More Greenland glaciers threatened by climate change than previously thought

More Greenland glaciers threatened by climate change than previously thought

1 November 2017

Joint Release

An aerial view of the Greenland ice sheet taken in September 1992. New research finds two to four times as many of Greenland’s coastal glaciers are at risk of accelerated melting due to climate change as previously thought.Credit: Hannes Grobe, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (Own work), CC BY-SA 2.5

WASHINGTON D.C. — New maps of Greenland’s coastal seafloor and bedrock beneath its massive ice sheet show that two to four times as many coastal glaciers are at risk of accelerated melting due to climate change as previously thought.

In a new study, researchers at the University of California at Irvine (UCI), NASA and 30 other institutions have published the most comprehensive, accurate and high-resolution relief maps ever made of Greenland’s bedrock and coastal seafloor. The new study was published today in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union.

The top 200 meters (600 feet) of ocean water around Greenland comes from the Arctic and is relatively cold. But the water below 200 meters comes from farther south and is 3 to 4 degrees Celsius (6 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the water above. The new maps reveal that two to four times more oceanfront glaciers extend deeper than 200 meters below sea level than earlier maps showed. This means more deeper-seated glaciers are exposed to this warmer water, which melts them more rapidly.

The research team used the new maps to refine their estimate of Greenland’s total volume of ice and its potential to add to global sea level rise, if the ice were to melt completely, which is not expected to occur within the next few hundred years. Their results suggest Greenland’s contribution to future sea level rise is 7.42 meters (24.34 feet), 7 centimeters (2.76 inches) higher than previous estimates.

“These results suggest that Greenland’s ice is more threatened by changing climate than we had anticipated,” said Josh Willis, OMG principal investigator and researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, who was not involved in producing the new maps.

New maps of Greenland’s coastal seafloor and bedrock beneath its massive ice sheet taken by an ice sheet mapper called BedMachine. The map on the left shows Greenland’s topography from 1,500 meters (5,000 feet) below sea level to 1,500 meters above sea level. The map on the right shows regions below sea level (light pink) that are connected to the ocean and maintain a depth below 200 meters (600 feet) (dark pink), and that are continuously deeper than 300 m below sea level (dark red). The thin white line shows the current ice sheet extent.Credit: AGU/GRL/UC Irvine.

Among the many data sources incorporated into the new maps is data from NASA’s Ocean Melting Greenland (OMG) campaign. Mathieu Morlighem, an Earth systems scientist at UCI in Irvine, California and lead author of the new study, had demonstrated in an earlier paper that data from OMG’s survey of the shape and depth, or bathymetry, of the seafloor in Greenland’s fjords improved scientists’ understanding not only of the coastline, but of the bedrock inland beneath glaciers that flow into the ocean. That’s because the bathymetry at a glacier’s front limits the possibilities for the shape of bedrock farther upstream.

The nearer to the shoreline, the more valuable the bathymetry data are for understanding on-shore topography, Morlighem said. “What made OMG unique compared to other campaigns is that they got right into the fjords, as close as possible to the glacier fronts,” he said. “That’s a big help for bedrock mapping.” Additionally, the OMG campaign surveyed large sections of the Greenland coast for the first time ever. In fjords for which there are no data, it’s difficult to estimate how deep the glaciers extend below sea level.

A stretch of Greenland’s coastline as created by BedMachine before (top) and after (bottom) the inclusion of new OMG data. Credit: UC Irvine.

The OMG data are only one of many datasets Morlighem and his team used in the ice sheet mapper, called BedMachine. Another comprehensive source is NASA’s Operation IceBridge airborne surveys. IceBridge measures the ice sheet thickness directly along a plane’s flight path. This creates a set of long, narrow strips of data rather than a complete map of the ice sheet. Besides NASA, almost 40 other international collaborators also contributed various types of survey data on different parts of Greenland.

No survey, not even OMG, covers every glacier on Greenland’s long, convoluted coastline. To infer the bed topography in sparsely studied areas, BedMachine averages between existing data points using physical principles such as the conservation of mass.

On October 23, the five-year OMG campaign completed its second annual set of airborne surveys to measure, for the first time, the amount that warm water around the island is contributing to the loss of the Greenland ice sheet. Besides the one-time bathymetry survey, OMG is collecting annual measurements of the changing height of the ice sheet and the ocean temperature and salinity in more than 200 fjord locations. Morlighem looks forward to improving BedMachine’s maps with data from the airborne surveys.

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C. N. Williams: Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Now at British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham, United Kingdom;