Following his father's death in 1757, almost 18,000 acres (73 km²) of land and about 285 enslaved Africans were held in trust for him.[1] In January 1759, his mother married George Washington, the Washingtons then raised him and his younger sister Martha (Patsy) Parke Custis (1756–1773) at Mount Vernon.[2] Washington became his legal guardian, and administrator of the Custis Estate. Upon his sister's death in 1773 at the age of seventeen, Custis became the sole heir of the Custis estate.[2] Jacky was a troubled, lazy and "free-willed" child, he took no interest in his studies.[2]

The terms of Abingdon's purchase were extremely unfavorable to Custis, his eagerness and inexperience allowed Abingdon's owner, Robert Alexander, to take advantage of him in the transaction, which required Custis to pay the principal of the purchase and compound interest over a 24-year period. The compound interest on the £12,000 purchase price would require Custis to pay over £48,000 during the 24 years. To accomplish this, Custis would need to pay over £2,000 each year during the period of the agreement.[2][7] When he learned of the terms of the purchase, George Washington informed Custis that "No Virginia Estate (except a few under the best management) can stand simple Interest how then can they bear compound Interest".[7]

Custis' behavior in this and other matters prompted George Washington to write in 1778: "I am afraid Jack Custis, in spite of all of the admonition and advice I gave him about selling faster than he bought, is making a ruinous hand of his Estate."[8] By 1781, the financial strains of the Abingdon purchase had almost bankrupted Custis.[2]

According to one account, Custis served on Washington's staff during the Siege of Boston in 1775–1776 and served as an emissary to the British forces there,[9] he became the friend of a young British officer who gave him a weeping willow (Salix babylonica) twig that he planted at Abingdon.[9] The tree that grew from the twig reportedly had become the parent of all weeping willows in the United States at the time of the account (1881).[9]

In 1778, Custis was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses as a delegate from Fairfax County.[10] George Washington was apparently not pleased with Custis' reported performance in the legislature. Washington wrote to Custis: “I do not suppose that so young a senator as you are, so little versed in political disquisition, can yet have much influence in a popular assembly, composed of various talents and different views, but it is in your power to be punctual in attendance.”[11]

John and Eleanor had seven children, four of whom lived to maturity:[1][2]

With Custis's premature death at age 26, his widow sent her two youngest children (Eleanor and George) to Mount Vernon to be raised by the Washingtons;[2] in 1783, she married Dr. David Stuart of Alexandria, Virginia, with whom she had 16 more children.[12]

Although Custis had become well-established at Abingdon, his financial matters were in a state of disarray due to his poor business judgement and wartime taxation,[2] after his death in 1781, it took the administrators of the Custis Estate more than a decade to negotiate an end to the transaction through which Custis had purchased Abingdon.[7] Because he died intestate, his estate was not fully liquidated until the 1811 death of his widow; his four children inherited more than 600 slaves.[2]

White House (plantation)
–
Troops of the Army of the Potomac under the command of George B. McClellan burned the house to the ground on June 28,1862, as they retreated during the Seven Days Battles. Rooney Lee rebuilt the house, but it burned to the ground in 1875 and was not rebuilt, a wealthy widow, Martha Custis was courted by George Washington, whom she married in 1759.

1.
White House as it appeared when rebuilt after the American Civil War

Eleanor Calvert
–
Eleanor Calvert Custis Stuart was a prominent member of the Calvert family of Maryland. Upon her marriage to John Parke Custis, she became the daughter-in-law of Martha Dandridge Custis Washington and her portrait hangs today at Mount Airy Mansion in Rosaryville State Park, Maryland. Eleanor Calvert was born in 1758 at the Calvert familys Mount Air

Martha Parke Custis Peter
–
Martha Parke Custis Peter was a granddaughter of Martha Dandridge Washington and the step-granddaughter of George Washington. Martha Parke Custis was born on 31 December 1777 in the Blue Room at Mount Vernon, Martha was named for her fathers late sister, Martha Patsy Parke Custis. Her siblings included Elizabeth Parke Custis Law, Eleanor Parke Cust

1.
Tudor Place.

Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis
–
Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis, known as Nelly, was the granddaughter of Martha Washington and the step-granddaughter of George Washington. Nelly was the daughter of John Parke Custis and Eleanor Calvert Custis and her father was the only surviving child of Daniel Parke Custis and his widow, Martha Dandridge Custis, who married George Washington in 175

George Washington Parke Custis
–
He spent part of his large inherited fortune constructing Arlington House on a plantation in the present Arlington County, Virginia, that was directly across the Potomac River from Washington, D. C. After Custis died, his daughter, Mary Anna Randolph Custis, the United States government confiscated the Custis estate during the American Civil War. G

Martha Washington
–
Martha Washington was the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Although the title was not coined until after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States, during her lifetime she was often referred to as Lady Washington. Widowed at 25, she had four children with her first

3.
Martha Dandridge Custis in 1757: mezzotint by John Folwell (1863) after a portrait by John Wollaston

George Washington
–
George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations

Pamunkey River
–
The Pamunkey River is a tributary of the York River, about 93 miles long, in eastern Virginia in the United States. Via the York River it is part of the watershed of Chesapeake Bay, the Pamunkey River is formed by the confluence of the North Anna and South Anna rivers on the boundary of Hanover and Caroline counties, about 5 miles northeast of the

1.
Contents

New Kent County, Virginia
–
New Kent County is a county located in the eastern part the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,429 and its county seat is New Kent. New Kent County is included in the Greater Richmond Region, New Kent County was established in 1654 from York County and was organized and settled by William Claiborne. Claiborne had

1.
New Kent County Courthouse, built circa 1907

2.
Seal

Mount Vernon (plantation)
–
Mount Vernon was the plantation house of George Washington, the first President of the United States, and his wife, Martha Dandridge Custis Washington. The estate is situated on the banks of the Potomac River in Fairfax County, Virginia, near Alexandria, across from Prince Georges County, the Washington family had owned land in the area since the t

1.
Mount Vernon Estate, Virginia

2.
In classic Palladian style, on the western side, the main house is flanked by advancing, single-story secondary wings creating a cour d'honneur.

Benedict Swingate Calvert
–
Benedict Swingate Calvert was a planter, politician and a Loyalist in Maryland during the American Revolution. He was the son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, the third Proprietor Governor of Maryland and his mothers identity is not known, though one source suggests Melusina von der Schulenburg, Countess of Walsingham. As he was illegitimat

Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore
–
Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, FRS was a British nobleman and Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland. In 1721 Charles came of age and assumed control of Maryland. For most of his life he remained in England, where he pursued a career in politics. He died in 1751 in England, aged 52, Charles Calvert was born in England on 29 Septemb

Columbia University
–
Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen fo

New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for int

4.
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.

Rosaryville State Park
–
Rosaryville State Park is a Maryland state park in Rosaryville, three miles southeast of the Joint Base Andrews Naval Air Facility in Prince Georges County. The park includes the restored Mount Airy Mansion, which is operated as an event facility, as well as hiking, biking and equestrian trails for day-use. Calvert family Benedict Swingate Calvert,

1.
Benedict Swingate Calvert, painted by John Wollaston c1754. Calvert and his family lived at Mount Airey mansion, now a part of Rosaryville State Park.

2.
Location in Maryland

Maryland
–
The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to

3.
Dramatic example of Maryland's fall line, a change in rock type and elevation that creates waterfalls in many areas along the Southwest to Northeast geological boundary that crosses the state. Great Falls, cliffs and rapids.

Abingdon (plantation)
–
Abingdon was an 18th- and 19th-century plantation that the prominent Alexander, Custis, Stuart, and Hunter families owned. The plantations site is now located in Arlington County in the U. S. state of Virginia, Abingdon is known as the birthplace of Eleanor Nelly Parke Custis Lewis, a granddaughter of Martha Washington and a step-granddaughter of U

1.
Reconstructed Abingdon house foundation (2014)

2.
Abingdon Plantation historical site, looking west from a Metrorail train passing through the airport (2014).

Fairfax County, Virginia
–
Fairfax County, officially the County of Fairfax, is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,081,726, in 2015, it was estimated at 1,142,234, making it the Commonwealths most populous jurisdiction, with 13. 6% of Virginias population. The county seat is the City of Fairfax, though because it is an indep

1.
The Old Fairfax County Courthouse located in Fairfax City (photo from late 2010)

4.
Fairfax County is, along with Washington, a "core" employment jurisdiction of the Washington Metropolitan Area as indicated by this map. A U.S. Department of Labor study published in 2007 described Fairfax County as the second "economic pillar" of the Washington-area economy, along with the District of Columbia. The county has been described in Time as "one of the great economic success stories of our time."

Arlington County, Virginia
–
Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is coterminous with the U. S. Census Bureau-census-designated place of Arlington, as a result, the county is often referred to in the region simply as Arlington or Arlington, Virginia. In 2015, the population was estimated at 229,164. The land that became Arlington was originally dona

3.
Arlington National Cemetery sits on land confiscated from Confederate General Robert E. Lee.

4.
The façade of Arlington House appears on Arlington's seal, flag, and logo.

Siege of Boston
–
The Siege of Boston was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War. New England militiamen prevented the movement by land of the British Army garrisoned in what was then the city of Boston. Both sides had to deal with supply and personnel issues over the course of the siege. British resupply and reinforcement activities were limited to sea

Willow
–
Most species are known as willow, but some narrow-leaved shrub species are called osier, and some broader-leaved species are referred to as sallow. Some willows are low-growing or creeping shrubs, for example, the dwarf willow rarely exceeds 6 cm in height, though it spreads widely across the ground. Willows all have abundant watery bark sap, which

1.
Willow

2.
At the base of the petiole a pair of stipules form. These may fall in spring, or last for much of the summer or even for more than one year (marcescence).

Salix babylonica
–
Salix babylonica is a species of willow native to dry areas of northern China, but cultivated for millennia elsewhere in Asia, being traded along the Silk Road to southwest Asia and Europe. Salix babylonica is a medium- to large-sized deciduous tree, growing up to 20–25 m tall and it grows rapidly, but has a short lifespan, between 40 and 75 years.

1.
Salix babylonica

2.
Male flowers of Salix babylonica

3.
Pendulous branchlets of Salix babylonica

4.
Bark of Salix babylonica

House of Burgesses
–
The Virginia House of Burgesses /ˈbɜːrdʒəsɪz/ was the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America. From 1619 to 1776, the branch of the legislature of Virginia was the House of Burgesses. Jamestown remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699, when the government was moved to Williamsburg, in 1776 the colony bec

3.
Second Capitol at Williamsburg (viewed from Duke of Gloucester Street)

Thomas Law House
–
The Thomas Law House was constructed between 1794 and 1796 near present day 6th and N Streets, Southwest in Washington, D. C. The builder was a syndicate headed by James Greenleaf, a land speculator in the District of Columbia. They did not stay long, as by the summer of 1796 they have moved to their home on the west side of New Jersey Avenue north

1.
Thomas Law House

Tudor Place
–
Tudor Place is a Federal-style mansion in Washington, D. C. that was originally the home of Thomas Peter and his wife, Martha Parke Custis Peter, a granddaughter of Martha Washington. Step-grandfather George Washington left her the $8,000 in his will that was used to purchase the property in 1805, the property, comprising one city block on the cres

1.
Tudor Place

2.
Image of Tudor Place from the South, point cloud data from a Laser scan project conducted by nonprofit CyArk.

3.
This elevation of the Temple Portico of Tudor Place is from a laser scan project conducted by nonprofit CyArk. The circular Temple Portico that extends into the space of the Saloon is a prominent architectural feature of the house.

4.
Pre-1874 engraving of Tudor Place.

Lawrence Lewis, 1767-1839
–
Lawrence Lewis was a nephew of George Washington who married Nelly Custis, a granddaughter of Martha Washington. He was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1767 to Fielding Lewis and Betty Washington Lewis and he volunteered for service in 1794 to help suppress the Whiskey Rebellion and served as aide-de-camp to General Daniel Morgan, achieving the

Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis
–
Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis was an Episcopal lay leader in Alexandria County. The daughter of William Fitzhugh a member of the Continental Congress, on July 7,1804, she married George Washington Parke Custis, an orator, playwright, writer, and the grandson of Martha Custis Washington through her first marriage to Daniel Parke Custis. Molly Custis thus

Siege of Yorktown
–
The battle boosted faltering American morale and revived French enthusiasm for the war, as well as undermining popular support for the conflict in Great Britain. In 1780, approximately 5,500 French soldiers landed in Rhode Island to assist their American allies in operations against British-controlled New York City. On the advice of Rochambeau, de

2.
Siège de Yorktown by Auguste Couder, c.1836. Rochambeau and Washington giving their last orders before the battle.

3.
Washington firing the first gun

4.
Storming of Redoubt #10.

Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
–
In the United States and the United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence. His surrender in 1781 to a combined American and French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America, born into an aristocratic family and educated at Eton and Cambridge, Corn

York County, Virginia
–
York County is a county in the eastern part of the Commonwealth of Virginia, located in the Tidewater. As of the 2010 census, the population was 65,464, the county seat is the unincorporated town of Yorktown. York County contains many tributaries of the York River and it shares land borders with the independent cities of Williamsburg, Newport News,

Williamsburg, Virginia
–
Williamsburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,068, in 2014, the population was estimated to be 14,691. Located on the Virginia Peninsula, Williamsburg is in the part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. It is bordered by James City County and York County, Williamsburg was founde

Alexandria, Virginia
–
Alexandria is an independent city in the United States Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 139,966, and in 2015, located along the western bank of the Potomac River, Alexandria is approximately 7 miles south of downtown Washington, D. C. Like the rest of Northern Virginia, as well as Central Maryland, one of Alexandr

1.
Alexandria with Washington and Arlington in the distance

3.
Map of Alexandria County (1878), including what is now Arlington County and the City of Alexandria. Map includes the names of property owners at that time. City boundaries roughly correspond with Old Town.

4.
Map of Alexandria showing the forts that were constructed to defend Washington during the Civil War

Intestate
–
Intestacy is the condition of the estate of a person who dies without having made a valid will or other binding declaration. Alternatively this may apply where a will or declaration has been made, but only applies to part of the estate. Intestacy law, also referred to as the law of descent and distribution, a forced share can often only be decrease

Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport
–
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is an international airport 3 miles south of downtown Washington, D. C. in Arlington County, Virginia, United States. It is the nearest commercial airport to the capital and serves the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, for decades it was called Washington National Airport before being renamed to honor

2.
Terminal building in July 1941, shortly after it opened. Photograph by Jack Delano.

Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial
–
It overlooks the Potomac River and the National Mall in Washington, D. C. During the American Civil War, the grounds of the mansion were selected as the site of Arlington National Cemetery, however, the United States has since designated the mansion as a National Memorial to Lee. Arlington Woods, located behind Arlington House, contains the oldest

1.
Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial

2.
Arlington House from a pre-1861 sketch, published in 1875

3.
East front of Custis-Lee Mansion with Union Soldiers on lawn

4.
The second-floor chamber shared by Lee and his wife. A replica c. 1850 U. S. Army (lieutenant of engineers) uniform lies across the bed.

Arlington National Cemetery
–
The United States Department of the Army, a component of the United States Department of Defense, controls the cemetery. The national cemetery was established during the Civil War on the grounds of Arlington House, like nearly all federal installations in Arlington County, it has a Washington, D. C. mailing address. George Washington Parke Custis,

Daniel Parke
–
Daniel Parke, Jr. was a British-American colonist, soldier, politician, and member of the colonial gentry of Virginia. He was lynched by a mob during his tenure as governor of the Leeward Islands. As a child, he was sent to England to be raised with his cousins from the Evelyn family, Parke returned to Virginia at age 16 to reclaim the family estat

International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning

1.
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

OCLC
–
The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online p

1.
Fred Kilgour (1st director of OCLC)

2.
Online Computer Library Center (OCLC)

3.
OCLC headquarters (Ohio)

4.
OCLC offices in Leiden (the Netherlands)

Google Books
–
Books are provided either by publishers and authors, through the Google Books Partner Program, or by Googles library partners, through the Library Project. Additionally, Google has partnered with a number of publishers to digitize their archives. The Publisher Program was first known as Google Print when it was introduced at the Frankfurt Book Fair

United States Government Printing Office
–
The United States Government Publishing Office is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government. Following signature by the President, the change took effect on December 17,2014, the Government Publishing Office was created by congressional joint resolution on June 23,1860. It began operations March 4,1861, with 350 em

Benson John Lossing
–
Benson John Lossing was a prolific and popular American historian, known best for his illustrated books on the American Revolution and American Civil War and features in Harpers Magazine. He was a trustee of Vassar College. Lossing was born February 12,1813 in Beekman, New York and his father was descended of old Dutch stock, originally surnamed La

1.
Benson J. Lossing.

Mary Anna Custis Lee
–
They married at her parents home, Arlington House, in Virginia in 1831, and had seven children together, she survived him by three years. Mrs Lee was descended from colonial and Southern families, including the Parke Custises, Fitzhughs, Dandriges, Randolphs, Rolfes. Through her paternal grandmother, Eleanor Calvert, she descended from Charles Calv

George Washington Custis Lee
–
George Washington Custis Lee, also known as Custis Lee, was the eldest son of Robert E. Lee and Mary Anna Custis Lee. His grandfather—George Washington Custis—was the step-grandson and adopted son of George Washington, Lee was born in Fort Monroe, Virginia. He was educated at boarding schools to prepare him in his fathers footsteps. He was educated

1.
Lee pictured in Calyx 1897, Washington & Lee yearbook

2.
Arlington House during the American Civil War, with Union troops surrounding it.

William Henry Fitzhugh Lee
–
William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, known as Rooney Lee or W. H. F. Lee, was the son of General Robert E. Lee. He was a planter, a Confederate cavalry General in the American Civil War, Lee was born at Arlington House in Arlington, Virginia, and named for William Henry Fitzhugh, his mothers uncle. At an early age, his father began to call him Rooney, what

1.
William Henry Fitzhugh Lee

Hope Park
–
Hope Park was an 18th and 19th-century plantation in Fairfax County in the U. S. state of Virginia. Hope Park was the residence of Dr. David Stuart, an old friend and associate correspondent of George Washington, Hope Park Plantation was located approximately 5 miles southwest of Fairfax Court House. The plantation at Hope Park was founded in the 1

1.
20th century photo of the mill

2.
Hope Park Mansion c. 1937

3.
Battles

Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Virginia)
–
Episcopal High School, founded in 1839, is a private boarding school located in Alexandria, Virginia. The Holy Hill 130-acre campus houses 440 students from 30 states, the school is 100-percent boarding and is the only all-boarding school of its caliber located in a major metropolitan area. Episcopal High School was founded in 1839 as the first hig

1.
Episcopal High School

2.
Fortiter, fideliter, feliciter "Strongly, faithfully, joyfully"

3.
Aerial photograph of the Episcopal High School campus.

4.
Callaway Chapel in a snow storm.

Ossian Hall
–
Ossian Hall was an 18th-century plantation house in Annandale, Fairfax County, Virginia. Ossian Hall was one of three residences, along with Oak Hill, and Ravensworth, owned by the Fitzhugh family in Fairfax County. Ossian Hall was located north of Braddock Road and east of the Capital Beltway, Ossian Hall was built on the Ravensworth land grant by

Ravensworth (plantation)
–
Ravensworth was an 18th-century plantation house near Annandale in Fairfax County, Virginia. Ravensworth was the Northern Virginia residence of William Fitzhugh, William Henry Fitzhugh, Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, Ravensworth was located near Annandale, Virginia, south of Braddock Road, west of the Capital Beltway. It was

1.
Ravensworth plantation, Virginia

2.
Battles

Woodlawn (plantation)
–
Woodlawn Plantation is a historic house located in Fairfax County, Virginia. Originally a part of Mount Vernon, George Washingtons historic plantation estate, the house is a designated National Historic Landmark, primarily for its association with the Washington family, but also for the role it played in the historic preservation movement. It is no

3.
Location of Stirling's Division on the ridge (i.e. Birmingham Hill) just west of Birmingham road (looking west). The British Grenadier battalions attacked from right to left, ultimately forcing Stirling to fall back with a bayonet charge.

1.
The Association adopted by the Continental Congress was published and often signed by local leaders. Thomas Jefferson, who was not yet a delegate to Congress, signed this copy (lower left) with other Virginians.

Fairfax Resolves

1.
Early

Mount Vernon Conference

1.
George Washington's Mount Vernon Estate, Fairfax County, Virginia

2.
View of the Potomac from Mount Vernon, Fairfax County, Virginia, toward the Maryland shore

1.
White House (plantation)
–
Troops of the Army of the Potomac under the command of George B. McClellan burned the house to the ground on June 28,1862, as they retreated during the Seven Days Battles. Rooney Lee rebuilt the house, but it burned to the ground in 1875 and was not rebuilt, a wealthy widow, Martha Custis was courted by George Washington, whom she married in 1759. Shortly thereafter, he resigned his Virginia military commission and they moved to his farm at Mount Vernon in Fairfax County overlooking the Potomac River, George and Martha Washington had no children of their own, but raised her two surviving children. Her son, John Parke Jacky Custis married Eleanor Calvert on February 3,1774, the couple then moved to the White House plantation. After the couple had lived at the White House plantation for more than two years, John Parke Custis purchased the Abingdon plantation, into which the couple settled during 1778, John Parke Custis died in 1781 after contracting camp fever at the Siege of Yorktown. Martha and George Washington then raised his two children, Eleanor Parke Custis and George Washington Parke Custis. George Washington became the first President of the United States and his wife, Martha, became the nations initial First Lady, the title of First Lady was traditionally given the Presidents wife in years thereafter. Arlington House later became the home of his daughter, Mary Anna Randolph Custis, born in 1807, who in 1831 married Robert E. Lee. In 1846, most of the area of the District of Columbia south of the Potomac River was retroceded to Virginia, including the land occupied by Arlington House and the surrounding plantation. Robert E. and Mary Anna Custis Lee had seven children, of these, the second son was William H. F. Rooney Lee, who was born at Arlington House. Rooney Lee was educated at Harvard University, and then followed his fathers footsteps into service with the U. S. Army, however, in 1859, he resigned his commission. Rooney Lee moved to White House Plantation, which he had inherited from his grandfather and he married Charlotte Wickham, a descendant of attorney John Wickham. They had two children, a boy and a girl, both of whom died in infancy and his wife, Charlotte, died in 1863. The plantation house at White House Plantation, which was burned in 1862, had been the second of three occupied the site of over the years, all destroyed by fires. All three of his sons joined him in service for the Confederacy. Robert E. Lees wife suffered from arthritis, and this became increasingly debilitating with advancing age. By 1861, she was using a wheelchair, general McClellan made arrangements for Mrs. Lees safe passage through the Union lines, and she relocated to Richmond, where she resided at 707 E. Franklin Street for the duration of the War. During the Peninsula Campaign, Frederick Law Olmsted, designer of New York Citys Central Park among his many accomplishments, sanitary Commission, a precursor to the Red Cross in Washington D. C. which tended to the Union wounded during the Civil War

White House (plantation)
–
White House as it appeared when rebuilt after the American Civil War

2.
Eleanor Calvert
–
Eleanor Calvert Custis Stuart was a prominent member of the Calvert family of Maryland. Upon her marriage to John Parke Custis, she became the daughter-in-law of Martha Dandridge Custis Washington and her portrait hangs today at Mount Airy Mansion in Rosaryville State Park, Maryland. Eleanor Calvert was born in 1758 at the Calvert familys Mount Airy plantation near Upper Marlboro in Prince Georges County, Eleanor was the second eldest daughter of Benedict Swingate Calvert, illegitimate son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, and his wife Elizabeth Calvert Butler. She was known to her family as Nelly, as a teenager, Eleanor was an exceptionally pretty girl and well-mannered. Eleanor married John Parke Custis, son of the late Daniel Parke Custis, jacky, as he was known by his family, announced his engagement to Eleanor to his parents, who were greatly surprised by the marriage choice due to the couples youth. After their marriage, the couple settled at the White House plantation, John died intestate, so his widow was granted a dower third, the lifetime use of 1/3 of the Custis estate assets, including its more than 300 slaves. The balance of the Custis estate was held in trust for their children and distributed as the daughters married, eleanors dower third was distributed among their children following her death. In 1783, Eleanor married Dr. David Stuart, an Alexandria physician, about ten years later, they moved to Ossian Hall near Annandale, also in Fairfax County. Eleanor died on September 28,1811 at age 53 at Tudor Place and she was originally buried at Effingham Plantation in Virginia. She was reinterred in Pages Chapel, St. Thomas Church, Croom, Maryland and her resting place remained unmarked until a limestone grave slab was installed in the chapel floor in autumn 2008

3.
Martha Parke Custis Peter
–
Martha Parke Custis Peter was a granddaughter of Martha Dandridge Washington and the step-granddaughter of George Washington. Martha Parke Custis was born on 31 December 1777 in the Blue Room at Mount Vernon, Martha was named for her fathers late sister, Martha Patsy Parke Custis. Her siblings included Elizabeth Parke Custis Law, Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis and she was known to her family as Patsy. At first the family alternated between living at the Washingtons plantation, Mount Vernon in Virginia, and the Calverts plantation, in 1778, John Parke Custis purchased Abingdon, a 900-acre plantation on the west bank of the Potomac River. Abingdon was conveniently located equidistant between Mount Vernon and Mount Airy, Martha married Thomas Peter in 1795 at Hope Park in Fairfax County, Virginia. The young bride requested from her step-grandfather George Washington a miniature of himself as a wedding gift, painted in Philadelphia between 1794 and 1795 by Walter Robertson, the miniature was a watercolor on ivory and is set in gold, and depicted Washington in his Continental Army uniform. Thomas almost immediately auctioned them off to raise cash, an action that may have inspired the stern rebuke against the breaking up of families that George Washington delivered in his will. Her step-grandfather bequeathed her $8,000, 1/32 of his estate, Martha Washington died in 1802, and Thomas Peter served as executor of her estate. The Peters purchased at a private sale many objects from Mount Vernon to preserve her grandparents legacy, Martha Peter inherited approximately 35 dower slaves from Mount Vernon following her grandmothers death. She later inherited about 40 additional slaves following the 1811 death of her mother and her $8,000 inheritance from George Washington was used to purchase property in Washington, D. C. in 1805. The property, comprising one city block on the crest of Georgetown Heights, had an excellent view of the Potomac River, the couple commissioned Dr. William Thornton, architect of the United States Capitol, to design their mansion which they named Tudor Place. Martha Parke Custis Peter died on 13 July 1854

Martha Parke Custis Peter
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Tudor Place.

4.
Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis
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Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis, known as Nelly, was the granddaughter of Martha Washington and the step-granddaughter of George Washington. Nelly was the daughter of John Parke Custis and Eleanor Calvert Custis and her father was the only surviving child of Daniel Parke Custis and his widow, Martha Dandridge Custis, who married George Washington in 1759. She was also the granddaughter of Benedict Swingate Calvert, illegitimate son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore and he was certainly descended from Charles II through the Kings daughter by Barbara Villiers, Charlotte FitzRoy. Following the premature death of John Parke Custis in 1781, Nelly and her brother, George Washington Parke Custis, were adopted by the Washingtons. The talented and beautiful woman often accompanied her grandparents to social events. On February 22,1799, Nelly Custis married George Washingtons nephew, the Washingtons wedding gift was 2,000 acres adjacent to Mount Vernon, on which the Lewises built Woodlawn Plantation. The Lewises had eight children, five of whom did not survive to adulthood, the three who did survive were, Frances Parke Lewis Butler Lorenzo Lewis Mary Eliza Lewis Conrad Upon her marriage, Nelly Lewis inherited about 80 slaves from her fathers estate. Her grandfather, Daniel Parke Custiss estate was liquidated following Martha Washingtons death in 1802, following the death of her mother in 1811, the John Parke Custis estate was liquidated, and she inherited approximately 40 additional slaves. About 1830 the Lewises moved to Audley plantation in Clarke County, beginning in the mid-1830s they began dividing their time between Virginia and their daughters homes in Louisiana. Nelly Custis Lewis continued to live at Audley after her husbands death in 1839, throughout her life, she regarded herself as a preserver of George Washingtons legacy. She shared memories and mementos, entertained and corresponded with those seeking information on the first president, a shaft to the east of the Washingtons tomb at Mount Vernon marks her burial site. Kneebone, John T. et al. eds, ribblett, David L. Nelly Custis, Child of Mount Vernon. Woodlawn Plantation Portraits of Eleanor Custis Lewis and Lawrence Lewis at Kenmore

5.
George Washington Parke Custis
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He spent part of his large inherited fortune constructing Arlington House on a plantation in the present Arlington County, Virginia, that was directly across the Potomac River from Washington, D. C. After Custis died, his daughter, Mary Anna Randolph Custis, the United States government confiscated the Custis estate during the American Civil War. George Washington Custis Lee then sold the estate back to the United States government, Arlington House is now the Robert E. Lee Memorial. The remainder of the Arlington plantation is now Arlington National Cemetery, George Washington Parke Custis was born on April 30,1781, at his mothers family home at Mount Airy, which is now a restored mansion in Rosaryville State Park in Prince Georges County, Maryland. Custis was born, his father died of fever at Yorktown, Virginia. Custis grandmother, Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, had earlier married George Washington and had raised at Mount Vernon G. W. P Custis father, John Parke Custis. After John Parke Custis died, George Washington adopted his namesake, G. W. P Custis, and with Martha Washington raised Custis and his sister, Nelly Custis, at Mount Vernon. Custis two oldest sisters, Elizabeth and Martha, remained at Abingdon with their mother, who in 1783 married Dr. David Stuart. The Washingtons brought George and Nelly,8 and 10 years old, respectively, to New York City in 1789 to live in the first, following the transfer of the national capital to Philadelphia, the original First Family occupied the Presidents House from 1790 to 1797. Custis attended the Germantown Academy in Germantown, Pennsylvania, the College of New Jersey and St. Johns College in Annapolis, George Washington repeatedly expressed frustration about young Custis, as well as his own inability to improve the youths attitude. Upon young Custis return to Mount Vernon after only one term at St, in January 1799, Custis was commissioned as a cornet in the United States Army and was promoted to second lieutenant in March. He served as aide-de-camp to General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and was honorably discharged 15 June 1800, Custis came of age, he inherited large amounts of money, land and property from the estates of his father and grandfather. Upon Martha Washingtons death in 1802, he received a bequest from her as well as his fathers former plantations because of the termination of her life estate, however, her executor, Bushrod Washington, refused to sell to G. W. P. Custis the Mt. Vernon estate on which Custis had been living, Custis thereupon moved into the four-room, 80-year-old house on land inherited from his father, who had called it Mount Washington. Custis began constructing Arlington House on his land, which at the time was within Alexandria County in the District of Columbia, hiring George Hadfield as architect, he constructed a mansion exhibiting the first example of Greek Revival architecture in America. He located the building on a prominent hill overlooking the Georgetown-Alexandria Turnpike, the Potomac River, using slave labor and materials on site, and interrupted by the War of 1812, G. W. P. Custis finally completed the exterior in 1818. Custis intended the mansion to serve as a memorial to George Washington

6.
Martha Washington
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Martha Washington was the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Although the title was not coined until after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States, during her lifetime she was often referred to as Lady Washington. Widowed at 25, she had four children with her first husband Daniel Parke Custis, two of her children by Custis survived to young adulthood. She brought great wealth to her marriage to Washington, which enabled him to buy land and she also brought nearly 100 dower slaves for her use during her lifetime, they and their descendants reverted to her first husbands estate at her death and were inherited by his heirs. She and Washington did not have children together but they did rear her two children by Daniel Parke Custis, including son John Jacky Parke Custis, as well as helped both of their extended families. Martha Dandridge was born on June 2,1731 on her parents plantation Chestnut Grove in the British colony, Province of Virginia. She was the oldest daughter of John Dandridge, a Virginia planter and immigrant from England, by his wife Frances Jones, who was of American birth and English, Welsh, and French descent. Martha had three brothers and four sisters, John, William, Bartholomew, Anna Marie Fanny Bassett, Frances Dandridge, Elizabeth Aylet Henley, Marthas father may also have fathered an out-of-wedlock half-brother to Martha named Ralph Dandridge, who was probably white. They had four children together, Daniel, Frances, John, Daniel and Frances died in childhood. The other two children, John Parke Custis and Martha Parke Custis, survived to young adulthood, in all, she was left in custody of some 17,500 acres of land and 300 slaves, apart from other investments and cash. According to her biographist, she ran the five plantations left to her when her first husband died. Martha Dandridge Custis, age 27, and George Washington, age nearly 27, married on January 6,1759, as a man who lived and owned property in the area, Washington likely knew both Martha and Daniel Parke Custis for some time before Daniels death. During March 1758 he visited her twice at White House, the time he came away with either an engagement of marriage or at least her promise to think about his proposal. At the time, she was also being courted by the planter Charles Carter, Washingtons suit was of blue and silver cloth with red trimming and gold knee buckles. The bride wore purple silk shoes with spangled buckles, which are displayed at Mount Vernon. The couple honeymooned at White House for several weeks before setting up house at Washingtons Mount Vernon estate and they appeared to have had a solid marriage. Martha and George Washington had no children together, but they raised Marthas two surviving children and her daughter, nicknamed Patsy, died as a teenager during an epileptic seizure, classed as SUDEP. John Parke Jacky Custis returned from college to comfort his mother, Custis later married and had children, he served as an aide to Washington during the siege of Yorktown in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War

Martha Washington
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Martha Washington as a young woman
Martha Washington
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Tinted engraving by John Chester Buttre (1821–1893), after the portrait by Gilbert Stuart
Martha Washington
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Martha Dandridge Custis in 1757: mezzotint by John Folwell (1863) after a portrait by John Wollaston
Martha Washington

7.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine

George Washington
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George Washington by Gilbert Stuart, 1797
George Washington
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Washington's birthplace
George Washington
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Washington's map, accompanying his Journal to the Ohio (1753–1754)
George Washington
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A mezzotint of Martha Washington, based on a 1757 portrait by Wollaston

8.
Pamunkey River
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The Pamunkey River is a tributary of the York River, about 93 miles long, in eastern Virginia in the United States. Via the York River it is part of the watershed of Chesapeake Bay, the Pamunkey River is formed by the confluence of the North Anna and South Anna rivers on the boundary of Hanover and Caroline counties, about 5 miles northeast of the town of Ashland. It flows generally southeastwardly past the Pamunkey Indian Reservation to the town of West Point, the rivers course is used to define all or portions of the southern boundaries of Caroline and King William counties and the northern boundaries of Hanover and New Kent counties. Board on Geographic Names settled on Pamunkey River as the official name in 1892

Pamunkey River
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Contents

9.
New Kent County, Virginia
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New Kent County is a county located in the eastern part the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,429 and its county seat is New Kent. New Kent County is included in the Greater Richmond Region, New Kent County was established in 1654 from York County and was organized and settled by William Claiborne. Claiborne had named the island for his birthplace in Kent, England, New Kent County is the birthplace of two U. S. Presidents wives - Martha Washington and Letitia Christian Tyler. The church where George and Martha Washington are believed to have wed, St. Peters. The Chickahominy Indians frequented this area as well as nearby Charles City County, among the earliest settlers of New Kent County was Nicholas Gentry, who settled in New Kent in 1684. The parish register books of St. Peters Parish show that Nicholas Gentrys daughter was baptized in the church in 1687, the records also reflect other Gentrys, probably Nicholas Gentrys relations, Peter and Samuel Gentry. In November 1719, a portion of New Kent County known then as St. Pauls Parish was formed into a separate county, in 2006, the U. S. Census Bureau rated New Kent County among the top 100 fastest-growing counties in America. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 223 square miles. The Chickahominy River borders the county to the south, the Pamunkey and York rivers border it to the north, Charles City County Hanover County -- created 26 November 1719 from St. Pauls Parish of New Kent County. Henrico County James City County King and Queen County -- established in 1691 from part of New Kent County, King William County -- formed in 1702 from part of King and Queen County. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 18,429 people residing in the county. 81. 7% were White,13. 5% Black or African American,1. 1% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 5% of some other race and 2. 3% of two or more races. 15. 2% were of English,11. 7% American,10. 6% German and 9. 4% Irish ancestry, at the 2000 census, there were 13,462 people,4,925 households and 3,895 families residing in the county. The population density was 64 per square mile, there were 5,203 housing units at an average density of 25 per square mile. 1. 31% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,16. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the family size was 2.97. Age distribution was 25. 00% under the age of 18,5. 90% from 18 to 24,32. 00% from 25 to 44,27. 70% from 45 to 64, the median age was 38 years

New Kent County, Virginia
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New Kent County Courthouse, built circa 1907
New Kent County, Virginia
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Seal

10.
Mount Vernon (plantation)
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Mount Vernon was the plantation house of George Washington, the first President of the United States, and his wife, Martha Dandridge Custis Washington. The estate is situated on the banks of the Potomac River in Fairfax County, Virginia, near Alexandria, across from Prince Georges County, the Washington family had owned land in the area since the time of Washingtons great-grandfather in 1674. In 1739 they embarked on an expansion of the estate that continued under George Washington, who came into possession of the estate in 1754, the mansion is built of wood in a loose Palladian style, and was constructed by George Washington in stages between 1758 and 1778. It occupies the site of an earlier, smaller house built by George Washingtons father Augustine and it remained Washingtons country home for the rest of his life. Following his death in 1799, under the ownership of successive generations of the family. Escaping the damage suffered by many plantation houses during the American Civil War, Mount Vernon was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is today listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is still owned and maintained in trust by The Mount Vernon Ladies Association, allowing the public to see the estate is not an innovation, but part of a 200-year-old tradition started by George Washington himself. In 1794 he wrote, I have no objection to any sober or orderly persons gratifying their curiosity in viewing the buildings, Gardens, when George Washingtons ancestors acquired the estate, it was known as Little Hunting Creek Plantation, after the nearby Little Hunting Creek. Vernon had been Lawrences commanding officer in the British Royal Navy, when George Washington inherited the property, he retained the name. The current property consists of 500 acres, the main buildings, the present house was built in phases from 1758, by an unknown architect, on the site of the Washingtons former farmhouse. This staggered and unplanned evolution is indicated by the main door. As completed and seen today, the house is in a loose Palladian style, the principal block, dating from 1758, is a two-storied corps de logis flanked by two single-story secondary wings, built in 1775. These secondary wings, which house the hall on the northern side. The corps de logis and secondary wings have hipped roofs with dormers, the rooms at Mount Vernon have mostly been restored to their appearance at the time of George and Martha Washingtons occupancy. These rooms include Washingtons study, two dining rooms, the West Parlour, the Front Parlour, the kitchen and some bedrooms, instead they range from severe Palladianism to a finer and later neoclassicism in the style of Robert Adam. This varying of the style is best exemplified in the doorcases. Today, visitors to Mount Vernon are shown Washingtons study, a room to which in the century only a privileged few were granted entrée. It is a furnished room Washington used as a combined bathroom, dressing room and office

11.
Benedict Swingate Calvert
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Benedict Swingate Calvert was a planter, politician and a Loyalist in Maryland during the American Revolution. He was the son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, the third Proprietor Governor of Maryland and his mothers identity is not known, though one source suggests Melusina von der Schulenburg, Countess of Walsingham. As he was illegitimate, he was not able to inherit his fathers title or estates, Benedict Calvert spent most of his life as a politician and planter in Maryland, though Frederick, by contrast, never visited the colony. Calvert was born Benedict Swinket in England on January 27,1722, of course, the possibility exists that he may have deliberately falsified his birthdate in order to protect or obscure the identity of his mother. Melusina was the daughter of George I of England and his mistress, Melusine von der Schulenburg, whatever the truth of this, it seems likely that Calverts mother was a person of some consequence. According to a letter of Benedicts daughter-in-law Rosalie Stier Calvert dated 10 June 1814, in 1742, aged about twelve years, the young Benedict was sent to the Calverts proprietary colony of Maryland, which in the mid 18th century was still a sparsely settled, largely rural society. In 1730 the population of Annapolis was just 776, Elizabeth was the daughter of Maryland Governor Captain Charles Calvert and his wife Rebecca Gerard, both of whom died young, leaving Elizabeth a wealthy heiress. Through his family connections Calvert was able to benefit from considerable proprietarial patronage, in 1745, aged around 15 years, he was appointed by his father the Patuxent district customs collector and naval officer. Benedict Calvert would never return to England, nor would he meet his father again, on April 21,1748 Benedict and his cousin Elizabeth were married in St Anns Church by the Reverend John Gordon. The couple, aged 18 and 17 years respectively, moved into a house at State Circle, the marriage was announced in the Maryland Gazette on April 27,1748, Last Thursday the Honourable Benedict Calvert, Esq. In 1751 Calverts father Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore died, leaving his son the 10. Unfortunately, Lord Baltimores legitimate son and heir, Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore, successfully challenged the will and invalidated Benedicts bequest, despite the loss of his fathers bequest, Calverts career progressed steadily. In 1755 he became a Judge of the Land Office, sitting alongside his former guardian Dr. George H. Steuart and he was also an Annapolis councilman. In 1769 his half-sister Caroline Calvert married Robert Eden, who in the same year succeeded Governor Horatio Sharpe as Governor of Maryland, Eden and Calvert shared a love of horse racing and Benedict Swingate Calvert would soon find himself appointed to the Governors Council. Mount Airy was most likely a gift from his father, Lord Baltimore, Calvert began construction on the house at Mount Airy in 1751, expanding it considerably, to create the house which still survives today. Building continued in spite of a fire, rumored to be arson, by the 1770s Benedict Swingate Calvert controlled a large and profitable estate of around 4,000 acres, with upwards of 150 slaves. Their elegant and light carriages are drawn by finely bred horses, in 1774, Calverts daughter Eleanor Calvert, married John Parke Custis, son of Martha Washington and the stepson of George Washington. Washington himself did not approve of the match owing to the youth, but eventually gave his consent, and was present at the wedding celebrations

12.
Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore
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Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, FRS was a British nobleman and Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland. In 1721 Charles came of age and assumed control of Maryland. For most of his life he remained in England, where he pursued a career in politics. He died in 1751 in England, aged 52, Charles Calvert was born in England on 29 September 1699, the eldest son of Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore, and Charlotte Lee, Lady Baltimore. His grandmother Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield, was the daughter of Charles II, by his mistress, Barbara Palmer. Like the rest of his Calvert family, Charles had been raised a Catholic but was withdrawn from his Jesuit school when his father Benedict converted to Anglicanism, largely for political reasons. In 1688, eleven years before Charles Calvert, was born, in 1689 the Royal Charter to the colony was withdrawn, leading to direct rule by the British Crown. In 1715, when Charles was fifteen, his grandfather Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore died, passing his title, Charles Calvert soon found himself, aged just fifteen, in the fortunate position of having had his familys proprietarial title to Maryland restored by the king. In 1721 Charles came of age and, at 21, assumed control of the colony of Maryland, though he appointed his cousin Charles Calvert, then a captain in the Grenadier Guards, as governor. In 1727 Lord Baltimore appointed his brother, Benedict Leonard Calvert, governor of the colony, the handover of power from cousin to cousin was not entirely smooth. Captain Calvert insisted on retaining fifty percent of the 3 pence tobacco duty which was his due under legislation passed in 1727, Benedict was unimpressed, and his younger brother Cecil wrote to him that family opinion in England was appalled at Captain Calverts behaviour, and thinks him mad. Lord Baltimore himself wrote that Benedict should receive the benefit of the tax. Unfortunately, Benedicts health was poor and died of tuberculosis on 1 June 1732 and he was succeeded in 1732 by Governor Samuel Ogle under whose rule Maryland became engaged in a border dispute with Pennsylvania. Several settlers were taken prisoners on both sides and Penn sent a committee to Governor Ogle to resolve the situation, rioting broke out in the disputed territory and Ogle appealed to the King for resolution. Faced with this situation, Charles sailed to Maryland and personally assumed charge of the colony in 1732 and his purpose in undertaking the long journey was chiefly to settle the dispute with Pennsylvania, as well as to attend to other pressing matters. Violence had broken out on the border with Pennsylvania, with Maryland loyalists such as Thomas Cresap engaging in violent exchanges with hostile Pennsylvanians. Upon realizing the scale of his deception, Lord Baltimore reneged on the agreement, Chancery proceedings were notoriously slow and a final verdict was not reached until 1750, when Lord Chancellor Hardwicke found in favour of the claims of the Pennsylvanians in every respect. Charless error ultimately resulted in the loss to Pennsylvania of approximately one square miles of Maryland territory

13.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university

14.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

15.
Rosaryville State Park
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Rosaryville State Park is a Maryland state park in Rosaryville, three miles southeast of the Joint Base Andrews Naval Air Facility in Prince Georges County. The park includes the restored Mount Airy Mansion, which is operated as an event facility, as well as hiking, biking and equestrian trails for day-use. Calvert family Benedict Swingate Calvert, son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, lived at Mount Airy, Calvert was a politician and planter in colonial Maryland. Calvert began construction of his house, which survives, in 1751. In 1774, Calverts daughter Eleanor Calvert, married John Parke Custis, son of Martha Washington and the stepson of George Washington. Washington himself did not approve of the match owing to the youth, but eventually gave his consent, and was present at the wedding celebrations. By the 1770s Benedict Swingate Calvert controlled a large and profitable estate of around 4,000 acres and he was also an enthusiastic horse breeder, training thoroughbreds and running them in competitions in Maryland and Virginia. Benedict Swingate Calvert died at Mount Airy on January 9,1788 and he was buried beneath the chancel of the church of St Thomas in Croom, Prince Georges County, Maryland, a church which Calvert had helped to found and maintain. His wife died ten years later, in 1798, Benedict Calverts second son Edward Henry Calvert, who was born on November 7,1766, then inherited the estate. He married on March 1,1796, and died on July 12,1846 and he left the estate to his widow, who died on March 26,1857. On her death the estate, by this reduced to around 1,000 acres, was to be divided among her children. Two of her children were the last Calvert owners, after the death of Old Miss Eleanor the house and its contents were sold at auction. Twentieth century Matilda Duvall purchased the property in 1902, ending the Calvert familys hereditary ownership, renamed as Dower House, it became a country inn until a fire in 1931 reduced the building to only its masonry walls. The ruins were purchased and restored by socialite Cissy Patterson, the publisher of the Washington Times-Herald, who entertained presidents and other important persons here. She in turn bequeathed the property to Ann Bowie Smith, and it was from her family that the State of Maryland purchased Mt. Airy, in 1973 and it is operated as an event facility by the Rosaryville Conservancy and a private concessionaire. Rosaryville State Park Maryland Department of Natural Resources Rosaryville State Park Map Maryland Department of Natural Resources

Rosaryville State Park
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Benedict Swingate Calvert, painted by John Wollaston c1754. Calvert and his family lived at Mount Airey mansion, now a part of Rosaryville State Park.
Rosaryville State Park
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Location in Maryland

16.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state

17.
Abingdon (plantation)
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Abingdon was an 18th- and 19th-century plantation that the prominent Alexander, Custis, Stuart, and Hunter families owned. The plantations site is now located in Arlington County in the U. S. state of Virginia, Abingdon is known as the birthplace of Eleanor Nelly Parke Custis Lewis, a granddaughter of Martha Washington and a step-granddaughter of United States President George Washington. Abingdon may also have been home to the progenitor of all weeping willows in the United States, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, which occupies part of Abingdons grounds, contains indoor and outdoor displays that commemorate the plantations history. Howson soon sold the patent to John Alexander for 6,000 pounds of tobacco, Alexander was a descendent of the MacDonald clan of Scotland and was a son of the Earl of Stirling. He immigrated to Virginia around 1653, settled in Stafford County and became a planter, surveyor, when Alexander purchased the Howson patent, the patent covered an 8, 000-acre site on the southwestern side of the Potomac River. The site was about 2 miles wide and extended along the Potomac from Hunting Creek to the present northern boundary of Arlington National Cemetery. After John Alexanders death in 1677, one of his sons, Robert Alexander, acquired the Howson patent by inheritance and by a gift from his brother, in 1735, Gerrard Alexander, a grandson of Robert Alexander, inherited the northern part of the Howson patent. In 1746, a map that Daniel Jennings prepared showed that Gerrard Alexander owned a house on a portion of the Howson patent that was north of Four Mile Creek. Shortly thereafter, in 1749, the town of Alexandria was chartered on a more southerly part of the Howson patent, the town was named in honor of John Alexander and his family, who provided land on which the town was founded. In 1761, Gerrard Alexanders will divided his estate between his sons, Robert, Phillip and Gerrard. In 1778, John Parke Custis, the son of Daniel Parke Custis and Martha Washington, Custis had been eager to obtain real estate in the Abingdon area on which to raise his family. When he learned of the terms of the purchase, Washington informed Custis that No Virginia Estate can stand simple Interest how then can they bear compound Interest. Jacky Custis chose Abingdon because it was equidistant between the Washingtons home at Mount Vernon, and the home of his wife, Eleanor Calvert. Eleanor Calvert was a descendent of Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, a member of the Parliament of England, during the year that Jacky Custis purchased Abingdon, his neighbors in Fairfax County elected him to the Virginia General Assembly as a delegate. Shortly after moving to Abingdon, Custis wife gave birth to their surviving daughter. Nelly, her sisters, Elizabeth Parke Custis Law and Martha Parke Custis Peter. However, Jacky Custis contracted camp fever in 1781 at the Siege of Yorktown while serving as Washingtons aide, soon afterwards, George Washington adopted the two youngest Custis children, Nelly and George, who moved from Abingdon to live with the Washingtons at Mount Vernon. The eldest children, Elizabeth and Martha, remained at Abingdon, Custis widow, Eleanor, remarried in the autumn of 1783 to a friend and business associate of George Washington, Dr. David Stuart

18.
Fairfax County, Virginia
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Fairfax County, officially the County of Fairfax, is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,081,726, in 2015, it was estimated at 1,142,234, making it the Commonwealths most populous jurisdiction, with 13. 6% of Virginias population. The county seat is the City of Fairfax, though because it is an independent city under Virginia law, the county is also home to seven Fortune 500 companies, including three with Falls Church addresses. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of what would become Fairfax County were an Algonquian-speaking sub-group called the Taux, also known as the Doeg or Dogue. Their villages, as recorded by Captain John Smith in 1608, included Namassingakent, virginian colonists from the Northern Neck region drove the Doeg out of this area and into Maryland by 1670. Fairfax County was formed in 1742 from the part of Prince William County. It was named for Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, the Fairfax family name is derived from the Old English phrase for blond hair – Faeger-feahs. The oldest settlements in Fairfax County were along the Potomac River, George Washington settled in Fairfax County and built his home, Mount Vernon, facing the river. Gunston Hall, the home of George Mason is nearby, modern Fort Belvoir is partly on the estate of Belvoir Manor, built along the Potomac by William Fairfax in 1741. Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, the member of the British nobility ever to reside in the colonies. The Belvoir mansion and several of its outbuildings were destroyed by fire immediately after the Revolutionary War in 1783, in 1757, the northwestern two-thirds of Fairfax County became Loudoun County. In 1789, part of Fairfax County was ceded to the government to form Alexandria County of the District of Columbia. Alexandria County was returned to Virginia in 1846, reduced in size by the secession of the independent city of Alexandria in 1870, the Fairfax County town of Falls Church became an independent city in 1948. The Fairfax County town of Fairfax became an independent city in 1961, Fairfax County was an important region in the Civil War. The Battle of Chantilly or Ox Hill, during the campaign as the second Battle of Bull Run, was fought within the county. Other areas of activity included Minors Hill, Munsons Hill, and Uptons Hill, on the eastern border, overlooking Washington. The federal governments growth during and after World War II spurred rapid growth in the county, other large businesses continued to settle in Fairfax County and the opening of Tysons Corner Center spurred the rise of Tysons Corner. The technology boom and a steady government-driven economy also created rapid growth, the economy has also made Fairfax County one of the nations wealthiest counties

Fairfax County, Virginia
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The Old Fairfax County Courthouse located in Fairfax City (photo from late 2010)
Fairfax County, Virginia
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Piney Branch Mill, southeast of Fairfax city, Historic American Buildings Survey
Fairfax County, Virginia
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CIA headquarters in Langley
Fairfax County, Virginia
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Fairfax County is, along with Washington, a "core" employment jurisdiction of the Washington Metropolitan Area as indicated by this map. A U.S. Department of Labor study published in 2007 described Fairfax County as the second "economic pillar" of the Washington-area economy, along with the District of Columbia. The county has been described in Time as "one of the great economic success stories of our time."

19.
Arlington County, Virginia
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Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is coterminous with the U. S. Census Bureau-census-designated place of Arlington, as a result, the county is often referred to in the region simply as Arlington or Arlington, Virginia. In 2015, the population was estimated at 229,164. The land that became Arlington was originally donated by Virginia to the United States government to form part of the new federal district of Columbia. In 1846, Congress returned the land southwest of the Potomac River donated by Virginia due to issues involving Congressional representation, the General Assembly of Virginia changed the countys name to Arlington in 1920 to avoid confusion with the adjacent City of Alexandria. The county is situated in Northern Virginia on the bank of the Potomac River directly across from Washington. Arlington is also bordered by Fairfax County and City of Falls Church to the northwest, west and southwest, as of the 2010 census, the population was 207,627. Due to the proximity to downtown Washington, D. C. It is also home to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, the many federal agencies, government contractors, and service industries contribute to Arlingtons stable economy. It is the county in the United States by median family income. According to a 2016 study by Bankrate. com, Arlington is the best place to retire, the area that now constitutes Arlington County was originally part of Fairfax County in the Colony of Virginia. Land grants from the British monarch were awarded to prominent Englishmen in exchange for political favors, one of the grantees was Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, who lends his name to both Fairfax County and the City of Fairfax. George Washington Parke Custis, grandson of First Lady Martha Washington, the estate was eventually passed down to Mary Anna Custis Lee, wife of General Robert E. Lee. The property later became Arlington National Cemetery during the American Civil War, the area that now contains Arlington County was ceded to the new United States federal government by the Commonwealth of Virginia. With the passage of the Residence Act in 1790, Congress approved a new permanent capital to be located on the Potomac River, the Residence Act originally only allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as what is now the Anacostia River. However, President Washington shifted the federal territorys borders to the southeast in order to include the city of Alexandria at the Districts southern tip. In 1791, Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site, however, this amendment to the Residence Act specifically prohibited the erection of the public buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the River Potomac. As permitted by the U. S. Constitution, the shape of the federal district was a square, measuring 10 miles on each side

Arlington County, Virginia
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The skylines of Arlington's Courthouse and Rosslyn neighborhoods, with the Georgetown and Downtown neighborhoods of Washington, D.C. immediately past them. The county accounts for most of Virginia's border with the District.
Arlington County, Virginia
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1878 map of Alexandria County, now Arlington County
Arlington County, Virginia
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Arlington National Cemetery sits on land confiscated from Confederate General Robert E. Lee.
Arlington County, Virginia
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The façade of Arlington House appears on Arlington's seal, flag, and logo.

20.
Siege of Boston
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The Siege of Boston was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War. New England militiamen prevented the movement by land of the British Army garrisoned in what was then the city of Boston. Both sides had to deal with supply and personnel issues over the course of the siege. British resupply and reinforcement activities were limited to sea access, after eleven months of the siege, the British abandoned Boston by sailing to Nova Scotia. The siege began on April 19 after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the Continental Congress formed the Continental Army from the militia, with George Washington as its Commander in Chief. Military actions during the remainder of the siege were limited to raids, minor skirmishes. In November 1775, Washington sent the 25-year-old bookseller-turned-soldier Henry Knox to bring to Boston the heavy artillery that had captured at Fort Ticonderoga. In a technically complex and demanding operation, Knox brought many cannons to the Boston area by January 1776, in March 1776, these artillery fortified Dorchester Heights, thereby threatening the British supply lifeline. The British commander William Howe saw the British position as indefensible and withdrew the British forces in Boston to the British stronghold at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on March 17. Prior to 1775, the British had imposed taxes and import duties on the American colonies, parliament authorized Gage, among other actions, to disband the local provincial government. It was reformed into the Provincial Congress, and continued to meet, the Provincial Congress called for the organization of local militias and coordinated the accumulation of weapons and other military supplies. Under the terms of the Boston Port Act, Gage closed the Boston port, when British forces were sent to seize military supplies from the town of Concord on April 19,1775, militia companies from surrounding towns opposed them in the Battles of Lexington and Concord. At Concord, some of the British forces were routed in a confrontation at the North Bridge, the British troops, on their march back to Boston, were then engaged in a running battle, suffering heavy casualties. All of the New England colonies raised militias in response to this alarm and they particularly blocked the Charlestown Neck, and the Boston Neck, leaving only the harbor and sea access under British control. In the days following the creation of the siege line, the size of the colonial forces grew, as militias from New Hampshire, Rhode Island. General Gage turned his attention to fortifying easily defensible positions, in the south, at Roxbury, Gage ordered lines of defenses with 10 twenty-four pound guns. In Boston proper, four hills were quickly fortified and they were to be the main defense of the city. Over time, each of these hills were strengthened, Gage also decided to abandon Charlestown, removing the beleaguered forces to Boston

21.
Willow
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Most species are known as willow, but some narrow-leaved shrub species are called osier, and some broader-leaved species are referred to as sallow. Some willows are low-growing or creeping shrubs, for example, the dwarf willow rarely exceeds 6 cm in height, though it spreads widely across the ground. Willows all have abundant watery bark sap, which is charged with salicylic acid, soft, usually pliant, tough wood, slender branches. The roots are remarkable for their toughness, size, and tenacity to life, the leaves are typically elongated, but may also be round to oval, frequently with serrated edges. Most species are deciduous, semievergreen willows with coriaceous leaves are rare, e. g. Salix micans, all the buds are lateral, no absolutely terminal bud is ever formed. The buds are covered by a single scale, usually, the bud scale is fused into a cap-like shape, but in some species it wraps around and the edges overlap. The leaves are simple, feather-veined, and typically linear-lanceolate, usually they are serrate, rounded at base, acute or acuminate. The leaf petioles are short, the often very conspicuous, resembling tiny, round leaves. On some species, however, they are small, inconspicuous, in color, the leaves show a great variety of greens, ranging from yellowish to bluish. Willows are dioecious, with male and female flowers appearing as catkins on separate plants and this scale is square, entire, and very hairy. The anthers are rose-colored in the bud, but orange or purple after the flower opens, they are two-celled, the filaments are threadlike, usually pale brown, and often bald. The ovary is one-celled, the style two-lobed, and the ovules numerous, almost all willows take root very readily from cuttings or where broken branches lie on the ground. The few exceptions include the willow and peachleaf willow. One famous example of such growth from cuttings involves the poet Alexander Pope and this twig was planted and thrived, and legend has it that all of Englands weeping willows are descended from this first one. Willows are often planted on the borders of streams so their interlacing roots may protect the bank against the action of the water, frequently, the roots are much larger than the stem which grows from them. Willows are very cross-compatible, and numerous hybrids occur, both naturally and in cultivation, a well-known ornamental example is the weeping willow, which is a hybrid of Peking willow from China and white willow from Europe. The hybrid cultivar Boydii has gained the Royal Horticultural Societys Award of Garden Merit, Willows are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, such as the mourning cloak butterfly. Ants, such as ants, are common on willows inhabited by aphids, coming to collect aphid honeydew

Willow
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Willow
Willow
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At the base of the petiole a pair of stipules form. These may fall in spring, or last for much of the summer or even for more than one year (marcescence).
Willow
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Young male catkin
Willow
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Knotted willow and woodpile in the Bourgoyen-Ossemeersen, Ghent, Belgium

22.
Salix babylonica
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Salix babylonica is a species of willow native to dry areas of northern China, but cultivated for millennia elsewhere in Asia, being traded along the Silk Road to southwest Asia and Europe. Salix babylonica is a medium- to large-sized deciduous tree, growing up to 20–25 m tall and it grows rapidly, but has a short lifespan, between 40 and 75 years. The shoots are yellowish-brown, with small buds, the leaves are alternate and spirally arranged, narrow, light green, 4–16 cm long and 0. 5–2 cm broad, with finely serrate margins and long acuminate tips, they turn a gold-yellow in autumn. The flowers are arranged in catkins produced early in the spring, it is dioecious and these distinctive trees were subsequently introduced into England from Aleppo in northern Syria in 1730. These plants are all females, readily propagated vegetatively, and capable of hybridizing with other kinds of willows. Of these possibilities, S. × fragilis is itself a hybrid, with S. alba, Salix × sepulcralis, is a hybrid between S. alba and S. babylonica. Cultivars derived from either of these hybrids are generally better adapted than S. babylonica to the more humid climates of most heavily populated regions of Europe and North America. A similar willow species also native to northern China, Salix matsudana, is now included in Salix babylonica as a synonym by many botanists, including the Russian willow expert Alexey Skvortsov. In the more humid climates of much of Europe and eastern North America, it is susceptible to a disease, willow anthracnose. Salix babylonica has many cultivars, including, Babylon is the most widely grown cultivar of S. babylonica, crispa is a mutant of Babylon, with spirally curled leaves. Tortuosa is a tree with twisted and contorted branches. Yet other weeping willow cultivars are derived from interspecific Salix hybrids, the most widely grown weeping willow cultivar is Salix × sepulcralis Chrysocoma, with bright yellowish branchlets. In salicibus in medio ejus suspendimus organa nostra, here, salicibus is the dative plural of the Latin noun salix, the willows, used by Linnaeus as the name for the willow genus Salix. From the King James Version, By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept and we hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof. From the Revised Standard Version, By the waters of Babylon, there we sat down and wept, both Populus and Salix are in the plant family Salicaceae, the willow family. Flora of China, eFloras, Salix babylonica,4, p.186

23.
House of Burgesses
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The Virginia House of Burgesses /ˈbɜːrdʒəsɪz/ was the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America. From 1619 to 1776, the branch of the legislature of Virginia was the House of Burgesses. Jamestown remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699, when the government was moved to Williamsburg, in 1776 the colony became the independent Commonwealth of Virginia and the House of Burgesses became the House of Delegates. Originally a synonym of burgher or bourgeois, the word came to mean a borough representative in local or parliamentary government. The Colony of Virginia was founded by an English stock company, early governors provided the stern leadership and harsh judgments required for the colony to survive its early difficulties. To encourage settlers to come to Virginia, in 1618–1619, the Virginia Companys leaders drew up a great charter, emigrants who paid their own way to Virginia would receive fifty acres of land. They would not be mere tenants, civil authority would control the military. A council of burgesses, representatives chosen by the inhabitants of the colony for their government, the House of Assembly was created at the same time in Bermuda and held its first session in 1620. A handful of Polish craftsmen, brought to the colony to supply skill in the manufacture of pitch, tar, potash and they downed tools in protest, but returned to work after being declared free and enfranchised, apparently by agreement with the Virginia Company. On July 30,1619, the first European-style legislative assembly in the Americas convened for a meeting at the church on Jamestown Island. Together, the House of Burgesses and the Council would be the Virginia General Assembly, the Houses first session of July 30,1619, accomplished little, being cut short by an outbreak of malaria. By 1624, the government in London had heard enough about the problems of the colony. Virginia became a colony and the governor and council would be chosen by the king. Nonetheless, the form of government of the colony was retained. In 1634, the General Assembly divided the colony into eight shires for purposes of government, administration, by 1643, the expanding colony had 15 counties. All of the county offices, including a board of commissioners, judges, sheriff, constable, only the members of the House of Burgesses were elected by a vote of the people. Women had no right to vote, while all free men originally were given the right to vote, by 1670 only property owners were allowed to vote. In 1652, the forces of Oliver Cromwell forced the colony to submit to their takeover of the English government

House of Burgesses
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Patrick Henry in the House of Burgesses by Peter F. Rothermel
House of Burgesses
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The Virginia House of Burgesses
House of Burgesses
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Second Capitol at Williamsburg (viewed from Duke of Gloucester Street)

24.
Thomas Law House
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The Thomas Law House was constructed between 1794 and 1796 near present day 6th and N Streets, Southwest in Washington, D. C. The builder was a syndicate headed by James Greenleaf, a land speculator in the District of Columbia. They did not stay long, as by the summer of 1796 they have moved to their home on the west side of New Jersey Avenue north of C Street Thomas Law was the son of Edmund Law, the Bishop of Carlisle. Among his brothers were, John Law, Bishop of Clonfert and Kilmacduagh, Bishop of Killala and Achonry, edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough, Lord Chief Justice 1802–1818. George Henry Law, Bishop of Chester 1812–1824, Bishop of Bath, Thomas Law spent many years in India, where he made a fortune in trade. Law came to Washington, D. C. in the summer of 1794 and he was one of Washingtons wealthiest citizens and was active, although not successful, in business enterprises. Law met Greenleaf in November or December 1794 and was impressed with him. On December 4,1794, Greenleaf sold 500 city lots to Law for £50,000, the price per lot was $297.60, a 372 percent increase over the $80 per lot which Greenleaf had paid just a year earlier. In 1816, former Congressman Richard Bland Lee and his wife Elizabeth Lee purchased the house, during the Civil War, it was the Mt. Vernon Hotel. Starting around 1913, it was the Washington Sanitariums Mission Hospital, dr. Henry G. Hadley operated a clinic in the house from 1923 to 1961. The National Park Service listed the Thomas Law House on the National Register of Historic Places on August 14,1973, a History of the National Capital, From Its Foundation Through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act. Greenleaf and Law in the Federal City, dowd, Mary-Jane M. Records of the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital, Record Group 42, Inventory No.16. National Archives and Records Administration,1992, early American Land Companies, Their Influence on Corporate Development. Tiber Island Cooperative Homes - owner of Law House Cultural Tourism DC - info on Thomas Law House wikimapia HMDB

Thomas Law House
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Thomas Law House

25.
Tudor Place
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Tudor Place is a Federal-style mansion in Washington, D. C. that was originally the home of Thomas Peter and his wife, Martha Parke Custis Peter, a granddaughter of Martha Washington. Step-grandfather George Washington left her the $8,000 in his will that was used to purchase the property in 1805, the property, comprising one city block on the crest of Georgetown Heights, had an excellent view of the Potomac River. From George Washingtons 1799 will, Martha Parke Custis Peter, received $8,000, from Martha Washingtons will, Martha Parke Custis Peter inherited 90 enslaved people. They contracted with Dr. William Thornton, who designed the United States Capitol as well as The Octagon House. A previous owner of the property had begun improvements by building what are now the houses wings, Thornton then provided the central structure and the joining elements to the wings, combining them with buff-colored stucco over brick. The temple porch and supporting columns provide a most striking addition to the front, the gardens and the historic house museums collections are as rich and interesting as the home itself. In March 1813, after resigning his seat in the United States Congress, U. S. educator and political figure Josiah Quincy III and his wife, Eliza Susan Quincy, while there, Mrs. Peter gave Josiah General Washingtons silver gorget with the ribbon attached to it. Quincy gave the gorget to the Washington Benevolent Society of Boston in Mrs. Peters name on April 13,1813, on December 18,1815, and on January 12,1816, former United States Secretary of State Timothy Pickering visited the Peters at Tudor Place. Thomas and Martha Peter raised eight children in Tudor Place, when the third child and eldest son, John Parke Custis Peter, came of age, his father conveyed a farm around Seneca, Maryland. Peter built a replica of Tudor Place from 1828 to 1830 called Montevideo. The farm also included the redstone Seneca Quarry, whose stone Peter would bid on, commodore Beverley Kennon I occupied Tudor Place with his wife Britannia Peter Kennon, daughter of Thomas Peter, following their marriage ceremony in the house. By 1874, Tudor Place was occupied by Thos, Beverley Kennon, a grandson of Thomas Peter, a former U. S. Civil War captain with the Confederate Secret Service, and a post U. S. Civil War soldier under the Khedive of Egypt. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960, Tudor Place is located at 1644 31st Street, N. W. and is open to the public. Tudor Place Foundation Tudor Place, Democracy Starts at Home, from AIArchitect article from May 25,2007 Tudor Place Digital Media Archive from Tudor Place Foundation/CyArk partnership

Tudor Place
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Tudor Place
Tudor Place
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Image of Tudor Place from the South, point cloud data from a Laser scan project conducted by nonprofit CyArk.
Tudor Place
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This elevation of the Temple Portico of Tudor Place is from a laser scan project conducted by nonprofit CyArk. The circular Temple Portico that extends into the space of the Saloon is a prominent architectural feature of the house.
Tudor Place
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Pre-1874 engraving of Tudor Place.

26.
Lawrence Lewis, 1767-1839
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Lawrence Lewis was a nephew of George Washington who married Nelly Custis, a granddaughter of Martha Washington. He was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1767 to Fielding Lewis and Betty Washington Lewis and he volunteered for service in 1794 to help suppress the Whiskey Rebellion and served as aide-de-camp to General Daniel Morgan, achieving the rank of major. Washington, after finishing his tenure as president, called on several of his nephews to assist him at his Mount Vernon plantation, on August 4,1797, he wrote to Lewis inviting him to serve as his personal secretary. While at Mount Vernon, Lewis came to know Eleanor Nelly Parke Custis and she and her brother, George Washington Parke Custis, had been informally adopted by George and Martha Washington after the 1781 death of their father, John Parke Custis. At Mount Vernon she acted as the director, entertaining the many visitors to the former president. Lewis and Nelly Custis were married at Mount Vernon on February 22,1799 and their first child, Frances Parke Lewis, was born there on November 27,1799. After George Washingtons death on December 14,1799, Lewis served as the executor of his will. As a wedding gift from the Washingtons, the couple had received 2,000 acres of the Mount Vernon plantation, from 1800 to 1805, Lewis oversaw the construction of the Woodlawn Plantation, designed by the physician-architect William Thornton. Lewis and his wife lived at Woodlawn until about 1830, when settled at the new Audley estate in what is now Clarke County. Lewis had purchased the tract of 571 acres from George Washingtons extensive real estate holdings and he died in 1839 in Arlington, Virginia and was buried in the vault at Mount Vernon, close to the sarcophagi of George and Martha Washington. The Lewises had eight children, four of whom lived past infancy, Frances Parke Lewis -- married Edward George Washington Butler, Martha Betty Lewis Lawrence Fielding Lewis Lorenzo Lewis -- father of Edward Parke Custis Lewis, grandfather of Esther Maria Lewis Chapin. Eleanor Agnes Freire Lewis Fielding Augustine Lewis George Washington Custis Lewis Martha Eleanor Angela Lewis Conrad

27.
Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis
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Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis was an Episcopal lay leader in Alexandria County. The daughter of William Fitzhugh a member of the Continental Congress, on July 7,1804, she married George Washington Parke Custis, an orator, playwright, writer, and the grandson of Martha Custis Washington through her first marriage to Daniel Parke Custis. Molly Custis thus became George Washingtons step-granddaughter-in-law, the Custises lived at Arlington, an 1, 100-acre plantation in Alexandria County, Virginia. Of their four daughters, only Mary Anna Randolph Custis, who later married Robert E. Lee, survived childhood, Custis was a member of a family network in northern Virginia that helped revive the states Episcopal Church in the first part of the nineteenth century. She particularly influenced her cousin Bishop William Meade, Custis promoted Sunday schools and supported the work of the American Colonization Society. She died at Arlington on April 23,1853, and was buried on the estate and her husband survived her by four years, at which point Arlington House and the grounds were inherited by their daughter Mary Anna Randolph Custis, Mrs. Robert E. Lee. ^ Death notice and tribute in Alexandria Gazette, May 16,27,1853, ^ Biography in John T. Kneebone et al. eds. ISBN 0-88490-206-4 Custis and Lee family biographies by the National Park Service

Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis
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Arlington House from an antebellum sketch, published in 1875.

28.
Siege of Yorktown
–
The battle boosted faltering American morale and revived French enthusiasm for the war, as well as undermining popular support for the conflict in Great Britain. In 1780, approximately 5,500 French soldiers landed in Rhode Island to assist their American allies in operations against British-controlled New York City. On the advice of Rochambeau, de Grasse informed them of his intent to sail to the Chesapeake Bay, where Cornwallis had taken command of the army. Cornwallis, at first given confusing orders by his officer, Henry Clinton, was eventually ordered to build a defensible deep-water port. Cornwallis movements in Virginia were shadowed by a Continental Army force led by the Marquis de Lafayette, the French and American armies united north of New York City during the summer of 1781. When word of de Grasses decision arrived, the armies began moving south toward Virginia. De Grasse sailed from the West Indies and arrived at the Chesapeake Bay at the end of August, bringing additional troops and providing a naval blockade of Yorktown. He was transporting 500,000 silver pesos collected from the citizens of Havana, Cuba, to fund supplies for the siege, while in Santo Domingo, de Grasse met with Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis, an agent of Carlos III of Spain. De Grasse had planned to leave several of his warships in Santo Domingo, Saavedra promised the assistance of the Spanish navy to protect the French merchant fleet, enabling de Grasse to sail north with all of his warships. In the beginning of September, he defeated a British fleet led by Sir Thomas Graves that came to relieve Cornwallis at the Battle of the Chesapeake, as a result of this victory, de Grasse blocked any escape by sea for Cornwallis. By late September Washington and Rochambeau arrived, and the army, after initial preparations, the Americans and French built their first parallel and began the bombardment. With the British defense weakened, on October 14,1781 Washington sent two columns to attack the last major remaining British outer defenses, a French column took redoubt #9 and an American column took redoubt #10. With these defenses taken, the allies were able to finish their second parallel, with the American artillery closer and more intense than ever, the British situation began to deteriorate rapidly and Cornwallis asked for capitulation terms on the 17th. After two days of negotiation, the ceremony took place on the 19th, Lord Cornwallis was absent from the ceremony. With the capture of more than 7,000 British soldiers, on December 20,1780, Benedict Arnold sailed from New York with 1,500 troops to Portsmouth, Virginia. He first raided Richmond, defeating the militia, from January 5–7 before falling back to Portsmouth. The Marquis de Lafayette was sent south with 1,200 men to help with the assault, however, Destouches was reluctant to dispatch many ships, and in February sent only three. Destouches withdrew due to the damage sustained to his fleet, leaving Arbuthnot, on March 26, Arnold was joined by 2,300 troops under command of Major General William Phillips, who took command of the combined forces

Siege of Yorktown
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Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull, depicting the British surrendering to French (left) and American (right) troops. Oil on canvas, 1820.
Siege of Yorktown
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Siège de Yorktown by Auguste Couder, c.1836. Rochambeau and Washington giving their last orders before the battle.
Siege of Yorktown
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Washington firing the first gun
Siege of Yorktown
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Storming of Redoubt #10.

29.
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
–
In the United States and the United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence. His surrender in 1781 to a combined American and French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America, born into an aristocratic family and educated at Eton and Cambridge, Cornwallis joined the army in 1757, seeing action in the Seven Years War. Upon his fathers death in 1762 he became Earl Cornwallis and entered the House of Lords, from 1766 until 1805 he was Colonel of the 33rd Regiment of Foot. He next saw action in 1776 in the American War of Independence. Active in the forces of many campaigns, in 1780 he inflicted an embarrassing defeat on the American army at the Battle of Camden. He also commanded British forces in the March 1781 Pyrrhic victory at Guilford Court House, Cornwallis surrendered his army at Yorktown in October 1781 after an extended campaign through the Southern states, marked by disagreements between him and his superior, General Sir Henry Clinton. Despite this defeat, Cornwallis retained the confidence of successive British governments, knighted in 1786, he was in that year appointed to be Governor-General and commander-in-chief in India. From 1789 to 1792 he led British and Company forces in the Third Anglo-Mysore War to defeat the Mysorean ruler Tipu Sultan, returning to Britain in 1794, Cornwallis was given the post of Master-General of the Ordnance. Following his Irish service, Cornwallis was the chief British signatory to the 1802 Treaty of Amiens and was reappointed to India in 1805 and he died in India not long after his arrival. Cornwallis was born in Grosvenor Square in London, though his familys estates were in Kent and he was the eldest son of Charles Cornwallis, 5th Baron Cornwallis. His mother, Elizabeth, was the daughter of Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend and his uncle, Frederick, was Archbishop of Canterbury. Fredericks twin brother, Edward, was an officer, colonial governor. His brother William became an Admiral in the Royal Navy and his other brother, James, eventually inherited the earldom from Cornwalliss son, Charles. The family was established at Brome Hall, near Eye, Suffolk, in the 14th century, Frederick Cornwallis, created a Baronet in 1627, fought for King Charles I, and followed King Charles II into exile. He was made Baron Cornwallis, of Eye in the County of Suffolk, in 1661, Cornwallis was educated at Eton College and Clare College, Cambridge. While at Eton, he received an injury to his eye by an accidental blow while playing hockey, from Shute Barrington and he obtained his first commission as Ensign in the 1st Foot Guards, on 8 December 1757. He then sought and gained permission to engage in studies abroad. After travelling on the continent with a Prussian officer, Captain de Roguin, upon completion of his studies in Turin in 1758, he traveled to Geneva, where he learned that British troops were to be sent to the Continent in the Seven Years War

30.
York County, Virginia
–
York County is a county in the eastern part of the Commonwealth of Virginia, located in the Tidewater. As of the 2010 census, the population was 65,464, the county seat is the unincorporated town of Yorktown. York County contains many tributaries of the York River and it shares land borders with the independent cities of Williamsburg, Newport News, Hampton, and Poquoson, as well as James City County, and shares a border along the York River with Gloucester County. Formed in 1634 as one of the eight original shires of the Virginia Colony, Yorktown is one of the three points of the Historic Triangle of Colonial Virginia. It is the site of the last battle and surrender of British forces in 1781 at the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War, in modern times, several important U. S. military installations have been developed in the county. It also has miles of waterfront residential and recreational areas, Yorktown is linked by the National Park Services bucolic Colonial Parkway with Colonial Williamsburg and historic attractions at Jamestown, Virginia. Heritage tourism to the Historic Triangle draws international visitors and is an economic activity for the county. The area which is now York County was long inhabited by succeeding cultures of Native Americans and these were hunter-gatherer groups during the late Woodland Period and earlier. By the late 16th century, much of the coastal plain draining to the Chesapeake Bay of the current Commonwealth of Virginia was called Tenakomakah in Algonquian, the historic tribes of the Tidewater area spoke related Algonquian languages. Other Algonquian-speaking peoples occupied coastal areas north and into present-day Canada, known as the Powhatan, meaning the paramount chief, he was from a village also known as Powhatan, near the fall line of the James River. Chief Powhatan later established a capital village, known as Werowocomoco. Rediscovered in the early 21st century by archeological work, it was located along the bank of the York River in present-day Gloucester County. The Chiskiack tribe of the Powhatan Confederacy lived in York County along the York River until the 1630s, escalating conflicts with the expanding English colony based at Jamestown caused them to move to the west. The English developed a settlement near the village of Chiskiack. This became part of the developments included within the present-day Naval Weapons Station Yorktown near Yorktown and are included in the military base, Cheesecake Road and Cheesecake Cemetery are also within the base, their names are thought to derive from the early Chiskiack people. After the Powhatan moved his capital from this area in 1609 and it was rediscovered in the early 21st century, and has been under continuing archaeological study projects. In 1570, Spanish Jesuit priests founded the Ajacán Mission in this area and they were guided by interpreter Don Luis, a Native American from this area who had been taken captive by an earlier expedition. He was taken to Spain and later to Mexico, where he was baptized as Don Luis, ten years later after returning to Virginia, he soon abandoned the Spanish group

York County, Virginia
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York County Courthouse
York County, Virginia
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Virginia's location in the U.S.
York County, Virginia
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Seal
York County, Virginia
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York Hall

31.
Williamsburg, Virginia
–
Williamsburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,068, in 2014, the population was estimated to be 14,691. Located on the Virginia Peninsula, Williamsburg is in the part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. It is bordered by James City County and York County, Williamsburg was founded in 1632 as Middle Plantation, a fortified settlement on high ground between the James and York rivers. The city served as the capital of the Colony of Virginia from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution. S. Presidents as well as other important figures in the nations early history. The citys tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg, the restored Historic Area of the city, along with nearby Jamestown and Yorktown, Williamsburg forms part of the Historic Triangle, which attracts more than four million tourists each year. Modern Williamsburg is also a town, inhabited in large part by William & Mary students. Prior to the arrival of the English colonists at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia in 1607, by the 1630s, English settlements had grown to dominate the lower portion of the Virginia Peninsula, and the Powhatan tribes had abandoned their nearby villages. Jamestown was the capital of Virginia Colony, but was burned down during the events of Bacons Rebellion in 1676. The members of the House of Burgesses discovered that the location was both safer and more pleasant environmentally than Jamestown, which was humid and plagued with mosquitoes. A school of education had long been an aspiration of the colonists. An early attempt at Henricus failed after the Indian Massacre of 1622, the location at the outskirts of the developed part of the colony had left it more vulnerable to the attack. In the 1690s, the colonists tried again to establish a school and they commissioned Reverend James Blair, who spent several years in England lobbying, and finally obtained a royal charter for the desired new school. It was to be named the College of William & Mary in honor of the monarchs of the time, when Reverend Blair returned to Virginia, the new school was founded in a safe place, Middle Plantation in 1693. Classes began in temporary quarters in 1694, and the College Building, four years later, in 1698, the rebuilt Statehouse in Jamestown burned down again, this time accidentally. The government again relocated temporarily to Middle Plantation, and in addition to the better climate now also enjoyed use of the Colleges facilities. The College students made a presentation to the House of Burgesses, a village was laid out and Middle Plantation was renamed Williamsburg in honor of King William III of England, befitting the towns newly elevated status

32.
Alexandria, Virginia
–
Alexandria is an independent city in the United States Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 139,966, and in 2015, located along the western bank of the Potomac River, Alexandria is approximately 7 miles south of downtown Washington, D. C. Like the rest of Northern Virginia, as well as Central Maryland, one of Alexandrias largest employers is the U. S. Department of Defense. Another is the Institute for Defense Analyses, in 2005, the United States Patent and Trademark Office moved to Alexandria. The historic center of Alexandria is known as Old Town, with its concentration of boutiques, restaurants, antique shops and theaters, it is a major draw for all who live in Alexandria as well for visitors. Like Old Town, many Alexandria neighborhoods are compact and walkable and it is the 7th largest and highest-income independent city in Virginia. In 1920, Virginias General Assembly voted to incorporate what had been Alexandria County as Arlington County to minimize confusion, on October 21,1669 a patent granted 6,000 acres to Robert Howsing for transporting 120 people to the Colony of Virginia. That tract would become the City of Alexandria. Virginias comprehensive Tobacco Inspection Law of 1730 mandated that all grown in the colony must be brought to locally designated public warehouses for inspection before sale. One of the sites designated for a warehouse on the upper Potomac River was at the mouth of Hunting Creek, however, the ground proved to be unsuitable, and the warehouse was built half a mile up-river, where the water was deep near the shore. They intended to trade into the interior of America. The best location was Hunting Creek tobacco warehouse, since the water could easily accommodate sailing ships. Many local tobacco planters, however, wanted a new town further up Hunting Creek, around 1746, Captain Philip Alexander II moved to what is south of present Duke Street in Alexandria. His estate, which consisted of 500 acres, was bounded by Hunting Creek, Hooffs Run, the Potomac River, and approximately the line which would become Cameron Street. The petition was introduced by Lawrence Washington, the representative for Fairfax County and, more importantly, the son-in-law of William Fairfax, since the river site was amidst his estate, Philip opposed the idea and strongly favored a site at the head of Hunting Creek. It has been said that in order to avoid a predicament the petitioners offered to name the new town Alexandria, as a result, Philip and his cousin Captain John Alexander gave land to assist in the development of Alexandria, and are thus listed as the founders. This John was the son of Robert Alexander II, on May 2,1749, the House of Burgesses approved the river location and ordered Mr. A Public Vendue was advertised for July, and the county surveyor laid out street lanes and town lots. The auction was conducted on July 13–14,1749, the name Belhaven was used in official lotteries to raise money for a Church and Market House, but it was never approved by the legislature and fell out of favor in the mid-1750s

Alexandria, Virginia
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Alexandria with Washington and Arlington in the distance
Alexandria, Virginia
Alexandria, Virginia
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Map of Alexandria County (1878), including what is now Arlington County and the City of Alexandria. Map includes the names of property owners at that time. City boundaries roughly correspond with Old Town.
Alexandria, Virginia
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Map of Alexandria showing the forts that were constructed to defend Washington during the Civil War

33.
Intestate
–
Intestacy is the condition of the estate of a person who dies without having made a valid will or other binding declaration. Alternatively this may apply where a will or declaration has been made, but only applies to part of the estate. Intestacy law, also referred to as the law of descent and distribution, a forced share can often only be decreased on account of some very specific misconduct by the forced heir. After the Statute of Wills 1540, Englishmen could dispose of their lands and their personal property could formerly be disposed of by a testament, hence the hallowed legal merism last will and testament. Common law sharply distinguished between property and chattels. This law became obsolete as England moved from being a feudal to a mercantile society, in most contemporary common-law jurisdictions, the law of intestacy is patterned after the common law of descent. The operation of these laws varies from one jurisdiction to another, in England and Wales the Intestacy Rules have been uniform since 1925 and similar rules apply in Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and many Commonwealth countries and Crown dependencies. If there are children, grandchildren, or great-grandchildren, the spouse receives the personal possessions, the other half passes to the children equally at 18, with provision for grandchildren whose parents have died before the intestate deceased. The law on intestacy in Scotland broadly follows that of England, a notable difference is that all possible relatives can qualify for benefit. Once a class is exhausted, succession continues to the line of ascendants, followed by siblings. In a complete absence of relatives of the whole or half-blood, the Crown has a discretion to benefit people unrelated to the intestate, e. g. those with moral claims on the estate. In the United States intestacy laws vary from state to state under the American practice of federalism, likewise, in Canada the laws vary from province to province. As in England, most jurisdictions apply rules of succession to determine next of kin who become legal heirs to the estate. Also, as in England, if no identifiable heirs are discovered, attempts in the United States to make the law with respect to intestate succession uniform from state to state have been met with limited success. Federal law controls intestacy of Native Americans, the state of Washington also has codified its intestacy law. New York has perhaps the most complicated law of descent of distribution, floridas intestacy statute permits the heirs of a deceased spouse of the decedent to inherit, in the event that the decedent has no other heirs. In certain jurisdictions such as France, Switzerland, the US state of Louisiana, in England and Wales, the rules of succession are the Intestacy Rules set out in the Administration of Estates Act and associated legislation. The Act sets out the order for distribution of property in the estate of the deceased

34.
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport
–
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is an international airport 3 miles south of downtown Washington, D. C. in Arlington County, Virginia, United States. It is the nearest commercial airport to the capital and serves the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, for decades it was called Washington National Airport before being renamed to honor President Ronald Reagan in 1998. The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority operates the airport with close oversight by the government due to its proximity to the national capital. Reagan National is a hub for American Airlines, which is Reagan Nationals largest carrier, American Airlines also has near-hourly air shuttle flights to New York LaGuardia Airport and Logan International Airport in Boston. Delta Air Lines also operates air shuttle flights to New York LaGuardia Airport. In the 12 months ending March 2015, the airport served 21,195,775 passengers. S, customs and Border Protection preclearance facilities. Other international passenger flights must use Washington Dulles International Airport or Baltimore–Washington International Airport, near the present site of the Pentagon, Hoover Field was the first airport that had a major terminal, which opened its doors in 1926. The facilitys single runway was crossed by a street, guards had to stop automobile traffic during takeoffs, the following year Washington Airport, another privately operated field, began service next door. In 1930 the Depression caused the two terminals to merge to form Washington-Hoover Airport. Bordered on the east by U. S. Route 1, with its accompanying high-tension electrical wires, and obstructed by a high smokestack on one approach and a dump nearby, the field was inadequate. Although the need for an airport was acknowledged in 37 studies conducted between 1926 and 1938, there was a statutory prohibition against federal development of airports. When Congress lifted the prohibition in 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made an appropriation of $15 million to build National Airport by reallocating funds from other purposes. Construction of Washington National Airport began in 1940–41 by a led by John McShain. Congress challenged the legality of FDRs recess appropriation, but construction of the new airport continued, the airport is southwest of Washington, D. C. The western part of the airport was once within a large Virginia plantation, the airport opened June 16,1941, just before US involvement into World War II. Public were entertained by displays of equipment including a captured Japanese Zero war prize flown in with U. S. Navy colors. In 1945 Congress passed a law established the airport was legally within Virginia. On July 1 of that year, the weather station became the official point for the weather observations and records by the National Weather Service

35.
Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial
–
It overlooks the Potomac River and the National Mall in Washington, D. C. During the American Civil War, the grounds of the mansion were selected as the site of Arlington National Cemetery, however, the United States has since designated the mansion as a National Memorial to Lee. Arlington Woods, located behind Arlington House, contains the oldest and largest tract of eastern hardwood forest that still exists in Arlington County. The mansion was built on the orders of George Washington Parke Custis, Custis became a prominent resident of an area that was then known as Alexandria County, at the time a part of the District of Columbia. Arlington House was built at a point on an 5,100 ft acre estate that Custis father, John Parke Custis, had purchased in 1778. The younger Custis decided to build his home on the property in 1802 following the death of Martha Washington, after acquiring the property, Custis renamed it Arlington after the Custis familys homestead on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Almost immediately, Custis began constructing Arlington House on his land, hiring George Hadfield as architect, he constructed a mansion exhibiting the first example of Greek Revival architecture in America. Custis intended the mansion to serve as a memorial to George Washington. Construction began eleven years after LEnfants Plan for the future Federal City had designated an area directly across the Potomac River to be the site of the Presidents House and the Congress House. Custis located the building on a prominent hill overlooking the Georgetown-Alexandria Turnpike, the Potomac River, using slave labor and materials on site, and interrupted by the War of 1812, Custis finally completed the mansions exterior in 1818. The north and south wings were completed in 1804, the large center section and the portico, presenting an imposing front 140 ft long, were finished 13 years later. The house has two kitchens, a summer and a winter, the most prominent features of the house are the 8 massive columns of the portico, each 5 feet in diameter. Guests at the house included such people as Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette. At Arlington, Custis experimented with new methods of animal husbandry and their only child to survive to adulthood was Mary Anna Randolph Custis. Robert E. Lee, whose mother was a cousin of Mrs. Custis, frequently visited Arlington, two years after graduating from West Point, Lieutenant Lee married Mary Anna Custis at Arlington on June 30,1831. For 30 years Arlington House was home to the Lees and they spent much of their married life traveling between United States Army duty stations and Arlington, where six of their seven children were born. They shared this home with Marys parents, after their deaths, Marys parents were buried not far from the house on land that is now part of Arlington National Cemetery. The Custises extensively developed the Arlington estate, much of the steep slope to the east of the house became a cultivated English landscape park, while a large flower garden with an arbor was constructed and planted south of the house

Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial
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Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial
Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial
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Arlington House from a pre-1861 sketch, published in 1875
Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial
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East front of Custis-Lee Mansion with Union Soldiers on lawn
Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial
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The second-floor chamber shared by Lee and his wife. A replica c. 1850 U. S. Army (lieutenant of engineers) uniform lies across the bed.

36.
Arlington National Cemetery
–
The United States Department of the Army, a component of the United States Department of Defense, controls the cemetery. The national cemetery was established during the Civil War on the grounds of Arlington House, like nearly all federal installations in Arlington County, it has a Washington, D. C. mailing address. George Washington Parke Custis, grandson of Martha Washington, acquired the land now is Arlington National Cemetery in 1802. The estate passed to Custis daughter, Mary Anna, who had married United States Army officer Robert E. Lee. Custis will gave an inheritance to Mary Lee, allowing her to live at and run Arlington Estate for the rest of her life. Upon her death, the Arlington estate passed to her eldest son, on May 7, troops of the Virginia militia occupied Arlington and Arlington House. With Confederate forces occupying Arlingtons high ground, the capital of the Union was left in a military position. Although unwilling to leave Arlington House, Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be infested with federal soldiers, so she buried many of her family treasures on the grounds and left for her sisters estate at Ravensworth in Fairfax County, Virginia, on May 14. On May 3, General Winfield Scott ordered Brigadier General Irvin McDowell to clear Arlington, McDowell occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24. In May 1864, Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness, Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery. Within weeks, his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area, the property was high and free from floods, it had a view of the District of Columbia, and it was aesthetically pleasing. It was also the home of the leader of the forces of the Confederate States of America. The first military burial at Arlington, for William Henry Christman, was made on May 13,1864, however, Meigs did not formally authorize establishment of burials until June 15,1864. Arlington did not desegregate its burial practices until President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26,1948, the government acquired Arlington at a tax sale in 1864 for $26,800, equal to $410,000 today. Mrs. Lee had not appeared in person but rather had sent an agent, the government turned away her agent, refusing to accept the tendered payment. In 1874, Custis Lee, heir under his grandfathers will passing the estate in trust to his mother, sued the United States claiming ownership of Arlington. In December,1882, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in Lees favor in United States v. Lee, deciding that Arlington had been confiscated without due process. After that decision, Congress returned the estate to him, and on March 3,1883, the land then became a military reservation

37.
Daniel Parke
–
Daniel Parke, Jr. was a British-American colonist, soldier, politician, and member of the colonial gentry of Virginia. He was lynched by a mob during his tenure as governor of the Leeward Islands. As a child, he was sent to England to be raised with his cousins from the Evelyn family, Parke returned to Virginia at age 16 to reclaim the family estates from his guardian Philip Ludwell. He also married Ludwells daughter Jane, and the couple had two daughters and he became a protégé of Sir Edmund Andros, with whose support he served in the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1683 and on the governors council from 1690. Despite these successes Parke was unpopular with his peers, who considered too ready to threaten violence in financial or political disputes, Parke resigned his political offices in 1697 and again set sail for England, abandoning his family in Virginia. He settled in Hampshire and in 1701 was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for the House of Commons constituency of Whitchurch, having failed to win a Parliamentary seat, Parke sought a military career by purchasing a commission in the British Army in 1702. He was a soldier who won honours as aide-de-camp to John Churchill. In 1704 Marlborough selected Parke to personally advise Queen Anne of Englands victory in the Battle of Blenheim, the Queen, impressed by Parkes military bearing and record of service, rewarded him with a jewel containing her portrait, a one thousand pound gratuity and her personal thanks. According to Parke, Marlborough had also offered him the Governorship of Virginia in return for his military service, however, on reaching England, Parke discovered the governorship had been awarded to another man. Parke arrived in the Leeward Islands in late 1706 to discover a chaotic administration at constant risk of defeat by the French. The islands of Nevis and St Kitts were in following a French attack in February and March. There were rumours of impending French assaults on Antigua and Montserrat, further, Lieutenant Governor John Johnson advised Parke that the English settlers of the Islands were a self-interested, ill-natured and troublesome people. Parke also quickly made enemies – most notably Christopher Codrington, an administrator of the colony, and Edward Chester. Parke confiscated estates acquired by Codrington, who in turn helped stir resentments among the people against Parke, a petition to have Parke removed succeeded and orders were received recalling him to England, but he ignored the order and dissolved the islands assembly. Finally, an angry mob captured Parke in his house, beat him severely and his last words to his tormentors, as he lay dying, were reported as, Gentlemen, you have no sense of honor left, pray have some of humanity. He was succeeded in the post of Governor by Walter Douglas, Daniel Parke had two legitimate children, both daughters, by his wife Jane Ludwell. The elder daughter married John Custis IV, while the younger married William Byrd II and his descendants include Daniel Parke Custis, first husband of Martha Washington, and Mary Custis Lee, wife of General Robert E Lee. He had at least one son by an English mistress

38.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

39.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding

40.
Google Books
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Books are provided either by publishers and authors, through the Google Books Partner Program, or by Googles library partners, through the Library Project. Additionally, Google has partnered with a number of publishers to digitize their archives. The Publisher Program was first known as Google Print when it was introduced at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004, the Google Books Library Project, which scans works in the collections of library partners and adds them to the digital inventory, was announced in December 2004. But it has also criticized for potential copyright violations. As of October 2015, the number of scanned book titles was over 25 million, Google estimated in 2010 that there were about 130 million distinct titles in the world, and stated that it intended to scan all of them. Results from Google Books show up in both the universal Google Search as well as in the dedicated Google Books search website, if Google believes the book is still under copyright, a user sees snippets of text around the queried search terms. All instances of the terms in the book text appear with a yellow highlight. The four access levels used on Google Books are, Full view, Books in the domain are available for full view. In-print books acquired through the Partner Program are also available for full view if the publisher has given permission, usually, the publisher can set the percentage of the book available for preview. Users are restricted from copying, downloading or printing book previews, a watermark reading Copyrighted material appears at the bottom of pages. All books acquired through the Partner Program are available for preview and this could be because Google cannot identify the owner or the owner declined permission. If a search term appears many times in a book, Google displays no more than three snippets, thus preventing the user from viewing too much of the book. Also, Google does not display any snippets for certain reference books, such as dictionaries, Google maintains that no permission is required under copyright law to display the snippet view. No preview, Google also displays search results for books that have not been digitized, in effect, this is similar to an online library card catalog. Google also stated that it would not scan any in-copyright books between August and 1 November 2005, to provide the owners with the opportunity to decide which books to exclude from the Project. It can let Google scan the book under the Library Project and it can opt out of the Library Project, in which case Google will not scan the book. If the book has already been scanned, Google will reset its access level as No preview and this information is collated through automated methods, and sometimes data from third-party sources is used. This information provides an insight into the book, particularly useful when only a view is available

41.
United States Government Printing Office
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The United States Government Publishing Office is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government. Following signature by the President, the change took effect on December 17,2014, the Government Publishing Office was created by congressional joint resolution on June 23,1860. It began operations March 4,1861, with 350 employees, for its entire history, GPO has occupied the corner of North Capitol Street NW and H Street NW in the District of Columbia. An additional structure was attached to its north in later years, the activities of GPO are defined in the public printing and documents chapters of Title 44 of the United States Code. The Public Printer, who serves as the head of GPO, is appointed by the President with the advice, the Public Printer selects a Superintendent of Documents. The Superintendent of Documents is in charge of the dissemination of information at the GPO, adelaide Hasse was the founder of the Superintendent of Documents classification system. GPO first used 100 percent recycled paper for the Congressional Record and Federal Register from 1991-1997, under Public Printers Robert Houk, GPO resumed using recycled paper in 2009. In March 2011, GPO issued a new illustrated official history covering the agencys 150 years of Keeping America Informed, following signature of this legislation by President Barack Obama, the name change took place on December 17,2014. By law, the Public Printer heads the GPO, Public Printers, Almon M. Clapp John D. Defrees Sterling P. Rounds Thomas E. Benedict Frank W. Palmer Thomas E. Benedict Frank W. Palmer, O. J. Tapella William J. United States Code United States Statutes at Large House Journal, the United States Department of State began issuing e-passports in 2006. GPO produces the blank e-Passport, while the Department of State receives and processes applications, GPO ceased production of legacy passports in May 2007, shifting production entirely to e-passports. In March 2008, the Washington Times published a story about the outsourcing of electronic passports to overseas companies. GPO designs, prints, encodes and personalizes Trusted Traveler Program cards for the Department of Homeland Security, Customs, cumulative Copyright Catalogs Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion Official Records of the American Civil War US Congressional Serial Set United States. Military Information Division, p. Publications, Issues 33-34, slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanga Chaffee. Reports on military operations in South Africa and China, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Stephan LH. Slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanza Chaffee, United States, Reports on military operations in South Africa and China. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list United States, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, United States. Commercial relations of the United States with foreign countries during the years, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list United States

United States Government Printing Office
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U.S. Government Printing Office
United States Government Printing Office
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Official seal
United States Government Printing Office
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The new e-passport produced by GPO
United States Government Printing Office
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Official Presidential Photograph printed by GPO

42.
Benson John Lossing
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Benson John Lossing was a prolific and popular American historian, known best for his illustrated books on the American Revolution and American Civil War and features in Harpers Magazine. He was a trustee of Vassar College. Lossing was born February 12,1813 in Beekman, New York and his father was descended of old Dutch stock, originally surnamed Lassing or Lassingh, who had been among the earliest settlers of the Hudson Valley. His mother, Miriam Dorland Lossing was a Quaker and his formal education was curtailed when he was orphaned in 1824. Soon thereafter, he moved to Poughkeepsie to serve as apprentice to Adam Henderson, clock and watchmaker, during his apprenticeship he read a number of history books, and over a period of several years pursued an independent study. By 1833, Lossing and Henderson had formed a partnership, in 1835, Lossing became part owner and editor of the Poughkeepsie Telegraph. Out of that grew an semi-monthly literary paper, the Poughkeepsie Casket. Lossing began to learn the art of engraving from J. A. Adams. In 1838, Lossing moved to New York City seeking greater opportunity as a journalist, rothchilds weekly Family Magazine from 1839 to1841 and launched his literary career with the publication of his Outline of the History of Fine Arts. In 1846, he joined William Barritt in an engraving business that became one of the largest of such firms in New York. His illustrations appeared in the New York Mirror and several other periodicals, during this time, Lossing sat for a portrait by Thomas Seir Cummings, now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Around 1848, Lossing conceived the idea of writing a narrative sketchbook on the American Revolution, the first installment was published in Harpers New Monthly Magazine in 1850, the completed Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution was published in 1853. To gather material for the work, Lossing traveled some 8,000 miles throughout the United States, as with his subsequent books, his pen and ink drawings served as the primary illustrations when turned into wood cuts. The book won him acclaim and general reputation. During and after the Civil War, Lossing toured the United States, Lossing was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1872. He was awarded an LL. D. by the University of Michigan in 1873 adding to lesser degrees previously awarded him by Hamilton College and he also worked with engraver and book publisher George Edward Perine, most notably on his History of New York City. Although such efforts are today a standard among historians, in Lossings time they were not, historiography was not yet a discipline. In 1824, Lossing married his first wife, Alice Barrit, Lossings first wife died in 1855 and on November 18,1856, he married Helen Sweet

Benson John Lossing
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Benson J. Lossing.

43.
Mary Anna Custis Lee
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They married at her parents home, Arlington House, in Virginia in 1831, and had seven children together, she survived him by three years. Mrs Lee was descended from colonial and Southern families, including the Parke Custises, Fitzhughs, Dandriges, Randolphs, Rolfes. Through her paternal grandmother, Eleanor Calvert, she descended from Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, through her mother, Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, she was a descendant of William Fitzhugh. Her godmother, Mary Randolph, the first person recorded buried at Arlington and she was born at Annefield in Clarke County, Virginia when her mothers coach stopped there during a journey. She was well educated, having learned both Latin and Greek and she enjoyed discussing politics with her father, and later with her husband. She kept current with the new literature, Mrs Lee was diminutive and vivacious. Among Mary Annas other suitors was Sam Houston, Mary and Robert were married at her parents home, Arlington House, on June 30,1831. They had three sons and four daughters together, George Washington Custis Custis, William H. Fitzhugh Rooney, Robert Edward Jr. Mary, Eleanor Agnes, Anne, Mrs Lee inherited Arlington House from her father after he died in 1857. The estate had long been the home whenever they were in the area during her husbands military career. She was a hostess and enjoyed frequent visitors. She was a painter, like her father, and painted many landscapes and she loved roses and grew many varieties of trees and flowers in the gardens there. Deeply religious, Lee attended Episcopal services when there was one near the army post, from Arlington, Virginia, the Lees attended Christ Church in Alexandria, which she and Robert had both attended in childhood. Mrs Lee taught her female slaves to read and write and was an advocate of eventual emancipation and she did not free her slaves, but could have under state law of the time. She suffered from arthritis, which became increasingly debilitating with advancing age. By 1861, she was using a wheelchair, with the advent of the American Civil War, Robert and their sons were called to service in Virginia. Mary Custis Lee delayed evacuating Arlington House until May 15,1861, early that month, Robert wrote to his wife saying, War is inevitable, and there is no telling when it will burst around you. You have to move and make arrangements to go to some point of safety which you must select, the Mount Vernon plate and pictures ought to be secured. Keep quiet while you remain, and in your preparations, may God keep and preserve you and have mercy on all our people

44.
George Washington Custis Lee
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George Washington Custis Lee, also known as Custis Lee, was the eldest son of Robert E. Lee and Mary Anna Custis Lee. His grandfather—George Washington Custis—was the step-grandson and adopted son of George Washington, Lee was born in Fort Monroe, Virginia. He was educated at boarding schools to prepare him in his fathers footsteps. He was educated at the school of Reverend George A. Smith in his younger years. He then entered the school of Benjamin Hallowell. Lee was not given admission to West Point at age sixteen, lees father, Robert E. Lee, then sent a letter to General Winfield Scott on his sons behalf. Zachary Taylor then nominated Lee to West Point, Lee was then accepted to West Point at age seventeen. From 1850 to 1854, Lee attended West Point, during his first year, Lee excelled both academically and militarily. Toward the end of his first year he was almost expelled and he claimed that he did not put it there, and got away with only minor punishments. He did well in his second year also, at the beginning of his third year, his father became the Superintendent of West Point. Lee graduated first in his class of forty-six, in 1854, other members of his class included Major General J. E. B. Stuart, Major General William Dorsey Pender, Brigadier General John Pegram, Brigadier General James Deshler, Colonel and Acting Brigadier General Horace Randal, Lee was then commissioned in the Corps of Engineers, as his father before him. He was given the rank of brevet Second Lieutenant and he served primarily in California, Georgia, and Florida during his time in the U. S. Army. In 1855, he was given the rank of Second Lieutenant in the Regular Army, in 1859, Lee was commissioned a full First Lieutenant. Lee was then stationed in Washington D. C. during the period of secession and he then resigned from the U. S. Army, in the spring of 1861 after Virginia seceded from the Union. He resigned about two weeks after his father had done the same, Lee then offered his services to his fathers Virginia state forces. Lee served in the Virginia state forces, until July 1861, at that time he was given a commission as a Captain in the Confederate Army. During the next few months, Lee worked in the Confederate engineers corps and he spent his time constructing fortifications for the new capital city, Richmond

45.
William Henry Fitzhugh Lee
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William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, known as Rooney Lee or W. H. F. Lee, was the son of General Robert E. Lee. He was a planter, a Confederate cavalry General in the American Civil War, Lee was born at Arlington House in Arlington, Virginia, and named for William Henry Fitzhugh, his mothers uncle. At an early age, his father began to call him Rooney, what prompted him to use this nickname is not known, but it stuck as a way to differentiate him from his cousin Fitzhugh Lee. Rooney Lee attended Harvard University, where he befriended Henry Adams, Lee followed in his fathers footsteps after graduation, entering the United States Army in 1857 as a second lieutenant. He served with the 6th U. S, infantry under Albert Sidney Johnston, and participated in the Utah War against the Mormons. In 1859, he resigned from the U. S. Army to operate his White House Plantation, on the shore of the Pamunkey River, in New Kent County. With the outbreak of the Civil War, Lee was commissioned as a captain in the Confederate Army cavalry and was promoted to major. He initially served in western Virginia under the command of Brig. Gen. William Loring during 1861 and he was assigned to the command of Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, where he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and later as colonel of the 9th Virginia Cavalry, after the Battle of South Mountain, Lee was promoted to brigadier general. He fought at Antietam under the command of Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee and he commanded the 3rd Brigade of Stuarts Cavalry Division at the Battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. He was wounded during combat at Brandy Station at the beginning of the Gettysburg Campaign and was captured by Union forces at Hickory Hill, Virginia, two weeks later, while recuperating. He was shipped to New York State, where he was held as a prisoner of war returned to the Confederate Army on February 25,1864. In April, Lee was promoted to general and commanded a division in the Cavalry Corps during the breakout from Petersburg. By the end of the war, Rooney Lee had risen to second-in-command of the Confederate cavalry and he surrendered along with his father at Appomattox Court House. Lee returned to White House Plantation and planting after the war, nearby, his younger brother Rob lived at Romancoke Plantation across the river in King William County. After their mother died in 1873, Rooney inherited Ravensworth Plantation and he moved there with his family from White House. In 1875 Rooney was elected to the Virginia Senate, serving until 1878 and he was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1887

William Henry Fitzhugh Lee
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William Henry Fitzhugh Lee

46.
Hope Park
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Hope Park was an 18th and 19th-century plantation in Fairfax County in the U. S. state of Virginia. Hope Park was the residence of Dr. David Stuart, an old friend and associate correspondent of George Washington, Hope Park Plantation was located approximately 5 miles southwest of Fairfax Court House. The plantation at Hope Park was founded in the 1750s by Edward Payne, Payne served with George Washington and George Mason on the Truro Parish vestry and the then, Washington, occasionally resided with the Paynes at Hope Park. Payne is also credited with constructing a small grist mill, probably on Piney Branch which was on the Hope Park property, a mill would have been an important adjunct to the plantation. Dr. David Stuart purchased Hope Park plantation in 1785, in 1789, Stuart served as a justice for the Fairfax County Court. Stuart was also named a trustee by the Virginia General Assembly for the towns of Centreville in 1792. Stuart married Eleanor Calvert Custis, widow of John Parke Custis and daughter-in-law of Martha Washington and stepdaughter-in-law of George Washington, until relocating to Hope Park sometime between 1791 and 1793, the couple resided first at Custiss Abingdon plantation overlooking the Potomac River. Estates along major waterways found transport and communication easier than those in the interior of Fairfax County such as Hope Park, the Stuarts regularly received George and Martha Washington as guests at Abingdon and at Hope Park plantation and were frequent guests at Mount Vernon. Because of the relationship between the Stuart and Washington families, Hope Park is mentioned frequently in Washingtons correspondences and diaries. Stuarts stepdaughters and George Washingtons step-granddaughters Martha Parke Custis and Elizabeth Parke Custis were both married at Hope Park, Martha Custis married Thomas Peter on January 6,1795, and Elizabeth Custis married Thomas Law on March 20,1796. When the Stuarts moved to Hope Park, these elder Custis daughters moved with them, the Custis/Law union was a short one and ended in divorce in 1806. Most likely under Stuarts ownership and before the Stuart family relocated to Ossian Hall in 1804, an adjacent millers house was also built. The precise dates of construction of mill and the millers house are unknown. A study of the undertaken in 1972 by preservationist Russell Wright placed the mills construction at c. Then known as Hope Park Mill, it gained importance as a neighborhood mill. Barnes purchased the remainder of Hope Park plantation including the dwelling house in February 1838. The Barnes, Sr. family is the first known to have occupied the millers house and they subsequently moved into the main house and Barnes Sr. was the last to own Hope Park plantation as a consolidated entity. After Barnes Sr. s death, Hope Park plantation was broken into eight inheritance properties when his estate was settled in 1853

47.
Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Virginia)
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Episcopal High School, founded in 1839, is a private boarding school located in Alexandria, Virginia. The Holy Hill 130-acre campus houses 440 students from 30 states, the school is 100-percent boarding and is the only all-boarding school of its caliber located in a major metropolitan area. Episcopal High School was founded in 1839 as the first high school in Virginia, the Rev. William N. Pendleton and three assistant heads initially taught 35 boys at the boarding facility which occupied 80 acres of land. It was originally known as The Howard School, from its location at the site of an earlier school and it became known affectionately as The High School. The central administration building, Hoxton House, dates to around 1805, built by Martha Washingtons eldest granddaughter, in 1840, Episcopals student body tripled in size to accommodate more than 100 boys. It continued to grow until the Civil War, when it closed immediately after Federal forces occupied Alexandria in 1861, some 500 students served as soldiers in the war, many like Rev. Pendleton for the Confederacy. For the next five years, school buildings served as part of a hospital for Federal troops. Poet Walt Whitman served as a nurse in the hospital, EHS competes against Woodberry Forest in the longest-running consecutive high-school football rivalry in the South and one of the oldest in the United States. Beginning in 1900, every fall the Maroon and the Woodberry Forest Tigers have competed on the football field, the location of the game alternates each year, it is either in Orange or Alexandria. Recognizing the need to improve its facilities, the School also undertook a building program that formed the foundation for the present-day campus. During this era, Episcopal also instituted its Honor Code, one of the oldest among secondary schools, a committee of students and faculty members promotes understanding of the code and handles violations. The Honor Code has served as a foundation of the EHS community since its inception, in 1991, Episcopal began a transition to coeducation by enrolling its first 48 girls, a group commonly referred to as “The First 48. ”. The first coeducational class graduated in 1993, today, the School has an enrollment of 425 students,45 percent of whom are girls. Non-interscholastic sports, such as kayaking, dance, cross training, the boys’ teams compete in the Interstate Athletic Conference. The school has won 32 IAC Championships since 1979 and seven Virginia Independent School State Championships since 1996, episcopal’s girls’ teams compete in the Independent School League. They have won 21 ISL Championships since 1993, in the fall of 2008 the boys varsity soccer team completed a perfect IAC season with a 23-0-0 record. It went on to become the one team in the state of Virginia by defeating NSCAA-nationally-ranked #3 Norfolk Academy 4-0 in the VISAA Championship final. The team finished the season ranked as the #13 team in the country, in the 2009 fall season the boys varsity soccer team finished the year with a double overtime win over Collegiate School which brought two consecutive state championship trophies back to Alexandria

Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Virginia)
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Episcopal High School
Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Virginia)
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Fortiter, fideliter, feliciter "Strongly, faithfully, joyfully"
Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Virginia)
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Aerial photograph of the Episcopal High School campus.
Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Virginia)
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Callaway Chapel in a snow storm.

48.
Ossian Hall
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Ossian Hall was an 18th-century plantation house in Annandale, Fairfax County, Virginia. Ossian Hall was one of three residences, along with Oak Hill, and Ravensworth, owned by the Fitzhugh family in Fairfax County. Ossian Hall was located north of Braddock Road and east of the Capital Beltway, Ossian Hall was built on the Ravensworth land grant by Nicholas Fitzhugh, son of Henry Fitzhugh. In 1804, Dr. David Stuart, a commissioner for the Federal City, purchased Ossian Hall and relocated there with his wife, Eleanor Calvert Custis Stuart, and their children. Francis Asbury Dickins, a Washington attorney, used the home as a residence until the outbreak of the Civil War. All three of the Fitzhugh estates were protected by orders from both sides throughout the war, joseph L. Bristow, an American politician from Kansas, purchased Ossian Hall in 1918 and died there on July 14,1944. On September 3,1959, Ossian Hall was burned as an exercise for the Annandale Fire Department. Historic houses in Virginia Media related to Ossian Hall at Wikimedia Commons Historic American Buildings Survey No, vA-598, Ossian Hall,5001 Regina Drive, Annandale, Fairfax County, VA,11 photos,11 measured drawings, supplemental material

49.
Ravensworth (plantation)
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Ravensworth was an 18th-century plantation house near Annandale in Fairfax County, Virginia. Ravensworth was the Northern Virginia residence of William Fitzhugh, William Henry Fitzhugh, Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, Ravensworth was located near Annandale, Virginia, south of Braddock Road, west of the Capital Beltway. It was one of three built on the large Ravensworth land grant, the other two were Ossian Hall and Oak Hill. Eleven years later, on 26 July 1829, Ann Hill Carter Lee died at Ravensworth, William Fitzhugh died and was buried there in 1809. Ravensworth then passed to Fitzhughs son William Henry Fitzhugh, who died in 1830, William Henry Fitzhughs childless widow, Anna Maria Sarah Goldsborough Fitzhugh, ran the estate until her death in 1874. William Fitzhugh and Ann Bolling Randolphs daughter Mary Lee Fitzhugh married George Washington Parke Custis and their grandson, Confederate general William Henry Fitzhugh Rooney Lee, inherited Ravensworth after the death of his great-aunt and lived there from 1874 until his death in 1891. In 1897 George Washington Custis Lee moved to Ravensworth after resigning as president of Washington and Lee University, all three of the Fitzhugh estates were protected by orders from both sides throughout the war. The house mysteriously burned on 1 August 1926, in 1957, Dr. George Bolling Lees widow sold the estate for development

50.
Woodlawn (plantation)
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Woodlawn Plantation is a historic house located in Fairfax County, Virginia. Originally a part of Mount Vernon, George Washingtons historic plantation estate, the house is a designated National Historic Landmark, primarily for its association with the Washington family, but also for the role it played in the historic preservation movement. It is now a property owned and managed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. George Washington planned the house to overlook Dogue Creek as well as be visible from Mount Vernon, in 1799 he gave the plantation as a wedding present to Eleanor Parke Custis, and his nephew Major Lawrence Lewis. The President asked architect Dr. William Thornton, who had designed the U. S. Capitol, construction began in 1800 and was finished in 1805. Today,126 acres containing the house, surrounding gardens. President Washington freed his slaves in his will, and Nellie Custis Lewis followed his example, the Lewis family operated the farm using about 90 slaves, but Nellie manumitted some slaves, as well as was active in the American Colonization Society. In late 1846, she sold the property to a group of Burlington County, New Jersey Quakers from outside Philadelphia led by Chalkley Gillingham and Jacob Troth. They harvested wood and began subdividing it into smaller farms to demonstrate that a labor system could work at least as well as slave labor. The Quakers founded a cemetery and built a meetinghouse nearby in 1851, circa 1850, the Quakers sold Woodlawn house and some land to Baptist John Mason, who likewise refused to use slave labor. By 1859, he and his wife operated a Sunday School on the property, after the American Civil War, his sons Ebenezer E. Mason and Otis T. Mason would found a Baptist church and burial ground across from the Quaker meetinghouse. Eben Mason and Quaker John Hawxhurst were Fairfax Countys two Unionist delegates to the Wheeling Convention of 1861 which established the state of West Virginia, Hawxhurst would become one of Fairfax Countys delegates to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868. Woodlawns manor house has fallen into disrepair several times, but all of its owners, recognizing its historic significance, however, portions of the plantation property were sold for development or merged into Fort Belvoir over the years. Senator Oscar Underwood, one of the last Southern politicians to fight the Ku Klux Klan before World War II, retired to Woodlawn plantation, only about 160 acres surrounded the manor house by 1970, and about 120 today. Since 1965, as discussed below, Woodlawn Plantation is now also the site of the Pope-Leighey House, Woodlawn Plantation is owned and operated as a museum by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, part of the National Trust Community Investment Corporation. It was the National Trusts first acquisition, achieved in the late 1960s as part of a campaign that included major donations from philanthropist Paul Mellon. It and the adjacent Pope-Leighey House are open to the public Friday throgh Monday from March 1 until mid-December and it also hosts special events, and tours for school and other groups by appointment. In 1965, construction on Interstate 66 led to that built in 1940 by architect Frank Lloyd Wright for Loren Pope to be moved to the grounds of the Woodlawn plantation