1School of Economics, University of New South Wales, NSW,
Australia
2Department of Economics, Monash University, VIC, Australia
3Sustainable Tourism CRC, School of Marketing, University
of New South Wales, NSW, Australia

Abstract: Governments are spending increasing amounts to attract
and host sporting events in the belief that they generate significant additional
economic activity and jobs. Current practice is to measure the economic
impact of events through the use of multipliers that are derived from Input-Output
(I-O) models. Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) techniques are now preferred
to I-O models because of their superior ability to reflect resource constraints
and feedback effects across the economy. The authors have applied a CGE
model of the Australian and New South Wales state economies to examine
a selected event, the Qantas Australian (Motor Racing) Grand Prix. The
results are compared with projections using an I-O approach. The CGE analysis
estimates impacts on gross product that are half of those projected by
the I-O analysis for the host state and 20% of the I-O projections for
the Australian economy as a whole. The article then discusses the distinction
between the impacts and net benefits of events. Finally, the article discusses
the institutional framework required for a more rigorous assessment of
economic impacts of sport events, making some general observations about
event strategies and evaluation internationally.

Playing, Watching, and Participating: Identifying the
Role of Sport in Canadian Domestic Travel

Barbara Carmichael,1 Wayne Smith,2
and Culum Canally1

1Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Wilfrid
Laurier University, Canada
2Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, School
of Business and Economics, College of Charleston, USA

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to investigate and analyze
the characteristics of domestic tourists in Canada who either participated
in sports or attended sporting events. Secondary data analysis using a
subset of the 2000 Canadian Travel Survey (CTS) person trip file was used
in this study. These data were analyzed in an exploratory attempt to test
out a conceptualization of sport tourism and develop a typology of sport-related
tourists based on their activities profiles. Cluster analysis revealed
four types of sport-related tourists: the "Focused Sport Tourist," the
"VFR Sport Tourist," the "Urban Vacationist," and the "Outdoor Vacationist."
These groups were found to be diverse in relation to their demographic,
activity, and trip characteristic profiles. However, there is significant
overlap between the group characteristics when they are applied to the
conceptual model. It is recommended that future studies explore the varying
profiles of these sport-related tourists.

Abstract: There has been a range of previous research that has
commented on structural and cultural factors that influence liaison between
sport and tourism agencies. Such research has also highlighted the importance
of the perceptions, attitudes, and understandings of policy makers in determining
sport-tourism liaison. This article draws on interviews with national and
regional policy makers for sport and for tourism in the UK to illustrate
the perceptions of such policy makers of their own and other agencies'
roles and potential influence in relation to sports tourism. It also highlights
the ways in which policy makers understand the nature and extent of the
sport-tourism link. The article shows that policy makers generally have
a very narrow conception of the sport-tourism link and largely believe
that agencies other than their own should be responsible for the development
of sports tourism. In conclusion, the article locates the influence of
policy makers' perceptions within a broader model of sport-tourism policy
development.

Mega-Events and the "Showcase" Effect: Investigating
the Moderating Influence of Exposure to the 2004 Olympic Games Telecast
and Interest in the Olympic Movement - an Australian Perspective

Anne-Marie Hede

Bowater School of Management and Marketing, Deakin University, VIC,
Australia

Abstract: Survey-based research explored the moderating effects
of "exposure" to the Australian free-to-air telecast of Athens 2004 and
"interest" in Olympic Games in developing behavioral intentions to visit
Greece in the future. Differences were found between groups with low and
high levels of exposure to the telecast, and also between groups with high
levels of interest in the Olympic Games, but these were only marginal.
When the combinatorial influences of these two variables were considered
simultaneously, their effects were generally synergistic. The article calls
for further research on this area of mega-events, as the results, while
of significance, provide food to continue the broader debate on the role
of mega-events in developing tourism to their host destinations after their
staging.

Abstract: International sport event organizers around the world
have placed considerations of terrorism high on their planning and risk
management agendas since September 11, 2001. Increased public awareness
about the threat of terrorism and associated safety concerns have led to
increased security, especially for large multicountry international events.
To date there has been limited empirical research on the relationship between
sport event attendance and the impact of terrorism, with the exception
of the body of work on the 1972 Olympic Games. In this article the authors
outline the extensive antiterrorism security measures taken at the 2003
Rugby World Cup held in Australia. To determine the impact of these measures,
event attendees were surveyed to determine the extent to which terrorism
influenced event attendees' motivations, perceptions of safety, and level
of enjoyment. The results indicate that security measures were perceived
as sufficient and attendees were generally not deterred by the threat of
terrorism. The heightened security enhanced the event experience for some
attendees, with only a small minority reporting a negative impact on satisfaction.
Suggestions for further research and practice are discussed.

Abstract: Attendance at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympic Games
did not reach levels comparable to previous Summer Games. Public speculation
on the low attendance blamed high travel expense, media emphasis on construction
delays, and time poverty. This study illustrates that at least one of the
factors influencing the decision to attend the Olympic Games was safety
and security perceptions. This article uses data collected from spectators
at the 2004 Olympic Games to address the role of safety and security issues
on the event attendee's decision-making process as well as attendee satisfaction
with the event security. Sixty-six percent of those surveyed at the Olympic
Games said that security was somewhat to very important in their decision
to attend the 2004 Summer Games. Only 4% indicated that security was the
most important factor in their decision. Additionally, over 28% of respondents
indicated that they personally knew of someone who did not attend the 2004
Olympic Games due to security concerns. Security was important to those
people who actually chose to attend the 2004 Olympic Games, and future
research should be conducted to determine how security concerns may have
deterred those who ultimately chose not to attend the 2004 Olympic Games
or future events. This article extends previous research on Olympic spectator
motivations and perceptions.