Outline Of English History: First Period B.C. 55 To A.D. by S. R. Gardiner

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Outline Of English History: First Period B.C. 55 To A.D. by S. R. Gardiner

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By S. R. Gardiner

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The one-dimensionality that accounts for much of its attractiveness thus makes Heidegger's history of the subject vulnerable to objections that suggest the need for a thorough reconsideration of the topic. Metaphysics of Subjectivity Foundation or of Philosophical Individualism? A second problem renders this reconsideration indispensable. Perhaps the best way of getting at it is to ask not what Heidegger was aiming at, but what he really managed to contribute to the history of subjectivity by 14 CHAPTER I calling the Leibnizian monadology the true philosophical beginning of modernity, and making the course of all modern philosophy hinge on the monadological idea.

Meaning out of chaos, good out of evil). " If one considers how insistently critics of modern humanism have called into question the values of subjectivity, pointing out the many perverse theoretical a n d practical effects inherent in the notion of the "ruse of reason," 6 9 one begins to realize that some of the best-established commonplaces of contemporary thinking are based on a confusion. In seeing from Descartes to Leibniz, a n d then from Leibniz to Hegel (even Nietzsche), only the progressive t r i u m p h of subjectivity conceived in an unequivocal way, one is liable to miss the close interdependence between certain schemes of thought characteristic of the endgame of the modern history of metaphysics, a n d so fail to appreciate how influential the individualistic drift has been in the history of subjectivity.

This ontological individualism was already expressed in Leibniz's argument concerning individuation. 62 But the foundation for individualism finds fullest scope in Leibniz's doctrine of the identity of indiscernibles. For the principle that "there are in nature no two real absolute beings that are indiscernible"63 is not only, as Bertrand Russell observed,64 set up as a premise of philosophical discourse; it is actually deduced from the principles of contradiction and sufficient reason. Thus: • Since each thing has its own reason for being, there cannot exist two perfectly similar or indiscernible things in nature, as there would indeed be no reason for both of them to exist.