One language dies every 14 days. By the next century nearly half of the roughly 7,000 languages spoken on Earth will likely disappear, as communities abandon native tongues in favor of English, Mandarin, or Spanish. What is lost when a language goes silent?

Language

Chemehuevi

“I speak it inside my heart”

Johnny Hill, Jr.

Arizona

Johnny Hill, Jr., of Parker, Arizona, is one of the last speakers of Chemehuevi, an endangered Native American language: “It’s like a bird losing feathers. You see one float by, and there it goes—another word gone.”

Language

Euchee

“We are still here.”

— Maxine Wildcat Barnett (left)and Josephine Wildcat Bigler

Oklahoma

Maxine Wildcat Barnett (at left) and Josephine Wildcat Bigler say their grandmother always demanded that they speak their native language. “As long as you live in my house,” she said, “you speak Euchee!” Here the Wildcat sisters visit their grandmother’s grave in a cemetery behind Pickett Chapel, a Methodist church in Sapulpa, Oklahoma.

Language

Euchee

“I don’t want to seethis language die out.”

— K’asa Henry Washburn

Oklahoma

K’asa Henry Washburn, 86, is one of only four fluent speakers of Euchee left. Every day he drives ten miles from his home in West Tulsa to the Euchee Language House, where children are learning their native tongue. As a result, Euchee students sometimes get in trouble again for speaking their ancestral language in school. Richard Grounds, director of the project, calls him a “living dictionary.”

Language

Hupa

“My mother’s motherhas been here before.”

— Melodie George-Moore

California

Melodie George-Moore was discouraged from speaking her tribal language while growing up. “Why learn Hupa? Everyone who speaks it is dead.” But she sensed her destiny was tied to learning the Hupa language, and so she has learned it well enough to fulfill her role as a medicine woman. Moore believes that answers to the troubles faced by her tribe may be found in the stories of her ancestors.

Language

Karuk

“The white languagedoesn’t go deep enough.”

— Charlie “Red Hawk” Thom

California

Charlie “Red Hawk” Thom is a medicine man and ceremonial leader. He says that English goes in one ear and out the other: it never touches the heart. Karuk, he says, begins in the heart and moves to the mind. To say you love something, you say ick-ship-eee-mihni. “This is serious,” he says. “If you tell a woman eee-mihni then, well, you’d better be ready to marry her.”

Language

Wintu

“This mountainhas my heart.”

— Caleen Sisk

California

Caleen Sisk is the spiritual leader and the tribal chief of the Winnemem Wintu tribe—and a last speaker of the language that sustains her people’s identity. For a hundred years, the tribe has been fighting with the U.S. government over its territory along the McCloud River, abutting Mount Shasta, which they consider their birthplace. Loss of land and loss of language are connected, says Sisk. “This land is our church.”

Language

Washoe

“It’d be nice if we couldall sit down and talkour language.”

— Ramona Dick

California

Ramona Dick refused to be sent off as a child to the Stewart Indian School near Carson City, where students were required to speak only English.

Language

Washoe

— Herman Holbrook

California

Herman Holbrook struggled to hold onto his Washoe words until his death in September of last year. As he wandered in the Pine Nut Mountains, where his ancestors had walked for thousands of years, Holbrook explained what the place meant to him: Dik’ Ma:sh di ma:sh, or my pine nut lands, my face.

Tuvan

Language

Russia

Number of speakers

235,000

[ songgaar ]

[ burungaar ]

go back | the future

go forward | the past

Tuvans believe the past is ahead of them while the future lies behind. The children who flock to this bungee-cord ride outside the National Museum of Tuva look to the future, but it’s behind them, not yet seen.

[ ezenggileer ]

Tuvan

to stirrup | to sing with the rhythms of a riding horse

The words used to describe styles of throat singing—an art among Tuvan herders—perfectly capture their distinctive sounds. Ezenggileer evokes the pulsing rhythms of galloping on a horse.

Tuvan

[ khei-àt ]

air horse | a spiritual place within

Ai-Xaan Oorzhak throat sings and plays the igil, or horse-head fiddle, with bow techniques like “make horse walk.” Singers use the term “air horse” to describe the spiritual depths they draw from to produce the harmonic sounds.

Tuvan

[ khoj özeeri ]

ritual sheep slaughter

The Tuvans slaughter sheep by making a slit in the animal’s chest, inserting a hand, and severing the main artery that leads to the heart. The term khoj özeeri conveys both the humane attitude of this method of slaughter as well as the skill that ensures that no blood is spilled.

Tuvan

[ čyttaar ]

to kiss | to sniff

Orlan Sat tenderly sniffs his son Sayan, a Tuvan sign of affection akin to a kiss. He’s already begun teaching Sayan how to herd the family’s 600 animals by riding with him out on the range in Tuva.

[ anayim ]

Tuvan

my little goat

Aidyng Kyrgys caresses his newborn baby girl, whom he refers to using this tender term of endearment. The arrival of an infant is cause for a celebration and feasting for the whole family at their tiny log house.

Tuvan

[ ak byzaa ]

white calf, less than one year

Raising sheep, yaks, and goats on the Siberian steppe is so central to Tuvan life that the vocabulary for livestock is embedded with detailed information about each animal’s age, gender, fertility, coloration.

Tuvan

[ oktaar ]

to throw or take down

A Tuvan wrestling match is decided when the first man is thrown down—when any part of his body other than the soles of his feet touches the ground. Valeriy Ondar and Sholban Mongush warm up in traditional costumes at a celebration in Kyzyl featuring more than 250 wrestlers competing for cars, refrigerators, and a stove. Competitors can be locked in positions for hours, testing each other’s points of power and weakness.

Tuvan

[ artyštaar ]

to burn juniper | to purify

A Tuvan shaman cleanses the house of a deceased relative’s spirit using smoke from burning juniper to chase away darkness. The incense fills the room as the family ask the spirits of hearth and home to protect them.

Aka

Language

India

Number of speakers

1,000-2,000

[ tradzy ]

a necklace of yellow stone beads

The Aka have more than 26 words to describe beads. Beyond being objects of adornment, beads are status symbols and currency. This toddler will get this necklace at her wedding.

Aka

[ shobotro vyew ]

to calculate bride price using twigs

The price for an Aka marriage is negotiated with bamboo sticks. The groom’s side lays down a number representing money and gifts, and the bride’s family counteroffers. Families can haggle for months using the same sticks.

Aka

[ chofe gidego ]

is looking at liver

A marriage is not recognized until after the ritual slaughter of a mithan, a type of cattle, when its liver can be read. The verdict: A small spot might signal an accident in the couple’s future but otherwise a happy life.

Aka

[ nichleu-nuggo ]

village counselorwise, compassionate, tolerant

Govardhan Nimasow is a rich man who married eight wives, fathered 26 children, and owns one of the few concrete houses in his village. But his status as a nichleu-nuggo also means he possesses humility and wisdom.

Aka

[ mope ay ]

poison mother

Hunting is now restricted and most of the big game killed off, but a mystique still surrounds the weapons of Aka hunters in Palizi. Mope ay refers to the plant used to poison arrow tips.

Aka

[ labber oogo ]

rubber to shoot

Eight-year-old Vishal Ramdasow’s slingshot is much less deadly than the poisoned arrows his ancestors used to kill tigers. The word labber is borrowed from the English “rubber.”

Aka

[ ayay ]

mama

[ chulai ]

mother chicken or hen

Giamum Yame stands with her two-year-old son in the doorway of their home an hour away from Palizi. A henhouse basket is nailed to the wall.

Seri

Language

Mexico

Number of speakers

650-1,000

[ ziix quih haasax haaptxö quih áno cöcacaaixaj ]

one who strongly greetswith joy/peace/harmony

There is no greeting among the Seris akin to a handshake or wave. But Josué Robles Barnett demonstrates a gesture that used to be performed when arriving in a strange community to convey you meant no harm.

Seri

[ iquiisax hipi hacx caap ]

spirit that exists alone

The Seris used to believe that when air spun into a whirlwind in the desert, it was the spirit of a dead person. Now most Seris are Christians and have moved away from a literal belief that ghosts are among them. In this El Desemboque cemetery Marcela Díaz Félix uses a scarf for shade as she visits her father’s grave.

Seri

[ Miixöni quih zó hant ano tiij? ]

Where is your placenta buried?

This is how the Seris ask, Where are you from? Those who were born before hospital births know the exact spot where their afterbirth was placed in the ground, covered in sand and ash, and topped with rocks.

Seri

[ hant iiha cöhacomxoj ]

ones who have been told the ancient things

She’s blind and nearly deaf, but Isabel Chavela Torres still passes on traditional knowledge. The Seri names for species in the Sonoran Desert and Gulf of California reveal behaviors scientists have only recently begun to discover.

Seri

[ hepem cöicooit ]

one who dances like the white-tailed deer

Chavela’s grandson Jorge Luis Montaño Herrera shakes gourd rattles and assumes the identity of a deer. Just as his grandmother once sang him traditional melodies, he now wants to teach the deer dance to Seri children.

Seri

[ atcz | azaac ]

daughter of a parent’s younger siblingdaughter of a parent’s older sibling

The Seris have more than 50 terms for kinship relationships, such as between these two cousins, many specific to the gender and birth order of the relative. A woman uses a different word for father than a man does.

Seri

[ xeescl ]

desert lavender

Knowledge of the plants of the Sonoran Desert, in Seri the “place of the plants,” has long been essential to Seri survival.

Seri

[ heeno cmaam ]

woman from place of the plants

Herbalists like Juanita Herrera Casanova are greatly esteemed in the Seri community for their knowledge of herbal medicine and traditional ceremonies. Herrera searches out desert lavender, desert mistletoe, and desert senna and carries the bounty home on her head.

Seri

[ caahit ]

to cause the fish to eat

When Seri fishermen like Juan Barnett Díaz catch a fish in the Gulf of California, they say they “encouraged the fish to eat”—a respectful, fish-centric way of describing their dependence on the sea’s bounty. Generations ago, Seris who worked along the shores of the gulf returned with abundant varieties of fish and sea turtles. Today competition from commercial boats means they must settle for puffer fish and skates.

Seri

[ ziix hacx tiij catax ]

thing that moves on its own

As modern inventions like cars enter their world, the Seris tend to adapt their language rather than import Spanish words. Erica Barnett uses an abandoned car as a hothouse to grow mangroves to replenish an estuary.

Seri

[ caasipl ]

the one who makes marks

Other Seris can’t understand why Lorenzo Herrera Casanova has chosen to be a writer, or “one who makes marks,” because it doesn’t earn him anything. But since linguists came to help the Seris create their first dictionary, he’s become obsessed with documenting everything his grandfather told him as a boy.

Seri

[ hihipon ]

my voice

Punta Chueca teenager Deborah Anabel Herrera Moreno has a rebellious streak. She’s trying to find her own voice by learning to write the Seri language, called Cmiique Iitom. Although she dropped out of school, she’s teaching herself to read and write in hopes of becoming a teacher someday.