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India's Role in Nuclear Abolition & Cooperative Security

Vice-President, The Mother's Service Society, India and Chair of the Academy's Committee on Peace & Development

Fifty years ago the World Academy of Art & Science was established on the initiative of eminent scientists such as Einstein, Oppenheimer and Rotblat who were deeply concerned by the destructive power of the nuclear genii they had helped release from within the atom. The logical imperative that compelled the Allies to develop a weapon of unparalleled destructive capacity for self-defense was transformed by a perverse logic into the greatest single threat to the security of the Allies and the entire human race. Since then the Academy has dedicated its efforts to addressing a wide range of issues regarding the application of knowledge in world affairs, but none of greater concern than the continued existence and proliferation of nuclear weapons.

Although the threat of global warming evokes greater public and political concern today, nuclear weapons present the most imminent danger and their abolition must the highest priority. This view also arises from an imperative logic. Nuclear weapons are the lynchpin that blocks global progress on a whole range of political, social and economic issues crucial to the future of humanity. The imperative to fully and permanently eliminate the dangers of nuclear weapons is the same imperative that requires and compels responsible governments today to ensure food security for all human beings, to promote prosperity for all nations, to insist on democratic principles of governance both nationally and internationally, and to protect the earth against impending environmental catastrophe. These diverse issues are bound together by an invisible knot and none can be satisfactorily addressed in isolation from the others, yet there is a natural order and sequence to their accomplish that is founded on and begins with the abolition of nuclear weapons.

Rising Expectations and Growing Disillusionment

The Allied victory in World War II generated rising expectations of a coming age of peace, democracy and prosperity, expectations that were partially fulfilled by the rapid economic development of the West but grossly betrayed by the commencement of the Cold War. Ironically, the war that was fought to replace the rule of power with the rule of democracy led to the founding of an undemocratic United Nations. The war that was fought by unprecedented militarization to abolish the threat of future wars led to a precarious militarized peace and armaments race that posed greater threats to human security than all the wars of the past. The bright hopes of 1945 were blackened by the emergence of military blocs and the proliferation and stockpiling of an inconceivable and unconscionable arsenal of nuclear weapons. MAD was not only an apt description of the defense doctrine of those times. It was also a fit description of the mentality which conceived and perpetuated it.

Saner minds on both sides understood the irrationality of this doctrine. Harlan Cleveland, a past president of the Academy who served as Assistant Secretary of State under President Kennedy, described to me many years ago how close we came to reaping the harvest of that madness during the Cuban Missile Crisis. He also related the efforts he took afterwards as US Ambassador to NATO under President Johnson to convince America's European Allies that nuclear weapons were militarily unusable. More recently Robert McNamara, US Defense Secretary during that same period, has passionately argued the same case within the Academy and before the public. Yet, in spite of that clarity of mind, still the imperative logic of the past has prevailed for decades and the proliferation of weapons multiplied.

The Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty might have been the most important doctrine ever written, had the intention of its authors ever been to fulfill the obligations imposed on its signatories. The hostile political climate during the Cold War may have made fulfillment of these obligations impractical; but the fact is, as McNamara has disclosed, that it was never the intention of the nuclear powers to fulfill their obligations under Article VI of the treaty to abolish their stockpiles of nuclear weapons. It was rather their intention to prevent others from acquiring the inordinate means of destruction that the five nuclear powers already possessed, to set in stone and legitimatize a nuclear apartheid world. The doctrine of the NPT is containment. It is bound to fail in achieving that objective because in the absence of fool-proof mechanisms to prevent proliferation, it invariably rewards countries that manage to acquire nuclear weapons.

Missed Opportunities

From the very inception of the NPT, India has taken a clear and consistent position on the need for total abolition of nuclear weapons, a position forcefully proclaimed by Rajiv Gandhi during his address to the UN in 1988. The timing of his initiative was highly significant. He perceived what few had been able to foresee, even a few months before, that the opportunity was emerging for the most dramatic breakthrough in international relations since the end of the war. At the same time he also feared that, in the absence of a breakthrough on nuclear disarmament, India would not be able to withstand the logical imperative and public pressure to declare and demonstrate its own nuclear weapons capabilities. Ten years after his initiative, that fear became a reality at Pokhran. The question before the participants in this conference and before the Government of India today is whether his vision can be made a reality and whether it can be done now.

Four days before the US Senate ratified the Nuclear Test Ban treaty in 1963 and just two months before he was assassinated, President Kennedy addressed the United Nations to affirm his commitment to strengthen global institutions and work for a rapid end of the Cold War. Just one year after Rajiv Gandhi's speech to the United Nations, the Berlin Wall was brought down, the Cold War ended and he too was assassinated. It is useless to speculate as to what might have been achieved had their deaths been averted. But it is vitally important to recognize that both of them perceived an opportunity for a breakthrough, which others failed to perceive.

The end of the Cold War did become a reality, but through a failure of leadership on all sides, the world has not been able to capitalize on the opportunity offered by that occasion. In the absence of serious initiatives to affect a radical breakthrough, the momentum of past events perpetuated business as usual. The relief and joy which everyone felt at the end of confrontation was not converted into strategic or organizational change to rid the world of the ever-dangerous nuclear stockpile accumulated over five decades. It is a basic truth of social existence that the organizations we establish in order to serve us develop a life of their own and often compel us to serve them instead. The military industrial complex developed to defend the free world during WWII is true to that principle. Failing to comprehend that the weapons themselves possess an inherent force for their own utilization and that the industrial complex that thrives on the arms race will not idly stand by while lucrative commercial interests are abandoned, the world failed to capitalize on the courageous initiative of Gorbachev and Reagan and the timely proposal of Rajiv Gandhi.

The International Commission on Peace and Food (ICPF), of which I was member secretary and Jasjit Singh was one of the most valued contributors, conducted its first meeting in Trieste, Italy just weeks before the end of the Cold War. The establishment of the Commission was an Indian initiative conceived by the Mother's Service Society, Pondicherry in 1987, at a time when few people believed that the cold war could be ended within two years. The next few years were times of a heady euphoria when the prospects for a truly global peace seemed well within reach. Yet after the ratification of Start 1 and SORT, the momentum of progress quickly petered out. Although political capital is frequently made out of the fact that the number of warheads has declined dramatically from its unfathomable peak of 65,000 in 1985, political capital has not translated into greater global security. The reduction in warheads is of no practical significance in view of the approximately ten thousand weapons that are still active. Thousands of those warheads remain on alert status. Three more countries have joined the nuclear club. The US has upgraded the role of nuclear weapons in defense strategy. New nuclear weapons are under design. After declining dramatically for a decade, world military expenditure measured in constant dollars has been rising since 1998 and is back to the peak levels of the Cold War.

The dangers of nuclear proliferation are probably greater than at any time in the past. And to cap it all off, there is a serious intent to extend the arms race into outer space. Eighteen years later we have still to deal with the consequences of that failure. All this has occurred in spite of the fact that war between nuclear powers has become unthinkable. Ironically, with few exceptions the countries that most depend on nuclear weapons for their security are the ones that need them the least and are most threatened by the very existence of these weapons. The prelude to WWII offers stern lessons to the world regarding the dangers of acquiescence and appeasement. Those lessons counsel us not to make the same mistake today by acquiescing in the prolongation of an unstable and untenable nuclear status quo.

Call for Pragmatism

Pragmatism is the prevailing wisdom governing international discussions on the issue of nuclear abolition. In the name of pragmatism emphasis is placed on the possible rather than the desirable, the realistic rather than the idealistic. This has led to the formulation of a comprehensive list of possible next steps, including measures such as the ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and the Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty. No doubt these measures are natural first steps and vitally important to the ultimate abolition of nuclear weapons. Pragmatism focuses on the incremental and the immediate in preference to quantum leaps and the long term. It counsels us to moderate our expectations based on the implicit assumption that the scope for progress in the short term is relatively modest. But the Cold War was not brought to an end gradually by a series of incremental steps. It was precipitated by rapid and radical action that took the entire world by surprise. The Cold War was not ended by pragmatism. Vision, courage and determination ended it.

There are even occasions in which an exclusive concentration on incremental change not only fails, but can be counter productive. Even if the CTBT and FMCT were unanimously adopted today, there is no assurance that they would ever lead to nuclear disarmament. They could just as well serve to perpetuate the status quo by removing the most serious incentive for the nuclear powers to give up existing weapons, the threat that still other countries may acquire them. In such instances, the only truly pragmatic approach is to view an issue comprehensively and recognize the need for a quantum shift rather than mere incremental improvements. The issue of nuclear weapons is one such. Pragmatism compels us to examine the issue of nuclear abolition in the wider framework of global cooperative security.

Competitive vs. Cooperative Security

The term cooperative security has been liberally applied and misapplied in so many different ways, that usage of the term requires clarification. The Allies applied a cooperative security framework during WWII to wage war against the Axis powers. We need a cooperative security that is united for peace, not war. During the Cold War the two blocs each adopted an exclusive version of cooperative security to prepare for war against the other. Today we need a cooperative security system that is inclusive rather than exclusive.

True global cooperative security is a concept that has never been tried. The prevailing security paradigm of the past is a competitive approach to security, one in which each nation or bloc seeks to enhance its own security by building offensive and defensive military capabilities that decrease the perceived or real security of other countries that are not included in the system. As the International Commission on Peace & Food pointed out in their report to the United Nations, "the push of each nation or group for unlimited security through military power is inherently destabilizing, since it inevitably increases the insecurity of other nations and compels them in turn to increase military preparedness."[1]

One of the greatest inherent fallacies in the current approach to both global security and nuclear non-proliferation is that it ignores the right and responsibility of each nation to provide for and ensure its own legitimate security needs in the absence of effective alternative mechanisms at the international level. This understandable and inevitable compulsion undermines the current approach of the original nuclear powers, which seeks to maintain military dominance to ensure their own security without addressing the legitimate needs of other nations. This fragmented approach to global security is essentially flawed and doomed to failure. The only pragmatic approach to nuclear non-proliferation is to evolve a security framework that addresses the needs of all countries. In spite of international outrage over the acquisition of nuclear weapons by India, Pakistan and North Korea, the fact is that all three nations have raised their status internationally by so doing and provided an attractive example for other countries to emulate. That is the logical imperative of competitive security.

Basis for Cooperative Security

Pragmatism may rebel against broadening the focus from nuclear non-proliferation to cooperative security, but I argue that anything less than a comprehensive approach is unrealistic and will only lead to further proliferation in future. The case of Iran is indicative.

There are times when what appears as the most difficult path proves to be the path of least resistance. The end of the Cold War was a sudden, astonishing and multidimensional fulfillment of global human aspirations. The end of military confrontation between the superpowers and subsequent dissolution of the Warsaw Pact was only one aspect of that remarkable accomplishment. Simultaneously it brought about the political liberation and self-determination of previously suppressed nations. It unleashed social revolution within these countries and led to a rapid surge in living standards throughout the region. But it did not end there. The end of the Cold War also created conducive conditions for four still more remarkable achievements, whose immense importance for global human security has yet to be fully recognized.

First, it facilitated and accelerated efforts of the nations of Europe to build a supra-national union of sovereign states-on a continent that had been wracked by national rivalries and incessant warfare for the previous 500 years-leading to the establishment of The European Union (EU) in 1993 as a political and economic community. The concept of a united Europe long preceded these events, but its realization awaited the right environment. The expansion of the EU to include 27 member countries was difficult to even imagine a mere 20 years ago.

Second and closely related to the first was the establish of the European Monetary Union in fulfillment of an idea first proposed in 1929 and revived in the 1970s but not acted upon. It is highly significant that the debate acquired serious intensity only in the year immediately preceding the end of the Cold War and that the first concrete step of abolishing exchange controls occurred nine months after the fall of the Berlin Wall. The creation of the European Central Bank occurred just ten years ago to this month. A year later, the Euro was born, the first transnational currency of global significance.

Third, the end of the Cold War made possible the establishment of the World Trade Organization, the integration of China within the global economy and an unprecedented growth in global prosperity. World trade in merchandise and services has multiplied four-fold since 1990 and has doubled in the past seven years.[2] According to McKinsey, total global financial assets have increased from $12 trillion in 1980 to around $180 trillion today. Global forex reserves have risen nearly ten-fold since 1990, from $790 billion to $7.5 trillion in early 2008. India, which was down to its last few billion dollars in foreign exchange reserves during the first Gulf War, now has forex reserves of $316 billion.

Fourth, the end of the Cold War paved the way for the birth and phenomenal growth of the first human-centered global social organization-the World Wide Web. Although the connection has not been widely recognized, the two events are inextricably interrelated. Without an end to East-West confrontation, it is inconceivable that an open global information system such as we have today could have evolved. Security concerns-whether reasonable or unreasonable-would have militated against it. The Web is not merely an unprecedented achievement in itself, but it has been the spearhead and foundation for a movement of global economic and social integration that is too complex and comprehensive even to accurately describe. Without the web, India would not be the global IT powerhouse it is today. Without the web, global social and economic integration could never have attained its present scale. Without the web, the economies of India and China-representing 40 percent of the world's people-would not be growing at upwards of nine percent and creating sufficient jobs for their growing populations.

My purpose in detailing these developments is to emphasize the fact that, not only was the end of the Cold War unforeseen, but its impact and consequences have been unimaginable. A similar potential lies concealed and barred by the continued existence of nuclear weapons. The eradication of all stockpiles will not only eliminate the real and present danger of proliferation and ever-present threat of their usage, a possibility that we discount at our peril. More importantly, it will open the floodgates for other changes that we are barred from effectively dealing with before the nuclear lynchpin has been removed. Highest on the list of those changes are the elimination of war, global prosperity, and effective action to reverse global warming.

Global Cooperative Security System

In recent decades it has become increasingly apparent that a narrow conception of security focused on military action is far too limited and inadequate to address human needs. The current worldwide crisis concerning rising food prices and rising energy prices is illustrative of how important these other needs are for the security and maintenance of global society. Recognition of the potentially catastrophic impact of climate change on sea levels and weather patterns has awakened public concern around the world and mobilized nations to action. But none of these issues can be effectively addressed in isolation from the others. They are inextricably linked to one another. A perception of that linkage prompted Indira Gandhi to point out at the Stockholm Conference on Environment and Development in 1972 that poverty is the greatest source of pollution in the world. Thirty-five years later, the abolition of poverty has acquired reality and is in sight.

The issue of climate change is unique in being the one serious threat to human security which cannot be addressed effectively by unilateral, bilateral or even multilateral action. Unless all the major economies of the world join together, the recalcitrance of some will be born by all nations. Concerted action on climate change demands global action and necessitates the development of fully representative and participative global institutions. The trend toward unity began long ago and has been fostered by development of more than 100 international organizations over the past six decades. But the present structure is flawed and inadequate to serve the world's needs. Global warming is Nature's warning that the task of evolving effective institutions for global governance must not stop halfway.

As there is a linkage between poverty and the environment, there is a very strong linkage between peace and prosperity. The need to ensure full employment was a fundamental objective of the Allied nations after World War II. In 1944, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared full employment a basic human right. Full employment was one of the founding objectives of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development. In 1992, ICPF submitted a full employment strategy to the Government of India to create 100 million jobs within ten years and the strategy was formally adopted.[3] A decade later India became the first major nation in the world to pass legislation guaranteeing employment and to introduce a national program to fulfill that objective. Absence of employment opportunities is a root cause of social violence and a breeding ground for terrorism. Guaranteed employment coupled with elevated higher standards of education is the surest social foundation for peace.

Addressing the wider concept of cooperative security requires a comprehensive approach to global issues. Enforcement of the NPT, ratification of the CTBT and FMCT should be vigorously pursued, but there is no assurance that they would represent significant steps toward global security. Eradication of nuclear weapons, on the other hand, would definitely represent such a step that opens up far greater possibilities for world peace and global development.

Social progress is a complex multidimensional movement that proceeds simultaneously on many different fronts, each supporting and reinforcing the others and adding to the overall momentum. Thus, the soundest and most pragmatic approach to addressing the issue of nuclear proliferation and the abolition of nuclear weapons is to move forward simultaneously on multiple fronts. A truly viable global cooperative security system must include appropriate material, social, political and military mechanisms.

World Peace Army

The most essential requirement for establishing a global cooperative security system is to put in place a viable alternative to national or regional military forces, which are invariably perceived as threats by other nations. The framework proposed by ICPF for this purposes is a World Peace Army, membership in which is open to all democratic nations that eschew resort to all forms of military aggression against other nations. Membership in the WPA would require contribution of financial, technological and human resources toward a common military force similar in principle to the proposal put forth for a European Army in 1998 and renewed by Germany late last year. In return for these commitments, members would be provided unequivocal security guarantees by WPA and irrevocable assurances of support in the event of armed attack by any nation. To quote from ICPF's report:

A World Army could consist of an international peace force that would unconditionally guarantee the security of its members against external aggression based on the following provisions:

Membership in the World Army would be voluntary and open to all countries, provided that they have and maintain democratic, multi-party political systems. Since membership is not exclusive, it could be merged at any time with other like-minded organizations such as NATO, or be integrated into a UN military force when the necessary changes in UN political structure have been made.

As a condition for membership, each country would by legal enactment forego war as an instrument of policy and undertake not to commit any act of external aggression against any other member or non-member for any reason whatsoever. Any violation would be grounds for immediate expulsion.

Members would agree to contribute an assessed sum of money, equipment and military personnel towards the maintenance of a standing military force under the command of a centralized military leadership. In addition, the peace force could be granted the right to recruit personnel directly from member countries.

Members would also agree to limit their own overall military spending within norms fixed by the organization.

Members would be banned from possession of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles. Existing weapons would be destroyed or turned over to the peace force.

As in NATO, members would agree by treaty to consider an attack on one member as an attack on all. The peace force would intervene automatically and unconditionally-defensively and, if necessary, offensively-to protect the sovereignty and international borders of any member country, provided that it conforms to the rules under the charter.

The organization could also assist members in fighting drug trafficking and terrorist activities.

The benefits of this cooperative peace-keeping mechanism would be manifold:

Since the charter would bind members and the alliance to eschew the use of force and aggression for any reason, it would represent a stabilizing, non-provocative, non-offensive defense system. Its charter could also include specific provisions for close association with other international forces.

Its combined strength and technological capabilities would exceed those of any of its members and constitute a substantial deterrent to aggression against any member country.

It would significantly reduce the costs of security for members, possibly by up to 50 or 75 per cent, without compromising their legitimate security needs. The more members it included, the lower the defense expenditure required by each, both because the collective force would be larger and because the number of potential adversaries would be reduced proportionately.[4]

World Central Bank and World Currency

The Subprime Mortgage Crisis, which struck the US financial system last year and is still playing itself out, has already accounted for direct losses by financial institutions of more than $500 billion, half of it by non-US financial institutions. It has also resulted in a huge destruction of financial assets on the world's stock markets-in January 2008 the Bombay market plummeted by more than 25 percent from its peak in December 2007. It has also affected the growth prospects of the major economies of the world. Although it if too early to accurately access the magnitude of the losses incurred, the total loss to global GDP and financial wealth amounts to trillions of dollars. In spite of widespread publicity and debate regarding the causes and remedy for this crisis, little attention has been focused on the single most important factor-the absence of effective international institutions to monitor, manage and govern the global financial system.

Money is no longer a national institution governed by nation states. Money has gone global. More than $5.3 trillion in traditional and over-the-counter foreign exchange transactions take place every day in pursuit of short term profits, wherever local conditions appear most attractive. At the same time, the ownership of investible assets has changed markedly. In 1990, foreign investors owned less than ten percent of equities worldwide compared with 25 percent now. In the USA, foreign investors now hold about sixty percent of all US Treasury securities, compared to twenty percent in 1990. They also own 25 percent of all US corporate bonds and 12 percent of corporate stocks.

We live in the Wild West of global finance, akin to the period in American history when land was free for the asking or taking and lawlessness reigned on the frontier. Historian Paul Johnson has depicted the opening of the American frontier as a crucial turning point in world history and the initial condition for America's rise to world leadership, but the immediate consequences of the frontier for other nations were relatively muted. The same is not true of money today. The global monetary frontier affects the economic and financial well-being of every nation in the world. Its governance cannot be left to market forces or chance. Yet, today there is a vacuum at the top of the international financial world akin to the situation in the USA during the Panic of 1907, which ultimately led to the establishment of the US Federal Reserve. The world cannot afford a financial panic of global proportions. The stakes for global security are far too great.

More importantly, the phenomenal success of the Euro-its fifty percent appreciation against the dollar in the past six years-indicates the enormous potential benefits that can be obtained by introducing a truly global monetary system based on a global currency. The Euro was originally adopted as the single currency by 15 countries. Today it is also used by nine other countries, bringing a total of 500 million people under the Euro umbrella. The value of a currency is directly related to the size of population using it. Money represents productive power. The greater the productive power of the region in which money circulates, the greater the overall value of the currency. If the expansion of the Euro from its original 15 members has led to a fifty percent increase in its value, imagine what would be the total economic benefit to the world of adopting a common global currency utilized by six billion people.

Progress toward global economic integration has advanced by the establishment of global standards with regard to technology, communication, transportation, manufacturing quality, financial systems and reporting, accounting principles, copyright laws, etc. The establishment of a common currency is to introduce a uniform, stable monetary standard for the transaction and measurement of financial transactions globally. This initiative will have the same magnitude of impact in the field of economics as the introduction of a global technical standard for the Internet-HTML-had for the birth and explosive growth of the Web.

Democratization of the United Nations

The current undemocratic structure of the UN system is in direct opposition to the ideals it was established to uphold. The concentration of power among the five permanent members of the Security Council, most especially the veto power, undermines any claim of the UN to being democratic and representative. However justified or inevitable that structure may have been in the immediate post war period, there can be no justification for perpetuating it further. At the time the UN was founded, more than fifty nations were still under colonial rule. Declaration of their rights to sovereignty and self-determination was understandably the highest priority. But more than six decades after its founding, a crude definition of national sovereignty which ignores the nature of national governments can no longer be justified. True sovereignty resides in the rights of the people, of every individual, for freedom and equality. Therefore, ICPF proposed in its report that a democratic form of government should be made a minimum requirement for continued membership of states in the UN system. It is self-evident that such a requirement must be mandatory for any nation to claim a legitimate right to a seat on the Security Council. A time-bound schedule should be adopted to impose this as a minimum requirement for UN and Security Council membership, failing which membership rights should be suspended.

India's Role

All social change requires the generation of a force of requisite intensity. Therefore, pragmatists focus on how to leverage the available political will and bring it to bear for incremental progress. But the will of national political interests and poorly informed public opinion is not the only force bearing on this issue, nor is it the most powerful and compelling. There is also a force of social evolution, a force of irresistible intensity and inevitability that is directing and driving the world's development in a specific direction. That evolutionary force is not a mere theoretical possibility. It is making itself felt in countless concrete ways today. It is the force behind the rising expectations of people everywhere. It is the force behind the rapid emergence of the Internet as the first truly global system. It is the force behind the globalization and integration of business and finance. It is the force behind global concern about climate change. Pragmatism also compels us to take cognizance of this force, rightly comprehend its direction and mode of action, and align overseas with its objectives.

The final refuge of pragmatism is to blame the failure of progress on the absence of visionary leadership. So it is claimed that if only Churchill, Roosevelt or Nehru were alive today, things would be different. But the 21st century is no longer the age of individual heroes. It is the age of impersonal institutions. Perhaps no individual leader, no matter how great, has the power to move the world today; but a government of India's stature does possess that power when it speaks directly to the aspirations of humanity and lends itself as an instrument of the evolutionary force.

India is uniquely endowed with the moral authority and legitimacy to act effectively on the issue of nuclear abolition. It has maintained a consistent opposition to nuclear weapons for half a century. It is the only nation to have won its independence by non-violence. Throughout thousands of years of its history, it has never committed an act of aggression against another country. It is, perhaps, the only land where a reigning Emperor, King Ashoka, renounced the very principle of war. It is the world's largest democracy. It is destined to soon become the world's most populous nation and one of the reigning economic superpowers. It is also the only major nation that has displayed the vision to guarantee employment, which is the essential economic foundation for the elimination of war and violence. More than any other nation, its spiritual culture is founded on adherence to a principle of Truth that transcends petty self-interests. India is fully endowed and qualified to take up this challenge, if it chooses to do so.

Proud Indians, eagerly awaiting the day when their nation will be invited to join the permanent members of the UN Security Council, may hesitate to act in a manner they perceive may forestall that great event. But I would argue on the other hand, that leadership on this issue will establish beyond doubt India's legitimate right to that status. Even now there is no inherent logic and legitimate justification for India's omission for the UNSC, any more than there is justification for an undemocratic UN or unfair NPT. As a nation that contributed more than a million soldiers to the Allied cause, India was fully qualified to assume a seat on the Security Council as soon as it achieved Independence in 1947. Its claim to ascension was certainly as valid as any claim by the Chinese that led to their entry in 1960. Probably everyone attending this conference concurs that India has a rightful claim to UNSC permanent membership. But not all may realize that the very same logic that justifies the status quo on nuclear weapons is also applied to justify the status quo of an undemocratic and unrepresentative UNSC. By the same irrepressible logic of the past, India, which is now a thriving democracy, a major military power and a recognized future economic giant remains outside the global political and security system striving to get a foot in the doors of international power. The world is waiting for leadership on this issue and India should heed the call of destiny.

OVERVIEW

The World Academy of Art and Science is composed of 730 individual Fellows from diverse cultures, nationalities, and intellectual disciplines, chosen for eminence in art, the natural and social sciences, and the humanities. Established in 1960 by distinguished individuals concerned by the impact of the explosive growth of knowledge, its activities seek to address global issues related to the social consequences and policy implications of knowledge. The Academy serves as a forum for reflective scientists, artists, and scholars to discuss the vital problems of humankind independent of political boundaries or limits, whether spiritual or physical -- a forum where these problems can be discussed objectively, scientifically, globally, and free from vested interests or regional attachments, to arrive at solutions that affirm universal human rights and serve the interests of all humanity. WAAS is founded on faith in the power of original and creative ideas -- Real Ideas with effective power -- to change the world. Its motto is "Leadership in thought that leads to action."

The spirit of the Academy can be expressed in the words of Albert Einstein: "The creations of our mind shall be a blessing and not a curse to mankind." Its Fellows share the ambition (as the Founders said in their 1960 Manifesto) "to rediscover the language of mutual understanding," surmounting differences in tradition, language, and social structure which, unless fused by creative imagination and continuous effort, dissolve the latent human commonwealth in contention and conflict.

Scientific discovery and technological innovation keep developing instruments of unparalleled power for fulfillment or destruction. We humans, more and more, are taking into our own hands the future evolution of our bodies, our minds, the civilizations we create, and the very planet we inhabit. So it is imperative that we guide what we do by what we know, and guide what we know by what we value. The aim of the Academy's founders was to function as "an informal WORLD UNIVERSITY at the highest scientific and ethical level, in which deep human understanding and the fullest sense of responsibility will meet."

The World Academy is incorporated in the State of California and is recognized by the US Internal Revenue Service as a tax exempt private foundation under section 501(c)(3).

MISSION

The World Academy of Art and Science is an association of committed individuals drawn from diverse cultures, nationalities, occupations and intellectual pursuits spanning the arts, humanities and sciences, conscious of the profound social consequences and policy implications of knowledge, and united by a common aspiration to address the urgent challenges and emerging opportunities confronting humanity today. Our mission is to promote cross-disciplinary dialogue generative of original ideas and integrated perspectives that comprehend the root causes and effective remedies for our common problems, while furthering those currents of thought and social movement that affirm the value of human dignity and equitable development. The Academy dedicates itself to the pursuit of creative, catalytic ideas that can provide to present and future generations enlightened leadership in thought that leads to effective action.

HISTORY

The idea of founding an international association for exploring major concerns of humanity in a nongovernmental context grew out of many conversations that took place among leading scientists and intellectuals in the years following World War II. Prominent among this group were people such as Albert Einstein and Robert Oppenheimer who had played a part in the development of the atomic bomb and were deeply concerned about how it and other scientific advances might be used – or misused.

This informal project took a major step forward in 1956, when a meeting – The First International Conference on Science and Human Welfare – was held in Washington, D. C. The organizers were two American scientists: Richard Montgomery Field of Princeton, who had worked for many years as chairman of an international committee on the social values of science; and John A. Fleming, former President of the International Council of Scientific Unions. At the end of the conference, participants agreed to take steps toward the formation of a World Academy, and elected an International Preparatory Committee for that purpose. Its members were: (from France) Pierre Chouard, George Laclavére and G. Le Lionnaise; (from the United Kingdom) Ritchie Calder, H. Munro Fox and Joseph Needham; and (from the United States) Robert Oppenheimer.

The Academy was formally founded (and its first officers elected) in 1960. They were: as President, Lord John Boyd Orr of Scotland; as Vice Presidents, Hermann Joseph Muller of the United States and Hugo Ostvald of Sweden; and, as Secretary General, Hugo Boyko of Israel.

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The World Academy is incorporated in the State of California and Fellows elected from 86 different countries. WAAS is recognized by the US Internal Revenue Service as a tax exempt private foundation under section 501(c)(3).

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The Journal also mirrors the World Academy's specific focus and mandate which is to consider the social consequences and policy implications of knowledge in the broadest sense. It is a multidisciplinary forum focused on the social consequences and policy implications of all forms of knowledge on a global basis.

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BOOKS

The Security & Sustainability Guide

A 250-page “Interim Draft” PDF of The S&S Guide, a project of the World Academy of Art & Science, will be available for limited distribution free of charge to WAAS Fellows in June 2016. It reflects the critical fact that sustainability and security are both essential and can only be achieved in concert. The Guide is incomplete, but the compilers believe that, even in its current state, many WAAS Fellows will nd it useful for illuminating many of the most serious problems facing humanity under the broad, overlapping categories of “Security” (weapons proliferation, terrorism, cyber-attacks, economic and food insecurity, human rights, peacemaking, crime and corruption, inadequate infrastructure, etc.) and “Sustainability” (climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, energy, agriculture, population growth, cities, oceans, forests, vulnerability to disasters, green economics and nance, etc.)

A Post-Graduate Certificate Course in Human-Centered Economics will be conducted by the World Academy of Art & Science, the World University Consortium, The Mother's Service Society, Person-Centered Approach Institute, Dag Hammarskjöld University College of International Relations and Diplomacy and Inter-University Centre, Dubrovnik, Croatia from Feb 1-Feb 3,2017 at Inter-University Centre, Dubrovnik, Croatia.

The multidimensional challenges confronting humanity today are human-made and can be changed by a change in thought and action. Contemporary economic thought is built on a mind-frame that originated prior to the Industrial Revolution when scarcity of goods in a world of abundant resources was the primary concern, economic growth was considered synonymous with human welfare, and impact of humanity on the environment was completely ignored. Without challenging obvious flaws in existing theory, it will be not be possible to significantly alter current policies and practices.

The overall aim of the course is to (a) demonstrate why mainstream neo-classical economic theory is inappropriate for dealing with the global challenges of the c.21st, and (b) explore alternative approaches for achieving ecologically sustainable, human-centered development and welfare for all.

This course will present the findings of a five year research program of the World Academy of Art & Science and the on-going work of the New Economic Theory working group. It will harness the best available ideas and practices on human-centred, sustainable economy to create informative, authoritative and compelling educational and communication tools with the power to challenge and alter university level education in Economics, public policy, business decisions, media coverage and general public opinion regarding how the world economy should and can work for the betterment of all humanity.

A Post-Graduate Certificate Course in Social Power, Empowerment & Social Evolution will be conducted by the World Academy of Art & Science, the World University Consortium, The Mother's Service Society, Person-Centered Approach Institute, Dag Hammarskjöld University College of International Relations and Diplomacy and Inter-University Centre, Dubrovnik, Croatia from Oct 31-Nov 4, 2016 at Inter-University Centre, Dubrovnik, Croatia.

Humanity lives in a time of unprecedented capacity for accomplishment in every field of social life. Never before have we possessed power of this magnitude for good or for evil. Never before has power been so widely distributed within society. Democracy, law, human rights, science, technology, education and many other forms of social organization have generated immense power. Society governs the possession and exercise of this power through formal structures and institutions, such as law and human rights, as well as through both legitimate and extra-legal informal mechanisms including status, wealth, popularity, political influence and corruption. The distribution of power in its various forms powerfully impacts on the functioning of the economy, political system, educational, scientific, religious and and other social institutions, and on the overall productivity, strength, integrity, harmony and welfare of society. This transdisciplinary course will explore the sources, expressions, determinants and consequences of the creation, distribution and exercise of social power in its various expressions in politics, economy, society and culture and its consequences for the evolution of society as a whole.

Mind is humanity’s highest developed instrument for seeking knowledge. It is an instrument with remarkable capabilities and characteristic limitations. It is ironic that we invest so little time in education and scientific endeavor trying to understand the nature of mental knowledge and the character of the mental processes by which we arrive at it. The objective of this course is to arrive at an understanding of the inherent limits to rationality and mental ways of knowing, as well as the extraordinary creative and intuitive processes by which mind transcends those limitations and tends toward genius.

Thinking is the activity by which mind associates, organizes, coordinates and integrates information, thoughts and ideas. Creative thinking is the process by which mind extends the boundaries of existing thought and knowledge to connect, reconcile and unify previously unconnected or contradictory perspectives. This course will explore the characteristics of mental knowledge and thought processes, types of thinking, the character of rational thought, the mental and social construction of knowledge, deep thinking, creativity and genius. Rather than focus on abstract philosophical concepts, it will apply this knowledge to understand both the sources of humanity’s prolific mental creativity, the characteristic problems it confronts due to irresolvable conflicts and contradictions between mental perspectives, and their resolution in different fields of natural and social science, public policy, collective and individual behavior.

A Post-Graduate Certificate Course in Future Education was conducted by the World Academy of Art & Science, the World University Consortium, The Mother's Service Society, Person-Centered Approach Institute, Dag Hammarskjöld University College of International Relations and Diplomacy and Inter-University Centre, Dubrovnik, Croatia from September 21-23, 2015 at Inter-University Centre, Dubrovnik, Croatia.

Education is our best hope for a better future. Emergence of a new paradigm in education can radically abridge the time required for humanity to address critical issues related to economy, governance, ecology and life-style. Education is the best known instrument for ensuring universal human rights, promoting democracy, enhancing productivity and protecting the environment.There is urgent need to evolve a new paradigm in education appropriate to the needs of the 21st century. Closing the gap between social needs and educational capabilities is essential for addressing pressing challenges confronting humanity today. A review of education today makes evident that there is enormous scope for improving and developing the educational system. Whatever its current limitations in terms of inadequate coverage, quality and content, the means and potential exist for dramatically enhancing humanity’s individual and collective performance in virtually all spheres of our social existence by realistic, achievable improvements in education. We need a new paradigm in education capable of more fully and effectively developing the latent capacities of our youth.

A Post-Graduate Certificate Course in Essence of Effective Leadership was conducted by the World Academy of Art & Science, the World University Consortium, The Mother's Service Society, Person-Centered Approach Institute, Dag Hammarskjöld University College of International Relations and Diplomacy and Inter-University Centre, Dubrovnik, Croatia from March 31 to April 3, 2015 at Inter-University Centre, Dubrovnik, Croatia.

This course explored the characteristics common to leaders in business, politics, civil society, science, arts, professions and education and examined methods by which these characteristics can be consciously developed by individuals. The presentations consist of theory, practical strategies, and a wide range of examples drawn from biography, history, management, and literature from movies illustrating the principles under discussion. Apart from the presentations, our faculty interacted with participants to bring home the theoretical significance and practical relevance of the material.

The Individual is the catalyst of all social progress, the source of creativity, innovation, new ideas and new initiatives. The individual is the genetic source of human diversity. The entrepreneur, inventor, social reformer, revolutionary leader, original thinker and creative artist are a few of individuality's expressions. Yet how little we understand about the characteristics of true individuality, the ways in which it expresses, the means for developing it, and the means for realizing real individuality in one’s own life.

History demonstrates that individuals have the power to change the world. This course explored the relationship between personality and accomplishment. It examined the role of Individuality and Values in personal achievement, growth of personality and social progress drawing on evidence from Management Science, History, Psychology and Literature. It explored the relationship between creative individuals and society searching for insights into the principles and process that govern successful human initiatives and their consequences in various fields of life.

The course was intended for both students and practitioners in all fields interested in advancing theoretical understanding and practical approaches to promote the development of entrepreneurship, individuality, creativity, original thinking and other forms of social innovation. It explored the role of the individual in development of society, elucidated the characteristics of true individuals, the source of their amazing power for accomplishment and the process by which they act as catalysts of social innovation. While the presentation was academic, the objective was to impart original insights and practical knowledge for personal growth and individuation.

Today humanity is confronted by a plethora of serious challenges – political, economic, legal, social, cultural, psychological and ecological. These challenges are complex, interrelated, and global in reach. They are a reflection of the inadequacy of current institutions and policies and at a deeper level the inadequacy of current knowledge. They defy comprehension and resolution based on the prevailing principles of social science. The specialized knowledge developed by separate disciplines is inadequate to deal with the increasingly complex interdependencies of the real world. Knowledge needs to evolve to keep pace with the evolution of society.

The evolution of a complex, highly integrated global society necessitates the development of a more comprehensive and integrated science of society. The division into various specialized fields has been a useful mental strategy for the development of the social sciences, leading to significant advances in all fields – knowledge which needs to be preserved and enhanced by future developments. Yet it is increasingly evident that a more comprehensive and integrated approach is now required. As society evolves, its different functions develop greater complexity. At the same time they become more closely and complexly interlinked and interdependent on one another. Economy today is highly dependent on the political system and laws governing the distribution and enforcement of power in society, legal concepts regarding ownership of property and human rights, public institutions responsible for the creation and management of money, rules for commerce between nations, public policies influencing income and wealth distribution, processes that determine collective decision-making, public investment in education and training, and social expectations regarding economy and the future, etc. A recent announcement by the White House of an ‘intention’ to examine measures to discourage shifting of US firms to tax havens overseas resulted in a 10% fall in market value for several large firms.

Strategic Planning Committee Program Framework

Being a world academy composed of members drawn from the arts, social and physical sciences, humanities, business, public administration and civil society poses fundamental questions. How can WAAS distinguish itself from other national and regional academies? Is there really a common meeting point between art and science? Is there a unique contribution that WAAS can make to the world’s knowledge?

At the New Delhi General Assembly, Fellows explored facets of a new program framework developed by the Strategic Planning Committee (SPC) which seeks to answer these questions in the affirmative. Rather than distinguish itself by specializing on a particular set of disciplines, issues or geographic area, the framework is an attempt to formulate a comprehensive approach and integrated perspective of knowledge inclusive of all disciplinary perspectives and applicable to social problems and opporunities in all fields.

The core of the framework is a human-centered conception of what constitutes reliable knowing, a question posed to the SPC by Ruben Nelson. In his presentation to the GA, Garry Jacobs explained how this conception applies to WAAS’s projects on new economic theory, individuality and limits to rationality. Pushpa Bhargava pointed out that a human centered perspective naturally incorporates ecology, since the survival and full development of humanity depends on its capacity to evolve in harmony with the environment.

New Paradigm Program

Scope: The world confronts multiple crises, each of which resists current efforts at resolution and appears intractable. The environmental crisis of climate change occupied the center stage in the mid-2000s. Fears of nuclear weapons proliferation, which had subsided into complacency in the years following the end of the Cold War, suddenly surfaced with renewed intensity when Korea tested nuclear weapons and long range missiles and news surfaced of Iran’s secret nuclear weapons program in 2007.

Then the subprime mortgage crisis exploded in late 2008, spreading havoc through financial markets across the world. It was followed quickly by a sudden and substantial slowing of economic growth in OECD countries, rising levels of unemployment and most recently a crisis of excessive government debt.

In spite of the enormous attention being given to each of these issues by specialists nationally and internationally, progress on all fronts appears to be nearly at a standstill or at least far too slow to meet pressing human concerns. The times we live in are a Wild West of globalization and the unbridled, unregulated expansion of international activities threatens to destabilize and undermine the remarkable progress of the previous five decades.

This project is predicated on the assumption that each of these problems defies solution because they all represent problems that transcend the sovereign powers of the nation-state. None of them can be fully and satisfactorily addressed by nation-states acting individually. All are symptoms of the evolution of world society to a stage where concerted and coordinated global action is required to meet the collective needs of humanity for peace, security, financial stability, economic welfare and sustainable development. This project has been conceived to address the underlying and interrelated issues that all these challenges pose to global governance.

World University Consortium

The mission of World University Consortium is to evolve and promote development of accessible, affordable, quality higher education worldwide based on a human-centered approach that shifts the emphasis from specialized expertise to contextualized knowledge within a trans-disciplinary conceptual framework reflecting the complexity and integration of the real world, from teaching mastery of a field of knowledge to learning that enhances the capacity of students to think and discover knowledge for themselves, from theoretical mastery to acquisition of knowledge, skills and values relevant to each individual’s personal development and career – an educational system better suited to develop the full potentials of social personality and individuality for productive engagement, social welfare and psychological well-being. The objectives are:

Identify global best practices and develop effective global models and strategies to improve accessibility, affordability, quality, innovation and relevance in higher education appropriate to the needs of the 21st century.

Develop innovative, open learning systems and more effective models that extend the reach of quality higher education to people of all age groups globally.

Explore new models of online and hybrid delivery systems designed to facilitate learning through teacher-student and student-student interaction.

Enhance the learning process through research, development and application of advanced instruments for measurement and evaluation of educational processes.

NEW ECONOMIC THEORY

A multidisciplinary group from the World Academy of Art & Science and the Club of Rome are leading a quest for a new human-centered theory of economics that reflects recent changes resulting from the emergence of a service-based economy, globalization, rising social aspirations and changing values, and is integrated with political, social, ecological, technological, and cultural factors from which it is inseparable.

PROGRAM ON GLOBAL EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGE

Access to employment is the most essential requirement for providing economic security to the world’s burgeoning population.

This interdisciplinary dialogue explores theoretical and practical aspects of the global employment challenge, including its demographic, economic, legal, political, psychological dimensions as well as linkages with the international financial crisis, social stability, and terrorism.

EVOLUTION OF INDIVIDUALITY

Individuality is the crown of human evolution and the catalyst for social progress, yet there are very different conceptions of what constitutes true individuality, the relationship between the individual and society, and whether humanity is inevitably evolving toward higher levels of individuality.

This project will explore the essential nature of individuality, the social and cultural factors that foster it, its role in social development, its myriad expressions in the original thinker, creative artist, political leader, entrepreneur, inventor and social innovator, and the means available to society to foster it.

GLOBAL RULE OF LAW

The evolution of international law and human rights represent crucial threads in the progressive development of global rule of law.

This project will explore the relationship between the social, political and legal dimensions of global rule of law in an effort to frame the boundaries of a wider approach to the evolution of global governance. Emphasis will be place to re-examining the concept of national sovereignty and the common rights of humanity in an increasingly globalized world.

NEW SCIENCES

In 2013 WAAS launched a project to explore important developments in recently emerging fields of science, with e-conferences on the Science of Networks and the Science of Complexity. The project involves an application of concepts and tools from the new sciences relevant to address the global challenges confronting humanity today and to the evolution of a transdisciplinary science of society.

PROGRAM ON ABOLITION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS

The devastating consequences of nuclear war and the potential destructive applications of science and technology were paramount concerns among Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell, Robert Oppenheimer, Joseph Rotblat and others which led to the founding of the World Academy in 1960.

Nuclear disarmament is a sine qua non for effectively addressing other issues of global important – terrorism, financial stability, unemployment, poverty, climate change, democratization of the UN and other aspects of global governance. In recent years, the Academy has conducted numerous conferences, seminars and workshops and collaborating with other organizations in an effort to promote concrete steps toward immediate and total global nuclear disarmament.

TRANS-DISCIPLINARY DIALOGUE ON THE LIMITS TO RATIONALITY

Rationality is an essential instrument in humanity’s quest for knowledge, yet the practical pursuit of knowledge often ignores or violates fundamental principles of rational inquiry or overlooks the inherent limitations in the use of rationality as an instrument of knowledge.

This project will explore the philosophy and practice of rationality as it is applied in various fields of knowledge to identify common deviations and limitations and propose ways to compensate for the limits to rationality.

The Security & Sustainability Guide

A 250-page “Interim Draft” PDF of The S&S Guide, a project of the World Academy of Art & Science, will be available for limited distribution free of charge to WAAS Fellows in June 2016. It reflects the critical fact that sustainability and security are both essential and can only be achieved in concert. The Guide is incomplete, but the compilers believe that, even in its current state, many WAAS Fellows will nd it useful for illuminating many of the most serious problems facing humanity under the broad, overlapping categories of “Security” (weapons proliferation, terrorism, cyber-attacks, economic and food insecurity, human rights, peacemaking, crime and corruption, inadequate infrastructure, etc.) and “Sustainability” (climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, energy, agriculture, population growth, cities, oceans, forests, vulnerability to disasters, green economics and nance, etc.)