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The Birth of the Renaissance Renaissance –Rebirth –Revisit Classical ideas Want to copy Greek and Roman styles –Fall of Byzantium, 1453 Classically trained scholars flee Turks Move to Italy –Reconquest of Spain Library of Cordoba –Italian City States Competition to outdo each other

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Improving on the Classical World New technologies / techniques available Growing confidence Re-examine Original Latin and Greek Texts –Notice some errors / inconsistencies Attempt to improve on Classical techniques Inquisitive and experimental

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How to re-examine the world Investigation –Columbus Hmmm, I wonder if I can prove the world is round? Observation –Copernicus The stars and planets are moving in the wrong direction if the earth is the centre of the Universe Experimentation –Galileo Hmmm, If I put these two lenses together in a tube, I wonder what will happen.

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Paracelsus Full Name: –Aureolus Phillipus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim University Lecturer in Basel, Switzerland Challenged Galen –Burnt Galen’s books in front of his students “Galen is a liar and a fake; Avicenna is a kitchen master. They are good for nothing. You will not need them. Reading never made a physician. Patients are the only books.” –Disagreed with 4 Humour Theory Put forward the idea that the body was attacked from outside –Use minerals & magic to help protect the body »Mercury, Laudanum, iron and Sulphur

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Padua Anatomical Theatre Padua in Italy Premier Medical Facility in Europe More willing to dissect cadavers However, cadavers still in short supply Up to 300 observers All observers within 10 metres of table

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Andreas Vesalius Studied in Paris Observed gallows victims and decaying bodies of criminals –Smuggled parts home Became professor of Padua at 23 Conducted dissections himself –Students told to study the body for themselves rather than rely on others. De Fabrica published in 1543 –Pointed out Galen’s errors Jaw bone –Printing press allowed it to be made available to a wide audience

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William Harvey Student at Padua Challenged Galen’s idea of new blood being created –experiments to show that blood flowed in one direction Animals Cadavers Proved that heart was a pump –Blood recirculates –Calculated volume of blood Published results showing his proof Problem: Capillaries? How useful was his discovery?