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(1915–2006). General Augusto Pinochet seized power in Chile in a military coup in 1973. From then on his name was nearly synonymous with rightist, anti-revolutionary politics throughout South America. His supporters, both in Chile and abroad, revered Pinochet as the man who saved Chile from the economic collapse begun during the presidency of socialist leader Salvador Allende. However, his opponents noted that Pinochet seized power undemocratically and snuffed out all traces of political opposition. During his rule as dictator, his regime tortured tens of thousands of his opponents. He subjected Chile to nearly two decades of authoritarian rule. The sharp divisions over Pinochet’s legacy continued to divide Chile long after his official resignation as Chile’s head of state in 1990.

Augusto Pinochet Ugarte was born in Valparaíso, Chile, on November 15, 1915. A graduate of the military academy in Santiago (1936), Pinochet became a career military officer. He was appointed army commander in chief by President Allende. Only 18 days later Pinochet led the military junta that overthrew Allende’s government on September 11, 1973. Pinochet was named head of the victorious junta’s governing council. He then moved to crush Chile’s liberal opposition. In its first three years, the regime arrested approximately 130,000 people, many of whom were tortured. In June 1974 Pinochet assumed sole power as president, relegating the rest of the junta to an advisory role. Under Pinochet’s regime, political terror, repression of human rights, and intolerance of criticism of the government remained constant features.

Pinochet’s human rights abuses led to an outcry. The abuse was condemned by both exiled Chilean leftists—who numbered in the tens of thousands—and international organizations. Pinochet’s supporters claimed that whatever abuses committed were far outweighed by the progress made in saving Chile’s tattered economy. Immediately after seizing power, Pinochet cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba—the foremost communist country in the Western Hemisphere. This suspension of relations with Cuba marked a symbolic and decisive shift away from the socialist policies of Allende’s rule. While Pinochet maintained some of the land reforms of the Allende era, he quickly moved to restore free-market economic policies to the Chilean government. In addition, hundreds of industries that had been nationalized (taken over the by state) during the Allende era were returned to their previous owners. More than 40 of these re-privatized industries were owned by corporations from the United States.

The return of numerous major industries to their original U.S. owners, as well as the crackdown on leftists in Chile, led to widespread speculation that the military coup had been conducted with the support of the U.S. government. Pinochet denied these allegations. However, evidence quickly surfaced that the United States had in fact pumped millions of dollars into the anti-Allende camp through the Central Intelligence Agency with the intent to destabilize Allende’s socialist government. U.S. President Richard Nixon, a staunch anticommunist, had vowed to “make the [Chilean] economy scream” following the election of Allende. Following the coup, Nixon openly embraced Pinochet’s regime. The United States removed economic sanctions that had been put into place after Allende’s election. Billions of dollars worth of aid were funneled into the Chilean economy.

With the firm backing of the United States, Pinochet successfully engineered an economic recovery. While keeping an authoritarian grip on public life, Pinochet withdrew government control over industry and agriculture. Wages were also frozen to reign in inflation, which was significantly lowered by the late 1970s. As a result of these free-market policies, the Chilean economy grew steadily throughout the late 1970s and early ’80s. The wage freeze implemented by Pinochet, however, meant that much of the burden for this economic recovery was placed on the backs of the working classes and rural poor. This essentially marked a return to the sharp social divisions of the pre-Allende days.

A modest political liberalization began in 1978 after the regime announced that, in a national vote, 75 percent of the voters had endorsed Pinochet’s rule. Under a new constitution put forth in 1981, Pinochet was to remain president for an eight-year term until 1989. At that point a national referendum would determine whether he would serve an additional eight-year term. During the 1980s, Pinochet’s free-market policies were credited with maintaining a low rate of inflation. The rate of economic growth was acceptable despite a severe recession in 1980–83. Pinochet permitted no meaningful political opposition. However, he fulfilled his constitutional obligation to hold the referendum on his second term. It was held in October 1988. The result was a “no” vote of 55 percent and a “yes” vote of 43 percent. The people thus voted to deny him another term as president. Pinochet remained in office until free elections installed a new president, the Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, on March 11, 1990.

Despite his willingness to abandon the presidency, Pinochet refused to turn absolute authority over to a civilian government. Opposition candidates called for him to resign completely from public life. However, in accordance with the constitution, he exercised the right to keep his post as the head of the armed forces. Following his election, President Aylwin issued a firm warning to Pinochet that he keep the army out of Chile’s political system. Despite his diminished power, Pinochet—as the leader of the influential Chilean army—remained a powerful behind-the-scenes figure. He officially retired from the military in March 1998. As a former president, he then received a permanent post in the Chilean senate.

In October 1998, while visiting London, England, Pinochet was detained by British authorities at the request of Spain. Spain was investigating Pinochet in connection with the torture of Spanish citizens in Chile during his rule. The unprecedented case stirred worldwide controversy and galvanized human-rights organizations in Chile. The United States and other countries were prompted to release formerly classified documents. The documents concerned Chileans who were “disappeared”—kidnapped and presumably killed—by the Pinochet regime. The disclosures brought to light details of Operation Colombo, in which more than 100 Chilean leftists were disappeared in 1975. Details were also revealed about Operation Condor, in which several South American military governments coordinated their efforts to systematically eliminate opponents in the 1970s and ’80s. In January 2000 Pinochet was allowed to return home after a British court ruled that he was physically unfit to stand trial. Nevertheless, he continued to face investigations by Chilean authorities.

In 2001 Pinochet was stripped of his immunity from prosecution—which he had enjoyed as a former president. He was ordered to stand trial on charges of human-rights abuses (in Chile immunity is lifted on a case-by-case basis). The charges were dropped in 2002, however, after Chile’s Supreme Court upheld a ruling that he was mentally incapable of defending himself in court. Soon afterward Pinochet resigned his post as a senator-for-life. In 2005 he was again stripped of immunity. He was ordered to stand trial on charges stemming from Operation Colombo and on separate charges of fraud and tax evasion. Before prosecutors could try him, however, Pinochet died on December 10, 2006, in Santiago.

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