Employee earnings in the UK: 2018

Important measures of employee earnings, using data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE). Figures are presented mainly for full-time employees, although some detail for part-time workers is also included.

1. Other bulletins in this release

Commentary on topics covered in the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) is split between three separate bulletins in 2018. This is part of our ongoing work to improve bulletins. Other commentary from the latest ASHE data can be found on the following pages:

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) - Office for National Statistics

Notes:

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Adjusted for inflation, weekly earnings increased by 1.2% compared with 2017 (Figure 2) (the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH) rose by 2.2% in the year to April 2018).

Overall, earnings adjusted for inflation in 2018 were at a similar level to 2011, meaning that wages have increased at approximately the same rate as inflation over that period. However, the level in 2018 was 3.7% lower than in 2008, prior to the financial crisis.

2018 was the first time since 2012 that full-time wages rose by a larger percentage than part-time wages

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) - Office for National Statistics

Notes:

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Whereas median gross weekly earnings for full-time employees grew 3.5% in 2018, the median for part-time employees grew by 2.9% (Figure 3). This is the first time since 2012 that full-time growth in the median has been larger than part-time.

This may be impacted by average full-time total paid hours increasing 0.3% in 2018 compared with 2017, while part-time total paid hours decreased by 1.2%. Mean total paid hours for part-time jobs in 2018 (18 hours) was the lowest since the time series began in 1997 (Figure 4).

Warning

Caution should be taken when drawing any conclusion from comparisons across the time series because ASHE was the subject of a discontinuity in 2011 when new occupation codes were introduced. An article published in 2017 gives an estimate of the impact of this change on wage estimates. Similar discontinuities in the time series were present in 2004 and 2006.

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) - Office for National Statistics

Notes:

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The median gross weekly earnings for continuously employed full-time jobs in 2018 were 5.2% higher than the median in 2017 (Figure 5). This is higher than the growth for all full-time employees, a pattern that is consistent with previous years. Of all full-time employees, 81% are classed as continuously employed.

The continuously employed can experience pay increases due to factors such as progression through a pay scale, entitlement to a higher minimum wage, and pay settlements. An article titled Understanding average earnings for the continuously employed, published in 2015, gives further guidance on how to interpret these statistics.

Private sector earnings increased faster than public sector earnings for the third year running

Figure 6: Gross weekly private sector earnings as a proportion of public sector earnings for full-time employees for the mean and median, UK, April 1997 to 2018

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) - Office for National Statistics

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Private sector median earnings were approximately 85% of public sector earnings between 2010 and 2015, but have now risen to nearly 90% (Figure 6). Private sector earnings increased by 3.5% from 2017 compared with a 2.3% increase for public sector earnings.

Private sector mean earnings were 101% of public sector earnings in 2018, the first time the mean has been higher for the private sector since 2003. The difference between mean and median comparisons reflects different pay distributions, with more very high earners in the private sector.

Increased polarisation of pay between the highest earning regions and the lowest

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) - Office for National Statistics

Notes:

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In April 2018, London topped the regional list for median earnings for full-time employees by place of work, at £713 per week. The median here is £124 more per week more than the next highest, the South East (£589), and £144 more than the median for the whole of the UK (£569) (Figure 7). The high pay in London reflects a high proportion of its labour force being employed in high-paying industries and occupations, and will also be impacted by allowances for some employees working in the capital.

Among the countries of the UK , long-term pay growth has been highest in Scotland and lowest in Wales. Median pay for full-time workers was 87% higher in Scotland than it was in 1997, whereas in Wales it was 69% higher. This is illustrated in Figure 8 where the data is indexed to 1997.

Figure 8: Index of median gross weekly earnings for full-time employees by place of work, UK, April 1997 to 2018 (1997=100)

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) - Office for National Statistics

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Figure 9: Median gross weekly earnings for full-time employees for all local authorities by place of work, in Great Britain

In April 2018, the City of London had the highest gross weekly earnings for full-time employees (£1,054) and Rother had the lowest (£427). The interactive chart in Figure 9 allows you to view median pay levels in all local authorities. It shows general consistency in pay levels within regions, but with some notable exceptions, for example, Copeland, which had high median pay despite being in a region with low pay and Redbridge, which had the opposite profile.

Median weekly earnings for full-time employees peaked at age range 40 to 49 years for men and 30 to 39 years for women

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) - Office for National Statistics

Notes:

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Full-time gross weekly earnings peaked at ages 40 to 49 years for men (£708) and ages 30 to 39 years for women (£575) in April 2018 (Figure 10). The subsequent decrease in median earnings for both sexes in the older age groups is not explained by a decrease in hours; Figure 11 shows total paid hours remained fairly constant in the older age groups.

Figure 11: Median full-time total paid hours by age group and sex, UK, April 2018

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) - Office for National Statistics

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) - Office for National Statistics

Notes:

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In April 2018, the occupation group with the highest median weekly earnings for full-time employees was managers, directors and senior officials, at £835. This was £266 higher than the UK as a whole. Caring, leisure and other service occupations was the lowest-paid group, at £374 per week. The largest growths in full-time median weekly earnings compared with 2017 were seen in elementary occupations (increased by 4.4%) and the process, plant and machine operatives occupations (3.8%) (Figure 12).

The larger increases at the lower-earning occupations were likely to have been driven by the increase in the National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage rates of hourly pay in April 2018.

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) - Office for National Statistics

Notes:

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Since 1997, basic paid hours have increased slightly from 37.8 to 38.2 hours per week, whereas overtime hours have decreased, falling from 2.2 to 1.0 hours. The sector with the highest mean number of overtime hours per employee per week in 2018 was process, plant and machine operatives (3.3 hours).

3. Earnings data

A detailed set of data tabulations containing employee earnings estimates from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) broken down by aspects such as age, region, occupation and industry are available.

4. Glossary

Full-time and part-time

Full-time is defined as employees working more than 30 paid hours per week (or 25 or more for the teaching professions).

Continuously employed

The “continuously employed” group is made up of employees who appear in consecutive Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) samples, have a weekly earnings observation in both periods and are classified by their employer as being in the same job for at least 12 months in the second period. ASHE indicates that 81% of the full-time workforce remained in the same job between 2017 and 2018. However, the analysis is based on those employees who gave a response in both years, which reduces the proportion to 54%.

CPIH

The Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) is the most comprehensive measure of inflation. It extends the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) to include a measure of the costs associated with owning, maintaining and living in one's own home, known as owner occupiers' housing costs (OOH), along with Council Tax.

Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)

National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage

The National Minimum Wage (NMW) is a minimum amount per hour that most workers in the UK are entitled to be paid. There are different rates of minimum wage depending on a worker's age and whether they are an apprentice. The NMW applies to employees aged between 16 and 24 years. The government’s National Living Wage (NLW) was introduced on 1 April 2016 and applies to employees aged 25 years and over.

On the ASHE reference date in April 2018, the NMW and NLW rates were:

£7.83 for employees aged 25 years and over

£7.38 for employees aged 21 to 24 years

£5.90 for employees aged 18 to 20 years

£4.20 for employees aged 16 to 17 years

£3.70 for apprentices aged 16 to 18 years and those aged 19 years or over who are in the first year of their apprenticeship

5. Measuring this data

All estimates for 2018 are provisional and relate to the reference date 16 April 2018. Data from the 2017 survey have been subject to small revisions since the provisional estimates were published on 26 October 2017. For the charts in this bulletin, the following notes apply:

Employees on adult rates, pay unaffected by absence.

Full-time defined as employees working more than 30 paid hours per week (or 25 or more for the teaching professions).

Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) figures are based on the All Items Consumer Prices Index (including owner occupiers' housing costs) of inflation for April (Figure 2).

The results of two statistical models that explore the relationship between mean hourly earnings excluding overtime and a range of independent variables, based on Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings 2016 provisional results data. There is a particular focus on earnings differences between the public and the private sector.