Backfire - a burning technique used to reduce the amount of fuel in the forest. The fire is set to burn against the wind or back into the fuel as the wind blows the flames away from the fire

Barriers - obstructions to pedestrian, horse, and/or vehicular traffic. They are intended to restrict such traffic to a specific location

Basal Area - the sum of the cross sectional areas in square feet of the trees on an acre when measured at 4.5 feet above the ground

Basic Soils - another term for alkaline soils or those with pH greater than 7

Bearing Capacity - maximum load that a material (soil) can support before failing

Bedding - a site preparation method in which special disking equipment is used to concentrate surface soil and forest litter into a ridge or bed elevated six to ten inches (6-10) above the normal soil level on which forest seedlings are to be planted

Best Management Practices (BMPs) - a practice or combination of practices determined to be an effective and practicable (including technological, economical, and institutional considerations) means of preventing or reducing the amount of water pollution generated by non-point sources

Biotic- living organisms found in an environment

Board Foot- a piece of wood measuring 1 foot x 1 foot x 1 inch. The term is commonly used to measure the amount of wood in trees, sawlogs or boards

Bole - the main trunk of the tree

Bolt - a short log or squared timber cut from a log that is less than 8 feet.

Borrow Pit - that area, usually adjacent and parallel to a road, from which soil is removed to build up the road bed

Bottom Lands - a term often used to define lowlands adjacent to streams and rivers

Broad-Based Dip - a surface drainage structure specifically designed to drain water from an access road while allowing vehicles to maintain normal travel speeds

Buck - to saw felled trees into predetermined lengths

Bucking - the process of cutting a tree into shorter lengths

Buffer Strip - a narrow piece of land bordering an area such as a stream or road with forestry practices that are different from adjacent areas

Bunching - grouping of trees or logs together to form a load before being transported

Cambium - a layer of cells located inside the bark between the xylem (wood) and phloem (inner bark)

Caliche soil - is a hardened mineral of calcium carbonate. It forms when rain dissolves calcium found in rocks and minerals, carrying it down into the soil, so layers of deposits build up over the years.

Canopy - the layer of covering in a forest made up of tree crowns, from the top of the tallest tree in a forest or the top of the shortest tree in a forest this is known as the canopy. The canopy can be described in three layers, upper, middle and lower

Carrying Capacity - the maximum number of individuals of a wildlife species an area can support during the most unfavorable time of the year

Chain - a unit of measure used by foresters and surveyors that equals 66 feet

Chambered Pith- a pith that is divided into empty chambers by cross partitions

Channel - a natural stream that conveys water; or a ditch excavated for the flow of water

Check Dam - a small dam constructed in a gully or other small watercourse to decrease the stream flow velocity, minimize channel scour and promote deposition of sediment

Chip-n-saw - a mill process that allows small diameter trees 7 to 10 inches, DBH, to be converted into lumber and into chips for pulp and paper manufacturing

Chlorophyll - the green pigment of plant cells, which is the receptor of light energy in photosynthesis

Clearcut - a method of harvest or a silvicultural system, where all the trees are removed and involves the replanting or natural regeneration of species leading to the establishment of an even-aged stand. This method is usually used for species that require full sunlight for growth

Co-dominant - trees with medium crowns forming the upper level of the crown cover and receiving full light from above and partial light on the sides

Commercial Thinning - the removal of marketable trees from maturing young growth to reduce competition and accelerate growth of the remaining trees

Commercial Timber Land - land capable of producing industrial crops of timber and not excluded from such use by legislation or regulation

Competition - the struggle among trees and other plants for nutrients, water, light, space, and other requirements for existence

Compound Leaf - a leaf composed of several leaflets attached to a rachis or stem for a compound leaf

Conifer - trees with needles or scales instead of leaves, usually evergreen, and often called softwoods; gymnosperms bearing cones

Conservation- the wise-use of natural resources for long-term benefits to society; the use of natural resources in a way to assure their continuing availability to future generations

Consulting Forester - a self-employed registered forester who provides landowners with professional forestry advice and services for a fee

Contamination - a general term signifying the introduction into water of micro-organisms, chemicals, organic wastes or sewage, which renders the water unfit for its intended use

Contour - an imaginary line on the surface of the earth connecting points of the same elevation. A line drawn on a map connecting points of the same elevation

Coppice - a regeneration method in which the forest stand regenerates primarily from stump and root sprouts

Cost Share Program - a program where a group (usually a government agency) shares in the cost of carrying out forest management practices on private property as an incentive to owners to make a long-term investment in their land

Crop Trees - trees selected to be grown for the final harvest cut

Crown - the branches and foliage of a tree

Crown Ratio - the ratio of the tree crown to the total height of the tree

Cruise - a survey of forest land to estimate species, stocking, volumes, products, size, and quality levels of standing timber

Cubic Foot - a volume measurement containing 1728 cubic inches of material such as a piece of wood measuring 1 foot on
each side. A cubic foot of wood contains 12 board feet.

Cull - a tree or log of merchantable size that has no market value because of shape, damage, or species

Culvert - a conduit or pipe through which surface water can flow under roads

Cut - portion of land surface or area from which soil has been removed or will be removed by excavation; the depth below original ground surface to excavated surface

Cut-and-Fill - process of earth moving by excavating part of an area and using the excavated material for adjacent embankments or fill areas

Cutting Cycle - the planned time interval between major harvesting operations in the same stand

Ecosystem- the interaction of a biological community and its non-living environment

Edge Habitat- the transition zone between two different habitats; for example, the line between a forest and pasture

Endangered Species - a species where the remaining members may not be sufficient to reproduce enough offspring to ensure survival of the species

Erosion - the process by which the surface of the earth is worn away by the action of water, glaciers, winds, waves, etc

Elevation - the altitude of a place above sea level or ground level

Erosion Classes (soil survey) - a grouping of erosion conditions based on the degree of erosion or on characteristic patterns. Applied to accelerated erosion, not to normal, natural, or geological erosion. Four erosion classes are recognized for water erosion and three for wind erosion

Even-aged Management - a system of management leading to the trees in the forest being approximately the same age

Evergreen- a tree that retains some or all of its leaves throughout the year

Fascicle - a cluster or bundle, for example loblolly has three needles per fascicle

Felling - the process of severing trees from stumps

Firebreak - a natural or man-made opening used to prevent the spread of fire

Fill Slope - the surface area formed where soil is deposited to build a road or trail

Firebreaks - naturally occurring or man-made barriers to the spread of fire

Firelane - a permanent barrier to the spread of fire which will be maintained over time for the specific purpose of stopping the spread of fire or for access to an area for the control of a fire

Fireline - a barrier used to stop the spread of fire constructed by removing fuel or rendering fuel inflammable by using water or fire retardants

Fissures - A long narrow opening; a crack or cleft in the bark

Flowers - a modified, determinate short shoot with a stem, sterile leaves and reproductive leaves

Forage - leaves, stems, buds, and barks that can be eaten for food and energy

Ford- submerged stream crossing where tread is reinforced to bear intended traffic. A place where a stream may be crossed by vehicle

Forest - a plant community in which the dominant vegetation is trees and woody plants

Forest Chemicals- chemical substances or formulations that perform important functions in forest management, and include fertilizers, herbicides, repellents, and other chemicals

Forest Management - the art and science of applying technical forestry principles and practices and business techniques to the management of a forest

ForestManagement Plan - usually a written document that includes overall guidelines and recommended management practices to meet a landowner’s objectives

Forest Practice - an activity relating to the growing, protecting, harvesting, or processing of forest tree species on forest land and to other forest management aspects such as wildlife, recreation, etc.

Forest Road - an access route for vehicles into forest land

ForestSite - refers to the combination of soil and topography

ForestStand - a group of trees similar enough to allow treatment as a single unit in a forest management plan

Forestry - the science, art, and practice of managing, and using trees, forests and their associated resources while sustaining these resources for this and future generations

Fruit - a ripened ovary, usually containing seeds

Furrowing- a site preparation method involving plowing of a trench in preparation for reforestation

Improvement Cut - a type of intermediate harvest with the primary objective of improving the remaining stand

Imbricate- overlapping; usually referring to multiple bud scales that overlap one another

Increment Borer - a shallow auger-like instrument used to bore into a tree trunk to remove a wood core that shows the tree’s growth rings

Intermediate Cut - the removal of trees from the forest sometime between establishment and final harvest with the primary objective of improving the quality of the remaining forest stand

Intermediate Trees - trees shorter than dominant and co-dominant trees but with crowns extending into the crown cover formed by the dominant and co-dominant trees

Intermittent - that part of the drainage network, with a clearly defined stream channel, which provides flow continuously during some seasons of the year, but little or no flow during the remainder of the year

Intolerant - plants that will not grow in the shade of other plants or trees

Invasive species- a plant, animal or other organism that is typically non-native to a particular ecosystem and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause harm to the economy, environment, or human health

Landing - a place where logs are assembled for temporary storage, loading, and subsequent transportation

Leave Trees - trees left in or immediately adjacent to a harvest area to reseed the area

Leaf - Primary lateral appendage of a stem; usually flattened and photosynthetic

Leaflet - A division of a compound leaf; or small leaves that are apart of a single compound leaf

Leaf Scar - a scar left on a twig when the leaf drops

Log - a unit of measure of the trunk portion of a tree equal to 16 feet in length

Logging - the felling and transportation of wood products from the forest to a delivery location

Logging Debris/Slash - the unwanted, or unutilized and generally unmarketable accumulation of woody material such as large limbs, tops, cull logs, and stumps that remain in the forest as residue after logging

Log Rule - an equation used to calculate the amount of lumber that can be cut from logs

LowWaterBridge - a stream crossing structure built with the expectation that, during periods of high water or flood, water will flow over the structure

Lump-Sum-Sale - that sale of a defined area of standing trees for a set price

Monecious - Plants having both male and female flowers or cones per plant

Mortality - expressed as trees or percent of growth dying within a certain time frame

Mulch - a natural or artificial layer of plant residue or other materials covering the land surface which conserves moisture, holds soil in place, aids in establishing plant cover, and minimizes temperature fluctuations

Mulching - providing any loose covering for exposed forest soil, using organic residues, such as grass, straw or wood fibers to protect exposed soil and help control erosion

Multiple Use - refers to shared use of managed forests for many benefits, such as wood products, wildlife, watershed benefits, recreation, forage, aesthetics, or clean air

Non-point Sources - sources of water pollution which are: (1) induced by natural process, including precipitation, seepage, percolation, and runoff; (2) not traceable to any discrete or identifiable point; and (3) best controlled through the utilization of Best Management Practices, including planning and processes techniques

Non-native species- species that do not originate in the area or region from which they are found growing; also known as introduced, alien or exotic species

Nutrients - mineral elements in the forest ecosystem such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium usually in soluble compounds that are present naturally or they may be added to the forest environment as forest chemicals, such as fertilizer

Old-growth Forest - a forest that has never been changed by management or harvesting

On the Stump - standing, uncut timber

Opposite - leaves or branches that are arranged directly opposite on another; not alternate

Ordinary High Water Mark - the mark on the shores of all waters, which will be found by examining the beds and banks and ascertaining where the presence and action of waters are so common and usual, and so long continued in all ordinary years, as to mark upon the soil a distinct character

Organics - particles of vegetative material in the water which can degrade water quality by decreasing dissolved oxygen and by releasing organic solutes during leaching

Outfall Protection - a rip rap or aggregate placed at the outlet of a culvert or water-control device to protect that area from erosion damage due to the force or velocity of the outlet of water

Outslope - the downhill side of a road where the side of the road slopes with the hill at or near the natural contour and runoff is allowed to drain down the hill without being channeled into a ditch or other water-control device. Outslopes are usually associated with a road in steep terrain which is literally cut into the side of the hill

Overtopped - trees within a stand with crown entirely below the crowns of other trees in the stand

Pollution - the presence in a body of water (or soil or air) of substances of such character and in such quantities that the natural quality of the environment is impaired or rendered harmful to health and life or offensive to the senses

Pith- the central portion of the twig

Pre-Commercial Thinning - practiced in very young stands to decrease the number of trees and reduce competition for water and nutrients

Prescribed Burning - the controlled use of fire to achieve forest management objectives

Prescription - usually a written recommendation by a forester prescribing present and future management practices for a forest stand

Preservation- the non-consumptive use of natural resources; an attempt to keep natural resources in an unaltered state

Primary Road - a high specification permanent road which is maintained periodically and serves as a main artery in a network of roads

Reforestation - the regeneration of new trees on an area where the forest has been or will be removed; either naturally by seed fall or artificially by direct seeding or planting seedlings

Regeneration - the practice of replacing old trees either naturally or artificially with new trees

Regeneration Cut - a harvest operation to remove the old trees and leave environmental conditions favorable for the establishment of reproduction

Release Cutting - an operation to release young desirable trees from competition with other trees of the same size or larger and overtopping trees

Renewable resources - are a naturally occurring raw material or form of energy which has the capacity to replenish itself through ecological cycles and sound management practices. The sun, wind, falling water and trees are examples of renewable resources

Residual Stand - trees, often of saw log size, left in a stand after logging to grow until the next harvest

Residual Trees - live trees left standing after the completion of harvesting

Rill Erosion - an erosion process in which numerous small channels only several inches deep are formed; occurs mainly on disturbed and exposed soils

Riparian - vegetation that grows close to water; creeks, springs, small lakes or swamps.

Rip Rap - aggregate placed on erodible sites to reduce the impact of rain or surface runoff on these areas

Rolling Dip - a shallow depression built diagonally across a light duty road or trail to divert surface water runoff from the road or trail

Rotation Period - the number of years required to establish and grow trees to a specified size, product or condition of maturity

Runoff - in forest areas, that portion of precipitation that flows from a drainage area on the land surface or in open channels

Ruts - depressions made by the tires of vehicles such as skidders, log trucks, pickups, etc. usually under wet conditions

SaleArea - the land area that contains the trees to be sold and any other area affected by the harvesting operation

Salvage Cut - the harvesting of dead or damaged trees or those in danger of being killed so they can be sold for some economic value

Sanitation Cut - the harvesting or destruction of trees infected or highly susceptible to insects or diseases to protect the rest of the forest stand

Sapling - a young tree normally more than 4.5 feet tall and less than 4 inches in diameter

Sawlog - a log large enough to produce a sawn product, usually at least 10 to 12 inches DBH and 8 inches or larger at the small end

Sawtimber Stand - a group of trees with many or most of the trees large enough to be sawn into lumber

Scarify - to break up the forest floor and top soil preparatory to natural or direct seeding (or the planting of seedlings)

Secondary Road - a road constructed for a specific use or single operation and normally abandoned upon completion of the operation

Section - a land measurement term for a square land area containing 640 acres with each side measuring one mile

Sediment - solid material in suspension, being transported or moved from its original site.

Seed Tree Method - a natural regeneration method where all but a few trees are removed from the harvest area at one time. The remaining trees are carefully selected high quality trees uniformly distributed to provide seed to establish a new forest stand

Seedbed - the soil prepared by natural or artificial means to promote the germination of seed and the growth of seedlings

Seedling - usually defined as a tree less than 1 inch DBH, which has grown from seed, either naturally or in a nursery

Selection Method - a natural regeneration method where individual trees or small groups of trees are harvested at periodic intervals based on their physical condition or degree of maturity

Set - a place where logs are assembled for temporary storage, loading, and subsequent transportation

Setting - the forest land area within an individual harvesting unit in which skidding is directed to one or more landings on a forest road

Shade Tolerance - a tree’s capacity to develop and grow in the shade of and in competition with other trees

Shearing - a site preparation method that involves cutting brush, trees, and other vegetation at the ground level using tractors equipped with angled or v-shaped cutting blades

Sheet Erosion - the removal of a fairly uniform layer of soil removed from the soil surface by water runoff

Sheet Flow - runoff from a rainstorm intense enough to cause direct overland flow of water before entering a receiving stream

Shelterwood Method - a natural regeneration method in which the trees are removed in a series of two or more cuttings to allow the establishment and early growth of the new seedlings under the partial shade and protection of the older trees

Shoot - The part of a vascular plant that is above ground, including the stem and leaves. The tips of shoots contain the apical meristem.

Sidecast - the material or the act of moving excavated material to the side and depositing such material laterally to the line of movement of the excavating machine

Silvics - the study of the life history and general characteristics of forest trees and stands with particular reference to locality factors, as a basis for the practice of silviculture (SAF Interpretation)

Silviculture - the science and art of cultivating (i.e. growing and tending) forest crops, based on a knowledge of silvics; and more particularly, the theory and practice of controlling the establishment, composition, constitution and growth of forests (Society of American Foresters Interpretation, www.safnet.org)

Simple Leaf - a leaf of one piece; not compound

Site Index - a measure of site quality based on the height of the dominant and codominant trees of the stand at a specified age (usually 25 or 50 years)

Site Preparation - any treatment of a forest site to get it ready for planting, direct seeding, or natural regeneration such as clearing, chemical vegetation control, burning, disking, bedding, windrowing, or raking

SkidTrail - a route over which logs are moved to a landing or road

Slope - degree of deviation of a surface from the horizontal, measured as a numerical ratio, percent, or in degrees. Expressed as a ratio, the first number is the horizontal distance (run) and the second is the vertical distance (rise), as 2:1. A 2:1 slope is a 50 percent slope. Expressed in degrees, the slope is the angle from the horizontal plane, with a 90 degree slope being vertical (maximum) and a 45 degree slope being a 1:1 slope

Softwood- a coniferous tree or cone bearing tree

Soil - the unconsolidated mineral and organic material on the immediate surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants

Soil compaction- the compression of soil to a smaller volume.

Soil Conservation - using the soil within the limits of its physical characteristics and protecting it from unalterable limitations of climate and topography

Soil Productivity - the output or productive capability of a forest soil to grow timber crops

Species - a population of organisms composed of related individuals that resemble one another and are able to breed among themselves, but are not able to breed with members of another species

Stand - a group of trees occupying a given area and sufficiently uniform in composition, age, and condition so as to distinguish them from adjoining forest areas

Stem - the trunk of the tree

Stewardship Forest - property being managed in keeping with a plan prepared by resource professionals that considers landowner objectives and USDA Forest Service Stewardship standards

Stocking - the number of trees in a forest stand

Stomata- microscopic openings on the surface of leaves that allow gas to pass in and out

Stream - a well-defined natural channel that has a flow anywhere below its headwaters greater than 5 cfs at least 50% of the time (EPA - Army Corp Section 404). A permanently or intermittently flowing body of water that follows a defined course

ephemeral stream (or drain) means a stream that flows only during and for short periods following precipitation and flows in low areas that may or may not have a well-defined channel

intermittent stream means a stream that flows only during wet periods of the year (30-90% of the time) and flows in a continuous, well-defined channel

perennial stream means a stream that flows throughout a majority of the year (greater than 90% of the time) and flows in a well-defined channel

Streambanks - the usual boundaries, not the flood boundaries, of a stream channel. Right and left banks are named facing downstream

Streamside Management Zone (SMZ) - forested area immediately adjacent to stream channels. Managed for forest resources with specific attention given to measures that can be taken to protect both instream and downstream water quality as well as other beneficial uses. The purpose of an SMZ is to reduce the quantity of sediment and logging wastes reaching the streams and to provide shade to prevent water temperature increases

Stumpage - standing merchantable timber

Succession - the gradual replacement of one plant community by another

Superior seedlings - seedling grown from seed produced by parent trees of high genetic quality

Sustainable Forest Management - the management of forestland to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Sustainable Forestry Initiative - an American Forest and Paper Association (AFPA) program started in 1994 and implemented as an industry standard in 1997 with a commitment to sustainable forestry that is open to public monitoring and evaluation

Threatened Species - a species where the population is declining to dangerously low numbers but still has enough members to maintain or increase its population

Timber Marking - the process of designating trees to be cut by spraying each with a spot of brightly colored paint at its base and another spot at eye level

TimberSale - activities dealing with the exchange of timber from one party to another. Common sale methods are (1) Lump sum- a specified area or volume of standing trees is sold for a cash price before cutting and (2) Unit Sale- the buyer pays a specified amount for each unit of timber cut

T.S.I. (Timber Stand Improvement) - the performance of practices such as pruning, thinning, and weeding to improve the quality of a forest stand

Tract - a parcel of land considered separately from adjoining land because of differences in ownership, timber type, management objectives, or other characteristics

Transpiration- the process by which water evaporates from plant tissues

Tree - a woody plant having one well defined trunk and crown and reaching a height not less than 10 feet

Tree Crown - a collective term for the limbs, branches, and leaves of a tree

Tree Farm - a forest ownership where management practices are performed to promote the continuous production of products and services from the ownership

Tree Improvement - the practical application of forest genetics, usually done by testing natural trees and determining which trees grow best when planted on specific sites

Turnout - (1.) a widened space in a road to allow vehicles to pass one another. (2.) A drainage ditch which drains water away from roads

Water Bar - the portion of a dirt road where the soil is formed as a raised bar across the road that diverts surface water runoff and prevents soil erosion

Water Body - an area of standing water with relatively little or slow movement (ponds, lakes, bays)

Water Course - a definite channel with bed and banks within which concentrated water flows continuously or intermittently

Water Pollution - contamination or other alteration of the physical, chemical or biological properties of any natural waters of the state, or other such discharge of any liquid, gaseous or solid substance into any waters of the state, as well, or is likely to create a nuisance or render such waters harmful or detrimental or injurious to public health, safety or welfare, or to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other legitimate beneficial uses, or to livestock, wild animals, birds, fish or other aquatic life (EPA definition)

Water Quality - a term used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose

Watershed Area - all land and water within the confines of a drainage divide or a water problem area consisting in whole, or in part, of land needing drainage or irrigation

Waterway - a way or channel for water or the movement of water

Wetlands - the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency jointly define wetlands as Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas.

Wildfire Control - actions taken to contain and suppress uncontrolled fires

Wing Ditch - a water turnout or diversion ditch constructed to move and disperse water away from the road and side ditches into adjacent undisturbed areas so that the volume and velocity of water is reduced on slopes