Chapter two speech sounds
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What is phonetics?
What is phonology?
How phonological study is conducted?
Phonological structure=sound patterns
2.1 how speech sounds are made
• 2.1.1 speech organs
• Speech organs = vocal organs
• In the production of speech sounds, the
lungs ,the trachea ( or wind pipe ), the
throat, the nose, and the mouth will be
involved.
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Pharyngeal cavity
• Vocal tract oral cavity
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Nasal cavity
• What are in the oral cavity?
• What are in the pharyngeal cavity?
• What about the nasal cavity?
• Vocal folds = vocal cords = vocal bands
• They are either apart, close together, or
totally closed.
• How sounds are related with the three
states of the vocal cords?
2.1.2 IPA
• How IPA came into birth?
• Who was the first one to propose the idea for a
phonetic alphabet?
• What were the main principles of IPA?
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• The latest version of IPA was revised in____ and
updated twice in ____and in____.
The IPA chart
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Pulmonic sounds
Consonants
Non--pulmonic sounds
Vowels
Other symbols
Diacritics
Suprasegmentals
Tone levels and word accents
2.2 consonants and vowels
• The difference between consonants and
vowels
• Obstruction or not
• Obstruction, consonants; if not vowels.
• The description of consonants and that of
vowels are done along the different lines.
2.2.1 consonants
• Consonants are described from three
aspects: the manner and the place of
articulation, and the vibration of vocal
cords or not.
What does the manner of articulation mean?
The manner of articulation
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(1) stop ( or plosive)
(2) nasal
(3) fricative
(4) approximant
(5) lateral
(6) trill
(7) tap and flap
(8) affricate
The place of articulation
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What does it mean?
(1) bilabial
(2) labiodental
(3) dental
(4) alveolar
(5) postal veolar
(6) retroflex
(7) palatal
(8) velar
(9) uvular
(10) pharyngeal
(11) glottal
2.2.2 vowels
• Cardinal vowels:
• 1) A set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined,
fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a
frame of reference for the description of the
actual vowels of existing languages. When the
cardinal vowels are explained, examples are
usually given from various languages to help the
student. It should not be thought, however, that
the cardinl vowels are actually based on the
examples given.
• 2) abstract concepts
• 3) a set of hypothetical positions for vowels used
as reference points.
• 4) primary cardinal vowels
• 5) secondary cardinal vowels
• 6) further secondary cardinal vowels
• 7) SCHWA
• 8) symbols for distinguishing delicate differences
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pure vowels / monophthongs
vowels diphthongs
triphthongs
10) theoretically,
a vowel
a sound must be either
a consonant
but some sounds are neither a vowel nor a consonant,
so they are named as
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/h/
• SEMI—VOWELs /w/
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/j/
2.2.3 the sounds of English
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What is RP?
What is GA?
The major differences of the two are?
Two sounds are distinguished by
VOICING when they share the same place
and manner.
• Symbols for vowels in this book are
provided by Wells in 2000.
• Two major differences of vowels in RP and
GA:
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• Several things to be explained:
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The description of English vowels
• The description needs to satisfy the four basic
requirements:
• 1) the height of tongue raising
• 2) the position of the highest part of the tongue
• 3) the length or tenseness of the vowel
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rounded
• 4) the shape of the lips
spreading
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unrounded
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neutral
2.3 from phonetics to phonology
• 2.3.1 coarticulation and phonetic transcription
• Sounds are influenced by their neighbors.
• Often they are produced together, this
simultaneous articulation is called
COARTICULATION.
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anticipatory coarticualtion
• coarticulation
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perseverative coarticulation
• NASALIZATION ( 鼻音化) is an example of
anticipatory articulation.
• Diacritics are used to record the variations
of the same sound. This is called narrow
transcription. It is put inside [ ]. Narrow
transcription is used in phonetic
transcription by phoneticians.
• Broad transcription uses only symbols to
record a sound. It is put inside / /. It is
used in phonemic transcription by
phonologists.
2.3.2 phonemes
• phonological study concerns the sounds which
can cause the change of meaning of a word or a
phrase.
• Minimal pair is used to decide whether two
sounds are two different sounds.
• Phonemes are sounds which distinguish
meaning.
• A phoneme is a unit of explicit contrast.
• Languages differ in the selection of contrastive
sounds.
• By convention, PHONEMIC
TRANSCRIPTION are placed between
slash lines ( / / ) .
2.3.3 allophones
• Allophones are variants of the same
phoneme. They are phones.
• Complementary distribution
• Example one
• Example two
• Not all the phones in complementary distribution
are considered to be allophones of the same
phoneme. They must meet anther restriction,
that is , they must be phonetically similar.
• Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of
a phoneme must bear some phonetic
resemblance.
• The allophones are both phonetically similar and
in complementary distribution.
• Free variants: sound variants caused by
dialect or personal habit. They are often
found in regional differences.
2.4 phonological process, phonological rules and
distribution
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2.4.1 assimilation
The definition
Nasalization
Dentalization
Velarization
Assimilation and coarticulation
Regressive assimilation
Progressive assimilation
Anticipatory coarticulation
Perseverative coarticulation
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Devoicing
Phonological process
Formulization of phonological process
Phonological rule
Focus bar
2.4.2 epenthesis, rule ordering and
the elsewhere condition
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Epenthesis
Examples
What are sibilants?
Underlying representation
(the underlying form)
Surface representation
(surface form)
2.4.3 distinctive features
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Roman Jacobson
The major distinctions
Obstruents
Sonorants
Binary features
The place features
Twenty features
A feature missing in the table
2.5 suprasementals
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They are…?
2.5.1 the syllable structure
Monosyllabic syllable
Polysyllabic syllable
Rhyme
Onset peak (nucleus) coda
MOP
2.5.2 Stress
• Word level
• Sentence level
2.5.3 intonation
• What is intonation?
2.5.4 tone
• What is tone?
• The difference and relation of intonation
and tone