Relativity and Cosmology

To date, methods of direct measurement of the distance to galaxies
have been limited in their range[1]. This paper makes direct
measurements of distant galaxies by comparing spiral arm structures to the
expected locus of gravitational influence along the geodesic in a
centripetally accelerating reference frame. Such measurements provide a
method of independent validation of the extragalactic distance ladder
without presupposition of the uniformly expanding universe theory. The
methodology of this paper avoids the use of Hubble's constant in the
measurement of the distance to galaxies beyond the range of
contemporary direct measurement methods. The measurements are validated by
meaningful trends between distance and other variables such as mass,
rotational velocity, size and angular momentum to validate the
measurements made. A Hubble diagram calculated using this method is
presented from data obtained from 111 spiral galaxies in the
southern hemisphere to about 200 MPc distance. The galactic red shift from
these galaxies appears independent to distance. Galactic structure, size,
masses and angular momentum are seen to have a distinct relationship
to the spin velocity, or tangential velocity, associated with each galaxy.

Submission history

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