[Federal Register: March 20, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 54)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 14932-14936]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr20mr00-37]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Finding
for a Petition To List the Great Basin Redband Trout as Threatened or
Endangered
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Notice of 12-month petition finding.
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SUMMARY: We, the Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), announce a 12-
month finding for a petition to list the Great Basin redband trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss ssp.) as threatened or endangered pursuant to the
Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). Great Basin redband
trout maintain viable and self-sustaining populations in the Catlow,
Fort Rock, Harney, Goose Lake, Warner, and Chewaucan Basins that make
up Oregon's Great Basin. Great Basin redband trout densities are
moderate to high in each of these basins. After review of all available
scientific and commercial information, we find that listing the Great
Basin redband trout is not warranted at this time.
DATES: The finding announced in this document was made on March 13,
2000.
ADDRESSES: You may submit questions concerning this petition finding to
the Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Oregon State
Office, 2600 SE. 98th Ave., Suite 100, Portland, Oregon 97266. You may
obtain copies of the status review for Great Basin redband trout from
the above address. The complete administrative file for this finding is
also available for inspection, by appointment, during normal business
hours at the above address.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Antonio Bentivoglio, at the above
address, or telephone (503) 231-6179.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), requires
that we make a finding on whether a petition to list, delist, or
reclassify a species presents substantial scientific or commercial
information indicating that the petitioned action is: (a) Not
warranted, (b) warranted, or (c) warranted but precluded from immediate
proposal by other pending listing proposals of higher priority. Such
12-month findings are to be published promptly in the Federal Register.
The processing of this petition finding conforms with our Listing
Priority Guidance published in the Federal Register on October 22, 1999
(64 FR 57114). The guidance clarifies the order in which we will
process rulemakings. Highest priority is processing emergency listing
rules for any species determined to face a significant and imminent
risk to its well-being (Priority 1). Second priority (Priority 2) is
processing final determinations on proposed additions to the lists of
endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. Third priority is
processing new proposals to add species to the lists. The processing of
administrative petition findings (petitions filed under section 4 of
the Act) is the fourth priority. The processing of this petition
finding is a Priority 4 action and is being completed in accordance
with the current Listing Priority Guidance.
On September 8, 1997, we received a formal petition to list the
Great Basin redband trout as threatened or endangered throughout its
range in southeastern Oregon, northeastern California, and northwestern
Nevada. Specifically the petition addressed the redband trout
populations in Catlow, Fort Rock, Harney, Goose Lake, Warner, and
Chewaucan Basins (together these six closed basins make up the Great
Basin as described in the petition). The petition also requested the
designation of critical habitat concurrent with listing. Petitioners
included the Oregon Natural Desert Association (ONDA), Oregon Trout,
Native Fish Society, and the Oregon Council of Trout Unlimited.
At the time the petition was received, we were operating under the
final listing priority guidance for fiscal year 1997, published
December 5, 1996 (61 FR 64475), and an extension of that listing
priority guidance published October 23, 1997 (62 FR 55268). Based on
biological considerations, the guidance established a ``multi-tiered
approach that assigned relative priorities, on a descending basis, to
[[Page 14933]]
actions carried out under section 4 of the Act'' (61 FR 64479).
On September 24, 1997, we sent a letter to the main petitioner,
ONDA, acknowledging receipt of the Great Basin redband trout petition
and stating our intent to proceed with a 90-day finding according to
the listing priority guidance issued on December 5, 1996 (61 FR 64475).
On November 10, 1997, we sent a letter to ONDA informing them that we
had done a preliminary review of the petition (as described in 61 FR
64475) and no emergency existed for listing the Great Basin redband
trout and, therefore, that the petition fell into the Tier 3 category
as described in 61 FR 64475.
We further indicated that our Oregon Fish and Wildlife Office
(which was assigned the responsibility for processing the petition) in
Portland, Oregon, would continue to direct personnel and budget toward
accomplishment of ongoing Tier 2 and Tier 3 activities for species
judged to be in greater need of the Act's protection than Great Basin
redband trout. As these higher priority activities were accomplished,
and personnel and funds became available, we would proceed with the 90-
day finding on the petition for Great Basin redband trout.
On January 13, 1998, we received a notice of intent to sue from the
petitioners for failure to respond to the Great Basin redband trout
petition within 90 days. On March 13, 1998, a lawsuit was filed asking
for declaratory judgment that we failed to make a 90-day finding on the
petition to list the Great Basin redband trout.
On May 8, 1998, we published the final listing priority guidance
for fiscal years 1998 and 1999 (63 FR 25502). This new guidance changed
the four-tier priority system to a three-tier system. Under the three-
tier system, first priority (Tier 1) was completion of emergency
listings for species facing the greatest risk to their well-being.
Second priority (Tier 2) was processing final decisions on pending
proposed listings; processing new proposals to add species to the list;
processing 90-day and 12-month administrative findings on petitions to
add species to the lists, and petitions to delist or reclassify
species; and delisting or downlisting actions on species that have
achieved or are moving toward recovery. Third priority (Tier 3) was
processing petitions for critical habitat designations and preparing
proposed and final critical habitat designations. Under the new
guidance, the processing of the Great Basin redband trout petition was
a Tier 2 action.
On November 16, 1998, we published a 90-day finding (63 FR 63657)
that the petition provided substantial information indicating that the
listing of the Great Basin redband trout as threatened or endangered
may be warranted. At the time, we initiated a status review for the
Great Basin redband trout with a request for information and public
comment with a closing date of January 15, 1999. On January 6, 1999 (64
FR 821), the public comment period was extended until March 16, 1999.
Public information meetings were held in Lakeview, Oregon, on February
2, 1999, and in Burns, Oregon, on February 3, 1999.
On November 23, 1998, Earthlaw filed a notice of intent to sue for
violation of the Act. On March 22, 1999, a lawsuit was filed by the
Southwest Center for Biological Diversity for failure to complete a 12-
month finding on the Great Basin redband trout. On November 17, 1999,
the Court ordered us to complete the 12-month finding by March 15,
2000.
Status Review
A status review team consisting of our biologists was appointed to
prepare the status review for Great Basin redband trout and make
appropriate recommendations in response to the petitioned listing
action.
Redband trout are related to the more widely distributed rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Great Basin redband trout occur in
Oregon's Great Basin, which comprises six closed basins in southeastern
Oregon, and small portions of northeastern California and northwestern
Nevada. These six basins have no direct connection to the ocean.
Several of these basins have semipermanent lakes or marshes that
redband trout occupy when they contain water. Severe drought in the
early 1990s dried up most of these lakes, restricting the redband trout
to streams. Great Basin redband trout have a distinctive red stripe on
both sides, and smaller individuals have parr marks (dark lateral marks
typical of immature trout) (Hendricks 1995). These trout are adapted to
the dry, hot summers of eastern Oregon and can withstand short periods
of time at peak water temperatures of 24-27 deg. C (75-80 deg. F),
which would be lethal to most other trout (Bowers et al. 1979).
Petitioners' Assertions
The petitioners asserted that non-anadromous redband trout
populations in the Great Basin and Columbia Plateau are extinct in 72
percent of their historic range, and strong populations remain in only
10 percent of their historic habitat. The petitioners indicated that
habitat degradation from improper livestock grazing practices,
irrigation, stream channel manipulation, and timber harvest impact
redband trout by increasing erosion of stream banks, increasing
sedimentation, reducing stream bottom complexity, widening and
shallowing the stream cross-sections, increasing stream temperatures,
reducing streamside vegetation, fragmenting populations, dewatering
streams, reducing water tables, and reducing the amount of large, woody
debris. The petitioners presented the effects of such degradation for
each individual basin and as widespread occurrences in the Great Basin.
The petitioners provided evidence that introgression and
competition by introduced fishes are threats to the continued existence
of Great Basin redband trout. Introgression resulting from Great Basin
redband trout interbreeding with stocked hatchery rainbow trout reduces
the native redband offspring's ability to survive harsh Great Basin
conditions; introduced nonnative fishes (both hatchery rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) and species like brook trout (Salvelinus
fontinalis), carp (Cyprinus carpio), bass (Micropterus spp.), catfish
(Ictalurus spp.), and crappie (Pomoxis spp.) feed on or compete with
native redband for resources and can degrade the habitat.
The petitioners asserted that threats to Great Basin redband trout
remain because of the inadequacy of existing regulations. They also
asserted that emergency fishing regulations, conservation/protective
designations by government agencies and professional societies, water
quality protection measures, and other current and planned conservation
measures have failed to stop the decline of Great Basin redband trout.
Petition Finding
In response to our 90-day finding notice, we received information
on Great Basin redband trout from State fish and wildlife departments,
the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM),
and private corporations, as well as private citizens, organizations,
species experts, and other entities. We also reviewed information on
Great Basin redband trout obtained from peer-reviewed journal articles,
agency reports and file documents, and telephone interviews and written
correspondence with natural resources managers familiar with Great
Basin redband trout.
[[Page 14934]]
For the purposes of the status review, we assumed that trout
classified by State fish and wildlife departments in the six basins as
redband trout represent the Great Basin redband trout, even though the
precise genetic characteristics of those stocks may not be known. In
addition, we evaluated Great Basin redband trout status solely on the
basis of Great Basin redband trout stocks that currently occur within
the historic range of the subspecies.
Distinct Vertebrate Population Segment Analysis
Species is defined in the Act as ``any subspecies of fish or
wildlife or plants, and any distinct population segment (DPS) of any
species of vertebrate fish or wildlife that interbreeds when mature.''
Thus, DPSs are eligible for protection under the Act. One of the
purposes of defining species to include subspecies and DPSs is to
conserve genetic diversity that is found in a taxon smaller than a
species.
On February 7, 1996, we published a joint policy with the National
Marine Fisheries Service to clarify our interpretation of the phrase
``distinct population segment'' for the purposes of listing, delisting,
and reclassifying species under the Act (61 FR 4721). This policy
consists of three elements to be considered in a decision regarding the
status of a possible DPS as endangered or threatened under the Act--(1)
the discreteness of the population segment in relation to the remainder
of the species or subspecies to which it belongs; (2) the significance
of the population segment to the species or subspecies to which it
belongs; and (3) the population segment's conservation status in
relation to the Act's standards for listing.
The petitioners stated their belief that grouping the redband trout
populations from the six basins qualified as a DPS. They also stated
that they would not object to identifying as a DPS each of the
populations in the six basins specified in the petition. To determine
the most appropriate grouping, we analyzed existing scientific
information for designation of the redband trout in the six basins as
one DPS, as six individual DPSs, or as any number between one and six
DPSs.
The first criterion to be fulfilled in designating a DPS is
discreteness of the taxon in question. As defined in our policy (61 FR
4721), discreteness may include physical, physiological, ecological, or
behavioral factors showing a marked separation from other populations.
The information summarized in the status report (Service 2000) provides
evidence of a mosaic of mixing and isolation that has led to the
redband trout that we see today in the Great Basin.
As a whole, the redband trout in the Great Basin show many
similarities, which make them distinct from surrounding redband
populations. Evident in all of the six basins are similar climatic
conditions and fish species assemblages. The current fish assemblages
in the Great Basin probably arose from other basins (Snake, Klamath, or
Sacramento basins). Similarities in the fish assemblages of the six
basins making up the Great Basin, combined with knowledge of past
connections and mixing of fishes, make determination of which basin(s)
transferred fish to which other basin(s) difficult. However, for
approximately the past 10,000 years, the fishes in the Great Basin have
largely been isolated from the Sacramento, Snake, and Klamath basins.
Extremes in temperature and harsh climatic conditions have forced all
redband trout in the Great Basin to adapt in similar ways, and all
redband trout in the Great Basin have retained a high degree of
flexibility in their life-history characteristics, to take best
advantage of the habitats that occur in these six basins.
Morphologically, all Great Basin redband trout share an increase in the
number of gill rakers that is not as prevalent in redband from basins
outside the Great Basin. Geologically, all six basins are closed
basins, with the extremely rare exception of the Goose Lake basin,
which can drain into the Pit River Basin. This is a one-way movement of
fish out of Goose Lake since no fish can move from the Pit River into
Goose Lake.
The naturally closed nature of these basins creates a unique
ecological setting not found in other basins where redband exist.
Behnke (1999) notes, ``The significance aspect of the DPS [question]
fittingly characterizes the Great Basin redband trout.'' For these
reasons, we recognize the redband trout in the six basins, Fort Rock,
Chewaucan, Goose Lake, Warner, Catlow, and Harney, as a single DPS,
which we will collectively refer to as Great Basin redband trout.
We, therefore, find that the most appropriate grouping of Great
Basin redband from these six basins is as a single group encompassing
all populations as was petitioned for listing. This finding recognizes
that using only a limited set of information, such as only genetics,
other groupings of the redband forms could be defined as discrete and
thus possibly qualify as a DPS. However, as described above, a single
group encompassing all six basins has the most compelling support of
all the available evidence.
Summary of the Species Status
In the context of the Act, the term ``threatened species'' means
any species (or subspecies or DPS for vertebrate organisms) that is
likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future
throughout all or a significant portion of its range. The term
``endangered species'' means any species that is in danger of
extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. The
Act does not indicate threshold levels of historic population size at
which, as the population of a species declines, listing as either
threatened or endangered becomes warranted. Instead, the principal
considerations in the determination of whether a species warrants
listing are the threats that currently confront the species and the
likelihood that the species will persist in the foreseeable future.
Thus, listing of a species may be warranted when the species still
occupies much of its historic range but confronts significant,
widespread threats. In contrast, if not confronted by significant
threats, a species occupying only a small portion of its historic range
may be considered to be neither threatened nor endangered. Similarly, a
species that has experienced past reductions but has since increased in
abundance may not warrant listing under the Act.
In the case of Great Basin redband trout, at least two major
declines in population numbers and distribution apparently occurred in
historic times. Undoubtedly a prehistoric major reduction occurred
around 2,000 years ago when the pluvial lakes dried to current levels,
but no available data to demonstrate this occurrence. Good anecdotal
evidence suggests that during the latter part of the 19th century and
into the first part of the 20th century, widespread habitat destruction
occurred that undoubtedly correlated with reduced redband trout numbers
and distribution. A good example is presented in the Upper Chewaucan
Watershed Assessment (USFS 1999) that probably is representative of
most of the other basins. In 1909, 110,000 sheep, and 26,000 cattle and
horses were allowed to graze Fremont National Forest lands in the
Chewaucan Basin. By 1929, these numbers dropped to 78,000 sheep and
10,996 cattle and horses but the habitat was reported to be in a
deplorable state. For example, a tributary of Coffeepot Creek was
described as having drastically reduced vegetation that resulted in
severe bank erosion and downcutting. By 1959,
[[Page 14935]]
numbers had been reduced to 31,210 sheep and 12,392 cattle and horses.
In the 1960s, sheep were removed; currently, there are about 12,500
cattle in the Upper Chewaucan watershed.
These degraded habitat conditions were exacerbated by droughts in
1926 and from 1929 to 1934 that dried up Goose Lake (dry in 1926 and
virtually dry 1929-1934) and Malheur Lake (dry in 1926 and 1934 and
virtually dry 1931-1933). Despite half a decade of drought conditions,
the redband trout survived and have increased their numbers and
distribution in all six basins.
More recently the Great Basin experienced a drought from 1987 to
1992, with 1994 also being a very dry year. The drought caused Goose
Lake, Hart Lake (Warner basin), and Malheur Lakes to go dry in 1992.
This second drought eliminated the lake habitat and, consequently the
lacustrine redband trout that made spawning runs up connected creeks.
This drought also undoubtedly reduced the available stream habitat.
However, despite this recent drought, the numbers of redband trout in
all basins appear to have rebounded. As an example, in 1995 no fish
were found in Skull Creek (Catlow basin), whereas in 1997, 16 fish
representing 3 different age classes were found after sampling 263
square meters.
An analysis of historic and current distributions based on area
concluded that Great Basin redband trout currently occupy 59 percent of
their historic distribution. Specific stream surveys in 1999 (Dambacher
1999) determined densities of Great Basin redband trout in each of the
six basins. The densities were 0.423 fish per meter square in the
Catlow basin, 0.372 fish per meter square in the Harney basin, 0.216
fish per meter square in the Warner basin, 0.171 fish per meter square
in the Fort Rock basin, 0.143 fish per meter square in the Chewaucan
basin, and 0.140 fish per meter square in the Goose Lake basin. These
densities correspond with moderate and high categories according to
Dambacher and Jones (in press). Dambacher and Jones (in press) analyzed
80 redband trout density estimates from the Great Basin between 1968
and 1995 and determined qualitative ranges for densities. They
concluded that a low density was less than 0.059 fish per meter square,
moderate density was between 0.06 and 0.19 fish per meter square, and
high density was over 0.2 fish per meter square. Based on this
analysis, Catlow, Harney, and Warner basins had high densities of
redband trout, and Fort Rock, Goose Lake, and the Chewaucan Basins had
moderate densities. Because redband trout populations in all basins
have rebounded, the effects of any potential threats to the Great Basin
redband trout and the likelihood of extinction of the species is
substantially reduced.
The petition identified general threats causing changes to
ecological processes that result in habitat degradation. We agree that
habitat degradation is present in all six basins. Historic overgrazing
combined with water withdrawal, building of dams and roads, timber
harvest, and draining of marshes and wetlands has reduced the habitat
available for the Great Basin redband trout. However, the data on Great
Basin redband trout abundance and distribution reflect an aquatic
habitat that provides enough of the ecological parameters necessary for
spawning, rearing, and survival to have supported an increasing
population since the end of the drought. Therefore, the current level
of threat from aquatic habitat destruction or modification or
curtailment in range does not place the Great Basin redband trout in
danger of extinction or make it likely to become so in the foreseeable
future.
Furthermore, a Conservation Agreement (CA) in the Catlow Basin and
a Conservation Strategy (CS) in the Goose Lake basin are improving
habitat for redband trout. The goal of both the CA and CS is to
identify the threats to the native fishes (including Great Basin
redband trout) and implement projects to remove threats and enhance
habitat. These cooperative efforts among private, State, and Federal
entities are largely responsible for habitat or fish population
improvements in the Catlow and Goose Lake basins.
Based on the Catlow CA 1999 Progress Report (Catlow Valley CA
Signatories in litt. 1999), most of the originally identified actions,
and numerous, additional ``adaptive management'' actions, have been
initiated or completed. Of the 74 actions identified in the Catlow CA,
36 were completed, 33 other long-term projects were well under way and
showing success, and only 5 were not initiated (often because they were
to be initiated at a later date, after preliminary data were
collected). In addition, 22 new conservation actions were identified by
CA participants, and of these, only 1 was either not completed or
initiated as of the summer of 1999.
Significant habitat restoration has occurred within the Catlow
basin due to the Catlow CA. During 1998, vegetation objectives were
reached on 95 percent of redband streams, and in 1999 alternate grazing
sites were found so that almost all of the streams covered by the
Catlow CA were rested. These actions significantly increased riparian
recovery. Threemile Reservoir had filled with sediment since Kunkel's
(1976) report. The reservoir was dredged in 1998 and enlarged in 1999
to again provide a lacustrine habitat for redband trout and connection
with Threemile Creek. Numerous fences and water enhancement projects
were installed that benefitted cattle management and overall upland and
riparian health. A road in Upper Skull Creek was closed and multiple
fire rehabilitation and juniper encroachment projects were completed.
The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife conducted fish surveys and
habitat monitoring throughout the Catlow basin in 1997 through 1999 and
found that redband trout densities had increased significantly from the
surveys in 1995, when densities were depressed due to the drought.
Based on the cooperation between private, State and Federal parties,
most if not all of the current threats to redband trout in the Catlow
Basin are being or will be addressed.
Due to a continuing drought (1987-1994) affecting the water level
of Goose Lake and its tributaries, a group of concerned individuals
from private, State, and Federal agencies formed the Goose Lake Fishes
Working Group (GLFWG) in 1991. The GLFWG signed a Memorandum of
Understanding in July 1994 to protect and reestablish native fishes in
the Goose Lake basin in California and Oregon. On May 22, 1995, the
GLFWG completed the Goose Lake Fishes Conservation Strategy (GLFCS
1996). The goal of this strategy was to conserve all native fishes in
Goose Lake by reducing threats, stabilizing population numbers, and
maintaining the ecosystem. The Conservation Strategy identified factors
in each stream that were affecting fish and provided a list of actions
since 1958 that were implemented to benefit potential problems.
Since publication of the GLFCS in 1996, a number of additional
projects have been completed or long-term projects begun. These include
2 culvert improvements, 11 diversion or passage projects, 10 fencing
projects, 16 habitat improvement projects, 11 fish surveys, and road
improvement project to reduce sedimentation. Based on the conscientious
efforts of the GLFWG, threats to redband in the Goose Lake basin are
being addressed. The Goose Lake basin is a much larger system than the
Catlow basin with many more interested parties and specific projects
needed to benefit redband trout. Recent projects have substantially
benefitted redband trout but more resources and
[[Page 14936]]
time will be needed to complete all of the projects identified in the
GLFCS.
Existing CAs have had a large influence in protecting redband trout
and the habitat they require for survival. These efforts continue to
improve habitat, provide for passage over barriers, screen diversions,
and survey for redband trout. Cooperative efforts involving all parties
are excellent avenues for restoring habitat and species.
We have carefully assessed the best available scientific and
commercial information available, and we find that listing the Great
Basin redband trout as a threatened or endangered species is not
warranted at this time because it is not in danger of extinction or
likely to become so within the foreseeable future. This conclusion is
based on information on Great Basin redband trout populations within
the historic range of redband trout, as reported and summarized in the
Great Basin redband trout status review (Service 2000). However, in the
event that conditions change and the species becomes imperiled due to
the factors discussed in this finding, or other unforeseen factors, we
could propose to list the species under the Act or, if circumstances
warranted, invoke the emergency listing provisions of the Act.
References Cited
Behnke, R. J. 1992. Native trout of western North America. American
Fisheries Society Monograph 6.
Behnke, R. J. In litt. 1999. Report entitled, Great Basin Redband
Trout.
Bowers, W., B. Hosford, A. Oakley and C. Bond. 1979. Wildlife
habitats in managed rangelands--the Great Basin of southeastern
Oregon, Native Trout. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report
PNW-84. 1979.
Dambacher, J. 1999. Assessment of Stream Populations and Habitat of
Great Basin Redband Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Dambacher, J., and K. Jones. (In press). Regional and Basin-Wide
Patterns of Abundance of Redband Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in
Oregon Streams.
Hendricks, S. 1995. Fishes found in the tributaries of Goose Lake.
California Department of Fish and Game. Inland Fisheries Division.
Endangered Species Project. February 1, 1995.
U.S. Forest Service. 1999. Upper Chewaucan Watershed Assessment.
Prepared for the Upper Chewaucan Watershed Council, September 1999,
Paisley, OR.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2000. Status Review for Great Basin
Redband Trout. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife
Service, Region 1, Portland, Oregon. January 2000.
Author:
The primary author of this document is Antonio Bentivoglio, Oregon
Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (see ADDRESSES
section).
Authority
The authority for this action is the Endangered Species Act of
1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).
Dated: March 13, 2000.
Jamie Rappaport Clark,
Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 00-6864Filed 3-17-00; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P