This artist's conception shows a "hot Jupiter" and its two hypothetical moons with a Sun-like star in the background. The planet is cloaked in brilliant aurorae triggered by the impact of a coronal mass ejection. David A. Aguilar (CfA)

Earth's aurorae, or northern and southern lights, provide a dazzling light show to people living in the polar regions. Shimmering curtains of green and red undulate across the sky like a living thing. New research shows that aurorae on distant "hot Jupiters" could be 100 to 1,000 times brighter than earthly aurorae. They also would ripple from equator to poles, due to the planet's proximity to any stellar eruptions, treating the entire planet to an otherworldly spectacle.

"I'd love to get a reservation on a tour to see these aurorae!" said Ofer Cohen from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Earth's aurorae are created when energetic particles from the Sun slam into our planet's magnetic field. The field guides solar particles toward the poles, where they smash into Earth's atmosphere, causing air molecules to glow like a neon sign. The same process can occur on planets orbiting distant stars, known as exoplanets.

Particularly strong aurorae result when Earth is hit by a coronal mass ejection (CME) — a gigantic blast that sends billions of tons of solar plasma (electrically charged hot gas) into the solar system. A CME can disrupt Earth's magnetosphere — the bubble of space protected by Earth's magnetic field — causing a geomagnetic storm. In 1989, a CME hit Earth with such force that the resulting geomagnetic storm blacked out huge regions of Quebec, Canada.

Cohen and his colleagues used computer models to study what would happen if a gas giant in a close orbit, just a few million miles from its star, were hit by a stellar eruption. He wanted to learn the effect on the exoplanet's atmosphere and surrounding magnetosphere.

The alien gas giant would be subjected to extreme forces. In our solar system, a CME spreads out as it travels through space, so it's more diffuse once it reaches us. A hot Jupiter would feel a stronger and more focused blast, like the difference between being 100 miles (160 kilometers) from an erupting volcano or 1 mile (1.6 km) away.

"The impact to the exoplanet would be completely different than what we see in our solar system and much more violent," said Vinay Kashyap from CfA.

In the model, a CME hits the hot Jupiter and weakens its magnetic shield, and then CME particles reach the gas giant's atmosphere. Its aurora lights up in a ring around the equator 100 to 1,000 times more energetic than earthly aurorae. Over the course of about 6 hours, the aurora then ripples up and down toward the planet's north and south poles before gradually fading away.

Despite the extreme forces involved, the exoplanet's magnetic field shields its atmosphere from erosion.

"Our calculations show how well the planet's protective mechanism works," said Cohen. "Even a planet with a magnetic field much weaker than Jupiter's would stay relatively safe."

This work has important implications for the habitability of rocky worlds orbiting distant stars. Because red dwarf stars are the most common stars in our galaxy, astronomers have suggested focusing on them in the search for earthlike worlds.

However, since a red dwarf is cooler than our Sun, a rocky planet would have to orbit very close to the star to be warm enough for liquid water. There, it would be subjected to the sort of violent stellar eruptions Cohen and his colleagues studied. Their future work will examine whether rocky worlds could shield themselves from such eruptions.

Earth's aurorae, or northern and southern lights, provide a dazzling light show to people living in the polar regions. Shimmering curtains of green and red undulate across the sky like a living thing. New research shows that aurorae on distant "hot Jupiters" could be 100 to 1,000 times brighter than earthly aurorae. They also would ripple from equator to poles, due to the planet's proximity to any stellar eruptions, treating the entire planet to an otherworldly spectacle.

"I'd love to get a reservation on a tour to see these aurorae!" said Ofer Cohen from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Earth's aurorae are created when energetic particles from the Sun slam into our planet's magnetic field. The field guides solar particles toward the poles, where they smash into Earth's atmosphere, causing air molecules to glow like a neon sign. The same process can occur on planets orbiting distant stars, known as exoplanets.

Particularly strong aurorae result when Earth is hit by a coronal mass ejection (CME) — a gigantic blast that sends billions of tons of solar plasma (electrically charged hot gas) into the solar system. A CME can disrupt Earth's magnetosphere — the bubble of space protected by Earth's magnetic field — causing a geomagnetic storm. In 1989, a CME hit Earth with such force that the resulting geomagnetic storm blacked out huge regions of Quebec, Canada.

Cohen and his colleagues used computer models to study what would happen if a gas giant in a close orbit, just a few million miles from its star, were hit by a stellar eruption. He wanted to learn the effect on the exoplanet's atmosphere and surrounding magnetosphere.

The alien gas giant would be subjected to extreme forces. In our solar system, a CME spreads out as it travels through space, so it's more diffuse once it reaches us. A hot Jupiter would feel a stronger and more focused blast, like the difference between being 100 miles (160 kilometers) from an erupting volcano or 1 mile (1.6 km) away.

"The impact to the exoplanet would be completely different than what we see in our solar system and much more violent," said Vinay Kashyap from CfA.

In the model, a CME hits the hot Jupiter and weakens its magnetic shield, and then CME particles reach the gas giant's atmosphere. Its aurora lights up in a ring around the equator 100 to 1,000 times more energetic than earthly aurorae. Over the course of about 6 hours, the aurora then ripples up and down toward the planet's north and south poles before gradually fading away.

Despite the extreme forces involved, the exoplanet's magnetic field shields its atmosphere from erosion.

"Our calculations show how well the planet's protective mechanism works," said Cohen. "Even a planet with a magnetic field much weaker than Jupiter's would stay relatively safe."

This work has important implications for the habitability of rocky worlds orbiting distant stars. Because red dwarf stars are the most common stars in our galaxy, astronomers have suggested focusing on them in the search for earthlike worlds.

However, since a red dwarf is cooler than our Sun, a rocky planet would have to orbit very close to the star to be warm enough for liquid water. There, it would be subjected to the sort of violent stellar eruptions Cohen and his colleagues studied. Their future work will examine whether rocky worlds could shield themselves from such eruptions.