Chapter 1

in research, repeating a study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results

8.

tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations

12.

study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group

14.

the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities

16.

subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable

17.

a measure of the relationship between two variables

18.

a social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders

19.

perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share

21.

early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study in the structure or basic elements of the mind

22.

tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed

25.

modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior that sexual motivations

26.

a number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and direction of a correlation

30.

a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed

31.

variable in an experiment that is manipuated by the experimenter

32.

randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects

34.

tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study

35.

either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis

36.

system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced

37.

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

38.

variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment

39.

a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior reuslt, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships

Down

1.

the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested

2.

definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured

3.

systems of explaining human behavior that are not based on or consistent with scientific evidence

4.

subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment

5.

perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system

6.

process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group

9.

the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

10.

early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures

11.

the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud

13.

perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture

15.

study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking

17.

making reasoned judgements about claims

20.

a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

23.

study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group

24.

modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning

27.

a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology

28.

tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

29.

early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play

33.

study of one individual in great detail

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