Abstract: Beech forests cover
almost 17% from the forest fund in Bulgaria. They are
characterised with specific structure, growth and ecological
plasticity.
Thickness and height structure of beech forests in 7 regions of the country were
determined according to height classes, under different site conditions
and
from 50 to 160 years of age. Necrotic damages on stems, expressed
through
necrotisation index(Ins) up
to 500 m a.s.l. are with highest value (1,16), up to 1000 m a.s.l. – 0,98 and over 1000 m a.s.l. –
0,67.

Хр.
ЦаковOPTIMISATION OF NUMBER
OF TREES IN AUSTRIAN BLACKPINE
PLANTATIONS THROUGH APPLICATION
OF OPTIMAL DENSITY COEFFICIENT (Коd)
OF TREE STAND

Hr. Tsakov

Abstract:Spatial structure
of tree stand is expression of the configuration of trees, their number
(density) and real capability of the site. For determination of optimal
number
of trees in Austrian black pine plantations, the coefficient of optimal
density
(Коd)
has been used, which expresses the ratio of average height (Hav)
and average space between trees (Lav).
It was established
that this coefficient decreases with growing of age from 0,194 to
0,155, and by
changing of density it varies from 0,190 to 0,170. The calculated
optimal
number of trees is close to the real one from the growth model of
Austrian
black pine plantations. Up to the 40-th year of age differences vary
from total
coincidence to -3,6%. This trend remains also in pre-mature stands.

Abstract.
The Executive environmental agency
of the Ministry of Environment and Water is the main organizer of the soil monitoring system as an element of the national
automatic system for ecology monitoring of Bulgaria. Up to now working teams of the
Institute of Soil Science “Nikola Poushkarov” and of the Executive
environmental agencycontinue processing of soil data collectin from many "hot points" in the country for
establishment of the disturbances of the soils (technogenic
alkalization of
acid soils, soil heavy metal and metaloid contamination and others) recorded in the national monitoring system. Soil and
terrain database, land degradation status andsoil vulnerability assessment are the results of the work of the soil
experts in the national monitoring network,
based on a common European methodology and GIS technology.

Estimationof
the influenceofthe industrialgypsumover
the recovery of the soil fertility ofsaltsoilsin
the regionof the Kermen-town

Е.

Zlatareva, Sv.
Marinova, St. Stratieva

Abstract:By
the grow of the industry they are many industrial wastes as a result by
the
mining industry, energetic industry, metallurgy, chemistry and others.
This substantially
increases the pollutions of the environment and most of the soil. In
the “Maritza East” 2 Ltd. By the scrubbing process
they are produced about 600,000 tons per year industrial gypsum, which
is
deposited on fertile agricultural land. Environmentally, themanagementof the
wastes, their safe recovery is a
priority in the environmental policy of the country.

We havemade studiesforidentifyingof opportunitiesfor applicationofthe
chemicalwaste
gypsumaschemical reclamation product for salt-soil of the
meadow-land intheregion of Kermen-town.We
have determinedpositive changesin the soil qualityand soil fertilityas a result of the reclamation activities. They
arethe most important indicators,which give usprerequisitefor utilizationof gypsumfrom“Maritza East”
2 Ltd.as reclamation for salt soils.

Е. Тошева, М. СтоичковаINFLUENCE OF
MOLYBDENUM AT DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION OF BARLEY AND REST QUANTITIES OF
MINERAL
NITROGEN IN SOIL

E. Tosheva, M. Stoichkova

Abstract:The influence of molybdenum on
barley’s behavior at
different fertilization rates, expressed through the obtained yield and
its
structural elements, is studied. A vegetation experiment with spring
barley
Elza variety is carried out. The investigation is done at different
rest
quantities of mineral nitrogen in two soils – Leached Smolnitza, (Kostinbrod) andLeachedCinnamonicForest soil (Patriarch
Eftimovo). Three different nitrogen fertilization rates are tried out –
with
and without molybdenum at basic background of phosphorus - potassium
fertilization. We accomplished eight treatments in six replicates. From
the
carried out study, it is found that molybdenum is one of the limiting
factors
for the amount of barley yield, its structural elements and the
physical
properties of grain. Obtained results show higher positive effect of
molybdenum
fertilization for LeachedCinnamonicForest soil (with lower
natural fertility and higher acidity) when nitrogen rate and rest
quantities of
mineral nitrogen in soil increased. Probably, the reason for that is
the
regulative function of molybdenum in soil-fertilizer-plant system.

Abstract.
Information
is presented
about the content of natural and man-made radioactive elements in soils
from
different country areas covering most of its territory. For the
technogineous radionuclides the changes in
cesium-137 and
strontium-90 specific activities in soil is considered in more details
as they
are relatively long-lived and are in detectable amounts in all soil
samples. Relations
are established between the properties of the different soil types and
the behaviour
of radionuclides in them. The changes in the radiation status of soils
are
analysed and evaluated in relation with the status directly after the Chernobyl’s
disaster in 1986.

Е. Тошева, П.
АлександроваEFFECT
OF THE METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND FERTILIZATION ON THE YIELD OF
MAIZE GROWN
ON DARK-GREY FOREST
SOIL

E. Tosheva, P. Alexandrova

Abstract.The study is based on data
from 12 years field fertilization experiment with maize grown in wheat
rotation
on dark grey forest soil in Targovishte region.The effect of meteorological conditions on the value of maize
yield at
the systematic fertilization is studied. The rates of nitrogen,
phosphorus and
potassium as follows: 60, 120,180 и 240kgNha-1; 40, 80, 120 и 160kgР2О5,
ha-1; 0 и 120kgК2О ha-1are used for this purpose.It is established that the yield
of maize
strongly varies according to meteorological conditions and applied
fertilization. The effectiveness of fertilization decreases or is
discontinued
by the water deficiency. The negative effect is increased at higher
fertilizer
rates and enhanced content of residues nitrogen and mobile phosphorus
in
condition of long soil fertilization. The carried out mathematical
development
gives us the possibility for exact rates determination of maize
fertilization
depending on annual meteorological conditions.

Study on the modifying
effect of
manganese
sulfate at acute gamma-irradiation of different oats varieties

Ts. Bineva, D. Staneva, I. Yordanova, L.
Misheva, A. Zlatev

Abstract.Vegetation pot experiments were
carried out under
controlled conditions with three oats varieties widespread in the
country.
Plants were irradiated with gamma-rays of cesium-137 with a doze of 5Gy
at stem
extension phase, when radiosensitivity of cereal crops is the highest.
On the
day following the irradiation the plants were sprayed with
radio-modifier -
manganese sulfate for the purpose of reducing the irradiation damage.The degree of the irradiation
damage and
protection was recorded at the end of the vegetation period following
some
productivity indexes. The efficiencyindex
oftheapplied modifier was also
determined.

Abstract: The
role of pasteurization for decontamination of poultry litter from
broilers in
bioreactor with continuous mesophilic regime of anaerobic digestion was
studied. The changes of the quantities of a test strains of Esherichia
coli, PseudomonasaeruginosaandStaphylococcus
aureus,
resistant to antibiotics
from the groups of the amphenicols
and the
tetracyclines
were followed. The strains were introduced
in quantities by 105CFU/mLof the content of the bioreactor. When the
pasteurization was done
at 70оС for
1 hat the entrance as well
as at the exit of the bioreactor the test bacteria were not found out
in the
last bioshlame.If the
pasteurization
of the poultry litter at 70оС for 1 hwas done only at the entrance of the bioreactor high
degree of decontamination was achieved, but S. aureuswas revealed up to 48-thh if only in very little quantities.

In a simultaneouslyconducted analogous
experiment in continuous
mesophilic regime of anaerobic digestionof
poultry litter without
pasteurizationthe
introduced bacteria of the three strains in the same concentrations
were inactivated
during three weeks.

The
pasteurization at 70оС throughout1
h is a certain method for decontamination of poultry
litter in mesophilic regime of anaerobic
digestion.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TRANSESTERIFICATION
OF MAHUA OIL USING MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

N. Kapilan, B.
Baykov

Abstract. The gradual depletion of
petroleum reserves,
increasing demand of diesel and crisis of petroleum oil price eruption,
leads
to the biodiesel as a renewable substitute for the diesel. Mahua oil is
one of
the potential feedstock for biodiesel production in India, due to its high oil content,
availability
and non-edible in nature. In this work, biodiesel was produced from
mahua oil by
a two-step transesterification. The transesterification was carried out
using
microwave irradiation and the biodiesel yield was compared with the
conventional
heating. A domestic microwave oven was modified and used for the
microwave
irradiation in this work. From the experimental results it is observed
that the
process using microwaves irradiation has effectively shortened the
reaction
time as compared with the conventional heating method. From the
properties
analysis it is found that the mahua oil biodiesel satisfy the fuel
standards.

Abstract.
The search for
suitable
alternative fuels that are environment friendly has led to the choice of Mahua Oil
(MO) as one of the main alternative fuels to diesel oil in India.When
MO was used as sole fuel in Compression Ignition (CI) engine, higher
smoke
emission and lower thermal efficiency was observed. Hence in the
present work,
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was fumigated along with the air and the
injection pressure was increased for the better atomization of MO. From
the
experimental results, it was observed that the performance of CI engine
with
MO+LPG dual fuel mode is comparable to diesel and better than MO. At
the LPG
energy share of 48.29%, MO+LPG dual fuel mode results in 29.67 %
reduction in
smoke emission as compared to MO. Also this dual fuel mode operation
results in
a marginal reduction in NOx emission as compared to Diesel+LPG dual
fuel mode. From
the analysis, it is concluded that the MO can be used as a partial,
renewable,
alternative substitute for the diesel in India, for the development of rural
economy and energy
security.

COMPARATIVE
STUDIES ON
SUBSTRATES FOR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION IN VIEW OF REGULATING THE NITRATE
CONTENT IN
THE DIGESTATE

O. Lutskanova

Abstract.The
recovery of the
balance of all
nutrients and of the compromised mineral equilibrium in the agrocenosis
is
possible due
to
the fertilization process. The industrial production of
mineral fertilizers is an energy-consuming process, which leads to
substantial unrecoverable
losses
of energy. According to the EU requirements for decreasing the scale of
soil
and surface water pollution with nitric compounds (the nitrate
directive),
the purpose of the current investigations is to find
possibilities
for combining substrates in order to produce biogas and digestate
with relatively low nitric oxide levels. This will comply with the conditions
for sustainable agriculture by preserving soil, water, plant and animal
genetic
resources and will help protect the environment, being at the same time
technologically accomplishable, economically justified and socially
tolerant.

Abstract: Studies have been conducted to assess the
possibilities of combining large refineries for biodiesel plants with
modular
installations, purpose of which is to utilize relatively small amounts
of
materials which are derived from typical extensive production of energy
crops
for some parts of the country or processed waste oil from food
industry. After
a comparative analysis of available systems in the country to
established that
they are designed for stationary conditions and large amounts of raw
materials. We have attempted to make an environmental
assessment and technical feasibility of the developed mobile
installation by
"Kondakov Energy Ltd.

Abstract:The last strong earthquakes
occurred during the last
few years (in general – Sumatra Mw9.0-2004 and ChileMw8.8-2010)
produced large
displacements measured by GPS. Due to the classic geodynamics the
continental
plates are considered as rigid bodies floating over the mantle
substrate. Both
strong events produced displacements with different amplitudes observed
at
different distances of the main ruptures produced by the earthquakes.
The Sumatra event displacements were not so
easy to be measured due to the ocean
bottom rupture. The Chile seismic event produced large displacements of
a big
portion of the South America plate (more then 1 million km2)
and
they have been observed to the Atlantic ocean, thus meaning that the
whole
plate have been displaced. Such movements were not observable before
the
satellite GPS measurements have been introduced in the recent
geodynamic
practice.

Abstract: The EU SCHEMA
Project is targeted to the tsunami risk mapping and management of the
emergencies appeared due to the tsunami hazard. The Bulgarian
participation is
by the expertise, data and experience for the selected test site of
Balchik
city. Tsunami modeling of the generation, propagation and inundation of
the
test site is performed using most advanced methodologies related to the
space
imaginary, real tsunami data and DEM and digital bathymetry.
Vulnerability and
risk maps are produced and presented to the end-users – local and
regional
authorities.

Abstract: This
paper is an attempt to promote geological tourism in Bulgaria on the examples of certain geological
formations located in the marbles and volcanic rocks in the Rhodope massive
(Central and Eastern Rhodope).For the purpose, besides
description and location of the sites, it is provided information on
their
geological origin which is directly related to the origin of the
Rhodope. It is specified
also later geological processes that change rocks after their initial
formation.