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hich we repel a despotism from abroad, only establishes over us a military despotism at home.
Much has been said and written about military despotism; but we think he who studies history thoroughly, will not fail to prefer a military despotism to a despotism of mere politicians.
The governments of Alexander and Charlemagne were infinitely preferable to those of the petty civil tyrants who preceded and followed them; and there is no one so blinded by prejudice as to say that the reign of Napoleon was no better than that of Robespierre, Danton, and the other lawyers who preceded him, or of the Bourbons, for whom he was dethroned.
Caesar, says a distinguished senator of our own country,
was rightfully killed for conspiring against his country; but it was not he that destroyed the liberties of Rome.
That work was done by the profligate politicians without him, and before his time; and his death did not restore the republic.
There were no more elections: rotten politicians had

e other branches of military service are but very briefly discussed. De Vernon's Treatise on the Science of War and Fortification contains much valuable information; but, as an elementary book, it has the same objections as that of Rocquancourt. History of the Seven years war, by Lloyd and Templehoff. The military writings of Lloyd and Templehoff are valuable as connected with the history of strategy; but many of the principles laid down by these writers are now regarded as erroneous. Memoires de Napoleon.
The Memoirs of Napoleon, as dictated by himself to Gourgaud and Montholon, have been translated into English.
It is hardly necessary to remark that they contain all the general principles of military art and science.
No military man should fail to study them thoroughly.
The matter is so condensed, and important principles are embodied in so few words, that they are not easily understood by the ordinary reader, and probably will never be popular with the multitude. Essai geńeral d

eferred to as proving the expediency of maritime descents.
The following is a brief narrative of this expedition :--
Napoleon had projected vast fortifications, dock-yards, and naval arsenals at Flushing and Antwerp for the protection of a maritiunds for the last excuse; but the true reason for their conduct was the fear of getting involved in a war with England.
Napoleon says that, even at that season, a few days would have been sufficient for placing a hundred guns in battery, and that Swilent and allow the fleet to pass near that shore, out of reach of Cronenberg and Elsinore.
3d.
It is the opinion of Napoleon and the best English writers, that if the Swedish battery had been put in order, and acted in concert with the Danish wold have been formed nearer Copenhagen, the right supported by batteries raised on the isle of Amack.
In that case, says Napoleon, it is probable that Nelson would have failed in his attack; for it would have been impossible for him to pass between t

ences.—Brief description of the fortifications on the frontier, and an analysis of our northern campaigns.
In discussing engineering as a branch of the military art, we spoke of the use of fortifications on land frontiers, and their influence on the strategic operations of a campaign.
A brief notice was also given of the different systems that have been proposed for arranging these defensive works.
Let us now apply this discussion to our northern frontier.
The principle laid down by Napoleon and Jomini, that fortifications should always be constructed on important strategic points, is undoubtedly the correct one: but how to determine these points is a question that will often perplex the patience and try the skill of the engineer; yet determine them he must, or his fortifications will be worse than useless; for a fort improperly located, like a cannon with its fire reversed on its own artillerists, will be sure to effect the destruction of the very forces it was designed to pro

of foot artillery, and ten companies of horse.
This arm was greatly increased during the subsequent campaigns, and its organization was completely remodelled by Napoleon on his elevation to the head of the government.
The personnel of the artillery was then composed of a general staff, nine regiments of foot and six of horse.
Inding their pieces to the last extremity; they therefore cannot be easily captured by opposing columns of infantry.
As to pretending to rush upon the guns, says Napoleon, and carry them by the bayonet, or to pick off the gunners by musketry, these are chimerical ideas.
Such things do sometimes happen; but have we not examples ofr from some peculiar circumstance in the battle which enabled a bold and skilful commander to deviate from the ordinary rules of tactics.
Such was the case with Napoleon at Wagram.
In Saxony, in 1813, he was several times obliged to substitute his artillery to supply the — want of other arms.
In the defence and attack of fiel

sting of 120 officers and 7,092 men. In 1804, Napoleon organized five battalions of these troops, coonsisting of 24 officers and 576 men. In 1804 Napoleon increased these troops to nine companies, cons of miners, organized much the same as under Napoleon.
In the French army of 1799 there were two rion.
On many occasions, during his wars, did Napoleon feel and acknowledge the importance of these ee of forecast and ability to which certainly Napoleon owed his escape and the wreck.
of his army i; and the facility of passing rivers afforded Napoleon by his pontoniers, had an important influencein modern history.
The facility with which Napoleon crossed rivers, made forced marches, construcre before numbers vastly superior to his own, Napoleon concentrated his forces on the island of Loba brilliant campaign.
So high an estimate did Napoleon attach to the construction of these bridges, ve forces, had penetrated so near the army of Napoleon, that retreat became exceedingly difficult, a[4 more...]

very important improvements were made in the several branches of the military art, and especially in strategy.
His work on fortification exhibits much originality and genius, but it is doubtful whether it has very much contributed to the improvement of this art. His ideas have been very severely, and rather unfairly criticized by the English, and particularly by Sir Howard Douglas.
Chasseloup de Laubat early distinguished himself as an engineer of much capacity and talent.
He followed Napoleon in nearly all his campaigns, and conducted many of his sieges.
He remodelled the fortifications of Northern Italy and of the Lower Rhine.
He published in 1811.
The improvements which he introduced are numerous and valuable, and he probably contributed more to advance his art, and to restore the equilibrium between attack and defence, than any other engineer since Cormontaigne.
After the fall of Napoleon and the partition of his empire, the allies mutilated or destroyed the construction

01, by the Swedes; the passage of the Po, in 1701, by Prince Eugene; the passage of the Rhine, at Huninguen, in 1704; Jourdan's passage of the Rhine in 1795; Moreau's passage in 1796; the sieges of Kehl and Huninguen in 1797; Massena's passage of the Limmat, and Soult's passage of the Linth, in 1799; the passage of the Rhine, at Lucisteig, in 1800; the passage of the Po, by the French, just before the battle of Marengo; and others in Italy, Germany, and Spain, in the subsequent campaigns of Napoleon.
Military bridges have sometimes been formed of ropes, cables stretched across the stream, and firmly attached at each end to trees, or posts let into the earth.
If the shore is of rock, rings with staples let into the stone form the best means for securing the ends of the main ropes.
Plank are laid on these cables to form the road-way.
The ropes forming the side-rail of the bridge are passed over trestles at each shore, and then fastened as before.
Short vertical ropes attach the ma

advantage to a general;--that in the wars of Napoleon, and in the American Revolution, and the Amerry school of Auxerre, and a fellow-pupil with Napoleon in the military school of Paris.
Kleber was rnish officers for any of the earlier wars of Napoleon; but. in his last campaigns he began to reap e, and became governor of Bengal at forty.
Napoleon was made a lieutenant at seventeen, a captaincipal generals who commanded in the armies of Napoleon, let us look for a moment at those who oppose chiefs of staff.
In the campaign of 1815, Napoleon was opposed by the combinations of Wellingtona, and Russia, in their earlier contests with Napoleon, i. e., to supply our armies with generals, wleber, was lost by the seniority of Menou.
Napoleon formed rules for promotion, both for peace anf the enemy's line of defence, as was done by Napoleon in the Marengo campaign.
Fig.
5.-- Napoleonf reserve.
Fig.
6 shows the plan adopted by Napoleon in the campaign of 1800, to preserve his comm[5 more...]