Identification of the fourth duplication of upstream IHH regulatory elements, in a family with craniosynostosis Philadelphia type, helps to define the phenotypic characterization of these regulatory elements

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The soybean (Glycine max) seed coat has distinctive, genetically programmed patterns of pigmentation and the recessive k1 mutation can epistatically overcome the dominant I and ii alleles, which inhibit seed color by producing small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting chalcone synthase (CHS) mRNAs. Small RNA sequencing of dissected regions of immature seed coats demonstrated that CHS siRNA levels cause the patterns produced by the ii and ik alleles of the I locus, which restrict pigment to the hilum or saddle...

Green may have been the Pantone Color of the Year for 2013 (http://www.pantone.com/color-of-the-year- 2013), but 2016 was a great year for papers on chlorophyll research, at The Plant Cell and beyond. In this year, we saw a pile of interesting papers examining chlorophyll degradation, including its regulatory mechanisms. For example, to identify transcription factors upstream of the key enzyme pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), which is a rate-limiting factor in chlorophyll breakdown, Ghandchi and co-authors (2016)...

AbstractAims As an exotic species colonises a new continent, it must overcome enormous environmental variation in its introduced range. Local adaptation of introduced species has frequently been observed at the continent scale, particularly in response to latitudinal climatic variation. However, significant environmental heterogeneity can also exist at the landscape scale. A small number of studies have provided evidence that introduced species may also be capable of phenotypic and genetic differentiation at much...

Plants can dispose of organs such as leaves and recycle the nutrients in these organs into new leaves, seeds, or storage organs. However, when separated from its photosystem proteins, chlorophyll can be phototoxic, absorbing light and producing high-energy electrons. The complex chlorophyll degradation pathway solves this problem by breaking down chlorophyll into colorless catabolites that are stored in the vacuole (reviewed in Christ and Hörtensteiner, 2014).
One of the first steps in chlorophyll breakdown...

Grana are thylakoid structures that are observed in land plants and in which photosystem II (PSII) and light-harvesting complex II proteins (LHCIIs) accumulates. We isolated two Arabidopsis mutants, reduced induction of non-photochemical quenching (riq1 and riq2), in which stacking of grana was enhanced. The curvature thylakoid 1a (curt1a) mutant was previously shown to lack the grana structure. In riq1 curt1a, the grana were enlarged with more stacking; furthermore, the thylakoids were abnormally stacked and...

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