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Tying-up syndrome

Tying-up syndrome, or rhabdomyolysis, is a myopathy (disorder affecting the body’s muscle system) that causes muscle-cell destruction and decreases an affected horse’s performance.

Common systems include painful muscle cramping and hardening as well as severe increases in muscle enzymes that can be detected through laboratory testing.

Exertional rhabdoyolyses are disorders that typically occur in horses performing exercise beyond their conditioning status — or horses performing strenuous exercise after a period of rest and inactivity. Exertional rhabdomyolysis may be sporadic or can chronically recur in some affected horses.

Sporadic exertional rhabdomylosis

Sporadic exertional rhabdomylosis occurs in horses performing exercise beyond their conditioning status and in horses performing strenuous exercise after a period of rest and inactivity.

• Clinical signs: The signs, which can appear very quickly, include a reluctance to move and/or a stiff gait, firm and painful muscles, weakness and fatigue, and signs of anxiety such as sweating, rapid heartbeat and rapid breathing. Some affected horses may also pass dark urine, and in severe cases, affected horses may go down.

• Risk factors: Inadequate conditioning, high carbohydrate intake, deficiency in vitamin E and/or selenium, hypothyroidism, and bacterial or viral infections are some of the risk factors that veterinary researchers have considered. However, the evidence supporting these factors is still unclear. Since female horses seem to be predisposed, hormones may be a factor. Differential diagnoses of lameness, colic, pneumonia, back pain or neurological diseases can be ruled out by a complete physical examination and with lab tests of blood and urine.

• Treatment:Treatment includes rest, intravenous and/or oral fluid therapy, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDS) for pain control and, if necessary, sedatives to control anxiety. If deficiencies in vitamin E and selenium are identified, supplements should be provided. In the disease’s acute stages, horses shouldn’t be forced to move, and their return to exercise should be based on improved lab results as well as their willingness to move.

Recumbent horses should have soft bedding to prevent injury, and their caregivers should encourage them to stand and turn every few hours to avoid bedsores. If a horse can’t stand, the animal should be turned every few hours. In some cases, it may be necessary to use a sling to help an affected horse stay upright. However, horses that are in pain should not be forced to stand for extended periods of time.

• Prognosis:The prognosis for recovery is generally favourable as long as the animal is treated early enough and doesn’t develop complications such as kidney failure. The recovery time depends on the severity of the disease; an adequate rest period and gradual return to exercise are required. Proper conditioning and regular exercise — including pasture turn-out — are also recommended.

Chronic recurrent rhabdomyolysis

This disease group causes recurring episodes of rhabdomyolysis. The severity and the intervals between episodes can vary greatly, and genetics may be an underlying factor.

To maintain their athletic capability, affected horses require careful lifelong management as well as changes in their diet and exercise regimen. Horses that are diagnosed with this condition may never be able to perform as racehorses or participate in other high-level performance events. On the other hand, they may do well in other less challenging occupations.

Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM)

Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a common cause of chronic recurrent rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses, paints and appaloosas as well as in warmblood breeds and draft horses. PSSM is caused by a genetic defect that’s particularly common in PSSM-affected quarter horses and draft-related breeds. As a result, veterinarians recommend genetic testing for some breeds.

• Clinical signs:Clinical indications of PSSM include repeated episodes of “tying-up” with less than strenuous exercise, muscle stiffness during and after work, exercise intolerance, and, possibly, changes in behaviour.

• Diagnosis: The first step in diagnosing PSSM is ruling out other causes such as lameness through careful examination and laboratory tests. The next step is often exercise testing which may be followed up with further diagnostics like muscle biopsy and genetic testing.

• Treatment: Veterinarians recommend mild exercise as soon as possible for PSSM-affected horses. Other recommendations include making dietary changes, maintaining an ideal body weight and following a specific exercise regimen.

Dietary changes involve reducing carbohydrates and increasing fat as an energy source. While commercial diets are available, an alternative is to gradually add rice bran or vegetable oils to the horse’s feed. High-performing horses may require additional calories in their diet.

Regular exercise is important; pasture turnout is ideal and stall rest should be limited as much as possible. Unless there’s adequate preparation and conditioning, horse owners must avoid sudden changes to an affected horse’s exercise regimen — such as a long trail ride. As well, affected horses shouldn’t take long trips in a trailer or be involved in other stressful events.

Owners who follow veterinarians’ recommendations for diet and exercise are more likely to see a reduction in the frequency and severity of PSSM episodes in horses diagnosed with this condition.

Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER)

Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) is a condition that presents similar symptoms to PSSM and is mainly diagnosed in thoroughbred and standardbred racehorses.

• Risk factors:Episodes of RER may be related to the stress of training and racing. Young horses — particularly fillies and horses with nervous dispositions — may be at a higher risk. Researchers have also identified high-grain rations and certain training strategies as possible risk factors for RER.

• Diagnosis: Exercise testing and a muscle biopsy are the most useful tools for diagnosing RER.

• Treatment: Managing RER is similar to PSSM in terms of diet and exercise. As well, it’s essential to reduce stress in affected horses’ lives. For example, owners should standardize the horses’ daily routines. The animals should be exercised and fed before their barnmates, and low doses of anti-anxiety drugs may be given prior to exercise. Several drugs such as dantrolene (a muscle relaxant) and phenytoin (an anti-convulsant drug) may be helpful in preventing episodes of rhabdomyolysis in affected horses, but these medications should only be used under veterinary direction.

Summary

Rhabdomyolysis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in horses. Recent advances in identifying underlying myopathies, some of which are now known to be genetically determined, have helped veterinary researchers gain a better understanding of this group of disorders and to develop more specific treatment and management recommendations.

To optimize management and to make important breeding decisions, it’s important for horse owners and their veterinarians to pursue thorough diagnostic testing of animals with rhabdomyolysis — especially if it’s a recurring problem.