3.Commodity
variations in transport rates depend on loading and packaging costs, damage and
risk variation of shipping, shipment size, regularity of movement, special equipment
and services required, and elasticity of demand.

5.International
transportation is affected by the regime governing the transport mode (by air
and by water)

a.Air
space is controlled by sovereign countries.

b.Shipping
favors developed countries over developing countries in establishing rules of
shipping and rate structures.Established by shipping cartels.

Transport and
Location

1.Weber’s
model predicts an end-point location for transport-oriented firms that produce
a product with only moveable resource and one moveable commodity.

2.Firms
will locate to minimize transport costs.‘Weight-losing’ firms will locate at the resource site while
‘weight-gaining’ firms will locate at the market site if the transport rate is
the same and they share a constant transport route between the two sites.

3.Non-linear
line haul costs and fixed terminal costs reinforce end point locations.

4.Variance
in terminal costs at the two locations, transport rates between resources
versus finished goods, or production costs between the two sites can affect the
location decision.

5.Cost-insurance-freight
pricing (freight absorption and phantom freight) can affect the geographic
market of the resulting location.

d.In
stage four, lateral development enhances the competitive position of
major ports and inland centers.

e.In
stage five, a transport network interconnects all the major centers.

f.In
stage six (final stage), the development of high-priority linkages
reinforces the advantages of urban centers that have come to dominate the
economy.

4.Cumulative
causation results in a concentrated and polarized pattern of development.

5.P.J.
Rimmer identified an alternative transport development strategy in Southeast
Asia when colonial powers’ superimpose a transpose transportation and
development system on the economic and cultural system of a less developed
economy.

a.The
precontact stage is characterized by no transportation or trade between
a developed country and an underdeveloped country that has only a rudimentary
transportation system.

b.The
beginning of colonialism stage is an initial contact between regions but
with limited social, political, or economic influence by the developed country
except to establish permanent trading posts and garrisons.

c.The
high colonialismstage results in the developed country (European
power) establishing inland transportation system among trading posts and adding
new capital.Diversification begins
with greater intensity of manufactured goods and natural resource exports.

4.Reilly
law of retail gravitation can be used to predict the breaking point or boundary
between two cities with varying population connected by a transport
artery.The breaking point, BP,
distance from the center of a larger city, C2, to a smaller city, C1, is the distance between
the two cites divided by 1 plus the square route of the population of city 2
divided by the population of city 1.

Technological
Developments

1.Early
‘hoof and foot’ and seashore economy confined markets and urban form to
relatively small cities.

2.The
steam engine, invented by James Watt in 1769, paved the way for ocean liners
(1807) and railroads (1829).The era of
cheap transportation had arrived.

3.Steam
power was most useful for movement among urban areas rather than within urban
areas because of effect on environment and economies of long haul (firing up
the furnace versus keeping it going.)The
first electric trolley system was developed in Richmond, Va. In 1888 that
significantly increased the effective area of commuting.

4.The
internal combustion engine began the American ‘love affair’ with their
automobile and began the movement toward longer distance commuting.(Aided by Interstate highway system beginning
in the 1950s.)

5.Steam
turbines and then diesel engines increase bulk sea carriers of
commodities.The Suez Canal in 1869 and
the Panama Canal in 1914 dramatically reduced distance for international
trade.

6.Air
transportation has become the standard mode for long-distance travel.

Cost-space and
Time-Space Convergence

1.Transport
improvement have led to a progressive reduction in the cost of travel and
travel time between places,

2.This
has increased the ‘hinterland’ of market cities.

3.Larger
market increased specialization and divisibility of production, adding to
productivity.Economies of scale and
agglomeration economies associated with city size lower production costs to
help compensate for higher land costs and wage rates.

4.Transportation
and communication infrastructures are a reflection of the level of economic
development achieved by a country or region.

Transportation
Policy

1.The
theory of contestable markets (low fixed barriers to entry) paved the way for
deregulation of the airlines and other transportation facilities.

2.In 1978 the Airline Deregulation Act reduced
route and fare controls and phased out the CAB’s control of a ‘natural
monopoly.’

3.Hub
and spoke networks emerged with consolidation (and bankruptcies).This system has advantages and disadvantages
that affected flight availability in some areas and flight congestion in
others.Rates have fallen and routes
eliminated in response to market demand and excess capacity.

4.Controversy
over location and transport of nuclear wastes and the selection of Yucca
Mountain Nevada for storage of nuclear waste from commercial power plants has
resulted from NIMBY (not in my backyard) and MIMTOO (not in my term of office)
effects among over 100 temporary storage sites.

Personal Mobility in the United States

1.New
concerns are developing over the rising levels of air pollution and expressway
congestion created in urban areas.New
technologies like intelligent vehicle highway systems (‘smart’ cars and ‘smart’
highways to monitor and report traffic flows and to automatically break to
avoid collisions) to enable greater traffic volumes; and/or strategies to slow
peak-period demand during journey-to-work trips or to encourage higher levels
of vehicle occupancy (HOV lanes) are used by cities. The best inducement is to increase the price of adding to
congestion and pollution with the use of time of day tolls.

2.Why
the growth in demand for urban personal automobile use rather than public transportation?Low operating cost of private automobile,
increase female use, lack of flexible alternatives modes, demand for mobility,
reduced average size of households.

3.Intercity
transportation on expressways can be reduced with high-speed trains with
magnetic levitation.

4.Globalization
will increase demand for supersonic aircraft.(LA to Tokyo in two hours—rather than current 12 hours)

5.Graphical
applications relate organization of activities and resources to reach a desired
objective.Transportation planning
using GIS applications will improve coordination of system.

Communication Improvements(Including projections)

1.Communication
technology based on fiber optics and digital technology has replaced the
telegraph and is making the global office a reality.

2.Computers
are adaptive to repeatable tasks (automated bureaucracy), freeing workers to
organize and make decisions that are customer or results-oriented rather than
activity based.

3.Firms
can outsource to gain access to management consultants, accountants, and
lawyers without having them on staff.

4.Smart
television will increase the speed of learning for new training programs and
distance learning will come from universities throughout the country.

5.Continuing
education programs will be fast-tracked based on profession needs as opposed to
broader, liberal arts education.

6.Networked
computers allow for flexible factories that produce small runs of niche
products with little or no inventory and local supervision or coordination.