Alu Using Logic Gates

5) 4 input NOR operation using dynamic NOR gate (op. 32-bit ALU. Keywords —Clock gate, ALU, FPGA, LUT, clock power, register transfer level, dynamic power, leakage power I. article, an undergraduate design experience in digital logic design course of special purpose arithmetic logic unit using Multisim, Y-0010/0020 Experiment Sets and Ulti-Board Kit is presented as an integral part of several electrical engineering courses throughout the curriculum at King Faisal University. You may need to add some wire, regs, or any other logic gates as needed. (Reminiscent of the old IBM 1620 which used a table lookup in core memory for arithmetic. ALU design of 4 bit hybrid SET-CMOS based ALU and 4 bit hybrid SET-CMOS Reversible logic gate. it may take a lot of code to do something simple, and not be. It can also be constructed using vacuum tubes, electromagnetic elements like optics, molecule etc. Using the reconfigurable logic of multi-input floating gate MOSFETs, a 4-bit ALU has been designed for 3V operation. A Logic gate is an elementary building block of any digital circuits. Multi- input floating gate (MIFG) transistors have been promising in realizing increased functionality on a chip. Half subtractor is used to perform two binary digits subtraction. An ALU will typically output status bits indicating overflow, carry/borrow, negative result, and zero. In this paper we proposed an ALU using Novel 8T full adder and Pass transistor logic based multiplexers. Tut 3a: NAND and NOR Logic Gates in VHDL - YouTube. In RTL design a circuit is described as a set of registers and a set of transfer functions describing the flow of data between the registers, (ie. Asha Rani, Dr. I've prototyped the fundamental logic gates (Nor, Nand, Inverter) on breadboard using IRF9530 P-CH and IRF540 N-CH Mosfet components, and now I'm in the planing stage for a full adder. You can see that some functions are done by the logic gates while others use programmed memory banks. You must also implement the ability to select a bitwise AND operation and a bitwise OR operation. Circuit is called as reversible if we have one to one mapping of input and output values. The six main logic gates used in digital electronics are: AND Gate: Output is high when all if its inputs are high. Note that this is one of the simplest architecture of an ALU. DM74LS181 4-Bit Arithmetic Logic Unit DM74LS181 4-Bit Arithmetic Logic Unit General Description The DM74LS181 is a 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) which can perform all the possible 16 logic operations on two variables and a variety of arithmetic operations. All that is needed for this CPU is a simple encoder. Design a 1-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using the circuit shown in Figure 6-26 that performs bitwise addition, AND, OR, and NOT on the 1-bit inputs A and B. The inputs A and B are four bits and the output is 4 bit as well. An ALU is used as the basis of a microprocessor and enables the microprocessor to evaluate arithmetic expressions in binary. The ALU and top-level specifications were written in the Boyer-Moore logic. To Do Draw a block level diagram of the MIPS 32-bit ALU, based on the description in the textbook. A new VLSI architecture for ALU using reversible logic gates is proposed. Ternary gates are implemented using enhancement / depletion MOSFET technology, thus proposed ALU is suitable for LSI / VLSI implementation. Lastly, the outputs (boxed in blue) are one 8-bit output and carry. Verilog Code for SR-FF Gate level; verilog code for D latch and testbench; Verilog Code for D-FF Behavioral level; verilog code for D latch and testbench; Verilog Code for JK-FF Gate level: verilog code for D flipflop and testbench; ALU. Abstract Arithmetic logic unit is the core of any CPU that can be pa: rt of a programmable reversible computing device such as a quantum computer. The inputs and outputs are similar as 2-Bit Adder, except the buses are now 4 bits wide. ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) is a digital circuit which does arithmetic and logical operations. The simulation results are shown below figures. In order wire the logic gate into a circuit, you can select input pins and place them on the screen. The presented reversible ALU reduces the information bits' use and loss by. HDLs are used to describe the. See below for more detailed instructions. Building a 1-bit ALU Building a simple 1-bit ALU from logic gates and the other structures we previously built. A logic gate capable of implementing the AB, A B, A, and A B functions using threshold controlled chaotic elements was proposed in [8]. An Undergraduate Design Experience in Digital Logic Design Course of Special Purpose Arithmetic Logic Unit Using Multisim, Ultiboard and Print Circuit Board Qasem Abu Al-Haija 1, Hasan Al-Amri , Mohamed Al-Nashri & Sultan Al-Muhaisen1 Logic gates and chips, Karnaugh maps as well as combinational logic design which can be mapped to several. 03, IssueNo. The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are high. Verilog code for ALU using Functions; verilog code for ALU with 8 Operations; Verilog code for ALU (16. ) First, we focus at the XOR at the ALU output: For the AND/XOR_example, an active AND gate (all inputs 1) will turn the ALU output to 0. 3 OVER VIEW OF ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a computer processor (CPU) that carries out arithmetic and logic operations on the operands in computer instruction words. In this research work the power flow analysis of clock gated ALU circuits is analyzed and optimization of clock gated ALU power supply unit is done through special handing technique. This circuit is. The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) was presented in above figure. Learn how to evaluate the speed and FPGA resource utilization of a circuit in Vivado. These devices function by “opening” or “closing” to admit or reject the passage of. I used these basic logic structures to build a 2-bit adder and a 2-bit subtractor. The design is validated in the QCA platform. Here, we have drawin just one one bit of this unit, with data inputs a i , b i and c i , data outputs s i and c i+1 , an f 2 input to control the add-subtract function of the adder, and two. Two distinct clock signals are there:clk_g is the ordinary gated signal driving the registers, while clk is driving the latches of the clock gaters. 02: Introduction to Computer Architecture Reading Assignment: B5, 3. Implement NOT using NAND A A. 1 A Few Basic Gates. The purpose of this lab is to design, simulate, and implement an Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) using a Hardware Description Language (HDL). This ALU is implemented using C-MOS ternary logic gates (T-Gates) for ternary arithmetic & logic circuits. This video shows the NAND gate and then the NOR gate implemented on the home made CPLD board. Building a simple 1-bit ALU from logic gates and the other structures we previously built. Any logic function can be realized by NMOS pull-down and PMOS pull-up networks connected between the gate output and the power lines. Adding Overflow/Zero Detection Logic • For a N-bit ALU: Overflow = CarryIn[N - 1] XOR CarryOut[N - 1] A31 B31 1-bit ALU Result31 A0 B0 1-bit ALU Result0 CarryIn0 CarryOut0 A1 B1 1-bit ALU Result1 CarryIn1 CarryOut1 A2 B2 1-bit ALU Result2 CarryIn2 CarryIn3 CarryOut31:: CarryIn31 CarryOut30 C:::: Zero Overflow. The entire ALU uses 6,835 wires and 1,672 torches. They used to be built using discrete parts including simple ICs and transistors. By using reversible logic gates instead of using traditional logic gates such as AND gates and OR gates, a reversible ALU whose function is the same as the traditional ALU is constructed. Logic Gates. You can help protect yourself from scammers by verifying that the contact is a Microsoft Agent or Microsoft Employee and that the phone number is an official Microsoft global customer service number. Ayyappan , M. It performs the computer processor computations. 6 inputs and 64 outputs for each decoder. ALU comprises the combinational logic that implements logic operations such as AND and OR, and arithmetic operations such as Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication. Due to this reason logic gates can also be considered as electronic circuits. Part Name Description ; 100101 : 5-Input OR/NOR Gate. PENGERTIAN Arithmatic Logical Unit (ALU), adalah salah satu bagian/komponen dalam sistem di dalam sistem komputer yang berfungsi melakukan operasi/perhitungan aritmatika dan logika (Contoh operasi aritmatika adalah operasi penjumlahan dan pengurangan, sedangkan contoh operasi logika adalah logika AND dan OR. A 4-bit CLA block can be designed in the following way using gates from only lib3. The major concern for ALU design ,using normal gates is heavy. 03, June-2015, Pages: 0271-0276 Figure7. Figure 5: The Display page of a 3-Bit ALU. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit A simplified ALU is illustrated in Fig 5. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) is made of Arithmetic and Logic Units. Recent advances in reversible logic using and quantum computer algorithms allow for improved computer architecture and arithmetic logic unit designs. Ternary gates are implemented using enhancement / depletion MOSFET technology, thus proposed ALU is suitable for LSI / VLSI implementation. Arithmetic-Logic Unit ALU Performs arithmetic add, subtract Performs logic and, or, invert, complement Shifts right, left, arithmetic, logical Provides result and status. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) A critical component of the microprocessor, the core component of central processing unit. using Transmission Gates technique is 14 numbers of transistors. Then carry-look ahead adder is designed with some reversible logic gates. The ALU gets operands from the register file or memory. Learning about Logic Gates and Circuits. The ALU was designed. [8] Premananda B S, Ravindranath Y M, "Design and Synthesis of 16-bit ALU using Reversible Logic Gates", International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,. It performs the computer processor computations. Add six gates for the Selection Decoder (refer to the 4 Bit CPU ALU issues) and I get 115 gates. 253 TOTAL POWER (mW) 233 184 DYNAMIC POWER (mW) 147 98 Table. Logic gates are constructed from diode, resistors or transistors. (Reminiscent of the old IBM 1620 which used a table lookup in core memory for arithmetic. A case study on ALU- Arithmetic and Logic Unit of the computer. I'm building an 8-bit computer using the Ben Eater's videos and I would like to improve the ALU, e. Note that the 74’153 includes two 4-input MUX’s. The design of an ALU includes logical operations which are implemented with simple gates to operate independently. Keywords:- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU); Gate Diffusion Input (GDI); Full-Swing GDI. It is a combinational logic unit that performs its arithmetic and logic operations. Arithmetic Multiplication. 4 is constructed using the previous adder. multiplexers are made by the transmission gate and full adder is designed by using GDI technique (Gate Diffusion input). In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. Implement NOT using NAND A A. 5V, 25 degrees). In our design, the full Adders are realized using synthesizable, low quantum cost, low garbage output DPeres gates. Academic year. This chip provided 32 arithmetic and logic functions, as well as carry lookahead for high performance. add nand bitwise operation because every logic gates can be built from this. frequency reduction, capacitance reduction, clock gating, using adiabatic logic and energy recovery logic. The NAND gate is built by using two transistors and at least 2 resistors, more as appropriate. The basic operations are described below with the aid of truth tables. 2-Bit Arithmetic and Logic Unit: Hello Friends,This is a simple 2 Bit Arithmetic and Logic Unit, its a fun project, it can perform operations like, addition, subtraction, increment, decrements, etc on two 2 bit inputs. Adding Overflow/Zero Detection Logic • For a N-bit ALU: Overflow = CarryIn[N - 1] XOR CarryOut[N - 1] A31 B31 1-bit ALU Result31 A0 B0 1-bit ALU Result0 CarryIn0 CarryOut0 A1 B1 1-bit ALU Result1 CarryIn1 CarryOut1 A2 B2 1-bit ALU Result2 CarryIn2 CarryIn3 CarryOut31:: CarryIn31 CarryOut30 C:::: Zero Overflow. Thus, the adder is designed with 4bit carry-look ahead adder circuit. They can be found at the heart of every digital computer and are one of the most important parts of a CPU (Central Processing Unit). Simple PWM using inverters (logic gates or comparators). Identity Comparator – an Identity Comparator is a digital comparator with only one output terminal for when A = B, either A = B = 1 (HIGH) or A = B = 0 (LOW) 2. It performs the computer processor computations. there will never be two AND gates producing a logic one at the same time (a one-hot encoded output). An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs Arithmetic operations on input numbers like Addition, Subtraction, Division, Multiplication, & digital Gates operations like AND, OR, NOT, or any other operation you want. The complete control unit with reversible logic gate can be realized as in Fig. std_logic_1164. The XNOR will result in a FF value in this case, and that can be detected by using a 74HC30 (8-input NAND gate, 14 pins. [8] Premananda B S, Ravindranath Y M, "Design and Synthesis of 16-bit ALU using Reversible Logic Gates", International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,. 0 Design Methodology 2. Once all the ALU components had been designed they just had to be put together and. The way that FPGAs are able to do Boolean algebra is by using Look-Up Tables (LUTs). Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) is made of Arithmetic and Logic Units. Verilog code for 2:1 MUX using Gate level modellin Verilog Code for 2:1 MUX using if. Logic gates are implemented by using transistors, diodes, relays, optics and molecules or even by several mechanical elements. The two numbers to be added are known as “Augand” and “Addend”. consists of gates with no feedback and no flip-flops). Binary reversible logic gates: those would interesting to play with 2. n-Bit Reversible Arithmetic Logic Unit The 3-bit ALU in Fig. Design of ALU-64Bit For High Speed Using Logical Effort International Journal of Electronics Signals and Systems (IJESS), ISSN: 2231- 5969, Vol-3, Iss-1, 2013 10. Logic Gates - Building an ALU 1 Introduction We start with a tutorial that teaches you how to build an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) from scratch, using a handful of simple logic gates and other components. and optical computing. Your circuit should directly implement the given expressions (do not reorganize the expression to 'optimize' it), using NOT gates and 2-input AND, OR, and XOR gates. In the initial half-Subtractor circuit, the binary inputs are A and B. In the proposed designs, eight arithmetic and four logical operations are performed. In this paper, the two novel 4*4 reversible logic gates (MRG and PAOG) are used with minimal delay, and may be configured to produce a variety of. babic Presentation F 2 ALU Control 32 32 32 Result A B 32-bit ALU • Our ALU should be able to perform functions: - logical and function - logical or function -arithmetic add function -arithmetic subtract. GDI requires le ss number of transistors compared to CMOS technology. these logical operations are performed by using logical unit. The primary design focus is on optimizing the number of reversible gates, quantum cost and the garbage outputs that are the most important hindrances in realizing reversible logic. In particular, the 32-bit A and B inputs must come in from the left hand side, the. inverter 5404/7404. Study of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Features : Instruments Comprises of fixed Output DC Regulated power supply of 5V. In synchronous logic (logic that is driven by a clock signal), the critical path is the slowest logic path in the circuit. While you can always implement a truth table by ORing ANDed terms, with NOTs in the right places, it's usually not the most efficient. A truth table shows how a logic circuit's output responds to various combinations of the inputs, using logic 1 for true and logic 0 for false. The logical gates which will be used are AND and OR and NOT and XOR. I case you have forgotten why I an not using XOR gates or MSI logic, this work is in preparation for a possible transistor CPU, so it uses SSI NAND gates. 2, Issue 10, pp. A Simple ALU Binary Logic Outline Binary Logic Representation of Logic Gates Constructing a 1-bit adder Constructing an n-bit adder Binary Logic A computer works using digital electronics. The digital comparator accomplishes this using several logic gates that operate on the principles of Boolean Algebra. In this paper, an 8-bit ALU based on pass-transistor logic is implemented in PSPICE. 4 bit TTL ALU. Most of these operations are logical in nature. The control unit causes the CPU to do what the program says to do. The ALU is an extremely versatile and useful device since, it makes available, in single package, facility for performing many different logical and arithmetic operations. In the paper we aim to design one of such fault tolerant ALU that is designed using parity preserving reversible logic gates. The ALU, on basis of the input, selects a specific function, performs it, and then gives the result. ALU comprises of combinatorial logic that implements arithmetic operations such as Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication,and logic operations such as AND, OR, NOT. Assume the XOR gate is implemented using 4 NAND gates as shown below. Figure (9) 4-bit ALU implementation using MOD-GDI. Figure 13: Schematic and Extracted views of the NOR gate. A variety of computer arithmetic techniques can be used to implement a digital multiplier. An encoder consists of OR gates. The basic digital electronic circuit that has one or more inputs and single output is known as Logic gate. The designed technique used here requires only two stages i. Arithmetic Logic Unit ( ALU) is one of the most important digital logic components in CPUs. The ALU circuit has two data input signals and two operator input signals that select between the adder, subtractor, and other logical functions. In our video we take 8 LED's as output packed in 7- segment package. This paper emphasises on the design of an efficient reversible Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) block in QCA technology. Tech mapping - map optimized circuit to available library components May require "re-synthesis" 4. The testbench Verilog code for the ALU is also provided for simulation. ALU using logic gates Home. Explaining The Operation Of The 74181 ALU. This research presents a 4-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which was designed using TLGs through reconfigurable logic blocks with a universal circuit configured with three stages based on a floating-gate metal oxide semiconductor transistor with more than one control gate, which was named neu-complementary metal oxide semiconductor (ν-CMOS). These Reversible ALU has been modeled and verified using Verilog and Quartus II 5. Keywords—ALU, Euclid’s algorithm, FPGA, GreatestCommon Divisor (GCD), Stein’s Algorithm, Xilinx. It's the hearth that does all of the arithmetic and logical operations that are required to run the. Unit 2 Synthesizing the ALU Synthesis Concepts. The logic normally performed is Boolean logic and is most commonly found in digital circuits. Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. Outputs may be high (1) or low (0). ALU has a bunch of flags that are really useful!. The processor’s logic gates work together to make decisions using Boolean logic, which is based on the algebraic system established by mathematician George Boole. Designing of this ALU is done by using VHDL and simulated using Xilinx ISE 8. Logic gates are building a block of ALU. It has two four bit data inputs and a carry input. From the lowest level NMOS and PMOS, we designed the logic gates needed to form the different blocks of our 4-bit ALU. • ALU —Signals activate various logic circuits in ALU • System Bus —Control signals such as memory read or write Control Signals for Fetch, Interrupt, Indirect Internal Organization • Control signals diagram shows a variety of data paths in a very simple processor —Complexity would be to high in any real processor to have hardwired data paths. A binary multiplier is an electronic circuit used in digital electronics, such as a computer, to multiply two binary numbers. Even the underlying theory itself—Boolean logic—is…. Here, we have drawin just one one bit of this unit, with data inputs a i , b i and c i , data outputs s i and c i+1 , an f 2 input to control the add-subtract function of the adder, and two. University. Any logic function can be realized by NMOS pull-down and PMOS pull-up networks connected between the gate output and the power lines. In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. One simple way is using decoders to decode OP code and function field. You must also implement the ability to select a bitwise AND operation and a bitwise OR operation. function-select. The reversible ALU contains three Ferdkin gates and one HNG gate. It performs the computer processor computations. As Qiu pointed out, iA~|iB should be ~(iA|iB) and you are missing an endcase. com Abstract ² In new world of VLSI design and technology, the reversible logic design. FOUR ~IT CMD8 ALU Frank Leilich 5th Year Microelectronic Engineering Student Rochester Institute of Technology ABSTRACT A four bit CMOS arithmetic logic unit was designed. The NOR gate is implemented using static CMOS, because the dynamic gate are good for sequential circuits. The full adder is constructed using two peres gates. In this paper, the authors describe the design of programmable reversible logic gate structures, targeted for the ALU implementation and their use in the realization of an efficient reversible ALU. The half adder adds to one-bit binary numbers (AB). In digital electronics, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and bit-wise logical operations on integer binary numbers. In this paper we proposed an ALU using Novel 8T full adder and Pass transistor logic based multiplexers. It's built from MSI TTL chips that contain a bunch of gates. In this paper, the authors propose an architecture for power efficient Arithmetic Logic Unit circuits using Reversible Gates. In this paper, the two novel 4*4 reversible logic gates (MRG and PAOG) are used with minimal delay, and may be configured to produce a variety of. A 32-bit ALU will be designed using VHDL. Design the ALU using the smallest MUX possible. Owing to its unique technique of one-to-one mapping between the inputs and the corresponding outputs, the reversible logic gates are now finding profound as well as promising applications in. We will introduce the most common logic gates in this section, including the AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NOR, and NAND. The 32-bit adder forms the performance critical core of the ALU and is implemented using compound 0domino logic (CDL) [10]. Verilog Code for SR-FF Gate level; verilog code for D latch and testbench; Verilog Code for D-FF Behavioral level; verilog code for D latch and testbench; Verilog Code for JK-FF Gate level: verilog code for D flipflop and testbench; ALU. They used to be built using discrete parts including simple ICs and transistors. logic unit which is implemented by using mixed type of modeling. 17, shows an implementation that omits the jump (j) instruction. The voltage level logic scheme (with its half H-bridge drivers) is the default to keep the relay count low (and is the scheme used when relays drive other relays), but the open-circuit scheme (with its lower cost peripheral drivers) is used where semiconductors do not have to drive relay exclusive-OR gates or flip-flops. The three NAND gates on the end handle the carry-out of the most significant adder (in order to only display it when subtract mode is off). A simplified ALU is illustrated in Fig 5. This chip provided 32 arithmetic and logic functions, as well as carry lookahead for high performance. My ALU is about as simple as one can be as it can only add and subtract 8 bit numbers, but as we’ll see even this is pretty complicated when you are doing it with quad-NAND gates. Binary To Gray Code Converter using Logical Gates Design of 1 Bit Comparator using Logical Gates (V 4 : 2 Encoder using Logical Gates (Verilog CODE). The simulation carried out using Cadence Virtuoso using 65nm TSMC process. nand 5400/7400. consists of gates with no feedback and no flip-flops). ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) is a digital circuit which does arithmetic and logical operations. Create logic circuit to simulate it or use any of the pre-loaded designs to simulate. these logical operations are performed by using logical unit. Abstract: Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is an important part of microprocessor. The final project involves a 16-bit processor, so you will begin constructing your final project starting here. consist of 4x1 and 2x1 multiplexers and ALU is implemented by using full adder. or 5432/7432. The design is validated in the QCA platform. A 32-bit ALU will be designed using VHDL. instantiate 2 NOT gates, four AND gates and one OR gate as in the diagram. This circuit is. Though MOS transistors have been scaled down, increased interconnections have limited circuit density on a chip. Reversible Logic has attained importance in the recent developments of high speed and low power digital systems. The design of an ALU using different reversible logic gates is proposed. In this paper we aim to design one such fault tolerant reversible ALU that is constructed using parity preserving reversible logic gates. The steps I took to reverse-engineer the ALU were to identify each of the transistors and how they are connected (using the netlists on the visual6502. Reversible gates have shown promising future in low power vlsi. Logic Unit Design Using Mixed Type of Modelling In VHDL. ALU can perform different logical operations that are AND, OR, NOT,NAND,NOR, EXOR, EXNOR etc. Figure 5: The Display page of a 3-Bit ALU. Recent advances in reversible logic using and quantum computer algorithms allow for improved computer architecture and arithmetic logic unit designs. Design of the ALU Adder, Logic, and the Control Unit This lecture will finish our look at the CPU and ALU of the computer. This circuit can be done with two half-Subtractor circuits. It is a combinational logic unit that performs its arithmetic and logic operations. Logic gates are constructed from diode, resistors or transistors. STD_LOGIC_1164. NAND, NOT and NOR are logic gates which is used in realizationof logic circuits. 3 Design of a 4-bit ALU using Proteus. Calculators can do all the things they need to do using different combinations of logic gates. Reversible gates namely TSG gate performs 1-bit addition with carry. Schematic of 2-bit magnitude comparator using CMOS logic style is given in Fig. These gates are the AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR gates. Designing of this ALU is done by using VHDL and simulated using Xilinx ISE 8. com: FPGA Projects, Verilog projects, VHDL projects -- Testbench VHDL. A[3:0] and B[3:0]). The design of an ALU using different reversible logic gates is proposed. Proposed 64-bit ALU comprises of different arithmetic functions such as addition, subtraction and logical functions like AND logic, OR logic, NOR logic and NAND logic. It does calculations and logical processing and then passes this information to a register. The ALU calculates the outputs at every positive edge of clock cycle. Thus a single building block can be constructed and used recursively. I am not entirely sure of all of the constraints on this question, but it seems to me that using explicit AND, OR, NOR, and XOR gates is kinda cheating. 3 Arithmetic Logic Unit The ALU is a digital circuit capable of performing arithmetic and logical operations and is a fundamental building block of any sort of computational device. add nand bitwise operation because every logic gates can be built from this. Using the chipset that we've built in the previous module, we will now proceed to build a family of adders -- chips designed to add numbers. The JED file is for configuring the home made CPLD board. In this article I have shared Verilog code for a simple ALU. Arithmetic Multiplication. Multiplexer was implemented using Transmission gate logic. Solution: Make a 4-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) From the course: Getting your ALU on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) 4m 26s A functional demo of the ALU. A logic gate is a bit like a doorman or bouncer who is allowed to let people into a nightclub only if. 1 Bit – ALU The digital function that implements the micro-operations on the information stored in registers is commonly called an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). Likewise, searching for "multiplexer" should show examples of the logic selecting from different outputs. The NAND gate is built by using two transistors and at least 2 resistors, more as appropriate. A variety of computer arithmetic techniques can be used to implement a digital multiplier. Tut 3a: NAND and NOR Logic Gates in VHDL - YouTube. It's logic gates that control how the display works in a calculator and more logic gates that figure out the results of calculations. Advancement in VLSI technology has allowed following Moore's law for doubling component density on a silicon chip after every three years. A 4×1 and a 2×1 multiplexer were used to design an ALU. Second you must create a logic circuit using only basic gates such as AND, OR, NOR, NAND, NOT, etc. Is it a binary calculator ?. The ALU is at the very core of the CPU that's powering your machine right now. Basically, this is an electronic device or in other terms, we can say it as a logic circuit. The ALU is designed using PSPCIE hierarchy. 100102 : Quintuple 2-Input OR/NOR Gates. The resultant qudits are designated r i for i = 0. Arithmetic Logic Unit is one of the most important digital logic components in CPUs. PROPOSED ALU USING LABVIEW A number of basic logic gates and other chips are virtually assembled t form a logic design using LABVIEW software[6]. Thus, L1 showed a logic 0 when all switches were at logic 0, and a logic 1 for all other switch combinations. Not function c. LAB 5 – Implementing an ALU Goals Implement an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in Verilog. and digital circuits. A known fact that an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is one of the core components of a the CPU in a computer. These includes AND,OR, NOR, XOR,XNOR, INVERTOR gates. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) A critical component of the microprocessor, the core component of central processing unit. A new VLSI architecture for ALU using reversible logic gates is proposed. ) Below is the truth table for a NAND operation, and the circuit diagram of a NAND logic gate. Take for example, the logic gate diagram below. Each “4+” is a 4-bit adder and made of two 2-bit adders. But in March 1970, Texas Instruments introduced the 74181 Arithmetic / Logic Unit (ALU) chip, which put a full 4-bit ALU on one fast TTL chip. The reason for which the computers are capable of performing complex operation is due to the interconnection of these logic gates. A logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. 12691/iteces-2-5-3. The input is a voltage, which can take two possible states, “High” (= Vcc), or “Low” (= 0v). In the paper we aim to design one of such fault tolerant ALU that is designed using parity preserving reversible logic gates. In particular, the 32-bit A and B inputs must come in from the left hand side, the. Problems in this exercises refer to the following logic expressions: "4. The basic operations are implemented in hardware level. Reversible Logic has attained importance in the recent developments of high speed and low power digital systems. Identity Comparator – an Identity Comparator is a digital comparator with only one output terminal for when A = B, either A = B = 1 (HIGH) or A = B = 0 (LOW) 2. 2 : 4 Decoder using Logical Gates (Verilog CODE). In this paper, we are using some reversible gates which help us to perform logical and arithmetic operations. We logically design a circuit for which we will have two inputs one for A and other for B and have three output terminals, one for A > B condition, one for A = B condition and one for A. decoder & T-gates, as against three. Parameters 32-Bit ALU 32-Bit Modified ALU Power 166. 4 is constructed using the previous adder. It is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) found in many computers and microcontrollers. This project will deal with the design of a 16 bit reversible Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) with 15 operations is presented by making use of Double Peres gate, Fredkin gate, Toffolli gate, DKG gate and NOT gate. An interesting problem can occur in a logic design that turns an AND gate into an OR gate. The main aim of the design in this paper is to improve the ALU. The ALU and top-level specifications were written in the Boyer-Moore logic. You must also implement the ability to select a bitwise AND operation and a bitwise OR operation. The ALU is a combinational logic unit. Explaining The Operation Of The 74181 ALU. 3 Arithmetic Logic Unit The ALU is a digital circuit capable of performing arithmetic and logical operations and is a fundamental building block of any sort of computational device. Verilog code for 2:1 MUX using Gate level modellin Verilog Code for 2:1 MUX using if. It features both low-level logic gates as well as high-level components, including registers and a Z80 microprocessor emulat. In this context, a programmable reversible logic gate is deﬁned as a logic structure that possesses a bijection between input and output states with an equal. University. Lastly, the outputs (boxed in blue) are one 8-bit output and carry. Digital Logic Digital logic is a wide-open and rapidly-growing field, and yet every single digital device operates on some combination of three basic logic functions: AND, OR, and NOT. Each output of demultiplexer is connected to multiple register which can be stored in the registers. LOGIC GATES with test bench programs AND, OR, NOT & XOR MUX_2x1 and Mux_4x1 are made with gates above. It happens to fit on a one square inch PCB ! It could have been made smaller, using IC's that can only be soldered under a microscope, but it uses SO14 and SO16 IC's that are much easier to mount. Design of Full Adder using Half Adder circuit is also shown. There are some old system that use active low for logic: 0v for 1 and 5v for 0. In this paper we aim to design one such fault tolerant reversible ALU that is constructed using parity preserving reversible logic gates. An ALU is a combinational logic circuit, meaning that its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes. 1 shows the truth table for the ALU control function that was developed in Section 4. The power dissipation in terms of. 17, shows an implementation that omits the jump (j) instruction. Someone evidently forgot to tell [Notbookies], for he has made a complete 8-bit ALU using only 4011B quad NAND gates on a set of breadboards, and in doing so has created a minor masterpiece with. The ALU circuit has two data input signals and two operator input signals that select between the adder, subtractor, and other logical functions. A single-flux-quantum (SFQ) arithmetic logic unit (ALU) was designed and tested to evaluate the effectiveness of introducing dynamically reconfigurable logic gates in the design of a superconducting logic circuit. These logic gates functions similar to binary switches and the only signals that they deal with are 0’s and 1’s. To delete nodes, click the small cross in the top right corner of its enclosing box. Basic Concepts of ALU Design. TAKE A LOOK : BOOLEAN LOGIC. Abstract Arithmetic logic unit is the core of any CPU that can be pa: rt of a programmable reversible computing device such as a quantum computer. Tile panels are typically 0. The reason for which the computers are capable of performing complex operation is due to the interconnection of these logic gates. Binary To Gray Code Converter using Logical Gates Design of 1 Bit Comparator using Logical Gates (V 4 : 2 Encoder using Logical Gates (Verilog CODE). The ALU circuit has two data input signals and two operator input signals that select between the adder, subtractor, and other logical functions. This tutorial will teach you how to build an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) from scratch, using these simple logic gates and other components. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit. The mathematical operations of ALU are performed using repeated additions. The aim of the Digital Logic Lab was to construct a simple 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in order to demonstrate methods of using Boolean Algebra to manipulate and solve various logic problems. Main aim of using reversible gate is that we can easily get input from output. This would literally be based on the 16 element truth table listed in the question. The 32-bit adder forms the performance critical core of the ALU and is implemented using compound 0domino logic (CDL) [10]. Features Provides 16 arithmetic operations: add, subtract, com-. This visualization of some possible inputs and the resulting outputs for and and or gates should help: There are a few other logic gates in addition to these three. All that is needed for this CPU is a simple encoder. towards the design of reversible ALUs. quantum cost, gates replaced by using the 2x4 decoder. The ALU is a combinational logic unit. It includes writing, compiling and simulating Verilog code in ModelSim on a Windows platform. In our case, the gates are implemented as gates having 2 inputs, each having 32 bits. The ALU performs the arithmetic and logic operations. The main Boolean operators are AND, OR, NOT, and NAND (not AND); many combinations of these are possible as well. The ALU has stand alone hardware for performing basic integer arithmetic operations and is capable of computing square, square root and inverse as well. This ALU ( Wikipedia: ALU ) could be used as a building block of a homebrew CPU. Simple PWM using inverters (logic gates or comparators). The Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is the central part of the CPU. As soon as the outputs are calculated it is available at the port signal 'R'. In this paper, a design constructing the Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU) based on reversible logic gates as logic components is proposed. Logic Gates - Building an ALU 1 Introduction The goal of this tutorial is to understand the basics of building complex circuit from simple AND, OR, NOT and XOR logical gates. The Minecraft ALU: A 16-bit arithmetic unit built using 8,507 blocks of 'Redstone,' a cube with special properties found in the Minecraft game. The example CPU is one that I designed and implemented in Logisim over about a week at the end of 2010. Likewise, searching for "multiplexer" should show examples of the logic selecting from different outputs. CEDAR LS is an interactive digital logic simulator to be used for teaching of logic design or testing simple digital designs. because, normal logic gate consumes more power, area and delay. Proposed Alu Design The proposed ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) has been designed using adder, subtractor, multiplier and logic gates like AND gate. KEYWORDS: logic unit, arithmetic unit, shift unit, arithimatic and logic unit. The circuit below represents a simple 1-bit ALU. The new node will be placed in the top left hand corner, and you can drag it to your desired position. Before watching it's helpful to understand: - How a binary adde. 2017/2018. There are 63 logic gates. consist of 4x1 and 2x1 multiplexers and ALU is implemented by using full adder. inverter 5404/7404. In this article I’ll build a TNAND gate and TAND gate, analogous to the binary NAND gate and AND gate. Abstract In this paper, we have designed an efficient low power 4-bit ALU using VHDL. I made a truth table as a start, then I came up with an ALU model, but I am not too confident with it. Abstract: This paper presents the implementation of a 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) using Complementary Energy Path Adiabatic Logic (CEPAL). In particular, the 32-bit A and B inputs must come in from the left hand side, the. In this Main circuit, you needed a 2-bit ALU. gate chosen for ALU design should be able to maximize the type of logical operations it can realize while minimizing the number of select lines and logical output lines, cost and delay. Design And Implementation Of 64 Bit ALU Using VHDL Conclusion: Behavioural modelling and structural modelling provide the implementation of 64 bit ALU. 3 OVER VIEW OF ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a computer processor (CPU) that carries out arithmetic and logic operations on the operands in computer instruction words. Right click connections to delete them. 9kB) which contains the VHD, UCF and JED files for the NAND and NOR gates. 4 Slides by Gojko Babi g. Main aim of using reversible gate is that we can easily get input from output. Ask Question Asked 3 years, 1 month ago. Hi, I love this Bitmap Logic Simulator very much, so I re-implemented it in minecraft: I use 2600 NOT gates to build this computer. ) is used to. Like we mentioned earlier, the ALU can do a bunch of other things just using logic gates. The final project involves a 16-bit processor, so you will begin constructing your final project starting here. Features Provides 16 arithmetic operations: add, subtract, com-. TAKE A LOOK : FLIP FLOPS. Full VHDL code for the ALU was presented. The processor’s logic gates work together to make decisions using Boolean logic, which is based on the algebraic system established by mathematician George Boole. The basic operations are implemented in hardware level. 1: 4 bit ALU ALU can perform various logic operations like NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR etc. The ALU shown below is a 1-bit ALU with the functions: ADD, AND, XOR. CNOT gates are used as XORs to negate the lines wherever necessary, and Fredkin gates are used as MUXes. Not much difference to our previos ALU design. There are two outputs from ALU: 32-bit output c and 7-bit Flag signals. University of Mumbai. Lastly 32-bit ALU architecture is completed by making use of mixed logic techniques i. Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. 2^n X m - sum of minterms; Combinational logic implementation: decoder + fuses + OR gates (for each bit in the word), array logic notation for OR gates. Download nand_nor. All permutations of the inputs are listed on the left, and the output of the circuit is listed on the right. The figure below uses the standard symbol for an ALU. This would literally be based on the 16 element truth table listed in the question. The logic unit for + is more complicated, but if you search for "ripple adder" you should see a very simple example of what goes into ALU logic. email this blogthis!. Asha Rani, Dr. The layout of the ALU is modular: Each 'column' performs one operation and all operations are performed at the same time, in parallel. It receives two incoming electric currents, compares them, and sends on a new, outgoing electric current depending on what it finds. The aim of the Digital Logic Lab was to construct a simple 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in order to demonstrate methods of using Boolean Algebra to manipulate and solve various logic problems. This tutorial will teach you how to build an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) from scratch, using these simple logic gates and other components. The most significant aspect of the TSG gate is that it can work singly as a reversible full adder, that is reversible full adder can now be implemented with a single gate only. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – In an ALU circuit, the output of ALU can be stored in multiple registers or storage units with the help of demultiplexer. All-optical gates may be constructed using the nonlinearity effect which is introduced without SOA or with SOA. Arithmetic Logic Units (ALU): An Introduction An arithmetic unit, or ALU, enables computers to perform mathematical operations on binary numbers. This is an example of a 2-bit logic unit that will have four states depending on the input. The ALU in a microprocessor is the unit that performs all of the arithmetic operations (such as ass, subtract, negate, etc) and all of the logical operations (such as 1’s complement, AND, OR, etc). Keywords Reversible Logic Gates, Reversible Logic Circuits, Reversible Multiplier Circuits, Vedic Multiplier, ALU 1. An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. \$\begingroup\$ For a larger number of bits would using alternating NOR and NAND gates make sense? E. */ // Implementation: the ALU manipulates the x and y // inputs and then operates on the resulting values, // as follows:. Digital logic gates may have more than one input but generally only have one digital output. Believe it or not, computers existed before microcontrollers and CPUs were around. Tile panels are typically 0. Verilog code for 2:1 MUX using Gate level modellin Verilog Code for 2:1 MUX using if. Implementing Boolean functions by using "programmable" decoders: minterms (decoder outputs) + OR gate (F). these logical operations are performed by using logical unit. The verification of a bit-slice ALU has been accomplished using a mechanical theorem prover. Thereafter, the architecture to implement the aforementioned ALU is proposed in section 3. This gate is built using NAND gates and inverters. Arithmetic and logic Unit (ALU) ALU is responsible to perform the operation in the computer. Kamaraj and others published Design and implementation of arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) using novel reversible gates in quantum cellular automata | Find, read and cite. There are two main types of Digital Comparator available and these are. After logic minimization, the output will be simpler. add nand bitwise operation because every logic gates can be built from this. The primary design focus is on optimizing the number of reversible gates, quantum cost and the garbage outputs that are the most important hindrances in realizing reversible logic. The NAND gate is built by using two transistors and at least 2 resistors, more as appropriate. Analysis focus on reduce the time delay so this 2-bit ALU by using the latest version of Pspice software where the full-adder is also designed by logic gate. This circuit is. The NOR gate is implemented using static CMOS, because the dynamic gate are good for sequential circuits. Design of ALU Using Reversible Gates and Vectored Logic 4 B) Vectored Mux: Fig-9: Vectored Mux. The logical gates which will be used are AND and OR and NOT and XOR. Ayyappan , M. 100102 : Quintuple 2-Input OR/NOR Gates. These are the arithmetic operations (addition and subtraction) and the logical operations (AND, OR, XOR and NOT) that are done during execution of the corresponding machine instructions. The ALU, on basis of the input, selects a specific function, performs it, and then gives the result. It takes one or two inputs and produces output based on those inputs. A binary multiplier is an electronic circuit used in digital electronics, such as a computer, to multiply two binary numbers. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. VHDL code for 4 Bit multiplier using NAND gate LOGIC_1164. Figure (9) 4-bit ALU implementation using MOD-GDI. An encoder consists of OR gates. It happens to fit on a one square inch PCB ! It could have been made smaller, using IC's that can only be soldered under a microscope, but it uses SO14 and SO16 IC's that are much easier to mount. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) based reversible logic is the utmost necessity to achieve an architecture at nano-scale, which promises extremely low power consumption with high device density and faster computation. Euclid’s and Stein’s algorithms. These basic gates were provided in SSI chips using. ALU is one of the most important components of CPU that can be part of a programmable reversible computing device such as a quantum computer. ALU Result0 CarryIn0 CarryOut0 A1 B1 1-bit ALU Result1 CarryIn1 CarryOut1 A2 B2 1-bit ALU Result2 CarryIn2 A3 B3 1-bit ALU Result3 CarryIn3 CarryOut3 Overflow X Y X XOR Y 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 EEL-4713C Ann Gordon-Ross Zero Detection Logic ° Zero Detection Logic is just one big NOR gate. Here, we have drawin just one one bit of this unit, with data inputs a i , b i and c i , data outputs s i and c i+1 , an f 2 input to control the add-subtract function of the adder, and two. 9kB) which contains the VHD, UCF and JED files for the NAND and NOR gates. nand2tetris. subtract and branch on less-or-equal) can compute any problem that fits in its memory, but much more slowly than a normal CPU. A temporary inside view of the ALU module is shown below. Here ALU is an arithmetic logic unit use as multi-operation, combinational-logic digital function. ALUs are implemented using lower-level components such as logic gates, including and, or, not gates and multiplexers. Part Name Description ; 100101 : 5-Input OR/NOR Gate. Using the reconfigurable logic of multi-input floating gate MOSFETs, a 4-bit ALU has been designed for 3V operation. std_logic_1164. An encoder consists of OR gates. ), 2016: inside the NOVA1200 (photo taken especially for APOLLO181 website). The aim of the Digital Logic Lab was to construct a simple 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in order to demonstrate methods of using Boolean Algebra to manipulate and solve various logic problems. This paper utilizes a new 4*4 reversible gate called TSG gate to build the components of a primitive reversible/quantum ALU. Controling an output without using extra logic gates ?(basic) Suggest me a very basic breadboard design for traffic lights using logic gates: Circuit Gate Reduction. The control unit causes the CPU to do what the program says to do. Abstract Arithmetic logic unit is the core of any CPU that can be pa: rt of a programmable reversible computing device such as a quantum computer. gates) high levels of abstraction design for test reuse and IP portability. Universal gates. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit is designed using the proposed gates. Figure below shows a 1-bit ALU derived by. Controlling a calculator display with logic gates. Overflow Flag. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is the prime performing unit in any computing device and it has to be made fault tolerant. You can place the gates in the same manner by selecting a gate from the menu and clicking on the white portion of the screen to place it there. ALU always faces the issues of power consumption when there are the complex operations,. Numerous ways of all-optical gates without SOA using length of the fiber, waveguide, circulator, filters, acoustic-optic waves, and changing the refractive index of the optical waveguide have been discussed in the first part. Your design must (non-trivially) use a 74’153. In our video we take 8 LED's as output packed in 7- segment package. A truth table shows how a logic circuit's output responds to various combinations of the inputs, using logic 1 for true and logic 0 for false. Many researchers provide advances in reversible logic using and quantum computer algorithms allow for improved computer architecture and arithmetic logic unit designs a 2*2 Swap gate which is a reduced implementation in terms of quantum cost and delay to the previous Swap gate is presented. Boolean algebra and truth tables can be used to. In this paper, a design constructing the Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU) based on reversible logic gates as logic components is proposed. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). nand 5400/7400. 1 Operation table for a 4-bit ALU. Thus, the adder is designed with 4bit carry-look ahead adder circuit. Logic Gates. An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. We can create 3d graphics, we can extract statistical data from billions of records, we can control external electronic devices such as a remote controlled toy car, we can manage clusters of computers in an organized way etc. ible gates, Multiplexer circuit I. Basically, this is an electronic device or in other terms, we can say it as a logic circuit. The new node will be placed in the top left hand corner, and you can drag it to your desired position. An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. Simplest combination of logic gates to produce a given set of outputs. Now, convert the circuit in to code. 1 shows the truth table for the ALU control function that was developed in Section 4. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), combining gates of different logic to the same circuit, in an effort to obtain improved performance compared to CMOS. 55! alu Half of the bits of the multiplicand are zero 64-bit adder is wasted o's inserted when multiplicand shifted left product LSBs don't change. The circuit above came from my Logic Databook, which was published by National Semiconductor in 1981. The testbench Verilog code for the ALU is also provided for simulation. Arithmetic block: this block is used to perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction and. The basic operations are implemented in hardware level. Text: CFT1811B ALU CFT1811B GENERAL DESCRIPTION: 16-BIT 74181 TYPE ALU , USING CL A CFT1811B is , CFT1811B arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) performs 16 logical and 16 binary arithmetic operations on two 16 , arithmetic operations - Logic function modes: Exclusive-OR, Com parator, AND, NAND, OR, NOR, plus ten other logic operations EQUIVALENT USED. Building a simple 1-bit ALU from logic gates and the other structures we previously built. nor 5402/7402. ALU is one of the most important components of CPU that can be part of a programmable reversible computing device such as a quantum computer. Thread starter I would not recommend power cycling the different portions of your ALU unless you have carefully considered the impact that doing so will have as far as inputs applied to those portions or the effect of the outputs from the unpowered. If both the NAND gates are outputting a 1 then the final output needs to be a zero. The basic operations are described below with the aid of truth tables. Advancement in VLSI technology has allowed following Moore's law for doubling component density on a silicon chip after every three years. Logic Gate d. Remember: 1. Likewise, searching for "multiplexer" should show examples of the logic selecting from different outputs. Most techniques involve computing a set of partial products, and then summing the partial products together. Control signals select function to be performed. Functions in this block are performed using the basic logic gates. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) based reversible logic is the utmost necessity to achieve an architecture at nano-scale, which promises extremely low power consumption with high device density and faster computation. This paper considers and designed sub-blocks such as Adder/subtraction block, 4-bit multiplier, Magnitude Comparator and Multiplexers using Proteus. The ALU, which is designed to perform a whole set of arithmetic and logical operations, is the computer's calculating brain. Logic Gate d. Implement Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit of 32-bit in VHDL. Arithmetic / Logic Unit – ALU Design Presentation F CSE 675. Rameshwar Rao, designed an area optimized low power arithmetic and logic unit in which Arithmetic Logic Unit is implemented using logic gates, pass transistor logic, as well as GDI technique III. 4 bit TTL ALU. Unit 2 Synthesizing the ALU Synthesis Concepts. Design a 1-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using the circuit shown in Figure 6-26 that performs bitwise addition, AND, OR, and NOT on the 1-bit inputs A and B. Abstract Arithmetic logic unit is the core of any CPU that can be pa: rt of a programmable reversible computing device such as a quantum computer. Basics of Logic Design Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Today’s Lecture this function using AND, OR and NOT gates. The two numbers to be added are known as “Augand” and “Addend”. These Reversible ALU has been modeled and verified using Verilog and Quartus II 5. In this lab, we are supposed to design and build a multi-page schematic for the operation of an 4-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) capable of performing addition (ADD), negation (NOT), and bitwise AND (using Mutlimedia Logic). Part 5: 16-bit ALU. towards the design of reversible ALUs. Background - A boolean expression has a truth-value of either TRUE or FALSE.