2.2

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Are first impressions often correct or wrong>?

wrong

*validity of interview low

Why would first impressions not be right?

People are influenced by their expectations and stereotypes

*self-fulfilling prophecies

Self fulfilling prophecies) summary on rosenhan experiemtn

-3 researchers faked that they were ill to be instituted in mental place. When they were admitted, they started to act normal once again. Even when they were acting normal, they were still treated like a mental person and when they were released they had remission schizo instead of sane

vazire & mehl study- voice recorder would record every 12.5 minutes for 30 secs to see what the person was doing- summary of results (2)

-participants and close people to participants predicted how often they engaged in each behaviors

-they both predicted equally well. Same correlation number

*there were certain things close people did better and there were certain things participant did well.

Your answer to the question of Who am I? reveals what?

Content of your self concept

What is self schemas?

Mental structures that people use to organize their knowledge about themselves and that influence what they notice, think about, and remember about themselves.

How do we know that chimps, orangutans, gorillas, magpies, elephants, and dolphins have a rudimentary self concept?

They took the mark test

*it is a test in which if the animal staring at the mirror touches his own head where mark is then they do if they touch the mirror then they don't because they think its another animal has it

Does self concept stay the same in every situation or environment?

No, self concept varies by which environemtn you are in

*I am a talkative person but at UIC I hate everyone

What are working self concept?

Set of self conceptions we are aware of at any give point in time

*not all identities or components to your self concept will be available at one time.

What's self concept?

Picture of who you are

What are possible selves?

Self conceptions that describe what you could or want to be

*healthy successful, parent

What is ideal self? (2)

-Who we want to be

-determined by hopes, wishes, dreams

Ought self? (2)

-who we should be

-determined by a sense of duty, responsibility, or obligation

What factors determine our self concept? (6)

-roles we play

-social identities we form

-comparisons we make with others

-successes and failures

-how other people judge us

-culture that surrounds us

When do we tend to think less about our social identities?

When our group is part of the majority

What is social comparisons?

We evaluate our abilities and opinions in comparison to others

*social comparison theory

When do people compare themselves with others to assess their abilities and opinions

When absolute, objective standards are absent or when they feel uncertain

*test score of 87, what does it mean in terms relative to class performance

To whom do we compare ourselves?) similarity hypothesis

-ideally we would compare ourselves to someone in similar ability or a bit better than us

Test score rank study summary

If I received my ranking 4 out of 7 ill most likely compare myself to 3rd place

*according to festinger theory of similarity

**indicates a self accuracy motive

Test rank on negative trait summary

- if I'm given a ranking 4 out of 7 in the negative trait I will look at the person with highest score regarding the negative trait (the person that possess the negative trait

*self enhancement motive

Social comparison targets) downward comparisons

Make us feel better about ourselves

*self esteem

Social comparison targets) upward comparisons (3)

-can provide information about how to improve

-can inspire you to work towards your goals

-can also make you feel inferior

What's basic concept on Automaticity premise?

If we need to be efficient in our comparisons we should access a comparison quickly, without effort so we use targets we've used before even if they are not ideal anymore

Ex) ideal= victor and I in running or lifting

Ex) Automaticity premise= Jesus and I in lfiting

*is this chair going to be comfortable?

*ios this a good car?

Social comparison summary) what information do we get when we compare ourselves to similar others?

Accurate self knowledge

Social comparison summary) what information do we get when we compare ourselves to those who are better off (upward social comparisons)

Guidance but decreased self esteem

Social comparison summary) what information do we get when we compare ourselves to those who are worse off?

No guidance but increased self esteem

Social comparison summary) what information do we get when we compare ourselves to chronically assessable but not always ideal target?

Efficient self knowledge

Self concept- self esteem) summary (2)

-failure and problems lead to low self esteem AND low self esteem also leads to failure and problems

-we take into account successes and failures as indicators of what we are good and not good to icnropoorte into self concept

Self concept- how other people judge us) looking glass self

We view ourselves through the eyes of others and incorporate their perceptions of us into our self concept

*how others react to us is very important

Self concept- how other people judge us) important people are influential. Summary of pope and catholic students

Catholic students were exposed to scowling face of the pope or an unknown person. They then evaluetd themselves. They evaluated themselves more negatively when they viewed the pope scowling.

Self concept- culture that surrounds us) western cultures have independent views of self

defining self in terms of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, actions and not in terms of other people