Progress report DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKPACKAGES

Transcription

1 1 Interuniversity Attraction Poles V/16 The loyalties of knowledge. The positions and responsibilities of the sciences and of scientists in a democratic constitutional state Progress report DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKPACKAGES Workpackage 1: Prototype Researches taking the Web as the Main Territory to Explore. In 2004, two series of seminars were organized for 4 th year students in bioengineering. One in spring, organized by Sébastien Denys and Nathalie Trussart, the other in autumn, organized by Sébastien Denys. The spring students were organized into seven groups and chose the following research subjects: "problème de l atrazine"; "bananes génétiquement modifiées", "Biopharming", "les éoliennes en Belgique", "chasse à la baleine", "pesticides déclassés utilisés dans les pays pauvres", "problèmes de gestion de la forêt de Soignes". The autumn students were organized into four groups and chose as their research subjects: "conséquences de la réforme sucrière", "accords commerciaux communautaires pour l'alimentation animale", "le Gaucho et la mortalité des abeilles", "l épuisement du réservoir halieutique et les poissons d élevage". In both cases, the students had the choice in a longer list of topics. They reported their work in progress and their terminal conclusions on the part of the PAI Weblog imbroglio.be specially dedicated to this (http://www.imbroglio.be/controverses/) Generally, we may confirm that the direct discovery by the students of a contemporary controversy on the Web is quite a new experience for them, efficiently displacing their confidence that a problem can be analyzed into a scientific, or rational point of view, and into a remainder which can be classified as a matter of politics, ethics or value. Those new series were also an opportunity for learning and experimenting new procedures and organizational possibilities. A first innovation was to interest the bioengineering department in the proposition of possible research subjects for the students. During one session, the students are now meeting resource-persons (from the department but also from the associative, administrative or political world) and are confronting their first conclusions and hypotheses with them.

2 2 Another innovation concerns the last step of the seminar, i.e. the public presentation of the work. The whole department is now invited, as well as the resource-persons. It became clear that it was very important for the students to be acknowledged as having achieved a research, to be presented and discussed as such. They did not hesitate accepting the supplementary work needed for such a presentation (PowerPoint). In December a supplementary possibility was explored, associated to the idea that the controversy research is of general interest and may be part of the communication with a more general public. Again students accepted the challenge, and the supplementary work. One group presented its work on Radio Campus (émission «Histoire de Savoirs» of Alexandre Wajnberg), together with S. Denys and I. Stengers, to explain the general project. The recording of the Radio Campus event is available on One presentation (an other is forthcoming has been presented on the ULB website Actusciences, together with the general WP1 project (http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/lubies/fichiers/track1.zip). This opening is important both for the students and for the meaning they give to this seminar and for the future of the seminar as it should eventually be officially not only inscribed in the Bioengineering curriculum, which is the case presently, but also financially provided for. In order to activate interest and discussions, Sébastien Denys also presented the Séminaire d exploration des controverses at the LUBIES (Lutte biologique et Ecologie spatiale) research group directed by Jean-Claude Grégoire. The Network meeting of June , at the Ecole des Mines à Paris, on Public Controversies confronted the Brussels experiment with that of Bruno Latour with his students at Ecole des Mines, and with that of François Mélard with University of Liège students, as well as with the techniques for analyzing socio-technical controversies on the web by Noortje Marres. (cf. annexes 3 and 4) Several communications were presented that day: Sébastien Denys, «Presentation of the seminar», Nathalie Trussart, «Séminaires d exploration de controverses: New habits of thought for bioengineering students at ULB, taking the web as a field of experimentation. François Mélard, Study of controversies inside a training in environmental sciences. Noortje Marrès, Issue crawler: theory and practice. Bruno Latour, The space of politics. Within the framework of both WP1 & WP5, François Mélard presented a pedagogical experience on mapping controversies on local issues to the Network Meeting on Public Controversies of the IAP (Paris). A 5 years experiment has been carried on by a team of researchers and professors in a setting that gathers both actors of a controversy and students enrolled in a one year Environmental Sciences degree. The main characteristics of what are called the Integrated Exercises (IE) are twofold: a) in contrast with the two other learning processes presented at the IAP Meeting (the one from the ULB and the ENSMP), the IE are deliberately focused on local cases. This enables the direct exchange of points of view between actors of the controversy and the students; b) the IE try, as much as possible, to focus the attention on scale issues: as the seminar is split in two parts, local stakes are contrasted with the inevitable links they have with more national or international constrains or resources (regulatory processes, political definition of the

3 3 situation, economical interdependences, technical or scientific transfer, etc.). As a matter of illustration we enumerate the last four issues tackled by the IE : the controversies around the management of the marshes of Fouches (2001), the controversy around the implementation of windmills at St Ode (2002), the key environmental issues around the development of micro-barrages (2003) and the management of chemical wastes in Mellery (2004). Staff working on workpackage 1: Isabelle Stengers and Jean-Claude Grégoire (coordinators), Sébastien Denys (researcher under half time IAP contract) Nathalie Trussart (PhD student, IAP doctoral grant), Dr Marius Gilbert (postdoc FNRS), Pof. Jacques van Helden (ULB). Both Sébastien Denys and Nathalie Trussart are now under full-time contracts. François Mélard (ULg-FUL) is working within this workpackage as well. Workpackage 2: Conceptual research into the relations between knowledge and power. During 2004, Nathalie Trussart has explored a perplexity, present since the beginning of the research: while the achievement of an experimental device can be articulated, according to Stengers (Stengers p.148), in terms of the symbiotic meeting between we know and we can, the dispositif de savoir/pouvoir, coined as a philosophical tool of analysis by Michel Foucault, has been primarily used as a tool of denunciation in the field of science studies, as in echo of its large utilisations in all areas where a problem of management is at stake (security, bio security, agronomy, etc.). The perplexity emerged when comparing the link between knowledge and power in these respective meanings. On one hand, the experimental device celebrates its achievement as the symbiotic union between them: knowledge and power are co-produced. That implies that this power is constrained by the knowledge produced and by the conditions under which it is produced. This power is restrictively relative to those conditions of production. On the other hand, the term dispositif, when used in reference to Foucault in the field of science studies as much as in several social commonplaces, refers, on the contrary, to the success of management: power permits to gain, first and foremost, a supplement of control over different elements of a situation, with proper adaptation but without restriction. Two directions were followed side by side in order to clarify this perplexity. First of all, a new research into Foucault s work, read side by side with Isabelle Stengers work on the invention of the modern sciences (Stengers ). The contrast she has introduced between modern sciences and modernist knowledge offers a very useful reading of Foucault s dubious sciences, for the analysis of which the dispositif de savoir/pouvoir was coined. Indeed, while studying psychiatry, medicine and other human sciences, Foucault was primarily studying dubious sciences, answering to Stengers definition of modernist knowledge 1. Nathalie Trussart uses this transversal notion to make two points. The first one concerns the specificities of Foucault s good cases of study and the very meaning Foucault attached to the word dispositif ; and the second one concerns the possibilities of continuing to think with his notions and tools 1 Stengers I Vol. 1. p.126

4 4 with other good cases, not coming from the human sciences, but from the experimental sciences, and in particular from experimental practices around the gene. As the American science philosopher Joseph Rouse wrote, the fact that Foucault focussed his criticisms on human sciences usually suggests that Foucault accepted that there are important differences between the natural and the human sciences as more or less unified epistemic and political practices 2 (Rouse. 1993). With regard to the well established natural sciences, Foucault seems content to accept the approach of Bachelard and Canguilhem 3 (Gutting. 1989/1995). That is to say, Foucault would agree that the only valuable approach for the natural sciences is the one limited to an epistemological and historical account of knowledge, without any potential for radical critique and revision of our knowledge enterprise. In this case, his analysis in terms of strategies of power and knowledge would be legitimate only for the human sciences, the only ones open to criticism, and of little interest for attempts to understand the modern sciences of nature. However, we share with Rouse the conviction that Foucault s discussions of knowledge and power offer important suggestions for how to philosophically approach the natural sciences. Keeping in mind that Foucault was working primarily on dubious sciences, rather than on human sciences, allows to state that what is doubtful concerns first and foremost the fact that human studies succumbed too often to the temptation to adopt without hesitation the modern scientific model, embodied in the experimental device, so as to justify their claim for rationality and their practice in society. In doing so, they forget that this model created specific constraints for particular problems and objects. The success of the modern sciences, of which we are the heirs, does not concern primarily a unique mode of production of truth (that is repeated by the modernist sciences), but the acknowledgement that different objects of knowledge may produce definite problems and may demand distinct methods and specific constraints. Therefore, the present-day custom of a discipline to give way to this temptation can become a problem. This problem is situated at the crossroad between the study of knowledge and the study of power. What is doubtful concerns the political sovereignty, which those savoirs attempt to benefit by their desire to make Science. Foucault s dispositif de savoir/pouvoir is a useful tool of analysis to diagnose whether or not a claim for knowledge is about dubious science. That is to say, this tool concerns primarily a distinction between bad science and good science, rather than a new demarcation principle between science and non-science. «La vérité est de ce monde» 4, Foucault affirmed; while pointing out the scientific discourse as its major form in our societies, which are heirs of modern sciences. The task is the understanding of this fact; and of the way it is produced, as well as its effects. When we consider Foucault s many uses of the term dispositif, from the dispositif of prison to the dispositif of the self, including the dispositif of sexuality, it is clear that this technical term cannot be reduced to device or apparatus. Indeed, the conceptual dimensions of this term permits to join these two perspectives, experimental and instrumental, pointing out the passage from the experimental aspect to the instrumental aspect of the dispositif as the crucial moment that requires attention. The dubious sciences are those which miss this critical point. A dispositif de 2 Rouse J p Gutting. 1989/1995. p Foucault (1977). p.158.

5 5 savoir/pouvoir is a specific mode of production of énoncé 5 of truth. It is a metaphysical unity linking together all the heterogeneous and contingent elements - humans and nonhumans, what is said and what is not said (enunciative, architectural, technological and so on) - that were required in order to produce such a truth. For dispositif pays attention to temporal requisites rather than to causal determination; its use invites to adopt a bottomup approach, concerned with the boundaries (of place, of practice, of discipline, etc) if and only if they are conceived as in flux, in permanent reorganization and reconstitution under the pressure of contingencies. Conceived in such a way, this concept can offer an account of scientific practice as much as of dubious science, depending of the successful (or not) passage from the experimental to the instrumental dimension. The second direction followed during 2004 was research done within the working group GMO on European ground inside the IAP, with Daniel De Beer de Laer (WP7, VUB), Sébastien Denys (WP1, ULB), Jean-Claude Grégoire (WP1 and 4, ULB) and Isabelle Stengers (WP1, 2 and 4, ULB). We explored the GMO controversy in several of its dimensions (legal, political, industry s line of reasoning, commercial, Belgian and European levels, bio-safety institutions, groups of citizen claims, activists networking, construction of knowledge through participative and interactive technology assessment - pta and ita -, competition between molecular biology and environmental biology, patenting dynamic, scientific responsibilities in expertise situation, institutional agencies, and so on.). In this working group N. Trussart gave particular attention to the multiple facets of the gene as claimed in contemporary controversies over scientific knowledge 6 and focussed on the instrumental mode of existence of the gene as it appears in the social field. The role of the public was major in the controversy. It brought to light a disagreement about the nature of public action, as opposed to private affairs. That is to say a disagreement about the line of demarcation between what is left to private initiative and management and what must be regulated by the state. Indeed, around GMOs, at the occasion of the struggle which put into question their first consensual justification, the role of private interests has powerfully irrupted into public affairs. This work produced a large amount of material as evidence that biotechnologies offer enough grips to be explored by the dispositif de savoir/pouvoir in its critical dimension. Such a gene technology presents many examples for an intracellular representation of extra cellular projects - the rewriting of life (Rheinberger. 1995). But this material also forces N. Trussart to ask: How do living beings put the experimental model of molecular biology into crisis in such a way that what can be called an experimental achievement so easily turns into an achievement of quite another kind? This question implies two sub-problems. The first one concerns the new beginning for experimental biology, entailed by the era of genomic analysis. The second one concerns the crisis of experimental biology itself and the hypothesis whereby this crisis, internal to biology, is masked by other kinds of success gained in society in the name of biology. As already stated above, when the achievement of an experimental device can be articulated in terms of the meeting between we know and we can, the kind of achievement of biotechnology can be articulated in terms of we do what we can where we can 5 Foucault (1969). 6 N. Trussart has been interested in the controversies over scientific knowledge that have emerged from within the scientific community (e.g. Evelyn Fox Keller, Pierre Sonigo, Jacques Testart, etc.) as much as from social network (e.g. NGOs, activists, etc.).

6 6 (Stengers p.148): technical achievement is not constrained by its symbiotic knowledge gaining counterpart. Nathalie Trussart will try to clarify those problems in the next part of her PhD thesis. For this purpose, she would like to think the experimental devices in terms of the dispositif of savoir/pouvoir, while paying special attention to the passage from the experimental status of the device to the instrumental one, a passage through which an achievement is obtained. What is the role of the gene in such a passage from the laboratory to the society where, nevertheless, the experiments go on? References: Foucault, Michel (1969) L archéologie du savoir. Editions Gallimard/nrf. Foucault, Michel (1977). Entretien avec Michel Foucault. In Dits et Ecrits. Editions Gallimard/nrf. Vol. III. p Gutting, Gary (1989/1995). Michel Foucault s. Archeology of scientific reason. Cambridge University Press. Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg (1995). "Beyond Nature and Culture: a note on medicine in the age of molecular biology". Science in Context. 8(1): Rouse, Joseph (1993). Foucault and the natural sciences. In Foucault and the critique of institutions. John Caputo and Mark Yount (ed.). Pennsylvania State University Press. Stengers, Isabelle. (1993). L invention des sciences modernes. La Découverte. Paris Stengers, Isabelle (1996) Cosmopolitiques. Vol. 1. La Guerre des sciences. Vol.2. L invention de la mécanique. Vol. 3. Thermodynamique: la réalité physique en crise. Vol. 4. Mécanique quantique: la fin du rêve. Vol. 5. Au nom de la flèche du temps: le défi de Prigogine. Vol. 6. La vie et l artifice: visages de l émergence. Vol. 7. Pour en finir avec la tolérance. Paris. La Découverte/Les Empêcheurs de penser en rond. Stengers, Isabelle (2000). The invention of modern science. Theory out of bounds. Volume 19. University of Minnesota Press. Stengers, Isabelle (2003). with Sonigo, Pierre. L évolution. Les Ulis. EDP Sciences. Col. Mot à Mot. Staff working for workpackage 2: Prof. dr. I. Stengers (promoter), Nathalie Trussart (PhD student, scholar in philosophy for the IAP, FT) Workpackage 3: Transformations in science policy The Paris group worked a lot on two different lines: the first one was to develop the search for cartographic tools; the second was to invest into a simulation of a public assembly using original new medias. The first one has been developed with Noortje Marres of Amsterdam and Martin Remondet in Paris. We can now say that the relations of credibility which at an earlier time were traceable only for scientists -in the lines of the sociology of science- can now be extended, thanks to new information technologies, to the so called "context" of science. In other words, solid facts, vague rumors, conspiracy theories, legal cases, administrative decisions, media interpretations, newly evolving theories, all of those can be followed by using the same sort of basic quali-quantitative tools. Those tools have been tested in B. Latour's engineering class -see and by

7 7 Noortje Marres, in a special session of the 4S-EASTT meeting of August 2005 on Public Proofs in Paris and in a special mapping session in Vienna new Forshung Gallery (director Albena Yaneva). Thanks to the support of this latter group it might be possible in the near future to create a think tank in Vienna where all the cartographers of controversies could gather their tools and instrumentations. We think it's fair to say that we are now close to the design of a workplace where the scientometrics tools will merge fully with web based sites. A look at Google scholar is enough to show how powerful the help is we can get from the quick evolution of digital technologies. What is missing, but that this IAP-project will be able to gather, is the use of a generalized sociology of science as a way to navigate through the mass of newly digitalized information. In other words, what we think we can achieve is to have a layer of applied sociology of science on top of the search engines. Such is the decisive insight that we wish to render operational in this workpackage. On this front, we are moving slowly but we are clearly moving forward. The amazing reception of the event at the Gallery Forshung in Vienna -entirely suggested by us- shows that the advances are easily detectable. The second line was less expected. It has been developed by B Latour, Noortje Marres again and Christelle Gramaglia and several others from the Paris group. This time the idea was not to use web based and information technology to bring together scientometry and public debate (the core of the workpackage) but to create a three dimension simulation of public arenas, what B. Latour now designates with the neologism in German Dingpolitik. Latour has thus directed a lot of the effort done inside the IAP toward the fabrication of a catalogue -see in bibliography- and, more unusual, of a show that is to open in March 2005 in Karlsruhe Germany under the title Making things public. Atmospheres of democracy (http://makingthingspublic.zkm.de/) What we have tried to do is to assemble a mock up version of the "Parliament of Things" outlined in Latour's Politics of Nature. The mock up, as in all simulations, aims at detecting where the difficulties lie in assembling or gathering such a "parliament". The results of this simulation will be debriefed in 2005 once the show will have opened and been visited. We believe that such a 3-D medium is particularly well suited for testing several of the goals of this IAP. The fabrication of the show has crossed many of the other workpackages. Didier Demorcy implied in the weblog of the PAI has done a marvelous job in creating a full scale model of public debates around natural resources. Isabelle Stengers has offered a crucial paper for the catalogue around the notion of cosmopolitics - the first time her important concept is presented in English. Through an installation of Susan Silbey we have tried to give a visual equivalent of the trails of law developed by Serge Gutwirth. And so on. We think it's fair to say that the show demonstrates that new medium such as an exhibition is a powerful means to approach purely academic questions. Noortje Marres will have completed her Phd No Issue no politics in May 2005.Christelle Gramaglia will have completed her PhD in Fall 2005 on the Politics of water in France and its relation to law. As far as publications are concerned, we have decided to include all of them in the large catalogue of Making Things Public. This means Latour's own introduction, Noortje Marres' two papers, Christelle Gramaglia's paper on Riverphonics In «From Realpolitik to Dingpolitik An Introduction to Making Things Public» Latour defends that Realpolitik turns out to be a very unrealistic version of politics. In effect,

8 8 most of our political passions and interests are turned toward things the old English and German Ding- that could be translated nowadays by issues. But in spite of this constant attention to things, political theory remained in a rather abstract level of opinions, positions, standing, problem solving and, in general, discursive attitudes (see further under publications). Staff working for workpackage 3: Prof. dr. Bruno Latour (Promotor European partner), Noortje Marres (doctorate researcher), C. Gramaglia (doctorate researcher) Workpackage 4: Study of a scheme to evaluate biosecurity in connection with GMO's. At the end of year 2002 we unhappily arrived to the conclusion that Jean-François Desaedeleer would not be able to adapt to the kind of work demanded by his doctoral thesis. The work of the WP4, as it was initially planified, was to associate researchers from the FUL (who could not be included in the PAI contract, and thus could not fully participate) and of the ULB, was thus doubly handicapped. However, due to the half time contract of Sébastien Denys, this WP has taken a new start, characterized by strong new connections with French INRA researchers at the occasion of the seminar «L innovation controversée: le débat sur les OGM comme expérimentation collective de nouveaux rapports entre sciences, marché et démocratie» and by Sébastien Denys work on the case of Bayer colza MS8&RF3. Also the work has progressed through a seminar devoted to the GMO event, which resulted in three contributions at the IAP colloquium Testing expertise" (S. Denys, N. Trussart, D. de Beer, cf. annex 7), and has inspired Isabelle Stengers' communication about Scientific expertise and Public decision, at the 9-11 th March European Science and Society Forum and will lead to further publication. This work is also integrated in a forthcoming book by Isabelle Stengers where this IAP contribution will be credited. Next year, as Sébastien Denys will have a full time contract, the WP4 will be able to explore the connection we have begun to discover between biosecurity, public information and the WP7 work on the legal status of information (Intellectual Property Rights) a subject of common interest with the Fondation des sciences citoyennes, in the Conseil d Adminstration of which Sébastien Denys is now part. Staff working for workpackage 4: Prof. dr. F. Mélard (co-promotor), Prof. dr. J.-C. Grégoire (co-promotor), Prof. dr. I. Stengers (promotor), Prof. dr. E. Zaccaï (senior scientist, IGEAT), Sébastien Denys (PhD student) Workpackage 5: Study of multidisciplinary research schemes for public action Marc Mormont kept on following an original experience of public discussion around possible siting of a nuclear waste disposal. Contrary to the prevalent and persistent ideas according which such conflicts are concerned with values and interests, the assumption

9 9 that sustains the methodology of this experiment is that public discussion can be organised in such a way that interests and values can evolve in the process. In the observed process this has been realized by the following facts (a) the project was not designed before the public discussion and by (b) the project was open to inclusion of specific projects of local population related more or less directly to the siting process. The second process allowed all kind of interest represented by local authorities and local NGO s to be involved in the discussions. But the first one opened a long process of inquiries about the specific context and especially about the hydrological an geological situation because the site is near ancient coal mine plants. Experts and scientific consultants developed their studies according scientific requirements but also according to specific questions from local population. In parallel engineers started to develop a technical concept of the disposal in order to fit the specific conditions. A more important process occurred through the discussion. Whereas preliminary ideas of engineers conceived long term security on the model of imperviousness (closed building with neither physical intrusion nor social intrusion), local population insisted on openness of the site in order to ensure controllability and reversibility of the site. This process led to a quite innovative concept with a lot of devices in order to satisfy these aims. So the process can be read as a socio-technical design process. This process was accompanied by another one in which local actors started to design tools for local development and projects that should be financed by the promoters or governmental agencies in order to sustain a liveable community. Interestingly it was a process by which local actors are strengthening their mutual links and at the same time are beginning to think long-term projects, just as if the long term dimension of the nuclear site was inducing new ways of thinking the local: this process lead local actors to imagine a sort of social device to control and monitor the community in the future. These results allow us to suggest that technology design is a supple process if the design process is open to public discussion. It must be recognized that such process can only occur if social (time, organisation) and cultural (expert openness) conditions are met. We are trying to find means to explore the same processes in nature management processes. Staff working for workpackage 5: Prof. dr. M. Mormont (promotor), Prof. dr. F. Mélard (co-promotor) and G. Verjans (parttime researcher) Workpackage 6: The relationship between law and science form the perspective of law and legal theory. During the first two years of the IAP Mireille Hildebrandt has researched the relationship between science and law (designing complex case studies for first year law students in Rotterdam, on the topics of 'testing expertise in court' and 'understanding causality in law'; preparing a study of argumentation theory in relation to legal assessment of expertise in court; see list of publications). The third year Hildebrandt has moved on to explore the findings of this research to locate good practices for the testing of expertise.

10 10 She has read extensively into literature on participatory Technology Assessment (pta) and correlated its focus on communication between lay persons and experts with the communication between judge, jury, parties and experts in fair trial. This has lead to interesting new ideas about representation in politics and social (and marketing) research. Instead of understanding representation as a matter of aggregation of ready-made individual opinion (votes, sociological surveys) or ready-made preference (consumer choice), representation can also be understood in a less quantitative manner. To explain this, one could take the example of the legal jury, that is often said to represent common sense, in a process of carefully examining and discussing the evidence. This common sense is not an aggregate of given individual opinion, but the result of a process of forming a shared opinion. One could call this deliberative or participative fact finding (knowledge construction by lay persons, often on the basis of expert evidence). What is represented is created in this process of knowledge construction, it does not precede its representation. The fair trial seems to have found an interesting way to constrain this process of knowledge construction (representing the common sense of a community): incorporating expert advice while leaving the final word to lay persons (judge and/or jury). This has also been investigated by Gutwirth, and presented by him during the Testing expertise colloquium of October 20, 2004 (cf. annex 7). If the constitutive constraints of the fair trial are understood in their virtual sense, they could be used as good practice for pta. Especially since pta seems to lack the necessary backbone, making it vulnerable to exploitation by those that are only looking for means to legitimate their own blue prints. This is of course not to suggest that pta should incorporate the actual practice of the fair trial. Apart from the fact that the actual practice of the fair trial is being eroded from within and without, the demands to be met by adjudication form a setting very different from the demands to be met by technology assessment. The ideas generated by this research have been presented, together with Serge Gutwirth and Wim Schreurs, at the 4S EASST World Congress on Public Proof, Science, Technology and Democracy, in Paris 25 th 28 th August 2004, and during the IAP Conference on Testing Expertise, in Brussels 21 st October (annex 7) To nourish the reconstruction of the virtual constraints of the fair trial Hildebrandt participated in the project of Antony Duff and others in Scotland, The Trial on Trial II. The LLM course on Glenn's Legal Traditions of the World and a study of Foucault's 'La vérité et les formes juridiques' further inspired comparative and historical perspectives on the fair trial, as well as the essay on Freedom and Punishment that Hildebrandt wrote on the work of the Dutch legal historian Immink. In the course of 2004 work started in the EU FP6 NoE (Network of Excellence) FIDIS (Future of Identity in Information Society). Hildebrandt and Gutwirth are the coordinators of the workpackage 'Profiling: implications for privacy and security'. The topic of profiling correlates well with the topic of correlatable humans (wp 8), but the interdisciplinary nature (legal, technological, information science perspectives) make the exchange within FIDIS a fertile play ground for studying the relationship between law and science from the perspective of the relational theory of law. As announced in the 2003 annual report, Laurent De Sutter has been continuing his exploration of the relationship between law and science from the legal theoretical point of view, with regards to two already set directions.

11 11 The first direction was purely theoretical. Continuing with the attempt at re-conceiving the legal theoretical apparatus without continuing to give credits to what had constituted its realm of concepts and vocabulary; this has been pursued this year mainly through the confrontation of these concepts and vocabulary with Isabelle Stengers cosmopolitics proposal. This confrontation, held with the collaboration of Frédéric Audren at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines (Paris, France), has given rise to a collective work published in a special issue of the very largely read review Cosmopolitics in which Laurent De Sutter s previously held researches with Serge Gutwirth, regarding the analysis of Bruno Latour s concept of law as exposed in La fabrique du droit and in the reactions that have been provoked by Laurent De Sutter and Serge Gutwirth s previous instalment, have also been extended, as well as connections with other researches held in the framework of the IUAP project, namely the researches undertaken by Daniel de Beer. Laurent De Sutter s second direction of research, the issue-driven one, has also been furthered on. This direction of research concerned the concept of representation and its problematic status in the new democratic practices that have arisen as a consequence of the GMO controversy. A very close analysis of the citizen forum held by the Vlaams Instituut voor Wetenschappelijk en Technologisch Aspectenonderzoek at the Flemish Parliament in March 2003 as well as other foreign examples helped to define this problematic status, and to try to formulate a possible answer to the aporias of this status. This answer is to be developed in Laurent De Sutter s PhD thesis as it is currently being written, but can already be described as concerning to possibility of defining a constructivist conception of representation, as opposed to the conception of representation as legitimation. The presentation of Serge Gutwirth during the Testing expertise colloquium about the jury, was elaborated along the same lines (see Annex 7). The interest in this perspective from the actors in the field themselves has already lead to an invitation, on Tuesday 22, 2005, to present this research, together with Serge Gutwirth, at the ViWTA in the Flemish Parliament itself. Laurent De Sutter's PhD proposal Cosmopolitique de la représentation. Etude sur la construction juridique du public (see annex 8) has be approved by the Council of the Faculty of Law of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, which constituted its follow-up committee as follows: Prof. Serge Gutwirth (promoter, VUB), Prof. François Ost (Facultés Universitaires Saint Louis) and Prof. Jef Van Bellingen Staff working on workpackage 6: Prof. dr. S. Gutwirth (promotor, network co-ordinator), Prof. Dr. Mireille Hildebrandt (full time post-doctorate researcher) and Laurent De Sutter (full time doctorate researcher). Workpackage 7: The legal status of knowledge and information. At the end of 2003, Daniel de Beer has come to the following conclusions: the intellectual property rights, especially patents, are a key issue. In 2004, he worked mainly on this question. He started a doctorat: "Le brevet et le dispositif dans lequel il s'enchâsse, forteresse et machine de guerre, ou institution juridique perfectible?". We can not study the intellectual property rights, especially patents, without considering their practice. Yet looking at the legal practice is not enough to explain what is going on. It appears that this

12 12 practice involves a lot of "things": law, World Trade Organisation, TRIPS Agreement, transnational firms etc. as well as several "mots d'ordre" (like "patents mean progress"). It seemed important to understand in which game find ourselves. Roughly said, it seems that something like a complex "device" ("dispositif") has been built to protect patents from any confrontation with other rights or concerns. A hypothesis is that the huge dispute over the question of access to essential medicines, that started in South Africa in 2001 and ended in Cancun in 2003, was a real ordeal by fire of the new system or "device" set up in Marrakech in Daniel De Beer's PhD proposal Le brevet et le dispositif dans lequel il s'enchâsse, forteresse et machine de guerre, ou institution juridique perfectible? (see annex 9) has be approved by the Council of the Faculty of Law of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, which constituted its follow-up committee as follows: Prof. Serge Gutwirth (promoter, VUB), Prof. Isabelle Stengers (ULB) and Prof. Fabienne Brison (VUB) The work of Nicolas de Sadeleer during 2004 chiefly consisted in updating a number of articles he wrote on the legal consequences entailed by the principle of precaution, in particular in the sector of food safety. Several of his articles were translated and published abroad (Brazil, Greece,...). In addition, the chapters on genetic diversity, intellectual rights on living things and on GMO's that he wrote in the course of 2003 were published in a book co-authored with Charles-Hubert BORN, Droit international et communautaire de la biodiversité (see Publications). Besides, 450 copies of the book were purchased by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with a view to distributing them among French-speaking academics in Africa. Nicolas de Sadeleer was also asked by Oxford University Press to correct the hardback version of his book Environmental Principles: from Political Slogans to Legal Rules (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 433 p) with the aim of publishing a paperback version. A paperback edition was published in January 2005 Staff working on workpackage 7: Prof. dr. S. Gutwirth (promotor, network co-ordinator), D. de Beer (researcher), Prof. dr. N. de Sadeleer (senior scientist) and Wim Schreurs (assistent faculty of law, VUB). Workpackage 8: Correlated man and man as seen by law. During 2003 Mireille Hildebrandt worked on the relationship between human genetics and law, to locate the nexus of correlated humans and genetics, and to arrive at some initial understanding of the relevance of the concept of correlated humans for this project In 2004 Hildebrandt and the others that work within this workpackage have tried to arrive at some shared meaning for the term correlated humans. The input from FIDIS (EU Network of Excellence on identification technologies in information society, see above under wp 6) has engendered better understanding of the emergence of correlated humans in the process of automated profiling technologies. Mireille Hildebrandt has presented a paper on the network meeting in Rotterdam, correlating the embedded and embodied human person to the profiled data subject, mediated by the concept of the legal person as developed in the relational theory of law of Foqué and 't Hart.

13 13 Isabelle Stengers has provoked new understanding of the issues at hand by commenting texts and papers on the Imbroglio tree of questions and the Imbroglio Weblog, and during the network meeting in Rotterdam on 16 th December. She has referred to the automated process of profiling that enables both humans and non-humans to assess risk and opportunities in their environment. She has thus correlated this topic with a certain understanding of what it is to be part of an environment while also co-producing it. Some consensus seems to grow within the network as to the meaning and the relevance of the concept. The emphasis has shifted from correlated humans to correlatable humans, indicating the fact that the signs/data that are correlated often generate meaning after being correlated. Thus understood being a correlatable human is the virtual aspect of being an actual human. Being correlatable in this virtual sense implies the indeterminacy of human 'nature' (or, the non-essential essence), that is forever becoming actual in ways that are not entirely predetermined. This point is highly relevant for the role of law in a democratic constitutional state, as it indicates the importance of the concept/construct of the legal person as a means to confirm this virtual aspect of the human person. In paper presented at the international conference on 'Is knowledge justiciable' in Essen, Germany Hildebrandt is elaborating on this point (March 2005). The issue of the virtual identity of the human person is taken up though using other terms in the paper Hildebrandt presented in the workshop on Privacy and the criminal Law in May 2004 in Leuven. In her reply to David Archard Hildebrandt claims the link between privacy and identity to be of crucial importance, while also claiming that privacy should not be taken in a static sense but understood as the process of boundary negotiations that enable people to co-produce themselves and/in their environment. The issue of the meaning and protection of privacy and identity is naturally part of the FP6 FIDIS NoE. During 2005 Hildebrandt plans a 5 month sabbatical on The impact of identity technologies on privacy and identity. Serge Gutwirth has contributed to this workpackage by extending to the 'correlatable human' the reflections he developed together with Paul De Hert on the interrelated issues of the democratic constitutional state, privacy, data-protection and individual liberty. They both linked these ideas to criminal procedure issues in the key-note paper "Privacy and Law Enforcement. A Program for Modesty and Practical Wisdom" they presented on May during the international Workshop Privacy and the criminal law (to be published in 2005). Gutwirth has been focusing particularly on the necessity to make a distinction between on the one hand opacity tools or legal tools that tend to guarantee the non-interference in individual matters or the opacity of the individual, and on the other hand transparency tools or tools that tend to guarantee the transparency and accountability of the power. He linked these ideas explicitly to the notion of the correlatable human in the paper The correlated human revisited. A slope beyond boom and doom he presented during the sixth IAP 5/16 meeting of December 16, 2004 in Rotterdam (posted on imbroglio.be). He also developed these ideas during the FIDIS Network of Excellence Workpackage 7 kick off workshop on profiling of March, 2, 2005 in Brussels. Meanwhile the Specific Support Action (SSA) Safeguards in a world of ambient intelligence (SWAMI) (FP 6), Priority 8.1: Policy-oriented research was started up in February Gutwirth is promoter of the LSTS-VUB participation in this network; Wim Schreurs and Michiel Verlinden are the researchers. Of course, this project is closely linked to the issue of the traceable, correlatable or detectable human as it

14 14 focuses on a prospective but highly relevant application field (namely Ambient Intelligence). Wim Schreurs contribution derives in the first place from his PhD work on Ambient intelligence and the protection of personal information (see annex 10). His PhD proposal has been submitted to the Council of the Faculty of Law of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, which has constituted its follow-up committee as follows: Prof. Serge Gutwirth (promoter, VUB), Prof. Jean Claude Burgelman (IPTS-JRC, EC, Sevilla & VUB) and Prof. Paul De Hert (Leiden University and VUB). Wim Schreurs, who is a participant in the FIDIS and SWAMI projects, is actively involved in issues relating to the correlated or 'correlatable' human. Throughout these projects and his PhD, he has been focussing on the relation between privacy, data protection and ambient intelligence. More in particular, personal data processing, data collection, data storage and distribution and the use of profiles are important aspects of ambient intelligence which are closely related to the 'correlatable' human. In his research, humans are more approached and considered as a kind of digital me s, where the correlated human is in fact a digital representation of a human being. In this sense, in order to create safeguards against the possible negative aspects of correlating humans (making digital humans), he works on the necessity to develop a model of interaction between law and technology, in which human beings and their correlations (their data - their digital representation) are protected throughout a convergence - synergy - of law and technology. In this view, he started to present overviews of several existing laws on the protection of privacy and data protection, and to propose new approaches and changes to these laws (which then also should apply in ambient intelligence situations). In this sense, he analysed in particular the process of individual profiling (correlating) in his presentations in the network meeting on the correlated human in Rotterdam and during the workshop on ambient intelligence and profiling in the FIDIS project. At the moment, he starts to test his proposals for codes - i.e. law-in-technology applications - in which the focus is mainly human-centred and based on the necessity for an individual to have the possibility himself to be the controller against unwanted data collection and procession (and possible correlations). Staff working on workpackage 8 Prof. dr. S. Gutwirth (promoter, network coordinator), Prof. dr. M. Hildebrandt (post doctoral researcher), W. Schreurs (assistant, Faculty of law, VUB) Workpackage 9: Mathematical practices, statistics, and society. 1. Themes by Jean Paul Van Bendegem Mathematical practices We continue our research into the actual practice of mathematicians in order to understand not merely how the mathematical process evolves but to get a grip on the problem of mathematical certainty, more specifically, what are the roots of the idea that mathematical knowledge is in some sense or other necessary.

15 15 History of mathematics We look at the western history of mathematics and try to answer Bloor s question whether an alternative western mathematics is possible? Could mathematics have developed in a different direction than in actually did. We look into the possibility of actually spelling out such historical alternatives. Mathematization of our daily world Related to the inquiry Mathematics and Politics is the topic of the mathematization of our daily world. Although evident to all of us in some respect see the next topic on statistics it is less evident to find mathematical traces in such daily things as buildings, parks, cities, homes, etc.. We claim however that one of the typical characteristics of western society is the overall presence, often hardly detectable, of a mathematical worldview, explaining for a part the prominent role it plays in western societies. 2. Topics part of the PhD-project of Karen François Ontology of Mathematics and mathematical practices and beliefs We are looking for an empirical support of the thesis Platonism is the mainstream ontology in the mathematical (and scientific?) community. We presented our first results during the congress on dynamic ontology s at Trento, Italy. In a following step of our research, we shall have to introduce further distinctions between Pure Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Mathematics Education. Mathematics Education The first results of the screening of secondary school curricula of mathematics are published at the website (http://www.vub.ac.be/clwf/) and at the imbroglio site. An interpretation of the data in terms of hidden values, the role of ethnomathematics and critical remarks on the didactics are presented during our international congress Mathematics in education. Is there room for a philosophy of mathematics in school practice?, Free University Brussels (in cooperation with CLWF/VUB), May Publication of proceedings and additional contributions is provided. Ethnomathematics We are looking for a renewed role of ethnomathematics in Western curricula. Ethnomathematics is no longer seen as the study of mathematical practices of nonliterate or illiterate peoples. We propose a broader concept of ethno, to include all culturally identifiable groups with their jargons, codes, symbols, myths, and even specific ways of reasoning and inferring. The use of the word ethnomathematics has to be broadened now as it has to refer to heterogeneous groups, even within a Western classroom which are characterized by diversity. The challenge for teachers nowadays is to deal with this diversity in order to give pupils equal chances. A publication Ethnomathematics in practice shall appear in 2006 (in collaboration with University Ghent, Prof. H. Pinxten).

16 16 Mathematics and Politics A philosophical inquiry into the politics of mathematical formalisation and objectification as a method to reach the best level of certainty in the sciences leads us to the Latourian notion of Science as the politicisation of the sciences through epistemology. (WP 3) We presented (in collaboration with WP6 Laurent De Sutter) this topic at the Conference in Political Theory, Essex, UK. The proceeding shall be published in 2005 (Philosophica). Statistics (transversal theme correlated human) Looking at the history of statistics one can show the growing importance of statistics in social sciences and in society in general. We are now in a period of trying to teach statistics to all. We shall argue that we have to do this in an accessible and critical way. In order to do so we have to integrate the history of statistics, the social relevance, the hidden values and indeed the political consequences of the use of statistics. We therefore look at the historical, philosophical and political aspects of statistics before returning to the question how these elements can contribute to the critical teaching of statistics. We are invited speaker at ICOTS-7, the seventh International Conference on Teaching Statistics, Salvador, Brazil, July 2-7, (in collaboration with University Ghent, Dr. Nele Bracke, Department of Contemporary History). 3. Topics part of the PhD-project of Hans Comijn Mathematics as a construction The production of a body of mathematical knowledge is compared to the construction of a building. We are looking for the main actants in this process, the matters of concern, the power relations, the strength of the building. Results were presented at several occasions. Sociology of mathematics Following the description of mathematics as a construction, we use a metaphor comparing mathematical activity to the activity going on in Salomon s temple. If mathematics education can be compared to what is going on outside the temple complex, applied mathematics to what is going on in the courtyard, and pure mathematics to what is going on inside the holy of holiest, than a sociology of (pure) mathematics is made very difficult. We find it imperative however, to have a sociological approach to these mathematical practices. Staff working on workpackage 9 Prof. dr. Jean Paul Van Bendegem (co-promoter), Hans Comijn (full-time PhD student since March 2002) and Karen Francois (full-time PhD student since October 2002 ) Workpackages 10, 11, 12 and 13 During 2004, the research in these four workpackages undertaken by the involved researchers remained intertwined and is reported as such. Both researchers analyzed their case studies (the Van San case, concerning the social research on juvenile delinquency of migrants; the GM Food case, concerning the

17 17 making and commercialization of genetically modified food) at a critical distance, from a more theoretical or speculative perspective. Drs. V. Smet is preparing a PhD on the problematic relationship between social science/scientists and policy. Dr. D. De Waele studies the interactions between agricultural biotechnology, public and policy. Analysis of the relationship between social science/scientists and policy: - On the basis of case studies, an attempt is made to confront the theoretical literature on the subject with the day-to-day practice of social research and policy in Belgium. A further study of the literature on knowledge utilization, policymaking and policy was made. Literature on the methodology for the practical part of the research was studied (in spec. ethnography) and a questionnaire for the interviews was elaborated. - Contacts were kept with researchers working on the UNESCO MOST-project on social science and governance (KULeuven; ULB); new contacts were made with researchers from IMES (Institute of Migration and Ethnic Studies, the Netherlands), with policy-makers and social scientists. Parts of these contacts will result in the publication of a thematic review on the role of social scientists in policy, in spec. migration policy, in the journal Ethiek en Maatschappij (publication foreseen: summer 2005). Interviews were held with policy-makers and social scientists. An analysis was made of the research financing over the years at the University of Ghent, as well as an analysis of the follow-up-study of the Van San-research. - We attended the conference on Social science and governance at DWTC, June 8 th 2004, Brussels. We held a presentation on the role of social science for policy at the conference Sharing Knowledge? Exploring the interfaces between science & society and the role of science communication, organized by the Da Vinci Institute, Centre for science communication & IITO, Institute for Innovation and Transdisciplinary Research, November 1 st, Amsterdam. At this conference, we also made part of the panel in the workshop Science and politics, organized by the Rathenau Institute, the Netherlands. - A literature study was undertaken concerning in spec. processes of decisionmaking and policymaking, in order to confront this with the critical analysis (by D. De Waele, see below) of recent policy initiatives in Belgium to organize public participation in science and technology developments (participatory Technology Assessment). Analysis of interactions between agricultural biotechnology, public and policy: - For the joint 4S and EASST Conference on Public proofs Science, Technology and Democracy, August 2004 in Paris, we proposed a collaboration on public proof with IUAP/ULB researchers N. Trussart and S. Denys for a joint paper entitled Beyond educational purpose towards a participative production of public proof. Public file in the Belgian Biosafety Advisory Council as a set of new constraints for notifiers and public servants of biosafety institutions. Despite efforts, a joint paper turned out to be impracticable. However, the consulted

18 18 research material, the undertaken interviews (a.o., of members of the Working Group on Public Information, in the frame of the Belgian Biosafety Advisory Council) and informal contacts with experts, and the launched thinking process, proved to be a good preparation for putting forward our thesis that citizen forums being the only places were a general public is gathered with experts and policy makers for debating societal problems with GMOs are (but?) ritualized forms of dealing with a democratic deficit concerning the societal use/embedding of science and technology. In collaboration with V. Smet for her literature study of processes of decision- and policymaking, we worked out this thesis for our power point presentation Democracy put on the scene: Backstage reflections on the rationality of the Public-Science-Policy connection at the IUAP Colloquium Testing expertise, October 21 st 2004, VUB, Brussels (cf. annex 7). In March 2005, a more elaborated text of this presentation was posted in the Tree of questions of - We initiated a text on our moral position in biotechnology matters for publication in Ethiek en maatschappij (2005): Hegel en biotechnologie: Een monologue intérieur over Wetenschap, Technologie en Kapitalisme. - Working also in the research group of Prof. G. Van de Vijver (Department of Philosophy and Moral Science, UGent, see also II.B. Cooperation outside the network), we continued our involvement in studying the contextual complexity of the genome and the implications of Systems Biology for molecular biology, philosophy of biology, sustainable agriculture and science communication. This involvement and our collegial collaboration in the Department Foundations and History of Law (UGent), helps us in the IUAP project to contextually complicate our view on the positions of science and scientists in a democratic constitutional state. - Apart from participating at several IUAP/VUB seminars, we attended Life, a Nobel story, organized by the Biotech Section of the Royal Flemish Chemical Society, April 28 th 2004, Brussels EXPO, Heizel; the IUAP Network meeting Public Controversies, June 4 th, Paris; and the Third University Foundation Ethical Forum, Free to speak out? On the rights and responsibilities of academics in the public debate, November 25 th 2004, Universitaire Stichting/Fondation Universitaire, Brussels. Staff working for workpackages Prof. Dr. Koen Raes (promoter), dr. Danny De Waele (postdoctoral researcher), and drs. Valérie Smet (PhD student).

19 19 II TERMS OF CO-OPERATION II.A. Co-operation inside the network II.A.1 Imbroglio.be: The co-operation inside the network is still evolving on imbroglio.be Imbroglio.be has two parts: 1. The Tree of questions is aiming at the publication of 'stabilized' texts, opening up for discussion ("Comments") or for follow-up (new related questions). The idea of using "questions" as headers aims at waking up the interest of others for the texts and to show how some questions in one discipline might generate other question in other disciplines. There is also the possibility to post "homeless" texts without preliminary questions. In order to enter: click "Tree of questions" or "read" (under "Tree of questions"). For an overview see further in this progress sub III.D. Overview of publications on imbroglio.be in the tree of questions. 2. The Weblog is aiming at communication, information and on the spot discussions amongst the IAP-members. It organises shorter and less formal exchange of thoughts, links and agenda-items. Both the website and the Weblog are functioning as agora of collective experimentation; sometimes they give rise to hectic discussions amongst researchers from different disciplines. II.A.2 General IAP 5.16 network meetings 1. meeting of December 17, 2003 (ULB, Brussels) 2. the Working -Weblog Day of January 30, 2004 (ULB, Brussels) 3. meeting of June 4, 2004 (Ecole des Mines, CSI, Paris) 4. meeting of December 16, 2004 (Rotterdam, Netherlands) See agenda and minutes in annexes Let us add that all the teams of the network were also well represented during the (successful) colloquium the IAP.16 organised on October 21 st, 2004 at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel.

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