American Nurseryman, Jan 2010

american nurseryman 33 january 2010 cent solution). After treatment applica-tion, the four replicates were placed under mist. Germination was recorded six, eight, 12, 14, 16 and 18 days after treatment. Liquid smoke treatment, regardless of dilution, enhanced germination for E. purpurea Bravado compared to the control through 12 days after treatment ( graph, bottom left ). Liquid smoke so-lutions of 12.5 percent, 25 percent and 50 percent had greater germination 14, 16 and 18 days after treatment than ei- ther the control or the 100 percent liquid smoke treatment, which had similar ger-mination numbers. Study No. 3. Seed germination of the members of Echinacea generally is more uniform after 30 days of cold stratifica-tion. The researchers wanted to evalu-ate whether liquid smoke could have an effect of satisfying or reducing this cold stratification requirement. Four species of Echinacea native to different regions of North America were selected  E. pal-lida , E. angustifolia , E. tennesseensis and E. purpurea Bravado. Seed treatments included control, cold strati cation, liq-uid smoke application and cold stratifi-cation/liquid smoke application. Cold strati cation consisted of 20 days at 36°. Liquid smoke was applied at 100 ml/m2 as previously described. Germina-tion was recorded daily  from eight days to 21 days after treatment  for all spe-cies. All data is reported in the graphs on page 34 . Cold strati cation of E. purpurea Bra-vado had the greatest effect on stimulat-ing germination during the first 11 days of the study. The liquid smoke treatment was similar after 11 days, and all treat- ments were similar after 15 days. Cold stratification treatment of E. tennesseen-sis produced the fastest germination through the first 17 days. Liquid smoke treatment was similar after 19 days. All treatments produced greater germination percentages when compared to the un-treated control. All treatments of E. pal-lida were similar through the ninth day. The untreated control and liquid smoke treatments had the greatest germination percentages through the remainder of the study. Cold stratification treatments had an inhibitory effect on germination, re-gardless of liquid smoke treatment. There were no treatment differences for E. an-gustifolia throughout the study. Study No. 4. The last experiment was a germination screening of 45 species of herbaceous perennials in response to treatment with liquid smoke at 100 ml/m2. Germination was recorded daily rates: 0 (control), 50 milliliters per square meter (ml/m2), 100 ml/m2, 200 ml/m2 or 400 ml/m2. After treatment application, the plug trays were placed under mist. Germina- tion was recorded seven, nine, 12, 16, 19 and 21 days after treatment. Germination was positively in uenced by liquid smoke. Beginning nine days after treatment ap-plication, germination was greatest in the 100 ml/m2 treatment. The 50 ml/m2 and 200 ml/m2 treatments were similar to the control and 400 ml/m2 treatments, as well as the optimum 100 ml/m2 treatment ( graph, above ). Study No. 2. The next study evaluated the previous liquid smoke treatments applied in equal application volumes of 200 ml/ m2. Treatment rates included 0 (control), 25 ml/m2 (12.5 percent solution), 50 ml/ m2 (25 percent solution), 100 ml/m2 (50 percent solution) or 200 ml/m2 (100 per-The following is a summary of work  conducted by researchers at Tennessee Technological University, Cooke ville; Il-linois State University, Normal; and con-tinuing at the Mississippi State University Coastal Research and Extension Cen-ter, Biloxi  to evaluate the use of liquid smoke on the germination of an herba-ceous perennial species having erratic germination. Several studies were con-ducted in which Echinacea (coneflower)  an herbaceous owering perennial ge-nus exhibiting erratic germination charac-teristics (seven to 21 days)  was chosen as the model plant. Study No. 1. The first study was con-ducted to evaluate treatment rates of liq-uid smoke and subsequent germination of E. purpurea Bravado. A liquid smoke product was applied to E. purpurea Bra-vado seed sown into 128-cell plug trays using a hand sprayer at the following Germination response of Echinacea purpurea Bravado to liquid smoke applied at ve dif-ferent rates Germination response of Echinacea purpurea Bravado applied at ve different rates using an application volume of 200 ml/m2Study No. 1 Study No. 2 Days after treatment7912161921Germination percentage0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Control 50 ml/m2100 ml/m2200 ml/m2400 ml/m2 Days after treatment6812141618Germination percentage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Control 200 ml/m2100 ml/m250 ml/m225 ml/m2 P r o p a g a t i o n 0 1 1 0 . i n d d 3 3 Propagation 0110.indd 33 1 2 / 8 / 0 9 4 : 4 4 : 2 7 P M 12/8/09 4:44:27 PM

View the Covers and the Table of Contents pages from every issue of this publication, all gathered together for easy browsing. Just flip pages and zoom as you normally do to see each issue's Cover and Table of Contents, then follow links directly to interesting content.