Abstract

Background

Enolase is an essential multifunctional glycolytic enzyme that is involved in many biological processes of apicomplexan protozoa, such as adhesion and invasion. However, the characteristics of enolase in Cryptosporidium parvum, including the location on the oocyst and the enzyme activity, remain unclear.

Methods

The C. parvum enolase gene (cpeno) was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence was analysed by bioinformatics software. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and purified recombinant protein was used for enzyme activity analysis, binding experiments and antibody preparation. The localisation of enolase on oocysts was examined via immunofluorescence techniques.

Results

A 1,350 bp DNA sequence was amplified from cDNA taken from C. parvum oocysts. The deduced amino acids sequence of C. parvum enolase (CpEno) had 82.1% homology with Cryptosporidium muris enolase, and 54.7–68.0% homology with others selected species. Western blot analysis indicated that recombinant C. parvum enolase (rCpEno) could be recognised by C. parvum-infected cattle sera. Immunolocalization testing showed that CpEno was found to locate mainly on the surface of oocysts. The enzyme activity was 33.5 U/mg, and the Michaelis constant (Km) was 0.571 mM/l. Kinetic measurements revealed that the most suitable pH value was 7.0–7.5, and there were only minor effects on the activity of rCpEno with a change in the reaction temperature. The enzyme activity decreased when the Ca2+, K+, Mg2+ and Na+ concentrations of the reaction solution increased. The binding assays demonstrated that rCpEno could bind to human plasminogen.

Conclusion

This study is the first report of immunolocation, binding activity and enzyme characteristics of CpEno. The results of this study suggest that the surface-associated CpEno not only functions as a glycolytic enzyme but may also participate in attachment and invasion process of the parasite.

Keywords

Background

Cryptosporidium is an important zoonotic protozoan with a wide range of hosts, including humans and various animals. The main symptoms of cryptosporidiosis are diarrhoea, which can be fatal [1]. Cryptosporidium is the second most serious diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries after rotavirus [2]. According to the World Health Organization, there are nearly eight million annual deaths of children under 5 years of age caused by diarrhoea [3].

Currently, no effective vaccine or drug has been found to prevent this disease, so it is important to identify specific target antigens and better understand the host immune response to the parasite. Nowadays, many moonlighting proteins in Cryptosporidium have been found to play an important role in parasite adhesion and invasion. For example, C. parvum elongation factor 1α (EF-1α), a novel protein associated with host cell invasion could be a candidate vaccine antigen against cryptosporidiosis [4]. Cryptosporidium parvum Clec (CpClec), a novel mucin-like glycoprotein, contains a C-type lectin domain (CTLD) and localised to the surface of the apical region, maybe playing a significant role in Cryptosporidium-host cell interactions [5].

Unlike other apicomplexan parasites, such as Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium lacks many of the pharmacological targets, and no mitochondrial genome has been found [6]. Energy metabolism is a necessary process of biological survival, and the main way to obtain energy in the majority of higher organisms is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and β-oxidation process [7]. However, according to the complete genome sequence, these metabolic pathways are absent in C. parvum [8]. Therefore, the main energy pathway in C. parvum is probably glycolysis [9], so enzymes involved in the glycolytic pathway may be potential targets for therapeutic agents.

As a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, enolase can catalyse the reversible interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PGA) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), which exist in many species. Many studies have clarified that enolase is a highly conserved and multifunctional protein in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes [10]. It has been localised in the cytoplasm, cell surface and nucleus of various mammalian cells [11]. According to previous reports, enolase has many moonlighting functions [12–19]. For example, enolase can be displayed on the surface of several kinds of cells including certain tumour cells and act as a plasminogen binding receptor, which promotes tissue invasion and dissemination through the body [12–17]. Enolase in the RNA degradosome plays a crucial role in the rapid decay of glucose transporter mRNA in response to phosphosugar stress in Escherichia coli [18]. In Arabidopsis thaliana, enolase can bind to the zinc finger protein gene and impair cold-responsive gene transcription [19]. Nuclear regulatory functions exist in the T. gondii enolase that may involve changes in chromatin structure [20]. In P. falciparum, biliverdin (BV) can target enolase and eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF2α) to reduce the intraerythrocytic development of the parasite [21]. In Cryptosporidium spp., several sequences of enolase genes have been published, including that for C. hominis (GenBank XM_663094), C. muris (GenBank NW_002196570) and C. parvum (GenBank XM_626138). However, to our knowledge, until now there was no related report concerning the characteristics and functions of enolase in Cryptosporidium spp. The aim of the present study was to investigate the localisation, binding activity, enzymatic activity and factors that may influence the activity of enolase in C. parvum.

Methods

Parasite multiplication and purification

The Iowa isolate oocysts of C. parvum were purchased from Waterborne Inc. (New Orleans, LA, USA) and multiplied in newborn Holstein bull calves in our laboratory. Oocysts from the faeces were concentrated with Sheather’s sucrose flotation as previously described by Chen et al. [22] and purified by discontinuous sucrose gradients [23]. All the purified oocysts were stored in 2.5% potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution at 4 °C and used for RNA extraction or immunofluorescence assay within 1 month.

Gene amplification, sequence and phylogenetic analysis

Total RNA was extracted from freshly isolated oocysts of C. parvum using TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and precipitated with isopropanol, rinsed with 70% ethanol, then finally dissolved in 20 μl of RNase-free water. RNA integrity was checked in 1.0% agarose gels and concentration was tested by NanoDrop 2000C (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA, USA) by reading extinction values at 260/280 nm. The total RNA was reversely transcribed into cDNA by a PrimeScript™ II Reverse Transcriptase kit according to the manufacture’s protocol (Takara, Dalian, China).

Polyclonal antibody production

New Zealand rabbits were purchased from Slack Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China). Before immunisation, faeces were collected from the rabbits for 3 days to check for Cryptosporidium spp. infection. One millilitre of purified rCpEno (1 mg/ml) emulsified with the same dose of Freund’s complete adjuvant (Sigma-Aldrich) was injected once into the Cryptosporidium spp. free rabbits, and then 1 ml rCpEno (1 mg/ml) emulsified with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (Sigma-Aldrich) was injected the next two times at 2-week intervals. Blood samples were collected, and the titers of rabbit antiserum against rCpEno were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA plate wells were coated with purified rCpEno (2 μg/ml) and incubated overnight at 4 °C. Rabbit muscle enolase (Sigma-Aldrich) was used as a negative control in this experiment. Then the plate wells were blocked with skim milk in PBST (Tween 0.05%) at 37 °C for 1 h. Rabbit anti-C. parvum enolase antibody with different concentrations were added to the wells and finally incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antisera (Sigma-Aldrich). Reactions were developed with tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate solution (Sigma-Aldrich) and terminated with 2 M H2SO4. The values of OD450 were read by an automated ELISA reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA).

Protein immunolocalization in oocysts

Immunolocalization of enolase in C. parvum oocysts was analysed as previously described by Paluszynski et al. [27] with minor modifications. Briefly, 50 μl of the purified oocysts (approximately 105 oocysts/ml) were added to pre-cleaned glass slides and air-dried. Then, the slides were fixed with 4% absolute paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 min at room temperature. Oocysts were permeabilized with 1% Triton X-100 in 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 15 min and blocked with 1% BSA overnight. The slides were incubated with polyclonal antibodies specific for rCpEno (1:100 dilution in 1% BSA) and washed three times in PBS. Negative controls were treated in the same way but using BSA and pre-immunization antisera. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG as secondary antibody (1:1,000 dilution in 1% BSA) (Life Technologies, NY, USA) was added to the slides and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. After washing three times with PBS, 4’,6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Life Technologies) was used to label nuclei for 15 min at 4 °C. The slides were observed by a Nikon Eclipse 80i fluorescence microscope with a DS-Fi1 colour cooled digital camera (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).

Enzyme activity and kinetic assay

The enzyme activities of rCpEno were determined by measuring the conversion of 2-PGA (Sigma-Aldrich) to PEP (Sigma-Aldrich) at 25 °C, pH 7.4 as described by Han et al. [28] with minor modifications. In brief, 1 mM 2-PGA was added to a 2 ml reaction system, and 20 μg rCpEno was added to the reaction buffer. PEP release values were monitored by NanoDrop 2000C at 240 nm for 40 s intervals in 10 min. As the experiment control, rabbit muscle enolase (positive control) and BSA (negative control) were used in place of rCpEno for the assay.

For the enzyme kinetics research of rCpEno, different concentrations of 2-PGA (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 1.75 and 2.0 mM) were added to the reaction buffer. Then, 20 μg rCpEno was added for the assay. The production of PEP was tested at an absorbance value of 240 nm at 1 min intervals for 10 min. The Michaelis constant (Km) and the maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) for rCpEno were determined from double-reciprocal Lineweaver-Burk plots.

Effects of pH, temperature and metal ions on enolase activity

The effects of external factors on the enzyme activity of rCpEno were tested under the following conditions. For the power of hydrogen effects, different pH values (5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0 and 8.5) were used for the assay at room temperature. To examine the effect of reaction temperature, rCpEno activity was tested at 4 °C, 22 °C, 37 °C and 46 °C at pH 7.4. For the metal ions influence, different concentrations of Ca2+ (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mM), K+ (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mM), Mg2+ (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mM) and Na+ (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mM) were measured at 25 °C, pH 7.4. Enolase activities in each of the above tests were compared under the same condition involving 1.0 mM 2-PGA substrate and 20 μg of rCpEno in a 2 ml reaction system. All experiments were repeated three times.

Binding activity of rCpEno to human plasminogen

ELISA plate binding assay was used to determine the binding activity of rCpEno to human plasminogen as described by Bao et al. [16]. Briefly, 10 μg/well of purified rCpEno was added into 96-well plate and incubated at 4 °C overnight. BSA (10 μg/well) was used as a negative control. After being washed three times with PBST, the plate wells were blocked with 5% skim milk (Oxoid) in PBST at 37 °C for 2 h. After washing, different concentrations of human plasminogen (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 μg/ml in PBST) (Merck Millipore) were added to each well and incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. Then the plates were incubated with rabbit anti-plasminogen polyclonal antibody (100 μl/well, 1: 3,000) (Abcam, MA, USA) at 37 °C for 1.5 h. After washing three times with PBST, the plate wells were incubated with goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (100 μl/well, 1: 5,000) (Sigma-Aldrich) at 37 °C for 1 h. Finally, the colour reaction was performed by adding soluble TMB substrate solution and terminated with 2 M H2SO4. Absorbance at OD450 was read using a spectrophotometer (BioTek).

Statistical analysis

Antibody levels and enolase activities were performed using GraphPad Prism 6.0 software for Windows (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA), and the data in this study were the mean values ± standard deviations. The significance analysis of differences between 0 mM metal ions and other concentrations at the same time point were analysed by IBM SPSS Statistics V21.0 for Windows (International Business Machines Corp, New York, USA). The differences were considered significant when P < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA test.

Alignment of amino acid sequence of CpEno and other species. The GenBank Accession nos. of these species are as follows: C. parvum (XM_626138), C. muris (XM_002139230), E. tenella (AF353515), T. gondii ENO2 (AY155668), T. annulata (HQ646253), N. caninum (XM_003883950), P. falciparum (U00152), A. thaliana (AF424603) and Human gamma-2 enolase (M22349). Similar to A. thaliana, a plant-like five-amino-acid sequence was present in apicomplexan parasites (shown in the red box) and was not found in the human sequence. The Mg2+ binding motifs are shown in a blue box, substrate-binding motifs are shown in a green box, plasminogen binding motifs are shown in a black box, and the enolase signature is underlined in red

CpEno also had a plant-like five-amino-acid sequence (EYGFT) between sites 108 to 112, which was similar to others apicomplexan parasites (Fig. 1). Using online server analysis, CpEno showed a high degree of conservation with other species, including full conservation of the Mg2+ binding motifs (S41, D255, E304 and D331), substrate-binding motifs (H168, E220, K356, 384HRS386 and K407) and the enolase signature (353LLLKVNQIGSVTEA366) (Fig. 1). Similar to the Streptococcus pneumonia enolase amino acid sequence (248FYDKERKVY256) [14], a plasminogen binding motif (261FFVEDKKCY269) was also found in CpEno and other species (Fig 1).

Phylogenetic analysis showed that the C. parvum enolase sequence was closest to C. muris, and then other apicomplexan protozoa. All of them located in the same branch. In all selected animals, CpEno had a closer relationship with nematodes, tapeworms, flukes and mammals (human and rabbit) than with flagellate protozoa and bacteria (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2

Phylogenetic analysis of CpEno with other enolase sequences. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method by MEGA 7 software. The percentages of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. The analysis involved 23 amino acid sequences, and all the apicomplexan protozoa located in the same branch (red box)

Expression and Western blot analysis

Using T4 DNA ligase (TaKaRa), cpeno was ligated into the pET-28a (+) vector and the recombinant plasmid was transformed into competent E. coli BL21 (DE3) to express the recombinant fusion protein after inducing with IPTG. The protein was analysed by SDS-PAGE and purified by Ni-NTA His Bind Resin affinity. Coomassie staining of the gels showed that most rCpEno remained within the supernatant (Additional file 2: Figure S2, Lanes 3 and 4), as well as a single band of 52.5 kDa protein, in agreement with the expected molecular mass including the 6 × His-tagged recombinant polypeptide (Additional file 2: Figure S2, Lanes 5 and 6). The recombinant protein was further characterised by Western blot detection with His-Tag mouse mAb and positive serum isolated from Cryptosporidium infected cattle (1:200) (Additional file 3: Figure S3). The results confirmed the recombinant protein could react with the two antibodies tested. In contrast, the induced pET28a (+) plasmid transformed E. coli BL21 (DE3) did not react with the positive serum or His-Tag mouse mAb.

Anti-rCpEno polyclonal antibody preparation

Purified rCpEno was used to generate rabbit polyclonal antisera. One week after the third immunisation, the reactivity and specificity of antibodies were tested by ELISA and western blot. The antibody titer of immune serum was more than 1/102,400. At that dilution, the optical density (OD) of immune sera was also higher than 2.0. While using rabbit muscle enolase as a negative control, no reaction was found when the dilution of immune serum was more than 1:6400 (Fig. 3a). A single band of about 52.5 kDa was recognised by immune serum using Western blot assay, and the induced pET28a (+) plasmid transformed E. coli BL21 (DE3) did not react with the immune serum (Fig. 3b).

Fig. 3

Polyclonal antibody detection of rCpEno immune serum. Rabbit polyclonal antisera were collected after the third immunisation. The reactivity and specificity of antibodies were tested by ELISA (a) and Western blot (b). A series of diluted antibodies were examined for their specific binding activity to either rCpEno or rabbit muscle enolase (negative control). A good antibody titer was detected when the dilution multiple was higher than 1/102,400, and a 52.5 kDa specific band was observed by western blot assay. Data shown are the mean values ± standard deviations

The localisation of CpEno in C. parvum oocyst

Freshly collected oocysts of C. parvum were fixed and treated with rabbit anti-rCpEno sera. The detected proteins were visualised by fluorescence microscopy using FITC-labelled secondary antisera against rabbit immunoglobulins. Clear signals were found surrounding the oocysts incubated with rabbit anti-rCpEno serum indicating that the protein localised on the surface (Fig. 4a). No signals were obtained after treatment of the slide with BSA (Fig. 4b) or pre-immunization antisera (data not shown).

Fig. 4

Immunolocalization of enolase in C. parvum oocysts. Oocysts were incubated with rabbit anti-enolase serum (a) and a BSA (negative control) (b). Enolases were located on the surface of oocysts (a), and no signals were found with BSA (b). Different fluorescent probes were used, rabbit anti-CpEno (green) and DAPI (nuclear marker) (blue). Arrows indicate C. parvum oocysts. Scale-bars: 5 μm

Enzyme activity and effects of pH, temperature and metal ions

The enzyme activity of rCpEno was detected by NanoDrop 2000C at 240 nm by increasing the amount of 2-PGA to PEP. The activity of rCpEno in catalysing the conversion of 2-PGA to PEP was lower than rabbit muscle enolase; however, almost no reaction was detected in BSA (Fig. 5a). Kinetic measurements using 2- PGA as the substrate gave a specific activity of 33.5 U/mg. A Michaelis-Menten plot was fitted to the equation V = VmaxS/(S + Km), and the Km for the forward reaction was 0.571 mM/l, the Vmax was 0.054 mM/l · min (Fig. 5b).

Fig. 5

Enzymatic characterization of rCpEno. a Enzymatic activity of rCpEno was determined by measuring the conversion of 2-PGA to PEP. The absorbance value of rCpEno at 240 nm was lower than rabbit muscle enolase (positive control), and nearly no value was detected in BSA (negative control) at the same time point. b Enzyme kinetic research of rCpEno. The conversion rate (V) of 2-PGA (S) to PEP was measured at 240 nm using 20 μg of rCpEno and various concentrations of 2-PGA (0.125–2 mM). Km and Vmax for rCpEno were determined as 0.571 mM/l and 0.054 mM/l · min, respectively, using a Lineweaver-Burk double-reciprocal plot

Effect of pH and temperature on the catalytic/enzymatic activity of rCpEno. Various pH (5.5–8.5) and temperature (4 °C, 22 °C, 37 °C and 46 °C) were determined to measure enzymatic activities using 20 μg of rCpEno at 240 nm. The maximal enzymatic reactivity of rCpEno occurred at pH 7.0 to 7.5 (a), and minor effects were found at temperatures from 4 °C to 46 °C (b)

Fig. 7

Effect of metal ions on the catalytic/enzymatic activity of rCpEno. Different concentrations of metal ions (Ca2+, K+, Mg2+ and Na+) (a, b, c and d) were measured at room temperature and pH 7.4. The reaction mixtures consisted of 20 μg purified rCpEno and one mM 2-PGA. The enzymatic activities of rCpEno were inhibited with increased concentrations of metal ions (P < 0.05). However, low concentrations of Mg2+ had almost no influence on enzyme activity (P > 0.05). The experiments were performed in triplicate, and the data shown are the mean values ± standard deviations

Binding assay of rCpEno to human plasminogen

An ELISA experiment confirmed that rCpEno could bind to human plasminogen in a dose-dependent pattern. BSA showed no interaction with human plasminogen (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8

Binding activity of rCpEno to human plasminogen. The binding ability of rCpEno to human plasminogen was tested by ELISA. CpEno could bind to human plasminogen, and the binding activities of rCpEno were raised along with the concentrations of plasminogen increasing. BSA was not able to bind to human plasminogen

Discussion

Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the most common species in the genus to infect mammalian intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) with the onset of diarrhoea as a remarkable characteristic [29]. Genome sequencing and biochemical data have revealed that C. parvum lacks many mitochondrial proteins, including those required for the TCA cycle, fatty acid oxidation [8]. However, some essential metabolic pathways are still present in C. parvum. Glycolysis as the source of energy and carbon seems to play an important role in these pathways [30]. In addition to being an essential glycolytic enzyme, several studies have shown that enolase is a multifunctional protein, which participates in many important processes, such as motility, adhesion, invasion, differentiation, development and gene regulation in protozoa, including E. tenella [31, 32], Entamoeba histolytica [33], Giardia lamblia [34], Leishmania donovani [35], Plasmodium spp. [21, 36–48], T. gondii [20, 49, 50], Trypanosoma spp. [51] and Trichomonas vaginalis [52]. However, to our knowledge, the location and characteristics of C. parvum enolase are still unclear.

The complete encoding gene of CpEno was amplified from C. parvum cDNA and sequenced in this study. Sequence analysis showed that CpEno had 82.1% identity with C. muris enolase, a high degree of conservation with apicomplexan parasites (from 66.8 to 68.0% sequence identity), and 54.7 to 65.2% with other species. CpEno also has many conserved sites, such as metal- and substrate-binding motifs and an enolase signature which is similar to that in Schistosoma bovis and Ornithodoros moubata [53, 54], indicating that this protein is conserved in different phylum in the animal kingdom.

Sequence and phylogenetic analysis also showed that CpEno and other apicomplexan protozoa enolases were located in the same branch, and shared a plant-like pentapeptide insert (i.e. C. parvum106EYGFT110, C. muris103EYGYN107, E. tenella103EWGWS107, N. caninum103EWGYS107, P. falciparum104EWGWS108, T. annulata103EWGYC107, T. gondii ENO1 103EWGYS107 and T. gondii ENO2 103EWGWC107) [31, 55–59], which is more closely related to plant enolase (i.e. A. thaliana103EWGYC107) than to the mammalian counterpart. Many studies have reported that this site is important for activities of enolases in apicomplexan protozoa. Vora et al. [39] found that deletion of this insert resulted in a 100-fold decrease of full enzyme activity and caused dissociation of the dimeric form into monomers in P. falciparum. A similar deletion provoked a decrease of substrate affinity in T. gondii ENO1 [57]. Recent studies showed that this motif could stabilise P. falciparum enolase in an active form and was also a protective antigenic epitope [46, 47]. Mukherjee et al. reported that a deletion variant Δ-rPfeno (P. falciparum enolase lacking insert sequence 104EWGWS108) was incapable of binding to PWWP (a conserved motif of the ookinete sequence) peptides, implying that this insert was involved in mosquito midgut invasion [48]. Because this unique region is absent in human enolase, it may be a potential drug target site for inhibitor design. However, the function of this insert in CpEno needs further studies.

According to the C. parvum genome sequence (http://cryptodb.org/cryptodb/), we found that CpEno was a single gene, which was similar to most studies of apicomplexan parasites, such as E. tenella [31], Plasmodium spp. [37, 43, 55], T. annulata [59], and was in contrast to studies of T. gondii enolase which reported two stage-specific glycolytic enolases, ENO1 and ENO2 [20, 56, 57].

With regards to environmental effect factors, rCpEno showed a stable temperature characteristic. Minor effects were observed on enzyme activity at different temperatures which were similar to some other species, such as Brucella abortus and Schistosoma japonicum [28, 61]. In addition, the most suitable pH value for rCpEno was 7.0–7.5, this result was consistent with previous studies showing that maximal enolase activity was observed at pH 7.4–7.6 in P. falciparum and pH 7.2 ± 0.1 in T. gondii [57, 60]. Compared with 0 mM salt ions (Ca2+, K+, Mg2+ and Na+), the enzyme activity was inhibited by increasing concentrations of metal ions (P < 0.05) while there was no obvious difference at 25 mM Mg2+ compared with 0 mM Mg2+ at the same time point (P > 0.05), which implied that low concentrations of Mg2+ (25 mM) had almost no effect on enzyme activity. This result was different with a study in P. falciparum by Pal-Bhowmick et al. [60] who reported the activity of P. falciparum enolase was inhibited by Na+, whereas K+ had a slight activating effect. They also found that low concentrations of Mg2+ had apparent activation effect and high concentrations had an inhibitory effect [60]. Previous research showed that Ca2+ was a “nonactivating” metal ion which inhibited the enzyme activity by replacing the catalytic Mg2+ ions [62]. In yeast enolase, two binding sites of Mg2+ have been reported, site I is a conformational site that could induce structural changes, and site II is a catalytic site that could promote catalytic activity [62, 63]. In Trypanosoma brucei enolase, another Mg2+ binding site had been reported, which was a low-affinity site involved in inhibition [64]. However, the function of Mg2+ binding sites in CpEno are still unclear, and there is a need for further crystal structure studies of CpEno. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the catalytic activity, reaction constant and effect factors for C. parvum enolase.

High titers of specific antibodies were induced after three immunisations with rCpEno, and good reactogenicity and immunogenicity were seen by ELISA and western blot. Using the antisera as a primary antibody, surface localisation of enolase on oocysts was revealed by fluorescence microscopy, which was consistent with previous studies in Plasmodium spp. where enolase located on the cell surface [36–38, 43]. However, in E. tenalla and T. gondii, enolases were also found in the nucleus [31, 49]. Due to the low number of fresh oocysts acquired for this research, the specific localisation of CpEno on sporozoites is still unclear. Further experiments on this aspect need to be further performed in the future.

Given the paucity of therapeutic drugs and the lack of effective vaccines, it is important to identify and characterise the specific surface molecules mediating attachment and invasion of the parasite into host cells [30]. Membrane proteins are involved in various critical biological processes [65], which are believed to mediate attachment and invasion of Cryptosporidium. In the present study, our first identification of CpEno on the surface by immunofluorescence examinations indicates that this protein may be a membrane-related protein. This was also confirmed in our laboratory when identifying membrane proteins of C. parvum sporozoites (unpublished). Therefore, along with a role as an essential glycolytic enzyme, CpEno may be involved in the attachment and/or invasion of IECs as in other organisms, including some apicomplexan protozoa. Previous studies have reported that enolase is one of the most frequent surface-localized glycolytic enzymes in many species, such as Borrelia burgdorferi, G. duodenalis, Leishmania mexicana, Mycoplasma bovis, M. synoviae S. bovis, S. japonicum, Streptococcus pneumoniae, T. vaginalis and Vibrio parahaemolyticus [12–17, 34, 52, 53, 61, 66]. In these pathogens, surface enolase plays an important role in host-pathogen interactions by binding plasminogen and is also possibly involved in pathogen invasion. In this study, a plasminogen binding assay showed that rCpEno could bind to human plasminogen, in agreement with studies on other species [12–17, 52, 53]. This suggests that rCpEno may participate as a parasitic virulence factor for Cryptosporidium parvum.

The publication of the C. parvum genome has enhanced our understanding on the parasite, but the function of a specific gene study was hindered for a long period in the past by the lack of a C. parvum long-term culture in vitro and a missing toolbox for genetic manipulation [67]. It is encouraging that the first system for genetic modification of Cryptosporidium was described, and a stable C. parvum transgenic line was established through a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 system [68]. Using this system, research into the functions of enolase in C. parvum will be achieved through genetic manipulation and will help us deeply understand the role of enolase in the relationship between the parasite and host.

Conclusions

In summary, a 1,350 bp enolase encoding gene was amplified from C. parvum cDNA and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) to produce a recombinant protein rCpEno with a molecular weight of 52.5 kDa. Enzyme activity analysis showed that the reaction activity of rCpEno of converting 2-PGA to PEP was 33.5 U/mg and the most suitable pH value was 7.0–7.5. The Km and Vmax were 0.571 mM/l and 0.054 mM/l · min, respectively. The activities were inhibited with an increased concentration of metal ions, but minor effects were detected with temperature changes. Immunofluorescence assay showed that rCpEno localised on the surface of oocysts. The binding assay demonstrated that rCpEno could bind to human plasminogen with a dose-dependent pattern. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the characteristics, binding activity and localisation of C. parvum enolase. The surface localisation of C. parvum enolase implied that it is not only a glycolytic enzyme but also participates in other processes of the parasite.

Abbreviations

2-PGA:

2-phosphoglycerate

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

CpEno:

C. parvum enolase

cpeno
:

C. parvum enolase gene

CRISPR:

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat

DAB:

3,3’-diaminobenzidine

DAPI:

4’,6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

FITC:

Fluorescein isothiocyanate

HRP:

Horseradish peroxidase

IECs:

Intestinal epithelial cells

IPTG:

Isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside

Km
:

Michaelis constant

OD:

Optical density

PBS:

Phosphate buffer saline

PBST:

Phosphate buffer saline (Tween 0.05%)

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PEP:

Phosphoenolpyruvate

rCpEno:

Recombinant C. parvum enolase

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

SDS-PAGE:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid

TMB:

Tetramethylbenzidine

Vmax
:

Maximum reaction velocity

Declarations

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Dr Zhenquan Jia from Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro for his revision the draft of this paper.

Funding

This study was supported in part by Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program, China (Grant No. 20150110), National Risk Assessment Project for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products (Grant No. GJFP201700703), Opening Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology (Grant No. SKLVEB2013KFKT017), Basic Foundation for Scientific Research of State-level Public Welfare Institutes of China (Grant No.2016JB13 and 2013JB13), and Foundation of the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Grant No. SHVRI-ASTIP-2016-9).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets supporting the conclusions in this article are included within the article.

Authors’ contributions

ZC designed the study and revised the manuscript. RM and XY performed the whole experiments and drafted the manuscript. YH and KL participated the animal immunisation and parasites collection. LC and XH participated protein immunolocalization. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval

Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. During the whole experimental process, all used protocols were consistent with the rules for Animal Care of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The approval number of Animal Ethics Committee were shvri-co-0002 (cattle) and shvri-ro-0888 (rabbit).

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