1. In what ways do we understand music? Susan Hallam.

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In what ways do we understand music? Susan Hallam

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Introduction The way that we conceptualise musical understanding is important for: curriculum development in formal schooling decisions about the provision of musical activities in the wider community Musical understanding can be viewed from a range of different perspectives. These are rarely made explicit in education. 3

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Study 1 Participants were asked to complete two statements: Musical understanding is You learn to understand music through

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The sample 465 individuals 113 professional musicians 60 adult amateur musicians 94 adult non-musicians 92 school students engaged in extra curricular activities 104 students only engaged in music making as part of the school curriculum 5

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Findings Musical understanding was seen by some as complex and multidimensional 10 other categories emerged some with sub-categories 6

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1. Understanding music as a form of communication Music as a language ‘To know the language of any type of music and be able to interpret it.’ ‘The ability to comprehend music as an expressive language by means of awareness and knowledge obtained through listening.’ 8

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Understanding the composers intentions ‘Understanding what the composer wants to express through the song or the classical piece they have composed.’ ‘Understand the message or feeling that the composer artist is trying to convey’ Understanding sound ‘How sound is recorded, transmitted, and received by the listener. Acoustics, distortion, echo and other effect’ 9

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2. Kinaesthetic understanding ‘ For musicians and singers there is also a physical understanding. The physical sensations of touch, blow, finger pressure, engagement of the whole body all combining with hearing and feeling the note to constitute appreciation of the musical phenomenon and therefore understanding.’ 10

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3. Emotional understanding ‘ Experiencing feelings in response to the music.’ ‘Being able to understand the emotions that are being conveyed and to derive joy and understanding.’ ‘Hearing music and being moved emotionally or subconsciously by it for no academic or definable reason.’ ‘Bypassing language and cultural norms to make contact with emotions directly.’ 11

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4. Personal meanings Personal/subjective understanding ‘Being able to produce yourself what you believe the music to mean. It’s a personal relationship with the page/aural stimulus.’ ‘Musical understanding is highly subjective. I would argue that there is no absolute musical understanding but that each individual makes their own understanding of a particular piece of music.’ 12

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Links with other elements of life ‘ The subtleties of music escape me. Nevertheless some performances of some pieces of music do affect my feelings. Some move me considerably usually I suspect by associations with the first time I heard them or some other emotional event in my life.’ Subjective appreciative evaluation ‘ A simple understanding of what you like.’ ‘Having an opinion/musical taste.’ 13

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5. Knowledge about music Knowledge of factual or historical aspects of music ‘ Knowledge of music, composers, history, background.’ ‘Knowledge of the era in which the music was written and why that kind of music was popular. Knowledge of genre ‘ There is also the notion of having a wide knowledge of different genres of music of different musicians within a genre. Someone might have a wide knowledge of jazz which enables them to identify different styles within jazz.’ 14

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Knowledge of cultural context ‘ Understanding cultural attitudes in society.’ ‘Initially understanding is a form of tacit knowledge of musical practices as heard/experienced within the historically specific, socio-cultural milieu of a person’s childhood.’ The role and function of music in culture ‘The place in human society, its uses in society, its impact on society economically, politically, scientifically, religiously as a force and agent for change.’ 15

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6. Critical evaluation ‘Being able to listen to music critically.’ ‘Being able to distinguish errors in performance.’ ‘Being able to listen to music and appreciate with discernment.’ 16

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7. Understanding musical elements ‘Being able to listen to music with perception of melody, harmony, rhythm and timbre.’ ‘An awareness and appreciation of how music communicates through rhythm, pitch, speed, volume, and instrumental and vocal tone, and colour.’ 17

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Musical structure ‘Understanding the structure of music, the way in which tones and rhythms are constructed and manipulated to produce certain effects.’ ‘A sense of the structure of a piece, its harmony, melodic structure and form.’ Identifying instrumentation ‘ The knowledgeable listener knows which instruments are playing.’ ‘Distinguish the instruments which are used in music.’ 18

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8. Analysis /comparison ‘Being able to make comparisons across different styles of music.’ ‘Being able to understand what is happening in an analytic way.’ 19

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9. Internal representations of music ‘ To be able to recognize it, know what is coming next and be able to hear it internally without it being played.’ ‘The ability to guess where the music is going and to recognize the logic behind where it has gone.’ 20

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10. Understanding is creating music Creativity ‘To write music in an original style.’ ‘Being able to put together and experiment with elements of music – constructive/creative.’ Interpretation ‘Phrasing, making decisions about style of playing.’ ‘Partly projecting one’s own experiences onto the music and making it one’s own.’ 21

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Being able to make music ‘Knowing enough to successfully create, perform and understand why it works or why it doesn’t.’ ‘Understanding how to make music through improvisation and composition.’ Making music with others ‘Participating with other people.’ ‘Play in an ensemble then when you listen to other people playing you have more appreciation and understanding of what’s going on.’ 22

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Reading notation of some kind ‘Being able to turn notation (graphic, staff, tab, etc) into sound.’ ‘Be able to read notes.’ Aural skills related to making music ‘Having an aural understanding of a piece in terms of an appreciation of what the piece is aiming to convey.’ ‘Listening to the beat, the rhythm so see or know if it is movement such as dance, drill or marching.’ Explain or demonstrate ‘Being able to explain or practically demonstrate to others.’ 23

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Young people not actively engaged in making music Lowest number of statements (1.25) Being able to make music (28%) Reading notation of some kind (24%) Understanding musical elements (20%) Understanding composers intentions (18%) Knowledge of genre (12%) Emotional understanding (5%) 27

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How understanding is developed Love and enjoyment of music; Physical responses to music; Emotional engagement; Analytic processes and discussions; Active engagement with making music (expression, communication, experimentation, reflection); Education or guidance in formal or informal contexts (feedback, teaching); Exposure to music (family, friends, early years); Listening (wide range of music, being open eared, media). 28

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29 Understanding through listening63% Understanding through active engagement with making music58% Understanding through education or guidance in formal or informal contexts (including feedback) 30% Understanding through love and enjoyment of music17% Listening to a wide range of music/ being open eared13% Understanding through exposure to music (including through family and friends) 10% Music learning through other media9% Understanding through engagement in discussions8% Understanding through experimentation8% Understanding through analytic processes7% Understanding through emotional engagement5% Early years4% Understanding through physical responses to music3% Musical expression and communication2% Understanding through teaching others1%

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Young people not actively engaged with making music Listening (61%) Active engagement with making music (37%) Education and guidance (29%) Love and enjoyment (10%) Being open eared (4%) Music learning through other media (4%) 32

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Study 2: Participants year-olds 12 male and 6 female All of the participants belonged to the same KS5 class in a state primary school located in western London.

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Methods Three different types of music were used: classical/ film music, jazz, and popular music. The main theme from Star Wars (film/classical music); A jazz piece (Blue Cycles) performed by the Five Corner’s quintet); A song by Madonna, Get into the Groove.

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Children drew a picture representing the music They were interviewed afterwards about their understanding of the music using their pictures as prompts 35

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Findings A number of themes emerged from the data: Dynamics; Musical elements; Musical instruments; Musical structure; Lyrics; Overall conception of the music; Events associated with the music; Affective responses; Images associated with the music; Familiarity with musical style.

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Dynamics: Hmm…The dynamics make it easier to listen to and, yes, to process. The loudness and the dynamics of it make me feel like something is going to happen. That is why there is a volcano in the drawing. Like an explosion… (classical/film music)

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Dynamics: It’s the dynamics. Like a slide when it goes up and down.’ (classical/film music)

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Musical elements: It is the elements in the music that vary and I mainly listen to. They help me in understanding the music. Like, the tempo, the volume, the movement. You can see the movement in the drawing too. (Classical/film music)

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Musical instruments: The trumpet is very loud. You pay attention to it, mostly. You hear it better than any of the other instruments. Also, you can hear the drum well. Like it shows in the picture. (Jazz piece)

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Musical structure: Yeah, if there is not structure, then I listen to the musical instruments alone. The notes in the picture are like the consistency (popular music)

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Musical structure: How the whole thing continues in an easy to follow way. Kind of like a structure that you can focus on. (popular music)

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Lyrics: The lyrics, mainly… Like the letters in the drawing.(Popular music)

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Overall conception of the music: The overall picture. I listen to it that way. Like, everything…Musical instruments and the voice, lyrics…Yeah, if there is not structure, then I listen to the musical instruments alone. (Popular music )

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‘Events: The music makes me feel relaxed and happy. It reminds me of a holiday on Hawaii. I remember the beach when I listen to the music. The white beaches…The images help me in listening to the music…(Classical/film music)

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Events: I was going to school for the first time when we heard this music in the car. Whenever I hear it now, I always think about my first school day. It sort of makes me understand the music through that memory… I saw a lark then, and I was thinking about space men… (popular music)

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Affective responses: The music makes me feel happy; it is happy music. That is why I used a lot of yellow in the picture. (jazz piece)

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Affective response: It made me feel so nice and good. It depends on how the music makes you feel, how you understand it…You can see a nice drawing. (jazz piece)

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Images: I think about old singers who sang such music. (jazz)

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Images: This is why it reminded me of the sun. It also reminded me of swimming (classical/ film music)

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Familiarity with the genre: I listen to this kind of music at home too. I am familiar with it. So…I guess that’s why I understand it easily. It just makes sense to me straight away...The picture shows me listening to the music in a comfortable way since I understand it straight away (popular music)

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Number of children referring to each theme Classical/ film JazzPopular Musical elements1416 Musical instruments17 Musical structure 12 Dynamics1315 Lyrics 9 Overall conception of the music 1815 Images89 Events associated with the music 2 13 Affective responses5 Familiarity with musical style 15

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Overview Music can be understood in a variety of ways Engagement with music in any way is likely to increase understanding in some way The level and type of engagement is likely to lead to different understandings There will be age and expertise related changes