Plants belonging Dacryodes and lrvingia genus have great economic importance in Central and West Africa. lrvingia gabonensis (IG) produces a seed rich in fats, traditionally used as a soup thickener ... [more ▼]

Plants belonging Dacryodes and lrvingia genus have great economic importance in Central and West Africa. lrvingia gabonensis (IG) produces a seed rich in fats, traditionally used as a soup thickener. Fruit of Dacryodes edulis (DS) contains a pulp how are also rich in fat. Its seed constitute a big waste problem in towns and village remains not exploitable by local people however that may be valued as a resource for various components. Some study shows that this seed contented a proportion of oils that would be an alternative in the substitution of diesel relevant to their physicochemical properties. Despite the potential of two different oils, theirs scientific data still lack. In this work, thermo-physical behaviour of those two oils is compared in the aim to improving knowledge about properties of those oils that will promote their valorisation in industry scale. The result of this investigation showed that IGO have a highest proportion of oil content with 72.38% compared to DSO (14.64%). IGO is rich in myristic (49.8%) and lauric fatty acid (37%) but DSO sample was found to possess a higher proportion of linoleic acid (35.13%), palmitic (32.67%), oleic (17.70%) but lower proportion of stearic (9.97%). SFC of IGO was the highest at all temperatures. IGO is solid at room temperature with a complete melting at 40°C but DSO is liquid at room temperature. The polymorphism profile of IGO and DSO shows the 13' form stable during heating and a transition to liquid state without passage at β form. [less ▲]

Dietary lipids are incorporated in food products under different types of structures, e.g., as dispersed lipid droplets (in oil -in -water emulsions, like creams) or as a continuous lipid phase (in water ... [more ▼]

Dietary lipids are incorporated in food products under different types of structures, e.g., as dispersed lipid droplets (in oil -in -water emulsions, like creams) or as a continuous lipid phase (in water -in -oil emulsions, like butter for example). The crystallization, melting behavior and polymorphic stability of fats are determined by the behavior of the TAGs they contain. In clinical studies, there is a need to add some 13C TAGs as tracers to the ingested fats in order to track their metabolic fate. However, this procedure could modify the physicochemical properties of the fat. The present study was conducted in the framework of a clinical trial aiming at highlighting the effect of the physical structure of a fat (droplets in 0/W emulsion or bulk) in a meal on the absorption, chylomicron transport and further metabolic handling of dietary fatty acids (1). We therefore monitored the thermal and polymorphic behavior of anhydrous milk fat (AMF) enriched in tracers (a mixture of tripalmitin, triolein and tricaprylin; at 2 different concentrations: 1.5 and 5.7 wt%) using DSC and XRD and further compared it to the native AMF. The addition of 13C TAGs modified the AMF melting profile, especially at high concentration. The enriched AMF was completely melted at around 37°C, i.e. close to the body temperature. However, under some conditions, the AMF enriched in high 13C TAGs concentration remained crystallized at 37°C. Similar trends were observed in both systems (bulk vs emulsified). Moreover, AMF polymorphic behavior was also modified upon tracer addition. While only β’ form was observed in the native AMF, the 13 -form was detected in the AMF containing high 13C TAGs concentration. Importantly, low concentration of tracers should not have high impact on human digestive physiology. However more attention should be paid to physicochemical structure when high concentrations are added. (1) Vors et al. 2013. Modulating absorption and postprandial handling of dietary fatty acids by structuring fat in the meal: a randomized cross -over clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 97(1): 23-36. [less ▲]

In a previous study the thermal and polymorphic behavior of four different industrial lauric fats which are sold under the same commercial description, was compared (1). According to the findings the four ... [more ▼]

In a previous study the thermal and polymorphic behavior of four different industrial lauric fats which are sold under the same commercial description, was compared (1). According to the findings the four fats were split in two groups based on the similarities found at polymorphic level. In the present paper two of these industrial lauric fats (F1 and F2, one from each group) were incorporated into oil -in -water emulsions. The objective of this study was to point out the differences in the crystallization and polymorphic behavior between bulk and emulsified fat. Moreover anhydrous milk fat (AMF) was used in the same way for comparison. For that purpose, the fats were investigated for their thermal and polymorphic behavior by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), both in bulk and emulsified state. The DSC and X -Ray investigations made possible the observation of the differences in the crystallization behavior and kinetics that occurred for those fats in the bulk and emulsified state. 1. Anihouvi, P.P., C. Blecker, A. Dombree, S. Danthine, Comparative Study of Thermal and Structural Behavior of Four Industrial Lauric Fats, Food Bioprocess Technol. 6:3381-3391 (2013) [less ▲]

Milk is a natural complex system present as oil in water emulsion. The natural organisation of milk fat globules is stabilized by the presence of a natural membrane, called the milk fat globule membrane ... [more ▼]

Milk is a natural complex system present as oil in water emulsion. The natural organisation of milk fat globules is stabilized by the presence of a natural membrane, called the milk fat globule membrane. It has tripartite structure consisting of a monolayer facing the inner triacylglycerol core and an external bilayer. Apart from giving the nutritive value, milk fat globule membrane also contributes towards the techno-functional properties of the dairy products. The milk fat globule membrane is composed of both polar lipids and proteins. Cholesterol is also present in milk fat globule membrane and accounts for about 2% of milk fat globule membrane. Increased consumer awareness has created a perceived demand for low cholesterol products. The World Health Organization and American Heart Association has also recommended that consumers reduce their consumption of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol to lower the risk of coronary heart disease. Therefore, many researchers have developed different methods for reducing cholesterol in dairy and food products. These methods include physical process (vacuum steam distillation, short path molecular distillation and supercritical fluid extraction), biological process (cholesterol reductase and cholesterol oxidase), complexation method (adsorption with saponin, digitonin and cyclodextrin) and chemical process. Most of these methods are very efficient in process of cholesterol removal. However, most of these methods have various drawbacks for application in dairy industry like, formation of toxic oxidation products, denaturation of proteins, loss of low molecular weight triglycerides, loss of volatile components, loss of flavour compounds etc. This leads to loss of nutritive value of dairy products. Thus, the objectives of cholesterol removal from milk and milk products should be, firstly focusing on the maximum cholesterol removal, secondly maintaining the nutritional quality comparable to the control and thirdly the process of cholesterol removal should not compromise the techno functional properties of the dairy products. [less ▲]

tThe present study aimed to characterize and investigate the functional and angiotensin-I convertingenzyme (ACE) inhibition activities of chickpea water-soluble polysaccharides (CPWSP). Physico-chemicalcharacteristics were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Functional properties (waterholding capacity: WHC, water solubility index: WSI, swelling capacity: SC, oil holding capacity: OHC,foaming, and emulsion properties) and ACE activities were also investigated using well-established pro-cedures. The FT-IR spectra obtained for the CPWSP revealed two significant peaks, at about 3500 and500 cm−1, which corresponded to the carbohydrate region and were characteristic of polysaccharides.All spectra showed the presence of a broad absorption between 1500 and 670 cm−1, which could beattributed to C−﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿H, C−O, and O−H bands in the polysaccharides. CPWSP had an XRD pattern that wastypical for a semi-crystalline polymer with a major crystalline reflection at 19.6◦C. They also displayedimportant techno-functional properties (SWC, WSI, WHC, and OHC) that can be modulated accordingto temperature. The CPWSP were also noted to display good anti-hypertensive activities. Overall, theresults indicate that CPWSP have attractive chemical, biological, and functional properties that makethem potential promising candidates for application as alternative additives in various food, cosmetic,and pharmaceutical preparations. [less ▲]

Almost 16% of milk produced in European Union is being converted to butter. Buttermilk, is a low cost by-product from butter manufacture and available in large quantities but has been considered ... [more ▼]

Almost 16% of milk produced in European Union is being converted to butter. Buttermilk, is a low cost by-product from butter manufacture and available in large quantities but has been considered invaluable for many years. When cream is churned to butter the stable oil in water emulsion is destabilized and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is disrupted which is released in buttermilk. Thus, over the last two decades it has gained considerable attention due to its specific composition (proteins and polar lipids) attributed towards the MFGM. In account to this composition of buttermilk powder, it finds application in food industry as a natural stabilizing and emulsifying agent. It also finds application as a source of total solids and is commercially being added upto 10% in many food products. However, it has limitation in such applications due to the presence of cholesterol (approx. 80mg/100g). Cholesterol is also an integral part of MFGM and is released into buttermilk with MFGM. The most suitable techniques to remove cholesterol from buttermilk powder are using β-cyclodextrin and cholesterol oxidase enzyme. To valorize this abundantly produced industrial by-product of butter industry and increase its application in health food industry, as well as extend its application in pharmaceutical industry and preparation of liposomes, it is important to remove cholesterol from buttermilk. [less ▲]

Milk is a natural complex system present as oil in water emulsion. The natural organisation of milk fat globules is stabilized by the presence of a natural membrane, called the milk fat globule membrane ... [more ▼]

Milk is a natural complex system present as oil in water emulsion. The natural organisation of milk fat globules is stabilized by the presence of a natural membrane, called the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). It has tripartite structure consisting of a monolayer facing the inner triacylglycerol core and an external bilayer. This MFGM accounts for 2-6% of fat globule. The MFGM is composed of both polar lipids and proteins. Cholesterol is also present in MFGM and accounts for about 2% of MFGM. Langmuir film balance is a technique to study monolayers and is a useful tool to examine the effect of cholesterol removal on surface properties of MFGM. β-cyclodextrin has no surface activity of its own and is thus a useful tool to study the effect of cholesterol desorption on surface properties in membrane. The removal of monolayer cholesterol to the sub-phase is proportional to the area decrease of the monolayer at a constant surface pressure. Amount of cholesterol removed can also be calculated as a function of mean molecular area at a given pressure, time and temperature. Using the monolayer technique, it is possible to study the interactions between β-cyclodextrin and MFGM film as well as effect of cholesterol removal in altering the surface properties MFGM. [less ▲]

This paper presents a study on sponge cakes produced at the pilot scale and monitored during ageing (i.e. 1, 3, 6, 9, 16 and 20 day(s)) by different analytical techniques: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results from NMR showed that the spin–lattice relaxation time (T1), measured on the crumb part, decreased from day 1 to day 16 while the spin–spin relaxation time (T2) increased throughout the whole storage time (i.e. 1 to 20 day(s)). Based on the analysis of the state of water, TGA allowed to establishing a kinetic profile of retrogradation degree of starch contained in sponge cakes. This approach evidenced that the evolution of the sponge cakes freshness and staling closely depends on the dynamic of the water in the crumb during ageing. These results were supported by DSC thermograms exhibiting a variation of three main endotherms detected in sponge cakes at −15, +5 and +45 °C throughout ageing. The enthalpy changes of these endotherms reflected the evolution of chemical and physical reactions occurring in the sponge cakes during storage. The analysis of the endotherm enthalpy change at 45 °C allowed to determine the time τ (i.e. τ≈9 days) corresponding to the apparition of amylopectin crystallites that could be considered as a reference time to separate fresh sponge cakes from the aged ones. [less ▲]

Enzymatic hydrolysis of chickpea protein concentrate (CP) by Alcalase® and some physiochemical and antioxidant properties of the resulting hydrolysate (CPH) were characterised. CPH displayed higher antioxidant activity than CP. This hydrolysate was fractionated by size exclusion chromatography on a Sephadex G-25 into four major fractions (Fra.I, Fra.II, Fra.III, and Fra.IV). Fraction III, which exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging activity (54% at 1 mg/ml), was then fractionated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Eleven antioxidant fractions were isolated and two peptide subfractions show antioxidant activity (P3 and P8). The P8 displayed the highest DPPH radicalscavenging activity (67%; at 200 g/ml) among these peptides subfractions. The molecular masses and amino acids sequences of the purified peptides were determined using ESIMS and ESIMS/MS, respectively. Their structures were identified as Asp-His-Gly and Val- Gly-Asp-Ile. These peptides did not show haemolytic activity towards bovine erythrocytes. The results suggest that CPH are good source of natural antioxidants. [less ▲]

Field border flowering strips are commonly grown throughout the world mainly to enhance biodiversity. However besides their basic function they can also yield numerous compounds which could be interesting ... [more ▼]

Field border flowering strips are commonly grown throughout the world mainly to enhance biodiversity. However besides their basic function they can also yield numerous compounds which could be interesting for wide range of industries such as food, pharmaceutical, etc. With the aim of valorization, proximate compositional analysis of seeds from some commonly grown flowering strips: Galium verum, Hypericum perforatum, Leontodon hispidus, Lotus corniculatus, Lythrum salicaria, Origanum vulgare and Trifolium pratense was realized. The protein content of residue left after the lipid extraction was also determined for exploring possibilities of its utilization as a protein source. Results suggest that seeds from some of these plants can be a potential source to render food compounds. [less ▲]

in European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology [=EJLST] (2015), 117

Filling fats are used in bakery and confectionery applications. These fats are made up of complex mixtures of triacylglycerols (TAG). The crystallization, melting behaviour and polymorphic stability of ... [more ▼]

Filling fats are used in bakery and confectionery applications. These fats are made up of complex mixtures of triacylglycerols (TAG). The crystallization, melting behaviour and polymorphic stability of fat blends are determined by the behaviour of the TAGs that they contain. Filling functionalities are influenced by their fat composition but also by the processing conditions used for crystallization. In this study, the crystallization behaviour of fat blends, all based on shea stearin as hard fat (which is high in 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl glycerol (SOS)) combined with either sunflower oil, shea olein or rapeseed oil, were investigated by means of pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (pNMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Blends containing either 30 or 40% shea stearin combined with one of the soft fats were selected as they met the criteria required for filling fats. Under static isothermal conditions (at 10°C, 15°C or 20°C), a two-step crystallization was observed for those blends, which can be explained by polymorphic transitions from a-form into more stable forms. All the selected blends exhibited different crystallization mechanisms according to theTAGcomposition of the liquid phase and their complementarity with TAG from the solid phase. [less ▲]

We tested the hypothesis that changing the gut microbiota using pectic oligosaccharides (POS) or inulin (INU) differently modulates the progression of leukemia and related metabolic disorders. Mice were ... [more ▼]

We tested the hypothesis that changing the gut microbiota using pectic oligosaccharides (POS) or inulin (INU) differently modulates the progression of leukemia and related metabolic disorders. Mice were transplanted with Bcr-Abl-transfected proB lymphocytes mimicking leukemia and received either POS or INU in their diet (5%) for 2 weeks. Combination of pyrosequencing, PCR-DGGE and qPCR analyses of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that POS decreased microbial diversity and richness of caecal microbiota whereas it increased Bifidobacterium spp., Roseburia spp. and Bacteroides spp. (affecting specifically B. dorei) to a higher extent than INU. INU supplementation increased the portal SCFA propionate and butyrate, and decreased cancer cell invasion in the liver. POS treatment did not affect hepatic cancer cell invasion, but was more efficient than INU to decrease the metabolic alterations. Indeed, POS better than INU delayed anorexia linked to cancer progression. In addition, POS treatment increased acetate in the caecal content, changed the fatty acid profile inside adipose tissue and counteracted the induction of markers controlling beta-oxidation, thereby hampering fat mass loss. Non digestible carbohydrates with prebiotic properties may constitute a new nutritional strategy to modulate gut microbiota with positive consequences on cancer progression and associated cachexia. [less ▲]

A knowledge of rheological properties is of importance in processing, handling, process design, product development and quality control. This study investigates the effect of commercial hydrolytic enzymes ... [more ▼]

Sunflower tahini faces quality problems due to the tendency of oil to exudate, causing accelerated rancidity and low marketability. In this study, the colloidal and oxidative stability of different ... [more ▼]

Sunflower tahini faces quality problems due to the tendency of oil to exudate, causing accelerated rancidity and low marketability. In this study, the colloidal and oxidative stability of different trimodal particle size distributions of sunflower tahini (cumulative volume percentages of small, middle and large class populations of 9.61–16.67, 43.03–55.03 and 47.36–28.3) was evaluated during storage at three different temperatures. Decreasing sample particle size decreased the sunflower tahini colloidal stability. The coarsest prototype, being the most stable tahini in terms of oil separation, was included in the oxidative stability storage test together with a commercial tahini. The peroxide values of the studied sunflower tahini samples increased significantly (p < 0.05) with storage time, irrespective of storage temperature, while the p-anisidine values showed an irregular pattern. Considering 30-meq O2/kg as a PV limit, the commercial tahini showed good oxidative stability as it was under this when stored 3 months at 4 °C, 2 months at room temperature and 1 month a 40 °C. The coarsest tahini sample was under the limit when stored 2 months at 4 °C, 1 month at room temperature and 2 weeks at 40 °C. Particle size was shown to be an essential parameter for controlling sunflower tahini’s overall stability. [less ▲]

Nowadays there is a growing trend to find new sources of dietary fibre (DF), such as marine algae by-products that have traditionally been undervalued. In this respect, the aim of the present ... [more ▼]

Nowadays there is a growing trend to find new sources of dietary fibre (DF), such as marine algae by-products that have traditionally been undervalued. In this respect, the aim of the present investigation was firstly to compare two methods of dietary fibre quantification (Englyst and Prosky) and secondly to determine the chemical composition and some of the functional properties of total and insoluble fibres extracted in accordance with the Englyst method. The dietary fibres of dried Ulva lactuca collected from the Tunisian littoral were determined by the Prosky (gravimetric method) and Englyst (enzymatic-chemical method) methods. The two extraction methods (Englyst–Prosky) provided approximately the same values in total fibres (~54%). However, they had different insoluble and soluble fibre contents. U. lactuca contained 20.53% and 31.55% of soluble fibres and 34.37% and 21.54% of insoluble fibres using the Prosky and Englyst methods, respectively. The fractionation of the insoluble dietary fibre concentrate revealed that hemicellulose was the most abundant fraction (32.49%), followed by cellulose (16.59%) and “lignin-like” compounds (1.53%). For both fibre concentrates, the main neutral sugar was glucose (20.70%–27.59%), which corresponded to hemicellulose and cellulose. The water holding capacity of insoluble fibre concentrate was relatively high. It varied between 9.32 g and 10.3 g of water/g of dry fibre at 25 °C and 80 °C, respectively. Nevertheless, the oil holding capacity of the insoluble fibre concentrate was not affected by temperature. It was about 1.08 and 1.01 g of oil/g of dry fibre at 25 °C and 80 °C. Despite the significant functional properties of fibre concentrate, the presence of lead limits its use as an ingredient in the food industry. [less ▲]