Architecture of the California Missions

You may already know that there are 21 missions today in the state of California. Starting in San Diego all the way past San Francisco, the missions remind us of an earlier time when the Spanish were colonizing Alta California. The California missions were started because the Spanish king wanted to create permanent settlements in the area of the New World called Alta California. The decision to create Spanish missions in California was political as well as religious. The Spanish government wanted to gain control in California before the Russians did. They also wanted to spread Christianity among the Native Americans (Johnson, page 5). Most of today's missions are active churches, some have held mass non-stop since their founding. Others are part of the California State Park system. All are modern day treasures and a path backwards in time to our beginnings. They have influenced many aspects of our history, and continue to be an important part of our state today. Thousands of people annually visit the Missions and they find its architecture beautiful and interesting. The architecture of the California missions was influenced by many factors like the limitation in the materials, the lack of skilled workers, and the desire of the founding priest to imitate the structure of his Spanish homeland.

The first thing they would do in the construction of missions was to find a location. Then they would decide what the position would be so that they would take the best advantage of the sun's position for interior illumination (Baer, page 42). After the position, they would lay out a map describing where everything would be located and constructed; starting from the priest's quarters, refectory, convent, workshops, kitchens, soldiers' and servants' living quarters, storerooms, court or patio, and other additional living quarters. The patio was one of the most important structures of missions; they...

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...Native Americans in CaliforniaMissions
Spanish wanted to colonize some of America, just like the Europeans. Building religious based Missions all throughout California was a way for them to maintain ultimate social, political, and economic control. Spanish explorers arrived on the border of California during the 16th century. The very first Franciscan mission was built in San Diego during 1769. By 1833, twenty two Spanish Missions existed from Southern California to Northern California. Native Americans made up about one-third of those who lived and worked at the Missions. There were an estimated 310,000 Indians living in California during the 16th century. The Spanish provided the Native Americans with the necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter. Although the CaliforniaMissions had the right intentions of providing for the Native Americans, the Spanish acted in an inhumane and unfair way.
Junípero Serra arrived in San Diego in 1768 and lead a group of Franciscans to find property and more importantly, workers. He welcomed the Native Americans with open arms and open doors. In a primary document written by Junípero Serra himself, he admitted that he used the Native Americans solely for work. However, he said that providing them with food and shelter compensates for their hard work....

...﻿Missions in California
The missions in California were built at the beginning of 1769 by Father Junipero Serra. The Spanish had control of the region and then they began to construct the missions with several purposes in mind. The main goal was to convert the indigenous people they conquered into taxpaying Spanish citizen and productive inhabitants. The missions would serve as a place to do business, to convert the Indians to Christianity while securing the land from being conquered by other countries.
The Spanish had control over the land and were concerned that the British or Russians would try to conquer their territory. Russian traders of seal and sea otter pelts had been hunting along the Pacific coastline north of California for years. The British had trade ships along the coastal settlements as well. What finally forced them to act was the fact that Russian fur trappers were starting to move farther and farther down the Coast and were spotted near present day San Francisco. The Spanish wanted to establish permanent settlements in California to keep control of the land as other people and countries were beginning to come to the area.
Since the Spanish had control of the land, they had to do something in terms of putting it to use. They built missions near the coast to establish towns. The missions served as trade centers...

...built missions in California to make their presence in the area known and to convert the Native Americans into Christianity. They served as religious and military outposts.
These missions were established to convert Native American into Christianity. Obviously not all people wanted this, and they were treated harshly. Although, others jumped right into it and began the praise and worship rituals like they had been doing it their whole life. The Native Americans that just could not seem to think it was right to convert to a way of thinking that was not their own, were treated extremely harsh by the Spanish. Father Junipero Serra committed his existence to converting and spreading the word of his God, and founded the first mission in San Diego. Many Native Americans tried to escape the Spanish rule, but were often caught and put to death.
The Spanish were particularly afraid that they would be conquered by the British or the Russian. In an attempt to prevent this they built missions. These missions were boarders set up around the state to keep the British and the Russians out and secure what they believed was rightfully theirs. They tried to prevent the Russians from intruding on the coast because the Russians liked to hunt for seal and other wild sea game quite close. Their main fear was that they would try to establish some kind of settlement to be closer to their hunting area and make...

...Missions in California
The most significant reasons why the missions were so important were: the Spanish wanted to make their presence known within the area, and they also wanted to use the missions to convert the Native Americans to Christianity. The missionaries worked very hard to do just that. One of the people who devoted himself to converting and educating the Native Americans was a man named Father Junipero Serra. Father Junipero Serra founded the first mission in San Diego in the year of 1769.
The missions however served as more than just a religious symbol. The missions served as trade center where different settlers from all around the region could exchange produce and their livestock. Many of the Missions were built on fertile grounds; they in fact provided goods such as wine, olive oil and various grains. However many Native Americans were forced to accept the lifestyle imposed upon them by the Spanish and most importantly the missionaries. Others however willingly agreed to their terms and devoted themselves into the missionaries. In all surprise it was the Native Americans that tended to upkeep the missions and cared for grounded and livestock’s.
Those who did not comply with the Spanish were treated harshly. They often temped to escape from Spanish rule. There were threats to the indigenous population, such as measles...

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Studying Architecture
The first step in becoming an architect is earning a professional degree from a college or university that has an architecture program accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB). An accredited, professional degree from one of these programs is the most accepted way (and sometimes the only way) to satisfy U.S. registration boards’ education requirements. The type of degree you earn may also have an impact on whether you can become licensed in multiple jurisdictions.
To learn the other registration requirements, see Experience Through Internships and Architect Registration Examination.
Overview of Architectural EducationA degree in architecture provides the foundation in architectural knowledge and process.
The primary means of satisfying most U.S. registration boards’ education requirements is earning a professional degree from a program accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB). NAAB is the only agency authorized to accredit architecture programs in the United States. It is also a requirement for an NCARB Certificate, which facilitates reciprocity between registration boards.
Graduation from a NAAB-accredited program does not guarantee registration as an architect. You must also complete experience and examination requirements.
NAAB-Accredited Programs
There are over 100 schools of architecture in the United States that have...

...﻿ Question 3: BUCOLEON PALACE
Bucoleon was one of the Byzantine palaces in Constantinople. It was probably built by Theodosius II in the 5th century.
The palace sits on the shore of Marmara Sea. Hormisdas is an earlier name of the place in Greek.The name Bucoleon was probably attributed after the end of the 6th century under Justinian I, when the small harbour in front of the palace, which is now filled, was constructed. According to tradition, a statue featuring a bull and a lion stood there, giving the port its name (βους and λέων are Greek for "bull" and "lion" respectively). "House of Hormisdas" and "House of Justinian" are other names referring to Bucoleon Palace.
Emperor Theophilos, among his other works, rebuilt and expanded the palace, adding a large façade on top of the seaward walls. The ruins suggest a balcony looking out to the sea was present, accessible through three marble-framed doorways, still visible today.In the 1204 sacking of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, Bucoleon was taken by Boniface of Montferrat who:
"rode all along the shore to the palace of Bucoleon, and when he arrived there it surrendered, on condition that the lives of all there in should be spared. At Bucoleon were found the larger number of the great ladies who had fled to the castle, for there were found the sister of the King of France, who had been empress, and the sister of the King of Hungary, who had also been empress, and other ladies very many. Among the...

...﻿陋 室 銘 - 劉 禹 錫
lou` shi` ming’ liu’ yu^ xi-
Inscription - The Crude House" – by Liu Yu Xi
Note
As Minister of Rites at the imperial court, Liu Yu Xi (772 – 842 C.E.) took part in the Yong Zhen Reform, which attempted to limit the power of the palace eunuchs and the provincial governors. When the Reform failed he was demoted to be a mere county administrative officer out in one of the provinces. Upon seeing that he continued to openly espouse the Reform Movement, the county head placed Liu’s living quarters in the crudest little house with only one room, contrary to existing remuneration regulations for his rank, which called for three chambers and three living rooms. Unbowed, Liu wrote this piece and had it inscribed in stone and erected outside the little house.
Lou Shi Ming is a piece of inscription that Liu Yuxi wrote to express his feelings through his residence. Liu(772 – 842 C.E.) was a famous poet in the Middle Tang Dynasty and ranked as high as Liu Zongyyuan and Bai Juyi. It describes living in a simple dwelling, following a life that is rich in character, refined in culture and learning. By praising simple house, expressing the author’s attitude of life which does not pursuit of fame and fortune.
Text
(拼音四聲4 tones in Pinyin denoted as 1: di-, 2: di’, 3: di^, 4: di`)
山不在高，有仙則名。
shan- bu’ zai` gao- you^ xian- ze’ ming’
It matters not the height; if an immortal resides in a mountain it becomes famous.
水不在深，有龍則靈。
shui^ bu’ zai` shen-...

...Elsie Carrasquillo
Crime and Society
Instructor Scott Axton
2 May 2013
ABSTRACT
Some states have yet to join those states that have put in effect the Three Strike Law. Even though many states have implemented the Three Strike Law it still has many setbacks. California has the strictest laws on the Three Strike Law. While experts thought this would be a good idea it causes issues like overcrowding in prisons and a much bigger budget plan. Proposition 36 was voted to reform the Three Strike Law to reduce sentences to those who have been convicted or misdemeanors instead of felonies.
The Three Strike Law was first introduced in 1974, in the state of Texas. The state of Texas Three Strike Law, mandated for a criminal to automatically have to serve life in prison. Since then, there have been about 27 other states who have adopted the Three Strike Law. California was the third state to start implicating the law in 1994. Out of all the states who have adopted the law, California is the strictest state. California’s Three Strike Law has been around for about 19 years now. The main goal of this law was to reduce crime and deter offenders from repeating or committing more crime. The Three Strike Law in California was recently voted on Proposition 36, which reforms the Three Strike Law in the election of November 2012. The reason why the Three Strike Law was to be voted on was because, regardless of the crimes...