Author: kasseyh89

I meant to write this a few weeks ago after my ode to Smitten Kitchen. My goal is to pair pieces with more substance with short blurbs on things that interest me, but alas life got busy and I am only getting to it now.

A short disclaimer: this topic may be a sensitive one. I am definitely open to debate but please do so in a respectful manner. I am looking at this issue as both a scientist and feminist. I think a thorough understanding of both viewpoints is essential to move forward in the field of increasing female sexual desire.

So, let’s begin. First of all, you may be saying to yourself – what in the world is Kassey talking about? I’ll give you a short introduction to the subject. I think we have all heard of Viagra (generic name: sildenafil) – not only are we inundated with commercials but it’s definitely found a place in pop culture (“Love and Other Drugs”, anyone?) Developed by Pfizer in the 90’s, Viagra was originally conceived to treat hypertension. It works at the cellular level, resulting in dilation of blood vessels and increased blood flow. In early clinical trials, the effects of this increased blood flow were most evident in the penis, stimulating an erection. Pfizer then decided to market the drug to treat male erectile dysfunction, and it became one of their “blockbuster” drugs, bringing in billions of dollars over the years.

For the past 20 years, there has been considerable interest in creating the female equivalent of Viagra, but this endeavor has not had the same success. The drug that has come the closest to FDA approval is flibanserin (Sprout Pharmaceuticals). Flibanserin has been submitted for approval several times; but the first few times the FDA requested further clinical trials. Most recently an FDA panel recommended approval of the drug, meaning that approval is most likely imminent.

A tablet of flibanserin sits on a brochure for Sprout Pharmaceuticals (Source: Time.com)

As mentioned above, Viagra acts by stimulating increased blood flow to the penis, result in an erection when a man is sexually aroused. It works in most men on the first or second use.

In contrast, flibanserin was originally developed as an antidepressant. but was observed to increase female libido, in some cases. It’s mechanism of action is to interact with receptors in the brain, regulating levels of neurotransmitters and hormones. Unlike Viagra, it only works in a select population of women (less than 10%). In clinical trials, it resulted in on average one more sexually satisfying experience per month – this is hardly comparable to the effectiveness observed with Viagra. Furthermore, flibanserin was associated with several adverse effects, such as sleepiness, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, and upper respiratory tract infections. It may also impair one’s ability to drive. When choosing to prescribe a medication such as this, physicians often weigh the balance of the benefits vs. the side effects with the patients. In my opinion, most patients will think this ratio is negligible compared to that of Viagra.

Even the Score campaign – Is the FDA biased against women?

There are 2 dominant feminist viewpoints in the discussion surrounding flibanserin. The first is that emulated by the Even the Score campaign. The mandate of the website, www.eventhescore.org, is to “serve as a voice for American women who believe that it is time to level the playing field when it comes to the treatment of women’s sexual dysfunction”.

I’m definitely all for the same availability to means of increasing female sexual desire as men, but I think that Even the Score’s campaign negates the fact that female sexuality is more complex than men’s and as it stands currently, cannot be fixed with a pill. This may be a bold statement, however, I am not saying that men’s sexual dysfunction can always be fixed by medication such as Viagra, nor should be. I am a strong advocate of medical solutions when necessary. If a male’s issues with sex are caused by other physiologic or psychologic conditions; this should not be ignored. However, I am also a strong believe in statistics and here the numbers don’t lie: study after study shows that men orgasm significantly more often than women and, as mentioned above, Viagra is effective in most men upon first use.

Now, some women may have a medical condition formerly known as hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD); in the most recent revamp of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5 (basically the bible for psychiatrists and psychologists), this disorder was eliminated and the DSM-5 now includes a disorder called sexual interest/arousal disorder, designed to more accurately reflect the complexity of women’s sexual experience. It is these women that would be the target population for women with flibanserin and the population the FDA would approve its use in.

Considering the complexity of female sexuality, it is no wonder that there are no approved drugs to treat it. It is not as simple as giving Viagra to stimulate an erection. We don’t even know exactly what causes female hyposexuality in women, so how can we treat it with a medication if we don’t know what to target? Furthermore, the FDA has strict guidelines and regulations concerning drug approvals. There rigorous requirements for clinical trials for a drug to gain approval and it is practically impossible for emotional biases to affect an approval, and nor should they. Campaigns such as Even the Score are dangerous – pressuring a body to approve a drug because it is “time for it” could lead to the approval of a drug that is unsafe or dangerous for those that use it.

Why should women have to take a pill? Maybe the problem is with their partner?

Another argument is that there should be no medical interventions to boost a female libido and that focusing on these drugs takes away from focusing on other issues, such as a partner that is not fulfilling their needs or underlying emotional or psychological issues. I wholeheartedly agree that sexuality is complex and cannot be fixed by a simple pill. I think that this issue can be likened to anxiety and depression; antianxiety medication or antidepressants do not cure these illnesses nor do they work in every single individual. However, we cannot discount their benefits in some subsets of the population. Speaking from personal experience, some people need a “boost” before they can be even amenable to therapy. There may be a subset of women who would benefit from a drug such as flibanserin, in combination with other nonpharmacologic methods to boost their libido. Like antidepressants, women should work with their doctor to find a solution that is right for them. I agree that antidepressants may be overprescribed, and we could see the same problem with drugs to treat female sexual dysfunction. However, we should encourage more complete and thorough evaluations for these drugs, rather than dismiss them entirely.

To finish, I believe there is a place for medical treatments of female sexual dysfunction; however, I don’t think flibanserin is it. I am curious to see how this field develops over the next few years.

Today’s first post will be somewhat of a confession. You may all think I am this great cook/baker/hostess, but I get A LOT of my tips from Smitten Kitchen (aka Deb Perelman). Her recipes are flawless – if you follow them pretty closely you are guaranteed to generate an amazing dish that will leave your guests ooh-ing and ahh-ing.

Click above for greatness!

Deb started her blog in 2006 and since then has amassed a huge amount followers and recipes – you can generally find one (or several) to choose from for pretty much anything you want to make. She always accompanies her posts with gorgeous photos, not only of the final product, but also what each step along the way should theoretically look like. This is very helpful for those of us who are not so inclined to culinary lingo (I just recently learned the difference between hard and soft peaks). She also has adorable anecdotes, so we get a peek into her world while learning a new dish.

Deb Perelman and I at the 2014 “Word on the Street” Festival in Toronto. You can tell by my smile that I am majorly fangirling.

When I met Deb last fall, she was super sweet and adorably awkward. She took the time to sign my copy of her cookbook and listened on while I blabbered about the time I tipsily decided to make one of her challahs at midnight. She gave me some great advice to avoid staying up until 6 am to finish, oy!

Happy cooking indeed 🙂If anything, a great coffee table book for its drool-inducing photos. It has many delicious recipes that cannot be found on the website.Deb also is great at interacting with her fans. She will respond to numerous questions in the comment sections of her recipes. She also has an active Instagram presence (see above!).

To finish off this post, I encourage you all to check out the website. Bon appétit 🙂

Rosalind Franklin, circa 1956. Courtesy of Jenifer Glynn. Provided to the U.S. National Library of Medicine

My first science-related post will provide you with a little context on the namesake of this blog: Rosalind Franklin.

For a decade after her death, Rosalind Franklin remained little known beyond the world of molecular biology. Then, in 1968, Watson published “The Double Helix,” his rambunctious, best-selling account of the race to solve the structure of DNA. In its pages, Rosalind Franklin becomes Rosy, a bluestocking virago who hoards her data, stubbornly misses their import, and occasionally threatens Watson and others with physical violence—but who might not be “totally uninteresting” if she “took off her glasses and did something novel with her hair.”

Rosalind Franklin was a scientist thought to be key to the discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA, a finding which has long been credited to James Watson and Francis Crick. Before delving into this weighty issue, a small primer on DNA so that you can understand the importance of her work:

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a complex molecule found in all living cells, composed of many smaller molecules called nucleotides.

Nucleotides are grouped into elements referred to as genes, which encode for instructions for physical traits, such as eye color, or activities at the cellular level or within the body.

Diversity between individuals can be explained by differences in arrangement of these nucleotides within genes.

During reproduction, some of each parents’ DNA is passed down to their children.

Double helix structure of DNA.

The famous double-stranded helix structure of DNA is actually important for its function:

Providing templates for new DNA during the production of new cells,

Providing stability for DNA within the cells, and

Allowing DNA to be packaged tightly to fit within a cell.

Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction image of DNA.

At a young age, Rosalind was fascinated by physics, chemistry, and mathematics. Following the completion of her doctorate, Rosalind studied the theory of crystallography, an important concept underlying imaging at the molecular level.

In 1951, Rosalind decided to transfer her knowledge of the “hard sciences” to biology, and accepted a position in a biophysics laboratory at King’s College in London to investigate the structure of DNA.

At the same time, other scientists were working on this issue. Linus Pauling had recently published his discovery that some proteins can take on a helical structure, and was moving on to investigating the structure of DNA. Watson and Crick were impressed by Pauling’s discovery, and were fascinated by the work being done at King’s College using X-ray crystallography to study the structure of DNA. As a result, they began their own experiments to see if they could be the first to solve the puzzle.

An intense bout of drama ensued, which I won’t get into here. Essentially, a colleague of Rosalind Franklin’s, Maurice Wilkins, showed one of her X-ray images to Watson and Crick; a move which has been deemed critical in their development of the now famous model.

While one cannot say she is the sole researcher responsible for this discovery, Rosalind Franklin was not properly credited either. In 1962, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were all awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for this discovery.

Regardless of who proper credit should be awarded to, it is not questionable that the discovery of the DNA double helix structure lead to a revolution in biotechnology, allowing us to get a better understanding of life, disease, and medicine.