Radiation Therapy for Colorectal Cancer

Radiation therapy uses high energy x-rays to destroy cancer cells. A radiation oncologist will customize the treatment dose for individual needs. The goal is to try and kill as much cancer as possible while minimizing harm to healthy tissue. Radiation therapy is generally most effective when used in combination with other treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy. It may be used to destroy remaining cancer cells after surgery, or rarely, as an alternative for people who cannot tolerate surgery.

Types of radiation therapy used for colorectal cancer:

External Beam Radiation

In external beam radiation therapy, radiation is produced by a machine called a linear accelerator. Short bursts of x-rays are fired from the machine at the cancer. The x-rays come out in a square-shaped manner. The radiation oncologist designs special blocks to shape the radiation beam so that it treats the cancer and as little normal tissue as possible.

Endocavitary

Endocavitary radiation therapy is used to treat some rectal cancers. A high-intensity dose of radiation is delivered through the anus and into the rectum. This may cause fewer side effects because endocavitary radiation spares the skin and other abdominal tissue. It may also be used in combination with external beam radiation.

Brachytherapy

This is also called internal radiation therapy. Small pellets with radioactive material are placed near the cancer. Since radiation does not travel far from the pellets, it is less damaging to normal tissue. Brachytherapy is sometimes used in rectal cancer treatment.

Side Effects and Management

Complications of radiation therapy to the abdominal and pelvic areas may include:

Infertility—talk to your doctor about options to preserve fertility before starting treatment

A variety of treatments are available to help manage side effects of radiation therapy, such as dry, irritated skin, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue due to anemia. Sometimes adjustments to treatment doses may also be possible. The earlier side effects are addressed, the more likely they will be controlled with a minimum of discomfort.

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.