Pentax K-1's Pixel Shift challenges medium-format dynamic range

The Pentax K-1 has produced one of the best dynamic range performances we've yet seen. As our testing of the camera continues, we've been looking through the results of our Raw dynamic range test and we've been very impressed. And that's before we looked at the benefits brought by Pixel Shift Resolution mode.

Raw Dynamic Range

Exposure Latitude

In this test we look to see how tolerant of pushing exposure the Pentax K-1's Raw files are. We've done this by exposing our scene with increasingly lower exposures, then pushed them back to the correct brightness using Adobe Camera Raw. Examining what happens in the shadows allows you to assess the exposure latitude (essentially the dynamic range) of the Raw files.

Because the changes in this test noise are primarily caused by shot noise and this is mainly determined by the amount of light the camera has had access to, the results are only directly comparable between cameras of the same sensor size. However, this will also be the case in real-world shooting if you're limited by what shutter speed you can keep steady, so this test gives you an idea of the amount of processing latitude different formats give.

Compared with the Nikon D810, the Pentax does a great job. There's less chroma noise visible after a 5 and 6EV push, suggesting the Pentax is adding even less noise to its images than the already very good Nikon. It's a similar story when compared with the Nikon D750. The difference compared to the Sony a7R II is even greater, marking the K-1 as one of the best results we've ever seen.

The picture is slightly muddied by the D810 offering an ISO 64 mode, which can tolerate around 2/3EV more exposure before clipping, allowing longer shutter speeds that provide a shot noise benefit commensurate with that. This allows the D810 to pull almost imperceptibly ahead in brighter, shot-noise limited tones, but doesn't stop the K-1's result (from a camera with a list price roughly half as much) from being hugely impressive.

The difference is even bigger in Pixel Shift Resolution mode. Because it samples the scene multiple times, it effectively collects more total light, which means less shot noise. As you might expect, the result from the four 1/320 sec exposures used to create the 1/320 + 6EV image show similar levels of noise to the 1/80th second exposure shot in single image mode (a 2EV advantage), only with the greater sharpness that Pixel Shift mode brings. This lower noise means you can push the files to a tremendous degree - far beyond what the Nikon D810's ISO 64 mode allows.

ISO Invariance

A camera with a very low noise floor is able to capture a large amount of dynamic range, since it add very little noise to the detail captured in the shadow regions of the image. This has an interesting implication: it minimizes the need to amplify the sensor's signal in order to keep it above that noise floor (which is what ISO amplification conventionally does). This provides an alternate way of working in situations that would traditionally demand higher ISO settings.

Here we've done something that may seem counter-intuitive: we've used the same aperture and shutter speed at different ISO settings to see how much difference there is between shooting at a particular ISO setting (and using hardware amplification) vs. digitally correcting the brightness, later. This has the advantage that all the shots should exhibit the same shot noise and any differences must have been contributed by the camera's circuitry.

You can see all the K-1's full ISO Invariance results here and its pixel shift results here. The K-1 is as close to being ISO Invariant as we've seen, meaning there's no cost to shooting at ISO 100 and pushing the files later, rather than using a higher ISO. This means you can keep the ISO down and protect multiple stops worth of highlight information that would otherwise be pushed to clipping by the hardware amplification.

ISO invariance isn't an end in itself: there are cameras such as the Sony a7R II that are ISO variant because their higher ISO results are so good, not because their low ISO DR is deficient. However, a look at our standard test scene shows its high ISOs are extremely good, so you're not losing much in comparison with these dual-mode sensors. The K-1's files have a very high level of flexibility when it comes to processing.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the K-1 gives one of the best Raw dynamic range results we've ever seen, when shooting in single shot mode and absolutely outstanding results in circumstances where you can use the pixel shift mode. The multiple sampling of the same scene effectively gives a 2EV dynamic range boost, meaning it out-performs both the D810 and the 645Z by a comfortable margin. Less noise (though multiple captures) and multiple 14-bit values at every pixel mean it can give outstanding levels of DR for static scenes where you can use the Pixel Shift mode.

Comments

I've just bought a K1 and unequivocally state that this isn't just the most impressive camera out there but each time I take a picture, I'm left thinking that photography has no right to be this good. Apart from the DR, sharpness and noise, this camera has a most delightful feature:- the pictures look smoothly delightful. They have an analog look to them ie, is as if the pictures were shot on large format film - it really is that good. In the subject of noise etc. ISO 204,000 is A silly claim, the results are awful, however 25,000 is outstandingly good. With my K series F1.2 lens, good quality pictures can be taken in light that is almost beyond human perception.This K1 a game changer. I have a friend who has a Nikon 810. The K1 is *noticeably* better in almost every way. It's lighter and smaller and every lens I have is - effectively - image stabilized. I can't think of a reason why anyone would want a camera other than a K1.

The K-1 is very good camera in many ways,especially in stills and landscapes & probably the best thing happening to post-processing, but one field where it lacks is fast paced & action shots. e.g. the K-1 does not auto-focus as fast as Canon & Nikon counterparts, neither does it have that many AF points, it also does not have lenses which are that fast in AF speed (probably the PLM lenses may change it in future). It has slow burst in both FF & Crop mode.

no, its because Pentax has been generally lacking when it comes to AF speed, tracking and burst speed, AF-C, buffer clearing etc. It also lacks speed in their lenses since most don't have the latest tech in them, but they are catching up.

Pentax has by far the best functionality with old lenses compared with nay other system and has many dedicated in camera utilities especially for using old glass.

As as user of a Hasselblad multi shot camera for many years, I think a lot of you are missing the point. The purpose of ms is not to extend the dynamic range, but rather to increase sharpness, color accuracy and totally eliminate moiré. It must always be used on a tripod and for still subjects.

The hasselblad tech is an old one, this is new and much faster and doubles DR. This tech is much better. Other companies can not imitate this tech, bec they dont have IS on the sensor, but on the lens.

I didn't mean bracketing but just averaging 4 pictures with the same parameters. The results shouldn't be as good as "pixel shift", but it be will fairer regarding the test, and will certainly lower the difference.

Again ;-) I don't say it is the same, I say it will be fairer. With "pixel shift", the K-1 takes 4 pictures. To me, it seems not fair to compare a image which needs 4 shots with a one which needs only one.Like it is said in this article:"Because it samples the scene multiple times, it effectively collects more total light, which means less shot noise."Thus, if we compare "pixel shift" results with other cameras, they should have taken also 4 pictures.

When you load this page the default view is non-pixel-shift for the K-1 (despite the article title), so the results are fair. Even with non-pixel-shift there is less noise than the D810 (and all other dSLRs).

When DPR says...

"Compared with the Nikon D810, the Pentax does a great job. There's less chroma noise visible after a 5 and 6EV push, suggesting the Pentax is adding even less noise to its images than the already very good Nikon"

...I think they're referring to the non-pixel-shift as shown by default on this page.

Lhermine, it's a fair comparison as is, which is that D810 can't compete with the K-1 as far as pixel shifting goes. You can't separate the fact that pixel shifting is entirely in camera and the ease of use that comes with that. You could merge 4 photos from the Nikon as you suggest, but that comes at the expense of getting the images off the camera, into a photo editing program, etc., etc. So the comparison would be the K-1 on its own vs a Nikon D810 with a computer.

Lhermine - testing two cars with same engine size, but one with turbo and other without - will you pull-out the turbo in sake of 'fair test'?Pixel shift means that any given 'one pixel size' part of image circle projected on the sensor is recorded by four DIFFERENT pixels, but each exposure is just RIGHT in terms of light amount captured. As a result you have one right exposed image with four times more information about colour. Shooting four consecutive frames without sensor shifting will just give you four times the right amount of light on THE VERY SAME pixel, and being really fair you will finish with finished frame overexposed by two steps (4 x right exposure equals right exposure plus 2EV, right?). Of course you can use a magic of software and stack four Nikon's exposures the way that finish image will be not overexposed but with less noise that any single frame. But TO BE FAIR you should perform exactly the same with four pixel-shifted finished images from Pentax, don't you?

OK guys, I didn't mean to lower the performance of the Pentax which are great without the "pixel shift".However, I must only agree with "LightBug" and "NotSteve", adavantages of "pixel shift" is a much better resolution and an user-friendly built-in option which increase the DR. In fact, what I wanted to enlight is that it does not improve the sensor, without underestimating the advantage for static scenes. Have fun with the K-1 happy owners!

As a former Pentax 67 user, I have a soft spot for Pentax. So really happy to see them with this winner! Very, very tempted to pick one up, only thing keeping me is my heavy investment in Canon mount glass. Wish the Sigma Art lenses were weather sealed, would love a 24, 35, 50, 85 set-up of weather sealed lenses to go with this body and just go shoot regardless of weather conditions.

Haven't handled one yet, no local dealers carry Pentax. So have to rely on sites like this and YouTube. Other than the investment in new glass to accommodate this camera, want to see how quickly, easily it is to change the focus points within the frame. I've become spoiled by a few current cameras I have that do that well. So it's a feature I now look for in any camera moving forward.

Hardly the case RedFox88. The K-1 is very much in keeping with Pentax cameras of the past, a lot of bang for the buck, innovative features, rugged with great image quality. It says Pentax and not Ricoh on the camera for a reason.

Some of us need wider AF points spread. I am sure the number of those that need it will go up. The biggest drawback of current Nikons, or most DSLRs. With growing number of lenses where DOF can be very shallow or field curvature benefiting from this way of shooting this is becoming important for handheld use. So it's not only useful for action and related tracking modes. The camera has no EFC shutter? That I put above the pixel shift easily. Otherwise this looks like a great camera with excellent features. And a great sensor. IR receivers etc! The majority of the target audience may not be very bothered with the greater AF points spread at this point.

tried today in a shop...and what surprises me was the af...using all the previous k series this time the af look so good , the experience so near nikon camera, with ,multiple focus point lighten like nikon, in shop any hunting focus acquisition really without flaw, tried the d810 in same light any difference at all.

Amazing camera and great price. After reading through the comments it's clear that there is a lot of interest from current non-Pentax users but a main concern seems to be lens availability/affordability. Also concern whether the available lenses will be able to handle the demands of the sensor (ie: not originally designed for film).

Can any of you who know please list the best lenses available for someone who is interested in buying this k-1? I currently use Sony with 25mm, 35mm, and 90mm. I was thinking about getting the new Sony gm zoom but now I might switch over to this system 😄.Thanks!

25: Hunt down the FA*24/2 or Zeiss 2.8/25 ZK or wait for new Pentax wide aperture wide angle on lens roadmap35: FA31/1.8 Limited or Sigma 35/1.4 ART or FA35/290: FA77/1.8 Limited, Tamron 90/2.8 macro or hunt down FA*85/1.4 or Zeiss 85/1.4 ZKThe Zeiss lens will be manual, Tamron is sharp across frame whereas the 77 and 85s will be more for portraiture.The 31 is classed as one of of not the strongest all rounder lens in the current Pentax lineup with above average resolution and rendering, the FA35 will give you 95% for a third the cost. The Sigma is big, has its fans if you prefer sharpness overall buy there have been reports of inaccurate AF across brands.

For anyone interested in Kmount lens line up available for your specific interest and budget, I suggest you start a thread over in the Pentax SLR forum to get your questions answered. For budget minded people like myself, I recommend DA 40mm F2.8, DA 70mm F2.4, DA 35mm F2.4, DA 50mm F1.8, which you can buy brand new and they fit FF image circle. The new DFA 28-105 zoom can cover wider range of focal lengths. Of course there are literally millions of legacy Kmount lens out there in the used market for those bargain hunters, check pentaxforums.com for user review of these excellent lenses so you know what to look for.

I have tried a few lenses on the K-1, and I would certainly endorse what is said about the 31 mm f1.8 Limited. It's insanely sharp at f5.6. The 43 mm Limited is very nice, too. It has a pleasant bloom wide open - lovely for portraits, but is very sharp stopped down a little. And the 77mm Limited... what can I say? It's a lovely lens. I have also tried the 100 mm Macro (excellent resolution) and the DA* 60-250 mm f4. While the latter is technically not a full frame lens, I found it performed very well on the K-1, with only a bit of vignetting at some focal lengths.

Impressive camera Pentax... but PLEASE show me a list of lenses for the K1 that I can afford... cause as of right now... I haven't spotted a quality zoom lens for this camera for less than $1600. Without a decent selection of affordable optics, this camera will go down in flames, regardless of it's technological advances.

except it can do high ISO or shadow recovery 2 stops better than bayer without PS. Foveon can do it on a moving subject and handheld - just don't let the ISO go up. I shoot Pentax. I'd want a Sigma ifi was a strobist.

I compared some of the raw files from K-1 to other DSLRs and IQ is amazing. Does anyone knows if pixel shift can be used without a tripod. I would hate to carry tripod everywhere with me and are moving leaves or water would be ok with pixel shift...

I can't belive Pentax K-1 beat the best 35mm camera the Nikon D810 AND at 2/3 of the price with 3-4 times more features!!!Holy sh!t!!!What have you done Pentax?What have you done!Now I need Sigma to release a K Mount version the the 50mm 1.4 Art and I will forget upgrading to the Sony a7R II.btw that Pentax lens that DPReview is using on the K-1 looks like it has lower contrast compares to the Nikon 85mm on the D810 and the K-1 still beat the D810. hahahaha amazing!

Apart from the IQ which is many talks about i have to say the design of this camera is amazing. the camera is handling very well and comfortable. though it is heavier than k3ii but it feels small and will ballanced . this camera is nearer to 645z than k3.k1 is premium and first class when talking about the body and the design. may i mention only one complant: the 2 bottons up the left sid are small and some times i press both together!!!!

I guess we should be comparing it to a potato. We wouldn't want to hurt anybody's feelings.

A quick peek at Yxa's recent posts shows that he seems to be very skeptical of Pentax, if not outright hostile. As a Nikon user and D800 owner, he's probably just engaging in a bit of fanboyism. Probably best to ignore him.

D810 is compared to every new FF camera bec it is the best, indeed it was the best, and I am using Nikon cameras but the arrogance of Nikon towards serious complaints of poor quality cameras lead people to look for more trust. Now that Nikon D810 is the beaten champion, I hope that Nikon produces better quality cameras to compete with Pentax.

BobYIL .. I believe .. do not wory. I do not judge anybody (except in politics) ... It is only strange to me that souch company as Nikon or Canon is, do not count on that in production and they leave loyal population to wait so long. That is very rude of them!

By Pentax I can understand that, because they did not expected souch success ... but CaNikon?? They should know ..

Stunning reaction to pixel shift; first samples resolution reminded me of 8x10" color diapositives (!); DR is beyond expectations. A new trend in digital photography is starting; soon we may see some similar models from Nikon, Canon (?) and Sony too..

I am a Pentax user myself. I understand users here expressing their high spirits about the K1 and Pentax / Ricoh overall development. But why pitting Pentax against other brands and provocing their followers? We should be better than that. Especially since we see many users of other brands expressing good wishes towards us Pentaxians.

I totally agree with you my friend. This is not a war. We are just seeing a step that will be better for photography and for customers in general. Nobody cares what is better what i can see is another great camera like many others.

Totally Agree, if you like the brand, just be happy, no need to call out others. I for one like Pentax products because they feel right for me, not dependent on whether they are the best in the world or not.

I agree. Pentax is on a good way to become another great choice for photographers of all sizes again. (Perhaps minus action at the moment)But that doesn´t mean Pentax is better or worse. It is just another choice with it´s own qualities and disadvantages. More diversity is good for the industry as a whole. Even if you are a Canikon guy (or girl) you should be happy that all the other brands strengthen there lineups. Pressure on the established companies will help everyone.I am a Pentax shooter, but my friends shoot other brands and it is a great joy for us to play with all the good toys that are available. The industrie is in a better place than i thought it might be after the rise of the smartphone. I´m happy!

Agreed... as a long-time Pentax user. Pentax has had it's unique advantages over the years. It also has had it's limitations in other areas (SDM, weak AF?). So, frankly there is no room for fanboys. Take the instrument for what it is. The K1 appears to be a great machine though I don't see myself getting one anytime soon.

Pixel shift looks awesome and a great way to get the same kind of pixel resolution you see in Foveon shots (without the noise issues). Still, it's limited by the multi-shot nature of the feature.

Agreed, but after having been viewed as 2nd-tier for quite awhile (not without basis), it's hard not to crow at least a little. And yes, we Pentaxians know that other brands still have their advantages.

Canon and Nikon are spoiled by high sales, and Canon does not invest on sensor tech, Nikon does but Nikon cameras even FF ones have serious quality issues. Medium formats have very bad sensors. Pentax changed all that for much less price tag, and deserves wistles I believe.

Indeed they are which is why I have never gone the Canon or Nikon route and I have used MANY other brands. Still, Pentax is not lily white. You couldn't pay me to own another lens with an SDM motor and Pentax never did take responsibility for those failures.

Not a scientific test in any way, but I've taken some PS shots handheld in bright daylight (1/800 shutter, ISO 100, 43mm Limited @ F4.5) and the results were stunning. I did have Motion Correction enabled. No visible aberrations, and the colors are totally breathtaking. Very noticeable difference between PS on and off. The only real drawback is that the mirror is up and shutter open for an extended period of time (like 2 seconds), which makes it hard to know when the actual photos are being taken. The shutter is electronic in PS mode, so the mechanical shutter doesn't actuate between each shot.

edit: as long as the subject in the shot isn't a bunch of grass or trees with wind blowing. In that case, the grass and leaves tend to get all weird.

Although the ghosting problem with pixel shift has been improved from the K3ii, hand holding is probably not a realistic expectation. If something in the frame moves between shots, the camera will mask it out, but if the entire frame moves, as it would when hand holding, there will be very few pixels that don't require masking. In other words, it's ok for your subject to move a little, but not your camera.

Ricoh's Pentax Renaissance (so far): bump up sensor size of Q system. Intro true flagship APS/C model with class-leading IQ. Launch entry-level DSLR. Create outstanding mid-range model that catches up to the rest of the world with flip screen and wifi. Release updated 645 with unmatched IQ and even video. Launch new full-frame 135-format flagship with best-in-class IQ. Release full line of professional f/2.8 FF zooms. Make all the above the best value-for-money available. Check, check, check, check, check, check, check and check. All this in in just 5 years people. I think we can safely say Pentax is back.

With these products and this investment if we don't see Pentax market share increasing, then it will be because of the overall market situation IMO. They're definitely back, but what you say is certainly also relevant. We don't yet know if they're back to stay.

The 645Z has certainly been successful beyond Ricoh projections and it appears they have another winner with the K1. Ricoh, like Canon and Nikon, has deep pockets, so it's fairly safe to say Pentax is here to stay.

K-1 looks like clear proof that Ricoh has nurtured the Pentax acquisition with planning and care, while allowing the Pentax tradition of great ergonomics in robust bodies, and sticking with K-mount to keep many older but still excellent lenses snapping. Goof job, Ricoh, and congratulations to the Pentax/Ricoh design and engineering teams.

And I should add that the High ISO's good too with this moderm MF camera. The DxOMark Sports Score is usually (but not always) based on the highest ISO that gives an "acceptable" 30dB SNR.

The Sports Score of the 645Z is 4505 vs the D810's 2853.

Note: the "Sports Score" really doesn't indicate the suitability of a camera for sports. That's more about AF, burst speed and burst buffer depth, and the D810 is much better equipped for this role than the 645z. But with its much bigger sensor, the 645z is probably better in LL situations.

Yeah. If you compare the 100ISO+6EV shot, in standard shutter mode, to the say, Canon 6D or Canon 5DSR, or even the brand new 1DX Mk.IIthe difference is abysmal. If you compare the same setup with pixel shift on, it gets even more pronnounced. The shocking part here is how is it possible for this particular manufacturer to have fallen so much behind, and for Pentax to have leapfrogged everyone else i suppose. Excellent job, the K1 is truly tempting.

I think it's cute how canikon shooters keep saying PIxel shift is only good for product shots as if trying to reduce its usefulness. I can think of many uses for it, from fine art to fashion, crime scenes to landscapes. Even portraiture. Shooting art for galleries, museums and for the artist's websites.. It's a lot more useful than some people are making it out to be. And even if it was just useful for product shots- that's a big industry and covers many things. And as good as the PS photos look, this camera could really put you ahead of the completion.

And now learning it has motion compensation, that opens the doors even more.

50% of all my photos are taken inside of things that don't move. Table-top studio or product photos I suppose. It is certainly not a minor issue for me. Also these are often the shots that need the highest quality.

no 1. it is meaningless to compare a 4-exposure mode like pixelshift to an 1-exposure mode like single-shot in the D810. If you compare properly, you would do it against a series of four consecutive shots, which are merged in photoshop, with or without the help of an action to automate this.

Then, the alleged noise advantage of pixel shift would be what it is: void ;)

no 2. The K-1 steals its dynamic range advantage by means of cheating (doing denoising on raws). Evidence: the ratio between luminance noise and chroma noise appears to be shifted in favour for choma noise. If the firmware doesn't do any denoising, then this ratio must always be constant (due to maths).

This is a plausible explanation, why the K-1 will do so well on reviews, w/o having received a new miracle sensor from Sony. Sony wouldn't give such to Ricoh, so that Ricoh's cams appeared as cheaper and better than Sonys own ;) that never happened, of course.

So what? A four frame stacked group in PS from the D810 still won't get your RGB at each pixel. Who cares if Pentax manipulates the RAW a bit for better noise performance. The K1 still outperforms the D810 on resolution and with less visible noise.

^^ To be fair the Nikon has much better AF and a far more robust flash and lens selection. A single camera body doesn't mean much in the grand scheme of things and is why Nikon and Canon can charge so much and still sell much more than smaller brands like Pentax and Olympus even though feature wise they offer much more bang for the buck.

Is this similar to just doing multi exposure to one raw file as you could with most other Pentax cameras? (except the sensor shift of course). I used to do that when I had Pentax to get more dynamic range, and it worked very well for the same shots you could do normal HDR where you bracket shots. It's the same basically, but in one raw file. Looked natural right away, and pretty much developed the same way we do raw files from only one exposure.

Yes, it is similar to doing multi-exposure. The difference is that combining it with sensor shift adds (colour) resolution. Another difference is that standard multi-exposure results in a raw file every raw converter can open (maybe the default noise reduction might be a bit off). A multi-exposure with sensor shifting requires the raw converter to recognise this and skip the de-mosaic step (and adjust sharpening and other automatic adjustments to the fact that no interpolation was carried out).

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