Today, the Nobel Prize Committee has honored two researchers for their role in pioneering a new avenue for cancer treatment, one where the therapy targets the immune system, which then goes on to attack the cancer. The researchers, James Allison of the MD Anderson Cancer Center and Tasuku Honjo of Kyoto University, worked separately to identify and target proteins that help keep the immune system from attacking other cells in the body. When these proteins are inhibited, the immune system can target cancers, although at the risk of autoimmune disorders.