RICHLAND, Wash. - Three scientists at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have been selected to receive 2015 Early Career Research Program research grants.

The trio were among just 44 recipients nationwide -- including 17 at national laboratories -- to receive the annual research awards, and were selected from more than 600 applications.

Under the program, David Heldebrant, Dongsheng Li and Brent VanDevender will each receive five-year research grants that fund work designed to reduce carbon emissions, create new materials for energy storage and measure the mass of some of the smallest components of the universe.

The Early Career Research Program, now in its sixth year, is managed by DOE's Office of Science and annually awards research grants to young scientists and engineers at U.S. universities and national laboratories. The grants are designed to bolster the nation's scientific workforce by providing support to exceptional researchers during the crucial early years of their careers, when many scientists do their most formative work. To qualify, a candidate must be a lead researcher for a well-defined project and have received a doctorate within the last 10 years.

"Supporting talented researchers in their early career years is one key to building and maintaining an effective scientific workforce for the nation," said Patricia M. Dehmer, acting director of DOE's Office of Science. "We congratulate the winners of this year's competition and look forward to following their achievements over the next five years."

"These highly competitive awards are a testament to the outstanding early career scientific talent at PNNL," said Director Steve Ashby. "The creativity and innovation of these young scientists will help us address complex issues and challenges in chemistry, materials science and particle physics, and will contribute toward sustainable energy solutions and advance our understanding of the universe."

"I anticipate that Brent, Dave, Dongsheng and all of our Early Career Research Program nominees will do groundbreaking research in the coming years," added Doug Ray, associate laboratory director for fundamental and computational sciences, who managed the laboratory's nomination process. "These researchers will address some of today's most important scientific challenges."

This year's PNNL grant winners are:

David Heldebrant

Coal-fired power plants are the nation's top source of carbon dioxide emissions -- a leading culprit in climate change. For the past decade, governments and utilities have been looking at how carbon capture technologies might be deployed to reduce emission of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, while enabling low-carbon electricity generation.

Current capture technologies focus on 'catch-and-release' approaches in which the captured carbon dioxide must be placed in an environment that physically sequesters it from the earth's atmosphere. Heldebrant, an organic chemist, will use the Early Career award to better understand the molecular processes at work when carbon dioxide interacts with carbon-capture solvents. This understanding will provide the foundation for new 'catch-and-consume' approaches in which carbon dioxide is not only captured, but also converted into useful products such as fuels.

Heldebrant will explore in depth the use of promising new carbon-capture solvents known as switchable ionic liquids. The solvents can operate at much lower temperatures than those solvents considered for carbon-capture to date, making them less energy intensive and more cost effective. They form molecular species that activate the carbon dioxide making it easier to convert, and create new, nonuniform solvent structures that can act as nanoscale reactors to promote chemical reactions. Understanding how the molecular composition of the solvent can be manipulated and combined with catalysts to promote both capture and conversion of carbon dioxide holds the promise of creating energy-efficient, cost-effective, carbon-neutral energy generation.

For this research, Heldebrant plans on leveraging nuclear magnetic resonance capabilities in EMSL, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a DOE national scientific user facility at PNNL.

Dongsheng Li

When tiny crystals known as nanoparticles assemble into complex, highly branched structures they gain unique properties that can be used to channel light, promote chemical reactions or store energy. Unfortunately, reliably making these structures is currently beyond the reach of materials scientists because there is little understanding of what controls the assembly of the particles. Determining how they attract and repel one another is the key to manipulating the formation of larger structures. But the systems are so complex, with a constant tumult of activity at the atomic scale, that most of the rules that govern these interactions aren't known. Discovery now is mainly through trial and error.

Materials scientist Dongsheng Li will use sophisticated microscopes to take a close look at how nanocrystals less than one-thousandth the width of a human hair assemble into branched structures while the process is taking place. She will measure how fast the particles move towards one another and how often they attach. Ultimately, the particles are brought together by forces between them that are caused by the arrangement of atoms on or near the particle surfaces. So Li will also measure these tiny forces and relate them to the way in which the atoms are arranged.

Li plans to use atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy in EMSL to make her measurements. By understanding the rules that determine how tiny crystals interact and assemble, she will take a necessary step toward the creation of new materials for energy generation and storage.

Brent VanDevender

Neutrinos are tiny subatomic particles that permeate nearly everything, from human bodies to celestial ones, such as planets and the sun. They travel close to the speed of light and carry no electric charge, meaning they barely interact with the things with which they come into contact. Elusive as neutrinos are, they contribute as much to the visible matter of the universe as do all of the stars. As such neutrinos can play a significant role in understanding the structure and evolution of our universe.

But before that can happen, scientists need to establish the exact weight of the neutrino, which is at most two-billionths that of a proton. Using Early Career funding, physicist Brent VanDevender and colleagues at PNNL and other research institutions will attempt to determine the exact mass of neutrinos indirectly by measuring electron energy.

To do this, they will use a new method they developed called Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy. The team earlier used CRES to measure the energy produced by single electrons from krypton-83. VanDevender and his colleagues will now repeat and scale up the krypton experiments using tritium. As tritium decays into helium, it gives off energy in the form of electrons and neutrinos. A precise accounting of electron energy, measured via CRES, compared to the total they expect from tritium decay will reveal the neutrino energy, and therefore its mass.

The awards bring to ten the number won by PNNL staff since the program's inception in 2010. Previous PNNL winners include William Gustafson, Sriram Krishnamoorthy, Matthew Marshall, Samuel Payne, Wei-Jun Qian, Wendy Shaw and Alexandre Tartakovsky.

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More information on the program can be found at DOE's Early Career Research Program website.

Interdisciplinary teams at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory address many of America's most pressing issues in energy, the environment and national security through advances in basic and applied science. Founded in 1965, PNNL employs 4,300 staff and has an annual budget of more than $1 billion. It is managed by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. As the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, the Office of Science is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information on PNNL, visit the PNNL News Center, or follow PNNL on Facebook, Google+, LinkedIn and Twitter.

EMSL, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, is a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Science. Located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Wash., EMSL offers an open, collaborative environment for scientific discovery to researchers around the world. Its integrated computational and experimental resources enable researchers to realize important scientific insights and create new technologies. Follow EMSL on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.

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