Contents

Simple cuboidal cells are also found in kidney tubules, glandular ducts, ovaries, and the thyroid gland. Simple cuboidal cells are found in single rows with their spherical nuclei in the center of the cells and are directly attached to the basal surface. Simple ciliated cuboidal cells are also present in the respiratory bronchioles.

These cells provide protection and may be active (pumping material in or out of the lumen) or passive, depending on the location and cellular specialization.

Simple cuboidal epithelium commonly differentiates to form the secretory and duct portions of glands.[1] They also constitute the germinal epithelium which covers the ovary (but does not contribute to ovum production) and the internal walls of the seminiferous tubules in the male testes. These cells offer some protection and function in absorption and secretion.

1.
Pig
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A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the Suidae family of even-toed ungulates. Pigs include the domestic pig and its ancestor, the common Eurasian wild boar, along with species, related creatures outside the genus include the peccary, the babirusa. Pigs, like all suids, are native to the Eurasian and African continents, juvenile pigs are known as piglets. Pigs are highly social and intelligent animals, with around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domesticated pig is one of the most numerous large mammals on the planet. Pigs are omnivores and can consume a range of food. Pigs can harbour a range of parasites and diseases that can be transmitted to humans, because of the similarities between pigs and humans, pigs are used for human medical research. The Online Etymology Dictionary provides anecdotal evidence as well as linguistic, saying that the term derives probably from Old English *picg, found in compounds, apparently related to Low German bigge, Dutch big. Another Old English word for pig was fearh, related to furh furrow, from PIE *perk- dig and this reflects a widespread IE tendency to name animals from typical attributes or activities. Synonyms grunter, porker are from sailors and fishermens euphemistic avoidance of uttering the word pig at sea, a superstition perhaps based on the fate of the Gadarene swine and it is entirely likely that the word to call pigs, soo-ie, is similarly derived. A typical pig has a head with a long snout which is strengthened by a special prenasal bone. The snout is used to dig into the soil to find food and is an acute sense organ. There are four hoofed toes on each trotter, with the two larger central toes bearing most of the weight, but the two also being used in soft ground. The dental formula of adult pigs is 3.1.4.33.1.4.3, the rear teeth are adapted for crushing. In the male, the teeth form tusks, which grow continuously and are sharpened by constantly being ground against each other. Occasionally, captive mother pigs may savage their own piglets, often if they become severely stressed, some attacks on newborn piglets are non-fatal. Others may cause the death of the piglets and sometimes, the mother may eat the piglets and it is estimated that 50% of piglet fatalities are due to the mother attacking, or unintentionally crushing, the newborn pre-weaned animals. Scientists have recently discovered that pigs can exhibit a bias and are optimists or pessimests. In a study by the University of Lincoln,36 pigs were tested and they were placed in a room with two food bowls at each end of the room

2.
Anatomical terminology
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Anatomical terminology is a form of scientific terminology used by anatomists, zoologists, and health professionals such as doctors. Anatomical terminology uses many terms, suffixes, and prefixes deriving from Ancient Greek. These terms can be confusing to those unfamiliar with them, but can be more precise reducing ambiguity, also, since these anatomical terms are not used in everyday conversation, their meanings are less likely to change, and less likely to be misinterpreted. By using precise anatomical terminology such ambiguity is eliminated, an international standard for anatomical terminology, Terminologia Anatomica has been created. Anatomical terminology has quite regular morphology, the prefixes and suffixes are used to add meanings to different roots. The root of a term refers to an organ, tissue. For example, in the disorder hypertension, the prefix hyper- means high or over, the roots, prefixes and suffixes are often derived from Greek or Latin, and often quite dissimilar from their English-language variants. Latin names of such as musculus biceps brachii can be split up and refer to, musculus for muscle, biceps for two-headed. The first word tells us what we are speaking about, the second describes it, when describing the position of anatomical structures, structures may be described according to the anatomical landmark they are near. These landmarks may include structures, such as the umbilicus or sternum, or anatomical lines, the cephalon or cephalic region refers to the head. This area is differentiated into the cranium, facies, frons, oculus, auris, bucca, nausus, oris. The neck area is called the cervicis or cervical region, examples of structures named according to this include the frontalis muscle, submental lymph nodes, buccal membrane and orbicularis oculi muscle. Sometimes, unique terminology is used to reduce confusion in different parts of the body, for example, different terms are used when it comes to the skull in compliance with its embryonic origin and its tilted position compared to in other animals. Here, Rostral refers to proximity to the front of the nose, similarly, in the arms, different terminology is often used in the arms, in part to reduce ambiguity as what is the front, back, inner and outer surfaces. For this reason, the terms below are used, Radial referring to the radius bone, ulnar referring to the ulna bone, medially positioned when in the standard anatomical position. Other terms are used to describe the movement and actions of the hands and feet. International morphological terminology is used by the colleges of medicine and dentistry and it facilitates communication and exchanges between scientists from different countries of the world and it is used daily in the fields of research, teaching and medical care. The international morphological terminology refers to morphological sciences as a biological sciences branch, in this field, the form and structure are examined as well as the changes or developments in the organism

3.
Epithelium
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Epithelial is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body, there are three principal shapes of epithelial cell, squamous, columnar, and cuboidal. All glands are made up of epithelial cells, functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, and sensing. Epithelial layers contain no blood vessels, so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the connective tissue. Cell junctions are well-employed in epithelial tissues, in general, epithelial tissues are classified by the number of their layers and by the shape and function of the cells. The three principal shapes associated with epithelial cells are—squamous, cuboidal and columnar, squamous epithelium has cells that are wider than their height. Cuboidal epithelium has cells whose height and width are approximately the same, columnar epithelium has cells taller than they are wide. However, when taller simple columnar epithelial cells are viewed in cross section showing several nuclei appearing at different heights and this kind of epithelium is therefore described as pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Transitional epithelium has cells that can change from squamous to cuboidal, Simple epithelium is a single layer of cells with every cell in direct contact with the basement membrane that separates it from the underlying connective tissue. In general, it is found where absorption and filtration occur, the thinness of the epithelial barrier facilitates these processes. In general, simple epithelial tissues are classified by the shape of their cells, the four major classes of simple epithelium are, simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified. Simple squamous, which is found lining areas where passive diffusion of gases occur, E. g. skin, walls of capillaries, linings of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities, as well as the linings of the alveoli of the lungs. Simple cuboidal, these cells may have secretory, absorptive, or excretory functions, examples include small collecting ducts of kidney, pancreas and salivary gland. Simple columnar, cells can be secretory, absorptive, or excretory, Simple columnar epithelium can be ciliated or non-ciliated, ciliated columnar is found in the reproductive tract. Non-ciliated epithelium can also possess microvilli, pseudostratified columnar epithelium, can be ciliated or non-ciliated. The ciliated type is called respiratory epithelium as it is almost exclusively confined to the larger respiratory airways of the nasal cavity, trachea. Stratified epithelium differs from simple epithelium in that it is multilayered and it is therefore found where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insult such that layers can be abraded and lost without exposing subepithelial layers. Cells flatten as the layers become more apical, though in their most basal layers the cells can be squamous, stratified epithelia can have the following specializations, The basic cell types are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar classed by their shape

4.
University of Kansas
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The University of Kansas, often referred to as KU or Kansas, is a public research university in the U. S. state of Kansas. The main campus in Lawrence, one of the largest college towns in Kansas, is on Mount Oread, two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area, the Edwards Campus in Overland Park, and the universitys medical school and hospital in Kansas City. There are also educational and research sites in Parsons, Topeka, Garden City, Hays, and Leavenworth, the university is one of the 62 members of the Association of American Universities. The university overall employed 2,814 faculty members in fall 2015, on February 20,1863, Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence. The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $15,000 endowment fund, if Lawrence failed to meet these conditions, Emporia instead of Lawrence would get the university. The site selected for the university was a known as Mount Oread. Robinson and his wife Sara bestowed the 40-acre site to the State of Kansas in exchange for land elsewhere, the philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $10,000 of the necessary endowment fund, and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining cash by issuing notes backed by Governor Carney. On November 2,1863, Governor Carney announced that Lawrence had met the conditions to get the university. The schools Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865, work on the first college building began later that year. The university opened for classes on September 12,1866, during World War II, Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission. KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK,90.7 FM, and KANU,91.5 FM. The university is host to several including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum. The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university, with five campuses, the university offers more than 345 degree programs. In its 2017 list, U. S. News & World Report ranked KU as tied for 118th place among National Universities and 56th place among public universities. The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation, uSN&WR also ranked several programs in the top 25 among U. S. universities. The Bachelor of Architecture degree was added in 1920, in 1969, the School of Architecture and Urban Design was formed with three programs, architecture, architectural engineering, and urban planning. In 2001 architectural engineering merged with civil and environmental engineering, the design programs from the discontinued School of Fine Arts were merged into the school in 2009 forming the current School of Architecture, Design, and Planning. S in 2012. The University of Kansas School of Business is a business school on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence

5.
Endothelium
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It is a thin layer of simple squamous cells called endothelial cells. Endothelial cells in contact with blood are called vascular endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial cells line the entire system, from the heart to the smallest capillaries. These cells have unique functions in vascular biology and these functions include fluid filtration, such as in the glomerulus of the kidney, blood vessel tone, hemostasis, neutrophil recruitment, and hormone trafficking. Endothelium of the surfaces of the heart chambers is called endocardium. Both blood and lymphatic capillaries are composed of a layer of endothelial cells called a monolayer. In straight sections of a vessel, vascular endothelial cells typically align. Many considered the endothelium a specialized epithelial tissue, excessive or prolonged increases in permeability of the endothelial monolayer, as in cases of chronic inflammation, may lead to tissue edema/swelling. The most prevailing mechanism of endothelial dysfunction is an increase in reactive oxygen species, the signalling protein ERK5 is essential for maintaining normal endothelial cell function

6.
Intestinal epithelium
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The intestinal epithelium is the layer of cells that forms the luminal surface or lining of both the small and large intestine of the gastrointestinal tract. It is composed of columnar epithelium. It has two important functions, absorbing helpful substances and providing a barrier against harmful substances, some diseases and conditions are caused by dysfunction in the intestinal epithelium, and some diseases and conditions cause problems with these cells, which then leads to further complications. The epithelium is part of the mucosa layer. The epithelium is composed of a layer of cells. The other two layers of the mucosa, the lamina propria and the muscularis mucosae, support and articulate the epithelium layer. To securely contain of the contents of the lumen, the cells of the epithelial layer are joined together by tight junctions thus forming a contiguous. Epithelial cells are renewed every 4–5 days through a process of renewal. Renewal relies on cells that reside at the crypt base of the intestinal glands. After being formed at the base, the new cells migrate upwards, eventually, they undergo apoptosis and are shed off into the intestinal lumen. In this way, the number of cells making up the intestinal epithelium remains constant. In the small intestine, the layer is specially adapted to provide a large surface area in order to maximize the absorption of nutrients. Villi and intestinal glands serve to increase the surface area tenfold. Microvilli covering the surface of the enterocytes increase the absorptive surface twentyfold. These numerous microscopic finger-like projections form an undulated brush border, the brush border on the apical surface of the epithelial cells is covered with glycocalyx, which is composed of oligosaccharides attached to membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids. Six different cell types are produced by the cells that reside at the base of the crypts. Each type matures according to its specific differentiation program as it migrates up, many of genes necessary for differentiation into the different epithelial cell types have been identified and characterized. The cell types produced are, enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells, microfold cells, cup cells and their functions are listed here, Enterocytes are the most numerous and function primarily for nutrient absorption

7.
Stratified squamous epithelium
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A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane, the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity. Although this epithelium is referred to as squamous, many cells within the layers may not be flattened, in the deeper layers, the cells may be columnar or cuboidal. It forms the outermost layer of the skin and the lining of the mouth, esophagus. Non-keratinized surfaces must be kept moist by bodily secretions to prevent them drying out. Examples of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium include cornea, lining mucosa of oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, foreskin, keratinized surfaces are protected from abrasion by keratin and kept hydrated and protected from dehydration by glycolipids produced in the stratum granulosum. Examples of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium include epidermis of the palm of the hand and sole of the foot, and the masticatory mucosa

8.
Apocrine
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Apocrine is a term used to classify exocrine glands in the study of histology. Cells which are classified as apocrine bud their secretions off through the plasma membrane producing membrane-bound vesicles in the lumen, the apical portion of the secretory cell of the gland pinches off and enters the lumen. It loses part of its cytoplasm in their secretions, Apocrine glands are found primarily in the breast of lactating mammals. Secretion occurs when the release of materials is accompanied with loss of part of cytoplasm. Apocrine secretion is less damaging to the gland than holocrine secretion, an example of true apocrine glands is the mammary glands, responsible for secreting breast milk. Apocrine Metaplasia is a transformation of cells to an apocrine phenotype. It is common in the breast in the context of fibrocystic change and it is seen in women mostly over the age of 50 years. Metaplasia happens when there is an irritation to the breast, apocrine-like cells form in a lining of developing microcysts, due to the pressure buildup within the lumen. The pressure build up is caused by secretions, Apocrine Carcinoma is a very rare form of female breast cancer. The rate of incidence varies from 0.5 to 4%, cytologically, the cells of apocrine carcinoma are relatively large, granular, and it has a prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm. When Apocrine Carcinoma is tested as a “triple negative”, it means that the cells of the patient cannot express the estrogen receptor,1624244281 at GPnotebook Diagram at uwa. edu. au

9.
Secretion
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Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, e. g. secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland. In contrast, excretion, is the removal of certain substances or waste products from a cell or organism, the classical mechanism of cell secretion is via secretory portals at the cell plasma membrane called porosomes. Porosomes are permanent cup-shaped lipoprotein structure at the plasma membrane. Secretion in bacterial species means the transport or translocation of molecules for example, proteins. Secretion is an important mechanism in bacterial functioning and operation in their natural surrounding environment for adaptation. Eukaryotic cells, including human cells, have a highly evolved process of secretion, proteins targeted for the outside are synthesized by ribosomes docked to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. As they are synthesized, these proteins translocate into the ER lumen, where they are glycosylated, misfolded proteins are usually identified here and retrotranslocated by ER-associated degradation to the cytosol, where they are degraded by a proteasome. The vesicles containing the properly folded proteins then enter the Golgi apparatus, in the Golgi apparatus, the glycosylation of the proteins is modified and further posttranslational modifications, including cleavage and functionalization, may occur. The proteins are then moved into secretory vesicles which travel along the cytoskeleton to the edge of the cell, more modification can occur in the secretory vesicles. Eventually, there is vesicle fusion with the membrane at a structure called the porosome, in a process called exocytosis. Strict biochemical control is maintained over this sequence by usage of a pH gradient, the pH of the cytosol is 7.4, the ERs pH is 7.0, and the cis-golgi has a pH of 6.5. Secretory vesicles have pHs ranging between 5.0 and 6.0, some secretory vesicles evolve into lysosomes, which have a pH of 4.8, there are many proteins like FGF1, FGF2, interleukin-1 etc. which do not have a signal sequence. They do not use the classical ER-golgi pathway and these are secreted through various nonclassical pathways. At least four nonclassical protein secretion pathways have been described, many human cell types have the ability to be secretory cells. They have a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus to fulfill their function, meibomian glands in the eyelid secrete sebum to lubricate and protect the eye. Secretion is not unique to eukaryotes alone, it is present in bacteria, ATP binding cassette type transporters are common to all the three domains of life. Some secreted proteins are translocated across the membrane by the Sec translocon. Others are translocated across the membrane by the twin-arginine translocation pathway

10.
Simple columnar epithelium
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A simple columnar epithelium is a columnar epithelium that is uni-layered. In humans, a columnar epithelium lines most organs of the digestive tract including the stomach, small intestine. Simple columnar epithelia line the uterus, Simple columnar epithelium is further divided into two categories, ciliated and non-ciliated. Non-ciliated types are found in the digestive tract, ciliated types are found within bronchioles of the respiratory tract and in the oviduct of the female reproductive tract. These viruses may kill the cells or stop the cilia beating. In either case, mucus builds up and forms a site for secondary bacterial infections. A ciliated columnar epithelium lines the lumen of the uterine tube and this is found lining sections of the gastrointestinal tract and may be brush bordered. Histology at KUMC epithel-epith05 Gall bladder - Simple columnar epithelium UIUC Histology Subject 1061 - Uterine tube lumen

The olfactory epithelium is a specialized epithelial tissue inside the nasal cavity that is involved in smell. In …

Section of the olfactory mucous membrane.

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) express odorant receptors. The axons of OSNs expressing the same odorant receptors converge onto the same glomerulus at the olfactory bulb, allowing for the organization of olfactory information.

The intestinal epithelium is the layer of cells that forms the luminal surface or lining of both the small and large …

Simple columnar epithelial cells

Image: Microvilli

Image: 402 Types of Cell Junctions new

Scheme of selective permeability routes of epithelial cells (red arrows). The transcellular (through the cells) and paracellular (between the cells) routes control the passage of substances between the intestinal lumen and blood.