Theory

Harry Partch (June 24, 1901 &ndash; September 3, 1974) was an American composer and instrument creator. He was one of the first twentieth-century composers to work extensively and systematically with microtonal scales, writing much of his music for custom-made instruments that he built himself, tuned in 11-limitjust intonation.

Early life and career

Partch was born on June 24, 1901 in Oakland, California soon after his parents, both Presbyterian missionaries, fled the Boxer Rebellio in China. He spent his childhood in small, remote towns in Arizona and New Mexico, where he heard and sang songs in Mandarin, Spanish, and American Indian languages.

As a child, he learned to play the clarinet, harmonium, viola, piano, and guitar. He began to compose at an early age, using 12edo, the tuning system most common in Western music. However, Partch grew frustrated with what he felt were imperfections of the standard system of musical tuning, believing that this system was unsuitable for reflecting the subtle melodic contours of dramatic speech and, as a result, he burned all of his early works.

Interested in the potential musicality of speech, Partch invented and constructed instruments that could underscore the intoning voice, and he developed musical notations that accurately and practically instructed players as to how to play the instruments. His first such instrument was the ''Monophone'', later known as the ''Adapted viola''.

Partch secured a grant that allowed him to go to London to study the history of tuning systems and text-setting. In Dublin, he met the poet William Butler Yeats with the intention of gaining Yeats' permission to write an opera based on the poet's translation of Sophocles' ''Oedipus the King''. In his opera, Partch transcribed the inflections of actors from the Abbey Theatre reciting lines from Sophocles' play, and Partch performed this music on his Monophone while intoning "By the Rivers of Babylon". Yeats responded enthusiastically, saying, "A play done entirely in this way, with this wonderful instrument, and with this type of music, might really be sensational", and he gave Partch's idea his blessing.

Partch then set out to build more instruments with which to realize his burgeoning opera. However, after his grant money ran out, he was forced to return to the U.S., which was at the height of the Depression. There, he lived as a hobo, traveling around on trains and taking casual work where he could find it. He continued in this way for ten years, chronicling his experiences in a journal named ''Bitter Music''. The entries frequently included overheard bits of everyday vernacular speech, wherein Partch transcribed the speaker's pitches on musical staves. This technique, which had been used earlier by the Florentine Camerata, Berlioz, Mussorgsky, Debussy, Schoenberg, Leoš Janáček and others (and would be later used by Steve Reich), was to become a standard approach to vocal scoring in Partch's work.

In 1941, Partch wrote ''Barstow'', a work whose text comes from eight pieces of graffiti Partch had spotted on a highway railing in Barstow, California. The piece, originally for voice and guitar, was transcribed several times throughout the composer's life as his collection of instruments grew.

In 1943, after receiving a grant from the Guggenheim Foundation, Partch was able to dedicate more time to music. He returned to his ''Oedipus Project'', although the executors of Yeats' estate refused to grant him permission to use Yeats' translation, and he had to make his own; a recording with Yeats' translation has since been released, Yeats' text having passed into the public domain.<ref name=innova405>[http://www.innova.mu/artist1.asp?skuID=96 Innova 405]</ref> While living briefly in Ithaca, New York,[1] he began work on ''US Highball'', a musical evocation of riding the rails as a Depression-era hobo.

In 1949, a book Partch had been working on since 1923 was eventually published as ''Genesis of a Music''. It is an account of his own music with discussions of music theory and music instrument design. Today, it is considered a standard text of microtonal music theory and takes his concept of "Corporeality", the fusion of all art forms with the body, as its central focus.

He went on to write the "dance satire" ''The Bewitched'' and ''Revelation in the Courthouse Park'', a work based in large part on Euripides' ''The Bacchae''. ''Delusion of the Fury'' (1969) is considered by someWho|date=July 2008 as his greatest work.

Partch is famous for his 43-tone scale, even though he used many different scales in his work and the number of divisions is theoretically infinite. He created and maintained his own record label, "Gate 5",<!--What date was it established?--> to release recordings of his works and generate income. Towards the end of his life, Columbia Records made recordings of some of his works, including ''Delusion of the Fury'', which helped increase public attention to his work. He remains a somewhat obscure figure, but is well-known to experimental musicians (especially those interested in microtonality) and instrument-builders, and he is considered by manyWho|July 2008|date=March 2009 to be one of the most significant composers of the 20th century.

Personal life

Partch, an uncle of the cartoonist Virgil Partch,[2] was sterile, probably due to childhood mumps, and most of his romantic relationships were with men.<ref name="gilmore">citation |title=Harry Partch: A Biography |first=Bob |last=Gilmore |year=1998 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0300065213</ref> He died on September 3, 1974 in San Diego, California from a heart attack.

Awards and honors

In 1974, Partch was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the Percussive Arts Society, a music service organization promoting percussion education, research, performance and appreciation throughout the world.[3] In 2004, ''U.S. Highball'' was selected by the Library of Congress's National Recording Preservation Board as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[4]

Instruments

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Harry Partch's desire to use a different system of tuning inspired him to modify existing instruments and create new ones. He was, in his own words, "a philosophic music-man seduced into carpentry".

His adapted instruments include the Adapted Viola (a viola fitted with a cello neck which extends the range by a fourth, and has changeable bridges to allow triple-stops to be sustained) and three Adapted Guitars: a guitar with the equal tempered frets replaced by a complex system of justly tuned frets, a guitar tuned in octaves, or 2/1's, played by moving a pyrex rod along the strings, much like a slide guitar, and a 10-string fretless guitar played in a similar manner to his other fretless guitar, but with a wildly different tuning.

He re-tuned the reeds of several reed organs and labeled the keys with a color code. The first one was called the ''Ptolemy'', in tribute to the ancient music theorist Claudius Ptolemaeus, whose musical scales included ratios of the 11-limit, as Partch's did. The others were called ''Chromelodeons'', a portmanteau of ''chrome'' (meaning "color") and ''melodeon''.

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Partch also designed and built many instruments from raw materials:

The Bamboo Marimbas, nicknamed "Boo" and "Boo II", are marimbas made of bamboo, using the concept of a tongued resonator to produce the tones.

The Cloud Chamber Bowls is a set of pyrex bowls from a cloud chamber, suspended in a frame.

The Spoils of War is a collection of several instruments, including more Cloud Chamber Bowls, artillery shell casings, metal whang-guns, and several wooden tones.

The Gourd Tree and Cone Gongs are two separate instruments often played by the same player. The gourd tree is a bough of eucalyptus supporting several singing bowls attached to gourd resonators. The cone gongs are two fuel tank nose-cones, mounted on a stand low to the ground.

The Zymo-Xyl (from the Greek words for "fermentation" and "wood") is a xylophone augmented with tuned liquor bottles and hubcaps. (Partch lamented that there was no Greek word for "hubcaps".)

The Kitharas (named after the Greek kithara) are large upright stringed instruments, tuned by sliding pyrex rods underneath the strings, and played with fingers or a variety of plectra. Their sound is one of the most unmistakable in Partch's music.

The Harmonic Canons (from the same root as ''qanún'') are 44-stringed instruments with complex systems of bridges. They are tuned differently depending on the piece, and are played with fingers or picks, or in some cases, unique mallets.

In 1990, Dean Drummond's Newband became custodians of the original Harry Partch instrument collection, and the group frequently performs with and commissions new pieces for Partch's instruments.

The instruments have been housed in the Harry Partch Instrumentarium at Montclair State University in Montclair, New Jersey since 1999. In 2004, the instruments crossed campus into the newly constructed Alexander Kasser Theater, which provides a large studio space in the basement. Concerts by Newband and MSU's Harry Partch Ensemble may be viewed several times a year in this hall.

Many people have duplicated partial sets of Partch instruments including John Schneider, director of Microfest.[5] His West Coast ensemble includes replicas of the Kithara, Surrogate Kithara, Cloud-Chamber Bowls, Adapted Guitars, Adapted Viola, Diamond Marimba, Bass Marimba, Chromelodeon, and two Harmonic Canons.

In popular culture

*A Beck song called "Harry Partch", a tribute to the composer and his "Corporeal" music, employs Partch's 43-tone scale.[6][7]
*Evan Dara writes about Partch from the viewpoint of a fictional professor in his novel ''The Lost Scrapbook''[8]
*In his novel ''The Crack in Space'', novelist Philip K. Dick refers to Partch (misspelled as "Parch") as "the great mid-twentieth century composer", and specifically mentions the ''Spoils of War''.