water

Water is the most important liquid on Earth. It covers almost 75 percent of Earth’s surface in the form of oceans, rivers, and lakes. All plants and animals need water to live.

People have many uses for water besides drinking. They use it for washing and cooking. They use it to irrigate crops and lawns, to clean streets, and to operate air-conditioning units and heating systems. They also use the power of flowing water to produce electricity.

Water is made of tiny units called molecules, which are combinations of even smaller units called atoms. A molecule of water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The scientific formula for water is H2O.

Water can be found in three physical states: liquid, solid (ice), or gas (steam or vapor). The molecules in all three states are constantly moving. The speed of this movement determines water’s physical state. In ice, the water molecules vibrate but basically stay in place. In liquid water, the molecules move more quickly but stay near each other. In vapor, the molecules move so quickly that they fly away in all directions.

Heat causes water to change from one physical state to another. When ice is heated, the water molecules move faster and farther apart. This causes the ice to melt into liquid. When liquid water is heated, the molecules speed up even more. Molecules at the surface of the liquid begin to break loose and fly into the air. In this way the liquid evaporates, or becomes vapor.

This process also works in reverse. Cooling temperatures slow down the molecules so that vapor turns back into liquid. Very cold temperatures turn liquid into ice.

Boiling is the formation of bubbles of vapor inside liquid. As water boils, the bubbles of vapor rise to the surface and escape into the air. At most places on Earth, fresh water boils when it reaches 212 °F (100 °C). Once it reaches this temperature, the water cannot get any hotter. Any heat added to the water just causes more water to evaporate.

Freezing is the transformation of liquid water into ice. Fresh water freezes at 32 °F (0 °C). Water is lighter as a solid than as a liquid. This is why ice floats and why it forms on top of a lake instead of at the bottom. Water also expands when it freezes. This is why water pipes can burst on very cold nights. The water inside the pipes pushes outward as it turns into ice.

Water on Earth is always moving. It moves from Earth’s surface into the atmosphere and then returns to the surface. This movement is called the water cycle.

The Sun, air, and gravity work together to create the water cycle. Heat from the Sun causes water to evaporate from the surface of lakes, streams, oceans, and plants. The water vapor moves into the atmosphere. In the cool air high above the ground, the water vapor changes into droplets of water. Large groups of these droplets are called clouds. Gravity pulls the droplets back to Earth as rain. The rain falls into oceans and lakes, enters rivers, and seeps into the ground.

Some people may get their water straight from a river or a well. But in cities and towns there are systems that provide water to residents and businesses. Water supply systems also provide water for irrigation, industry, and waste removal. Water supply systems usually collect, deliver, purify, store, and distribute water. Water supply systems are called waterworks. They consist of a pumping station and a water treatment system. Some cities get water by pumping it from a lake, a river, or ponds. Others pump their water from wells. Water is carried underground in large pipes, or mains, to all parts of a city or town. The water treatment system removes all impurities from the water before sending it into the mains for general use.

Some people do not live near lakes or other sources of fresh water. They may live near oceans or seas, but seawater is full of salt. In fact, it contains so much salt, or sodium chloride, that it cannot be consumed by humans. However, the sodium chloride can be removed from salt water in a process called desalination. Water that has been desalinated can be used by humans for drinking, irrigation, and other purposes. Desalination is very expensive, so it is only used where fresh water is not readily available. Desalted water is the main source of drinking water in many areas of the world.

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