market town, Gwynedd county, historic county of Merioneth (Meirionnydd), northern Wales. It lies in Snowdonia National Park at the northern end of mountain-girt Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid), the largest natural lake in Wales....

port town, Vale of Glamorgan county, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), southern Wales. It is situated on the Bristol Channel, just west of where the channel is met by the mouth of the River Severn estuary, and is the administrative centre of Vale of Glamorgan county....

market town, Vale of Glamorgan county, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), southern Wales. It is centrally located in the Vale of Glamorgan, about 10 miles (16 km) west of Cardiff. The community of Llanblethian is often associated with it....

A team of human evolutionary geneticists extensively revised the standardized human Y-chromosome evolutionary tree, which was first published by the Y Chromosome Consortium in 2002. The new study, published in May 2008 in Genome Research, more than doubled both the number of genetic markers (599) and the number of resulting haplogroups (311) and led to four major structural changes in......

...together to form a neutral point that may either be connected to ground or in some cases left open. The power of all three phases can be transmitted on three conductors. This connection is called a star, or wye, connection. Alternatively, since the three winding voltages also sum to zero at every instant, the three windings can be connected in series—a′ to b,......

...Historia Brittonum (written c. 830). (The other poets are Taliesin, Talhaearn Tad Awen, Blwchbardd, and Cian, whose works are unknown.) Aneirin’s reputation rests on a single work, Y Gododdin, preserved in a manuscript known as The Book of Aneirin, which dates from about 1265. The language of the poem is direct for the most part, although simile and metaphor are......

...Alamos was approved as the site for the main atomic bomb scientific laboratory on November 25, 1942, by Brig. Gen. Leslie R. Groves and physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer and was given the code name Project Y. One bomb, using plutonium, was successfully tested on July 16, 1945, at a site 193 km (120 miles) south of Albuquerque, New Mexico....

...Jones), Mynyddog (Richard Davies), and Ceiriog (John Hughes), the latter the greatest lyrical writer of the century. Only one poet, Islwyn (William Thomas), made a success of the long poem: his Y Storm is a series of meditations on life and art....

nonsectarian, nonpolitical Christian lay movement that aims to develop high standards of Christian character through group activities and citizenship training. It originated in London in 1844, when 12 young men, led by George Williams, an employee in, and subsequently the head of, a drapery house, formed a club for the “improvement of the spiritual condition of young men in the drapery and other t...

...Satrapi, From Hell (1991–98) and Lost Girls (1991–2006) by Alan Moore, with artwork by Eddie Campbell and Melinda Gebbie, respectively, and Y: The Last Man (2002–08) and Pride of Baghdad (2006) by Brian K. Vaughan, with artwork by Pia Guerra and Niko Henrichon, respectively. These comics, along with......

Cuarón’s breakout hit, however, came when he returned to Spanish-language filmmaking. Y tu mamá también (2001; “And Your Mother Too”), which he also wrote, tracks the friendship between two teenage boys as they set out on a road trip with an attractive married woman and is simultaneously a vivid commentary on social class within Mexico.......

...divisions in China. Both air development and army modernizing were being pushed in early 1943, with a training centre created near Kunming to reenergize and reequip select Chinese divisions (called Y-Force), and a network of airfields was being built in southern China. This dual approach caused repeated conflict over the allocation of scarce airlift space....

...and complex mazes used in earlier studies (the very first published experiment used a scaled-down replica of the maze at Hampton Court, London) soon gave way to something very much simpler, a T-maze or Y-maze. A rat placed at the end of one arm must run to the central choice-point, from where it has to enter one of the two remaining arms. Although extremely simple, even this apparatus......

...neurohemal organ, the sinus gland. Both an X-organ and a sinus gland are located in each eyestalk, and together they are termed the eyestalk complex. Two endocrine glands are well known: the Y-organ and the androgenic gland. As in insects, hormones and neurohormones of the crustacean regulate molting, reproduction, osmoregulation, metabolism, and heart rate. In addition, the regulation......

...the discovery of brown dwarfs, objects that form like stars but do not shine through thermonuclear fusion, the system of stellar classification has been expanded to include spectral types L, T, and Y....

a problem in the coding of computerized systems that was projected to create havoc in computers and computer networks around the world at the beginning of the year 2000 (in metric measurements K stands for thousand). After more than a year of international alarm, feverish preparations, and programming corrections, few major failures occurred in the transition ...

...language. Ironically, one of his most successful plays (and productions) was an Absurdist drama, Yā ṭāliʿ al-shajarah (1962; The Tree Climber), where the usage of the standard literary language in dialogue helped contribute to the “unreal” nature of the play’s dramatic logic. Al-Ḥakīm also......

city, west-central Sichuan sheng (province), southwestern China. It is situated in the mountainous western fringe of the Sichuan Basin on the Qingyi River, about 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Chengdu, the provincial capital. The city is a communications centre near the crossing of two main routes—one ...

river of northeastern Asia that forms the northwestern boundary between North Korea and the Northeast region (Manchuria) of China. The Chinese provinces of Jilin and Liaoning are bordered by the river. Its length is estimated to be about 500 miles (800 km), and it drains an area of some 12,260 square mil...

major river of Central and South Asia. It flows some 1,800 miles (2,900 km) from its source in the Himalayas to its confluence with the Ganges (Ganga) River, after which the mingled waters of the two rivers empty into the Bay of Bengal....

long secondary tributary of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) in central and southern China. The Yalong rises in the Bayan Har Mountains in southern Qinghai province at an elevation of nearly 16,500 feet (5,000 metres). The upper stream flows southeastward from the Bayan Har Mountains into northwestern Sichuan province. Belo...

...group known as the dang, composed of all descendants of a single grandfather or great-grandfather. In the centralized Dagomba state, only the sons of a previous paramount chief, the ya-na, may rise to that office, which is filled in rotation by one of three divisional chiefs....

city, west-central Sichuan sheng (province), southwestern China. It is situated in the mountainous western fringe of the Sichuan Basin on the Qingyi River, about 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Chengdu, the provincial capital. The city is a communications centre near the crossing of two main routes—one ...

In Oman events took an independent course. The Yaʿrubid dynasty—founded about 1624 when a member of the Yaʿrub tribe was elected imam—expelled the Portuguese from Muscat and set to harrying Portuguese possessions on the Indian coast. Embarking on expansion overseas—to Mombasa in 1698, then to Pemba, Zanzibar, and Kilwa—the Omanis became the supreme power on the......

(Tibetan: “father-mother”), in Buddhist art of India, Nepal, and Tibet, the representation of the male deity in sexual embrace with his female consort. The pose is generally understood to represent the mystical union of the active force, or method (upaya, conceived of as masculine), with wisdom (prajna, conceived of as feminine)—a fusion necessary to overcom...

...and the joint issuance of credentials to the mixed leagues that made up more than 70 percent of their late 1980s combined membership of approximately 7,000,000. A third membership organization, the Young American Bowling Alliance (YABA; established in 1982), administers to the league and tournament needs of young bowlers through college age....

...interparty struggles after the adoption of the constitution of 1908. Sodom ve Gomore (1928; “Sodom and Gomorrah”) is about life in occupied Constantinople after World War I. Yaban, perhaps his best-known novel (1932; “The Stranger”), deals with the psychological distance between the Turkish peasant and the urban intellectual. He also wrote poetry and......

...just east of Longtan Park—once popular with China’s national minorities but now largely patronized by Han Chinese—sells numerous items, including a wide variety of metallic ornaments. Yabao Lu, near the Chaoyang Gate site, is popular with Russians and eastern Europeans. Most of the Chinese shop owners there speak at least some Russian, signs are written in Cyrillic, Russian food......

...a literary language used by the Methodists on Choiseul Island; Bugotu, a lingua franca on Santa Isabel (Ysabel Island); Tolai, a widely used missionary language in New Britain and New Ireland; Yabêm and Graged, lingua francas of the Lutheran Mission in the Madang region of Papua New Guinea; and Mota, a widely used lingua franca and literary language of the Melanesian Mission in......

...receives its main tributary, the Yarmūk River, which marks part of the frontier between Syria and Jordan. It is then joined by two more tributaries, the Ḥarod on the right bank and the Yābis on the left. The Jordan River’s plain then spreads out to a width of about 15 miles (24 km) and becomes very regular. The flat arid terraces of that area, known as the Ghawr (Ghor), are......

...of 2,000 cells to create a 100-millimetre (4-inch) arc between two charcoal sticks. When suitable electric generators became available in the late 1870s, the practical use of arc lamps began. The Yablochkov candle, an arc lamp invented by the Russian engineer Paul Yablochkov, was used for street lighting in Paris and other European cities from 1878....

Russian electrical engineer and inventor who developed the Yablochkov candle, the first arc lamp that was put to wide practical use and that greatly accelerated the development of electric lighting....

pass in the outer eastern Carpathians of western Ukraine, an important route connecting the country’s isolated western reaches with the rest of the republic and with northeastern Romania. The southern portion of the pass is formed by the valley of the Tisza River (also spelled Tisa, or Tysa), and the northern section contains the headwaters of the Prut. The he...

pass in the outer eastern Carpathians of western Ukraine, an important route connecting the country’s isolated western reaches with the rest of the republic and with northeastern Romania. The southern portion of the pass is formed by the valley of the Tisza River (also spelled Tisa, or Tysa), and the northern section contains the headwaters of the Prut. The he...

pass in the outer eastern Carpathians of western Ukraine, an important route connecting the country’s isolated western reaches with the rest of the republic and with northeastern Romania. The southern portion of the pass is formed by the valley of the Tisza River (also spelled Tisa, or Tysa), and the northern section contains the headwaters of the Prut. The he...

pass in the outer eastern Carpathians of western Ukraine, an important route connecting the country’s isolated western reaches with the rest of the republic and with northeastern Romania. The southern portion of the pass is formed by the valley of the Tisza River (also spelled Tisa, or Tysa), and the northern section contains the headwaters of the Prut. The he...

mountain range in the Transbaikalia region of Chita oblast (province) and Buryatiya, in far eastern Russia. The range is some 500 miles (800 km) long northeast–southwest and reaches a maximum height of 5,512 feet (1,680 m) in Mount Kusotuy. Formed principally of granites and gneisses, it has been uplifted and much-fractured. The highest peaks are bare, but most of the range is densely fores...

mountain range in the Transbaikalia region of Chita oblast (province) and Buryatiya, in far eastern Russia. The range is some 500 miles (800 km) long northeast–southwest and reaches a maximum height of 5,512 feet (1,680 m) in Mount Kusotuy. Formed principally of granites and gneisses, it has been uplifted and much-fractured. The highest peaks are bare, but most of the range is densely fores...

pass in the outer eastern Carpathians of western Ukraine, an important route connecting the country’s isolated western reaches with the rest of the republic and with northeastern Romania. The southern portion of the pass is formed by the valley of the Tisza River (also spelled Tisa, or Tysa), and the northern section contains the headwaters of the Prut. The he...

...or the “saivo-reindeer,” “saivo-fish,” and “saivo-bird.” The saivo should be differentiated from the other Sami otherworld, yabme-aimo, which, for example, was associated with the sacrifice of black animals and was generally conceived as much less pleasant....

...within the village wards is vested in a group of ward leaders, led by a ward head. Secular and ritual authority for the entire village is concentrated in a council of village priests (the yabot); the village head is the priest of the paramount fertility spirit....

ethnic group living primarily on Basilan Island but also on Sacol, Malanipa, and Tumalutab islands, all off the southern tip of the Zamboanga Peninsula, in the southern Philippines. Smaller groups of Yakan live elsewhere in the Philippines—particularly on the island of Mindanao—as well as in Sabah, ...

...falcatus) of southern Africa; plum-fir, or plum-fruited, yew (P. andinus) and willowleaf podocarpus, or mañío (P. salignus), of the Chilean Andes; and the yacca (P. coriaceus) of the West Indies....

any plant of the genus Xanthorrhoea of the family Xanthorrhoeaceae, with about 17 species native to eastern Australia. They have thick, woody, often palmlike stems about 5 m (16 feet) tall that end in a tuft of rigid, grasslike leaves from which flower spikes resembling those of the bulrush extend 3 m or more....

city and capital of Yunnan sheng (province), southwestern China. It is situated in the east-central part of the province in a fertile lake basin on the northern shore of Lake Dian, surrounded by mountains to the north, west, and east. Kunming has always been a focus of communications in southwestern China. Pop. (2002 est...

a sail- or power-driven vessel, usually light and comparatively small, used for racing or for recreation. In recreation, the term applies to very large craft, originally powered by sail and later by steam or internal-combustion engines. It is in this sense that the generality of nonyachting (nonsailing) people usually think of the term. Technically, the word yacht excludes boats propelled b...

As the Dutch rose to preeminence in sea power during the 17th century, the early yacht became a pleasure craft used first by royalty and later by the burghers on the canals and the protected and unprotected waters of the Low Countries. Racing was incidental, arising as private matches. English yachting began with King Charles II of England during his exile in the Low Countries. On his......

In England by 1881 most of the important yacht clubs had become members of the Yacht Racing Association (founded 1875; from 1952 called the Royal Yachting Association). The organization made rules governing regatta sailing and later took on duties as a representative body for all British yachting, including dealing with port, harbour, and other governmental authorities. In the United States,......

Interest in the 34th America’s Cup was heating up in 2011 as rivals faced off in the new AC World Series. This five-regatta “feeder series” would give AC crews a chance to work together to hone the skills that they would need in the Louis Vuitton Cup—the match-racing event used to select the challenger for the 2013 America’s Cup....

The nationalization, announced by Morales on May 1, required local units of foreign oil-and-gas firms to transfer majority control to Bolivia’s state-owned petroleum company, Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB). Defending his decision, Morales said, “For more than 500 years our resources have been pillaged. This has to end now.” Later, however, it became clear......

...Brazil over revenue sharing from the massive Itaipú hydroelectric dam, bringing in a badly needed $240 million annually in additional revenue. Also in 2011, the environmentally contentious Yacyretá hydroelectric dam was inaugurated and brought to full capacity, 37 years after Paraguay and Argentina signed the treaty to build it. In late September an outbreak of foot-and-mouth......

in Judaism, a ritual object, usually made of silver but sometimes of wood or other materials, that consists of a shaft affixed to a miniature representation of a hand with its index finger pointing. The yad is used optionally in liturgical services to indicate the place that is being read on a Torah (biblical) scroll, thus eliminating the necessity of touching the sacred manuscript with the hand. ...

...felt for a dead animal. It is significant that Communists make pilgrimages to the graves of Lenin and Marx; and, in the modern State of Israel, great effort is being made to record in the shrine of Yad va-Shem the names of those who died in the persecution of the Jews in Germany during the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler in the 1930s and ’40s and, if possible, to bring their ashes there. In......

...felt for a dead animal. It is significant that Communists make pilgrimages to the graves of Lenin and Marx; and, in the modern State of Israel, great effort is being made to record in the shrine of Yad va-Shem the names of those who died in the persecution of the Jews in Germany during the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler in the 1930s and ’40s and, if possible, to bring their ashes there. In......

The diverse yadam form includes stories of individuals involved in historical events. After the appearance of Yu Mong-In’s Ŏu yadam (“Tales of Ŏu”) in the 17th century, numerous yadam were edited and compiled in collections such as the anonymous Ch’ŏnggu yadam......

Anticipating the Uttar Pradesh assembly polls in early 2012, the SP underwent a makeover and a generation change, spearheaded by Yadav’s son, Akhilesh Yadav. In addition to bringing a number of young professionals into the party, the policy changes he instituted included promising a ban on state land acquisition, announcing incentives for the agricultural sector (including extending loans to......

Indian politician and government official who in 1997 founded and then served as the longtime president of the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD; National People’s Party) political party in Bihar state, eastern India. He was also the former chief minister (head of government) of Bihar (1990–97)....

Indian politician and government official who in 1997 founded and then served as the longtime president of the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD; National People’s Party) political party in Bihar state, eastern India. He was also the former chief minister (head of government) of Bihar (1990–97)....

Indian politician and government official who founded and was the longtime leader of the Samajwadi (Socialist) Party (SP) of India. He served three times as chief minister of Uttar Pradesh state (1989–91, 1993–95, and 2003–07)....

The Bhagavata sect originated among the Yadava people of the Mathura area of northern India in the 2nd and 1st centuries bce. From there it spread as the tribes migrated to western India and the northern Deccan and then into South India. The sect continued to be prominent within Vaishnavism until at least the 11th century ce, when bhakti was revitalized by the great the...

rulers of a 12th–14th-century Hindu kingdom of central India in what is now the Indian state of Maharashtra. Originally a feudatory of the Eastern Chalukyas of Kalyani, the dynasty became paramount in the Deccan under Bhillama (c. 1187–91), who founded Devagiri (later Daulatabad) as his capital. U...

in Judaism, a ritual object, usually made of silver but sometimes of wood or other materials, that consists of a shaft affixed to a miniature representation of a hand with its index finger pointing. The yad is used optionally in liturgical services to indicate the place that is being read on a Torah (biblical) scroll, thus eliminating the necessity of touching the sacred manuscript with the hand. ...

a working community of writers, composers, and visual artists, located on the outskirts of Saratoga Springs, New York, U.S. Yaddo is a nonprofit organization founded in 1900 by New York financier Spencer Trask (1844–1909), his wife, the writer Kate, or Katrina, Nichols Trask (1853–1922), and philanthropist George Foster Peabody...

...Cheever, James Baldwin, Patricia Highsmith, Sylvia Plath, Katherine Anne Porter, Carson McCullers, Milton Avery, Langston Hughes, and Henri Cartier-Bresson. In 2014 Yaddo began awarding an annual Artist Medal, designed by James Siena, to an individual who has “sustained a high level of achievement in their artistic discipline and reinforced the sense of community that is central to......

Shortly before his death, Rousseau painted the most ambitious of these jungle paintings, The Dream (1910; also called Yadivigha’s Dream), which was also one of his greatest works. In this impressive fantasy, an enchanting nude rests on a red plush Victorian sofa in the middle of a dense jungle. Huge flowers wave about her head, two lions......

river rising as the Yadkin River in the Blue Ridge Mountains in northwestern North Carolina, U.S. Flowing northeast past Wilkesboro and Elkin, then southeast past Badin, it becomes the Pee Dee (named for the Pedee Indians) after a course of about 200 miles (320 km). As the Pee Dee, it continues for another 230 miles (370 km), generally southeastward into South Carolina (where it is called the......

...name by which Charvaka doctrines—denying the authority of the Vedas and the soul—are generally known). Furthermore, there existed the two unorthodox schools of yadrichhavada (accidentalists) and svabhavaha (naturalists), who rejected the supernatural. Kapila, the legendary founder of the Samkhya school,......

In the 16th century, the Burmese conquered Siam, and their subsequent knowledge of Thai romantic poems gave rise to a new verse form called the yadu (the seasons). They borrowed only the theme, however, and not the form, and they developed it as an emotional poem, passionate, yet with something of the cool intellectual strength of the poems of the English metaphysical......

major city and economic centre in Israel, situated on the Mediterranean coast some 40 miles (60 km) northwest of Jerusalem. Tel Aviv was founded in 1909 as a Jewish garden suburb of the ancient Mediterranean port of Jaffa (now Yafo), with which it was joined in 1950. By the beginning of the 21st century, the modern city of...

...centre in Israel, situated on the Mediterranean coast some 40 miles (60 km) northwest of Jerusalem. Tel Aviv was founded in 1909 as a Jewish garden suburb of the ancient Mediterranean port of Jaffa (now Yafo), with which it was joined in 1950. By the beginning of the 21st century, the modern city of Tel Aviv had developed into a major economic and cultural centre. Tel Aviv is headquarters......

...slaves or local Afro-Asians—supplanted the Ziyādids in Zabīd; however, though independent, neither dynasty renounced vague ʿAbbāsid suzerainty. The Banū Yaʿfur, lords north of Sanaa, expelled the Ziyādid governor and ruled independently from 861 to 997. Najāḥid rule ended when ʿAlī ibn Mahdī captured......

...and killed her in a drunken prank. Fleeing Mexico, he wandered through the Amazon region of South America, continuing his experiments with drugs, a period of his life detailed in The Yage Letters, his correspondence with Ginsberg written in 1953 but not published until 1963. Between travels he lived in London, Paris, Tangier, and New York City but in 1981 settled in......

When Mehmed died (1142), the Dānishmend territory was divided among his two brothers—Yağibasan (Yaghibasan) in Sivas and ʿAyn ad-Dawlah in Malatya-Elbistan—and his son Dhū an-Nūn in Kayseri. After Yağibasan’s death (1164), the Seljuq sultan Qïlïj Arslan II intervened repeatedly in the affairs of the Sivas and Kayseri branches and finally......

...to a certain extent. While the last “classical” poet, Qāʾānī (died 1854), had been displaying the traditional glamorous artistry, his contemporary, the satirist Yaghmā (died 1859), had been using popular and comprehensible language to make coarse criticisms of contemporary society. As in the other Islamic countries, a move toward simplicity is......

...loyal vassals to the Almohads, gained the support of other Berber tribes and nomadic Arabs and set up a kingdom at Tilimsān (Tlemcen), headed by the Zanātah amīr Yaghmurāsan (ruled 1236–83). Yaghmurāsan was able to maintain internal peace through the successful control of the rival Berber factions, and, in the face of the Marīnid......

...elements from other languages and dialects. Although Sogdian is known in several forms, possibly representing different dialects, none of these can be considered the direct ancestor of modern Yaghnābī, spoken at present in the valley of the Yaghnob River, a tributary of the Zeravshan. Yaghnābī, nevertheless, certainly belongs linguistically to the Sogdian family.......

...Wakhī, Shughnī, Rōshānī, Khufī, Yāzgulāmī, Ishkashimī, and Bartang, all Iranian languages. Another distinct group is formed by the Yaghnābīs, direct descendants of the ancient Sogdians, who live in the Zeravshan River basin....

When Mehmed died (1142), the Dānishmend territory was divided among his two brothers—Yağibasan (Yaghibasan) in Sivas and ʿAyn ad-Dawlah in Malatya-Elbistan—and his son Dhū an-Nūn in Kayseri. After Yağibasan’s death (1164), the Seljuq sultan Qïlïj Arslan II intervened repeatedly in the affairs of the Sivas and Kayseri branches and finally......

nonalcoholic, euphoria-producing beverage made from the root of the pepper plant, principally Piper methysticum, in most of the South Pacific islands. It is yellow-green in colour and somewhat bitter, and the active ingredient is apparently alkaloidal in nature....

city and port on the Gulf of Gonâve, southwestern Haiti, lying approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of Port-au-Prince on the north shore of the country’s southern peninsula. A former French colonial town, Léogâne has long been the centre of a predominantly agricultural region. The city was near the epicentre of the Haiti earthquake of 2010; n...

Kitakyūshū is one of Japan’s leading manufacturing centres and is the one in which heavy industry is most prominent. The industrial nucleus, Yahata, specializes in iron and steel, heavy chemicals, cement, and glass. Wakamatsu produces metals, machinery, ships, and chemicals and is a major coal port for northern Kyushu. Tobata is one of the main deep-sea-fishing bases of western......

South American Indian people, very few in number, who were the traditional occupants of the south coast of Tierra del Fuego and the neighbouring islands south to Cape Horn. In the 19th century they numbered between 2,500 and 3,000. The Yámana language forms a distinct linguistic group made up of five mutually intelligible dialects that correspond to five regionally defined subdi...