Prevent mosquito bites to avoid West Nile virus

The mosquito-borne West Nile virus has made its usual seasonal appearance across the United States. Mosquitoes in Virginia have tested positive for the disease, and the state Health Department reported two cases in adults in northwestern and southwestern areas this week. There has not been a case of an infected person in Hampton Roads for several years.

In its most severe form, the virus can cause permanent neurological damage; other severe symptoms that may last weeks can include high fever, headache, neck stiffness, disorientation, coma, convulsions, muscle weakness, vision loss, numbness and paralysis.

However, the vast majority of people have no symptoms at all. Others, about 20 percent of those infected, have mild symptoms for a few days, such as fever, headache, and body aches, nausea and sometimes swollen lymph glands or a skin rash on the chest, stomach and back.

The most effective way to avoid West Nile virus is to take measures to prevent mosquito bites, which are the most common cause of infection. Mosquitoes contract the virus from birds and people are therefore advised not to touch dead birds with their bare hands.

The Virginia Department of Health recommends a two-pronged approach to bite prevention: removing mosquito-friendly habitat, such as standing water, and using repellent correctly. That includes using products with the smallest effective amount of DEET, or using plant-based oil of lemon eucalyptus. To apply, adults should spray it on their hands before applying to the face and other exposed areas of skin; they should also apply it for children.

In a very small number of cases, according to the CDC, West Nile virus has also been spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, breastfeeding and even during pregnancy from mother to baby. If concerned about symptoms, pregnant women and nursing mothers are encouraged to consult their doctors. Those 50 and older are most at risk from the virus.

Symptoms emerge between three and 14 days after a bite. Other than intravenous fluids, there's no treatment for the illness and only severe cases require medical treatment.

Prevent mosquito bites

• Outdoors, use insect repellent containing an EPA-registered active ingredient. • Many mosquitoes are most active at dusk and dawn. Use insect repellent and wear long sleeves and pants at these times or consider staying indoors during these hours.

• Have good screens on windows and doors to keep mosquitoes out.

• Standing water attracts mosquitoes. Empty water from flower pots, buckets, barrels etc. Change the water in pet dishes and replace the water in bird baths weekly. Drill holes in tire swings to drain water. Empty wading pools and keep on their sides when not in use.

This information is from the Centers for Disease Control. For more information, call the hotline at 888-246-2675 (English), 888-246-2857 (Español), or 866-874-2646 (TTY).