Feb 26, 2009

As adults, butterflies consume only liquids and these are sucked by means of their proboscis. They feed on nectar from flowers and also sip water from damp patches. They do this for water, for energy from sugars in nectar and for sodium and other minerals which are vital for their reproduction. Several species of butterflies need more sodium than provided by nectar. They are attracted to sodium in salt and they sometimes land on people, attracted by human sweat. Besides puddles, some butterflies also visit dung, rotting fruit or carcasses to obtain minerals and nutrients. In many species, this mud-puddling behavior is restricted to the males and studies have suggested that the nutrients collected are provided as a nuptial gift along with the spermatophore (a capsule or mass created by males containing spermatozoa and transferred in entirety to the female's ovipore during copulation during mating).

Hesperiids are small to medium sized butterflies, between 20 mm and 80 mm. They are usually dull, drab brown in color and are frequently confused with moths. Their bodies are sturdy, robust with a large, heavily muscled thorax. Their heads are broad, about as wide or wider than thorax, with well-separated antennae and eyes. The first pair of legs have well-developed epiphyses, the middle legs have one pair of tibial spurs, and the hind tibiae have 2 pairs of spurs. Ocelli are absent. There are tufts of hair around the bases of the antennae. The tips of clubbed antennae usually curved back into a hook shape. The wings are relatively smaller in proportion to the body than in most butterflies. Some species have scaleless areas on wings. Their palps are usually large and thick. Hesperiids distribute worldwide: there are about 3,000 species and 5 subfamilies. Three subfamilies exist in the American continent: Pyrrhophaginae (several hundred species limited to the Americas), Pyrginae (several hundred species worldwide), and Hesperiinae (more than 200 species worldwide except Antarctica). All members of the Hesperiidae family are diurnal. They are usually recognized by their erratic, darting flight. Their larvae are generally green to brown with colored dorsal and lateral lines, and are large headed with a constricted "neck". Some are spindle shaped, others are more cylindrical. All are protected by leaves which they fold using a silken thread. Hesperiids have a wide variety of food plants: Subfamilies Trapezitinae and Hesperiinae feed on monocots, while others feed on eudicots. Hesperiinae has a one-to-one relationship with the host plant and the larvae feeds solely on Gramineae (grasses). The subfamily Pyrginae feed on Leguminosae, Rhizophoraceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Malpighiaceae, Bombacaceae, or Malvaceae, depending on the species.

Bahuinia forticatais a thorny, semideciduous tree that grows 5-9 m tall. Its leaves are 7-10 cm long, simple, coriaceous, halved at the top, and shaped like a cow's hoof, which is distinctive to the Bauhinia genus. Its Spanish name, "Pata de vaca", translates to cow's foot. It produces large, drooping white flowers and a brown seed pod resembling that of Mimosa. It can be found in the subtropical rainforests of Uruguay , as well as in tropical zones of Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina. The Bauhinia genus comprises about 500 species of shrubs, small trees, and lianas in the tropics. The indigenous uses of Pata de vaca are not well documented, but it has long held a place in the Uruguayan herbal medicine. It has been described as hypoglycemic, a blood purifier and a diuretic, and has been used for over 60 years to balance blood sugar levels in diabetics (it is a highly regarded treatment for diabetes, even being called "vegetable insulin"). A leaf decoction is also used internally and externally for elephantiasis, as well as other skin problems. In South America it is also employed to alleviate other associated symptoms of diabetes (such as polyuria, kidney disorders, and other urinary problems). Pata de vaca leaves and tea bags are common items on pharmacy shelves in the South American subcontinent; traditionally, a leaf tea is drunk after each meal to help balance sugar levels.

Why bilingual? For starters, Spanish is my native tongue. Secondly, English is still the universal language and the blog is meant to be accessible for anyone on the globe who is into Nature conservancy; particularly in getting to know Uruguay's flora and fauna.

"Hunting is merely a cowardly circumlocution for the cowardy murder of fellow creatures who do not have a chance. Hunting is a variant of human mental illness" Theodore Heuss (First president of the Republic of Germany; 1884-1963)

"When I was twelve, I went hunting with my father and we shot a bird. He was laying there and something struck me. Why do we call this fun to kill this creature who was as happy as I was when I woke up this morning?" (American and Canadian football coach, 1925-)

"May I walk unceasingly on the banks of my river, may my soul repose on the branches of the trees which I planted, and may I may refresh myself under the shadow of my sycamore tree".Egyptian tomb inscription, circa 1400 AD

"We must protect the forests for our children, grandchildren and children yet to be born. We must protect the forests for those who can't speak for themselves such as the birds, other animals and the trees."Chief Edward Moody, Qwatsinas, Nuxalk Nation

"No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. If a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if promontory were... Any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind; and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls: it tolls for thee".John Donne, English Metaphysical poet (1572 - 1631)