Philips Research

The history of the CD - The beginning

While experimenting with equipment to record morse signals
automatically, the 30-year-old Thomas Alva Edison accidentally
discovered in 1877 that he had recorded sounds that resembled a
human voice. Edison continued with his experiments and made a
sketch of a ‘recording apparatus’ that was built by his
instrument maker John Kruesi and was called a 'phonograph' by
Edison.

The phonograph used a manually rotated cylinder coated with tin
foil in which the pattern of the sound waves was engraved by a
needle. When Edison tried it out for the first time, he turned
the handle and pronounced in a clear voice the children’s song
'Mary had a little lamb...’ After the recording, he
enthusiastically observed that how voice as clearly reproduced.
The human voice had been ‘preserved’ for the first time ever.

But even though Edison greatly improved his phonograph in the
following years, it was destined to have only a relatively short
lifetime. Because ten years after its invention the gramophone
record was developed.

Emil Berliner
Although Edison is often referred to as the inventor of the
gramophone record, this honor is really due to Emil Berliner,
who had emigrated from Germany and was the first person in the
world to introduce such a device in 1888. By numerous
experiments, he came to the conclusion that sound waves could
better be recorded on flat discs than on the cylinders of
Edison’s phonograph. Because in contrast to Edison, whose
phonograph was intended for recording and reproduction, Berliner
saw the gramophone and its records primarily as instruments that
would allow everyone to listen to music by famous artists. In
addition, Berliner thought that flat records or discs would be
much easier to replicate than the phonograph’s cylinders.
Berliner’s first record had a diameter of 12.5 cm, only half a
centimeter larger than the Compact Disc that was to be
introduced 95 years later. But Berliner’s disc had a playing
time of barely one minute, while today’s CDs can contain around
80 minutes of music.

After first using ebonite, Berliner soon switched over to
shellac as the material for his records, and this continued to
be used for the production of 78 r.p.m. records until the
introduction of the LP (Long Play record) in 1948. Customers who
purchased one of Berliner’s first record players were able to
enjoy recordings of popular numbers such as 'Twinkle, Twinkle,
Little Star' and 'Our Father', which they received free with
their players.

However Edison never believed in Berliner’s flat records, and
stubbornly continued with his cylinders. After many improvements
his cylinders gave much better sound reproduction than
Berliner’s records, leading to battle between the two systems
that was finally won by the record. Finally Edison also
developed a gramophone record, even introducing a 30 cm Long
Play record with a playing time of around 20 minutes. But
despite its excellent sound quality this record was not a
success, the public instead choosing the 78 r.p.m. shellac
records with horizontal (lateral) recording, while Edison
remained faithful to the same vertical (‘hill-and-dale’)
recording principle that had been used for his cylinders.

Electrical recordings
The electrical recordings, which became possible from 1927
onwards, represented a major improvement in every respect. Not
only was the frequency range greatly increased, but things also
became a lot easier for the recording technicians and artists
thanks to the introduction of the microphone and the
disappearance of the huge 'funnels' from the recording studios.
But Edison again was not impressed. He continued to prefer
mechanical recording even for his Long Play record as a result
of which he gradually faded out of the picture in the music
industry. That may well have saved him a lot of money, because
at the beginning of the 1930s record sales collapsed; from more
than 100 million copies in 1927 to barely 6 million in 1932.

It would take until after the Second World War before the LP
became commercially available, even though it had been developed
as long ago as the early 1930s by RCA. The shellac record
continued to exist for some time next to the unbreakable LP, but
it disappeared as soon as the 45 r.p.m. record was introduced.

The mono Long Play record of the 1950s and 60s had an extremely
good sound quality, which was due partly to the advanced state
that recording techniques had by then reached, as well as the
constant improvements in the gramophones, which by then were
called record players or turntables. The stereo record was
introduced in the mid-1960s. At first this was a disappointment,
because the sound quality was noticeably poorer that that of
comparable mono records. However the record industry was able to
improve the quality of stereo records significantly within a few
years, and even introduced 'quadraphonic' (4 channel stereo)
discs at the beginning of the 1970s. But quadraphonic sound was
not successful. Not only were the techniques used at the limits
of what was achievable at the time, but also the biggest problem
was that in a short time four different and incompatible
quadraphonic systems came onto the market at the same time! This
meant that music enthusiasts had to buy four different decoders
plus a new pick-up element with a specially shaped diamond
needle to allow them to listen to the different quadraphonic
records!

The digital era
Shortly after the demise of quadraphonic sound, the electronics
industry moved into the digital era, and particularly optical
recording. Following the pioneering work of Philips on an optical
video player in the early 70's, a project was started in 1974 within
Philips and its Research laboratories to develop a digital optical
audio disk with error correction code.
Parallel work on digital optical audio recording was done in a number of
companies and Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital
audio disc at the 1977 Audio Fair. On 8 March 1979, Philips demonstrated
for the international press a 11.5 cm Optical Disk and a Compact Disc
Audio Player. The demonstration showed that it is possible by using
digital optical recording and playback to reproduce audio signals with
superb stereo quality. Through the co-operation with Sony the final
diameter was 12 cm and the initially proposed resolution (accuracy)
of 14 bits was increased to 16 bits. With this concept Philips and
Sony took the first step in setting a worldwide standard.