In the southern parts of the continent Mrs. Barber
observed the Kafirs and Fingoes, and sent me many distinct answers.
Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale also made some observations on the natives,
and procured for me a curious document, namely, the opinion,
written in English, of Christian Gaika, brother of the Chief Sandilli,
on the expressions of his fellow-countrymen. In the northern regions
of Africa Captain Speedy, who long resided with the Abyssinians,
answered my queries partly from memory and partly from observations
made on the son of King Theodore, who was then under his charge.
Professor and Mrs. Asa Gray attended to some points in the expressions
of the natives, as observed by them whilst ascending the Nile.

On the great American continent Mr. Bridges, a catechist
residing with the Fuegians, answered some few questions
about their expression, addressed to him many years ago.
In the northern half of the continent Dr. Rothrock attended to the
expressions of the wild Atnah and Espyox tribes on the Nasse River,
in North-Western America. Mr. Washington Matthews Assistant-Surgeon
in the United States Army, also observed with special care
(after having seen my queries, as printed in the `Smithsonian Report')
some of the wildest tribes in the Western parts of the United States,
namely, the Tetons, Grosventres, Mandans, and Assinaboines;
and his answers have proved of the highest value.

Lastly, besides these special sources of information, I have collected
some few facts incidentally given in books of travels.--------

As I shall often have to refer, more especially in the latter part
of this volume, to the muscles of the human face, I have had a diagram
(fig. 1) copied and reduced from Sir C. Bell's work, and two others,
with more accurate details (figs. 2 and 3), from Herde's well-known
`Handbuch der Systematischen Anatomie des Menschen.' The same letters
refer to the same muscles in all three figures, but the names are given
of only the more important ones to which I shall have to allude.
The facial muscles blend much together, and, as I am informed,
hardly appear on a dissected face so distinct as they are here represented.
Some writers consider that these muscles consist of nineteen pairs,
with one unpaired;[20] but others make the number much larger,
amounting even to fifty-five, according to Moreau. They are,
as is admitted by everyone who has written on the subject,
very variable in structure; and Moreau remarks that they are hardly
alike in half-a-dozen subjects.[21] They are also variable in function.
Thus the power of uncovering the canine tooth on one side differs much
in different persons. The power of raising the wings of the nostrils
is also, according to Dr. Piderit,[22] variable in a remarkable degree;
and other such cases could be given.

Finally, I must have the pleasure of expressing my obligations to
Mr. Rejlander for the trouble which he has taken in photographing for me
various expressions and gestures. I am also indebted to Herr Kindermann,
of Hamburg, for the loan of some excellent negatives of crying infants;
and to Dr. Wallich for a charming one of a smiling girl.
I have already expressed my obligations to Dr. Duchenne for generously
permitting me to have some of his large photographs copied and reduced.
All these photographs have been printed by the Heliotype process,
and the accuracy of the copy is thus guaranteed. These plates are
referred to by Roman numerals.

I am also greatly indebted to Mr. T. W. Wood for the extreme
pains which he has taken in drawing from life the expressions
of various animals. A distinguished artist, Mr. Riviere,
has had the kindness to give me two drawings of dogs--one in a
hostile and the other in a humble and caressing frame of mind.
Mr.