 (Or, R1, R2, R3, etc.) A largely subjective
and now thankfully obsolete and abandoned pseudo-method of indicating assumed degrees of
rarity, used by some pricelist dealers and auctioneers prior to the availability of
comprehensive catalogs.

raised note (or check)  A note on which the denomination has
been increased with a view toward illegal gain. See also: altered.

rare  Uncommon. Very few in existence. Unfortunately, dealers
often use rare and scarce, qv, almost interchangeably. An
over-simplification: If you see it offered by more than one dealer, it can't be
rare.

reckoning note(s)  See: Verrechnungsscheine.

redeemable  For example, a note which is still
"good", that is, negotiable at face value. See also: negotiable,
non-redeemable.

Refunding Certificate  A $10 USA certificate of deposit,
authorized on 26 Feb 1879. It offered 4% annual interest, indefinitely, in an effort to
increase the acceptance and continued use of paper money. The interest was payment was
stopped by law in 1907 when the note was worth $21.30.

Reichkreditkassen  State credit treasury, in German. Notes
with this title were issued for circulation in occupied countries in World War II,
including the Baltic States.

reissue  An officially reprinted note or stamp that was no
longer being printed. Generally indistinguishable from its older sibling, except possibly
by researching serial numbers in the case of notes.

remainder note(s)  In many cases, especially in the 19th
Century, notes which were printed in a distant country arrived without serial numbers,
signatures and possibly dates, for security and logistical reasons. The small stuff was
left for local printers. Now, if the local issuer, eg, a Latin American country or bank,
ceased ope-rations or changed the design, it was left with a fistful of...yep, you guessed
it...remainder notes. Unless "regular" notes are unavailable, such unfinished or
unissued notes command much lower prices.

repaired note  A note which has been repaired in order to
bolster its market value. Kids, don't try this at home!

replacement note(s)  Modern notes are printed in sheets.
Unique serial numbers are added in a second printing operation. This requires numbering
machines which advance by one with each sheet, for each location on the sheet. Then, the
stack of 100 sheets is die cut in such a way that all the resulting packs-of-100 notes
have notes arranged sequentially (something like AB55555201--AB55555300). If
an inspector finds one or more faulty sheets, he/she removes it/them, and REPLACES them
with sheets from another stack of sheets. You see, it would be totally impractical to
reprint the faulty sheets, as that would involve hand setting each and every numbering
machine (there are typically 32 or 36 of them, I forget). The REPLACEMENT note sheets have
their own number sequence, totally unrelated to what they replace. Moreover, they are
distinguished in some way. American papermonies use a five-pointed star. Canadians prefer
an asterisk. Other countries may also use stars or asterisks. Still others use other
signifiers, eg, R, Z, etc. Such signifiers usually precede the serial number,
replacing (!) any series letters. The practice began in 1954.

replica  A very close reproduction or a copy. In the early
days of stamp collecting, postal authorities catered to collectors by selling monochrome
stamps of several designs on a sheet. Such replicas were never intended to deceive either
post offices or collectors.

reprint  Printed from the original plate, possibly by an
unauthorized party. In philately, a stamp which is no longer valid for postage,
officially reprinted for presentation purposes, official collections, etc, often
distinguished in some way from the original.

reproduction  A process which fuels evolution. Also, a copy,
close imitation, or duplication. See: table after counterfeit for often confused
terms.

restored (note)  No such animal! Still, one sees it
occasionally in some pricelist or catalog descriptions.

revalidated issue(s)  A note (or stamp) bearing an official
overprint, overstamp or other marking to indicate renewed status as legal tender (or
postage), despite previous invalidation. Syngraphic or philatelic version of being born
again.

revalue(d), revaluation  A note or stamp overprinted with a
new value. Reasons include monetary reform, inflation, and change in government. Reincarnation
a la syngraphics or philatelics.

revenue stamps  Stamps not valid for postage, but issued for
collecting taxes. Some are large and ornate, and of interest to fringe area collectors
among syngraphists.

reverse  The back side of a coin or medal; opposite of
obverse. Not used with reference to papermonies.

reversed  As in reversed overprint, etc. See invert
for a differentiation between these two terms.

ribbed paper  Paper which shows fine parallel ridges on or
both sides.

Romanization  The art of rendering Oriental characters or
words in the Roman alphabet. The process is often somewhat arbitrary, eg, Mao Tse Tung
could also be Mao Zedung.

rubber stamp overprints  These have to be the easiest things
in the universe to counterfeit, whether for spending purposes, or for fooling collectors.
Watch out for situations where overstamped versions are at least twice as valuable as
their plain counterparts. How can you determine? A microscope might help, but hardly
without a known genuine specimen at hand for comparison. Yes, this goes for stamps as well
as for all paper collectibles. See also: overprints.

printer's or typesetter's term
refer-ring to a style of type without serifs, qv. Most of this book is set in a serif
typeface, ie, a typeface that contains serifs.
This
sentence is set in a sans serif type style. See also serif for
comparison and clarification.