Glacial Melting

Climate change has been an ongoing issue in the world today. The earth is getting warmer every year and it is affecting our water and food supply significantly. It is becoming a major concern and it is our job to do our parts to prevent resource shortage due to global warming. After viewing the video of the impact that global warming has on glaciers, and the article on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia, it is clear that those assets link to our economy and life in different ways. Glacial melting is happening at a faster than expected rate, not just because the world’s climate is increasing, but because we as humans have a great impact on it as well. Fossil fuels are the main cause of global warming. Burning carbon is one of the largest contributors to global warming because carbon dioxide is released into the open air. According to the PBS documentary on the impacts of global warming on glaciers, in 2020, glaciers will be mostly gone unless something is done differently to prevent unhealthy emissions of fossil fuels into the open air. The world relies on these glaciers whether we like it or not. More than 500,000 people rely on irrigation from glaciers. If glaciers are gone, then farmers will have to rely on imports, which will cause a significant rise in prices of food. Water shortages and crop shortages will happen if glaciers disappear more and more. Although it is difficult to monitor the glaciers and mountains because they are difficult to reach, it is evident that the ice and glaciers have receded dramatically in the last decades. Ice melts with every single degree. Decade by decade the glaciers fade and by 2030, they will be completely gone, which is scary to our economy and water and food supply. Moreover, melting of the Himalayan glaciers also will cause the same effects as mentioned above—food prices will rise because population will grow, water will start to end from glaciers, and...

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...Objective:
To identify an organic compound and check it’s purity using the capillary method (Melting Point)
Procedure:
Purse Substances (Benzoic Acid Crystals/Urea)
1. Pure silicone oil in a clean and dry Thiele tube to a level just above the upper side arm of the tube. Pure 3mm of the pure substance (Benzoic Acid/Urea) into a clean watch glass, and using a metal spatula crush the substance into a small pile of powder. Insert the crushed powder into the open end of the capillary. Drop the capillary tube with the close end downward onto a bench through a glass tube to tighten the powder at the base of the tube. Repeat the process until all 3mm of the pure substance is inserted into the capillary.
2. Tie the open end of the sample capillary to a 260 Celsius thermometer with a rubber band while powder end is beside the mercury bulb. Clamp the thermometer into the Thiele tube, so that the rubber band is leveled above the silicone oil to avoid high temperature that can cause the rubber band to dissolve. Using a Bunsen burner, moderately heat the sidearm tip of the Thiele tube by moving the flame back and forth across about a 1 inch range, until it reaches 15-20 Celsius below the pure substance melting point (Benzoic Acid/Urea). Than adjust the heating rate at 1’C rise per minute. Record the temperature at which the substances starts to melt (T1), and the temperature in which the substance completely melts (T2).
3. For The mix...

...
The Purity and Purification of Solids Melting Points
CH-337
Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment was to find the eutectic point for the mixture of naphthalene and biphenyl. This was done by measuring the melting point of both pure substances and five mixtures of different ratios. The purpose of the second section was to identify an unknown sample by measuring its melting point and mixing it with two known substances and comparing them. The results suggest that the eutectic point is closest to the weight % ratio of 10/90 naphthalene to biphenyl and the unknown sample is acetamide.
Introduction:
One way to establish the purity of a substance is to measure its melting point. A pure substance will have a sharp melting range while an impure substance will have a more broad and depressed range. There is a point when a mixture of two substances will have a sharp melting range at a lower temperature than their respective pure melting points. This point is called the eutectic point. The purpose of this experiment is to find the eutectic point of a mixture of naphthalene and biphenyl and to identify an unknown sample by determining the melting point of a mixture with a known sample.
Experimental Section:
For this experiment, a melt-temp apparatus was used to determine the mp of pure and mixed substances.
To find the eutectic point of the naphthalene and...

...DETERMINATION OF MELTING POINTS
LAB PP 1
From Gannon University SIM and Auburn University SIM
INTRODUCTION
The melting point of a pure compound is an intensive property, like density and boiling point. Intensive properties are independent of the amount of substance present. The melting point of a compound is the temperature at which it changes from a solid to a liquid. Experimentally, melting point is actually recorded as the range of temperatures in which the first crystal starts to melt until the temperature at which the last crystal just disappears. Reasons for determining melting points: 1. The melting point indicates the level of purity of a sample. An impure compound melts over a wider range of temperatures, usually greater than 2 degrees. The melting point helps to identify unknown samples, narrowing the number of possibilities, because a pure solid melts reproducibly over a narrow range of temperatures. The melting point helps to characterize new compounds.
2.
3.
In this lab, the identity of an unknown organic compound will be determined by comparing its experimental melting point to those of a variety of known compounds.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the melting points of various organic compounds and to use these to identify unknowns.
EQUIPMENT/MATERIALS
Mel-Temp apparatus...

...TECH0701: Measuring the Melting Points of Compounds and Mixtures
Introduction
This exercise dealt with the melting points of pure mandelic acid and benzoic acid. The eutectic temperature and composition of mandelic and benzoic acid mixtures were determined. And finally, an unknown was identified by its mixtures and melting point.
The melting point of a compound is used by organic chemists not only to identify the compound, but also to establish its purity. To determine the melting point two temperatures were noted. The first was the point at which the first drop of liquid formed among the crystals; the second was the point at which the whole mass of crystals turned to a clear liquid. And the melting point was recorded from this range of melting (Pavia, 2005).
The melting point indicates purity in two ways; the purer the material, the higher its melting point. And, the purer the material, the narrower its melting-point range. Adding successive amounts of an impurity to a pure substance generally causes its melting point to decrease in proportion to the amount of impurity (LeFevre, 2009).
Methods
Measuring melting points of benzoic acid and mandelic acid. Capillary tubes were loaded with benzoic acid and mandelic acid powder at about 1-2 mm. Tubes were placed inside the melting...

...Panacetin for testing. We suspect that this unknown compound is either acetanilide or phenacetin. From the solubility of acetaminophen and phenacetin, we could know both of them are relatively soluble in boiling water but insoluble in cold water so that we took the recrystallization as the method to purifying the unknown component. After the unknown purified, then we could measure it melting point. This whole experiment is based on purifying and then finding the melting point of the unknown compound. The theory is that if a substance is pure, it will have a very specific melting point, within one or two degrees Celsius. This is in opposition to a mixed, or contaminated substance, which will have a broad melting range. Therefore, when we mix our unknown with samples of phenacetin and acetanilide, whichever mixture has a more accurate melting point will tell us what our unknown is. It is also important to make sure that the resulting melting points are close to what the proven melting points of the substances are.
Reaction
Name of substance structure molecular weights solubilities c.w melting point
solubilities b.w
Acetanilide 135.2g/mol 0.54g/100mL 114℃...

...PURITY AND PURIFICATION OF SOLIDS
MELTING POINTS
ABSTRACT
Melting points of different mixtures of naphthalene and biphenyl were examined in this lab. Samples of these various mixtures were collected and tested by different individuals in the lab in order to find the eutectic point of biphenyl. Unknown substances were then tested using the mixture melting point method in order to determine their identities.
INTRODUCTION
The melting point of a solid is the temperature where the substance changes from a solid to a liquid state. Using known substances and determining their melting points is a way to establish the purity of and to identify a sample. This lab demonstrates the temperature range where certain compositions of solid naphthalene and biphenyl begin to melt and completely liquefy. Pure substances will have what is called a sharp melting point. This means that the temperature where the solid begins to melt and completely melts does not differ by more than 5℃. Substances that have a mixed composition, or are less pure, are said to have a broad melting point and their melting range usually differs by more than 5℃. Eutectic points are an example of an exception to this rule due to the fact that while the solid is not pure it maintains a sharp melting point.
Because many materials have equal or comparable melting...

...broken rocks.
Normally brown in color
Found on beach
What is calcium chloride?
another form of salt
capable of absorbing a lot of liquid
harmful to humans and live plants
used to preserving commercial canned foods and removing ice from
roadways
Conclusion
The purpose of my paper is to gain an understanding of water, how and why ice melts differently with table salt, sea salt, sand and calcium.
RESEARCH REPORTIntroductionWater is a liquid that freezes and also melts at 32*F (0*C). Melting and freezing points are temperatures when a solid substance turns to a liquid. Liquid is a substance that flows to fit its container.Water
Water is a liquid that is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. Water freezes and melts at 32*F (0*C). As water freezes it expands by one-eleventh. The amount of pressure on the water when it is freezing changes the melting point. Water that reaches 40*F it is at its maximum density. The molecules in water are always rapidly moving, until it gets cold and then they start slowing down. Water can be in three different forms: liquid, gas, and solid.Ice
Ice is a solid form of water. At 4*C, (39*F) water contracts and at 0*C it freezes. Ice has molecules that as it freezes move more slowly, due to them moving apart. When it freezes it expands by one-eleventh and then the ice becomes lighter than water, so it is able to float. Ice is colorless,...

...Melting Point Determination
Identity and Purity of Solid Organic Compounds
Objectives
• To introduce the technique of melting point determination.
• To use the concept of melting points for identification and characterization of organic compounds.
• Properly fill and use a capillary melting point tube.
• Determine accurate melting point ranges for a wide variety of organic substances.
Introduction
The melting point of a solid can easily and accurately be determined using only a small amount of material. In combination with other measurements, melting point information can provide rapid confirmation of the identity of unknown substances.
The method of capillary melting point determination involves placing a small amount of sample in the bottom of a narrow capillary tube that has been closed at one end. The melting point is then determined using a melting point apparatus (Figure 1) that simultaneously heats both the sample tube and a thermometer. The temperature range over which the substance melts is recorded.
Melting is said to begin when the first indication of liquid is seen. The end of the melting point range is the temperature at which all of the solid material has become a liquid.
Some pure materials possess a very narrow melting...