2 Automobiles are the primary source of Uair pollutionu in many parts of the world. Table (1) lists the standards for UpollutantU in UexhaustU set in 1996 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. UThe Fuel-Air Ratio Influences the Pollutants Formed: The equation for the UcombustionU of UisooctaneU shows most of what happens when gasoline burns, but it does not tell the whole story. For example, if the fuel air mixture does not have enough oxygen, some carbon monoxide will be produced instead of carbon dioxide. When a car is started, there is less air, so fairly large amounts of carbon monoxide are formed,and some unburned fuel (UhydrocarbonsU) also comes out in the exhaust. In cold weather, an engine needs more fuel to start, so larger amounts of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide come out as exhaust. These hydrocarbons are involved in forming smog. So the fuel-air ratio is a key factor in determining how much pollution forms. Another factor in auto pollution is the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen at the high UtemperaturesU inside the engine to form small amounts of highly reactive nitrogen oxides, including NO and NOR2R: NR2(g)R + OR2(g)R 2N0R(g)R 2N0R(g)R + 0R2(8)R 2NOR2(g) 2

3 NR2R and Grade 11A Science Related Reading/Chemistry UMeeting the Legal limits Using Stoichiometry Automobile manufacturers use stoichiometry to predict when adjustments will be necessary to keep exhaust emissions within legal limits. UCatalytic ConvertersU Can Help All cars that are currently manufactured in the United States are built with catalytic converters, like the one shown in Figure below, to treat the exhaust gases before they are released into the air. Platinum, palladium, or rhodium in these converters act as UcatalystsU and increase the UrateU of the UdecompositionU of harmless gases already found in the atmosphere (NO and of N0R2R) into OR2R. Catalytic converters also speed the change of CO into COR2R and the change of unburned hydrocarbons into COR2R and HR2R0. UCatalytic converters perform at their bestu when the exhaust gases are hot and when the ratio of fuel to air in the engine is very close to the proper stoichiometric ratio. Newer cars include on-board computers and oxygen sensors to make sure the proper fuel-air ratio is automatically maintained. 3

4 UKey vocabulary: combustion hydrocarbons temperature catalyst rate air pollution temperature decomposition UTask (3): reading activity: 1- What gases are produced when a car is started with Uless airu? 2- A catalyst converter combines 2.55g CO with excess OR2R. What mass of COR2R forms? 2- what do the catalyst in the catalytic converters accomplish? 3- In which conditions catalytic converters perform their best? 4

5 4- What is added to the newer cars to maintain the fuel-air ratio? 5- Find from the text above the scientific terms that have the same meaning of the following: Burning breaking down into simpler forms Compounds consist e of hydrogen and carbon degree of speed or progress 6- Give two examples of catalysts are used in catalytic converter. 5

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