Isaac Newton (1641-1727)

Isaac was born very premature and not expected to survive. It was said he
could be fitted into a quart pot. His father had died three months earlier.
When Isaac was three, his mother married a wealthy elderly clergyman from the
next village, and went to live there, leaving Isaac behind with his grandmother.
The clergyman died, and Isaac's mother came back, after eight years, bringing
with her three small children. Two years later, Newton went away to the Grammar
School in Grantham, where he lodged with the local apothecary, and was fascinated
by the chemicals. The plan was that at age seventeen he would come home and
look after the farm. He turned out to be a total failure as a farmer.

On returning to Cambridge in 1667, he began to work on alchemy, but then
in 1668 Nicolas Mercator published a book containing some methods for dealing
with infinite series. Newton immediately wrote a treatise, De Analysi, expounding
his own wider ranging results. His friend and mentor Isaac Barrow communicated
these discoveries to a London mathematician, but only after some weeks would
Newton allow his name to be given.

This brought his work to the attention of the mathematics community for the
first time. Shortly afterwards, Barrow resigned his Lucasian Professorship (which
had been established only in 1663, with Barrow the first incumbent) at Cambridge
so that Newton could have the Chair. Newton left a mass of manuscripts on the
subjects of alchemy and chemistry, then closely related topics. Most of these
were extracts from books, bibliographies, dictionaries, and so on, but a few
are original.

He began intensive experimentation in 1669, continuing till he left Cambridge,
seeking to unravel the meaning that he hoped was hidden in alchemical obscurity
and mysticism. He sought understanding of the nature and structure of all matter,
formed from the "solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable particles"
that he believed God had created. Most importantly in the "Queries"
appended to "Opticks" and in the essay "On the Nature
of Acids" (1710), Newton published an incomplete theory of chemical force,
concealing his exploration of the alchemists, which became known a century after
his death.

In 1696 Newton was appointed Warden of the Mint and moved to Jermyn Street
House in London. The next year Newton provided a solution to the ‘Lion’s
Paw’ problem presented by Bernoulli, and his solution was read anonymously
to the Royal Society. By the end of the 17th century Newton had numerous achievements;
he was elected as a Foreign Associate of the Académie
des Science (Paris) and became a council member of the Royal Society, and on
26 November 1701 he was elected as a Member of Parliament from Cambridge.

Isaac Newton’s physical and mental health were issues in his life from
the moment he was born prematurely on 25 December 1642. His plight
was further compromised when his mother abandoned him to his grandmother at
3 years old. Such early difficulties may have contributed to his mental ailments
that troubled him later in his life. (reference)

There is a suggestion that this mental affliction was attributable to mercury
poisoning from his chemical experiments. Indeed, Newton was known to experiment
widely in his laboratory with mercury.

Mercury poisoning is associated with ‘. . . morbid irritability, insomnia,
and mental hyperactivity’, all the features that Newton displayed throughout
his life. Modern studies of Newton’s hair at Cambridge University showed
high levels of mercury.