Contents

GRIM organises two types of education activities. The first is for all members of the public (children, professionals, music-lovers, etc.), who are trained by music professionals during a fixed period. The second is in the form of regular workshops directed by Jean-Marc Montera (Department of Musicology of the University of Provence).

1.
Marseille
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Marseille, also known as Marseilles in English, is a city in France. Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia, Marseille was the most important trading centre in the region, Marseille is now Frances largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce, freight and cruise ships. The city was European Capital of Culture, together with Košice, Slovakia and it hosted the European Football Championship in 2016, and will be the European Capital of Sport in 2017. The city is home to campuses of Aix-Marseille University and part of one of the largest metropolitan conurbations in France. Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris, further east still are the Sainte-Baume, the city of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the artists colony of lEstaque, further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre, the citys main thoroughfare stretches eastward from the Old Port to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas on the south side and Fort Saint-Jean on the north. Further out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Château dIf, the main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the fountain of Place Castellane. To the south west are the hills of the 7th arrondissement, the railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement, it is linked by the Boulevard dAthènes to the Canebière. Marseille has a Mediterranean climate with mild, humid winters and warm to hot, december, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C during the day and 4 °C at night. Marseille is officially the sunniest major city in France with over 2,900 hours of sunshine while the average sunshine in France is around 1,950 hours, less frequent is the Sirocco, a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara Desert. Snowfalls are infrequent, over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall, Massalia, whose name was probably adapted from an existing language related to Ligurian, was the first Greek settlement in France. It was established within modern Marseille around 600 BC by colonists coming from Phocaea on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. The connection between Massalia and the Phoceans is mentioned in Thucydidess Peloponnesian War, he notes that the Phocaean project was opposed by the Carthaginians, the founding of Massalia has also been recorded as a legend. Protis was invited inland to a banquet held by the chief of the local Ligurian tribe for suitors seeking the hand of his daughter Gyptis in marriage, at the end of the banquet, Gyptis presented the ceremonial cup of wine to Protis, indicating her unequivocal choice

2.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks

3.
Non-profit
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes

4.
Improvised music
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Sometimes musical ideas in improvisation are spontaneous, but may be based on chord changes in classical music, and many other kinds of music. One definition is a performance given extempore without planning or preparation, another definition is to play or sing extemporaneously, by inventing variations on a melody or creating new melodies, rhythms and harmonies. Improvisation is often done within a harmonic framework or chord progression. Improvisation is a part of some types of 20th-century music, such as blues, jazz. Throughout the eras of the Western art music tradition, including the Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Bach, Handel, Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin, Liszt, and many other famous composers and musicians were known especially for their improvisational skills. Improvisation might have played an important role in the monophonic period, the earliest treatises on polyphony, such as the Musica enchiriadis, indicate that added parts were improvised for centuries before the first notated examples. However, it was only in the century that theorists began making a hard distinction between improvised and written music. Handel, Scarlatti, and Bach all belonged to a tradition of solo keyboard improvisation, in the Baroque era, performers improvised ornaments and basso continuo keyboard players improvised chord voicings based on figured bass notation. At the same time, some contemporary composers from the 20th, in Indian classical music, improvisation is a core component and an essential criterion of performances. In Indian, Afghani, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi classical music, the Encyclopædia Britannica defines a raga as a melodic framework for improvisation and composition. Keyboard players likewise performed extempore, freely formed pieces, the pattern of chords in many baroque preludes, for example, can be played on keyboard and guitar over a pedal tone or repeated bass notes. Such progressions can be used in other structures and contexts, and are still found in Mozart. Bach, for example, was fond of the sound produced by the dominant seventh harmony played over, i. e. suspended against. This shift of roles between treble and bass is another definitive characteristic, finally, in keeping with this polarity, the kind of question and answer which appears in baroque music has the appearance of fugue or canon. This method was a favorite in compositions by Scarlatti and Handel especially at the beginning of a piece, improvised accompaniment over a figured bass was a common practice during the Baroque era, and to some extent the following periods. Improvisation remains a feature of playing in some church services and are regularly also performed at concerts. Dietrich Buxtehude and Johann Sebastian Bach were regarded in the Baroque period as highly skilled organ improvisers, maurice Duruflé, a great improviser himself, transcribed improvisations by Louis Vierne and Charles Tournemire. Olivier Latry later wrote his improvisations as a compositions, for example Salve Regina, Classical music departs from baroque style in that sometimes several voices may move together as chords involving both hands, to form brief phrases without any passing tones

5.
Experimental music
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The practice became prominent in the mid-20th century, particularly in North America. John Cage was one of the earliest composers to use the term and one of experimental musics primary innovators, utilizing indeterminacy techniques and seeking unknown outcomes. Also, in America, a distinct sense of the term was used in the late 1950s to describe computer-controlled composition associated with composers such as Lejaren Hiller. Harry Partch as well as Ivor Darreg worked with other tuning scales based on the laws for harmonic music. For this music they developed a group of experimental musical instruments. Musique concrète, is a form of music that utilises acousmatic sound as a compositional resource. Elements of experimental music include indeterminate music, in which the composer introduces the elements of chance or unpredictability with regard to either the composition or its performance. The Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrète, under the leadership of Pierre Schaeffer, publication of Schaeffers manifesto was delayed by four years, by which time Schaeffer was favoring the term recherche musicale, though he never wholly abandoned musique expérimentale. John Cage was also using the term as early as 1955, according to Cages definition, an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen, and he was specifically interested in completed works that performed an unpredictable action. Rebners lecture extended the concept back in time to include Charles Ives, Edgard Varèse, nyman opposes experimental music to the European avant-garde of the time, for whom The identity of a composition is of paramount importance. David Cope also distinguishes between experimental and avant garde, describing music as that which represents a refusal to accept the status quo. That is, for the most part, experimental music studies describes a category without really explaining it and this was an attempt to marginalize, and thereby dismiss various kinds of music that did not conform to established conventions. In 1955, Pierre Boulez identified it as a new definition makes it possible to restrict to a laboratory. He concludes, There is no such thing as experimental music … and it is therefore not a genre, but an open category, because any attempt to classify a phenomenon as unclassifiable and elusive as experimental music must be partial. Furthermore, the indeterminacy in performance guarantees that two versions of the same piece will have virtually no perceptible musical facts in common. The term experimental music was used contemporaneously for electronic music, particularly in the early musique concrète work of Schaeffer, a number of early 20th-century American composers, seen as precedents to and influences on John Cage, are sometimes referred to as the American Experimental School. These include Charles Ives, Charles and Ruth Crawford Seeger, Henry Cowell, Carl Ruggles, for this music they both developed custom-built musical instruments often characterized as experimental instruments. La Monte Young is known for using this technique when he began working on his minimal drone pieces which consisted of layers of sounds in different pitches

6.
Artist in residence
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They provide a time of reflection, research, presentation and/or production. They also allow an individual to explore his/her practice within another community, meeting new people, using new materials, art residencies emphasize the importance of meaningful and multi-layered cultural exchange and immersion into another culture. Some residency programs are incorporated within larger institutions, other organisations exist solely to support residential exchange programs. Residencies can be a part of museums, universities, galleries, studio spaces, theaters, artist-run spaces, municipalities, governmental offices and they can be seasonal, ongoing, or tied to a particular one-time event. They exist in urban spaces, rural villages, container ships, hundreds of such opportunities and organisations exist throughout the world. There is no model, and the expectations and requirements vary greatly. The relationship between the resident and the host is often an important aspect of a residency program, sometimes residents become quite involved in a community - giving presentations, workshops, or collaborating with local artists or the general public. At other times, they are secluded, with ample time to focus. Residency programs utilize a range of financial models. In some situations, residents must finance their own stay, finding funding and support from their own countries, there are also residency programs that provide part or all of the required finances to invited guests. The application processes also vary widely, not all programs organise an open call for applications, some opportunities are by invitation only, or are offered through special partnerships with other institutions, funding bodies, or organisations. Many times a residency experience is only the beginning of a longer relationship, residents often return to complete a project they started, to begin a new collaboration, or participate in an exhibition, panel or workshop. No two artist-in-residence programs are the same, each program has its own background and atmosphere. Working periods differ enormously, from two weeks to six months or sometimes even a year, there are also a lot of differences in financial resources, housing and studio facilities, application procedures, selection procedures, coaching and exhibiting. However, many centers offer unconditional hospitality, the artist is free to use the residency for his or her own purposes, most residential arts centers offer an application procedure which is open to artists from all nations, with or without deadlines. Usually artists are requested to send in documentation, a curriculum vitae, each institute has its own policy of adjudication. Participation is planned a long time in advance, usually six months, operating an artist-in-residence program costs money. Some residency programs cover all costs for the artist, some offering stipends and it is not unusual that residential art centers cover the costs only partially, which may make it necessary for the artist to find additional funding

7.
Public library
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A public library is a library that is accessible by the general public and is generally funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals, who are civil servants. There are five fundamental characteristics shared by public libraries, Public libraries exist in many countries across the world and are often considered an essential part of having an educated and literate population. Public access to books is not new, romans made scrolls in dry rooms available to patrons of the baths, and tried with some success to establish libraries within the empire. In the middle of the 19th century, the push for public libraries, paid for by taxes. Public libraries were started with a donation, or were bequeathed to parishes, churches. These social and institutional libraries formed the base of many academic and public collections of today. The establishment of circulating libraries in the 18th century, by booksellers and publishers provided a means of gaining profit, the circulating libraries not only provided a place to sell books, but also a place to lend books for a price. These circulating libraries provided a variety of including the increasingly popular novels. Circulating libraries were not exclusively lending institutions and often provided a place for other forms of commercial activity and this was necessary because the circulating libraries did not generate enough funds through subscription fees collected from its borrowers. As a commerce venture, it was important to consider the factors such as other goods or services available to the subscribers. The Malatestiana Library, also known as the Malatesta Novello Library, is a public library dating from 1452 in Cesena, Emilia-Romagna and it was the first European civic library, i. e. belonging to the Commune and open to everybody. It was commissioned by the Lord of Cesena, Malatesta Novello, the works were directed by Matteo Nuti of Fano and lasted from 1447 to 1452. In the early years of the 17th century, many famous collegiate, norwich City library was established in 1608 and Chethams Library in Manchester, which claims to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, opened in 1653. Claude Sallier, the French philologist and churchman, operated an early form of library in the town of Saulieu from 1737 to 1750. He wished to make culture and learning accessible to all people, the Załuski Library was built in Warsaw 1747–1795 by Józef Andrzej Załuski and his brother, Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, both Roman Catholic bishops. The library was open to the public and indeed was the first Polish public library, at the start of the 18th century, libraries were becoming increasingly public and were more frequently lending libraries. The 18th century saw the switch from closed parochial libraries to lending libraries, before this time, public libraries were parochial in nature and libraries frequently chained their books to desks

8.
Sound art
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Sound art is an artistic discipline in which sound is utilised as a primary medium. Like many genres of art, sound art is interdisciplinary in nature. In Western art, early examples include Luigi Russolos Intonarumori or noise intoners, and subsequent experiments by Dadaists, Surrealists, the Situationist International, and in Fluxus happenings. Because of the diversity of art, there is often debate about whether sound art falls within the domain of either the visual art or experimental music categories. The earliest documented use of the term in the U. S. is from a catalogue for a show called Sound/Art at The Sculpture Center in New York City, the show was sponsored by The SoundArt Foundation, which Hellerman founded in 1982. The conjunction of sound and image insists on the engagement of the viewer, forcing participation in space and concrete, responsive thought rather than illusionary space. Catalogue for Sound/Art at The Sculpture Center, New York City, May 1–30,1983, Noise, Water, Meat, A History of Sound in the Arts. Sound Art, Beyond Music, Between Categories, Noise, The Political Economy of Music, translated by Brian Massumi, foreword by Fredric Jameson, afterword by Susan McClary. ISBN 0-8166-1286-2 ISBN 0-8166-1287-0 Bandt, Ros, Sound Sculpture, Intersections in Sound and Sculpture in Australian Artworks. Return to Form, Christoph Cox on Neo-modernist Sound Art—Sound—Column, Sound Art and the Sonic Unconscious. Beyond Representation and Signification, Toward a Sonic Materialism, journal of Visual Culture 10, no. Audio Culture, Readings in Modern Music, toronto, YYZ Books, Banff, Walter Phillips Gallery Editions. New York, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-1726-8 ISBN 978-0-8264-1727-5 Kim-Cohen, Seth. In the Blink of an Ear, Toward a Non-Cochlear Sonic Art, background Noise, Perspectives on Sound Art. New York and London, The Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8264-1844-9 ISBN 0-8264-1845-7 Lander, Dan, and Micah Lexier. ISBN 0-914162-59-4 ISBN 0-914162-60-8 Paik, Nam June, post Music Manifesto, Videa N Videology. Syracuse, New York, Everson Museum of Art, Schaefer, Janek, Bryan Biggs, Christoph Cox, and Sara-Jayne Parsons. Janek Schaefer, Sound Art, A Retrospective, haunted Weather, Music, Silence, and Memory

9.
Musicology
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Musicology is the scholarly analysis and research-based study of music. Musicology is part of the humanities, a scholar who participates in musical research is a musicologist. Traditionally, historical musicology has been the most prominent sub-discipline of musicology, in the 2010s, historical musicology is one of several large musicology sub-disciplines. Historical musicology, ethnomusicology, and systematic musicology are approximately equal in size, Ethnomusicology is the study of music in its cultural context. Cognitive musicology is the set of surrounding the computational modeling of music. Musical knowledge is applied in medicine, education, and music therapy—which, Music history or historical musicology is concerned with the composition, performance, reception, and criticism of music over time. Like the comparable field of art history, different branches and schools of historical musicology emphasize different types of musical works, there are also national differences in various definitions of historical musicology. In theory, music history could refer to the study of the history of any type or genre of music, in practice, these research topics are more often considered within ethnomusicology and historical musicology is typically assumed to imply Western Art music of the European tradition. The methods of historical musicology include source studies, paleography, philology, style criticism, historiography, musical analysis, Music historians may examine issues in a close focus, as in the case of scholars who examine the relationship between words and music for a given composers art songs. New musicology is a term applied since the late 1980s to a body of work emphasizing cultural study, analysis. Such work may be based on feminist, gender studies, queer theory, or postcolonial theory, or the work of Theodor Adorno. Charles Rosen, however, retorts that McClary, sets up, like so many of the new musicologists, a man to knock down, the dogma that music has no meaning. Ethnomusicology, formerly comparative musicology, is the study of music in its cultural context and it is often considered the anthropology or ethnography of music. Jeff Todd Titon has called it the study of making music. Some ethnomusicologists primarily conduct historical studies, but the majority are involved in long-term participant observation, or combine ethnographic, therefore, ethnomusiological scholarship can be characterized as featuring a substantial, intensive fieldwork component, often involving long-term residence within the community studied. Closely related to ethnomusiology is the branch of sociomusicology. For instance, Ko proposed the hypothesis of Biliterate and Trimusical in Hong Kong sociomusicology, the first journal focusing on popular music studies was Popular Music, which began publication in 1981. The same year an academic society devoted to the topic was formed

10.
University of Provence
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The University of Provence Aix-Marseille I was a public university mostly located in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille. It was one of the three Universities of Aix-Marseille and was part of the Academy of Aix and Marseille, with roots dating back to 1409, the University was established in 1969 through a merger of the school of humanities in Aix-en-Provence and the science one in Marseille. In the academic year of 2007-2008,23,056 students were enrolled, among them,15,158 were female, while only 7,898 were male. 3,255 students came from countries outside France,44 per cent of these came from Africa,15,109 students studied in Aix-en-Provence, while others went to Marseille, Avignon, Digne, Lambesc, Arles and Aubagne. Overall, its facilities span 258143 m², in 2007, the budget was 120,7 million euros, with 39,2 million euros available after wages. It has its own university press, Publications de lUniversité de Provence and it also has its own theater, the Théâtre Antoine Vitez, named for Antoine Vitez. Mansour Mohamed El-Kikhia, Libyan politician and member of the interim National Transitional Council, sadaf Foroughi and Kiarash Anvari are graduates of the film studies department. Gilles-Gaston Granger taught there from 1964 to 1986, prof. Dr. John H. Hubbard taught at the University of Provence. 2008 Nobel Prize laureate in literature J. M. G, le Clézio earned a masters degree with a thesis on Henri Michaux from the University of Provence in 1964. Annie Ousset-Krief, published historian and American Civilization specialist, taught at the University of Provence, paul Veyne taught at the University of Provence in the 1960s. Hugh D. MacPhie, Author of Don’t Forget Your Cape, what Preschoolers Teach Us About Leadership and Life. Sigma Chi Iota Mu Chapter Alumnus Official Website of the University of Provence Aix-Marseille I Télé Campus Provence

11.
IRCAM
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IRCAM is a French institute for science about music and sound and avant garde electro-acoustical art music. It is situated next to, and is linked with. The extension of the building was designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, several concepts for electronic music and audio processing have emerged at IRCAM. Max/MSP has subsequently become a widely used tool in electroacoustic music, many of the techniques associated with spectralism, such as analyses based on fast Fourier transforms, were made practical by technological contributions at IRCAM. For instance, researchers at IRCAM have developed a special microphone capable of isolating each of the four strings for separate amplification or electronic treatment. IRCAM provides classes to train composers in music technology, apart from electroacoustic programmes, IRCAM has programmes in contemporary classical music. It has disseminated music of post World War II modernist musicians such as that of Luciano Berio or Pierre Boulez, Musical spectralism such as that of Tristan Murail, has also received support from IRCAM. Murail taught at IRCAM for a time, kaija Saariaho, whose work has been influenced by spectralism, has also been supported by IRCAM. IRCAM has also helped to develop various performance models, a resident ensemble of IRCAM, Ensemble InterContemporain, specialised in contemporary classical music, where each performer could be called upon to perform solo literature or ensemble literature. The Ensemble InterContemporain has been a model for large ensembles in Europe, for example the Ensemble Modern. Many classical contemporary pieces have been written for the orchestra section of Ensemble InterContemporain. There are regular concerts at IRCAM, in 1970 president Georges Pompidou asked Pierre Boulez to found an institution for research in music. In 1973 the section of the building underneath Place Igor Stravinsky was finished, from the outset, Boulez was in charge of the centre. The initial administrators included Luciano Berio, Vinko Globokar, Jean-Claude Risset,1990 Ircam established the Cursus Program for young Composers, a training in Computer Music and Composition. In 1992 Boulez, who then became director, was succeeded by Laurent Bayle. In 2002 the philosopher Bernard Stiegler became the new head of the institute, on January 1,2006, Stiegler became Director of Cultural Development at the Centre Pompidou and was replaced by Frank Madlener. The creation of IRCAM coincided with the rise of the debates about modernism and postmodernism in culture and its multimedia library was established in 1996. Orchidée is developed as a tool to aid in composition in which musical scores using traditional instruments are generated by imitating a target input sound

12.
Music venue
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A music venue is any location used for a concert or musical performance. A music venue range in size and location, from an outdoor bandshell or bandstand or a hall to an indoor sports stadium. Typically, different types of venues host different genres of music, music venues may be either privately or publicly funded, and may charge for admission. An example of a publicly funded music venue is a park bandstand, a nightclub is a privately funded venue, venues like these often charge an entry fee to generate a profit. Music venues do not necessarily host live acts, disc jockeys at a discothèque or nightclub play recorded music through a PA system. Depending on the type of venue, the hours, location and length of performance may differ. Other attractions, such as art or social activities, may also be available. For example, at a bar or pub, the band may be playing live songs while drinks are being served. Some classes of venues may play live music in the background, music venues can be categorised in a number of ways. Typically, the genre of music played at the venue, whether it is temporary, the majority of music venues are permanent, however, there are temporary music venues. An example of a venue would be one constructed for a music festival. Music venues may be the result of private or public enterprises, some venues only promote acts of one particular genre and example of this are opera houses. Music venues can be categorised by size and capacity, a nightclub will often have a much smaller capacity than that of a stadium. Music venues are either outdoor or indoor, examples of outdoor venues include bandstands and bandshells, such outdoor venues provide minimal shelter for performing musicians and are usually located in parks. A temporary music festival is typically an outdoor venue, examples of indoor venues include public houses, nightclubs, coffee bars and stadia. Venues can play music, recorded music, or a combination of the two, depending on the event or time of day. A characteristic of every live music venue is that one or more stages are present. Venues may be unticketed, casual entry available on the door, or advance tickets only, a dress code may or may not apply

13.
Palais Garnier
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The Palais Garnier is a 1, 979-seat opera house, which was built from 1861 to 1875 for the Paris Opera. The Paris Opera now mainly uses the Palais Garnier for ballet, the Palais Garnier has been called probably the most famous opera house in the world, a symbol of Paris like Notre Dame Cathedral, the Louvre, or the Sacré Coeur Basilica. This opinion is far from unanimous however, the 20th-century French architect Le Corbusier once described it as a lying art, the Palais Garnier is a building of exceptional opulence. The style is monumental and considered Second-Empire Beaux-Arts style with axial symmetry in plan and these include very elaborate multicolored marble friezes, columns, and lavish statuary, many of which portray deities of Greek mythology. The principal facade is on the side of the building, overlooking the Place de lOpéra. Fourteen painters, mosaicists and seventy-three sculptors participated in the creation of its ornamentation, the two gilded figural groups, Charles Gumerys LHarmonie and La Poésie, crown the apexes of the principal facades left and right avant-corps. They are both made of gilt copper electrotype, the facade also incorporates other work by Gumery, Alexandre Falguière, and others. On the left and right lateral returns of the front facade are busts of the librettists Eugène Scribe and Philippe Quinault, when the Empire fell, work stopped, leaving unfinished dressed stonework. It is covered by a 13.5 metre diameter dome, two pairs of obelisks marking the entrances of the Rotunda to the north and the south. The interior consists of interweaving corridors, stairwells, alcoves and landings allowing the movement of large numbers of people, rich with velvet, gold leaf, and cherubim and nymphs, the interior is characteristic of Baroque sumptuousness. The building features a ceremonial staircase of white marble with a balustrade of red and green marble. Its design was inspired by Victor Louiss grand staircase for the Théâtre de Bordeaux, the pedestals of the staircase are decorated with female torchères, created by Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse. When they were first fixed in two months before the opening of the building it was obvious to Garnier that they were too dark for the space. With the help of two of his students, Pils had to rework the canvases while they were in place overhead on the ceiling and, at the age of 61, he fell ill. His students had to finish the work, which was completed the day before the opening and this hall 18 meters high,154 meters long and 13 meters wide was designed to act as a drawing room for Paris society. Its ceiling was painted by Paul-Jacques-Aimé Baudry and represents various moments in the history of music, the foyer opens into an outside loggia at each end of which are the Salon de la Lune and Salon du Soleil. The auditorium has a traditional Italian horseshoe shape and can seat 1,979, the stage is the largest in Europe and can accommodate as many as 450 artists. The canvas house curtain was painted to represent a draped curtain, complete with tassels, the ceiling area, which surrounds the chandelier, was originally painted by Jules Eugène Lenepveu

14.
L'Olympia
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Olympia is a music hall located in the 9th arrondissement of Paris, France. 28, Boulevard des Capucines, its closest métro/RER stations are Madeleine, Opéra, Havre – Caumartin, co-Founded in 1888, by Joseph Oller and Charles Zidler, the co-creators of the Moulin Rouge, today easily recognizable by its giant red glowing letters announcing its name. It opened in 1889 as the Montagnes Russes but was renamed the Olympia in 1893, besides musicians, the Olympia played host to a variety of entertainment including circuses, ballets, and operettas. However, following a decline in appearances by the great stars. It may have opened as a music hall under the German occupation of France during World War II, but certainly in 1945 after the Liberation, it was a music hall free to Allied troops in uniform. Attendees had to listen to the playing of four national anthems before the programs that always ended with a spirited can-can performed by dancers. Thereafter, at times it may have reverted to movies again until Bruno Coquatrix revived it as a hall with a grand re-opening in February 1954. Édith Piaf achieved great acclaim at the Olympia giving several series of recitals from January 1955 until October 1962, before coming to America, the Beatles performed eighteen days of concerts at the Olympia Theatre, playing two and sometimes three shows a day. They were staying at the Hotel George V and after returning at the end of their first day, they were told that I Want To Hold Your Hand had reached number one in America. Jeff Buckley, long an admirer of Piaf, gave what he considered the finest performance of his there in 1995. Jacques Brels 1961 and 1964 concerts at LOlympia are legendary and preserved to this day on new CD releases, marlene Dietrichs 1962 Olympia concert was broadcast. On May 3–4,1972, The Grateful Dead played two concerts here as part of their first major European tour, both shows were recorded and songs from each were released on their 1972 live album Europe 72. Dave Gahan played concert here and it was released on the 2004 DVD, Live Monsters

15.
La Cigale
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La Cigale is a theater at 120, boulevard de Rochechouart near Place Pigalle, in the 18th arrondissement of Paris. The theatre is part of a complex that is connected to Le Trabendo, the hall can accommodate 1389 people or 954 people. The floor of the orchestra has a platform that can tilt. The Inrockuptibles Festival takes place 20 years at La Cigale, La Cigale also hosts the Factory Festival. 1887, La Cigale is built on the site of the former cabaret Boule Noire which was demolished to make room for the new theatre, in those days it had room for about 1000 people and featured theatrical reviews. 1894, The theatre is remodeled and enlarged by architect Henry Grandpierre, during this period it features performances by luminaries such as Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier, Yvonne Printemps, Arletty, Raimu, and Max Linder. 1920, The hall is given over to operettas, vaudeville, a cabaret opens in the basement of the facility in 1924, but only lasts for three years when it is temporarily replaced by a small music hall called La Fourmi. 1940, La Cigale is converted to a theater specializing in Kung-fu films. The auditorium is modernized and a system of hydraulics is added, the interior is redecorated by Philippe Starck. Corinne Mimram is appointed art and music director, entertainers who have performed at La Cigale include, Official website

16.
Bataclan (theatre)
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The Bataclan is a theatre located at 50 Boulevard Voltaire in the 11th arrondissement of Paris, France. Designed in 1864 by the architect Charles Duval, its name refers to Ba-ta-clan, since the early 1970s, it has been a venue for rock music. On 13 November 2015,90 people were killed in a coordinated terrorist attack in the theatre, the Bataclan originated as a large café-concert in the Chinoiserie style, with the café and theatre on the ground floor and a large dance hall at first-floor level. Its original name was Grand Café Chinois, concerts were held there but it was best known for putting on the vaudevilles of Eugène Scribe, Jean-François Bayard, Mélesville, and Théophile Marion Dumersan. The establishment, designed in 1864 by the architect Charles Duval, also in 1892, Buffalo Bill Cody performed there. Over the next years the building experienced both good and bad luck, and many changes in ownership. New fashions after 1910 led to a restoration of the auditorium, maurice Chevalier had his first theatrical success there, and Édith Piaf also performed there. Inspired by their new successes, the Bataclan troupe took big shows on a South American tour that proved financially disastrous, in 1926 the auditorium was sold and transformed into a cinema. A fire broke out in the building in 1933, the original building was partially demolished in 1950 to bring it into compliance with new safety measures then in force. In 1969, the closed and the auditorium again became a salle de spectacle. The venue started booking acts in the 1970s, and many famous performers have played there since. Among them are Soft Machine, Kraftwerk, Following the terror attacks on 13 November 2015, during the concert by Eagles of Death Metal, sting reopened the venue with a concert one year following the attack. The Bataclan is known today for an eclectic programme of events, including rock and pop concerts, spectacles, comedy, discos. Its façade was repainted in its colours in 2006. In May 2015, the theatre hosted a Who Is Malcolm X event, featuring Muslim rappers Médine, Kery James, Disiz, jeff Buckley recorded his EP Live from the Bataclan there in 1995. Progressive metal band Dream Theater recorded their 1998 live album Once in a LIVEtime at the Bataclan, the 1972 performance by Lou Reed, John Cale and Nico of the Velvet Underground, long circulated as a bootleg, was officially released in 2004 as Le Bataclan 72. For 40 years, Bataclan had Jewish owners, Pascal and Joel Laloux, the theatre was a target for anti-Zionist activists, since the venue often held pro-Israel events. One extremist group called Army of Islam threatened the Bataclan in 2011 because its owners were Jews, pro-Palestinian activists have protested against the Bataclans association with pro-Israel activities

17.
Salle Pleyel
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The Salle Pleyel is a concert hall in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. The resident ensembles are the Orchestre de Paris and the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, a replacement 3, 000-seat hall was commissioned in 1927 by piano manufacturer Pleyel et Cie and designed by Gustave Lion. They in turn sold the hall to Hubert Martigny in 1998, stravinsky returned to Paris to conduct the French premiere of Agon in 1957, and of Threni in 1958. From 2002 to 2006, the hall underwent major renovation, the acoustics of the hall and the public and service areas were improved, and seating decreased from the post-fire 2,400 seats to 1,913. The Salle Pleyel has been owned by the Cité de la Musique since 2009 and its status as a classical music venue effectively ended in January 2015, when its programming was transferred to the newly-opened Philharmonie de Paris concert hall. An orchestral concert featuring performances of music from various Bandai Namco Entertainment-produced video games, such as Dark Souls and Tekken. The event will be attended by Motoi Sakuraba and Go Shiina, composers of the aforementioned games

18.
Le Batofar
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LV Osprey entered service as a Light Vessel for the Commissioners of Irish Lights in 1955. On 9 May 1975 she was sold to the New Ross Harbour Commissioners for use as a floating oil berth, pilot station, on March 1998 she was sold again and moored on the Seine. Le Batofar ignited the night club on boat trend in Paris and this lighthouse boat offers an original setting on the bank of the Seine in the 13th arrondissement. It is known for its musical programming which champions cutting edge electro bands live. During the day, Batofar is also a community gathering that serves as a restaurant, café and a summertime beach hang-out

19.
Le Divan du Monde
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Le Divan du Monde is a converted theatre, now functioning as a concert space, located at 75 rue des Martyrs, in the 18th arrondissement, in the Pigalle neighborhood of Paris. At the beginning of the 19th century, there was a called the Saint-Flour Musette. In 1861 it was turned into the Brasserie des Martyrs, which was patronized by Charles Baudelaire and this was replaced in 1873 by a café-concert christened the Divan Japonais by its owner Théophile Lefort, who decorated it in Japanese-style. His successor, Jules Sarrazin, had a room built in the basement called Temple de la Bonne Humeur. The cabaret singer Yvette Guilbert became famous there when she appeared in 1891, the pantomime Le Coucher de la Mariée was performed there in 1894. This included for the first time a woman, which scandalized the audience. Toulouse-Lautrec and Adolphe Léon Willette, then Pablo Picasso, were frequent visitors, in 1901, the Divan became the Théâtre de la Comédie Mondaine. It was later replaced by an erotic theatre, in 1994, it was reopened as Le Divan du Monde, featuring world music concerts. In November 2009, it was redecorated, and now hosts events from concerts to club nights. Notes Official website Strip Tease 1897 Alice Guy premier strip-tease de lhistoire du cinema Le coucher dYvette 1897, accessed 8 August 2011

20.
Palais des Sports (Paris)
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Palais de Sports is an indoor arena located at 1 place de la Porte de Versailles in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, France. The closest métro station is Porte de Versailles, the Palais des Sports was built in 1960 to replace the old Vel’ d’Hiv. at the Porte de Versailles. With a capacity of 4,500 seats, it was the largest venue in Paris, the architects and engineers created a dome with the lightest structure ever designed in the world made of 1,100 aluminium panels. The Palais des Sports is one of the best venues in Paris and offers good acoustics and visibility wherever you are sitting

21.
Halle Tony Garnier
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The Halle Tony Garnier is a concert hall in Lyon, France. It was designed by Tony Garnier in 1905, originally a slaughterhouse, the building was renovated in 1987 and opened as a concert hall in 1988. With a capacity of nearly 17,000, it is the third biggest venue in France after the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy, the original building opened in 1908 as a cattle market and slaughterhouse, known as La Mouche. During World War I, the building was used as an armory until 1928, the market and slaughterhouse closed in 1967. On 16 May 1975, the building was recognized as a Monument historique, in 1987, the City of Lyon hired Reichen & Robert and HTVS to renovate the slaughterhouse into a modern concert hall. The Hal opened in late January 1988, spectacles and Performances, Holiday on Ice, Riverdance, Le Roi Soleil, Les Restos du coeur, Johnny Haliday and The Sun King This site is served by the subway station, Debourg. Bus lines 17 -32 -47 -96 Stations Vélov, list of theatres and entertainment venues in Lyon Official site

22.
Palais Nikaia
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Palais Nikaïa is an indoor concert hall and multi-purpose facility located in Nice, France. It opened on 4 April 2001, and is located five minutes drive from Côte dAzur International Airport. On its own, Palais Nikaïa has seats for between 1,500 and 6,250 persons depending upon configuration, with an maximum of 9,000 capacity including those standing. Depeche Mode performed at the hall on May 4,2013 during their Delta Machine Tour. In addition to concerts, Palais Nikaïa can host variety shows, sporting events, conventions

23.
Palais des Sports (Grenoble)
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Palais des Sports, known also as the Palais des sports Pierre Mendes or Le Stade Olympique de Glace is an indoor ice hockey arena, located in Paul Mistral Park in Grenoble, France. The vaulted roof structure was built from November 1966 to April 1967, the stadium was conceived for the Olympiques Winter Games held in Grenoble in 1968 and has a capacity of up to 12,000 spectators. The figure skating events and some ice hockey games at the 1968 Winter Olympics were held at this arena called for the event Stade de glace. The arena hosted the 1979 FIBA European Champions Cup final in front of a crowd of 15,000, Le structure consists of two crossing cylinders. The double shell structure is a hyperbolic paraboloid which transfers the weight down its four resting points, in plan, the structure appears to be a square. At each corner is a 48m cantilever, guide Rhône-Alpes de larchitecture du XXe siècle, 1914-2003

24.
Maison de la culture de Grenoble
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The Maison de la Culture de Grenoble, commonly called MC2 is a public venue for public events located on the Avenue Marcellin-Berthelot in Grenoble, France. Built by André Wogenscky on the occasion of the Olympics, MC2 was inaugurated on 13 February 1968 by André Malraux, Minister of Cultural Affairs and the father of the concept of houses of culture. The following year, in April 1969, another major cultural institution in the city, in the 1980s the building was called Le Cargo. The MC2 has four auditoriums, two of which can seat 1,000 people, the main hall, which is lined with wood paneling, was built during the renovation work to replace a rotating theatre. It can host a range of events and orchestral formations. While this work was being undertaken, shows were played outside the walls, attendance after the expansion has reached 100,000 spectators per year. The MC2 is an institution of cultural cooperation funded by the Ministry of Culture and Communication, the City of Grenoble. This is a national institution directed by Jean-Paul Angot, in 2010, the institutions budget was 9.3 million euros per year. The premises are designed to accommodate a variety of events, for example in January 2012, for the fifth time since 2007, the Estates General of the Renewal was organized by the newspaper Libération. Nearly 21,000 people attended the debate at the 2011 edition of this event, a spacious 1, 028-seat hall an auditorium with 998 seats a small room with 244 seats a 700 square metres room a theater rehearsal studio two dance studios and a recording studio

25.
Summum (Grenoble)
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The Summum is a theatre located in Grenoble, France. By capacity it is the second largest indoor venue in Grenoble after the Palais des Sports. The hall opened in 1988 and is part of Alpexpo, other notable past performers include Blue Öyster Cult, Deep Purple, Robert Plant, Yes, Mylène Farmer, Morcheeba and Nirvana

26.
Arsenal de Metz
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The Arsenal Concert Hall is a cultural venue dedicated specially to Classical and Erudite musics and located near the Esplanade garden in Metz, capital of the Lorraine region, France. The Arsenal is home to the French National Orchestra of Lorraine, the Arsenal has gained wide recognition as one of the most beautiful concert halls in the world. In 1978, the municipality of Metz decided to launch a project of a hall. Built from 1859 under Napoleon III, the Arsenal Ney was a store for weapons and it preserved this function until the end of World War II. The realization of the hall was the subject of an international competition. In 1985, the project was awarded to the Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill, the arsenal was originally arranged as a quadrangle. Under the square created between the aisles of the building, the hall is located, three-quarters buried. The regular lines of the arsenal were preserved, windows open in a classic frame in Jaumonts stone put on by a Roman arch decorated with a stony key. Facades are plated by an Italian honey-colour stone, joints are in brass, the warm colors of the interior decoration with wooden beech and sycamore classic pilasters were chosen to evoke the furniture of marquetry or ancient musical instruments. For the tenth anniversary of the Arsenals inauguration, the terrace was adorned with a sculpture, La Sentinaile, which is an artwork of Antoine Poncet. The facility consists of a hall with 1,500 places. The dimensions are placed next to those of Musikverein of Vienna, ceilings were established by boxes in staff finalized by the acousticians. Since its inauguration, the Arsenal has gained recognition for the quality of its musical acoustics. Dances take equally part to the programing and emblematic figures of contemporary dance have performed there, such as Angelin Preljocaj, Sasha Waltz, Merce Cunningham, or Trisha Brown. The music venue was used in artistic productions, such as the soundtrack of the film, Farinelli. The concert hall held in 2009 the Victoires de la Musique Classique, list of concert halls Arsenal website Official Town Councils website

27.
Le Lieu Unique
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The lieu unique is the national center for contemporary arts and music venue in Nantes, France. Opened on January 1,2000, it is housed in a biscuit factory at the center of the city. It was founded by Jean Blaise and is now directed, by Patrick Gyger, scène nationale of Nantes, the lieu unique is a space for artistic exploration, cultural effervescence and conviviality. It mixes genres, cultures and publics and it heralds a spirit for curiosity in the different areas of arts, visual arts, theater, dance, circus, music, literature, philosophy, architecture and cuisine. A place for meddling, the unique is the home, next to the spaces dedicated to creation, of a bar, a restaurant, a bookstore, a hammam, a day nursery. The iconic tower of the factory, with a view on the city. Every year the lieu unique presents dozens of shows, exhibitions, residencies for artists, recurring events and festivals, and workshops. “A factory producing the imaginary”, the lieu unique follows a certain idea of development, “We don’t want to build a theater. LU must become both the local bistro citywide and a European platform for contemporary arts, that’s why the social spaces are important and not beside the spaces kept for artistic creation. To the contrary, they here as a support to this creation, thought to preserve it from the temptation of isolation, LU must be unique, in the sense of extraordinary. A place that will let neither the artist nor the work in peace. ”During the 20th century, today, the building is what is left of the architectural presence of LU in Nantes. The demolition of the site started in 1974. It only left a decapitated tower and the building where the unique is now. The disused spaces became a cultural squat, in 1994, it welcomed the 4th installment of the festival Les Allumées. Created by a local and nomad association, the CRDC, this festival featured during 6 days and 6 nights, artists from big cities in the world, Barcelona, St Petersburg, Buenos Aires, Naples, Cairo. Jean Blaise, director of the CRDC, wanted to settle on a permanent basis in this place. He submitted a project to Jean-Marc Ayrault, mayor of Nantes, to create a place where life would spontaneously be side by side with art. The project also included spaces of services, the city bought the building in 1995

28.
Hellfest Summer Open Air
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Hellfest, also called Hellfest Summer Open Air, is a French music festival specializing in heavy metal, held annually in June in Clisson in Loire-Atlantique. Its high attendance makes it one of the greatest French music festivals and it is also one of the biggest festivals of metal in Europe and the first in France. The festival was the successor of Fury Fest, which was held in 2002 and 2003 in Clisson and Nantes respectively, in June 2009, numerous groups concerned about the concert name asked the festival sponsors to disengage from Hellfest. Coca-Cola announced a few days later that they no longer support the festival. The same month, former minister and leader of the Parti chrétien-démocrate Christine Boutin wrote to Kronenbourg asking them to supporting the festival. The 30 March, questioned by deputy Patrick Roy, the minister Frédéric Mitterrand declared to the Assemblée Nationale that the detractors of the festival should calm down, during the 2011 edition an homage was paid to Patrick Roy who died two months before. On June 9,2010, the AFC sued the Hellfest, asking not to allow people under 18 years old to attend the festival. On June 14, the judge refused their demand, the first association was created in 2000 in Clisson as CLS CREW, in order to organize concerts of hardcore and punk in the region of Nantes. It allows to program groups like Arkangel or Poison the Well, the success of these concerts makes possible the launch the first festival in June 2002, named Fury Fest. It gathers 400 people to attend Agnostic Front, in Clisson, the festival continued the following years. It attracts 7,000 people to attend concerts of Sick of It All, the format changes to two days. Because no room was available in Clisson, Hall of Trocardière hosts this second edition, the organization of the festival also changes, the MAN. IN. FEST association was created to take charge of the organization. The 2003 has reached €30,000 profit, allowing Benjamin Barbaud, one of the founders, in 2004, the festival moved to Le Mans and stands in the halls of the 24 Hours circuit where it attracts 21,000 spectators to Slipknot and Soulfly. After a deficit in 2004, the 2005 inheriting liabilities, the team decided to give the rights of the festival to others promoters. This time 30,000 entries are recorded at Le Mans in three days, to concerts of Slayer, Motörhead and Anthrax on three stages. But financial problems worsen, with the disappearance of promoters with €600000 recipe, official website Pictures of Hellfest 2009

29.
Rock en Seine
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The Rock en Seine festival is a three-day rock music festival, held at Domaine National de Saint-Cloud, the Château de Saint-Clouds park, west of Paris, inside the garden designed by André Le Nôtre. The name is a pun, based on exactly the same pronunciation in French of the words scène meaning stage, the park and the garden, was designed by Le Nôtre in the 17th century, and its the first park to be classed as a Monument historique in 1994. It is a 4.6 km² park, and there are gardens and forest with basins, thickets and she never arrived to the festival site, despite her support musicians being there. A Madness, who played earlier, replaced headliners Oasis, cancelled after a fight between the Gallagher brothers backstage, B Replaced Esser A Replaced Young the Giant B Replaced Q Tip http, //www. rockenseine. com/timeline/ Official website Official blog

30.
Printemps de Bourges
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Le Printemps de Bourges is an annual music festival that is held in Bourges, France, over the course of five days. It is now an event in France and Europe. The festival was created in 1977, with its span of 35 years, its history reflects musical trends and evolution over time. Every springtime, thousands of spectators come from all parts of France, the festival encompasses some 60 shows, with over 200 artists on 13 stages within a week, these shows represent diverse genres, and both well-known artists and young musical talents. The ever-growing public is composed primarily of people, and over 200,000 people attend the festival each year. Music professionals are present to recruit new talents, the festival also attracts media professionals, numbering over 500 each year. A parallel festival is hosted in the city, called Les Découvertes du Printemps de Bourges, many bars and restaurants also host a multitude of gigs through a partnership with le Printemps de Bourges. List of historic rock festivals Live Printemps de Bourges 2002, by Jean-Michel Jarre Official site Media related to Printemps de Bourges at Wikimedia Commons

31.
Vieilles Charrues Festival
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The Vieilles Charrues Festival is held every year in mid-July in the city of Carhaix located in the west of Brittany, France. This festival is the largest music festival in France, attracting more than 200,000 festival-goers every year and this festival was created in 1992 in Landeleau, a small village in central Finistère. At that time, less than 500 revellers attended and the festival was more like a private party, the following year, the festival welcomed more than 2000 and that was the beginning of its success story. In 1995, due to lack of space on the site, the festival moved to Carhaix city center and in 1998, for the same reason. In October 2016 the festival organizes a concert at Central Park in New York City in tribute to the many Bretons who were immigrants to the city in the nineteenth century. Each year, more than 5,500 volunteers enable the festival to be a success, with their actions in the bars, restaurants. The festival thanks them by giving money to local associations, the organizers also helped to finance Hall Glenmor, a concert hall, and to renovate the Château de Kerampuil, a castle located near the site of the festival. U. B. A. O. D. Friday, July 15, Eddy Mitchell, David Guetta, M. I. A, July 15–18 Thursday, July 15, Muse, Jacques Dutronc, Mr Oizo, Revolver, The Raveonettes. Team, Dub Incorporation, Simian Mobile Disco, Brisa Roché, Crystal Castles, Does It Offend You, Friday, March 9, Miossec, Constance Verluca Saturday, March 10, Renan Luce, Brisa Roché, Babet, John Lord Fonda, Yelle, datA, Débruit. Sunday, March 11, Mayra Andrade, Ozan Trio In 2007 the summer festival lasted 4 days, July 19–22asso. frThursday, July 20, Johnny Hallyday, Mauss, Les Têtes Raides Friday, July 21, Placebo, Raphael, Rhesus. S. E. M. Saturday, Charles Trenet, Louise Attaque, Johnny Clegg & Bagad Kemper, The Gladiators, Zebda, sunday, Iggy Pop, Bernard Lavilliers, Shane Mac Gowam & The Popes, Yuri Buenaventura, Pigalle, Trio Roland Becker, FAB, Didier Squiban, Tyour Gnawa. July 4,5, 6asso. fr Friday, Jane Birkin, Nada Surf, Miossec, Blankass, Saturday, Simple Minds, Linton Kwesi Johnson, Bagadou du Tonnerre, Marousse, Bates Motel. Sunday, James Brown, Claude Nougaro, Diaouled ar Menez, Doo the Doo, Spontus July 5,6 and 7asso. fr Miossec, Bernard Lavilliers, Zebda, Les Innocents, Maxime Le Forestier, Frank Black, Ouf La Puce. Marcel et Son Orchestre, Red Cardell, Tayfa, Boulequies et Sonotones, Ar re Yaouank, Gwenchlan, Oxyde de Cuivre, held at Landeleau asso. fr Les Satellites, Dolly, Oy Ventilo, Les Raouls j’te Pousse, Scotch Snap, La Folyre. Landeleau asso. fr Les Pires, Oy Ventilo, La Folyre, Soft Touch Band, Students Brass Band, no concert poster nor list available. Glenmor stage is the biggest stage of the festival and it is named after Emile Le Scanff, also known as Glenmor. With a total area of 1,000 m², Glenmor stage is one of the largest French stages. As every other stage of the festival, Glenmor stage is set up before each occasion of the festival, Kerouac stage is the second stage of the festival

Marseille
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Marseille, also known as Marseilles in English, is a city in France. Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia, Marseille was the most important trading centre in the region, Marseille is now Frances largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce, freight and cruise ships. The city was European Capital of Culture

France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territ

1.
One of the Lascaux paintings: a horse – Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC

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Flag

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The Maison Carrée was a temple of the Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the Roman Empire.

4.
With Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the Frankish monarchy, elective and secular until then, became hereditary and of divine right.

Non-profit
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have

1.
Front building of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle

Improvised music
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Sometimes musical ideas in improvisation are spontaneous, but may be based on chord changes in classical music, and many other kinds of music. One definition is a performance given extempore without planning or preparation, another definition is to play or sing extemporaneously, by inventing variations on a melody or creating new melodies, rhythms

1.
Improvisation plays a central role in jazz; musicians learn to improvise melodic passages over chord progressions using scale and chord tones (Pictured is Johnny Hodges)

Experimental music
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The practice became prominent in the mid-20th century, particularly in North America. John Cage was one of the earliest composers to use the term and one of experimental musics primary innovators, utilizing indeterminacy techniques and seeking unknown outcomes. Also, in America, a distinct sense of the term was used in the late 1950s to describe co

1.
Moodswinger, Yuri Landman

Artist in residence
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They provide a time of reflection, research, presentation and/or production. They also allow an individual to explore his/her practice within another community, meeting new people, using new materials, art residencies emphasize the importance of meaningful and multi-layered cultural exchange and immersion into another culture. Some residency progra

1.
"Writer in residence" redirects here. For the American Poets Laureate, see List of U.S. states' Poets Laureate.

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Artist in Residence in the Village of the Arts, Bradenton, Florida, USA

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Artist Gerald Cassidy's home in Santa Fe, circa 1937. Cassidy was a founding member of the Santa Fe art colony in the early 20th century.

Public library
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A public library is a library that is accessible by the general public and is generally funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals, who are civil servants. There are five fundamental characteristics shared by public libraries, Public libraries exist in many countries across the world and ar

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Patrons studying and reading at the New York City Public Library.

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A public library in Maadi, Egypt

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Entrance to the National Library in Tehran, Iran

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Thomas Bodley founded the Bodleian Library in 1602 as an early public library.

Sound art
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Sound art is an artistic discipline in which sound is utilised as a primary medium. Like many genres of art, sound art is interdisciplinary in nature. In Western art, early examples include Luigi Russolos Intonarumori or noise intoners, and subsequent experiments by Dadaists, Surrealists, the Situationist International, and in Fluxus happenings. Be

1.
Harry Bertoia, Textured Screen, 1954

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Panopticon: The Singing Ringing Tree

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The Blackpool High Tide Organ

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The Cristal Baschet

Musicology
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Musicology is the scholarly analysis and research-based study of music. Musicology is part of the humanities, a scholar who participates in musical research is a musicologist. Traditionally, historical musicology has been the most prominent sub-discipline of musicology, in the 2010s, historical musicology is one of several large musicology sub-disc

1.
Late 18th- century painting of instruments from the school of Zlatá Koruna. On the wall are several lutes and brass instruments. On the left is a cello -type instrument. In the middle are several drums. On the right is a small pipe organ.

2.
Historical musicology, which was traditionally the most prominent subdiscipline of musicology, studies the history of music. Central to this study is the examination of historical scores, such as this original manuscript sketch by Ludwig van Beethoven for Piano Sonata No. 28, Movement IV, Geschwind, doch nicht zu sehr und mit Entschlossenheit (Allegro), in his own handwriting. The piece was completed in 1816.

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Music historian Jack Stewart lectures at a conference.

University of Provence
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The University of Provence Aix-Marseille I was a public university mostly located in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille. It was one of the three Universities of Aix-Marseille and was part of the Academy of Aix and Marseille, with roots dating back to 1409, the University was established in 1969 through a merger of the school of humanities in Aix-en-Prov

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Facilities in Marseille

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University of Provence Aix-Marseille I

IRCAM
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IRCAM is a French institute for science about music and sound and avant garde electro-acoustical art music. It is situated next to, and is linked with. The extension of the building was designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, several concepts for electronic music and audio processing have emerged at IRCAM. Max/MSP has subsequently become a wide

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Western face of the IRCAM building

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IRCAM's machine room in 1989

Music venue
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A music venue is any location used for a concert or musical performance. A music venue range in size and location, from an outdoor bandshell or bandstand or a hall to an indoor sports stadium. Typically, different types of venues host different genres of music, music venues may be either privately or publicly funded, and may charge for admission. A

1.
The Sydney Opera House 's Concert Hall is an example of a large indoor classical music venue. It is home of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. The rest of the building contains other amenities common at such music venues, such as cafés, restaurants, bars and retail outlets.

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The annual Dance Valley dance music festival in the Netherlands. Such music festivals typically include a large temporary stage, are held outdoors, and include other attractions such as food, performance art and other social activities.

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A bandstand is an example of a small outdoor venue. Bandstands are typically circular or semicircular structures that accommodate musical bands performing outdoor concerts, providing shelter from the weather for the musicians.

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The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens. Greek tragedies often featured choral music performed on-stage.

Palais Garnier
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The Palais Garnier is a 1, 979-seat opera house, which was built from 1861 to 1875 for the Paris Opera. The Paris Opera now mainly uses the Palais Garnier for ballet, the Palais Garnier has been called probably the most famous opera house in the world, a symbol of Paris like Notre Dame Cathedral, the Louvre, or the Sacré Coeur Basilica. This opinio

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Facade of the Palais Garnier with labels indicating the locations of various sculptures

L'Olympia
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Olympia is a music hall located in the 9th arrondissement of Paris, France. 28, Boulevard des Capucines, its closest métro/RER stations are Madeleine, Opéra, Havre – Caumartin, co-Founded in 1888, by Joseph Oller and Charles Zidler, the co-creators of the Moulin Rouge, today easily recognizable by its giant red glowing letters announcing its name.

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Façade of music, shown at night (c. 2009)

La Cigale
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La Cigale is a theater at 120, boulevard de Rochechouart near Place Pigalle, in the 18th arrondissement of Paris. The theatre is part of a complex that is connected to Le Trabendo, the hall can accommodate 1389 people or 954 people. The floor of the orchestra has a platform that can tilt. The Inrockuptibles Festival takes place 20 years at La Cigal

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La Cigale in 2008

Bataclan (theatre)
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The Bataclan is a theatre located at 50 Boulevard Voltaire in the 11th arrondissement of Paris, France. Designed in 1864 by the architect Charles Duval, its name refers to Ba-ta-clan, since the early 1970s, it has been a venue for rock music. On 13 November 2015,90 people were killed in a coordinated terrorist attack in the theatre, the Bataclan or

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The Bataclan

Salle Pleyel
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The Salle Pleyel is a concert hall in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. The resident ensembles are the Orchestre de Paris and the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, a replacement 3, 000-seat hall was commissioned in 1927 by piano manufacturer Pleyel et Cie and designed by Gustave Lion. They in turn sold the hall to Hubert Martigny in

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Salle Pleyel

Le Batofar
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LV Osprey entered service as a Light Vessel for the Commissioners of Irish Lights in 1955. On 9 May 1975 she was sold to the New Ross Harbour Commissioners for use as a floating oil berth, pilot station, on March 1998 she was sold again and moored on the Seine. Le Batofar ignited the night club on boat trend in Paris and this lighthouse boat offers

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Batofar

Le Divan du Monde
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Le Divan du Monde is a converted theatre, now functioning as a concert space, located at 75 rue des Martyrs, in the 18th arrondissement, in the Pigalle neighborhood of Paris. At the beginning of the 19th century, there was a called the Saint-Flour Musette. In 1861 it was turned into the Brasserie des Martyrs, which was patronized by Charles Baudela

Palais des Sports (Paris)
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Palais de Sports is an indoor arena located at 1 place de la Porte de Versailles in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, France. The closest métro station is Porte de Versailles, the Palais des Sports was built in 1960 to replace the old Vel’ d’Hiv. at the Porte de Versailles. With a capacity of 4,500 seats, it was the largest venue in Paris, the arch

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Palais des Sports

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Concert of Léo Ferré to support Radio Libertaire. 10th anniversary of Radio Libertaire at Palais des sports of Paris.

Halle Tony Garnier
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The Halle Tony Garnier is a concert hall in Lyon, France. It was designed by Tony Garnier in 1905, originally a slaughterhouse, the building was renovated in 1987 and opened as a concert hall in 1988. With a capacity of nearly 17,000, it is the third biggest venue in France after the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy, the original building opened in

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c. 1914

Palais Nikaia
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Palais Nikaïa is an indoor concert hall and multi-purpose facility located in Nice, France. It opened on 4 April 2001, and is located five minutes drive from Côte dAzur International Airport. On its own, Palais Nikaïa has seats for between 1,500 and 6,250 persons depending upon configuration, with an maximum of 9,000 capacity including those standi

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Palais Nikaia

Palais des Sports (Grenoble)
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Palais des Sports, known also as the Palais des sports Pierre Mendes or Le Stade Olympique de Glace is an indoor ice hockey arena, located in Paul Mistral Park in Grenoble, France. The vaulted roof structure was built from November 1966 to April 1967, the stadium was conceived for the Olympiques Winter Games held in Grenoble in 1968 and has a capac

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Palais de Sports

Maison de la culture de Grenoble
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The Maison de la Culture de Grenoble, commonly called MC2 is a public venue for public events located on the Avenue Marcellin-Berthelot in Grenoble, France. Built by André Wogenscky on the occasion of the Olympics, MC2 was inaugurated on 13 February 1968 by André Malraux, Minister of Cultural Affairs and the father of the concept of houses of cultu

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The Moon aligned with the MC2, June 2009

Summum (Grenoble)
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The Summum is a theatre located in Grenoble, France. By capacity it is the second largest indoor venue in Grenoble after the Palais des Sports. The hall opened in 1988 and is part of Alpexpo, other notable past performers include Blue Öyster Cult, Deep Purple, Robert Plant, Yes, Mylène Farmer, Morcheeba and Nirvana

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Summum

Arsenal de Metz
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The Arsenal Concert Hall is a cultural venue dedicated specially to Classical and Erudite musics and located near the Esplanade garden in Metz, capital of the Lorraine region, France. The Arsenal is home to the French National Orchestra of Lorraine, the Arsenal has gained wide recognition as one of the most beautiful concert halls in the world. In

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The Arsenal on the Esplanade garden

Le Lieu Unique
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The lieu unique is the national center for contemporary arts and music venue in Nantes, France. Opened on January 1,2000, it is housed in a biscuit factory at the center of the city. It was founded by Jean Blaise and is now directed, by Patrick Gyger, scène nationale of Nantes, the lieu unique is a space for artistic exploration, cultural effervesc

Hellfest Summer Open Air
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Hellfest, also called Hellfest Summer Open Air, is a French music festival specializing in heavy metal, held annually in June in Clisson in Loire-Atlantique. Its high attendance makes it one of the greatest French music festivals and it is also one of the biggest festivals of metal in Europe and the first in France. The festival was the successor o

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Logo for the 2011 edition.

Rock en Seine
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The Rock en Seine festival is a three-day rock music festival, held at Domaine National de Saint-Cloud, the Château de Saint-Clouds park, west of Paris, inside the garden designed by André Le Nôtre. The name is a pun, based on exactly the same pronunciation in French of the words scène meaning stage, the park and the garden, was designed by Le Nôtr

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The Hives at Rock en Seine 2007

Printemps de Bourges
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Le Printemps de Bourges is an annual music festival that is held in Bourges, France, over the course of five days. It is now an event in France and Europe. The festival was created in 1977, with its span of 35 years, its history reflects musical trends and evolution over time. Every springtime, thousands of spectators come from all parts of France,

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Printemps de Bourges

Vieilles Charrues Festival
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The Vieilles Charrues Festival is held every year in mid-July in the city of Carhaix located in the west of Brittany, France. This festival is the largest music festival in France, attracting more than 200,000 festival-goers every year and this festival was created in 1992 in Landeleau, a small village in central Finistère. At that time, less than