united national independence front formed by the Korean nationalists and the Korean communists that was organized in 1927 to seek more concerted efforts toward winning Korea’s independence from Japan. The group attempted to encourage a national consciousness and promote anti-Japanese feeling. It sponsored studies of the Korean language, demanded freedom of thought, and supporte...

city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, about 85 miles (137 kilometres) north of the Equator. It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. The main island is separated from Peninsular Malaysia to the north by Johor Strai...

city, capital of the Republic of Singapore. It occupies the southern part of Singapore Island. Its strategic position on the strait between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea, complemented by its deepwater harbour, has made it the largest port in Southeast Asia and one of the world’s greatest commercial centres. The city, once a distinct entity, so came to d...

botanical garden in Singapore that is one of the world’s finest in terms of both its aesthetic appeal and the quality of its botanical collection. The garden has approximately 3,000 species of tropical and subtropical plants and a herbarium of about 500,000 preserved specimens. Much of the 31-hectare (80-acre) garden, which was founded by the British in the mid-19th century, was hewn out of the Ma...

...of the 1857–58 Indian Mutiny that blends a lively adventure narrative with an unmistakable critique of British Victorian values. Esteemed by critics, it won the Booker Prize. The Singapore Grip (1978), the final novel in the series, ambitiously recounts through both personal and political lenses the Battle of Singapore during World War II, in which the British......

Singapore Island originally was inhabited by fishermen and pirates, and it served as an outpost for the Sumatran empire of Srīvijaya. In Javanese inscriptions and Chinese records dating to the end of the 14th century, the more-common name of the island is Tumasik, or Temasek, from the Javanese word tasek (“sea”). Rajendra Chola I, ruler of......

city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, about 85 miles (137 kilometres) north of the Equator. It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. The main island is separated from Peninsular Malaysia to the north by Johor Strait, a narrow channel crossed by a road and......

city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, about 85 miles (137 kilometres) north of the Equator. It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. The main island is separated from Peninsular Malaysia to the north by Johor Strai...

city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, about 85 miles (137 kilometres) north of the Equator. It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. The main island is separated from Peninsular Malaysia to the north by Johor Strai...

channel extending for 65 miles (105 km) between the Strait of Malacca (west) and the South China Sea (east). The strait is 10 miles (16 km) wide and lies between Singapore Island (north) and the Riau Islands (south), part of Indonesia. It includes Johore Strait, Keppel Harbour, and many small islands. As the deepwater approach to the port of Singapore, the strait is one of the ...

city, capital of the Republic of Singapore. It occupies the southern part of Singapore Island. Its strategic position on the strait between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea, complemented by its deepwater harbour, has made it the largest port in Southeast Asia and one of the world’s greatest commercial centres. The city, once a distinct entity, so came to d...

city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, about 85 miles (137 kilometres) north of the Equator. It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. The main island is separated from Peninsular Malaysia to the north by Johor Strai...

city, Bali propinsi (or provinsi; province), north-central Bali, Indonesia. It is located near the north coast and is linked by road with other cities on the island. Buleleng to the north is its port on the Java Sea....

city, Bali propinsi (or provinsi; province), north-central Bali, Indonesia. It is located near the north coast and is linked by road with other cities on the island. Buleleng to the north is its port on the Java Sea....

Also called gassing, singeing is a process applied to both yarns and fabrics to produce an even surface by burning off projecting fibres, yarn ends, and fuzz. This is accomplished by passing the fibre or yarn over a gas flame or heated copper plates at a speed sufficient to burn away the protruding material without scorching or burning the yarn or fabric. Singeing is usually followed by passing......

(29 April–1 May 1587). Intense rivalry between England and Spain during the reign of Elizabeth I led Philip II of Spain to prepare an armada to invade England. In response, Elizabeth ordered a preemptive strike against the Spanish fleet, a daring raid its leader, Francis Drake, termed the "singeing of the king of Spain’s b...

...to control flooding, and the city’s name derives from the Amstel dam. By the 16th century Amsterdam had grown into a walled city centred on the present Dam, bounded approximately by what are now the Singel and the Kloveniersburgwal canals. Three towers of the old fortifications still stand. Outside the Singel are the three main canals dating from the early 17th century: the Herengracht......

...to control flooding, and the city’s name derives from the Amstel dam. By the 16th century Amsterdam had grown into a walled city centred on the present Dam, bounded approximately by what are now the Singel and the Kloveniersburgwal canals. Three towers of the old fortifications still stand. Outside the Singel are the three main canals dating from the early 17th century: the Herengracht......

...Temple (1892) of Daniel Burnham and John Root reached 22 stories (91 metres or 302 feet), but then the leadership shifted to New York City with the 26-story Manhattan Life Building (1894). The Singer Building (1907) by the architect Ernest Flagg rose to 47 stories (184 metres or 612 feet), Cass Gilbert’s Woolworth Building (1913) attained a height of 238 metres (792 feet) at 55 stories,......

Polish-born American writer of novels, short stories, and essays in Yiddish. He was the recipient in 1978 of the Nobel Prize for Literature. His fiction, depicting Jewish life in Poland and the United States, is remarkable for its rich blending of irony, wit, and wisdom, flavoured distinctively with the occult and the grotesque....

American mathematician awarded, together with the British mathematician Sir Michael Francis Atiyah, the 2004 Abel Prize by the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters for “their discovery and proof of the index theorem, bringing together topology, geometry and analysis, and their outstanding role in bu...

In 1962 the American psychologists Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer performed an experiment that suggested to them that elements of both the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories are factors in the experience of emotion. Their cognitive-physiological theory of emotion proposed that both bodily changes and a cognitive label are needed to experience emotion completely. The bodily changes are......

In “The Cultural Role of Cities,” Robert Redfield and Milton Singer tried to improve on all previous conceptions of the city, including the one Redfield had himself used in his folk-urban model, by emphasizing the variable cultural roles played by cities in societies. Redfield and Singer delineated two cultural roles for cities that all urban places perform, although with varying......

...In the early 1950s a large collection of fossilized bones and Paleolithic artifacts was discovered in chalky concretions exposed between high dunes by the prevailing winds. Under the direction of Ronald Singer of the University of Cape Town, more than 20,000 faunal remains and 5,000 artifacts were removed from the site. About 50 mammalian species, approximately half of them extinct, are......

Nov. 29, 1910Elberfeld, Ger.Feb. 26, 2006Brighton, East Sussex, Eng.German-born British economist who was a leading development economist noted for his groundbreaking work on poverty. Singer was educated (1929–33) at the University of Bonn but fled Nazi Germany in 1933. On the personal reco...

professional troubadours performing autobiographical songs who ascended in the early 1970s to the forefront of commercial pop in the wake of the communal fervour of 1960s rock. For the baby boom generation that had chosen rock as a medium for political and social discourse, the new preeminence of the singer-songwriters, which lasted until the late 1970s, was a natural developmen...

type of humorous picture of monkeys fashionably attired and aping human behaviour, painted by a number of French artists in the early 18th century. It originated with the French decorator and designer Jean Berain, who included dressed figures of monkeys in many of his arabesque wall decorations. The emergence of singerie as a distinct genre, however, is usually attributed...

...of capitalism and the establishment of socialism was expressed in his novel Der Bürger (1924; A Middle-Class Man) and in Das ochsenfurter Männerquartett (1927; The Singers). During the same period he wrote his masterpiece, Karl und Anna (1926; Carl and Anna), a realistic, if sentimental, account of a soldier who seduces his comrade’s......

...not only from foreign influences but also from the main Indian trends. Its isolation was broken only in the 1920s, when Rabindranath Tagore visited the valley and invited a leading guru of the area, Atomba Singh, to teach at his school in Santiniketan. The supple movements of manipuri dance were suitable for Tagore’s lyrical dramas, and he therefore employed them in his plays and......

...politics of London at that time. This strain probably accounts for the acts that formed important items in Hastings’s subsequent impeachment—these were the dunning (demands for money) of Raja Chait Singh of Varanasi and his deposition in 1781 and the pressuring of the Begums of Avadh (the mother and grandmother of the nawab Āṣaf al-Dawlah) for the same reason. Hastings’s......

Nov. 19, 1928Dharmchuk, Amritsar district, Punjab, British IndiaJuly 12, 2012Mumbai, IndiaIndian wrestler and actor who captured his country’s affections as a champion wrestler and then as Bollywood’s first action-hero star, portraying heroic, noble characters and performing his own stunts....

Indian politician who was the first Sikh to serve as president of India (1982–87). He was an impotent bystander in 1984 when government troops stormed the complex of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar, the Sikhs’ holiest shrine, in an effort to apprehend militants who had been demanding autonomy for the northw...

Feb. 8, 1941Sri Ganganagar, Rajputana, British IndiaOct. 10, 2011Mumbai, IndiaIndian singer who excelled at the semiclassical ghazal song, which he performed—solo and with his wife, ghazal singer Chitra Singh—on more than 40 albums, for movie sound tracks, and in concert. Sing...

Feb. 8, 1941Sri Ganganagar, Rajputana, British IndiaOct. 10, 2011Mumbai, IndiaIndian singer who excelled at the semiclassical ghazal song, which he performed—solo and with his wife, ghazal singer Chitra Singh—on more than 40 albums, for movie sound tracks, and in concert. Sing...

Indian politician who was the first Sikh to serve as president of India (1982–87). He was an impotent bystander in 1984 when government troops stormed the complex of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar, the Sikhs’ holiest shrine, in an effort to apprehend militants who had been demanding autonomy for the northw...

1915Hadali?, Punjab, British India [now in Pakistan]March 20, 2014New Delhi, IndiaIndian writer and journalist who produced some of the most provocative and admired English-language fiction and nonfiction in post-World War II India. His debut novel, Train to Pakistan (1956; film 1998...

Indian politician and government official, who became a major figure in the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP; Indian People’s Party). A soft-spoken man who generally kept a low public profile, he was one of the party’s staunchest advocates of its Hindutva ideology, which sought to define Indian culture in terms of Hindu values. His rise to the to...

Hindu maharaja (1572–97) of the Rajput confederacy of Mewar, now in northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. He successfully resisted efforts of the Mughal emperor Akbar to conquer his area and is honoured as a hero in Rajasthan....

19th-century movement within Sikhism that began as a defense against the proselytizing activities of Christians and Hindus. Its chief aims were the revival of the teachings of the Sikh Gurus (spiritual leaders), the production of religious literature in Punjabi, and a campaign against illiteracy....

Indian politician who was the first Sikh to serve as president of India (1982–87). He was an impotent bystander in 1984 when government troops stormed the complex of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar, the Sikhs’ holiest shrine, in an effort to apprehend militants who had been demanding autonomy for the northw...

...it and the city is a tall watchtower built by Bhim Sen Thapa, a former prime minister. On the outskirts of Kathmandu are many palaces built by the Rana family, the most imposing of which is the Singha Palace, once the official residence of the hereditary prime ministers and now housing the government secretariat. About 3 miles (5 km) northeast is the great white dome of Bodhnath, a Buddhist......

member of a people of Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) who constitute the largest ethnic group of that island. In the early 21st century the Sinhalese were estimated to number about 13.8 million, or 73 percent of the population. Their ancestors are believed to have come from northern India, traditionally in the 5th century bce. Their language belongs to the Ind...

Indo-Aryan language, one of the two official languages of Sri Lanka. It was taken there by colonists from northern India about the 5th century bc. Because of its isolation from the other Indo-Aryan tongues of mainland India, Sinhalese developed along independent lines. It was influenced by Pāli, the sacred language of the Sri Lankan Buddhists, and to a lesser degre...

The island nation of Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka), formally a part of South Asia, has been little noticed by the subcontinent, apart from the fact that according to an uncertain tradition it is celebrated in the Rāmāyaṇa as the island called Laṅǐā. Buddhist sway was introduced there early, during the reign of Aśoka Maurya (c.......

...the Eastern Chalukyas of Kalyani, the dynasty became paramount in the Deccan under Bhillama (c. 1187–91), who founded Devagiri (later Daulatabad) as his capital. Under Bhillama’s grandson Singhana (reigned c. 1210–47) the dynasty reached its height, as the Yadava campaigned against the Hoysalas in the south, the Kakatiyas in the east, and the Paramaras and Chalukyas in the......

T. bispinosa, sometimes called Singhara nut, is native to India. The floating leaves, about 5 to 8 cm long, have hairy petioles 10 to 15 cm in length. The fruit is about 2 cm in diameter. T. bicornis, the ling nut, is cultivated in most of East Asia....

kingdom based in eastern Java that emerged in the first half of the 13th century after the decline of the kingdom of Kadiri. Singhasari’s first king, Ken Angrok (or Ken Arok), defeated the king of Kadiri, Kertajaya, in 1222. The last king of Singhasari, Kertanagara (reigned 1268–92), was able to unite eastern Java temporar...

...fortress on the Kalemegdan headland that was encompassed on three sides by the Sava and the Danube. The first fortress was built by the Celts in the 4th century bce and was known by the Romans as Singidunum. It was destroyed by the Huns in 442 and changed hands among the Sarmatians, Goths, and Gepidae before it was recaptured by the Byzantine emperor Justinian. It was later held b...

American musical comedy film, released in 1952, that was a reunion project for the American in Paris directorial team of Stanley Donen and Gene Kelly, who was also the films’ star. Singin’ in the Rain emerged as a classic, considered by many to be the greatest Hollywood musical ever made....

...lyric imagination—he had a rare ability to create melodies, embellishments, and melodic variations—demonstrated his strength. Such recordings as “I’m Coming, Virginia” and “Singin’ the Blues,” both recorded with Trumbauer’s group in 1927, remain jazz classics. Beiderbecke’s approach lived on in the playing of Jimmy McPartland and Bobby Hackett, as well as......

certain vocalizations of birds, characteristic of males during the breeding season, for the attraction of a mate and for territorial defense. Songs tend to be more complex and longer than birdcalls, used for communication within a species. Songs are the vocalizations of birds most pleasing to people....

the production of musical tones by means of the human voice. In its physical aspect, singing has a well-defined technique that depends on the use of the lungs, which act as an air supply, or bellows; on the larynx, which acts as a reed or vibrator; on the chest and head cavities, which have the function of an amplifier, as the tube in a wind instrument; and on the tongue, which together with the p...

...and other electromechanical elements continued to be invented throughout the 19th century. One of the earliest instruments to generate musical tones by purely electric means was William Duddell’s singing arc, in which the rate of pulsation of an exposed electric arc was determined by a resonant circuit consisting of an inductor and a capacitor. Demonstrated in London in 1899, Duddell’s......

...plays clamorous with debate, put television drama to the same use (Comedians [1975] had particular impact). Dennis Potter, best known for his teleplay The Singing Detective (1986), deployed a wide battery of the medium’s resources, including extravagant fantasy and sequences that sarcastically counterpoint popular music with scenes of......

...1928 he directed Women They Talk About and The Lion and the Mouse, both of which featured some spoken dialogue. Bacon then helmed The Singing Fool (1928), the follow-up to Al Jolson’s The Jazz Singer (1927), which was the first feature-length movie with synchronized dialogue and marked the......

in architecture, upper space within a building, or a large undivided space in a building used principally for storage in business or industry. In churches the rood loft is a display gallery above the rood screen, and a choir or organ loft is a gallery reserved for church singers and musicians. In theatres a loft is the area above and behind the proscenium....

After a European tour in 1902 Peabody produced The Singing Leaves (1903), a collection of poems. Her early verse shows the influences of Shakespeare, Robert Browning, and the Pre-Raphaelites, especially Christina Rossetti; it is marked by delicacy, clarity, and a certain otherworldliness. In 1906 Peabody married Lionel S. Marks, a Harvard engineering professor. In 1908 she published......

sands that emit audible sounds when in motion. This phenomenon occurs in many parts of the world and has been known for many years. Sound may be produced by a footstep or by the slippage of sand downslope. The sounds emitted may vary with different sands from a roar to a musical quality, and they also vary according to the volume and velocity of the sand involved. The sand must be extremely dry in...

...1997 he secretly hired mercenaries from South Africa to help eliminate the Bougainville secessionist leadership before upcoming midyear elections. The commander of the defense force, Brig. Gen. Jerry Singirok, rejected the plan, captured the mercenaries, and demanded the resignations of the prime minister, his deputy, Chris Haiveta, and the defense minister, Mathias Ijape. The Australian......

inlet of the Aegean Sea, northeastern Greece. It is the larger and deeper of two gulfs (the other being Ierisoú Gulf) that extend into the peninsula of the historical region in Greece known as Macedonia (Makedonía). The silted-up remains of a canal completed by Persian king Xerxes I in 480 bce link the two gulfs. The main commu...

...average symphony, sonata, or quartet on a single side. And the vinyl discs had quieter surfaces than the shellac. Victor soon countered with its own microgroove records: seven-inch vinyl discs at 45 rpm. Each contained approximately as much music as a 12-inch 78-rpm disc, but the package was smaller. By 1950, a pattern had been set: 12-inch LPs for classical works and popular albums, 45s for......

...touching the ground in fair territory or soon enough after touching ground to be thrown to first or any other base before the batter or any other runner gets there. There are four kinds of hits: the single, which allows the batter to reach first base; the double, in which the batter reaches second; the triple, which sees the runner reach third base; and the home run, a hit that enables the......

A single line indicates a bond between two atoms (i.e., involving one electron pair), double lines (=) indicate a double bond between two atoms (i.e., involving two electron pairs), and triple lines (≡) represent a triple bond, as found, for example, in carbon monoxide (C≡O). Single bonds consist of one sigma (σ) bond, double......

...2008. Meanwhile, UN drug-control officials maintained that illegal coca growing in Bolivia had increased by 22% since 2008, when Bolivia expelled the DEA. In June Bolivia withdrew from the UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs after having campaigned unsuccessfully to have a ban on coca-leaf chewing removed from the agreement. In August five former military commanders and two former......

any solid object in which an orderly three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms, ions, or molecules is repeated throughout the entire volume. Certain minerals, such as quartz and the gemstones, often occur as single crystals; synthetic single crystals, especially silicon and gallium arsenide, are used in solid-state electronic devices such as integrated circuits and light-emitti...

(1) The cavetto is a concave molding with a profile approximately a quarter-circle, quarter-ellipse, or similar curve. (2) A scotia molding is similar to the cavetto but has a deeper concavity partially receding beyond the face of the general surface that it ornaments. (3) A flute is a small groove of a semicircular, segmental, or similar section. (4) An ovolo, a convex molding, has a profile......

The most popular style of cut is the brilliant cut, a round stone with 58 facets. A single cut is a simple form of cutting a round diamond with only 18 facets. Any style of diamond cutting other than the round brilliant or single cuts is called a fancy cut, or fancy shape; important fancy cuts include the marquise, emerald, oval, baguette, heart shape, pear shape, kite, triangle, and trilliant.......

...an electrical interconnector with Scotland was built to connect Northern Ireland to the European grid, and the interconnector with the grid in the Irish republic was restored. Indeed, in 2007 the Single Electricity Market (SEM) began operation, providing a single wholesale market for electricity for the whole island of Ireland. The Scotland to Northern Ireland Pipeline (SNIP) transmits......

...However, in the early 2000s, following the implementation of improved methods, just two embryos were transferred, while the same rate of success as with four embryos was maintained. The technique of single embryo transfer (SET) is available, though less than 10 percent of women opt for SET because it has a lower rate of success relative to multiple embryo transfer—in many cases at least......

agreement enacted by the European Economic Community (EEC; precursor to the European Community and, later, the European Union) that committed its member countries to a timetable for their economic merger and the establishment of a single European currency and common foreign and domestic policies. It was signed in February 1986 in Luxembourg and The Hague and entered into force o...

...rack, a four-beat gait, with each beat evenly spaced in perfect cadence and rapid succession. The legs on either side move together, the hindleg striking the ground slightly before the foreleg. The single foot is similar to the rack. In the pace, the legs on either side move and strike the ground together in a two-beat gait. The fox trot and the amble are four-beat gaits, the latter smoother......

U.S. strategic war-fighting plan for the use of nuclear weapons that contains the specifics of targeting orders, scheduling, and needed weapons. The first SIOP was approved in late 1960 as an attempt to develop a more systematic approach to the various targets for potential U.S. nuclear strikes....

Beyoncé took home six gold Gramophones during the 2010 Grammy Awards, the largest single-night haul ever made by a female artist; her “Single Ladies” won song of the year. Swift earned four awards, including best album for Fearless. Collecting three each were Kings of Leon—their single “Use Somebody” won record of the year—the Black Eyed Peas,......

Isherwood’s postwar novels continued to demonstrate his personal style of fictional autobiography. A Single Man (1964; film 2009), a brief but highly regarded novel, presents a single day in the life of a lonely middle-aged homosexual. His avowedly autobiographical works include a self-revealing memoir of his parents, Kathleen and Frank (1971); a retrospective biography of himself......

Fashion professionals also made an impressive impact on the film industry. Designer Tom Ford’s film directorial debut, A Single Man (2009), garnered Colin Firth a best actor Academy Award nomination. In I Am Love, the family drama directed by Luca Guadagnino, lead actress Tilda Swinton appeared in a stylish wardrobe conceived by Jil Sander’s creative director, Raf Simons. Amy......