based on his principles of efficiency and multiple applications, including a bed that can double as an armchair, by N. Sobolev; a collapsible bookstand, by Zakhar Bykov; and a folding bed, by Peter Galaktionov.

March: Manifesto of the Lef group (signed by Nikolai Aseev, Boris Arvatov, Osip Brik, Boris Kushner, Mayakovsky, Sergei Tret'iakov, and Nikolai Chuzhak) appears in the first issue of the group's magazine Lef, published with support from Narkompros. The press run of this first issue is 5,000; over the course of Lef's seven issues (through January 1925) it will decline to 2,000. The first issue includes Rodchenko's drawings for "cinema cars," a mobile system of film projection that he has designed for the All-Russian Agricultural Exhibition (Vserossiiskaia vystavka sel'sko-khoziaistva), Moscow, but that are never produced.

Rodchenko will design all the covers of Lef, and will become the Lef group's principal visual artist. Filmmakers Sergei Eisenstein and Dziga Vertov, stage director Vsevolod Meyerhold, and literary theorist Viktor Shklovsky will also become associated with the group.

April 21: Completes photocollage maquettes as the cover and illustrations for About This(Pro eto), a poem by Mayakovsky, which the poet has completed on February 11.

June 5: Publication of Pro eto.

July 1: The newspaper Izvestiia publishes a full-page advertisement for the department store gum (Gosudarstvennyi universalnyi magazin, the State universal store) designed by Rodchenko with text by Mayakovsky, their first advertising collaboration.

December 18: László Moholy-Nagy, professor at the Bauhaus, writes to Rodchenko at Vkhutemas, inviting him to write a brochure on Constructivism for a series to be published by the Bauhaus. The brochure will never appear.

Winter of 1923-24: Makes a small number of photographs independent of his collage work.

January 16: First recorded reference to Lef (Levyi front iskusstv, the Left Front of the Arts), a group of avant-garde writers and intellectuals associated with Vladimir Mayakovsky and dedicated to defining a model of Revolutionary art practice, or, as the group informed the Central Committee of the Communist Party, "a Communist direction for all forms of art."

1924

Rodchenko stops working for Inkhuk.

April: In his apartment on Miasnitskaia Street, using a 9-by-12-cm. plate camera, makes a series of six portraits of Mayakovsky, his first lasting work in photography. Soon begins to photograph family and friends.

October 31: Release of Dziga Vertov's film Cine-Eye (Kino glaz), for which Rodchenko designs the poster.

Viktor Shklovsky joins the editorial board of Lef.

January 21: Lenin dies.

January 26: The Second All-Union Congress of Soviets changes the name of Petrograd to Leningrad.

A mural that Rodchenko has designed for the side of the Mossel'prom building in Moscow is completed by this month, when he photographs it in its finished state.

January 14: A daughter, Varvara Alexandrovna Rodchenko, is born to Stepanova and Rodchenko.

January 18: Release of Sergei Eisenstein's film The Battleship Potemkin (Bronenosets Potemkin), for which Rodchenko designs the poster.

March 23: Arrives in Paris by train, via Riga (March 19) and Berlin (March 20), as part of the delegation, headed by David Shterenberg, that will mount the Soviet exhibitions at the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes. These exhibitions include six rooms in the Grand Palais, containing a model village reading room and a theater, as well as exhibits of crafts, works created at Vkhutemas, graphic design, advertising, and architecture; and also the Soviet Pavilion, designed by Konstantin Mel'nikov, and, at the Invalides, a model workers' club (Rabochii klub), designed by Rodchenko, who also executes its installation and that of the other exhibitions.

In Paris, visits the Salon des Indépendants, which he finds mediocre, and meets Theo van Doesburg, Fernand Léger, and other artists, in meetings limited by the lack of a common language. Writes almost daily to Stepanova of his impressions of Paris: considers the advertising weak; admires Charlie Chaplin's The Kid. Also buys a 4-by-6.5-cm. Ica plate camera and a 35-mm. Sept (a movie camera that can also make still frames). Buys a second Sept for Dziga Vertov.

June 4: Soviet exhibitions open in the Grand Palais. Rodchenko wins silver medals in each of the four categories he has entered: book design, outdoor advertising, theater design, and furniture design.

June 18: Leaves Paris for Moscow, by train.

Fall: Shooting from both above and below, makes "The Building on Miasnitskaia Street" (Dom na Miasnitskoi), a series of photographs of his apartment building.

Establishment of Ost (Obshchestvo khudozhnikov-stankovistov, the Society of Easel Painters), a group arguing for easel painting over the industrial design and photography embraced by the Constructivists. Unlike the AKhRR, however, Ost did not reject certain innovations of the pre-Revolutionary avant-garde.

January: Last published issue of Lef, which ceases publication after Gosizdat withdraws funding. An eighth issue is prepared but never appears.

1926

2nd Exhibition of Film Posters (2aia vystavka kino-plakat), Moscow. Organized by the publishing house Teakinopechat' (Press for theater and cinema).

The magazine Sovremennaia Arkhitektura(Contemporary Architecture)goes into publication, edited by Aleksei Gan. Rodchenko and Stepanova contribute to the first issues.

Begins to photograph regularly and to design costumes and sets for theater and film.

Commissioned by the Museum of the Revolution (Muzei revolutsii) and Komakademiia to create "The History of the VKP(b) (All-Russian Communist Party [Bolshevik]) in Posters" (Istoria VKP(b) v plakatakh), a series of twenty-five posters illustrating the history of the Communist Party.

February: Joins the Association of Photo-Reporters (Assotsiatsiia fotoreporterov) but does not participate in its first exhibition, at the Press-House (Dom pechati).

March: The magazine Sovetskoe Kino (Soviet Cinema) includes photographs from Rodchenko's "Building on Miasnitskaia Street" series of 1925. He will contribute photographs to the magazine regularly.

April: First issue of Sovetskoe Foto (Soviet Photography), a monthly addressed primarily to amateur photographers, published under the auspices of Izo Narkompros. Rodchenko is a member of the editorial board.

June 10: An article in Leningradskaia Pravda criticizes the Leningrad Inkhuk as a "monastery on a state subsidy." Shortly thereafter the institute is closed.

Rodchenko collaborates on Moscow in October(Moskva v Oktiabre) by Boris Barnet, one of three films commissioned to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution. Listed as "Artist" (Khudozhnik) in the film's credits, he selects locations and designates camera viewpoints and angles, many of them from above or below. In connection with the film, he photographs extensively in Moscow and makes a series of photographs of the Brianskii railway station, site of the film's opening scene. The film is released in November of this year.

Designs the sets, notably the hero's apartment, conceived as an exemplar of modern functional design, for the film The Journalist (Zhurnalistka), by Lev Kuleshov (released in October of this year). Also designs sets for the film Al'bidum, by Leonid Obolenskii.

Rodchenko's poster series "The History of the VKP(b) in Posters," of 1926, is published in the newspapers Izvestiia and Pravda.

January: First issue of the magazine Novyi Lef. Twenty-two monthly numbers (including one double number) will appear through December 1928, in editions ranging from 2,400 to 3,500. Rodchenko will design all of the covers and will contribute regularly to the contents.

December: Trotsky is expelled from the Communist Party at the Fifteenth Party Congress.

1928

10 Years of Soviet Photography(Sovetskaia fotografiia za 10 let), Moscow and Leningrad. Organized by the State Academy of Artistic Sciences.

Russian Drawing in the 10 Years after the October Revolution(Russkii risunok za 10 let Oktiabr'skoi revoliutsii), State Tretyakov Gallery (Gosudarstvennaia Tretiakovskaia galereia), Moscow.

In the exhibition 10 Years of Soviet Photography (Sovetskaia fotografiia za 10 let), in Moscow, Rodchenko's pictures are shown in the photo-reportage section, not the "artistic photography" section. Following the exhibition, Voks establishes a photographic section. Rodchenko sits on the section's committee. Through the wide-ranging contacts of VOKS, he will send photographs to an average of five or six foreign exhibitions, many of them Pictorialist salons, each year through 1941.

Designs sets for the film The Doll with Millions (Kukla s millionami), by Sergei Komarov (released in December of this year).

Over the next four years, will publish photo-reportage in the magazines Kniga i Revoliutsiia (Book and Revolution),Kommunisticheskii Internatsional Molodezhi (Communist International of Youth),Krasnoe Studenchestvo (Red Student Days), Pioner (Pioneer), Prozhektor (Projector), Sovetskoe Foto, Radioslushatel' (Radio Listener), Smena (Change), and Zhurnalist (Journalist).

January 3: Alfred H. Barr, Jr., future founding director of The Museum of Modern Art, New York, visits Rodchenko and Stepanova at their apartment in Moscow.

April: Sovetskoe Foto no. 4 of 1928 publishes an anonymous illustrated letter to the editor insinuating that Rodchenko has plagiarized his photographic style from Western "imperialist" photographers.

October 3: L. Averbakh of Rapp attacks Rodchenko's photograph of a pioneer as "monstrous."

November: Maks Tereshkovich, director of the Theater of the Revolution (Teatr revoliutsii), invites Rodchenko to design sets for the play Inga, by Anatolii Glebov. Explaining his participation in the production in his essay "A Discussion of the New Clothing and Furniture--A Task of Design," Rodchenko will emphasize the notion of rationality, the use of fold-out (rather than multiple-application) furniture (the better to suit everyday living conditions), and his preference for an "abundantly available" material, wood.

November 14: Delivers an illustrated lecture, "On the New Photography or Photo-Lef," at GaKhn (Gosudarstvennaia akademiia khudozhestvennykh nauk, the State Academy of Artistic Sciences).

November 25: Stepanova's diary records Rodchenko's purchase of a Leica for 350 rubles.

December 9: El Lissitzky, charged with assembling the Russian section of the forthcoming Film und Foto exhibition in Stuttgart, visits Rodchenko to select photographs for the exhibition.

December 26: With Stepanova, Rodchenko completes the maquette for a book of photographs of his that have appeared in Sovetskoe Foto,Sovetskoe Kino, and Novyi Lef. Osip Brik is to write an introduction. The book is to be published under the auspices of Narkompros, but never appears.

Beginning of the First Five-Year Plan, a program of industrialization and forced collectivization of agriculture.

January: Trotsky is deported from Moscow to Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan.

AKhRR is renamed AKhR (Assotsiatsiia khudozhnikov revoliutsii, Association of Artists of the Revolution).

May-June: Accused of sabotage and conspiracy with foreign powers, mining engineers and technicians--"bourgeois experts"--from the Shakhty area of the Donets Basin undergo a show trial in Moscow. This is the start of the cultural revolution, the social complement to the First Five-Year Plan. The cultural revolution reasserts the rhetoric of class warfare, which had been moderated under the NEP.

June 5: The newly founded October (Oktiabr') group of modernist artists, including painters Aleksandr Deineka and Diego Rivera, designers Gustav Klucis and Sergei Sen'kin, architects Moisei Ginzburg and Aleksandr Vesnin, and filmmakers Sergei Eisenstein and Esfir Shub, publishes its manifesto in Pravda, asserting that art must serve "working people" through the creation of "ideological propaganda" and "the production and direct organization of the collective way of life."

Summer: Mayakovsky resigns from Novyi Lef, followed by Osip Brik and Nikolai Aseev. Tret'iakov and Nikolai Chuzhak assume editorial control of the last five issues (August-December).

January 2: Mayakovsky invites Rodchenko to work on his play Bedbug(Klop), at the Meyerhold Theater (Teatr im. Vs. Meierkhol'da). Rodchenko will work on the project from January 14 to February 13. His designs are for the second half of the play, which is set in 1979, fifty years in the future. Designs for the first half of the play, set in the present day of 1929, are by the Kukrinskii brothers. Once Rodchenko has finished his work for Bedbug, he returns to designing modular furniture for Glebov's play Inga, to open later in the spring.

April: First issue of the magazine Daesh'(Give Your All), closely associated with October. Daesh' will survive for fourteen issues, the last of them published in December of this year. Principal photographers for the magazine are Rodchenko and Boris Ignatovich.

Summer: After the Film und Foto exhibition in Stuttgart, enters into correspondence with co-organizer Jan Tschichold.

Sovetskoe Foto publishes a Russian edition of Malerei, Photographie, Film(Painting, Photography, Flm, 1925), by László Moholy-Nagy, with an introduction by Alexei Fedorov-Davidov, director of the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow and leading theorist of the October group.

January: Trotsky is exiled from the USSR.

January 8: Release in Kiev of Dziga Vertov's film Man with a Movie Camera(Chelovek c kino apparatom).

March 29: Premiere of Mayakovsky's Bedbug, at the Meyerhold Theater, Moscow.

September: Anatoly Lunacharsky is replaced as commissar of Narkompros by Andrei Bubonov, formerly an administrator in the Red Army.

October: Mayakovsky and Osip Brik form Ref (Revoliutsionnyi front iskusstv, Revolutionary Front of Art), announced as ideologically to the left of the Lef group.

November: Nikolai Bukharin is removed from the Politburo. Stalin is now without rivals.

1930

First October exhibition, Gorky Park, Moscow. Opens March 27.

20 Years of the Work of Mayakovsky (20 let raboty Maiakovskogo), Writers' Club (Klub pisatelei), Moscow.

Rodchenko lectures on photography to heads of photographic clubs at the Institute of Graphic Design (Poligraficheskii institut) and the Association of Photo-Reporters.

February: A photographic section of the October group is organized. Rodchenko is head of the section and writes its program. Other members include Dmitrii Debabov; Boris, Ol'ga, and Elizaveta Ignatovich; Vladimir Griuntal'; Roman Kamen; Eleazar Langman; Moriakin; Abram Shterenberg; and Vitalii Zhemchuzhnyi.

March 27: First general October exhibition opens at Gorky Park (Park kul'tury i otdykha im. Gorkogo, or Park of culture and rest named after Gorky), Moscow. The photography section, organized by Rodchenko and Stepanova, includes the magazine Radioslushatel', designed by Stepanova and illustrated with photographs by Griuntal', Boris Ignatovich, and Rodchenko.

July: First issue of the magazine Za Rubezhom(Abroad). Rodchenko will design many of its covers.

August-November: With the film director Leon Letkar, travels to Vakhtan to shoot the documentary Chemical Treatment of the Forest(Khimizatsiia lesa). The film will never be released. During the trip makes a series of photographs at a lumber mill.

Probably this year, Malevich is imprisoned for nearly three months by the NKVD (Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennykh del, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs), on suspicion of spying for Germany.

January: Mayakovksy dissolves Ref, declaring his intention to join Rapp, the leading conservative group opposed to the Lef group.

First issue of SSSR na Stroike(USSR in Construction), a lavish propaganda magazine printed in gravure and illustrated mainly with photographs. The monthly is issued in Russian, English, French, and German editions.

April 14: Death of Mayakovsky, recorded as a suicide.

1931

Exhibition of the photographers' section of October at the Press-House, Moscow. May.

October exhibition of photomontage in Gorky Park, Moscow. June.

Designs the costumes and sets for the revue Sixth Part of the World(Shestaia chast' mira), by Aleksandr Zharov, and directed by Nikolai Gorchakov, at the Music-Hall Theater.

Set designer for the film What Will You Be?(Kem byt'?), directed by Vitalii Zhemchuzhnyi and based on a children's book by Mayakovsky.

Begins lecturing on photography at the Soiuzfoto agency.

May: The October photographers' section opens an exhibition at the Press-House. Rodchenko shows his photographs from Vakhtan.

October 10: Jan Tschichold writes asking Rodchenko to send about sixty photographs for a prospective monograph in a series of books he is preparing with Franz Roh. The book will never appear.

Establishment of Ropf (Rossiiskoe ob''edinenie proletarskikh fotoreporterov, the Russian Society of Proletarian Photo-Reporters), a group opposed to the October group. Among its leaders are Maks Al'pert, Semen Fridliand, Iakov Khalip, and Arkadii Shaikhet. The magazine Proletarskoe Foto (the renamed Sovetskoe Foto)acts as its mouthpiece. (Sovetskoe Foto is called Proletarskoe Foto between September of this year and the end of 1933.)

June: John Heartfield, in Moscow since April, presents his work at an exhibition of photomontage organized by October at Gorky Park.

1932

Exhibition dedicated to the work of Vladimir Mayakovsky, Moscow. Organized by the Museum of Literature (Muzei literatury).

Rodchenko designs the sets and costumes for the play The Army of the World(Armiia mira), by Lev Nikulin, directed by Iurii Zavadskii at the Zavadskii Theater.

Teaches a course on photography at the Institute of Graphic Design.

Makes photo-vitrines for the Dynamo (Dinamo) stadium.

January: This month's Proletarskoe Foto includes attacks on the October group. On January 25, Rodchenko is expelled from October for resistance to the "practical reconstruction of the group."

February: Proletarskoe Foto publishes workers' criticisms of photographs by members of October, notably Rodchenko's pictures of pioneers. It also publishes an open letter signed by eighteen members of October, including Rodchenko (not yet expelled when the letter was written), apologizing for the group's mistakes.

April 15: Signs a one-year contract to supply photographs to Izogiz (the State Publishing House for Art). The contract calls for Rodchenko to supply a minimum of forty photographs per month at ten rubles each, for a monthly salary of 400 rubles. Additional photographs will earn from ten to twelve rubles each, depending on quality. The contract leads to, among other things, the publication of a series of approximately forty postcards of Moscow scenes, published in editions ranging from 10,000 to 25,000, and to the preparation of Dve Moskvy(Two Moscows), a book documenting Moscow before the Revolution (through drawings) and after it (through Rodchenko's photographs). The book will never appear. Rodchenko's work is, however, included in the photo-album From Capitalist Moscow to Socialist Moscow(Ot Moskvy kupecheskoi k Moskve sotsialisticheskoi).

In this and the following year, at least five million Russian peasants die of a famine imposed by the government to break resistance to the collectivization of agriculture.

April 23: The Central Committee of the Communist Party decrees the abolition of all artistic associations, together with their publications, and calls for a single union of artists.

June: In Moscow, former members of the abolished artists' associations establish Mosskh (Moskovskoe otdelenie soiuza sovetskikh khudozhnikov, the Moscow branch of the Union of Soviet Artists).

A law requiring a permit to photograph openly in Moscow henceforth restricts Rodchenko's photographic work to official parades and sporting events, the circus, the theater, commissions outside Moscow, and private pictures.

Rodchenko joins Mosskh.

February: Commissioned by Izogiz to travel to Karelia to photograph the construction of the White Sea (Belomorsk) Canal, which connects the White Sea and the Baltic. Spends two weeks at the canal.

March 13: Departs on a second trip to the White Sea Canal.

Summer: Third and final trip to the canal to photograph its inauguration. On the three trips together, has made a total of some 4,000 negatives.

July 18: Rodchenko's mother dies in Moscow while he is photographing at the White Sea Canal.

December: SSSR na Stroike publishes a special issue on the White Sea Canal, designed by Rodchenko and largely illustrated with his photographs.

Over the next eight years Rodchenko and Stepanova will work regularly on SSSR na Stroike.

1934

Travels to the Crimea and the Donets Basin on photographic assignments from Izogiz.

With Stepanova, designs 10 Years of Soviet Uzbekistan(10 let sovetskogo Uzbekistana), an album of photographs.

December: Politburo member Sergei Kirov is assassinated. The assassination becomes the occasion for Stalin to initiate a series of "purges"--prosecutions and executions for treason and counterrevolution--that will last through 1938.

Exhibition of the Work of the Masters of Soviet Photography(Vystavka rabot masterov sovetskogo foto-iskusstva), Moscow.

With Stepanova, designs issues on Kazakhstan and parachuting for SSSR na Stroike and the photograph albums First Cavalry(Pervaia konnaia)and Soviet Cinema.

Begins to photograph the gymnastic and military parades on Red Square. A permit is required for each event.

Wins second prize for his photograph Girls with Scarves(Devushki s platkami)at a Moscow competition organized by the Soiuzfoto agency and the newspaper Rabochaia Moskva(Worker's Moscow).

Starts painting again. Works on a series on the theme of the circus, in both painting and photography.

Retires from the photography exhibition committee of VOKS.

April 24-May 7: Exhibition of the Work of the Masters of Soviet Photography(Vystavka rabot masterov sovetskogo foto-iskusstva), organized by the newly formed Professional Union of Photo-Cine Workers (Profsoiuz kinofotorabotnikov), which Rodchenko joins. This is a juried exhibition to which each potential exhibitor is permitted to submit up to twenty photographs. Rodchenko is one of the nine jurors (who include both former members of ROPF and former members of the October group). He participates in the installation of the exhibition, which takes place in the exhibition hall on Kuznetskii Most (once the site of the Café Pittoresque, which Rodchenko had helped to design in 1917). The exhibition, and the critical reaction to it, temporarily restore Rodchenko's reputation, and he rejoins the editorial committee of Sovetskoe Foto and contributes articles to the magazine, including a series on "Young Masters," the first of which is devoted to Jakob Khalip.

1936

With Stepanova, Rodchenko designs an issue on timber exports for SSSR na Stroike.

Publishes an apologia, "Reconstruction of an Artist," in Sovetskoe Foto no. 5-6 of 1936.

Onset of the most intense period of the great purges. Over the next three years, more than seven million people will be arrested, of whom some three million will be executed or will die in prison or labor camps.

With Stepanova, Rodchenko designs an issue on gold for SSSR na Stroike.

Wins an award for his photographs of gymnastic parades and events in the First All-Union Exhibition of Photography(Pervaia vsesoiuznaia vystavka fotoiskusstva), Moscow.

Resigns from the editorial board of Sovetskoe Foto.

Tret'iakov is arrested. The precise date of his death, shortly thereafter, is unknown.

1938

Exhibition of Soviet Photographic Art(Vystavka sovetskogo fotoiskusstva), held at the Museum of Culture named after Vitautas, Kaunas, Lithuania.

Exhibition of the work of Vladimir Mayakovsky, Sochi.

Exhibition of artistic photography, Writers' Club, Moscow.

With Stepanova, Rodchenko designs issues on the Moscow-Volga Canal, elections in the Supreme Soviet, and Kiev for SSSR na Stroike.

With Stepanova, designs the photograph album Red Army(Krasnaia armiia).

Trial and execution of Nikolai Bukharin.

1939

In Honor of the 18th Party Congress(V podarok XVIII s''ezdu partii), Moscow. March.

With Stepanova, Rodchenko designs issues on the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (Vsesoiuznaia sel'skokhoziaistvennaia vystavka) and the kolkhoz for SSSR na Stroike, and the photograph albums Soviet Aviation, Procession of the Youth, and others for the New York World's Fair.

May 2-June 3: On a commission from the State Mayakovsky Museum (Gosudarstvennyi muzei Maiakovskogo), Moscow, writes a memoir on his collaboration with Mayakovsky, "Working with Mayakovsky" (Rabota s Maiakovskim). It will appear in Smena no. 3 of 1940.

Vsevolod Meyerhold arrested.

Death of Nikolai Chuzhak, arrested this or the previous year.

August 23: Germany and the USSR sign a nonagression pact.

September 1: Germany invades Poland. Two days later, Britain and France declare war on Germany. World War II has begun.

1940

With Stepanova, designs an issue on Mayakovsky for SSSR na Stroike.

With Georgii Petrusov, makes photographs for an issue of SSSR na Stroike on the circus. Because of the war, the issue never appears.

Works on a series of drawings inspired by the music of Sergei Prokofiev.

August 21: Trotsky assassinated in Mexico.

1941

With Stepanova, designs an issue on the history of GOELRO, the agency for the electrification of Russia, for SSSR na Stroike.

August: With Stepanova and daughter Varvara, Rodchenko is evacuated to Molotov in the province of Perm, about 1,000 miles from Moscow.

October: Moves to the village of Ocher, 100 miles from Molotov. Designs advertisements and signboards for the local cinema and newspaper.

June 22: Germany launches invasion of the USSR.

SSSR na Stroike ceases publication.

1942

January: Rodchenko returns to Molotov.

Marriage of Rodchenko and Stepanova.

April-May: Works as a photographer for the newspaper Travel with Stalin(Stalinskaia putevka), published by the provincial railway of Perm.

September: Returns to Moscow.

Works on the design of photographic exhibitions for the Soviet Bureau of Information (Sovinformbiuro).

Meyerhold dies in prison.

1943

Works on a series of paintings, "Decorative Composition" (Dekorativnaia kompozitsiia), and on a series of drawings on the theme of the circus.

October-November: Designs the exhibition History of the VKP(b)(Istoriia VKP[b])at the Museum of the Revolution.

December: Starts work as artistic director of the House of Technology (Dom tekhniki), earning 3,000 rubles a month.

1945

With Stepanova, designs the photograph albums Cinematographic Art of Our Country (Kinoiskusstvo nashei rodiny) and 5 Years of Work Reserves (5 let trudovykh rezervov).

May: Concludes work at the House of Technology.

May 7: Germany surrenders unconditionally to the Allies, ending World War II in Europe.

With Stepanova, designs the photograph album 25 Years of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Kazakhstan(25 let Kazakhstan SSR).

With daughter Varvara, begins designing the book 10 Years of Soviet Literature(10 let sovetskoi literatury). The book will never appear.

1948

First Exhibition of Book Artists(Pervaia vystavka khudozhnikov knigi), Moscow. Organized by the Moscow Association of Artists (Moskovskii soiuz sovetskikh khudozhnikov).

Jury member for the exhibition The Great Patriotic War in Artistic Photography(Velikaia otechestvennaia voina v khudozhestvennoi fotografii; "Great Patriotic War" is the Russian name for World War II).

With Stepanova, designs a series of posters about Mayakovsky.

1949

Begins to design costumes for the ballet Sleeping Beauty (Spiashchaia krasavitsa), for a competition at the Bolshoi Theater, but a serious illness forces him to abandon the project.