The family Rallidae is a large group of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. Nearly all members are associated with wetlands. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. Reedbeds are a particularly favored habitat. They are omnivorous, and those that migrate to new find feeding grounds will do so at night. In general they are shy and secretive birds, difficult to observe. Most species walk and run vigorously on strong legs, and have long toes which are well adapted to soft, uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and be weak fliers. The Gray-necked Woodrail is found mostly in the tropical/subtropical swamps and forests of Central and South America. It is an elusive wading bird, about the size of a chicken, with olive-brown plumage and a colorful bronze breast, gray neck, and red legs and eyes. It uses its long legs to easily move about the shallow water where it forages for crabs, mollusks and small amphibians. It will also eat seeds, berries and insects, and it has been seen following army ant swarms to capture escaping insects and small vertebrates. Throughout Latin America the Gray-necked Woodrail’s is known as Chiricote or Chirincoco, which is an excellent rendition of the opening notes of the bird’s song, “Chirin co chirin co chirin co co co co chirin co”. This arresting performance may last for nearly of a quarter of an hour and takes place at dawn and during dusk. It is heard through much of the year, from January into October, but most frequently in April, May, and June, when the wood-rails are preparing to nest. Nests are bulky, shallowly concave platforms, compactly made of coarse sticks, vines, and dead leaves; 30 to 36 cm broad, and less deep than the diameter of the eggs. Females lay 3-5 eggs which incubate after 19-20 days. These are strongly ovate, whitish, blotched and spotted with large and small marks of bright brown and pale lilac, most densely on the thicker end, sparingly over the remaining surface. Males are in charge of protecting the young. Rarely seen flying, the Gray-necked Woodrail can only do it for short distances but it can run at high speed.

The psamophilic or sand dune vegetation is found distributed accidentally along the length of the sea coast, and in some zones in the interior of Uruguay. Such flora undergoes stressing conditions of sand accumulation and removal caused by waves and wind. Coastal vegetation is itself dynamic. Earlier, simpler plant communities pave the way for a series of future, more complex ecosystems. This process is reflected in the formation of distinct “zones” that run parallel to the shore. Pioneer species are very tolerant of salt and can therefore grow much closer to the sea than most other grasses. Some species have a waxy coating on the leaves which enables them to retain water. The leaves are often rolled, which is another adaptation which reduces the leaf surface area exposed to the atmosphere. This decreases the plant transpiration rates. These first colonizers would hence begin to stabilize new dunes with their networks of root systems. By helping to bind the sand in one place, they produce a more stable wind break, encouraging yet more sand to be deposited and building the dune still higher. However, as the amount of sand being deposited increases, these pioneer plants cannot grow quickly enough to avoid being smothered and their decomposed remnants will eventually enrich the soil with nutrients. The geographic distribution of many species along the Uruguayan littoral is mainly controlled besides the fluctuation of salinity caused by the discharge of fresh, muddy waters of the Rio de la Plata into the Atlantic Ocean, by the confluence of the warm coastal North-South Brazilian and the cold South-North Malvinas (Falkland) currents. Other factors such as human activity, topography, seasonality, and El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomena also contribute to affect the littoral environmental conditions.

Ficus is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes, and hemiepiphyte in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the semi-warm temperate zone. The so-called Common Fig (Ficus carica) is a temperate species from the Middle East and eastern Europe (mostly Ukraine), which has been widely cultivated from ancient times for its fruit. Ficus occupies a wide variety of ecological niches; most are evergreen, but some deciduous species are endemic to areas outside of the tropics and to higher elevations. All members of the genus share the distinctive inflorescence (syconium), which is the site of an intricate mutualism with pollinating fig wasps of the subfamily Agaonidae. Figs are pollinated only by female wasps that lay their eggs exclusively in fig flowers where wasp larvae feed on some of the developing seeds. The fig-wasp interaction has persisted for over 60 million years. Unfortunately, there are no unambiguous older fossils of Ficus. However, current molecular clock estimates indicate that Ficus is a relatively ancient genus being at least 60 million years old, and possibly as old as 80 million years. The main radiation of living species, however, may have taken place more recently, between 20 and 40 million years ago. Ficus luschnathiana is an indigenous tree from subtropical South America (Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina) that can reach a remarkable size: 15 m high. It has a globose canopy made up of a persistent, dark green foliage. The leaves are simple, alternate, elliptical, petiolate, coracious, 10-15 cm long, and with prominent veins. The flowers are small and are located in the syconoid capsule mentioned before. The fruit is small and spherical, 1 cm in diameter, dotted with red. Propagation can achieved through seeds and cuttings, having a medium growth.

The genus Clytostoma consists of 24 species of woody-stemmed vines from subtropical America; native to Uruguay, Argentina and the southern part of Brazil. Its botanical name comes from the Greek, klytos which means “splendid” or “beauteous”, and stoma (“mouth”); alluding to the beautiful flowers. Clytostoma callistegioides is a member of the Bignoniaceae family. It is an evergreen vine with a habit of clambering over adjacent foliage, fences and structures using tendrils to hang on tight. The bright glossy green leaves are lobed and divided with 2 leaflets, about 7.6 cm long and 3.8 cm wide. They are arranged opposite in pairs and tendrils arise at the ends of the leaf stalks. In late spring, the 3.8 cm trumpet flowers are borne terminally or along the branches. These are pale lavender and delicately detailed with dark violet and purple veins. They are followed by large prickly seed pods. This evergreen ornamental plant easily reaches up to 4 m. It has only recently been moved out of the genus Pandorea.

This feather palmtree has long pinnate-composed leaves that arch and recurve towards the ground from atop a thick, stout, columnar trunk. This is usually covered with remains of fallen petioles. It can grow up to 16 m, but normally reaches 8-10 m with a diameter of 33-60 cm. Typically, the old leaf stalks persist for years, although specimens with clean trunks are not uncommon. Leaves range from light green to bluish gray and grow 1.5-3 m long. Petioles are about 0.6 to 1.5 m in length and have spines along both edges. The flowers are unisexual and arranged in large panicles, 0.7-1 m long. Flowering takes place in summer and autumn. The palm produces a bright orange fruit; an edible and globose drupe, 2 cm in diameter. Jelly palmtrees vary in form. Specimens raised in dry and/or infertile soils tend to be smaller in stature with smaller leaves. Light also affects the plant’s form while those that grow in full sun are more compact. Propagation is achieved through seeds, with a rather slow growth rate.

Cupania vernalis is a 5-8 m tall tree with a dark, straight trunk, and persistent, dark green foliage. The leaves are compound, pinnate, alternate, 20-40 cm long. They have around 16-20 oblong leaflets which are serrate, petiolate, obtuse or acute; 5-15 cm long; dark green upperside and lighter underside. Flowers are small, whitish and arranged in axillary panicles; 10-20 cm long. Flowering occurs from summer through autumn. The fruit is a capsule that generally contains a single seed covered by a yellow, fleshy appendage called aril. Propagation is achieved by seeds sown in compost, protected from the sunlight and frost. Plant species of the Sapindaceae family are known for their traditional medicinal uses as diuretic, stimulant, expectorant, natural surfactant, sedative, vermifuge and against stomach ache and dermatitis in many parts of the world. Cupania vernalis has been particularly investigated because the crude extract from its bark proved to be active against all mutant strains of Accharomyces cerevisiae which suggests the presence of antifungal constituents.

Vitex megapotamicus can be found in Uruguay, in the Cerro Largo and Tacuarembó departments and Southern Brazil. It is an unarmed shrub; 4-5 m tall with quadrangular young branchlets. Its persistent foliage is made up of opposite leaves, 4-14 cm long, with long elliptical petioles, somewhat coriaceous and entire or scarcely dentate margins. Flowers are lilaceous, arranged in 3-15 axillary cymes and almost 5-6 cm long. They have a campanulate, pubescent calyx; 2-3 mm long, a 1-cm long corolla with a wide tube and a bilabiate limb; which is darker and more colorful in the lower lip. The fruit is an obovate drupe, 1 cm in diameter; black and shiny when ripe. It blooms in late spring and fructifies in November. Propagation is achieved through seeds. Due to several recent phylogenetic studies, the genus Vitex which was primarily included in the Verbenaceae family has now been transferred to the Lamiaceae family (whose original family name was in turn, Labiatae, so given because the flowers typically have petals fused into an upper lip and a lower lip).