But what if the product B turned into another product C? If we wanted to calculate the overall Free Power-free energy for A going to C, we could instead calculate the individual delta G for each step of the reaction that is A going to the product B, and B going to the product C. So I just want to reiterate here that B and C are products in their own right. They’re not transition states. But what we’re seeing here is that in some cases we may not be able to measure the change in Free Power-free energy going from A to C directly. So instead, we can add together the individual change in Free Power-free energy for each step, because remember Free Power-free energy is Free Power state function. And if we do that, we ultimately get the change in Free Power-free energy for the overall reaction of A going to C. Now one fun way that I kind of remember the state function like quality of delta G, as well as some other variables in chemistry, is that my chemistry professor used to tell us that life is not Free Power state function. And this of course helps me remember the definition of the function does not take into the path of reaction, because of course in life, it’s all about the journey and not the destination. But in chemistry, sometimes it’s the opposite. Now, the third point that I want to make is that delta G unlike temperature, for example, which can be readily measured in Free Power lab for Free Power particular situation, delta G is something that can be calculated but not measured. And to understand this, we need to go back to what the purpose of delta G was in the first place. So remember delta G, the value of it, tells us whether or not the reaction will occur. And it turns out that when chemists were trying to answer this question, they found out that the answer to this question relies on multiple variables. There’s not just one thing that determines whether or not Free Power reaction will occur. So what they did was, for simplicity, they took into account all of the variables into this one parameter that they came up with called delta G. And the way they did this was by creating an equation. So they said, the change in Free Power-free energy is equal to the change in enthalpy, or heat content, of Free Power particular reaction minus the temperature of the reaction times the change in entropy, or broadly speaking randomness, between products and reactants in Free Power particular reaction. Therefore, as I mentioned before, we can go ahead and calculate one single value that takes into account all of the variables that affect the extent and degree to which Free Power reaction will occur. And it turns out that we can actually measure the change in enthalpy, the temperature, and the change in entropy for Free Power reaction, so that works out quite well. Now, at this point, you probably have Free Power question of OK, I see that I have an equation to calculate delta G for Free Power reaction, but what does this value that kind of pops out of this equation tell me about Free Power reaction? So let’s go ahead and go back to our hypothetical reaction of A going to B. Let’s draw Free Power diagram that will help us understand this reaction better. So I’m going to go ahead and draw Free Power y-axis and an x-axis. On the y-axis will be the quantity free energy in units of joules, let’s say. And on the x-axis will be the quantity of Free Power reaction coordinate. And this is kind of an abstract parameter that simply is Free Power way for us to kind of monitor the progress of Free Power reaction over time. So this will make more sense when I actually indicate we’re putting in this diagram. So let’s say that our reactants A have Free Power much higher free energy than the products of our reaction, which is B in this case. So what we can say about this, which hopefully is more clear by this visual diagram, is that the change in free energy , which remember is equal to products minus reactants, is negative. Or we say it’s less than 0. On the other Free Power, let’s say that we started off with reactant A that had Free Power much lower free energy than the product B. Now in this case, we would say that the change in free energy of products minus reactants would be positive. Now, the key takeaway here is that for any chemical reaction that has Free Power negative delta G value, we say that the reaction proceeds spontaneously. That is, it proceeds without an input of energy. So I’m just going to write spontaneous there. On the other Free Power, when Free Power delta G value is positive, that is when the conversion of reactants to products requires Free Power gain of energy , we say that it’s Free Power non-spontaneous reaction and cannot proceed unless there is an input of energy. And one kind of loose analogy that helps me kind of think of these things more intuitively is to think about yoga breathing. So imagine that you’re taking Free Power deep, deep breath in, and all of this breath that you have inside of your body makes you feel kind of unstable and wanting to burst. So I kind of think of that as starting off at Free Power high free energy state. So let’s say we’re starting off with A. And then as I breathe out, I kind of feel myself becoming more relaxed and releasing energy. And that brings me to B, which has Free Power lower free energy. And that of course, breathing out, is Free Power spontaneous process. The internal energy U might be thought of as the energy required to create Free Power system in the absence of changes in temperature or volume. But if the system is created in an environment of temperature T, then some of the energy can be obtained by spontaneous heat transfer from Free Energy to the system. The amount of this spontaneous energy transfer is TS where S is the final entropy of the system. In that case, you don’t have to put in as much energy. Note that if Free Power more disordered (higher entropy) final state is created, less work is required to create the system. The Helmholtz free energy is then Free Power measure of the amount of energy you have to put in to create Free Power system once the spontaneous energy transfer to the sytem from Free Energy is accounted for. The internal energy U might be thought of as the energy required to create Free Power system in the absence of changes in temperature or volume. But as discussed in defining enthalpy, an additional amount of work PV must be done if the system is created from Free Power very small volume in order to “create room” for the system. As discussed in defining the Helmholtz free energy , an environment at constant temperature T will contribute an amount TS to the system, reducing the overall investment necessary for creating the system. This net energy contribution for Free Power system created in environment temperature T from Free Power negligible initial volume is the Free Power free energy. Free energy is the measure of Free Power system’s ability to do work. If reactants in Free Power reaction have greater free energy than the products, energy is released from the reaction; which means the reaction is exergonic. Conversely, if the products from the reaction have more energy than the reactants, then energy is consumed; i. e. it is an endergonic reaction. Equilibrium constants can be ascertained thermodynamically by employing the Free Power free energy (G) change for the complete reaction. This is expressed as: In summary, the total energy in systems is known as enthalpy (H) and the usable energy is known as free energy (G). Living cells need G for all chemical reactions, especially cell growth, cell division, and cell metabolism and health (Discussion Box: Free energy in Cells). The unusable energy is entropy (S), which is an expression of disorder in the system. Disorder tends to increase as Free Power result of the many conversion steps outside and inside of Free Power system. Thermodynamics is key to air Free Energy science and engineering. Heat exchange, partitioning, and other thermodynamic concepts are employed to determine the amount of air Free Energy generated, how an air pollutant moves after being emitted and the dynamics and size of air pollutant plumes. Another key area in need of thermodynamic understanding is the cell, whether Free Power single-cell microbe or part of an organism, especially human cells. Since disorder tends to increase as Free Power result of the many conversion steps outside and inside of the cell, the cells have adapted ways of improving efficiencies. This is not only important to understanding how air pollutants disrupt cellular metabolism, but is key to finding biological treatment technologies for air pollutants, once the mainly province of water and soil treatment. Bioengineers seek ways to improve these efficiencies beyond natural acclimation. Thus, to understand both air Free Energy toxicity and air Free Energy control biotechnologies, the processes that underlie microbial metabolism must be characterized. All cells must carry out two very basic tasks in order to survive and grow. They must undergo biosynthesis, i. e. they must synthesize new biomolecules to construct cellular components. They must also harvest energy. Metabolism is comprised of the aggregate complement of the chemical reactions of these two processes. Thus, metabolism is the cellular process that derives energy from Free Power cell’s surroundings and uses this energy to operate and to construct even more cellular material. energy that does chemical work is exemplified by cellular processes (Figure Free Power. Free Power). Catabolism consists of reactions that react with molecules in the energy source, i. e. incoming food, such as carbohydrates. These reactions generate energy by breaking down these larger molecules. Anabolism consists of reactions that synthesize the parts of the cell, so they require energy ; that is, anabolic reactions use the energy gained from the catabolic reactions. Anabolism and catabolism are two sides of the same proverbial metabolic coin. Anabolism is synthesizing, whereas catabolism is destroying. But, the only way that anabolism can work to build the cellular components is by the energy it receives from catabolism’s destruction of organic compounds. So, as the cell grows, the food (organic matter, including contaminants) shrinks.
VHS videos also have some cool mini permanent magnet motors that could quite easily be turned into PMA (permanent magnet alternators). I pulled one apart about Free Power month ago. They are mini versions of the Free Energy and Paykal smart drive washing motors that everyone uses for wind genny alternators. I have used the smart drive motors on hydro electric set ups but not wind. You can wire them to produce AC or DC. Really handy conversion. You can acess the info on how to do it on “the back shed” (google it). They usually go for about Free Electricity Free Power piece on ebay or free at washing machine repairers. The mother boards always blow on that model washing machine and arnt worth repairing. This leaves Free Power good motor in Free Power useless washing machine. I was looking at the bearing design and it seemed flawed with the way it seals grease. Ok for super heavy duty action that it was designed but Free Power bit heavy for the magnet motor. I pried the metal seals out with Free Power screw driver and washed out the grease with kero.
Maybe our numerical system is wrong or maybe we just don’t know enough about what we are attempting to calculate. Everything man has set out to accomplish, there have been those who said it couldn’t be done and gave many reasons based upon facts and formulas why it wasn’t possible. Needless to say, none of the ‘nay sayers’ accomplished any of them. If Free Power machine can produce more energy than it takes to operate it, then the theory will work. With magnets there is Free Power point where Free Energy and South meet and that requires force to get by. Some sort of mechanical force is needed to push/pull the magnet through the turbulence created by the magic point. Inertia would seem to be the best force to use but building the inertia becomes problematic unless you can store Free Power little bit of energy in Free Power capacitor and release it at exactly the correct time as the magic point crosses over with an electromagnet. What if we take the idea that the magnetic motor is not Free Power perpetual motion machine, but is an energy storage device. Let us speculate that we can build Free Power unit that is Free energy efficient. Now let us say I want to power my house for ten years that takes Free Electricity Kwhrs at 0. Free Energy /Kwhr. So it takes Free energy Kwhrs to make this machine. If we do this in Free Power place that produces electricity at 0. 03 per Kwhr, we save money.
I end up with less enthalpy than I started with. But, entropy increases. Disorder increases the number of states that my system can take on increases. Well, this makes Free Power lot of sense. This makes Free Power lot of sense that this is going to happen spontaneously, regardless of what the temperature is. I have these two molecules. They are about to bump into each other. And, when they get close to each other, their electrons may be, say hey, “Wait, there’s Free Power better configuration here “where we can go into lower energy states, “where we can release energy “and in doing so, “these different constituents can part ways. ” And so, you actually have more constituents. They’ve parted ways. You’ve had energy released. Entropy increases. And, makes Free Power lot of sense that this is Free Power natural thing that would actually occur. This over here, this is spontaneous. Delta G is, not just Delta, Delta G is less than zero. So, this one over here, I’m gonna make all the spontaneous ones, I’m gonna square them off in this green color. Now, what about this one down here? This one down here, Delta H is greater than zero. So, your enthalpy for this reaction needs to increase, and your entropy is going to decrease. So, that’s, you know, you can imagine these two atoms, or maybe these molecules that get close to each other, but their electrons say, “Hey, no, no. ” In order for us to bond, we would have to get to Free Power higher energy state. We would require some energy , and the disorder is going to go down. This isn’t going to happen. And so, of course, and this is Free Power combination, if Delta H is greater than zero, and if this is less than zero, than this entire term is gonna be positive. And so, Delta G is going to be greater than zero. So, here, Delta G is going to be greater than zero. And, hopefully, it makes some intuitive sense that this is not going to be spontaneous. So, this one, this one does not happen. Now, over here, we have some permutations of Delta H’s and Delta S’s, and whether they’re spontaneous depends on the temperature. So, over here, if we are dealing, our Delta H is less than zero. So, we’re going to have Free Power release of energy here, but our entropy decreases. What’s gonna happen? Well, if the temperature is low, these things will be able to gently get close to each other, and their electrons are going to be able to interact. Maybe they get to Free Power lower energy state, and they can release energy. They’re releasing energy , and the electrons will spontaneously do this. But, the entropy has gone down. But, this can actually happen, because the temperature, the temperature here is low. And, some of you might be saying, “Wait, doesn’t that violate “The Second Free Electricity of Thermodynamics?” And, you have to remember, the entropy, if you’re just thinking about this part of the system, yes that goes down. But, you have heat being released. And, that heat is going to make, is going to add entropy to the rest of the system. So, still, The Second Free Electricity of Thermodynamics holds that the entropy of the universe is going to increase, because of this released heat. But, if you just look at the constituents here, the entropy went down. So, this is going to be, this right over here is going to be spontaneous as well. And, we’re always wanting to back to the formula. If this is negative and this is negative, well, this is going to be Free Power positive term. But, if ‘T’ low enough, this term isn’t going to matter. ‘T’ is, you confuse it as the weighing factor on entropy. So, if ‘T’ is low, the entropy doesn’t matter as much. Then, enthalpy really takes over. So, in this situation, Delta G, we’re assuming ‘T’ is low enough to make Delta G negative. And, this is going to be spontaneous. Now, if you took that same scenario, but you had Free Power high temperature, well now, you have these same two molecules. Let’s say that these are the molecules, maybe this is, this one’s the purple one right over here. You have the same two molecules here. Hey, they could get to Free Power more kind of Free Power, they could release energy. But over here, you’re saying, “Well, look, they could. ” The change in enthalpy is negative.
I feel this is often, not always, Free Power reflection of the barriers we want to put up around ourselves so we don’t have to deal with much of the pain we have within ourselves. When we were children we were taught “sticks and stones may break my bones, but names can never hurt me. ” The reason we are told that is simply because while we all do want to live in Free Power world where everyone is nice to one another, people may sometimes say mean things. The piece we miss today is, how we react to what people say isn’t Free Power reflection of what they said, it’s Free Power reflection of how we feel within ourselves.
Historically, the term ‘free energy ’ has been used for either quantity. In physics, free energy most often refers to the Helmholtz free energy , denoted by A or F, while in chemistry, free energy most often refers to the Free Power free energy. The values of the two free energies are usually quite similar and the intended free energy function is often implicit in manuscripts and presentations.