1.
1719 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1719 in Ireland. November 2 - The Toleration Act, passed by the Parliament of Ireland, march 26 Old Style - The Dependency of Ireland on Great Britain Act 1719 is passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. First service held in the rebuilt St. Werburghs Church, Dublin, designed by Colonel Thomas Burgh, cornelius Nary publishes a new Roman Catholic New Testament Bible translation into English, probably in Dublin

2.
1718 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1718 in Ireland. May 2 - The scholar William Nicolson is appointed Bishop of Derry, may 10 - The Roman Catholic Bishopric of Emly is united with the Archbishopric of Cashel. July–August - The first ships carrying Scotch-Irish emigrants from Ulster to North America arrive in Boston, october 28 - Ashkenazi Jews lease the site for Ballybough Cemetery in Fairview, Dublin, Irelands first Jewish cemetery. Jervis Street Hospital, is founded by six surgeons as the Charitable Infirmary in Cook Street, the first public voluntary hospital in the British Isles

3.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time

4.
1727 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1727 in Ireland. June 11 - George II becomes King of Great Britain and Ireland upon the death of George I, the Irish are permitted to trade in Youghal as corn is scarce, there are riots against its export to other parts. Jonathan Swifts A Short View of the State of Ireland is written, april 23 - George Anne Bellamy, actress December 27 - Arthur Murphy, editor and writer June 11 - George I of Great Britain

5.
Dr Steevens' Hospital
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Dr Steevens Hospital in Dublin was one of Irelands most distinguished eighteenth-century medical establishments. It was founded under the terms of the will of Dr Richard Steevens, an eminent physician in Dublin, griselda Steevens was left an income by her brother Dr Richard Steevens. This was from an estate in Westmeath and Kings County which gave her £600 per annum for her life and it was to be used after her death to found a hospital. She, however, decided to use the money during her life, and founded, in 1720, the hospital near Kilmainham, one condition that she attached to her donation was that she should be allowed to live there, which she did for the rest of her life. She was often to be walking the grounds closely veiled. The hospital was for long known as Madame Steevens Hospital, the hospital built a specially designed room to house the Edward Worth Library, where it remains to this day under updated protective conditions. In 1803, in the run-up to Robert Emmets rebellion, the victims of an explosion at his ammunition depot in Patrick St. were brought to the hospital. They were MIntosh, the Keenans, Arthur Develin, George MDonald and a few others, in 1857 the Dublin School of Medicine was transferred to Dr. Steevens Hospital and renamed Steevens Hospital Medical College. It no longer functions as a hospital and is now an administrative centre for the Health Service Executive. The renovated and redecorated building faces the side of Dublins main railway terminal. Dr. Proby, a native of Dublin, was a physician at the time of the foundation of Dr. Steevens Hospital. To that institution he was attached, and in its chapel he desired to be buried. He left, on his death, a daughter whose husband, John Nichols, was a doctor, Nichols was also surgeon to the Dublin Hospital for Incurables as well as Surgeon-General of the Irish Army. Abraham Colles was appointed to the hospital in 1799, where he remained for 42 years, sir Henry Marsh was appointed physician at the hospital in 1820. Sir Charles Cameron, who later became Chief Medical Officer for Dublin, lectured for years in chemistry. Thomas Percy Claude Kirkpatrick was appointed assistant physician at Dr Steevenss Hospital, in 1908 he was appointed registrar of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. Edward Worth was a governor of the hospital and left his library to it, the History of Dr Steevens Hospital, Dublin 1720-1920. Architecture Dublin site – Dr. Steevens Hospital Edward Worth Library official website

6.
Viscount Palmerston
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Viscount Palmerston was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 12 March 1723 for Henry Temple, who subsequently represented East Grinstead and he was made Baron Temple, of Mount Temple in the County of Sligo, at the same time, also in the Peerage of Ireland. He was succeeded by his grandson, the 2nd Viscount, who represented seven constituencies in the House of Commons and served as a Lord of the Admiralty and Lord of the Treasury. On his death the titles passed to his son, the 3rd Viscount, at his death in 1865 the 3rd Viscount was granted a state funeral, the fourth non-royal to be given this honour. Lord Palmerston was childless and the barony and viscountcy became extinct on his death, the Temple family descended from Peter Temple, of Dorset and Marston Boteler. Peter Temples younger son Anthony Temple was the founder of the Irish branch of the family from whom the Viscounts Palmerston descended and his son Sir William Temple was secretary to Sir Philip Sidney and the Earl of Essex and afterwards provost of Trinity College, Dublin. Sir Williams son, Sir John Temple, was Master of the Rolls in Ireland, the latter was the father of Sir William Temple, a diplomat, and Sir John Temple, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and father of the first Viscount Palmerston. The third Viscount Palmerston married the Honourable Emily Lamb, sister of Prime Minister Lord Melbourne and widow of Peter Clavering-Cowper, in 1880 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Mount Temple, a revival of the junior title held by the Viscounts Palmerston. He was childless and the peerage became extinct on his death in 1888, however, it was revived once again in 1932 in favour of his great-nephew, Wilfrid Ashley. He had no sons however and the title became extinct again upon his death in 1938 and his daughter, the Honourable Edwina, wife of Lord Louis Mountbatten, inherited Broadlands

7.
Peerage of Ireland
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The creation of such titles came to an end in the 19th century. The ranks of the Irish peerage are Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, as of 2016, there were 135 titles in the Peerage of Ireland extant, two dukedoms, ten marquessates,43 earldoms,28 viscountcies, and 52 baronies. A handful of titles in the peerage of Ireland date from the Middle Ages, as a consequence, many Irish peers had little or no connection to Ireland, and indeed the names of some Irish peerages refer to places in Great Britain. Irish peerages were created in the nineteenth century at least as often as the Act permitted. Accordingly, the Duke of Abercorn ranks between the Duke of Sutherland and the Duke of Westminster, the existing representative peers kept their seats in the House of Lords, but they have not been replaced. Since the death of Francis Needham, 4th Earl of Kilmorey in 1961, the right of the Irish Peerage to elect Representatives was abolished by statute in 1971. In the following table of the Peerage of Ireland as it currently stands, Irish peers possessed of titles in any of the other peerages had automatic seats in the House of Lords until 1999. In Ireland, barony may also refer to a political subdivision of a county. There is no connection between such a barony and the title of baron. List of Irish representative peers Irish nobility, which three groups of Irish nobility, the other two being, Gaelic nobility of Ireland Hiberno-Normans Courthope, William. Debretts Complete Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 22nd edition, the Peerage of Ireland, Volume I. The Peerage of Ireland, Volume II, the Peerage of Ireland, Volume II

8.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services

9.
Archbishop of Tuam
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The Archbishop of Tuam is an archiepiscopal title which takes its name after the town of Tuam in County Galway, Ireland. The title was used by the Church of Ireland until 1839, there is no record of any bishops of Cong, and no bishop was given the title bishop of Tuam in the Irish annals before 1152. However the annals recorded some archbishops/bishops of Connacht such as Cathasach Ua Conaill, Domhnall Ua Dubhthaigh, at the Synod of Kells in 1152, the archdiocese of Tuam was established with six suffragan dioceses. During the Reformation, the bishopric of Annaghdown was annexed to Tuam in c, after the Reformation, there were parallel apostolic successions, one of the Church of Ireland and the other of the Roman Catholic Church. In the Church of Ireland In 1569, the Church of Ireland bishopric of Mayo was annexed to the archbishopric, between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, a number of other bishoprics were also united to the archbishopric. The bishopric of Kilfenora was united to Tuam from 1661 to 1742, Ardagh from 1742 to 1839, in the Roman Catholic Church After an unsettled period in the mid to late sixteenth century, the Roman Catholic archbishopric has had a consistent succession of archbishops. In 1631, the Roman Catholic bishopric of Mayo was formally joined to Tuam by papal decree, the current archbishop is the Most Reverend Michael Neary who was appointed archbishop of Tuam by the Holy See on 17 January 1995 and installed on 5 March 1995. The archbishops residence is the Archbishops House, Tuam, County Galway, archdiocese of Tuam by GCatholic. org Catholic-Hierarchy. org – Diocese Profile Profile from CatholicCity. com – info from Catholic Encyclopedia

10.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle

11.
Avoca Handweavers
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Avoca Handweavers, now mostly known simply as Avoca, is a clothing manufacturing, retail and food business in Ireland. Started in Avoca, County Wicklow, it is the oldest working woollen mill in Ireland and it is also Irelands oldest surviving business. The mill on the banks of the fast-flowing River Avoca survives from at least 1723, travel to and from the remote village was difficult and a barter system was used. The mill was used for grinding corn for bread and spinning and weaving wool, in 1760 a Fly Shuttle Loom, capable of weaving up to 20 metres of cloth a day arrived. Workers, concerned about possible unemployment, resorted to burning some looms, three sisters, the Wynnes, inherited the mill in the 1920s and introduced colour. Avoca Handweavers tweeds was produced and exported, including for use by Italian designer Elsa Schiaparelli, the material was also used for a waistcoat for King George VI and baby blankets for the children of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1974, Donald Pratt, a solicitor engaged to handle the sale of the mill which now faced closure decided to buy it himself, along with his wife, Hilary, a teacher, he set about getting Avoca Handweavers back on its feet. The Pratts began exporting handwoven rugs and throws to the UK, Avoca throws are still sold across the globe. Managed now by two generations of the Pratt family, Avoca continues to develop several large retail outlets around Ireland, including Powerscourt and Malahide Castle. Many of these also have popular foodhalls & cafes attached as their food operations expand, the Avoca Café Cookbooks have proven to be popular bestsellers. The company has a number of womens clothing ranges which it sells through its own stores designed by Amanda Pratt, as well as wholesaling in Ireland, the best known of these is Avoca Anthology. Avoca is also associated with gardens and has several very rare trees in its Kilmacanogue grounds and one of Irelands most famous gardens at Mount Usher Gardens in Ashford. The company employs over 600 people

12.
County Wicklow
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County Wicklow is a county in Ireland. The second last of the traditional 32 counties to be formed, as late as 1606 and it is named after the town of Wicklow, which derives from the Old Norse name Víkingaló, which means Vikings Meadow. Wicklow County Council is the authority for the county. The population of the county is 142,332 according to the 2016 census, Wicklow is colloquially known as the Garden of Ireland. It is the 17th-largest of Irelands 32 counties by area, being thirty-three miles in length by twenty miles in breadth and it is the fourth-largest of Leinsters twelve counties by size and the fifth-largest in terms of population. Between 2011 and 2016 the population of the county grew by 4. 2%, the adjoining counties are Wexford to the south, Carlow to the south-west, Kildare to the west and Dublin to the north. The Wicklow Mountains range is the largest continuous upland region in Ireland, the highest mountain in the range, Lugnaquilla, rises to 925 metres, making Wicklow the second-highest county peak after Kerry. The River Slaney is in the part of the county. The Turlough Hill pumped-storage scheme, a significant civil engineering project, was carried out in the mountains in the 1960s and 1970s, the lakes are small but numerous, located mainly in mountain valleys or glacial corries. They include Lough Dan, Lough Tay, Lough Brae, the lakes of Glendalough as well as the Poulaphouca reservoir, County Wicklow was the last of the traditional counties of Ireland to be shired in 1606 from land previously part of counties Dublin and Carlow. Established as a county, it was aimed at controlling local groups such as the OByrnes. It provided them access to an area that had been a hotbed of Irish rebellion for centuries. Several barracks to house the soldiers were built along the route, the ancient monastery of Glendalough is located in County Wicklow. During the Cromwellian invasion of Ireland, local authorities immediately surrendered without a fight, the local government authority is Wicklow County Council which returns 32 councillors from five municipal districts. All of the previous Town Councils were abolished under a new Local Government Act at the 2014 Local Elections, for elections to Dáil Éireann, the entire county in included in the Wicklow constituency along with some eastern parts of County Carlow. The constituency returns five TDs to the Dáil, mermaid, County Wicklow Arts Centre is based in Bray. Two of the festivals take place in Arklow, the Arklow music Festival. The county is a popular film-making location in Ireland, the BBC series Ballykissangel was also filmed in County Wicklow

13.
1791 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1791 in Ireland. September - Wolfe Tone publishes Argument on Behalf of the Catholics of Ireland,7 November - The Custom House in Dublin opens for business, having been completed under the supervision of James Gandon. The Grand Canal opens to a junction with the Barrow at Athy, the first bridge across the River Foyle at Derry, built by the American Lemuel Cox in wood, is opened to vehicular traffic. 6 March - John McHale, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Tuam, Irish Nationalist,17 August - Richard Lalor Sheil, politician, writer and orator. 14 December - Charles Wolfe, poet, James Graham, soldier, commended for his gallantry during the Battle of Waterloo. 2 December - Henry Flood, statesman, george Bryan, businessman, statesman and politician in Pennsylvania

14.
1781
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As of the start of 1781, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January – William Pitt the Younger, later Prime Minister of Great Britain, enters Parliament, january 1 – Industrial Revolution, The Iron Bridge opens across the River Severn in England. January 2 – Virginia passes a law ceding its western land claims, january 5 – American Revolutionary War, Richmond, Virginia is burned by British naval forces led by Benedict Arnold. January 6 – Battle of Jersey, British troops prevent the French from occupying Jersey in the Channel Islands, january 17 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Cowpens, The American Continental Army under Daniel Morgan decisively defeats British forces in South Carolina. February 2 – The Articles of Confederation are ratified by Maryland, february 3 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, Capture of Sint Eustatius – British forces take the Dutch Caribbean island of Sint Eustatius with only a few shots fired. March – Riots break out in Socorro, Santander, and spread to other towns, march 1 – The United States Continental Congress implements the Articles of Confederation, forming its Perpetual Union as the United States in Congress Assembled. March 13 – Sir William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus, originally he calls it Georgium Sidus in honour of King George III of Great Britain. March 15 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Guilford Court House, may 18 – An army sent from Lima put down the rebellions and captures and savagely executes Túpac Amaru II. July 27 – French spy François Henri de la Motte is hanged and drawn before a crowd at Tyburn. Alstons troops surrender after Fannings men attempt to ram the house with a cart of burning straw, august 30 – American Revolution, A French fleet under Comte de Grasse enters Chesapeake Bay, cutting British General Charles Cornwallis off from escape by sea. September 4 – Los Angeles is founded as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de Los Ángeles de Porciuncula by a group of 44 Spanish settlers in California. September 5 – American Revolution – Battle of the Chesapeake, A British fleet under Thomas Graves arrives and fights de Grasse, but is unable to break through to relieve the Siege of Yorktown. September 6 – American Revolution – Battle of Groton Heights, A British force under Benedict Arnold attacks a fort in Groton, Connecticut, achieving a strategic victory. September 10 – American Revolution, Graves gives up trying to break through the now-reinforced French fleet and returns to New York, september 28 – American Revolution, American and French troops begin a siege of the British at Yorktown, Virginia. October 12 – First bagpipes competition in the Masonic Arms, Falkirk, october 20 – A Patent of Toleration, providing limited freedom of worship, is approved in the Habsburg Monarchy. November 5 – John Hanson is elected President of the Continental Congress, henry Hurle officially founds the Ancient Order of Druids in London, England. December – A school is founded in Washington County, Pennsylvania that will later be known as Washington & Jefferson College, joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor abolishes serfdom. Bank of North America is chartered by the Continental Congress, Charles Messier publishes the final catalog of Messier objects

15.
Baron Alington
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Baron Alington was a title that was created three times in British history. The first creation came in the Peerage of Ireland on 28 July 1642 when William Alington was made Baron Alington and his second son, the third Baron, was a Major-General in the British Army. On 5 December 1682 he was created Baron Alington, of Wymondley in the County of Hertford, the English barony became extinct on the death of his young son Giles, the fourth Baron, in 1691. The late Baron was succeeded in the Irish barony by his uncle and he was a captain in the army. On his death in February 1723 the Irish barony became extinct as well, lord Alington was succeeded by his son, the second Baron. He represented Dorset East in Parliament and his eldest son, Captain Hon. Gerard Philip Montagu Napier Sturt, died on Armistice Day 1918, from wounds received in action, unmarried. Lord Alington was therefore succeeded by his son, the third Baron. He was a captain in the Royal Air Force and he had no sons and on his death on active service in 1940 the title became extinct. The family seat of Crichel House passed to the late Barons daughter, the Honourable Mary Anna Sibell Elizabeth Sturt

16.
1641 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1641 in Ireland. The breakdown of English power prompts widespread attacks by the dispossessed Irish population on the English and Scottish settlers, ardfert and Dromore Cathedrals are burned down, Castle Roche ruined and the model town around Dunluce Castle destroyed. October 24 - The Proclamation of Dungannon is issued, justifying the rebellion, november 12 - The Parliament of England votes to send an army to Ireland to counter the rebellion. November 29 - Battle of Julianstown, Felim O’Neill routs a force of Government soldiers, december Rebel forces under Felim ONeill begin the Siege of Drogheda. William Bedell, Church of Ireland Bishop of Kilmore, with other refugees is imprisoned and tortured by rebels at Cloughoughter Castle, august 3 - Hildebrand Alington, 5th Baron Alington, peer

17.
Esther Vanhomrigh
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Esther Vanhomrigh, an Irish woman of Dutch descent, was a longtime lover and correspondent of Jonathan Swift. Swifts letters to her were published after her death and her fictional name Vanessa was created by Swift by taking Van from her surname, Vanhomrigh, and adding Esse, the pet form of her first name, Esther. She was fictionalized as Vanessa in Swifts poem Cadenus and Vanessa, in the poem, he wrote, Each girl, when pleased with what is taught, Will have the teacher in her thought. Her mother, also named Esther, was the daughter of John Stone and she grew up at Celbridge Abbey in County Kildare. Her father died in 1703, and his widow moved her family to London in 1707, Esther became acquainted with Swift in December of that year while the family was en route for London, at Dunstable, and it was here that their intense 17-year relationship began. She was 22 years younger than Swift, and it was obvious from the beginning that he admired Esther for her rugged qualities, he did not admire very delicate women. Esther was said not to be a beauty, although it is difficult to be sure about this since no contemporary portrait of her is known to exist, Swift later served as her tutor. After her mother died in 1714, Esther followed Swift to Ireland, and returned to Celbridge Abbey and it was broken up after 17 years by Swifts relationship with another woman, Esther Johnson, whom he called Stella, in 1723. Esther is thought to have asked Swift not to see Stella again, Esther never recovered from his rejection and died on June 2,1723, probably from tuberculosis contracted from nursing her sister Mary, some accused Swift of inadvertently causing her death. Her father had left her well provided for, but she was burdened by debts accumulated by her mother, in her will, she named Robert Marshall and George Berkeley co-executors and joint residuary legatees of her estate, although she knew neither man particularly well. Due to the debts, a lawsuit ensued and a large part of the estate was lost in the legal costs. It was widely reported that she had made it a condition of the inheritance that they publish all her correspondence with Swift, but in fact no such stipulation seems to have been made. Swift, whose letters to her were published after her death, is not mentioned in her will, a ward in St Patricks Hospital is named “Vanessa” in her honor. Pre-Raphaelite artist John Everett Millais painted a portrait of her in 1868, over 100 years after her death. The painting depicts Esther holding a letter, presumably written to or from Swift, the portrait is an imagined likeness, no contemporary portrait of Esther is known to survive and we have only a few vague descriptions of her appearance. Margaret Louisa Woods wrote a novel inspired by her life titled Esther Vanhomrigh

18.
1688 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1688 in Ireland. Dame Mary Joseph Butler establishes a Benedictine house in Dublin, november 16 – Exiled Irish Catholic widow Goody Ann Glover becomes the last person hanged in Boston, Massachusetts, as a witch. December 7 – Start of the Siege of Derry, the city gates are locked against the forces of King James II by apprentice boys. Approximate date – Esther Vanhomrigh, Jonathan Swifts Vanessa March 15 – Peter Valesius Walsh, politician July 21 – James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, Anglo-Irish statesman and soldier

19.
1642 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1642 in Ireland. February - English Protestant refugees are massacred at Shrule by Edmond Bourkes soldiers,19 March - The citizens of Galway seize an English naval ship and close the town gates in support of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. 26 March - Siege of Drogheda broken by English reinforcements,14 April - Battle of Kilrush, English troops under the James Butler, Earl of Ormonde defeat Irish rebels under Jamess cousin, Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret. July - Battle of Liscarroll, Murrough OBrien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin, leading an English force,4 August - Alexander Forbes, 10th Lord Forbes, relieves Forthill and besieges Galway. August - Covenanter Campbell soldiers of the Argylls Foot, encouraged by their commanding officer Sir Duncan Campbell of Auchinbreck,7 September - Lord Forbes raises his unsuccessful siege of Galway. October - Largely-Catholic Royalist Confederate Ireland established, based in Kilkenny,24 October - The first Confederate Assembly is held in Kilkenny where it sets up a provisional government. C.14 November - The Confederate Assembly elects a Supreme Council, the Presbytery of Ulster, a predecessor of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, is created by chaplains of the Presbyterian Scottish army in Ulster. 7 February - William Bedell, Church of Ireland Bishop of Kilmore 6 June - Robert Digby, 1st Baron Digby, peer,29 September - David Barry, 1st Earl of Barrymore, dies of wounds received at the Battle of Liscarroll

20.
Order of Saint Benedict
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Each community within the order maintains its own autonomy, while the order itself represents their mutual interests. Internationally, the order is governed by the Benedictine Confederation, a body, established in 1883 by Pope Leo XIIIs Brief Summum semper, individuals whose communities are members of the order generally add the initials OSB after their names. The monastery at Subiaco in Italy, established by Saint Benedict of Nursia circa 529, was the first of the monasteries he founded. He later founded the Abbey of Monte Cassino, there is no evidence, however, that he intended to found an order and the Rule of Saint Benedict presupposes the autonomy of each community. It was from the monastery of St. Andrew in Rome that Augustine, the prior, at various stopping places during the journey, the monks left behind them traditions concerning their rule and form of life, and probably also some copies of the Rule. Lérins Abbey, for instance, founded by Honoratus in 375, probably received its first knowledge of the Benedictine Rule from the visit of St. Augustine, in Gaul and Switzerland, it supplemented the much stricter Irish or Celtic Rule introduced by Columbanus and others. In many monasteries it eventually displaced the earlier codes. Largely through the work of Benedict of Aniane, it became the rule of choice for monasteries throughout the Carolingian empire, Monastic scriptoria flourished from the ninth through the twelfth centuries. Sacred Scripture was always at the heart of every monastic scriptorium, as a general rule those of the monks who possessed skill as writers made this their chief, if not their sole active work. In the Middle Ages monasteries were founded by the nobility. Cluny Abbey was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910, the abbey was noted for its strict adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict. The abbot of Cluny was the superior of all the daughter houses, one of the earliest reforms of Benedictine practice was that initiated in 980 by Romuald, who founded the Camaldolese community. The English Benedictine Congregation is the oldest of the nineteen Benedictine congregations, Augustine of Canterbury and his monks established the first English Benedictine monastery at Canterbury soon after their arrival in 597. Many of the sees of England were founded and governed by the Benedictines. Monasteries served as hospitals and places of refuge for the weak, the monks studied the healing properties of plants and minerals to alleviate the sufferings of the sick. Germany was evangelized by English Benedictines, willibrord and Boniface preached there in the seventh and eighth centuries and founded several abbeys. In the English Reformation, all monasteries were dissolved and their lands confiscated by the Crown, during the 19th century they were able to return to England, including to Selby Abbey in Yorkshire, one of the few great monastic churches to survive the Dissolution. St. Mildreds Priory, on the Isle of Thanet, Kent, was built in 1027 on the site of an abbey founded in 670 by the daughter of the first Christian King of Kent, currently the priory is home to a community of Benedictine nuns

21.
Abbess
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In Christianity, an abbess is the female superior of a community of nuns, which is often an abbey. In the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox, Coptic and Anglican abbeys, the mode of election, position, rights and she must be at least 40 years old and have been a nun for 10 years. The age requirement in the Catholic Church has evolved over time, the requirement of 10 years as a nun is only 8 in Catholicism. In the rare case of not being a nun with the qualifications. The office is elective, the choice being by the votes of the nuns belonging to the community. Unlike the abbot, the abbess receives only the ring, the crosier, and she does not receive a mitre as part of the ceremony. An abbess serves for life, except in Italy and some adjacent islands, Abbesses are, like abbots, major superiors according to canon law, the equivalents of abbots or bishops. They have full authority in its administration and they may not administer the sacraments, whose celebration is reserved to bishops, priests, deacons, namely, those in Holy Orders. They may not serve as a witness to a marriage except by special rescript and they may not administer Penance, Anointing of the Sick, or function as an ordained celebrant or concelebrant of the Mass. They may preside the Liturgy of the Hours which they are obliged to say with their community, speak about Scripture to their community, on the other hand, they may not ordinarily give a homily or read the Gospel during a Mass. Also granted exceptional rights was the Abbess of the Cistercian order in Conversano Italy and she was granted the ability to appoint her own vicar-general, select and approve the confessors, along with the practice of receiving the public homage of her clergy. This practice continued until some of the duties were modified due to an appeal by the clergy to Rome, finally in 1750, the public homage was abolished. This custom accompanied Celtic monastic missions to France, Spain, in 1115, Robert, the founder of Fontevraud Abbey near Chinon and Saumur, France, committed the government of the whole order, men as well as women, to a female superior. In Lutheran churches, the title of abbess has in some cases survived to designate the heads of abbeys which since the Protestant Reformation have continued as monasteries or convents and these positions continued merely changing from Catholic to Lutheran. The first to make this change was the Abbey of Quedlinburg and these are collegiate foundations, which provide a home and an income for unmarried ladies, generally of noble birth, called canonesses or more usually Stiftsdamen or Kapitularinnen. The office of abbess is of social dignity, and in the past, was sometimes filled by princesses of the reigning houses. The last such ruling abbess was Sofia Albertina, Princess of Sweden, in the Hradčany of Prague is a Catholic institute whose mistress is titled an Abbess. It was founded in 1755 by the Empress Maria Theresa, the Abbess is required to be an Austrian Archduchess

22.
1685 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1685 in Ireland. 6 February - James II becomes King of England, Scotland and Ireland upon the death of Charles II,1 October - Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. - The News-letter first published in Dublin, Sir William Pettys Hiberniae Delineatio, the first printed atlas of Ireland is published. 11 March - William Flower, 1st Baron Castle Durrow, politician,12 March - Bishop George Berkeley, philosopher and writer. Alexander Cosby, soldier in Nova Scotia, nicholas Taaffe, 6th Viscount Taaffe, Graf von Taaffe, soldier. 17 March - Sir Richard Bulkeley, 1st Baronet, politician,18 March - Francis Harold, Franciscan scholar. William Alington, 3rd Baron Alington, peer, john Eyre, Cromwellian settler and Mayor of Galway