Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) occurs when production of new blood cells by the bone marrow goes awry. This leads to the formation of leukemic stem cells, which fuel the disease and provide a constant flow of abnormal leukemia cells. Genes that act as brakes to stop the development of this aggressive form of blood cancer have been identified by researchers.

Their findings offer fresh insights into how to tackle the disease and could lead to new therapies that prevent relapses. Scientists have revealed that two molecules - Hif-1alpha and Hif-2alpha - work together to stop the formation of leukemic stem cells in AML.

‘Genes that act as brakes to stop the development of acute myeloid leukemia have been identified by researchers. This finding could provide insights into how to tackle the disease and could also lead to new therapies that prevent relapses.’

The University of Edinburgh study shows that blocking Hif-2alpha - or both Hif-1alpha and Hif-2alpha - accelerates the development of leukemia.

The findings are surprising because previous research had suggested that blocking Hif-1alpha or Hif-2alpha may stop leukemia progression.

The work was carried out at the University's MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine and the Edinburgh Cancer Research Center. Researchers say that their new results suggest that therapies designed to block these molecules may have no impact or could even worsen disease.

Conversely, designing new therapies that promote the activity of Hif-1alpha and Hif-2alpha could help to treat AML or stop the disease from recurring after chemotherapy.

Around 2,500 people are diagnosed with AML in the UK each year. Chemotherapy drugs can help to eliminate leukemia cells but have no effect on leukemic stem cells that cause the disease. This means the disease sometimes relapses.

The study is published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine. It was funded by Cancer Research UK, Bloodwise, the Kay Kendall Leukemia Fund and the Medical Research Council.

Professor Kamil R Kranc, Cancer Research UK Senior Fellow at the MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, who led the study, said, "Our discovery that Hif-1alpha and Hif-2alpha molecules act together to stop leukemia development is a major milestone in our efforts to combat leukemia. We now intend to harness this knowledge to develop curative therapies that eliminate leukemic stem cells, which are the underlying cause of AML."

Dr Milica Vukovic, first author of the study, said, "Leukemia is an umbrella term for a vast number of very complicated and different diseases. Given our findings implicating Hif-1alpha and Hif-2alpha as tumor suppressors in AML, it would be very interesting to investigate their roles in other leukemias."

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