The Gap Theory—an Idea with Holes?

Many people assume there is a great gap in time between Genesis 1:1 and Genesis 1:2.

‘In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth’ (Genesis 1:1).
‘And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face
of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.’
(Genesis 1:2).

Many people assume there is a great gap in time between Genesis 1:1 and
Genesis 1:2. Most of these do this to accommodate the geological age system
of billions of years of supposed earth history in the Genesis record of
creation. The idea is something like this: billions of years ago God created
the spacemass-time universe. Then the geological ages took place over
billions of years of earth history. The different forms of life developed
that are now preserved in the fossil record. These life-forms represent
those ages - the invertebrates of the Cambrian Period, the dinosaurs of
the Cretaceous Period ... finally the mammals, birds and ‘ape-men’ of
the Tertiary Period - just before the recent epoch.

Then the idea is that, at the end of these geological ages, a great cataclysm
took place on earth, with Satan having rebelled in heaven and many of
the angels following him in that rebellion. God, therefore, cast him to
the earth, and the earth underwent a great cataclysm, leaving it finally
without form and void, and with darkness on the face of the deep, as described
in Genesis 1:2.

Subsequently, according to this idea—usually known as the
‘gap’ theory—God then re-created or reconstituted the earth
in the six literal days of creation recorded in the first chapter of Genesis.
The argument for this theory makes verse two read, ‘The earth became without
form and void’ (some would render it ‘The earth became waste and
desolate’), as though it had previously been a beautiful world. But now,
because of the cataclysm, it was a devastated remnant of a world, so that there
was a change of condition. It became without form and void.

‘Was’ Means ‘Was’

A significant problem with this idea is that the Hebrew word for ‘was’
really should be translated ‘was’. It should not be translated ‘became’.
It is the Hebrew verb of being, hayah, and normally it is simply translated
‘was’. In all the standard translations of the Old Testament, that is
the way this verse is rendered. On some occasions, in an unusual situation
if the context requires it, the word can be translated ‘became’. There
are some instances like that in the Old Testament.

A significant problem with this idea is that the Hebrew word for ‘was’ really should be translated ‘was’.

By far the tremendous majority of times, however, when the verb is used,
it is simply translated ‘was’. In the absence of any indication in the
immediate context that it should be rendered by a change of state, where
it became something which it wasn’t, one would normally assume it was
simply a declarative statement describing how the situation existed at
the time. The earth was, in response to God’s creative fiat, initially
without form and void.

Some people use Isaiah 45:18 as an argument for the use of ‘became’ in Genesis 1:2. In this verse,
Isaiah says that God created the earth not in vain. He formed it to be inhabited.
The word ‘in vain’ is the same as tohu; that is, the same word translated ‘without
form’ in Genesis 1:2. So ‘gap’ theorists say that since God did not create it
that way, it must have become that way. But again, the context is significant.
In Isaiah, the context requires the use of the translation ‘in vain’. That is,
God did not create the earth without a purpose; He created it to be inhabited.
Genesis 1 tells
us then how He brought form to the unformed earth and inhabitants to the empty
earth. It was not really finished until He said so at the end of the six days
of creation.

The word tohu is actually translated 10 different ways in about 20 occurrences
in the Old Testament. Isaiah 45:19 has the same word, and there it has to be translated ‘vainly’ or ‘in
vain’. It is also proper to translate it that way in Isaiah 45:18. It depends on the context as to how it is to be precisely translated.
In Genesis 1:2 the context simply indicates the earth had no structure as yet.
It was unformed; it was not even spherical at that point, but was comprised
of only the basic elements of earth material.

Sequence

Furthermore, it is important to note that the verse begins with
the conjunction, ‘and’ (Hebrew waw), and this same conjunction introduces
every single verse of the first chapter of Genesis, so there is a sequence of
actions implied. There was this happening, and then this happened, and then
this happened, and then this … each following directly upon the other.
When it said that God created the heavens and the earth, and the earth was without
form and void, the implication is that this was immediately following the creation.

Another argument of those who advocate the ‘gap’ theory
is that the word ‘darkness’ suggests that something is wrong with
the creation. But Isaiah 45:7 says that God created the darkness. In order for there to be day and
night, which was necessary for the further activity of God and man upon the
earth, there must be day and night. So God actually had to create darkness.
Thus there is nothing implicitly wrong with it being dark. God created it that
way. Darkness later came to represent, in some contexts, a symbol of evil—as
opposed to light—since ‘God is light and in Him is no darkness at
all’ (1 John 1:5). But in the context here there is no evil connotation suggested.

On the other hand, there are many overwhelming difficulties with the ‘gap’
theory, and we really should not accept this as the interpretation of
Genesis 1:2. The idea that the geological ages took place in between Genesis
1:1 and 1:2 is precluded by the plain biblical statement in the Ten Commandments,
where God said, ‘In six days, the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea,
and all that in them is’ (Exodus 20:11). That is, He was telling man that
he must work six days and rest one day because God worked six days and
rested one day. The context goes on to say that everything in heaven and
earth and in the sea was made in six days. There could have been nothing
left over that was not made during the six days.

The ‘gap’ theory, on the other hand, would require that only the surface
of the earth was reconstituted in the six days. The earth’s core, the
basic structure, the great fossil beds containing the remnants of the
dinosaurs, and so on, all of this would predate the six days of Creation.
But God says specifically that everything in the earth and in the heavens
and in the sea was made in the six days.

Death Before Sin?

According to the ‘gap’ theory, however, there had already been billions of years of suffering and death in the world.

Theologically, there is also a very grave difficulty with the ‘gap’ theory.
The Bible says there was no sin or death until man brought them into the
world. According to the ‘gap’ theory, however, there had already been
billions of years of suffering and death in the world, represented by
the fossils and the sedimentary rocks of the earth’s crust, which are
supposed now to identify the geological ages. According to the ‘gap’ theory,
at the end of the geological ages Satan sinned and was cast to the earth
and then there was a great cataclysm, so that the geological ages with
billions of years of suffering and death took place before Satan sinned
and certainly before man sinned.

The Bible, on the other hand, says specifically that ‘by one man sin entered
into the world, and death by sin’ (Romans 5:12), so that there was no death in the world until man brought sin into
it. The ‘gap’ theory would require billions of years of suffering in the world
before man or even Satan had sinned, and that means that God Himself would be
directly responsible for sin in the world. God could not be the author of sin.
So the ‘gap’ theory is precluded theologically.

Non-Science

Scientifically, it won’t work either, because the whole essence of the
geological age system, which some people try to accommodate by the ‘gap’
theory, is based on what geologists call ‘uniformitarianism’ that is,
the continuity of processes in the ancient world with those in the modern
world. The very structure of the geological age system is based on the
assumption that present rates and processes are the same as those that
took place in the past. There is no room for a world-wide cataclysm interrupting
those processes in the system of the geological ages.

That is why no geologist would ever accept the ‘gap’ theory. In order
to have a world-wide cataclysm that would destroy all the pre-cataclysm
mountains and cast them into the sea, so that there was the deep everywhere,
and then blow billions of tons of debris up into the sky so that there
was darkness over the deep everywhere, as Genesis 1:2 describes it, it
would have to be a world-wide nuclear explosion, or volcanic explosion,
or something which would literally disintegrate the crust of the earth
where the fossils and the sedimentary rocks are that identify the geological
ages. So the ‘gap’ theory would destroy the evidence for the geological
ages in order to accommodate them! It is a self-negating theory scientifically;
it creates overwhelming scientific problems. No geologist would ever accept
the ‘gap’ theory.

Therefore, we have to reject the ‘gap’ theory as an interpretation of
Genesis 1:2. We can be confident that a simple and straightforward, literal
interpretation of the biblical record will satisfy all the real facts
of geology.

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Answers in Genesis is an apologetics ministry, dedicated to helping Christians defend their faith and proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ effectively. We focus on providing answers to questions about the Bible—particularly the book of Genesis—regarding key issues such as creation, evolution, science, and the age of the earth.