Warning Berries poisonous if eaten in large quantities. Sensitivity to a toxin varies with a personís age, weight, physical condition, and individual susceptibility. Children are most vulnerable because of their curiosity and small size. Toxicity can vary in a plant according to season, the plantís different parts, and its stage of growth; and plants can absorb toxic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and pollutants from the water, air, and soil.

Discussion One of the first trees to repopulate cleared, eroded, or otherwise damaged land. Unusually long lived among pioneer species, with the potential to live for two centuries. The oldest tree reported, from Missouri, was 795 years old. Important winter food for many birds, which disperse the wingless seeds.