Prior to HAART approximately 30% of patients with advanced HIV disease had cognitive impairment; with HAART the incidence of HAND has decreased but its prevalence increased. The reasons for the ongoing development of cognitive impairment in HAART treated patients are not clear. They might relate to virus induced brain injury prior to starting HAART, the onset of a separate neurological process, toxicity related to HAART, or ongoing viral infection in the brain.

It is clear that the ability of different antiretroviral drugs to penetrate the brain varies but what is not established is whether these differences between drugs lead to different neurological outcomes. The investigators propose to study HIV infected patients stable on HAART for 12 months; subdividing the groups according to the brain penetrance of their drug combination. Patients would undergo neuropsychological assessment and MRI brain scan at the start of the study and after 12 months. At study initiation a lumbar puncture would be performed so that drugs levels could be measured in CSF.

Differences in neuropsychological tests and MRI would be sought between treatment groups to establish whether HAART with better CNS penetration is associated with better outcome and fewer MRI changes.

To compare the change in summary neuropsychological Z-score, after a 12-month period of observation, between HIV positive patients taking antiretroviral regimens categorized as being either of high or low CNS penetration.

To compare the change in brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy in predefined regions of interest, after a 12-month period of observation, between HIV positive patients taking antiretroviral regimens categorized as being either of high or low CNS penetration.

To measure plateaux CSF ARV concentrations. This will identify the proportion of patients achieving levels of specific ARVs capable of inhibiting 95% of in vitro viral replication (IC95); and will be correlated with the neuropsychological and MR spectroscopy outcome measures. Additionally, to ascertain whether pharmacokinetic interactions between ARVs affect CSF levels of the individual drugs.

Participants will be assessed based on their current Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART). A scoring system is utilised to determine if their current treatment has high Central Nervous System (CNS) penetrance or low CNS penetrance. This will determine which study cohort they are randomised to. No treatment adjustments or changes will be made, they will remain on their usual HAART regimen.

Neuro-HAART (high CNS penetrance)

Participants will be assessed based on their current Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART). A scoring system is utilised to determine if their current treatment has high Central Nervous System (CNS) penetrance or low CNS penetrance. This will determine which study cohort they are randomised to. No treatment adjustments or changes will be made, they will remain on their usual HAART regimen.

Taking HAART with CNS Penetration Effectiveness (CPE) score of either ≤7.0 or ≥7.5 for 1 year or more. Changes in ARVs within the last 12 months are allowed so long as the CPE score does not lead to a change groups

Non-proficient in English as assessed by the "English as a second language questionnaire"

Medications known pharmacologically to interact with ARVs

Pregnancy as assessed by the urinary pregnancy test

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Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01434654