Clive Pemberton (1950):
The Origin And Story Of Kents Cavern,
28pp, SB.
With a descriptive tour of the caves by Clive Pemberton 1950,
a survey by P M B Lake NP
and a Time Chart by J B Sparks.
14 B&W photos,
4 colour photos from paintings by Herbert Truman Arwa,
4 line illus by Ernest Petts.
White card cover with blueish photo of Long Arcade.
various (2003):
Kents Cavern Torquay,
385 million years in the making, 100 years of welcoming visitors,
Souvenir guide book, Centenary Edition 2003, 36 pp, SB.
Lavishly illustrated, more than one colour photo a page.
Introduction by Nick Powe, the Managing Director, other chapters by various authors.
Glossy, informative, one of the better show cave guides.
Clive Pemberton (1964):
Kents Cavern,
Home of prehistoric man and animals.
The Origin, Story and Descriptive Tour of the Caves.
Re-adapted 1972 with a survey by P M B Lake 1934 and a Time Chart by J B Sparks.
32 pp, 14 B&W photos, 4 colour photos from paintings by Herbert Truman Arwa, 4 line illus by Earnest Petts.
White card cover with a photo of the Greta Chamber.

As far as we know this information was accurate when it was published (see years in brackets), but may have changed since then.Please check rates and details directly with the companies in question if you need more recent info.

History

1826

first excavations took place.

1920's

new excavations.

1952

designated an Ancient Monument.

2003

Drinks license granted for underground. The first in the UK. Cavers turning up for a quick drink will be disappointed. It is pre-booked parties only..

NOV-2011

41,000 year old human jawbone dated.

Description

Image: The last room shown on the tour contains a small cave zoo

Kents Cavern is one of the most important archaeological sites in
Britain.
A multitude of remains of mankind, animals, and nature have become trapped and
preserved over the last 500,000 years.
Until now over 70,000 Palaeolithic remains have been unearthed.

Kents Cavern has some of the oldest human remains in northern Europe.
The oldest findings are five flint hand axes dated to be 450,000 years old.
They were made by Homo erectus, the Heidelberg man.
Much younger are Neanderthal flint tools, numerous have been found in the cave.
They are from the middle and upper Palaeolithic and between 120,000 and 10,000
years old.
A jaw bone with teeth from Homo sapiens is dated 41,000 years old.
This dating was made in NOV 2011 and was in the media, as it made this the oldest
fragment of modern human bone ever discovered in Northwestern Europe.
There are further remains from the Mesolithic and Neolithic.

As interesting and even more numerous are the findings of animals in the cave.
Most famous are the cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) remains from about
50,000 to 20,000 years ago.
The oldest bear bones from the cave are half a million years old and belong to
its ancestor, the Ursus deningeri.
Other bones in the cave are from cave lion (Panthera leo),
sabre-toothed cats (Homotherium ladidens), mammoth
(Mammuthus primigenius), cave hyaena (Crocuta crocuta),
wolf (Canis lupus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and
woolly rhino (Coelodonta antiquitatis).

The cave has only one level with passages in two main directions.
This labyrinth of interconnected passages was formed along parallel cracks in
the rock.

A very interesting feature of the cave is the cave zoo in the last chamber.
It contains only
troglobites,
animals which live in caves.
This are primarily insects and amphibians.

In summer 1825 a group of 12 explorers entered the cave through the narrow and
low entrance, only 1.50m high.
Some members of the coast guard were lead by a man who was determined to
discover an ancient Roman temple.
They tried to break through the calcified floor with their tools.

The group included Father John MacEnery, a young Roman
Catholic priest with an interest in fossils.
He entered the cave at the end of the group and stayed away from the workers.
He investigated areas of the cave where the ground had already been disturbed.
In the light of his candle he discovered fossils in the reddish brown cave
sediments.
He kept silent about his find, as he guessed the members of his party would take
fossils as souvenirs, thus destroying the find.

Between 1825 and 1829 Father MacEnery unearthed the
bones of elephants, rhinoceroses, sabre-tooth tigers, cave lions, bears and
hyenas.
Now science was learning for the first time, that animals, which are known form
subtropic or tropic areas were living in the area of Europe.
The bones were called antediluvian remains, which means the bones of the animals
which lived before and died during the Deluge.
Only four years earlier William Buckland, professor of
geology at Oxford, had discovered similar fauna in a cave in Yorkshire.
He published it in a book called Reliquiae Diluvianae (Relics of the
Flood).
In this book he stated that there were numerous floods and the last and biggest
one was the one described by the bible.
He also stated, that humans and antediluvian creatures had not co-existed.

But Father MacEnery found flint tools intermingled with
fossil bones, which meant that humans lived at the same time with all those
strange animals and in this different climate.
He wrote this to Buckland, who reacted rather annoyed
and insisted that the flints had been introduced by later human inhabitants of
the caves.
He was actually unwilling to see his fine theory destroyed.
Father MacEnery tried to publish his work, he wrote a
manuscript and had plates made by the famous natural history illustrator Georg Scharf.
But he was not able to explain his findings without contradicting the theories
of Buckland.
As a result he never published his work and died in 1841 in his forties.

His work was finally published in 1859 under the title Cavern Researches,
in the same year Darwin's On the Origin of
Species was published.
As a result Kents Cavern and nearby
Philp's Cavern
(aka Windmill Hill Cave aka Brixham Cave) were again excavated.
Kents Cavern is today regarded one of the most significant archaeological and
palaeontological sites in Britain.