Any legislative, administrative, governmental entity created
by the Constitution or Statutes of this State, orders or ordinance
of the City, judicial entities when operating in an administrative
capacity or by executive order, including:

Any committee appointed by or at the direction of any of the
entities and which is authorized to report to any of the above named
entities, any advisory committee appointed by or at the direction
of any of the named entities for the specific purpose of recommending,
directly to the Mayor, Board of Aldermen or the City Manager, policy
or policy revisions or expenditures of public funds. The custodian
of the records of any public governmental body shall maintain a list
of the policy advisory committees described in this Subsection; and

Any meeting of a public governmental body subject to this
Chapter at which any public business is discussed, decided or public
policy formulated, whether such meeting is conducted in person or
by means of communication equipment including, but not limited to,
conference call, video conference, Internet chat or Internet message
board. The term "public meeting" shall not include
an informal gathering of members of a public governmental body for
ministerial or social purposes when there is no intent to avoid the
purposes of this Article, but the term shall include a public vote
of all or a majority of the members of a public governmental body,
by electronic communication or any other means, conducted in lieu
of holding a public meeting with the members of the public governmental
body gathered at one (1) location in order to conduct public business.

Any record, whether written or electronically stored, retained
by or of any public governmental body including any report, survey,
memorandum or other document or study prepared for the public governmental
body by a consultant or other professional service paid for in whole
or in part by public funds, including records created or maintained
by private contractors under an agreement with a public governmental
body or on behalf of a public governmental body. The term "public record" shall not include any internal memorandum
or letter received or prepared by or on behalf of a member of a public
governmental body consisting of advice, opinions and recommendations
in connection with the deliberative decision-making process of said
body, unless such records are retained by the public governmental
body or presented at a public meeting. Any document or study prepared
for a public governmental body by a consultant or other professional
service as described in this Section shall be retained by the public
governmental body in the same manner as any other public record.

Has as its primary purpose to enter into contracts with public
governmental bodies or to engage primarily in activities carried out
pursuant to an agreement or agreements with public governmental bodies;
or

Performs a public function, as evidenced by a statutorily based
capacity, to confer or otherwise advance, through approval, recommendation
or other means, the allocation or issuance of tax credits, tax abatement,
public debt, tax exempt debt, rights of eminent domain or the contracting
of lease-back agreements on structures whose annualized payments commit
public tax revenues; or any association that directly accepts the
appropriation of money from the City, but only to the extent that
a meeting, record or vote relates to such appropriation.

All
meetings, records and votes are open to the public, except that any
meeting, record, minutes or vote relating to one (1) or more of the
following matters, as well as other materials designated elsewhere
in this Chapter, shall be closed unless the public governmental body
votes to make them public:

Legal actions, causes of action or litigation involving a public
governmental body and any confidential or privileged communications
between a public governmental body or its representatives and its
attorneys. However, any minutes, vote or settlement agreement relating
to legal actions, causes of action or litigation involving a public
governmental body or any agent or entity representing its interests
or acting on its behalf or with its authority, including any insurance
company acting on behalf of a public government body as its insured,
shall be made public upon final disposition of the matter voted upon
or upon the signing by the parties of the settlement agreement, unless,
prior to final disposition, the settlement agreement is ordered closed
by a court after a written finding that the adverse impact to a plaintiff
or plaintiffs to the action clearly outweighs the public policy considerations
of Section 610.111, RSMo., however, the amount of any monies paid
by, or on behalf of, the public governmental body shall be disclosed;
provided however, in matters involving the exercise of the power of
eminent domain, the vote shall be announced or become public immediately
following the action on the motion to authorize institution of such
a legal action. Legal work product shall be considered a closed record.

Leasing, purchase or sale of real estate by a public governmental
body where public knowledge of the transaction might adversely affect
the legal consideration therefor. However, any minutes or vote or
public record approving a contract relating to the leasing, purchase
or sale of real estate by a public governmental body shall be made
public upon execution of the lease, purchase or sale of the real estate.

Hiring, firing, disciplining or promoting of particular employees
by a public governmental body when personal information about the
employee is discussed or recorded. However, any vote on a final decision,
when taken by a public governmental body, to hire, fire, promote or
discipline an employee of a public governmental body shall be made
available with a record of how each member voted to the public within
seventy-two (72) hours of the close of the meeting where such action
occurs; provided however, that any employee so affected shall be entitled
to prompt notice of such decision during the seventy-two (72) hour
period before such decision is made available to the public. As used
in herein, the term "personal information" means
information relating to the performance or merit of individual employees.

Sealed bids and related documents, until the bids are opened; and
sealed proposals and related documents or any documents related to
a negotiated contract until a contract is executed or all proposals
are rejected.

Individually identifiable personnel records, performance ratings
or records pertaining to employees or applicants for employment, except
that this exemption shall not apply to the names, positions, salaries
and lengths of service of officers and employees of public agencies
once they are employed as such. It is the policy of the City that
no information relating to present or past employees other than names,
positions, salaries and lengths of service shall be provided to any
person or agency other than:

Confidential or privileged communications between a public governmental
body and its auditor, including all auditor work product; however,
all final audit reports issued by the auditor are to be considered
open records pursuant to this Chapter.

Operational guidelines and policies developed, adopted or maintained
by any public agency responsible for law enforcement, public safety,
first response or public health for use in responding to or preventing
any critical incident which is or appears to be terrorist in nature
and which has the potential to endanger individual or public safety
or health. Nothing in this exception shall be deemed to close information
regarding expenditures, purchases or contracts made by an agency in
implementing these guidelines or policies. When seeking to close information
pursuant to this exception, the agency shall affirmatively state in
writing that disclosure would impair its ability to protect the safety
or health of persons and shall in the same writing state that the
public interest in non-disclosure outweighs the public interest in
disclosure of the records.

Existing or proposed security systems and structural plans of real
property owned or leased by a public governmental body and information
that is voluntarily submitted by a non-public entity owning or operating
an infrastructure to any public governmental body for use by that
body to devise plans for protection of that infrastructure, the public
disclosure of which would threaten public safety.

When seeking to close information pursuant to this exception, the
public governmental body shall affirmatively state in writing that
disclosure would impair the public governmental body's ability to
protect the security or safety of persons or real property and shall
in the same writing state that the public interest in non-disclosure
outweighs the public interest in disclosure of the records;

Records that are voluntarily submitted by a non-public entity shall
be reviewed by the receiving agency within ninety (90) days of submission
to determine if retention of the document is necessary in furtherance
of a State security interest. If retention is not necessary, the documents
shall be returned to the non-public governmental body or destroyed.

Records that identify the configuration of components or the operation
of a computer, computer system, computer network or telecommunications
network and would allow unauthorized access to or unlawful disruption
of a computer, computer system, computer network or telecommunications
network of a public governmental body. This exception shall not be
used to limit or deny access to otherwise public records in a file,
document, data file or database containing public records. Records
related to the procurement of or expenditures relating to such computer,
computer system, computer network or telecommunications network, including
the amount of moneys paid by, or on behalf of, a public governmental
body for such computer, computer system, computer network or telecommunications
network, shall be open.

Credit card numbers, personal identification numbers, digital certificates,
physical and virtual keys, access codes or authorization codes that
are used to protect the security of electronic transactions between
a public governmental body and a person or entity doing business with
a public governmental body. Nothing in this Section shall be deemed
to close the record of a person or entity using a credit card held
in the name of a public governmental body or any record of a transaction
made by a person using a credit card or other method of payment for
which reimbursement is made by a public governmental body.

In order to allow the fullest cooperation by employees and members
of the public in investigation of matters wherein an employee of the
City is alleged to have engaged in any form of misconduct, all files,
records and documents relating to investigations of allegations of
misconduct by City employees will be considered to be personnel records
and shall be closed records under the custody of the respective department
head or personnel office.

All
information obtained by the City regarding medical examinations, medical
condition or medical history of City employees or job applicants,
if retained by the City, shall be collected and maintained on separate
forms and in separate medical files and shall be treated as closed
and confidential records, except that:

In
order to protect reasonable expectations of privacy on the part of
persons having dealings with the City, City records containing information
or entries of a personal, confidential, private or proprietary nature,
including, but not limited to, income, sales data, financial circumstances,
household and family relationships, Social Security numbers, dates
of birth, insurance information and other information which reasonable
persons generally regard as private and not a customary subject for
public discourse, which information or entries have been provided
to the City by one complying with regulations requiring the disclosure
of such information, shall be excised from copies of City records
disclosed or provided to members of the public other than those persons
to whom the information of entries pertain. Persons desiring access
to information or entries excised from such records may file a supplementary
written request with the City Clerk for disclosure of material to
be specified in the request, which request should state:

The
City Clerk may afford all interested parties, including the persons
to whom the information pertains, a reasonable time within which to
comment on the requested disclosure prior to acting further on the
request. If an interested person objects to the disclosure of the
requested information, the City Clerk may conduct a hearing at which
all interested parties may be heard. At such hearing the Clerk shall
consider, among such other factors as may be reasonable and relevant:

The public purposes to be served by disclosure of the requested information.

If the City Clerk determines that disclosure is legally required
or would otherwise serve the best interests of the public and that
such requirements or purpose outweigh the legitimate concerns or interest
of the persons to whom the information pertains, the Clerk shall provide
the requested information to the requesting party.

In addition to or in lieu of the hearing described above, the City Clerk may afford all interested parties a reasonable opportunity to seek judicial review of or relief from the proposed disclosure. The City Clerk may also utilize the procedures for judicial determination and/or opinion solicitation provided in Section 118.120.

Records and information that have been closed pursuant to the provisions of this Article I, Chapter 610, RSMo., and other relevant State and Federal laws and regulations are to be treated as confidential by all employees and elected and appointed officials of the City.

Elected and appointed officials are also expected to maintain the
same strict standards of confidentiality required of employees. Breach
of the confidentiality standards established by this Chapter and required
of employees in this Section may be grounds for removal from office
or other sanctions as may be deemed appropriate by the body of which
such official is a member or by the Board of Aldermen.

Each
public governmental body shall give notice of the time, date, place
and tentative agenda of each meeting in a manner reasonably calculated
to advise the public of the matters to be considered and if the meeting
will be conducted by telephone or other electronic means, the notice
of the meeting shall identify the mode by which the meeting will be
conducted and the designated location where the public may observe
and attend the meeting. If a public body plans to meet by Internet
chat, Internet message board or other computer link, it shall post
a notice of the meeting on its website in addition to its principal
office and shall notify the public how to access that meeting. Reasonable
notice shall include making available copies of the notice to any
representative of the news media who requests notice of meetings of
a particular public governmental body concurrent with the notice being
made available to the members of the particular governmental body
and posting the notice on a bulletin board at City Hall or other prominent
place which is easily accessible to the public and clearly designated
for that purpose at the City Hall. The notice shall be given at least
twenty-four (24) hours, exclusive of weekends and holidays when the
City Hall is closed, prior to the commencement of any meeting of a
governmental body unless for good cause such notice is impossible
or impractical, in which case as much notice as is reasonably possible
shall be given.

When
it is necessary to hold a meeting on less than twenty-four (24) hours'
notice or at a place that is not reasonably accessible to the public
or at a time that is not reasonably convenient to the public, the
nature of the good cause justifying that departure from the normal
requirements shall be stated in the minutes.

A formally
constituted subunit of a parent governmental body may conduct a meeting
without notice as required by this Section during a lawful meeting
of the parent governmental body, a recess in that meeting or immediately
following that meeting, if the meeting of the subunit is publicly
announced at the parent meeting and the subject of the meeting reasonably
coincides with the subjects discussed or acted upon by the parent
governmental body.

A public
body shall allow for the recording by audiotape, videotape or other
electronic means of any open meeting. A public body may establish
guidelines regarding the manner in which such recording is conducted
so as to minimize disruption to the meeting. No audio recording of
any meeting, record or vote closed pursuant to the provisions of Section
610.021, RSMo., shall be allowed without permission of the public
body; any person who violates this provision shall be guilty of an
ordinance violation and punished by imprisonment for a period not
to exceed fifteen (15) days, a fine not to exceed three hundred dollars
($300.00) or by both such fine and imprisonment.

Upon an affirmative public vote of the majority of a quorum of the
public governmental body. The vote of each member of the public governmental
body on the question of closing a public meeting or vote and the specific
reason for closing that public meeting or vote by reference to the
specific exception allowing such a closed meeting under State law
shall be announced publicly at an open meeting of the governmental
body and entered into the minutes.

Any
meeting or vote closed pursuant to Section 610.021, RSMo., shall be
closed only to the extent necessary for the specific reason announced
to justify the closed meeting or vote. Public governmental bodies
shall not discuss any business in a closed meeting, record or vote
which does not directly relate to the specific reason announced to
justify the closed meeting or vote. Public governmental bodies holding
a closed meeting shall close only an existing portion of the meeting
facility necessary to house the members of the public governmental
body in the closed session, allowing members of the public to remain
to attend any subsequent open session held by the public governmental
body following the closed session.

In
the event any member of a public governmental body makes a motion
to close a meeting or a record or a vote from the public and any other
member believes that such motion, if passed, would cause a meeting,
record or vote to be closed from the public in violation of any provision
in Chapter 610, RSMo., or this Article, such latter member shall state
his or her objection to the motion at or before the time the vote
is taken on the motion. The public governmental body shall enter in
the minutes of the public governmental body any objection made pursuant
to this Subsection. Any member making such an objection shall be allowed
to fully participate in any meeting, record or vote that is closed
from the public over the member's objection. In the event the objecting
member also voted in opposition to the motion to close the meeting,
record or vote at issue, the objection and vote of the member as entered
in the minutes shall be an absolute defense to any claim filed against
the objecting member pursuant to Chapter 610, RSMo.

A journal
or minutes of open and closed meetings shall be taken and retained
by the public governmental body including, but not limited to, a record
of any votes taken at such meeting. The minutes shall include the
date, time, place, members present, members absent and a record of
any votes taken.

All
votes by members of a public governmental body at any meeting shall
be recorded. When a roll call vote is taken, the minutes shall attribute
each "yea" and "nay" vote, or abstinence if not voting, to the name
of the individual member of the body. Any votes taken during a closed
meeting shall be taken by roll call and the minutes of the closed
meeting, sufficient to reflect the vote pursuant to this Subsection,
shall be recorded. All votes taken by roll call in meetings of a public
governmental body consisting of members who are all elected, except
for the Missouri General Assembly and any committee established by
a public governmental body, shall be cast by members of the public
governmental body who are physically present and in attendance at
the meeting. When it is necessary to take votes by roll call in a
meeting of the public governmental body, due to an emergency of the
public body, with a quorum of the members of the public body physically
present and in attendance and less than a quorum of the members of
the public governmental body participating via telephone, facsimile,
Internet or any other voice or electronic means, the nature of the
emergency of the public body justifying that departure from the normal
requirements shall be stated in the minutes. Where such emergency
exists, the votes taken shall be regarded as if all members were physically
present and in attendance at the meeting.

Each meeting shall be held at a place reasonably accessible
to the public and of sufficient size to accommodate the anticipated
attendance by members of the public and at a time reasonably convenient
to the public, unless for good cause such a place or time is impossible
or impractical. Every reasonable effort shall be made to grant special
access to the meeting to handicapped or disabled individuals.

If a public record contains material which is not exempt from
disclosure, as well as material which is exempt from disclosure, the
custodian shall separate the exempt and non-exempt material and make
the non-exempt material available for examination and copying in accord
with the policies provided herein. When designing a public record
the custodian shall, to the extent practicable, facilitate a separation
of exempt from non-exempt information. If the separation is readily
apparent to a person requesting to inspect or receive copies of the
form, the custodian shall generally describe the material exempted
unless that description would reveal the contents of the exempt information
and thus defeat the purpose of the exemption.

The
City Clerk shall be the custodian of records and will be responsible
for maintenance and control of all records. The City Clerk may designate
deputy custodians in operating departments of the City and such other
departments or offices as the City Manager may determine. Deputy custodians
shall conduct matters relating to public records and meetings in accord
with the policies enumerated herein.

Except
as otherwise provided by law, the City shall provide access to and,
upon request, furnish copies of the City's public records subject
to the provisions of the Code of Ordinances relating to copying fees.
No person shall remove original public records from the City Hall
or from the office of the custodian of records without written permission
of the custodian. No public governmental body shall grant to any person
or entity, whether by contract, license or otherwise, the exclusive
right to access and disseminate any public record unless the granting
of such right is necessary to facilitate coordination with, or uniformity
among, industry regulators having similar authority.

The
custodian of records may require persons seeking access to public
records to submit such request in writing and/or on a form designated
by the custodian for such purpose. Such written request shall be sufficiently
particular to reasonably apprize the custodian of the records sought.

Each
request for access to a public record shall be acted upon as soon
as possible, but in no event later than the end of the third (3rd)
business day following the date the request is received by the custodian
of records. If records are requested in a certain format, the public
body shall provide the records in the requested format, if such format
is available. If access to the public record is not granted immediately,
the custodian shall give a detailed explanation of the cause for further
delay and the place and earliest time and date that the record will
be available for inspection. This period for document production may
exceed three (3) days for reasonable cause.

If
a request for access is denied, the custodian of records shall provide,
upon request, a written statement of the grounds for such denial.
Such statement shall cite the specific provision of law under which
access is denied and shall be furnished to the requester no later
than the end of the third (3rd) business day following the date that
the request for the statement is received.

Any
member of a public governmental body who transmits any message relating
to public business by electronic means shall also concurrently transmit
that message to either the member's public office computer or the
custodian of records in the same format. The provisions of this Subsection
shall only apply to messages sent to other members of that body so
that, when counting the sender, a majority of the body's members are
copied. Any such message received by the custodian or at the member's
office computer shall be a public record subject, however, to the
exceptions for closed records as provided by law.

A public governmental body or record custodian in doubt about
the legality of closing a particular meeting, record or vote may,
subject to approval by the Board of Aldermen, bring suit in the Circuit
Court for the County of Pike to ascertain the propriety of such action.
In addition, subject to approval by the Board of Aldermen, the public
governmental body or custodian may seek a formal opinion of the Attorney
General or an attorney for the City regarding the propriety of such
action. In such events, the proposed closed meeting or public access
to the record or vote shall be deferred for a reasonable time pending
the outcome of the actions so taken.

The
custodian shall charge ten cents ($.10) per page for a paper copy
not larger than nine (9) by fourteen (14) inches plus an hourly fee
for duplicating time not to exceed the average hourly rate of pay
for clerical staff of the City. Research time required for fulfilling
records requests may be charged at the actual cost of research time.
Based on the scope of the request, the City shall produce the copies
using employees of the City that result in the lowest amount of charges
for search, research and duplication time. Prior to producing copies
of the requested records, the person requesting the records may request
the City to provide an estimate of the cost to the person requesting
the records. The custodian shall receive (or may require) payment
prior to duplicating and/or searching for documents.

Fees
for providing access to public records maintained on computer facilities,
recording tapes or disks, video tapes or films, pictures, maps, slides,
graphics, illustrations or similar audio or visual items or devices
and for paper copies larger than nine (9) by fourteen (14) inches
shall include only the cost of copies, staff time, which shall not
exceed the average hourly rate of pay for staff of the City required
for making copies and programming, if necessary, and the disk or tape
or other medium used for the duplication. Fees for maps, blueprints
or plats that require special expertise to duplicate may include the
actual rate of compensation for the trained personnel required to
duplicate such maps, blueprints or plats. If programming is required
beyond the customary and usual level to comply with a request for
records or information, the fees for compliance may include the actual
costs of such programming.

An actual restraint of the person of the defendant, or by
his/her submission to the custody of the officer, under authority
of a warrant or otherwise for a criminal violation which results in
the issuance of a summons or the person being booked.

A record of a law enforcement agency consisting of the date,
time, specific location, name of the victim and immediate facts and
circumstances surrounding the initial report of a crime or incident,
including any logs of reported crimes, accidents and complaints maintained
by that agency.

A record, other than an arrest or incident report, prepared
by personnel of a law enforcement agency inquiring into a crime or
suspected crime either in response to an incident report or in response
to evidence developed by Law Enforcement Officers in the course of
their duties.

The Police Department of the City shall maintain records of all incidents reported to the Police Department and investigations and arrests made by the Police Department. All incident reports and arrest reports shall be open records. Notwithstanding any other provision of law other than the provisions of Subsection (C) of this Section or Section 320.083, RSMo., investigate reports of the Police Department are closed records until the investigation becomes inactive. If any person is arrested and not charged with an offense against the law within thirty (30) days of the person's arrest, the arrest report shall thereafter be a closed record except that the disposition portion of the record may be accessed except as provided in Section 118.170.

Except as provided in Subsections (C) and (D) of this Section, if any portion of a record or document of a Police Department Officer or the Police Department, other than an arrest report, which would otherwise be open, contains information that is reasonably likely to pose a clear and present danger to the safety of any victim, witness, undercover officer or other person; or jeopardize a criminal investigation, including records which would disclose the identity of a source wishing to remain confidential or a suspect not in custody; or which would disclose techniques, procedures or guidelines for Police Department investigations or prosecutions, that portion of the record shall be closed and shall be redacted from any record made available pursuant to this Article.

Any person, attorney for a person or insurer of a person involved in any incident or whose property is involved in an incident may obtain any records closed pursuant to this Section or Section 118.170 for purposes of investigation of any civil claim or defense as provided by this Subsection. Any individual, his/her attorney or insurer involved in an incident or whose property is involved in an incident, upon written request, may obtain a complete unaltered and unedited incident report concerning the incident and may obtain access to other records closed by the Police Department pursuant to this Section. Within thirty (30) days of such request, the Police Department shall provide the requested material or file a motion pursuant to this Subsection with the Circuit Court having jurisdiction over the Police Department stating that the safety of the victim, witness or other individual cannot be reasonably ensured or that a criminal investigation is likely to be jeopardized. Pursuant to Section 610.100(4), RSMo., if, based on such motion, the court finds for the Police Department, the court shall either order the record closed or order such portion of the record that should be closed to be redacted from any record made available pursuant to this Subsection.

If the person arrested is charged but the case is subsequently nolle prossed, dismissed or the accused is found not guilty or imposition of sentence is suspended in the court in which the action is prosecuted, official records pertaining to the case shall thereafter be closed records when such case is finally terminated, except that the disposition portion of the record may be accessed except as provided in Section 118.170. If the accused is found not guilty due to mental disease or defect pursuant to Section 552.030, RSMo., official records pertaining to the case shall thereafter be closed records upon such findings, except that the disposition may be accessed only by law enforcement agencies, child care agencies, facilities as defined in Section 198.006, RSMo., and in-home services provider agencies as defined in Section 660.250, RSMo., in the manner established by Section 118.170.

Records
required to be closed shall not be destroyed; they shall be inaccessible
to the general public and to all persons other than the defendant
except as provided in this Section and Section 43.507, RSMo. They
shall be available to the Sentencing Advisory Commission created in
Section 558.019, RSMo., for the purpose of studying sentencing practices
and only to courts, law enforcement agencies, child care agencies,
Department of Revenue for driving record purposes, facilities as defined
in Section 198.006, RSMo., in-home services provider agencies as defined
in Section 660.250, RSMo., the Division of Workers' Compensation for
the purposes of determining eligibility for crime victims' compensation
pursuant to Sections 595.010 to 595.075, RSMo., and Federal agencies
for purposes of prosecution, sentencing, parole consideration, criminal
justice, employment, child care employment, nursing home employment
and to Federal agencies for such investigative purposes as authorized
by law or presidential executive order. These records shall be made
available for the above purposes regardless of any previous statutory
provision which had closed such records to certain agencies or for
certain purposes. All records which are closed records shall be removed
from the records of the Police Department and Municipal Court which
are available to the public and shall be kept in separate records
which are to be held confidential and, where possible, pages of the
public record shall be retyped or rewritten omitting those portions
of the record which deal with the defendant's case. If retyping or
rewriting is not feasible because of the permanent nature of the record
books, such record entries shall be blacked out and recopied in a
confidential book.

As
used in this Section, the term "child care" includes
providers and youth services agencies as those terms are defined in
Section 43.540, RSMo., elementary and secondary school teachers and
elementary and secondary school bus drivers, whether such drivers
are employed by a school or an entity which has contracted with the
school to provide transportation services.

Excepted as provided by this Section, any information acquired by the Police Department by way of a complaint or report of a crime made by telephone contact using the emergency number "911" shall be inaccessible to the general public. However, information consisting of the date, time, specific location and immediate facts and circumstances surrounding the initial report of the crime or incident shall be considered to be an incident report and subject to Section 118.150. Any closed records pursuant to this Section shall be available upon request by law enforcement agencies or the Division of Workers' Compensation or pursuant to a valid court order authorizing disclosure upon motion and good cause shown.

The
City of Bowling Green Police Department, if it maintains a daily log
or record that lists suspected crimes, accidents or complaints, shall
make available the following information for inspection and copying
by the public: