1.1 This practice establishes general human engineering design criteria for marine vessels, and systems, subsystems, and equipment contained therein. It provides a useful tool for the designer to incorporate human capabilities into a design.

1.2 The purpose of this practice is to present human engineering design criteria, principles, and practices to achieve mission success through integration of the human into the vessel system, subsystem, and equipment with the goals of effectiveness, simplicity, efficiency, reliability, and safety for operation, training, and maintenance.

1.3 This practice applies to the design of vessels, systems, subsystems, and equipment. Nothing in this practice shall be construed as limiting the selection of hardware, materials, or processes to the specific items described herein. Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions, this practice is applicable to design of vessel systems, subsystems, and equipment for use by both men and women.

1.4 Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required by contractors in connection with specific procurement functions should be obtained from the procuring activity or as directed by the contracting officer.

1.5 This practice is not intended to be a criterion for limiting use of material already in the field in areas such as lift repetition or temperature exposure time.

1.6 Force Limits—If it is known that an item is to be used by an already established occupational specialty, for which physical qualification requirements for entry into that specialty are also established, any discrepancy between the force criteria of this practice and the physical qualification requirements shall be resolved in favor of the latter. In this event, the least stringent physical qualification requirement of all specialties which may operate, maintain, transport, supply, move, lift, or otherwise manipulate the item, in the manner being considered, is selected as a maximum design force limit.

1.7 Manufacturing Tolerances—When manufacturing tolerances are not perceptible to the user, this practice shall not be construed as preventing the use of components whose dimensions are within a normal manufacturing upper or lower limit tolerance of the dimensions specified herein.

1.8 This practice is divided into the following sections:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section

Title

1

Scope

2

Referenced Documents

3

Terminology

4

Significance and Use

5

Control/Display Integration

6

Visual Displays, General Information

7

Location and Arrangement of Visual Displays

8

Coding of Visual Displays

9

Transilluminated Displays

10

Scale Indicators

11

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Displays

12

Large-Screen Displays

13

Other Displays

14

Audio Displays, General Information

15

Audio Warnings

16

Characteristics of Audible Alarms

17

Signal Characteristics in Relation to Operational Conditions and Objectives

18

Verbal Warning Signals

19

Controls for Audio Warning and Caution Devices

20

Speech Transmission Equipment

21

Controls, General Information

22

Arrangement and Grouping of Controls

23

Coding of Controls

24

Rotary Controls

25

Discrete Linear Controls

26

Continuous Adjustment Linear Controls

27

General Requirements for Labeling

28

Label Content

29

Specific Requirements by Label Type

30

Anthropometry

31

Workspace Design Requirements

32

Environment

33

Maintainability

34

Accessibility

35

Cases

36

Lubrication

37

Fasteners

38

Unit Design for Efficient Manual Handling

39

Handwheel Torque

40

Equipment Mounting

41

Conductors

42

Connectors

43

Electrical Wires and Cables

44

Test Points

45

Test Equipment

46

Failure Indications and Fuse Requirements

47

Hydraulic Systems

48

Design of Equipment For Remote Handling

49

Small Systems and Equipment

50

Operational and Maintenance Vehicles

51

Hazards and Safety

52

User-Computer Interface

53

Data Display

54

Text/Program Editing

55

Audio Displays, Interface

56

Interactive Control

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Title

1

Angle of Incidence

2

Example of Display/Equipment Relationship in Main Propulsion Engine Room with Two Medium Speed Diesel Engines

3

Example of Control/Display/Equipment Relationship in Auxiliary Machinery Space with Two Ship Service Generators

4

Example of Control/Display/Equipment Relationship in Machinery Space with Pump, Motor Controller, and Gage Board Located at Vertical Beam

5

CHT Pump Room with Various Options for Locating the Two Motor Controllers and Their Corresponding Gage Boards Given the Location of the Two Pumps

6

Preferred and Acceptable Alternatives for Multiple Row/Column Display and Control Arrangement

7

Vertical and Horizontal Visual Field

8

Lines of Sight

9

Scale of Markings

10

Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale Numbering Alternatives

11

Fixed-Scale Azimuth Dials

12

Shape and Color Coding Operating Ranges

13

Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular Dial Displays

14

Aligned Pointers for Rapid Check Readings

15

Relative Position of Scale Marks, Numerals, and Pointers on Circular Dials

16

Relative Position of Scale Marks, Numerals, and Pointers on Arcs and Circular Dials

17

Drum-Type Counter Design

18

Acceptable Alarm Types for Emergency and Primary Alarms

19

Control Motion Expectancy

20

Foot-Operated Switches

21

Pedals

22

Foot-Operated Controls

23

Leg Strength at Various Knee and Thigh Angles

24

Rotary Selector Controls

25

Rotating Knob Separation

26

Keylock Criteria

27

Keylock Switch Criteria

28

Thumbwheel Orientation and Movement

29

Discrete Thumbwheel Control

30

Knobs

31

Recommended Knob Shapes

32

Easily Recognizable Knob Shapes

33

Ganged Knobs

34

Thumbwheel Adjustment Controls

35

Cranks

36

Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks

37

Handwheels

38

Recommended Mounting Heights for Valve Handwheels

39

Reaching Limits for Bending, Squatting, or Standing on Ladders

40

Pushbutton Switches

41

Toggle Switches

42

Toggle Switch Orientation for "ON"

43

Legend Switch

44

Rocker Switches

45

Slide Switches

46

Push-Pull Controls

47

Lever

48

Slide Levers

49

Isotonic Joysticks

50

Ball Controls

51

Independent Symbols

52

Label Specifications

53

Standing Body Dimensions

54

Seated Body Dimensions

55

Depth and Breadth Dimensions

56

Circumferences and Surface Dimensions

57

Hand and Foot Dimensions

58

Head and Face Dimensions

59

Anthropometric Data for Body Positions Involved in Work Activities

60

95th Percentile Gloved-Hand Dimensions (Male)

61

Helmet Dimensions

62

Aircrewman's Helmet (Size Extra Large)

63

Range of Human Motion

64

Mobile Workspace Dimensions

65

Standing Workspace Dimensions-Cabinets and Electrical Equipment Racks

66

Standing Workspace Dimension-CRTs and Table

67

Standing Workspace Dimensions-Consoles and Work Benches

68

Standing Workspace for Typical Work Positions

69

Display (Top) and Control (Bottom) Locations for Standing Crew Work Stations

70

Seated Workspace Dimensions

71

Dimensions for Single or Multiple Personnel at a Table or Other Duty Station Not Requiring a Desk

72

Seating at CRT-Type Work Stations

73

Swing-Away Seat for Short-Term Operations

74

Standard Console Dimensions Key

75

Example of One- or Two-Tier Wrap-Around Console

76

Examples of Three-Tier Consoles

77

Example of a Desk Top Console

78

Preferred Viewing Area

79

Seated Optimum Manual Control Space

80

Type of Ladder, Stair, or Ramp to be Used in Relation to Angle of Ascent

81

Stair Dimensions

82

Incline-Ladder Dimensions

83

Vertical-Ladder Dimensions

84

Well-Designed Work Platform

85

Door Dimensions

86

Hatches Mounted Overhead

87

Hatches Mounted on Vertical Walls

88

Hatch Dimensions

89

Walkway and Passageway Dimensions

90

Effective Temperature Scale

91

Windchill Chart

92

Equivalent Chill Temperature

93

Ventilation Requirements

94

Workspace Reflectance Values

95

Permissible Distance Between a Speaker and Listener's for Specified Voice Levels and Ambient Noise Levels