9 What’s interesting in the extractThe male protagonist of the novel, Renzo Tramaglino, is introduced to readersAttention to the external reality of the character, reported without any writer’s modification: esercitava la professione di filatore di seta; possedeva Renzo un poderetto che faceva lavorare e lavorava egli stessoCharacters introduced according to his family and economic situation, his job, his ownerships writing based on cause-effect relationshipsAlessandro Manzoni( )

10 Art in XIX centuryGustave Courbet( ), the most representative painter of Realism and hisA Burial at Ornans( )

11 Description of the paintingObjective representation of a funeral in the town of Ornans, but the identity of the dead is unknownAnonymous people taking part in the scene do not seem to feel any sad or participation feeling for the eventReality is represented in the way it shows itself: the painter does not “adds” inner feelings, but he simply “takes a photo” of the religious eventUse of heavy and pasty brushstrokes portray people as similar as possible to what they really look like

12 Revolutionary discoveriesCharles Darwin’s theory of evolution(1859, On the Origin of Species)man is only a rationally – evolved animalSigmund Freud’s discovery of the unconscious(1900, Interpretation of dreams) people’s behaviour and actions cannot be catalogued because of their inner hidden partAlbert Einstein’s theory of relativity( 1906) time and space do not exist as absolute phaenomena but change according to the individualCauses to the shift from XIX century objectivism to XX century subjectivism

13 The new way of making literature in XX century… what an unearthly hour I suppose they’re just getting up in China now combing out their pigtails for the day well soon have the nuns ringing the angelus they’ve nobody coming in to spoil their sleep except an odd priest or two for his night office … the night we missed the boat at Algeciras the watchman going about serene with his lamp and 0 that awful deep down torrent 0 and the sea the sea crimson sometimes like fire and the glorious sunsets and the fig trees in the Alameda gardens yes and all the queer little streets and pink and blue and yellow houses and the rosegardens and the jessamine and geraniums and cactuses and Gibraltar …J. Joyce, an extract from Penelope of Ulysses

14 What is new in XX century literatureMolly Bloom’s inner monologue  no punctuation and stream of consciousness technique to report how human mind really worksAttention to subjectivity  Molly’s inner thoughts and feelings come to the surfaceNew concept of time past, present and future are unified in Bergson’s “subjective time”New concept of space no more physical voyage, but psychological oneJames Joyce( )

15 … "That is all," she said, looking at the fishmonger's… "That is all," she said, looking at the fishmonger's. "That is all," she repeated, pausing for a moment at the window of a glove shop where, before the War, you could buy almost perfect gloves. And her old Uncle William used to say a lady is known by her shoes and her gloves … Gloves and shoes; she had a passion for gloves; but her own daughter, her Elizabeth, cared not a straw for either of them … It rasped her, though, to have stirring about in her this brutal monster! … never to be content quite, or quite secure, for at any moment the brute would be stirring, this hatred, which, especially since her illness, had power to make her feel scraped …V. Woolf, an extract from Mrs Dalloway

16 What is new in XX century literatureInterest in character’s inner reality  Mrs Dalloway’s consciousness comes to the surfaceCharacter’s working of the mind free associations of ideas that seem not to be logically linkedUse of moments of being to discover the very reality standing beyond apparent realityModernist interest in anthropology Mrs Dalloway’s hidden anxiety: It rasped her … this brutal monster!Virginia Woolf( )

17 How art changed in XX centuryEdvard Munch( ), one of the most representative precursor of Expressionism, and his The Scream(1893)

18 Description of the paintingEvocation of the artist’s agonizing attitude towards life the artist himself is the protagonist of the paintingThe scream is a dull cry not perceived by others the scream as a way to show the artist’s subjectivity full of anxietyMunch’s evidence: painting helped me to look inside myself, to convey feelings and emotionsNew pictorial techniques: deformation of the human figure, contrasts between colours and strong and harsh curved lines accentuate the anguish of the scene