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The Museum’s Collections document the fate of Holocaust victims, survivors, rescuers, liberators, and others through artifacts, documents, photos, films, books, personal stories, and more. Search below to view digital records and find material that you can access at our library and at the Shapell Center.

Oral history interview with Ted Smolanowicz

Ted Smolanowicz, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1948, discusses his childhood in Poland; learning that he was Jewish when he was twelve years old, and moving to Israel without his father; immigrating from Israel to the US; his dual Christian and Jewish identity; communication about the Holocaust; antisemitism in Poland; and his liberal politics.

The Council for Relationships donated a copy of the oral history interview with Ted Smolanowicz, son of Doba Smolanowicz, to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in June 2012. The interview is part of the Juliet Spitzer and Phil Wachs Archive of the Transcending Trauma Project collection.

Restrictions on access. Interview is viewable onsite at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum only.

Conditions on Use

Restrictions on use. Interviews must be viewed onsite at the Museum only. Requests for copies of interviews should be sent to either Bea Hollander-Goldfein or Nancy Isserman at Council for Relationships. In the event that neither are employed by the agency, requests for audio recordings or transcripts should be sent to the CEO of Council for Relationships.

Record last modified: 2018-08-09 10:32:52
This page: https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn59210

Also in Oral history interviews of the Transcending Trauma Project collection

The Juliet Spitzer and Phil Wachs Archive of the Transcending Trauma Project collection, produced by the Council for Relationships in Philadelphia, PA, includes oral histories of three generations of Holocaust survivor families, focusing on how survivors coped following the war, the impact of their experiences on their children, and the varied legacies that they have passed on to their grandchildren.

Ruth Ackerman, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1925, discusses her survival; antisemitism in pre-war Poland; her war experiences in the Warsaw ghetto, and working for a German family under a false name; meeting her husband on a kibbutz; her children; Jewish identity; communication about the Holocaust; and impacts of the Holocaust.

Isabel Alcoff, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1953, discusses family relationships; moving to the US from Uruguay when she was five years old; her parents (Soloman Redner and Lily Lustig Redner) and their war experiences in hiding; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; and impacts of the Holocaust.

Eric Alulis, a grandchild of Holocaust survivors, born in 1980, discusses his lack of interest in his Jewish identity; communication about the Holocaust; his feelings about his grandparents’ survival; family of origin dynamics; and having his bar mitzvah.

Gina Bruner Alulis, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1952, discusses family relationships; her parents' difficult marriage; her parents' war experiences; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; Jewish identity; and health issues.

Carol Auerbach, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1943, discusses family relationships; her education at Queen’s college; Jewish faith and identity; marriage and children; her mother’s war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; the value of dating and marrying someone Jewish.

Philip Auerbach, the grandchild of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1968, discusses family; his grandmother’s war experiences; antisemitism; reasons for the Holocaust; belief in God; Jewish tradition; his feelings about Germany and Germans; the importance of helping others.

Rachel Auerbach, a grandchild of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1972, discusses the closeness of her family; the value of communication; Israel and Jewish identity; writing a paper on her great grandparents’ and grandmother’s war experiences, and visiting a concentration camp; impacts of the Holocaust.

Morris B, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1920, discusses family relationships; family of origin values; pre-war life and antisemitism in Poland; war experiences; reasons for his family’s survival; immigration to the US; meeting his wife in a DP camp; marriage and children; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; and politics.

Edith Baumhaft, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1912, discusses family; pre-war life in Hungary; her traditional Jewish upbringing; leaving for the United States before the war; belief in God; marriage and children.

Salka Sara Bedzow, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1926, discusses family relationships; family dynamics in pre-war Poland; faith in God; antisemitism pre-war; war experiences in hiding; reasons for survival; immigrating to Canada with her husband; marriage and children; coping; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

Yaakov Berger, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1910, discusses pre-war life in a small town in Poland; war experiences; Jewish faith; meeting his wife in Paris after the war; marriage and children; and antisemitism.

Hansi Bodenheim, a Holocaust survivor, discusses family; faith in God; war experiences in hiding and in Auschwitz; meeting her husband after liberation; her husband being an interpreter for the Nazi war crime trials; immigration to the US; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust.

Helmut Bodenheim, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1917, discusses family; religion; being sent to the US before the war, and later enlisting in the army and being part of the Normandy invasion; meeting his wife; being an interpreter for the Nazi war crimes trials; and marriage dynamics.

Ellen Bornstein, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1946, discusses family relationships; immigrating to the United States from Germany as a baby; marriage; Jewish identity and practice; her parents' war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; and impacts of the Holocaust.

Isaac Brettler, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1954, discusses family; marriage and children; his parents’ war experiences in hiding and in the Russian army; assimilating to the US; Jewish identity and tradition; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; his parents’ health.

Norman Brettler, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1948, discusses his upbringing and family values; marriage and children; parents' war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith; and coping.

Susan Brettler, the spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1952, discusses family relationships; her first and second marriages; her blended family; in-laws’ war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

Dan Bruner, the grandchild of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1979, discusses family relationships; his grandparents’ war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; coping with his parents’ divorce.

David Bruner, a grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1981, discusses family relationships; his grandparents’ war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; and Jewish identity.

Deborah Bruner, the spouse of a child of survivors, born in 1956, discusses family relationships; her parents' divorce; marriage and children; impacts of the Holocaust on her in-laws and husband; her relationship to Christianity and Judaism; her education and her work.

Fania Bruner, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1925, discusses family; antisemitism in pre-war Poland; war experiences in Siberia; surviving with her family; marriage and immigration to the US; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

Joseph Bruner, the child of a survivor, born in 1950, discusses family relationships; his parents' difficult marriage; his parents' war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; marriage and children; Jewish identity; coping; health; and politics.

Marc Bruner, a grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1981, discusses family of origin dynamics; what he knows about his grandparents’ war experiences; food and money issues he attributes to the Holocaust.

Mates Bruner, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1920, discusses family; pre-war life in Poland; war experiences in labor camps Plaszow and Bergen-Belsen; survival; immigrating to the US; marriage and children; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; and coping.

Sam Bruner, the child of a survivor, born in 1954, discusses family relationships; family of origin dynamics; his parents' pre-war and war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; marriage and children; religion.

A child Holocaust survivor, born in 1930 in Krakow, Poland, discusses her pre-war childhood belief in God; war experiences in the Krakow ghetto and being subjected to medical experiments; being in Plaszow, Auschwitz, and Bergen-Belsen; being protected by other people who helped her survive; experiences in the DP camp; marriage and having a child; Jewish identity and faith; erasure as a coping skill; communication about the Holocaust; and impacts of the Holocaust.

Renee Weiss Chase, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1951, discusses family relationships; her father’s war experiences; the importance of family and religion; coping; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

Elaine Culbertson, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1949, discusses family relationships; the importance of education and coping in family of origin; marriage and children; her parents' war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

James Culbertson, the spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1941, discusses dynamics of family of origin; being married to a child of survivors; growing up Episcopalian and becoming Jewish; impacts of the Holocaust on his wife.

Joshua Culbertson, a grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1976, discusses family; his grandparents’ war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; Jewish faith and identity; his family’s coping skills.

Goldie Diament, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1923, discusses family of origin dynamics; religious faith; pre-war life in Poland; war experiences in a work camp; the loss of her family; life in Germany with her husband post-war; immigrating to the US; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; and coping.

Claire Penner Dibelius, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1947, discusses family relationships; growing up with European parents; her mother's illnesses; marriage and children; her father's experience in Auschwitz and working for Dr. Mengele; her mother's experiences in the Warsaw ghetto; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith; her parents' liberal views; and coping.

David Dibelius, the grandson of Holocaust survivors, born in 1977, discusses his grandparents, Holocaust survivors; friends; school; the future; religion; antisemitism; and his beliefs about equality and success.

George Dibelius, the spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1948, discusses his education; religion; being related to Holocaust survivors; the potential for human good; and interfaith marriage.

Henry Dluznowski, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1924, discusses his Orthodox upbringing; pre-war antisemitism in Poland; war experiences in a ghetto, a factory, Buchenwald, Bergen-Belsen, Auschwitz, and liberation from Theresienstadt; belief in God; courage; family losses; his marriage to a non-Jew in Poland post-war; his son, who lives in Sweden; his second marriage; Jewish identity; and impacts of the Holocaust.

Jeptha Tausig Edwards, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1963, discusses family; her childhood; her family’s war experiences; Jewish identity; marriage and children; the importance of education; communication about the Holocaust; her parents' views on Israel; impacts of the Holocaust.

Charles Erhlich, the son of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1969, discusses his childhood as the child of a Holocaust survivor; education; his knowledge of the Holocaust; Jewish identity; and aid provided by non-Jews during the war.

George Erhlich, born in 1928 in Vienna, Austria, discusses the Anschluss; his childhood; immigrating to the United States with his family in June of 1938; his mother obtaining American visas so they could escape Austria; a cousin who was rescued by Mussolini; his mother rescuing Jews; experiencing antisemitism from Catholic children in the United States; life in the United States; and attending Harvard University.

Julie Feldman, the daughter of Holocaust survivors, born in 1949, discusses growing up as a child of Holocaust survivors; immigrating to the United States as a child; Judaism; and her knowledge of her parents’ experiences in Hungary, Bergen-Belsen, and a displaced persons camp in Switzerland.

Kim Fendrick, a child survivor, born in 1936 in Poland, discusses her dual identities as both a child survivor and a child of survivors; hiding with three families to avoid ghetto deportations; her neighborhood becoming a ghetto; being hidden by a Ukrainian farmer; leaving the farmer’s house after he was caught hiding other Jews; encountering Nazis immediately after leaving the house; escaping to the woods; life in a displaced persons camp; training herself to wake up from nightmares she had while in hiding; suffering from typhus and being smuggled to a hospital in another town; living under both Soviet and Nazi rule; her Jewish identity and relationship with Judaism; the fate of her relatives; her relationships with friends and family; adjustment to life in the United States; the influence of the Holocaust on her and her children; and her present life.

Regina Fields, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1923 in Poland, discusses her wartime experiences; hiding with a non-Jewish woman; life in a displaced persons camp after the war; immigrating to the United States; and life in the United States.

Dorothy Finger, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1929 in Poland, discusses Soviet rule in Poland; her wartime experiences; antisemitism; immigrating to the United States; and the lasting psychological effects of the war.

Louis Finger, the husband of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1920, discusses his family history, serving in the US Army during the war; marrying a Holocaust survivor; and learning about his wife’s wartime experiences.

Anneliese Fischer, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1918, describes growing up in Cologne, Germany; her education; Hitler’s rise to power; relationships between Gentiles and Jews; and her family’s attempts to emigrate.

Edward Fischer, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1907 in Berlin, Germany to a Polish family, describes his upbringing; his relationship with Zionism; and his experiences in Palestine and the United States.

Bernard Freilich, born in Poland in 1924, describes his experiences growing up in Poland; being apprenticed as a shoemaker; his time in a ghetto and in Mauthausen; hiding in a bunker in a forest from December 1944 to May 1945; seeing the Gestapo beat one of his neighbors; immigrating to the United States in 1949; and his life in America, including his marriage and children.

Joan Friedman, the daughter of Holocaust survivors, born in 1943 in Shanghai, China, discusses growing up in Shanghai with European parents; immigrating to the United States; family; interfaith marriage; and the Jewish communities of Shanghai and Venezuela.

Moshe Goldfein, the grandson of Holocaust survivors, born in 1982, describes his knowledge of the Holocaust and its impact on him; his knowledge of his grandmother’s story; and his feelings about Israel.

Toba Goldfein, the granddaughter of Holocaust survivors, born in 1991, describes learning her grandmother’s Holocaust story and the impact it had on her; her religious beliefs; her relationship with her family; and Holocaust education in her school.

Vera Goodkin, a Holocaust survivor, born in Czechoslovakia in 1930, discusses her wartime experiences; Raoul Wallenberg; the immediate psychological effects of the war; immigrating to the United States; religion; and her career and family.

Sylvia Greenstein, the child of survivors, born in 1955, discusses being born in Uruguay to Holocaust survivors; growing up in the United States; Judaism and Jewish culture; and her marriage and family.

Ruth Hartz, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1938, discusses her early childhood in France; her wartime experiences; post-war life in Paris; marrying and moving to the United States; and her career and family.

Barbara Hoffman, the daughter of Holocaust survivors, born in 1961, discusses her relationship with her parents; the effects the Holocaust had on her parents; Judaism; her political beliefs; and getting married and raising children.

Isadore Hollander, born in 1920 in Paris, France, and Anni Hollander, born in 1926 in Bendin, Poland, describe getting married after the end of World War II; Isadore’s service in the Polish Army; time in concentration camps, Siberia, and a ghetto; leaving Poland illegally; and raising a family.

Neil Hollander, the son of Holocaust survivors, born in 1957, discusses his relationship to his parents; knowing about his parents’ wartime experiences; their coping mechanisms; traveling to Poland; and his marriage and family.

Saba Hollander, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1922, discusses family relationships; her Orthodox upbringing; pre-war antisemitism; getting married during wartime; hiding a baby throughout the war; being in a labor camp; being shot by the Polish army after the war; her health as a result of the shooting; her husband’s death; her second marriage; raising children; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

Ann Jaffe, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1931, discusses family relationships; her Orthodox upbringing; pre-war antisemitism in Poland; escaping from the ghetto and hiding in the forest throughout the war; faith in God; marriage and children; coping mechanisms; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

Lily Yozsef, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1925, discusses her relationships with family; her experiences during the war in Czechoslovakia, Auschwitz, Stutthoff, and Baumgarten; surviving the war with her sisters; staying in Russia after the war; her lack of belief in God; and moving to Israel.

Eva Kernis, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1948, discusses family losses; her difficult relationship with her mother; her early life in Hungary; marriage and children; Jewish identity; her mother’s war experiences in the camps; her own experiences in the Hungarian Revolution; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

Julie Kernis, the granddaughter of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1977, discusses her grandmother’s war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; the importance of dignity as an impact of the Holocaust; Jewish faith and identity; coping mechanisms.

Michelle Kernis, the granddaughter of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1976, discusses her difficulties in school; her grandmother’s war experiences; the impact of the Holocaust on her grandmother and her mother, but not on herself; lack of Jewish identity; and antisemitism.

Miriam Krik, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1952, discusses dynamics of family of origin; her parents’ war experiences; being married to another child of survivors; her children; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; therapy as a coping mechanism; and the importance of family.

Ari Klapholz, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1947, discusses family of origin dynamics; his parents’ war experiences; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; Jewish faith and identity.

Genia Klapholz, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1912, discusses her early involvement in Zionism; religion in her pre-war home; pre-war antisemitism; family losses; her war experiences in hiding and in Auschwitz; explanations for her survival; immigration to the US; marriage and children; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; and coping mechanisms.

Jesse Klapholz, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1954, discusses the transition moving from the family farm to Philadelphia when he was a child; his parents’ war experiences; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; Jewish identity.

Sarah Klein, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1922, discusses family of origin dynamics; pre-war antisemitism; working in a labor camp in Siberia; meeting her husband and having a child in Germany after the war; immigration to the US; dynamics of nuclear family.

A Holocaust survivor, born in 1921, discusses antisemitism pre-war; war experiences in the Warsaw ghetto, hiding in a bunker, and in Majdanek; surviving with her sister; liberation from Bergen-Belsen; marriage; immigration to Israel; communication about the Holocaust; and living in the US.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1961, discusses family relationships; family of origin dynamics; her parents’ war experiences; marriage and children; her Jewish identity; impacts of the Holocaust.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1953, discusses family relationships; family of origin dynamics; Jewish identity and faith; her parents’ war experiences; marriage and children; the value of education; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

Helene Korn, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1949, discusses dynamics of family of origin; her parents’ adjustment to the US; marriage and children; her parents’ pre-war lives and their war experiences in concentration camps; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; and antisemitism.

Bernard Krik, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1947, discusses growing up as a child of survivors, with Yiddish as his first language; his parents’ experiences in hiding during the war; marriage and children; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; his parents’ mistrust of non-Jewish; and his physical health.

Dena Krik, a grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1977, discusses family of origin dynamics; her grandparents’ war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; the Holocaust’s impact on her Jewish identity and faith; and her family’s coping mechanisms.

Justin Krik, a grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1981, discusses family relationships; his grandparents’ war experiences; his admiration for his grandparents and what they went through; communication about the Holocaust; his visit to Israel; and coping mechanisms.

Pninah Krik, a grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1975, discusses her grandparents’ war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; trying to make up for what her grandparents lost in terms of education; her family’s work ethic due to the Holocaust; coping; and her health.

Margot Krisch, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1925, discusses pre-war life in Berlin; being raised Jewish despite her mother not being Jewish; working in a few hospitals during the war; marriage and children; faith in God as a coping skill; coping with illness; communication about the Holocaust; and impacts of the Holocaust.

Hardy Kupferberg, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1922, discusses her happy childhood; her family’s involvement in the synagogue pre-war; her war experiences in forced labor and in Ravensbruck; family losses; marriage to another Holocaust survivor; raising a child; Jewish faith and identity; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

Kurt Kupferberg, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1907, discusses growing up poor in Berlin; his war experiences in Oranienburg/Sachsenhausen, Dachau, and Buchenwald; meeting his wife; his fluctuating faith in God; and dreaming about the Holocaust.

Mrs. Leizerowski, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1926 in Poland, discusses her traditional Orthodox upbringing; family losses; spending the war years in hiding; her faith in God throughout the Holocaust; living in Switzerland after the war; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

Rabbi Boruch Leizerowski, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1908, discusses his religious upbringing; his pre-war life as a rabbi in Lodz; living in the Lodz ghetto for four years; his experiences in Auschwitz and Dachau; faith in God; marriage and children; being a rabbi in America.

Marion Ladar, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1920, discusses her parents' divorce when she was a child; leaving Germany in 1939 for Shanghai, China; the impacts of Pearl Harbor; her father being in a concentration camp; immigration to the US; Jewish identity.

Seymour Levin, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1950, discusses growing up with his parents’ involvement in survivor organizations; his relationships with women; his parents’ hiding together during the war; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; and coping.

Zelda Liebling, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1918, discusses her father’s death when she was a child, and the closeness of her family of origin; her war experiences in camps and in hiding; family losses; surviving the war with her husband; marriage and children; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

David Lipetz, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1964, discusses his difficult relationship with his father; the death of his mother; the impact of the Holocaust on his Jewish identity; his desire to lead a more religious life; and being on the cusp of marriage.

Eric Lipetz, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1936, discusses spending the war years with his family in the Philippines; marriage and children; living in Israel for a number of years; Jewish identity and faith; and impacts of the Holocaust.

Inez Friedman Lipetz, the spouse of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1938, discusses the altruism of her family of origin; her first marriage; meeting her second husband at rabbinical school; her children; Jewish tradition; and being married to a Holocaust survivor.

Margaret Lipetz, the spouse of a Holocaust survivor, born around 1945, discusses growing up poor; marriage and children; the impact of the Holocaust on her husband; her conversion to Judaism.
Ari Lipetz, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1972, discusses his family’s decision to move to Israel for ten years; his father’s communication about the Holocaust; the impact of the Holocaust on his Jewish identity; and his feeling more like an Israeli than an American Jew.

Joan Loeb, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1952, discusses family of origin dynamics; being married to a non-Jew; raising a child; feelings of guilt concerning the Holocaust; and communication about the Holocaust.

Roman Luftglas, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1925, discusses the value of education in his childhood home; his war experiences in the ghetto, Auschwitz, a factory, and a labor camp; joining the army in the US; marriage and children; impacts of the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith; coping skills.

Judy Weiss Mangel, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1957, discusses dynamics of family of origin; worrying; avoiding communication about the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith; marriage and children; and impacts of the Holocaust on child-rearing.

Warren Mangel, the spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1956, discusses his limited awareness of his in-laws’ Holocaust experiences; wanting his children to learn about the Holocaust; the over-protectiveness of his in-laws; coping skills; antisemitism; and marriage and children.

Nathan Marx, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1909, discusses working in a clothing factory pre-war; leaving for the United States in 1938 (one of his brothers was already in the US); family losses; working as a grocer in the US; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; coping skills; being affiliated with Conservative Judaism; impacts of the Holocaust.

Florence Weiss Mehr, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1953, discusses family of origin dynamics and growing up in Camden; marriage and children; leaving her husband and exercising her independence; experiencing a lack of joy in religion; coping skills; her parents’ war experiences; impacts of the Holocaust; and her optimism.

Lauren Mehr, the grandchild of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1980, discusses the impact of the Holocaust on her grandmother; her pride in her Jewish identity and in being a grandchild of survivors; communication about the Holocaust; her grandmother’s belief in God as a means of survival; and the strength of her family relationships.

Tara Mehr, the grandchild of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1978, discusses being the child of divorced parents; the importance of family; feeling disconnected from her Jewish identity; doing a school project on her grandparents’ war experiences; the importance of having non-Jewish friends; having a non-Jewish boyfriend; an abundance of food as an impact of the Holocaust.

Adele Mermelstein, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1920, discusses family; coping; her war experiences in the ghetto, Auschwitz, and in work details; surviving with her sisters; going to Bamberg displaced persons camp; her belief in God; immigration to the US; marriage and children.

Marlene Moster, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1954, discusses family of origin dynamics; marriage and children; naming her children after family who died in the Holocaust; the independence of her children; her father’s war experiences; belief in God; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; and Zionism.

Daniel Muller, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1912, discusses his war experiences; being mobilized into the Polish Army; working as a laborer in Siberia, and working on a collective farm; God’s role in his survival; the importance of Holocaust education; immigrating to Israel with his wife, and later to the US with their son; and family health issues.

Violet Neumann, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1912, discusses her religiosity in her youth; being married before the war; moving between Czechoslovakia and Hungary during the war, being in jail, and ending up in Auschwitz; meeting her second husband; immigration; raising her daughter Orthodox.

Shuli Passow, a grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1976, discusses her parents’ divorce; communication about the Holocaust; the impact of the Holocaust on her mother; luck as an explanation for her grandparents’ survival; Jewish identity and faith; and her feelings about Israel.

A grandchild of Holocaust survivors, born in 1993, discusses family values of working hard and being patient; her grandparents’ war experiences; reading about the Holocaust; Jewish faith and identity; and her hopes for peace between the Palestinians and the Israelis.

A grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1990, discusses family values of Jewish religion and education; his interest in history; his grandparents’ war experiences; learning about the Holocaust through his mother rather than his grandparents; his feelings about Israel; Jewish identity and faith.

The spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1945, discusses family of origin dynamics growing up in the Bronx; attending Yiddish schools; marriage and children; the importance of Israel; Jewish identity and faith; his feelings about German Jews and about Europe.

Regina Orback Penner, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1918, discusses pre-war antisemitism in Poland; being in the ghetto, working in an ammunitions factory, being in Bergen-Belsen and a few other camps, and marching through the Tyrol; marriage and children; her ambivalence about God; health impacts of the war; and antisemitism in America.

Joshua Raizman, a grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1984, discusses family of origin dynamics and values; his desire to please his parents; his grandparents’ war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; his views on religion and politics; impacts of the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith.

Rita Rappaport, a child Holocaust survivor, born in 1937 in Vienna, Austria, discusses family of origin dynamics; being a small child and hearing the Nazis enter her father’s store; escaping Vienna with her parents; her unhappy marriage; Jewish identity and faith; her mother’s strength.

Esther Rasch (née Fried), a Holocaust survivor, born in November 1927 in Sael, Hungary (now Saelele, Romania), discusses her religious upbringing; her mother’s foresight about the war and insistence that her children learn trades; her war experiences in hiding and helping Wallenberg in Budapest; her difficult marriage; raising children; Jewish identity and faith; and nightmares about the Holocaust.

George Revesz, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1924 in Budapest, Hungary, discusses the importance of practicing the Jewish faith; pre-war antisemitism; his war experiences hiding in the woods, in Bergen-Belsen, and working in Switzerland; living in Switzerland and attending university there after the war; meeting his first wife in Switzerland, later moving to England and America; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; and supporting Israel.

Vera Revesz, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1935 in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia), discusses her father being kidnapped and put in a camp just before the war; her husband’s experiences in a labor camp; being in the United States during the war; meeting her husband; raising children; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; her health, and her feelings about humanity.

Deborah Robbins Wischnia, the spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1956, discusses her relationships with family; the impact of the Holocaust on her husband and mother-in-law; her lack of communication with her husband about the Holocaust; her Jewish identity; and antisemitism.

Paul Roheim, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1925 in Kiskunhalas, Hungary, discusses family of origin dynamics; living in a ghetto in Hungary, and moving around to different camps; luck and inner strength as means of survival; immigration to the US; marriage and children; Jewish identity and faith; his work as a physician.

Abram Roitman, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1918 in Żółkiewka, Poland, discusses family relationships; pre-war life in Poland; his war experiences in the Russian army in Siberia, and in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; the deaths of his family; hostility towards the Jews in Poland after the war; his marriage after the war; having a child in a DP camp; immigration to Canada and then the US; his Jewish identity; coping after the war.

Eva Roitman, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1924 in Wlodzimierz, Poland (now Volodymyr-Volyns'kyi, Ukraine), discusses family of origin dynamics; her interest in Christianity since childhood; her war experiences in hiding and doing farm work; being sexually assaulted by several men during the war; being baptized after liberation; family losses; coping through her new religion of Catholicism; meeting her husband after the war and having a child; the difficulty of her marriage.

Rita Roitman, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1949, discusses her difficult upbringing and family dynamics; her first and second marriages; parenting; impacts of the Holocaust; coping skills; communication about the Holocaust; her mother’s hiding as a Catholic during the war; and her lack of belief in God.

Rita Roling, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1947 in Teplice, Czech Republic, discusses being born in Czechoslovakia, moving to Israel as a child, and then later to the US; being sexually assaulted as a child; marriage and children; her distrust of Orthodox Judaism; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; and her health.

Rita Roling, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1947 in Teplice, Czech Republic, discusses being born in Czechoslovakia, moving to Israel as a child, and then later to the US; marriage and children; her distrust of Orthodox Judaism; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; and her health.

A Holocaust survivor, born in 1938, discusses family of origin dynamics; her war experiences in the Lodz ghetto and in hiding around Warsaw; survivor guilt; liberation and immigration; marriage and children; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; her and her husband’s political involvement; and the impact of the Holocaust.

Rita Ross, a Holocaust survivor and the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1936, discusses family of origin dynamics, especially her father’s rigid discipline; her first and second marriages; her children; Jewish identity and faith; her war experiences in hiding and in a prisoner of war camp; impacts of the Holocaust.

Charles Scherz, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1916, discusses family of origin dynamics; his strictly religious upbringing; Zionism; building a bunker and hiding during the war; family losses; transitioning to the US; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith.

Freda Schmelkes, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1908, discusses her religious upbringing; her war experiences hiding in the family bunker on their property, in the Kracow ghetto, and in Liebenau; surviving with her husband and children; and her trust in people.

Margit Shipek, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1914, discusses her childhood in Vienna, Austria; being a refugee in England during the war; family losses; her husband’s being in the Warsaw ghetto, Auschwitz, and Mauthausen; immigration to the US; dynamics of nuclear family; Jewish identity and faith; her husband’s communication about the Holocaust.

Harry Silber, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1961, discusses family of origin dynamics; his mother’s war experiences in Auschwitz and working in Schindler’s factory; his father’s being in a death march; the difference between his mother’s and father’s communication about the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith.

Mitchell Simon, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1953, discusses his parents' difficulty adjusting to life in the US after the war; dynamics of family of origin; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; marriage and children; Jewish identity and faith; and his anxiety.

Rosalie Simon, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1931, discusses pre-war antisemitism in Kriva Velka, Czechoslovakia (now Kryva, Ukraine); her war experiences in the ghetto and Auschwitz; family losses; survival with her sisters; marriage and children; Jewish identity and faith.

Ruth Simon, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1956, discusses her father’s loss of his brother during the war and his subsequent acts of revenge; her mother being in a concentration camp; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; and having a child.

Sidney Simon, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1925, discusses antisemitism in pre-war Poland; his war experiences as a partisan, in the Russian army, and in the secret police; the loss of his brother; acts of revenge; marriage and children; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

William Simon, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1957, discusses dynamics of family of origin; his parents’ war experiences; legacy of a strong work ethic; communication about the Holocaust; the impact of the Holocaust on his parents’ parenting; Jewish identity and the importance of marrying a Jew.

Doba Smolanowicz, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1928, discusses family of origin dynamics; religious faith pre-war; hiding her Jewish identity; her marriages to non-Jews; her war experiences in the Lublin ghetto, in Majdanek, in hiding, in Bergen-Belsen, and in Norten-Hardenburg; living in Poland for ten years after the war; leaving for Israel and then America with her children; speaking publicly about non-Jews helping Jews during the war; and hiding her Jewish identity.

Zolman Sternberg, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1930 in Bodrogkeresztúr, Hungary, discusses his war experiences in Auschwitz and Dachau; family losses; immigration to Canada; marriage and children; Zionism; Jewish identity and faith; his parents as role models; communication about the Holocaust.

Jean Strauss, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1918 in Alsheim, Germany, discusses her strict religious upbringing; leaving for the US right after Kristallnacht; rebuilding her life after the war; optimism and perseverance as coping mechanisms; her negative feelings toward Germans; faith in God; and Israel.

Jeffrey Sultanik, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1954, discusses family relationships; his parents’ war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; marriage and children; his Jewish identity; his parents’ coping after the war.

Solomon Sultanik, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1922 in Września, Swietokrzyskie, Poland, discusses family relationships; pre-war life in Poland; belief in God; his war experiences in labor and concentration camps; immigration to the US; meeting his wife in Bergen-Belsen; communication about the Holocaust.

Abraham Susskind, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1908 in Szczekociny, Poland, discusses his childhood as a Gerer Hasid; his war experiences in the ghetto, in hiding, Auschwitz, Gross-Rosen, Funfteichen (Laskowitz-Meleschwitz), Mauthausen; family deaths in the Holocaust; his belief in God.

Betty Sved (née Ickovitz), a Holocaust survivor, born in 1928 in Hust, Czechoslovakia (Khust, Ukraine), discusses family relationships, pre-war experiences in Czechoslovakia; her Orthodox upbringing; her war experiences in the ghetto, Auschwtiz, Reichenbach (Langenbielau), and Salzwedel; her husband’s war experiences; her belief in God and instinct for survival; her marriage in Czechoslovakia after the war; immigration to Israel and the US.

Ira Sved, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1962, discusses family relationships; his parents’ war experiences; marriage; Jewish identity; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; and Zionism.

Stanley Sved, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1955, discusses Zionism; family relationships; his parents’ war experiences; marriage and children; Jewish identity; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

Elizabeth Sweet, a grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1984, discusses family; her dual Jewish and Christian upbringing; her grandparents’ war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; and impacts of the Holocaust on her grandparents and her mother.

Ray Sweet, the spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1944, discusses family relationships; marriage and child-rearing; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; the importance of tolerance.

Frieda Tabak, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1931 in Czernowitz, Romania (now Chernivtsi, Ukraine), discusses family relationships; her war experiences in Romania and the ghetto; immigration to the US; marriage and children; Jewish identity; Zionism.

Eva Marie Frank Tausig, the spouse of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1934, discusses family; marriage and children; the value of storytelling; the importance of privacy; the impacts of the Holocaust; and Jewish identity.

Hans Tausig, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1931 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, discusses family; his father’s conversion to Christianity; pre-war experiences; the Kindertransport; survivor's guilt; being an immigrant in the US; marriage and children; Jewish identity; communication about the Holocaust; and impacts of the Holocaust.

Joseph Turow, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1950, discusses family relationships; parents’ war experiences; his Jewish identity; his parents’ coping; communication about the Holocaust; and impacts of the Holocaust.

Gene Kernis, the spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1949, discusses family of origin dynamics; marriage and children; his wife’s early experiences in Hungary; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; Jewish faith and identity.

Max Wagner, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1915 in Berlin, Germany, discusses his Orthodox background and his belief in God; fleeing Germany for Czernowitz, Romania (now Chernivtsi, Ukraine); his experience in the Romanian Army and in a work camp; immigrating to the US; his marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; coping with music.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1948, discusses family of origin dynamics; Jewish identity and faith; luck as an explanation for her parents’ survival; coming to the US as a two-year-old and speaking fluent Yiddish; marriage and children; coping; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

Charlotte Weiss, a Holocaust survivor, born in 1924, discusses antisemitism in pre-war Czechoslovakia; war experiences with her family in several ghettos and in Auschwitz; moving to the US after the war; marrying her husband for security; her relationship with her children; and her belief in God.

Abe Wischnia, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in Germany in 1947, discusses his relationships with family; his parents’ difficult marriage; his father’s experience in the Russian Army and his involvement in Zionism; his mother’s survival; the impact of the Holocaust stories; his father’s desire to move to Israel and his mother’s desire to move to America after the war; communication with his parents about the Holocaust; choosing a spouse different than his mother; his wife’s non-Jewish background; his faith in God.

Eric Wischnia, the child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1954, discusses his relationships with family; his parents’ work ethic and the value of education; his father’s experience in the Russian Army and his involvement with Zionism; his mother’s family’s war experiences; how his parents met; communication about the Holocaust; the impact of the Holocaust on himself and his parents; the importance of having children; his Jewish identity; his parents’ coping.

Jan Wischnia, the spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1946, discusses her relationships with family; communication about the Holocaust; the impact of the Holocaust on her husband and daughter; her marriage; her conversion to Judaism from Christianity; antisemitism; her father’s alcoholism and her sister’s anorexia.

Janet Wischnia, the spouse of a child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1959, discusses her parents’ relationship to money; her husband’s relationship with his parents; her father-in-law’s dissatisfaction with working in a factory as opposed to working in politics; the impact of the Holocaust on her husband; her parents’ involvement in Reform Judaism; her work ethic.

Michael Wischnia, a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1950, discusses his relationships with family; growing up in Kansas City, Missouri; financial struggles in his family of origin; his parents’ difficult marriage; his father’s experience in the Russian Army; his mother’s experience in the ghetto; his father’s desire to go to Israel; communication about the Holocaust; the impacts of the Holocaust; his relationship with his wife, her different background; his parenting; and his Jewish identity.

A Holocaust survivor, born in 1925 in Germany, discusses family; pre-war life; war experiences in Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Dachau, Bergen-Belsen, and Theresienstadt; faith in God; liberation and immigration; marriage and children; impacts of the Holocaust.

A Holocaust survivor, born in 1932, discusses being a child in Frankfurt; leaving on a Kindertransport with his siblings; serving in the army as a young man; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; growing up as an Orthodox Jew in Atlanta.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1950, discusses family relationships; her parents’ difficult marriage; her own marriage and children; parenting differently from her parents; her father’s being in hiding, her mother’s being in Auschwitz; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; Jewish faith and identity; feeling like an outsider; and coping mechanisms.

A Holocaust survivor, born in 1929 in Paris, discusses family relationships; her split Jewish and Christian identity; escaping to southern France during the war; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust.

A child of survivors, born in 1958, discusses family relationships; growing up in Brooklyn; his early schooling; marriage and children; his parents’ war experiences; his parents’ liberation and marriage in Cyprus; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; his relationship to Israel and Zionism.

A Holocaust survivor, born in 1922, discusses her pre-war childhood in Vienna; war experiences in the ghetto; immigration to the US; Jewish identity; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

The spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1960, discusses family relationships; her Orthodox upbringing; marriage and children; her in laws’ war experiences; belief in God; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust on her in laws and her husband; Zionism; the importance of tolerance; her husband’s health.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1952, discusses family relationships; family values of education and Jewish identity; his parents’ experiences in the Lodz ghetto; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; coping through therapy; and politics.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1945 in Kazakhstan, discusses dynamics of family of origin; her mother’s war experiences in work camps in Siberia; her parents’ marriage after the war; Zionism; her parents’ immigration to the US; her own marriage and children; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; and impacts of the Holocaust.

A child of survivors, born in 1960, discusses family relationships; her first and second marriages; her mother’s protection under Wallenberg; communication about the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith; and her relationship to Israel.

A child of survivors, born in 1962 in Atlanta, GA, discusses her father’s pre-war life in Frankfurt; her father’s being sent to Paris along with his siblings; communication about the Holocaust; making aliyah with her husband; Jewish identity and faith; impacts of the Holocaust.

The spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1956, discusses family relationships; his parents’ financial struggles and his own relationship to money; marrying a child of survivors and their marriage dynamics; his Jewish identity; his worries about illness and finances; antisemitism.

A Holocaust survivor, born in 1927, discusses pre-war life; war experiences in the ghetto and working for the Germans; going to medical school in Europe after the war; meeting his wife; communication about the Holocaust; his views on politics and race; Jewish identity and faith.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1962, discusses her difficult childhood; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; anxiety as an impact of the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith.

A child of survivors, born in 1958, discusses family relationships; marriage; her mother’s pre-war life in Czechoslovakia; the loss of her great-grandparents in Auschwitz; her mother’s protection under Wallenberg; communication about the Holocaust; the impact of the Holocaust on her Jewish identity; legacy of not being a bigot; talking as a coping mechanism.

A grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1985, discusses family of origin dynamics; her pride in her grandfather for his surviving the war; the difficulty of communication about the Holocaust; an abundance of food as an impact of the Holocaust; and coping with her illness.

A grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1981, discusses the closeness of his family; his grandfather’s communication about the Holocaust; over-protectiveness and an abundance of food as impacts of the Holocaust.

The spouse of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1926, discusses the family of origin value of independence; explanations for her husband’s survival; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith.

The child of a child Holocaust survivor, and a grandchild of Holocaust survivors, born in 1974, discusses being in law school; family of origin dynamics; his father’s and grandmother’s war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith.

The spouse of a child Holocaust survivor, born in 1942 in Brooklyn, NY, discusses family of origin dynamics; marriage and children; her husband’s birth circa 1941 in the Demblin ghetto in Poland and his war experiences as a child in hiding; communication about the Holocaust; depression, anger, and stress as impacts of the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith.

A child Holocaust survivor and the child of a Holocaust survivor, born circa 1942, discusses family; the difficulties of growing up; his mother’s war experiences and his own memories from being hidden during the war; being four years old when he was liberated; having TB and spending six months in a sanatorium after the war; marriage and children; Jewish faith and identity; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

The child of a child Holocaust survivor, and a grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1971, discusses relationships; dynamics of family of origin; his father’s and his grandmother’s war experiences; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust; and his health.

The child of a child Holocaust survivor, and a grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1968, discusses family relationships; her father’s and grandmother’s war experiences; Jewish identity and faith; the impact of the Holocaust on her Jewish identity; politics; tolerance; communication about the Holocaust.

A grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1979, discusses dynamics of family of origin; grandparents’ war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; her connection to Judaism; the legacy of the Holocaust on the third generation.

A grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1982, discusses family of origin dynamics; her grandfather being in Russia during the war; her grandmother’s loss of husband and child during the war; communication about the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith; and impacts of the Holocaust.

The spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1952, discusses family of origin dynamics; marriage and children; his in-laws’ war experiences; intergenerational impacts of the Holocaust; Jewish identity and faith; and experiencing antisemitism as a child.

The spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1962, discusses his parents’ difficult marriage; his difficult upbringing; his positive relationship with his in-laws; his relationship with his wife; lack of communication about the Holocaust; his Christian background and his decision to raise his future children as Jews; his determination to live differently than his parents.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1967, discusses family of origin dynamics; his ambivalence towards the Jewish faith; his father’s experiences in Dachau; his mother’s hiding under false papers and moving from place to place; coping mechanisms; personal experiences of antisemitism.

The spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, discusses growing up speaking Yiddish; his father, who was born in Ukraine outside of Kiev in 1906; meeting his wife; the importance of Jewish identity and a strong work ethic; communication about the Holocaust; and the impact of Israel.

A Holocaust survivor, born on December 3, 1919 in Węgrów, Poland, discusses life in pre-war Poland; his religious upbringing; being in Russia and Siberia during the war; his family being killed in Treblinka; meeting his wife after the war; the importance of education for his children; his lack of trust in non-Jews; his involvement in the synagogue.

A grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1988, discusses her close relationships with family; her grandparents’ war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; the impacts of the Holocaust; her feelings about Israel; her Jewish identity.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1947, discusses the challenges of having Holocaust survivor parents (both born in Poland); his vague knowledge of his parents’ war experiences; being born in a DP camp and transitioning to the US; Jewish identity and faith; the impacts of the Holocaust on his parents and on himself.

A Holocaust survivor, born December 8, 1922 in Lodz, Poland, discusses getting married during the war; being sent to Siberia; losing her husband and her baby in the war; her second marriage; immigration to the US; her children; the impact of the Holocaust on herself and her family.

The spouse of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1918, discusses growing up during the Depression years; his first and second wives, and their both escaping Germany; his first wife’s intense involvement with Holocaust education; raising children.

A Holocaust survivor, born in 1926, discusses family of origin dynamics; hiding in her house for the duration of the war; her family’s adjustment to the US; marriage; Jewish identity and faith; the loss of her grandfather; communication about the Holocaust; and politics.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1956, discusses her parents’ marriage; family of origin dynamics; Jewish identity and faith; her father’s experience in a forced labor camp; her father’s faith in God as a means of survival; helping her father write his memoir; impacts of the Holocaust.

A grandchild of Holocaust survivors born in 1981, discusses her relationships with family; her grandmother’s war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; the impact of the Holocaust on her mother; her Jewish identity; her education at Cornell.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1950, discusses the over-protectiveness of her parents; Jewish tradition; the difficulty of hearing about the Holocaust; marriage and children; and depression as an impact of the Holocaust.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1957, discusses family relationships; her father, who was born in Lithuania; her mother’s war experiences; the importance of coping skills, especially for her children; Jewish identity and faith; marriage and children; communication about the Holocaust.

A Holocaust survivor, born in 1931, discusses dynamics of family of origin; antisemitism in Hungary; her war experiences in the ghetto and hiding under false papers; liberation in Budapest; family losses; meeting her husband; immigration to the US; raising children; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impact of the Holocaust; Israel; and politics.

The child of a Holocaust survivor, born in 1956, discusses family of origin; marriage and children; grandparents’ and mother’s war experiences; communication about the Holocaust; Jewish identity; and the importance of tolerance.

A Holocaust survivor, born in 1927 in Hamburg, Germany, discusses growing up as a German Jew; being sent on a Kindertransport to England; the difference between a survivor and a refugee; marriage and children; impacts of the Holocaust; Zionism; coping.

The spouse of a child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1955, discusses his family’s farm; his wife’s intense involvement with the Holocaust; being the only male in his nuclear family; marriage and children; Zionism; Jewish identity and faith; and his optimism.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1957, discusses family relationships; growing up as a child of survivors and as a rabbi’s daughter; marriage and children; Jewish faith; coping; communication about the Holocaust; and impacts of the Holocaust.

A Holocaust survivor, born in 1930 in Nancy, France, discusses growing up in a small Jewish community in France; her war experiences in hiding at the age of thirteen; the loss of her parents; her lack of belief in God; impacts of the Holocaust; communication about the Holocaust; spending the early part of her marriage in Uruguay; immigration to the US; her commitment to teaching about tolerance.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1953, discusses growing up as a child of survivors and feeling very different from other children; her father’s experiences in labor camps, Russia, and Siberia; her mother’s experiences in hiding, and losing her first husband and baby in the war; marriage and children; Jewish identity and faith; communication about the Holocaust; impacts of the Holocaust.

A child of Holocaust survivors, born in 1959, discusses family relationships; her parents’ readjustment in America; gratitude; her mother’s and grandmother’s war experiences walking out of the ghetto, hiding under false papers; her father’s war experiences in a labor camp; communication about the Holocaust; marriage and children; Jewish identity and faith; and the impact of the Holocaust.

Learn about over 1,000 camps and ghettos in Volume I and II of this encyclopedia, which are available as a free PDF download. This reference provides text, photographs, charts, maps, and extensive indexes.