Auto-tuning PID capabilities in temperature controllers solve most problems if used properly, but they do not always work as desired. Sometimes, a good old-fashioned manual approach is the solution.

Proportional-integral-derivative control methods — more commonly known as PID control — have been used in industrial applications for as long as anybody can remember.Proportional-integral-derivative control methods — more commonly known as PID control — have been used in industrial applications for as long as anybody can remember. Over the decades, control engineers have developed tuning techniques to get loops to behave as desired. Dozens — if not hundreds — of ways exist to determine the “magic settings” to get a loop to remain stable while quickly responding to process upsets and setpoint changes.

Industrial process temperature control loops offer some unique challenges. When a control engineer wants to tune a flow or pressure loop, the control device can be adjusted with an infinite number of steps, for all practical purposes. A valve usually can be tweaked just the right amount to make the process variable hug the setpoint.

Temperature loops generally do not work that way. Because the final control element often is an electric heater, it offers two settings: 0 and 100 percent. Maintaining a process at some intermediate point requires turning the element on and off, so getting a 50 percent output means the element is alternately turned on and off for the same period of time. In theory, the thermal inertia of the process makes the cycling invisible, but we’ll discuss the reality in greater depth later.

The control element also only works in one direction. While a valve controlling a flow loop can be opened or closed to increase or decrease the flow, most temperature applications have no counter-control capability. It is possible to heat the process, but there may be no provision for cooling it beyond ambient heat dissipation or introducing lower temperature feedstock coming into the process. Of course, some applications may have both cooling and heating elements, but these are less common. In most situations, if the controller makes the process material too hot, the only remedy is waiting, which makes overshooting an issue.

Figure 5. A cycle, or oscillation, maybe as long as an hour, so patience is necessary. If there are no regular cycles in the process or an upset, cut the P value in half.

Figure 4. When a controller responds to a setpoint change, the degree of damping will determine how fast it tries to reach a new setpoint.

Figure 3. Dead time is defined as a measurable time delay in minutes or hours, before a response in the process variable is observed due to an output change.

Figure 2. When the process variable is steady, the derivative action is zero. When the value of the process variable is changing rapidly, the derivative signal is large. The derivative signal has a major effect on the output of the controller.

Figure 1. Cycle time is total length of time for the controller output to complete one on/off cycle. In most situations, the heating element is either running at maximum heat output or off.

Understanding PID Control Concepts

Anyone working in manufacturing for 10 years or more has seen major changes as more companies have reduced their engineering and technical staff. Gone are the days when plants had staffs of engineers available to take on technical issues to ensure instrumentation was operating at peak efficiency. Nowadays, you may be one of the few process automation professionals remaining at your company. Likely, you are responsible for keeping the process running as well as taking care of field devices.

The ability to tune a PID loop manually is an art that is quickly becoming scarce. But, it is one of those skills — like driving a car with a stick shift — that can be unquestionably helpful in the right circumstances. The ability to tune a thermal PID or other loop is even rarer.

Many of the newest controllers are vastly more advanced than units from just a few years ago. Autotuning functions are available on bare-bones, 1/32 DIN controllers, and there are even several tuning strategy options to keep unruly loops under control. In spite of all this sophistication, however, these automated methods simply cannot tame some loops.

All autotuners are not created equal. Sometimes, the problem is the nature of the loop itself, but other times, the autotuning method available for a given controller is not suited to the specific application. This is when the skills to tune a loop manually are necessary.

As mentioned, most universal temperature and profile controllers provide an autotuning function as a standard feature. The controller automatically measures the process characteristics and tries to calculate the best PID parameters. Autotuning generally will succeed in setting optimum or at least workable PID parameters in most applications, so using it should be your first approach. If it works, you are done. But, if an autotuning error occurs, or if no improvement in control is observed, you must tune it manually.

Thermal-Loop Cycle Time

There are a few unique aspects of thermal loops you should keep in mind.

Cycle time is the total length of time for the controller output to complete one on/off cycle. With a temperature loop, in most situations, the heating element is either running at maximum heat output or off (figure 1).

Cycle time is used when controller output is configured for time-proportional PID. It is typically implemented by a relay or voltage-pulse output. The percentage of the cycle time during which the output is on is the same as the output calculated by the PID. If output display value is 50 percent, and cycle time is set at 20 seconds, the heating element will be on for 10 seconds and off for 10 seconds.

Reducing the cycle time results in faster cycling and finer control; however, it also reduces the life of the final control element and often the switching device. So, the cycle time should be as long as possible without creating oscillation. The output of the heating element relative to the amount of material will help make this determination. This parameter typically is set after autotuning or during the manual tuning process — in both cases, after the dead time has been calculated. Many loops, tuned with autotune, may not perform properly or appear to oscillate when they are actually tuned properly but have the wrong cycle time. Unless the cycle time is set properly, the loop will never exhibit the desired stability.

PID Parameters for Industrial Process Controls

The proportional band (PB) is the range over which the output is adjusted from 0 to 100 percent. PB is expressed as a percentage of the full operating span of the controller. If the manual reset is at 50 percent, the proportional band centers on the setpoint. For example, an operating range of 0 to 1000°F with a proportional band of 5 percent would equal a proportional band of 50°F, and so a setpoint of ±25°F.

Integral action (I), also known as reset, is added to proportional action to overcome steady-state offset or error from the setpoint. It responds to the error signal of the feedback system just as proportional action does, but it responds to the magnitude of the error by summing the error over time and adjusting its effect on the proportional band over time.

A large change in the load on a system will cause the process variable (PV) to experience a large deviation from the setpoint. For example, if a heavy load is placed into a hot preheating furnace, the temperature of the furnace will drop before the control system can increase the output to add more energy to the furnace and the load. The proportional action alone may not be enough to recover from the disturbance in a timely manner, especially if the temperature is within the proportional band. As the error between the setpoint and process variable becomes smaller, the position of the final control element gets closer to the point required to maintain a constant value.

Derivative action (D), also known as rate action, responds to rapid changes in the error signal. It will anticipate the rise or fall of the process variable and automatically adjust the proportional band to minimize overshoot or undershoot. Derivative action makes additional adjustments to the proportional band relative to the rate of change of the error signal.

When the process variable is steady, the derivative action is zero. When the value of the process variable is changing rapidly, the derivative signal is large. The derivative signal has a major effect on the output of the controller (figure 2).

In this way, a larger control signal is produced when there is a rapid change in the process variable because the final control element receives a larger input signal. The net result is faster responses to load changes, with overshoot/undershoot limited or prevented.

Given the one-way nature of most temperature loops, avoiding overshoot can be critical. However, as a practical matter, temperature loops do not generally change very quickly, so derivative action may not be necessary, and many temperature loops will operate well using only PI factors.

Dead time is defined as a measurable time delay, in minutes or hours, before a response in the process variable is observed due to an output change (figure 3). Most ovens, furnaces and tanks of liquid have relatively long dead times compared to other types of processes. When the heating element goes on, there can be some time — perhaps a long time — before it is possible to observe its action, further complicating control.

When Autotuning Works Well

Effective autotuning should allow you to choose how the process responds by using damping (retarding action) on process change. When a controller responds to a setpoint change, the degree of damping will determine how fast it tries to reach the new setpoint (figure 4). An over-damped process will change slowly, gradually moving the process variable to the new setpoint. If the process is sensitive to overshoot, this might be a desirable approach.

An under-damped approach will begin moving to the new setpoint much more quickly, and it will probably overshoot, only to have to come back. Because there is probably no counter effort, returning to the setpoint might take some time. If the product is sensitive to high temperatures, it could be ruined in the process.

The ideal situation in most applications is a fast change without excessive overshoot. The process variable finds the new setpoint quickly and settles without oscillations. When this happens, the autotuning system is doing its job. Sometimes, autotuning will not work, so a shift to manual is required.

Watt Densityis one of the most critical factors affecting element life and is a useful measure when considering the different types of heating elements. But what is it exactly and how do you calculate it? It is the heat flux emanating from each square inch of the effective heating area (heating surface) of the element. Watt density, expressed in watts per square inch of heater surface area, determines the heater’s operating temperature for a given set of conditions. It is calculated using the following equation.

Low Watt Density

If the watt density is too low the heater price will be high. The greatest heater life will come from the lowest watt density practical for the application.

High Watt Density

If watt density is too high this could cause the heater to fail, damage to the equipment, damage to the material being heated, the fluid could carbonize and break down chemically, or the element may burn out.

*Tip: When in doubt between two watt density choices, choose the lower one.

To learn more about how Accutherm can assist you in choosing the best heater for your application, visit us atwww.accutherm.com.

How to heat only what is needed to a specific temperature and maintain that temperature.

Heating derived from electrical sources is used extensively in industrial processes for thousands of widely varying applications. They include:

Heating water or other liquids for cleaning parts or to transfer the heat to other environments.

Increasing the temperature of metal pieces.

Environmental conditioning.

While the primary goal of these and other applications may vary, overriding objectives include to heat only what is needed, heat it to a specific temperature and maintain that temperature for the period of time required by the application.

Coarse temperature regulation can be achieved by simply turning the circuit that is powering the elements on and off using a switch (mechanical or solid-state relays) or contactor. Adding a thermostat will improve the consistency of the amount of heat applied, and adding a temperature sensing element (RTD, thermocouple or associated sensor) will further improve regulation of the heating process.

For the most precise and controlled impact on the treated material, the most common method is to control the power applied using silicone-controlled rectifiers (SCRs). These solid-state devices permit the electrical circuit to be turned on and off as needed, allowing only part of the potential power to be applied to the elements (figure 1).

The SCR arrangement commonly used for heating controls combines two diodes with sufficient capacity to switch the full current of the load. One diode allows conduction of the positive half of the alternating current and the other diode allows the negative current to conduct. The extra tails (marked as 1 and 2) shown in figure 1 are trigger signal connections (gates) that tell the SCR to conduct or block that portion of the AC sine wave. This cycling of the circuit on and off can be accomplished several times each second, thereby allowing the heating element to be energized for only part of each cycle, or for several cycles on and several cycles off.

The method of adjusting the power applied by varying each cycle is commonly referred to as phase-angle firing. By contrast, the approach of allowing full or half cycles to conduct is called burst- or time-proportioned firing.

Either method has advantages and disadvantages. Selecting which method to employ depends upon the type of heating element being controlled and the need to manage issues such as poor power quality or reduced element longevity.

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Circulations heaters can be designed to heat many types of liquids and gases. That is why circulation heaters are ideal for industrial use. They provide heat for a large range of industrial needs. AccuTherm offers a wide selection of high quality, electric circulation heaters.

AccuTherm is a specialist in designing and manufacturing quality process air duct heaters that heat moving air and gases up to 1200°F. These heaters are suited to handle many industrial applications. Process air duct heaters are installed into ducts and ovens for applications such as; air drying, curing paint and coatings, chemical and food processing and metal finishing.

The National Electrical Manufacturers Association, also known as NEMA, is one of the most prestigious and preferred trade associations for electrical product manufacturers. Member companies manufacture products that are used in conjunction with the generation, distribution, transmission, use, control and storage of electricity. The products are used for medical, institutional, commercial, residential and industrial applications. NEMA standards deal with the manufacture, performance testing, application and rating of various electrical products. The terminal boxes used on industrial electric heaters are typically given a NEMA rating to insure it meets the requirements of the environment where the heater will be installed. NEMA defines the requirements for electrical enclosures under NEMA Standard Number 250.

Heat is measurable and can be produced using electricity. The energy that is produced from an electrical heating system is considered a key source of energy. Immersion heaters are a key component in many electrical heating systems, such as those used in the oil and petrochemical industries.

http://accutherm.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/benefits.jpg1722944nch0rwebhttp://www.accutherm.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/logoaccu.png4nch0rweb2015-03-03 10:20:462015-05-22 15:54:23Benefits of an Electrical Heating System

Two critical factors affecting heater element life are watt density and sheath material. The incorrect sheath material can allow corrosion and poor heater life. The material must be suitable for the corrosive conditions and extreme temperatures of the process. Watt density, is the measurement of how many Watts are used per square inch of heater surface area.

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Our heaters are currently UL recognized, CSA compliant and CE approved. We are ASME and National Board certified for Section VIII Div 1 Pressure Vessel Welding.
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