The Scanner HOWTO
Howard Shane
Revision History
Revision 1.1 2004-05-16 Revised by: jhs
Libusb and kernel 2.6-series updates, clarifications
Revision 1.05 2004-01-15 Revised by: jhs
Miscellaneous errata and updates
Revision 1.0 2003-08-19 Revised by: tm
Initial release, reviewed by LDP
Revision 0.04 07-03 Revised by: jhs
Clarified, revised and edited after inviting feedback from participants of
the SANE-devel mailing list
Revision 0.01 06-03 Revised by: jhs
Completed draft.
This document was written to document the steps necessary for access and use
of a photographic scanner device on a system running Linux.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Copyright Information
1.2. Disclaimer
1.3. New Versions
1.4. Credits
1.5. Feedback
1.6. Conventions Used in this Document
2. General Support and Interface Type
2.1. SCSI Scanners
2.2. USB Scanners
2.3. Parallel Port Scanners
2.4. IEEE 1394 (Firewire??, i.Link??)
2.5. Operating System Support
2.6. USB Scanners and Libusb
2.7. Linux Kernel Support of your Scanner Device
2.8. Parallel Port Scanners
3. Making and Accessing the Scanner Devices
3.1. Device Filesystem and Udev
3.2. Creating Devices Manually
3.3. Groups and Permissions
4. SANE
4.1. Getting SANE
4.2. Configuring SANE
5. Testing Your Scanner
6. SANE Frontends
7. Troubleshooting
7.1. Help, my scanner cannot be found by scanimage or xsane!
7.2. Help, I'm not sure my USB hardware is working!
7.3. Help, scanimage or the frontend I am using identifies the wrong
device!
7.4. Help, I can only access my parallel-port scanner as root!
7.5. Help, I have an Acme Whizzbang?? or other model scanner and you
haven't addressed my particular problem!
8. Gnu Free Documentation License
1. Introduction
This document was written to assist the Linux user in setting up a raster
image scanner device, including flatbed, hand-held, video- and still-cameras,
frame-grabbers and so on. It does not address how to use the available
software tools to achieve a particular photographic result or to utilize your
scanner device's features to the fullest extent. For that information please
consult the application home pages referenced in the text and the
manufacturer's information that accompanied your hardware.
Finally, this document does not answer the question "What type of scanner
should I buy?" The answer varies depending on what you are looking for in a
scanner device. I suggest looking at the supported hardware list link in
Section 2 and also [http://www.xs4all.nl/~ljm/SANE-faq.html#buying] this link
within the SANE-project FAQ.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1. Copyright Information
This document is Copyright 2004 Howard Shane.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under
the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections,
no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license can be
found in Section 8.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.2. Disclaimer
No liability for the contents of this document can be accepted. Use the
concepts, examples and other content entirely at your own risk. As this is a
new edition, there may be technical or other inaccuracies that may result in
system failure, destruction of your hardware and the loss of your
irreplaceable data. Proceed with caution and be aware that although errors
are unlikely, the author can nonetheless accept no responsibility whatsoever
for them.
All copyrights are held by their by their respective owners, unless
specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not be
regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
Naming of particular products or brands should not be seen as endorsements.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.3. New Versions
This is the initial release.
The latest version of this document can be found [http://www.hshanemd.net/
docs/HOWTOS/Scanner/] here.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.4. Credits
I would like to thank Oliver Rauch, Henning Meier-Geinitz, Jonathan Buzzard,
Laurent-jan, Jochen Eisinger and others who participate in SANE development
and/or contribute to the SANE-devel mailing list, without whose input this
project would have been difficult if not impossible to perform with any
measure of quality-control. I would also like to thank the many individuals
who have taken the time to email me new information and corrections.
Also I would like to thank Marla for graciously tolerating all the time I've
spent banging on the keyboard working on projects such as this. You're the
greatest.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.5. Feedback
Please send any additions or comments pertaining to this document to the
following email address : . As this is the first
release I am particularly interested in any errata, so don't hesitate to
contact me if you know of something I have wrong or needing updating. Also
let me know if you know of any shortcuts, tools or bits of information that
may help hapless users that you think should be included. I apologize in
advance, but I cannot answer any technical questions or "plz help me" pleas
regarding scanners; any sent my way will be forwarded to /dev/null; for
sources of assistance including live help see Section 7.5 instead, but only
after reading the relevant sections of this document in their entirety. I am
neither an expert on scanners nor do I have every model of scanner ever
manufactured available for testing. My only contribution to scanner support
within Linux is the compiling of my own limited experience with the
exhaustive input of others to produce a succinct but (hopefully)
straightforward HOWTO.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.6. Conventions Used in this Document
The following conventions are used in this document and are outlined here for
those who may not yet have a complete understanding of how to access and
control the underlying operating system in Linux, which is almost always via
the Bash shell.
First, filenames are referenced in a paragraph like so: /path/file
Commands in Linux are executed (or 'called') at the command prompt, otherwise
known as the 'command line.' If you are in the non-graphical (text-based)
environment you will usually be presented the Bash shell prompt which is a
dollar sign:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|$ |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
...or the hash mark:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|# |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
...if you have logged in as root or have acquired root, or 'superuser'
privileges. You can also access the Bash shell in the X window system,
otherwise known as X or X11, with an [http://invisible-island.net/xterm/]
xterm or similar X-terminal-emulator. Commands to be performed at the Bash
prompt, but referenced in a paragraph of this document, usually look like
this: do this now
Commands and/or the resulting output of commands may also be outlined with
screen output in their own paragraph or heading:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|$ date |
|Sun Jul 27 22:37:11 CDT 2003 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
When a command is written in front of the Bash prompt (e.g. $ date above), it
is assumed the [Return] or [Enter] key has been depressed after the command,
possibly followed by the output (e.g., the date).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. General Support and Interface Type
There are four predominant types of scanner interfaces available and
discussed in this document: SCSI, USB, parallel port, IEEE 1394. Linux
support exists for most scanners as pioneered by the [http://
www.sane-project.org/] SANE project. This is not the same thing as [http://
www.twain.org/index.html] TWAIN, which you may be familiar with if you have
used a scanner device under another operating system such as Microsoft
Windows??. The latter protocol weds driver and user interface in a way that
does not allow its use outside of that proprietary graphical environment.
Thus SANE, or Scanner Access Now Easy, was conceived for use under (but is by
no means limited to) the Un*x environment. The SANE standard allows for
modularity where driver meets application and allows for much greater
flexibility and portability. With SANE you can scan with your device using
only the command line, you can design your own front-end application to use
the SANE backend(s), access your scanner(s) over a network or even access
your cameras and other [http://www.thedirks.org/v4l2/] video4linux devices to
acquire photographs. As such SANE is SANE where TWAIN is not.
NOTE: Before reading any further you should check the SANE homepage at [http:
//www.sane-project.org/sane-mfgs.html] http://www.sane-project.org/
sane-mfgs.html to see if your scanner device is supported. Alternatively you
can use the [http://www.sane-project.org/cgi-bin/driver.pl] sane supported
scanners search engine.
If you have an integrated device, i.e., one that functions as a scanner,
printer and/or fax, you can follow the steps below for the scanner functions
using the appropriate interface just like a standard scanner. Those who own
an HP officejet should consult [http://hpoj.sourceforge.net/] the HP
Officejet Linux Driver project site, which goes into excellent detail on how
to get the various functions of this integrated device to work within Linux.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.1. SCSI Scanners
These scanners are managed by an SCSI controller. In general, just about any
scanner using an SCSI interface should work assuming the SCSI hardware is
supported. You should check the [http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO/
scsi.html] SCSI controller list of the Hardware HOWTO if you are unsure if
the SCSI controller is supported. If your SCSI controller came bundled with
your scanner there is a chance your hardware may not be supported or is only
partly supported, as the accompanying SCSI card may not function as a
complete SCSI controller.
You should consult man sane-scsi, if you run into difficulty configuring your
SCSI scanner at any point.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.2. USB Scanners
You probably already know what a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connector looks
like and where it plugs in. If you have a USB scanner your hardware is likely
to be supported in Linux. Information on enabling the USB subsystem and USB
scanner support is found in Section 2.5.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.3. Parallel Port Scanners
Parallel-port scanners on the whole can be made to work if there is a backend
that supports them, however if your device also has a USB port (which the
vast majority of new scanners released nowadays do) and a working USB backend
you are strongly encouraged to use that instead, as it may be more easily
configured.
If your model has only a parallel-port interface and a proprietary or
non-standard controller you could be out of luck. If you have found there is
a supported backend for the parallel-port interface of your scanner, then you
should see Section 2.8.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.4. IEEE 1394 (Firewire??, i.Link??)
Some IEEE 1394 scanners are supported as of the time of this writing,
particularly those manufactured by Nikon and Epson. The IEEE 1394 interface
has been supported since the 2.4-series Linux kernel. IEEE 1394 scanners
require your system be equipped with a IEEE 1394 PCI card or a mainboard IEEE
1394 port, as well as have IEEE 1394 support enabled in your kernel or as a
loaded module. You should check the SANE supported devices by manufacturer
link in Section 2 and read the manpage next to your hardware (if any) for any
issues related to your specific hardware.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.5. Operating System Support
If you don't have a USB scanner you should skip to Section 2.7, and if your
equipment is of the parallel port variety you should go to Section 2.8.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.6. USB Scanners and Libusb
This section was at one time entitled "USB Scanner Kernel Support," but the
existence of [http://libusb.sourceforge.net/] libusb promises to make the
need for a USB-scanner enabled kernel unnecessary. Libusb is a project to
create a userspace (i.e., non-kernel) library to access USB devices
regardless of operating system. For more information on the differences
between these consult man sane-usb.
If you would prefer the more conventional kernel support for your USB
Scanner, go on to Section 2.7.2, but be advised that kernel support for USB
scanner devices is dropped in favor of libusb in kernel version 2.6.0 and
higher. Most distributions at this point are offering libusb in their stable
branches (and some install it by default), so if you don't already have
kernel support for USB scanner devices then you may only have to install the
libusb package in order to access your device. You must have USB device
filesystem support enabled in your kernel, which most distributions do. To
find out for sure, issue the following at the command line:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|$ cat /proc/filesystems |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
You should see (among others):
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|nodev usbdevfs |
|nodev usbfs |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
You may need to mount usbdevfs to enable it and see the device files, which
you can do at the command line with mount -t usbdevfs none /proc/bus/usb.
Don't try to use libusb while kernel scanner support is enabled either
statically or the module loaded; you can only use one at at time.
You can obtain the libusb package in .rpm, .tgz or .deb format from your
Linux distribution. If you are planning on compiling your own SANE binary
from source with libusb support enabled you will require the libusb-dev
package as well.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.7. Linux Kernel Support of your Scanner Device
Kernel support is required for SCSI, USB and parallel-port generic interface
support and USB scanner support (if not using libusb). Your stock kernel may
already have support for what you need, and the way to tell is to use the
dmesg command and look for an acknowledgement that the driver in question
loaded at bootup. If you don't see it, the driver may be present (but not
necessarily loaded) as a module. To find out you can type the following at
the command line:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| $ ls -R /lib/modules/X.XX/kernel/drivers |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Where 'X.XX' is your kernel version number. The following output is an
example of what you would find in a USB scanner-enabled kernel (though all
but the relevant lines have been edited for brevity):
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|./usb: |
|scanner.o |
|usbcore.o |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
(A hint for newbies: if the info in dmesg or the above module list scrolls by
too fast, you might try piping the output into 'less' (or 'more' if you don't
have less): ls -R /lib/modules/X.XX/kernel/drivers | less or alternatively
catching it in a file: ls -R /lib/modules/X.XX/kernel/drivers > file.txt,
where 'file.txt' will contain the info that can then be accessed with cat
[file] | less.)
The following information is arranged on the basis of scanner interface type.
If your kernel doesn't contain the necessary support, you can always
recompile your kernel. If you are unfamiliar with the process of compiling
your own kernel, I direct you to the [http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/
Kernel-HOWTO.html] Kernel HOWTO for more information.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.7.1. Kernel SCSI Support
If you have an SCSI-type interface, when invoking make config, make
menuconfig or make xconfig etc., be aware that in addition to the option to
support your particular SCSI adapter, generic SCSI device support is also
required. Such generic devices are usually named /dev/sg0, /dev/sg1.... Since
you probably already know if your card is supported from the [http://tldp.org
/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO/scsi.html] supported SCSI controllers list, all that is
required after confirming that your kernel supports your hardware and generic
SCSI devices is to load the appropriate module(s):
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|# modprobe CARD_MODULE_NAME |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|# modprobe sg |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
...as root. Note there have been reports of ide-scsi emulation support (used
for ATAPI-eide CDRW support) causing problems for scanner access; if you know
your hardware is supported and you can't get things to work try unloading the
ide-scsi module:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|rmmod ide-scsi |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
...though it has been reported to me that this has been fixed as of recent
(2.4.20+) kernels.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.7.2. Kernel USB and USB Scanner Support
For USB scanner support, you will need USB subsystem support in your kernel,
whether usb-ohci, usb-ehci, or whatever protocol of USB driver your system
prefers. USB support has been present in the Linux kernel since the late
2.2-series. For a more in-depth discussion of USB support in general, I
direct you to the [http://www.linux-usb.org/] linux-usb project site. If you
have a 2.4-series of kernel or earlier and wish to use the kernel USB-scanner
support to access your scanner (instead of libusb outlined in Section 2.6)
you will need to have 'USB scanner support' enabled, which, if present, is
visible within dmesg, or by lsmod if a loaded module. If you want to find out
which modules are loaded, at the command line or in an xterm type the
following:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|# lsmod |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
As shown by the prompt above you will need to have root privileges to do
this. You should get output including (but not limited to) the following:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|cdrom 29312 0 (autoclean) [sr_mod] |
|usb-ohci 17888 0 (unused) |
|usbcore 56768 0 [scanner ibmcam usbvideo usb-ohci] |
|scanner 8704 0 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
If you don't have scanner loaded, and you know you have USB scanner support
in your kernel as a module, try loading it directly:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|# modprobe -v scanner |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
...at which point you should see something like the following:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Using /lib/modules/2.4.20/kernel/drivers/usb/scanner.o |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
By placing the entry scanner in /etc/modules (note that this varies by
distribution), you can have the module load at boot-time automatically. You
can then confirm the module was loaded by checking the syslog or in the
boot-time record with dmesg | less), where you should see an entry such as
the following:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|May 16 23:17:25 K7 kernel: usb.c: registered new driver usbscanner |
|May 16 23:17:25 K7 kernel: scanner.c: 0.4.6:USB Scanner Driver |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.8. Parallel Port Scanners
By now you've probably figured out that configuration of parallel port
scanners may be problematic. Again, if your device has both a parallel port
interface and a USB interface you should consider selecting USB to make the
setup process easier.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.8.1. Kernel Parport Support
For 2.2 and 2.4 kernel systems, parallel-port support must be enabled
statically or as a module (stock kernels usually have this enabled by
default). You may want to read [http://www.torque.net/linux-pp.html] more
generic info about parallel-port device support under the Linux kernel before
starting this process. To find out for sure if the module parport is loaded
you can check the dmesg file or use lsmod as outlined above. Using dmesg |
less you should see (among many other lines) the following:
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Mar 3 08:00:25 K7 kernel: parport0: PC-style at 0x378 (0x778) [PCSPP,TRISTATE] |
|Mar 3 08:00:25 K7 kernel: parport0: irq 7 detected |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
If you are compiling your own kernel, enable 'Parallel Port support.' You
should enable 'IEEE 1284 transfer modes,' and if you have x86 type
architecture you should also enable 'PC-style hardware.'
If modprobe returns an error when you attempt to load the module note that
you may need to determine and supply the hardware address when invoking
modprobe. The most common address is 0x378 for an x86 system; 0x278 and 0x3BC
are other possibilities for integrated or ISA parallel ports. Add-in PCI
parallel ports may have unusual base addresses. One can also arrange multiple
devices with either the parport_pc or parport_arc modules, though that topic
is beyond the scope of this document. WARNING: Be sure you have the correct
address before entering this information at the command line or else your
machine may become unstable, crash or otherwise implode.
Your parallel port should be set to preferably "EPP" mode, or alternatively
ECP/EPP. "Bidirectional" (also known as "BPP" or "PS/2") may work, albeit
much more slowly. "Unidirectional" mode is unsuitable for scanning. The above
setting can usually be accessed through your BIOS menu, at least on x86
systems.
Depending on whether your parallel port scanner requires SCSI support, you
may need to patch your kernel for parport-SCSI support. You can find that
suite of tools at [http://www.torque.net/parport/ppscsi.html] www.torque.net/
parport/ppscsi.html. If this is required you will also need to enable the
following:
* SCSI support
* SCSI generic support
* Support for the core module of your ppSCSI controller (t348 for the
APA-348 and T348, t358 for the APA-358 and T358, epsa2 for the older
Shuttle EPSA-2, epst for the Shuttle EPST and APA-1350, onscsi for the
OnSpec 90c26, and sparcsi for the SparCSI and ParaSCSI)
Once these are compiled in, it's simply a matter of loading the appropriate
modules.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Making and Accessing the Scanner Devices
The following section applies to all hardware types. Some specifics with
regard to scanner interface types are mentioned in the paragraphs at the end
of this section.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.1. Device Filesystem and Udev
[http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.html] Devfs, or 'device
filesystem' has been an option in the Linux kernel since the late 2.2-series.
Devfsd, the device filesystem daemon, creates and removes devices on your
system dynamically without the need to manually create devices. If you are
running devfsd/devfs you can probably skip the following sections as the
process of creating device nodes will be done for you and it's simply a
matter of finding the appropriate device node in /dev.
Devfs does not obviate the need to change permissions of devices for access
by users.
Beginning in the 2.6-series kernel devfs has been deprecated in favor of a
userspace daemon known as udev, though devfs remains as an option. You can
find information on udev [http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/
hotplug/udev-FAQ] here.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2. Creating Devices Manually
If you are running a system with correctly configured devfs, udev or libusb,
you can skip this step and go to Section 4. There are two ways to accomplish
the creation of necessary devices manually. One is to use MAKEDEV and the
other is to create the device nodes at the command line.
The MAKEDEV script is the easier of the two methods, the executable of which
may be located in /dev or the usual places for storing binary executables (/
bin,/sbin and so on). I direct you to man MAKEDEV, and would caution you to
pay attention to the device-specific command options so that you can be sure
the major and minor numbers are correct (see the next paragraph for more on
this and why it is important, especially if MAKEDEV doesn't work or you
prefer doing things the hard way).
A device can be created as a block (such as a drive), a fifo
(file-in-file-out or pipe, as in xconsole) or a character device, which
represents other hardware. Each device has a major and a minor number
"coordinate" to tell the kernel what it is and where to access it. These
numbers are not arbitrary.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2.1. SCSI Devices
If you are running a 2.4-series kernel you should consider becoming familiar
with [http://tldp.org/HOWTO/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/mlproc.html] SCSI proc interface
access, and whichever kernel you are running, you should read man sane-scsi
before reading further. When the system boots up, generic SCSI device files
are mapped on /dev/sgN, where N is a numeric value starting at zero. The
major and minor numbers for SCSI devices are 21 and 0,1,2,3... respectively.
You can find out what devices are loaded already with ls -l /dev/sg*, which
should yield output similar to this:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|crw------- 1 root sys 21, 0 Jan 06 2003 /dev/sg0 |
|crw------- 1 root sys 21, 0 Jan 06 2003 /dev/sg1 |
|crw------- 1 root sys 21, 0 Jan 06 2003 /dev/sg2 |
|crw------- 1 root sys 21, 0 Jan 06 2003 /dev/sg3 |
|crw------- 1 root sys 21, 0 Jan 06 2003 /dev/sg4 |
|crw------- 1 root sys 21, 0 Jan 06 2003 /dev/sg5 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
You will need to make a /dev/scanner symbolic link to an existing device (for
reasons clarified later). For example, if your scanner is connected to the
first scsi-bus (and lun and target) of your SCSI host device, you should link
it to the corresponding device:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|# ln -s /dev/sg0 /dev/scanner |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2.2. Manually creating USB Devices
Again, you can skip this step if using libusb. USB scanner devices have the
major number 180 and minor 48, 49, etc., up to 63. First, check /dev to see
what directory your distribution lays out its USB directory devices in, as
some distributions might have these devices scanner0, scanner1...etc., within
/dev/usb or as usbscanner0, usbscanner1... and so on, in the base /dev/
directory. If you find that in the /dev/ directory the scanner devices have
already been made for you then your work is done. If not, you will need to
create them yourself. As root, make a character device for your scanner like
so:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|# mknod /dev/usbscanner0 c 180 48 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
...or if your distribution has a '/dev/usb' subdirectory:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|# mknod /dev/usb/scanner0 c 180 48 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2.3. Manually creating Parallel Port Devices
Follow the example outlined in the above section to create the following
generic parport devices:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|crw------- 1 root root 99, 0 Jun 24 13:47 parport0 |
|crw------- 1 root root 99, 1 Jun 24 13:47 parport1 |
|crw------- 1 root root 99, 2 Jun 24 13:47 parport2 |
|crw------- 1 root root 99, 3 Jun 24 13:47 parport3 |
|crw-r----- 1 root root 1, 4 Jan 1 1970 port |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
You may also need to create /dev/port and/or /dev/parport depending on the
backend you will use, so be prepared to return to this step if your
application dictates it.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.3. Groups and Permissions
It is a good idea to be sure that your user account can access the device
once all modules are loaded and device nodes created. The most
security-conscious way to do that is to add scanner access to a particular
group. On my system, the members of the group 'scanner' are allowed to use
the scanner. The way to accomplish this is to first change the ownership of
the devices in /dev like so (as root):
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|# chown root.scanner /dev/usb/scanner* |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
...where root.scanner are the owner and group the device will now belong to.
Obviously the specific command will vary by your system and the type of
device, whether /dev/sg* on SCSI scanners, etc. It is important that you
change the ownership of the device node itself and not the symlink; symlinks'
ownerships are affected only by changing the parent devices or files they
point to.
To see if your user account is a member of the group in question, as root
issue the following command: grep -e scanner /etc/group. You should see
something like the following:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|scanner:x:103: |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
...where '103' is the group number. Since no members follow the last colon in
the 'scanner' group we can add them, let's say user 'jhs' with the command
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|# adduser jhs scanner |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
After this it's simply a matter of allowing read and write access for the
user in question of the device like so:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|# chmod g+rw /dev/usb/scanner0 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
...where g+rw means add read and write access for group. See the
documentation for chmod (man chmod or info chmod) for further info.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. SANE
The final prerequisite for scanner access is the SANE backend(s) and
optionally, a suitable SANE-frontend. The former are the drivers and
low-level access tools that interface with your scanner, and the latter are
graphical applications for access and use of your scanner within X. Only the
former are required for scanner access, though a frontend is highly
recommended in order to manipulate images and to actually be able to see your
images in a windowed environment without having to print them.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.1. Getting SANE
You can acquire the suite of SANE backends at [http://www.sane-project.org/
source.html] http://www.sane-project.org/source.html, where you can obtain
binaries for nearly all Linux distributions as well as source code. If you
are planning on compiling from source, you probably already know what to do,
but the following link is available for those that want a refresher, that of
the [http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html] Software Building
HOWTO. In addition, be sure that if you have a previous sane installation
that it is removed prior to installing your freshly-compiled version, and
that you should acquire the most recently released stable version of the
source code for compiling.
Those who wish to install binaries should download the corresponding file and
then install as usual, i.e. for rpm-based distributions:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|# rpm -iVh sane-backends-VERSION.rpm |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
For Debian users there is a SANE package in stable (Woody), testing (Sarge)
and unstable (Sid) package repositories, so a simple apt-get install sane is
all that is required, whatever version you are using.
Those who prefer compiling the latest version of SANE from source can acquire
it from [ftp://ftp.mostang.com/pub/sane/] ftp.mostang.com/pub/sane. There is
a more in-depth (though rather pessimistic) write-up of how to compile SANE
from source and get a SCSI scanner working from scratch, at [http://
www.xs4all.nl/~ljm/SANE/howto.html] Laurent-jan's HOWTO page originally
written by Steve Sheriff (the graphics are interesting, too).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.2. Configuring SANE
4.2.1. SANE Backends
Whether you obtained your distribution's official SANE package, obtained a
binary from the SANE homepage or compiled your own SANE binary from source,
SANE should identify the appropriate backend to use for your hardware when
you call scanimage or any other frontend. If no device is found when you run
scanimage -L or your chosen frontend, see Section 7 for more info.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.2.2. Across a Network
If you are interested in making scanner services available across a network
from or to a remote machine, you will need to edit the saned.conf file in the
configuration directory of the server (the computer with the scanner),
whether /etc/sane.d or /usr/local/etc/sane.d. It usually consists of an entry
'scan-client.somedomain.firm' that will need to be replaced with the hostname
of the client you want to be able to use the server's scanner. If you prefer
an IP address this can be used instead.
The saned daemon will need to be run as well as inetd or xined on the server.
See man saned for the exact changes required to inetd.conf or xined.conf. In
addition port 6566 will need to be added to the /etc/services file:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|sane 6566/tcp |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
The client computer (without the scanner) will need net.conf edited to
include the server machine name, i.e., 'scan-server.somedomain.firm.'
Also for the client(s), be sure the entry "net" isn't commented out in the
dll.conf file.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.2.3. Using SANE with a Video4linux Device
Video4linux devices include webcams, still cameras and video capture devices.
SANE is capable of accessing these. To do this, locate the file in the
configuration directory (/etc/sane.d or /usr/local/etc/sane.d) named
v4l.conf. Opening this file yields something similar to the following
content:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|# In order to use the v4linux backend you have to give the device |
|# You can enable multiple lines if |
|# you really have multible [sic] v4l devices. |
|# |
|/dev/bttv0 |
|/dev/video0 |
|/dev/video1 |
|/dev/video2 |
|/dev/video3 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
The initial line of this file really tells you all you need to know, so
remember this when we get to the sections on testing the scanner hardware.
Just be sure that whatever device your kernel identifies your camera or other
v4l device as is uncommented (i.e., has the # removed from in front of it as
above). You will obviously need to do this as root. In addition, be sure the
line 'v4l' isn't commented out in the dll.conf file.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Testing Your Scanner
Once you've completed all of the above, you're ready to test your scanner
equipment. This section assumes your scanner is turned on and has been
attached through the appropriate interface. If you have a SCSI or a USB
scanner, at the command line you can issue the following command:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|$ sane-find-scanner |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
...which should find and identify your scanner from a list of possible
devices. (Note to Debian users: starting with Sarge, or unstable,
sane-find-scanner is available in the 'sane-utils' package. In Woody it is
available in the 'libsane' package.) If your scanner is a type not looked for
by sane-find-scanner, you can try as root scanimage --list-devices which
should yield information about attached devices. For example, this is the
output on my system:
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|device `v4l:/dev/video0' is a Noname BT878 video (Hauppauge (bt878)) virtual device |
|device `epson:/dev/scanner0' is a Epson Perfection1240 flatbed scanner |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
whereas when using libusb it registers as
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|device `v4l:/dev/video0' is a Noname BT878 video (Hauppauge (bt878)) virtual device |
|device `epson:libusb:001:003' is a Epson Perfection1240 flatbed scanner |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Make note of the 'backend:device' information obtained; this will be our
device name to specifically access the scanner from the command line. Also,
be aware that sane-find-scanner is a separate utility that does not guarantee
support under SANE, it only looks for devices that claim to be scanners.
Next you should test the scanner's image grabbing ability. You can use either
one of the frontends listed in Section 6 or at the command line if you wish
with the following:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|$ scanimage -d backend:/dev/scanner --format pnm > outfile.pnm |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Thus if you use the Epson backend, for example, the command would be as
follows:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|$ scanimage -d epson:/dev/scanner --format pnm > outfile.pnm |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
You only need the -d option if you have more than one scanner and want to
select which one to use. For example, if you have an Epson and a Mustek
scanner, using "-d epson" or "-d mustek" should be enough. The complete path
is only needed if you have more that one scanner supported by the same
backend. Obviously /dev/scanner should be substituted with whatever scanner
device you've configured (e.g., /dev/video0 in the case of a v4l device, and
libusb as seen in the sane-find-scanner example above). The --format switch
can be either pnm or tiff, but if left out will default to pnm. See man
scanimage for more obscure but useful options. The '.pnm' format stands for
'portable anymap,' a common image format for graphical files in Linux that
can be converted to nearly any other image format with [http://
www.imagemagick.org/] Imagemagick or [http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/] netpbm.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. SANE Frontends
Now that you've got the hardware working, you should probably acquire a
suitable frontend if you plan on using your scanner device in X11, which is
probably a good idea to look at what you've scanned. My personal favorite is
as elegant and functional as any proprietary solution I've seen, [http://
www.xsane.org] xsane. It has an attractive GTK+ based GUI, can save the image
to a variety of formats, send an image to the printer, and interface easily
with the [http://www.gimp.org] GIMP. It makes accessing the full color and
other potential of your hardware quite easy.
The GIMP, or GNU Image Manipulation Program, is an outstanding application
for image editing if you are interested in scanning from within a Photoshop
??-like application. The xsane module may be available as a separate package
depending on your Linux distribution. After starting GIMP, click 'File,' then
'Acquire' followed by 'Xsane:device dialog' to access your scanner.
Another highly recommended frontend is [http://www.kde.org/apps/kooka/] Kooka
of the [http://www.kde.org/] KDE desktop environment. It has an intuitive
interface that integrates easily with other KDE applications and can greatly
simplify management of large image collections.
Xscanimage is a somewhat simpler (but still powerful) scanner application for
X11 to acquire images from your scanner. It may or may not come bundled with
the SANE backends depending on your distribution. See man xscanimage for more
info.
You can find a more complete list of SANE frontends at [http://
www.sane-project.org/sane-frontends.html] the SANE frontends page.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Troubleshooting
7.1. Help, my scanner cannot be found by scanimage or xsane!
First, don't despair. If you're sure you've done everything correctly up to
this point, all the right modules are loaded and all the configuration files
tweaked as outlined and you know you're hardware is supported, check your
permissions. In order to access scanner hardware you must have read and write
access. See Section 3.3 for more info. If this isn't the problem, go to /etc/
sane.d/ (or /usr/local/etc/sane.d) and edit the file dll.conf, commenting out
any backend or other (i.e. v4l) protocol that you don't need.
If none of the above work, from within the directory containing the SANE
configuration files, open the one named after the backend for your particular
scanner. There are (among others) two important entries in the file:
interface type (scsi vs. usb), and the device name. If you have a usb
scanner, you will usually need to comment out (make a # mark in front of) the
'scsi' line, and uncomment the line containing 'usb.' In addition the device
name may need to be changed, depending on your distribution (i.e., /dev/
usbscanner0 may become /dev/usb/usbscanner0). As you may have noted, there
may be several other options available to your scanner in this file depending
on the model, so if your scanner doesn't operate as planned, you may want to
take a look at this file and the accompanying model-specific documentation if
any; see man sane-scsi or sane-usb, or whichever manufacturer made your
scanner (including sane-plustek, sane-qcam, sane-ricoh, sane-sharp,
sane-snapscan, sane-umax and so on. For a full list try apropos sane. The
exact protocols and manufacturers available may depend on your version of
SANE.
If none of the above work, see Section 7.5. Also, if you're particularly
daring you should check the [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/sts/]
sane-troubleshoot Homepage, still in an early development stage at the time
of this writing.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2. Help, I'm not sure my USB hardware is working!
Assuming you have usbdevfs and /proc filesystem support, you should issue the
following command: cat /proc/bus/usb/devices. It should give you an output of
the USB bus status and the connected devices and troubleshoot your hardware.
If your scanner is supported and you can see your hardware you'll know your
problem lies elsewhere.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.3. Help, scanimage or the frontend I am using identifies the wrong device!
First, locate your configuration files, located in one of the usual places: /
etc/sane.d or /usr/local/etc/sane.d. In general, if you obtained a
precompiled package from your distribution or a binary from the SANE homepage
it is in /etc, while if you compiled it from source it is in /usr/local/etc/
sane.d. Change (cd) to that particular directory. In Section 2 you were
referred to the [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-mfgs.html] SANE list of
supported and not-yet-supported hardware. There you will find among the
charts of individual manufacturers listed the "Backend," or SANE driver for
each model in addition to the support status. Within /etc/sane.d or /usr/
local/etc/sane.d there are similarly named files for each backend. You should
select the file named dll.conf. This will list the backend protocols one by
one. Check to be sure your scanner's backend is not commented out (i.e., has
a hash mark in front of it). If it is you will need to (as root, and using
your editor program) remove the '#.' If you still can't get things to work,
see Section 7.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.4. Help, I can only access my parallel-port scanner as root!
The SANE driver for your scanner accesses the parallel port directly (via /
dev/port). This only works for root for security reasons. See [http://
www.linuxprinting.org/download/digitalimage/
Scanning-as-Normal-User-on-Wierd-Scanner-Mini-HOWTO.txt] this mini-HOWTO by
Till Kamppeter for instructions on how to approach this problem.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.5. Help, I have an Acme Whizzbang?? or other model scanner and you haven't
addressed my particular problem!
Go to [http://www.sane-project.org/mailing-lists.html] the mailing list and
irc channel at the SANE website. Check the link for instructions on how to
subscribe, etc. Also, you should read the [http://www.xs4all.nl/~ljm/
SANE-faq.html] SANE FAQ which has several hardware-specific questions,
answers and links to relevant documentation.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Gnu Free Documentation License
Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place,
Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and
distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not
allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure
everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this
License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their
work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by
others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of
the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the
GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft cense designed for free
software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program
should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does.
But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any
textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a
printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose
is instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide,
royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the
conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or
work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You
accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document
or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or
translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the
Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or
authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related
matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall
subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a
Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be
a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters,
or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are
designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says
that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit
the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as
Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as
Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the
Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5
words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the general
public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with
generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint
programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is
suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a
variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is
not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any
substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called
"Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII
without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a
publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or
PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats
include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can
be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the
machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors
for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such
following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License
requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have
any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent
appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the
text.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title
either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that
translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section
name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications",
"Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when
you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ"
according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states
that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are
considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards
disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers
may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially
or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and
the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced
in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of
this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the
reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you
may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large
enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may
publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed
covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license
notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that
carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the
front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also
clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front
cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally
prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the
title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as
verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you
should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual
cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more
than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along
with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a
computer-network location from which the general network-using public has
access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete
Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent
copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through
your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them
a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the
conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified
Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the
role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the
Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do
these things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from
that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if
there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may
use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that
version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version,
together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of
its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version,
as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the
other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving
the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this
License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and
required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it
an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the
Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled
"History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item
describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public
access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network
locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These
may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if
the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the
Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone
of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their
text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not
considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be
included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to
conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. If the Modified Version includes new
front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and
contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license
notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may
add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but
endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example,
statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an
organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of
Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and
one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any
one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are
acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old
one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give
permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply
endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions,
provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of
all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant
Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve
all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple
identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are
multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make
the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in
parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if
known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section
titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the
various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise
combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled
"Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the
collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim
copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it
individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License
into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects
regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and
independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from
the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's
users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included
in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the
aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of
the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire
aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket
the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if
the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed
covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing
Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their
copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant
Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections.
You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in
the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions of
those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the
translation and the original version of this License or a notice or
disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications",
or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1)
will typically require changing the actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as
expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify,
sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically
terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received
copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be
similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address
new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any
later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has
been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the
License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices
just after the title page:
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/
or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
"GNU Free Documentation License".
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the "with...Texts." line with this: with the Invariant Sections being
LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the
Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover
Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives
to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend
releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software
license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free
software.