Glutaredoxins (Grxs) have been shown to be critical in maintaining redox
homeostasis in living cells. Recently, an emerging subgroup of Grxs with
one cysteine residue in the putative active motif (monothiol Grxs) has been
identified.

Free nucleotides in living cells play important roles in a variety of biolo-gical reactions, and often undergo chemical modifications of their base
moieties. As modified nucleotides may have deleterious effects on cells, they
must be eliminated from intracellular nucleotide pools.

The tumor suppressor von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene product forms a com-plex with elongin B and elongin C, and acts as a recognition subunit of a
ubiquitin E3 ligase. Interactions between components in the complex were
investigated in living cells by fluorescence resonance energy transfer
(FRET)–fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM).

Stem cell research has the potential to affect the lives of millions
of people in the United States and around the world.
This research is now regularly front-page news because of the
controversy surrounding the derivation of stem cells from
human embryos. Realizing the promise of stem cells for
yielding new medical therapies will require us to grapple with
more than just scientific uncertainties. The stem cell debate
has led scientists and nonscientists alike to contemplate
profound issues, such as who we are and what makes us
human beings.

Harrison's Internal Medicine Chapter 68. Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Introduction All of the cell types in the peripheral blood and some cells in every tissue of the body are derived from hematopoietic (hemo: blood; poiesis: creation) stem cells. If the hematopoietic stem cell is damaged and can no longer function (e.g., due to the nuclear accident at Chernobyl), a person would survive 2–4 weeks in the absence of extraordinary support measures. With the clinical use of hematopoietic stem cells, tens of thousands of lives are saved each year (Chap. 108).

FC01
CELLS
Cells are tiny building blocks that make up all living things. Cells are so small that you need a microscope to see them.
ANIMAL CELL
This is the control centre of the cell. It contains chromosomes with DNA instructions for all the cell’s activities, including instructions to make new cells. This is a jelly like substance, in which many of the cell’s activities, e.g. respiration and protein synthesis occur. This is a thin skin around the cell. It is selectivelt permeable, controlling what goes in and out of the cell....

Hierarchy of hematopoietic differentiation. Stem cells are multipotent cells that are the source of all descendant cells and have the capacity to provide either long-term (measured in years) or short-term (measured in months) cell production. Progenitor cells have a more limited spectrum of cells they can produce and are generally a short-lived, highly proliferative population also known as transient amplifying cells. Precursor cells are cells committed to a single blood cell lineage but with a continued ability to proliferate; they do not have all the features of a fully mature cell.

Estrogen receptors (ERs) and androgen receptors, members of the steroid hormone family of nuclear receptors, are targets of inhibition by drugs used to treat breast and prostate cancers, respectively. Tamoxifen, a partial agonist and antagonist of ER function, can mediate tumor regression in metastatic breast cancer and can prevent disease recurrence in the adjuvant setting, saving thousands of lives each year. Tamoxifen binds to the ER and modulates its transcriptional activity, inhibiting activity in the breast but promoting activity in bone and uterine epithelium.

As we stated in our 2011 Industry Review, the fuel cell industry began its road to commercialisation
in 2007. This process has not been an easy one, with the problems associated with introducing
a new technology to the general public (and even to industrial customers) comprising legislative,
manufacturing and cost barriers. Slow-but-steady progress has meant that, historically,
announcements purporting signiﬁ cant product shipments have tended to disappoint, often
experiencing delays or even being cancelled.

P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a membrane pump often responsible for the multidrug resistance of cancer cells, undergoes conformational changes in the presence of substrates/modulators, or upon ATP depletion, reﬂected by its enhanced reactivity with the UIC2 monoclonal antibody. When the UIC2-shift was elicited by certain modulators (e.g. cyclosporin A or vinblastine, but not with verapamil or Tween 80), the subsequent binding of other monoclonal anti-Pgp Ig sharing epitopes with UIC2 (e.g. MM12.10) was abolished [Nagy, H., Goda, K., Arceci, R., Cianfriglia, M., ´ Mechetner, E. & Szabo Jr, G.