Economics of Nuclear Energy

Ever since the Flintstonian-era of foot-powered cars, the search has been on for the best type of method
to power society's needs. Complex industrial and economic markets have been built upon these needs
throughout history as different ideals have been debated. The best investment for our present and
future energy needs is a controversial topic. As different energy sources are discovered, governments
enact laws and regulations on their use. As our power demands grow, so does our energy dependency.
Fuel, it's what makes us go.

Sources of Energy

Coal

Coal is one of the most useful fuel sources mankind has
ever discovered. Coal currently generates
27% of the world's primary energy and 41% of its electricity. While coal is used
worldwide it is not found worldwide, only in a few select locations. The countries
on top of these locations produce enough coal to export to countries without coal.
Coal is in high demand so countries mine billions of tons of coal a year;
the top four countries in 2008 were China who produced 2848 billion, The U.S. with
1172 billion, India with 568 billion, and the former USSR with roughly 563 billion.
When burning coal inside coal-fired power plants 40% of the thermal energy can be
changed into electricity. For every ton of coal 2460 kWh can be made. It is predicted that coal use will
increase 50% by 2030 due to third world countries meeting electrical rates.

Oil

Oil is the most important commodity in the world today. Oil is used to fuel
all of our vehicles and so there is a high demand for it. Like coal, oil isn't found
worldwide but in select locations and oil is in even higher demand than coal so
countries with oil produce as much as they can. The top 4 countries that produce oil are Russia with 9,932,000
barrels a day, Saudi Arabia with 9,764,000 barrels a day, U.S. with 9,056,000 barrels
a day, and Iran with 4,172,000 barrels a day. One barrel has 42 gallons of crude
oil in it. Crude oil is basically useless but when it is refined the oil can be
made into a plethora of different fuels and materials. One of the factors to oil's
success is that 42 gallons of crude oil can be refined into 44 gallons of sellable
product. One barrel of oil today costs about 77.62 dollars.

Natural Gas

Natural gas is also a major worldwide commodity, and like coal and oil it is only
found in certain locations and the countries who own those locations export the
natural gas to other countries. The top 4 countries that produce natural gas in
2009 are the U.S. with 593.4 billion cubic meters, Russia with 546.8 billion cubic
meters, the European Union with 181.6 billion cubic meters, and Canada with 161.3
billion cubic meters. Currently the U.S. generates 25% of its energy from natural
gas. Natural gas can become liquefied at -260 degrees F and put into tanks for easier
storage. About 25,000 cubic meters can be stored inside a single tank. Natural gas
costs 13.68 dollars per thousand cubic feet or 342 dollars for
a whole tank of Natural gas.

Nuclear Power

The use of nuclear power provides answers for many problems in the
areas of the environment, safety, economics, reliability, sustainability, and even
waste. Like fossil fuels, the nuclear fuel raw materials come from the Earth. Uranium,
the primary fuel material, is mined. The environmental impact of mining is well
known; however, the advantage of nuclear power comes from the amount of power that
comes from a small amount of uranium. The power from one kilogram of uranium is approximately equivalent to 100,000
kilograms of oil; therefore, as a function of power consumption, very little uranium
needs to be removed from the ground; hence, the environmental impact of uranium
mines is much less compared with mining and drilling for fossil fuels.

Nuclear power plants are one of the most economical forms of energy production.
Nuclear fuel costs (as a function of power generation potential) represent only
a fraction of the cost of fossil fuels. Including capital and non-fuel operating
costs, the cost of operating a nuclear power plant is roughly equivalent to fossil
fuels. Recently, the average electricity production cost for nuclear energy was
recognized as the cheapest source of electricity. In 1999, the average cost of power
generation by nuclear plants was 1.83 cents per kilowatt-hour, for coal-fired plants
2.07 cents, for oil 3.24 cents, and for gas 3.52 cents. Costs for solar and wind
are still well beyond that considered to be competitive to the public.

Although final performance figures are not yet available, preliminary estimates
for 2002 show that the nation's 103 nuclear power plants set an electricity production
record for the fourth straight year, increasing their output 1-2 percent to about
778 billion kilowatt-hours (kwh). Nuclear power generation in 2001 was 769 billion kwh.The plants' average capacity factor-a measure
of efficiency-reached a record high for the fifth straight year, climbing to about
91.5 percent in 2002. "By any measure-reliability, productivity, safety, economics-the
nuclear energy sector has achieved major gains in recent years," said Don Hintz,
president of Entergy Corp. and chairman of the Nuclear Energy Institute's (NEI) board of directors.

Since 1990, the industry's sustained excellence in operating performance has enabled
the nation's reactors to increase electricity production equivalent to what 25 new
reactors would add to the electricity grid, NEI President and Chief Executive Officer
Joe F. Colvin said. "In just the last five years, the increase in output is equivalent
to 13 new 1,000 megawatt power plants," Colvin said.

With improved productivity and reliability leading to better economic performance,
the average production cost (fuel costs plus operations and maintenance) in 2001
stood at a record low of 1.68 cents/kwh. The average production cost for 2002 likely
will set a new record when those figures become available later this year, Colvin
said. "The value of nuclear energy remains incredibly strong. Nuclear power plants
are providing competitively priced electricity that gives customers stability in
future pricing, and they are doing so without polluting the air," Colvin said.

The cost of regulation and industry oversight of nuclear power generation is substantially
more than that of other power generation sources; however, improvements in reliability
and operational and maintenance efficiencies have contributed to reducing those
costs. Currently, nuclear power plant capacity factors average over 75%. This is
competitive with those of fossil fired plants. Most plants are designed to operate
in a base load configuration; that is, they run at full power regardless of the
demand on electricity. Nuclear power plants are particularly well suited for this
purpose since they are designed to produce large quantities of power and can sustain
operation for up to two years without refueling.

Nuclear Power Plant Employment

In the worst economic slump in decades, manufacturers of nuclear power equipment
gathered in Chattanooga Wednesday to talk about how to expand their production and
hire more workers to supply an expected revival in nuclear power. The Nuclear Energy
Institute estimates at least 20,000 construction jobs will be added to eight plants the industry
expects will begin construction by 2011. If all 26 of the reactors proposed to be
built in the United States move forward, NEI projects at least 62,000 construction
jobs will be created in the next decade, including several thousand by the Tennessee
Valley Authority. Already, NEI estimates, more than $4 billion has been invested
in nuclear plant development, creating nearly 15,000 jobs. At TVA's Watts Bar Nuclear
Plant near Spring City, Tenn. TVA has 1,600 workers employed at the Unit 2 reactor,
including 680 contract engineers, 390 union craft workers, 430 support personnel
and 100 TVA employees. By the end of 2010, more than 2,300 workers will be employed
building the Unit 2 reactor.

NEI gives out there estimates of the amount of jobs that will be given to build
nuclear reactor plants in 2011. In 2011 20,000 construction jobs are estimated to
be added and 62,000 jobs in the next decade. As far as workers working in the plant,
TVA has 1,600 employed, and by the end of this year the plant will have over 2,300
workers. With 900 extra jobs needed each year at the plant it means nuclear power
is a more recommended power source.

A study projected employment needs created by growth and employee turnover for the
nuclear power industry over the next decade. Only employment by electric utilities
in the commercial generation of nuclear power was investigated. Employment data
for 1981 were collected in a survey of 60 member utilities of the Institute of Nuclear
Power Operations. The data were analyzed statistically to identify factors accounting
for variations in power plant staffing and the number of off-site nuclear support
personnel employed by a utility. Total employment in the nuclear power industry was predicted
to increase from 54,400 in 1981 to 73,600 in 1991. Due to replacements, 36,300 additional
employees would also be needed. As more power plants progress from design and engineering,
through construction, and into full operation, more on-site employees will be needed.
Megawatt capacity, number of reactor units, operation status, and projected completion
dates for units under construction were identified as factors influencing the number
of employees at a power plant site. Number of off-site personnel was influenced
by total megawatt capacity in operation, total megawatt capacity under construction,
projected completion dates for units under construction, and whether or not the
utility industry does its own architect-engineering work. (Appendixes, amounting
to approximately one-half of the report, include questionnaires, technical notes,
and utility-projected 1991 employment.) (YLB)

Data from a study estimating the number of nuclear power plant jobs in 1981 and
there predictions on the change of employment over a decade.

The
Point Beach Nuclear Power Plant currently has approximately 660 full-time
employees.FPL Energy has agreed to retain non-bargaining unit employees at Point
Beach at comparable wages and benefits for 18 months following the close of the
sale. In addition, FPL Energy will honor all labor agreements for bargaining unit
employees.
There are exactly 660 full-time employees at the Point Beach Nuclear Plant.

Cost Analysis of Running a Nuclear Power Plant

Advantages of Nuclear Power

Nuclear power plants have significant advantages over other conventional forms of
energy, such as coal and gas powered plants. Compared to other sources of energy,
Nuclear energy produces significantly less green house gases. Because global warming
is a growing concern in today's society, nuclear energy appears as reliable alternative
as opposed to other sources of energy. Nuclear power also uses their fuel more efficiently.
In a gas-fired plant 80% of the plant's cost will be invested into fuel, while in
a nuclear power plant 10% will be invested into uranium, the primary fuel of nuclear
power. Because of uranium's efficiency, nuclear power plants can achieve the equivalent
amount of energy output, while at the same time using less fuel.

Costs of Constructing a Nuclear Power Plant

Although nuclear energy is much more efficient than other conventional methods it
is still significantly more expensive. It is estimated that that a nuclear power
will cost approximately £1.5 billion to £2.25 billion, while a coal powered plant
will cost around £800 million to £1 billion. In today's economy, nuclear power plants
can be constructed by constructing them in a "bulk" manner, meaning that making
multiple plants can prove significantly cheaper costs than building one or a few,
but it is still considerably more expensive as compared to constructing coal plants.
The cost of producing electricity in a Nuclear power plant is about $1400 per Kilowatt;
however in the United States the electricity cost is estimated at about $3500 per
Kilowatt in any new plant that will be built. The cost of running a Nuclear power plant, though, is predicted
to decrease over time, as it has done in the past. Since 1987, the cost of running
a Nuclear power plant has decreased from 3.63 cents per Kilowatt hour to 1.68 cents
per kilowatt hour in 2004. Along with the decrease of cost, availability of nuclear
power increased with it. From 1987 to 2004 availability increased from 67% to over
90%, establishing Nuclear power as one of the top energy sources in the world.