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Summary

Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoplesincorporates the best current cultural history into a fresh and original narrative that connects global patterns of development with life on the ground. As the title, "Crossroads," suggests, this new synthesis highlights the places and times where people exchanged goods and commodities, shared innovations and ideas, waged war and spread disease, and in doing so joined their lives to the broad sweep of global history. Students benefit from a strong pedagogical design, abundant maps and images, and special features that heighten the narrative's attention to the lives and voices of the world's peoples. Test drive a chapter today.Find out how.

Author Biography

Bonnie G. Smith (PhD, University of Rochester) is Board of Governors Professor of History at Rutgers University. She has written numerous works in European and global history, including Ladies of the Leisure Class; Changing Lives: Women in European History since 1700; and Imperialism. She is editor of Global Feminisms since 1945 and Women’s History in Global Perspective; coeditor of the New Oxford World History series; and general editor of The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Currently she is studying the globalization of European culture and society since the seventeenth century.

Marc Van De Mieroop (PhD, Yale University) is Professor of History at Columbia University. His research focuses on the ancient history of the Near East from a long-term perspective and extends across traditionally established disciplinary boundaries. Among his many works are The Ancient Mesopotamian City; Cuneiform Texts and the Writing of History; A History of the Ancient Near East; The Eastern Mediterranean in the Age of Ramesses II; and A History of Ancient Egypt.

Richard von Glahn (PhD, Yale University) is Professor of History at the University of California, Los Angeles. A specialist in Chinese economic history, Richard is the author of The Country of Streams and Grottoes: Expansion, Settlement, and the Civilizing of the Sichuan Frontier in Song Times; Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700; and The Sinister Way: The Divine and the Demonic in Chinese Religious Culture. He is also coeditor of The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History and Global Connections and Monetary History, 1470–1800. His current research focuses on monetary history on a global scale, from ancient times to the recent past.

Kris Lane (PhD, University of Minnesota) is the France V. Scholes Chair in Colonial Latin American History at Tulane University. Kris specializes in colonial Latin American history and the Atlantic world, and his great hope is to globalize the teaching and study of the early Americas. His publications include Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500–1750; Quito 1599: City and Colony in Transition; and Colour of Paradise: The Emerald in the Age of Gunpowder Empires. He also edited Bernardo de Vargas Machuca’s The Indian Militia and Description of the Indies and Defense and Discourse of the Western Conquest.

Table of Contents

Note: All chapters close with a Conclusion, Resources for Research, and a full-page Review section.

15. Collapse and Revival in Afro-Eurasia, 1300–1450Major Global Development: Crisis and recovery in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Afro-Eurasia.Fourteenth-Century Crisis and Renewal in EurasiaIslam’s New FrontiersThe Global BazaarCOUNTERPOINT: Age of the Samurai in Japan, 1185–1450READING THE PAST: A French Theologian’s View of the Black DeathREADING THE PAST: A Spanish Ambassador’s Description of SamarqandLIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Urban Weavers in IndiaSEEING THE PAST: Leonardo da Vinci's Madonna of the Rocks

PART 3: The Early Modern World, 1450–1750

16. Empires and Alternatives in the Americas, 1430–1530Major Global Development: The diversity of societies and states in the Americas prior to European invasion.Many Native AmericasTributes of Blood: The Aztec Empire, 1325–1521Tributes of Sweat: The Inca Empire, 1430–1532COUNTERPOINT: The Peoples of North America's Eastern Woodlands, 1450–1530SEEING THE PAST: An Aztec Map of TenochtitlánSEEING THE PAST: The Coyolxauhqui StoneLIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: The Aztec MidwifeREADING THE PAST: An Andean Creation Story

17. The Fall of Native American Empires and the Rise of an Atlantic World, 1450–1600Major Global Development: European expansion across the Atlantic and its profound consequences for societies and cultures worldwide. Guns, Sails, and Compasses: Europeans Venture AbroadNew Crossroads, First Encounters: The European Voyages of Discovery, 1492–1521Spanish Conquests in the Americas, 1519–1600A New Empire in the Americas: New Spain and Peru, 1535–1600Brazil by Accident: The Portuguese in the Americas, 1500–1600COUNTERPOINT: The Mapuche of Chile: Native America’s Indomitable StateREADING THE PAST: Tlatelolcan Elders Recall the Conquest of MexicoSEEING THE PAST: Malintzin and the Meeting between Moctezuma and Cortés READING THE PAST: First Encounter in Brazil: Cabral’s Report to King Manoel of PortugalLIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Atlantic Sugar Producers

18. Western Africa in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1450-1800Major Global Development: The rise of the Atlantic slave trade and its impact on early modern African peoples and cultures.Many Western AfricasLandlords and Strangers: Peoples and States in West AfricaLand of the Blacksmith Kings: West Central Africa Strangers in Ships: Gold, Slavery, and the PortugueseNorthern Europeans and the Expansion of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1800COUNTERPOINT: The Pygmies of Central AfricaLIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: West Africa’s Gold MinersREADING THE PAST: Al-Sa’di, “Jenne and Its History”SEEING THE PAST: Art of the Slave Trade: A Benin Bronze Plaque READING THE PAST: Alonso de Sandoval, “General Points Relating to Slavery”

19. Trade and Empire in the Indian Ocean and South Asia, 1450–1750Major Global Development: The Indian Ocean trading network and the impact of European intrusion on maritime and mainland South Asia.Trading Cities and Inland Networks: East AfricaTrade and Empire in South AsiaEuropean InterlopersCOUNTERPOINT: Aceh: Fighting Back in Southeast AsiaREADING THE PAST: Portuguese Report of a Vijayanagara Festival SEEING THE PAST: Reflections of the Divine in a Mughal Emerald LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Cinnamon Harvesters in Ceylon READING THE PAST: Dutch Merchants Learn How to Act in Aceh

20. Consolidation and Conflict in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean, 1450–1750Major Global Development: Early modern Europe’s increasing competition and division in the face of Ottoman expansion.The Power of the Ottoman Empire, 1453–1750Europe Divided, 1500–1650European Innovations in Science and Government, 1550–1750 COUNTERPOINT: The Barbary PiratesREADING THE PAST: Weapons of Mass Destruction: Ottomans vs. Persians in BaghdadLIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Ottoman Coffeehouse Owners and PatronsSEEING THE PAST: Gift Clocks for the Emperors of ChinaREADING THE PAST: An Exiled European Muslim Visits the Netherlands

21. Expansion and Isolation in Asia, 1450–1750Major Global Development: The general trend toward political and cultural consolidation in early modern Asia.Straddling Eurasia: Rise of the Russian Empire, 1462–1725China from Ming to Qing Rule, 1500–1800Japan in Transition, 1540–1750Korea, a Land in Between, 1392–1750Consolidation in Mainland Southeast Asia, 1500–1750COUNTERPOINT: “Spiritual Conquest” in the PhilippinesSEEING THE PAST: Blue-on-White: Ming Export PorcelainLIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Silk Weavers in ChinaREADING THE PAST: Selections from the Hidden Christians’ Sacred BookREADING THE PAST: Scenes from the Daily Life of a Korean Queen

22. Transforming New Worlds: The American Colonies Mature, 1600–1750Major Global Development: The profound social, cultural, and environmental changes in the Americas under colonial rule.The World that Silver Made: Spanish America, 1570–1750Gold, Diamonds, and the Transformation of Brazil, 1695–1800Bitter Sugar, Part Two: Slavery and Colonialism in the Caribbean, 1625–1750Growth and Change in British and French North America, 1607–1750COUNTERPOINT: The Maroons of SurinameREADING THE PAST: An Iraqi Traveler’s Impressions of PotosíSEEING THE PAST: The Gentlemen from EsmeraldasLIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Caribbean BuccaneersREADING THE PAST: A Swedish Traveler’s Description of Quebec

PART 4: The World from 1750 to the Present

23. Atlantic Revolutions and the World, 1750–1830

Major Global Development: The Atlantic revolutions and their short- and long-term significance.The Promise of EnlightenmentRevolution in North AmericaThe French Revolution and the Napoleonic EmpireRevolution Continued in the Western HemisphereCOUNTERPOINT: Religious Revival in a Secular AgeSEEING THE PAST: Portrait of Catherine the Great LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Arrival of the Cowboy READING THE PAST: Simon Bolivar on Latin American IndependenceREADING THE PAST: Phillis Wheatley, “On Being Brought from Africa to America”

24. Industry and Everyday Life, 1750–1900Major Global Development: The Industrial Revolution and its impact on societies and cultures throughout the world.The Industrial Revolution Begins, 1750–1830Industrialization After 1830The Industrial Revolution and the WorldIndustry and SocietyThe Culture of IndustryCOUNTERPOINT: African Women and Slave AgricultureREADING THE PAST: Industry Comes to the British CountrysideLIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Builders of the Trans-Siberian RailroadSEEING THE PAST: Japan’s Industrious Society READING THE PAST: Mexican Women on Strike

25. The Rise of Modern Nation-States, 1850–1900Major Global Development: The causes and consequences of nation building in the nineteenth century.Modernizing NationsEmerging Powers: The United States and JapanThe Culture of NationsCOUNTERPOINT: Outsiders Inside the Nation-StateREADING THE PAST: The Russian People Under SerfdomSEEING THE PAST: The Korean FlagLIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Historians of the Nation-StateREADING THE PAST: Good Wives, Wise Mothers Build Japan

26. Imperial Order and Disorder, 1850–1914Major Global Development: The accelerated competition among nineteenth-century nation-states for empire.Building EmpiresImperial SocietyCulture in an Imperial AgeImperial Contests at the Dawn of the Twentieth CenturyCOUNTERPOINT: The West Copies from the WorldREADING THE PAST: Rubber Workers in CongoSEEING THE PAST: Colonial Architecture in SaigonLIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Indentured LaborersREADING THE PAST: The United States Overthrows the Hawaiian Queen

27. Wars, Revolutions, and the Birth of Mass Society, 1910–1929 Major Global Development: The wars of the decade 1910 to 1920 and their role in the creation of mass culture and society.Revolutions, Local Wars, and World WarRevolution in Russia and the End of World War IPostwar Global Politics An Age of the MassesCOUNTERPOINT A Golden Age for ArgentiniansSEEING THE PAST: Wartime PropagandaREADING THE PAST: Communism Spreads in ChinaREADING THE PAST: Léopold Sédar Senghor, “To the Senegalese Sharpshooters Dead for France”LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: The Film Industry

28. Global Catastrophe: The Great Depression and World War II 1929–1945

Major Global Development: The causes and outcomes of the Great Depression and World War II.1929: The Great Depression BeginsMilitarizing the Masses in the 1930sGlobal War, 1937–1945From Allied Victory to the Cold War, 1943–1945COUNTERPOINT Nonviolence and Pacifism in an Age of WarREADING THE PAST: Promoting Business in the Great DepressionREADING THE PAST: “Comfort Women” in World War IILIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Soldiers and SoldieringSEEING THE PAST: Technological Warfare: Civilization or Barbarism?

29. The Emergence of New Nations in a Cold War World, 1945–1970Major Global Development: The political transformations of the postwar world and their social and cultural consequences.World Politics and the Cold WarDecolonization and the Birth of Nations World Recovery in the 1950s and 1960sCultural Dynamism Amid Cold WarCOUNTERPOINT The Bandung Conference, 1955LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Cosmonauts and AstronautsREADING THE PAST: Singing Against ImperialismSEEING THE PAST: African Liberation on ClothREADING THE PAST: The Great Leap Forward in China

30. Technological Transformation and the End of the Cold War, 1960–1992Major Global Development. The technological revolution of the late twentieth century and its impact on societies and political developments around the world.Advances in Technology and ScienceChanges in the World EconomyPolitics and Protest in an Age of Cold WarThe End of the Cold War OrderCOUNTERPOINT: Agrarian Peoples in a Technological AgeREADING THE PAST: Japan Transforms Business PracticesLIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Global TourismREADING THE PAST: Terror and Resistance in El SalvadorSEEING THE PAST: The Iranian Revolution as Visual News

31. A New Global Age, 1989 to the PresentMajor Global Development: The causes and consequences of intensified globalization.The Impact of Global Events on Regions and NationsGlobal Livelihoods and InstitutionsThe Promises and Perils of GlobalizationCultures without BordersCOUNTERPOINT: Who Am I? Local Identity in a Globalizing WorldREADING THE PAST: Testimony to South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission READING THE PAST: Assessing Livelihoods for Women in a Global Economy SEEING THE PAST: The Globalization of Urban Space LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS: Readers of the Qur’an