American Government and Politics Today : The Essentials 2006-2007 Edition

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The best-selling book published for American Government, AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS TODAY: THE ESSENTIALS helps students experience the excitement that comes from active, informed citizenship in a concisely organized package. Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt's text is renowned nationwide for its balanced, unbiased, comprehensive, and up-to-date coverage of constitutional, governmental, political, social, and economic structures and processes. The overriding theme is the importance of informed active citizenship. The pedagogy underscores this theme by soliciting critical thinking about political issues and encouraging students to become involved the political process. With keen awareness of its audience, AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS TODAY: THE ESSENTIALS incorporates current examples, the Internet, and other media to stimulate learning and excitement about American government. This truly interactive text gives students more than reading material-it gives them tools to become good citizens.

Part One The American System

The Democratic Republic

1

(28)

What If ... National Laws Were Put to a Popular Vote?

2

(1)

Politics and Government

3

(1)

Why Is Government Necessary?

3

(2)

The Need for Security

3

(1)

Limiting Government Power

4

(1)

Authority and Legitimacy

5

(1)

Democracy and Other Forms of Government

5

(4)

Types of Government

5

(1)

Direct Democracy as a Model

6

(1)

The Dangers of Direct Democracy

7

(1)

A Democratic Republic

7

(2)

What Kind of Democracy Do We Have?

9

(1)

Democracy for Everyone

9

(1)

Democracy for the Few

9

(1)

Democracy for Groups

10

(1)

Fundamental Values

10

(4)

Political Socialization

10

(1)

Liberty versus Order

11

(1)

Equality versus Liberty

12

(2)

Political Ideologies

14

(5)

Liberalism versus Conservatism

15

(1)

The Traditional Political Spectrum

16

(1)

``Classical'' Liberalism

16

(1)

Problems with the Traditional Political Spectrum

17

(1)

A Four-Cornered Ideological Grid

17

(1)

Totalitarian Ideologies

18

(1)

Totalitarianism in the Islamic World

18

(1)

The Changing Face of America

19

(4)

The Aging of America

19

(1)

Our Growing Population

20

(1)

Ethnic Change

21

(1)

Who Are the Hispanics?

21

(1)

Other Trends

22

(1)

American Politics: Why Is It Important Today?

23

(2)

Making a Difference: Seeing Democracy in Action

25

(1)

Key Terms

26

(1)

Chapter Summary

26

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

26

(1)

E-Mocracy: Connecting to American Government and Politics

27

(2)

The Constitution

29

(50)

What If ... An Immigrant Could Become President?

30

(1)

The Colonial Background

31

(2)

Separatists, the Mayflower, and the Compact

31

(1)

More Colonies, More Government

32

(1)

British Restrictions and Colonial Grievances

33

(1)

The Colonial Response: The Continental Congresses

33

(1)

The First Continental Congress

33

(1)

The Second Continental Congress

33

(1)

Declaring Independence

34

(2)

The Resolution of Independence

34

(1)

July 4, 1776---The Declaration of Independence

34

(2)

The Rise of Republicanism

36

(1)

The Articles of Confederation: Our First Form of Government

36

(3)

Accomplishments under the Articles

37

(1)

Weaknesses of the Articles

38

(1)

Shays' Rebellion and the Need for Revision of the Articles

38

(1)

Drafting the Constitution

39

(7)

Who Were the Delegates?

39

(1)

The Working Environment

39

(1)

Factions among the Delegates

40

(1)

Politicking and Compromises

40

(4)

Working toward Final Agreement

44

(2)

The Final Document

46

(1)

The Difficult Road to Ratification

46

(4)

The Federalists Push for Ratification

47

(1)

The March to the Finish

48

(1)

Did the Majority of Americans Support the Constitution?

49

(1)

The Bill of Rights

50

(1)

A ``Bill of Limits''

50

(1)

No Explicit Limits on State Government Powers

50

(1)

Altering the Constitution: The Formal Amendment Process

51

(3)

Many Amendments Proposed, Few Accepted

52

(1)

Limits on Ratification

53

(1)

The National Convention Provision

54

(1)

Informal Methods of Constitutional Change

54

(2)

Congressional Legislation

55

(1)

Presidential Actions

55

(1)

Judicial Review

55

(1)

Interpretation, Custom, and Usage

56

(1)

The Constitution: Why Is It Important Today?

56

(2)

Making a Difference: How Can You Affect the Constitution?

58

(1)

Key Terms

58

(1)

Chapter Summary

59

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

59

(1)

E-Mocracy: The Internet and Our Constitution

60

(1)

Appendix to Chapter 2

61

(18)

Federalism

79

(32)

What If ... Education Were a National Responsibility?

80

(1)

Three Systems of Government

81

(1)

A Unitary System

82

(1)

A Confederal System

82

(1)

A Federal System

82

(1)

Why Federalism?

82

(3)

A Practical Solution

83

(1)

Other Arguments for Federalism

83

(1)

Arguments against Federalism

84

(1)

The Constitutional Basis for American Federalism

85

(3)

Powers of the National Government

85

(1)

Powers of the State Governments

86

(1)

Concurrent Powers

86

(1)

Prohibited Powers

86

(1)

The Supremacy Clause

87

(1)

Vertical Checks and Balances

87

(1)

Interstate Relations

88

(1)

Defining Constitutional Powers---The Early Years

88

(3)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

90

(1)

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

91

(1)

States' Rights and the Resort to Civil War

91

(2)

The Shift Back to States' Rights

91

(1)

War and the Growth of the National Government

92

(1)

The Continuing Dispute over the Division of Power

93

(7)

Dual Federalism and the Retreat of National Authority

93

(3)

The New Deal and Cooperative Federalism

96

(1)

Methods of Implementing Cooperative Federalism

97

(3)

The Politics of Federalism

100

(2)

What Has National Authority Accomplished?

100

(2)

Federalism Becomes a Republican Issue

102

(1)

Federalism and the Supreme Court Today

102

(3)

Reining in the Commerce Power

103

(1)

State Sovereignty and the Eleventh Amendment

104

(1)

Tenth Amendment Issues

104

(1)

Federalism: Why Is It Important Today?

105

(1)

Making a Difference: Writing Letters to the Editor

106

(1)

Key Terms

106

(1)

Chapter Summary

107

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

108

(1)

E-Mocracy: Your Federal, State, and Local Governments Are Available at a Click of Your Mouse

109

(2)

Part Two Civil Rights and Liberties

Civil Liberties

111

(38)

What If ... You Had to Carry a National Identification Card?

112

(1)

The Bill of Rights

113

(1)

Extending the Bill of Rights to State Governments

113

(1)

Incorporation of the Fourteenth Amendment

114

(1)

Freedom of Religion

114

(8)

The Separation of Church and State---The Establishment Clause

115

(6)

The Free Exercise Clause

121

(1)

Freedom of Expression

122

(8)

No Prior Restraint

122

(2)

The Protection of Symbolic Speech

124

(1)

The Protection of Commercial Speech

124

(1)

Permitted Restrictions on Expression

125

(1)

Unprotected Speech: Obscenity

126

(2)

Unprotected Speech: Slander

128

(1)

Campus Speech

128

(1)

Hate Speech on the Internet

129

(1)

Freedom of the Press

130

(2)

Defamation in Writing

130

(1)

A Free Press versus a Fair Trial: Gag Orders

130

(1)

Films, Radio, and TV

131

(1)

The Right to Assemble and to Petition the Government

132

(1)

Street Gangs

132

(1)

Online Assembly

132

(1)

More Liberties under Scrutiny: Matters of Privacy

133

(4)

Privacy Rights in an Information Age

133

(1)

Privacy Rights and Abortion

134

(1)

Privacy Rights and the ``Right to Die''

135

(1)

Privacy Rights versus Security Issues

136

(1)

The Great Balancing Act: The Rights of the Accused versus the Rights of Society

137

(4)

Rights of the Accused

137

(1)

Extending the Rights of the Accused

138

(2)

The Exclusionary Rule

140

(1)

The Death Penalty

141

(2)

Cruel and Unusual Punishment?

141

(1)

The Death Penalty Today

142

(1)

Time Limits for Death Row Appeals

143

(1)

Civil Liberties: Why Are They Important Today?

143

(1)

Making a Difference: Your Civil Liberties: Searches and Seizures

144

(1)

Key Terms

145

(1)

Chapter Summary

145

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

146

(1)

E-Mocracy: Understanding Your Civil Liberties

146

(3)

Civil Rights

149

(40)

What If ... One State's Same-Sex Marriages Had to Be Recognized Nationwide?

150

(1)

African Americans and the Consequences of Slavery in the United States

151

(6)

Ending Servitude

152

(1)

The Civil Rights Acts of 1865 to 1875

152

(1)

The Ineffectiveness of the Civil Rights Laws

153

(2)

The End of the Separate-but-Equal Doctrine

155

(1)

Reactions to School Integration

155

(1)

An Integrationist Attempt at a Cure: Busing

156

(1)

The Civil Rights Movement

157

(2)

King's Philosophy of Nonviolence

158

(1)

Another Approach---Black Power

159

(1)

The Climax of the Civil Rights Movement

159

(4)

Civil Rights Legislation

159

(2)

Consequences of Civil Rights Legislation

161

(2)

Women's Struggle for Equal Rights

163

(5)

Early Women's Political Movements

163

(1)

Women's Suffrage Associations

164

(1)

The Modern Women's Movement

164

(3)

Women in Politics Today

167

(1)

Gender-Based Discrimination in the Workplace

168

(2)

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

168

(1)

Sexual Harassment

168

(1)

Wage Discrimination

169

(1)

Civil Rights: Extending Equal Protection

170

(1)

Affirmative Action

170

(2)

The Bakke Case

170

(1)

Further Limits on Affirmative Action

171

(1)

State Ballot Initiatives

171

(1)

Special Protection for Older Americans

172

(1)

Age Discrimination in Employment

172

(1)

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967

172

(1)

Securing Rights for Persons with Disabilities

173

(1)

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

173

(1)

Limiting the Scope and Applicability of the ADA

173

(1)

The Rights and Status of Gay Males and Lesbians

174

(3)

Growth in the Gay Male and Lesbian Rights Movement

174

(1)

State and Local Laws Targeting Gay Men and Lesbians

174

(1)

The Gay Community and Politics

175

(1)

Gay Men and Lesbians in the Military

175

(1)

Same-Sex Marriages

176

(1)

Child Custody and Adoption

177

(1)

The Rights and Status of Juveniles

177

(5)

Voting Rights and the Young

178

(1)

The Rights of Children in Civil and Criminal Proceedings

179

(3)

Civil Rights: Why Are They Important Today?

182

(2)

Making a Difference: Dealing with Discrimination

184

(1)

Key Terms

184

(1)

Chapter Summary

185

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

186

(1)

E-Mocracy: Civil Rights Information Online

187

(2)

Part Three People and Politics

Public Opinion and Political Socialization

189

(30)

What If ... Exit Polls Were Regulated?

190

(2)

Defining Public Opinion

192

(1)

How Public Opinion Is Formed: Political Socialization

193

(3)

Models of Political Socialization

193

(1)

The Family and the Social Environment

193

(2)

The Impact of the Media

195

(1)

The Influence of Political Events

196

(1)

Political Preferences and Voting Behavior

196

(6)

Demographic Influences

196

(5)

Election-Specific Factors

201

(1)

Measuring Public Opinion

202

(4)

The History of Opinion Polls

202

(1)

Sampling Techniques

203

(1)

Problems with Polls

204

(2)

Technology and Opinion Polls

206

(2)

The Advent of Telephone Polling

206

(1)

Enter Internet Polling

207

(1)

Public Opinion and the Political Process

208

(4)

Political Culture and Public Opinion

209

(1)

Public Opinion about Government

209

(2)

Public Opinion and Policymaking

211

(1)

Public Opinion: Why Is It Important Today?

212

(2)

Making a Difference: Be a Critical Consumer of Opinion Polls

214

(1)

Key Terms

214

(1)

Chapter Summary

215

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

215

(1)

E-Mocracy: Online Polling and Poll Data

216

(3)

Interest Groups

219

(30)

What If ... Retired Government Employees Could Not Work for Interest Groups?

220

(1)

Interest Groups: A Natural Phenomenon

221

(3)

Interest Groups and Social Movements

223

(1)

Why So Many?

223

(1)

Why Do Americans Join Interest Groups?

224

(3)

Solidary Incentives

225

(1)

Material Incentives

225

(1)

Purposive Incentives

226

(1)

Types of Interest Groups

227

(8)

Economic Interest Groups

227

(5)

Environmental Groups

232

(1)

Public-Interest Groups

233

(1)

Other Interest Groups

234

(1)

Foreign Governments

235

(1)

What Makes an Interest Group Powerful?

235

(2)

Size and Resources

235

(1)

Leadership

236

(1)

Cohesiveness

237

(1)

Interest Group Strategies

237

(5)

Direct Techniques

238

(2)

Indirect Techniques

240

(2)

Regulating Lobbyists

242

(1)

The Results of the 1946 Act

242

(1)

The Reforms of 1995

242

(1)

Interest Groups and Representative Democracy

243

(1)

Interest Groups: Elitist or Pluralist?

243

(1)

Interest Group Influence

243

(1)

Interest Groups: Why Are They Important Today?

244

(1)

Making a Difference: The Gun Control Issue

245

(1)

Key Terms

245

(1)

Chapter Summary

246

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

246

(1)

E-Mocracy: Interest Groups and the Internet

247

(2)

Political Parties

249

(36)

What If ... We Had a Multiparty Political System?

250

(1)

What Is a Political Party?

251

(1)

A History of Political Parties in the United States

252

(7)

The Formative Years: Federalists and Anti-Federalists

253

(1)

The Era of Good Feelings

253

(1)

National Two-Party Rule: Democrats and Whigs

254

(1)

The Civil War Crisis

254

(1)

The Post-Civil War Period

254

(2)

The Progressive Interlude

256

(1)

The New Deal Era

256

(1)

An Era of Divided Government

257

(2)

The Two Major U.S. Parties Today

259

(3)

The Parties' Core Constituents

259

(1)

Economic Beliefs

259

(2)

Cultural Politics

261

(1)

The 2004 Election: Economics and National Security

262

(1)

The Three Faces of a Party

262

(7)

Party Organization

263

(1)

The National Party Organization

263

(3)

The State Party Organization

266

(1)

Local Party Machinery: The Grassroots

266

(2)

The Party-in-Government

268

(1)

Why Has the Two-Party System Endured?

269

(2)

The Historical Foundations of the Two-Party System

269

(1)

Political Socialization and Practical Considerations

270

(1)

The Winner-Take-All Electoral System

270

(1)

State and Federal Laws Favoring the Two Parties

271

(1)

The Role of Minor Parties in U.S. Politics

271

(6)

Ideological Third Parties

272

(1)

Splinter Parties

273

(1)

The Impact of Minor Parties

274

(3)

Mechanisms of Political Change

277

(3)

Realignment

277

(1)

Dealignment

278

(1)

Tipping

279

(1)

On to the Future

280

(1)

Political Parties: Why Are They Important Today?

280

(1)

Making a Difference: Electing Convention Delegates

281

(1)

Key Terms

282

(1)

Chapter Summary

282

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

283

(1)

E-Mocracy: Political Parties and the Internet

284

(1)

Campaigns, Elections, and the Media

285

(50)

What If ... We Had Public Financing for All Political Campaigns?

286

(1)

Who Wants to Be a Candidate?

287

(4)

Why They Run

287

(2)

The Nomination Process

289

(1)

Who Is Eligible?

289

(1)

Who Runs?

290

(1)

The Twenty-First-Century Campaign

291

(3)

The Changing Campaign

291

(1)

The Professional Campaign

292

(1)

The Strategy of Winning

292

(2)

Financing the Campaign

294

(7)

Regulating Campaign Financing

294

(1)

The Federal Election Campaign Act

295

(1)

PACs and Political Campaigns

296

(1)

Campaign Financing beyond the Limits

297

(2)

The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002

299

(2)

Running for President: The Longest Campaign

301

(6)

Reforming the Primaries

301

(1)

Types of Primaries

302

(1)

Front-Loading the Primaries

303

(1)

On to the National Convention

304

(1)

The Electoral College

305

(2)

How Are Elections Conducted?

307

(3)

Office-Block and Party-Column Ballots

307

(1)

Voting by Mail

308

(1)

Vote Fraud

309

(1)

Turning Out to Vote

310

(4)

The Effect of Low Voter Turnout

311

(1)

Is Voter Turnout Declining?

312

(1)

Factors Influencing Who Votes

313

(1)

Why People Do Not Vote

313

(1)

Legal Restrictions on Voting

314

(2)

Historical Restrictions

314

(1)

Current Eligibility and Registration Requirements

315

(1)

The Media and Politics

316

(3)

Entertainment

317

(1)

Reporting the News

317

(1)

Identifying Public Problems

318

(1)

Socializing New Generations

318

(1)

Providing a Political Forum

318

(1)

Making Profits

318

(1)

The Primacy of Television

319

(2)

The Increase in News-Type Programming

320

(1)

Television's Influence on the Political Process

320

(1)

The Media and Political Campaigns

321

(6)

Advertising

321

(2)

Management of News Coverage

323

(1)

Going for the Knockout Punch---Presidential Debates

324

(1)

Political Campaigns and the Internet

325

(1)

The Media's Impact on the Voters

325

(2)

Government Regulation of the Media

327

(3)

Controlling Ownership of the Media

327

(1)

Government Control of Content

328

(2)

The Public's Right to Media Access

330

(1)

Campaigns, Elections, and the Media: Why Are They Important Today?

330

(1)

Making a Difference: Being a Critical Consumer of the News

331

(1)

Key Terms

331

(1)

Chapter Summary

332

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

333

(1)

E-Mocracy: Campaigns, the Media, and the Internet

334

(1)

Part Four Political Institutions

The Congress

335

(36)

What If ... Members of Congress Were Required to Report Annually to Their Constituents?

336

(1)

Why Was Congress Created?

337

(1)

The Functions of Congress

338

(3)

The Lawmaking Function

338

(1)

The Representation Function

338

(1)

Service to Constituents

339

(1)

The Oversight Function

340

(1)

The Public-Education Function

340

(1)

The Conflict-Resolution Function

340

(1)

The Powers of Congress

341

(1)

Enumerated Powers

341

(1)

The Necessary and Proper Clause

342

(1)

House-Senate Differences

342

(2)

Size and Rules

343

(1)

Debate and Filibustering

343

(1)

Prestige

344

(1)

Congresspersons and the Citizenry: A Comparison

344

(1)

Congressional Elections

345

(3)

Candidates for Congressional Elections

346

(1)

The Power of Incumbency

347

(1)

Congressional Apportionment

348

(4)

Gerrymandering

349

(1)

Redistricting after the 2000 Census

349

(1)

``Minority-Majority'' Districts

350

(1)

Constitutional Challenges

350

(2)

Changing Directions

352

(1)

Perks and Privileges

352

(2)

Permanent Professional Staffs

352

(1)

Privileges and Immunities under the Law

353

(1)

Congressional Caucuses: Another Source of Support

353

(1)

The Committee Structure

354

(3)

The Power of Committees

354

(1)

Types of Congressional Committees

355

(1)

The Selection of Committee Members

356

(1)

The Formal Leadership

357

(3)

Leadership in the House

357

(2)

Leadership in the Senate

359

(1)

How Members of Congress Decide

360

(1)

The Conservative Coalition

361

(1)

``Crossing Over''

361

(1)

How a Bill Becomes Law

361

(2)

How Much Will the Government Spend?

363

(3)

Preparing the Budget

364

(1)

Congress Faces the Budget

364

(2)

Budget Resolutions

366

(1)

The Congress: Why Is It Important Today?

366

(1)

Making a Difference: Learning about Your Representatives

367

(1)

Key Terms

368

(1)

Chapter Summary

368

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

369

(1)

E-Mocracy: Elections and the Web

370

(1)

The President

371

(34)

What If ... There Were No Executive Privilege?

372

(1)

Who Can Become President?

373

(1)

The Process of Becoming President

374

(2)

The Many Roles of the President

376

(11)

Head of State

376

(1)

Chief Executive

377

(2)

Commander in Chief

379

(2)

Chief Diplomat

381

(2)

Chief Legislator

383

(3)

Other Presidential Powers

386

(1)

The President as Party Chief and Superpolitician

387

(2)

The President as Chief of Party

387

(1)

Constituencies and Public Approval

387

(2)

Special Uses of Presidential Power

389

(3)

Emergency Powers

391

(1)

Executive Orders

391

(1)

Executive Privilege

391

(1)

Abuses of Executive Power and Impeachment

392

(2)

The Executive Organization

394

(3)

The Cabinet

394

(1)

The Executive Office of the President

395

(2)

The Vice Presidency

397

(3)

The Vice President's Job

397

(1)

Presidential Succession

398

(1)

The Twenty-Fifth Amendment

399

(1)

When the Vice Presidency Becomes Vacant

400

(1)

The Presidency: Why Is It Important Today?

400

(1)

Making a Difference: Communicating with the White House

401

(1)

Key Terms

402

(1)

Chapter Summary

402

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

403

(1)

E-Mocracy: The Presidency and the Internet

404

(1)

The Bureaucracy

405

(28)

What If ... The Public Graded Federal Bureaucracies?

406

(1)

The Nature of Bureaucracy

407

(2)

Public and Private Bureaucracies

407

(1)

Models of Bureaucracy

408

(1)

Bureaucracies Compared

408

(1)

The Size of the Bureaucracy

409

(1)

The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy

410

(8)

Cabinet Departments

412

(3)

Independent Executive Agencies

415

(1)

Independent Regulatory Agencies

415

(2)

Government Corporations

417

(1)

Staffing the Bureaucracy

418

(3)

Political Appointees

418

(1)

History of the Federal Civil Service

419

(2)

Modern Attempts at Bureaucratic Reform

421

(4)

Sunshine Laws before and after 9/11

421

(1)

Sunset Laws

422

(1)

Privatization

423

(1)

Incentives for Efficiency and Productivity

423

(1)

Helping Out the Whistleblowers

424

(1)

Bureaucrats as Politicians and Policymakers

425

(3)

The Rulemaking Environment

426

(1)

Negotiated Rulemaking

426

(1)

Bureaucrats Are Policymakers

427

(1)

Congressional Control of the Bureaucracy

428

(1)

The Bureaucracy: Why Is It Important Today?

429

(1)

Making a Difference: What the Government Knows about You

430

(1)

Key Terms

430

(1)

Chapter Summary

431

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

431

(1)

E-Mocracy: E-Government

432

(1)

The Courts

433

(30)

What If ... Supreme Court Justices Had to Campaign?

434

(1)

The Common Law Tradition

435

(1)

Sources of American Law

436

(1)

Constitutions

436

(1)

Statutes and Administrative Regulations

436

(1)

Case Law

437

(1)

The Federal Court System

437

(6)

Basic Judicial Requirements

437

(1)

Types of Federal Courts

438

(2)

Specialized Federal Courts and the War on Terrorism

440

(1)

Parties to Lawsuits

441

(2)

Procedural Rules

443

(1)

The Supreme Court at Work

443

(3)

Which Cases Reach the Supreme Court?

444

(1)

Deciding Cases

445

(1)

Decisions and Opinions

445

(1)

The Selection of Federal Judges

446

(4)

Judicial Appointments

446

(3)

Partisanship and Judicial Appointments

449

(1)

The Senate's Role

449

(1)

Policymaking and the Courts

450

(5)

Judicial Review

451

(1)

Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint

451

(1)

Strict versus Broad Construction

452

(1)

Ideology and the Today's Supreme Court

452

(3)

What Checks Our Courts?

455

(3)

Executive Checks

455

(1)

Legislative Checks

456

(1)

Public Opinion

456

(1)

Judicial Traditions and Doctrines

457

(1)

The Judiciary: Why Is It Important Today?

458

(1)

Making a Difference: Changing the Legal System

459

(1)

Key Terms

459

(1)

Chapter Summary

460

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

460

(2)

E-Mocracy: Courts on the Web

462

(1)

Part Five Public Policy

Domestic and Economic Policy

463

(38)

What If ... The National Parks Were Privatized?

464

(1)

The Policymaking Process

465

(3)

Agenda Building

465

(2)

Policy Formulation

467

(1)

Policy Adoption

467

(1)

Policy Implementation

467

(1)

Policy Evaluation

468

(1)

Health Care

468

(4)

The Rising Cost of Health Care

468

(2)

Medicare

470

(1)

The Uninsured

471

(1)

Poverty and Welfare

472

(1)

The Low-Income Population

472

(1)

The Antipoverty Budget

473

(1)

Basic Welfare

473

(2)

Welfare Controversies

474

(1)

Other Forms of Government Assistance

474

(1)

Homelessness---Still a Problem

474

(1)

Crime in the Twenty-First Century

475

(7)

Crime in American History

475

(1)

Crimes Committed by Juveniles

476

(1)

The Cost of Crime to American Society

477

(1)

The Prison Population Bomb

478

(2)

Federal Drug Policy

480

(1)

Confronting Terrorism

481

(1)

Environmental Policy

482

(3)

Cleaning Up the Air and Water

483

(1)

Global Warming

484

(1)

The Politics of Economic Decision Making

485

(4)

Fiscal Policy

485

(1)

Deficit Spending and the Public Debt

486

(2)

Monetary Policy

488

(1)

The Politics of Taxation

489

(2)

Federal Income Tax Rates

489

(1)

Loopholes and Lowered Taxes

490

(1)

The Social Security Problem

491

(1)

Social Security Is Not a Pension Fund

491

(1)

Workers per Retiree

491

(1)

What Will It Take to Salvage Social Security?

492

(1)

World Trade

492

(4)

Imports and Exports

493

(1)

Free Trade Areas and Common Markets

493

(2)

The World Trade Organization

495

(1)

Economic Policy: Why Is It Important Today?

496

(1)

Making a Difference: Learning about Social Security

497

(1)

Key Terms

497

(1)

Chapter Summary

498

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

499

(1)

E-Mocracy: E-Commerce and Domestic Policy

500

(1)

Foreign and Defense Policy

501

What If ... North Korea Exploded a Nuclear Bomb?

502

(1)

Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policy

503

(1)

National Security Policy

503

(1)

Diplomacy

504

(1)

Morality versus Reality in Foreign Policy

504

(1)

Moral Idealism

504

(1)

Political Realism

504

(1)

American Foreign Policy---A Mixture of Both

505

(1)

Challenges in World Politics

505

(3)

The Emergence of Terrorism

505

(2)

The War on Terrorism

507

(1)

Wars in Iraq

508

(8)

Nuclear Weapons

511

(1)

The New Power: China

512

(1)

Regional Conflicts

513

(3)

Who Makes Foreign Policy?

516

(4)

Constitutional Powers of the President

516

(1)

Informal Techniques of Presidential Leadership

517

(1)

Other Sources of Foreign Policymaking

518

(2)

Congress Balances the Presidency

520

(1)

Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy

521

(1)

Elite and Mass Opinion

521

(1)

The Military-Industrial Complex

521

(1)

The Major Foreign Policy Themes

522

(5)

The Formative Years: Avoiding Entanglements

522

(1)

The Era of Internationalism

523

(1)

Superpower Relations

524

(3)

Foreign Policy: Why Is It Important Today?

527

(2)

Making a Difference: Working for Human Rights

529

(1)

Key Terms

529

(1)

Chapter Summary

530

(1)

Selected Print and Media Resources

531

(1)

E-Mocracy: Attacking Government Computer Systems

532

Appendix A The Declaration of Independence

1

(2)

Appendix B How to Read Case Citations and Find Court Decisions

3

(1)

Appendix C Federalist Papers No. 10, No. 51, and No. 78

4

(8)

Appendix D Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court since 1900

12

(3)

Appendix E Party Control of Congress since 1900

15

(1)

Appendix F Presidents of the United States

16

(2)

Appendix G Spanish Equivalents for Important Terms in American Government