studying info in small increments over time (distributed) vs. in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed)

distributed = better

Encoding Specificity Principle

We’re more likely to remember something when the conditions present at the time we encoded it are also present at retrieval

Context-Dependent Learning

superior retrieval of memories when the external environment of the original memories matches the retrieval context

State-Dependent Learning

Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding. (INTERNAL environment)

Mood-dependent Learning

ex, when depressed, all you can think of is other depressing things

engram

the particular place in brain where all memories are stored

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP):

gradual strengthening of connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation over time

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memories from our past

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to encode new memories from our experiences-Can’t form new memories

Flashbulb Memories

emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed (9/11/01)

Source Monitoring

ability to identify the origins of a memory

Cryptomnesia

failure to recognize that our ideas originated w/ someone else

"Look Lisa, snow."

.Misinformation Effect

creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading info about an event after it happens

Discrete Emotions Theory

Humans experience a small number of distinct emotions (even though they may combine in complex ways)

Primary Emotions

A small number of emotions appear to be universal across cultures

Secondary Emotions

a combination of several primary emotions

(hatred is a combo of disgust and anger)

Display rules

cultural guidelines for how & when to express emotions (women showing emotion = more acceptable).

James-Lange Theory

emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli. Event → Arousal → Emotion (E.g.: we are sad because we cry)

Somatic Marker Theory

we use our “gut reactions” to help us determine how we should act (focus with this theory is on the decision making we go through before we ACT in a situation. Event → Arousal → (decision making) ACTION → Emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory

an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions. Event leads to arousal and emotion at the same time.

Two-Factor Theory

emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation) of that arousal. Situation → general arousal + explanation of that general arousal = perceived emotion.

Some have proposed that obese people are more motivated by external cues (smell, appearance, taste) than internal cues (stomach growling)a. Obese people tend to eat past being fullb. New research suggests that oversensitivity to external cues is likely a consequence rather than a cause

Want to see the other 96 Flashcards in Psychology?JOIN TODAY FOR FREE!