EDITOR'S CHOICE IN IMMUNOLOGY

The immune system is best known for fighting infections and targeting anything it senses as foreign. But it also serves a less-appreciated, but crucial, duty: swooping in when the body’s own cells are injured or dying.

University of Calgary immunologist Paul Kubes has been working toward understanding this lesser-known role of immune cell function. Working in mice, he and postdoc Jing Wang burned a tiny spot on the surface of the liver and used fluorescence microscopy to observe what happened next. Many of the expected cells, such as platelets and neutrophils, showed up at the wound, but there was also a surprise arrival: a cell type that “seemed to be doing very, very important things in allowing for healing . . . and we had no idea where this cell was coming from,” says Kubes.

The cells, which arrived within the hour, expressed general markers of macrophages, immune cells known for engulfing foreign cells and debris, but their source was unclear. They couldn’t be the liver’s resident macrophages, as those are stationary, and the injury had obliterated local cells. Nor could they be derived from macrophage precursors called monocytes, because that process of recruitment and differentiation takes days.

Rather, the cells expressed GATA6, a marker specific to large macrophages from the peritoneum, the body cavity that surrounds visceral organs such as the liver. The result revealed a job no one had known these cells were performing. “It shows that the peritoneal cavity . . . actually contains macrophages which themselves translocate into damaged tissues and therein actually help drive the repair process,” says Steve Jenkins, who studies the cells at the University of Edinburgh.

When Kubes and his colleagues transferred GFP-labeled peritoneal macrophages into a mouse with liver damage, the glowing green cells flocked to the injury. When the labeled macrophages were injected into the bloodstream, however, they did not reach the wound, indicating that the peritoneal macrophages took a nonvascular path.

Whatever the route, the actions of these peritoneal macrophages are important for healing. Once at the liver, the macrophages dismantled the nuclei of dead cells, releasing DNA into the injured area, which could possibly protect the area from infection by trapping microbes, Kubes says. And the wounded areas in mice whose peritoneal macrophages had been depleted regrew blood vessels more slowly than in mice whose macrophages were intact.

To better model human liver damage such as cirrhosis, the researchers treated the mice with the liver toxin carbon tetrachloride, which, unlike the thermal injuries, wreaked internal organ damage. They found that the peritoneal macrophages migrated across the mesothelium, the membrane separating the liver and other internal organs from the body cavity, and into the liver to a depth of several cell layers.

“One of the more important . . . areas this research would go in, then, is actually to find out what the role of peritoneal macrophages would be in chronic, repetitive liver damage,” such as that caused by alcohol abuse, says Jenkins, adding that repeated carbon tetrachloride administration in rodents could serve as a model for such hepatic harm.