September 24, 2008

Cooking the books

In 2007, the Kansas City Police Department reported a 22% drop in crime to the state (and to the FBI's Uniform Crime Report). Now it turns out that crime actually went up 10%. The department basically blames this mix-up on a paperwork mess. Sounds fishy. But having worked in a real big city police department, I kind of believe them. It's a mess in there.

It is hard to overstate how completely overwhelming police paperwork can be. No matter what you do (except maybe if you deal with doctors, patients, and medical insurance), you have less paper work than police.

If police had less paperwork, they could do more policing. Think about that the next time you call for more documentation of police work. Much police work will be undocumented. All police work can't be documented. That's the truth we've got to live with.

Last year a different city reported low crime numbers to the FBI. After the crime stats got published and this city was reported as safe, the city "discovered" more stats and submitted them to be published in some unpublicized addendum. I don't remember the city, but I don't think this was an accident.

Here's the worrisome thing. With my ear to the ground, I smell smoke (how's that for a mixed metaphor?). There's more and more pressure in the NYPD to produce lower crime stats. That's not necessarily a bad thing... as long as lower crime stats reflect lower crime. But I'm starting to think that stats and reality are less and less related. I didn't hear this a few years ago. Now I do. It's worrisome.

The Compstat pressure to produce lower stats is overwhelming police ability to lower crime. A mid-level commanding officer gets a new asshole chewed out at a Compstat meeting. His numbers are too high. He tells his lower-level officers he needs lower stats. He doesn't tell them to fudge data, of course, but funny things start happening. Reports start getting "reevaluated." Or a foreign tourist is robbed (many tourists lie about being robbed, by the way, but that's another story) and is leaving the country the next day. If the victim is gone, the suspect won't be prosecuted. No victim, no crime. So the robbery is recorded as "lost property." What's the harm?

As a Baltimore police officer, I never felt any pressure to downgrade crime. Nor did I ever downgrade grade crime for the purposes of lower crime stats. But based on my professional judgment and discretion, I downgraded crime all the time.

There's a fine line between common and aggravated assault. "Intent to cause serious bodily harm." Who can say for sure?

There's a fine line between misdemeanor theft and felony theft. How much is your laptop worth? Are we talking current value or replacement price? That's the difference between a bit of paperwork and a major Part-One crime.

There's a fine line between burglary and senility. What do you do if a "victim" "thinks" things are missing from his apartment?

There's even a fine line between "rape" and "failure to pay." A prostitute says she was raped. When an officer reports a rape, a lot of gears and department resources start moving. Plus the victim needs to go to the hospital and get tested. Maybe the "victim" just wants her money. Or, as I once dealt with, her three winter jackets back that the John took (it was a cold night). I could have reported a rape. That's what she first said. But then all these gears would have turned in the wrong direction and nobody would win (and she would be cold). Instead, I investigated, got the real story, and got her jackets back. I could have locked everybody up. Instead, everybody left happy (sort of). I thought it was good policing. Best of all, there was no paperwork.

The point is there's a lot of discretion in investigating and lots of gray in producing crime stats. Always has been, always will. This isn't the problem. We need to acknowledge the gray, train and pay our officers well, hold them to high standards, and move on.

The problem is when a police department systematically--or non-systematically but on a large scale--begins to change crime data to lower the stats. This is a hole out of which you can not dig. Every year you have to keep fudging the stats just to match the fudged stats from the previous year.

There are only three ways out of this:

1) You fess up after the data is released, published, and reported in the papers. Then you just hope the follow-up story gets less publicity.

2) You get caught. You get fired. And your bosses (who directly or indirectly got you in this mess) get to gloat about how vigilant and angelic they are.

Or 3) you get promoted and your replacements are stuck with a huge "crime" increase to manage during their first year. But they can't say too much. You are, after all, their boss.

There is no great solution except to keep honest stats ("at least," to quote H.L. Mencken, "within the bounds of reason"). It's important to make clear from the top to the bottom that any stat fudging is not to be done.

But if you de-emphasize Compstat, you're losing one of the tools that helped bring crime down.

If you bring in independent oversight, you bring in more layers of management and paperwork. Not good. (But having district commanders in charge of stat collection that can help or hurt their career is begging for shenanigans.)

Maybe you need a special number for police to call anonymously just to report problems with stats. Remember, cops don’t like fudging stats; they do so because they feel they have to. Perhaps if two anonymous officers complain, a little internal audit begins. That could scare some people straight and give honest cops the reason they need to remain honest.

For stats, you could focus solely on homicides. Homicide stats are much harder to fudge (but there's still some room). But that only works in an area where there are a lot of homicides. What if the main problems in an area are quality-of-life issues? How do you measure these?

There is no easy answer. There never is. But the first step to a solution is pointing out that there may be problem.

2 comments:

I don't believe that there is anything endemic about police work that requires an exorbitant amount of documentation. I think that there are solutions to these systematic issues. Six Sigma and Lean offer ways of reducing non-value adding work.

Peter Moskos is an associate professor in the Department of Law, Police Science, and Criminal Justice Administration at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. He is on the faculty of the City University of New York's Doctoral Programs in Sociology and a Senior Fellow of the Yale Urban Ethnography Project.

Moskos graduated from Princeton (AB) and Harvard (PhD) and was a Baltimore City Police Officer. He has authored three books: Cop in the Hood, In Defense of Flogging, and Greek Americans.

Me in 2000

Me in 2016

Critical Acclaim for Cop in the Hood

Cops like the book, Cop in the Hood:

"Should be made mandatory reading for every recruit in the Balto. City Police Academy. ... I am so proud that you were a Baltimore Police Officer and a good one." —Colonel (ret.) Margaret Patton, Baltimore City Police Department

"I just finished reading the last footnote! Great stuff." —NYPD Lt. Detective (ret.) David Durk

"I have been a cop now for 23 years and your book really captured what it's like to be a street cop. . . . Great book, great insights." —Detective-Commander Joseph Petrocelli

"Moskos strips away hard to decipher cop-speak and sociological mumbo jumbo and presents something easily digestible by the average reader.... Moskos is a veteran of a war [on drugs] he disagrees with. But he has walked the walk, respects the brotherhood and, as far as I’m concerned, still bleeds blue." —Pepper Spray Me

"Truly excellent.... Mandatory reading for all fans of The Wire and recommended for everyone else." —Tyler Cowen

"Ethnographic chutzpah.... Perhaps the best sociological account on what it means to police a modern ghetto.... Tells a great story centered around notions of race, power and social control." —Andrew Papachristos, American Journal of Sociology

"[An] objective, incisive and intelligent account of police work. Moskos's graphic descriptions of the drug culture... are the most detailed and analytical to be found anywhere. —Arnold Ages, Jewish Post & Opinion

It could have profound consequences.... In Defense of Flogging forces the reader to confront issues surrounding incarceration that most Americans would prefer not to think about. —Mansfield Frazier, The Daily Beast

“Flogging” is intriguing, even in — or because of — its shocking premise. As a case against prisons, Mr. Moskos' is airtight. —Washington Times

Compelling… Although his outrageous idea may conjure up unsavory reminders of U.S. slavery, by the end of “In Defense of Flogging,” Moskos might just have you convinced. —Salon

One of the very few public-policy books I've encountered that goes past wringing its hands over a societal problem.... Moskos's sharp little volume has a potential audience far beyond the experts. —Rich Fisher, Public Radio Tusla

A very important work... provocative, timely, and well-argued. I agree with you completely that our criminal justice system is out of control.... On one hand, the problems seem intractable. On the other hand, we're doomed if we don't do something about it. —(Former) CIA Agent John Kiriakou

It was, in truth, a book that I could not put down. I read it in two sittings (my butt was hurting after the first!)... You did well. —Gary Alan Fine, John Evans Professor of Sociology, Northwestern University.