6 Lanzhou new area China to flatten 700 mountains for new metropolis in the desert Lanzhou new area plan to begin with 'mountain moving project', but financial and environmental wisdom of project questioned (The Gardian) A long, long time ago, an old Chinese peasant named Yu Gong decided to move two inconveniently located mountains away from blocking the entrance to his home. Legend has it he struggled terribly, but ultimately succeeded. Hence the Chinese idiom "Yu Gong moves the mountains." Where there's a will, there's a way. Now Chinese developers are putting old Yu to shame. In what is being billed as the largest "mountain moving project" in Chinese history, one of China's biggest construction firms will spend 2.2bn to flatten 700 mountains levelling the area Lanzhou, allowing developers to build a new metropolis on the outskirts of the northwestern city. The Lanzhou New Area, 500 square miles (130,000 hectares) of land 50 miles from the city, which is the provincial capital of arid Gansu province, could increase the region's gross domestic product to 27bn by 2030, according to the state run China Daily. It has already attracted almost 7bn of corporate investment. The project will be China's fifth "state level development zone" and the first in the country's rapidly developing interior, according to state media reports. Others include Shanghai's Pudong and Tianjin's Binhai, home to a half built, 120 building replica of Manhattan. China's state council, its highest administrative authority, approved the Lanzhou project in August. The first stage of the mountain flattening initiative, which was reported on Tuesday by the China Economic Weekly magazine, began in late October and will eventually enable a new urban district almost 10 square miles in size northeast of downtown Lanzhou a small, but important part of the Lanzhou New area project to be built. One of the country's largest private companies: the Nanjing based China Pacific Construction Group, headed by Yan Jiehe, is behind the initiative. The 52 year old former teacher is portrayed in China as a sort of home grown Donald Trump ultra ambitious and preternaturally gifted at navigating the country's vast network of "guanxi", or personal connections. Yan was born in the 1960s as the youngest of nine children. After a decade of working as a high school teacher and cement plant employee, he founded his construction firm in 1995 and amassed a fortune by buying and revamping struggling state owned enterprises. In 2006 the respected Hu Run report named Yan then worth about 775m as China's secondrichest man. His latest plan has evoked a healthy dose of scepticism. Lanzhou, home to 3.6 million people alongside the silty Yellow River, already has major environmental concerns. Last year the World Health Organisation named it the city with the worst air pollution in China. The city's main industries include textiles, fertiliser production and metallurgy. Liu Fuyuan, a former high level official at the country's National Development and Reform Commission, told China Economic Weekly that the project was unsuitable because Lanzhou is frequently listed as among China's most chronically water scarce municipalities. "The most important thing is to gather people in places where there is water," he said. 6

7 Others also pointed to the financial risk of building a new city in the middle of the desert. "All this investment needs to be paid back with residential land revenue, and I don't see much on returns in these kinds of cities," said Tao Ran, an economics professor at Renmin University in Beijing. "If you have a booming real estate market it might work, but it seems to me that real estate in China is very, very risky." In an interview, a China Pacific Construction Group spokeswoman dismissed criticisms of the project as unjustified. "Lanzhou's environment is already really poor, it's all desolate mountains which are extremely short of water," said Angie Wong. "Our protective style of development will divert water to the area, achieve reforestation and make things better than before." Yan's plans could be considered "a protective style of development, and a developmental style of protection", she said, adding: "I think whether it's England or America, or any other country, no one will cease development because of resource scarcity caused by geography." A promotional video posted on the Lanzhou new area website shows a digitally rendered cityscape of gleaming skyscrapers and leafy parks. Against a driving operatic score, the camera zooms out from a large government building to reveal features of the area's imagined urban topography: a clock tower, a new airport, an oil refinery, a light rail system, and a stadium packed with cheering fans. The new area "will lead to an environmentally sustainable economy based on energy saving industries" including advanced equipment manufacturing, petrochemical industries and modern agriculture, wrote Chinese Central Television on its website. The Lanzhou city government could not be reached for comment. Jonathan Kaiman The Guardian, Thursday 6 December GMT 7

9 History Originally in the territory of the Western Qiang peoples, Lanzhou became part of the territory of the State of Qin in the 6th century BC. In 81 BC, under the Han dynasty (206 BC 220 AD), it was taken from the Huns' Huandi Chanyu and made the seat of Jinchengcommandery (jùn), and later of the Jincheng county (xiàn), later renamed Yunwu. The city used to be called the Golden City, and since at least the first millennium BC it was a major link on the ancient Northern Silk Road,[1][2] and also an important historicyellow River crossing site. To protect the city, the Great Wall of China was extended as far as Yumen. After the fall of the Han Dynasty, Lanzhou became the capital of a succession of tribal states. In the 4th century it was briefly the capital of the independent state of Liang. The Northern Wei dynasty ( ) reestablished Jincheng commandery, renaming the county Zicheng. Mixed with different cultural heritages, the area at present day Gansu province, from the 5th to the 11th century, became a center for Buddhist study. Under the Sui Dynasty ( ) the city became the seat of Lanzhou prefecture for the first time, retaining this name under the Tang Dynasty ( ). In 763 the area was overrun by the Tibetan Empire and in 843 was conquered by the Tang. Later it fell into the hands of the Western Xia Dynasty (which flourished in Qinghai from the 11th to 13th century) and was subsequently absorbed by the Song Dynasty ( ) in The name Lanzhou was reestablished, and the county renamed Lanzhuan. After 1127 it fell into the hands of the Jin Dynasty, and after 1235 it came into the possession of the Mongol Empire. Downtown Lanzhou seen from across the Yellow River Under the Ming Dynasty ( ) the prefecture was demoted to a county and placed under the administration of Lintaosuperior prefecture, but in 1477 Lanzhou was reestablished as a political unit. The city acquired its current name in 1656, during the Qing Dynasty. When Gansu was made a separate province in 1666, Lanzhou became its capital. In 1739 the seat of Lintao was transferred to Lanzhou, which was later made a superior prefecture called Lanzhou. Lanzhou was badly damaged during the Dungan revolt in In the 1920s and 1930s it became a center of Sovietinfluence in northwestern China. During the Second Sino Japanese War ( ) Lanzhou, linked with Xi'an by highway in 1935, became the terminus of the 3,200 km (2,000 mi) Chinese Soviet highway, used as a route for Soviet supplies destined for the Xi'an area. This highway remained the primary traffic route of northwestern China until the completion of the railway from Lanzhou to Urumqi, Xinjiang. During the war Lanzhou was heavily bombed by the Japanese. During the 1937 Japanese invasion of China, the Guominjun Muslim Generals Ma Hongkuiand Ma Bufang protected Lanzhou with their cavalry troops, putting up such resistance that the Japanese never captured Lanzhou.[3][4][5] The city is the seat of a currently vacant Roman Catholic diocese[6] and was previously the center of a vicariate apostolic (Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Kan Su).[7] 9

10 Overview (iflg et rejsebureau) Lanzhou is the capital of Gansu Province. About 3.2 million people live in the urban area. Lanzhou was an ancient city on the Silk Road trade route between Europe and China because it is at the entrance of a lowland corridor called the Hexi Corridor. On either side of this big long valley, there are high mountains, deserts and plateaus that blocked travel to the north and south. The people benefited from the trade through the area, and they were influenced by Western ideas and religions. In and around Lanzhou are ancient Buddhist temple sites and shrines. Now, Lanzhou has a large Muslim minority of about 9% of the population. The city is an important transportation hub. The legacy of centuries of travel and trade on the Silk Road are the Bingling Temple Grottoes near Lanzhou and ancient temples and fortifications in the Hexi Corridor, and the modern city of Lanzhou offers the Gansu Provincial Museum as a travel highlight and modern facilities for a Silk Road tour. Qilian Mountains On and off for about 1,600 years after 100 BC, the Silk Road through the Hexi Corridor and Lanzhou was an important trade route. For centuries, between the Chinese empires and kingdoms in the Far East and the empires and kingdoms to the west, the quickest and safest overland route north of the Himalayan mountains passed through the town of Dunhuang at the western end of the Hexi Corridor, though the Hexi Corridor passage, and then on to Lanzhou. The Hexi Corridor is about 1,000 kilometers long, and the towns and rivers were used by traders, troops and travelers. On both sides of this corridor is inhospitable terrain. To the south are the Qilian Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau, and to the north are the Beishan Mountains and the Gobi desert. For going between the West and China, the big, long valley was one of the two main land routes. The other route called the Southern Silk Road or the Tea Horse Road went through Yunnan in the far southwestern corner of China. For the capital cities of China s large dynastic empires at Xi an and Beijing and for the populous northern provinces, the Hexi Corridor and Lanzhou were vitally important for trade and contact with the West. One of the legacies of the Silk Road is the Bingling Temple (Thousand Buddha Caves) that are one and a half hours southwest of Lanzhou. The first frescoes were carved during the 4th or 5th centuries AD. Carving and excavating continued for about 1,000 years. There are more than a hundred caves and hundreds of carved figures. Some are quite big. A famous one is more than 27 meters tall and is similar in style to great Buddhas that were carved in Central Asia. History The history of Lanzhou is tied up with the Silk Road. The Han Empire (206 BC 220 AD) rulers wanted trade and allies and sent Zhang Qian as an emissary to western countries two times about the year 100 BC. He had very long and adventurous journeys that included being captured for 10 years and escaping. The Han rulers sent a big embassy with him with trading goods, and they interested the countries to the west with trade with China. Silk was the most prized Chinese product, and the Chinese wanted big horses and manufactured products such as glass articles. Mogao Grottoes Along with the goods, ideas traveled with the people on the caravan routes. Western ideologies greatly affected the Chinese Dynasties. It is said that a Han Emperor named Mingdi had a dream of a golden figure, and his advisers said that the figure was the Buddha who was the god of the West. In 68 AD, Mingdi sent Cai Yin to Central Asia to learn about this religion. The main religion of Central Asia was Buddhism. Cai Yin brought back Buddhist scriptures and two Buddhist monks.

11 Buddhism became popular, and people built the big ancient Buddhist temple sites associated with the Silk Road at the Bingling Grottoes, Mogao Grottoes and the Zhangye Giant Buddha Temple during the next thousand years. The Western influence can be seen in the style of the ancient sites. The people near the Silk Road accepted Persian and Indian Buddhist teaching. When Arabs attacked Central Asia in the 700s, Islam replaced Buddhism as the major religion. The Silk Road fell into disuse after the Tang Dynasty fell in the year 907. Then Mongolians conquered China and most of Asia and established the Yuan Dynasty ( ) in China. They brought Muslims from Persia and Central Asia to China. Many Mongolians converted to Islam. Best time to go: The best time to go is between April and September when it is warm. There isn t much rain during any month. Even in the summer, a jacket may be necessary. Altitude and Pollution: The altitude is 1,500 meters or almost 5,000 feet. This is almost a mile high, like the altitude of Denver, Colorado. Lanzhou is one of the world s smoggiest cities. If you suffer from asthma or high altitudes, it would be good to spend only a short time there. There is also a lot of dust in the air sometimes. Nearby Attractions White Pagoda The main ancient attraction near Lanzhou is the Bingling Grottoes. Another is the White Pagoda park area. Following the Silk Road going westwards in the Hexi Corridor, there is the city of Wuwei with the Confucian Temple complex. Further west is the city of Zhangye near the Giant Buddha Temple. Next there is the Jiayuguan Fort that guarded the western border of China at the narrowest point of the Hexi Corridor called the Jiayu Pass. The city of Dunhuang is at the western end of the valley and was also the end of the Great Wall of China that once stretched all the way from Beijing. Near Dunhuang are the Mogao Grottoes that are sometimes called the "One Thousand Buddhas Caves. Mogao grotterne. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is said to be among the largest and best preserved Buddhist grottoes in the world. Much of the area is closed off though. The ancient sites in the Hexi Corridor mainly relate to the Silk Road era. The Silk Road breaks into three branches at Dunhuang, and Turpan, Urumqi and Kashgar are travel highlights further west. White pagode

12 Wikipedia: Geography Area: 13,300 km2 (5,100 sq mi) Elevation: 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) above sea level China's northwest geographical center More than 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) of urbanisation along the southern banks of the Yellow River. Zonary basin Mountains are located on the south and north sides of the city: Qilian Ranges, Mt. Pingliang and Mt. Kongtong (the most noted in Taoism) River: The Yellow River flows through from west to east. Lanzhou is situated on the upper reaches of the Yellow River where it emerges from the mountains and has been a center since early times, being at the southern end of the route leading via the Hexi Corridor across Central Asia. It commands the approaches to the ancient capital area of Chang'an (modern Xi'an) in Shaanxi province from both the west and the northwest, as well as the area of Qinghai Lake via the upper waters of the Yellow River and its tributaries. Earthquakes Lanzhou experiences earthquakes regularly, although usually at low intensities. In 1920 a large earthquake was experienced killing more than 100,000 people in Eastern Gansu province, although only 42 were killed in Lanzhou itself, the low number being attributed to the strong yet flexible nature of the wooden buildings in the city. [12] Climate and environment Further information: Environment of China Lanzhou is situated in the temperate zone and enjoys a semi arid climate (Köppen BSk) with hot summers and cold and dry winters. Diurnal temperature ranges tend to be somewhat large due to the high elevation and aridity. The mean annual temperature is 9.8 C (49.6 F), while annual rainfall is 315 millimetres (12.4 in), almost all of which falls from May to October. The winters are so dry that snow is extremely rare. Serious Air pollution in the city means that it has some of the worst air quality of all the cities in China.[8] According to the Blacksmith Institute, Lanzhou is one of the 30 most polluted cities in the world, with its TSP (total suspended particle)] rating 247% above that of the Gansu State recommendation. Air quality is so poor that at times one cannot see Lanshan, the mountain rising straight up along the south side of the city. At one point, a controversial suggestion was put forward to bulldoze a mountain adjacent to the city, in order to let fresh air in to the bowl where Lanzhou is situated. It was suggested on the premise that the surrounding mountains block a free flow of air in the city. The city is located in a narrow river valley with an unfortunate curve causing it to be hemmed in with no free air flow. Lanzhou is also the home of many factories, including some involved in petroleum processing, and suffers from large dust storms kicked up from the Gobi Desert, especially in the winter and spring. In 2011, using Chinese statistics, the World Health Organization reported that Lanzhou has the worst air quality (annual mean PM10 ug/m3 of 150) among eleven western China cities, and is even worse than Beijing with its reading of 121.[9] The reach of the Yellow River at Lanzhou carries a high load of silt, giving the river its characteristic muddy appearance; however water quality in this reach is better than the "fetid outflow that barely passes for water two hours downstream".[10] 12

13 Productivity Since 1949 Lanzhou has been transformed from the capital of a poverty stricken province into the center of a major industrial area. The GDP per capita of Lanzhou was 25,566 (RMB) (US$3,681) in 2008, ranking it at number 134 among 659 Chinese cities. Natural resources Minerals: coal, gold, silver, zinc, nickel, manganese, clay, and dolomite Hydropower There is a thermal generating plant supplied with coal from fields in Qinghai. In addition, there is a hydroelectric station at Zhulama Gorge in Gansu, and a large multipurpose dam has been built in the Liujia Gorge on the Yellow River above Lanzhou.[13] Industrial zones: Lanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone Lanzhou High tech Industrial Development Zone [edit]agriculture Lanzhou is the collecting center and market for agricultural produce and livestock from a wide area. Spring wheat, vegetables, beans, oilboiling, melon, peaches, and tobacco. Roses and lilies Industry Main industries include textile mills, rubber processing and fertilizer plants, an oil refinery, petrochemicals, machinery, and metallurgical industry. Gansu has one of the largest oil refineries in the country and Lanzhou itself is the center of the province's petrochemical industry. Lanzhou has a large refinery linked to the fields at Yumen by pipeline. It also manufactures equipment for the oil industry. Lanzhou has a large textile industry, particularly noted for the production of woolen and leather goods. In addition, Lanzhou produces locomotives and rolling stock for the northwestern railways, as well as machine tools and mining equipment. aluminum products, industrial chemicals, and fertilizers are produced on a large scale, and there is a large rubber industry. Copper is mined in nearby Gaolan. Lanzhou has been one of the centers of China's national nuclear power industry since the 1960s. 13

14 Transportation Airlines Lanzhou Airport serves as the main airport and is located 70 km (43 mi) north of Lanzhou. Flights from more than 20 cities depart and arrive at the airport. Railway / Subway Lanzhou is the 2nd city in northwest China to begin building subway lines, in August The planned urban railway network will consist of six subway lines running 207 km (129 mi), Yuan said. Three of the subway lines, coded Line 1, Line 2 and Line 3, will extend 90 km (56 mi) in the city proper, while the three outer lines, coded Line 4, Line 5 and Line 6, will run 117 km (73 mi), connecting the city center with Lanzhou Zhongchuan Airport, Yuzhong county and Gaolan county, respectively. The first two lines will cost about 23 billion yuan ($3.6 billion) and be completed by 2020.[14] Regional Lanzhou Railway Station is a major railway hub of western China. Everyday over 100 passenger trains originate or pass via this station. It is a vital focal point connecting the western Chinese provinces with the east. Lanzhou Railway Station's location is on Huochezhan Dong Lu, in Chengguan district. It has the following railway connections: Longhai Railway to the east (Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Lianyungang), with connection to the main railway of Eastern China supporting direct trains to Beijing, Shanghai, etc. This was the first railway to reach Lanzhou (1953). Lanxin Railway to the west and northwest (with direct trains to western Gansu and Ürümqi, and further connections to other points in Xinjiang and to Kazakhstan) Lanqing Railway to the west and southwest, with direct service to Xining and Lhasa A line to the north and northeast, with direct service to Yinchuan and Baotou Construction of new high speed passengeronly railway lines is carried out both toward the east (the Xulan Passenger Dedicated Line) and the west (the Lanxin High Speed Railway). These services will be using an upgraded Lanzhou West Railway Station. Lanzhou Railway Station is located in Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu Province along Huochezhan Dong Road ( 火 车 站 东 路 ). Opened in October, 1952 under the jurisdiction of the Lanzhou Railway Bureau. It handles both passenger and freight as a Chinese classified first class station. It is served by the Longhai Railway, Lan Xin Railway and Baotou Lanzhou Railway Lanzhou Railway Station Soft Seat Waiting Area The station building has an area of 18,006 square meters, with a total area of 33,528 square meters with the outdoor square. It has been designed to hold 6,000 waiting passengers. It is served by an elevated footbridge across the lines, arrival and departure car ramps, escalators and central air conditioning, electronic ticketing and an electronic oriented information inquiry system. The outdoor station square hosts a large replica of the ancient Galloping Horse on a Flying Swallow statue, a symbol of Lanzhou. Lanzhou station has 5 platforms and a total of 12 shared tracks (passenger and freight). Usage Lanzhou station is served by Longhai Railway, Lan Xin Railway and Baotou Lanzhou Railway as a major provincial first class station. The average daily handling capacity is for passenger trains is about 100 trains, including various types of originating and through passenger trains. Future high speed train services to east to Xi'an and west to Urumqi, currently under construction, will bypass this station via a tunnel to Lanzhou West Railway Station, 8km to the west. 14

15 Lanzhou University, founded in 1909, (simplified Chinese: 兰 州 大 学 ; traditional Chinese: 蘭 州 大 學 ; pinyin: LánzhōuDàxué) is a major research university located in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China. It is one of the key universities under Ministry of Education, China(Project 985 & Project 211). It is also the best comprehensive university in northwest of China. It provides programs for undergraduate, graduate students on four campuses three in Lanzhou city centre and one in Yuzhong ( 榆 中 ), which is about 30 miles away from the main campus. Total enrollment is approximately 20,000. Undergraduate students study at the Yuzhong campus. There are 6 National Bases for the Training of Researching and Teaching personnel for Fundamental Disciplines. The University operates an additional 35 institutes along with 1 national key Laboratory of the Applied Organic and 3 key laboratories of Arid and Grassland Ecology, West China Environment, Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, a key laboratory of Grassland Agro ecosystem of the Ministry of Agriculture. Lanzhou University was one of the first universities entitled to enroll Bachelor Master s and Doctoral degree candidates in Lanzhou University is one of the top ten universities in contributions to academic publications in international journals frequently cited by ongoing research from around the world. Lanzhou University had formerly been one of China's premier institutions of higher learning with its position as the best university in Northwestern China. Lanzhou University maintains one of China's top ten Ph.D. programs in physics, chemistry, and geography and highly ranked programs in information science, biology, botany, mathematics, history, media, ecology and Chinese literature. Lanzhou University's main campus is a ten minute walk from Lanzhou Train Station. Parts of the campus are considered aesthetically pleasing, particularly in comparison to the rest of highly industrialized Lanzhou, with a small park and man made pond. Although the old dormitory buildings were in disrepair, the campus is undergoing an overhaul of its image. New dormitories are being built, with some finished already. Lanzhou University employs instructors from outside China in foreign languages (e.g. English, Russian and Japanese) and in physics, as well as frequently inviting guest lecturers from a variety of fields. It also has a popular Friday gathering within the gardens of the university to allow students to practice their English language skills. Nonuniversity students are generally allowed to attend such gatherings. Other public institutions Northwest Nationalities University ( 西 北 民 族 大 学 ) Eastern Gansu University ( 陇 东 学 院 ) Gansu Institute of Political Science and Law Northwest Normal University founded 1902 Lanzhou University of Technology founded 1919 Lanzhou Jiaotong University founded 1958 Lanzhou City University founded 1958 Gansu Agricultural University founded 1958 Lanzhou Medical College (Lanzhou Medical Institute) Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Lanzhou Commercial College (Lanzhou Business Institute) Gansu Political Science and Law Institute Lanzhou Niuroumian Cultural Research Institute Tianshui Normal University ( 天 水 师 范 学 院 ) Gansu Lianhe University ( 甘 肃 联 合 大 学 ) Health Care Lanzhou Heavy Ion Cancer Treatment Center, joint venture by Sheng De Group, the city government and Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institution of Modern Physics According to the provincial health bureau, about 42,000 people die of cancer every year in Gansu, accounting for 25 percent of the province's overall deaths. More than 1 billion yuan (146 million U.S. dollars) is spent annually on treating cancer in the province. Places of interest Xiguan Mosque after a Friday Prayer Gansu Provincial Museum Wuquan Mountain Baita Mountain Xinglong Mountain Lutusi ancient government 15

16 Primary Laboratories Lanzhou University has three primary laboratories and analytical testing facility sanctioned by the Chinese Ministry of Education and deemed as high importance to the state. Laboratory of Arid Agroecology The laboratory was founded in 1991 under ratification of the Planning Commission of China and engaged in arid agriculture ecology research. The Laboratory of Arid Agroecology is the only lab engaged in arid agriculture ecology research under the Chinese Ministry of Education. The lab has been highly developed on the basis of the authorization to confer bachelor, masters, doctorate and postdoctoral degrees through the financial aid of the World Bank loan. Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry The Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry was one of the first state key laboratories ratified by Planning Commission of China. It was founded in December 1987, open to visiting scholars and scientists from both within China and abroad. It is one primary laboratories to cultivate talents for organic chemistry. The researches of the laboratory focus on organic molecular chemistry of special function, especially in the field of basic research on active organic molecules. Open Laboratory of Applied Magnetism Created in 1993 by the Chinese Ministry of Education, this is an open laboratory conducting research in the field of Applied Magnetism. The lab is chiefly engaged in studies on applications of perpendicular magnetic recording. The laboratory also conducts research and development on new applied magnetic materials which can be used for commercial applications. Mossbauer spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resource spin echo spectroscopy and general magnetic testing media are used to study magnetic materials microscopic structure and general magnetic behavior. The laboratory is equipped with major facilities including a vibrating sample magnetometer, high pressure mossbauer spectroscope and magnetron sputtering system, along with many others. The lab also serves as a key resource for research in materials science and condensed matter physics. The laboratory has 24 professional researchers and technicians, among who are 4 doctoral advisers. Analytical Testing Center Financed by the first loan issued by the World Bank to develop universities, construction on this center began in It contains more than 20 major instruments and devices including a High Resolution Mass Spectrometer, Infrared Spectrometer, X Ray Quadrupole Diffractometer, Laser Raman Spectrometer, FT IR Spectrometer, and others. The center is primarily engaged in the determination and analysis of the structure of matter. It also conducts graduate students experiments which leads to the conferring of Master s and Ph.D. degrees. A testing service is available to the public. Established by the State Technology Superintendency in 1992, it is the approved lab for the inspection of imported and exported chemical and mining products. Wikipedia 16

17 Motto ; ) 自 强 不 息, 独 树 一 帜 Motto in English Established 1909 Type President Academic staff 1,758 Admin. staff 2,444 Undergraduates 19,756 Postgraduates 6,921 Location Be diligent, be realistic, be enterprising. national key university of P.R.China Project 985 & Project 211 Zhou Xuhong 周 绪 红 Colors Blue Black Nickname Website Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China 兰 大 LanDa [1][2] Gansu (simplified Chinese: 甘 肃 ;traditional Chinese: 甘 肅 ;pinyin:gānsù; Wade Giles: Kan su, Kansu, Kan suh) is aprovinceof the People's Republic of China, located in the northwest of the country. It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east. The Yellow River passes through the southern part of the province. Gansu has a population of 26 million (2009) and has a large concentration of Hui Chinese, and the historical home, along with Shaanxi of the dialect of the Dungans, who are Hui who migrated to Central Asia. The southwestern corner of Gansu is home to a large ethnic Tibetan population. The capital is Lanzhou, located in the southeast part of the province. Gansu is abbreviated as " 甘 " (Gān) or " 陇 " (Lǒng), and is also known as Long West or Long Right, in reference to the Long Mountain east of Gansu. History Jiayuguan Fort Gansu is a compound name first used in Song Dynasty China, of two Sui and Tang Dynasty prefectures ( 州 ): Gan (around Zhangye) and Su (around Jiuquan). 17

18 The ruins of a Han Dynasty (202 BC 220 AD) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang, Gansu province, the eastern edge of the Silk Road In prehistoric times, Gansu was host to a number of Neolithic cultures. The Dadiwan culture, from where numerous archaeologically significant artifacts have been excavated, flourished in the eastern end of Gansu from about 6000 BC to about 3000 BC.[1] The Majiayao culture ( 馬 家 窯 文 化 ) and part of the Qijia culture ( 齊 家 文 化 ) also took root in Gansu from 3100 BC to 2700 BC and 2400 BC to 1900 BC respectively. The Yuezhi originally lived in this area until they were forced to emigrate by the Xiongnu around 177 BCE. The Qin state ( 秦 ), later to become the founding state of the Chinese empire, grew out from the southeastern part of Gansu, specifically the Tianshui ( 天 水 ) area. The Qin name itself is believed to have originated, in part, from the area.[2][3] Qin tombs and artifacts have been excavated from Fangmatan near Tianshui, including one 2200 year old map of Guixian County.[4] In imperial times, Gansu was an important strategic outpost and communications link for the Chinese empire, as the Hexi corridor ( 河 西 走 廊 ) runs along the "neck" of the province. The Han dynasty extended the Great Wall across this corridor, also building the strategic Yumenguan (Jade Gate Pass, near Dunhuang) and Yangguan ( 阳 关 ) fort towns along it. Remains of the wall and the towns can be found there to this date. The Ming dynasty also built the Jiayuguan outpost in Gansu. To the west of Yumenguan and the Qilian Mountains, at the northwestern end of the province, the Yuezhi, Wusun, and other nomadic tribes dwelt (Shiji 123), occasionally figuring in regional imperial Chinese geopolitics. By the Qingshui treaty, concluded in 823 between the Tibetan Empire and the Tang Dynasty, China lost for a long while the whole Gansu province.[5] After the fall of the Uyghur Empire, an Uyghur state was established in Gansu that lasted from 848 to 1036 AD. During that time, many of Gansu's residents converted to Islam. Situated along the Silk Road, Gansu was an economically important province, and a cultural transmission path as well. Temples and Buddhist grottoes [6] such as those at Mogao Caves ('Caves of the Thousand Buddhas') and Maijishan Caves contain artistically and historically revealing murals.[7] An early form of paper inscribed with Chinese characters and dating to about 8 BC was discovered at the site of a Western Han garrison near the Yumen pass in August 2006 [8] The province was also the origin of the Muslim Rebellion of , which later spread to much of China and resulted in the deaths of upwards of twelve million Chinese Muslims[9] in addition to the decimation of Chinese Muslim culture in Yunnan province, where over one million Muslims were killed by Qing forces.[10] Among the Qing forces were Muslim Generals like Ma Zhan'ao and Ma Anliang who helped Qing crush the rebel Muslims. The Dungan revolt ( ) spread into this province from Qinghai. Its frequent earthquakes, droughts and famines have tended to slow its economic progress, until recently when based on its abundant mineral resources it has begun developing into a vital industrial center. An earthquake in Gansu at 8.6 on the Richter scale killed around 180,000 people in 1920, and another with a magnitude of 7.6 killed 275 in 1932.[11] 18

19 Muslim General Ma Hongbin was acting Chairman of the province, and Muslim General Ma Buqing was in virtual control of Gansu in Liangzhou District in Wuwei was previously his headquarters in Gansu, where he controlled 15 million Muslims.[12] [edit]geography Semi arid land, suitable for light grazing Gansu has an area of 454,000 square kilometres (175,000 sq mi), and the vast majority of its land is more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level. It lies between the Tibetan Plateau and the Loess Plateau, bordering Mongolia (Govi Altai Province) to the northwest, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia to the north, Shaanxi to the east, Sichuan to the south, and Xinjiang to the west. The Yellow River passes through the southern part of the province. The province contains the geographical centre of China, marked by the Center of the Country Monument at N E.[13] Part of the Gobi Desert is located in Gansu, as well as small parts of the Badain Jaran Desert and Tengger Desert. The Yellow River gets most of its water from Gansu. The Yellow River also flows straight through Lanzhou. Area around Wuwei is part of Shiyang River Basin.[14] The landscape in Gansu is very mountainous in the south and flat in the north. The mountains in the south are part of the Qilian Mountains, which contains the province's highest point, at 5,547 metres (18,199 ft) ( N E). A natural land passage known as Hexi Corridor, stretching some 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) from Lanzhou to the Jade Gate, is situated within the province. It is bound from north by the Gobi Desert and Qilian Mountains from the south. Gansu generally has a semi arid to arid, continental climate, with warm to hot summers and cold to very cold winters. Most of the precipitation is delivered in the summer months. However,due to its extreme altitude and remoteness, some areas of Gansu exhibit the Subarctic Climate with winter temperatures dropping to 40. Economy The Yellow River in Lanzhou seen from the park of the White Pagoda. Agricultural production includes cotton, linseed oil, maize, melons (such as the honeydew melon, known locally as the Bailan melon or "Wallace" due to its introduction by US vice president Henry A. Wallace),[16] millet, and wheat. Gansu is known as a source for wild medicinal herbs which are used in Chinese medicine. However, most of Gansu's economy is based on mining and the extraction of minerals, especially rare earth elements. The province has significant deposits of antimony, chromium, coal, cobalt, copper, fluorite, gypsum, iridium, iron, lead, limestone, mercury, mirabilite, nickel, crude oil, platinum, troilite, tungsten, and zinc among others. The oil fields at Yumen and Changqing are considered significant. Gansu has China's largest nickel deposits accounting for over 90% of China's total nickel reserves.[17] Industries other than mining include electricity generation, petrochemicals, oil exploration machinery, and building materials. According to some sources, the province is also a center of China's nuclear industry. Despite recent growth in Gansu and the booming economy in the rest of China, Gansu is still considered to be one of the poorest provinces in China. Its nominal GDP for 2011 was about billion yuan (79.69 billion USD) and per capita of 12,836 RMB (1,879 USD). Tourism has been a bright spot in contributing to Gansu's overall economy. As mentioned below, Gansu offers a wide variety of choices for national and international tourists. 19

20 As stipulated in the country's 12th Five Year Plan, the local government of Gansu hopes to grow the provinces GDP by 10% annually by focusing investments on five pillar industries: renewable energy, coal, chemicals, nonferrous metals, pharmaceuticals and services.[18] [edit]economic and technological development zones Lanzhou National Economic and Technological Development Zone Lanzhou Economic & Technology Development Zone was established in 1993, located in the center of Lanzhou Anning District. The zone has a planned area of 9.53 square kilometers. 17 colleges, 11 scientific research institutions, 21 large and medium size companines and other 1735 enterprises have been set up in the zone. Main industries include textile mills, rubber, fertilizer plants, oil refinery, petrochemical, machinery, and metallurgical industry.[19] Lanzhou New & Hi Tech Industrial Development Zone, Lanzhou Hi Tech Industrial Development Zone, one of the first 27 national hi tech industrial development zones, was established in 1998 covering more than 10 square kilometers. It is expected to expand another 19 square kilometers. The zone mainly focuses on Biotechnology, chemical industry, building decoration materials and information technology.[20] [edit]major business enterprises Many new business enterprises have been started in Gansu. Among the largest is Yasheng Group, with over 15,000 employees.[21][22] On the streets of Linxia Gansu province is home to 30,711,287 people. Most of the population, 73%, is still rural. Gansu is 92% Han and also has Hui, Tibetan, Dongxiang, Tu, Manchu, Uyghur, Yugur, Bonan, Mongolian, Salar, and Kazakh minorities. Prior to the Panthay Rebellion (also Muslim Rebellion), Gansu province had a large community of Chinese Hui Muslims, which was almost completely decimated by Qing authorities. Languages Most of the inhabitants of Gansu speak dialects of Northern Mandarin Chinese. On the border areas of Gansu one might encounter Tu, Amdo Tibetan, Mongolian, and the Kazakh language. Most of the minorities also speak Chinese. [edit]culture Sheep grazing beside a main road near Jiuquan The cuisine of Gansu is based on the staple crops grown there: wheat, barley, millet, beans, and sweet potatoes. Within China, Gansu is known for its lamian (pulled noodles), and Muslim restaurants which feature authentic Gansu cuisine. Religion Muslim restaurants are known as "qingzhen restaurants" ("pure truths (Islamic) restaurants"), and feature typical Chinese dishes, but without any pork products, and instead an emphasis on lamb and mutton. There was a Dungan revolt from 1895 to The Muslim Conflict in Gansu ( ) was a conflict against the Guominjun. Kuomintang Islamic insurgency in China ( ) was a prolongation of the Chinese Civil War. Gansu has many works of Buddhist art, including the Maijishan Grottoes. Dunhuang was a major centre of Buddhism in the Middle Ages. Silk Route Museum The Silk Route Museum is located in Gansu Province, and has over 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of exhibition space. [edit]the Jiayuguan Pass of the Great Wall Main article: Jiayuguan Pass 20

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