The following article (3160 words!) was published in the Hebrew
daily Ha'ir on 6 May 1992. It contains new revelations about
war crimes committed by the Zionist forces in 1948 against
Palestinian Arabs.

There are a number of reasons why the publication of this
information is important:

1. It shows once more and through the pen of Israeli historians
what motivated the Palestinian Arabs to flee in 1948.

2. It shows how the Zionist establishment has attempted and still
attempts to hide the truth about the massacres of Palestinians in the
1948 War.

3. It exposes the fallacy according to which it was mainly
right-wing Zionists (the terrorist groups IZL and LEHI led by Menahem
Begin and Yitzhak Shamir) who committed atrocities against
Palestinian Arabs in 1948. In fact, most atrocities and massacres
were committed by 'nice Jewish boys and girls', from the Labour
movement, may of whom grew up in kibbutzim in a humanist
environment.

4. It exposes the myth, entertained in the West, according to
which Israel's practices towards Palestinians worsened when the
right-wing Likud came to power.

5. It documents the development of a growing awareness among
Israeli intellectuals of the need to face the past with honesty. This
is a rather recent and salutary phenomenon.

An appendix to the article includes summary descriptions of some
other massacres (published along the article in Ha'ir).

By Guy Erlich, Ha'ir, 6 May 1992

After Lydda (1) gave up the fight, a
group of stubborn Arab fighters barricated themselves in the small
mosque. The commander of the Palmach's
(2) 3d Battalion, Moshe Kalman, gave an
order to fire a number of blasts towards the mosque. The soldiers who
forced their way into the mosque were surprised to find no
resistance. On the walls of the mosque they found the remains of the
Arab fighters. A group of between twenty to fifty Arab inhabitants
was brought to clean up the mosque and bury the remains. After they
finished their work, they were also shot into the graves they
dug.

The Jewish American journalist Dan Kurtzman, heard this testimony
from Moshe Kalman, who has meanwhile died, while he was writing his
book 'In the Beginning 1948 (Bereshit 1948)' about the War of
Independence. As Kurtzman did not want to hurt the State of Israel,
he did not include this testimony, but told this story to Israeli
historian Aryeh Yitzhaki, when they met in the IDF archives, when
Kurtzman was there working on his book. Kurtzman, who is now visiting
Israel in connection with his new book (incidentally, these days a
new edition of his older book is coming out), confirmed - after some
hesitation - that he heard this testimony from Moshe
Kalman.

Since its establishment, the State of Israel keeps a conspiracy of
silence concerning massacres committed in the War of Independence
(4). The only massacre acknowledged in
official publications is that of Deir Yassin, perhaps because it was
perpetrated by the IZL (Irgun). Books and press reports have referred
to dozens of cases, but only partially and incompletely. Yitzhaki
corroborates this impression: 'I read all the documents in the IDF
archives written about the War of Independence. In the course of
years I became especially alert to anything concerning the
massacres.' Yitzhaki is a lecturer in the Bar Ilan University
[Tel Aviv] in the Faculty of Eretz Yisrael Studies
(5) and is also senior lecturer in the
field of military history in IDF courses for officers. In the sixties
he served as director of the IDF archives within the framework of his
IDF service in his capacity as historian.

Yitzhaki assembled all the testimonies and documents concerning
the subject matter and waited for the right time to publish. 'The
time has come' he says, 'for a generation has passed, and it is now
possible to face the ocean of lies (6)
in which we were brought up. In almost every conquered village in the
War of Independence, acts were committed, which are defined as war
crimes, such as indiscriminate killings, massacres and rapes. I
believe that such things end by surfacing. The only question is how
to face such evidence.'

According to Yitzhaki, about ten major massacres were
committed in the course of the War of Independence (i.e. more than
fifty victims in each massacre) and about hundred smaller
massacres (of individuals or small groups). According to him, these
massacres had an enormous impact on the Arab population, by inducing
their from the country.

Yitzhaki: 'For many Israelis it was easier to find consolation in
the lie, that the Arabs left the country under orders from their
leaders. This is an absolute fabrication. The fundamental cause of
their flight was their fear from Israeli retribution and this fear
was not at all imaginary. From almost each report in the IDF archives
concerning the conquest of Arab villages between May and July 1948 -
when clashes with Arab villagers were the fiercest - a smell of
massacre emanates. Sometimes the report tells about blatant massacres
which were committed after the battle, sometimes the massacres are
committed in the heat of battle and while the villages are
"cleansed". Some of my colleagues, such as Me'ir Pa'il, don't
consider such acts as massacres. In my opinion there is no other term
for such acts than massacres. This was at the time the rule of the
game. It was a dirty war on both sides. This phenomenon spread out in
the field; there were no explicite orders to exterminate. In the
first phase a village was usually subjected to heavy artillery from
distance. Then soldiers would assault the village. After giving up
resistance, the Arab fighters would withdraw while attempting to
snipe at the advancing forces. Some would not flee and would remain
in the village, mainly women and old people. In the course of
cleansing we used to hit them. One was 'tailing the fugitives', as it
used to be called ('mezanvim baborchim'). There was no established
battle procedure as today, namely that when blowing up a house, one
has first to check whether civilians are still inside. In a typical
battle report about the conquest of a village we find: 'We cleansed a
village, shot in any direction where resistance was noticed. After
the resistance ended, we also had to shoot people so that they would
leave or who looked dangerous'.

The historian Uri Milstein, a myth-shatterer, corroborates
Yitzhaki's assessment regarding the massacres' extent and goes even
further. 'If Yitzhaki claims that almost in every village there were
murders, then I maintain that even before the establishment of the
State, each battle ended with a massacre. In all Israel's wars
massacres were committed but I have no doubt that the War of
Independence was the dirtiest of them all. All over the world,
massacres constitute an integral part of the norm of war and it is in
fact the fundamental basis of human conduct in a situation of battle.
The idea behind a massacre is to inflict a shock on the enemy, to
paralyze the enemy. In the War of Independence everybody massacred
everybody, but most of the action happened between Jews and
Palestinians.'

Milstein adds: 'In my opinion, the regular armies of Arab states
were less barbaric than the Jews and the Palestinians. Until the
entry into the battle of the Arab armies, the concept of taking
prisoners was unknown. The regular armies, especially that of Jordan
and Egypt, were the first in the region who did not kill prisoners,
as a matter of principle. Not that they were exceptional, but they
killed the least of all, relatively speaking. The Jordanian Legion
even succeeded to stop Palestinians of massacring Jews in Gush
Etzion, at least in a part of this area. The education in the Yishuv
(7) at that time had it that the Arabs
would do anything to kill us and therefore we had to massacre them. A
substantial part of the Jewish public was convinced that the most
cherished wish of say, a nine-year old Arab child, was to exterminate
us. This belief bordered on paranoia.'

A careful study reveals that until today over twenty massacres
were publicly reported. The testimonies were not published in one
collection, a fact which adds to this phenomenon another dimension.
At least eight massacres were described by Benny Morris in his book
'The Birth of the Palestine Refugee Problem'. Two cases were reported
in Milstein's books. Two cases are reported in the book of
Palestinian historian Arif al-Arif. The rest were reported in novels,
memories and the press. But it appears that at least eight more
massacres were committed which are reported here for the first time.
Two of them were discovered by Yitzhaki, three by Milstein, one case
was revealed by Kurtzman and was presented in the introduction to
this reportage. One case was brought to our knowledge by a kibbutz
member who wishes to remain anonymous and one more case was revealed
by Dov Yirmiya.

The testimonies concerning the massacres, revealed here for the
first time by Yitzhaki, are kept in the IDF archives. Those who wish
to study the documents in question confront a blank refusal. The
director, Miki Kaufman: 'If you are looking for what I believe you
are looking for, then you can forget it. In any case, just keep in
mind that we are reading over any documents before you are allowed to
see them and we cull out material that you should not see'.

A person who already had to face this barrage is Benny Morris. He
addressed himself to the State Archivist to get a report by the
government-nominated Shapira Committee, on killings in the War of
Independence, but his request was denied.

'The Archivist refused to let me see the report and I went then to
the Supreme Court. According to the [State] Archives Law
(1953), access is open to documents concerning [government]
policies and political matters after 30 years and documents related
to security matters after 50 years. As the report by the Shapira
committee is a political document issued by the Ministry of Justice,
it was to be accessible by the public. But after I entered my request
to the State Archivist and to the courts, the State Prosecutor and
the Archivist made me a trick. It appeared that by convening a
special meeting of at least two Cabinet members - in this case Arens
and Sharir - it was possible to extend indefinitely the classified
status of any archived document by arguing that disclosure might
endanger state security. The meeting was duly convened and the
document was reclassified (...)'

But Yitzhaki kept the testimonies. The first case he presents
happened in Tel Gezer. A soldier of the the Kiryati Brigade (...)
testifies that his colleagues got hold of ten Arab men and two Arab
women, a young one and and an old one. All the men were murdered. The
young woman was raped and her destiny was unknown. The old woman was
murdered. Yitzhaki tells that he discovered the testimony in a
specific folder containing testimonies from Guard Units (Kheil
Mishmar) in the IDF archives. Later he also obtained an oral
testimony about this event from a person who wished to remain
anonymous.

Another case happened in Ashdod. Towards the end of August 1948,
the Giv'ati Brigade executed the 'Cleansing Campaign' (Mivtza
Nikayon) in Ashdod's dunes. This happened after the forced landing of
an Israeli plane in the area and the killing of his eight passengers
by locals. A company of mounted cavalry, jeeps and Giv'ati fighters
went to comb the area. In the course of this action, and according to
a conservative estimate, ten farmers ('fellahin') were murdered.
Yitzahki says that evidence about that can be found in the campaign
chronicle of Giv'ati in the IDF archives and in the second chapter of
the book on the Giv'ati Brigade.

'Apart from these cases', says Yitzhaki, 'there are more cases
described in IDF's archives, but I don't want to disclose them at
this stage. I will yet write a book.'

The historian Uri Milstein presented in his book series 'The
History of the War of Independence' a number of massacres. Three more
cases came to his knowledge after he finished writing. One case
happened in Ayn Zaytoon. According to Milstein two massacres happened
there in addition to the case described by Netiva Ben Yehuda in her
book 'Within the Bounds' (mibe'ad la'avutot). Milstein possesses a
testimony from a soldier named Aharon Yo'eli: 'Three men from Safad
came to Ayn Zaytoon, they took 23 Arabs, told them they were
murderers and gangsters, took from them their watches and put them in
their pockets, led them over the hills and killed them. This was the
revenge of the Jews of Safad. I understood that our commanders were
looking for additional killers to execute such jobs. Not everybody in
Safad was a hassid [strictly observing Jew]. In my opinion
this was not the execution of prisoners but the killing of Arab
murderers. The rest were expelled in the direction of the Germak that
same evening and to make them go fast, we shot at them.' The second
case was reported to Milstein by a soldier named Yitzhak Golan, as he
referred to thirty prisoners who were brought to interrogation in Har
Kna'an: 'The men of the Intelligence Unit interrogated them and after
the interrogation the question came up what to do with them. We were
told to take them down to the Rosh Pina police station. On the way
they attempted to escape so we shot at them. There was no
alternative. The danger was that they might reach Safad and would
tell there how few weapons and manpower we had. It is possible that
they were killed chained. Next morning a plattoon was sent to bury
them'.

Another case happened in Caesarea. In February 1948 the Fourth
Batallion of the Palmach forces, under the command of Josef Tabenkin
(8), conquered Caesarea. According to
Milstein, all those who did not escape from the village were killed.
Milstein gleaned testimonies about this fact from fighters who
participated in the conquest.

A member of Kibbutz Be'eri, who was assigned to the the Guard
Milices for a short time, reveals another unpublished case about the
murder of an Arab soldier: 'We were in the strong point in the Wadi
Ara area, near Giv'at Ada. Not far away was a post of Palestinians
who fired from time to time at us. One night we raided their post and
brought back a prisoner for interrogation. One of the soldiers of the
Guard Milices took the prisoner after interrogation, beheaded him and
with a knife scalped the head. No one present tried to stop him. He
then tied the skin to a high pole facing the Palestinian post to
inspire a deadly fear among the Palestinians. This soldier was later
brought to the batallion commander for trial.'

On 20 May 1948 the Karmeli Brigade conquered the village Kabri.
Dov Yirmiya, who was a company commander in the 21th batallion,
tells: 'Kabri was conquered without a fight. Almost all inhabitants
fled. One of the soldiers, Yehuda Reshef, who was together with his
brother among the few rescapees from the Yehi'am convoy, got hold of
a few youngsters who did not escape, probably seven, ordered them to
fill up some ditches digged as an obstacle and then lined them up and
fired at them with a machine gun. A few died but some of the wounded
succeeded to escape. The batallion commander did not react. Reshef
was a brave fighter and as a rescapee from the Yehi'am convoy,
enjoyed special status in the batallion. He advanced later to the
grade of Brigadier General. He justified his action as an act of
revenge.'

'When the action ended, we left, namely the batallion commander
Dov Tschitchiss, Education Officer Tzadok Eshel, the driver and
myself. We drove over fields to Nahariya. While driving we saw
refugees escaping to the North. The batallion commander ordered the
driver to stop and went with the driver and the Education Officer to
chase an Arab who was escaping with a girl eight or nine years old. I
heard shots and had scarcely the time to understand what happened.
When they returned, the batallion commander declared: We killed them.
I asked: The girl too? And he answered to me: No, no, we did not kill
the girl'.

The Education Officer, Tzadok Eshel, has already forgotten about
the episode. 'In our Carmeli Brigade', he said, 'we did not commit
massacres. I can tell you about the massacre that the IZL people did
in Haifa. It was typical for the IZL and the LEHI, not to us. It was
totally outside our way of thinking. There was the case of an officer
who wanted to loot a village but they did not allow him.' After
hearing the testimony of Yermiya, Eshel changed his version: 'Did I
tell you about this case, no?...Probably I forgot...Yes, there was in
fact one case where we drove in a jeep and an officer, I don't
remember who, but I don't think it was the batallion commander,
wanted to shoot down an Arab with a girl. I told him that if he will
fire at them, I will shoot at him. When we returned to the jeep I
felt good that I succeeded to stop such a thing.' - Yirmiya, in his
testomony mentions [however] shots', -'I don't at all
remember that I was in the jeep. I was in the area. I tell you, you
better leave these things. There were no such things.'

Notes by Elias Davidsson

(1) Lydda: An Arabic town between Tel Aviv and
Jerusalem. Most of its inhabitants were expelled in 1948 under
written orders by Yitzhak Rabin.

(2) Palmach: Shock troups of the Labour-controlled
Hagana forces.

(3) IDF: Israel Defense Forces.

(4) The War of Independence is the name given by
Zionists. The Palestinian Arab call this war the Naqba (The
Tragedy). Less loaded names might be The First Zionist-Palestinian
War, or the War of 1947-1948.

(5) Eretz Yisrael: The Hebrew name for the area of
Mandatory Palestine (from the Jordan to the Mediterranean
sea).

(6) One of the most potent lies, disseminated in the
whole world, was that the Palestinian Arabs left their homes under
explicite orders by Arab leaders outside Palestine. There is no
evidence for this claim, but it has served Israel very well for at
least 15 years after its establishment, especially in the
West.

(7) Yishuv: Jewish society in Mandatory
Palestine.

(8) One of the leaders of the leftist Zionist Ahdut
Avoda movement.

"When a Jew, in America or in South Africa, talks to
his Jewish companions about 'our' government, he means the
government of Israel."