evolution of hydrosphere

The Earth is thought to have accreted from a cloud of ionized particles around the Sun. This gaseous matter condensed into small particles that coalesced to form a protoplanet, which in turn grew by the gravitational attraction of more particulates. Some of these particles had compositions similar to that of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, which may contain up to 20 percent water. Heating of...

formation of

accretion disk

...around any astronomical object in which the material orbiting in the gravitational field of the object loses energy and angular momentum as it slowly spirals inward. In astrophysics, the term
accretion refers to the growth in mass of any celestial object due to its gravitational attraction. The formation of stars and planets and the powerful emissions from quasars, radio galaxies,...

asteroids

Dynamical models suggest that during the first million years after the formation of the solar system, gravitational interactions among the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) and the remnants of the primordial
accretion disk resulted in the giant planets’ moving first toward the Sun and then outward away from where they had originally formed. During their inward migration the...

Earth

As the gas making up the solar nebula beyond the Sun cooled with time, mineral grains are thought to have condensed and aggregated to form the earliest meteoritic material. In addition, as is suggested by the finding of anomalous concentrations of isotopes in a few meteorites, solid material from outside the solar system, apparently existing prior to the formation of the Sun, was occasionally...

solar system

Continued growth by
accretion leads to larger and larger objects. The energy released during
accretionary impacts would be sufficient to cause vaporization and extensive melting, transforming the original primitive material that had been produced by direct condensation in the nebula. Theoretical studies of this phase of the planet-forming process suggest that several bodies the size of the Moon...