bottom up approach (begins with specific observations to broader generalisations and theories)

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What is deductive research?

top up approach (begins with broad spectrum of information and work their way down to a specific conclusion)

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What is pure research?

Exploratory research with no practical use in mind

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What is applied research?

Solve practical questions and problems

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What is primary research?

Research you have done yourself

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What is secondary research?

Existing research

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What is desk-based research?

Collecting data from existing resources

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What is Laboratory research?

Research conducted in a room or building that is equipped for scientific experimentation or research

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What is field research?

Research conducted outside of a lab experiment

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Define a hypothesis

It is a claim / prediction / informed question based on theory of prior research

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Different types of hypothesis

One tailed and Two tailed hypothesis

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Define a one-tailed hypothesis

A hypothesis that predicts the particular direction of an effect (e.g. greater)

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Define a two-tailed hypothesis

A hypothesis that predicts the particular effect but not the direction (e.g. between)

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What 4 types of sampling methods are suitable for quantitative research?

Random, Stratified, Snowball and Convenience/Opportunity

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Define random sampling

everyone in the population has an equal likelihood of selection (e.g. through a number generator)

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Define stratified sampling

The population is sub-divided by known strata and participants are sampled randomly from within each stratum

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Define snowball sampling

Population members act as an agent of the researcher by sampling from colleagues, friends or associates (useful when the population required is inaccessible to the researcher)

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Define convenience/opportunity sampling

recruitment of participants who happen to be available

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What is a variable?

They are anything that is subject to variation

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What are the different types of variables?

Independent, Dependent and Extraneous Variable

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What is an independent variable?

The input that researchers manipulate which affects the dependent variable (DV)

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What is a dependent variable?

The output that is affected by the independent variable (IV)

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What is an extraneous variable?

Other variables that might affect the dependent variable (DV) - e.g. different materials for each condition

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Define Random Error

Variables which might affect a participants in the same way across both conditions of the experiment (e.g. how your feeling, stuffy room and noises)

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Define Constant Error

(Systematic) affect one condition more than another (e.g. materials different between groups)

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What is internal validity?

The extent to which we can be sure that changes in the DV are due to changes in the IV

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What is external validity?

The extent to which we can generalise findings from the situation the researcher conducted to real-life situations (ecological validity) AND the extent to which we can generalise the findings from participants to the wider population

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What does is mean if we have high ecological validity?

It means we can generalise the findings to a real-life situation

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Name the types of experimental design

Laboratory, Quasi, Field and Natural experiments

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How do true and quasi experiments differ?

Quasi experiments have no control over participants (allocated subjects such as males and females)

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What are the advantages of a field/natural experiment?

No demand characteristics and high ecological validity

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What are the disadvantages of a field/natural experiment?

It lacks ethics and consent, hard to replicate and generalise, variables are hard to measure and extraneous variables cannot be controlled

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What are the advantages of a laboratory experiment?

Ability to control the IV, easily replicable, reduces the chance of extraneous variables and able to control the conditions

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What are the disadvantages of a laboratory experiment?

The environment is too heavily controlled, researcher bias, low ecologial validity and participants may try to figure out what researchers are testing (Horthorne effect)

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What is the independent / unrelated / between subjects measure?

Testing separate groups of people, each group is tested in a different condition

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What is the repeated / related / within subjects measure?

Testing the same group of people in different conditions, the same people are used repeatedly

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What does matched pairs mean?

Testing separate groups of people - each member of one group is the same age, sex or social background as a member of the other group

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What are the levels of measurement?

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio

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What is nominal level data?

Participants are placed in categories (e.g. eye colour)

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What is ordinal level data?

The order of a group of numbers but there's no accurate scale (e.g. position in a race)

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What is interval level data?

Continuous scale whereby the distance between points is known (e.g. temperature, bank balance) - there is no fixed zero