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Table 3

Antibody to Marburg virus and possible risk factors for Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Durba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1999a

Characteristic

All participants (%)

Antibody positive (%)

Antibody negative (%)

OR (95% CI)

p value

Behavior in the minesb

Wear mask

4/289 (1)

1/13 (8)

3/276 (1)

7.6 (0. to 78.4)

0.17

Drink water from sources in the mine

160/289 (55)

9/13 (69)

151/276 (55)

1.9 (0.6 to 6.2)

0.40

Use explosives

129/289 (45)

7/13 (54)

122/276 (44)

1.5 (0.5 to 4.5)

0.57

Wear boots

46/289 (16)

2/13 (15)

44/276 (16)

1.0 (0.2 to 4.5)

1.00

Household/village exposures to someone with Durba syndromec

Touched corpse

88/905 (10)

4/15 (27)

84/890 (9)

3.5 (1.1 to 11.2)

0.05

Touched blood, feces, or urine

60/903 (7)

3/15 (20)

57/888 (6)

3.6 (1.0 to 13.3)

0.07

Worked with someone with syndrome

248/906 (27)

7/15 (47)

241/891 (27)

2.4 (0.8 to 6.6)

0.15

Been in the same room with someone with syndrome

179/902 (20)

4/15 (27)

175/887 (20)

1.5 (0.5 to 4.7)

0.51

Touched skin of person during illness

286/903 (32)

6/15 (40)

280/888 (32)

1.4 (0.5 to 4.1)

0.58

Someone in the household sick with syndrome

210/906 (23)

4/15 (27)

206/891 (23)

1.2 (0.4 to 3.8)

0.76

Participated in burial

393/904 (43)

6/15 (40)

387/889 (44)

0.9 (0.3 to 2.5)

1.00

Healthcare-related exposures

Had Durba syndrome yourself

60/912 (7)

4/15 (27)

56/897 (6)

5.4 (1.7 to 17.7)

0.01

Received injections in the last year

505/907 (56)

13/15 (87)

492/892 (55)

5.2 (1.2 to 23.6)

0.02

Underwent surgery in the last year

85/905 (9)

2/15 (13)

83/890 (9)

1.5 (0.3 to 6.7)

0.64

Received scarificationd in the last year

209/906 (23)

4/15 (27)

205/891 (23)

1.2 (0.4 to 3.9)

0.76

Animal exposures

Rodents

Touched

437/897 (49)

4/14 (29)

433/883 (49)

0.4 (0.1 to 1.3)

0.18

Ate

271/892 (30)

1/15 (7)

270/877 (31)

0.2 (0.0 to 1.2)

0.05

Bitten by

200/896 (22)

3/15 (20)

197/881 (22)

0.9 (0.2 to 3.1)

1.00

Bats

Touched

169/901 (19)

4/14 (29)

165/887 (19)

1.8 (0.5 to 5.6)

0.31

Ate

31/898 (3)

0/15 (-)

31/883 (4)

-

1.00

Bitten by

8/896 (1)

0/15 (-)

8/881 (1)

-

1.00

Monkeys

Touched

502/892 (56)

6/14 (43)

496/878 (57)

0.6 (0.2 to 1.7)

0.42

Atee

682/895 (76)

11/14 (79)

671/881 (76)

1.1 (0.3 to 4.2)

1.00

Bitten by

76/895 (8)

1/15 (7)

75/880 (9)

0.8 (0.1 to 5.9)

1.00

aOdds ratios (OR) and p values are for the comparison between antibody-positive and -negative participants. CI, confidence interval.bIncludes only responses from persons who stated that they currently worked in the mines.cBefore questioning began, Durba syndrome was described to the participant as “a severe illness with high fever and bleeding from the nose, mouth, and/or anus.”dScarification is the practice of intentionally scarring the skin with sharp instruments. It may be done for aesthetic reasons or because of a belief that it has medicinal or spiritual value.eMany participants reported the meat was smoked or cured at the time of purchase, so potential exposure to viable virus may have been limited.

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