Researchers Send "Wireless" Message Using Elusive Particles

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A group of scientists led by researchers from the University of Rochester and North Carolina State University have for the first time
sent a message using a beam of neutrinos – nearly massless particles that travel at almost the speed of light. The message was sent
through 240 meters of stone and said simply, "Neutrino."

"Using neutrinos, it would be possible to communicate between any two points on Earth without using satellites or cables," said Dan
Stancil, professor of electrical and computer engineering at NC State and lead author of a paper describing the research.
"Neutrino communication systems would be much more complicated than today's systems, but may have important strategic uses."

Many have theorized about the possible uses of neutrinos in communication because of one particularly valuable property:
they can penetrate almost anything they encounter. If this technology could be applied to submarines, for instance, then they could
conceivably communicate over long distances through water, which is difficult, if not impossible, with present technology.
And if we wanted to communicate with something in outer space that was on the far side of a moon or a planet, our message could travel
straight through without impediment.

"Of course, our current technology takes massive amounts of high-tech equipment to communicate a message using neutrinos,
so this isn't practical now," said Kevin McFarland, a University of Rochester physics professor who was involved in the experiment.
"But the first step toward someday using neutrinos for communication in a practical application is a demonstration using today's
technology."

The team of scientists that demonstrated that it was possible performed their test at the Fermi National Accelerator Lab
(or Fermilab, for short), outside of Chicago. The group has submitted its findings to the journal Modern Physics Letters A.

At Fermilab the researchers had access to two crucial components. The first is one of the world's most powerful particle accelerators,
which creates high-intensity beams of neutrinos by accelerating protons around a 2.5-mile-circumference track and then colliding them
with a carbon target. The second is a multi-ton detector called MINERvA, located in a cavern 100 meters underground.

The fact that such a substantial setup is necessary to communicate using neutrinos means that much work will need to be done before
the technology can be incorporated into a readily usable form.

The communication test was done during a two-hour period when the accelerator was running at half its full intensity due to an upcoming
scheduled downtime. Regular MINERvA interaction data was collected at the same time the communication test was being carried out.

Today, most communication is carried out by sending and receiving electromagnetic waves. That is how our radios, cell phones,
and televisions operate. But electromagnetic waves don't pass easily through most types of matter. They get blocked by water and
mountains and many other liquids and solids. Neutrinos, on the other hand, regularly pass through entire planets without being
disturbed. Because of their neutral electric charge and almost non-existent mass, neutrinos are not subject to magnetic attractions
and are not significantly altered by gravity, so they are virtually free of impediments to their motion.

The message that the scientists sent using neutrinos was translated into binary code. In other words, the word "neutrino" was
represented by a series of 1's and 0's, with the 1's corresponding to a group of neutrinos being fired and the 0's corresponding to no
neutrinos being fired. The neutrinos were fired in large groups because they are so evasive that even with a multi-ton detector,
only about one in ten billion neutrinos are detected. After the neutrinos were detected, a computer on the other end translated the
binary code back into English, and the word "neutrino" was successfully received.

"Neutrinos have been an amazing tool to help us learn about the workings of both the nucleus and the universe," said Deborah Harris,
Minerva project manager, "but neutrino communication has a long way to go before it will be as effective."

Minerva is an international collaboration of nuclear and particle physicists from 21 institutions that study neutrino behavior using
a detector located at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory near Chicago. This is the first neutrino experiment in the world to use
a high-intensity beam to study neutrino reactions with nuclei of five different target materials, creating the first side-by-side
comparison of interactions. This will help complete the picture of neutrinos and allow data to be more clearly interpreted in current
and future experiments.