An F-22A Raptor, assigned to the 27th
Fighter Squadron, of Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Va., is refueled in-air by a
KC-135 Stratotanker during the Red Flag exercise over the Nevada Test and
Training Range, Nev., July 27, 2016. (Photo by Airman 1st Class Kevin Tanenbaum/
Air Force)

NELLIS AIR FORCE BASE, Nev. — U.S. military officers had just finished
a mission in the Air Force’spremier exercise to train pilots
for air-to-air combat, and something had gone wrong: Rank-and-file troops
expected to carry out cyberattacks on enemy air defenses deviated from their
plan without warning commanders and pilots.

The situation, described later by a few officers, created a “very excitable
and heated” exchange during a post-mission debrief at the Air Force’s Red Flag
training exercise, as it’s known, said Air Force Col. DeAnna Burt, a top
commander at the exercise. U.S. troops carrying out cyber operations are
expected to complete specific assignments, known as contracts. Doing so can
create specific windows of time in which U.S. aircraft can attack while facing
fewer threats, while deviating from that plan can put pilots at risk in an
actual combat operation.

The Red Flag exercise is one of a series
of advanced training programs putting Air Force members in real-time war
scenarios. (United States Air Force)

“We said, ‘Hold on here: Did you clear this with the mission commander?’ ”
said Col. Michael P. Dombrowski, the air operations center director during Red
Flag. “Because the cut-off for good ideas was about six hours ago, dude.”

The exchange was considered a healthy part of the training exercise. But it
also symbolizes some of the challenges for the U.S. military as it shifts its
focus to prepare for potential wars against adversaries with advanced weapons.
The transition to so-called “multi-domain operations” calls for the Pentagon to
prepare not only for wars on land, air and sea, but for newer forms of
warfare that incorporate both space and cyberspace.

Just as important, the shift requires new collaborations between different
parts of the military, and trust between them. Fighter pilots, for example, must
increasingly rely on cyberattacks created by colleagues on the ground in order
to get in and out of enemy airspace safely. Air Force Space Command, meanwhile,
recently
adopted a new model known as the Space Mission Force in which crews will be
reorganized to keep U.S. military satellites safe from potential adversaries.

Multi-domain warfare was incorporated at Red Flag recently to an extent the
U.S. military has never done before, Red Flag participants said. The exercise,
established in the 1970s after thousands of U.S. aircraft were shot down over
Vietnam, has long been considered one of the U.S. military’s premier ways to
train pilots for air-to-air combat. This time, however, it integrated space and
cyber missions throughout the three-week exercise.

Capt. Brian Goodman, 527th Space
Aggressor Squadron, ensures equipment is ready before a mission to disrupt a
unit’s space capabilities during exercise Red Flag, July 21, 2016 at Nellis Air
Force Base, Nev. Red Flag is aimed at teaching service members how to integrate
air, space and cyberspace elements. (U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. David
Salanitri)

Peter Singer, an author and analyst with the New America Foundation, said the
U.S. military is in a position where it must develop doctrine for new kinds of
operations, including cyber and space warfare. His 2015 book with August Cole,
“Ghost Fleet,” is a work of fiction, but its exploration of how China and Russia
could cripple the U.S. military through cyber and space attacks has been studied
in the military over the past year.

Singer cited in an interview a comparison to the World War II Battle of the
Kasserine Pass, in which inexperienced U.S. forces in Tunisia were badly
battered by German forces who were better prepared to use tanks and other
weapons at their disposal.

“It’s not who has the tech, it’s who has the best doctrine for bringing it
all together,” Singer said of cyberwarfare. “We’ve had this capability; we just
haven’t had to use it and exercise it much.”

One way that Air Force officials encouraged change at Red Flag was naming
Burt — the commander of the 50th Space Wing at Schriever Air Force Base, Colo. —
as the first space officer to serve as the air expeditionary wing commander of
Red Flag. The job is responsible for a variety of missions during the exercise,
including carrying out disciplinary action. Having Burt involved provided the
Red Flag staff, heavily made up of fighter pilots, with a new perspective, said
Col. Greg Marzolf, who oversees the exercise as commander of the 414th Combat
Training Squadron.

Burt acknowledged having some insecurities ahead of taking the assignment
about “how all these pointy-nose fighter guys were going to look at a space
operator” being involved. But she said she was quickly accepted, and found them
enthusiastic about discussing how “non-kinetics” — space and cyber operations —
could be adopted.

More than 100 aircraft were involved in the exercise July 11-29 at the Nevada
Test and Training Range, which spans 5,000 square miles in the desert north of
Las Vegas. Dozens of fighter jets were launched each night, along with
surveillance planes such as the U-2 Dragon Lady and drones such as MQ-1
Predator. Army Special Forces teams were integrated on the ground, and a
notional enemy “red team” of U.S. troops that included aircraft and air defense
was organized to challenge other participants.

Notably, both the F-22 Raptor and the F-35B Joint Strike Fighter were
involved. The aircraft are the military’s two premier aircraft for so-called
“fifth-generation” combat, in which intelligence is quickly synthesized and
space and cyber operations are important.

Also among those at Red Flag was the 527th Space Aggressor Squadron, of
Schriever Air Force Base, which was created to train U.S. forces for combat with
adversaries capable of using space by using both global positioning system (GPS)
satellites and satellite jamming techniques. Maj. Joel Davee, the unit’s
assistant director of operations, said that there is a still a gap in knowledge
about what conventional units know about space operations but that exercises
like Red Flag help.

“We fear what we do not understand,” he said.

Air Force Secretary Deborah Lee James and Gen. David L. Goldfein, the
service’s top officer, visited Nellis Air Force Base on July 27 and said they
watched with interest in how much the exercise has evolved in the last few
years. Goldfein, a fighter pilot, said it’s important to remember that the point
of the exercise “is actually not for everything to go really well” — it’s for
the red team to challenge others and force improvement.

“We want to put the most complex challenge on these warriors as we can, and
force them to not only think through how they mission plan, but how they …
mission plan on the fly when things don’t go the way they planned,” Goldfein
said. “When life gets in the way, and the fog of war inserts itself — as it
always does.”