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situated between the goldfields of what is now Zimbabwe and the coast of modern Mozambique, the city of Great Zimbabwe gradually evolved from a prosperous farming community into the center of a thriving trading state. The Great Zimbabwe civilization reached its height in the 14th and early 15th centuries, when the capital had a population of 15,000 to 20,000. Agriculture and cattle keeping remained vital to the economy as Great Zimbabwe evolved, but the state also became increasingly involved in the mining and smelting of gold, which was traded at ports on the Indian Ocean. Owing to taxes on trade and tribute from chiefdoms, the kings of Zimbabwe lived in luxury, surrounded by gold and copper accoutrements and exotic imports, such as beads, porcelain, and cloth, from China, Persia, and India.

The ruins of Great Zimbabwe, which are the most prominent of many similar sites in Zimbabwe and Mozambique, attest to the stone-working skills of the region’s inhabitants, the ancestors of the present-day Shona people. (The name Zimbabwe is a Shona word meaning “stone houses.”) Without the use of mortar, artisans crafted elaborate stone structures with walls that sometimes stood taller than 30 feet (9 meters). The ruins, which include a fortification on a hilltop and a massive enclosure below, are now a national monument in Zimbabwe.

The site of Great Zimbabwe was abandoned in the mid-to-late 15th century, probably because of the depletion of the region’s resources. Its successor in the north was the Matapa Empire; in the southwest it was replaced by the Torwa kingdom, with its center at Khami. For years after Europeans first came upon the stone ruins in the late 19th century, they inaccurately identified the city as the work of an advanced ancient people such as the Phoenicians or the Egyptians. Not until the early 20th century did further examination determine that the sophisticated civilization of Great Zimbabwe was of African origin.

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