Hitler paid tribute to this street which links the Feldherrnhalle, sacred to the Nazis, to the Siegestor, where Maxvorstadt spills over into
Schwabing and which serves today as a symbol of peace, in a speech on May 22, 1938 in Munich where he declared

Do you think a
Ludwigstrasse would ever have been constructed had it been up to the citizens
and other institutions of Munich? Great architectural solutions can only come
about through a central plan, and this is the way it will be once again today... when the Ludwigstrasse
was built, Munich had scarcely 70,000 inhabitants. Today Munich has a
population of more than 800,000 and Berlin has more than 4,500,000. Nobody
shall dare to come up to me to say that the new streets we are building are too
wide.

Although the street itself owes more to Maximilian I who
dreamed of turning Munich into a city of
art and culture, an ‘Athens on the Isar’ with its uniform and well-
proportioned row of neoclassical architecture a
credit to court architects Klenze and Gärtner, the Nazis left their mark.

Overlooking Odeonsplatz towards Ludwigstraße from the steps of the Feldherrnhalle then and now beginning with a demonstration against the terms of the Versailles treaty on January 6 1921 and with my Grade 11 history class.The photograph at top shows Hitler commemorating the tenth anniversary of his failed attempt to overthrow the Weimar Government. On November 8 that year, Hitler took part in various gatherings of Alte Kämpfer, including meetings in the Braunes Haus (Stosstrupp Hitler) and the Sternecker, the birthplace of the NSDAP. At midday on November 9, the march from the Bürgerbräukeller over the Ludwig Bridge here to the Feldherrnhalle—which had ended so badly in 1923—was reenacted. Hitler and the surviving members of the original march, including the Freikorps fighters (absenting General Ludendorff) silently trod the same fateful path through the streets of Munich.It was doubtless an impressive demonstration: the grave men clad in their brown shirts, the hushed masses, the burning pylons fronting the streets, and everything against the backdrop of a grey November day. The carillon in the City Hall was playing the Horst Wessel Song when the columns reached the Marienplatz. A salute was fired when their head arrived at the Feldherrnhalle, followed by one minute’s silence.The Reich’s and Bavaria’s rulers had gathered on the steps of the Feldherrnhalle, among them officers of the Reichswehr and officers of the Bavarian Police Force, which had fired the shots at Hitler’s followers a decade before. After being welcomed by Gauleiter Wagner, Hitler strode to the podium on the uppermost step of the Feldherrnhalle, gazed down at his Alte Kämpfer filling the large Odeonsplatz, and delivered the following commemorative speech:

Men of the German Revolution! My Old Guard!When we first took up the political fight in 1919, we did it as soldiers. All of us had before honourably done our duty for Germany. Only when the homeland broke down and the political leadership pitifully surrendered what millions had paid for with their blood did we resolve to take up the fight in the homeland itself, based upon the conviction that the sacrifices of the soldier must be in vain if the political leadership becomes weak.Because the Revolution of November 1918 violated the laws then in force, it could not expect us to acknowledge it as a legal and binding condition. At that time we men and political soldiers declared war on it, determined to overthrow those responsible for that November and, sooner or later and in one way or another, to call them to account for their actions.Hence we marched in November 1923, filled by the faith that it could be possible to erase the shame of November 1918, to exterminate the men who were to blame for the unutterable misfortune of our Volk. Fate decided differently back then. Today, ten years later, we can make a dispassionate assessment of that period. We know that, at the time, we were acting according to the commands of Fate and that we were all probably tools of a force majeure.It was not to be: the time was not yet ripe. What caused us the most pain back then was the rift which separated the powers which once had us, too, in their ranks, and the powers which the nation needed in order to become free once more.At that time the rift hurt, and we had only one hope: that time would heal this inner wound again, that the brothers who were hostile to each other at the time but, in the end, really wanted only to fight for one Germany, might grow once more to form the community we had experienced for four and a half years. Ten years have passed, and today it makes me happiest of all that yesterday’s hope has now become reality, that we are now standing together: the representatives of our Army and the deputies of our Volk; that we have again become one and that this unity will never again break apart in Germany. Only that has given the blood sacrifice a meaning, so that it was not in vain. For what we were marching for then is what has now become reality.Were the dead of November 9 to rise again today, they would shed tears of joy that the German Army and the awakening German Volk have now joined to form a single unit. For this reason it is right to keep our memories of that time alive, and right to unveil this day a memorial to that time. Those of us whom Fate allowed to survive wish to couple our thanks to the comrades of that time with our thanks to the comrades of the four years preceding it, that we ourselves may now fulfil the yearning and the hope of that time by doing our own duty!Fate has shown to us the path from which we will never stray. In this hour when we once again assemble for our Volk, we want to renew our faith in this German Volk, in its honour, in its equal rights, but also to renew its will for peace and its love of peace. It is painful to lose the best of a Volk; over and over again, the best have always been the ones who have had to meet the enemy in battle. And thus today we also wish to affirm, from our innermost conviction, our belief in the concept of peace; we want to be cognizant of how difficult the sacrifices are which the fight requires, but moreover we again want to couple this love of peace with our resolve to courageously defend at all times the honour of the nation, the freedom of the nation, and its equality of rights.When unveiling this memorial, I wish to once more thank all those who have faithfully fought for the German resurrection throughout all these long years, each in his place; I wish to thank the tens and hundreds of thousands of comrades in the Movement, to thank the men of the other associations who, marching along other routes, came to join us in the end, and I also wish to thank those who led the Wehrmacht into the new State.In uniting the entire power of the nation today, we are finally giving the dead eternal peace: for that is what they were fighting for, and that is what they died for! And with this in mind we shall now unveil the memorial.A small bronze memorial was then unveiled which had been erected at the side entrance arch facing the residence. Hardly any of those present were not impressed and moved by this ceremony in some way. Doubtless it had its justification, and the old fighters of 1923 could not be blamed for honouring their dead now that they had gained the victory. Hitler, however, planned to make a permanent event of this commemoration ceremony, although it actually only made sense in 1933 and perhaps also in 1935 when the corpses were laid out at the Königsplatz.

The memorial march was to take place annually from 1935 onwards. Hitler needed this triumphant spectacle to quiet his inner pessimism, for it served to demonstrate how, against all odds, he had been able to recover from the catastrophic defeat of 1923 to win ten years later; consequently—so his logic—he would always win in the end.

Hitler
being driven down Ludwigstraße with the Feldherrnhalle in the
background during his triumphal tour through Munich after returning from
the occupation of Memel on March 26, 1939

SA men marching on the corner of Ludwigstraße and Galeriestraße onto Odeonsplatz. It was here that Hitler spent most of his time before taking power of Germany in 1933-Café Heck

Just
off Odeonsplatz and overlooking the hofgarten beside the Residenz, this
was a main Hitler site. The photo on the left shows him with his main
acolytes from Geoff Walden's Third Reich in Ruins.According to Kershaw, much of Hitler's time

was
spent lounging around
cafés in Munich. He specially liked the Café Heck in Galerienstraße,
his favourite. In a quiet
corner of the long, narrow room of this coffee-house, frequented by
Munich’s solid middle class,
he could sit at his reserved table, his back to the wall, holding court
among the new-found cronies that he had attracted to the NSDAP. Among
those coming to form an inner circle of Hitler’s
associates were the young student Rudolf Heß, the Baltic-Germans Alfred
Rosenberg (who had
worked on Eckart’s periodical since 1919) and Max Erwin von
Scheubner-Richter (an engineer
with excellent contacts to wealthy Russian émigrés).

The same site July 26 1933 with a visiting group of 411 Italian fascist youth and today.

Hanfstaengl with Hitler at Cafe Heck. The former wrote in his book Hitler: The Missing Years
that "whenever he was in Munich, he was usually to be found with his
inner circle at the Cafe Heck, in the Galleriestrasse, which became his Stammtisch after leaving Landsberg" (page 132). The video on the right shows a scene in Rise of Evil when Hanfstaengl, played by Liev Schreiber, introduces himself to Hitler.

In the rather dire Hitler: Rise of Evil, the unappealing Hanfstaengl is portrayed with considerable sympathy by Liev Schreiber, a rather
problematic characterisation In the film he is portrayed as a noble
(and decent-looking) character who almost despises Hitler which
obviously follows Hanfstaengl`s own gloss over view of himself which he
gave in his biography after the war. In fact, Hanfstaengl was an
anti-Semite completely in the thrall of Hitler.

In the September 4 entry of his diary, William Shirer described Hanfstaengl as

an
immense, high-strung, incoherent clown who does not often fail to
remind us that he is part American and graduated from Harvard, made the
main speech of the day in his capacity of foreign press chief of the
party. Obviously trying to please his boss ,he had the crust to ask us
to“report on affairs in Germany without attempting to interpret
them.” “History alone,” Putzi shouted,“can evaluate the events now taking
place under Hitler.” What he meant, and what Goebbels and Rosenberg
mean, is that we should jump on the bandwagon of Nazi propaganda. I
fear Putzi’s words fell on deaf, if good-humoured, ears among the
American and British correspondents, who rather like him despite his
clownish stupidity.

Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern

Odeonsplatz
is named for the former concert hall, the Odeon, on its southwestern
side. The Odeon was built in 1826–1828 on a commission from King Ludwig I
of Bavaria and was originally a concert hall and ballroom. Klenze
designed the exterior as an identical counterpart to that of the Palais
Leuchtenberg, so that there was no outward indication of its function.
The building was gutted in an air raid on the night of 25 April 1944.
Beginning in 1951, it was rebuilt by Josef Wiedemann to house the
Ministry of the Interior.

Then and now, with the equestrian statue of Ludwig I

The interior before the war, after, and its reconstruction. Recreation of the façade took until 1954. The former auditorium became an interior courtyard. Numerous lovers of music and architecture asked for it to be restored as a concert space, but this was not technically or financially feasible. The preservationist and architect Erwin Schleich campaigned for it to be recreated on the site of the Palais Leuchtenberg, also destroyed in the war, but despite widespread support organised by the Arbeitskreis Odeon (Odeon Working Group) formed by Schleich in 1960, that plan was also rejected. It pitted preservationists who argued that such a recreation would be a "forgery" against those like Schleich who valued "social utility" over authenticity. In 2003–06, the courtyard was covered with a glazed roof (a gridshell) by the architecture firm of Ackermann and Partner, shown here.Zentralministerium für den gleichgeschalteten bayerischen Staat

With
the launch in 1933 of the Gleichschaltung, to unify all state
institutions under Nazi control, the various Bavarian ministries were
united into a central ministry which was moved here to Ludwigstraße 2 in
1940. Within ruled the two most powerful men in Bavaria-
Ministerpräsident Ludwig
Siebert and Gauleiter Adolf Wagner. When the former died in 1942 and the
latter suffered an heart attack, Paul Giesler took over all posts to
enjoy absolute power until the end of the Third Reich by which point he
had attempted to have all the surviving inmates at Dachau murdered.

On the morning of 28 April 1945, the group Freiheitsaktion Bayernunder Rupprecht
Gerngroß attempted to occupy this building but was suppressed by ϟϟ
units, an event commemorated by a plaque on the wall of the building within the inner court:

The commemorative plaque was put up in 1984 on the initiative of the Maxvorstadt District Committee. The original application to have it mounted on the side of the building facing the street was vehemently rejected by the Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture.After the war, this building served as the headquarters of the U.S. Military police and later the American Consulate General from where "Voice of America" was broadcast. In 1955 the building was returned to the Bavarian authorities and is now the official residence of the Bavarian State Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry. In 1946, a square near the English Garden in Munich was renamed Münchner
Freiheit in honour of the “Freiheitsaktion Bayern” and those who lost
their lives in the uprising.

Landeszentralbank- Reich Bank Head Office in Bavaria

Ludwigstraße
13 was the site of the Herzog-Max-Palais, birthplace of Elisabeth of
Bavaria, Empress of Austria and Queen consort of Hungary as the spouse
of Franz Joseph I. A plaque commemorates this but ignores the fact that
the building itself was built to serve the Nazis.

The
building had been demolished by 1937 to make way for Heinrich Wolff's
commission on Hitler's request. In fact, the building had been halted
by 1941 due to the war with only the first floor finished and wasn't
completed until 1951. Today it serves as the Bavarian State Central
Bank.

Kriegsministerium

The
site six months after the fall of the monarchy when a demonstration
took place in front of the Bavarian war Ministry in the afternoon 22 of
April 1919, and the building today.

Heinrich Himmler (holding the Imperial German Army flag) and SA leader Ernst Röhm in front of the Kriegsministerium (now the Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv und Staatsarchiv München) on Ludwigstraße during the Munich Beer hall Putsch. Himmler
would later be instrumental in the latter's death on the Night of the
Long Knives.

The future overlord of the SS empire was
at this time still in his twenties, a well-educated and intelligent former agricultural student who
had briefly worked for a fertilizer firm and reared chickens. With his short-back-and-sides haircut,
small moustache, round glasses, and unathletic build, he resembled a small-town bank clerk or
pedantic schoolmaster. Whatever appearances might have suggested, he had, however, few peers
in ideological fanaticism and, as time would prove, cold ruthlessness. The young nationalist
idealist, already imagining dire conspiracies involving ‘the red International’, Jews, Jesuits, and
freemasons ranged against Germany, had joined the NSDAP in the summer of 1923, influenced by
the man whose murder he would orchestrate eleven years later, Ernst Röhm. It was at Röhm’s side
that, on 8 November that year, the night of the putsch, he had carried the banner at the head of
the Reichskriegsflagge unit engaged in attempting to storm the Bavarian War Ministry.

Kershaw Hitler

After this 1934 purge, Röhm's face was eliminated from
the photograph by painting in an additional barricade element
obscuring his face as seen in the doctored version on the right.

Roehm,
at the head of a detachment of storm troopers from another fighting
league, the Reichskriegsflagge, had seized Army headquarters at the War
Ministry in the Schoenfeldstrasse but no other strategic centres were
occupied, not even the telegraph office, over whose wires news of the
coup went out to Berlin and orders came back, from General von Seeckt to
the Army in Bavaria, to suppress the putsch...By dawn Regular Army troops had drawn a cordon around Roehm’s forces in the War Ministry...Shortly
after noon the marchers neared their objective, the War Ministry, where
Roehm and his storm troopers were surrounded by soldiers of the
Reichswehr. Neither besiegers nor besieged had yet fired a shot. Roehm
and his men were all ex-soldiers and they had many wartime comrades on
the other side of the barbed wire. Neither side had any heart for
killing...Roehm surrendered at the War Ministry two hours after the collapse before the Feldherrnhalle.

Despite the friendly picnic-like atmosphere Shirer describes it, according to Ernst Röhm in his book Die Geschichte eines Hochverräters,
Martin Faust and Theodor Casella, both members of the armed militia
organisation Reichskriegsflagge, were shot down accidentally in a burst
of machine gun fire during the occupation of the War Ministry as the
result of a misunderstanding with II/Inf.Regt 19. The best account of the putsch I've found was in Anthony Read's The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circlewhich states that "Two of Röhm's men were also shot dead as they tried to break through the army cordon around the War Ministry to join the battle." (100)

I
can't find anything more than that about the incident; most books (of
course) focus on Hitler's role and limit or ignore their examination of
the peripheral events. This includes Evans's The Coming of the Third Reich which,
despite a chapter entitled "The Beer-Hall Putsch", spends just over a
single page on the actual events of that day (193-4).

The Staatsbibliothek on Ludwigstraße then and now. Founded in 1558 by Duke Albrecht V, and built again by Gärtner, housing 9.1 million volumes, nearly 400,000 maps and subscriptions to over 42,000 periodicals; one of the largest libraries in the German-speaking world.

1949
photo of the thousands of books from the Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek
in the Haimhauser Schlosskapelle; site of my school. During the 1944 bombing, the library's
collection was distributed throughout 28 sites in Oberbayern.

The
street leading off Ludwigstraße next to the Bavarian State Library is
called Walter-Klingenbeck-Weg 31 in memory of the young resistance
fighter Walter Klingenbeck. He got together with a group of other young
people in the late 1930s to listen to forbidden radio stations. They
also experimented with their own radio station with the intention of
broadcasting anti-fascist propaganda. The friends painted large V (for
victory) signs on the walls of Munich houses to herald the approaching
victory of the Allies. The street was renamed in his honour in 1998 due
to its proximity to the Catholic church of St. Ludwig to which
Klingenbeck belonged.

In
January 1942 eighteen-year-old Walter Klingenbeck was denounced to the
Gestapo and sentenced to death for “helping the enemy and preparing to
commit high treason”. He was executed on 5 August 1943 in Munich’s
Stadelheim gaol.

Amalienstraße 44, where Klingenbeck lived and the street in 1931 during a battle between Nazis and police

The bombed Haslauer-Block and its reconstruction today at Ludwigstraße 6-10. Built for Ludwig I as three private houses in 1827-1830 by architect Leo von Klenze behind a single Florentine façade. The building was heavily damaged during World War II, so it had to be completely demolished and rebuilt by Erwin Schleich in 1960-1968. He followed the specifications of Klenze, but not the internal structure. Today office, residential and business premises are in the building and serves as the office of the Munich School of Political Sciences.

Ludwigstraße 11; it can clearly be shown the legacy of the war in that the building on the corner has been completely removed.

St. Ludwig Universitätskirche

Model of the Haus der Deutsche Kunst at the "Glanzzeiten deutscher
Geschichte (Great Events in German History)" parade on the 1937 "Day of
German Art" (in front of St. Ludwig’s church on Ludwigstrasse)

Members of the Hitler Youth training as Firefighters in front

Munich University

After the Great War in the early Summer of 1919, Hitler

became active in the Bavarian army persuading German troops that Communism was wrong. Part of his training consisted in attending a course at Munich University. At this point he became acquainted with the völkisch (i.e. radical nationalist and racialist) thinker, Gottfried Feder, who was helping to organise the event. The lectures Hitler attended there included titles such as: ‘Socialism in Theory and Practice’, ‘Russia and the Bolshevik Dictatorship’, ‘German History since the Reformation’, ‘Germany 1870–1900’, ‘The Meaning of the Armed Forces’, ‘The Connection between Domestic and Foreign Policy’, ‘Foreign Policy since the End of the War’, ‘Price Policy in the National Economy’, ‘The Forced Economy in Bread and Grain’ and ‘Bavaria and the Unity of the Reich’. Many of these topics could have served as headings for the talks Hitler himself gave in the early 1920s. They must have made a massive impression on a man who unquestionably absorbed information like a sponge.

Within days he had been assigned to the first of the anti-Bolshevik ‘instruction courses’, to take place in Munich University between 5 and 12 June 1919. For the first time, Hitler was to receive here some form of directed political ‘education’. This, as he acknowledged, was important to him; as was the fact that he realized for the first time that he could make an impact on those around him. Here he heard lectures from prominent figures in Munich, hand-picked by Mayr, partly through personal acquaintance, on ‘German History since the Reformation’, ‘The Political History of the War’, ‘Socialism in Theory and Practice’, ‘Our Economic Situation and the Peace Conditions’, and ‘The Connection between Domestic and Foreign Policy’. Among the speakers, too, was Gottfried Feder, who had made a name for himself among the Pan-Germans as an economics expert. His lecture on the ‘breaking of interest slavery’ (a slogan Hitler recognized as having propaganda potential), on which he had already published a ‘manifesto’ – highly regarded in nationalist circles – distinguishing between ‘productive’ capital and ‘rapacious’ capital (which he associated with the Jews), made a deep impression on Hitler, and eventually led to Feder’s role as the economics ‘guru’ of the early Nazi Party. The history lectures were delivered by the Munich historian Professor Karl Alexander von Müller, who had known Mayr at school. Following his first lecture, he came across a small group in the emptying lecture hall surrounding a man addressing them in a passionate, strikingly guttural, tone. He mentioned to Mayr after his next lecture that one of his trainees had natural rhetorical talent. Von Müller pointed out where he was sitting. Mayr recognized him immediately: it was ‘Hitler from the List Regiment’.

Kershaw (67)

This was also the site of the apprehension of Hans and Sophie Scholl of the White Rose (Weiße Rose), a non-violent resistance group in Nazi Germany, consisting of a number of students from the University of Munich and their philosophy professor. The group became known for an anonymous leaflet campaign, lasting from June 1942 until February 1943, that called for active opposition to Hitler's regime. The core of the group comprised of students from this university- Sophie Scholl, her brother Hans Scholl, Alex Schmorell, Willi Graf, Christoph Probst, Traute Lafrenz, Katharina Schueddekopf, Lieselotte (Lilo) Berndl, and Falk Harnack. Most were in their early twenties. A professor of philosophy and musicology, Kurt Huber, was also an associate with their cause.The Scholls and Probst were the first to stand trial before the Volksgerichtshof-the People's Court that tried political offences against the Nazi German state-on 22nd February 1943.

They were found guilty of treason and Roland Freisler, head judge of the court, sentenced them to death. The three were beheaded. All three were noted for the courage with which they faced their deaths, particularly Sophie, who remained firm despite intense interrogation (however, reports that she arrived at the trial with a broken leg from torture are false), and said to Freisler during the trial, "You know as well as we do that the war is lost. Why are you so cowardly that you won't admit it?"

On the right is the trailer for the multi-award winning drama Sophie Scholl: The Final Days. Academy Award Nominee for Best Foreign Language Film, Sophie Scholl is played by Julia Jentsch in a luminous performance as the young coed-turned-fearless activist. Armed with long-buried historical records of her incarceration, director Marc Rothemund accurately recreated the last six days of Sophie Scholls life from arrest to interrogation, trial and sentence.

Denkmal Flugblätter Weiße Rose

Just in front of the entrance on Geschwister-Scholl- Platz is this memorial to the Weiße Rose showing biographies and reproductions of the last leaflets.

On February 18, nearly two thousand copies of this flyer were distributed by Hans and Sophie Scholl in broad daylight throughout the university building on Ludwigstrasse and were thrown over the balcony of the inner, glass-covered light well. They were observed by a caretaker, who immediately took them to the university rector, Professor Walther Wüst, a Colonel in the ϟϟ and an intimate of Himmler’s. Wüst held the two in his office until the Gestapo came to take them away. Hans and Sophie Scholl together with Christoph Probst were tried before the People’s Court on February 22. Graf, Schmorell, and Huber followed a few months later. (Schmorell had tried to flee to Switzerland, but had been hindered by deep snow. A former girlfriend, Gisela Schertling, allegedly betrayed him after recognizing him in a Munich air raid shelter. The sentence for all was death by guillotine. When Hans put his head on the block, he shouted: “Long live freedom!” Sophie said to her parents, who had come to say good-bye from Ulm: “This will make waves.” But as courageous as her remarks were at the time, they were not prescient.

As early as November 1945 and hence
before the university forecourt on the western side of Ludwigstraße
was renamed Geschwister- Scholl-Platz, the then Minister of Culture
Franz Fendt announced the city’s intention to erect a memorial to the
resistance group at this location. The plain plaque made of Jura marble
and designed by Theodor Georgii was mounted the following year next to
the entrance to the main assembly hall. The Latin inscription
commemorates the seven members of the White Rose who were executed as
martyrs and who had had to die an inhumane death because of their
humanity. However, only the date reveals that they died under the Nazi
regime. The text ends with a quotation from the “Epistulae morales” of
the Roman philosopher Seneca: “It is only in this way that the true
spirit can be tested, – the spirit that will never consent to come under
the jurisdiction of things external to ourselves.” In 1957 the plaque
was moved to the wall of the northern upper gallery – the place from
which Hans and Sophie Scholl dropped their pamphlets into the inner
courtyard and where another memorial was unveiled during the
celebrations to mark the restoration of the courtyard the following
year.

Demonstration at the Lichtof in the atrium of Munich University after which professors and students marched by torchlight to burn books on Konigsplatz May 10, 1933.

In the atrium upon which the leaflets had been dropped is a permanent exhibition to them as well as a single memorial and a bust of Sophie School alone despite her questionable involvement in the resistance movement. The bust was created by Nicolai Tregor, initiated and financed by the Weiße Rose Stiftung e.V. and was unveiled on 22 February 2005, the anniversary of the execution of Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christoph Probst. The unveiling was done by the actress Julia Jentsch, who played Sophie Scholl in Marc Rothemund’s prize-winning film Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage (Sophie Scholl – The Final Days). Two of my students wrote their IBDP internal assessments on Sophie Scholl and the White Rose.

Giving a tour of the University for ISTA 2012, accompanied by students

On the corner of the University building
in the red brick wall of its library is another memorial- one of the
"Scars of Remembrance" (also referred to as “Wounds of Memory”) showing bullet holes from the last days of the war:

The work is part of a much larger European project by the artists Beate Passow and Andreas von Weizsäcker who in 1994/95 set out to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the Second World War by drawing attention to the holes made by bombshells and grenades that are still visible on streets and squares, buildings and works of art in a total of seven European countries. Using a series of square panes of glass the artists subtly alert us to the wounds of war in our everyday environment that one would otherwise scarcely notice.

The façade of the university at Geschwister-Scholl-Platz where the memorial plaques to the White Rose is found after the war and today.Residence of the SchollsNear
Munich University at Franz-Joseph-Strasse 13 is where the Scholls had
lived, with only a plaque on the wall serving to remind people. When
Drake Winston and I visited, a white rose had been stuck under it:

The members of the White Rose, particularly Hans and Sophie Scholl, have become the most famous and most admired members of the German resistance. Munich alone now has almost thirty sites to keep their memory alive, whether in the form of memorials and street names or institutions named after them. Since 1980 the Bavarian branch of the German Booksellers’ and Publishers’ Association and the city’s Department of Art and Culture have awarded an annual “Geschwister-Scholl Prize” whose prize-giving ceremony is held in the main assembly hall of the Ludwig Maximilian University.

Across from the University is the

House of German Justice(Haus des Deutschen Rechts)

Constructed by Oswald Eduard Bieber and inaugurated in 1939, this served as Hans Frank's headquarters as Bavarian Minister of Justice and Reich Commissioner for the Gleichschaltung of jurisdiction in the Federal States before being made Governor-General of occupied Poland. To him the Haus des Deutschen Rechts was an "NSDAP ideal set in stone."

Across from Munich University, the Nazi eagle has been removed, but everything else remains the same.

It was through the arch and down Ludwigstrasse that Hitler led the annual commemoration of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, past the burning pylons. It was doubtless an impressive ceremony, this laying out of the dead in the dark of night, witnessed by scores of honorary formations acting as guards of honour.

Beside the University and Haus des Deutschen Rechts is theSiegestor(Victory Gate)

This gate, modelled on Constantine’s arch in Rome and looking like a miniature version of
Paris’s Arc de Triomphe, was commissioned by King Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1840 and completed in 1852, in honour of Bavarian troops who had triumphed against Napoleon.

Das Größere Opfer (the Greater Sacrifice) by Adolf Reich, 1943 and standing before the actual painting itself. As he was to depart for his self-imposed exile to Bolivia over his opposition to the Frontbann at the end of 1924, SA leader Ernst Roehm was said to have told Hitler

You have only to give me the word- "be at the Siegestor at 6 a.m. on such and such a day with your men" and I shall be there.

Heiden (198)

Before and after the war

During the Tag der deutschen Kunst and after the war.

Purported painting by Hitler of the arch and after the results of his war

Private First Class Lawrence W. Bartlett (1924-1985), Niagara Falls, New York, examines the four fallen lions which once adorned the top of the Siegestor June 13, 1945. After the war in 1958 Otto Roth and Josef Wiedemann reconstructed the gate in a deliberately simplified manner under the influence of the destruction and further consequences such as expulsion and war guilt, and on the south side an additional inscription, written by Hanns Braun and designed by Franz Hart was inscribed:

This gives Siegestor a new symbolic meaning: war not only brings victory but also suffering and destruction - it even destroys symbols of victory. Therefore, the solution can only be peace. Thus the Siegestor is also a peace memorial, similar to the tower of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche in Berlin. In 1972 the Quadriga- a triumphant Bavaria piloting a team of four lions, reminiscent of the Brandenburg Gate- was restored by Elmar Dietz and placed atop the Siegestor.

The remains are left haphazardly on display not far from the Nazi museum. The medallions represented allegories:Upper and Lower Bavaria: Alpine cattle breeding;Upper and Middle Franconia: Crafts and Livestock;Unterfranken: wine, grain and shipping;Rheinpfalz: wine and fishing;District of Oberpfalz: Blacksmiths;Swabia: Weaving.

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כללי המבנים Bavarian International School is an international school based in Haimhausen, half an hour outside the city of Munich. nazi locations to visit in bavaria machete and injures two others before hero BMW driver runs him over, in latest attack to shock Germany Syrian refugee, aged 21, went on a machete rampage in the city Reutlingen, Germany near to a doner kebab stand He killed one woman and injured a man and another woman in the attack before being detained by the police A Syrian refugee wielding a machete has killed a pregnant woman and injured a man and another woman in Germany before being arrested by police after he was run over by a man driving a BMW. putting Jake Paul or Pewdiepie in the title Reutlingen near a doner kebab stand in a bus station at Listplatz Square in what has been described as a 'crime of passion'. surviving ww2 ss buildings Police arrest a man who is believed to have gone on a machete rampage killing a woman in the German city of Reutlingen Police arrest a man who is believed to have gone on a machete rampage killing a woman in the German city of Reutlingen The man had his hands bound behind his back Don Black, a former Ku Klux Klan leader who has operated stormfront.org since 1995, said he didn't receive any warning before Network Solutions blocked the use of the stormfront.org name on Friday. Stormfront.org had more than 300,000 registered users, Black said, with traffic increasing since a violent white nationalist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia.Reutlingen near a doner kebab stand in a bus station at Listplatz Square. Muslim attacks Terror attacks in Germany /span>