molecules made up ofamino acids. Proteins are important because whenplants and animals digest proteins, the amino acids may be rearranged to make humanfamino acids of different types necessary for human nutrition.

Human bodies make 10-

11 of the 20, but the others are calledessential amino acids

because those need to beattained from food.

3)

Lipids

example-

fats and oils. Cellular respiration also processes these for energy.Lipids are used as hormones and cell membranes.

4)

Mineral

example-

iron, iodine, and calcium. These are known as inorganic elementsthat are necessary to obtain in order to function.

5)

Vitamins

are needed to help control the functioning and metabolism in humans.Humans and animals need vitamins from food but plants don’t.

II.

Human Food

1)

330,000 total plant species approximately. About 100 provide 90% of the food humanseat.

2)

Animals give humans food that are heavy with protein. Examples-

fishes, meat, eggs,milk and cheese.

3)

The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization says 800 million people don’t have accessto healthy food. Average adult human should eat 2600 kcal per day and if not they areconsideredundernourished.

4)

Malnourishedis when people eat the right amount of calories but not eating theessential things like vitamins or proteins.Marasmus and Kwashiorkorare 2 diseasesdue to malnutrition

5)

Overnourished

means someone who eats too much food. This can lead to obesity, highblood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, etc.

III.

Famine

1)

When the crop is low because of disasters such as drought, flood, or other severe eventit leads tofamine. Low food production.

IV.

Maintaining Grain Stockpiles

1)

World Grain Carryover

stocksis

the leftover rice, wheat, corn, and more grains fromharvests. This gives people the kind of food they need anytime to be healthy.

2)

Countries with a low economy happen to have political corruption due to not enoughfood and too high of prices.

3)

Meat andeggs have become more popular to eat so word grain carryover stocks hasdecreased.

V.

World Food Problems

1)

The cost to make food and transport it is expensive for poor countries.

This createseconomic instability.

2)

Industrialized Agriculture

is when fossil fuel is used to work the machinery, andproduce chemicals and pestcides. This produces high yields, which means a lot of foodis produced. Therefore trees and and natural spaces can remain and not be used foragriculture space.

3)

Subistence agriculture

is themaking of food for ones family. This is the traditionalway of making ones food. This is not by fossil fuels but humans and animals instead.

4)

Subsitence agriculture consists of

shifting cultivation, which is when a small amountof land is used so the massland leftover goes back to its natural state, such as a aforrest.

5)

Slash and burn agriculture

is the taking down of a tiny part of a forest for crop use.

6)

Nomadic herding

is when the animals have to move to find better food on better land.

7)

Intercropping

means multiple plants are growing in the same area. This is theopposite of amonoculture. Intercropping results inhigher yields.

8)

Polycultureis intercropping. Lots of kinds of plants grow fully at various times but areplanted at the same time in thesame space.

VI.

The Effect of Domestication on Genetic Diversity.

1)

Genetic Diversity

are the difference of genes in plants or animal populations.

2)

Domestication

changes the animal or plant for human use. The farmers want toanimals or plants with the best use. This reduces genetic diversity.

3)

There is a “Global Decline in Domesticated Plant and Animal Varieties”. As a result ofthis, some countries are using

germplasm. It is the seeds, sperm, egg, or plant tissuefrom older plants and animals. This is for breeding.

VII.

Increasing Crop Yields

1)

Because of the development of pesticides for insects other things that wouldmalfunction a crop, it has strengthened crop yields.

2)

Green-

revolution

means using crops that are high yielding to make more food peracre.

VIII.

Increasing Livestock Yields

1)

Hormones

impact the body functioning of an animal and it expedites the growth.

2)

Antibiotics

cause pigs, chicken, and cattle to gain weight quicker so today, peopledon’t give them as much antibiotics.

3)

The bacteria being a larger

number than antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an example ofevolution

IX.

Genetic Engineering

1)

Genetic engineeringis the exchanging of genes from one cell of a species to another.This is supposed to improve medicine and agriculture but it is debatable.

2)

The USA is the number one producer in the world ofgenetically modified crops.

3)

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

is a safety method with procedures to workwith genetically modified animals and plants.

4)

Industrialized agriculture can negatively effectecosystem services. An examplewould be air pollution, pesticides that effect the water and its animals in the water.

5)

Land degradation

means land is loosing its ability to benefit the animals and cropson it due to soil and water issues.

6)

Habitat fragmentation

means limiting the diversity of organisms from a big area to asmall one because the land has been wiped out for the production of crops. Speciesbecome endangered because of this

X.

Sustainable Agriculture

1)

The combiniation of modern and agriculture procedures.

2)

Organic agriculture

consists of the use of no pesticides.

3)

Integrated Pest Management

consists of some pesticideswith other procedures tolimit pests.

4)

Agroecosytsem

is another word for agriculture ecosystem

5)

High yields from these above procedures that lead to lasting sustainability areknown assecond green revolution.

XI.

Problems for the Fishing Industry

1)

Longlines, Purse-seine nets, trawl nets, and driftnets are all ways of catchingfish and other wateranimals.

2)

Bycatch

is the term used for the fish and other water animals caught that aren’t forprofit or commercial use.

3)

Ocean enclosure

places organisms within 320 km of land and the country thatborders the ocean in charge of it.

4)

Open management

is whenall fishers and their boats can go anywhere anytime inthe water.

5)

Magnuson Fishery Conservation Act

started in 1977to control United Statesfisheries.

6)

Magnuson-

Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

started in 1996to conserve the fish and make

more fish populations.

XII.

Ocean Pollution

1)

Aquaculture

is the term used for growing marine life and its animals and fish forhumans to use.