That venture failed, however, and the two men established a second partnership in 1856 in Springfield to produce small “tip-up” revolvers. Those pistols featured completely bored-through cylinder chambers that were accessed by “tipping” the barrel up at a hinge at the front of the top strap and fired self-contained metallic cartridges—the original .22 rimfire—of Smith and Wesson’s own design. The American Civil War made Smith & Wesson a leading revolver manufacturer. Its introduction in the 1870s of large-frame “break-top” revolvers (“breaking” the revolver at a hinge in front of the trigger guard exposed the rear of the cylinder) that fired more-potent cartridges created business in the American West and around the world.

Smith & Wesson later supplied thousands of swing-out cylinder “hand ejector” revolvers to police forces around the world as well as to the Americans and the British in World War I and the Allies in World War II. During the 20th century the company also developed a number of famed cartridges, including the .357 and .44 magnum rounds. In the mid-1950s Smith & Wesson introduced its first semiautomatic pistol (Model 39), which inaugurated several generations of self-loading handguns.

Ownership of the company changed hands several times beginning in the mid-1960s, and in the 21st century the company operated as the Smith & Wesson Holding Corporation. In addition to a broad array of handgun designs and models, the firm prospered from the sale of ancillary products ranging from knives and flashlights to handcuffs and law-enforcement apparel.

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Colt dominated the manufacture of revolvers until the expiration of his U.S. patent in 1857. At that time two other Americans, Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson, produced the first cartridge revolver, based on a design purchased from Rollin White. Using rim-fire copper cartridges and eliminating the percussion-cap nipple, this weapon could be quickly loaded from the rear.

city, seat (1812) of Hampden county, southwestern Massachusetts, U.S., on the Connecticut River. It forms a contiguous urban area with Agawam and West Springfield (west), Chicopee and Holyoke (north), Ludlow (northeast), Wilbraham and Hampden (east), and East Longmeadow (south). William Pynchon,...