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Anti-Jewish currents were prevalent in antiquity, and these ideas, transmitted in texts over several centuries, point to strained relations between Jews and non-Jews around the Mediterranean world. In the third century B.C.E., for instance, the Egyptian priest and historiographer Manetho wrote of the “impiety,” “misanthropy,” and “xenophobia” of the Jews in a way that distinguished them from other ethnic groups. The pogrom in Alexandria in 38 C.E. also affected the province of Syria, which included the city of Antioch, now a part of Turkey. Between 38 C.E. and the first Jewish War and fall of Jerusalem (66-70 C.E.), the Jewish community in Antioch, which had a long history in the city, seems to have enjoyed a period of relative tranquility.

With the outbreak of the first Jewish War, underlying anti-Jewish sentiments came to the surface, and the Jewish population in Antioch suffered deadly persecution from the non-Jewish population. The latter demanded that the permission for Jews to abstain from participation in the Greco-Romancult—granted by rulers for decades—should be revoked. Had Roman troops not intervened to preserve the peace, the situation would have been even more devastating.

After the end of the war, Jews across the Syrian province suffered reprisals from the Roman victors. Jewish captives were showcased at various events, and the Romans undertook other degrading actions: outside Antioch the Roman general Titus set up winged bronze figures supposedly from the temple, and a theater was built from spoils of the temple on the site of a synagogue. The emperor Vespasian also imposed a Jewish temple tax, the so-called fiscus Judaicus, and used it to rebuild the temple Capitoline Jupiter in Rome.

As humiliating as these actions were, they were not directed exclusively against Jews. This was the normal way that the Romans treated conquered peoples. In fact, the Jewish historian Josephus wrote that when the non-Jewish population in Antioch petitioned Titus to drive the Jews out of the city, or at least strip them of their rights, the general departed and left the status of the Jews unchanged (Jewish War 7.102-111). Riots and civic unrest were not in the interest of Rome. But the fact that the Roman authorities protected the Jews from open attacks from the non-Jewish population increased the interethnic tension, in all likelihood also affecting the relations between Jews and non-Jews within the Jesus movement.

One expression of this tension was the harsh statements of Ignatius, the bishop in Antioch during the early second century C.E. In letters to several Christian communities, Ignatius refers to Jews and Judaism in a clearly derogatory way, in one instance stating that it is “monstrous to talk of Jesus Christ and to practice Judaism” (To the Magnesians 10:3).

There is some evidence of interaction with Christians in the fourth century C.E., but otherwise very little is known of the Jewish community in Antioch during the subsequent centuries. Nevertheless, there are reasons to believe that the community never regained the splendor it had in the period before the first Jewish War.

Contributors

Magnus Zetterholm is associate professor of New Testament Studies at the Center for Theology and Religious Studies, Lund University, and is the author of TheFormation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation between Judaism and Christianity (Routledge, 2003).

Led by apostles of Jesus like Peter, Paul, and Barnabas, the Jews of Syrian Antioch birthed the earliest Christian community in blood, sweat, and tears, even as some were fleeing their own homes in Jerusalem.

The second temple period spans about six hundred years, beginning in the late sixth century BCE and ending with the destruction of the Jerusalem temple by the Romans in 70 CE. Throughout much of this period, Jews lived—and early Judaism developed—under foreign rule.

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The historical period from the beginning of Western civilization to the start of the Middle Ages.

A system of religious worship, or cultus (e.g., the Israelite cult). Also refers to adherents of that system.

A rebellion by the Jewish people against their Roman occupation, lasting from 66-73 CE and culminating with the destruction of the Temple.

Relating to the cultures of Greece or Rome.

A rebellion by the Jewish people against their Roman occupation, lasting from 66-73 C.E. and culminating with the destruction of the Temple. Also known as the First Jewish War or First Jewish Revolt.

A Jewish historian from the first century C.E. His works document the Jewish rebellions against Rome, giving background for early Jewish and Christian practices.

The religion and culture of Jews. It emerged as the descendant of ancient Israelite Religion, and is characterized by monotheism and an adherence to the laws present in the Written Torah (the Bible) and the Oral Torah (Talmudic/Rabbinic tradition).

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