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13th century literature referred to the use ofturn on lawn “bowling” areas

The word “turf” is derived from the Sanskrit“darbhus”, meaning a turf of grass

16-17th century, golf and turf areasdeveloped

History continued

First lawn mower invented by EdwinBudding , England, 1830

Private lawns developed in VictorianEngland, brought to US by English settlers.Had to wait until the hardwood forests werecleared to permit grass establishment.Williamsburg classic example of small turfareas ateach house. This was the change.

Origin of Turfgrasses

Most species used for turf are not native toNorth America, with the exception ofbuffalograss. All the primary species havebeen introduced

Most turf species are “forest-fringe”species, which distinguishes them fromtaller prairie species

Origin of Turfgrasses

Turfgrasses developed in close associationwith domesticated animals. Man thusunwittingly imposed natural selection onmany of the grasses we now use for turf

Only grasses able to withstand repeatedgrazing (close cutting) were able to survive

Many grasses introduced to US as feed forlivestock from the ships, or seed that“hitched a ride”

Recent History

Tremendous changes in last 40 years

Linked to rising interest in golf, TV

Many new, improved cultivars (cultivatedvarieties-

a named variety)

Pesticide development-

2,4-D one of first

Refined fertilizer programs, inorganicfertilizers

New equipment such as aerifier, verticalmower, modern irrigation systems

In 1971 life magazine conducted a surveyand found that 95% of respondents said"green grass and trees around me" is themost important environmental factor

In 1980 Better Homes and Gardens choselawns as most important landscapingelement (61%)

Reasons for Turf

Aesthetics

–Ornamental Grasses

–Mental Relaxation

Recreation

–Exercise

–Sporting Events

Reasons for Turf

Safety

–Reduce Glare

–Roadside Stopping

–Reduce Fire

–Reduce Rodents, Snakes

–Reduce Injuries

Reasons for Turf

Environmental Quality

–Moderate Temperatures

»15 Degrees Cooler Than Bare Ground

»30 Degrees Cooler Than Concrete

Reasons for Turf

Environmental Quality (continued)

–Reduce Erosion

–Reduce dust, lengthen life of equipment

–Reduce noise 30-40%

–Convert unusable land-

land fills forexample

Reasons for Turf

Environmental Quality (continued)

–Recycle effluent

–Release oxygen

–Absorb toxic emissions

–Reduce allergies (but can also causeallergies)

Reasons for Turf

Economics

–Realtors say landscaping adds 6% tovalue

–Homeowners say landscaping adds 15%to selling price

–Sell faster

–Recovery value 100-200% but only 40-70% for patio and deck

Sporting Events that Utilize Turfas a Playing Surface

Archery

Badminton

Baseball

Cricket

Croquet

Football

Frisbee

Golf

Horseracing

Horseshoes

Lawn Bowling

Lawn Darts

Playgrounds

Rugby

Skiing, lawn

Skiing, snow

Soccer

Softball

Steeple Chase

Tetherball

Track & Field

Volleyball

Turf Quality

Turf quality is a function of use, appearanceand playability

There are two categories:

–Visual

–Functional

Visual Quality

Density

-

number of shoots per area

Texture-

leaf width

Uniformity-

even appearance

Color

Growth habit-

type of shoot growth

Smoothness-

surface feature that affects qualityand playability

Density

Texture

Uniformity

Smoothness

Functional Quality

Rigidity

Resistence of leaves to compression

Elasticity

Tendency of leaves to spring back

Resiliency

Capacity to absorb shock withoutchanging surface

Yield

Clippings removed with mowing

Rigidity

Elasticity

Ball Roll

Clippings

Verdure

Functional Quality (continued)

Verdure

Aerial shoots remaining after mowing

Rooting

Amount, depth of root growth

Recuperative capacity

Recovery potential

TEN GOOD REASONS TOGROW A LAWN

Home Lawns Help the Environment

The next time you're mowing on a hot day,thinking that green concrete may really bethe answer, consider all of the ways yourlawn returns your favor of good care:

10 Good Reasons to grow a lawn

1. The front lawns of a block of eightaverage houses have the cooling effect ofabout 70 tons of air conditioning. Theaverage home central air conditioning unithas about 3-4 ton capacity. Consider howmuch energy is saved by those lawns!

10 Good Reasons to grow a lawn

2. On a hot summer day, grass can be 10 to14 degrees cooler than exposed soil and asmuch as 30 degrees cooler than concrete orasphalt.

3. A 50 by 100 foot well-maintained grassarea will create enough oxygen to meet theneeds of a family of four every day.

10 Good Reasons to grow a lawn

4. Acting like a gigantic sponge, lawns absorb alltypes of airborne pollutants such as soot, dust andcarbon monoxide, as well as noise.

5. Recent studies show healthy lawns absorbrainfall six times more effectively than a wheatfield and four times better than a hay field, beingexceeded only by virgin forest. Lawns filter themoisture to the water table where it can again beused by everyone.

10 Good Reasons to grow a lawn

6. A Penn State University study showed"thick lawns slow the velocity of runoff andallow the water to infiltrate." A healthy,high quality lawn was at least 10 timesmore effective than a patchy lawn with a lotof weeds.

10 Good Reasons to grow a lawn

7. While a quality turfgrass reduces runoffwater, it also prevents erosion by water orwind and the loss of valuable topsoil.