Noting that "paleoecology can provide valuable insights into the ecology of species that complement observation and experiment-based assessments of climate impact dynamics," Tinner et al. (2013) give as an example the fact that "new paleoecological records (e.g., pollen, macrofossils) from the Italian Peninsula suggest a much wider climatic niche [for] the important European tree species Abies alba (silver fir) than observed in its present spatial range." Tinner et al. go on to explore this discrepancy between current and past distributions of A. alba by (1) analyzing "climatic data (temperature, precipitation, frost, humidity, sunshine) and vegetation-independent paleoclimatic reconstructions (e.g., lake levels, chironomids)," and by (2) using "global coupled carbon-cycle climate (NCAR CSM1.4) and dynamic vegetation (LandClim) modeling."

The fifteen scientists say their analyses suggest that "during the mid-Holocene (~6000 years ago), prior to humanization of vegetation, A. alba formed forests under conditions that exceeded the modern (1961-1990) upper temperature limit of the species by ~5-7°C (July means)," when "annual precipitation during this natural period was comparable to today (>700-800 mm)," but with "drier summers and wetter winters." And they also report "in the meso-Mediterranean to sub-Mediterranean forests A. alba co-occurred with thermophilous taxa such as Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens, Olea europaea, Phillyrea, Arbutus, Cistus, Tilia, Ulmus, Acer, Hedera helix, Ilex aquifolium, Taxus and Vitis." And they say "results from the last interglacial (ca. 130,000-115,000 BP), when human impact was negligible, corroborate the Holocene evidence."

"On the basis of the reconstructed realized climatic niche of the species," Tinner et al. conclude "the future geographic range of A. alba may not contract regardless of migration success, even if climate should become significantly warmer than today with summer temperatures increasing by up to 5-7°C, as long as precipitation does not fall below 700-800 mm/year, and anthropogenic disturbance (e.g., fire, browsing) does not become excessive." And they make a point of stating their work "contradicts recent studies that projected range contractions under global-warming scenarios, but did not factor how millennia of human impacts reduced the realized climatic niche of A. alba."