Controversial Deadly Bird Flu Research Finally Published

After months of controversial government assessment, the journal Nature published research Wednesday that discloses methodology behind creating a deadly strain of bird flu that could kill millions.

By conducting research in ferrets, a team of Japanese and U.S. researchers found that it would take four mutations of the bird flu virus for the strain to successfully spread from birds to mammals. The research comes after months of delay because of arguments that pitted the cause of medical preparedness against the dangers of disclosing information that could help bioterrorists.

The study is the first of two research papers that discuss the methodology behind creating deadly avian flu strains that have potential to kill millions.

"Currently, we do not know whether the mutations that we identified in this study that allowed the [study strain] virus to be transmissible in ferrets would also support sustained human-to-human transmission," study authors wrote. "In particular, we wish to emphasize that the transmissible [study strain] virus possesses seven segments [all but the HA segment] from a human pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus."

The team, headed by Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, submitted the paper last year to the journal, but publication was delayed after the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity made the unprecedented decision to assess the findings prior to publication. But, in a commentary published Wednesday, Nature editors noted, "a paper that omits key results or methods disables subsequent research and peer review. … We cannot imagine any mechanism or criterion by which to sensibly judge who should or should not be allowed to see the work."

They also remarked, "Where there is a benefit to public health or science, publish!"

Since it appeared in 1996, H5N1 has killed hundreds of millions of birds, but transmission to humans has been rare. There have been about 600 confirmed cases of infections in people, mostly people who worked directly with poultry. While rare, it is a deadly human disease. About 60 percent of those who had confirmed cases of the virus died.

Up until now, experts believed that the strain was transmissible from person to person only through very close contact, but Fouchier mutated the strain, creating an airborne virus that could be easily transmitted through coughs and sneezes.

"Research into how flu viruses change, how they develop the ability to infect different species, is critically important for preparing for pandemics," said Dr. Richard Besser, chief medical editor at ABC News. "It helps you predict what the next pandemic might be and to develop new vaccines."

The dilemma is that this sort of research has dangers, Besser said. But manipulating the genome of microorganisms is now something even a talented high school student can do.

"The fear is that terrorists will take the lessons from this kind of research and use it to deliberately cause disease," said Besser. "How you balance the importance for public health with the potential for harm is extremely challenging."

Experts contacted by ABCNews.com in December were split on whether the research should be published. While most virologists believe in noncensorship for the good of public health, some talked about the potential danger of releasing information on a virus that was so easily mutated.

"The idea that biosecurity consists in policing scientists or chimerical 'bioterrorists' is dangerous nonsense," said Philip Alcabes, a professor in the CUNY School of Public Health at Hunter College. "Who knows what the motives of the self-professed biosecurity experts really are, but in practice, their ridiculous pronouncements promote vast expenditures of taxpayer monies that achieve little outside of propping up the very biosecurity industry from which the warnings come."

"Censorship offends me, particularly in science," John Barry, author of "The Great Influenza," said in December. "Nonetheless, I think there should be review of something like this … but not necessarily by the government. It should be done by people who respect scientific openness, and publishing should be the default position."