{"title": "18 Editions of the Dewey Decimal Classifications", "text": " The present study is a history of the DEWEY Decimal\nClassification. The first edition of the DDC was published\nin 1876, the eighteenth edition in 1971, and future editions\nwill continue to appear as needed. In spite of the DDC's\nlong and healthy life, however, its full story has never\nbeen told. There have been biographies of Dewey\nthat briefly describe his system, but this is the first\nattempt to provide a detailed history of the work that\nmore than any other has spurred the growth of\nlibrarianship in this country and abroad.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000001"}
{"title": "Use Made of Technical Libraries", "text": "This report is an analysis of 6300 acts of use\nin 104 technical libraries in the United Kingdom.\nLibrary use is only one aspect of the wider pattern of\ninformation use. Information transfer in libraries is\nrestricted to the use of documents. It takes no\naccount of documents used outside the library, still\nless of information transferred orally from person\nto person. The library acts as a channel in only a\nproportion of the situations in which information is\ntransferred.\nTaking technical information transfer as a whole,\nthere is no doubt that this proportion is not the\nmajor one. There are users of technical information -\nparticularly in technology rather than science -\nwho visit libraries rarely if at all, relying on desk\ncollections of handbooks, current periodicals and personal\ncontact with their colleagues and with people in other\norganizations. Even regular library users also receive\ninformation in other ways.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000002"}
{"title": "Two Kinds of Power", "text": "An Essay on Bibliographic Control\n The relationships between the organization and control of writings\nand the organization and control of knowledge and information will\ninevitably enter our story, for writings contain, along with much else, a\ngreat deal of mankind's stock of knowledge and information. Bibliographical\ncontrol is a form of power, and if knowledge itself is a form of power,\nas the familiar slogan claims, bibliographical control is in a certain sense\npower over power, power to obtain the knowledge recorded in written\nform. As writings are not simply, and not in any simple way, storehouses of\nknowledge, we cannot satisfactorily discuss bibliographical control as\nsimply control over the knowledge and information contained in writings.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000003"}
{"title": "Systems Analysis of a University Library;", "text": "final report and research project\n The establishment of nine new universities in the 1960's provoked a highly \nstimulating re-examination of the nature, purpose and management of academic\nlibraries. Long-established attitudes and methods were questioned, but\nalthough changes were made, the basic difficulty remained - a lack of objective\ninformation about the best ways of providing a library service in a university.\nThe report of the UGC Committee on Libraries (the Parry Repot [267]), which,\nin general, endorsed these changes, also stressed the need for research into\nall aspects of academic library provision.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000004"}
{"title": "A Library Management Game:", "text": "a report on a research project\n Although the use of games in professional education has\nbecome widespread only during the last decade, the method has\nbeen used in a number of fields for many hundreds of years.\nIts origins have been traced to simple war games, used in\nmilitary training when the \"real thing\" was either unavailable\nor too dangerous. In more recent times, these games have\nbecome more and more sophisticated, and many now use large\nelectronic computers to handle the complex calculations involved.\nSince 1956, when the first well-developed management game was\nintroduced, the technique has spread rapidly into a wide variety\nof disciplines and today it is used at all levels of education,\nfrom primary school classes to courses for experienced professional\nmen and women. One of the main causes of this \"game explosion\"\nhas been the rapid development of sophisticated management\ntechniques, such as simulation and mathematical modelling, which\nhave been made possible by rapid advances in computer technology.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000005"}
{"title": "Abstracting Concepts and Methods", "text": " Graduate library school study of abstracting should be more than a \nhow-to-do-it course.\nIt should include general material on the characteristcs and types of abstracts,\nthe historical development of abstracting publications, the abstract-publishing\nindustry (especially in the United States), and the need for standards in the\npreparation and evaluation of the product.\nThese topics we call concepts.\n The text includes a methods section containing instructions for writing\nvarious types of abstracts, and for editing and preparing abstracting publications.\nThese detailed instructions are supplemented by examples and exercises in the\nappendix.\nThere is a brief discussion of indexing of abstract publications.\n Research on automation has been treated extensively in this work, for we\nbelieve that the topic deserves greater emphasis than it has received in the\npast.\nComputer use is becoming increasingly important in all aspects of librarianship.\nMuch research effort has been expended on the preparation and evaluation of\ncomputer-prepared abstracts and extracts.\nStudents, librarians, and abstractors will benefit from knowing about this\nresearch and understanding how computer programs were researched to analyze text,\nselect key sentences, and prepare extracts and abstracts.\nThe benefits of this research are discussed.\n Abstracting is a key segment of the information industry.\nOpportunities are available for both full-time professionals and part-time or\nvolunteer workers.\nMany librarians find such activities pleasant and rewarding, for they know\nthey are contributing to the more effective use of stored information.\nOne chapter is devoted to career opportunities for abstractors.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000006"}
{"title": "Academic Library Buildings", "text": "A Guide to Architectural Issues and Solutions\nThis book attempts to present representative examples of successful\narchitectural solutions to the important problems librarians and\narchitects face in planning new college and university library\nbuildings or in remodeling and enlarging existing structures. It does\nnot attempt to make case study evaluations, as was done by\nEllsworth Mason for Brown and Yale. Nor does it present examples\nof unsuccessful solutions except to show how to avoid mistakes,\nand in these cases the libraries will not be identified.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000007"}
{"title": "The Academic Library Essays in Honor of Guy R. Lyle", "text": " As important for staff members' individual development\nas was the apprenticeship in administration, perhaps the most\nsignificant attitude one acquired while working for\nGuy was engendered by his insistence that librarians must\nbe interested in and knowledgeable about the content of the\nmaterials with which they dealt. His love of literature, his\nrespect for scholarship, his admiration for good writing and\nreading were manifested in many ways, but most notably in\nhis admonition that, though we were primarily a research\nlibrary, we must constantly keep in mind our obligation to\ncollect contemporary poetry, fiction and belles-letters. It\nwas primarily up to the library staff, he felt, to be\nresponsible for these as well as for \"general\" books which crossed\ndisciplinary lines or fell between the disciplines, those books\nwhich a faculty mostly concerned with research materials is\napt to overlook. And in building this portion of the collection,\n\"there is no substitute for a thorough acquaintance with\nbooks through a reading of critical reviews and the books\nthemselves.\" This counsel is from The President, the Professor,\nand the College Library, but the importance of its thrust--the\nneed to keep up with the world of books and publishing--was\ncontinually impressed upon us.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000008"}
{"title": "Access to Libraries in College", "text": " This study assumed that an additional use study held\nless promise than an analytical consideration of concepts.\nThe basic approach was a survey comparing traditional and\ncurrent professional ideas on direct access. Principal data-gathering\ninstruments were documentary analysis and opinion questionnaire.\n Findings of the documentary analysis included the following:\n Research from 1890 to 1970 on the direct shelf approach\nand browsing left the problems largely unresolved and\nevidently resistant to established methods of use and user\nresearch. The need for an exhaustive study of concepts was\nconfirmed.\n Open shelf libraries--organized through shelf classification\nand relative location--were meant to arouse the intellectual,\nsocial, and political interest of the average citizen and affect\nhis democratic self-realization.\n Definitions of \"browsing\" varied greatly: self-indulgence\nby the untutored in objectionable works; beneficial self-education\nfor the general reader; valuable guidance for the scholar in his\nresearch.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000009"}
{"title": "Access to Periodical Resources", "text": " The purpose of this study was to develop, evaluate,\nand recommend a national plan for improving access to periodical\nresources. About 48 percent of all academic interlibrary loans\nare for periodical materials, with the bulk of the loans being\nsatisfied in the form of photocopies. A major consideration in\nthe long-range improvement of the interlibrary loan system is\nthe possible augmentation with a national system for acquiring,\nstoring, and satisfying loan requests for periodical materials.\n This study focused on the physical access to the\nperiodical literature. Based on the needs of the library community,\ndesign features were developed, and included the following:\n Service should be made available to all users\n without any restriction other than access\n through a library.\n Initially, the service should be confined primarily\n to rapid, dependable delivery of photocopies of\n journal articles.\n The collection of a center should be comprehensive\n in subject coverage excluding only medicine.\n All worthwhile journals should be collected\n irrespective of language.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000010"}
{"title": "The Acquisition of Library Materials", "text": " The scope of acquisitions work, outlined in the Introduction,\nacknowledges the importance of selection policy,\nserials recording, and other topics kindred to acquisitions.\nThese topics are discussed in this book only as they relate\nto obtaining library materials. They are examined thoroughly\nin books and papers that are cited in the references and the\nbibliographic note.\n Centralized acquisitions and automation of order routines are of\nmajor importance in order work and they are reviewed as chapters in\nthis book. These chapters are introductions to the concepts and\nproblems of centralization and automation, not manuals of practice.\nFor treatment of these topics in particular and in depth the reader is\nreferred to the references cited. For automation these references\nare only a modest selection from an enormous literature.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000011"}
{"title": "Acquisition from the 3rd World", "text": " The Ligue des bibliotheques europeennes de recherche (LIBER) was set up\nin 1971 as an international non-governmental organization, with the aim of\nestablishing close collaboration between the general research libraries of\nWestern Europe, particularly national and university libraries, and in\nparticular to help in finding practical ways of improving the quality of\nthe services these libraries provide.\n At the second meeting of its General Assembly, held in Luxembourg in 1972,\nLIBER decided to hold a seminar on the acquisition of materials from the\n'Third World'; and I was charged with the 'intellectual organization' of this\nseminar. The purpose of the meeting would be to examine the problems of\nacquisition; the availability of materials in European libraries both for\nreference and for lending; and the feasibility of setting up a European centre\nfor the collection of such material, to be available for loan. The provision\nof bibliographic information, preferable in machine-readable form, was to be\na basic consideration, whatever means were proposed for acquiring publications\nfrom those areas. The Council of Europe made a generous grant towards the\ncost of the seminar which was held at the University of Sussex from 17 to 19\nSeptember 1973.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000012"}
{"title": "AD695049", "text": "I am not, nor have I ever pretended to be, an expert on\nmicrofiche. Nevertheless, when I was invited to address the\nThird Annual Northeastern DDC/Industry Users Conference in\nWaltham, Massachusetts in April of 1968 I had the temerity to\nattempt to describe what I as a user would like to have in a\nfiche reader. (\"Towards a Uniform Federal Report Numbering\nSystem and a Cuddly Microfiche Reader--Two Modest Proposals.\"\nRevised September 1968. AD-669204)\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000013"}
{"title": "The Administration of the College Library", "text": " If this book has a central thesis, it rests upon the simple but\nfrequently neglected principle that college library service goes\nbeyond the commonly accepted functions of book circulation and\nstorage. The college library exists, not merely to house and\ncirculate library materials, but to supplement and extend the teaching\nprocess with reference service, to afford faculty members library\nopportunities for improving instruction, and to encourage students\nto read more and better books. Administration is essentially a\nservice activity, a tool through which library functions are more\nfully and efficiently realized.\n The present work retains most of the material of the first edition,\nbut includes substantial revision in each chapter. The book was\nplanned not only as a text in the teaching of college library\nadministration but also for independent professional reading. Because\nreaders have found the footnotes and chapter bibliographies useful\nfor reference purposes, they have been brought up to date and in\nsome cases extended.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000014"}
{"title": "Information Flow in Research and Development Laboratories", "text": " Technical communication patterns in two research and development laboratories\nwere examined using modified sociometric techniques.. The structure of \ntechnical communication networks in the two laboratories results from the \ninteraction of both social relations and work structure.. The sociometric \n\"stars\" in the technical communication network who provide other members of the\norganization with information either make greater use of individuals outside\nthe organization or read the literature more than other members of the \nlaboratory..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000015"}
{"title": "Adopting the Library of Congress Classification System", "text": " This manual is designed to make it possible for any library to change\nefficiently to the Library of Congress Classification system. Detailed\nprocedures are outlined which may serve as exact models or as a series of\nsuggested steps which have proven effective in actual use. Most of the text\ndeals with the necessary criteria for effecting the planning, making the\npreparations, selecting the tools, and establishing the procedures which\nare essential for a reclassification project. Beyond this, considerable\nattention has been given to many of the problem areas of the LC\nClassification-series, biography, bibliography, law, PZ3 and PZ4. In\naddition, the literature Tables VIIIa and IXa, two of the most\nfrequently used tables throughout the entire class system, have been\nthoroughly explained and their application illustrated by a series of\ncomprehensive examples. Since the mechanics, production, and cost of\ncatalogue card copy can significantly affect the flow of books to users,\na chapter has been devoted to describing the use of Xerox copying\nmachines in library operations. Finally, an annotated bibliography\nof books and articles judged to be helpful in deciding to reclassify is\nincluded for those readers who wish to delve more deeply into the\ntortuous and frustrating 50-year history of the concept of centralized\ncataloging and classification. The numbers enclosed in parentheses\nthroughout the text refer to sources in the bibliography which relate\nto or support the arguments being advanced in any particular case.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000016"}
{"title": "Adventures in Librarianship", "text": " There has long been a need for a continuing series to provide\nscholarly reviews of the rapidly changing and advancing field of\nlibrarianship, a series which would select subjects with particular\ncurrent significance to the profession and provide an analysis of\nthe advances made through research and practice. Advances in\nLibrarianship is planned and designed to fill this need. It will\npresent critical articles and surveys based on the published literature,\nresearch in progress, and developments in libraries of all types.\n Mechanization may appear to be the most obvious of the advancing fronts\nof librarianship, for automation has caught the enthusiastic support of all\nlibrarians who can visualize its potential.\nAdvances in this field will certainly be found in every volume of this series.\nAs the first group of articles in this volume demonstrate, technological change\nhas an obvious and direct implication for libraries, but the problem has been\nfound to be much more complex than the simple inventory problem many experts\nexpected.\nAdvances in Librarianship is dedicated to presenting the realities of\nautomation, assessing where we are, where we are going, and how fast we can hope\nto get there.\n\"The Machine and Cataloging\" reviews the current status of the machine-produced\nbook catalog and what lies ahead as we enter the age of MARC.\nWhere business methods have greater applicability, progress is easier, as\nreported in \"Mechanization of Acquisition Processes.\"\nEven in this area generally acceptable practices and standardization are in the\nfuture, not the past.\nOne of the problems of major and immediate importance in computerization of\ncatalog information is that discussed in \"Filing Systems for Computer\nManipulation.\"\nThis detailed review presents the complexity of the problems and suggests\npossible solutions.\n For many years technical service costs have been defended without adequate\nknowledge of the facts.\nAs automated procedures are proposed, standards are determining costs of\ntraditional operations become essential.\nThe article on standards for such costs shows why the problems have been difficult\nand reviews the significant advances of the past few years.\n The school library has widened its dimensions in materials and services much\nmore rapidly than other libraries, as reflected in its new name, the\ninstructional media center.\nHere, technical change, together with new teaching methods, has made possible\nmajor developments in library service in schools as well as for children in\nthe public library.\nTwo articles make clear that what can be done has been demonstrated, and that\nwhat remains is to make this the rule rather than the exception.\n Bibliotherapy is an example of a field in which progress has been slow.\n Articles which illustrate the potential which systems theory and managerial\nplanning theory have for libraries.\nThe articles on the application of these concepts, which come from research in\nadministration, are provocative and may appear controversial to some.\n The article on library development in developing countries provides an\nanalysis in depth of our efforts and degree of success in assisting other\ncountries in providing the library service which is so important in the modern\nworld.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000017"}
{"title": "Selective Dissemination of Information", "text": " The present contribution does not duplicate previous studies but\ncomplements the earlier publications and closes the few gaps that\nexist in the literature prior to 1966 and after 1971. Additionally,\nit is a bold attempt to evaluate critically and objectively the history\nof the mechanized selective dissemination of information (SDI) as\nreflected in the literature, from the initial description by Luhn\n(1958, 1961b, c) to the post-1970 period when the SDI boom began losing\nground to the more popular on-line interactive systems. The review\ntherefore questions and interprets the concept of SDI, its implementation,\nand its evolution in the light of work performed by many companies,\ngovernment agencies, universities, societies, and libraries during the\nlast fourteen years.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000018"}
{"title": "Adventures in Theory of Languages", "text": " In trying to give an account of the statistical properties of\nlanguage, one is faced with the problem of having to find the\ncommon thread which would show the many and multifarious forms\nof language statistics - embodied in scattered papers written\nby linguists, philosophers, mathematicians, engineers, each using\nhis own professional idiom as belonging to one great whole:\nquantitative linguistics.\n The book stresses the peculiarity of statistics of language\nstructure as against just conventional statistics. To put the\ndifference between two types of statistics briefly, the latter comprises\nthe methods and parameters of general number statistics as applied, e.g., in\nEconomics and Demography, the former has its own methods and characterising\nparameters, particularly useful for describing and evaluating language\nstructure. The idea of statistical linguistics as using concepts and\nmethods of its own, which was adumbrated in the author's \"Language as\nchoice and Chance\", 1956, has now taken definite shape.\n Of this development I shall try to give a brief account. In my book,\n\"Language as Choice and Chance\", the foundation was laid for a truly\nsensible application of statistics to language by my interpretation\nof the langue-parole dichotomy as being essentially that between statistical\nuniverse and sample.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000019"}
{"title": "The Age of Jewett: Charles Coffin Jewett and American Librarianship", "text": "1841-1868\n Most librarians mark the beginning of modern librarianship\nfrom the founding of the American Library Association in 1876 and\nthe appearance on the national library scene of such dynamic and\ncontroversial figures as Melvil Dewey and Charles Ammi Cutter.\n But in doing so, they overlook an extremely significant era in\nthe history of our profession, for the quarter century preceding the\n1876 meeting in Philadelphia was one characterized by great advances\nin the field of American librarianship. This period of growth was to\nhave considerable influence on the course of library development in\nAmerica after 1876. To ignore the third quarter of the nineteenth\ncentury is to risk misinterpreting the pivotal post-1876 era,\nand in this time of reappraisal, it seems particularly appropriate\nand useful to focus our attention on the years preceding the founding\nof the American Library Association.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000020"}
{"title": "On Aggression", "text": " In this book, Lorenz deals with the evolution of aggression\nin vertebrates. He points out that aggressivity is totally different\nfrom predation: that it is a biological necessity for defence of\nterritory and for a cornered animal, and that it becomes mixed\nup with other innate drives, thus leading up towards reduction\nof intraspecific damage. This, be it noted, is most evident in\nfiercer social predators like wolves, where escape from the pack\nis virtually impossible and where co-operation without fighting\nis necessary for survival; whereas in the non-social but proverbially\npeaceful dove prevention of escape leads to violent and often\nfatal attacks on the weaker mate.\n In a final chapter he advances some suggestion as to how in\nthe human species, where evolution is primarily cultural, and\nnot guided by Darwinian selection in the strict sense, the\naggressive drive may be canalized into less dangerous channels.\nMan has innumerable ways of adaptively ritualizing his behavior,\nmany of them analogous, if not homologous, to those found in\nanimals. In any event, On Aggression is a fascinating book by\na master of his subject.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000021"}
{"title": "Education and Manpower for Librarians", "text": " This paper is not an official policy statement\nof the American Library Association nor\nof the Office for Library Education. It is\nsimply an exploration, an outline of possibilities\nfor consideration by the profession. Its purpose is \nto generate discussion that will lead\neventually to a statement of Association policy\nthat the profession will support and make\neffective.\n A basic assumption on which the statement\nrests is this: that the library occupation is\nmuch broader than that segment of it which is\nthe library profession, but that the professional\nsegment has responsibility for the definition\nand supervision of the training and education\nrequired by the complete range of activities\nencompassed by the occupation. Librarians\nare not the only persons who work in\nlibraries, but librarians are the ones who are\nconcerned with the advancement and improvement\nof the library profession. It follows then\nthat it is the obligation of the professionals\nto engage actively in the establishment and\nmaintenance of standards and norms governing\nthe preparation of people who work at\nany level in libraries. They should define and\nguide the kinds of preparation most useful at\nthe pre-professional level and not\nmerely the education of those who will hold\npositions at the level we now call \"professional.\"\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000022"}
{"title": "Pilot Inventory of Library Holdings", "text": "This project was undertaken because of the\nhigh degree of uncertainty among the library\nstaff regarding the extent of the problem of\nmissing books. The findings of this study gave\nthe Ohio State University libraries concrete\nevidence as to how many books are missing\nand indicated the areas in which book losses\nare the greatest. These figures also provide\ninformation which can be conveyed to the\nfaculty or administration when they voice\ncomplaints about the unavailability of library\nbooks. The areas where losses are high also\ntend to indicate the areas of most frequent\nuse.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000023"}
{"title": "Libraries and Technological Forces Affecting Them", "text": "1. What do we mean by technology and what kind of technological forces are\nwe concerned with?\n2. Why is it important to be concerned with technology in thinking about the\nfuture of libraries?\n3. What kinds of technology are particularly important for libraries?\n4. How can this technology be applied today?\n5. What can we foresee for the future, as we move toward the year 2000?\n6. What, if anything, should we do tomorrow to try to get from here to here?\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000024"}
{"title": "Algebraic Systems", "text": " As far back as the 1920's, algebra had been accepted as the science\nstudying the properties of sets on which there is defined a particular\nsystem of operations. However up until the forties the overwhelming\nmajority of algebraists were investigating merely a few kinds of algebraic\nstructures. These were primarily groups, rings and lattices. The first\ngeneral theoretical work dealing with arbitrary sets with arbitrary\noperations is due to G. Birkhoff (1935). During these same years, A.\nTarski published an important paper in which he formulated the basic\nprinciples of a theory of sets equipped with a system of relations. Such\nsets are now called models. In contrast to algebra, model theory made\nabundant use of the apparatus of mathematical logic. The possibility of\nmaking fruitful use of logic not only to study universal algebras but\nalso the more classical parts of algebra such as group theory was\ndiscovered by the author in 1936.\n During the next twenty-five years, it gradually became clear that the\ntheory of universal algebras and model theory are very intimately\nrelated despite a certain difference in the nature of their problems. And\nit is therefore meaningful to speak of a single theory of algebraic systems\ndealing with sets on which there is defined a series of operations and\nrelations (algebraic systems). The formal apparatus of the theory is the\nlanguage of the so-called applied predicate calculus. Thus the theory can\nbe considered to border on logic and algebra.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000025"}
{"title": "Indexing and Abstracting by Association", "text": "This article discusses the possibility of exploiting the\nstatistics of word co-occurrence in text for purposes of\ndocument retrieval. Co-occurrence is defined and related\nto the mental processes of authors and readers; several\nmeans of quantitative measurement of word co-occurrence\nare then scrutinized. It is shown that the most\nstrongly co-occurring word pairs, which are therefore\n\"associated\" in a statistical sense, can be represented\nin the form of an \"association map.\" The last half of the\narticle presents two modes of use of association maps\nin literature searching.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000026"}
{"title": "Cost Analysis and Simulation Procedures for the Evaluation", "text": "of Large Information Systems\nA computer program has been written and used which\nsimulates the several-year operation of an information\nsystem and computes estimates of the expected\noperating costs as well as the amount of equipment\nand personnel required during that time period. The\nprogram has been used for the analysis of several\nlarge systems and has proven itself to be a useful\nresearch tool for the study of systems with so many\ncomponents and interrelated operations that an\nequivalent manual analysis would be extremely\ncumbersome and time consuming,and perhaps even\nimpractical. This paper describes this program and\nshows, as an example, some of the results of a simulation\nof two of several suggested designs for a specific\ninformation system.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000027"}
{"title": "A Note on the Pseudo-Mathematics of Relevance", "text": " Recently a number of articles, books, and reports\ndealing with information systems, i.e., document retrieval\nsystems, have advanced the doctrine that such systems\nare to be evaluated in terms of the degree or percentage\nof relevancy they provide.\n Although there seems to be little agreement on what\nrelevance means, and some doubt that it is quantifiable,\nthere is, nevertheless, a growing agreement that a fixed\nand formal relationship exists between the relevance and\nthe recall performance of any system. Thus, we will find\nin the literature both a frankly subjective notion of \nrelevance as reported by individual users, and equations,\ncurves, and mathematical formulations which presumably provide\nnumerical measures of the recall and relevance\ncharacteristics of information systems. This phenomenon\nof shifting back and forth from an admittedly subjective\nand non-mathematical term to equations in which the\nsame term is given a mathematical value or a mathematical\ndefinition has its ancient parallel in discussions\nof probability. One cannot, of course, legislate the\nmeaning of a term. It all depends, as Alice pointed out,\non \"who is master,\" the user or the term. On the other hand,\nthe use of a single term in the same document to cover\ntwo or more distinct meanings, especially when such a\nusage is designed to secure the acceptance of a doctrine\nby attributing to it mathematical validity which it does\nnot have, represents a more serious situation than merely\ncareless ambiguity.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000028"}
{"title": "Some Questions Concerning \"Information Need\"", "text": "The expression \"satisfying a requester's information\nneed\" is often used, but its meaning is obscure. The\nliterature on \"information need\" in relation to\nretrieval suggests three different (though not inconsistent)\npossible interpretations. However, each of these\ninterpretations is itself fundamentally unclear. The\nvarious obscurities involved are indicated by critical\nquestions, which those who write of information need\nare invited to answer.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000029"}
{"title": "Vocabulary Building and Control Techniques", "text": " The rationale is given for creation and maintainance by an information \ncenter of a controlled indexing and retrieval vocabulary.. Basic vocabulary\nprinciples are (1) use of natural language, (2) development of hospitality\nto new concepts, (3) provision of adequate cross-referencing, and (4)\nformatting for easy use.. Terminalogical conventions necessary for development\nand control of a useful vocabulary are summarized, and the techniques for \napplying these conventions to construct a thesaurus are described.. \nComputerized editing techniques and updating techniques are briefly set forth..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000030"}
{"title": "Attendance and Use of the Science Library at M.I.T.", "text": "This is an interim report on continuing\nstudies of library operations at Massachusetts\nInstitute of Technology being made by\nmembers of the Institute's Operations Research\nProject in cooperation with the librarians and\nlibrary staff. In this report, which is based\non actual observations of on-the-premise use\nmade of the Science Library, various statistics\nmeasuring the kind, degree, and intensity of use\nare tabulated. In addition there are some\nsuggested measures of effectiveness of the library.\nA unique outcome of the survey has been the\nconstruction and verification of a mathematical\nmodel employing probability theory to measure\nrate and kind of use of library material\ntogether with length of stay of library patrons.\nSuch models, characteristic of an operations\nresearch approach, give promise of furthering\nthe goal of effective library management and\nplanning.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000031"}
{"title": "Information Gathering Patterns and Creativity", "text": "A study of research chemists in an industrial research laboratory\n A comparison of creative and \"noncreative\" research chemists with \nrespect to the ways in which they use their professional and technical \nliterature.. The creative chemists differ from the \"noncreative\" in that the\nformer read more technical literature on the job, are less reluctant to use \nliterature of greater reading difficulty, are less influenced in their \nindependence of thought, read more extensively and consult more frequently the\nolder material, are more inquisitive and have broader cultural interests.. The\nfindings of the study are believed to be helpful in planning library and \ninformation services, in refining future inquiries into the ways in which\nscientists use recorded information, and in improving tests for the \nidentification of creative ability among chemists..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000032"}
{"title": "The \"Half-Life\" of Some Scientific and Technical Literatures", "text": " A consideration of the analogy between the half-life of radioactive \nsubstances and the rate of obsolescence of scientific literature.. The validity \nof this analogy suggest the possibility of more accurate prognostications\nconcerning the period of time during which scientific literature may by used \nand hence might help to guide the planning of library collections and \ntechnical information services..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000033"}
{"title": "Keyword-In-Context Index for Technical Literature (KWIC Index)", "text": " A distinction is made between bibliographical indexes for new and past\nliterature based on the willingness of the user to trade perfection for \ncurrency.. Indexes giving keywords in their context are proposed as suitable \nfor disseminating new information.. These can be entirely machine-generated \nand hence kept up-to-date with the current literature.. A compatible coding \nscheme to identify the indexed documents is also proposed.. In it elements are\nautomatically extracted from the usual identifiers of the document so that the \ncoded identifier yields a maximum of information while remaining susceptible \nto normal methods of ordering..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000034"}
{"title": "Comparisons of Four Types of Lexical Indicators of Content", "text": "An experiment was conducted to determine which of \nfour types of lexical indicators of content could be\nutilized best by subjects to determine relevant from\nirrelevant documents and to answer a set of 100\nquestions. The results indicate that there were no\nmajor differences between the groups using complete\ntext and abstracts to select relevant documents, but\nthe group utilizing the complete text obtained a\nsignificantly higher score on the examination.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000035"}
{"title": "Recorded Use of Books in the Yale Medical Library", "text": "Explores the amount of use of books by categories of\nborrowers in the Yale Medical Library, with a view to\ndiscovering the proportion of the catalogue which should\nbe put in machinable form.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000036"}
{"title": "The World's Technical Journal Literature:", "text": "An Estimate of Volume, Origin, Language,\nField, Indexing, and Abstracting\nA quantitative estimate is made of the magnitude of the\nworld's scientific and technical journal literature problem.\nUsing a number of basic sources of statistical information,\na composite picture is established to show such things as\nthe total volume, linguistic and national origins, breakdown\nby subject field, and degree of coverage by the abstracting\nand indexing services.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000037"}
{"title": "Machinelike Indexing by People", "text": "A study of several thousand entries in a classified bibliography\nof article titles (the Index Medicus) revealed that a\nlarge proportion of the title entries contained words identical\nto or synonymous with words of the corresponding\nsubject heading. It is inferred that a major part of the\nbibliography studied could have been compiled by a machine\nprocedure operating on titles alone, provided the\nmachine was supplied with a suitable synonym dictionary.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000038"}
{"title": "Bibliographic Coupling Between Scientific Papers", "text": "This report describes the results of automatic processing\nof a large number of scientific papers according\nto a rigorously defined criterion of coupling. The\npopulation of papers under study was ordered into \ngroups that satisfy the stated criterion of interrelation.\nAn examination of the papers that constitute the\ngroups shows a high degree of logical correlation.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000039"}
{"title": "Worldwide Census of Scientific and Technical Serials", "text": " Results of the census of the world's scientific and technical serial \nliterature, within the limits defined and based on an examination of published \nsource material from countries throughout the world, reflect a total title \npopulation much lower than estimated before.. Distribution of this population \nby country, showing better than 50% of the total divided among six major \ncountries, is included and discussed, together with a broad subject \ndistribution of serials for certain countries..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000040"}
{"title": "New Factors in the Evaluation of Scientific Literature", "text": "Through Citation Indexing\n More than one million citations from the scientific literature have been \nprocessed by the Citation Index Project at the Institute for Scientific \nInformation.. The Project, sponsored by NSF and NIH, will be described briefly,\nand new methods of using citation data for evaluation of publications will be\ndiscussed..\n Summaries of statistical data, compiled by computer methods such as the \nfollowing, will be given..\n 1. Frequency of citation of one journal by another..\n 2. Frequency of current citations to the past literature..\n 3. Frequency of self-citation by journals and authors..\n 4. Number of source citations per cited paper..\n 5. Number of references per source paper..\n 6. Number of papers published per journal..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000041"}
{"title": "The Notion of Relevance", "text": " Analysis of the problems of defining the mutual relevancies of queries and \ndocument-collections indicates that they essentially involve the problem of\nconceptual relatedness.. In order to consider the later problem, the question \nof concept-formation is first discussed, which in turn requires a definition of\nconcept.. An extensional interpretation is suggested whereby a concept is \nassociated with a class of conceptually-similar documents.. Users' similarity-\njudgments then provide the empirical data for formal definitions of concept and\nconceptual relatedness.. It is found, however, that certain very general \ndifficulties rule out the possibility of defining concepts and their \nrelatedness by the method proposed.. Since this method is based on human \nrelevance-judgments, it seems a natural one to adopt, so that its collapse has\nserious practical and theoretical consequences.. An alternative approach is \ntherefore proposed whose elaboration will form Part II of this article..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000042"}
{"title": "The Consistency of Human Judgments of Relevance", "text": " A comparison of the ability of humans to consistently judge the relevance \nof documents to their general interests from bases of citations, abstracts, \nkeywords, and total text was made under controlled experimental conditions.. \nThe results showed that 1) humans are able to make such judgments consistently,\nand 2) the consistency of the judgment is independent of the particular base \nfrom which it is made.. Apparent inconsistency arising from judgments made on the \nbasis of abstracts remains unexplained.. This experiment, as well as others\nconcerned with human evaluations of text material, leave unexplored the basic\nproblem of providing a metric scale on which such evaluations can be measured..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000043"}
{"title": "The Distribution of Term Usage in Manipulative Indexes", "text": " A semi-empirical correlation, based on data from nine indexes, permits the\nprediction of the percentage of terms in a manipulative index vocabulary which \nwill be used to index any given number of documents.. This is a function of the\ntotal number of index entries in the system.. A log-normal relationship, \nsimilar to Zipf's Law, exists between total index entries and distribution of\nterm usage.. Based upon the correlation, optimum vocabulary size and growth rate\ncan inferred, as well as the most efficient arrangement of index entries in a \nstorage medium.. The results agree well with published data and appear to be \nparticularly useful for designers of mechanized retrieval or publication\noperations..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000044"}
{"title": "Measuring the Reliability of Subject Classification by Men and Machines", "text": " Procedures for measuring the consistency of document classification are \ndescribed.. Three subject specialists classified 997 abstracts of psychological \nreports into one of eleven categories.. These abstracts were also mechanically\nclassified by a computer program using a factor score computational procedure.. \nEach abstract was scored for all categories and assigned to the one with the\nhighest score.. The three manual classifications were compared with each other\nand with the mechanical classifications, and a series of contingency \ncoefficients was computed.. The average reliability of manual classification \nprocedures was equal to .870.. The correlation between automatic and manual \nclassification was .766..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000045"}
{"title": "A Quantitative Measure of User Circulation Requirements and Its Possible", "text": "Effect on Stack Thinning and Multiple Copy Determination\n The strategy outlined in this article describes a possible aid to the \nlibrarian for thinning a library's stack according to the criterion of user \nneeds.. The method uses the last circulation date as a parameter of user \ncirculation requirements.. The resulting stack collection would, by design,\nsatisfy over 99 percent of the user circulation requirements and yet be of\nminimum size.. Preliminary, but not yet fully validated research, indicates \nthat the number of volumes in a library's holdings may be reduced by 60 to 70 \npercent and yet satisfy well over 99 percent of the user requirements.. It may\nalso be possible to determine which books should have multiple copies in order\nthat user disappointment can be minimized.. The effective result of this \napproach is that there now may be a quantitative method of maintaining the \nlibrary's holdings at a reasonable level and, in addition, a reduction in the \ndisappointment of the user who is unable to find the book he wants because of \nuse by another..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000046"}
{"title": "Improvement of the Selectivity of Citation Indexes to Science Literature", "text": "Through Inclusion of Citation Relationship Indicators\n Citation indexes to large bodies of science literature can often list far\nmore citing references under the known cited reference than the user can \nafford the time to look up.. By providing some additional information, beyond \nthe minimal association of the citing reference with the cited reference, a \ncitation index could provide the means of the user to select from a long list \nthose citing references which are most relevant to his immediate search \nrequirement.. Means of providing this selectivity are discussed.. Particular \nattention is given to the possibility of adding short codes to the citation \nentries which would be informative of the way in which the citing publication\nis operationally related to the cited one (this method is an integral feature \nof the Shepard's legal citations).. A scheme of citation relationships of \npotential value to users of science literature is presented.. These \nrelationships were tested on a sampling of physics literature.. The suggested \ncategories include indicators of the relation of the citing reference to the\nscientific process in general, as well as indicators of its relationship to the\ncited reference in particular.. Assignment of the categories to a citation \nrequires the exercise of judgment, as in subject indexing, but does not involve\nthe use of subject terminology.. An illustration is provided of the application \nfrom a citation index to physics literature..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000047"}
{"title": "The Norms of Citation Behavior: Prolegomena to the Footnote", "text": " The publication explosion has focused renewed attention on the lowly \nfootnote.. While we are all at least partially aware of the technical functions\nof the citation for both the writer and the reader of the scientific paper, \nlittle is known about the norms operating in actual practice.. Even less is \nknown about the operating norms with respect to the more sociological functions,\nincluding the acknowledgement of intellectual debts or the conferral of \nrecognition upon the works of others.. This paper reviews the state of our \nknowledge, raises questions, and proposes suggestions and hypotheses for \nstudying the relationships between footnoting practices among scientists and\nthe social system of science..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000048"}
{"title": "Adaptive Information Dissemination", "text": " Computer dissemination of information offers significant advantages over\nmanual dissemination because the computer can use strategies that are \nimpractical and in some cases impossible for a human.. This paper describes\nthe Ames Laboratory Selective Dissemination of Information system with emphasis\non the effectiveness of user feedback.. The system will accept any document, \nabstract, keyword, etc., in a KWIC or Science Citation Index Source format..\nUser profiles consist of words or word clusters each with an initially \nassigned significance value.. These values are used in making the decision to\nnotify a user that he may be interested in a particular document.. According to\nresponses, the significance values are increased or decreased and quickly \nattain an equilibrium which accurately describes the user's interests.. The\nsystem is economical compared to other existing SDI systems and human\nintervention is negligible except for adding and deleting profile entries..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000049"}
{"title": "Comparison of the Results of Bibliographic Coupling and", "text": "Analytic Subject Indexing\n A detailed comparison of how 334 papers in Volume 112 of Physical Review form\nrelated groups according to two criteria of relatedness.. The criteria are: (1)\nthe Analytic Subject Index as used by the editors of the Physical Review; and\n(2) the method of Bibliographic Coupling.. The similarities and differences \nbetween the groups thus formed are illustrated and discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000050"}
{"title": "An Experiment in Automatic Indexing", "text": " This report describes a method of indexing documents which is based on the \nassumptions, (1) that a subset of the words in a document can be an effective \nindex to that document, and (2) that this subject can be approximated by \nselecting those words from the document whose frequencies are statistically\nunexpectedly high.. The results of the experiment are encouraging, although not\ndefinitive because any index set chosen must be tested by using it for \nretrieval from a large collection..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000051"}
{"title": "Comparative Indexing: Terms Supplied by Biomedical", "text": "Authors and by Document Titles\n The original aim of this study was to obtain objective data bearing on the \nmuch argued question of whether author indexing is \"good\".. Author indexing of\n285 documents reporting biomedical research was scored by comparing the author-\nsupplied terms (author set) for each paper with a criterion set of terms that \nwas established by asking a group of 12 potential users to describe the same\ndocument.. Terms in the document title (title set) were scored similarly.. The\naverage author set contained almost half of all the terms employed by more than \none member of the user group and scored 73% of the maximal possible score, as \ncompared with 44% for the average title set.. When judged by the method and \ncriterion employed here, author indexing is substantially better than indexing \nderived from document titles.. The findings suggest that indicia supplied by an\nauthor should serve scientists in biomedical disciplines other than his own \nabout as well as they serve his disciplinary colleagues.. The general method\ndeveloped for measuring indexing quality may represent a practical yardstick of \nwide applicability..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000052"}
{"title": "The KWIC Index Concept: A Retrospective View", "text": " This paper defines and describes the KWIC (keyword in context) index concept,\nproviding a history of the concept and of its literature.. It discusses \nvariations of the index, such as the Bell Telephone Index, KWOC indexes, and \nthe WADEX..\n The paper discusses improvements and variations to the KWIC index, such as \nmanipulation of the index line, variations of the code, addition of \nclassification information, combination of author index and title index, and \nimprovements to the preparation of the KWIC indexes, such as improvement of \ntitles and use of a thesaurus, and discusses improvement of the use of the KWIC \nindex.. The paper discusses the usage of the KWIC index and comments on the \nfuture of KWIC indexes of the KWIC concept..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000053"}
{"title": "Simulation of Boolean Logic Constraints Through", "text": "the Use of Term Weights\nThe evolution described below of one aspect of the NASA\nsystem and Technical Information Facility's machine search\nsystem may be of general interest to the documentation\nprofession.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000054"}
{"title": "Bradford's Law and the Keenan-Atherton Data", "text": "Bradford's methods are applied to the Keenan-Atherton\ndata. The results do not fit Bradford's Law.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000055"}
{"title": "Computer-Produced Micro-Library Catalog", "text": " The philosophy, production, and cost-effectiveness of\na computer-generated library catalog is described.\nThis catalog is unique in that it utilizes direct computer\nto microfilm composition techniques, employing the\nStromberg Carlson 4020. Cost, user acceptance, and\nby-product capabilities are stressed.\n \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000056"}
{"title": "Distribution of Indexing Terms for Maximum Efficiency", "text": " of Information Transmission\n A function was developed for the optimum distribution of indexing terms by \nthe number of postings.. This makes it possible to transmit information with \nmaximum efficiency.. The comparison of the actual distribution of the term \ngroups with the calculated optimum distribution provides an objective measure \nfor evaluating any indexing system with respect to its efficiency as \ninformation transmission channel..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000057"}
{"title": "Relevance Disagreements and Unclear Request Forms", "text": " Disagreements about the relevance of documents to retrieval requests occur\nbecause relevance judges differently interpret requests of documents.. Requests\nmay be differently interpreted because they are unclear.. Well-known types of\nrequest obscurity are reviewed.. Less well known is that a request may be \nunclear because its form - \"documents about subject S\", \"document answering \nquestion Q\", etc. - is unclear.. \n Explications are developed of the meanings of the request forms just given \nand several others.. A request of any of the forms discussed is interpreted to \nbe for documents which support statements of a specified kind in a specified \nway.. Examples are given which suggest that some, perhaps all, \"about S\" \nrequests are unclear.. Some ways of formulating clear question requests are \ngiven..\n Various ways in which documents may support statements are distinguished..\nThese depend on on such factors as parts of a document use, inference strength,\nand background knowledge permitted.. Some possible clear support specifications\nare indicated..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000058"}
{"title": "Opinion Paper", "text": " Although a large number of Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) \nSystems have been planned, implemented, and tested over the past few years, \ninsufficient attention has been given to the collection and interpretation of \nimportant data needed for evaluation.. We describe some of the defects common \nto almost all of the reported systems, single out one recent report for \ndetailed discussion and argue in favor of collection and correct interpretation \nof data on one important and frequently overlooked evaluation factor..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000059"}
{"title": "Information Science: What Is It?", "text": " In seeking a new sense of identity, we ask, in this article, the question: \nWhat is information science? What does the information science do? Tentative \nanswers to these questions are given in the hope of simulating discussion that \nwill help clarify the nature of our field and our work..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000060"}
{"title": "Expected Search Length: A Single Measure of Retrieval Effectiveness", "text": " Based on the Work Ordering Action of Retrieval Systems\n A measure of document retrieval system performance called the \"expected \nsearch length reduction factor\" is defined and compared with indicators, such \nas precision and recall, that have been suggested by other workers.. The new \nmeasure is based on calculations of the expected number of irrelevant documents\nin the collection which would have to be searched through before the desired \nnumber of relevant documents could be found.. Its advantages are: (1) it \nprovides a single index of the property it attempts to measure; (2) it allows\nfor gradations of retrieval status, through the mathematical concept of a \"weak \nordering\"; (3) it evaluates retrieval performance relative to random searching;\nand (4) it takes into account the amount of relevant material desired by the \nrequester..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000061"}
{"title": "A Literature Search and File Organization Model", "text": " A principle of sequential optimization in search theory distributes the \nsearch effort at each stage so as to maximize the probability of target \ndetection with the effort expended thus far.. As an application of this \nprinciple to the search of pertinent items in a literature file, the file items\nshould be arranged in decreasing order of the probability that an item will \nyield the information sought.. Complete ordering in this manner may not be\nfeasible, and it is proposed that the files be partially ordered in search \nzones with some loss in search efficiency.. A model for assessing the relative\nefficiency for partial ordering is developed and used to determine optimal zone \nsizes under an assumed target distribution pattern.. In this way, trade-off\nbetween file organization effort and search effort can be meaningfully \nevaluated.. A representative target distribution function for search literature \nappears to follow the Bradford law of scattering.. This function is used to \ndemonstrate the application of the model over a meaningful range of parameters \nobtained from empirical studies.. It is shown that a good two-zone search plan\nto scientific literature is one in which 15-20% of the most useful documents \nare examined first.. Only about one of three searches should have to go on to a \nsearch over the remainder of the file..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000062"}
{"title": "The Publication Inflation", "text": " The much-vaunted information explosion seems to be the manifestation of a \nrather generalized publication inflation.. Multipublication and pretentious\nwriting have become obstacles to \"communication between human minds\". To \ncounteract their harmful effects it will be necessary to reduce the quantity \nand improve the quality of the printed records by filtering the material before \nit is stored for retrieval..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000063"}
{"title": "A Computer-Based Serials Control System for a Large Biomedical Library", "text": " Rather than reiterate the obvious purposes and procedures involved in \ncreating a computer system for control of serials, in this paper the author\ndeals with the concept upon which the UCLA system is based and the manner in\nwhich the system is maintained in day-to-day operations of the UCLA Biomedical\nLibrary.. The paper deals with some of the points made in an earlier publication\nfrom the UCLA serials project.. The attempt is to show how the theory of \npublication pattern (discussed in the earlier article) has been used to \nproduce a different idea in computer control of serials.. Publication pattern \ninformation which is entered into the master record for each title causes\ncheck-in cards for the next expected issue of each title to be generated by the\ncomputer, regardless of when this text issue is expected - next week, next\nmonth, next year.. This is departure from most systems, which attempt to \npredict a certain number of issues which should arrive during a given time \nperiod.. The information, which must be a part of the computer record, is \ndescribed, as are library procedures in maintaining the system..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000064"}
{"title": "A Study of Searching the Eye Research Literature", "text": " The paper is a report of most of the major findings of a study in searching\nthe periodical eye research literature.. Questions were collected from eye \nresearchers and a selected group of these were searched in nine different \nsecondary sources.. Articles thought to be relevant were Xeroxed and sent to \nthe eye researchers who subsequently rated the articles.. Articles of eye\nresearch interest are found in a wide variety of journals, but a small number\nof journals carry a large proportion of the articles judged valuable by the eye\nresearchers.. Approximately a fourth of eye research articles are in foreign \nlanguages.. Translations are not readily available.. Despite a delay of more \nthan 15 month between the original appearance of article in journals and the \nmailing of photocopies, about half of the articles of interest to the \nresearchers were not known to them previously.. For extensive retrospective\nsearches more than one secondary service must be used.. Index Medicus and \nExcerpta Medica (Section 12) or Ophthalmic Literature would be good sources..\nMEDLARS demand searches were not shown to be clearly superior to manual \nsearches of Index Medicus.. Titles, abstracts, and full text were shown to be\nequally effective in permitting searches to retrieve references that were\nsubsequently rated as relevant by the researchers.. A searcher with a background\nin ophthalmology was able to retrieve more articles of research interest than \nother non-ophthalmologist searchers..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000065"}
{"title": "Psychology and Information", "text": " An aspect of the human use of information that has generally been overlooked \nin the automation in information services is the human tendency to locate \ninformation spatially.. Computer-based systems do not necessarily assign any \nunique role to spatial tags, and so a feature of considerable importance for \nthe organization of the user's memory seems to have been largely overlooked..\nThe spatial dimension of human memory is discussed, and some suggestions are \noffered for exploiting it more effectively in the context of information \nretrieval services..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000066"}
{"title": "The Use of Simulation in Studying Information Storage and Retrieval Systems", "text": " Previous applications of simulation to information storage and retrieval \nsystems (ISRS) have been overly restrictive in their scope and have failed to\nconsider the environment within which such systems operate.. This paper \nconsiders the ISRS as a subsystem within a larger system which includes the \nusers and the funders of the retrieval system.. The three components form a \nclosed-loop information feedback system in which user response influences both \nthe funding and operation of the ISRS as it attempts to satisfy user needs \nwithin a finite budget allocation.. Reward-cost theory provides the basis for\ndescribing user behavior.. An industrial dynamics model has been developed to \nsimulate ISRS/user/funder behavior where a university departmental library is \nthe ISRS component.. The results which such an analysis can produce are \ndiscussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000067"}
{"title": "Retrieval of Answer-Providing Documents", "text": " (I) Better understanding of subject document retrieval might result if \ndifferent functions of subject document retrieval system are studied \nseparately.. This paper is concerned with retrieval of documents, in response \nto a question, from which answers to that question can be inferred \n(\"answer-providing documents\").. \"Answer can be inferred from document\" has \nmany possible meanings, one of which must be selected (an \"inference \nspecification\").. Inasmuch as scientists in a field disagree about the \ncorrectness of inferences, have somewhat different background knowledge, etc., \nany inference specification can only approximate scientific inference \npractices.. Two sources of systematic knowledge of document-statement inference \npractices in a scientific field are described.. (II) If a content word occurs \nin a question, then it occurs in any answer to that question (with some \napparently tractable exceptions).. An indexing procedure based on that fact is\ndescribed which would permit retrieval of all answer-providing documents for a \nquestion.. However, because the indexing is \"nonrelational\", it could cause \nfalse retrievals as well.. Various ways of dealing with such false retrievals \nare briefly indicated, and a study is sketched that would provide data for \nhelping selection among them.. Two special point concerning indexing for \nretrieval of answer-providing documents are discussed separately..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000068"}
{"title": "Statistical Generation of a Technical Vocabulary", "text": " The results of an experiment in the use of statistical techniques for \nextracting a technical vocabulary from document texts are presented and \ndiscussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000069"}
{"title": "On Understanding User Choices: Textual Correlates of Relevance Judgements", "text": " An empirical investigation of the role of documents in relevance judgements\nis reported.. Abstracts previously judged relevant, partially relevant, and \nnonrelevant to each of 61 questions were compared to see whether textual \ndifferences could be found which might reasonably account for the rating \ndifferences.. The results of this comparison were fairly clear-cut \ncharacterizations in each case of relevant and partially relevant abstracts.. \nThese characterizations were found to be expressible largely as meaningful\nco-occurrences of terms closely related to the question.. It is suggested that \nthe textual bases of user choices may be more understandable than has been \nsupposed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000070"}
{"title": "Word-Word Associations in Document Retrieval Systems", "text": " The SMART automatic document retrieval system is used to study association \nprocedures for automatic content analysis.. The effect of word frequency and \nother parameters on the association process is investigated through examination\nof related pairs and through retrieval experiments.. Associated pairs of words\nusually reflect localized word meanings, and true synonyms cannot readily be\nfound from first or second order relationships in our document collections.. \nThere is little overlap between word relationships found through associations \nand those used in thesaurus construction, and the effects of word associations \nand a thesaurus in retrieval are independent.. The use of associations in \nretrieval experiments improves not only recall, by permitting new matches \nbetween requests and documents, but also precision, by reinforcing existing \nmatches.. In our experiments, the precision effect is responsible for most of \nthe improvement possible with associations.. A properly constructed thesaurus,\nhowever, offers better performance than statistical association methods..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000071"}
{"title": "A Comparison Between Manual and Automatic Indexing Methods", "text": " The effectiveness of conventional document indexing is compared with that \nachievable by fully automatic text processing methods.. Evaluation results are\ngiven for a comparison between the MEDLARS search system used at the National \nLibrary of Medicine and the experimental SMART system, and conclusions are \nreached concerning the design of future automatic information systems..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000072"}
{"title": "Effectiveness of Information Retrieval Methods", "text": " Results of some 50 different retrieval methods applied in three experimental \nretrieval systems were subjected to the analysis suggested by statistical \ndecision theory.. The analysis validates a previously-proposed measure of\neffectiveness and demonstrates its several desirable properties.. The \nexamination of a wide range of data in relation to this one metric provides a \nclear and general assessment of the current state of the retrieval art..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000073"}
{"title": "Managerial Cost Accounting for a Technical Information Center", "text": " The purpose of this paper is to describe a research project conducted at a \ntechnical center to test the hypothesis that: A theoretically-sound managerial \ncost-accounting system can be designed to meet the specific characteristics of \na technical information center by revising and innovating systems utilized by \nother enterprises.. A computerized cost system was developed and operated for\na three-month period to test this hypothesis.. The results of the study \nindicate that effective managerial cost accounting is possible for a technical\ninformation center.. Relevant cost information was generated periodically to \nmeasure the operating performance of the center's production process.. A \nsummary of the data that were reported regularly to management is presented \nin this paper..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000074"}
{"title": "MEDLARS: Report on the Evaluation of Its Operating Efficiency", "text": " A comprehensive program to evaluate the performance of MEDLARS was conducted\nby the National Library of Medicine in 1966 and 1967.. This report describes \nthe methodology used and presents a summary of the principal results, \nconclusions, and recommendations..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000075"}
{"title": "Biomedical Literature: Analysis of Journal Articles", "text": " Collected by a Radiation- and Cell-Biologist\n The author's journal reference cards for 1965 and 1966 were analyzed \naccording to three \"interest patterns\": (I) the total collection of 1469 \narticle titles, a \"potentially useful\" set; (II) a subset concerning only his\nresearch speciality; and (III) a subset of articles defined as \"useful\". For\neach pattern, journals were ranked by frequency of use and a scatter diagram \nwas drawn..\n Patterns I and II largely resembled patterns obtained by counting citations\nin basic journals or by counting publications of selected researchers.. Pattern \nIII was more widely scattered.. It is concluded that access to diverse \njournals is needed by researchers to supply new ideas, and that this diversity \nof reading is not reflected adequately by citation counting or other indirect \nmeans..\n Current Contents, used by the author for current-awareness purposes in \nbuilding his card file, generated 88% of all articles.. Scatter diagrams \nindicated the decreased scatter predicted from its use..\n The 30% most important journals in this collection, including about 80% of\ntitles, are ranked for each pattern..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000076"}
{"title": "The Effectiveness of Automatically Generated Weights and", "text": " Links in Mechanical Indexing\n Work concerned with the statistical evaluation of the output of the MEDICO \nautomatic indexing method is described.. The statistical test were designed\nprimarily to examine the validity of the assumptions which formed the basis of \nthe algorithms developed for the automatic computation of weights and for the \nautomatic generation of links between index terms and modifiers.. This \nevaluation also includes a comparison of the output generated from full text \nand from the processing of the abstracts or summaries of the same articles..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000077"}
{"title": "On-Line Access to Information: NSF as an Aid to the Indexer/Cataloger", "text": " When adding a document to a collection, an indexer should choose a \nrepresentation which makes evident both the content of the document and its \nrelation to other documents already in the collection.. Toward this end, the \nNegotiated Search Facility (NSF) makes possible indexer-controlled retrieval of \ninformation from a collection data base using tools beyond those available in a\ntraditional bibliographic catalog.. The design philosophy of NSF is to offer a \nframework to guide the indexer while allowing him freedom to retrieve any data \nwhich he judges will help him make indexing decisions.. An example which \nindicates how an indexer might use the facility also shows how the display\nformats and command language promote interaction.. While the discussion is \ndirected toward indexing, it should be clear that the facility would be equally\nuseful to the searcher..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000078"}
{"title": "Computer Selection of Keywords Using Word-Frequency Analysis", "text": " A statistically based method for automatically identifying keywords in \nmachine-readable text has been developed which produces keyword lists that \nagree better with composite lists produced by panels of human indexers than do \nlists produced by five statistical criteria previously suggested, and also \nbetter than lists produced by most of the individual panel members.. The method\nmakes use of both the in-document word-occurrence frequency and the in-corpus\nrelative occurrence frequency as measures of word importance.. Each statistical\ncriterion was compared with the performance of human indexers by the use of rank\ncorrelation statistics.. The simple word count was found to be superior to the\nother four previously suggested criteria - all of which made use of the \nin-corpus relative occurrence frequency.. The test were conducted over 19\ndocuments dealing with the subject of Information Science, a total of over \n66,000 word occurrences.. Seventeen indexers representing eight different \ninformation centers participated in experiments..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000079"}
{"title": "A Graphic Catalog Card Index", "text": " To improve accessibility and maintenance of art slides in the United States\nMilitary Academy Library at West Point, a model card with a graphic image of \nthe slide was designed with pertinent identifying information displayed \ndirectly above a black-and-white opaque photo and also key-punched into it.. \nThe card serves for ample comparison reference previous to handling the slides\nand can produce a subject-arranged permuted index in book form.. The later \npermits access from the approach of form, geographic area, name, time of \norigin, artist, school, or style, etc.. Some added advantages, common to other \nkinds of graphic collections, are detailed.. Estimated costs of \nphoto-reproduction of original cards, various kinds of copies, and computer \ntime and materials are listed.. Future benefits from a consistent, unified \ncataloging system for graphic objects and the dissemination of this kind of \ninformation in a network structure are indicated as major goals..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000080"}
{"title": "Indexing Consistency and Quality", "text": " A measure of indexing consistency is developed based on the concept of \n\"fuzzy-sets\".. It assigns a higher consistency value if indexers agree on the \nmore important terms.. Measures of the quality of an indexer's work and \nexhaustivity of indexing are also proposed.. Experimental data on indexing \nconsistency is presented for certain categories of indexers; and consistency,\nquality, and exhaustivity values are compared and analyzed.. The analysis of \nindexing exhaustivity leads to the conclusion that the increase of information\nas a result of group indexing is a process analogous to Bradford's law of\ninformation scattering, Lotka's law of scientific productivity, and Zipf's law\nof vocabulary distribution..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000081"}
{"title": "Is Interindexer Consistency A Hobgoblin?", "text": " It is often assumed that the amount of interindexer consistency experienced \nunder a given method of indexing is somehow indicative of the quality of the \nindexing.. To explore this assumption, two hypotheses are stated concerning the \npossible connection between interindexer consistency and indexing quality.. A\nspecific counter-example is then exhibited which shows both hypotheses to be\ninvalid.. Although a mathematical analysis of the counterexample yields certain\ninsights, the general relationship between interindexer consistency and \nsuccessful retrieval is more subtle than might have been expected.. It is\nconcluded that until equations describing this relationship have been derived, \nmeasurements of inter-indexer consistency will have little meaning as clues to\nindexing quality..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000082"}
{"title": "The Cost Analysis of Document Surrogation: A Literature Review", "text": " A state-of-the art literature review on the cost of classification, \ncataloging, indexing, and abstracting has been included.. It was found that\nwhile some data on specific costs are available, the literature is generally\nfound lacking from the point of view of accuracy, completeness, consistency,\nand availability..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000083"}
{"title": "Some Independent Agreements and Resolved Disagreements", "text": " About Answer-Providing Documents\n Eighty-two documents and 30 questions, in documentation and related areas, \nwas compared to find answer-providing documents (documents from which answers to \nquestions can be inferred).. Two judges (documentation experts) made \ncomparisons independently.. They discussed their disagreements, attempting to\nresolve them.. In each case the positive judge was first asked to indicate what\nanswer he inferred, and from what document passage(s).. The further discussion\ndepended on the details of each case.. In general, the resolution procedures \nused will resolve a disagreement about whether a document is answer-providing\nor reduce it to a familiar kind of scientific disagreement (about a passage's\nmeaning, a statement's correctness, or an inference's correctness).. This seems\nbetter than treating relevance judgements as subjective and not open to \nrational discussion..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000084"}
{"title": "Information Science: Toward the Development of a True Scientific Discipline", "text": " It is pointed out that if information science is to be considered a \"true\" \nscience similar to physics or chemistry then it must have a set of concepts and\nanalytical expression which apply to the flow of information in a general way..\nIn several previous papers, the author and a colleague have described a model \nof a generalized information system which has wide, and perhaps universal \napplicability.. This paper elaborates on this model and indicates the range of \nits applicability.. Several fundamental quantities are defined specifically in \na way which allows for quantification.. It is pointed out in this paper that \nthis model can be the basis for the development of a \"true\" science of \ninformation with all of the necessary requirements for a science.. By the use \nof this model and the definition of a \"true\" science, the goals and requirements \nfor a curriculum in information science are thus established.. Within this \ncontext, information is defined as data of value in decision making.. \nQuantitative measures of information can be obtained by relating information to \nspecific observable actions which can be measured physically..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000085"}
{"title": "A Comparison of a Keyword from Title Index with a Single Access Point", "text": " per Document Alphabetic Subject Index\n Two indexes to a collection of 3,204 documents in the field of chemistry \nwere test-searched.. The indexes are a keyword from title index without added\nkeywords and a single access point per document alphabetic subject index.. The\nindexes were searched by 13 graduate chemistry students using 55 questions..\nSearch results are characterized in terms of recall, precision, and search \ntime.. There is no statistically significant difference in recall and precision\nsearch result between the multiple access points per document keyword from \ntitle index and the single access point per document alphabetic subject index..\nSearch time was significantly better for the alphabetic subject index for all \nbut those questions having only one relevant document..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000086"}
{"title": "A Core Nursing Library for Practitioners", "text": "The following books and journals\nfor the Core Nursing Library,\nsuggested reference materials,\nand supplementary books and journals\nwere selected by experts in nursing\nfrom all parts of the United States.\nThe purpose is to let practitioners\nand community hospitals\nknow which books and journals,\nfrom a wealth of printed material\nwould, in the opinion of experts, be\nmost useful, especially where funds\nand space are limited.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000087"}
{"title": "Patterns of Name Ordering among Authors of Scientific Papers:", "text": "A study of Social Symbolism and Its Ambiguity\n With increasing scientific collaboration, visibility of individual \nrole-performance has diminished.. Ordering of author' names as an adaptive \ndevice which symbolizes their relative contributions to research.. Interviews \nwith Nobel laureates and comparisons of their name-order practices to those of \nother scientists suggest that this symbol is ambiguous and makes evaluation of \nindividual role-performance difficult.. A probability model of expected \ndistribution of name orders is used in measuring preferences for particular \nsequences, and these preferences vary with the authors' eminence.. On the \nassumptions that authors' names are listed in order of the value of their \ncontributions, laureates should be first-authors more often than other \nscientists; in fact, they are not.. Instead, they exercise their noblesse \noblige by giving credit to less eminent co-workers increasingly as their \neminence grows.. They do so more often after the prize, and eminent \nlaureates-to-be forego first-authorship more often than those as yet \nunrecognized.. The noblesse oblige, however, has its limits; laureates' \ncontributions to prize-winning research are more visible than contributions to \ntheir other research..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000088"}
{"title": "Professional Standing and the Reception of Scientific Discoveries", "text": " The Matthew Effect occurs when scientists receive differential recognition\nfor a particular scientific contribution depending on their\nlocation in the stratification system. Merton originally introduced\nthe concept to explain the allocation of credit among authors of\nmultiple discoveries or collaborators. In this paper the concept is\ngeneralized to apply to all scientific work. If the Matthew Effect\nwere to operate, the reception of papers of equal quality should be\ninfluenced by the location of their authors in the stratification system.\nTo test this hypothesis, data are drawn from several studies of\nsimilar design. In each study we control for the number of citations\npapers received at time 2. This enables us to look at groups of\npapers that were judged to be roughly equal in quality at time 2.\nWe then see whether there were any differences in the reception of\nthese papers at time 1 depending upon various aspects of the author's\nlocation in the stratification system. All the data indicate\nthat assessed quality of papers at time 2 is a more important \ndeterminant of a paper's initial reception than any of the stratification\nvariables. However, the speed of diffusion of papers of equal quality\nis influenced by the reputation of the author based on past work\nthat is being heavily utilized at the time of a new discovery. The\nMatthew Effect also operates for those scientists located at prestigious\npoints of the social system of science. All other stratification\nvariables, including eminence as measured by receipt of awards\ndid not influence the speed of diffusion. Data are presented that\nindicate that top papers written by high-ranking scientists are no \nmore likely to be widely diffused early than are top papers by low-\nranking scientists. The Matthew Effect also serves to focus\nattention on the work of little-known men who collaborate with\nscientists of high repute and to increase retroactively the visibility\nof the early work of scientists who go on to greater fame. A discussion\nis included of the relevance of these data for the study of\nresistance to scientific discoveries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000089"}
{"title": "Involving, Computerizing, Personalizing", "text": " In most libraries most users face a complex, monolithic arrangement\nof entries in catalogs and books on shelves. In classical librarianship no\neffort can be made to personalize the listing of titles or arrangement of\nvolumes for an individual user. A user is unidentified, and, except for\nthat small fraction of a percent who consult reference librarians, users \nremain nameless.\n The computer, however, with its superb ability to treat users as\nindividual persons and events as individual events, possesses the potential\nfor enabling big libraries to recapture the human qualities of\nwhich classical librarianship has deprived them since their days as\none-librarian libraries. However, rehumanization is not the only\ncontribution computerization will make to libraries.\n Developments in modern society are forcing libraries to establish new\nobjectives. Contemporary living is information based, a phenomenon\nthat is outmoding the venerable concept of library function. As small special\nlibraries already do, all libraries must participate in the cultural\nactivities of the individuals in their communities rather than\nmerely make available a torpid \"service.\" Libraries must look forward to\nsupplying information to a user when and where he needs it - an\nobjective impossible to attain with classical library techniques.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000090"}
{"title": "Williams & Wilkins - The Great Leap Backward", "text": " This article contains a call for active participation by all segments of\nthe library and educational community in the Williams and Wilkins controversy \nand in the effort to achieve appropriate copyright revision.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000091"}
{"title": "OCLC for You - and ME?!", "text": " Sometimes it seems as if the library world has divided into two camps; those\nwho seem to know all about this thing called \"OCLC\" and who keep popping that\nrounded acronym into their conversation with a certain bromidic effervescence,\nand the other camp - plain folk who are happy to take library life one\nacronym at a time, as they need it, and who, if pressed, might guess that OCLC\nhas something to do with, oh, Optical Codes at the Library of Congress?\n Only in Ohio - where the Ohio College Library Center began and where\nthis national, computerized, bibliographic data exchange continues to grow -\nis OCLC universally a library household term, even among computer-phobes. In\nOhio, most librarians already realize the kind of thing going on at OCLC is\nnot simply the building up of someone else's data base in little bits and bytes,\nbut perhaps the biggest revolution in access to library collections since books\nwere unchained from the shelves.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000092"}
{"title": "The American Occupational Structure", "text": " This book is the result of a collaborative effort extending over seven\nyears. We have tried hard to make the book a genuine joint product\nto which each of us made the contributions he is best qualified to\nmake. There is no senior author; the sequence of name is simply\nalphabetical, and we have reversed it in signing the preface and elsewhere\nto emphasize this fact. Our collaboration was motivated by our shared\ninterest in social stratification, our common concern with advancing\nscientific social theory on the basis of systematic research, and the\nconviction that the inquiry would benefit from the different qualifications\nand viewpoints the two of us represent. There can be no doubt\nthat our interests in and approaches to sociological problems differ to\na considerable degree. Although we agree that refining research methods\nand advancing social theory are both important, for example, it is\nonly fair to state that Duncan lays more stress on deriving theoretical\ngeneralizations.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000093"}
{"title": "American Overseas Library Technical Assistance, 1940-1970", "text": " The United States has been engaged in activities known\nvariously as technical assistance, technical cooperation, or\ndevelopment assistance for the past twenty-five years. This\nform of foreign aid, either government sponsored or privately\nsupported, is a twentieth century phenomenon. The broader\nconcept, foreign aid or foreign assistance, means providing \nanother country with any kind of goods, whether financial,\ncommodity, or manpower, to almost any purpose, and\nextends to antiquity. Technical assistance, which may be\ndefined, on the other hand, as the supplying of techniques,\nis an outgrowth of the industrial revolution and parallels\nAmerica's rise in the nineteenth century to world recognition\nas an important industrial and trade power. Government use\nof such aid as an instrument of foreign policy, as well as\nthe integration of these private and public efforts in the foreign\nassistance field, began to develop under President Roosevelt's\nGood Neighbor Policy. This integration soon expanded under\nthe new cultural relations program which the United\nStates implemented during World War II to offset the Nazi\npropaganda and cultural offensive in Latin America.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000094"}
{"title": "Scientific Communication: Five Themes from Social Science Research", "text": " The recent upsurge of interest in the behavioral aspects of scientific and \ntechnical communication and information flow has two distinct sources, a \ntheoretical one in the development of communication research, and a practical \none in the concerns of policy makers in scientific organizations and \ninformation services.\n For some time past, the attention of sociologists and social psychologists \nstudying communication processes, once focused on so-called mass phenomena\nand mass publics, has turned to the interplay of communication processes with \nmore and more definitely delineated and mapped aspects of social structure. \nOne aspect of this shift in interest has been the increasing attention paid by \nbehavioral scientists to the systems supplying information of a specialized \nsort, and to the publics which are consumers of this specialized information. \nThe scientific and applied professions have been most prominent among the \npublics so studied.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000095"}
{"title": "Communication Patterns in Applied Technology", "text": " The preceding papers have addressed themselves\nto the study of information flow in a particular\nstream of human activity which has been variously called\nscience, pure science, basic research, or\nfundamental research, and which\nis only secondarily, if at all, concerned\nwith the practical utilization of its products.\nAt this point it is appropriate to note that there is\na parallel activity which includes applied research,\nexploratory development, and engineering development.\nThis second stream of research we will call technology.\nFar more is known about the flow of information\namong scientists than among technologists. From\nthe knowledge that is available, however, we are\nled to conclude that the communication patterns \nin the two areas of activity are not only largely\nindependent of one another, but qualitatively\ndifferent in their nature. This difference is\nreflected most clearly in the mechanisms by\nwhich information is diffused within the two\nsets of practitioners. The present paper is\naddressed to these differences and to a discussion\nof the nature of the communication process between\nscience and technology.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000096"}
{"title": "Bibliographical Citation Characteristics of the Psychological", "text": "Journal Network in 1950 and in 1960\n The aforementioned studies are related to the\nproblem of information exchange in psychology.\nJournals are a part of the formal channel of scientific\ncommunication as well as storage elements for\nthe summary accounts of research undertakings.\nAnalysis of bibliographical citations thus can\nreveal certain characteristics of the pattern of\ninformation flow created by scientists in their\nwork. The potential usefulness of this type of\ninvestigation is increased when it becomes\npossible to examine the trends through time of the\ncommunication network under consideration, and also \nwhen different communication networks can be compared.\n The present paper deals with some of the\ncharacteristics of bibliographical citations in the\nsame 21 psychological journals published both in\n1950 and in 1960. The list of journals used, along\nwith the abbreviations to be used here, is given in\nTable 1; it includes 8 journals published by the\nAmerican Psychological Association and 13 journals\npublished by other organizations.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000097"}
{"title": "Scientific Communication:", "text": "Its Role in the Conduct of Research and Creation of Knowledge\n There is considerable apprehension today\nwithin the scientific community over the\ncommunication crisis in science. The present\narticle, which attempts to clarify certain aspects\nof the problem, overviews the data collected by the\nAPA Project on Scientific Information Exchange in\nPsychology, together with data which we have\nmore recently obtained relative to other disciplines.\nSuch a reexamination of the data should help to\nclarify APA's relationship to the many information\nmedia involved in the communication process\nwhich begins with research and ends with the\nincorporation of research findings into psychological\nknowledge.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000098"}
{"title": "Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals", "text": " An individual correlation is a correlation\nin which the statistical object or thing\ndescribed is indivisible. The correlation\nbetween color and illiteracy for\npersons in the United States, shown later in\nTable 1, is an individual correlation, because\nthe kind of thing described is an indivisible\nunit, a person. In an individual correlation\nthe variables are descriptive properties of\nindividuals, such as height, income, eye\ncolor, or race, and not descriptive statistical\nconstants such as rates or means.\n In an ecological correlation the statistical\nobject is a group of persons. The correlation\nbetween the percentage of the population\nwhich is Negro and the percentage of the\npopulation which is illiterate for the 48\nstates, shown later as Figure 2, is an \necological correlation. The thing described\nis the population of a state, and not a single\nindividual. The variables are percentages,\ndescriptive properties of groups, and not\ndescriptive properties of individuals.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000099"}
{"title": "Priorities in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science", "text": " We can only guess what historians of the \nfuture will say about the condition of\npresent-day sociology. But it seems\nsafe to anticipate one of their observations.\nWhen the Trevelyans of 2050 come to write that \nhistory - as they well might, for this clan\nof historians promises to go on forever -\nthey will doubtless find it strange that so\nfew sociologists (and historians) of the\ntwentieth century could bring themselves,\nin their work, to treat science as one of the\ngreat social institutions of the time. They\nwill observe that long after the sociology of\nscience became an identifiable field of\ninquiry, it remained little cultivated in a\nworld where science loomed large enough to\npresent mankind with the choice of destruction\nor survival. They may even suggest\nthat somewhere in the process by which social\nscientists take note of the world as it is\nand as it once was, a sense of values appears\nto have become badly scrambled.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000100"}
{"title": "Social Factors in the Origins of a New Science: The Case of Psychology", "text": " The uninterrupted growth of a scientific field depends upon the existence of \na scientific community permanently devoting itself to the field.. Therefore, the\nnew idea is not sufficient to start the take-off into sustained growth in a new \nfield; a new role must be created as well.. In scientific psychology, this \noccurred in the late nineteenth century in Germany.. Using Germany as a \npositive case, and France, Britain and the United States as negative cases, it\nis shown that the new role resulted from academic career opportunities favoring\nthe mobility of practitioners and students of psychology into other fields, and\nfrom the relatively low academic standing of speculative philosophy and its \nconsequent receptivity to persons and ideas which promised to turn the study of \nthe human mind into an experimental science..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000101"}
{"title": "Scientific Output and Recognition:", "text": " A Study in the Operation of the Reward System in Science\n The relationship between the quantity and quality of scientific output of \n120 university physicists was studied.. Although these two variables are highly\ncorrelated, some physicists produce many papers of little significance and \nother produce a few papers of great significance.. The responses of the \ncommunity of physicists to these distinct patterns of research publication were\ninvestigated.. Quality of output is more significant than quantity in eliciting\nrecognition through the receipt of awards, appointment to prestigious academic\ndepartments, and being widely known to one's colleagues.. The reward system \noperates to encourage creative scientists to be highly productive, to divert \nthe energies of less creative physicists into other channels, and to produce a \nhigher correlation between quantity and quality of output in the top departments \nthan in the weaker departments..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000102"}
{"title": "Nobel Laureates in Science:", "text": " Patterns of Productivity, Collaboration, and Authorship\n Nobel laureates in science publish more and are more apt to collaborate than \na matched sample of scientists.. Interviews with 41 of 55 laureates and \ncomparison of their research output with the output of the matched sample \nindicate that these patterns hold at every stage of the life-work-cycle.. As\nlaureates report and as their publications collaborate, they exercise noblesse\noblige in arranging co-authorship in collaborative publications.. Receipt of \nthe Nobel prize is followed by declining productivity and changed work \npractices, as a result of changed role obligations and activities.. Reductions \nin productivity are more severe for laureates who experience comparatively \nlarge increments in prestige through the prize than for those who were already \neminent.. The prize generates strain in collaborative associations so that most \nof these terminate soon after the award..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000103"}
{"title": "Visibility and the Structural Bases of Awareness of Scientific Research", "text": " The paper contains an analysis of several aspects of the communication \nprocess in science.. Using data obtained from printed sources and questionnaires\nmailed to university physicists, the conditions making for high visibility of a\nscientists' work are studied.. Four strong determinates of visibility were\nfound: the quality of work, as measured by citations; the honorific awards \nreceived for work in physics; the prestige of the physics department to which\nthe scientist belong; and speciality.. Quantity of output, age, and \nname-ordering patterns on collaborative papers have no independent effect on \nvisibility.. Just as some physicists may be easily seen (i.e., have high \nvisibility), other are in positions where they may easily see.. This latter\ncharacteristic is called \"awareness\"..The data indicate that awareness is high \nin all sectors of the population studied.. Variables such as age, rank of \ndepartment, and quality of work made for only minor differences in awareness.. \nWe conclude that the communication system in physics operates efficiently..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000104"}
{"title": "Social Structure in a Group of Scientists:", "text": " A Test of the \"Invisible College\" Hypothesis\n The existence of social organization within a research area may be inferred \n(a) if scientists who have published in the area have more social ties with one \nanother than with scientists who have not published, and (b) scientists who \nhave published in the area can be differentiated by degree od social \nparticipation within the area.. Using the mail questionnaire, sociometric data\non different types of scientific relationships were obtained from scientists, \nall of whom had published in a particular problem area.. Respondents chose\nscientists who had not published in the area as often as they chose scientists\nwithin the area.. Analysis of direct and indirect ties, using Cleman's method\nfor analysis of sociometric connectedness, revealed that a tie with one or more\nof the highly productive scientists brought other scientists of less\nproductivity into a large network of influence and communication.. Similarities\nbetween this type of social organization and that of the \"social circle\" are\ndiscussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000105"}
{"title": "Growth and Decay Curves in Scientific Citations", "text": " In a rapidly advancing scientific discipline, new contributions will \nsupersede older ones.. This selection in favor of recent literature should be\nobservable in the distribution of footnote citations in a given discipline, by\nage of article cited.. However, the age distribution of citations also depends\non the rate of growth of the disciplinary literature.. The effect of growth of \nthe literature and of selection favoring recent articles can be separated, if\ncertain assumptions hold, by use of an exponential model that expands and \nclarifies earlier findings by Price.. This model provides a reasonably good fit\nto age-distributions of footnotes in several disciplines, and its application \nsuggest that citations in sociology tend to refer to older articles than those\nin the natural sciences..A parameter in the model, measuring the degree of\nselectivity in favor of recent articles, can be estimated and may be useful in\ncomparative studies of the communication systems of various disciplines..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000106"}
{"title": "The Structure of Scientific Fields and", "text": " the Functioning of University Graduate Departments\n Kuhn's concept of paradigm suggests that academic disciplines could be viewed\nas technologies involving degree of task predictability.. A series of hypotheses\nwere developed in which relatively high paradigm development in a discipline was \npredicted to facilitate research and teaching through improved processes of \ncommunication and access to stored information.. Using questionnaire data \ncollected from 80 university graduate departments, physicists and chemists were \nfound to exhibit more agreement over field content, and to be more willing and \nsatisfied to spend time with graduate students than sociologists and political \nscientists.. In addition, chemists were found to collaborate with larger \nnumbers of graduate students in research than scientists in the other fields..\nTwo other aspects of scientific structure are discussed: the level of innovation \nbeing pursued within a field of a given time, and the degree of \ninstitutionalized differentiation of the field into subdisciplines..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000107"}
{"title": "Productivity Differences among Scientists:", "text": " Evidence for Accumulative Advantage\n The highly skewed distributions of productivity among scientists can be \npartly explained by a process of accumulative advantage.. Because of feedback\nthrough recognition and resources, highly productive scientists maintain or\nincrease their productivity, while scientists who produce very little produce\neven less later on.. A major implication of accumulative advantage is that the\ndistribution of productivity becomes increasingly unequal as a cohort of\nscientists ages.. Cross-sectional survey data support this hypothesis for\nchemists, physicists, and mathematicians, who show strong linear increases in\ninequality with increasing career age.. This increase is highly associated with \na changing distribution of time spent on research.. Another implication of \naccumulative advantage is also corroborated: the association among productivity,\nresources and esteem increases as career age increases..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000108"}
{"title": "The Distribution of Social and Cultural Properties in Informal Communication", "text": " Networks Among Biological Scientists\n Informal communication among biological scientists forms a discernible \nsocial structure.. This research analyzes the relation of that structure to (1)\nscientists' descriptions of their research and the orientations that underlie \nthose descriptions, (2) social status in science, and (3) the formal social \ncategories of science (i.e. discipline, department, and research organization)..\nEach of the observed structures is contrasted with a random model.. Neither \nsocial status nor the formal social categories show greater association on the\nsocial structure than to the random model.. The culture of science, on the other\nhand, as represented by description of research and the orientations underlying \nthose descriptions, shows very strong associations with the discerned network \nstructures..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000109"}
{"title": "The Gatekeepers of Science: Some Factors Affecting", "text": "the Selection of Articles of Scientific Journals\n The norms of scientific behavior as\ndescribed by Merton include the\nprescription that scientific achievements\nare to be judged without reference to\nscientists' social characteristics. This\narticle will attempt to assess the extent\nto which this norm is followed with\nrespect to the evaluation of articles by\nscientific journals.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000110"}
{"title": "Bibliographical Reference Patterns in Core", "text": "Sociological Journals, 1965-1966\n The present study attempted to extend previous work on\nbibliographical reference patterns in sociological journals\nin the following ways: (1) by selecting for study those\njournals to which American sociologists prefer to submit\ntheir work, (2) by including, over a two-year period, all\nbibliographical references (journals, books, technical\nreports, etc.), and (3) by including, for initial comparison,\na journal from the physical sciences. Such a study, it was\nhoped, would yield data concerning similarities and\ndifferences among the sociological journals and between\nthe sociological journals and the physical science journal.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000111"}
{"title": "Sociology Today: Lacunae, Emphases, and Surfeits", "text": " In sociology today, as in other sciences, the professional\njournals serve as major channels for the dissemination of\nideas and information. The papers presented in the\nprincipal periodicals reach a wide audience among sociologists,\nare acknowledged as the best work, and stand as\nmodels for all who aspire to success. The viewpoints, conceptual \nschemes, interests, and methodologies reflected in\nthese articles are therefore significant influences on both\nthe current character and the future development of our\ndiscipline.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000112"}
{"title": "Measuring the Quality of Sociological Research:", "text": "Problems in the Use of the Science Citation Index\nThe Problem of assessing the \"quality\" of scientific\npublications has long been a major impediment to\nprogress in the sociology of science. Most researchers\nhave typically paid homage to the belief that quantity of\noutput is not the equivalent of quality and have then gone\nahead and used publication counts anyway (Coler, 1963;\nCrane, 1965; Price, 1963; Wilson, 1964). There seemed\nto be no practicable way to measure the quality of large\nnumbers of papers or the life's work of large numbers of\nscientists. The invention of the Science Citation Index\n(SCI) a few years ago provides a new and reliable tool\nto measure the significance of individual scientists'\ncontributions. Starting in 1961, the SCI has listed all\nbibliographic references appearing in an increasingly large\nnumber of journals. The number of citations an\nindividual receives may be tabulated and used as an indicator\nof the relative scientific significance or \"quality\" of that\nindividual's publications.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000113"}
{"title": "The Analysis of Information Systems", "text": " This book is intended to supply the background needed for\nparticipation in the analysis and design of information-handling\nsystems and for understanding the literature in the field.\nI have tried to present a unified approach to the subject\nand to the relation of information retrieval to other\ndisciplines and an appreciation of the importance of this\ninterdisciplinary relationship. I hope that the scientist\nor computer programmer, newly interested in information-retrieval\nproblems, as well as the librarian, will find the book of value.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000114"}
{"title": "Analysis of Library User Circulation Requirements", "text": " This research study is concerned with the use of the last circulation date \nas a statistic to help describe library user circulation requirements.. Some \ndecision rules were developed to use this parameter as an aid in determining the\nnumber of copies of books to be held in the library and as an aid in the\nweeding of books from the library's holdings.. The effect of these decision\nrules on the circulation requirements of users as well as on library operations \nare described.. The method of data collection is described in detail and is \napplicable at libraries having comparable charging systems.. Cumulative \ndistribution functions of last circulation date at two large college libraries \nand a public library were prepared and have been plotted for both circulation \ndata and stack holding data.. This same data has also been plotted by subdivided\nsubject category.. Circulation operating characteristics were prepared for all\nthree libraries..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000115"}
{"title": "The Documentation of Chemical Research", "text": " Due to the fact that scientific-technical research is constantly increasing,\nit is becoming more and more difficult to retrieve the published results of \nresearch.. A new field of science, documentation, has been developed as a \ncontribution to the removal of this difficulty.. Depending on the type and \nextent of the subject different methods for its documentation will be followed..\nMethods and possibilities for the comprehensive documentation of chemistry and \nits related fields are explained..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000116"}
{"title": "TOSAR - A Topological method for the Representation of Synthetic and", "text": "Analytical Relations of Concepts\n In mechanized systems used for searching in literature stores there is a \nsteadily growing necessity not only to be able to formulate concepts as a\nsearch condition but also the characteristic connections under which these\nconcepts appear in the inquiry.. In this way the precision of the mechanized\nliterature search is considerably increased.. TOSAR has been developed in \norder to improve computerized literature searching in this respect..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000117"}
{"title": "Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behavior", "text": " The theory presented in this book links together the subjects of population \nand brhavior. It applies to animals in general, which gives it an exceedingly\nwide scope.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000118"}
{"title": "Information Networks", "text": " In the literature, active network plans and developments appear to cluster \nin three main areas: (1) Education, (2) Libraries, and (3) Government, Industry,\nand Professional Societies. These network groupings are described in this\nchapter following a discussion of network definitions, concepts, and current\nimpetus. References to information systems are included when there is an \nindication that a particular system will probably be transformed into a network.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000119"}
{"title": "Design and Evaluation of Information Systems", "text": " In corresponding chapters of earlier volumes of this review \nmay be discerned a trend toward progressive broadening of\ncontent coverage. The initial emphasis was on design and\nevaluation concepts and on techniques that were rather closely - \nand narrowly - connected with information storage and retrieval\nsystems. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that\nthere are many activities and ideas outside of this context\nthat have, or can have, a very important bearing on the work\nof systems analysts, designers, and evaluators working on\nlibrary and documentation systems. This chapter attempts\nto continue enlarging our perception of the range of reported\nactivities that can help to improve the kinds of systems in which\nour readers are chiefly interested.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000120"}
{"title": "Document Dissemination", "text": " This chapter is directed to those whose vocation (or avocation)\nis information. While we may call ourselves librarians, information\nscientists or technologists, abstractors and indexers, documentalists,\nIS&R specialists, literature searchers, and so forth, we all have one\nthing in common: We are either directly or indirectly involved in the\ndissemination of information. As disseminators, we are interested\nin far more than the techniques for transmission of information from\none point to another. Despite McLuhan's (93) statement that \"the\nmedium is the message,\" we must concern ourselves with not only the\nmeans of document dissemination, but also the content and value of\nthe documents we disseminate. This idea is prevalent throughout\nmost of the papers reviewed in this chapter. A disseminator should\nthink of himself as a selective switching center, inputting data,\nevaluating them, selecting worthy items, and directing and controlling\ntheir transmission to a target: the reader.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000121"}
{"title": "Information Networks", "text": " The rapidly growing rate at which information is produced and\nused in our complex society has presented us with major problems\nin information transfer. We encounter these problems not only\nin libraries, information centers, and schools, but also in many\nof the operations of government and business. The handling of large\namounts of information is becoming a dominant theme in the management\nof our way of life. We are a technologically oriented society, and\nwe have naturally turned to our communications technology to help\nus perform our enormous information transfer task. Beginning with\nthe telegraph and continuing through the telephone, through radio \nand television to the communications satellite, the methods of\nelectrical signal transmission have served to distribute information\nto its ultimate users.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000122"}
{"title": "Annual Reviews of Information Science and Technology", "text": " In spite of concerns expressed in the literature about\nthe health and vigor of the field of information science and\nof its service-oriented institutions - libraries and information\ncenters - the progress reviews in this volume provide grounds for\noptimism. Some of the trends that were commented on in Volume 6\nhave proved to be solid and important. For example, the movement\ntoward rapid interactive access to major public and commercial data bases \nis not very strong, and it will probably not be many years before\nsatisfying experience with this new mode of information access will\nhelp it become not merely an experimental innovation but the\nstandard means of searching and using centrally (or regionally)\nheld data. Three chapters in this volume touch on related aspects \nof the movement: Bennett's review of the user interface in interactive\nsystems, Gechman's report on machine-readable bibliographic data bases, and\nBrandhorst and Eckert's review of document retrieval and dissemination\nsystems.\n This volume also introduces a new Annual Review topic of potentially\ngreat importance for future libraries: video cartridges and cassettes.\nIt is widely accepted that libraries and information centers will, in\nthe coming years, shift the balance of their holdings in the direction of\nsome of the newer media, and the chapter by Kletter and Hudson helps to define \nthe potential and problems of some of the promising new media. Other new\nareas of interest are information system applications in the criminal\njustice system and information system applications in the humanities.\n In addition to these topics, this volume covers three of the core areas\nof information science, which we attempt to review on as close to an\nannual basis as possible: information needs and uses, document description\nand representation, and organization of information. This\ncoverage is consistent with a newly developed Annual Review master\nplan for cyclic but flexible coverage of some 40 major areas of interest\nin library and information science.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000123"}
{"title": "The User Interface in Interactive Systems", "text": " The digital computer has been used as a problem-solving tool for only\ntwo decades. During most of this time, computer scientists have\nconcentrated on learning how to build the tool: applying electronic\ntechnology, arranging for data flow between components, and manufacturing\nthe hardware. Now we are entering a new stage in which computing\npower is made available through interactive terminals to people who\nare not computer scientists. This is possible on a large scale only\nbecause design and marketing innovators now have confidence in their\nability to provide reliable, cost-effective service to less sophisticated\nusers. In this new stage, the natural behavior patterns of users become\nan important element in the design of the interface to the tool.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000124"}
{"title": "Machine-Readable Bibliographic Data Bases", "text": " The advent of machine-readable data bases is one of the most significant \nforward steps in information retrieval.. Currently, the creation and \napplication of these data bases are in a period of very rapid growth.. This\nreviewer sees a great need for a review of \"what is going on\" because there is \nso much going on.. It is the goal of this chapter to fulfill that need even \nthough it is difficult to hold this dynamic field static for a good meaningful \nlook..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000125"}
{"title": "Annual Reviews of Information Science and Technology", "text": " The major trends of the 1970's in information system planning and\nservices are becoming clear, as indicated in this year's Annual Review\nchapters. The movement toward inter-institutional operations, or networking,\nbegan gaining force in the 1965-1970 period, through the establishment\nof many new library consortia, and there were some tentative efforts\nto use computers for nationwide bibliographic information \"utilities.\"\nThese movements are now more vigorous and are showing signs of being\ncost-effective, productive ventures. Inter-institutional cooperation not only\npromises service improvements and cost reductions, but also poses new\nproblems and demands. Formalized cooperation among different institutions\nrequires agreement about needs and priorities and gives special importance\nto a clear understanding of the information needs of specific user\nsubgroups. It also requires more careful and productive system planning\nand design, including intelligent consideration of the \"make versus buy\"\nissue. Several chapters in this volume touch on these problems and\nconsiderations.\n One of the most significant developments in 1973 was the rapid growth\nin the use of on-line information retrieval services - both those operated\nby the federal government and those operated by the private sector. The\napparent cost-effectiveness of these services is raising some of the same\nproblems for data base producers that inter-institutional cooperation among\nlibrary and information facilities is raising for the publishers of printed\nmaterials: namely, how to cover rising costs in the face of declining (or less\nrapidly growing) sales of individual units of the product - monographs,\nserials, secondary information publications, or magnetic tapes. The\ninclusion of a chapter on copyright - the first in the Annual Review series -\nreflects the importance of this topic in the growing controversy over the\nownership and distribution of information. Another aspect of that\ncontroversy - the role of government and non-profit information services\nin relation to those of private industry - is explored in this year's\nchapter on document retrieval systems and techniques.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000126"}
{"title": "Use of Machine-Readable Data Bases", "text": " This is the first Annual Review chapter entitled \"Use of Machine-\nReadable Data Bases.\" Therefore, the coverage provided is for more than\na one-year period. A chapter by Gechman (79) on machine-readable\nbibliographic data bases included literature from 1969 through 1971. A\nchapter by Housman (100) covered the use of data bases for selective\ndissemination of information (SDI) and a chapter by Parkins & Kennedy\n(153) has previously reviewed secondary information services. This\nchapter will cover the 1973 literature on data bases as well as earlier\ndata base papers not treated in prior chapters.\n For purposes of this chapter, a data base is considered to be an\norganized set of machine-readable records containing bibliographic\nor document-related data.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000127"}
{"title": "Design and Evaluation of Information Systems", "text": " The co-joining of \"design\" with \"evaluation\" that is called for by this\nchapter posed organizational and inclusion-exclusion problems for the\nauthor. In part, \"design\" and \"evaluation\" prescribe two separate sets\nof activities, the former pertaining to the planning, development, and\ntesting of new information system structures and modification of existing\nstructures, the latter to appraisals and assessments of operational\nsystems and system components. However, \"design\" includes not only the\nformulation of goals and objectives for systems but also provisions for\nevaluation in accordance with expectations. \"Evaluation\" applies to\ntesting design concepts and to trying out preliminary implementations\nfor the purpose of improving initial designs, as well as to the\nappraisal of operating systems. Appraisals at any stage of system\noperability may yield data that indicate the need for system modifications\nthat require redesign and assessment. Thus, portions of \"design\" and\n\"evaluation\" are closely interrelated, as Katter demonstrated in\nhis 1969 review.\n \"Design\" and \"evaluation\" may be examined methodologically or with\nrespect to outcomes of the application of methodologies. Increasingly,\ndesigners and evaluators have been acknowledging the dependence of\noutcomes on sound procedural conceptualizations. The current literature\ndiscloses research on the processes of design and evaluation as well as on\ntheir products.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000128"}
{"title": "Generation and Uses of Machine-Readable Data Bases", "text": " This chapter continues the coverage of the generation and use of\nmachine-readable data bases inaugurated in Volume 9 by Williams (178). It\nis therefore an update consisting primarily of 1974 material and is prepared\nin general accordance with Williams's initial compilation.\n The same definition of data bases and the boundaries of their applications\nused in Volume 9 are continued this year. A data base is considered\nto be an organized collection of machine-readable records containing\nbibliographic and/or document-related data (e.g., index information).\nThe data bases that we will consider are used for information storage\nand retrieval and/or research in information storage and retrieval or\ndata base generation.\n The choice of these constraints precludes coverage of several areas. First,\ndata bases primarily concerned with numerical or other nonbibliographic\ninformation, such as chemical structures, (Milen et al., 112) are excluded.\nThus, even though the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number\nis a data element common to many bibliographic data bases, papers such as\nthat by CAS regarding progress in building the Registry System itself (39)\nare excluded. Similarly, though some textual and bibliographic material\nis included in the Systems Consultants, Inc report (156) to the Navy, most\nof the information retrieval is concerned with miniaturized hardware in a\nshipboard environment and thus is not considered within the scope of this\nchapter. Finally, though many of the data bases are used for generation\nof publications via phototypesetting, we are not considering that production\noperation.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000129"}
{"title": "Cooperation in Information Activities Through International Organizations", "text": " International cooperation in the processing, sharing, and transfer of\nscientific and technical information takes many forms and can be\naccomplished through many agencies. This chapter proposes to review\nthe role played by international organizations in stimulating and\nproviding channels and mechanisms for such cooperation. The international\norganizations to be discussed are of two types: intergovernmental organizations\n(IGOs), in which member nations participate through their governments under\nformal treaties or agreements; and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)\nwhere, with some exceptions, participation is through national professional\nsocieties or nongovernmental institutions. The specialized agencies of the\nUnited Nations, including UNESCO, fall in the first category; organizations\nsuch as the International Federation for Documentation (FID) are in the\nsecond.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000130"}
{"title": "Introduction to the ADI Annual Review", "text": " Over the past 15 or 20 years, a new and growing field of inquiry\nhas begun to take shape. This field, which will be referred to as \"Information\nScience and Technology,\" draws on fragments and fringes of a number\nof sciences, technologies, disciplines, arts, and practices. The element\nthat provides whatever degree of cohesiveness now exists in the field is a\nshared deep concern with \"information\" - its generation, transformation,\ncommunication, storage, retrieval, and use.\n Because of the universality of information processes, and also because\nof the variety of backgrounds of those concerned with them, there is very\nlittle agreement about the boundaries of Information Science and Technology,\nor about its parentage, its essential nature, or its future. To put it\nsimply, at the present time there is no clearly defined and well-understood\nfield of Information Science and Technology. There is not, truth to tell,\neven clear agreement on what the word \"information\" itself means and\nparticularly on whether it implies a creative act of the intellect or a\ncommodity that can be embodied in documents, transported, and exchanged.\nDistressing as this ambiguity and lack of agreement may be, they need\nnot and do no preclude a constructive review of topics of current interest\nto users, designers, and students of information systems and services.\nThe purpose of the ADI Annual Review series, initiated in this volume,\nis to provide such a review.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000131"}
{"title": "Information Needs and Uses in Science and Technology", "text": "The way in which scientists and engineers make use of the information\nsystems at their disposal, the demands that they put to them, the\nsatisfaction achieved by their efforts, and the resultant impact on their\nfurther work are among the items of knowledge which are necessary for the wise\nplanning of science information systems and policy. Besides, these\nmatters can be of great significance to the behavioral scientist interested\nin human organization and communication. While \"user studies\" have\nnot yet gone very far in serving either of these functions, the end of 1963\nseems to have been something of a take-off point for empirical research\non the information needs and uses of scientists and technologists. For\nthis first volume of the Annual Review, we shall therefore cover studies that\nmade their appearance as far back as the last month of 1963, to give the\nreader a rounded picture of a period during which this area of research\nhas witnessed progress along the following lines:\n Substantial advances in the more systematic and fruitful application\n of a technique (critical incidents) that had made its appearance in\n this field earlier in less rigorous forms;\n The introduction of at least two very promising approaches (solution\n development records; comparison of research teams working on identical\n tasks) quite different from any that had been applied to this field before; \n and\n An increase in the number of efforts at comprehensive study of the\n information-flow situation in given disciplines, one of which [American\n Psychological Association (3)] has become the model and envy of research\n in this area.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000132"}
{"title": "The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology", "text": " This volume is the second in a series of Annual Reviews of progress in the\nfield of Information Science and Technology. Like its predecessor, it \nattempts to describe, compare, and evaluate the most significant work that\nhas been reported in the field during the past year. The effort has been\nundertaken in the belief that such taking stock of accomplishments provides\na valuable service to the specialists in the information science field.\n The chapters on New Techniques for Publication and Distribution of\nInformation, on New Developments in Chemical Documentation, and on Applications\nin Medicine.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000133"}
{"title": "Evaluation of Information Systems and Services", "text": " This chapter summarizes and discusses the present state of the art in\ntesting and evaluation. Three tasks will be undertaken: to outline in\nsome detail the few substantive research projects involving testing and\nevaluation, to describe a number of research projects in areas cognate to\ntesting and evaluation, and finally, to provide some general conclusions\nwith respect to past and future activity. Although a distinction is made\nin this review between laboratory-based experimentation and tests of\noperational systems, the methodology used in each instance is substantially\nthe same. As yet, no full-scale and elaborate field approach has been\nattempted.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000134"}
{"title": "Design of Information Systems and Services", "text": " This review has selected for emphasis reports on concepts of systems\nanalysis and on the procedures for applying these concepts to the design\nof information systems. Literature dealing with the automation of libraries\nand information centers has been explicitly excluded, while material on\nuser studies, file organization, evaluation, etc., is only mentioned briefly\nsince it is covered more thoroughly in other chapters.\n The selected, relevant, and available literature that has been published\nin the last year or so is organized into four groups as follows:\n 1. Articles that help define the process of systems analysis and\n the relationship to information science.\n 2. Articles that describe the concepts of systems analysis as\n applied to the analysis and design of information systems.\n 3. Articles primarily concerned with the design of document\n storage and retrieval systems.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000135"}
{"title": "The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology", "text": " The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology is now in its\nthird year. Like its two predecessors, this volume attempts to describe and\nevaluate the most significant work that has been reported in the field\nduring the past year, with the ultimate aim of improving both our standards\nand our means of professional communication.\n The field of information science and technology continues to evolve and\ngrow. As it does, new areas of interest emerge and established areas of\ninterest change in importance. Accordingly, our pattern of coverage\nchanges. The single chapter on Automation in Libraries and Information\nCenters, in Volume 2, has been expanded into two chapters, one covering \nautomation of technical processes and the other covering document\nnetworks, and a new chapter has been added on information system\napplications in education. Such applications are important not just because\nthey involve, in part, libraries and other information facilities but\nbecause they highlight innovative ideas and techniques that should be of\nvalue to anyone interested in the total communication process.\n At the same time, \"core\" chapters of the review are continued: information\nneeds and uses; content analysis, specification, and control; file organization\nand search; publication and distribution techniques; automated language\nprocessing; man-machine communication; information system design and evaluation;\nand professional aspects of information science.\nThese topics are of continuing and vital interest to our readers, and their\nannual literature is significant, large, and growing.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000136"}
{"title": "Information Needs and Uses", "text": " Information science meets behavioral science in the study of information\nneeds and uses. At first, the meeting of these fields was inconclusive. Until\nthe mid-1960's, there were only a few substantial studies of information\nneeds and uses. Since about 1963, however, a significant literature has\ngrown rapidly.\n There is evidence now of a productive entente between the fields.\nWhen information scientists see reliable, valid, and nontrivial data on\nusers' behavior, they begin to use behavioral criteria in evaluating\ninformation system performance. When behavioral scientists glimpse the\nfull complexity of dissemination, documentation, storage, and retrieval\nprocesses, they offer fewer naive solutions to \"the information problem.\"\n This mutual education and accommodation will undoubtedly continue.\nInformation science and behavioral science need each other. Big Science\nneeds them both.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000137"}
{"title": "The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology", "text": " This, the fourth volume of the Annual Review of Information Science and\nTechnology, is both like and unlike its predecessors. The basic objective -\nto provide the most comprehensive and technically sound progress review\never prepared in the information science field - remains the same, as do the\nbasic areas of interest and coverage. Too, the primary emphasis continues\nto be on published literature and reports, to permit the reader to identify,\nlocate, and examine interesting and important sources of information\nabout various aspects of our technical progress.\n Some new areas of growing importance are introduced this year. For the\nfirst time, a chapter on reprography and microfilm technology and one on\nthe international aspects of information transfer have been included. Also,\nthe topics of document dissemination and the secondary services, usually\ncovered in parts of other chapters, have full and separate chapters this\nyear. Another change, made in response to suggestions from readers for better\nsignposts within each volume, is the division of the book into several\nmajor segments, each introduced by a short description of the contents of\nthe section, the relationships among the chapters within it, and, in some\ninstances, one or two highlights of the year's technical progress.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000138"}
{"title": "Information Needs and Uses", "text": " Previous authors in this series, writing on this subject, have usually felt \nit necessary to begin with a statement concerning the state of the\nmethodology of \"user\" studies. They have, for the most part, found it\nimproved over the past, and this year is no exception in that regard.\nThere remains, however, the tendency on the part of many who are untrained\nin social science methodology to assume that the art of questionnaire design\nand administration is a very simple one that anyone with intelligence can\nmaster in a single attempt. One never realizes how truly wrong this view is\nuntil he finds himself the author of a review chapter and is then confronted\nwith the sort of trivia that many authors submit as research papers. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000139"}
{"title": "Annual Review of Information Science and Technology", "text": " The field of information science and technology continues to grow\nand, as it grows, to show new emphases and explore new areas of interest.\nVolume 5 reflects these changes. The increasing interest in\nand movement toward library networks and other cooperative,\ntechnology-supported information activities have helped to focus\nspecial attention not only on data processing and microfilm technology,\nthe two traditional mainstays of library and document-handling systems,\nbut also on the rapidly developing capabilities in modern tele-communications.\nThus, a chapter on communication technology has appeared, for the first\ntime, to bring readers up to date on changes in the communications industry\nthat have had or will have a great impact on how we design and use\ninformation-handling systems.\n Two other first-time chapters cover management information systems\nand information systems in state and local government. While\nthe intent behind the development of such systems, and the kinds of\nservices they provide, is peripheral to the purposes and services of\nlibrary and document-handling systems, one often sees in these peripheral\nareas some information parallels. Indeed, one of the reasons for the\nAnnual Review's covering one or more of these areas each year is to\nhelp its readers exploit more fully the thinking and the problem-solving\ntechniques they are fostering.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000140"}
{"title": "Application of Computer Technology to Library Process: a syllabus", "text": " The application of computer technology to library and\nnetwork processes and services is not an end in itself, but\nrather a means of narrowing the gap between the demand\nfor library services and the ability of libraries to provide\nthose services. Libraries have assumed the active role of\nserving the informational, educational and recreational needs\nof the population. The size of that population grows constantly,\nits educational level keeps climbing, and its percentage of\nleisure time is increasing.\n The application of computer technology to libraries,\nespecially to the manipulation of bibliographic records in\nthe performance of library functions, is a complex process\nand demands the highest level of talent of both the library\nand computer professions for its accomplishment. It cannot be\naccomplished by either profession alone; rather, the design\nof a library system is a team effort between librarians,\ncomputer system analysts, and programmers. Even a\nlimited effort demands careful long-term planning if it is to\nfit with later efforts into a cohesive whole. The smallest\nproject will affect nearly all operations of the library. For\nthese reasons it is necessary that all library staff have at\nleast a general overview of what library automation is all\nabout.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000141"}
{"title": "Archives and Library Relations", "text": " A distinct characteristic of man is the need to communicate and\nrecord knowledge. The tools of communication have ranged from clay to\nsatellites. Civilized societies have taken great pains to place recorded\nknowledge in safe places and create archives and libraries for this\npurpose.\n The importance of recorded knowledge for survival and progress is\nconstantly being elevated as more and more information is presented.\nWithout information and its necessary control, a society is not only\nstagnant, but regressive. With social memory, preserved and controlled\nby archives and libraries, a society is able to evolve to whatever future it\nis destined to experience in an ever-changing environment.\n Archives were the forerunners of libraries. The ancient archives\ncontained the best of society's accumulated knowledge; and as nations\ngrew in wealth and security, archives and libraries become symbols of a\ncountry's aspiration to create a better society. Today, archives and\nlibraries are necessities. These cultural institutions pass information to\nsucceeding generations in a variety of forms of distributable media. In this\nway, archives and libraries preserve the memory of civilization and pass\nthis memory on to living individuals. The materials in these institutions\ncontain the written and graphic record of social memory and human\nheritage and provide society with information on which to base actions,\ndevelop policies, ascertain rights, educate, and entertain.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000142"}
{"title": "The Area Specialist Bibliographer: an inquiry into his role", "text": " It is the intent of this volume to develop a model designed\nto eliminate present difficulties and ambiguities and\nto improve administrative procedures for future development\nof area programs. This will be accomplished by giving\nsome indication of the climate of opinion toward area specialist\nbibliographers and by isolating factors which influence\nthese opinions. These attitudes will be presented by the\nperceptions of area bibliographers toward their role and the\nexpectations of faculty and library administrators toward that\nrole. The bibliographer's academic, professional, and\neducational experience will be examined in this framework.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000143"}
{"title": "The Art of Computer Programming", "text": " The process of preparing programs for a digital computer is especially\nattractive because it not only can be economically and scientifically\nrewarding, it can also be an aesthetic experience much like composing\npoetry or music. This book is the first volume of a seven-volume set\nof books that has been designed to train the reader in the various skills\nwhich go into a programmer's craft.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000144"}
{"title": "ASIDIC Survey of Information Center Services", "text": " The data in that survey covered the year 1971. Many recipients\nof the 1972 document have requested updated information. Accordingly,\nthe ASIDIC Cooperative Data Management Committee initiated a new survey.\nThe questionnaires were mailed out in January of 1975 and responses\ncame in throughout the year. Questionnaires were sent to all member\norganizations of ASIDIC and EUSIDIC. Questionnaires were also sent\nto individual members of ASIS SIG/SDI and SIG/UOI.\n Responses received throughout 1975 were checked and tabulated in\n1976. Because of the time delay in producing the final compilation\nthe reader is warned against using this survey as an up-to-date source\nfor information as to which centers are processing which data bases.\n Of the 116 responding organizations 75 process data bases and\n41 use data base services either as end users or as brokers. Of the 75\nthat process data bases (i.e., spin tapes) 51 (68%) are members of ASIDIC\nand/or EUSIDIC. This survey provides representative data for data base\nprocessing organizations. The use of online search services was\nrelatively new in 1974 hence data regarding online users would not be\nrepresentative of the 1976 online situation.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000145"}
{"title": "The Testing of Index Language Devices", "text": " In this paper we set out the fundamental operations involved\nin compiling and using an index, show how the various factors can\ninfluence the operating efficiency, and consider the methods to\nbe used in the present Aslib Cranfield investigation.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000146"}
{"title": "Research on Users' Needs: Where is it Getting Us?", "text": " Since Bernal made his pilot survey of the use of scientific literature\nfor the 1948 Royal Society Scientific Information Conference, at least\nthree dozen other investigations have been reported of the needs of\nscientists and engineers for information, of their information gathering\nhabits, and the use to which they put information.\n Some of these have been concerned with the people in individual\norganizations, but have implications elsewhere. Others, including\nAslib's own investigations, have had wider aims. Some have been\nbased upon observations and records of what the scientists and\nengineers themselves did or said, and some upon records of the demands\nthey made upon libraries. There have been both surveys of opinions,\nand collections of facts.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000147"}
{"title": "Fair (Fast Access Information Retrieval) Project;", "text": "Aims and Methods\n I am going to describe in general terms a research project\nwhich has been established to explore some of the problems of\nthe use of the literature, particularly in the field of\nBiomedical Engineering of the National Institute for Medical\nResearch (Hampstead Laboratories). The project is scheduled\nto last for three years, and like most research, consists of\na number of overlapping stages. We have reached the stage now\nof having acquired sufficient equipment and data to start trying\nout some of our ideas.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000148"}
{"title": "The Cranfield Tests on Index Language Devices", "text": " The investigation dealt with the effect which different devices have on the\nperformance of index languages.. It appeared that the most important \nconsideration was the specificity of the index terms; within the context of the\nconditions existing in this test, single-word terms were more effective than \nconcept terms or a controlled vocabulary..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000149"}
{"title": "Current Awareness Searches on CT, CBAS and ASCA", "text": " During the past year we have been one of the organizations\nparticipating in the Chemical Society's experiment on the use\nof routine computer searches of Chemical Titles (CT) and Chemical-\nBiological Activities (CBAC) for current awareness. For some\ntime we have also been subscribing to the Automatic Subject Citation\nAlert (ASCA), which is produced by the Institute for Scientific\nInformation as a by-product of the Science Citation Index. These\nthree sources differ in their scope and methods, but share the\nsame ultimate objective of providing a computer-based current\nawareness service.\n CT covers journals in all branches of chemistry, but provides only\nauthors and titles, the latter translated into American and edited by \nbreaking down complex words so that word fragments can be retrieved.\nCBAC covers only papers on the interaction of chemical compounds with\nbiological systems, but provides abstracts which are available for\ncomputer search. The computer can also search for molecular\nformulae and for Chemical Abstracts registry numbers of all\ncompounds included in the abstracts. ASCA in its original form\nwas based on citations: the search profile can consist of a list of\nreferences to older work, and the output is then a list of new papers\nciting this work. Last spring ASCA introduced a 'term search', which\nis a search for words in the titles of current papers and is therefore\nanalogous to a CT search.\n This paper discusses and compares the results we have obtained so\nfar with these three services, and the potential use of systems of\nthis type.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000150"}
{"title": "Thesaurus Compilation Methods: A Literature Review", "text": " This review has been sponsored by the Office for Scientific\nand Technical Information and the end product of the complete\nresearch will be a thesaurus of management terms. Parallel research\nin the business management area and also supported by OSTI is being \nconducted by David Dews, Librarian of the Manchester Business School,\nand K.D.C. Vernon, Librarian of the London Graduate School of\nBusiness Studies. As Mr. Vernon is at present engaged in the\nconstruction of a faceted classification scheme for management,\nthis investigation has concentrated on the possibility of utilizing\nfaceted techniques to construct such a thesaurus.\n A study of existing information retrieval systems in the\nmanagement field has already been made, so a decision to adopt\nsome form of post-co-ordinate indexing was assumed. Thus a comparative\nstudy of other systems will not be attempted. A decision has also\nalready been made that a controlled vocabulary, i.e. a thesaurus,\nwas eventually going to be developed despite the latest Cranfield\nresults that appear to provide evidence of the superiority of\nnatural language over controlled vocabularies. This was primarily\nbecause these results were restricted to tests on an aeronautical\ncollection, and it may well be that the natural language of this\ndiscipline is in itself a fairly controlled one, which is\ncertainly not the case with the rather 'soft' language of\nmanagement. This is borne out to some extent by Halkin, who\nquotes relevance figures for coordinate indexing applied to organic\nchemistry (55 percent), engineering (35 percent), and social\nscience (20 per cent).\n Machine methods of term generation as described by Ovchinnikov,\nMastermann and Luhn will not be considered, as there is no equipment\navailable to prepare thesauri on the lines these authors suggest.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000151"}
{"title": "Organizational Aspects of Information Flow in Technology", "text": " For about five years now a small group of us at MIT\nhave been conducting a series of investigations into the\ninformation needs of technologists, the manner in which\nthese needs are presently met, the relation between\nvarious ways of fulfilling information needs and technological\nperformance, and the nature of factors which determine the ways\nin which information needs will be fulfilled.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000152"}
{"title": "Criteria for Evaluating Technical Library Effectiveness", "text": " In July 1966 John I. Thompson & Company accepted a contract with the\nPicatinny Arsenal, US Department of the Army, to perform a study aimed\nat developing 'Criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of library\noperations and services' under the ATLIS Program (Army Technical\nLibrary Improvement Studies). The study was divided into three\nphases aimed at:\n I A Literature search to reflect the current 'state-of-the\n art' covering library standards and the methods of evaluating\n libraries developed up to the present.\n II A phase in which to gather and evaluate any data required from\n Army Technical Libraries, from available surveys already\n published, or from any other sources, by which to develop\n criteria.\n III A phase in which to establish and validate the criteria.\n Phases I and II of the study are now complete. Phase III is in progress\nand is expected to be completed by the late fall of 1968. The reports of\nPhases I and II are already available for detailed study and that of\nPhase III will be available soon. The purpose of this paper is to present\nsome of the findings of the study.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000153"}
{"title": "The UDC in its International Aspects", "text": " Universal Decimal Classification - dying duck or live bird? - or some\nsuch title - was suggested to me, but this is highly debatable, and there will\nhardly be time for the duck-shooters to develop a concerted onslaught in the\nhalf-hour or so allowed us for discussion. Besides, I hope to be able to\nconvince you - if the BSI's fine efforts have not already done so - that the\nUDC is by no means the dying duck - certainly not the dead duck - that some of\nits severest critics seem to imagine. Perhaps the bird has ceased to soar as\nit once did in the times of Otlet, La Fontaine, Bradford and Donker Duyvis, but\nthat it is still viable in the turbulent air of current documentation may be\ngauged from a recent FID inquiry aimed at obtaining figures for the\ndistribution of UDC editions and an approximate estimate of the number of\nusers throughout the world.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000154"}
{"title": "Subject Relations in Science/Technology Literature", "text": " The analysis of citations has often been employed to indicate the use\nof the literature of science and technology. Citation is only an indicator\nof use, not an accurate measure, and like all such indicators has defects.\nDifferences between indicators have been discussed elsewhere.\n Despite these defects, an examination of citations does enable one to\nsample acts of literature use within a large community. The study reported\nhere was directed, in fact, to all United Kingdom authors of science/\ntechnology publications in a given year, and because of its width, and the type\nof analysis performed, is considered to be worth reporting. The study was\nprimarily undertaken to obtain comparable information about social science\nliterature, and this has been reported elsewhere.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000155"}
{"title": "Letter to the Editor: Assessment of Information Services", "text": " May we please raise four questions which are important at the present time\nwhen government policy on information retrieval is being considered? These\narise from results recently produced by SDC which are germane to Dr.\nSomerfield's paper on 'Computer-based Information Services' (Aslib\nProceedings, 20, 12, 542-50 (1968)), and to OSTI's work in this field.\n The SDC is making comparisons of the efficiency of various published\nindexes and other sources of scientific information and the first results\nof rigorously checked comparisons are becoming available for a case study\non the subject of 'Computers Related to Mass Spectrometry'. This results\nfrom an extensive literature search prepared by combining and collating\nresults of searches in twelve of the world's major indexes to chemistry and\nspectroscopy, including searches of SDC's own data bank files. Nearly\ntwo hundred unique references on 'Computers Related to Mass Spectrometry'\nwere found and are being checked individually for relevance going back\nto the original paper or asking expert opinion where necessary.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000156"}
{"title": "On the Design of Information Systems for Human Beings", "text": " Planning of any kind can be motivated by a pressing practical problem which\nhas to be solved - for example, an increasing number of people may have to be\nhoused in the same area; or by a long-term idealistic vision; or by both\n(the idealist seeing the long-term implications of an immediate problem). In\nshort-term planning, the danger exists that the more technical problems may be\nsolved, without attention to their implications for human beings; to take\nmy housing example, higher and higher flats may be built, without considering\nthe possible effects (e.g. the effect on social groupings). In long-term\nplanning, Utopian or ideological blueprints may be produced.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000157"}
{"title": "Standard Costing for Information Systems:", "text": "Background to a Current Study\n For some time past, interest has been developing within the Aslib Research\nDepartment in the problems of establishing standard costs for information\nsystems. A literature search recently conducted by the Department (R.\nReynolds) has revealed a scarcity of usable information on this subject:\nsuch data as is available is difficult to evaluate comparatively because\nof the differing definitions of the operations costed and of the terms used to\ndescribe them. It would seem, therefore, that a first step towards developing\na costing method of widespread application would be the establishment of\nstandard conventions for the analysis of information systems.\n One might postulate two possible ways of arriving at comparative costs for\nthese systems, namely:\n(a) General survey method: The overall costs of a large number of information\n systems are broken down into a small number of categories, and analysed\n for correlation (see, for example, C.J. Wessel et al).\n(b) In-depth study: A small number of systems are studied in detail in an\n attempt to establish the true sources of the costs and factors affecting\n them.\n In a current project, we are attempting to apply method (b) to the production\nof current-awareness bulletins. An outline of some of the preliminary work in\nthis project follows.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000158"}
{"title": "An Information Retrieval Language for MARC", "text": " I see from the programme that I am supposed to talk on an information \nlanguage for MARC, and it is true that the work I have been doing for the past\nyear or so has been under the auspices of the MARC Project. But the subject\nindexing system we have developed is concerned as much with BNB's plans for\ncomputer production from 1971 as with the MARC tapes as such, and I hope to\nshow that we have also gone some way towards developing a compatible\ngeneral system with even wider application. Before coming to this, however, it\nis necessary to describe briefly some of the day to day pressures of work which\ncaused BNB to look to the computer for help. From this we can see how the\ncomputer forced us to reconsider our whole approach to subject indexing.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000159"}
{"title": "Analysis and Organization of Knowledge for Retrieval", "text": " In a university, the mode of research is usually what is called 'pure' or\n'basic' research; since I am keeping in mind primarily the applications of\ninformation science, I will prefer the word 'basic', although there is not so \nmuch difference. In such research, and really in any good research, one should\nnot be collecting data haphazardly. One must isolate and define a problem and,\nas far as possible, control other conditions so that interfering factors are\neliminated. Preferably one will narrow down the problem to manageable\nproportions. It is then essential to approach the problem with some sort of\nhypothesis or theory of the situation, and to concentrate on obtaining\nevidence for or against that hypothesis. The important task is to devise just \nthat crucial experiment which will give the answer as efficiently as possible.\nIf the answer disproves the hypothesis, one has at least further evidence upon\nwhich to construct a different hypothesis; if it confirms the hypothesis, one\nis ready for a further step forward, and so on. Research is easier in a\nfully controlled and reproducible situation; in a biological or human\nsituation one must often have recourse to statistical methods, but this does\nnot alter the general methodology. On the whole, I find a clear methodology\nlacking in much that is being done in the field of information science today.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000160"}
{"title": "User Studies: A Review of the Literature from 1966 to 1970", "text": " My terms of reference when asked to prepare this review of user studies were\nto bring Fishenden's work up to date. This was published in the Journal of \nDocumentation in September 1965 and in his paper he looks at a limited number\nof British use studies and draws some broad general conclusions relating to the\ndevelopment of a national information service. The present paper which covers\nthe literature back to the beginning of 1966 is somewhat more detailed. It\nconsiders a wide range of investigations into the information gathering habits \nof scientists, engineers, social scientists and others, and reports results \nwhich it is hoped will provide managers with information on which to develop\npolicies regarding library and information services at all levels. Although\nan increasing number of studies is being carried out in Eastern Europe and\nin the USSR there has been no major work reported and consequently the review\nconsiders mainly British and American investigations.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000161"}
{"title": "Library and Information Science Abstracts: The First Two Years", "text": " With the thirteenth issue affected by the recent postal strike, now seems\nan opportune moment to take a look at the performance of LISA in its first two\nyears. This bi-monthly abstracts service succeeded the former Library Science\nAbstracts in 1969 as a joint venture between the Library Association and Aslib.\nA recount of its birth and a brief report on early progress both appeared in\n1969.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000162"}
{"title": "The Information Uses and Needs of Social Scientists:", "text": "An Overview of INFROSS\n When INFROSS began in the autumn of 1967, although a large number of\nstudies had been conducted into the requirements of scientists for information,\nvery little had been done in the field of social science information. There are \na number of possible reasons for this. Social scientists, faced with a much \nsmaller total volume of information, were much less information-conscious and\nless inclined to seek for solutions. There are very few specialist libraries\nin the social sciences, and few librarians were therefore confronted with\nsocial scientists' information needs in the same way as librarians in \nscientific libraries were confronted with users and their problems. Finally,\nuntil OSTI came along there was little in the way of funds to support this\nkind of research. This almost total absence of previous research had its\ndisadvantages and advantages. There were very few clues to guide us, and we\nwere therefore working to a certain extent in the dark. On the other hand,\nwe had a clean and open field uncorrupted by confusing and non-comparable\nstudies. There is something to be said for being one of the first in a field.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000163"}
{"title": "SDI: Some Economic and Organizational Aspects", "text": " In the context of the present symposium it would seem appropriate that\nI should deal specifically with the economic aspects of Selective Dissemination\nof Information (SDI) operation and use. In my opinion the technical \nfeasibility and merits of SDI have been adequately demonstrated; the main\nbarriers hindering general use, however, tend to be of an economic nature.\n At Shell Research in Sittingbourne we have been operating, since 1967, an\nSDI service for the research staff and it has grown rapidly, particularly\nsince we started to use the CA Condensates tapes early in 1969. In addition\nto these tapes we are currently using the BA Previews tapes, AGDOC tapes\n(prepared by ourselves using punched card input received from Derwent) and,\non an experimental basis, Toxitapes, produced by BIOSIS, Philadelphia.\nAll these tapes are searched locally, involving the running of around five\nhundred profiles weekly.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000164"}
{"title": "The Theoretical Foundation of the IDC-system:", "text": "Six Postulates for Information Retrieval\n Successful delegated searching for publications relevant to the topic of\nan inquirer obeys rules whose relations to thermodynamics are unmistakable.\nBy the continuous growth of a documentation system in the physical and\nconceptual respect, steadily increasing demands are made on the degree of order\nwhich prevails in the system or can be established at the specific request of\nan inquirer. If the order in a system cannot keep pace with the increasing\nrequirements, its working capability will continuously decrease, because\nthe searcher is becoming more and more overburdened in relation to his\navailable search time, search patience, and search memory. The degree of\norder attainable in a growing literature collection can be estimated on the\nbasis of six postulates. The better the requirements imposed by these\npostulates are approximated in a practical documentation system, the higher\nare its working capability and life expectancy, but the expenditure to be\nmade on the literature analyses must also inevitably be higher.\n The establishment of these postulates originated from practical experience\nwith the IDC-system and its precursors. These postulates form the basis\nof this system and of its further development.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000165"}
{"title": "The Future of Scientific and Technological Publications", "text": " I am sure you do not need reminding of the flood of scientific information\nthat is available today and the estimates of its growth in the next two\ndecades. In 1967, Olaf Helmer, then Senior Mathematician at the Rand\ncorporation, forecast that scientists and engineers would increase from\nfive million, in 1967, to twenty-five million by the year 2000 and their\ntotal productivity would go up by a factor of ten. He declined to assess\nthe associated growth of, and need for, scientific information but merely\nstated that there would be substantial changes in the way in which science\nwould actually be transacted. It is these 'substantial changes' that concern\nthe publisher, editor, information scientist and librarian, because if we\ndo not anticipate - or at least keep pace with these changes - then we will\nnot be able to meet the information needs of our readers and we will become\nredundant. Scientific information is a growing industry and it would be\nironic if we could not survive amid an abundance of information. I regard\nthe chance to do something about the flow of information as a response to \nopportunity, not as an act of desperation. The big problem is to sort out\nwhat is pertinent among this information and, in this world of rapid change,\nselect and develop the technological devices that will match the needs of\nthe scientist to this mass of information.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000166"}
{"title": "Rationalization of Serial Holdings in Special Libraries", "text": " This paper describes progress which has been made toward the development of\na procedural model intended as a code of good practice to enable special \nlibrarians to effect economies in their journal holdings by systematically \nplanned use of the BLL..\n A theoretical model suggested by B. C. Brookes was tested on various sets of \nusage data from seven special libraries but the results proved to be unrealistic\nin terms of immediate provision to the user.. A new experimental approach has \nnow been developed based on the total use versus total cost of a journal \ncollection..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000167"}
{"title": "Aspects of the Theory of Syntax", "text": " The idea that a language is based on a system of rules determining\nthe interpretation of its infinitely many sentences is by\nno means novel. Well over a century ago, it was expressed with \nreasonable clarity by Wilhelm von Humboldt in his famous but\nrarely studied introduction to general linguistics (Humboldt,\n1836). His view that a language \"makes infinite use of finite\nmeans\" and that its grammar must describe the processes that\nmake this possible is, furthermore, a outgrowth of a persistent\nconcern, within rationalistic philosophy of language and mind,\nwith this \"creative\" aspect of language use (for discussion, see\nChomsky, 1964, forthcoming). What is more, it seems that even\nPanini's grammar can be interpreted as a fragment of such a\n\"generative grammar,\" in essentially the contemporary sense of\nthis term.\n This monograph is an exploratory study of various problems\nthat have arisen in the course of work on transformational grammar,\nwhich is presupposed throughout as a general framework for the\ndiscussion. What is at issue here is precisely how this\ntheory should be formulated. This study deals, then, with\nquestions that are at the border of research in transformational\ngrammar. For some, definite answers will be proposed; but more\noften the discussion will merely raise issues and consider possible\napproaches to them without reaching any definite conclusions.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000168"}
{"title": "The Assault on Privacy", "text": " The genesis of this book can be traced to a telephone call I\nreceived during the fall of 1966 from Dr. James G. Miller, then\nDirector of the University of Michigan's Mental Health Institute\nand currently Vice President for Academic Affairs of Cleveland\nState University. He asked what I am sure he thought was a\nrelatively straightforward and easily answered question: What\nare the legal consequences of computerizing copyrighted materials?\nOn closer inquiry I discovered that Dr. Miller was exploring\nthe possibility of using computer technology to develop a national,\nmulti-media information network, that would electronically integrate\nour colleges and universities, eventually providing each of them\na comprehensive and easily accessible pool of scholarly works and\neducational services. He subsequently sought to breathe life into\nthis idea of promoting the formation of an organization called the\nInteruniversity Communications Council (EDUCOM).\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000169"}
{"title": "An Assessment of Quality in Graduate Education", "text": " Before this study was begun in the spring of 1964, serious deliberation\nwas given to the question of American Council of Education sponsorship of\nan evaluation of selected graduate programs of major universities that\ncomprise an important segment of the Council's membership. There was\nnever any question about the need for doing in a systematic and objective\nway what necessarily goes on continually in any event, though usually\nin a piecemeal and more impressionistic way. Our Commission on Plans\nand Objectives for Higher Education, and other leading educators consulted,\nconcluded that a thoroughgoing study should be made and that the Council's\naegis was a suitable one.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000170"}
{"title": "The Association of American Library Schools, 1915-1968:", "text": "An Analytical History\n The growth of professions has been one of the sociological\nphenomena of the past century. As the strength of\nnational professional associations of practitioners has increased,\nconcern with education for the professions has\nprompted schools to develop standards and curricula to\nsupport the preparation of practitioners. During the half\ncentury spanning 1900 the schools in many professions formed\nnational associations. The Association of American Medical\nColleges, for example, was established in 1876. Other professional\nschool associations followed: engineering (1893), law (1900),\nlibrarianship (1915), theology (1918), and social work (1919).\nThese associations, to cite a few, have developed in different ways\nwhile conforming to general patterns and have reached various lvels\nof influence in affecting professional education.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000171"}
{"title": "As We May Think", "text": " As Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development,\nDr. Vannevar Bush has coordinated the activities of some six\nthousand leading American scientists in the application of\nscience to warfare. In this significant article he holds up\nan incentive for scientists when the fighting has ceased. He\nurges that men of science should then turn to the massive task\nof making more accessible our bewildering store of knowledge.\nFor years inventions have extended man's physical powers rather than\nthe powers of his mind. Trip hammers that multiply the fists,\nmicroscopes that sharpen the eye, and engines of destruction and\ndetection are new results, but not the end results, of modern\nscience. Now, says Dr.Bush, instruments are at hand which, if properly\ndeveloped, will give man access to and command over the inherited\nknowledge of the ages. The perfection of these pacific instruments\nshould be the first objective of our scientists as they emerge from\ntheir war work. Like Emerson's famous address of 1837 on \"The\nAmerican Scholar,\" this paper by Dr. Bush calls for a new relationship\nbetween thinking man and the sum of our knowledge. - The Editor\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000172"}
{"title": "Authoritarian Personality", "text": " This is a book about social discrimination. But its purpose is not\nsimply to add a few more empirical findings to an already extensive body\nof information. The central theme of the work is a relatively new\nconcept - the rise of an \"anthropological\" species we call the\nauthoritarian type of man. In contrast to the bigot of the older style\nhe seems to combine the ideas and skills which are typical of a highly \nindustrialized society with irrational or anti-rational \nbeliefs. He is at the same time enlightened and superstitious, proud\nto be an individualist and in constant fear of not being like all the others,\njealous of his independence and inclined to submit blindly to power\nand authority. The character structure which comprises these conflicting\ntrends has already attracted the attention of modern philosophers and\npolitical thinkers. This book approaches the problem with the means of\nsocio-psychological research.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000173"}
{"title": "Automated Language Processing", "text": " The idea for Automated Language Processing was suggested in 1964 at a\ntime when the research efforts in information storage and retrieval were\nexpanding at System Development Corporation. Many people in the company\nwere directly interested in this area, and an even larger group had interests\nthat were tangentially related. A quick and effective means of acquainting\nthem with the state-of-the-art was needed, but no convenient compilation\nof relevant material was available. It was agreed that a book on the\ntheory and techniques of information storage and retrieval procedures would\nbe a worthwhile project for the language processing staff to undertake.\nAlthough no one member could reasonably be expected to cover the entire\nrange of technical developments in this field, the staff as a whole is\nconcerned with most phases of the work. This is attested by the fact that\nall but one of the chapter authors were connected with SDC either as\nemployees or consultants. The single exception is Pendergraft, for SDC\nhas had no sustained project in machine translation. SDC Management was\nenthusiastic in its support of the new project.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000174"}
{"title": "Automatic Information, Organization and Retrieval", "text": " Information retrieval is a field concerned with the structure, analysis,\norganization, storage, searching, and retrieval of information.\n This book deals with the computer processing of large information\nfiles, with special emphasis on automatic text handling methods.\nDescribed in particular are procedures for dictionary construction and\ndictionary look-up, statistical and syntactic language analysis methods,\ninformation search and matching procedures, automatic information \ndissemination systems, and methods for user interaction with the \nmechanized system. As such, the text includes elements of linguistics,\nmathematics, and computer programming.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000175"}
{"title": "Automated Keyword Classification for Information Retrieval", "text": " This book is primarily a research monograph, in which the discussion\nof the main topics has been broadened so that they are related to their\nsurrounding context in information retrieval as a whole; it is not a\ntextbook, and no attempt has therefore been made to justify the choice\nof topic, or account for the use of certain concepts, or to provide an\nelementary description of either. For instance in Chapter 1, it is assumed\nthat the reader is familiar with the idea of using keywords in information\nretrieval: I have not considered the relation between this kind of\nretrieval device and a controlled thesaurus or descriptor set, or that\nbetween the use of simple class lists as document descriptions and the\nuse of descriptions with a syntactic structure, for example. Equally,\nin Chapter 2, I have made use of recall/precision ratios as a means of\ncharacterising retrieval performance, without justification or argument;\nbut this does not mean that I am unaware of the difficulties of doing this,\nor of the attention which has been devoted to, and controversy which has\nraged round, this subject; it is simply that from the point of view of\nmy main purpose it is reasonable to use these ratios.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000176"}
{"title": "Automation in Libraries", "text": " My purpose in writing this book has been to try to give an understanding\nof what automated systems can do in libraries today. I have limited\nmyself strictly to those areas which are commonly termed \"library\nhousekeeping\" - the processes of book ordering and cataloguing,\nperiodicals accessioning and circulation control, whose purpose is to\nmake a library into an efficient machine for acquiring, storing, and\ndisseminating knowledge and information. These are the processes\nwhich can be automated here and now to improve the quality of\nservice which a library can give to its readers. I hope that the\ndescriptions and explanations given here will be of assistance to librarians\nin developing appropriate automated systems in their own libraries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000177"}
{"title": "The Automation Survey: Background and Conclusions", "text": " During the past decade the Library of Congress, in\ncommon with many other research libraries, has become\nincreasingly aware of pressures and strains in\nmany of its operations. These areas of concern (well\nknown to librarians) include mounting arrearages in\ncataloguing and other processing activities; increasing\ncomplexity of manual inventory control files;\nincreasing difficulty in keeping card catalogues \nreasonably current and accurate; and\nincreasing demands for a wide variety of services\nfor a clientele whose needs for information\nhave grown tremendously since World War II,\nand many of whom have only recently turned to\nlarge research libraries for help. Five years ago an\ninternal committee of the Library of Congress was\ncharged to study potential applications of electronic\ndata processing equipment to Library procedures;\nsubsequently representatives of three computer firms\nmade brief studies of Library operations which \nintimated that certain areas could benefit substantially\nby automation.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000178"}
{"title": "Automatic information, organization and retrieval", "text": " This book deals with the computer processing of large\ninformation files, with special emphasis on automatic text handling methods.\nDescribed in particular are procedures for dictionary construction and\ndictionary look-up, statistical and syntactic language analysis methods,\ninformation search and matching procedures, automatic information\ndissemination systems, and methods for user interaction with the mechanized\nsystem. As such, the text includes elements of linguistics, mathematics,\nand computer programming.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000179"}
{"title": "Automated Information-Retrieval Systems (IRS)", "text": " It is easiest of all to apply mechanization and automation to the\ntransmission, accumulation and search of information. Automation\ncan also be extended to cover some more complicated functions. In\nall of these cases, the results supplied by automatic devices are\nanalysed and decisions are taken usually by man. Thus, the role of\nmachine is to considerably extend man's capabilities rather than to\ncompletely replace man. \n The automated systems intended to accumulate and search for information\nhave come to be called information-retrieval systems (IRS). These\nsystems can also perform the simpler forms of data processing.\nThe physical facilities of these systems are communications equipment,\npunched-card computers, microfilming equipment, and electronic computers,\nthe latter playing the most prominent part. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000180"}
{"title": "Medical School Library Statistics", "text": " At the June 1962 Convention of the Medical Library Association in\nChicago, Illinois, Mr. Stanley Truelson, now Librarian of the University of\nRochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, circulated a petition\nrequesting the collection and publication of medical school library\nstatistics. Forty-eight medical school head librarians signed the\npetition indicating their approval, and a committee for this purpose was formed \nby Dr. Vilma Proctor, Chairman of the Medical School Libraries Group of\nthe Medical Library Association.\n This committee, composed of Mr. Truelson, Dr.Proctor, and myself,\nstudied the questionnaires already in use, such as that of the U.S. Office\nof Education. These were rejected as not meeting the needs of our\nspecialized group of libraries. As a guide for selecting the terminology\nin the questionnaire, we used the American Library Association's Definitions\nfor Library Statistics; a Preliminary Draft (Chicago, 1961).\n After several drafts, a sample questionnaire was approved by the\ncommittee and distributed to all the medical school libraries in the United\nStates and Canada. The Canadian medical school libraries were included\nas a result of communications with Miss Doreen Fraser, Librarian of the\nBio-Medical Library of the University of British Columbia and Dr. J.\nWendell McLeod of the Association of Canadian Medical Colleges.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000181"}
{"title": "The Contemporary Medical Society Library", "text": " Four hundred sixty-eight medical societies in the United States were\nsurveyed to determine those which sponsor libraries.. Seventy-eight libraries\nwere identified, of which eighteen are \"marginal\" and nine are jointly\nsupported by a medical school and a society, leaving fifty-one relatively\n\"substantial\" libraries whose major support is through society membership..\nCharacteristics measured include size of collection, types of media, staff,\nbudget, services, and sources of support.. Questions are raised concerning\nthe role of the medical library as one institution which participates in the\ncontinuing education of the physician..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000182"}
{"title": "Analysis of One Year's Circulation at the Downstate Medical Center Library", "text": " A survey of the circulation of books and journals at the Downstate Medical\nCenter Library was conducted, based on cancelled circulation cards accumulated\nduring a one-year period.. Analysis of the results shows the frequency of use\nof various materials by several groups of borrowers and brings out important\ndifferences between circulation of books and that of journals.. One of the\nresult was the compilation of a list of most frequently used journals.. The \nfindings are graphically represented by several tables and charts..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000183"}
{"title": "How Biomedical Investigators Use Library Books", "text": " Relatively few studies have been concerned with the use of biomedical\nbooks.. This paper reports an investigation into use made of library books\nby biomedical investigators.. Based on cancelled charge slips collected at the\nYale Medical Library circulation desk, telephone appointments were made to\ninterview those research investigators whose books has been returned the\nprevious day.. The interviewer obtained answers from the investigator to a\nquestionnaire to discover how the investigator had learned of a book, if the\nbook had been useful, and, if useful, how it had been used.. During the \nsix-month study period, 30.4 percent of researchers' volumes returned were\nmonographs.. Almost four-fifths of books borrowed supplied information wanted,\nand about four-fifths of books used had been printed in the previous decade..\nNine-tenths of the use of books was research-related, the other tenth being\nfor lecture preparation..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000184"}
{"title": "An Investigation of the Educational Needs of Health Sciences Library", "text": "Manpower:\n I. Definition of the Manpower Problem and Research Desing\n In order to plan adequately for education in health science librarianship\nand to be able to project future demands and needs we need to know a great deal\nmore about existing manpower in health science libraries.. This paper, the \nfirst in a series of reports on an investigation to gather this data, discusses\nthe research methodology and the development of an inventory of the institution\nprogram population upon which the survey is based.. An analysis in terms of \ngeographic location, type (educational, research, etc.), administrative \ncontrol, and primary cognate area of these institutions is presented, and their\ndistribution through the various Regional Medical Library areas is noted..\nPreliminary estimates are made, based on questionnaire to the libraries, on the\nsize of the library population, their relationship to reporting programs or\ninstitutions, exclusive of the hospital population which is being covered in an\nindependent survey.. A questionnaire to library personnel is underway which\nwill establish, along with the other questionnaires, a basis for exploring the\nrelationships which exist between institutions or programs, libraries and\nmanpower.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000185"}
{"title": "An Investigation of the Educational Needs of Health Science Library", "text": "Manpower:\n II. Health-Related Institutions and Their Library Resources\n As part of an investigation of health sciences library manpower, the\nuniverse of health-related institutions and programs (excluding hospitals) was\nsurveyed by postcard questionnaire to produce an inventory and description of\nlibraries providing services to these institutions reported access to library\nresources, indicating usage of some 2,207 non-hospital libraries.. Eighty\npercent (2,431) of the institutions reported that the library used was \"within\"\ntheir own institution; 20 percent (608) noted that the library was \"outside\"\nof their institution..\n The distribution of health-related institutions and libraries is shown by\nRML districts, together with relevant census data.. A classification of\nlibraries, based on the degree of involvement of the libraries' facilities,\nresources and personnel in supplying services to health-related institutions,\nwas developed..\n It is concluded that projections of manpower needs should take into account\ninstitutions and programs not at present possessing health sciences libraries\nas well as documented demand in existing health sciences libraries..\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000186"}
{"title": "An Investigation of the Educational Needs of Health Sciences Library", "text": "Manpower:\n III. Manpower Supply and Demand in Health Sciences Libraries\n An investigation of the manpower requirements of health sciences libraries\nand of educational programs appropriate to these manpower needs was begun in \nMarch 1968.. To data, 4,727 libraries have been identified as being used by\n14,000 health sciences institutions and programs.. Of this total, 2,628 are \nhospital libraries; 1,328 are health sciences libraries; and 771 are academic \nor public libraries..\n Within these libraries some 14,938 persons are directly involved, either\nfull- or part-time, in the delivery of health sciences library services.. Of\nthe total work force, 5,861 persons are employed in hospital libraries and\n9,077 are employed in health sciences libraries and collections.. The ratio\nbetween professional and nonprofessional employees is 1:2; professional and\nnonprofessional status was assigned by the chief librarian.. Survey data\nindicate a 7 percent manpower shortage in positions classified as professional,\nand a 3 percent shortage in positions classified as nonprofessional..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000187"}
{"title": "An Investigation of the Educational Needs of Health Sciences Library", "text": "Manpower:\n IV. Characteristics of Manpower in Health Sciences Libraries\n A statistical description based on a mail survey of personnel in 2,099\nhealth sciences libraries located outside of the hospital setting is reported..\nRespondents to the survey were divided into three groups: professionals (those\npossessing a graduate library degree); nonprofessionals (those not possessing\ngraduate library degree); and chief librarians (those responsible for a\nlibrary's operations).. Survey items dealt with education, sex, age, salary,\njob mobility and preference for continuing education programs..\n Some 60 percent of the respondents were professionals; 40 percent were\nnonprofessionals.. Seven hundred and twenty-eight chief librarians were \nidentified in the population: 57 percent were professional librarians while\nthe remainder were without a graduate library degree.. Approximately 1/5\nof all survey respondents were men.. The age distribution for the work force\ntended to be bimodal, reflecting the career patterns of women and the later\nentry of men into librarianship.. The annual salary for male professionals was\ncalculated at $12,732; for female professionals at $10,044; for male\nnonprofessionals at $7,878; and for female nonprofessionals at $6,313.. Male\nprofessionals were found to have the highest rates of job and geographic\nmobility.. Conversely, female nonprofessionals were lowest in mobility.. In\nexpressing a preference for continuing education programs in library science,\nprofessionals tended to request courses dealing with the organization of\nlibraries, health sciences institutions and their relationships, while \nnonprofessionals inclined towards courses in technical processing..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000188"}
{"title": "Selected list of Books and Journals for the Small Medical Library", "text": " This updated list of 410 books and 136 journals is intended as a selection\naid for the small library of a hospital, medical society, clinic, or similar\norganization.. Books and journals are arranged by subject, with the books \nfollowed by an author index, and the journals by an alphabetical title \nlisting.. Items suggested for first purchase by smaller libraries are noted by\nan asterisk..\n To purchase the entire collection of books and to pay for the annual\nsubscription costs of all the journals would require an expenditure of about\n12,000.. To acquire only those items suggested for first purchase,\napproximately $3,250 would be needed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000189"}
{"title": "MEDLINE Evaluation Study", "text": " MEDLINE (MEDLARS-ON-LINE) is the new on-line, interactive bibliographic\nsearching system which was recently developed by the National Library of \nMedicine.. The system provides users with lists of bibliographical citations\nand other information from a three-year file of over 1,250 biomedical\njournals.. A survey testing user reactions was conducted at the University of\nVirginia Medical Library.. The results of the survey are based on replies by\n246 users who requested one or more MEDLINE searches between September 1972 and\nMarch 1973.. The findings indicate that over 93% believe that MEDLINE is a \nsubstantial improvement over the traditional methods of searching through the\nprinted indexes.. These respondents also stated that the results of MEDLINE\nsearches had assisted them in their clinical or research work, or both.. Asked\nwhether they would continue to use MEDLINE after the imposition of user charges\non July 1, 1973, about 75% said that they would.. The remaining 25% expressed\nsome reservation and doubts.. The survey gives reason to believe that with the\nimposition of user charges the use of MEDLINE will decline..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000190"}
{"title": "MEDLEARN: An Orientation to MEDLINE", "text": " ***MEDLEARN***, an orientation to MEDLINE, was developed to educate members\nof the biomedical community to become competent on-line searchers.. It appears\nin two complementary forms: an interactive terminal presentation available on\nthe TYMSHARE Network and a supporting hard-copy manual which contains the\ndidactic portions of the computer program as well as additional items which are\nnot suitable for on-line presentation.. ***MEDLEARN***, a flexible instruction\ntool, is divided into forty sections which may be selected in various sequences\ndepending on the user's previous experience.. Two MEDLINE simulations and\nfeedback sections after practice on MEDLINE provide motivation for continued\nlearning.. The orientation program was evaluated at several medical centers\nwith uniformly favorable results..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000191"}
{"title": "A Cooperative Serial Acquisition Program: Thoughts on a Response to", "text": "Mounting Fiscal Pressures\n A regionally cooperative method of distributing responsibility for every\nserial title in a region is outlined.. The system assures the equitable\ndistribution of the number of titles for which each library is committed..\nLater refinements suggest an equalization of cost commitments on the basis of\nfiscal resources available for serial purchases.. It is pointed out that fiscal\nrealities will force some sort of serial acquisition cooperation for all viable\nmedical libraries..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000192"}
{"title": "Use of Medical and Biological Journals in the Yale Medical Library", "text": " This paper presents data for the end of 1960 on recorded use of some\ntwo hundred of the most often used scientific and medical journals in the\nYale Medical Library. The investigation was designed to identify the most\nabundantly used titles of recent date of publication to guide the \nacquisition of multiple subscriptions. At the same time data was collected\nto distinguish heavily used back sets.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000193"}
{"title": "The Evaluation of Published Indexes and Abstract Journals:", "text": " Criteria and Possible Procedures\n This paper describes possible criteria by which the effectiveness of a\npublished index may be evaluated and suggest procedures that might be used to\nconduct an evaluation of a published index.. The procedures were developed for\nthe National Library of Medicine and relate specifically to the recurring\nbibliographies produced by MEDLARS in various specialized areas of\nbiomedicine.. The methods described should, however, be applicable to other\nprinted indexes and abstract journals..\n Factors affecting the performance of a published index are also discussed\nand some research projects relevant to the evaluation of published indexes are\nreviewed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000194"}
{"title": "World Biomedical Journals, 1951-60:", "text": " A Study of the Relative Significance of 1,388 Titles Indexed in\n Current List of Medical Literature\n This study is an application of the relationship of serial articles\npublished to serial articles cited, developed in theory in the author's\n\"Statistical Bibliography in the Health Sciences\" (BULLETIN 50: 450-461,\nJuly 1962).. A ranked list of the indexes of significance of most of the\nserials indexed in Current List of Medical Literature was derived and erected\nfrom 21,000 citations secured in a random sampling of 1962 and 1961 biomedical\njournals regularly received in the Yale Medical Library.. The author measures\nthe gross indexing effectiveness of Current List against his indexes of \nsignificance , offers his method and results as means to reach objective\nstandards for indexing and abstracting, and projects his results as measures\nof general value of the serials analyzed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000195"}
{"title": "Basic Journal List for Small Hospital Libraries", "text": " This Basic Journal List of forty-eight journal titles is intended as a \nselection guide for the librarian of the small hospitals.. It is based on a\nsurvey of physicians in Virginia who were asked to review journal titles\ncontained in the 1967 edition of a list compiled by Mr. Alfred N. Brandon..\nThe List is designed for the library in a hospital of from 100 to 300 beds and\nfor the active clinician..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000196"}
{"title": "AIM-TWX service at the University of Virginia:", "text": " A Review and Evaluation\n The paper reviews the highlights of a four-week trial period (November 19 -\nDecember 18, 1970) during which the Medical Library of the University of\nVirginia experimented with a new remote-access bibliographical control and\nretrieval system via its TWX machine.. The system, called AIM-TWX, was\nsponsored by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications\nand utilized a time-shared IBM 360/67 computer in Santa Monica, California..\nCitations from 109 clinically-oriented journals from 1966 to date, including\nthose currently included in the Abridged Index Medicus, may be retrieved\neither on- or off-line..\n Various aspects of this service are described, including problems of\nstaffing, training, and record keeping, as well as the role of the MeSH\nvocabulary which is the principle \"language\" of the man-computer dialog..\n The statistical results indicated that the system was used for approximately\n200 minuted on nineteen days and that an average of sixteen searches were run\non any given day, or about 4.6 searches per hour of use.. In spite of an \ninexperienced staff who had little knowledge of the MeSH vocabulary and whose\ntraining schedule was limited to one four-hour session, the experiment was\nhighly successful in terms of searches and citations..\n At the end of the period, 298 searches had been run for 114 requestors,\nand 5,343 citations had been produced.. Only fifty-five searches yielded no \ncitations.. The experiment generated a great deal of excitement and interest\namong the staff of the Library and of the Medical Center.. Moreover, a large\nnumber of medical practitioners in large and small communities of Virginia\nparticipated in this experiment, indicating that there exists a great demand\nfor this type of literature searching which AIM-TWX is able to provide with\ngreat rapidity..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000197"}
{"title": "Choosing Physiology Journals", "text": " For many years administrators of library collections have sought\nobjective criteria for assembling well-rounded periodical collections\nin the subject fields represented by their collections. The nearest\napproach to any criterion which does away with the a priori knowledge\nof the specialist was first suggested by Gross and Gross in 1927. This\nmethod consists, essentially, of counting the bibliographic citations at\nthe conclusions of the articles in a basic periodical of the field under\nconsideration, and of arranging the journals cited in order of the\nfrequency of their citation. Thus, in the field of chemistry, the \nreferences in the Journal of the American Chemical Society are counted and\na list is made of the most frequently cited journals. According to Gross\nand Gross, the journals which are cited most frequently in the Journal of the\nAmerican Chemical Society are the most valuable journals for a library\nto purchase in order to possess a well-rounded collection in chemistry.\n Although the Gross and Gross method has been in use for almost twenty\nyears, the fundamental assumptions upon which the method is based have\nnever been examined. These assumptions are:\n1. The value of a periodical to a professional worker is in direct\n proportion to the number of times it is cited in the professional\n literature.\n2. The journal or journals used as the base for the tabulation are\n representative of the entire field.\n3. If more than one journal is used as a base, all of them can be weighted\n equally.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000198"}
{"title": "Statistical Bibliography in the Health Sciences", "text": " The sustained interest in documentation, as a key to the retrieval of\ninformation in the literature of the sciences, has obscured largely the\npotential utility of statistical bibliography as a method of analyzing\ninformation needs. In the belief that a discussion of the latter may be\nof value to interested biomedical librarians and scientists, a review of\ninvestigative methods and results in the health sciences is offered here.\n Statistical bibliography may be defined as the assembling and interpretation\nof statistics relating to books and periodicals; it may be used in a\nvariety of situations for an almost unlimited number of measurements.\nWithin the last forty years bibliographical statistics have been collected\nand explained in several fields of science for these main purposes: to\ndemonstrate historical movements, to determine the national or universal\nresearch use of books and journals, and to ascertain in many local\nsituations the general use of books and journals.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000199"}
{"title": "Mechanization of Library Procedures in the Medium-sized Medical Library", "text": " Mechanical means for expediting library work have been considered\nfor many years, as an examination of the early pages of Library\nJournals bears out. The very first volume of the forerunner of the Bulletin,\nthe Medical Library and Historical Journal, moreover, contained an\narticle on the use of the \"typewriting machine\" in cataloging. Telephones\nhave long been accepted as library machines, and, except for unusual\nitems, hand bookbinding has given way to machine-bound books.\n Nevertheless, when the term \"machine methods\" is used for libraries\ntoday, the prevailing idea is that expensive and complicated electronic\nequipment must be employed, and, since few libraries are able to afford\nsuch equipment for themselves, it is generally assumed that none but the\nlargest libraries (the Library of Congress or the National Library of\nMedicine, for example) will be able to employ already existing mechanical\nmethods or devise systems specifically applicable to their own situations. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000200"}
{"title": "Moderately and Heavily Used Biomedical Journals", "text": " The purpose of this investigation was to produce a title list of current\njournals suppling upwards of 75 percent of demand at the Columbia and Yale \nMedical Libraries.. Columbia received nearly 2,000 journals and Yale over\n1,500; findings are based upon an analysis of canceled charge slips for issues\npublished from 1959 through June 1962.. This combined study of recorded usage\nfor six months in the Columbia Medical Library (12.9 percent of circulation\nduring January through June 1962) and for one year in the Yale Medical Library\n(12.5 percent of 1961/62 circulation) revealed that a core of 262 journals\nsupplied 80 percent of use of titles published in the 1959 to mid-1962\nperiod.. However, it is probable that current issues of all titles received\nwere used at least once within the libraries.. Titles of sixty-seven journals\nwhich supplied slightly more than 50 percent of use are listed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000201"}
{"title": "Medical Libraries and the Assessment of User Needs", "text": " Users of information in science and technology have been studied in great\ndetail with respect to material read, amount of time spent in reading and\nsearching the literature, categories of questions asked, an so on.. Probing\nfor this information has been undertaken by means of structured and \nunstructured interviews, diaries, surveys, and questionnaires..\n Although a large amount of data has emerged on information usage and flow,\nthe subjective response of scientists furnishes comment only on the satisfaction\nproduced by present information services and does not yield insight into the\nextent to which needs remain unsatisfied.. Relevance figures based upon the\nresponse of systems to questions cannot be equated with satisfaction of needs,\nsince questions constitute, in most cases, inadequate representations of \nunderlying information needs..\n Assessment of the needs of users of medical libraries and information system\nmust, in fact, be made in relation to the observed behavior and experience of\nbiomedical scientists.. There is room for well-designed experimentation which\ncan explore the interaction of both psychological and environmental factors..\nSignificant differences in information needs exist among and between individuals\nsuch as researches and clinicians in the same environment.. With respect to\nenvironment, it is hypothesized that the information needs for medical\npractitioners in remote areas might differ significantly from those of their\ncolleagues working in large metropolitan centers in close proximity to medical\nschools, research institutions, and other rich sources of information fallout..\n It is anticipated that experimentation will eventually result in a\nmethodology which will permit the determination and prediction of the\ninformation needs of any identified groups of users in a specific environment..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000202"}
{"title": "Analysis of Recorded Biomedical Book and Journal Use in the Yale Medical", "text": "Library\nPart I. Date and Subject Relations\n Analysis of book and journal circulation is based on cancelled charge slips\ncollected over a one-year period in the Yale Medical Library.. About two-fifths\nof material circulated\twere monographs.. Books and journals in seven subject\nfields provided over half of the circulation.. Approximately two-thirds of both\nbooks and journals used had been published during the most recent nine years..\nA subject-by-subject examination of the ratio of books to journals circulating\nrevealed that, in subject where proportionally more journals than books were\ntaken out of the Library, books were of more recent imprint dates than were\njournals, contrary to the overall pattern.. Date distribution of books and\njournals by subject was also studied.. Results are illustrated with graphs and\ntables..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000203"}
{"title": "Analysis of Recorded Biomedical Book and Journal Use in the Yale Medical", "text": "Library\nPart II. Subject and User Relations\n Cancelled charge slips collected over a one-year period supply the data for\nthis analysis of circulation in the Yale Medical Library.. Full-time teacher\nfaculty are the heaviest users of journal literature, and students, of\nmonograph literature.. Faculties of Medical School departments are compared in\nterms of their use of material in individual subjects.. Subject literatures are\nanalyzed in terms of groups of users borrowing from them.. The extent to which\njournal titles used by medical students are also used by Medical School\nfaculty is examined.. One of the products of the study is a rank list of \njournal titles used in the Library.. Results are presented in several tables..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000204"}
{"title": "The Circulation Analysis of Serial Use: Numbers Game or Key to Service?", "text": " The conventionally erected and reported circulation analysis of serial use\nin the individual and the feeder library is found to be statistically invalid\nand misleading, since it measures neither the intellectual use of the serial's\ncontents nor the physical handlings or serial units, and is nonrepresentative\nof the in-depth library use of serials.. It fails utterly to report or even to\nsuggest the relation of intralibrary and interlibrary serial resources.. The\nactual mechanics of the serial use analysis, and the active variables in the\nlibrary situation which affect serial use, are demonstrated in a simulated\nanalysis and are explained at length.. A positive design is offered for the\nobjective gathering and reporting of data on the local intellectual use and\nphysical handling of serials and the relating of resources.. Data gathering in\nthe feeder library, and implications for the extension of the feeder library's\nresources, are discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000205"}
{"title": "Development of Methodologic Tools for Planning and", "text": "Managing Library Services:\nI. Project Goals and Approach\n In July 1966, the Institute for Advancement of Medical Communication began\nwork on a project aimed at developing methods for collecting objective data\nsuitable for planning and guiding local, regional, and national programs to \nimprove biomedical libraries and the biomedical information complex.. This\narticle constitutes an introduction to a series of reports on the methodologic\ntools that have been developed.. It describes the overall purpose and initial \ngoals of the project, gives the general plan of the work, and presents five\nbasic concepts that underlie the project's approach and structure the entire\neffort..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000206"}
{"title": "Development of Methodologic Tools for Planning and", "text": "Managing Library Services:\nII. Measuring a Library's Capability for Providing Documents\n A method of measuring a library's capability for providing the documents its\nusers need has been developed.. The library is tested with representative \nsample of such documents to determine how long would be required for users to\nobtain these documents.. Test results are expressed in terms of a Capability\nIndex, which has a maximal value of 100 only if all the sample documents are\nfound \"on shelf\".. Specific tests employing samples of 300 documents have been\ndeveloped that are appropriate for academic an for \"reservoir\" biomedical\nlibraries.. Realistic field trials have demonstrated that these two tests are\npractical to administer and that test results are adequately reproducible..\nWhen strict comparability is not important, a library can test itself.. In\nassessing a reservoir library, test results are supplemented by data on its\ntypical processing time for interlibrary loan requests.. Currently these tests\nare being used in a national survey.. The general method is applicable to other\ntypes of libraries, provided appropriate test samples are established.. If \ntheir limitations are clearly understood, these \"Document Delivery Tests\"\ncan be valuable tools for planning and managing library services..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000207"}
{"title": "Development of Methodologic Tools for Planning and", "text": "Managing Library Services:\nIII. Standardized Inventories of Library Services\n A standardized procedure was developed for eliciting those details for a\nlibrary's service policies that are important to its users and for recording\nthe data by checking appropriate categories on a form.. This inventory \nprocedure covers the entire spectrum of user services and accommodates a wide\nrange of policies.. The inventory was originally designed for use by trained\ninterviewers in large-scale surveys of academic medical libraries.. However,\nit is also suitable for other kinds of libraries, and the Interview Guide and\nChecklist can be used for a self-survey by library stuff.. In addition to \nsurvey use, the inventory has a variety of educational, administrative,\nmanagerial, and research applications.. A methods for weighting the categorical\ninventory data to reflect the relative desirability of different policies makes \nit possible to calculate scores indicating how a library's policies compare\nwith those of an \"optimal\" library.. An analogous inventory of the services a \nlibrary provides to other libraries was developed for surveying major backup\nresources in the medical library system..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000208"}
{"title": "Survey of the Card Catalog in Medical Libraries", "text": " A survey of present uses and arrangement of medical library card catalogs \nwas made in order to determine current practices and trends.. Attention was\nfocused on the influences of MeSH on the card catalog.. The results indicate\nthat the prevalent type of card catalog found in medical libraries is the \ndivided catalog.. In addition, it appears that this catalog arrangement is \ngaining acceptance, and the trend is toward division.. MeSH has an effect on \nthe organization of the card catalog; libraries indicate that it is an \ninfluential factor in the decision to divide the catalog..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000209"}
{"title": "Survey of Medical Literature Borrowed from the National Lending Library", "text": "for Science and Technology\n This paper reports the results of a four-week questionnaire survey carried \nout at the National Lending Library (N.L.L.), Great Britian, to discover which\ntypes of organizations were the principal users of medical literature, what \ntypes of literature were used, and which were the main sources of references\nto medical publications..Industrial organizations and universities accounted\nfor the majority (62 percent) of the loans, most of which were English-language\nperiodicals published since 1960.. For the whole sample, citation list in \nperiodical articles were the principal sources of references, although for\nliterature published in the last fifteen months, abstracting and indexing\njournals were the main sources.. Of the latter, Index Medicus proved to be the\nmost fruitful source of references.. By asking whether the item requested was\nreally useful to their work, a measure of the reliability of the different\nsources of references was obtained..\n Appendixes include the questionnaire, a list of the most frequently borrowed\njournals, and a list of abstracting and indexing journals used as sources of\nreferences..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000210"}
{"title": "A Regional Medical Library Network", "text": " The raison d'etre for cooperative networks is discussed, and the development\nof the SUNY Biomedical Communication Network is traces briefly; a description \nof the system and its products is given.. The cooperative cataloging program\nengaged in with the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine and the National\nLibrary of Medicine is described, as are the efforts of the Network in the\nproduction of regional and state-wide union lists of serials..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000211"}
{"title": "Thesaural Problems in an On-Line System", "text": " This paper describes the construction of a synonym thesaurus or entry \nvocabulary for the SUNY Biomedical Communication Network, which will permit\nthe user greater ease of access to MeSH-indexed material without previously\nconsulting a printed list of indexed terms.. In order to discover the actual\nterminalogy used by a researcher, words were extracted from titles of articles\nappearing in Index Medicus, and compared with the subject heading under which\nthey appeared.. As well as strict synonyms, grammatical variants were also \nincluded.. Work is continuing on relating other indexing vocabularies, such as\nExcerpta Medica and Current Medical Terminalogy, used in the biomedical world \nto MeSH terms..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000212"}
{"title": "The Role of the Medical Librarian in SDI Systems", "text": " Many ongoing selective dissemination systems designers assume that the \nlibrarian can be omitted from active participation in execution of the master\nplan.. ISI's four years of experience with ASCA service have shown that \nlibrarians must be an integral part of the system and engage in a active \ndialogue between users and the machine.. Specific examples of how \nlibrarians can best serve the information needs of scientists using SDI systems\nare examined.. It is the basic contention of this paper that the librarian\nshould serve as an intermediary between users and the numerous new information\nmedia.. In this manner the librarian can filter and translate the requirements\nof individual scientists to conform with the inherent limitations of all\nmachine systems while exploiting their capabilities to the fullest..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000213"}
{"title": "Library Participation in a Biomedical Communication and Information Network", "text": " The experience of two libraries participating in the SUNY Biomedical \nCommunication Network is described.. The history of the Network if briefly\ngiven together with its original aims and their current status.. Use of the\nterminals and formulation of queries are explained.. Figures are given for \ntotal costs, number of searches performed, and cost per search.. There is a \naccount of the internal structure of the administration of the Network..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000214"}
{"title": "Selected Reference Aids for Small Medical Libraries", "text": " This annotated list of 178 items is compiled as a guide to the development\nof the reference collection in a small medical library..\n Arrangement, following the pattern of the previous revision, is by broad \nsubject groups.. Titles are chiefly in English.. Textbooks in subject fields\nhave been omitted since these are covered adequately in several comprehensive\nguides to the literature..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000215"}
{"title": "Coordination of Regional Libraries with Regional Medical Program Projects", "text": " The Medical Library Assistance Act authorized the Regional Medical Library \nProgram to improve information services in health fields, as well as other\nprograms designed to help the health worker.. Both the RMLP and the Regional\nMedical Program are based on regional cooperation to enhance the value of \navailable resources, and to enable health workers away from main centers to \nuse them.. Services with Regional Medical Libraries must supply are described..\nAs this program develops, more than conventional library services will be\nprovided..\n Regional Medical Programs stress the continuing education of health-related\npersonnel, and their need for health information; libraries are necessarily\ninvolved in such programs.. The regions of the RMP are smaller than those of \nthe RMLP, and the smaller regional focus may be an advantage..\n Specific examples of the coordination of library services and library-\noriented programs are given..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000216"}
{"title": "User Services Offered By Medical School Libraries in 1968:", "text": "Results of a National Survey Employing New Methodology\n The breadth and depth of services that ninety-two medical school libraries\noffer to individual user were ascertained by interviewing the heads of these\nlibraries, employing a standardized inventory procedure developed earlier\n(Bulletin 56:380-403, Oct.1968).. Selected aspects of the descriptive data \nobtained on services to faculty and to medical students are presented and \ncommented upon.. Comparisons with the findings of earlies surveys suggest \nthat increases in the stuffs and budgets of medical school libraries over the \npast two decades have gone largely to supporting a rapidly increasing volume of \nservice, rather than to any striking increase in the breadth and depth of\nservices.. To facilitate summarization and comparisons among libraries the \ndescriptive data were weighted and converted to quantitative measures; the\nweighting scheme was established by a group of five academic medical librarians\nto reflect the relative values the group assigned to different services..\nOne these quantitative measures, the percentage score for overall services\nrelative to the optimal library, summarizes a library,s services in a single\nfigure.. On this measure, medical school libraries ranged from 38 percent to \n87 percent; the median overall score was 63 percent.. Results of some \nexploratory analysis are described; these analyses attempted ti find \nexplanations for the observed differences among libraries and among geographical\nregions on the quantitative measures.. Present and potential uses of the survey\ndata for managerial and research purposes are discussed.. One of the most\nimportant of these uses is in establishing and implementing standards - \nactivities which should be carried out by the library profession itself - and\nrecommendations are made for a program of such activities that is appropriate \nfor the Medical Library Association..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000217"}
{"title": "The National Biomedical Communications Network as a Developing Structure", "text": " The National Biomedical Communications Network has evolved both from a set \nof conceptual recommendations over the last twelve years and an accumulation\nof needs manifesting themselves in the requests of members of the medical \ncommunity.. With a short history of three years this network and its developing\nstructure have exhibited most of the stresses of technology interfacing with\ncustomer groups, and of a structure attempting to build itself upon many \nexisting fragmentary unconnected segments of a potentially viable resource-\nsharing capability..\n In addition to addressing these topics, the paper treats a design appropriate\nto any network devoted to information transfer in a special interest user\ncommunity.. It discusses fundamentals of network design, highlighting that\nnetwork structure most appropriate to a national information network.. Examples\nare given of cost analyses of information services and certain conjectures are\noffered concerning the roles of national networks..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000218"}
{"title": "Selected Lists of Journals for the Small Medical Library:", "text": "A Comparative Analysis\n The results of a survey and weighted summary of all major suggested journal\nsubscription lists for hospital libraries are described.. A total of ninety-one\ntitles taken from 225 titles examined is listed under thirty-three subject\nheadings.. Contrasts are made for the titles and subject headings employed by \nothers, and the potential of Stearns' \"core collection\" concept for small\nmedical libraries is dealt with in detail..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000219"}
{"title": "The Medical Library Assistance Act:", "text": "An Analysis of the NLM Extramural Programs, 1965-1970\n The imbalance between medical library resources and information needs of the\nhealth professional led to a reexamination of the mandate for the National \nLibrary of Medicine.. Legislation known as the Medical Library Assistance Act\n(MLAA) was passed in 1965 which enabled the NLM to (1) initiate programs to \nassist the nation's medical libraries and (2) develop a medical library network\nwith the establishment of regional medical libraries to link the NLM with local\ninstitutions..\n The National Library of Medicine, through the MLAA, has made available $40.8\nmillion to the medical library community under a competitive grant and contract \nmechanism for the period July 1965 - June 1970.. A total of 604 projects has \nbeen executed in resources, research and development, training, construction,\nregional medical libraries, publications, and special scientific projects.. An\nassessment is given of each of these programs and their impact on both the \nNational Library of Medicine and individual medical libraries.. In the \naggregate, these programs have significantly improved library and information\nservices to the professional health user.. The principal limitation has been\ninadequate funding to accomplish the level of originally stated objectives..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000220"}
{"title": "A Bookshelf in Public Health, Medical Care, and Allied Fields", "text": " This bibliography of nonserial publications consists of 610 annotations..\nIt is intended as a guide to the development of a collection for librarians \nand for health professionals in research and education.. References are mostly\nto publications from 1960.. Titles are in English.. Both primary and secondary\nsources are cited..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000221"}
{"title": "Review of Criteria Used to Measure Library Effectiveness", "text": " This article reports the results of survey of literature on measures of \nlibrary effectiveness.. This survey led to the formulation of six criterion \nconcepts (accessibility, cost, user satisfaction, response time, cost/benefit\nratio and use).. The advantages and disadvantages of each method of \nmeasurement are discussed.. Several points which became clear during the \nanalysis are discussed.. First, there is a relative lack of concern with the \nrationale behind the evaluation process, although the results invariably lead\nto a confused interpretation when there is no clear understanding of the \npurpose of an evaluation.. Second, the total library system is rarely \nconsidered; instead, each evaluation criterion is taken in isolation rather\nthan as part of the whole.. Third, the library's preservation function has not\nbeen considered at all..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000222"}
{"title": "Document Delivery Capabilities of Major Biomedical Libraries in 1968:", "text": "Results of a National Survey Employing Standardized Tests\n The standardized Document Delivery Tests (DDT's) developed earlier (Bulletin\n56: 241-267, July 1968) were employed to assess the capability of ninety-two\nmedical school libraries for meeting the document needs of biomedical \nresearchers, and the capability of fifteen major resource libraries for filling \nI-L requests from biomedical libraries.. The primary test data are summarized \nas statistics on the observed availability status of the 300 plus documents in\nthe test samples, and as measures expressing capability as a function of the \nmean time that would be required for users to obtain test sample documents..\nA mathematical model is developed in which the virtual capability of a library,\nas seen by its users, equals the algebraic sum of the basic capability afforded\nby its holdings; the combined losses attributable to use of its collection, \nprocessing, relative inaccessibility, and housekeeping problems; and the gain\nrealized by coupling with other resources (I-L borrowing).. For a particular \nlibrary, or group of libraries, empirical values for each of these variables \ncan be calculated easily from the capability measures and the status \nstatistics.. Regression equations are derived that provide useful predictions \nof basic capability from collection size.. The most important result of this \nwork is that cost-effectiveness analyses can now be used as practical decision \naids in managing a basic library service.. A program of periodic surveys and \nfurther development of DDT's is recommended as appropriate for the Medical \nLibrary Association..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000223"}
{"title": "The Implementation, Evaluation, and Refinement of a Manual SDI Service", "text": " The Missouri Institute of Psychiatry Library has implemented an inexpensive,\nmanual SDI (Selective Dissemination of Information) service based upon the \nmonthly issues of Index Medicus.. The implementation and refinement of the \nsystem are documented, and the very favorable response to the system is \nexamined.. The SDI service is compared to Current Contents, with the finding\nthat 60 percent of the SDI participants prefer it to Current Contents.. For\nthis select portion of researchers the Index Medicus SDI is the more suitable\nmode of current awareness.. For a significant portion of the MIP staff, \nhowever, the score of Index Medicus is too restricted to suitable replace \nCurrent Contents.. All SDI users find it highly acceptable curent awareness \nservice for use in addition to Current Contents and have indicated the desire \nto continue participation in the service..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000224"}
{"title": "A Method of Estimating the In-House Use of the Periodical Collection in the", "text": "University of Minnesota Bio-Medical Library\n During two one-week periods in April 1972, information on periodical title \nand date was gathered from periodicals collected from study and reshelving \ntables of the University of Minnesota Bio-Medical Library.\n It was determined that: (1) a few titles accounted for most of the total \nuse; (2) the relationship between age and amount of use of a journal may be\ndescribed by the equation y = ke**(-bx); and (3) the last five years of \npublication accounted for 58% of the total use.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000225"}
{"title": "A Behavioral Approach to Historical Analysis", "text": " To issue a clarion call for historians to adopt a behavioral\napproach to their subject may seem as up-to-date and exciting as\nlast month's newspaper, for it is the academic fashion today to\nargue the utility of social science theory in the writing of\nhistory. Books and articles issue forth from the presses in\nseeming profusion advocating and even occasionally demonstrating\nsuch an approach. Yet these many pages fail in three significant\nways to accomplish the end they nominally espouse and which I urge.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000226"}
{"title": "A Behavioral Theory of the Firm", "text": " This book is about the business firm and the way it makes \neconomic decisions. We propose to make detailed observations\nof the procedures by which firms make decisions and\nto use these observations as a basis for a theory of decision\nmaking within business organizations. Our articles of faith\nare simple. We believe that, in order to understand contemporary\neconomic decision making, we need to supplement\nthe study of market factors with an examination of\nthe internal operation of the firm - to study the effects of\norganizational structure and conventional practice on the\ndevelopment of goals, the formation of expectations, and\nthe execution of choices.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000227"}
{"title": "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", "text": " The recent development of various methods of modulation such as PCM\nand PPM which exchange bandwidth for signal-to-noise ratio has\nintensified the interest in a general theory of communication. A basis for\nsuch a theory is contained in the important papers of Nyquist and Hartley\non this subject. In the present paper we will extend the theory to include a\nnumber of new factors, in particular the effect of noise in the channel, and\nthe savings possible due to the statistical structure of the original message\nand due to the nature of the final destination of the information.\n The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at\none point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another\npoint. Frequently the messages have meaning; that is they refer to or are \ncorrelated according to some system with certain physical or conceptual\nentities. These semantic aspects of communication are irrelevant to the\nengineering problem. The significant aspect is that the actual message is\none selected from a set of possible messages. The system must be designed\nto operate for each possible selection, not just the one which will actually\nbe chosen since this is unknown at the time of design. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000228"}
{"title": "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", "text": " In this final installment of the paper we consider the case where the\nsignals or the messages or both are continuously variable, in contrast with\nthe discrete nature assumed until now. To a considerable extent the\ncontinuous case can be obtained through a limiting process from the discrete\ncase by dividing the continuum of messages and signals into a large but finite\nnumber of small regions and calculating the various parameters involved on\na discrete basis. As the size of the regions is decreased these parameters in\ngeneral approach as limits the proper values for the continuous case. There\nare, however, a few new effects that appear and also a general change of\nemphasis in the direction of specialization of the general results to\nparticular cases.\n We will not attempt, in the continuous case, to obtain our results with\nthe greatest generality, or with the extreme rigor of pure mathematics, since\nthis would involve a great deal of abstract measure theory and would\nobscure the main thread of the analysis. A preliminary study, however,\nindicates that the theory can be formulated in a completely axiomatic and\nrigorous manner which includes both the continuous and discrete cases and\nmany others. The occasional liberties taken with limiting processes in the\npresent analysis can be justified in all cases of practical interest.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000229"}
{"title": "Between MLS and PhD; a Study of Sixth-Year Specialist Programs", "text": "in Accredited Library Schools\n The intent of this survey is to describe educational practice\n(to spring 1969) in the emerging sixth-year specialist\nprograms in library schools accredited by the American Library\nAssociation.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000230"}
{"title": "Bibliographic Control of Nonprint Media", "text": " Educational systems specialists lament the\ndeplorable lack of organization of nonprint\nmedia for utilization in the learning process.\nAudiovisual personnel have, out of despair,\nmade a painful entry into the world of\nbibliography while librarians, long experienced\nin the bibliographic control of printed matter,\nstill appear preoccupied with more conventional\nforms of information and reluctant to turn\ntheir expertise to the organization of nonprint\nmedia.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000231"}
{"title": "Bibliographic Control of Microforms", "text": " Bibliographic control of microforms is a foremost need in today's library\nworld. Despite the rapidly increasing quantity of materials and their\nbibliographic complexity, the methods for controlling microforms on all\nlevels - local, national, and international - are inadequate.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000232"}
{"title": "On a Class of Skew Distribution Functions", "text": " It is the purpose of this paper to analyse a class of distribution\nfunctions that appears in a wide range of empirical data - particularly\ndata describing sociological, biological and economic phenomena. Its\nappearance is so frequent, and the phenomena in which it appears so diverse,\nthat one is led to the conjecture that if these phenomena have any property\nin common it can only be a similarity in the structure of the underlying \nprobability mechanisms. The empirical distributions to which we shall refer\nspecifically are: (A) distributions of words in prose samples by their\nfrequency of occurrence, (B) distributions of scientists by number of papers\npublished, (C) distributions of cities by population, (D) distributions of\nincomes by size, and (E) distributions of biological generally by number of\nspecies.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000233"}
{"title": "Book Availability and the Library User", "text": " The essentially logistical problem of making library books physically\navailable when wanted by library users is central to librarianship. This\nbook is a tentative attempt to provide a treatise on this problem. As such\nit has to deal with both theoretical analysis and the practicality of\nsolutions. No apology is made for the attention devoted to theoretical\nanalysis, because the author believes that a clear conceptual understanding\nof the factors involved is important for improved librarianship. The\nfact that analytical models are not always usable does not mean that the\ninsight that can sometimes be derived from such analyses will not lead to\na better understanding of the problems and, thereby, to improved library\nservices.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000234"}
{"title": "Book Catalogs", "text": " In the intervening years since the appearance of the\nfirst collection of papers concerning book catalogs (Kingery,\nRobert E., and Tauber, Maurice F., Book Catalogs, N.Y.,\nThe Scarecrow Press, 1963), attention has been concentrated\non the book catalog as a substitute for, or an auxiliary\nto the card catalog.\n This selection of papers has identified some of the\nefforts to solve particular problems concerned with book\ncatalogs. The published papers, as well as those which\nhave been written specifically for this volume, bring additional\nobservations concerning the place of the book catalog in\nlibrary services.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000235"}
{"title": "Book Publishing: What it Is, What it Does", "text": " We speak of book publishing as an industry and as a profession.\nBoth designations are certainly appropriate. Book publishing is\na business conducted, for the most part, for profit. But its\npractitioners - at least those who do it honor - have\nmotivations that transcend their profit interest. They know\nthat books are no mere commodity, no mere items for consumption that\nleave their readers much as they find them. Books, like other vehicles of\ninformation and sources of entertainment can change, influence, elevate,\ndemean, exalt, or depress those who expose themselves to them.\tWhat\nbooks are and can be depends heavily on the judgement, integrity, taste,\nand acumen of those who select and produce them - their publishers.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000236"}
{"title": "Book Selection of Censorship", "text": " The key question was whether restrictions are being imposed on\nlibrarians, or whether they are imposing restrictions on themselves, that\nthreaten the citizen's right to easy access to as adequate a collection of\nbooks and periodicals as his community, his country or his state can\nafford. Readers of this report may come to different conclusions about\nthe \"right\" answer to this question, but whether they conclude that\nlibrarians are or are not being as forceful as they might be in developing\nand upholding freedom-to-read principles, it should not be forgotten\nthat it is librarians themselves who have had the courage to provide the\nevidence.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000237"}
{"title": "Book Selection and Censorship", "text": " When is a librarian's decision not to include a book in his library\ncollection an act of book selection, and when is it censorship? Is there, \nin fact, any discernible difference in the two terms: book selection and\ncensorship? This topic was discussed so lucidly and ably, long ago, by\nLester Asheim in what has become a classic essay in the literature of\nlibrarianship, \"Not Censorship, but Selection,\" that raising it again\nmay appear to be an exercise in redundancy.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000238"}
{"title": "Buyers and Borrowers", "text": " This is the second book based on studies into social aspects \nof book reading.\n The present book is largely a report on work which was\ncarried out in 1967-68 but either not analysed or written\nup in time for the first book, or work actually carried out\nand analysed during the second year's research. The reader\nof this book will find it useful to have read the first book,\nbut the present book is self-contained and does not require\nreference to the first one.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000239"}
{"title": "Books for Junior College Libraries", "text": " The primary purpose of this publication is to serve as a\nbook selection guide for junior and community college\nlibraries, whether long established, newly established, or\nin the planning and preinstruction stage. The need for a\nnew and authoritative book list has long been expressed\nby administrators, faculty members, and librarians. It is\nhoped that the present list will meet this need, and that\nit will also be useful in four-year colleges, with special\nreference to their lower-division work; in secondary\nschools, especially where accelerated and honors programs\nor courses for advanced college placement are offered;\nand in public libraries seeking to satisfy the demands of\nhigh school and college students.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000240"}
{"title": "A Brief guide to Sources of Scientific and Technical Information", "text": " This guide is a recapitulation and refinement of the substantive\ncontent of a one-and-a-half day course which was given before\nthree groups of Federal scientists and engineers during the Fall of\n1967. Its purpose was to train and inform\nworking scientists and engineers as to the most direct and efficient\nmeans of seeking and acquiring work-related information.\n The impetus for the course was the recognition of the growing\nneed for working scientists and engineers to share and participate\nin the existing and emerging information tools and mechanisms,\nand to avail themselves of the opportunities afforded by the newer\napproaches to information collection, organization, and dissemination. \nA further, related purpose of the course was to facilitate the\nfullest possible participation of the working scientist and engineer \nin the evolution of information services and mechanisms which are\nlikely to have a greater and greater effect on his professional\nactivities.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000241"}
{"title": "Building Library Collections", "text": " Each year thousands of books are published by the\ngeneral, the technical, the governmental and the university\npresses in this and other countries. From this overwhelming\nmass of new publications every library must, within the limit\nof its funds, select that small part which will be most \nbeneficial to the community it serves. This is properly an\nawesome responsibility to the young inexperienced librarian. To\nthe competent veteran it is a task which though carried on\nweek after week never can approach the ease of a well\nmastered routine. Each book examined requires the exercise\nof careful judgement, integrity, emotional control at times,\nand scrupulous honesty, guided always by a sense of purpose.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000242"}
{"title": "CAN/DI system: User reaction to a computer and information", "text": "retrieval system for Canadian scientists and technologists\n In April 1970, the CAN/SDI project, developed\nby the Canadian National Science Library,\ncompleted its first year of operation. At that\ntime the project, designed as a national service\nto alert scientists and technologists to current\ninformation in specific fields of research, was\nserving over six hundred and fifty subscribers\nrequiring a total of more than three thousand\nfive hundred individual computer queries. Over\none thousand personalized bibliographies are\nprepared each week from commercially available\ndata bases purchased from Chemical\nAbstracts Service, the Institute for Scientific\nInformation (ISI) and the British Institution of\nElectrical Engineers. A detailed description of\nthe service was given in a paper by J.E.\nBrown published in October 1969. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000243"}
{"title": "Case Studies in Library Computer Systems", "text": " Case Studies in Library Computer Systems does not follow the mode of\nthe other volumes in this series because none of the persons, libraries or\nsystems is disguised. Neither has information been withheld to force readers\ntp explore alternative choices, as in the usual case method. Rather, all\nsystems are identified and described as accurately as possible. Descriptive\ncase studies are problem-oriented, however, because they analyze a situation\nin which a librarian had to decide if a computer could be successfully\nutilized to solve the problem at hand. The descriptive case method rather\nthan the problem case method was chosen because it seemed important to\ndescribe each system in detail and to evaluate its performance in the context\nof a real library environment and against the background of particular\ninstitutional service objectives.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000244"}
{"title": "Case Studies in Systems Analysis in a University Library", "text": " The marriage between the University of Michigan Library and\nCommunity Systems Foundation seemed like a sensible step at the\ntime. Too often, Library administration found it necessary to choose\nbetween alternate courses of action without having adequate information.\nIn addition, overburdened department heads rarely found time\nto alter their systems substantially to accommodate demands on the\nlibrary and their departments, let alone time to make these changes\nin a systematic manner which considered the impact on other\ndepartments and carefully weighed alternative solutions. As a\nconsequence of this situation, the library administrators were\nconsidering ways of providing staff assistance to themselves and\nthe department heads, so that alternate courses of action could\nbe designed and properly evaluated.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000245"}
{"title": "Cataloging Rules ad Principles", "text": " The present study was undertaken pursuant to an assignment\nby the Library of Congress. The author was directed to prepare,\nfor the Board on Cataloging Policy and Research of the A.L.A.\nDivision of Cataloging and Classification, a general analysis of the\nALA cataloging rules for author and title entry, with special \nconsideration of the rules for corporate authors, and a discussion \nof the objectives and principles which should underlie a revision of the\nrules. The first three parts of the report are directed, respectively,\nto the three aspects of this assignment. The fourth part of the report\nwas added to deal with general questions raised by readers of a \npreliminary draft of this report.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000246"}
{"title": "Cataloging U.S.A.", "text": " The book deals almost entirely with theory and principles. Only\nnow and then, if it seems necessary to a complete understanding of\nthe implications of theory, is some detail of practice briefly \ndescribed.\n It follows that the work is not a substitute for rules of entry and\ndescription, subject headings rules and lists, classification schemes, or\nother similar reference books. Instead, it is only a commentary on such\nworks, and it does not profess to comment on more than a few of\nwhat seem to be the most important aspects of each.\n Comments are made only on cataloging in the United States.\nMany interesting practices have always been part of cataloging\nabroad. But to write of these practices also would have taken several\nbooks. This work looks at the foreign scene only when it seems\nnecessary to understand fully some procedure in this country. If a\nreader in some other country finds anything in this book helpful,\nthat will be, I hope, good for him and for his country's cataloging.\nI am not at all sure, however, that what we do and think in this\ncountry will be of value in other countries with other conditions. In\nno sense is this a book of American intellectual imperialism.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000247"}
{"title": "CATV and its Implication", "text": " The papers in this publication represent the edited oral presentations of\nthe speakers at the conference.\n The conference theme centered on the implications of cable television for\nlibraries. The general purpose of the Institute was to foster greater\nunderstanding about the subject of cable television in the conference\nparticipants. More specifically, the planning committee for the conference\nenumerated the following objectives:\n1. to provide an atmosphere of inquiry focused on the implications of cable\n television for libraries;\n2. to provide consultants and resource people who have knowledge and \n experience related to the potential of cable television and its implications\n for libraries;\n3. to expand the participants' understandings and perceptions of the\n technology of cable television and its related equipment as they affect the \n libraries' communications responsibilities;\n4. to suggest some techniques for utilizing cable television in originating \n local programs, and to explore the possibilities for the varieties of\n services cable television can offer the profession;\n5. to aid librarians in all types of libraries to become aware of the unique\n possibilities for the utilization of cable television in their specific \n types of libraries, and also to suggest the importance of cable television\n in a systematic approach to library and information networks; and,\n6. to create a growing and continuing consciousness of the problems and\n opportunities for the utilization of cable television in libraries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000248"}
{"title": "Centralized Book Processing", "text": " This report summarizes the results of the fourteen-month feasibility\nstudy -- the Colorado Academic Libraries Book Processing Center\nproject (CALBPC). The report is organized under nine major sections:\nI. Background; II. Participating Libraries -- Operational Characteristics;\nIII. Cost Analysis; IV. Business Office Procedures; V. The Book Processing\nCenter; VI. Approval Plan Utilization; VII. Mathematical Model/Simulation;\nVIII. Attitude Survey; IX. Conclusions and Recommendations.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000249"}
{"title": "Centralized Processing for Academic Libraries; final report of the", "text": "Colorado Academic Libraries Book Processing Center; the first six\nmonths of operation\n This is the final report of the Colorado Academic\nLibraries Book Processing Center (CALBPC)\nproject. The CALBPC project was begun in 1965\nby nine academic libraries in Colorado in an effort\nto establish a centralized acquisition and processing\ncenter. The report of Phase I-II, completed\nin June 1968, dealt primarily with a general feasibility\nstudy, the design of the central system, costs\nof acquiring and processing in nine libraries and a\nnumber of related concerns such as accounting, the\ncongruence of approval plans and user attitudes toward\nlibrary services.\n This report focuses on the experimental operations\nwhich were concluded officially on September 30,\n1969. Whereas the Phase I-II study dealt with the\ntheory and principles upon which a system might\nbe based, we are presently concerned with the\npragmatics of book processing, the obstacles \nencountered, and the solutions achieved.\n Although this report deals primarily with\ncooperative acquisitions and processing, we believe\nit also contributes to a better understanding of\ncooperative programs. The experiment was designed\nto monitor operations throughout the acquisition/\ncataloging cycle. Performance and cost measurements\nwere made on most internal and external aspects\nof the system. Monitoring also extended into\nthe participating libraries where a product\nacceptance study was conducted. A secondary\nobjective of the project was to observe the \nrelationships which formed between the participants\nand the central agency, such as the interface of\nsystems and the human interaction of participants\nand the Center.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000250"}
{"title": "Carl H. Milam and the American Library Association", "text": " Carl Hastings Milam spent the most productive years of his life in\nthe positions with which his name is most closely associated, those\nof secretary and, later, executive secretary of the American\nLibrary Association (ALA) from 1920 to 1948. When he became\nsecretary, the association had already been in existence for forty-\nfour years. What kind of association was it that claimed Milam's\nallegiance? What experience had he had with ALA before becoming\nits secretary? The answers to these questions lead to better\nunderstanding of Milam, the association, and their close relationship.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000251"}
{"title": "Chemical and Engineering News", "text": " Chemical Abstracts Service, along with the entire ACS publications\nprogram, is converting to a computer base. This change in our basic method\nof handling information will provide powerful new tools for chemists and\nchemical engineers to meet their information needs.\n Our goal is a unified system that will produce both a full, printed record\nof chemical and chemical engineering knowledge and a variety of timely,\nspecial-subject alerting services, simultaneously providing a mechanized\nmatch and retrieval system that is sufficiently flexible to meet the varied\nneeds of information users. The output will be supplied in whatever form\nbest suits the user's needs - printed pages, microfilm, or computer-searchable\ntapes. Tapes and search programs will be usable on the customer's computer,\nor CAS will provide custom matches of its own computer files.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000252"}
{"title": "World's Chemical Literature Continues to Expand", "text": " Abstracts of scientific papers from\njournals and other serial publications,\nwhich now make up about 85% of\nthe abstracts in CA, increased at an\naverage annual rate of 8.4% between\n1961 and 1970, compared with 8.2% in \nthe previous decade. The number of\nsuch abstracts published annually\nnow is doubling every 9 years. The\nnumber of patent abstracts increased \nat an average rate of 5% per year in\nthe 1960's compared with 11.7% in the\n1950's. However, the total number of\npatents covered by CA, either by\nactual abstracts or through the CA\npatent concordance, grew at an\naverage rate of 10.9% from 1961 \nthrough 1970.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000253"}
{"title": "Chemical Information Systems", "text": " The purpose of a chemical information system must not be restricted\nto the storage and retrieval of facts. It is equally important that the system\nshall provide methods which enable a scientist to assemble and to correlate\nthe facts. Chemical information systems are required primarily as a service\nto research chemists to enable them to keep up to date with current\ndevelopments in their fields of interest, and the establishment of information\nservices has relieved the chemist of many of his problems of literature\nsearching and information storage and organization.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000254"}
{"title": "What do Chemists Read?", "text": " Most British universities are spending at least 3000 pounds per year\non chemical journals alone. And this does not include any administration\nor binding costs which may be as much again. Are the universities getting\ntheir money's worth out of these journals? This survey of one particular\nchemistry department suggests that they are not.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000255"}
{"title": "The Civic Culture", "text": " We are concerned in this book with a number of classic themes\nof political science: with what the Greeks called civic virtue and its\nconsequences for the effectiveness and stability of the democratic\npolity; and with the kind of community life, social organization, and\nupbringing of children that fosters civic virtue. In using survey\nresearch to study these classic themes, we are also following the\ntraditional practice of relying on the most precise methods available to\nus for the investigation of these problems. Perhaps Tocqueville and\nBryce, were they living today, would have relied somewhat on\nthe cross-section survey in their comparative studies of democratic\nattitudes.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000256"}
{"title": "Classification for a General Index Language", "text": " The role of classification schemes in libraries and information services\nhas probably caused more argument than any other professional activity.\nThis would be surprising if classification were no more than a fairly\nconvenient way of arranging books on shelves. Some librarians think it is,\nand support their view by heaping scorn on the heads of those who, like the\nClassification Research Group, actually spend years of their time in\ntheoretical discussions that seem to result in more and more abstruse and\ndifficult complications to what ought to be a straightforward exercise.\nYet today we can see clearly two relatively new spectacles on the library\nscene: on the one hand, some librarians are criticizing the Decimal\nClassification (especially as used in the British National Bibliography)\nfor being too detailed and unwieldy; on the other hand, some librarians,\nand still more information officers, are busy revising the Universal\nDecimal Classification in order to make it more detailed. In the next\nfield, as it were, computerized indexing and retrieval systems are pounding\naway at the ever-growing masses of literature, producing results that\nimpress computer specialists but not information users, who are so \ndeafened by the noise that they cannot hear what is new.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000257"}
{"title": "Classification and Indexing in Science", "text": " The first problem, that of learning of a publication's existence, is\ntackled by a multiplicity of abstracting and indexing journals and\nother bibliographies, and, at local levels, by library catalogues and\nunnecessary overlapping among these services, while ensuring\nadequately comprehensive coverage, are very great. But even if\nthese were overcome, problems of the internal arrangement of these\nbibliographical aids would still remain. It is not enough for them\ncollectively to record every scientific publication. The user must be\nable to find every such record, starting only with a subject on which\nhe wants information.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000258"}
{"title": "Classification and Indexing in Science", "text": " The preface to the first edition of this book - which is reproduced\nfollowing this - shows that in 1958 the classification ideas in it\nwere felt to be controversial, needing to be championed. A few\nyears before, the Classification Research Group had issued a\nmemorandum proclaiming 'the need for a faceted classification\nas the basis of all methods of information retrieval.' As part-author\nof this memorandum, I must now judge the claim to have been\ntoo bold, even brash. But it has been vindicated to an extent,\nfor both in theory and practice the value of facet analysis, in\nthe organization of subject vocabularies for indexing and search,\nhas been widely accepted - whether these vocabularies are classified\nor alphabetical, and whether used in pre- or post-coordinate fashion. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000259"}
{"title": "Classification Practice in Britain. Report on a survey of classification", "text": "opinion and practice in Great Britain, with particular reference to the Dewey\nDecimal Classification\n The objectives of the Sub-Committee in starting their enquiries were\nbasically three-fold\n 1) To gather a reasonable collection of statistics relating to the general\n practice of classification in this country.\n 2) To gather information on th actual use of the Dewey Decimal\n Classification in this country.\n 3) To provide a basis for the recommendations which are provided\n periodically for the Dewey Editorial Policy Committee from the\n Library Association Library Research Committee's Sub-Committee on\n Dewey Decimal Classification Revision.\nTo this end a questionnaire was sent out to over 1100 libraries of all types\nthroughout the country and after six months reminders sent to librarians\nto ensure they had received them and that none had been overlooked. The\nresult of this was very pleasing; 716 were returned, the vast majority \ncompleted correctly. The actual figures of type and size of library are\ngiven in the body of the report but no type of library is completely omitted\nand a significant proportion of the larger libraries returned the \nquestionnaire.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000260"}
{"title": "Classification Scheme for Law Books", "text": " An examination made over a period of years of the principles of\nclassifying law books for use in libraries, and of their treatment in\nmany general and specialized classification schemes convinced me that\nno scheme existed which was generally suitable for libraries in English-\nspeaking countries outside the United States. Law collections in\nacademic libraries in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth were\nin a particularly difficult position. They had the choice of adopting one\nof the good American schemes, which generally make inadequate\nprovision for the needs of overseas Commonwealth libraries; or of\nadopting one of the English schemes, each of which is virtually tailored\nto a particular library, and several of which are even less well suited\nto overseas libraries; or of devising new schemes for themselves. There\nseemed to be an urgent need for a practical law classification scheme\ncapable of being used in a variety of libraries, large and small, general\nand special, academic and professional, in these countries. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000261"}
{"title": "Classification and Subject Index for a Library", "text": " The plan of the following Classification and Index was developed early in\n1873. It was the result of several months' study of library economy as found\nin some hundreds of books and pamphlets, and in over fifty personal visits to\nvarious American libraries. In this study, the author became convinced that\nthe usefulness of these libraries might be greatly increased without additional\nexpenditure. Three years practical use of the system here explained, leads him\nto believe that it will accomplish this result; for with its aid, the \ncatalogues, shelf lists, indexes, and cross-references essential to this\nincreased usefulness, can be made more economically than by any other method\nwhich he has been able to find. The system was devised for cataloguing and\nindexing purposes, but it was found on trial to be equally valuable for\nnumbering and arranging books and pamphlets on the shelves.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000262"}
{"title": "Classification Catalogue Code", "text": " The Author, the Dictionary and the Classified catalogues\nrepresent three successive stages in the order of evolution\nof the internal form of the Library Catalogue. The classified\nform being the latest to evolve, the literature relating\nto it is comparatively scanty. It is strikingly so in the\nform of a systematic code of rules for cataloguing. While\nthe number of codes for the Author Catalogue is fairly\nlarge and the number for the Dictionary Catalogue is also\nrespectable, there appear to be few systematic and complete\ncodes published in book-form for the Classified Catalogue.\nHence this little venture, which is based on twenty-five\nyears of experimentation and on the valuable reciprocal\ninfluence gained by its being taught to students of library\nscience during the last twenty years.\n While the Call Numbers occurring in the examples given\nare constructed by the Colon Classification, the rules of\nthis Code are not necessarily dependent on that scheme for\ntheir applicability. They are all of general application,\nirrespective of the scheme of classification in use.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000263"}
{"title": "Cleaning and Processing Bindings and Related Materials", "text": " The destructive effects of air pollution in the modern city upon\nthe health of its people, its trees, and its gardens, even its buildings\nand statues, are well known and are being increasingly fought\nagainst. But the public, generally, and even many librarians\nand book-collectors, who should know better, are apparently unaware\nof the rapid deterioration of the world's libraries under these\nconditions. In libraries, museums, and private homes preventive care\nis regularly given to pictures and sculpture, fine furniture, silver\nand brass; but the gradually deteriorating volumes on the shelves are\ngiven no more attention than an occasional dusting which abrades\nthe books more than it protects them. I would judge that more than\n90 percent of the books and documents that come to my bindery\nfor repair or restoration are in a condition that could have been\navoided by regular and appropriate preventive care. Unfortunately,\neven when the custodians of books become aware of the problem,\nthey my be handicapped by the relative unavailability of expert\nadvice on what procedures to follow in conserving their libraries.\nThe present essay is intended to meet this need.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000264"}
{"title": "Code of Cataloging Rules", "text": " The following rules represent a system designed to\nproduce an instrument essential to the operations and services\nof a library -- its catalog. To understand the rules and to\napply them properly, it is necessary to comprehend the \nobjectives which the catalog is to serve, the method by which\nthese objectives are to be achieved, the basic aspects of the\nproblem of cataloging, and the general principles which underlie\nthe rules.\n Objectives. The objectives which the catalog is to serve\nare two:\n First, to facilitate the location of a particular \npublication, i.e. of a particular edition of a work, which\nis in the library.\n Second, to relate and display together the editions which\na library has of a given work and the works which it has of a\ngiven author.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000265"}
{"title": "Quantitative Criteria for Adequacy of Academic Library Collection", "text": " The authors challenge accepted doctrine which asserts that the adequacy of \nan academic library cannot be measured by the number of books which it \ncontains.. Out of their feeling that the Standards for College Libraries and \nthe Standards for Junior College Libraries are inadequate for estimating the \nsize (in volumes) required for minimum adequacy by libraries of institutions of\nhigher education of widely differing characteristics, they developed new \nformulas for this purpose.. These formulas attempt to identify the principal\nfactors affecting academic needs for books and to ascribe suitable to each\nfactor.. The authors then illustrate the application of the formulas to \nspecific institutions, and conclude that while the results are useful, further \nresearch in needed.. They end by suggesting specific topics for such research..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000266"}
{"title": "System Analysis in University Libraries", "text": " A comprehensive enginnering approach to the analysis and functional design \nof library systems is described in terms of fundamental space-time relationship \nwhich characterize university libraries.. Long-run trends in aquisitions and\ncirculation are related to the relative obsolescence of stored materials, and \nthe uncertainty of short-run demand pattern is related to the need for excess\nservice capability.. The spatial dispertion of library resources among \nspecialized information centers and central depositories is considered with\nrespect to availability, retrieval, duplication, and efficient storage..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000267"}
{"title": "Subject Specialists in a University Library", "text": " In an attempt to supply in other disciplines the bibliographical expertise\ntraditionally furnished by university library systems to departments with \ndepartmental libraries, Indiana University has over the past three years\nestablished ten subject specialist positions in the social sciences, \nhumanities, and area studies programs.. These librarians select materials, \nrender reference service to faculty members and graduate students, give \ninstruction in library use, and serve generally as the main channel of \ncommunication between the library and the academic departments to which they \nare allied..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000268"}
{"title": "Sampling and Short-Period Usage in the Purdue Library", "text": " Several possible methods of sampling of social science monograph titles in \nthe general library of Purdue University were considered, and a \"good\" method\nwas used to obtain estimates of their usage in the library and at home during \nthe period July 1 - August 4, 1964.. The term relative usage was defined and \nused to study the effect of: (1) language, (2) country of publication, (3) \nyear of publication, and (4) year of accession of a monograph title.. An \nattempt was made to fit a regression model for titles in English by quantifying\nthe last three independent variables with relative usage as the dependent \nvariable.. Functions based on the above variables have been developed to \nidentify monograph titles for storage..\n A questionnaire was employed to stady the usage of library facilities and to \ngather opinions of library patrons.. Purpose of visiting the library, reason \nfor checkout of library material, reason for preferring library or home for the \nuse of library material, etc., were analyzed on the basis of the replies \nreceived..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000269"}
{"title": "Conflict in Libraries", "text": " Intergroup conflict in libraries is explored, including conflict between\ndepartments, between professionals and bureaucracy, and between older and newer\nstaff members.. Other special interests such as informal power-holders and the\nsubprofessional are identified.. This analysis shows that existing \norganizational relationships in libraries let \"means\" become \"ends\".. Strong\nforces toward conformity hamper desirable growth and change.. A restructuring\nof libraries is proposed along the lines of professional rather than \nsemiprofessional organizations.. Principal changes to be made are in existing\nprocessing-service relationships and administrative-professional \nrelationships..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000270"}
{"title": "Determining and Allocating Book Funds for Current Domestic Buying", "text": " A device is outlined to help formulate the annual book budget request..\nCourses described in the college catalog are matched with the books listed in \nthe American Book Publishing Record, BPR, Cumulative 1965.. Courses, treated\nas if monographes, are designed Dewey classification numbers and arranged in \ndecimal sequence by groups.. Books in BPR falling into the groups are tallied;\nthe DC groups are then rearranged by departments and the number and cost of \nbooks in each are totaled.. Results are sound estimates of each department's\nprobable current domestic book needs for that year and may be applied to the \nsubsequent year as an estimate of what will probably be needed.. They may be \nused as factors in an allocation formula..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000271"}
{"title": "Professionalism Reconsidered", "text": " The question of librarianship as a profession is considered here in terms of \nthe three key relationships of a professional-client, organizational and \nprofessional.. Professional practice in this field is thus cast against \naccepted norms and standards of professional behavior.. This critical \nassessment suggests that librarianship falls far short of the professional \nmodel.. Major shifts in the nature of the services performed by librarians\nand in their bureaucratic relationships will be required if librarianship is to\nadvance.. The contributions of the professional associations and of library\nschools to the advancement of the process of professionalization is also \nanalyzed.. Progress in the field is viewed to be inextricably tied to the \nsuccess or failure which librarianship achieves in its quest for true \nprofessional attainment.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000272"}
{"title": "The Bottomless Pit, or the Academic Library as Viewed from the", "text": " Administration Building\n Library administrators could adjudge their likely fortunes in the academic \ntug-of war for funds if they understood more clearly the attitudes of \ninstitutional administrators toward libraries.. Some view the library as \"a\nbottomless pit\"; all recognize that the library is unlikely to generate much\npolitical pressure for its own aggrandizement.. Many young institutional\nadministrators are coming to apply more sophisticated measures to their funding \nformulas than have been utilized in the past..Librarians therefore would be \nwell advised to become more proficient in modern management techniques and \nprogram budgeting concepts..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000273"}
{"title": "Question-Negotiation and Information Seeking in Libraries", "text": " Seekers of information in libraries either go through a librarian \nintermediary or they help themselves.. When they go through librarians they \nmust develop their questions through four levels of need, referred to here as \nthe visceral, conscious, formalized, and compromised needs.. In this pre-search\ninterview with an information-seeker the reference librarian attempts to help\nhim arrive at an understanding od his \"compromised\" need by determining: (1) \nthe subject of his interest; (2) his motivation; (3) his personal \ncharacteristics; (4) the relationship of the inquiry to file organization; \nand (5) anticipated answers.. The author contends that research is needed into\nthe techniques of conducting this negotiation between the user and the \nreference librarian..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000274"}
{"title": "Measuring Classified Circulation According to Curriculum", "text": " Circulation statistics can be precise reflections of library use according \nto the curriculum.. The statistics can help the librarian decide how to \nallocate the budget to departments.. Traditional counts, by department \npersonnel or by broad Dewey or LC classes, are imprecise.. An analogy between\ncurriculum and circulation can be constructed by classifying courses in the\ncollege catalog (by DC or LC), rearranging the numbers thus generated by \ndepartment, and then counting circulation within those groups.. The analogy is\nthus a quantitative measure and a precise reflection of library use according\nto curriculum..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000275"}
{"title": "The Title Catalog: A Third Dimension", "text": " The accessibility of the card catalog seems to be inversely proportional to\nthe complexity of its arrangement.. A catalog divided into author-title and\nsubject sequence simplifies the filing order of cards and facilitates the use \nof each catalog.. It is argued here that a three-way division into author, \ntitle, and subject catalogs will further augment these advantages.. In this \npaper a separation of the title catalog at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee\nlibrary is described and evaluated..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000276"}
{"title": "An Allocation Formula Derived from a Factor Analysis of Academic Department", "text": " The authors derive a book fund distribution formula from a factor analysis \nof twenty-two variables which measure and quantify academic departments.. The\nanalysis generates a 22 x 22 matrix of correlations.. A few of the significant\ncorrelations are discussed; e.g. those between books published and books \ncirculated (high correlation) and circulation-by-subject and \ncirculation-by-person (low correlation).. The factor analysis sorts out the \ncomplex relationships between the twenty-two variables and reduces them to \nthree main factors - two of which seem to describe materials used and users.. \nThe third may describe needs.. The three factors are the chief elements in the \nformula.. Each factor can be represented by any one or more of the variables \nin that factor..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000277"}
{"title": "Random Sampling: a Tool for Library Research", "text": " Questions about the accuracy of library records, the behavior or attitudes\nof patrons, or the conditions of the books in the collection can often be \nanswered by a random sampling study.. Use of this time and money saving \ntechnique requires no special mathematical ability or statistical background..\nThe concept of accuracy is discussed and a table is provided to simplify the\ndetermination of an appropriate sample size.. A method of selecting a sample \nusing random numbers is shown.. Three examples illustrate the application of \nthe technique to library problems..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000278"}
{"title": "Program Budgeting and Cost Benefit Analysis in Library", "text": " Libraries in academic institutions have traditionally prepared annual\nbudgets based either upon subjective judgments or upon oversimplified \nformulas.. Two budgeting techniques recently introduced into universities from \nthe defense establishment are program budgeting and benefit analysis.. Properly\napplied they can be utilized to gain better decisions in problems facing \nacademic library managers and improved allocation of library resources..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000279"}
{"title": "User Circulation Satisfaction vs. Size of Holdings at Three Academic", "text": "Libraries\n In an effort to determine certain facts concerning the relation of \ncirculation satisfaction to collection size, the author sampled the \"last \ncirculation date\" of stack books and of circulated books in three considerably \ndifferent kinds of academic libraries.. The experience of these three libraries \nproved to be surprisingly similar.. The author speculates concerning potential \nuses to which such data might be profitably applied..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000280"}
{"title": "The Economic Goal of Library Automation", "text": " A steadily increasing rate of productivity should be the economic goal of \nlibrary automation.. Such productivity will be achieved only by development of\na new library technology.. Thereby, rise in library costs, which are going up\nexponentially at a frightening rate, will be brought into line with cost rises \nin the economy as a whole..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000281"}
{"title": "Classifying Courses in the University Catalog", "text": " The authors contrast the university catalog and the card catalog and conclude\nthat the university catalog is the best guide to the university's current \nscholarly interest.. They urge that librarians study and classify courses \ntherein, such as books, using the Library of Congress or Dewey Decimal schemes\nso that specific class number are grouped by academic department and become\nsubstantial spans.. The profile can be used as a selection tool, as a \ncorrelating tool between curriculum, circulation and publishing, and as a \ndevice to aid weeding and shelving.. General and specific quidelines for \nclassifying, including a method for resolving apparent duplication of courses \nin different departments are presented.. Time and unit figures are tabulated..\nSpecific steps in classification and editing are described..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000282"}
{"title": "Academic Status for College and University Librarians - Problems and Prospects", "text": " Academic librarians will archive and deserve full academic status only after \nthey cause changes in the bureaucratic structure of libraries and in library \neducation, and when they provide professional service on a scholarly level..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000283"}
{"title": "Automation Stops Here: A Case for Man-Made Book Collections", "text": " The following paper was read at the Second International Seminar on Approval\nand Gathering Plans for Large and Medium-Size Academic Libraries, Kalamazoo,\nMichigan, October 31, 1969.. We print it here because its dissenting viewpoint \nis a timely as it is provocative.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000284"}
{"title": "Modernizing the University Library Structure", "text": " Among the several kinds of change that appear to be in order in personnel\nmanagement in university libraries, some have been described, others have\nnot. There has perhaps been a super-abundance of attention devoted, for\nexample, to the inadequate treatment of librarians within the university \ncommunity as a whole, but little discussion has thus far appeared in print \nconcerning their treatment within the library itself. This paper will attempt \nto define certain progressive changes that it is possible and probably \ndesirable for the library to implement internally regardless of the university's\nwillingness to consider improving the librarian's lot in the larger community.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000285"}
{"title": "User's Reaction to Microfiche A Preliminary Study", "text": " Recent emphasis placed on the use of microfiche by large government agencies\nhas increased the pressure in libraries supporting government research to make\ngreater use of microfiche.. Negative and apathetic user attitudes, expressed by\nresearchers, indicate that expanded efforts to overcome resistance if the great \npotential of microfiche is to be realized.. Efforts in microphotography, \nexpended on technical achievement in the past, should be directed toward\nunderstanding the user and his needs to discover why he avoids microforms and\nhow to overcome his resistance to them..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000286"}
{"title": "Major Decision Points in Labrary Automation", "text": " This article is based on a longer, more detailed paper prepared for the 1970 \nMidwinter Meeting of the Association of Research Libraries.. Readers interested \nin the complete test (with bibliography) are referred to the Minutes of the ARL\nmeeting.. The author discusses automation in the context of the management, \nfacilities, and system requirements for large research libraries..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000287"}
{"title": "An Approach to Performance Budgeting at the Florida Atlantic", "text": " University Library\n The article summarizes the problems encountered at the FAU library in the \n1967 and the library's subsequent reorganization.. A detailed cost study is\nanalyzed and the Clapp-Jordan and University of Washington formulae for \nbudgeting are described, as well as a modified formula.. The resulting program \nperformance budgeting system is now in use by the state university of Florida..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000288"}
{"title": "The Great Gas Bubble Prick't; or, Computers Revealed - by a Gentleman of Quality", "text": " In which are Exposed the delicious Delusions of those will-o-the-wisps;\nthe Echoes is computerization of Phrenology, Haruspication, and other \ndiscredited Ancient sciences; and the moral and Mental decline of our \nProfession..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000289"}
{"title": "Correlation the Subjects of Books Taken Out Of and Books Used Within an", "text": "Open-Stack Library\n The traditional over-the-counter circulation count is not always considered \na reliable indicator of total library use.. To test this assumption the author\nhypothesized that no correlation exists between the subjects of books taken out\nof the library and those used within the library.. Counts were made of books \nleft on tables, chairs, desks, and other surfaces and correlated to books \ncharged out.. Two studies were made.. In the first, books were counted within \nfinely delineated LC and Dewey class spans relating to academic departments..\nIn the second, books were counted within the broad LC first and second letters \nand the Dewey tens.. In the first case, the overall correlation was .86; in the\nsecond, with less data, .84.. The author concludes that out-of-library \ncirculation totals can be reliable indicators of in-library use.. For predicting\nin-library use (and thus total use) two methods are cited-simple ratio of out \nto in, and the regression equation..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000290"}
{"title": "A Generalized Methodology for Library Systems Analysis", "text": " This article is directed toward the service in systems work. Its purpose is \nto generalize at a very elementary level a methodology or approach which can be\nused in conducting a systems study. Systems work is discussed here as a point\nof view; a logical, coherent, from the top down, preface to decision-making\nand resource allocation which utilizes a very powerful body of sophisticated\ntechniques. The approach and techniques reviewed in this paper, however,\nwill be those on the most elementary level. No attempt will be made to\ndiscuss the techniques of queueing, inventory management, linear programming,\nsimulation, marginal analysis, game theory, statistical inference, or any of\nthe other highly sophisticated techniques available to the operations \nresearch systems analysis (OR/SA) analyst. When the systems approach is clearly\nunderstood and properly used, it becomes a potent weapon in the arsenal\nof the administrator. Rather than a review of the tools themselves, a\ndelineation of this systems methodology and point of view will be considered in \nthis article. The methodology discussed here embraces a number of standard \ntechniques used by the systems engineer, time and motion analyst, operations \nresearcher, and occasionally, even the librarian.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000291"}
{"title": "Cost Accounting and Analysis for University Libraries", "text": " The approach to library planning studies in this paper is the use of \naccounting models to measure library costs and implement program budgets.. A \ncost-flow model for a university library is developed and tested with \nhistorical data from the General Library at the University of California,\nBerkeley.. Various comparisons of an exploratory nature are made of the unit \ncosts and total costs for different parts of the Berkeley system..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000292"}
{"title": "Change in Academic Libraries", "text": "Never noted for their willingness to accept innovative suggestions and \nimplement change from outside sources, academic libraries have remained \ninstitutions in which changes in service policies and programs originated from \ninternal sources only.. In order to shift to an orientation that seeks to \ndevelop new and expanding service programs, the establishment to research \ngroups could do much to improve both the services offered by a library and its\nrole in the academic community.. While certain constraints always limit \nmodification or the initiation of services, a properly constituted research \ngroup could do much to generate a climate for change, provide feedback to the \nlibrary, and successfully continue to develop new and more effective library \nand information services..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000293"}
{"title": "Key Factors of Circulation System Analysis and Design", "text": " Librarians must frequently judge circulation systems on the basis of widely \ndisparate descriptions that make comparisons difficult.. A way is needed to \nplace various systems into a common perspective framework, so that their \nsimilarities and differences can be readily understood.. This paper explains \nbasic (and largely familiar) concepts and components that are common to manual,\nmachine-aided, and computer-based systems, and documents their significance as \nkey factors in the analysis and design of academic library circulation systems..\nCost factors are not discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000294"}
{"title": "An Approach to the Measurement of Use and Cost of a Large Academic Research", "text": "Library System: A Report of a Study Done at Columbia University Libraries\n A description of the methodology used in collecting performance data in a\nlarge academic research library is given.. Twelve types of surveys used to \nmeasure and evaluate users, services, and materials were developed and \nconducted during the period 1968/69 at Columbia University libraries and later\nevaluated.. Sample results are included.. Costs of providing research services\nwere found to be 64 percent versus 36 percent for instructional services..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000295"}
{"title": "Participative Management in Relation to Library Effectiveness", "text": " This paper reviews a recent study on the influence of participative \nmanagement on library performance.. Because most of the recent theoretical and \nempirical research being done in this area is ignored and an invalid measure of\nparticipation in decision making is used, the study provides no basis for the\ngeneralization that in increase in the library staff's participation in \ndecision making will increase the library's effectiveness..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000296"}
{"title": "The Evaluation of Campus Library Document Delivery Service", "text": " A campus delivery service is one way to increase accessibility of library \nmaterials.. This report provides an overview of such a service, evaluates its\nperformance, notes the economic implications, and concludes that the service\ncan solve some of the problems of decentralized collections..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000297"}
{"title": "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries", "text": " The role of the university library director has changed markedly in the last \ndecade.. The position of library director has become a difficult role to serve..\nDirectors has been subjected to pressures from different quarters.. Five sources\nare identified by the authors, including pressures from the president's office,\nlibrary stuff, faculty, and students.. These difficulties coupled with a \ndeclining ability to meet user needs, the lack of cohesive library planning, \nand an institutional inability to accommodate change have all contributed to the\ndeclining status of the library director.. Recommendations as to ways to \nameliorate the problem are offered.. Among the suggestions included are better\nplanning, improved budgeting techniques, and the introduction of new \norganizational patterns..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000298"}
{"title": "An Approach to Developing Computer Catalogs", "text": " A method of developing computer catalogs is proposed which does not require\nunit card conversion but rather the accumulation of data from operating \nprograms.. It is proposed that the bibliographic and finding functions of the\ncatalog be separated, with the latter being the first automated.. Such \nautomation is seen as being advantageous on a cost basis..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000299"}
{"title": "Faculty Awareness and Attitudes Toward Academic Library Reference Services:", "text": "A Measure of Communication\n A survey of the faculties at six colleges was undertaken to measure the \ndegree to which the libraries of those institutions were communicating with the\nfaculty concerning the availability of various references services.. The results\ndemonstrated that the average faculty member was aware of barely half the \nservices actually available.. Variables of academic rank, length of teaching, \nand amount of library and reference use were some of the factors shown to \naffect faculty awareness of library service..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000300"}
{"title": "Staff Participation in Management In Large University Libraries", "text": " A CLR Fellowship in 1971-72 enabled the author to examine staff participation\nin the management of large academic libraries.. The report considers the climate\nof participation, preparation given the staff, areas of decision making, the \nrole of the professional staff association, and the reaction of staff to such \nparticipation..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000301"}
{"title": "Applying \"Management by Objectives\" To the University Library", "text": " Many methods of library management are no longer sufficient to meet the more\nsophisticated demands of today.. A promising management technique for \nlibrarians is \"managements by objectives\", which helps to establish library \ngoals, measure performance objectively, and to identify factors affecting an\noperation's final results..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000302"}
{"title": "Reference-Bibliographers in the College Library", "text": " One approach to making college library more relevant, dynamic, and \nintelligible is to employ specialists with broad subject competence, throughly\nfamiliar with the terminology, bibliographic tools, and major writings of \nseveral related disciplines.. These subject specialists or reference-\nbibliographers provide reference and institutional services, and serve as \ncoordinators between academic departments and the library.. A significant \nincrease in the quality of library service is attained with reference-\nbibliographers both building and interpreting the collection.. The reference-\nbibliographer concept is examined from several perspectives: historical\nantecedents; relationship to the academic setting; and the authors' experience\nwith a staff of subject specialists at a predominantly undergraduate college\nlibrary during 1969-1972..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000303"}
{"title": "The Management Review and Analysis Program: An Assisted Self-Study to Secure", "text": " Constructive Change in the Management of Research Libraries\n The Management Review and Analysis Program (MRAP), designed, tested, and \noperated by the Association of Research Libraries' Office of University Library\nManagement Studies (OMS), is an assisted self-study strategy intended for use \nby large academic and research libraries.. The program assists libraries in \nreviewing and analyzing their current management policies and practices, and\nprovides guidelines for the application of contemporary principles of \nmanagement for the improvement of library programs..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000304"}
{"title": "Allocating the Book Budget: A Model", "text": " Inflation is currently affected library book budgets, particularly with \nrespect to the acquisition of serials.. A model is proposed which would balance\nthe purchase of serials against the purchase of monographs by individual \nfunding units within the academic library.. Special consideration is given to \ninflation as a cost factor affected by both the form of publication and the \nsubject matter.. Applying the model to a specific example demonstrates its use \nin providing control over collection development and allowing for equitable \ndistribution of book funds among funding units..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000305"}
{"title": "From Economic to Political Analysis of Library Decision Making", "text": " In general, the more critical the decision, the less useful a cost-benefit\nanalysis is to library decision makers.. Political analysis is required, and \nEaston's conceptual framework is presented to suggest the utility of political \nanalysis.. A list of normative issues is derived from raising descriptive\nquestions about the politics of university libraries..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000306"}
{"title": "Providing Access to Externally Available Bibliographic Data Bases", "text": " in an Academic Library\n The ready availability of externally processed bibliographic data based has \nmade it possible for an academic library to provide computerized searches on a\nlarge number of data bases with a very small initial investment and utilizing \nits own personnel.. The experience of the University of Pennsylvania Libraries \nhas confirmed that such an approach is indeed feasible. This article discusses \nthe approach, questions and problems encountered, and the factors considered in\ntheir resolution.. Also discussed are the role of the data services librarian, \nthe cost incurred, and some observations as to the philosophy of the approach, \nwith particular attention to the integration of the service into the reference \ndepartment..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000307"}
{"title": "The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology", "text": " The criticism and transformation of society can be divorced only\nat our peril from the criticism and transformation of theories about\nsociety. Yet the gap between theory and practice, so common in the\nhistory of American radical movements, is in some quarters growing\nwider. Some of the most militant of American radicals, in the\nNew Left or in the movement for Black liberation, have at least\ntemporarily avoided any serious concern with social theory.\n This neglect of theory doubtless has various origins. In some\npart it is due to the fact that these social movements are still new\nand their political activism consumes their necessarily limited\nenergies and resources; the new radicalisms will, in short, need time\nto produce their new theories. Although the neglect of theory is\nscarcely peculiar to Americans, it is in part also due to the fact\nthat American radicals are often more American than they know and\nmay prefer the tangible outcomes of pragmatic politics to the\nintangible outputs of theory. Again, part of their neglect of theoretical\nproblems is probably due to the close links that some young radicals\nhave with the \"hippie\" contingent of their generation, whose more\nexpressive and aesthetic styles of rejecting American culture\ndispose them to avoid what they take to be the sterile \"hassles\" of\nintellectual confrontation. There is also a vocal minority who, as\nhas been said, feel personally excluded when they hear an appeal to\nreason.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000308"}
{"title": "The SMART Automatic Document Retrieval System - An Illustration", "text": " A fully automatic document retrieval system operating on the IBM 7094 is \ndescribed.. The system is characterized by the fact that several hundred\ndifferent methods are available to analyze documents and search requests..\nThis feature is used in the retrieval process by leaving the exact sequence of\noperations initially unspecified, and adapting the search strategy to the needs\nof individual users..\n The system is used not only to simulate an actual operating environment, but\nalso to test the effectiveness of the various available processing methods..\nResults obtained so far seem to indicate that some combination of analysis \nprocedures can in general be relied upon to retrieve the wanted information..\nA typical search request is used as an example in the present report to\nillustrate systems operations and evaluation procedures..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000309"}
{"title": "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Banks", "text": " Future users of large data banks must be protected from having to know how \nthe data is organized in the machine (the internal representation). A prompting\nservice which supplies such information is not a satisfactory solution.. \nActivities of users at terminals and most application programs should remain \nunaffected when the internal representation of data is changed\nand even when some aspects of the external representation are changed.. Changes\nin data representation will often be nedded as a result of changes in query, \nupdate, and report traffic and natural growth in the types of stored \ninformation.. \n Existing noninferential, formated data systems provide users with tree-\nstructured files or slightly more general network models of the data.. In \nSection 1, inadequacies of these models are discussed.. A model based on n-ary\nrelations, a normal form for data base relations, and the concept of a universal\ndata sublanguage are introduced.. IN Section 2, certain operations (other than \nlogical inference) are discussed and applied to the problems of redundancy and\nconsistency in the user's model..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000310"}
{"title": "Communication among Scientists and Engineers", "text": " Since 1966, the Johns Hopkins University Center for Research in Scientific\nCommunication has been conducting studies of the information flow process -\nthe production, dissemination, and assimilation of information - associated with\nnine scientific and engineering disciplines. This process in most disciplines\nappears, from the dissemination point of view, to consume about five years -\nfrom the time a scientist begins his research until reports of his findings are\ncited in a review. To date we have conducted over sixty studies of this process\nand, since one of the main goals of our program is to make genuine comparisons\nof the scientific communication associated with the disciplines being studied,\nwe have standardized the procedures, instruments, and analyses in those of the\nmajor studies which were conducted for all disciplines.\n We will present findings from the major studies conducted to date in order\n(1) to indicate the types of data we have collected on approximately 30,000\nscientists and engineers during the past three years; (2) to indicate some of\nthe goals of our program; and (3) to suggest a preliminary picture of the\ncommunication structure of science, as our program has led us to perceive it. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000311"}
{"title": "Communication of Innovations: A Cross-Cultural Approach", "text": " In the present edition we have, to a far greater extent, integrated diffusion\nresearch with the scientific study of human communication. Diffusion\nresearchers have long been aware that they were investigating a special type\nof communication behavior. In this book we stress communication concepts\nand frameworks in our analysis of the diffusion process. We feel this provides\nan advantage of conceptual clarity as well as ease of wide expression. Our\nadoption of the communication viewpoint is reflected in the addition of\nseveral chapters, the complete reorganization of all chapters, and the frequent\ninclusion of new concepts.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000312"}
{"title": "Communication among Scientists and Engineers", "text": " In the course of collecting data on nine scientific and technological\ndisciplines, it has become obvious to us that in their communication \nactivities, some disciplines behave quite differently from others.. Recently,\nwe have reanalyzed our data for the physical, the engineering, and the social\nsciences.. We do not have time to discuss differences among all three groups,\nso we have decided to compare only the physical and social sciences.. We have\nincluded data pertaining to the engineering sciences on the graphs, however,\nso you can get some idea of how they differ from the other two groups..\n Before discussing these differences, we should like to emphasize that there\nare similarities, that there are of major importance, and that they, in fact,\nmake genuine comparisons among the groups feasible..\n We will discuss differences between the physical and the social sciences in\nterms of three major communication characteristics associated with science..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000313"}
{"title": "Citation Measures of Hard Science, Soft Science, Technology and Nonscience", "text": " Perhaps the fundamental problem of those that work in the scientific\ninformation industry is that it is not just that special part of an information\nindustry that happens to deal with material having a scientific content. \nTechnical librarianship involves much more than librarianship applied to \nbooks with an esoteric vocabulary and much mathematics.\n My reason for choosing this problem as a contribution for such a strategic\nconference is that I know well as an historian of science that the greatest and\nmost useful advances in our technologies have not come from the applied\nresearch of trained people trying to make themselves useful to society, but\nrather from basic research aimed at furthering understanding and curiousity,\nand powered by the latest instrumentation that the useful people have devised.\nI suspect that all the new indexing tools and computer handlings will be more\nuseful to basic research in understanding scientists than they will to\nsolving practical problems for which they are designed. It seems clear,\nhowever, that it is only such new understanding that can bring success,\nwhatever solutions ultimately emerge.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000314"}
{"title": "Automatic Abstracting and Indexing - Survey and Recommendations", "text": " In preparation for the widespread use of automatic scanner which will read \ndocuments and transmit their contents in automatic analysis: the relative-\nfrequency approach to measuring the significance of words, word groups, and \nsentences.. The relative-frequency approach is discussed in detail, as is its\napplication to problems of automatic indexing and automatic abstracting.. \nIncluded in the report is a summary of automatic analysis studies published as\nof the date of writing.. Conclusions are drawn that point toward more \nsophisticated mathematical and linguistic techniques for the solution of \nproblems of automatic analysis..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000315"}
{"title": "Scatter Storage Techniques", "text": " Scatter storage techniques as a method for implementing the symbol tables of \nassemblers and compilers are reviewed and a number of ways of using them more\neffectively are presented.. Many of most useful variants of the techniques are\ndocumented..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000316"}
{"title": "Natural Language Question - Answering System: 1969", "text": " Recent experiments in programming natural language question-answering system\nare reviewed to summarize the methods that have been developed for syntactic, \nsemantic, and logical analysis of English strings.. It is concluded that at\nleast minimally effective techniques have been devised for answering questions\nfrom natural language subsets in small scale experimental systems and that a \nuseful paradigm has evolved to guide research efforts in the field.. Current \napproaches to semantic analysis and logical inference are seen to be effective \nbeginnings but of questionable generality with respect either to subtle aspects\nof meaning or to applications over large subset of English.. Generalizing from\ncurrent small-scale experiments to language processing systems based on \ndictionaries with thousands of entries - with correspondingly large grammars \nand semantic systems - may entail a new order of complexity and require the \ninvention and development of entirely different approaches to semantic analysis \nand question answering..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000317"}
{"title": "A Formal System for Information Retrieval from Files", "text": " A generalized file structure is provided by which the concepts of keyword,\nindex, record, file, directory decoding, and record retrieval are defined and\nfrom which some of the frequently used file structures such is inverted files,\nindex-sequential files, and multilists files are derived..\n Two algorithms which retrieve records from the generalized file structure \nare presented..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000318"}
{"title": "Inefficiency of the Use of Boolean Functions for Information Retrieval Systems", "text": " In this note we attempt to point out why boolean functions\nare, in general, not applicable in information retrieval\nsystems.\n First, we wish to stress that a system, which supposedly\nis to serve a certain purpose, has to try to optimize some\noverall performance rather than certain detailed parts of\nit. This situation is, of course, well known. \n Saying that a system should cater to an optimal performance\nimplies that the reward varies with different circumstances.\nThat is, there may always be some customers who will not agree\nthat the system's output is satisfactory. However, these\nshould be relatively few. In the case of an information\nretrieval system, let us consider one whose function is to\nfurnish a reference list as a reaction to a question. \nSo, if we have a set of documents S and a set of questions\nQ, the system has to assign to each question q, an answer A(q)\nwhich is a subset of S. Naturally, this answer cannot be\nchosen arbitrarily; it should reflect a relation between\nthe question and the resulting reference list. Usually\none says that the documents in the list are relevant to\nthe question. More precisely stated, we assume that the\nenquirer expects a certain reference list, namely the one\nhe would have procured had he himself probed the documents\nin the set.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000319"}
{"title": "The Teachable Language Comprehender:", "text": "A Simulation Program and Theory of Language\n The Teachable Language Comprehender (TLC) is a program\ndesigned to be capable of being taught to \"comprehend\"\nEnglish text. When text which the program has not seen before\nis input to it, it comprehends that text by correctly relating\neach (explicit or implicit) assertion of the new text to a large\nmemory. This memory is a \"semantic network\" representing\nfactual assertions about the world.\n The program also creates copies of the parts of its memory\nwhich have been found to relate to the new text, adapting\nand combining these copies to represent the meaning of the\nnew text. By this means, the meaning of all text the program\nsuccessfully comprehends is encoded into the same format as\nthat of the memory. In this form it can be added into the\nmemory.\n Both factual assertions for the memory and the capabilities\nfor correctly relating text to the memory's prior content are to\nbe taught to the program as they are needed. TLC presently\ncontains a relatively small number of examples of such\nassertions and capabilities, but within the system, notations for\nexpressing either of these are provided. Thus the program\nnow corresponds to a general process for comprehending\nlanguage, and it provides a methodology for adding the\nadditional information this process requires to actually\ncomprehend text of any particular kind.\n The memory structure and comprehension process of TLC\nallow new factual assertions and capabilities for relating\ntext to such stored assertions and capabilities for relating\ntext to such stored assertions to generalize automatically.\nThat is, once such an assertion or capability is put into the\nsystem, it becomes available to help comprehend a great many\nother sentences in the future.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000320"}
{"title": "An Information-Theoretic Approach to Text Searching", "text": "in Direct Access Systems\n Using direct access computer files of bibliographic\ninformation, an attempt is made to overcome one of the\nproblems often associated with information retrieval,\nnamely, the maintenance and use of large dictionaries,\nthe greater part of which is used only infrequently.\nA novel method is presented, which maps they hyperbolic\nfrequency distribution of text characteristics onto a\nrectangular distribution. This is more suited to \nimplementation on storage devices.\n This method treats text as a string of characters\nrather than words bounded by spaces, and chooses subsets\nof strings such that their frequencies of occurrence are\nmore even than those of word types. The members of this\nsubset are then used as index keys for retrieval. The\nrectangular distribution of key frequencies results in a much\nsimplified file organization and promises considerable\ncost advantages.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000321"}
{"title": "The Community College Library", "text": " This study deals with the learning resources programs of the public\ntwo-year colleges. In former years, these institutions were commonly\ncalled junior colleges, and the college departments or divisions that\nassembled, organized, and interpreted the learning resources (mainly\nbooks) were commonly called libraries. In keeping with traditional\nterminology I could have chosen \"The Junior College Library\" as the\ntitle for the study; however, I decided to modify the title to make it\ncorrespond more closely to prevailing current terminology.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000322"}
{"title": "Comparative and International Librarianship; essays on themes and problems", "text": " In this decade, professionals in the field of librarianship and the\ninformation sciences will continue to be faced with most of the\nproblems that have haunted libraries for generations, problems that\ncan be best summed up as the attempt to reduce the anonymity of\ninformation. There will also be many new problems. Some of these\nare already becoming apparent, while others are still unknown. But\nlibrarians need not despair; the past record is clear. Through the use\nof sophisticated electronic machines, we have begun to master the\nbibliographical control and retrieval of information, we have\nimproved the communication between librarians and the consumers\nof information on a national and international basis, and we have\nrefined the many problems concerned with cataloging and classifying\ninformation. In addition, library education has been on the front\nline in trying to educate people to understand the complexities of\norganizing and disseminating information of all types.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000323"}
{"title": "Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English", "text": " Readers can expect to find many parts of this volume tantalizing. The \ndefiniteness of the answers to certain questions irresistibly provokes more \nquestions. The happy feature is that the book provides information required \nto limit the effect to that of tantalizing rather than frustrating. For there \nis given here a wholly adequate description of the nature of the Corpus of\nPresent-Day Edited American English on which this study is based, the details \nof its constituents, and the modes of its transfer to tape. A replica of that \ntape is available at a small cost in money, which is minuscule compared to the \ncost in time needed to produce a like corpus. Accordingly, any reader who \nseriously wants answers to further questions can set about getting those \nanswers.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000324"}
{"title": "Computer-Based Library and Information Systems", "text": " This book describes some of the various ways in which a computer\ncould be used as part of a library system. In doing so, it aims to bridge\nthe gap between librarian and computer specialist, by introducing\ncomputers to those involved in library work, especially students of\nlibrarianship, and at the same time helping to make those interested\nin the computer applications field aware of the potential and problems\nof the library environment.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000325"}
{"title": "Computer Filing of Index Bibliographic and Catalog Entries", "text": " The need to establish a filing code for computer arrangement\nhas become increasingly apparent as more and more book\ncatalogs and indexes have been prepared mechanically. Many\nof the difficulties in manual filing, as shown in the A.L.A. Rules\nfor Filing Catalog Cards, become even more intricate to cope\nwith when computers are used. Of course, if cost is not an\nobject, the theoretical potentialities for computer programming are\npractically limitless. However, modifications in rules and procedures\ncan make the alphabetic arranging or merging of index, catalog,\nor bibliographic entries by computer more readily possible, and\nthese modifications are made in this proposed code for computer\nfiling of complex alphabetic entries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000326"}
{"title": "Computer Handling of Chemical Structure Information", "text": " Far-reaching changes in the patterns of communication in science\nare at present in motion, which seem likely to have fundamental\neffects on scientists's use of and access to existing knowledge.\nThese changes derive from the increasing involvement of computer\ntechniques in the publication, dissemination and retrieval of scientific\nand technical information. Many of the implications of the changes\nare not yet clear. Information-handling is rapidly changing from a\nlabour-intensive industry to a capital-intensive one, as soaring\nman-power requirements reflect the increasing flow of information and\nincreasing demands for timeliness, accuracy, and improved access.\nBut the changes to be effected also have major social implications;\nthe reasons for publication and use of information are complex,\nreflecting the factors of a sociological nature which are still \nimperfectly understood. The rate at which innovations in information-\nhandling win acceptance from scientists is determined partly by their\nappreciation of the greater flexibility which the novel methods offer,\nbut also by the sensitivity, on the part of the designers and operators\nof information systems, to the needs and habits of users, and to their\nperception of the usefulness of the newer methods.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000327"}
{"title": "Current approaches to classification and clump-finding at the Cambridge", "text": "Language Research Unit\n Computer programs for automatic classification are a desideratum in many \nfields.. Work on suitable procedures for handling large bodies of object/\nproperty descriptions has been in progress at the Cambridge Language Research\nUnit for some years: this paper describes the current series of general-purpose\nprograms which have been developed there, in which classes or \"clamps\" of\nobjects are obtained, using a similarity matrix, by a simple iterative scan of \nthe universe of objects, distributing them in such a way that an appropriate \ncohesion function is minimized.. This actual clump-finding process is embedded\nin a overall package in which the information given by a classification is \nmanipulated in a variety of ways.. The current applications of the programs, \nespecially for information retrieval, are described..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000328"}
{"title": "The identification of variable-length, equifrequent character strings in a", "text": "natural language data base\n The words of natural language texts exhibit a Poisson (or Zipfian) rank-\nfrequency relationship, i.e., a small number of common words accounts for a \nlarge proportion of word occurrences, while a large number of the words occur \nas singletons or only infrequently.. Inverted-file retrieval systems using free\ntext data bases commonly identify words as the keys or index terms about which \nthe file is inverted, and through which access is provided.. They therefore \ninvolve large and growing dictionaries and many entail inefficient utilization\nof storage because of the distribution characteristics..\n An alternative approach may be based on the analysis of text in terms of\nsets of variable-length character strings, the frequency distributions of\nwhich are much less disparate than those of words.. This could lead to \nsubstantial reductions in dictionary size, and increased efficiency both in \ndictionary look-up times and storage utilization.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000329"}
{"title": "Computer Readable Bibliographic Data Bases -- A Directory and Data Sourcebook", "text": " This document, Computer Readable Bibliographic Data Bases -- A Directory\nand Data Sourcebook not only updates the 1973 publication, which included \ninformation on 81 data bases, but expands the coverage to 300 data bases and \nincludes considerably more information about the data bases.\n Methodology used to obtain data involved: (1) consulting published and\nunpublished sources; (2) design of a 13 page questionnaire; (3) mail survey;\nand (4) telephone follow up and verification. The sources consulted were\n(1) the Survey of Commercially Available Computer-Readable Bibliographic\nData Bases; (2) M.E. Williams' personal data base files which include\ninformation from the open literature, news releases, and personal contacts;\n(3) NEWSIDIC, April 1975 issue number 16, the quarterly newsletter produced\nby EUSIDIC which included a survey of computer readable bibliographic files;\n(4) the \"World Inventory of Abstracting and Indexing Services--Data Elements\nDefinition List;\" and (5) the ASIDIC Survey of Information Center Services.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000330"}
{"title": "Computerized Library Catalogs: Their Growth, Cost and Utility", "text": " This book is a slightly modified form of a report on computerized\nlibrary catalogs prepared for the Office of Education of the United States\nDepartment of Health, Education, and Welfare (Contract OEC-1-7-\n071182-5013). It consists of seven chapters. The first poses the problems\nthat have been studied, introduces background material to facilitate an\nunderstanding of their significance, and presents our conclusions and\ngeneral recommendations. The remaining chapters belong to one of two\nparts, depending on whether their principle concern is the utility or the\ncost of computeerized library catalogs. Because the problem of utility is the\nmore speculative of the two, it has been placed in the second part.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000331"}
{"title": "On-line Text Editing: A Survey", "text": " This paper is a survey of current methods of the on-line creation and \nediting of computer programs and of ordinary manuscript text.. The \ncharacteristics of on-line editing systems are examined and examples of \nvarious implementations are described in three categories: program editors,\ntext editors, and terminals with local editing facilities..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000332"}
{"title": "The Concept of Main Entry as Represented in the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules", "text": " The work published here is rather like those conclusive statements\nof renaissance science that located the soul not in the human frame but\nin the human spirit. The author of this work may face the wrath of the\nmedievalists among our fellow professional catalogers. At the least, the\npublication of this book should encourage a complete reappraisal of our\ncataloging methods, because the difference between title unit entry and\nauthor-equivalent unit entry, a confabulation of main and unit entry\narising from tradition rather than practicality, can be clearly seen not \nonly in the job classifications and job descriptions of cataloging\ndepartments, but also in our philosophy of librarianship.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000333"}
{"title": "Concepts and Subject Headings", "text": " Librarians are known for their organizational work\nwith recorded knowledge. Information storage and retrieval\nare two well-known, basic functions associated with this\nwork. A search of the literature of library science reveals\nthat these functions have not been examined to any significant\ndegree from the users' point of view. This is true in regard\nto library catalogs and library subject headings.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000334"}
{"title": "Conceptual Basis of the Classification of Knowledge", "text": " As far as philosophers are concerned, the Conference seems to be justified\nprecisely because of the present state of the Classification of Knowledge. For\ntwo thousand years, the Classification of Knowledge has been a major\nphilosophical problem. Lately, it has evolved from a philosophical\npreoccupation into a specialized technique, a species of the general techniques \nof classification, far removed from philosophical preoccupations and equally\nignored by philosophers. At the present time there exist powerful technical\nmodels of classification and highly developed classifications of various\nbranches of knowledge. What is lacking is a satisfactory general\nclassification of knowledge and an adequate clarification of the philosophical\nproblems underlying such classification. The need for clarification is\nimportant from the theoretical as well as practical point of view because\nthe general systems of classification of knowledge depend on theories of\nknowledge. It is therefore highly desirable that philosophers and specialists\nin classification get together and discuss problems of common interest.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000335"}
{"title": "Conceptual Design of an Automated National Library System", "text": " This work describes a conceptual design of an automated\nnational library system. The design is \"conceptual\" in that it is\nintended to show the feasibility of a system concept rather than\nprovide a detailed engineering design. The design concerns an\nautomated national library system but does not attempt to automate\nall parts of the system. It is primarily concerned with the functions of\nbibliographic searching, acquisition, circulation, and cataloging. If\nthese functions can be economically automated, the major problems\nassociated with our information explosion will be solved.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000336"}
{"title": "Conservation Library", "text": " This volume provides an introduction to the various facets of\nconservation as well as bibliographical data of permanent value. In\naddition to being a critical description of the literature on the\nhistoric and technical aspects of the care, repair and restoration of\nbooks, prints, maps, and manuscripts and other important records,\nit is a manual of practical guidance for librarians, archivists,\ncurators, conservators, restorationists and bookbinders.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000337"}
{"title": "Contemporary Problems In Technical Library and Information", "text": "Center Management: A State of the Art \n The Review Papers included in this volume represent one\nof the valuable products of the American Society for Information\nScience. The original draft papers were sponsored\nby the TISA (Technical Information Support Activities)\nProject of the Army Corps of Engineers, as indicated on\nthe reverse title page. The basic objective of this TISA\nproject was to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of\nDepartment of Defense (DoD) technical libraries, information\ncenters and information analysis centers. The establishment\nof priorities for TISA-sponsored research was undertaken \nby the Graduate Library School of the University of Indiana.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000338"}
{"title": "Continuing Library and Information Science Education", "text": " This report and its recommendations are in response to the Commission's\nrequest for \"a nationwide program of continuing education for personnel in\nthe library and information science field.\" While it is offered as only the\nstart of an on-going process of developing a nationwide program, its\nrecommendations are the result of an intensive nine-month project, involving\nhundreds of persons in the library and information science fields.\n Many of these persons participated in mini-charettes, in a written survey,\nor in personal interviews which addressed major issues such as: certification;\norganizational and individual incentives for continuing education; educational\nmethods; and continuing education needs. The contribution of these library\npersonnel cannot be overstated. Their collective wisdom and perspective\nhave led the Project team to many of its major recommendations. However,\nas would be expected when such a large number of people are involved,\nthere were differences of opinion, even as there are many differences of\nopinion reflected in the literature of continuing education emanating from\nthe various professions. In the present study, most of these differences\nrelated to the input into and control over the policies of the national\nstructure. Three alternative models which have been considered are outlined\nin Appendix D; alternatives to several specific features of the recommended\nmodel are presented at the end of Chapter 4. Throughout the text, when issues\nare presented on which there is uncertainty because of the intensity of\nopinions expressed, these areas are identified.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000339"}
{"title": "Cooperation Between Types of Libraries", "text": " This bibliography uses the traditional typology of libraries as its\nstarting point - public, school, academic-research, and special libraries.\nThis classification is most commonly used and provides a sufficiently clear\ndistinction for the purposes of this work.\n Public libraries are those which are free to all residents of the library's\ndistrict and supported primarily from general public funds or taxes levied\nfor library purposes. Local public libraries, systems of public libraries,\nand state library agencies are included in this category.\n School libraries are those maintained by the governing boards of\nschools whether they be public, private, or parochial. School libraries\nat the elementary, junior high school, and senior high school level are\nincluded.\n Academic-research libraries include the libraries of institutions of\nhigher education, both public and private, as well as libraries which,\nwhile they might be defined as either public or special, are widely known\nfor their research resources. Junior college libraries, college libraries,\nuniversity libraries, and technical school libraries are included as\nacademic libraries. The Library of Congress, the Newberry Library, and \nLinda Hall Library are examples of nonacademic research libraries.\n Special libraries are those directed toward making information available\nto people within a particular organization with fairly well-defined\ninformation needs. Business and industrial libraries and the libraries of\nnonprofit organizations are common examples.\n While distinctions between research and special libraries are not\nalways easily made, it is felt that in the case of this bibliography, no\nserious problems are created.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000340"}
{"title": "Copying Methods Manual", "text": " The current need for a manual of copying methods dealing with the processes, \nmethods, techniques, and types of equipment which can be used for reproducing \ndocuments of a great many different kinds arises from two factors:\n (1) The great importance of document reproduction processes in the \nacquisition, preservation, dissemination, and communication of information\nvital to the conduct of research work in all fields of human endeavor and on an \ninternational scale.\n (2) The complexity of the field of document reproduction today which has \nresulted from the enormous technical advances made in the past fifteen years.\n The need for the coining of the new class word - reprography (an unfortunate\ngraft of a Latin fragment on a Greek root) - is in itself indicative of the \ngreat changes that have come about. Processes and methods which formerly were \ndiscrete and distinctive have now become intricately interrelated. New processes\nand combinations of processes with different and astonishing capabilities\ncontinue to appear. This revolution in the document copying field has been \npowerfully augmented by intensive competition on the part of manufacturers for \na share of the vast and lucrative office-records copying field. The results, \nhowever, have led to highly important applications in the reproduction of \nresearch materials as well.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000341"}
{"title": "Corporate Headings: Their use in library cataloguing and", "text": "national bibliographics: A comparative and critical study \n This study is an attempt to submit to a critical analysis the\nmain problems related to corporate headings, the difficulties\nraised by them and the solutions which now prevail in various\ncountries.\n In order to make the differences existing between the various\nsolutions and the unsatisfactory character revealed by many of\nthem more evident, a great number of examples in a variety of\nlanguages, extracted from cataloguing codes, national bibliographies, \nprinted lists of corporate headings have been added. These examples\nare also intended to draw attention to differences existing with\nregard to various technical details, such as punctuation, \ncapitalization, transliteration, etc.\n In addition, many of these examples will clearly prove that\ncertain solutions which may be considered to be suitable for one\ncountry or one language would not satisfy the requirements of\nanother country or another language.\n In the study, examination and analysis of codes has been \ncomplemented by references to professional literature on the subject\navailable to the author, and by an analysis of opinions expressed\nthere. Special attention has been paid to comparisons of cataloguing\npractices and citation usages, and to investigations of the users'\napproach to corporate headings. It is well understood and appreciated\nthat, for the catalogue user, the identification of and search for\ncorporate headings present more problems than any other type of\nheading. Unfortunately, however, professional literature has as\nyet paid insufficient attention to these problems. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000342"}
{"title": "A Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge", "text": " On almost all the occasions when we turn explicitly to the same problems,\nSir Karl's view of science and my own are very nearly identical. We\nare both concerned with the dynamic process by which scientific knowledge\nis acquired rather than with the logical structure of the products of\nscientific research. Given that concern, both of us emphasize, as legitimate \ndata the facts and also the spirit of actual scientific life, and both of us\nturn often to history to find them. From this pool of shared data, we draw\nmany of the same conclusions. Both of us reject the view that science\nprogresses by accretion; both emphasize instead the revolutionary process by\nwhich an older theory is rejected and replaced by an incompatible new one;\nand both deeply underscore the role played in this process by the older\ntheory's occasional failure to meet challenges posed by logic, experiment,\nor observation. Finally, Sir Karl and I are united in opposition to a number\nof classical positivism's most characteristic theses. We both emphasize, for\nexample, the intimate and inevitable entanglement of scientific observation\nwith scientific theory; we are correspondingly sceptical of efforts to\nproduce any neutral observation language; and we both insist that scientists\nmay properly aim to invent theories that explain observed phenomena and\nthat do so in terms of real objects, whatever the latter phrase may mean.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000343"}
{"title": "Current Problems in Reference Service", "text": " Current Problems in Reference Service is a collection of thirty-five new\nproblem case studies intended for instructional use in both formal and \ninformal teaching-learning situations in the field of librarianship.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000344"}
{"title": "Data Bases; Computers, and the Social Sciences", "text": " This book was written with several diverse audiences in mind: (1)\nsocial and behavioral scientists and their students, (2) librarians and\nlibrary-science students who are favorable about employing computers\nand computer-usable information in their work and classes, and (3)\narchivists and their employees who desire to have more than a current\noverview of the problems and their tentative solutions. Because of the\ndiversity of material, it is not expected that all readers will use the book\nin the same way. Rather, it is assumed that readers will supplement a\nsubset of the book with bibliographical materials from the reference\nsections.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000345"}
{"title": "Data Study", "text": " Information, whose handling is the topic of this book, is\ngenerated by change, and whatever is our unit of change is our unit of\ninformation. In a situation in which only three possible moves can\nbe made, only three fundamental units of information can be found,\nno matter how complex a structure we may build upon them. Our\ntopic is therefore a special sort of change, the change brought about\nin acquiring or keeping or transmitting elements of knowledge.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000346"}
{"title": "CAS computer-Based Information Services", "text": " This paper describes the key points that characterize\nCAS' approach to large scale scientific-technical information\nsystems that must handle over 100,000 documents per year.\nThe first of these points is the \"single analysis/multiple\nuse\" concept. Intellectual ability is a rare commodity \nand essential to an information service. Therefore, it makes\nsense to conserve that commodity and not use manpower to\nperform repetitive jobs or to waste effort analyzing information.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000347"}
{"title": "A Regional Network - Ohio college Library Center", "text": " The Ohio College Library Center is developing\na computerized, user-oriented, library system\nthat will improve efficiency of library use and\noperations; that will increase availability of\nlibrary resources within a region; and that will facilitate\nevolution of new and easier accesses to information in\nlibraries. The center does not conceive of its task as being\nmerely the mechanization of library procedures of the past.\n For the immediate future, the principal academic objective\nof the center is to increase the availability of library\nresources for use in educational and research programs in\ncolleges and universities throughout Ohio. A more distant\nobjective is to enable libraries to participate actively in the\nprograms of instruction and research in their institutions.\nThe passive service functions that libraries have developed\nduring the past century are proving inadequate to meet the\npresent demands made of libraries, and will be increasingly\ninadequate in the future.\n The per-student costs of libraries are rising somewhat\nmore than twice as rapidly as unit-cost rises in the general\neconomy. Therefore, the principal economic goal of the\nOhio College Library Center is to decelerate the rate of rise\nof per-student costs, so that the rate of increase will\napproximate that of the economy as a whole.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000348"}
{"title": "Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures on Choices Under Uncertainty", "text": " These lectures do not present a descriptive theory of actual behavior.\nNeither do they present a positive theory of behavior for a superintelligent,\nfictitious being; nowhere in our analysis shall we refer to the behavior of an\n\"idealized, rational, and economic man,\" a man who always acts in a perfectly\nconsistent manner as if somehow there were embedded in his nature a coherent\nset of evaluation patterns that cover any and all eventualities. Rather, the\napproach we take prescribes how an individual who is faced with a problem of\nchoice under uncertainty should go about choosing a course of action that is\nconsistent with his personal basic judgements and preferences. He must\nconsciously police the consistency of his subjective inputs and calculate\ntheir implications for action. Such an approach is designed to help us reason\nand act a bit more systematically - when we choose to do so!\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000349"}
{"title": "The Design of Inquiring Systems", "text": " \"Design\" is used throughout in its most generic sense,\nto include planning, operations research, engineering design,\narchitectural design, programming, budgeting, and all the other\nactivities in which we consciously attempt to change ourselves and our\nenvironment to improve the quality of our lives. So the book could be\nread as a philosophy of organization theory, or of architectural or\nengineering design, or of operations research, or of planning.\n The word \"inquiry\" suggests that the audience includes persons\ninterested in the philosophy of science; this is true, so long as the\ninterest is a very broad one, concerned with the meaning of science with\nrespect to other social institutions, health, education, morality, and so\non. Inquiry is by no means restricted to the disciplines of science. I\ncould have called the book The Design of Systems, but this would not\nadequately reflect my style, which is to proceed from the more specific\nproblem of inquiry to the \"whole system.\"\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000350"}
{"title": "Deterioration and Preservation of Library Materials", "text": " The deterioration of library materials, constant since libraries began, has\naccelerated to alarming proportions in 1969. Researchers have predicted that\nall paper-based records of this century, as well as those of earlier years,face\nimminent ruin. Without new and effective efforts for their preservation, most\nwill not be usable in their present form in the next century. The danger of\ndestruction threatens not only research library collections but also the world\nof knowledge and scholarship that they support. For not only paper is involved.\nSimilar dangers of destruction confront other cellulosic products, such as\nfilm, which may substitute for paper as the material base of records. And not\nonly research libraries are involved. The surprisingly rapid deterioration of\nprinted materials, even those that have been produced with some eye to \npermanence, creates problems and expenses for other libraries as well.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000351"}
{"title": "Developing Multi-Media Libraries", "text": " This book presents the concept of the modern library as a comprehensive\nresource center. The philosophy and objectives of the center are clarified,\nand desirable practices in the selection and acquisition of nonbook or\naudiovisual materials - interchangeably defined as those materials that \ncommunicate primarily through aural and visual stimuli - are recommended,\nalong with information pertinent to facilitating these tasks. Their \norganization in general in discussed, with emphasis on the necessity for\nbasic decisions and policies. Cataloging and physical processing are treated\nin particular, demonstrating that accepted library practices can be flexible\nenough to allow adaptation for both the individual library and its specific\nclientele. Realistic methods of handling the many different kinds of nonbook\nmaterials are demonstrated by treating each type separately. Many easy-to-\nfollow cataloging examples are presented; and, consistent with established\nlibrary routine, practical information is provided on selection, acquisition,\nphysical processing, storage, and equipment. Work-flow charts are included\nto present a graphic demonstration of efficient procedures.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000352"}
{"title": "The Development of Reference Services through Academic Traditions,", "text": "Public Library Practice and Special Librarianship\n Modern American library history has received only sporadic attention as a\nsubject for investigation. Though we have now accumulated an adequate supply\nof source materials to draw upon in the form of annual reports, service \nstudies, biographical accounts, and chronicles of individual libraries,\nno one has yet fashioned out of these materials a critical history of American\nlibrarianship. To paraphrase Leo LaMontagne, we have salvaged remnants from\nthe past, but we have yet to convert them into history.\n The lack has cost the profession dearly. Even a casual survey of the\nliterature of librarianship reveals the shocking degree of duplication and\nnaivete that stem from an insufficient awareness of previous efforts.\n There is clearly room and need for a series of evaluative studies of the \ndevelopment of American library services which could eventually be put\ntogether to form the desired definitive history of American librarianship.\nThe present dissertation is intended as a contribution toward that end. It\nundertakes to furnish the historical background for one of the continuing\nproblems of American librarianship - the provision of reference services in\nresearch libraries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000353"}
{"title": "Dewey Decimal Classification", "text": " The schedules of Edition 18, like those of 17, are based on the\nprinciple of subject integrity. Both the subject matter and the notation are\nhierarchical, so that what is true of a given whole is true of all its parts.\nThe schedules are developed according to logical principles, so that the\nclassifier is guided to make correct decisions. The terminology of the\nclassification scheme reflects the terminology used by the literature\nbeing classified.\n For ease of use, this edition includes many more example notes, more detailed\nand precise instructions, and freer use of layman's terminology than did its\nimmediate predecessor.\n Since this edition is intended for use as a shelf-arrangement system for\ngeneral libraries of all sizes, its fulness is based upon the number of titles\nthat large libraries may be expected to acquire in various fields. Since\nit is also intended for use in classified catalogs and bibliographies (for\nwhich the Dewey Decimal Classification is increasingly in demand in many\ncountries), it contains an increased number of provisions for number building.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000354"}
{"title": "Diffusion of Abstract and Indexing Services for Government - Sponsored Research", "text": " During the last several decades, science and technology have\nundergone a drastic transformation. The enormity and depth of this\ntransformation can be measured in many ways. It can be measured\nin terms of the number of students enrolled in graduate and\nundergraduate schools offering degrees in the physical and applied\nsciences, in terms of the number of new devices, products and\ninnovations introduced into the military establishment and into the \ncivilian sector of our economy, in terms of the number of scientists and\nengineers employed by industry and public and private institutions,\nin terms of the amounts of money expended annually on research\nand development, in terms of the number of technical reports, books,\njournals, papers, reprints, and conference proceedings stemming\nfrom these expenditures, and in many other ways. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000355"}
{"title": "Diffusion of Innovations", "text": " This book is directed both to advanced college students\nenrolled in sociology courses and to students of the other\nsocial sciences (such as anthropology, economics, history,\nand psychology) who are concerned with diffusion. (For this \nreason, sociological concepts are defined when they are\nintroduced.)\n More than five hundred publications on the diffusion of\ninnovations are reviewed here. The innovations studied range\nfrom new drugs among physicians to hand tools among primitive\ntribes, and from driver training among public high \nschools to hybrid corn among farmers. Although a generally\nconsistent set of findings has emerged from these studies, a\nsearch of the literature shows little attempt to summarize and\nevaluate available results and theories on the spread of ideas.\nThis volume synthesizes these findings and theories. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000356"}
{"title": "Directory of Data Base in the Social and Behavioral Sciences", "text": " As one of the early members of the computer community, I have\nbeen keenly interested in the development of quantitative methodologies\nin the social and behavioral sciences, and their encouragement\nby the data processing environment. The economists, with an already\nestablished mathematical orientation, were among the earliest beneficiaries\nof the machine technology that enhances their ability to\nconstruct the test models of economic behavior. Today, statistical\nmethods have so affected many disciplines that it is not unusual for\ndoctoral programs to accept statistical techniques as a substitute for\none foreign language. Similarly, the ability to program in an\nappropriate language is also frequently as acceptable as French or\nGerman in providing the research skills needed by doctoral students at\nThe City University of New York and at other universities.\n The chief function of this directory, in terms of academic supplies\nof data, is not to reinventory the social science data archives\nthat are well-known to the academic community, not to duplicate the\nannouncements of holdings that they themselves make available to their\nmembers. The reason for mentioning them and indicating the nature of\ntheir holdings is to make this kind of data resource known to those\nresearchers, either in or out of the university, who are not sufficiently\naware of these important resources.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000357"}
{"title": "The Disadvantaged and Library Effectiveness", "text": " The report is concerned with the social utility of libraries and\nwith the factors that appear to be requirements for effective\nprograms. In the absence of established standards or criteria for\nmeasuring program effectiveness, we have substituted a comparative analysis of\na number of programs based on detailed observation of the program process;\na survey of needs and interests of the\ntarget groups, both users and nonusers; and an assessment of the\nlibrary's role in the target neighborhood as it is perceived by other\ncommunity institutions serving the same groups. Thus a basis for\ncomparisons and for judgements has been introduced which provides\na foundation for suggestions as to the direction in which programs\nof service to the disadvantaged might move.\n To achieve the study objectives, library programs and practices\nin low-income neighborhoods were examined in a number of cities.\nIn each of fifteen cities data were collected through interview and\nobservation in four subject areas: (1) the needs and interests of\nthe community residents, (2) library services in relation to other\navailable community resources, (3) the nature and scope of the\nneighborhood library program and its relation to the rest of the\nlibrary system, and (4) available measures of the impact or\neffectiveness of the program.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000358"}
{"title": "Documentation", "text": " More than half a century ago La Fontaine and Otlet started\ntheir lives' work, which at first was connected with the term\n\"bibliography,\" but to which gradually the work \"Documentation\"\nwas attributed. What they developed was of a far wider scope\nthan the establishment of a new technique dealing with printed\nand non-printed documents.\n The great deal which inspired them, and those who worked\nside by side with them, was to render accessible the totality of\nwhat is crystallized from human thought and to make of it a\ncommon treasure of mankind, serving to bring mutual comprehension\nand to build for peace by the co-operation of all men of goodwill\nof all nations.\n It was in this spirit that my friend Bradford joined those men,\nwhose noble faces have passed and to whom it never was given to\nsee the achievement of the work to which they devoted their lives.\n And it was in this spirit that Bradford, thanks to his knowledge\nand experience as scientist as well as librarian, not only\ngave his strong and valuable support to the common work but\nadded to it fundamental and constructive new elements.\n Just for this reason the present book we owe to him gives far\nmore than a mere compilation of facts and experiences. Such\na compilation would indeed be welcome because, curiously\nenough, up to now, there is no good general treatise on\ndocumentation available. But his book gives us before all things\nan abundance of original ideas and creative thoughts.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000359"}
{"title": "Documentation", "text": " The current need for a manual of copying methods dealing with the processes, \nmethods, techniques, and types of equipment which can be used for reproducing \ndocuments of a great many different kinds arises from two factors: \n (1) The great importance of document reproduction processes in the \nacquisition, preservation, dissemination, and communication of information vital\nto the conduct of research work in all fields of human endeavor and on an\ninternational scale.\n (2) The complexity of the field of document reproduction today which has \nresulted from the enormous technical advances made in the past fifteen years.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000360"}
{"title": "Documentation", "text": " Since the first publication of this work Dr. Bradford has\ndied, and, a further edition now being called for, an attempt\nhas been made to recognize if not to deal with some criticisms\nexpressed on the first edition.\n The principal one was that whereas the book was entitled\n\"Documentation\" it dealt in the main with the Universal\nDecimal Classification, which Bradford did much to develop,\nbut that it neglected other aspects and instruments of the\nsubject of which the UDC is only one, even if an important\none, of various techniques.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000361"}
{"title": "Document: Information Analysis", "text": "This book considers nature and properties of document information, information\ncharacteristics of documents, the types and functions of constituents of\ntraditional auxiliary apparatus; discusses formalization of document\ninformation; considers continuous classificatory (rank of formalization)\ndocument sequences from questionnaire distribution to matrix documents.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000362"}
{"title": "Dynamic Information and Library Processing", "text": " Among the various information processing tasks which may be carried\nout with computing equipment, a special class exists for which the term\ninformation takes on the literal and direct sense of recorded knowledge, or\nintelligence. The elements being transformed are then no longer restricted\nto mathematical symbols alone, but they may be words and phrases, books,\ndocuments, pictures, and other information carriers. It is that more\nrestricted interpretation of an information process which gives rise to the \nfield of information science, concerned with the collection, analysis,\nclassification, storage, retrieval, transmission, and dissemination of\nrecorded data and intelligence.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000363"}
{"title": "Economic Analysis of the Public Libraries", "text": " This study addresses itself to several questions important to all public\nlibraries. How should the library allocate its book budget? What kinds of\nbooks should it tend to buy? What types of households use the library? Why\ndo some households not use the library? What is the cost of the various\nservices provided by the library? What specific steps can the library take\nto improve its services? What are the library's options in choosing among the\ndifferent circulation systems? For how long should the library allow books to\nbe checked out? How frequently should overdue notices be sent out? Is an\ninvestment in a security system worthwhile?\n We have studied these questions in the context of one public library - the\nBeverly Hills (California) Public Library - and have developed a methodology\nfor determining answers to them, as well as to other questions that arose\nduring our investigation. Although answers will vary from library to library,\nour methodology is quite general and should prove useful at many public \nlibraries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000364"}
{"title": "Economics of the Academic Libraries", "text": " This volume represents what we believe to be as complete\nand thorough an analysis as possible of the available economic\ndata on college and university libraries. In the course\nof our study, we have examined the data for comprehensiveness\nand consistency; we have investigated their intertemporal\nbehavior, both as a basis for projection and as an\ninstrument for long-range planning; and we have constructed\na set of analytic interrelationships which permit us to derive\nstatistical estimates of the interrelations of some of the most\ncritical economic variables relating to library operations. In\nparticular, in the course of this last step, we have provided\nrelationships explaining statistically the determination of\nsuch variables as the size of libraries' budgets and the\nmagnitude of their professional staffs.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000365"}
{"title": "Economics of Approval Plans", "text": " Current budget strains on college and university libraries\nrequire a stepped-up search for operating economies. The\ntimely topic of economics of approval plans of the Third\nInternational Conference on Approval and Gathering Plans\nfor Large and Medium Size Academic Libraries, held at the\nRamada Inn, West Palm Beach, Florida, February 17-19,\n1971, has thus generated considerable interest.\n The papers published here constitute, by and large, original\nresearch in this area. The importance of these contributions\ncan hardly be overestimated, since they will no doubt mold\nand influence collection development practices in the current\nimprint area. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000366"}
{"title": "Economics of Book Storage", "text": " This report attempts to present and interpret current\n(Winter 1968-69) information on the economics of book storage\nin relation to the other factors a university administrator\nmust consider in developing a program for housing an\never-growing book collection when there are present or\nfuture limitations on space and money.\n The study will attempt to answer two specific questions:\n1) Is it economical for colleges and universities to select\nso-called little-used books from the regular bookstacks and\nstore them elsewhere? 2) Is the cost factor the only one a\nuniversity need consider in adopting a storage program; and,\nif not, how is cost related to the others?\n The facts and conclusions in this report are based on\nthe library book storage situation as of 1969. Innovations\nin computer applications and other technologies could\npresumably change the nature of some of the cost factors, but\nit is the author's opinion that these changes unlikely to\noccur within the next 5 to 10 years.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000367"}
{"title": "Economies and Computers", "text": " It is not a simple matter to describe this book. Briefly, it\nattempts to provide and apply a set of concepts from economic theory\nthat may prove valuable to those who are now or may become decision-\nmakers in the selection, financing, and/or use of computers. Only\ntheory relevant for such decision-makers is presented here. This means\nthat the effects of computers on the economy as a whole lie outside\nthe scope of this book, as do a number of related issues. We deal,\nthus, with microeconomic, not macroeconomic, theory: our focus is on the\nsmall (industry, firm, computer) and not the large (gross national\nproduct, consumer price index, unemployment).\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000368"}
{"title": "Economics of Defense in the Nuclear Age", "text": " The purpose of this book is to explain a way of looking at military\nproblems which we and others with whom we have been associated have\nfound fruitful in insights and productive of solutions. Essentially we\nregard all military problems as, in one of their aspects, economic\nproblems in the efficient allocation and use of resources. We believe\nthat this way of looking at military problems goes far toward reconciling\nthe apparent conflict of views between the officers and officials who are\nresponsible for defense and the officials and Congressmen whose primary\ninterest is economy - except in determining the over-all size of the\nmilitary budget, where conflict between these points of view is inevitable.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000369"}
{"title": "Educating the Library User", "text": " Educating the Library User is a collection of original essays, case\nstudies, and research reports on the problems, hopes, and techniques of \ninstructing library users and nonusers, from the kindergartener to the \npreschool adult, in the effective use of libraries and their resources.\nMerging the library-use teachings of school, public, and academic\nlibraries, this book demonstrates the need for a consistent, sequential\nplan of library-use instruction that crosses traditional library boundaries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000370"}
{"title": "Education and Training for Scientific and Technological", "text": "Library and Information Work\n The exponential growth of the literature of science and technology is a\nphenomenon which scientists have been living with for the past 300 years.\nIt is in the nature of such growth that its effect is recognized only slowly,\nbut when a critical point is reached its consequences can be overwhelming.\nIn science information this point has now been reached. To take but one \nfield, chemistry, it took well over two centuries for the first million papers\nto be published, and over 30 years, from 1907 to 1938, for the first million\nto be abstracted in Chemical Abstracts. We are now at the stage where one\nmillion papers have been abstracted in a five-year period - 1962-1967 - and\nbefore 1975 the point will have been reached where one million papers, equal\nto the output of the whole pre-war generation of chemists, will be\npublished and abstracted in a single year. The first scientific serial began\npublication in 1665. Some 290 years later, in 1956, the Science Museum\nLibrary was receiving 9,000 current scientific serials. Within only a\nfurther 11 years the National Lending Library for Science and Technology\n(N.L.L.) was receiving over three times this number. The growth in the use\nof scientific literature is no less spectacular. Thus, for example, in 1930\nthe number of loans by the Science Museum Library was 10,000. In 1967 the\nN.L.L., which had taken over the national lending function of the Science\nMuseum Library, lent well over half-a-million items, a total exceeding that of\nall the loans by the Science Museum Library between 1929 and 1947 (a period\nwhich itself saw the discovery of nuclear fission and its application for\npeaceful uses, enormous progress in antibiotics, developments in synthetic\nmaterials and great advances in all branches of science and technology).\nThere are some signs that the rate of increase implied in these examples\nmay not be maintained, but any flattening-out that may develop will be at\na very high level indeed.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000371"}
{"title": "Efficiency of the Scientific Information", "text": "This book considers basic tendency of the development of information science,\ntheoretically proves necessity and feasibility (possibility) of determining\nthe economical effectiveness of scientific-technical information.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000372"}
{"title": "Some User Requirements Stated Quantitatively", "text": "in Terms of the 90 Percent Library\n Librarians, publishers, and information system engineers have very\nlittle verified information and few guidelines to describe the user's specific\nrequirements for information. Such information is needed to properly\ndesign or evaluate the information systems. To date, most of the statements\nof requirements have been rather subjective, and often reflect opinion\nrather than actual fact. Relatively little objective data have been\nobtained. This is probably due in large part to the fact that there are\nextremely difficult methodological problems in trying to determine and\nstate user requirements in a meaningful manner. This paper suggests an\napproach or point of view that might help this situation by providing a\nmethod of phrasing the statements of user requirements in a more\nconvenient and meaningful manner. This paper also furnishes several\nexamples of such statements, and discusses the techniques and data that\nsupport these statements.\n In this paper, attention is initially focused on the information requirements\nof workers in the field of science and technology, with no serious\nattempt made to include workers in other fields. However, it seems quite\nlikely that the approach, and perhaps even the stated principles, could be\nextended and generalized to cover other fields of knowledge.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000373"}
{"title": "Electronic Data Processing in the University Library", "text": " Following five years of experience with the mechanization\nof procedures using data processing equipment, the university\nlibrary in Bochum is attempting to summarize its findings.\nA comparison with earlier publications about the use of\nelectronic data processing equipment shows in what measure\nthe original plans have actually been affected by the\nexperience that has been gained. This summary also serves\nas a report for the wider public that may be interested in\ntechnical questions of library processing.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000374"}
{"title": "Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Services", "text": " The processing and transfer of information is an important activity of many\nthousands of libraries, research institutes, educational institutions,\nprofessional and trade associations, non-profit organizations, publishing\nhouses, government agencies, and others. All of these groups are already\nlisted in a variety of existing directories. This publication, on the other\nhand, has selected from the above groups, those organizations and services\nwhich are principally concerned with storage, retrieval, and dissemination\nof information, and in addition, are innovative, experimental, or non-\nconventional. A major emphasis is on computerization, micrographics, networks,\nadvanced reference services, information centers, and data banks.\n The Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Services includes descriptions\nof the following types of services and facilities:\n \n Information Centers\n Computerized Systems and Services\n Networks and Cooperative Programs\n Data Banks\n Documentation Centers\n\tInformation Storage and Retrieval Systems\n\tMicrographic Systems and Services\n Research Centers and Projects\n Clearinghouses and Referral Centerss\n Consulting and Planning Organizations and Services\n\tInformation Offices\n Industrial Research Information Centers\n Professional Associations\n Specialized Library Reference Services\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000375"}
{"title": "Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Services", "text": " This publication describes and analyzes approximately 1750 organizations\nconcerned with new forms, new media, and new methods for providing information\nservices. Among these organizations are publishers, computer software and time-\nsharing companies, micrographic firms, libraries, information centers, and \nconsultants. The common interest of these diverse organizations is in service\nbased on storage and representation of structured information with output on a\nrecurring or demand basis. The concept of information as used throughout this\nbook is defined as data organized into a collection of facts and most often\nrecorded in two basic forms: 1) textual data or literature, and 2) numeric\ndata.\n Roles played by the organizations described on the following pages vary but\ninclude one or more of the following functions: data base creation, data base\npublishing, data transmission, data manipulation and analysis, and data storage\nand retrieval. Emphasis in this publication is on organizations involved in\ncomputerized services, micrographic applications, selective dissemination\nof information (SDI), and networking.\n Not included in the Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Services are\nprinted commercial and legal services, traditional academic and special \nlibraries, public information offices, hardware manufacturers and distributors\nwithin the computer and micrographic field, conventional indexing and \nabstracting services, and most library automation programs which are limited\nto such housekeeping functions as circulation, serials control, and \nacquisitions.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000376"}
{"title": "Citation Indexes", "text": " Citation indexing is a relatively new method of organizing the contents of a\ncollection of documents in a way that overcomes many of the shortcomings of the\nmore traditional indexing methods. The primary advantage of citation indexing\nis that it identifies relationships between documents that are often overlooked\nin a subject index. An important secondary advantage is that the compilation \nof citation indexes is especially well suited to the use of man-machine indexing\nmethods that do not require indexers who are subject specialists. Furthermore,\ncitations, which are bibliographic descriptions of documents, are not \nvulnerable to scientific and technological obsolescence as are the terms used\nin subject indexes.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000377"}
{"title": "Dialog Interactive Information Retrieval System", "text": " DIALOG is the name given to an interactive, computer-based information\nretrieval language developed at the Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory. \nThe DIALOG systems consists of a series of computer programs which have been\ndesigned to make full use of direct access memory devices (in which data \nlocated anywhere on the device can be accessed in approximately the same amount\nof time) and video display units to provide the user a rapid and powerful means\nof identifying records within a file which satisfy the particular information\nneed. By providing the user full display access to the indexing vocabulary,\nand the ability to modify search expressions, DIALOG becomes a data processing\nextension of the human operator who directs and controls the process according\nto his own personal needs. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000378"}
{"title": "Sources of Information on Specific Subjects", "text": " An alternative hypothesis to\nbe investigated is that, to a considerable extent, the\nreferences are scattered throughout all periodicals\nwith a frequency approximately related inversely\nto the scope. On this hypothesis, the aggregate of\nperiodicals can be divided into classes according to\nrelevance of scope to the subject concerned, but the\nmore remote classes will, in the aggregate, produce\nas many references as the more related classes. The\nwhole range of periodicals thus acts as a family of\nsuccessive generations of diminishing kinship, each\ngeneration being greater in number than the\npreceding, and each constituent of a generation \nproducing inversely according to its degree of\nremoteness. \n The investigation covered, in the first place, the\nreferences quoted, in the course of four and two and\na-half years respectively, by the current bibliographies\nof Applied Geophysics and Lubrication, which are \nprepared in the library. The source of each\nreference being given, it was possible to arrange the\nsources in order of productivity, the results being\nset down in columns A and B of the table, in the\nprevious column.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000379"}
{"title": "Error-correcting Codes", "text": " Several major developments have contributed to the rapid emergence\nof the field of error-correcting codes over the past two decades.\nExternally, the cost of solid-state electronic devices has decreased almost as\ndramatically as their size. This has stimulated the development of digital\ncomputers and peripheral devices and this, in turn, has caused a dramatic\nincrease in the volume of data communicated between such\nmachines. The intolerance of computing systems to error, and in some\ncases the inherently critical nature of the data demand the use of either\nerror-free facilities or some type of error-detecting or correcting code in\nthe terminal devices. In many cases the latter approach is the more \neconomical.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000380"}
{"title": "The Evaluation of Information Services and Products", "text": " The continuing need to put scientists in contact with the research of\nothers, coupled with the rapidly expanding volume of published\nmaterial during the past several decades, has placed new emphasis on\nthe old arts of assembling, coding, and disseminating recorded\nknowledge. In some instances, the emphasis has manifested itself in\nresearch on improvement of traditional library systems. In other\ninstances, it has resulted in the assembly of specialized collections and\ntheir intensive indexing for access in a variety of ways. Still other\nsystems have progressed from the passive role of responding to\nrequests to the active role of supplying documents, or references to\nthem, to researchers as the documents become available. For lack of a\nmore descriptive terminology, all of these activities are referred to in\nthis book as \"document transfer systems,\" implying that the product\nbeing retrieved (or disseminated) is a document rather than the\ninformation (if any) in it. That is, intelligence systems or fact retrieval\nsystems (if facts are indeed retrieved) are excluded from our concern.\nThe document, of course, may be a book, a journal article, a drawing,\nan abstract, a piece of film, or a piece of magnetic tape.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000381"}
{"title": "Evaluation of MEDLARS Documentation", "text": " This report presents the results of a detailed analysis by\nthe National Library of Medicine of the performance of\nMEDLARS (its Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval\nSystem) in relation to 300 actual requests made to the\nsystem in 1966 and 1967. Thanks to this study, we now know\nconsiderably more about the requirements of MEDLARS users,\nhow well the system is meeting these requirements, and what\nwe must do to improve the overall performance level. The\ninvestigation is timely: the Library is now planning a\nsecond-generation MEDLARS, and the design of MEDLARS II\nshould benefit greatly from our knowledge of factors affecting\nthe performance of the present system.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000382"}
{"title": "Evaluation of Micropublishing", "text": " Micropublishing, as it pertains to library materials, is essentially\na form of the republishing of materials no longer in print. The need\nfor such materials of many kinds - monographs, serials, newspapers,\nreference works - has grown greatly during the past quarter century and\nthis need is reflected in the growth of the micropublishing industry. As\nnew colleges and junior colleges are founded, and established colleges\nand universities continue to expand to meet growing educational needs,\nboth groups of institutions find that in more and more instances the\nmaterials they need are available only in microform. As a result, the\nratio of microforms to books in college and research libraries has been\nsteadily rising.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000383"}
{"title": "Evaluation of the World Food Literature", "text": " This publication presents the culmination of a concerted International\neffort to survey the relevant world's scientific and technological\nliterature for its food science and technology content as a preliminary\nstep towards the establishment of a comprehensive abstracting and\ndocumentation service in this field.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000384"}
{"title": "Evaluative Research Principles and Practice in Public Service and", "text": "Social Action Programs\n In these days of large government programs intended to reduce poverty,\ndevelop communities, prevent delinquency and crime, control disease, and\nreconstruct cities, the predominant rhetoric is that of planning, pilot\nprojects, experimental and demonstration programs - and evaluation. Those\nwho seek to select for support the more promising plans and projects submitted\nto funding agencies have become habituated to the ritualistic inclusion in\nthe proposal of a final section on Evaluation. In most cases this section\nconsists of sometimes grandiose but usually vague statements of intent and\nprocedure for assessing the impact of the proposed action. In some cases\nthere is an elegant, highly academic, and impractical scheme worked out in\nmeticulous detail by an obviously talented research consultant. In a few\ntreasured instances there is a well-considered, realistic, and workmanlike\nplan for getting some fairly reliable answers to the questions of what worked\nand why. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000385"}
{"title": "Informal Communication in Science:", "text": "Its Advantages and its Formal Analogues\n Formal and informal scientific communication are complementary;\nthey must not be thought of as alternatives in the sense that,\nperhaps, certain messages are obtained exclusively through the printed\nword, the library, and the mechanized search-and-retrieval system,\nwhereas others are obtained by the exclusive use of word-of-mouth and\nthe telephone. The much more typical event is one in which the receipt\nof a single message is secured by the successive interplay of these two\nkinds of communication. For any given transaction between a scientist\nas a receiver of information and the channel that brings him that\ninformation usually has a history behind it and a future ahead of it that\nmay be very relevant to the evaluation of the success of that transaction\nand to the prognosis of whether this kind of transaction will happen\nagain with similar results.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000386"}
{"title": "The Foundations of Education for Librarianship", "text": " The study is a result of a theory of librarianship which has been in the\nprocess of maturation for more than a quarter century of teaching and\nadministration, first at the University of Chicago, and subsequently at Western\nReserve University, now Case Western Reserve University, and which has\nbeen elaborated in essays and addresses as the inquiry progressed.\n My purpose has been to explore the role of the library as it contributes\nto the total communication system in society and the meaning of that role\nfor the library profession, and having determined the requirements of that\nrole to identify those which are appropriately met by graduate professional\neducation. Therefore, the inquiry begins with a consideration of the\ncommunication system within the individual as related to his physiological,\nneurological, and psychological structure, and its meaning for learning and\nreading patterns and characteristics. The study then progresses to an\nexposition of the cultural environment and its communication system in society,\ntogether with the place of the library in it.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000387"}
{"title": "A Guide to the Construction and Use of Special Schemes", "text": " The use of classification in libraries is traditional and its value is\nappreciated. For documentation and information retrieval in\ngeneral, other techniques such as alphabetical indexing and\nmachine selection are also available. That classification is of\nvalue in information retrieval as well as in book arrangement is,\nhowever, made evident in two ways. First, to achieve consistency\nand subtlety in alphabetical indexing and machine selection\ndesigners of such retrieval systems find the need to introduce\nclassificatory techniques. Second, there is a continuing demand\nfor the construction of special classifications for detailed arrangement\nand cataloguing of documents in restricted but intensively\ncultivated fields of knowledge.\n It is to help meet these demands, particularly the second, that\nthis guide has been prepared. The techniques of detailed depth\nclassification have been greatly developed during the past decade,\nand instruments of much greater subtlety and efficiency than the\ntraditional 'tree-of-knowledge' schemes can now be designed.\nThese developments have been reported mainly as research papers\nin a variety of library journals and are often made unnecessarily\ndifficult to follow by the use of unfamiliar terminology.\nThere is a need for a more simply written and more readily\navailable practical guide to the use of the newer techniques of\nclassification.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000388"}
{"title": "Factors Determining the Performance of Indexing Systems", "text": " The original Aslib-Cranfield investigations on the efficiency of indexing\nsystems (references 1, 2 and 3) did not, by itself, produce firm answers to \nwhat is one of the basic problems in information retrieval, namely the \ndecision as to which index language should be used. Certainly it did not, as \nsome people had anticipated, demonstrate that one system was 'better' than \nanother, either generally, or in any given situation.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000389"}
{"title": "Factors Determining the Performance of Indexing Systems", "text": " The test results are presented for a number of different index languages\nusing various devices which affect recall or precision. Within the environment\nof this test, it is shown that the best performance was obtained with\nthe group of eight index languages which used single terms. The group of\nfifteen index languages which were based on concepts gave the worst performance,\nwhile a group of six index languages based on the Thesaurus of\nEngineering Terms of the Engineers Joint Council were intermediary. Of\nthe single term index languages, the only method of improving performance\nwas to group synonyms and word forms, and any broader groupings of terms\ndepressed performance. The use of precision devices such as links gave no\nadvantage as compared to the basic device of simple coordination.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000390"}
{"title": "Factors in the Transfer of Technology", "text": " The strong correlation between the scope and depth of this country's\nresearch and development activities and the vigor and the growth of its\nindustrial plant is today a widely accepted fact. Government expenditures\nfor research and development have increased from a modest\nannual rate of $200 million some thirty years ago to $17 billion today.\nThe research budgets of the private sector of the economy, which were\nalmost miniscule in the 1930's, total approximately $8 billion today.\nThese expenditures have had their many tangible and visible results,\nranging from nylon and antibiotics to radar and solid state electronics,\nbut what is not so generally appreciated is the additional product\nrepresented by the increasing inventory of ideas and new knowledge\nwhose application, for the most part, is still a potential one. The\nsophisticated and often urgent nature of some of the larger products in\nwhich we engage today, which require vast research expenditures to\nfind the efficient way, or the economical way, or the safe way, or the\nmost accurate way to accomplish some end purpose, also produces an\nincrease in the national level of scientific and technological competence\nthat has not yet been transferred into the civilian economy. The\nvalue of the technical ideas now stored and awaiting application can\nbe estimated as a value many times larger than the annual rate of\nbillions of dollars invested in the effort it took to develop this increased\ntechnical capability. As a national resource for underwriting further\neconomic and industrial development, this technical inventory is a\nfactor of major importance.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000391"}
{"title": "Faculty Status for Librarians", "text": " The purpose of this study is: (1) to\nreview the history of the struggle for faculty status for\nlibrarians and some of the arguments advanced in support of\nthat objective; and (2) to gather information on the \nsimilarities and differences between librarians and faculty \nmembers in the broad areas of preparation, contributions,\nand rewards. With detailed information on such matters\nas education, salaries, professional experience, tenure, sabbaticals,\nparticipation in academic government, and scholarly activity\nof librarians and faculty members, one should be able to\njudge whether librarians receive unfair or unequal treatment.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000392"}
{"title": "Farewell to Alexandria", "text": "Solution to space, growth, and performance problems of libraries\n The publication of this collection of essays opens a new era for\nlibraries, taking the first departure in 2,300 years from that durable\nmodel conceived by the librarians of Alexandria and endlessly replicated\nby every succeeding generation of librarians, right down to the present\nday. The Alexandrian model persists through the unexamined faith\nthat to be good a library must be vast and always growing. The papers\npresented here examine that faith scientifically, demonstrate that it\nrests on nothing more solid than mistaken intuition, and consign it to\nthe limbo of outworn dogmas. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000393"}
{"title": "A Feasibility Study of Centralized and Regionalized Inter-Library", "text": "Loan Centers\n The two major problems of the present system are (1) the unequal\ndistribution of lending, with a few of the largest libraries handling\na large proportion of the requests, and (2) the difficulty of filling\nrequests which are incomplete, incorrect, or inadequately checked.\n Solutions proposed for these two problems have been (1)\ncompensation to the largest libraries for each transaction, and (2)\nbetter bibliographic checking of requests before they are forwarded to\nthe lending library.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000394"}
{"title": "Biomedical Literature:", "text": "Volume, Growth, and Other Characteristics\n This study's aim was to gather and analyze\nreliable data on the quantifiable characteristics of the\nbiomedical literature that affects communication problems within\nthe research community. Previous studies and standard\nbibliographic compilations were critically reviewed, particularly\nfor data that could be used to determine changes with time.\nIn addition, all publications generated during 1961-1962 by\nthe extramural and intramural research programs of the\nNational Institutes of Health (NIH) were analyzed as samples\nof the current document output of US research.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000395"}
{"title": "Formal Languages", "text": " This book develops a theory of formal languages from the point of view of\ngenerative devices, mainly grammars. Recognition devices, automata, are\nintroduced only as a secondary tool and are themselves presented within the\nframework of rewriting systems.\n The main emphasis is on mathematical aspects of formal languages rather\nthan application. People interested only in applications to programming\nlanguages (resp. natural languages) would certainly prefer a more\ncomprehensive discussion on topics such as LR(k) grammars (resp. \ntransformational grammars). Such discussions lie outside the scope of\nthis book.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000396"}
{"title": "Formal Languages and Their Relation to Automata", "text": " This book presents the theory of formal languages as a coherent theory\nand makes explicit its relationship to automata. The book begins with an\nexplanation of the notion of a finite description of a language. The\nfundamental descriptive device - the grammar - is explained, as well as\nits three major subclasses - regular, context-free, and context-sensitive\ngrammars. The context-free grammars are treated in detail, and such topics\nas normal forms, derivation trees, and ambiguity are covered. Four types of\nautomata equivalent to the four types of grammars are described. These\nautomata are the finite automaton, the pushdown automaton, the linear\nbounded automaton, and the Turing machine. The Turing machine is covered in\ndetail, and unsolvability of the halting problem shown. The book concludes\nwith certain advanced topics in language theory - closure properties,\ncomputational complexity, deterministic pushdown automata, LR(k) grammars,\nstack automata, and decidability.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000397"}
{"title": "Informal Channels of Communication In the Behavioral Sciences:", "text": "Their Relevance In the Structuring of Formal or Bibliographic\nCommunication\n What are the needs being served by informal communication?\nWhat can be done about giving informal communication, without\ndestroying its function for the active researcher, certain of\nthe advantages of formal communication, such as, general\naccessibility, permanence, etc.? How can formal channels be\nmanipulated to take on the characteristics of informal\ncommunication? To cast light on these questions the present\npaper examines the role of informal and formal channels within\nthe overall system of scientific dissemination in psychology,\nconsiders the special advantages of informal communication,\nand outlines certain relations between informal and formal\nchannels. In a final section of the paper, two experiments\nin scientific communication are described; one experiment being\nbuilt about an innovation that attempts to \"informalize\" formal\nchannels while the other is built about another innovation that,\nin general, attempts to \"formalize\" an informal channel.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000398"}
{"title": "Functional Approach", "text": " The present book sums up a certain stage in the research on algebraic\nlinguistics being pursued at Charles University, Prague. It is based mainly\non P. Sgall's book (1967a, in Czech), which represents the first attempt at a\nsystematic formulation of the conception of generative description that has\ngradually been elaborated by our research group.\n We do not claim that any particular question has been answered here in a\ndefinitive way, but the conception of a generative system based on an\narticulation of the semantic relation (see Section 1.3.4) may perhaps be\ninteresting in connection with the present development of algebraic linguistics.\nThis conception originated in 1963-1964, mainly as a reaction to the existing\nform of transformational description. It has not yet been possible to take the\nmore recent impulses into account to an extent that would be adequate to their\nscope and theoretical significance. Only some aspects of these impulses are\ncommented on in the relevant parts of the present book. We do not present a\ncomplete characterization of a system that could be regarded as a counterpart\nto the new version of transformational grammar. We have simply tried\nto formulate a conception that can serve as a starting point for the\ndevelopment of a new alternative.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000399"}
{"title": "Future Developments in Telecommunications", "text": " Communication technology has entered a period of revolutionary change.\n The last decade has brought new inventions of enormous potential.\nIt will probably be two decades before we fully grasp the shattering effect\nthey will have on society.\n These inventions include:\n The communication satellite. Suddenly this has provided telephone\nand television links to the underdeveloped world. Much larger satellites\nwill be built and will have an enormous impact on education and\ncommunications both in the United States and throughout the world. The\nsatellite antennae in some underdeveloped countries stand next to fields\nploughed by oxen.\n The helical waveguide. A pipe, now operating, that can carry 250,000\nsimultaneous telephone calls or equivalent information over long distances.\n The laser. This means of transmission, still in the research laboratory,\nhas the potential of carrying many millions of simultaneous telephone calls\nor their equivalent.\n Large-scale integration (LSI). A form of ultraminiaturized computer\ncircuitry that probably marks the beginning of mass production of\ncomputers and computerlike logic circuitry. It offers the potential of\nextremely reliable, extremely small, and, in some of its forms, extremely\nfast computers. If large-enough quantities can be built, this circuitry can\nbecome very low in cost.\n On-line real-time computers. Computers capable of responding to many\ndistant terminals on telecommunication lines at a speed geared to human\nthinking. They have the potential of bringing the power and information\nof innumerable computers into every office and eventually every home.\n Picturephone. A public dial-up telephone system in which subscribers\nsee as well as hear each other.\n Large TV screens. TV screens that can occupy a whole wall if necessary.\n Cable TV. Provides a cable into homes with a potential signal-carrying\ncapacity more than one thousand times that of the telephone cable. It\ncould be used for signals other than television.\n Voice answerback. Computers can now assembly human-voice words and\nspeak them over the telephone. This fact, coupled with the Touchtone\ntelephone set, makes every such telephone a potential computer terminal.\n Millimeter-wave radio. Radio at frequencies in the band above the\nmicrowave band can relay a quantity of information greater than all the\nother radio bands combined. Chains of closely spaced antennas will distribute\nthese millimeter-wave signals.\n Pulse code modulation. All signals, including telephone, Picturephone,\nmusic, facsimile, and television can be converted into digital bit stream\nand transmitted, along with computer data, over the same digital links.\nMajor advantages accrue from this.\n Computerized switching. Computerized telephone exchanges are coming into\noperation, and computer-like logic can be employed for switching and\n\"concentrating\" all types of signals.\n Data banks. Electronic storage for huge quantities of information that\ncan be manipulated and indexed by computers and that can be accessed in a\nfraction of a second.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000400"}
{"title": "Future Shock", "text": " This is a book about what happens to people when they are\noverwhelmed by change. It is about the ways in which we adapt\n- or fail to adapt - to the future.\n Much has been written about the future. Yet, for the most\npart, books about the world to come sound a harsh metallic note.\nThese pages, by contrast, concern themselves with the \"soft\" or\nhuman side of tomorrow. Moreover, they concern themselves\nwith the steps by which we are likely to reach tomorrow. They\ndeal with common, everyday matters - the products we buy and\ndiscard, the places we leave behind, the corporations we inhabit,\nthe people who pass at an ever faster clip through our lives. The\nfuture of friendship and family life in probed. Strange new\nsubcultures and life styles are investigated, along with an array of\nother subjects from politics and playgrounds to skydiving and sex.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000401"}
{"title": "The government of the American Public Library", "text": " The major purpose of this study is to describe, analyze,\nand evaluate the position of the public library in the structure\nof government in the United States. The use of the word\n\"government\" in the title, therefore, is deliberate. We are\nhere concerned with the legal forms and types of governmental\norganization of the public library and with its relation to\nthe city or other political unit to which it is attached or\nwhich it serves. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000402"}
{"title": "Government Publications: A Guide to Bibliographic Tools", "text": " The expansion of government at all levels - international, national,\nprovincial or state, and local - has resulted in increasing government\ninfluence on the life of each citizen. Concomitant with this development\nis the proliferation of published directives, regulations, reports,\ntechnical studies, and other informational issuances in such volume that no\none engaged in a business or profession, no financial tycoon, educator,\nresearcher, farmer, housewife, welfare recipient, or unemployed person can\nfunction without some reference to government publications. Yet, in few\nareas of recorded human knowledge have control and bibliographic aids\nbeen so little systemized. \n The present work, designed to provide the prospective user as well as\nthe trained researcher and librarian with a guide to the maze, is a direct\ndescendant of the Childs essay. The extent to which the mass of published\nmaterial has grown is underscored by the contrasting physical size of the\ntwo publications; Childs' was a 78-page pamphlet containing approximately\n400 entries whereas this book of over 400 pages cites more than 3,000 titles.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000403"}
{"title": "A Guide to the Library of Congress Classification", "text": " This guide is an introduction to the Library of Congress Classification; as\nsuch, it does not include instructions for every subclass or table, but attempts\nto provide the reader with an understanding of the characteristics of the\nclassification, the arrangement within the classes, the format of the schedules\nand tables, and special problems of use and notation. The reader should trace\nthe analysis of each example of classing through the pages from the L.C. \nschedule provided in the guide. It is important to remind the reader that a\nthorough study of each class schedule in addition to the recommended readings\nis essential. The author realizes that many imperfections may be present in\nthis guide and will appreciate suggestions for changes from readers.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000404"}
{"title": "Guide to Reference Books", "text": " The fundamental principles of reference work remain\nmore or less constant through the years, but the rapid\nexpansion of the publication of reference books in all\nfields makes essential a careful selection to fit the needs\nof each library. The purpose of this volume is to list\nreference books basic to research - general and special -\nand thus to serve as: (1) a reference manual for the\nlibrary assistant, research worker, or other user of\nlibrary resources; (2) a selection aid for the librarian; and\n(3) a textbook for the student, who, either in library\nschool, training class, or college course in bibliography,\nis pursuing a systematic study of reference books.\n The needs of these types of users have influenced the\norganization and make-up of this volume, in that the\nrequirements of the first two groups have made the\nmanual more comprehensive than it might have been if\nintended for a textbook only, while the introductions to\nsections and many of the annotations have been provided\nparticularly for the library school student.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000405"}
{"title": "Guidelines for Library Automation; a Handbook for Federal", "text": "and Other Libraries\n This book is one of the products of a contract initiated by the Automation\nTask Force of the Federal Library Committee, sponsored and monitored by the\nU.S. Office of Education, and carried out by the System Development \nCorporation. The project included a questionnaire survey of all Federal\nlibraries (2104), as of December, 1970, to gather systems planning data and \nto identify Federal libraries with operational or planned automated systems.\nRespondents in the latter group were sent a Federal Library Automation Survey\nquestionnaire requesting specific details about existing and planned systems.\nFrom these sources, amplified by visits to Federal libraries and an extensive\nreview of the automation literature, information was distilled for use in\nthis Handbook. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000406"}
{"title": "Handbook of Comparative Librarianship", "text": " The first part, written by myself, deals with 'Comparative\nlibrarianship and comparative method' and is intended for both\nteachers of comparative librarianship and their students. It can be\napproached in a number of ways: The first three chapters outline\ncomparative librarianship and the theoretical basis of its\nmethodology against the wider background of other comparative sciences\nand the scientific method. The three chapters following are purely\npractical and explain the various steps of writing a comparative\nstudy. The last chapter is intended for teachers.\n The second part, compiled by Mrs. MacKee, is a bibliographical\nguide to the main sources on librarianship throughout the world.\nIt draws on the bibliographies collected by comparative librarianship\nstudents in the course of their project work, on replies to a\nquestionnaire sent to the various library associations of the world,\nand on Mrs. MacKee's own collection of references gathered over a\nnumber of years. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000407"}
{"title": "Handbook of Data Processing for Libraries", "text": " The purpose of this book, therefore, is to assist libraries and librarians in\nresolving some of the problems faced in utilizing this new technology. The\nintent is to provide a concrete, factual guide to the principles and methods\navailable for the application of modern data processing to library operations.\nFor the operating librarian, it should be considered a handbook, a tool to\nguide him in decisions concerning the introduction of data processing techniques\ninto his own library. For the student, it should be a textbook, educating him\nnot only in methodology but also in the interrelationships between data \nprocessing and the library. For the system designer, it should be a summary\nof the state-of-the-art, serving as a bridge between library objectives and\nthe technology. The book, throughout, lays special stress on the library and,\nparticularly, on the significance of library values and policies for determining\nthe choice of system. The book gives emphasis to the computer, but always in\nthe context of applying this technology to the solution of operating problems,\nas an addition to resources for information service, as a tool of good\nmanagement, and not as an end in itself. At most, therefore, the book aims to\neducate the profession in the use of these tools, and in the special problems\nof applying them to libraries. In this respect, much of the groundwork has\nalready been done - the profession has been educating itself, has carried out\nanalyses of library operations, has experimented with mechanization, and is\ndeveloping better concepts of cost control. The book merely continues a\nprocess that is already underway.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000408"}
{"title": "HDB of Data Processing for Libraries", "text": " The four years since the first edition of this book was published have been a\nperiod of exceptional advance in the usage of computers in libraries. Where\none or two examples were all that were available at that time to illustrate\neach kind of application, now there are five to ten; where the cadre of\nknowledgeable people in libraries at that time was small, now virtually\nevery major library has some kind of systems department; where the efforts at\nthat time were largely experimental and developmental, now there is a wealth.\nThis second edition has therefore been written in a context totally different\nfrom that of the first.\n But its aims are the same; to ensure that practicing librarians and that\nstudents in library schools approach the world of automation with knowledge\nof its capabilities and limitations and with the techniques of systems\nanalysis by which to analyze and evaluate alternative answers to the library's\nprocessing problems. The changes from the first edition therefore represent\nnot a departure from that purpose but simply an updating of its content, to\nreflect the advances and experience gained, and an opportunity to correct\nthe errors (hopefully minor) that have been found through use of the first\nedition.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000409"}
{"title": "Handbook of Medical Library Practice", "text": " The Medical Library Association has long been aware of the need for a\nthird edition of the Handbook. Changes in library practices, proliferating\ndemands upon established libraries, and the development of new ones\ncreated the need of an up-to-date tool. Like the earlier editions,\nthis Handbook is such a tool, a manual, not a survey of the state of the\nart. It offers practical advice to all - fledgling librarians starting\ntheir careers, experienced librarians transferring to the field of\nhealth sciences, established medical librarians refreshing memories or\nadopting procedures unfamiliar to them, and specialists in related fields.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000410"}
{"title": "Handbook of the National and International Libraries", "text": " Two methods were used: (1) A thorough search of professional\nliterature, principally since 1965, with exceptions in\ncases where no later information was available, and (2) direct\ncommunication with associations through a questionnaire and\nconsultation of supplementary material provided by the associations.\nThe final result of the authors' search was a total of 319\nlibrary associations, 33 international in scope and 286 national\n(see Statistical Data).\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000411"}
{"title": "The Hidden Dimension", "text": " Generally speaking, there are two types of books of interest to the\nserious reader today: those that are content oriented, designed to\nconvey a particular body of knowledge, and those that deal with structure,\nthe way in which events are organized. It is doubtful if an author \nhas any control over which of these two types of books he writes,\nthough it is desirable that he be aware of the difference. The same\napplies to the reader whose satisfaction depends largely on his\nunstated expectations. In today's world, when all of us are overwhelmed\nwith data from many sources, it is easy to understand why people\nare apt to feel that they are losing touch with developments even in\ntheir own field. One senses that there is also a growing awareness\nof a loss of relatedness to the world at large. This loss of relatedness\nleads to an increased need for organizing frames of reference to aid\nin intergrating the mass of rapidly changing information with which man\nmust cope. The Hidden Dimension attempts to provide just this.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000412"}
{"title": "Historical Introduction to Library School", "text": " This is a revision and enlargement of Origins of the American Library\nSchool.\n Someone has observed that the roots of the present lie deep in the\npast and must be uncovered to understand fully how the present came to\nbe what it is. This study is less a descriptive history of library schools\nand their work than a search for perspective within which major problems,\nas well as the course pursued in resolving them, can be more fully\nunderstood. The original study, begun in 1941-42, sought to throw light\non how library education at that time came to be what is was. The\npresent study continues beyond the early forming of the American library\nschool to the reforming of basic lines of policy and organization. A new\ntitle is used to reflect the broadened scope.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000413"}
{"title": "The History of Libraries in the Western World", "text": " The present work is an attempt to trace the history of libraries\nin the western world: to indicate how libraries developed and how\nthey influenced the social and cultural history of our civilization.\nThe book is intended for the student of library science or of cultural\nhistory and for the general reader interested in the development of western\ncivilization. Much has been omitted concerning libraries and librarians\nthat could have been included; conversely, some facts could have been\nomitted without seriously detracting from the story as a whole but have\nbeen included to illustrate how library history developed; they point out\nthe high spots and indicate trends.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000414"}
{"title": "90 Recommended Journals for the Hospital's Health Science Library", "text": " Choosing from the growing number of medical and paramedical journals\nis becoming increasingly difficult for the health science librarian, the author\nstates. She describes a survey of librarians and directors of medical education\nto obtain recommendations on titles to form a core journal collection and lists\nin order of preference the 90 top-ranking titles.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000415"}
{"title": "Human Behavior and the Principles of Least Effort", "text": "An Introduction to Human Ecology\n Nearly twenty-five years ago it occurred to me that we might gain \nconsiderable insight into the mainsprings of human behavior if we viewed it\npurely as a natural phenomenon like everything else in the universe, and if\nwe studied it with the same dispassionate objectivity with which one is wont\nto study, say, the social behavior of bees, or the nestbuilding habits of\nbirds. The present book reports the results of the extended inquiry that\nensued in the course of those years, and which led to the disclosure of\nsome fundamental principles that seem to govern important aspects of our\nbehavior, both as individuals and as members of social groups.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000416"}
{"title": "Human Problem Solving", "text": " The present study is concerned with the performance of intelligent adults\nin our own culture. The tasks discussed are short (half-hour), moderately\ndifficult problems of a symbolic nature. The three main tasks we use - chess,\nsymbolic logic, and algebra-like puzzles (called cryptarithmetic puzzles) -\ntypify this class of problems. The study is concerned with the integrated\nactivities that constitute problem solving. It is not centrally concerned\nwith perception, motor skill, or what are called personality variables.\nThe study is concerned primarily with performance, only a little with\nlearning, and not at all with development or differences related to age.\nFinally, it is concerned with integrated activities, hence deemphasizes the\ndetails of processing on the time scale of elementary reactions (that is,\nhalf a second or less). Similarly, long-term integrated activities extending\nover periods of days or years receive no attention.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000417"}
{"title": "The Human Side of Enterprise", "text": " This volume is an attempt to substantiate the thesis that the\nhuman side of enterprise is \"all of a piece\" - that the theoretical\nassumptions management holds about controlling its human resources\ndetermine the whole character of the enterprise. They determine\nalso the quality of its successive generations of management.\n Of course the process is circular, and herein lies the possibility\nand the hope of future progress. The key question for top management\nis: \"What are your assumptions (implicit as well as explicit) about\nthe most effective way to manage people?\" From the answer to this\nquestion flow the answers to the questions Mr. Sloan raised in our\ndiscussion about the making of managers, as well as answers to many\nother questions which perplex and confound management as it seeks to\nachieve more successfully the economic objectives of enterprise. It\nwill be clear to the reader that I believe many of our present assumptions\nabout the most effective way to manage people are far from adequate.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000418"}
{"title": "A Statistical Approach to Mechanized Encoding and Searching of Literary", "text": "Information\n Written communication of ideas is carried out on the basis of statistical \nprobability in that a writer chooses that level of subject specificity and that\ncombination of words which he feels will convey the most meaning.. Since this\nprocess varies among individuals and since similar ideas are therefore relayed\nof different levels of specificity and by means of different words, the problem\nof literature searching by machines still present major difficulties.. A \nstatistical approach to this problem will be outlined and the various steps\nof a system based on this approach will be described.. Steps include the \nstatistical analysis of a collection of document in a field of interest, the \nestablishment of a set of \"notions\" and the vocabulary by which they are\nexpressed, the compilation of a thesaurus-type dictionary and index, the\nautomatic encoding of documents by machine with the aid of such a dictionary,\nthe encoding of topological notations (such as branches structures), the \nrecording of the coded information, the establishment of a searching pattern \nfor finding pertinent information, and the programming of appropriate machines\nto carry out a search..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000419"}
{"title": "The Automatic Creation of Literature Abstracts", "text": " Experts of technical papers and magazine articles that serve the purposes of\nconventional abstracts have been created entirely by automatic means.. In the\nexploratory research described, the complete text of an article in machine-\nreadable form is scanned by an IBM 704 data-processing machine and analyzed \nin accordance with a standard program.. Statistical information derived from \nword frequency and distribution is used by the machine to compute a relative \nmeasure of significance, first for individual words and then for sentences..\nSentences scoring highest in significance are extracted and printed out to \nbecome the \"auto-abstract\"..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000420"}
{"title": "A Business Intelligence System", "text": " An automatic system is being developed to disseminate information to the \nvarious sections of any industrial, scientific or government organization.. \nThis intelligence system will utilize data-processing machines for auto-\nabstracting and auto-encoding of documents and for creating interest profiles\nfor each of the \"action points\" in an organization.. Both incoming and \ninternally generated documents are automatically abstracted, characterized by a\nword pattern, and sent automatically to appropriate action points.. This paper\nshows the flexibility of such a system in identifying known information, in\nfinding who needs to know it and in disseminating it efficiently either in \nabstract form or as a complete document..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000421"}
{"title": "On Some Clustering Techniques", "text": " The problem of organizing a large mass of data occurs frequently in \nresearch.. Normally, some process of generalization is used to compress the \ndata so that it can be analyzed more easily.. A primitive step in this process \nis the \"clustering\" technique, which involves gathering together similar data \ninto a cluster to permit a significant generalization..\n This paper describes a number of methods which make use of IBM 7090 computer\nprograms to do clustering.. A medical research problem is used to illustrate\nand compare these methods..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000422"}
{"title": "R and D Project Selection: Where We Stand", "text": " A review of the literature on R and D project selection and an analysis of \ninterview data suggest that there is a lack of testing and use of the methods\nproposed.. Several OR-MS methods are identified and their current status is\nindicated.. Three representative procedures are examined in some detail.. It is\nargued that both a lack of testing concerning feasibility and shortcomings of\nthe models themselves, help to explain why the methods have not been used.. \nSome of these shortcomings are identified and discussed.. Implications for \nfuture research are presented.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000423"}
{"title": "A Method for Allocating R & D Expenditures", "text": " The analytical problems of developing quantitative techniques for R & D \ninvestment management are often complicated by the existence of conflicting \ngoals.. Corporate goals may require the R & D manager to simultaneously seek\nthe highest probable profits, the largest probable number of successes, and the\ngreatest probable profit per dollar spent.. Departmental goals may restrict the\nmanager to some maximum budget, a minimum number of projects to be worked on, \nand minimum levels of accomplishment on specific projects.. In a sense, then, \nthe research manager is faced with a constrained multiple-output production \nproblem: how much to spend on which project and how much to spend overall.. \nThis paper shows how a slight modification of Hess' approach to project\nselection and an analogy to the theoretical economics of a multiple-product\nfactory have been used to help our research management simultaneously solve\nthese project selection, resource allocation, and budget determination \nproblems.. Most approaches in the literature have treated these three problems\nseparately..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000424"}
{"title": "The Selection of R&D Program Content-Survey of Quantitative Methods", "text": " This paper presents a summary of methods of evaluating and selecting R&D\nprojects.. Approximately thirty methods, which have appeared is scattered \nplaces in the literature, are described briefly, and a bibliography is\nprovided for further information.. The various methods are compared and \ncontrasted with each other relative to a standard set of features which they\nmay possess, to a standard set of characteristics relating to ease of use, and\nto scientific or technological area of applicability..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000425"}
{"title": "The Effects of Perceived Need and Means on the Generation of Ideas for", "text": "Industrial Research and Development Projects\n A flow model is presented which identifies some of the organizational \nfactors influencing idea generation behavior in industrial R&D laboratories.. \nThe model is constructed from literature-based propositions which make \nexplicit the role played by several organizational factors identified in the\nmodel.. Data were collected on about 300 ideas created in a divisional \nlaboratory of a major U.S. corporation.. In general, these data support the\na priori propositions.. Further, data analysis suggests that two pieces of\ninformation are required before an idea is generated: 1) knowledge of a need,\nproblem, or opportunity relevant to the company; and, 2) knowledge of a means or\ntechnique for satisfying the need, solving the problem, or capitalizing on the \nopportunity.. These results are discussed with respect to the stage of creative\nthought proposed by other investigators.. Finally, the organizational events,\nwhich were associated as \"needs\" events or \"means\" events for the ideas studies,\nare identified and analyzed with respect to both quantity and quality of ideas..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000426"}
{"title": "The Validity of Subjective Probability of Success Forecasts", "text": "by R & D Project Managers\n Models and techniques to aid management in planning\ncontrolling R&D projects frequently use subjective probability of\nsuccess forecasts as one of the major inputs. An experiment was\nconducted at the research laboratories of Monsanto Company to\nmeasure the predictive validity and consistency of such forecasts.\nThe results indicate that the eventual success or failure of certain\ntypes of R&D projects can be predicted by measuring the time shape\nof polled probability of success forecasts. Probability of success\nforecasts appear to yield more valid advance warning indicators than\nseveral commonly used project status measures. These results tend\nto support the hypothesis that R&D planning and control models that\nare based on subjective probability estimates may reliably be used\nby management to aid in early identification of eventually failing\nprojects, as well as to aid in project selection and project funding. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000427"}
{"title": "Analysis of Some Portfolio Selection Models for R&D", "text": " This paper presents the analytical review of mathematical programming models\nthat have been proposed as aids to the related problems of resources allocation \nand project selection in R&D.. The models are classified according to whether\nthey are based on linear, integer, chance constrained, or dynamic programming..\nRepresentative examples from these classes are described and evaluated in \ndetail.. The evaluation is on terms of data requirements; built-in assumptions;\nease of computation; usefulness of outputs; versatility of application..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000428"}
{"title": "The Information Content of Titles in Engineering Literature", "text": " Since many alerting and information services rely very heavily on the use\nof titles to transfer information to the potential user, it is essential that \nhe be aware of the proportion of the information contained in the complete\ndocument which will not be deducible from the title and which he will therefore\nmiss.. Methods will be discussed for analyzing the relative information content\nof the titles of engineering paper and results presented for the amount and \ntype of information lost through scanning title listing only..\n Between one-third and one-half of indexable terms are not retrievable from\narticle titles even if all possible synonyms and related terms are used.. If\nall synonyms are used instead of one keyword the amount of information \nretrieved is increased by about 70 percent.. The problems of dealing with\nsynonyms and with syntactical variants in searching titles indexes are \ndiscussed.. The possibility of using keywords in journal titles as \nsupplementary retrieval tags is suggested since they were deemed useful in\nnearly one-third of the sample of papers analyzed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000429"}
{"title": "On Fuzzy Mapping and Control", "text": " A fuzzy mapping from X to Y is a fuzzy set on X * Y.. The concept is \nextended to fuzzy mappings of fuzzy set on X to Y, fuzzy function and its \ninverse, fuzzy parametric function, fuzzy observation, and control.. Set\ntheoretical relations are obtained for fuzzy mappings, fuzzy functions, and \nfuzzy parametric functions.. It is shown that under certain conditions a \nprecise control goal can be attained with fuzzy observation and control as long \nas the observations become sufficiently precise when the goal is approached..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000430"}
{"title": "Cooperation Between Types of Libraries An annotated bibliography", "text": "1969-1971 supplement\n This bibliography is designed to supplement capitalize Between Types of \nLibraries 1940-1956 An Annotated Bibliography by Ralph H. Stenstrom. The staff\nof the Library Research Center at the University of Illinois in cooperation\nwith the Illinois State Library plans to issue an annual supplement which will \nappear in Illinois libraries each year. It is hoped the supplements issued in \nthis manner can be cumulated periodically and issued in monograph form.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000431"}
{"title": "Illustrative Computer Programming for Libraries", "text": " Illustrative Computer Programming is intended as\na graded workbook or text supplement containing\ntypical practical problems, suggested solutions, and\ntried analyses which emphasize programming efficiency\nand some of the major features of PL/I (Programming\nLanguage/One). As such, it can be used alone or in\ncombination with established PL/I textbooks such as\nthose listed in the Selected Bibliography. Programmers\nwith knowledge of other languages will not be bothered\nby excessive introductory material, while beginners can\nlearn much by looking at the solutions to the problems\nand their accompanying analyses.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000432"}
{"title": "Improving Access to Library Resources", "text": " The motivation for this investigation derived from a\nseries of visits to institutions which were deeply committed\nto the design, development, and operation of non-traditional\nautomated information systems. At the time of the visits,\nthe systems seemed to be working technically but, paradoxically,\nthey did not appear to have made a significant impact on the\nrespective user communities. Although few people associated\nwith the systems openly expressed concern, there were non-verbal\nindicators which suggested that some people were becoming nervous.\nSince all of the systems represented high expenditures of time\nand money, a feeling of uneasiness seemed quite appropriate.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000433"}
{"title": "Indexing Languages and Thesauri: Construction and Maintenance", "text": " This book has two objectives. First, to reassess thoroughly the functions\nof an indexing language or thesaurus in a information storage and retrieval\nsystem and in the light of this reassessment to analyze the structure of \nindexing languages and thesauri. Most importantly, this reassessment is based\non a unified view of indexing languages (classification schemes) and thesauri \nas information storage and retrieval systems on the other. It results in \ngeneral principles that are applicable to a wide range of situations.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000434"}
{"title": "Industrial Dynamics", "text": " This book is intended for the student of\nmanagement, whether he is in a formal academic\nprogram or in business. It treats the central\nframework underlying industrial activity. The\ngoal is \"enterprise design\" to create more\nsuccessful management policies and organizational\nstructures. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000435"}
{"title": "Industrial Research and Technological Innovation an Econometric Analysis", "text": " After many years of neglect, technological change is receiving the attention\nfrom economists that it deserves, the 1960's being a time of a enormous \ninterest in this area in academic, government, and business circles.. Central \nto the economics of technological change is the manner in which new processes\nand products are conceived, developed, commercialized, and accepted.. To help\npromote a better understanding of this process, I have been engaged for a \nnumber of years in a series of related econometric studies of industrial \nresearch and technological innovation.. The purpose of this book is to bring\ntogether the results of these studies..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000436"}
{"title": "Industry and Technical Progress", "text": " This book is written in the belief that the full and speedy application\nof science in industry is necessary to economic progress, and\nshould indeed be one of the most important objectives of national\npolicy. This being so, it is important to identify the hindrances to\nspeedy application. Many people have already drawn attention to\nparticular hindrances but the three bodies which have sponsored this report\ndid not consider that there was any up-to-date assessment of the problem\nwhich attempted to look at it as a whole, in all its variety and complexity.\nHence the investigation which they undertook, and largely entrusted to us;\nan investigation which, through the great goodwill of many people in British\nindustry, has yielded so much material that this book can only be a first\nimpression and summary.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000437"}
{"title": "Inequality; a reassessment of the effect of family and schooling in America", "text": " This book summarizes the results of three years of research at the\nCenter for Educational Policy Research. The eight coauthors were all\nResearch Associates at the Center, and our work there was a collaborative\neffort. We plagiarized both ideas and data from one another. Most of\nus also spent a good deal of time criticizing one another's work. While\neach of us took primary responsibility for certain lines of inquiry, and\nthis responsibility is recorded in appropriate footnotes, we see our\nresearch as an integrated effort which should bear all our names.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000438"}
{"title": "Research Studies in Patterns of Scientific Communication: I.", "text": "General Description of Research Program\n This article is the first in a series which described the general procedures \nand some findings of over seventy studies which we conducted from 1966 to 1971 \non the information-exchange activities of over 12000 scientists and engineers \nin a sample of nine physical, social and engineering sciences.. We designed the\nstudies so that (a) the full spectrum of scientific communication media could \nbe explored, (b) the various studies were coupled in order that data obtained\nfrom one study could be directly related to those obtained from other studies,\n(c) the scheduling of the studies was conducted in real time in order that the \nsame body of information could be followed from its inception to its final \nintegration into the general body of scientific knowledge, and (d) the same \nstudies were conducted for all nine disciplines being studied in order that \ngenuine comparisons could be made among them.. The data are now stored on\nmachine-readable magnetic tapes and will be made available to scholars in the \nfield of information science..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000439"}
{"title": "Research Studies in Scientific Communication: IV.", "text": "The Continuity of Dissemination of Information by \"Productive Scientists\"\n This article is the last in series which describes a set of studies which\nwere conducted over a 4,5-year period (1966-1971).. The series of articles \nsought to describe a comprehensive picture of the dissemination and assimilation\nof scientific information as it flows through various informal and formal media,\nfrom the time a scientist initiates his work until it is published.. The \npresent article examines the continuity of scientific work and information \nexchange by \"productive scientists\" two years after the publication of their \narticles in 1968/1969.. The results indicate that about half of the authors had\nchanged to a subject-matter area which differed from that of their earlier\narticles, however, such shifts did not decrease authors' productivity nor \ngreatly increase their information needs..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000440"}
{"title": "Inference and Disputed Authorship", "text": " We apply a 200-year-old mathematical theorem to a 175-year-old historical\nproblem, more to advance statistics than history. Though problems of disputed\nauthorship are common in history, literature, and politics, scholars regard their\nsolutions as minor advances. For us the question of whether Hamilton or\nMadison wrote the disputed Federalist papers has served as a laboratory and\ndemonstration problem for developing and comparing statistical methods.\nWhile we help solve this historical problem, our practical application of Bayes'\ntheorem to a large analysis of data is a step in testing the feasibility of a\nmethod being explored with fresh attitudes and fresh mathematics. Furthermore,\nlarge practical applications have until now been few, and our work helps fill\nthat gap.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000441"}
{"title": "Storage Analysis of a Compression Coding for Document Data Bases", "text": " Analysis is made of the effect of using an efficient code of compression of\nterms within a document data base.. The storage efficiency is expressed in \nterms of the vocabulary length and the values of certain parameters which \ndescribe the structure of the code.. For vocabularies of up to 100,000 terms\nthe average code length is approximately twelve bits.. No information is lost\nthrough term truncation or abbreviation.. The tables required for coding and \ndecoding may be ordered for rapid access without reduction in the ease of \nupdate..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000442"}
{"title": "Quantitative Fuzzy Semantics", "text": " The point of departure in this paper is the definition of a language, L, as\na fuzzy relation from a set of terms, T = {x}, to a universe of discourse, \nU = {y}.. As a fuzzy relation, L is characterized by its membership function\nmL:T*U -> [0,1], which associates with each ordered pair (x,y) its grade of \nmembership, mL(x,y), in L.. \n Given a particular x in T, the membership function mL(x,y) defines a fuzzy\nset, M(x), in U whose membership function is given by mM(x)(y) = mL(X,y)..\nThe fuzzy set M(x) is defined to be the meaning of the term x, with x playing \nthe role of a name for M(x)..\n If a term x in T is a concatenation of other terms in T, that is,\nx = x1 ... xn, xi T, i epsilon 1,...,n, then the meaning of x can be expressed in \nterms of the meanings of x1,...,xn through the use of a lambda-expression or by\nsolving a system of equations in the membership functions of the xi which are \ndeduced from the syntax tree of x.. The use of this approach is illustrated by \nexamples..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000443"}
{"title": "On Relevance as a Measure", "text": " Relevance is defined as a measure of information conveyed by a document \nrelative to a query.. It is shown that the relationship between the document \nand the query, though necessary, is not sufficient to determine relevance..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000444"}
{"title": "A Definition of Relevance for Information Retrieval", "text": " The concept of \"relevance\", sometimes also called \"pertinence\" or \n\"aboutness\", is central to the theory of information retrieval.. Unfortunately,\nhowever, there is at present no consensus as to how this notion should be \ndefined.. The purpose of this paper is to propose and defend a definition of\nwhat it means to say that a piece of stored information is \"relevant\" to the\ninformation need of a retrieval system user..\n The suggested definition explicates relevance in terms of logical \nimplication.. For one yes-or-no question answering system which operates with\none of the standard formalized languages, the definition provides a \nmathematically precise criterion of relevance.. For other types of fact \nretrieval systems and reference retrieval systems, including all systems whose \nstored information is expressed in natural language, the definition is not \nmathematically precise but is nevertheless still helpful on a conceptual \nlevel..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000445"}
{"title": "Computer Assisted Indexing", "text": " The paper describes a technique which enables an on line computer based\ninformation retrieval system to aid the indexers by selecting possible index \nterms to be assigned to a new document entering the system..\n The method analyses the index terms assigned to the references cited by the \nnew article.. This produces a list of index terms weighted according to their \nexpected correlation with the subject matter of the new article.. Thus, the \nindexer is presented with the weighted list of proposed indexing terms as an \naid..\n An evaluation is made of the results produced by the technique for a trial\nset of documents.. These documents have already been indexed for the MEDLARS \nsystem.. The list of actual index terms for this trial set of documents is \ncompared with the set of index terms proposed by the technique for each \ndocument.. The results of this comparison are encouraging, and they are \ndiscussed in the paper..\n The economic aspects of implementing the technique in a working information \nretrieval system is considered.. This included the expected benefits, and an \nestimate of the cost of using the technique as an aid in terms of computer \ntime and indexer time..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000446"}
{"title": "A Note on the Concept of \"Relevance\"", "text": " Two recent articles in this journal (Konigova [1], Cooper [2]) have gone\nbeyond the usual slapdash use of the words \"relevant\" and \"relevance,\" and\nhave attempted to explicate the concept further. Both attempts only partially\nsucceed. Konigova proposes three types: formal relevance, subject/content\nrelevance and subjective relevance (or pertinency). This classification has\nvalidity, but is not further elaborated, and indeed she reverts to a less\nprecise language; for example, in defining \"second order noise,\" she uses the\nambiguous phrase \"a formally relevant document which is not really relevant\" -\npresumably meaning not subjectively relevant, according to the real need of\nthe enquirer. And in her mathematics, as she admits, \"no account is taken of\nthe subjective relevance (pertinence).\" Yet this is surely the true aim of the\nsystem.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000447"}
{"title": "An Evaluation of Query Expansion by the Addition of Clustered Terms", "text": " for a Document Retrieval System\n An evaluation of graph theoretical clusters of index terms which can be \nextracted from an automatically indexed document collection, and the effects of \nemploying such cluster in automatic document retrieval is described.. The graph \ntheoretical cluster which were developed from six data base under two different \ncluster definition were analyzed for average size and related data.. The \nclusters were also used to expand the queries in each of six data bases to \ndetermine the effect of the expansions on the document retrieval results..\n Although a large variety of clusters and associated query explanations were\nobtained, no significant improvements in the document retrieval performance \nwere achieved.. In some cases, however, significant degradations in the \nretrieval performance occurred.. Although seemingly meaningful clusters can be\nobtained, the results indicate that the effort involved in finding clusters \nand adding the clustered terms to queries is far to great to warrant their use\nin an operational system.. The data bases employed were relatively small, and \nthe authors caution against generalizing these results to large data bases or \nother situations..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000448"}
{"title": "Situational Relevance", "text": " The concept of situational relevance is introduced, based on W.S.Cooper's\ndefinitions of logical relevance, on the notion of evidential relevance drawn\nfrom inductive logic, on the notions of a personal stock of knowledge and a set \nof personal concerns, the latter explained in terms of preferences over ranges \nof alternatives.. Situationally relevant items of information are those that \nanswer, or logically help to answer, questions of concern.. Significant \nsituationally relevant information is explained in terms of changes of view in \nrelation to questions of concern.. It is claimed that situational relevance is \nan explication of the ordinary notion of practical relevance, and that it is \nthe appropriate relevance concept to use in evaluation of systems supplying \npractically relevant information..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000449"}
{"title": "Selection of Equifrequent Word Fragments for Information Retrieval", "text": " The design of programs to research large document data bases is discussed \nwith regard to the use of compression coding combined with adoption of word \nfragments as the basic language elements.. An algorithm is described for \ndetermination of a set of almost equifrequent fragments.. Its efficiency is \ntested for a sample data base formed from the MARC tapes.. A certain threshold \nfrequency acts as a parameter whose value determines the number of distinct \nfragments.. The selection algorithm is designed to give some preference to \nchoice of the longest fragments and hence allow compact coding of the data base \nby concatenation of non-overlapping fragments..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000450"}
{"title": "Interaction Between Requesters and a Large Mechanized retrieval System", "text": " In a large mechanized retrieval system, a certain proportion of the search\nfailures are likely to be directly attributable to inadequate user-system \ninteraction.. Request statements may be only distant approximations of\nactual information requirements.. This paper discusses some of the problems of\nthe user-system interface and suggests methods whereby these problems may be\nalleviated..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000451"}
{"title": "The U.S. National Library of Medicine and International MEDLARS Cooperation", "text": " The U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) initiated its computer-based \nbibliographic information storage and retrieval system, MEDLARS, in 1964..\nCurrently, The NLM has eight international MEDLARS quid-pro-quo arrangements \nwith the United Kingdom, Sweden, France, West Germany, Japan, Australia, Canada\nand the World Health Organization.. The policy aspects of the arrangements are\ndiscussed as well as the organizational and operational characteristics of \nthese non-U.S. MEDLARS Centers..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000452"}
{"title": "Information in 1985; a forecasting study of", "text": "information needs and resources\n The primary purpose of this study is to estimate the supply of,\nand above all the demand for, scientific and technical information;\nits secondary objective is to make a long-term assessment of\nqualitative and quantitative requirements for information specialists.\nIn both instances, of course, future technical developments, as far\nas they can be foreseen, must be taken into account.\n At the same time, like most work sponsored by the OECD, its aim\nis to identify significant criteria for defining a policy - in this\ncase an information policy, which is greatly needed in all OECD countries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000453"}
{"title": "Information Analysis and Retrieval", "text": " Therefore the purpose of this book remains the same as that of Textbook on\nMechanized Information Retrieval - to teach basics to those who have had no\nprevious exposure either to the field or to computers, or both. Therefore,\nthe action is slowed to the point where the logical principles of information\nretrieval systems are laid bare. Other books have been published that emphasize\ncomputer programming - this one does not.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000454"}
{"title": "Fuzzy Sets", "text": " A fuzzy set is a class of objects with a continuum of grades of membership..\nSuch a set is characterized by a membership (characteristic) function which \nassigns to each object a grade of membership ranging between zero and one.. The\nnotions of inclusion, union, intersection, complement, relation, convexity, \netc., are extended to such sets, and various properties of these notions in the\ncontext of fuzzy sets are established.. In particular, a separation theorem for\nconvex fuzzy sets is proved without requiring that the fuzzy sets be disjoint..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000455"}
{"title": "Information and Its User", "text": " In science and technology user studies are numerous and have a\nhistory of some twenty years. The relevance of the methodology\nof science user studies to the social sciences is considered in \nChapter 2. The pressing need in user studies, in science as well\nas social science, is for a general body of theory about the flow\nof information in research and teaching communities. Some of the\nfundamental characteristics of social science research and its\nliterature which have a bearing upon investigations of information\nneeds and requirements are considered in the first part of Chapter\n3, and the second part is devoted to a review of empirical studies\nin the social sciences. Other relevant material about the use made\nof information is discussed in Chapter 4 on systematic approaches.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000456"}
{"title": "Information, Mechanism, and Meaning", "text": " In a day when it is hard enough in most fields of science to\nkeep abreast of new and non-redundant literature, the\npublication of collected papers, like the estate of holy\nmatrimony, is something not to be undertaken 'unadvisedly,\nlightly or wantonly'. In the present case it would not have been\nconsidered at all but for the kindly initiative of my respected\nfriend Professor Roman Jakobson, whose persistent encouragement\nalone overcame that distaste which most of us feel\nfor our ten- to twenty-year-old productions and brought this\nfirst volume to the point of no return. It is true that these\nexploratory papers were scattered among an unconscionably \nawkward selection of publications for anyone wanting to\nfollow them up. On the other hand, as most of them were\nwritten for specific occasions, each of which demanded some\nrehearsal of points covered in earlier essays, the resulting\nrepetitiveness presented a special problem. With occasional\nexceptions, redundancy could have been eliminated only\nat the cost of mutilating individual papers. The solution\nadopted has been to leave almost all repetitive passages\nintact, offsetting in small print those that can be skipped\nwithout loss by readers of the earlier chapters. Where some\ncomment has seemed necessary, by way of foreword or \npostscript to the original papers, the passages added have\nbeen italicized. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000457"}
{"title": "Information Retrieval Systems", "text": " This book is concerned primarily with those \"intellectual\" factors that\nsignificantly affect the performance of all information retrieval systems;\nnamely,\n\n - indexing policy and practice\n - vocabulary control\n - searching strategies\n - interaction between the system and its users\n\n My viewpoint is that of the evaluator of information systems. I have\ntherefore paid considerable attention to a discussion of the requirements\nof users of information systems and the measurement of system performance\nin terms of the efficient and economical satisfaction of these requirements.\n The book does not concern itself, except indirectly, with equipment\nfor the implementation of retrieval systems, a topic that is adequately\ncovered by other volumes in this seris. Moreover, it is my contention that\nthe importance of \"hardware\" and \"data processing\" aspects of information\nsystems has been exaggerated in the United States, with some detriment\nto the performance of many systems.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000458"}
{"title": "Information Retrieval On-Line", "text": " This book deals with on-line systems for bibliographic search and\nretrieval. The literature on this subject is increasing rapidly and new systems\nare appearing all the time. We have attempted to provide a broad survey of\nthe characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of present systems. Our\nemphasis is on the design, evaluation, and use of on-line retrieval systems,\nprimarily from the viewpoint of the planner and manager of information\nservices. It is oriented toward the \"intellectual\" aspects of information\nretrieval rather than the hardware or programming aspects. We hope that\nthis book may have some value for all students of library and information\nscience.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000459"}
{"title": "Information Retrieval and Documentation in Chemistry", "text": " For several years we have thought that greater effort should be\nexpended to create more understanding of the processes involved in\ninformation storage, retrieval, and dissemination. Too often, concepts\nderiving from science and technology are made to seem unnecessarily\nabstruse, either inadvertently or deliberately to preserve some sort of\nmystique. This book is intended to explicate, if not popularize, major\naspects of I S & R processes as they are exemplified by the field of\nchemical documentation. To the extent that this work is found useful\nby chemists, information specialists, and all individuals interested in\nscientific documentation, we shall be gratified.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000460"}
{"title": "Information Retrieval and Processing", "text": " The present book embodies a change in structure and focus to reflect\nthe fact that the reader of today's book is much more likely to be an\ninterested college student with a great awareness of the current information\nrevolution than was the case ten years ago. Thus, hardware, materials, and\nprocesses used in connection with information systems are discussed first,\nin Chapters Two through Four. The subject of information retrieval per se\nbegins with Chapters Five and Six, which have to do with librarianship \nand documentation. Because of their somewhat historical slant, these\nchapters (along with Seven) are the only ones taken from the 1963 book\nwhich adhere to their original character. Chapter Seven presents a simplified\nconcept of an information system and its components, and paves the way for\ndiscussion of computerized retrieval in the chapters to follow, especially\nfor data retrieval in Chapter Eight and document retrieval in Chapter Nine.\nChapters Ten through Twelve, on language processing, evaluation, and user\nstudies, describe important facets of the information retrieval field that have\ndeveloped strongly since 1963.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000461"}
{"title": "Information Retrieval", "text": " The material of this book is aimed at advanced undergraduate\ninformation (or computer) science students, postgraduate library\nscience students, and research workers in the field of IR. Some of the\nchapters, particularly Chapter 6, make simple use of a little advanced\nmathematics. However, the necessary mathematical tools can be easily\nmastered from numerous mathematical texts that now exist and in any\ncase references have been given where the mathematics occur.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000462"}
{"title": "Information Retrieval; British and American, 1876-1976", "text": " Of eight chapters this first one deals with principles and\ndefinitions and then with the slow development of information\nretrieval through about 5,000 years until the introduction of\nprinting in Europe less than 500 years prior to our period\nof principal coverage, 1876-1976. This latter period coincides\nwith the second century of the United States of America,\nduring which were intensified earlier efforts to carry out one of\nWashington's urgings in his Farewell Address: \"Promote\nthen, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion\nof knowledge.\"\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000463"}
{"title": "Similarity Relations and Fuzzy Orderings", "text": " The notion of \"similarity\" as defined in this paper is essentially a \ngeneralization of the notion of equivalence.. In the same vein, a fuzzy ordering\nis a generalization of the concept of ordering.. For example, the relation \nx >> y is a fuzzy linear ordering in the set of real numbers..\n More correctly, a similarity relation, S is a fuzzy relation which is\nreflexive, symmetric, and transitive..\n Various properties of similarity relations and fuzzy ordering are \ninvestigated and, as an illustration, an extended version of Szpilrajn's \ntheorem is proved..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000464"}
{"title": "Using Commercially Available Literature Tapes", "text": " for a Current Awareness Service \n The paper reviews the need for current awareness services and describes the \nbasic characteristics of SDI, indicating its advantages.. Details are given of \nthe problems that have arisen in providing an SDI service based on Chemical \nTitles tapes at Aldermaston with particular reference to program limitations.. \nData on operating costs and on use assessments of the service are given.. The \npros and cons of title-only alerting systems are discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000465"}
{"title": "The University of Sheffield Biomedical Information Project", "text": " An outline is given of the history of the Project and the development, with \nOSTI support, of an information service in intestinal absorption which is intended\nto become self-supporting.. Results of an evaluation of computer-based current \nawareness techniques including journal scanning is discussed with reference to \ncost, completeness and minimum delay.. A simple technique is suggested for\nprofile construction e.g. for Chemical Titles computer search, based on \nfrequency and specificity of words in a sample of relevant titles..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000466"}
{"title": "Exploitation of Literature on Tape", "text": " Experience of the use of a number of commercially available magnetic tapes \nfor a current awareness service is described.. Difficulties encountered in the \nassimilation of various types of tape format into the system developed for the \nUnilever Research Laboratory are discussed, and problems in the retrospective \nsearching of tapes are outlined..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000467"}
{"title": "Analysis of On-line Searching Costs", "text": " A project was undertaken to discover the major determinants of the costs of \nsearching, on-line, on a practical reference retrieval system (SCISEARCH).. The\nmethodology and some results of this project are reported.. Controlled searches\nwere undertaken to isolate the effect of each of a number of variables.. A \nmodel involving several of the major variables was then developed.. The general\napproach proved to be (in this case) both feasible and useful..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000468"}
{"title": "The Phenomena of Interest to Information Science", "text": " Discusses the various explicit and implicit definitions of information and\ninformation science, against a view of their historical development.. Shows how\nthe various views of information science overlap with other disciplines, and\nconcludes with a proposal for a definition of information science based on \nsocial need.. A schema of information sciences is put forward with the plea that\nany discussion of information and information science should first declare the\ndefinitions to be used..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000469"}
{"title": "Information Service in Libraries", "text": " The two studies presented here represent efforts\nto measure the performance of library staffs in an unobstrusive\nfashion: that is, to apply certain tests generally\nsimilar to portions of the normal workload without drawing\nattention to the fact that a test is being carried out. The\ntwo projects were rather different as to purpose, method,\nand reliability of result (that is, statistical significance).\nDr. Crowley's investigation, the first in point of time,\narose partly from his experience in a county library. His\ncuriousity about the real result of the reference activities\n(as different from merely counting the questions answered)\nled him to ask, \"Is there substantial difference between the\nclaims made by librarians for reference work and the actual\nresult as observed in a number of different situations by\nindividuals posing as clients?\" The study which followed\nfrom this question was, then, exploratory and necessarily\nless rigidly controlled than was the second study of this\npair.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000470"}
{"title": "Information Storage and Retrieval:", "text": "tools, elements, theories\n This textbook grew out of some discussions between the authors\nabout the interdisciplinary character of the field of information storage\nand retrieval. We both felt that the need existed to show what\neach professional group concerned with the solution of information\nstorage and retrieval problems could contribute. A university-level\ncourse was developed, based on the concept that each person should\nbe made aware of how others could help him. The course was presented\nabout a dozen times over the ensuing years, and this book is based on it.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000471"}
{"title": "Information Storage and Retrieval Systems for Individual Researchers", "text": " This book deals with the simplest of the three corrective measures -\nthe improvement of the document retrieval system. There are different\nways and means of accomplishing this, and these methods of improving\nthe organization and retrieval of personal document collections are the\nprincipal topics to be covered. The book is addressed primarily to the\nresearcher in any subject field who desires to improve the index to his\ndocument collection or start an index to his document collection but does\nnot quite know how to go about it. An index is herein defined as a\nsystematic organization of a collection of documents or data. There are\nindexes to various types of document and data collections, and there are\nvarious types of indexes. Examples of familiar indexes are indexes to\nindividual books, to collections of books (the card catalog in a library),\nto the contents of journals or periodicals (for example, the Reader's Guide\nto Periodical Literature), to collections of facts (for example, a telephone\ndirectory), or to numeric data (such as physical constants of a group\nof compounds or numeric data collected in a questionnaire study).\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000472"}
{"title": "Bibliographic Coupling Extended in Time: Ten Case Histories", "text": " The methods of bibliographic coupling were applied to 8186 papers in thirty-\nfive volumes of the Physical Review (Vol. 77, 1950 to Vol. 111, 1958).. The \nresults are reported in the form of ten case histories.. Each case was chosen \nto illustrate a problem in information retrieval.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000473"}
{"title": "A Methodology for Test and Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems", "text": " A recognition of the importance of useful evaluative techniques is an \nindirect or secondary result of the hugely expanded national investment in \nscientific research. Such recognition has followed the expenditure of much time\nand money on the development of information systems which utilize advances in\ninformation handling and data processing (primarily computer-oriented) to\nhandle the \"explosion\" of recorded information. Information scientists from\na typically diverse group of parent disciplines are now cooperating not only\nto develop methodologies of evaluation of such systems, but to apply them.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000474"}
{"title": "Factors Affecting the Preferences of Industrial Personnel for Information", "text": " Gathering Methods\n A structured questionnaire was administered to professional personnel in \nindustrial and government organizations, asking the subjects to rank eight \ninformation gathering methods according to their preference in given\nhypothetical situation.. The subjects were then asked to rate the methods on a\nseven point scale according to (a) ease of use and (b) amount of information \nexpected.. The subjects were divided into two groups determined by their time\nspent in research or research related activities.. The groups were designated\n\"research\" and \"nonresearch\"..\n A statistical analysis of the data from 96 subjects (52 in research, 44 in\nnonresearch) showed that no statistically significant differences were present \nin either the rankings or ratings between research and nonresearch personnel.. \n The results of the study infer that the ease of use of an information\ngathering method is more important than the amount of information expected for\ninformation gathering methods in industrial and government, regardless of the \nresearch orientation of the users..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000475"}
{"title": "On the Articulation of Surrogates: An Attempt at an Epistemological", "text": "Foundation\n There are two major purposes, in mind, for this gathering. The first is the\nmost general that can be proposed for any gathering: the simple advantage of\nbringing together those who have been at work on a single problem or at least\na small class of problems - especially when this problem has not previously\nbenefited from exclusive and thematic collaboration among its investigators.\nTo further such thematic collaboration, the formal presentations have been\nscheduled no more than three each day, with time left after each presentation\nfor (formal) discussion here in the conference room, and with as much time as\npossible - given the number of presentations - left free for informal \ndiscussion. \n The second purpose is one of even greater necessity, in my opinion, though\none not so obvious as the first. Over and above the hope for interchange of\nwhat has already been thought out - in the form of personal contact, where\nthe presence of the originator of the system or theory can reinforce the\nprinted word in its usual and ineffable way - it is my hope that we will all\nbe able (especially in our informal discussions) to penetrate beyond mere\nsimilarity and difference to the underlying philosophical bases of syntactic\nrelationship.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000476"}
{"title": "Some Remarks on Information Languages, Their Analysis and Comparison", "text": " \"The machine language [information language in our terminology D.S.]\nshould not be confused with the machine code: (Upenskii, 59:357). In\nRanganathan's more general terms: There should be no confusion between the\nidea plane and the notational plane. Many difficulties in classification\narise from this confusion. This paper is devoted mainly to problems on\nthe idea plane.\n \"The IR-language I want to talk about, is the language in which the\ninformation to be retrieved is formulated, i.e. a declarative sentence\nlanguage, not the imperative sentence language of the programmer-retriever\"\n(Bohnert in Samet, 62.1:10), that is, the information language should not\nbe confused with the programming language. (To avoid misunderstandings\nit would perhaps be better to say \"descriptive\" instead of \"declarative\"\nand to state explicitly that in a descriptive sentence an imperative may\nbe described which is, however, not to be executed by the system but to\nbe retrieved by appropriate searches.)\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000477"}
{"title": "Concept Organization for Information Retrieval", "text": " All analysis of information for storage and of questions for effecting\nretrieval must be in terms of concepts and the relations between them.\nThe concepts may be just words (descriptors), as in simple post-co-ordinate\nkeyword indexing systems, or they may be class-terms or other idea-groupings,\nas in classifications. The relations between concepts often appear to be\nabsent, but if more than one word is used in indexing or in a search there is\nclearly an implicit relation between them in the mind of the indexer or\nquestioner, and other relations possible between the words would lead to\nfalse drops. Classification has traditionally been a method of organization\nof concepts in which the relations between concepts are ostensibly displayed\nin the form of groupings called classes.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000478"}
{"title": "Automatic Term Classifications and Retrieval", "text": " Recent research at the Cambridge Language Research Unit has been concerned \nwith the application of the automatic classification techniques associated with \nthe \"theory of clumps\" to document description obtained from the Aslib-Cranfield\nproject, and with the use of the resulting term classifications in retrieval..\nA substantial program engine has been developed which computes similarities \nbetween pairs of terms on the basis of their occurrences and co-occurrences in \ndocument descriptions, and finds classes of terms with strong similarity \nconnections by minimizing the cohesion between a potential clump and its \ncomplement; and which retrieves using single terms and/or term classes \naccording to specification, and calculates recall and precision ratios for sets \nof requests.. Serious tests with different similarity and clump definitions and \nwith different modes of using term classes are still in progress, so on \ndefinite conclusions about the value of this kind of classification are \npresented..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000479"}
{"title": "Some Structural Characteristics of Articulated Subject Indexes", "text": " An articulated subject index is one in which logical transformations of \nnatural language phrases containing prepositions or connectives are employed to \norganize the noun phrases as subject headings, with subordinate displays of the \nremainder of the phrases.. The best-known example of the articulated subject \nindex is that to Chemical Abstracts..\n It has been shown that a well-defined transformation links the entry, as it \nappears in the index, with the original phrase, in natural order, as it was \nfirst compiled by the indexer.. A reverse transformation can be used to \ngenerate potential index entries from indexing phrases containing one or more \nprepositions or connectives..\n A simple model has been devised for the generation of articulated subject \nindex entries from natural language indexing phrases which exclude infinitives\nor words acting as gerunds or participles.. A sorting algorithm has also been \ndeveloped, the purpose of which is to select those entries which lead to \ngreatest organization in the index display..\n Deviations from the model in manually-produced indexes are described.. The \npotential value of certain of these characteristics in information retrieval \nis examined..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000480"}
{"title": "Integrated Information Processing and the Case for a National Network", "text": " The various premises, which need consideration when developing a realistic \nand flexible information storage, retrieval and dissemination (ISRD) system, \nare discussed; their implication is illustrated with some examples from the \ndevelopment of the system at \"Shell\" Research, Sittingbourne..\n One of the factors which will affect the satisfactory performance of an ISRD\nsystem is the ease with which relevant literature information not held in the \nsystem can be provided..\n The later part of the paper is developed to a discussion of this problem and\nof a possible means of dealing with it in the not too distant future..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000481"}
{"title": "Some Experiments in the Selective Dissemination of Information", "text": " in the Field of Plasma Physics\n A small-scale, computer-based SDI system in plasma physics and the related \nsubjects is described briefly.. The system serves about 100 research scientists \nand engineers and uses title input only in order to minimize input costs.. The\nimplications of this approach and its effect upon the system parameters is\ndiscussed.. Some comparison of the costs of the computer-based system with \nthose of a manual system is made..\n Further experiments are described in which the service is expanded to \nexternal users on a world-wide basis, the aim being to compare, under controlled\nconditions, the parameters of the small-scale internal service with those of an \nexternal service on a wide scale..\n The paper concludes with some observations on the future development and \norganization of computer-assisted services, their possibilities and the main \nproblems which are likely to arise..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000482"}
{"title": "Performance of Automatic Information Systems", "text": " The SMART document retrieval system is used to investigate algorithms for\ntext analysis and request searching.. Results from three document collections \nindicate that word normalization is efficiently performed by automatic thesaurus\nlookup, while phrase matching procedures, statistical association methods, and \nconcept hierarchies are useful for special applications.. Automatic document \nclustering schemes and use-interactive feedback methods permit rapid searches of\nlarge collections.. Abstracts are found to be superior to titles as a base for\ncontent analysis in a document retrieval system and almost as good as complete\ntexts.. Proper procedures for designing dictionaries and searching requests\nare discussed..The practicality of large scale document centers and their proper\ndesign are considered in light of these results..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000483"}
{"title": "Negotiation of Inquiries in an On-Line Retrieval System", "text": "The focus of discussion is a prototype retrieval system with three major \ncomponents for text processing, connectivity and decision operations.. Each of\nthese components is based on a distinguishable subtheory..\n Computer programs for the first two components have been written for a GE \n225 computer.. The complete prototype system is now being programmed for \noperation in a time-shared environment.. It is a user-oriented system, with \nplanned capabilities for the browsing and man-machine interaction..\nA major goal is to develop procedures whereby research workers can conduct an \non-line dialog via terminals with a body of scientific information.. Each \nuser-submitted inquiry is a set of sentences without restriction as to \nvocabulary or form.. The system converses with the user to obtain \nsource-derived phrases that elaborate and refine the initial inquiry.. The use is\nled to browse in the general area of his inquiry and to broaden or narrow it as\na further aid to request formulation..\n Evaluation of system performance is described..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000484"}
{"title": "A Clustering Experiment:", "text": " First Step Towards a Computer-Generated Classification Scheme\n A document collection consisting of 240 articles on theoretical high energy\nphysics is analyzed by an empirical clustering procedure, in which \nbibliographic coupling, obtained by computer, is used to measure the \nrelatedness of articles.. Meaningful groups of documents were produced.. The \nclustering process ia adapted to future use in the computer-generation of a \nclassification scheme..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000485"}
{"title": "Relevance Assessments and Retrieval System Evaluation", "text": " Two widely used criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of information \nretrieval system are, respectively, the recall and the precision.. Since the \ndetermination of these measures is dependent on a distinction between documents \nwhich are relevant to a given query and documents which are not relevant to that\nquery, it has sometimes been claimed that an accurate, generally valid \nevaluation cannot be based on recall and precision measures..\n A study was made to determine that effect of variations in relevance \nassessments on the average recall and precision values used to measure \nretrieval effectiveness.. Using a collection of 1200 documents in information \nscience for test purposes, it is found that large scale differences in the \nrelevance assessments do not produce significant variations in average recall \nand precision.. It thus appears that properly computed recall and precision \ndata may represent effectiveness indicators which are generally valid for many \ndistinct user classes..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000486"}
{"title": "An Indirect Method of Information Retrieval", "text": " The information retrieval process, treated strictly as a matching procedure,\nhas the defects that tha whole file must be probed for each query, and that it\noverlooks the fact that the relevance of the information from one document \ndepends upon what is already known about the subject, and in term affects the \nrelevance of other documents subsequently examined.. A mathematical model of a \nsearch technique in which the defects of the direct method are taken into account \nis demonstrated by an experiment in which a given paper is treated as an enquiry\nand the references cited in the paper are treated as relevant answers.. The\nresults in two tests show much better results than those achieved by the direct \nmethod.. No spurious material was retrieved by either method..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000487"}
{"title": "The Use of Automatically-Obtained Keyword Classifications", "text": " for Information Retrieval\n This report summarizes the work carried out on the automatic construction of\nkeyword classifications and their use in information retrieval that we have \ncarried out in the last eighteen months.. It discusses the possible \ncharacteristics of such classifications, and potential ways of using them; and \ndescribed the various approaches to classification we have considered, in terms\nof an overall frame of reference in which several types of classification are \ndistinguished.. The results of experiments using a collection of documents and\ntest requests obtained from the Aslib Clanfield project are presented, from \nwhich it can be conclude that automatic classifications which lead to noticeable\nimprovements in retrieval performance over those obtainable with unclassified \nterms can be set up..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000488"}
{"title": "Experiments in Book Indexing by Computer", "text": " The most challenging task in preparing an index to a book is to select all \nand only those terms that are related to the text and are useful for relevance \npurposes.. While a knowledgeable human can make the selection on an intuitive \nbasis, automatic indexing requires a precise operational criterion for defining \nand selecting good and useful index terms.. Two principles of selection are \nproposed:specification and selection of useful terms, and specification and \nexclusion of useless terms.. Because of the nebulous nature and meaning of\n\"good index terms\", and the difficulties involved in devising machine algorithms\nfor their selection, this research in automatic indexing is based on the \nprinciple of excluding useless terms.. Even so,fully automatic indexing was not \nachieved in this study.. Single words proved to be little value as index terms..\nMultiple word terms were generated by the computer, but no algorithm could \nsuccessfully eliminate the useless phrases.. Final selection had to be made by \nthe experimenter.. A comprehensive and useful book index was achieved by using \nmachine-aided rather than fully automated indexing techniques..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000489"}
{"title": "Computer Use in Information and Data Handling:", "text": " an Appraisal of Its Economic Aspects\n The economic merits of applying computers in information storage, retrieval \nand dissemination have usually been considered with respect only to the cost of \noperating the information services concerned.. This had tended to indicate that\ncomputer use is economically justified mainly for housekeeping operations in \nthe large scale organizations..\n The present paper takes a wider view and included in its appraisal the costs\ninvolved in information gathering and dissemination for the total system \nrepresenting the information services and its users.. It is suggested that the \ninclusion of cost elements associated with user time devoted to information \ngathering tends to shift the economic appraisal in favor of computer application\nin information work..\n In fact, such computer use appears to find its main stimulus and economic \njustification in an environment that provides strong incentives to minimize \nthe total cost of the system whilst maximizing its benefits to the users..\n To illustrate this some example are given based on experience gained in \nresearch data handling and the operation of SDI services in an industrial \nresearch establishment..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000490"}
{"title": "The Unilever Research SDI System", "text": " The Research SDI System has now been in operation for one year using the ISI\nSource Tapes as a data base.. Tapes are received weekly from ISI, Philadelphia\nand are run against approximately 20,000 search terms representing about 350 \nprofiles.. The Computer System and search programs will be described together\nwith costs for the operation.. User reaction will be commented upon within the \ncontext of future developments of SDI..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000491"}
{"title": "Performance and Cost of \"Free-Text\" Search systems", "text": " The purpose of an information-retrieval system is to provide the user with\ncitations relevant to his query. Since the user is the only person competent\nto make the final judgement of relevance it is natural to suppose that the\nselection of items from a data base will lead to two kinds of retrieval\nerror. The extent of these errors is expressed by the familiar measures\nof performance, precision and recall. Precision measures the failure of the\nsystem to retrieve only relevant documents while recall measures its failure\nto retrieve all relevant documents actually present in the data base. It is\ndifficult to visualize a situation in which a user would find advantage in\nbeing provided with irrelevant citations. From the user's point of view,\ntherefore, a system which offers less than 100 per cent precision is a\ndeficient system.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000492"}
{"title": "Experimental Use of a Program for Computer-Aided Subject-Index Production", "text": " Stages in the development of a program for the production of articulated \nsubject indexes are described.. The preparation of an index to the third \nedition of the SMRE Bibliography has enabled the technique to be assessed in a \npractical situation.. Titles from 1700 documents included in the bibliography \nwere edited to provide input to the program, and the output recorded on a \nmicro-film/hard-copy recorder in upper case alone..\n Further developments now in hand are indicated and criteria for assessing the \nsuitability of the technique relative to other index-production techniques are \ndiscussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000493"}
{"title": "The Design of Cost-Effective Hierarchical Information Systems", "text": " The provision of periodicals and bibliographic aids for the three levels of \nthe hierarchy is considered.. Viability analysis establishes minimum operating \nscales and Bradford-Zipf analysis optimizes the selection..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000494"}
{"title": "Optimum Procedures for Economic Information Retrieval", "text": " Computer searches on Chemical Titles tapes for current awareness at the \nUniversity of Alberta since May, 1968, have provided sufficient data to allow \nformulation of a cost function based on the number of titles searched, the \nlength of questions, the extent to which questions may be batched, and certain \ndetails regarding the allowed forms of question.. With different choice of \nparameters the cost function could be adapted to apply to searches of other data \nbases..\n An attempt to make retrospective searching economically feasible has led to\nformulation of different search techniques.. It is suggested that the search \nprocedure should be designed to minimize computation time at the expense of \nconvenience in the form of output, but that facilities should be included so \nthat the user who is willing to play the additional cost may receive output in \na more convenient form..\n In recognition of the fact that the form of search question should be \ndependent on the vocabulary of the data base, a program has been developed to \nmodify a question so that it is optimal for searches on the given data base..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000495"}
{"title": "The Cost and Costing of Information Storage and Retrieval", "text": " This presentation on economic aspects of information retrieval is based\non data gathered by Project URBANDOC during the course of four years in\ndeveloping documentation services for the literature of urban planning\nand renewal. It was a substantial effort - half a million dollars is\nno small sum in the social sciences - made possible by an Urban Renewal\nDemonstration Grant from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development\n(HUD) to The City University of New York. The proposal that initiated the\nProject in 1965 grew out of the extensive dissatisfaction with bibliographic\nservices in planning librarianship at a time when both planners and librarians\nwere looking to data processing to solve a variety of information problems.\nURBANDOC was to apply the techniques of scientific documentation to a body of\nliterature which had been neglected by the information science community before\nthe advent of computerization, and completely by-passed by it afterwards.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000496"}
{"title": "Some Cost Estimates for Bibliographical Searching in a Large-Scale", "text": "Social Sciences Information System\n Many of the large-scale mechanized information systems in operation today\ngrew up because of the need of the military and para-military establishments\nto have rapid access to large quantities of scientific and technological\ninformation. This paper will deal with two complementary efforts in the\nfield of social sciences, where an awareness of the information problem is\nacute, and the global needs staggering. The target audiences for these two\nsystems are on the one hand social science researchers and on the other\npolicy planners and makers in the broad field of economic and social \ndevelopment.\n An operational system (in the International Labour Office) will be\ndescribed, and an array of figures representing actual or theoretical \noperating costs will be given. As could be expected, however, these\nfigures relate only to costs of systems development, input preparation,\nfile maintenance and retrieval. No attempt can be made to evaluate in other\nthan general terms the economic impact that the existence of such a system\nmay have. It can be readily demonstrated, however, that computer-assisted\ninformation systems may make sense within individual institutional\nenvironments, and make greater sense when on-line systems linking\nvarious collaborating institutions can result in enabling each to operate\nmore efficiently and at lower cost. The existence of such on-line\nnetworks would make the greatest sense for users because of the possibility\nof having access at a reasonable price to large information stores.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000497"}
{"title": "Mechanized Searching of Acts of Parliament", "text": " This paper reports the results of a practical study of the application of \ndigital computers to the storage, analysis and retrieval of the full text of \nActs of Parliament and associated delegated legislation dealing with automatic \nenergy, a total of some 140,000 words.. A suite of computer programs has been \nprepared in a high-level language for generating a dictionary and concordance \nto the full text and organizing the search process.. The interrogation \nlanguage QUEST is described and its application to full text searching \ndiscussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000498"}
{"title": "Experiments in Automatic Extracting and Indexing", "text": " This article reports on several experiments in automatic extracting and one\nexperiment in automating indexing.. Nine chapters, each from a different \ntechnical book, were used as a text corpus for all the experiments.. In the \nfirst experiment, an attempt was made to construct a sentence dictionary of \nsyntactic sentence types, for distinguishing extract-worthy sentences, but it \nproved unrewarding.. Nevertheless, the results indicated that sentence typing\nmight be used in a screening process in conjunction with other extracting \ntechniques.. The later attempts to combine synactic and statistical criteria \nin the choice of extract sentences and index phrases proved more rewarding.. \nThe sentences selected by the extracting algorithm were representative and \nare presented for the reader to peruse.. The noun phrases selected by the \nindexing algorithm compared favorably with the back-of-the-book index phrases..\nThere is every indication that satisfactory back-of-the-book indexes could be \nproduced automatically, with post-editing to delete superfluous items..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000499"}
{"title": "Cost-Effectiveness as a Guide in Developing Indexing Rules", "text": " To date, the many decisions among alternatives that are required in the \ncourse of developmental efforts to improve indexing have, with few exceptions, \nbeen guided primarily by criteria related to effectiveness, as measured by some \nobjective method, or as judged subjectively.. Although effectiveness-type \ncriteria may be adequate for work intended solely to advance the \nstate-of-the-art, when the goal is to develop indexing techniques appropriate \nfor operating services, it seems highly desirable to employ some criterion that \ntakes cost as well as effectiveness into consideration.. The central problem of \noperating services can be reduced to either that of producing the best indexing \npossible at a given cost, or that of producing indexing of a given level of \neffectiveness at least cost.. In our current effort to develop rules for human, \nmachine, and man-machine indexing, we employ a cost-effectiveness type of \ncriterion in making the critical developmental decision.. The general approach\nis described and illustrated with examples of how measures of cost and of \neffectiveness were considered jointly in decision making, primarily for how to\nreduce cost of indexing at a given level of effectiveness.. Problems of \ndefining cost are also discussed, such as how to divide indexing into discrete \nsteps, the effects of long-term vs. short-term activity in humans and \nsmall-batch vs. large-batch considerations for machines..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000500"}
{"title": "Compilation of Thesauri for Use in Computer Systems", "text": " A thesaurus can be defined as a structured vocabulary for use in information\nstorage and retrieval systems.\n Three parts of this definition need further elaboration:\n 1. A vocabulary is a collection of terms.\n 2. The structure of a vocabulary can be described as a set of relationships\n between terms.\n 3. Utilization of a thesaurus in an information system involves a set of\n rules which take into account the characteristics of the system.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000501"}
{"title": "Information-Seeking Behavior of Catalog Users", "text": " This study is based on the data from a survey of catalog use at three \nuniversity libraries and one public library.. Both \"known-item\" searches and\n\"subject\" searches were analyzed.. The characteristics of the user population \nwere examined and methodological problems of the survey were discussed.. A\nrelation was found between the academic rank of the catalog users and type of \nsearch that they carry out.. Some of the factors influencing the success or \nfailure of the search were analyzed, and the meaning of \"success\" for the two\ntypes of search was discussed.. The study investigated tends in search \nstrategies as well as degree of perseverance of catalog searchers..Implications \nfor the design of modern information retrieval systems were pointed out..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000502"}
{"title": "Automatic Classification and Retrieval of Documents by Means", "text": " of a Bibliographic Pattern Discovery Algorithm\n We present completely automatic procedures for the self-generation of \nmeaningful groups among the members of a document collection and for the \nclassification according to these groups of subsequent documents.. These\nprocedures operate on large document collections with reasonably short\ncomputation times.. Thus far, in our experiments on the physics literature,\nautomatic classification has proven to be as good as or better than manual\nindexing and, in addition, potentially less expensive.. Empirically derived, \nour method is based upon a pattern discovery algorithm which use only the \ncitation content of a document and with operates on the bibliographic links \namong papers.. The self-generated groups correspond to very specific subject \nheadings; retrospective bibliographies generated in the procedures allow one \nto classify the subsequent literature with remarkably high recall and \nrelevance ratios, close to 100%..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000503"}
{"title": "Columbia University School of Library Service System", "text": " for Thesaurus Development and Maintenance\n A system for computer-based thesaurus production and maintenance has been \ndeveloped at Columbia University School of Library Service.. The system is\nhighly flexible, providing for all the types of data elements which have been \nused in both thesauri and subject heading lists, with additional features found\nto be useful as a result of the ongoing research program at Columbia.. Three\nthesauri in widely varying subject fields are in the final stages of production\nunder the system.. As a result of the simultaneous development of the thesauri \n(based on actual indexing universes) and of the production system, which is \npart of a larger program of research in information handling problems, a variety\nof new techniques and procedures have been developed as their usefulness became \nevident..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000504"}
{"title": "Five Years, Five Volumes and 2345 Pages", "text": " of the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology\n The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) is now 5\nyears old.. In these 5 years ARIST became not only a very much used and quoted \ntool, but also an established institution.. This is testified by the fact that \neach of the five volumes was the year's most frequently and most comprehensively\nreviewed book in the field.. The ARIST effort is unparalleled in great many \nfields..\n Currently we are entering an era of intense concern about and reactions to\nscience and technology.. All sciences and technologies are subject to \nquestioning, scrutiny and evaluation both inside and outside of their subject \nareas..\n Scrutiny of a field may be attempted by a scrutiny of its important \nliterature items.. With 5 years and five volumes ARIST invites and affords a \nperspective.. This review is attempting in broad brushstrokes to be a critical \nexamination of the underlying structure, and literature base as well as the \nachievements of the ARIST effort as a whole..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000505"}
{"title": "A Technique for the Evaluation of a Commercial Information Service and Some", "text": "Preliminary Results from the Drugdoc Service of the \nExcerpta Medica Foundation\n The selectivity, timeliness and quality of indexing of a commercial service \nmay be assessed by comparing the journal articles chosen by an organization as \nrelevant to its interests, with those subsequently reported by the service..\nThese aspects were evaluated with respect to Drugdoc which scans over 3400\nbiomedical journals.. The results showed that the selection criteria laid down \nby Drugdoc are strictly adhered to; the mean time of alerting of an article \nwas 11-3 weeks after receipt of the journal at Wellcome and all articles from a\nparticular journal issue were reported by Drugdoc on average within 13-6 \nweeks.. Indexing was examined in detail and on average 8-1 primary \nthesaurus-controlled indexing terms were assigned per article.. Pilot studies\nwere also run on SDI profiles compiled from the Drugdoc Thesaurus..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000506"}
{"title": "A Multidisciplinary and Computerized SDI Service for Industry and", "text": "Research-Practical Experience and Costs\n In this paper the experiences, costs, price policy, market, sales promotion\nand foreign cooperation of a Danish documentation department are described in\nrelation to two databases, as follows: The COMPENDEX tapes are scanned in\nDenmark, whereas the INSPEC tapes are scanned in Holland with the inclusion of\nDanish profiles according to a bilateral agreement.. The total costs in \nconnection with COMPENDEX are evaluated and divided into four main components:\nDisbursement to the supplier of the tape system, working expenses of the \ndocumentation center, costs of the electronic data processing, and expenses\nconnected with the procurement of the original material to the subscribers..\nThey can choose between including or deleting the COMPENDEX abstracts during\nsequential text scanning and printing-out.. Search profiles are formed by the \nterms (word, author, journal code) connected by AND/OR/NOT-logic and weight\nfactors.. (The above documentation department belongs to the National \nTechnological Library of Denmark and also two SDI services based on tape \nsystems from CAS.. Retrospective searches have been carried out)..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000507"}
{"title": "Interactive Reference Retrieval in Large Files", "text": " We express the conviction that on-line reference retrieval will largely \nreplace the present tape driven system in a few years.. We describe the design\ncriteria of such an on-line system based on our experience of a pilot system \nwhich has been operational for 2 years, emphasizing the importance of\nminimizing the number of disk accesses.. We recommend the use of hash coding \nfor searching in a thesaurus and point out that the user of an on-line system \nshould use the most precise terms first and the common terms last - the \nopposite of the procedure in a manual search..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000508"}
{"title": "The Use of Hierarchic Clustering in Information Retrieval", "text": " We introduce information retrieval strategies which are based on automatic\nhierarchic clustering of documents.. We discuss the evaluation of retrieval\nstrategies and show, using a subset of the Cranfield Aeronautics document \ncollection, that cluster-based retrieval strategies can be devised which are as \neffective as linear associative retrieval strategies and much more efficient..\nFinally, we outline how cluster-based retrieval may be extended to large growing\ndocument collections and indicate some ways in which the effectiveness of\ncluster-based retrieval strategies may be improved..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000509"}
{"title": "Retrieval Efficiency from Titles and the Cost of Indexing", "text": " By the means of the flexible machine search system three experiments have \nbeen made in order to test the retrieval efficiency of searching free text and \nkeywords.. Base upon the relevance judgements of the users, the results \nindicate that titles and abstracts are good index material which can be used \nfor machine searching without human indexing in the three fields studies..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000510"}
{"title": "Program Design for Retrospective Searches on Large Data Bases", "text": " Retrospective search of large document data bases requires development of \nspecial techniques for automatic compression of data and minimization of the \nnumber of input-output operations to the computer accessible files.. Also, the \ncomputer program should be designed to require a relatively small amount of \ninternal memory..\n The present paper contains a description of the structure of a program that \nmeets the above requirements.. The vocabulary of the data base is automatically \nexpressed in terms of 8, 16 and 24 bit codes chosen to point to the natural \nspelling in a dictionary.. Thus file size is reduced without the necessity for\nextensive processing for decoding.. Use of a compressed bit string inverted\nindex greatly reduces search time, and a storage management system enables long\nstrings to be processed with use of a limited amount of internal storage..\nCreation of \"reduced\" files and tables is an important feature of a program; it\nallows the files needed only by specific phases of the program to be designed \nto use a relatively small amount of internal storage and input-output time..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000511"}
{"title": "Experiences of IIT Research Institute in Operating a Computerized Retrieval", "text": "System for Searching a Variety of Data Bases\n The Computer Search Center (CSC) at IIT Research Institute (IITRI) provides\ninformation from computer-readable data bases to users in industry, government\nand universities.. The center was designed to meet user needs by providing a \nvariety of services from multiple data bases with minimal restrictions and a\nhigh degree of flexibility.. A new modular machine-independent PL/1 software\nsystem was developed for handling virtually any bibliographic-type base.. CSC\nhave run at nine different computer facilities with different: hardware,\ncomputer models, versions of OS, peripherals of the PL/1 compiler.. All data\nbases are converted by preprocessors to a standard IITRI format which employs\na directory and character string type of the structure..\n User oriented profile features include: full free form Boolean logic with \nany degree of nesting; search terms may be any data element on a data base; \nsearch terms may be single words, multi-word terms, phrases, or term fragments;\nfull truncation capabilities; optional sort of author, citation number, or \nweight; and optional printing of output on 5x8 cards, multilith masters, paper,\nor tape.. User aids were developed for each data base to assist in profile and\nmonitoring.. They include: search manuals, truncation guides, term frequency \nlist and KLIC indexes..\n Research is conducted and statistics maintained to study, monitor, and \nimprove Center components including data bases, user satisfaction, systems,\npersonnel functions and services.. The many advantages of computerized \nretrieval, which are the raison d'etre for the center, include: coverage,\nthoroughness, consistency, interdisciplinariness, recall, speed, regularity,\nfile preparation and cost effectiveness..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000512"}
{"title": "Communication and Information Processing within Scientific Disciplines:", "text": "Empirical Findings for Psychology\n Scientific disciplines can be regarded as social devices which have, as one\nfunction, the analysis and reduction of raw information to assimilated \nknowledge of a type which can be transmitted through professional training..\nData on information flow in psychology reveal feedback to scientific workers\nand result in refinements of the product of research; later disseminations are \ninterwoven with processes of evaluation and selection and are directed toward \nthe creation of an integrated and tested body of knowledge.. The reported data \nfinish an empirical base for Ziman's consensual model of science and illuminate \ndifficulties which have arisen in the design and implementation of information \nsystems..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000513"}
{"title": "Evaluating the Effectiveness of an On-Line,", "text": "Natural Language Retrieval System\n An evaluation of an on-line retrieval system known as EARS (Epilepsy \nAbstracts Retrieval System) has been performed.. The system, which permits the \nfree text searching of approximately 8000 abstracts drawn from Epilepsy \nAbstracts, is supported by the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and \nStroke (NINDS).. Specialists in the field of neurology, at six medical centers\nin the United States, conducted on-line searches to satisfy their own needs for \ninformation.. Parallel searches were conducted on the same search topics by a \nneurologist at NINDS who was highly experienced in using the system.. The \nresults of the original searches were evaluated in terms of recall, precision, \nand general user satisfaction.. A detailed analysis of factors affecting the\nsuccess and failure of the on_line searches was carried out..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000514"}
{"title": "A Journal Selection Model and Its Implications for a Library System", "text": " The problem of selecting which journals to acquire in order to best satisfy \nlibrary objectives is modeled as a zero-one linear programming problem and \nexamined in detail.. The model incorporates an objective function based on \nexpected usage as a measure of journal worth and cost constraints which \naccount for the scarcity of capital.. The model can be used to aid the \nlibrarian in making better selection decisions, since the objective function \ncan be shown to reflect the evaluation of the library as an information \nretrieval system and as a service organization.. Moreover, the model of seen to \nbe related to inventory problems and scheduling models in industrial \noperations.. \n Journal usage is discussed as a measure of journal worth and is contrasted \nto journal productivity.. Constraints are considered for scarce resources other \nthan capital and for journal interrelationships..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000515"}
{"title": "Problems in Information Retrieval:", "text": " Logical Jumps in the Expression of Information\n In a structured data base, such as that obtained when information is indexed\nin a format including explicit relations, retrieval of all relevant items in\nresponse to a question may, in some cases, be restricted by technicalities of \nthe structure.. Condensations in the form of logical jumps, or the omission of \na concept with one relation out of a string of three concepts with two \ninterstitial relations, have been investigated by two different methods, in \norder to overcome one of these technicalities.. Thirty-two rules are proposed\nwhich could permit the automatic condensation of either of both the stored \ninformation and the question, when the concepts and relations are in the form \nof linear or string display.. Nine rules are proposed for condensation of \nangular structures.. Other type of logical jump and abbreviation are discussed, \ntogether with related studies of expansions and inference steps..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000516"}
{"title": "Machine_Aided Indexing of Technical Literature", "text": " To index successfully in the Defense Documentation Center's environment, an\nautomated system must chose single words or phrases (dependent upon context)\nrapidly and economically.. The automation of DDC's indexing has been \nmachine-aided from its inception.. A machine-aided indexing (MAI) system is \ndescribed that indexes one million words of text per hour of CPU time.. \nGrammatical errors do not exceed five per cent of the output, so human \nscreening is satisfactorily low.. The system could potentially scale up to an\noperational size of 10 million words of text per year - the equivalent of a\ndozen bibles or a third of the Encyclopedia Britannica.. In a batch mode, the\nprograms to accomplish this indexing would require no more than fifteen minutes\nof CPU time per week..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000517"}
{"title": "A Bayesian Approach to Interactive Retrieval", "text": " This paper presents a probabilistic model for interactive retrieval.. \nSpecifically, it applies the principles of Bayesian statistical decision theory:\n(1) the use of both prior (subjective) and sample information about the\nrelationship of document descriptions to query relevance, and (2) maximization \nof the expected value of a utility function, to the problem of optimally \nrestructuring a search strategy in an interactive environment..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000518"}
{"title": "Distance between Sets as an Objective Measure of Retrieval Effectiveness", "text": " A general measure of retrieval effectiveness having full metric properties \nand treating the \"retrieval system - arbiter of relevance\"situation \nsymmetrically, is the Marczewski-Steinhaus metric, D, measuring the distance \nbetween the set of relevant documents, A, and set of retrieved documents, B, \naccording to D = 1 -(n (A ^ B)/n(A u B)).. D can be expressed as a function of \nPresicion and Recall, or of Generality, Fallout and Recall, and of other sets \nof traditional measures.. Acceptance of the measure allows criteria for \nretrieval optimality and degeneracy to be stated, defined by minimum and \nconstant values of D respectively.. Precision_Recall degeneracy curves for D \nare given and compared with those for another general measure: the probability\nthat a document will be correctly identified by a retrieval system.. \nStatistical extensions of D are examined, and these and other properties of the\nmetric are illustrated with seven examples..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000519"}
{"title": "CA Condensates as a Retrospective Search Tool\tA Commentary", "text": " A retrospective test search on 1 year of CA Condensates was carried out in \norder to calculate the cost per profile and to get an impression of how CA \nCondensates would suffice as a database for a retrospective use.. Some means of\nimproving the search strategy by means of the CAS Standard Distribution Format\nwere investigated.. The question is raised whether the costs and efforts \npresently devoted to research regarding retrospective searches on large \nfree-text databases are justified in view of the low average precision ratios \ngenerally observed for free text databases and the very high number of \nreferences of potential interest retrieved..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000520"}
{"title": "Compression of Bibliographic Files Using an Adaptation of Run-Length Coding", "text": " Substantial degrees of compression of bibliographical data bases result from\nthe application to them a modified form of run-length coding.. The method\ninvolves attenuation of the zero:one bit ratio of the data base.. This can be \nachieved by substitution of codes with the highest zero:one ratios the most\nfrequent symbols, or by substitution of 2-bytes codes for diagrams.. A form of\nrun-length coding in which the run-length is represented as a fixed-length\nbinary number is then applied..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000521"}
{"title": "Automatic Indexing and Generation of Classification Systems by Algorithm", "text": " A system of automatic indexing based on Baye's theorem is described \nbriefly.. In assigning 124 documents to 9 categories, there were 97 cases of \nagreement with professional indexers.. Using a collection factor, based on 87 \nper cent human consistency from other courses, the computer appears then to \nindex with 90 per cent accuracy in this case..\n The technique is then used with two randomized sample document groups drawn\nfrom nine categories.. Each group in turn is used as the basis for indexing the\nother.. The computer knows only the number of categories.. After 8 cycles the \ncomputer is found to have formed 9 groups consisting of about 50 per cent of \ndocuments that were also lumped together by professional indexers on the basis \nof subject content..\n A new measure of performance is proposed and some other applications of the \ntechnique indicated..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000522"}
{"title": "The Cost_Performance of an On-Line, Free-Text Bibliographic Retrieval System", "text": " The cost-performance evaluation of the SUPARS system is reported.. SUPARS \nwas an on-line, free-text bibliographic retrieval system; cost-effectiveness \ndata of such systems are not readily available.. In our evaluation, two \nmeasures of cost were employed: a computer processing charge expressed in \ndollars, and the number of documents retrieved (a measure of work that must be \nexpended to review the retrieved items).. The measure of performance was an \nestimate of the recall ratio..\n To obtain the requisite measures an experimental plan was developed in which \nexperts searched the data base of Psychological Abstracts forming their queries\nfrom written statements of information needs.. These statements (along with the \nlist of documents relevant to them) were produced by people with information\nproblems.. Tallies were kept of the number of documents retrieved before each \nof the designed relevant items were found.. The major findings are noted \nbelow..\n (1) Queries to the system employing simple Boolean operators (AND, OR) have\nbetter cost-performance characteristics than queries using more elegant \nsearching operators..\n (2) On-demand access to the index or dictionary contributes sizeably to\nimproving the cost-performance of the system..\n (3) The argument is raised that human factors, such as the differences among\nusers of a system, probably should be a major factor in the design, operation \nand evaluation of retrieval systems.. It appears that consideration of these \nfactors will improve system cost-performance..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000523"}
{"title": "Analysis of the Microstructure of Titles in the INSPEC Data-Base", "text": " A high degree of constancy has been found to exist in the microstructure of \ntitles of samples of the INSPEC data-base taken over 3-year period.. Character\nand diagram frequencies are shown to be relatively stable, while variable-length\ncharacter-string characterizing samples separated by 3 years in time show close\nsimilarities..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000524"}
{"title": "On the Role of Subjectivity in Establishing, Using, Operating and Evaluating", "text": "Information Retrieval Systems\nTreatise II on Retrieval System Theory\n The personal literature search of a scientist is strongly governed by\nsubjective influences.. If he delegates his literature search he should always \nbe aware of the problems necessarily emanating from his subjective view.. This\nprevents him from imposing unsatisfiable demands on the delegated search,\nparticularly with respect to its expected performance, and makes him conscious\nof the fact that in order to satisfy his entire information need he cannot \ndispense with the browsing serendipity of his personal literature search.. He\nwill also better understand the peculiarities of the documentary methods needed\nfor operating large and continuously growing systems as compared with the \nmethods sufficient for his personal file..\n The information scientist on the other hand, in charge of establishing, \noperating, and evaluating retrieval systems of high performance and survival \npower, should take into consideration the pronouncedly subjective character of\nfundamental notions such as \"information\" and \"order\".. This gives him a better\nunderstanding of the kind of inquiries submitted to him and of the inherently,\neven if latently, subjective character of several fundamental operations in \nstorage and retrieval and will cause him to refrain from futile attempts to \nmake such operations more \"objective\" and formal.. Such a better mutual\nunderstanding will be bound to promote advance in methodology and psychology of \nscientific communication..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000525"}
{"title": "On-Line Information retrieval as a Scientists Tool", "text": " The use of an on-line information retrieval system by the scientists \nthemselves is described.. MEDUSA was designed to allow physicians to \ninterrogate the MEDLARS data base.. A brief description is given of the system \nand details of an experiment to test its effectiveness.. Search formulation \nprepared on-line by medical research workers are compared for recall and \nprecision with the same requests formulated by search editors in the normal \nway.. The results show that physicians can use an on-line system effectively..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000526"}
{"title": "A Technique for Machine-Aided Indexing", "text": " Subject indexing of text can, in principle, be accomplished in many ways.. \nThe technique for machine-aided indexing (MAI) developed at the Defense \nDocumentation Center (DDC) is illustrated on a randomly chosen abstract..\nAdditional text is provided in coded form so that the reader can more fully\nexplore this technique and form his own opinion of the applicability and \nversatility of this particular procedure.. The DDC method for subject indexing \nis very close to operational status for a data base which grows at the rate of \ntwo million words of text per year..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000527"}
{"title": "Customized User Services via Interactions with LEADERMART", "text": " LEADERMART is a fully operational information retrieval system featuring \non-line interactive service to a wide variety of user groups in business,\nindustry, government, and universities.. With the availability of many\ncomputer-readable bibliographic data bases, experience with users dictated the \ndevelopment of special-purpose information products based on a thorough \nunderstanding of individual client needs, and the delivery of such products in \na customized form.. Each different application required a different package, \nwith variations of both software and data base coverage.. These packages were\ndeveloped via suitable modification of modular system software to result in \nproducts tailored to user idiosyncracies..\n The paper describes problems associated with these repackaging procedures, \nand discusses the changes brought about by the introduction of an on-line, \ninteractive retrieval service into the operating environment of users.. \nImplications for networking and resource-sharing, focusing upon \ncost-effectiveness and performance measures, are also discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000528"}
{"title": "A Remote-Terminal Retrospective Search Facility Using a Hybrid of Microform", "text": "and Computer Storage\n This paper describes a technical document center providing remote-terminal\nretrospective search capability and shows its evolution from the traditional \ncatalog card operation..\n The system uses mini-computers for on-line input and editing of data and for\nproduction of announcements, and uses a commercial computer-utility/\ncommunication network for retrospective searching.. A hybrid of microform and \ncomputer storage was designed to decrease computer and line charges and to allow\nfor security considerations..\n Bilingual search capability in either of two models suitable for experienced\nusers or novices is provided to a network of satellite libraries separated by \nas much as 3000 miles..\n A Selective Dissemination of Information service is provided using in-house \nand foreign data bases and serving over 600 profiles of interest..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000529"}
{"title": "Indexing Language Structure for Automated Retrieval", "text": " A proposal for a computer-aided method of building up an indexing language \nis made.. The method involves linking the terms relevant to any special \nretrieval system into the UDC, preferably in the form of the Standard Reference\nCode when it becomes available.. Links between the terms are intended to be \nestablished in such a way that, provided indexing input sessions are \naccomplished via a video terminal, a hybrid thesaurus-classification could be \nbuilt up by a form of \"learning process\" in the course of regular indexing.. \nThe proposed means of establishing links between terms are described, the\nassociated computer system is outlined, and an example of indexing language\nbuilt-up procedure is presented.. Possible uses for natural language search, \nusing the thesaurus-classification as a \"switching language\", and for automatic\nclassification, are suggested as long-term aims..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000530"}
{"title": "Index Term Weighting", "text": " Various approaches to index term weighting have been investigated.. In\nparticular, claims have been made for the value of statistically-based\nindexing in automatic retrieval systems.. The paper discusses the logic of \ndifferent types of weighting, and describes experiments testing weighting \nschemes of these types.. The result show that one type of weighting leads to\nmaterial performance improvements in quite different collection environments..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000531"}
{"title": "Relevance, Pertinence and Information System Development", "text": " The different between pertinence and relevance is discussed.. Other pairs of\nterms and the differences between their members are examined, and the \nsuggestion is made that such studies could increase our understanding of the \ntheory of information systems, and hence lead to practical improvements.. Some\nexamples are considered, among them the use of \"personality profiles\" to \nimprove the pertinence effectiveness of systems..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000532"}
{"title": "The Dynamic Scientific-Information User", "text": " In this article we examine the concept of the \"information user\", and \nattempt to describe some of the dynamics of the situation by discussing some of\nour data relative to \"intraindividual variations\" (changes which occur within\nindividual scientists as their scientific work progresses) and \"interindividual\nvariations\" (physical vs social scientists, basic vs applied scientists, \nexperienced vs inexperienced scientists, and scientists' working in the same\nsubject-matter area vs scientists who recently changed their areas).. All of\nthese were found to produce significant variation in the information needs of \nscientists and in the sources they used to satisfy these needs.. Some \nimplications of these findings relative to information technology are \ndiscussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000533"}
{"title": "Project Intrex: A General Review", "text": " A comprehensive review of the experimental information storage and retrieval \nsystem developed by Project Intrex is presented, together with a description of\nmajor results and conclusions that were derived through use of the system.. \nSalient features of the Intrex system included an argumented catalog stored in\nan online interactive computer in combination with full-text storage on \nmicrofiche.. Guaranteed access to full text at remote allocations was provided\nthrough use of an automatic fiche storage and retrieval system that was\ncomputer-controlled.. Discussed in the paper are the details of the catalog \nstructure, user experiments, economic studies and information-system \nnetworking..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000534"}
{"title": "Information Systems, Services, and Centers", "text": " This book is concerned with the practices of information transfer and use.\nIt examines information science for the purpose of control of the information\n\"flood\" through systems, services, and centers. The book is designed as a \ntext for use at the university level and as a reference source for working\ninformation scientists and specialists, for documentalists, for engineers\nand for researchers in the physical, life, and social sciences.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000535"}
{"title": "Information Theory and Reliable Communication", "text": " This book is designed primarily for use as a first-year graduate text in\ninformation theory, suitable for both engineers and mathematicians. It is\nassumed that the reader has some understanding of freshman calculus and\nelementary probability, and in the later chapters some introductory random\nprocess theory. Unfortunately there is one more requirement that is harder\nto meet. The reader must have a reasonable level of mathematical maturity\nand capability for abstract thought. The major results of the theory are\nquite subtle and abstract and must sometimes be arrived at by what appears to\nbe rather devious routes. Fortunately, recent simplifications in the theory\nhave made the major results more accessible than in the past.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000536"}
{"title": "The Information Sciences", "text": " This book describes the results of a study which the\nauthor has carried out during the summer of 1969 in\nHeidelberg and San Francisco about the development of the\ninformation sciences in the Federal Republic of Germany.\nThis study was conducted following an undertaking between\nthe Federal Ministry for Scientific Research, the Institute\nfor Documentation questions, and the Study Group for Research in\nSystem Science.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000537"}
{"title": "Information Retrieval Systems", "text": " This book is concerned primarily with those \"intellectual\" factors that\nsignificantly affect the performance of all information retrieval systems;\nnamely,\n - indexing policy and practice\n - vocabulary control\n - searching control\n - interaction between the system and its users\n My viewpoint is that of the evaluator of information systems. I have\ntherefore paid considerable attention to a discussion of the requirements\nof users of information systems and the measurement of system performance\nin terms of the efficient and economical satisfaction of these requirements.\n The book does not concern itself, except indirectly, with equipment\nfor the implementation of retrieval systems, a topic that is adequately\ncovered by other volumes in this series. Moreover, it is my contention that\nthe importance of \"hardware\" and \"data processing\" aspects of information\nsystems has been exaggerated in the United States, with some detriment\nto the performance of many systems.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000538"}
{"title": "Information Retrieval Languages", "text": "This book gives classification and detailed description of different types of\ninformation retrieval languages.\nA universal scheme served as the basis for classifying information retrieval\nlanguages.\nThe book analyses in detail universal scheme similarities and differences\nbetween natural and information retrieval languages; some ways of constructing\ninformation retrieval language are discussed.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000539"}
{"title": "Information: Methodology", "text": "This book sheds light on basic problems, principles and results of\nphilosophical-methodological research in information concepts, gives critical\nanalysis of its idealistic interpretation.\nAuthor proves possibility more general definition of information using\ncategories of reflectivity and inequality.\nBoth mathematical variants (statistical-probability and nonstatistical)\nas well as semantic concepts of information are analyzed, basic information\nspecies and functions in human society are determined.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000540"}
{"title": "ISBD(S) and Title Main Entry for Serials", "text": " At the IFLA Liverpool Conference in 1971 a Joint working\nGroup of the Committees on Cataloguing and on Serial Publications\nwas set up to draw up an International Standard Bibliographic\nDescription for Serials, taking the ISBD(M) as a model in\nso far as practicable. As might be expected, the special problems\npresented by serial publications made the task of developing an\nISBD(S) a difficult assignment which the Joint Working Group\ntackled with great energy and devotion. The successive drafts\nwere prepared by the Chairman and the Secretary, Mlle M.-L.\nBossuat and Mlle M. Pelletier.\n Probably no data element presented such a severe problem as\nthat of serial title. The seemingly countless Mitteilungen,\nMemoires, Proceedings, Bulletins, Trudy's, and the like seemed to \ndemand some useful and standardized way to be identified. A\nsolution to this problem was found in the adoption of a device\nwhich consisted of marrying the author statement to the generic\ntitle proper, with a wedding ring consisting of a space-hyphen-\nspace and dubbing the happy couple the \"distinctive title.\"\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000541"}
{"title": "(Towards a Theory of the Concept)", "text": " A concept is regarded as the common element of\nboth classification systems and thesauri. Reality\nand knowledge are not represented by words or\nterms but by the meanings \"behind\" these tokens.\nA concept of, say, an object, a property of an\nobject, a process, etc. is derived from verbal \nstatements on these as subjects and may therefore be\ndefined as the whole of true and possible predicates\nthat can be collected on a given subject. It is\nfrom these predicates that the characteristics of the\ncorresponding concepts can be derived. Common\ncharacteristics in different concepts lead to\nrelations between concepts, which relations in turn are\nfactors for the formation of concept systems.\nDifferent kinds of relationships as well as different\nkinds of concepts are distinguished. It is pointed\nout that an orderly supply of the elements for \npropositions (information statements) on new knowledge\nrequires the construction and availability of such\nconcept systems.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000542"}
{"title": "Impact of Scientific Serials on the Advancement of Medical", "text": "Knowledge: An Objective Method of Analysis\n A common tool for the selection of serial publications for a research\nlibrary is the lists of most cited serials. The possibilities of this method\nwere first studied by Gross and Gross who in 1927 applied a method of\nsample statistical investigation to the grading of scientific serials\naccording to their relative importance based on citation counting from source\njournals.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000543"}
{"title": "The Nature of Scientific Communication and Influence", "text": " As the formal communication system of science has become less able to\nsupply information with the rapidity that scientists require, increasing\nattention has been paid to the structure of communication in science.. How are\nscientific publications utilized by scientists? What is accomplished by the\ncirculation of scientific information on an informal basis? How does the social\norganization among scientists facilitate or inhibit these processes?\n Three types of studies have been conducted in this area: (a) studies of the\nscientific literature itself; (b) studies of how scientists obtain the \ninformation which they need for their research; and (c) studies of the\nrelationship between scientists who conduct research in the same areas.. For the\nmost part, studies of formal communication and information gathering have been\nconducted in the absence of all but the most rudimentary theoretical models, as\nhas been pointed out in at least three recent reviews of these studies (Libbey\nand Zaltman, 1967, p. 64; Paisley, 1968; Storer, 1968, p. 12).. The lack of\ntheory can be attributed partly to the practical orientation of many of the \nstudies and also to the fact that an adequate model cannot be based on any one\nof these types of studies alone.. A useful theory must integrate knowledge from\nall three types.. In this article, we will review these studies and will \ndescribe a teoretical model which has been designed to fill this purpose..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000544"}
{"title": "The Literature of the Social Sciences: a Survey of Citation Studies", "text": " The great concern with scientific communication in the last few decades has \nproduced a number of studies analyzing the use of information.. One approach to\nthese matters has been via the citation study - a method often used in the physical \nsciences, but applied less frequently in the humanities and social sciences..\nHowever, in the latter area, enough citation studies have been completed to \nproduce material for interesting comparisons..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000545"}
{"title": "Interactive Bibliographic Search:", "text": "The User/Computer Interface\n On the 14th and 15th of January, 1971, a Workshop on \"The User\nInterface for Interactive Search of Bibliographic Data Bases\" was held at\nRicky's Hyatt House in Palo Alto, California. The Workshop, sponsored by\nthe Information Systems committee of the American Federation of\nInformation Processing Societies, brought together a group of information\nscientists who have been directly involved with this subject area. They were\nprovided in advance with a \"Challenge\" paper and with a number of papers\nprepared in response to that challenge. The Workshop sessions themselves\nwere devoted exclusively to focussed discussions of the material and of the\nproblems in and the prospects for more effective systems design of the user\ninterface. The content of these two days of deliberation prompted making\nthe substance of the Workshop experience available to a larger audience.\nThis book is intended to accomplish that goal.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000546"}
{"title": "AIM-TWX - an Experimental On-Line Bibliographic Retrieval System", "text": " The Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications of\nthe National Library of Medicine, in conjunction with the NLM Library\nOperations staff, initiated in June 1970 a new experimental service called\nAIM-TWX (Abridged Index Medicus-TWX) to provide rapid, responsive\nsearching of the medical literature.\n This experiment is being conducted to identify the need for and\nusefulness of such services to help medical practitioners situated in isolated\nareas, to assist in undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education,\nand to provide information precisely when and where it is needed for health\ncare. A limited group of practitioners, students, and librarians is being given\naccess to the system so that it will not be overloaded and rejected because of\nbusy signals, and so that a variety of user groups can test it.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000547"}
{"title": "The Computer/Library Interface: the Last Five Years", "text": " University printing presses exist, and are subsidized by the Government for\nthe purpose of producing books which no one can read; and they are true to their\nhigh calling. Books are the sources of material for lectures. They should be\nkept from the young; for to read books and remember what you read, well\nenough to reproduce it, is called 'cramming', and this is destructive of all \ntrue education. The best way to protect the young from books, is, first, to \nmake them in such a way that no one can find them without several years' \ntraining. A lecturer is a sound scholar, who is chosen to teach on the ground\nthat he was once able to learn. Eloquence is not permissible in a lecture; it\nis a privilege reserved by stature for the Public Orator.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000548"}
{"title": "The Intergroup Conflict", "text": " In one broad category of theories, the problems are expressed\nin terms of actualities of events in group relations as they\nexist in everyday life. On the whole, theories advanced by\nmany social scientists fall in this broad category. In this\nconcern over actualities the problem is frequently not stated and\ndiscussion not developed in a way that can be tested rigorously.\nIn the second broad category of theories, problems are stated\nand analysis carried out in terms of more rigorous-appearing\nconcepts and units of analysis. Theories coming from psychologists\nand social scientists heavily influenced by them fall within\nthis broad category. In this line of approach, theories are\nadvanced without due regard to actualities, and consequently\nthey are plagued with serious questions of validity.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000549"}
{"title": "Interlibrary Loan Involving Academic Libraries", "text": " Interlibrary loan transactions involving academic libraries in the United\nStates numbered over 800,000 items in 1963-64. This number is growing\nexponentially. Large libraries report that they cannot fill about a third\nof the interlibrary loan requests they receive. Unfilled interlibrary loans\nare costly to both the borrowing and the lending libraries and reduce the\nusefulness of the service to the reader. Many of these interlibrary loan\nfailures are preventable, chiefly by publishing policies of the lending\nlibraries to prevent borrowers from requesting noncirculating materials and\nby determining in advance what library owns the item wanted.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000550"}
{"title": "Interlibrary Loan Policies Directory", "text": " In 1972-73 approximately 194,000 interlibrary loan requests\nwere not filled because the borrowing library in ignorance\nrequested non-circulating material contrary to the\ninterlibrary lending policies of the lending library. These\nunfilled requests probably cost the borrowing and lending\nlibraries over $400,000 in wasted manpower, besides \ndisappointing readers who waited in vain for their materials.\nMuch of this waste could be prevented if borrowing libraries check\nin advance the lending policies before sending requests.\n The major elements determining whether or not libraries\nreceive requests to borrow from libraries at a distance are\nwhether the library lists unusual materials in union lists,\nespecially THE NATIONAL UNION CATALOG, THE UNION LIST OF\nSERIALS AND NEW SERIAL TITLES, and whether it has strong\ncollections in a subject field listed in library directories.\nVolume of out-of-state lending is related to the type of\nlending library, the size of collection, budget for current \nacquisitions, number of periodicals received, photocopy\ncharges, population density in neighboring states, proximity\nto other libraries, and completeness of reporting holdings in\nthe National Union Catalog or other bibliographic centers.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000551"}
{"title": "Interlibrary Requests", "text": " Our survey, in other words, is offered within the bounds of descriptive\nor deductive statistics which seeks to analyze a group, not attempt to estimate\nthe parameters of that population of which the group has been chosen as a\nsample. The latter role is assumed by inductive statistics which makes use\nof probability sampling. Accordingly, our data are presented in those forms\nand with those statistical measures appropriate to the methods of descriptive\nstatistics: arrays, frequency distributions, breakdowns by categories which\nseem of optimum value to the librarian and administrator, e.g., the frequency\nof requests for journals versus monographs, the age of journals requested,\nthe types and ages of materials requested by the various types of libraries\n(university, pharmaceutical, etc.). The tables are arranged to give evidence\nof the types of frequency distribution revealed by the Survey, as well as to\nindicate central tendency, dispersion, rank order, and possibly correlations\nfor significant factors.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000552"}
{"title": "An Introduction to Computers in Information Science", "text": " This book is an introduction to the field of information science\nand technology, with particular emphasis on document organization.\nIts point of view is general in the sense that it attempts to deal with\ntypes of problems rather than particular systems. When particular\nsystems are described they are used as examples of systems rather\nthan as models.\n The method of presentation is expository at the introductory\nlevel. While differing points of view are frequently noted, this book\nis not intended to provide definitive critical evaluation. Relevant\nresearch is reviewed in order to indicate current thinking and activities\nin the field.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000553"}
{"title": "Introduction to Information Science", "text": " The main emphasis of this book is on work of a theoretical\nand experimental nature rather than on practical\napplications. However, the articles selected are viewed\nas having a considerable potential in two major respects:\nthey have important implications for the practice of\ninformation handling, but even more important, they contain\naspects of generalization. The book is oriented\ntoward basic and experimental work, such as that\nperformed by traditional sciences, with the hope that a\nreader may find much relevant to his own interests,\neducational level and background, a bridge toward\ngeneralizations, a feeling of interconnection between\nseemingly unrelated works either presented in the book or\nfound in the literature, an awareness of apparent gaps in\nknowledge, and even ideas for practical solutions or\nfurther theoretical or experimental work.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000554"}
{"title": "Introduction to Library Science:", "text": "Basic Elements of Library Service\n Librarianship classifies as a social science because the library, as an\ninstitution, is a creature of society, and its goal is the improvement of\nsociety by helping the individual to understand himself and the world of\nwhich he is a part. But the library is also concerned with man as a \nrational being. Thus, it remains primarily a humanistic enterprise. The\ntraditional lines of demarcation among the disciplines are breaking down\nand in certain areas becoming almost obliterated; and librarianship, in\nboth its technology and its services, is drawing ever closer to the social\nand physical sciences. But we would do well to remind ourselves of the \nlibrary's humanistic origins; otherwise, in excessive enthusiasm for the\ntechnology of science and the social action of the behaviorist, we may lose\nsight of the individual and his needs and the humanistic values implicit\nin them.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000555"}
{"title": "Introduction to Subject Indexing; a Programmed Text", "text": " This programmed text has been developed from work initially carried out\nunder a research project funded by the Office for Scientific and Technical\nInformation (now the British Library Research and Development\nDepartment). The project, designed to investigate the applicability of the\ntechniques of programmed instruction in the teaching of practical subject\nindexing, was conducted at the School of Librarianship, the Polytechnic\nof North London in cooperation with the College of Librarianship Wales.\nThe programmed instruction course, written during this project and used\nby students at both Schools of Librarianship, forms the basis of the\nprogrammed text.\n Most of the existing programmed texts relevant to the field of practical\nsubject indexing are concerned with the translation stage of indexing and\naim to impart skills in the use of particular indexing languages. Our\nintention, in the above-mentioned project, was to produce a course of\nprogrammed instruction which presented an integrated view of the basic\nprinciples and practices of subject indexing rather than attempting to \nimpart to the student a high degree of familiarity with any particular\nsystem.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000556"}
{"title": "Introduction to Systems Philosophy", "text": " The general systems theory, pioneered by von Bertalanffy,\nKenneth Boulding, Anatol Rapoport and their collaborators, gives us a\ntheoretical instrument for assuring the mutual relevance of scientific\ninformation and philosophic meaning. Extended into a general systems\nphilosophy, this instrument can polarize the contemporary theoretical scene\nas a magnet polarizes a field of charged particles: by ordering the formerly\nrandom segments into a meaningful pattern. If made good use of, this\ninstrument could channel to us a stream of informed as well as sophisticated\nanswers through the cross-fertilization of contemporary science and\nphilosophy.\n This, then is my credo; the conviction which led to the formulation of the\npresent Introduction to \"systems philosophy\" over a period of three years\nof research in alternating states of euphoria and dejection.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000557"}
{"title": "Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics", "text": " This is a introductory book in the sense that it does not presuppose\nany previous training in the subject. But it does assume that\nthe reader - especially the reader whose educational background, like\nmy own, is more in the 'humanities' than in mathematics and\n'science' - is prepared to make a certain intellectual effort with respect\nto the use of symbols and formulae. Few subjects suffer more than\nlinguistics from the separation of the 'sciences' and the 'humanities'\nthat is still maintained in the curricula of most of our schools ad\nuniversities. For contemporary linguistic theory draws simultaneously,\nand in roughly equal measure, upon the more traditional approach\nto language that is characteristic of the 'humanities' and the more\n'scientific' approach that has developed recently in connection with\nadvances that have been made in formal logic, computer science and\nautomata theory.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000558"}
{"title": "Introduction to University Library Administration", "text": " The last ten years have witnessed the growth of\nan intense public interest in university affairs. Almost anything\nto do with universities is now headline news. Previously such attention\nas they did receive was limited to brief reports in sober middle class\nnewspapers of appointments, awards and meetings, leavened once a\nyear by an obligatory account in all newspapers of the Boat Race.\nAll this has changed: as Michael Befoff comments in his book The\nPlateglass Universities (having made the foregoing points and more\nbesides), what were once ivory towers have now become goldfish\nbowls.\n He goes on to give the obvious explanation for the change: \nuniversities are of public interest because they are now almost wholly\nsupported by the taxpayers' money. They represent a massive investment\non the part of the government, and consequently are expected to\nyield a vitally important return in trained and educated manpower.\nOver the last twenty years government expenditure in this country\non universities has risen from four million pounds a year to more\nthan two hundred million pounds a year. The total university student\npopulation is in excess of two hundred thousand, and teaching and\nresearch staff number approximately twenty-five thousand.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000559"}
{"title": "Indivisible Colleges; Diffusion of Knowledge in Scientific Communities", "text": " In the last two decades, dramatic increases in the\nscope and volume of scientific research have occurred, as\nmay be illustrated by the fact that the amount of scientific\nliterature is doubling approximately every ten years (Price\n1963). For the scientist who needs to locate particular items\nof scientific information and for the documentation specialist\nwho must make them readily available, the organization and\nmanagement of this huge and expanding store of information\nis a serious problem. Increasingly radical solutions are being\nproposed. For example, some experts would like to scrap\nscientific journals and distribute their contents piecemeal.\nInformation retrieval and delivery systems are being developed\nto enable scientists to locate information quickly and effectively.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000560"}
{"title": "A Dynamic Programming Approach to R and D Budgeting and Project Selection", "text": " Contemporary models of research and development are incomplete in that they\nignore the many reappraisals and budgeting decisions that occur in the time\nbetween a project's proposal and its commercialization.. The sequential \ndecision aspects of project budgeting are particularly important since 1) the\nresearch expenditure is usually an order of magnitude less than the irrevocable\ninvestment for commercialization and 2) an allocation to a project today does \nnot presuppose continuation of the project into future periods..\n The research and development budgeting problem is structured to take into \naccount the sequential decision characteristic.. Utilizing the technique of\ndynamic programming, methods are developed to determine optimal project budgets\nwhen the aggregate research and development budget is either constrained or\nunconstrained.. These models also suggest a rational explanation of the \npatterns of project expenditures over time that one observes in practice..\n Finally, some of the shortcomings of the developed methods which inhibit\ntheir practical application are discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000561"}
{"title": "The Association Factor in Information Retrieval", "text": " This paper describes an all computer document retrieval system which can find\ndocuments related to a request even though they may not be indexed by the exact\nterms of the request, and can present these documents in the order of their\nrelevance to the request.. The key to this ability lies in the application of a\nstatistical formula by which the computer calculates the degree of association \nbetween pairs of index terms.. With proper manipulation of these associations \n(entirely within the machine) a vocabulary of synonyms, near synonyms and other\nwords closely related to any given term or group of terms is derived.. Such a\nvocabulary related to a group of request terms is believed to be a much more\npowerful tool for selecting documents from a collection than has been available\nheretofore.. By noting the number of matching terms between this extended list \nof request terms and the terms used to index a document, and with due regard \nfor their degree of association, documents are selected by the computer and \narranged in the order of their relevance to the request..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000562"}
{"title": "A Study of Methods for Systematically Abbreviating English Words and Names", "text": " This study investigated various techniques for systematically abbreviating \nEnglish words and names.. Most of the attention was given to the techniques \nwhich could be mechanized with a digital device such as a general purpose \ndigital computer.. Particular was paid to techniques that could process \nincoming information without prior knowledge of its existence (i.e., no table\nlookups).. Thirteen basic techniques and their modifications are described..\nIn addition, most of the techniques were tested on a sample of several thousand\nsubject words and several thousand proper names in order to provide a \nquantitative measure of comparison..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000563"}
{"title": "Automatic Document Classification", "text": " Starting with a collection of 405 document abstracts dealing with\ncomputers, the experiment in automatic document classification proceeds\nto construct an\nempirically based, mathematically derived classification system by use of a\nfactor analysis technique.. The documents are then classified into these \nderived categories by five subjects, and the resulting classification serves\nas a criterion against which the automatic classification is to be evaluated..\nOf the 90 documents in the validation group which contained two or more clue\nwords, and which therefore could be automatically classified, 44 documents, or\n48.9 per cent, were placed into their correct categories by use of a computer \nformula.. These results are almost identical to the results obtained by Maron\nin a previous experiment using the same data but with a different set of \nclassification categories and a different computational formula.. The \nexperimental evidence support the conclusion that automatic document \nclassification is possible.. Additional experiments are described which when \nexecuted should improve the accuracy of the automatic classification \ntechnique..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000564"}
{"title": "Computer Evaluation of Indexing and Text Processing", "text": " Automatic indexing methods are evaluated and design criteria for modern \ninformation system are derived..\n Information retrieval, indexing methods, automatic retrieval, information \nsystems, document retrieval, text analysis, document handling, retrieval \neffectiveness, SMART, precision, recall..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000565"}
{"title": "Semantic Clustering of Index Terms", "text": " A computer procedure to recognize indexing vocabularies is described..Index\nterms are drawn from the vocabulary of a structured indexing system and may\nconsist of single words, collection of words, or syntactic phrases.. The basic\nidea is that a measure of the semantic association between index terms can be \ndetermined from the structural relationships which the terms exhibit by their\nrelative positions in the system.. The association measure, which is based on a \npriori (preassigned) semantic relationships between terms, rather than their \nco-occurrence in a document corpus, is then for grouping index terms into \nclusters or concepts.. Some results of an experimental investigation are \npresented..\n Information, retrieval, clustering, index terms, semantic, graphs, clusters,\nassociations, synonyms, subgraphs, complete, maximal, connected, component,\nrelevance measure, vocabulary, indexing systems, cliques..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000566"}
{"title": "The Influence of Data Characteristics and Usage on Direct Access File", "text": "Organization \n Memory utilization and retrieval time from direct access inverted files\nare investigated as a function of the data base, the demands on it, and a \nparameter which the system designer may control.. An analysis of the effects\nof data base characteristics and data base usage is also made for a linked\nlist structure..\n Information retrieval, direct access memory, disk, drum, data base, access\ntime, inverted list, threaded list..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000567"}
{"title": "The Application of Pattern Recognition to Screening Prospective", "text": "Anticancer Drugs\n Pattern recognition has been introduced to the\nchemical literature as a general tool which can be used\nby the chemist to reduce masses of experimental data to\nrelevant information. Perhaps more importantly, it\nprovides connections between raw, multivariant data\nand sought-for information without making restrictive\nassumptions about the underlying statistics of the data.\nThe general problem has been stated as follows. Given\na collection of objects and a list of measurements made\non each object, is it possible to find and/or predict a\nproperty of the objects that is not directly measurable\nbut is known to be related to the measurements via\nsome unknown relationship? The only assumption\nmade is that similarities and dissimilarities among\nobjects are reflected in at least some of the\nmeasurements. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000568"}
{"title": "Stereochemically Unique Naming Algorithm", "text": " An algorithm has been developed and implemented to generate for each \nchemical structure a unique and invariant linear name which includes double \nbond and asymmetric carbon isomerism.. A logical proof is given for the \none-to-one correspondence between name and structure.. By inspection of the\nlinear names of two structures, one can determine if the two structures are\nidentical, nonisometric, constitutionally isometric, diastereometric, or\nenantiometric.. The algorithm determines the true stereocenters and calculates\na reduced set of chiral centers, Src.. It is proven that if three are any \ncenters in Src that the compound must be chiral; an a chiral compound must have \nSrc = null.. Extensions of the algorithm are outlined to allow uniquely naming \nconformational isomers..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000569"}
{"title": "Deriving Term Relations for a Corpus by Graph Theoretical Clusters", "text": " We discuss how alternative methods of automatic\nterm clustering may provide insight into how terms are\nrelated within a corpus. The work reported uses a\ncorpus of 2267 documents that contain 3950 index\nterms.\tA similarity matrix is developed using the\ndocument - term matrix. A threshold level T is applied to\nthe similarity matrix. Entries in the matrix that are\ngreater than or equal to the threshold level are set\nequal to one, and the remaining entries are set to zero.\n Three definitions are applied to the corresponding\ngraph of each threshold matrix to develop clusters.\nThese are, (1) the connected components of the graph,\n(2) the maximal complete subgraphs of the graph, and\n(3) the combined maximal complete subgraphs of the\ngraph as described that show how insight may be\ngained into the term relations by varying the threshold\nlevels and the cluster definitions.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000570"}
{"title": "Automatic Abstracting and Indexing..", "text": "II. Production of Indicative Abstracts by Application of Contextual \nInference and Syntactic Coherence Criteria\n Together with the increasing shortage of qualified abstracts, the factors \nof time, cost and value have lent impetus to a trend toward the automatic \ngeneration of abstracts and indexes.. This trend has caused increased emphasis\nto be placed on the abstract as the locus of data for automatic retrieval\nsystems.. This necessitates the creating of high quality abstracts.. It is the\npurpose of this paper to report on the development of techniques for the \nautomatic production of high quality abstracts from the full text of the \noriginal document.. It is necessary to analyze the conditions under which \nvarious methods of sentence selection are successful, in order to develop \ncriteria for selecting sentences to form an abstract.. But clearly, an abstract \ncan be produced by rejecting sentences of the original which are irrelevant to \nthe abstract.. As will be seen, it is this point which is perhaps the most\nsignificant contribution of this paper.. Methods of sentence selection and\nrejection are discussed.. These include contextual inference, intersentence\nreference, frequency criteria, and coherency considerations.. The automatic\nabstracting system we have developed consists basically of a dictionary, called \nthe Word Control List, and of a set of rules for implementing certain functions\nspecified for each WCL entry.. The abstracts we have obtained so far are of\nsufficiently good quality to indicate that large-scale testing of the methods\nof the automatic abstracting system is warranted..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000571"}
{"title": "Linguistics and Information Science", "text": " This paper defines the relationship between linguistics\nand information science in terms of a common interest\nin natural language. The notion of automated processing\nof natural language - i.e., machine simulation of\nthe language processing activities of a human - provides\nnovel possibilities for interaction between linguists,\nwho have a theoretical interest in such activities,\nand information scientists, who have more practical\ngoals, e.g. simulating the language processing activities\nof an indexer with a machine.\n The concept of a natural language information system\nis introduced as a framework for reviewing automated\nlanguage processing effort by computational\nlinguists and information scientists. In terms of this\nframework, the former have concentrated on automating\nthe operations of the component for content analysis\nand representation, while the latter have emphasized\nthe data management component. The complementary\nnature of these developments allows the\npostulation of an integrated approach to automated\nlanguage processing. This approach, which is outlined\nin the final sections of the paper, incorporates current\nnotions in linguistic theory and information science, as\nwell as design features of recent computational linguistic\nmodels.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000572"}
{"title": "Ascertaining Activities in a Subject Area Through Bibliometric Analysis", "text": " A combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses were used on the\njournal articles indexed in one volume of Library Literature.. Findings\ninclude: the dispersion of a articles among journals followed a Bradford-type\ndistribution except for a \"collapse\" at the end, possibly showing low level of\ninteraction of librarianship with other fields; considerable proportion of\narticles was of news-type; administration was the largest single subject \ncovered.. The methodology may be appropriate for analysis of activities in \nother fields..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000573"}
{"title": "Information Concepts and Their Utility", "text": " The concept of information is examined within the framework of the \nMathematical Theory of Communication and semiotics, the study of signs and sign\nsystems.. The implications of these theories for the better understanding of\ninformation as we deal with this concept in the context of information systems \nare discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000574"}
{"title": "A Decision Theory View of the Information Retrieval Situation:", "text": "An Operations Research Approach\n A decision theory approach is used to model the information retrieval \ndecision problem of which documents to retrieve from a library collection in \nresponse to a specific user query for information.. A thorough discussion of\ndecision theory, including the components of the alternatives,states-of-nature,\noutcomes, and evaluations - as well as of the optimization process under the \ncases of certainty, risk, and uncertainty - is presented.. Bayesian statistics\nare also discussed to show how prior information about the various documents \nvia classification analysis can affect the decision process under risk.. An \nexample problem is used to illustrate the decision theory approach and to\ncompare tha overall performance of the retrieval system under risk with and\nwithout document classification information..\n Thus, the operations research technique of decision theory is used to model\nthe retrieval decision process, illustrate how important evaluation is, and to\ndemonstrate the value of prior information via document classification \nanalysis.. Moreover, the paper presents, in a somewhat tutorial mode, an\noverall framework for considering the information retrieval decision problem,\nincorporating the aspects of cost-effectiveness and alternative evaluation,\nwhich allows one to better understand the contributions made by many \nresearchers in this crucial area..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000575"}
{"title": "Classification of Scientific Documents by Means of Self_Generated Groups", "text": "Employing Free Language\n A study was undertaken to classify mechanically a document collection using \nthe free-language words in the titles and abstracts of a corpus of 261 physics\nresearch papers.. Using a clustering algorithm, results were obtained which\nclosely duplicated the clusters obtained by previous experiments with \ncitations.. A brief comparison is made with a traditional manual classification\nsystem.. It is shown that the mechanical procedure is capable of achieving \nsimultaneous average relevance and recall figures above 80%..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000576"}
{"title": "Probabilistic Models for Automatic Indexing", "text": " This paper is developed in two stages. The first\nstage describes an experiment that explores properties\nof the class of words that are not useful in conveying\nsubject meaning and distinguishes them from those\nclasses of words that do convey subject meaning to\nvarious degrees. In particular, we study the clustering\nproperties of these words; the analysis is based on\nstatistical properties alone, and techniques are\nintroduced that may be of value in other areas of\ninformation science. On the basis of the results of this\nexperiment, a model of word occurrences is introduced and\ndiscussed. Later papers by us and by Harter will apply\nthis model to indexing.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000577"}
{"title": "Terse Literatures: I. Terse Conclusions", "text": " Terse Conclusion: Prompt literatures of organized terse\nconclusions may increase ability to keep up in a subject,\nreduce need for translation, and make information available\npromptly.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000578"}
{"title": "Functions of a Man-Machine Interactive Information Retrieval System", "text": " An effective man-machine interactive retrieval system is not achieved by\nsimply placing a terminal on each end of an existing machine retrieval system..\nAn interactive system requires a sequence of steps in which man and machine\nalternately take action.. It should also provide different levels of services\nto experienced and inexperienced searchers, recognize the difference between a\nnarrow and broad query, furnish clues as to the next direction to be searched, \nrecognize the data base dynamically as the searcher changes his viewpoint, \nprovide a ranking of responses in the most likely sequence and offer the \nsearcher the option of overriding the ranking when a particular term is of \nextreme significance..\n An online interactive system meeting many of these needs has been developed\nand tested.. The objectives of the development of this system, BROWSER, was to\ninvestigate the effectiveness of a free-form query with a combinatorial search\nalgorithm and the effectiveness of various techniques and components to \nfacilitate online browsing..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000579"}
{"title": "Overlap in the Lists of Journals Monitored by Biosis, CAS, and Ei", "text": " In April 1970, the BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts, \nthe Chemical Abstracts Service, and Engineering Index, Inc. began a five-part\nstudy to determine the relationships between and the overlap in coverage in\ntheir printed publications and computer-readable services.. This study was \ndesigned to provide information needed by these three accessing services for \nplanning future cooperative programs and for reconciling differences in policies\nand practices so as to make their publications and services more useful to their\nuser communities..\n This paper is based on the first part of the study, which compared listings \nof the journals each service was routinely monitoring as of 1 May 1970.. Of the\n14,592 different journals monitored, 1% were monitored by all three of the\nservices, 27% were monitored by two of the three services, and 72% were \nmonitored by only one of the three services.. Subsequent phases of the study\nwill determine the extent to which the services cover the same articles within\nthe journals..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000580"}
{"title": "Structure and Effectiveness of The Citation Identifier, an", "text": "Operational Computer Program for Automatic Identification of Case\nCitations in Legal Literature\n A computer program for automatic identification of \"full form\" case\ncitations in legal literature (e.g., Rutherford v. Geddes, 4 Wall. 220,\n18 L. Ed. 343; Southland Industries, Inc. v. Federal Communications\nCommission, 1938, 69 App. D.C., 82, 99 F.2D 117) has been developed\nby this group and is now operational.. \n The level of performance of this program known as \"The Citation\nIdentifier\" is high.. In a recent computer run, The Citation\nIdentifier scanned ther full texts of 191 randomly selected decisions\nof U.S. Court of Appeals (some 400,000 words of running text) and \nlocated correctly 2,220 full-form citations out of a total of 2,227\n(that is, better than 99% of the total).. Only seven misses and three\nfalse drops occurred..\n Of 2,220 full-form citations located correctly, 1944 (87%) were\nidentified perfectly.. In addition, there were 276 partial identifications\ncontaining two types of errors: (1) partial identifications in which some\ncitation terms were mistakenly lopped off by the program (\"short hits\");\nand (2) partial identifications that contained words improperly included\nin the citations (\"long hits\").\n Both types of errors are, for the most part, easily correctible and\ncan be largely eliminated by suitable changes in the program..\n The Citation Identifier operates rather rapidly.. In a recent test run,\nthe total time required to process some 400,000 running words of text\nwas approximately 15 1/2 minutes.. This speed could be further increased\nby suitable changes in the computer program..\n An extension of The Citation Identifier to reduced-form citations (e.g.,\n\"the Geddes decision\", \"the Southland Industries case\") is now in preparation.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000581"}
{"title": "Title Indexes as Alerting Services in the Chemical and Life Sciences", "text": " The principles underlying alerting services are discussed.. General alerting\nservices (as distinct from SDI systems) need to transfer to their users a large \nquantity of current but mainly irrelevent information as speedily as possible..\nAs title indexes are the easiest to prepare and are therefore common, the user \nneeds to know how much significant information is not discernible from a \ndocuments title.. This is estimated to be 20-25% but can vary with subject and\ntype of information sought.. If a search of, say, Chemical Titles is made,\nignoring synonyms but allowing for all syntactical variants, only about one\nthird of the significant information will be recovered.. Synonyms and other\nnomenclature problems are discussed.. Delay times and time of use are the two \nmost important factors in evaluating an alerting service and are reviewed for \nsome typical services..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000582"}
{"title": "Evaluation of a KWIC Index for Library Literature", "text": " A librarian attempting to do a literature search currently\nfaces an eight-month gap in access to the literature of\nhis field through Library Literature. In April 1968,\nlibrarians made a rare examination of their own literature\nand considered this gap and other information problems\nin librarianship. The Albany Conference on the Bibliographic\nControl of Library Science Literature recommended the\nestablishment of a fast announcement service for library\nschools (1). A monthly Keyword in Context (KWIC) index\nserving the whole range of information-oriented professions \nwas a specific proposal which was favored by one conference\ngroup to meet the need for current information (2).\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000583"}
{"title": "The Practice of Charging Users for Information Services: A State of the Art", "text": "Report\n The state of the art literature review disclosed that society has not yet\ncome to the point that paying for library information services is a common \nthing.. It was also found that a sound basis for determining the costs of the\nservices - let alone charge for them - does not exist: While some data on \nspecific cost for unit operations are available, it is very difficult to \ncompare the data and arrive at meaningful figures.. Nevertheless, there is an\nindication that large operating centers are becoming concerned with cost to the\npoint that they are cost-according their operations, which would permit them\nto establish realistic fees for their services..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000584"}
{"title": "Towards a Metascience of Information: Informatology", "text": " Arguments are advanced to suggest that information and operations on \ninformation are phenomena, the principles of which provide the basis for a\nmetascience of information (informatology).. The fundamental character of the\nphenomena is evidenced in the operations executed during the processing and\ncommunication functions.. The role of the metascience is dictated by several\nfactors, namely, the need for a common basis upon which all information-\noriented specialized sciences and technologies can be understood and studied,\na common framework and language for all scientists and technologists concerned\nin some form or other with information on one side and man's relationship\nto the phenomena on the other side.. The content of the postulated metascience\nof information is circumscribed by a list of specific questions and problems\nfor which the science has to provide answers and solutions.. It is suggested\nthat an educational concept responsive to the needs of metascience of \ninformation be developed and implemented..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000585"}
{"title": "An Evaluation of Index Medicus and MEDLARS in the Field of Ophthalmology", "text": " An evaluation of the performance of Index Medicus and MEDLARS in the field\nof ophthalmology is presented, using data generated by a separate study..\nMEDLARS performance figures gave a screened precision ratio of 54% and a recall\nratio of 42%.. Over the same set of questions Index Medicus had a screened \nprecision ratio of 53% and a recall ratio of 46%.. Results for Index Medicus \nalone over a large set of questions gave a 73% screened precision ratio and a \n47% recall ratio.. A random sample of MEDLARS and Index Medicus precision and \nrecall failures showed that most of the Index Medicus recall failures resulted\nfrom manual searcher omission.. The major causes of Medlars precision failures \nwere inadequate indexing terminalogy to express concepts and attempts at\nproviding too exhaustive a search..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000586"}
{"title": "Obsolescence of Special Library Periodicals: Sampling Errors and", "text": "Utility Contours\n Problems arising in the measurement of the rates of obsolescence of the sets\nof periodicals taken by special libraries are discussed.. The relatively large\nerrors that arise in sampling the negative exponential distribution are \nanalyzed because they may account for some of the discrepancies reported and\nbecause they indicate the need for firmer statistical control of work on\nobsolescence than has yet been generally appreciated..\n When the rate of decline has been satisfactorily established there still\nremains the problem of deciding how to apply it.. Issues of those periodicals\nthat contribute most productively should be retained for a longer period than\nthose of periodicals that contribute less.. To solve this problem the concept\nof \"utility contours\" is introduced and exemplified in the design of a p%\nlibrary..\n It is argued that no discarding policy is likely to be generally applicable; \nevery special library must be regarded as a special case. Rather than suggest\nnew measurements, therefore, the paper offers simple graphical techniques that\nare applicable to any other special case..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000587"}
{"title": "Cardiovascular Serial Literature: Characteristics, Productive", "text": "Journals, and Abstracting/Indexing Coverage\n Two groups of journals were identified as potential sources for\ncardiovascular (c-v) information.. The first group consists of 78 c-v\nspecialty journals, identified as cardiovascular from the title..\nThese 78 emanate from 24 countries, with about one-half of the specialty\njournals being published by 28 national and international societies.. The\nsecond group of journals is composed of those journals used by grantees of\nthe National Heart Institute (NHI) to publish their findings..\n In fiscal 1967, 5,860 papers, appearing in 789 journals, were reported\nto NHI.. Taking the grantees of NHI as being representative of U.S.\nc-v researchers, it was found that the specialty journals were not the\nmost quantitatively fertile sources of c-v information - only about 14%\nof American c-v papers were published there.. The remaining 86% of the\nliterature was widely dispersed throughout 766 nonspecialty c-v \njournals..\n The extent of bibliographic control by the major indexing and\nabstracting services was found to be more extensive for the top-ranking\njournals in the NHI sample than for the group of c-v specialty journals..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000588"}
{"title": "Are Titles of Chemical Papers Becoming More Informative?", "text": " The efficiency of key-work-in-context (KWIC) permuted-title indexes and\ntheir numerous variations is highly dependent upon authors' choices of titles\nfor their papers.. Titles are important not only in commercial services,\nsuch as Chemical Titles, BASIC, Current Contents, and CA Condensates, but\nalso in scanning primary journals, and in traditional library services, such\nas bibliographies.. It is generally believed and often stated that titles\nof chemical papers are becoming more informative as authors become\nincreasingly aware of the importance of titles as \"carriers\" of information..\nThe present study was undertaken to test whether (1) titles of chemical papers\nare becoming more informative and (2) whether uninformative titles of chemical\npapers are being eliminated since the advent of the KWIC index in 1958..\n The first hypothesis was tested by comparing titles published in 1948, \n1958, and 1968 by the following criteria: (1) a count of substantive words\nin the title; (2) a count of all word matches between title and 10 leading\nsubstantive words selected from the abstract, with and without the use of a\nthesaurus; and (3) a count of word matches between title and 10 leading\nsubstantive words selected from the abstract, with and without the use of\na thesaurus.. The second hypothesis was tested by comparing a count of\nshort titles (with 3 or less substantive words) published in 1948, 1958,\nand 1968..\n Results confirm that uninformative titles of chemical papers are\nbeing eliminated and that informative titles are becoming more informative\nsince the advent of the KWIC index.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000589"}
{"title": "Toward a Theory of Indexing--II", "text": " The purpose of this paper is to present the elements of a basis for a\ntheory of information storage and retrieval.. It is believed that this theory\ncan best be formulated in terms of a general theory of indexing.. After stating\nbasic premises and defining essential concepts, the relationship between a \ntheory of indexing and a theory of information storage and retrieval is \nconsidered.. The similarities between the indexing process and the general\ncommunication process are discussed, and indexing is viewed as an order \nincreasing (i.e., entropy decreasing) operation.. The concept of a theoretical\nindex is developed and contrasted with real-world indexing systems.. The\nrelationship between query formulation, retrieval, and benefit is discussed, \nand these notions are then related to the human performance variable. It is \nbelieved that the ideas presented in this paper provide a useful framework \nfor more detailed investigations into the indexing process..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000590"}
{"title": "The Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Information Retrieval", "text": "and Dissemination Systems\nA distinction is made between cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-benefits\nanalysis as applied to information systems; and the relationship between costs,\nperformance, and benefits is discussed.. Some factors influencing the\ncost-effectiveness of retrieval and dissemination systems are identified..\nVarious aspects of system operation that are susceptible to cost-effectiveness\nanalysis are discussed, including system coverage, indexing policies and\nprocedures, system vocabulary, searching procedures, and mode of interaction\nbetween system and user.. Possible tradeoffs between input and output costs,\nand the effects of these tradeoffs on cost-effectiveness are presented.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000591"}
{"title": "Some Remarks on Elitism in Information and the", "text": "Invisible College Phenomenon in Science\n Let me remind you of that famous place in Dickins'\nPickwick Papers where we hear of a researcher who\ncomposed a copious review on Chinese Metaphysics with\nthe aid only of the Encyclopedia Britannica, which\ncontained absolutely no information on that subject.\nThe technique used, we are told with a nudge of\nsuperiority, was to read for metaphysics under the\nletter M, and for China under the letter C, and to\ncombine the information.\n I feel that we may be performing just such a miracle\nof creative juxtaposition when we assume that Scientific\nInformation is just some special variety of information\nthat contains queer words like Potassium Permanganate,\npi r squared, and numbers like 2.71828. We suppose too\nthat Scientific Libraries are just libraries that happen to be\nfull of scientific books, and that the best possible\ntechnical librarian would be somebody who had picked up a\nlibrary qualification and combined it with the appropriate\nsort of technical qualification. There is, as they used to\nsay, no mixture of ingredients but a genuine chemical\ncompound. I wish to point out two simple facts: there is\nmore to scholarship than the mere cumulation, storage \nand retrieval of information, and there is about science\nand technology something intrinsically different from\nmere scholarship.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000592"}
{"title": "Human Factors in the Design of an Interactive Library System", "text": " ELMS (Experimental Library Management System) is an experimental\nsystem for total library management, operating on-line with an IBM 360\nthrough IBM 2260 and 2741 terminals.. The system is designed to handle\nlarge amounts of highly variable information which it processes on \ncommand, giving on-line computer service for all library operations..\nAt the same time, it must accommodate the different needs and skills\nof a broad range of library users, from new patrons to well-trained\nlibrarians..\n Such a system presents programming problems that will be typical\nof large, interactive computer systems in the seventies.. This paper\ndiscusses ELMS features that facilitate user interaction, and may prove\nuseful in similar systems: techniques for tutoring the user (display\nformat, one-question, one-answer displays, and KWIC indexing); adaptability\nfor the experienced user (command chains and a standard set of four-letter\nmnemonic codes for higher-level control); minimization of keying (line\nnumbers, one-character mnemonic codes used with procedures, and use of\ndefault conditions); performance of clerical tasks by exception notification;\nand collection of operational statistics to help improve the system..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000593"}
{"title": "On-Line Systems: Promise and Pitfalls", "text": " Interactive systems, in existence for nearly 15 years, are becoming\nincreasingly important, both for information retrieval and library support\noperations.. The virtues of these systems are speed, intimacy, and -\nif time-sharing is involved - economy.. The major problems are the cost of\nthe large computers and files necessary for bibliographic data, the still-\nhigh cost of communications, and the generally poor design of the user-\nsystem interfaces.. The desirable features of on-line retrieval interfaces\nare only now being defined and tested in a systematic way, e.g., by the\nNational Library of Medicine in its AIM-TWX nationwide experimental\nretrieval service.. System implementers must, in addition to engineering\nthe right capabilities into on-line systems, also make a careful, \nconcerted effort to engineer user acceptance.. Common pitfalls here\ninclude overselling system capabilities and failure to take into account\nthe social context around the user terminal.. The major national problem\nis to avoid or limit wasteful and expensive duplication in providing\nnationwide search access to the hundreds of public and private data\nbases that will be readily available during the next few years.. We do\nnot need technological breakthroughs to exploit the potential of\non-line systems, but we do need breakthroughs in organizing for\ntechnological change..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000594"}
{"title": "Selected Results From An Inquiry Into Testing of", "text": "Information Retrieval Systems \n A variety of aspects related to testing of retrieval systems were\nexamined.. A model of a retrieval system, together with a set of measures\nand a methodology for performance testing were developed.. In the main\nexperiment the effect on performance of the following variables\nwas tested: sources of indexing, indexing languages, coding schemes,\nquestion analyses, search strategies and formats of output.. In\naddition, a series of separate experiments was carried out to investigate\nthe problems of controls in experimentation with IR systems.. The main\nconclusions: the human factor appears to be the main variable in all\ncomponents of an IR system; length of indexes affects performance\nconsiderably more than indexing languages; question analyses and search\nstrategies to affect performance to a great extent - as much, if not more\nthan indexing.. Retrieval systems seem to be able to perform at present only\non a general level, failing to be at the same time comprehensive and specific..\nIt seems that testing of total IR systems controlling and monitoring all\nfactors (environmental and systems-related) is not possible at present.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000595"}
{"title": "What Makes An Automatic Keyword Classification Effective?", "text": " Though the idea of constructing a keyword classification for retrieval\npurposes automatically is not a new one, comparatively few systematic\nexperiments have been carried out in this area; and while many suggestions\nhave been put forward, not enough is known about the behaviour of automatic\nkeyword classifications, and hence about the properties such classifications\nshould have and the ways they should be used.. In previous experiments we\nshowed that some forms of classification could give good results, and this\npaper describes a further series of tests designed to examine this sort of\nclassification in more detail, with a view to establishing the optimum forms\nof classification and procedures for using them in different retrieval \nsituations.. These tests demonstrate that further improvements in \nperformance over that for unclassified keywords can be obtained, and that\ndefinite conclusions can be drawn about the correct approach to classification\nfor collections like the test one: the best results are given when grouping\nis confined to strongly connected, nonfrequent keywords, when the \nclassification is used to provide additional rather than alternative indexing\nterms, particularly for requests, and when matching is controlled by keyword\nfrequency..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000596"}
{"title": "Machine-Assisted Approach to General Reference Materials", "text": " A collection of 144 general reference works was analyzed and encoded\naccording to 254 identifiable characteristics of services and contained data,\ncomprising an \"approach language\" expressing search parametrs.. In response to\na request submitted at on-line terminal, the \"REFSEARCH\" system retrieves the\nnames of those works who profiles meet or exceed the specification.. The \nbackground and rationale of the system is discussed, its current use in the \nSchool of Librarianship, University of California, and its potential for direct \nservice to library patrons..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000597"}
{"title": "Curricula in Information Science: Analysis and Development", "text": " The Curriculum Committee of the Special Interest\nGroup/Education Information Science of ASIS is\ncharged with the responsibility for determining the\nscope and characteristics of information science\nprograms in the US and Canada in terms of Curriculum\ndevelopments and course offerings. To fulfill this \nresponsibility, questionnaires were developed to elicit\nreliable information concerning courses being offered relating\nto information storage and retrieval, information\nscience and/or documentation. The data requested\nincluded course levels, pre- and post-requisite courses,\ntextbooks used, topics covered, frequency with which\noffered, etc.\n Responses were received from 45 schools, providing\ninformation about 185 courses and 242 topics. Using\nseveral methods of clustering the data, it was difficult\nto arrive at firm results, because of the diversity and\nscatter of the topics included in this field. It was\ntherefore decided to hold a workshop of experts which\nwould examine the validity of the questionnaire results.\n This workshop, using the Delphi technique to arrive\nat consensus, was held at the University of Pittsburgh\non September 21-23, 1970. Sixteen specialists in the\nfield representing universities industry and government\nwere brought together to participate. Consensus was\nreached in identifying nine factors which contribute to\nthe curriculum in information science and seven courses\nwhich constitute the core for the Master's program.\nThe topics to be included in each of these courses were\nalso isolated.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000598"}
{"title": "On the Evaluation of Information Science", "text": " The emergence and development of information science within its wider \ndisciplinary framework is interpreted.. Information science is approached as\none of a modern generation of communication or behavioral disciplines which\nemerged almost simultaneously around World War II.. Consequently, an attempt is\nmade to discern the evolution of relationship between information science and\nother generation disciplines.. The internal development of information science\nis first sketched.. Second, possible relationship and roles of information \nscience within a potentially emergent suprasystem of knowledge are discussed.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000599"}
{"title": "Compound Words: A Problem in Post-Coordinate Retrieval Systems", "text": " Compound words cause some difficulty in post-coordinate indexing\nsystems: if too many are fractured, or the wrong categories are selected\nfor fracturing, noise will be produced at unacceptable levels on retrieval..\nVarious prior suggestions for handling compound terms are examined which\ninclude those for pre-coordinated or rotated, indexes..\n The syntactic origins are also explored and it is found that many\ncompound words hinge on a prepositional relationship between the components,\nand that this relationship can be applied to decision making.. Other\ncompound words are in effect abbreviated statements from longer phrases, \nwhile some are influenced by the presence of a verb-like form..\n These syntactic influences, together with some of the philosophy from\nearlier studies - especially that of the 'force' required to fracture a\nterm, have been combined to produce a set of rules which have been\nemployed at the National Rubber Producers' Research Association (NRPRA)\nfor over two years.. These have greatly eased decision making and have\nenabled the thesaural vocabulary to be made more consistent..\n It is also suggested that the rules have some bearing on the\napplication of roles especially if these are employed on a pre-coordinate\nbasis..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000600"}
{"title": "Some Implications of Automatic Recognition of Bibliographic Elements", "text": " A theoretical approach to the problem of converting printed bibliographic \nrecords to machine readable form is developed based on principles of system \nanalysis.. Experience from several recent projects conducted by the Institute of\nLibrary Research, University of California, are used to illustrate how this\ntheoretical approach is currently being tested prior to implementation in a \nlarge scale conversion project..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000601"}
{"title": "Informal Communication Among Scientists in Sleep Research", "text": " At the frontiers of an active area of science, social structure based upon \ncommunication is demonstrated.. Using sociometric techniques, an informal\ncommunication network was identified which included 73% of the scientists..\nWithin the network was a core group of scientists who were the focus of a\ndisproportionately large number of contacts and who were differentiated from\nothers by greater productivity, higher citation record and wider readership..\nInformation transferred to these scientists is so situated that it could be\ntransmitted to 95% of the network scientists through one intermediary scientist\nor less..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000602"}
{"title": "The Efficiency of MEDLARS Titles for Retrieval", "text": " Previous research has indicated that the titles rather than index terms \nwould, in the standard MEDLARS system, gave lower Recall but higher Precision..\nA title searching technique is described which allows the number of references\nretrieved to be fixed before a search commences.. With this technique the\ngreater applicability of title-terms offsets their relative paucity.. The\ntitle-searching technique is tested using queries put to MEDLARS.. These \nqueries were not specially solicited for the test.. Title searching is compared\nwith the standard MEDLARS index term search and with an index term search with \nfixed output size.. For equal output sizes, Title searching retrieves 4 \nrelevant references for every 5 retrieved by index term searching.. Thus the \nrelative retrieval efficiency of Title and Index terms is so close that the \nchoice of one method or the other must be primarily on economic grounds..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000603"}
{"title": "Comparison of Document Data Bases", "text": " This paper presents a detailed analysis of the content and format of seven\nmachine-readable bibliographic data bases: Chemical Abstract Service \nCondensates, Chemical and Biological Activities, and Polymer Science and\nTechnology, Biosciences Information Service's BA Previews including Biological\nAbstracts and BioReseach Index, Institute for Science Information Source Tape, \nand Engineering Index COMPENDEX..\n Selected issue test tapes of each data base were printed and checked for the\ntypes of data that were contained in the issue and the methods in which the \ndata were formatted.. This paper compared the physical formats of the tapes and\ndescribes the varied treatments given to such data elements as authors, titles, \nabstracts, etc.. Comparison of data bases requires common use of terms.. All\nterms are defined at the beginning of the paper..\n The authors found great discrepancies in the presentation of essentially \nsimilar bibliographic data, and they offer some suggestions for mitigating the \ndiscrepancies by use of standards.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000604"}
{"title": "Citations, References and the Growth of Scientific Literature:", "text": "A Model of Dynamic Interaction\n A mathematical model is presented which explains the observed exponential \ngrowth rates of citations and references in a scientific discipline.. The \nindependent variables are the growth rate of the number of articles published \nand the decay rate of citation of old literature.. It is shown how the \nparameters of the model can be estimated..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000605"}
{"title": "Interface Design for An Interactive Information Retrieval System:", "text": "A Literature Survey and a Research System Description\n This article focuses on the human interaction characteristics of an\ninformation retrieval system, suggests some design considerations to\nimprove man-machine cooperation, and describes a research system at \nStanford that is exploring some of these techniques..\n Librarians can only be of limited assistance in helping the naive\nuser formulate an unstructured feeling in his mind into an appropriate\nsearch query that maps into the retrieval system.. Consequently, the\nprocess of query formulation by the user, interactively with the\ninformation available in te system, remains one of the principal\nproblems in information retrieval today..\n In an attempt to solve this problem by improving the interface\ncommunication between man and the computer, we have pursued the\nobjective of displaying hierarchically structured index trees on a CRT\nin a decision tree format permitting the user merely to point (with a\nlight pen) at alternatives which seem most appropriate to him.. Using\nhis passive rather than his active vocabulary expands his interaction\nvocabulary by at least an order of magnitude.. Moreover, a \nhierarchically displayed index is a modified thesaurus, and may be\naugmented by adding lateral links to provide semantic assistance to\nthe user.. A hierarchical structure was chosen because it seems to\nreplicate the structure of cognitive thought processes most closely, \nthus allowing the simplest, most direct transfer of the man's problem\ninto the structure and vocabulary of the system..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000606"}
{"title": "Improving a Field-based \"Eric-Like\" Information System", "text": " This is a period for rapid growth in information systems\nfor the sciences and professions. Information centers\nare springing up across the country. Federal agencies\nand private groups are both collaborating and competing\nto establish comprehensive systems.\n Changing the library's name to \"information center\" is\nmore than linguistic faddism. New, active roles subordinate\nthe library's traditional, passive role as a preserver\nand codifier of knowledge. \"Information center\"\nbears analogy to \"economic center\" and \"transportation\ncenter.\" Like these centers, its significance is in\ntransaction. The significance of a transportation center\nlies in routes to other centers. The significance of an\ninformation center lies in communication lines to knowledge \nproducers and knowledge users. Information centers are\njudged by their information \"throughput,\" not by their \n\"holdings.\"\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000607"}
{"title": "A new comparison Between Conventional Indexing (MEDLARS)", "text": "and Automatic Text Processing (SMART)\n A new testing process is described designed to compare conventional retrieval\n(MEDLARS) and automatic text analysis methods (SMART).. The results obtained \nwith a collection of documents chosen independently of either SMART or MEDLARS\nindicate that a simple automatic extraction of keywords from document abstracts\nproduces a 30 to 40 percent loss compared with MEDLARS indexing.. A replacement\nof the unranked Boolean searches used in MEDLARS by the standard ranked output \nnormally provided by SMART reduces the loss to between 15 and 20 percent.. When\nautomatically generated word control list or a thesaurus is used as part of the \nSMART analysis, the results are comparable in effectiveness to those obtained \nby the intellectual MEDLARS indexing.. Finally, the incorporation of user \nfeedback procedures into SMART furnishes an improvement over the normal MEDLARS \noutput of 15 to 30 percent.. \n One concludes again that no technical justification exists for maintaining \ncontrolled, manual indexing in operational retrieval environments..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000608"}
{"title": "Report on the Evaluation of an Experimental Computer-Based", "text": "Current-Awareness Service for Chemists\n A selected sample of U.K. University, industrial and Government scientists\nwere given a current-awareness service for 18 months, in order to investigate\nthe practicability and problems of such a service.. Six hundred profiles were \nrun, using the natural-language data bases Chemical Titles and \nChemical-Biological Activities produced by Chemical Abstracts Service..\n Precision and recall were measured, and correlations between profile\nperformance and such factors as subject area and profile logic were \ninvestigated statistically.. Precision and recall failures were analyzed and \nvarious improvements to the system were suggested as a consequence..\n It was concluded that a viable computerized current-awareness service based \non searching natural language could be created..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000609"}
{"title": "The Development of a Semantic Differential to", "text": "Assess Users' Attitudes Towards An On-line Interactive\nReference Retrieval System\n A semantic differential (SD) is a commonly used instrument which can\nbe used to reliably measure attitude toward a variety of objects or\nconcepts.. Each SD consists of a series of bipolar adjective scales on\nwhich a respondent reacts, in relation to the object or concept of interest..\nTo interpret completed SDs, it simplifies the procedures and aids in the\ndevelopment of theory if the adjective scales are grouped into one or more\nindependent clusters.. The primary purpose of this study was to identify\nthose clusters (or dimensions) applied by a user of an on-line user-oriented\nreference retrieval system when he reacts toward such a system..\n Seventy-one who used or were familiar with a working on-line reference\nretrieval system completed a packet of 20 SDs, each consisting of the same\n19 adjective scales.. The correlations among the scales were factor \nanalyzed.. Three independent dimensions were identified.. Factor I was \nlabeled \"evaluative-specific\" and accounted for over 23% of the total\nvariance.. Factor II was called \"desirability\"; it accounted for over \n17% of the total variance.. And, Factor III, entitled \"enormity\" accounted\nfor over 10% of the total variance.. Another analysis showed the factor\nstructure to be highly reliable.. Therefore, if the derived three\ndimensional structure underlies users' attitudes toward a more general\nclass of retrieval systems, then undimensional or unstructured system\nevaluation of users' attitudes will be simplistic and possibly misleading..\n In order to construct a working semantic differential, 10 adjective\nscales were identified which best represented the three dimensions..\nBrief instructions are included which outline how to use this SD..\nThe discussion is mainly concerned with the obtained factor structure\nand the need for a predicative replication of the study.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000610"}
{"title": "What Information Dissemination Studies Imply Concerning the Design of", "text": "On-Line Reference Retrieval Systems*\n The use of an on-line computer system for locating bibliographic citations\nhas been hailed as an important innovation for coping with the \"information\nexplosion..\" However, on-line reference retrieval is only one element in a\nlarge social system of information dissemination.. To have a widespread impact,\nan on-line system must compete successfully with a multitude of other sources\nof references.. This paper reviews studies of information dissemination as a\nbasis for determining how on-line retrieval can best compete. It recommends\nthe functional groups for whom an on-line system should be designed and the\nforms of written media that should be included in the system's initial data\nbase.. Finally, it presents criteria the system should satisfy to be as widely\nused and as comprehensive as other reference retrieval methods..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000611"}
{"title": "Interactive Search of Bibliographic Data Bases in an Academic Environment", "text": " A surprising difference is found in the acceptance of on-line bibliographic \nsearch between university research workers and students in the classroom.. The\ntypical research worker, even after careful preparation and individual help, \nabandons the on-line system in favor of more traditional searching techniques..\nThe student and the seminar participant, on the other hand, take to this new \ntool with enthusiasm and profit.. Bibliographic data bases in physics, \nastronomy and urban systems are available to users through on-line access to \nthe Remote Information Query System (RIQS).. Examples of introductory on-line \nsessions are presented and a report of one of the professors participating is \nincluded..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000612"}
{"title": "Citation Patterns fo the Cardiovascular Serial Literature", "text": " In an attempt to further amplify the characteristics of the cardiovascular\nserial literature, citation patterns were studied.. As previously shown, \none-third of the 5,860 papers from the National Heart Institute grantees for\n1967 appeared within 13 journals (3).. After the exclusion of the abstract\njournals, the remaining journals were used to obtain a basic pool of 300\ncardiovascular related articles.. Science Citation Index was used to\ngather statistics relative to citing author, journal and year.. The 300\narticles in the basic pool were cited a total of 2,545 times during this\nfour-year period (1967-1970).. The figures concerning citation rate by\nyear serve to uphold the idea that journal citation reaches a peak during\nthe third year after publication.. Also some definite patterns of self-citation\nwere noted.. It was found that, when analyzed on the basis of first author, \n15 percent of the 2,545 citations were self-citations.. The ten basic \njournals tend to be cited mostly within themselves; one-third of the\ncitations were found in these journals.. Although the citations were\nfound throughout 349 journals, indicating an extensive scatter, a\nrelatively high percentage of papers were found in few journals..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000613"}
{"title": "The Use Patterns of Physics Journals in a Large Academic Research Library", "text": " The purpose of this investigation was to reveal the use of patterns of the\nphysics journals in the M.I.T. Science Library.. The findings are based upon\nan analysis of actual use data recorded from all volumes and issues left by\nlibrary users on study tables and on trucks in the photocopy area from\nMarch 15 to June 31, 1971.. The Science Library contains some 220 physics\njournals.. The study reveals that only 138 journals (62.7%) were used even\nonce during the 3 1/2-month interval.. A core of 49 journals supplies 90%\nof use, and these items would cost 51.1% of the total single subscription\ncosts of the 138 used titles: 52.3% of use occurs in journal volumes less\nthan 6 years old.. English is the most used language of physics journals and\nthe English journals account for 95.3% of use.. American journals, 57.2% of\nwhich are published by the American Institute of Physics, supply 59.4% of the\ntotal use..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000614"}
{"title": "A Cost Model for Evaluating Information Retrieval Systems", "text": " This paper develops a mathematical model for use in studying how to \nminimize the cost of operating a mechanized retrieval system.. Through \nthe use of cost analysis, the model provides a method for comparative\nevaluation between information retrieval systems.. The cost model divides the\ncosts of a retrieval system into two components: system costs and user costs..\nIn addition, it suggests that a trade off exists between the performance\nlevel of the system and the combination of user and systems time that is\nexpended in working with the system.. This minimizes the total cost of\noperating the system.. The allocation is done for a given performance level\nand for a given cost per unit of user and system time..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000615"}
{"title": "A Bibliometric Analysis of Certain Information Science Literature", "text": " Several bibliometric techniques previously applied to \nseparate scientific literatures were used together in the analysis of a\nsingle corpus of journal articles relating to information science.. \nTechniques included are (a) Bradford analysis, (b) epidemic analysis, \n(c) identification of research front, and (d) bibliographic coupling.. \nSimilar analysis was made of writings cited by the main corpus articles, \nand of the literature which in turn cites the main corpus.. Results\nwere analyzed in terms of structure and processes observable in patterns\nof authorship, publication, and citation.. Their significance is discussed\nwith potential application of the method to the solution of problems in the\nmanagement of large research libraries..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000616"}
{"title": "On-Line Serials Control System in a Large Biomedical Library;", "text": "1) Description of the System\n An on-line serials control system with particular emphasis on storage and\nmaintenance concepts is described.. The system, operational since January,\n1971, has evolved from a former batch card system and remains completely\ncompatible with it.. The system allows real-time display and updating of\nall elements of the file.. Consequently all check-in, bindery, and claims\noperations, as well as new entries and data field changes are accomplished\non a real-time basis.. All programs are in PL/1.. Required equipment is an\nIBM time-shared facility with 100 K memory available for the applications\nprograms, and IBM 2260 display units..\n This article is the first of three.. The second is concerned with an\nanalysis of inverted file retrieval features and the third compares the\noperation of the on-line with the batch system, comparable manual operations,\nand discusses costs..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000617"}
{"title": "Interrelationships of Scientific Journals", "text": " A series of models of the interrelationship of scientific journals\nhas been developed from the cross citing amongst 275 journals in\nmathematics, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, and biology.. \nThe data source was the Journal Citation Index (JCI), a file derived\nfrom the Science Citation Index.. The JCI consists of a journal by\njournal tabulation of citings to and from each journal in the index..\nA large amount of consistency was found between the citing characteristics\nof the journals in the different scientific fields, with quite clear\nboundaries between fields and a few well known cross disciplinary\njournals as cross field information links..\nThe separate disciplines appear to relate to each other in an orderly\nmanner, with a natural sequence: mathematics --> physics --> chemistry -->\nbiochemistry --> biology.. Within disciplines the journals form fully\ntransitive hierarchies with very few relational conflicts.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000618"}
{"title": "Managing An Uncontrolled Vocabulary Ex Post Facto", "text": " Initiated as an experiment, supported by the Division of Medicinal\nChemistry of Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the operational\nretrospective retrieval service offered by BIOSIS, now in its eighth year, \nexploits a file created essentially without vocabulary control.. The file\ncomprises some 40 million index access points to 1.87 million references\nin research biology announced in Biological Abstracts and BioResearch\nIndex since September 1959.. A pragmatic program of file building criteria\nhas been pursued, originally with modest support from the Office of Science\nInformation Service of the National Science Foundation, which has provided\nimproved retrieval and an annual summary of the vocabulary of the literature\navailable to anyone interested (1)..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000619"}
{"title": "On-Line Serials Control System on a Large Biomedical Library", "text": "Part II. Evaluation of Retrieval Features\n The on-line serials control system in use at UCLA Biomedical Library \nutilizes an inverted file for its primary technique.. The correct title is\nreached with a entry about 80% of the time by using average of three title \nwords.. A detailed profile of title structure and search scheme is given..\nThe major determinants of the scheme are evaluated on a performance and cost\nbasis..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000620"}
{"title": "Dialectical Inquiring Systems:", "text": "A New Methodology for Information Science\n A taxonomy for modeling information systems is presented.. The taxonomy\nderives from the history of modern epistemology.. Epistemology is used as a\nprescriptive modeling basis because (1) the fundamental problems of \nepistemology are concerned with information, and (2), because the history of\nepistemology identifies any archetypal ways that men have conceived of\ninformation and of models..\n It is shown how the different models of epistemology can be made\nscientifically operational through the use of a special kind of systems\nanalysis..\n Finally, the results of a preliminary experiment based on one of the models\nare presented in the form of prescriptive rules for the design of future\nexperiments.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000621"}
{"title": "Overlap Among the Journal Articles", "text": "Selected for Coverage by BIOSIS, CAS, and Ei\n Of 14,592 primary journals being collectively monitored\nby the BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts\n(BIOSIS), the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), and Engineering Index,\nInc. (Ei) on 1 May 1970, only 4081 were being monitored by two or more\nof the services..\n The extent to which all three or any two of these services select\nthe same journal article for coverage was determined by examining\neach service's selection records for the July 1969-June 1970 issues of\nthese 4081 overlap journals.. The maximum possible journal article\noverlap among BIOSIS, CAS and Ei was found to be 822 articles and between\nBIOSIS and Ei, 1428 articles.. The journal article overlap between\nBIOSIS and CAS was found to be 48,856 articles and between CAS and Ei,\n21,583 articles.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000622"}
{"title": "Cost Effectiveness of Current Awareness Sources in the Pharmaceutical", "text": "Industry\n In a previous paper from The Wellcome Foundation (Scott et al., 1971) a\ntechnique was described for measuring the usefulness of a commercial data base\nby comparing the choice of papers and of indexing terms to those chosen as\nrelevant to the organization.. In this paper we are comparing the cost \neffectiveness of several commercial data bases, journal scanning by information \nscientists, and the impact of private communication..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000623"}
{"title": "Clinician Search for Information", "text": " The use of a medical library by members of the faculty of a medical school\nwas studied by questionnaire in an effort to ascertain the part the library\nplayed, among channels of communication, in work-related information searches..\nThe study described the population of users and the kinds of sources\nthey utilized in an information search, in an effort to identify the factors\ninfluencing their choice of kinds of sources and leading to the possibility of\npredicting use of kinds of source once the characteristics of the users were\nknown.. It brought out a high use of sources which are accessible and easy\nto use.. The tabulations show the importance of co-workers in informal\ncommunication.. Low delegation of documentation tasks to libraries was\napparent.. The main user of the library studied was a clinician in the area of\ninternal medicine who used journal articles about diseases for information to\nuse in the treatment of his patients.. The recommendations were made that\njournals should be shelved accessibly, with Index Medicus nearby.. Books\nmight be shelved less accessibly.. Telephone access to the library is of\nmajor importance as is the provision of adequate photocopying facilities..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000624"}
{"title": "On Selecting a Measure of Retrieval Effectiveness", "text": " It is argued that a user's subjective evaluation of the personal\nutility of a retrieval system's output to him, if it could be properly\nquantified, would be a near-ideal measure of retrieval effectiveness..\nA hypothetical methodology is presented for measuring this utility by\nmeans of an elicitation procedure.. Because the hypothetical methodology\nis impractical, compromise methods are outlined and their underlying\nsimplifying assumptions are discussed.. The more plausible the simplifying\nassumptions on which a performance measure is based, the better the measure..\nThis, along with evidence gleaned from 'validation experiments' of a certain\nkind, is suggested as a criterion for selecting or deriving the best measure\nof effectiveness to use under given test conditions..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000625"}
{"title": "The User Interface for Interactive Bibliographic Searching:", "text": "An Analysis of the Attitudes of Nineteen Information Scientists\n Since little substantiated evidence exists concerning the features that\nshould of should not be included in the man-machine interface of interactive\nbibliographic search and retrieval (IBSR) systems, an informal survey tapping\nthe opinions of scientists active in this research area was conducted.. An\nanalysis of the responses showed a significant level of agreement concerning\ninterface features..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000626"}
{"title": "Theoretical Foundations of Thesaurus-Construction and", "text": "Some Methodological Considerations for Thesaurus-Updating\n It was argued that the present-day thesaurus-construction and maintenance\nrules and conventions are not theoretically based.. For this reason, there\nare few rules and conventions for updating a thesaurus.. Consequently, \nmost of the thesauri adopted by operating information storage and\nretrieval systems are not systematically updated.. In order to \ninvestigate how thesauri are actually updated, a survey was conducted.. \nThe working hypothesis was that the communication process between authors\nand readers is linear in nature (\"one-way\" communication allowing no \nreciprocal feedback) if a thesaurus utilized in a system is not updated\nby both indexers and question negotiators.. Findings show that thesauri\nviewed from the communications point of view do not allow a cybernetic\nprocess of communication (\"both-way\" communication).. The survey\nindicated that the present practice of updating thesauri is largely\ndone by indexers alone.. No attempt was made to develop a theory of\nthesaurus construction and updating.. It was, however, argued that\nsuch a theory, if developed, should at least account for the concepts\nof meaning and knowledge.. Within this theoretical framework, two\ntechniques are suggested to be considered for the systematic updating\nof a thesaurus..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000627"}
{"title": "The Environment of Classification:", "text": "The Concept of Mutual Exclusivity\n It has been suggested that information science is still of the stage\nof alchemy: if this is so then mutual exclusivity must form its\nphilosopher's stone.. Mutual exclusivity appears to be alien to the\nobservable universe: that this is so is displayed through a series of\nexamples.. Some of these relate to everyday things like trees, beaches\nand man himself, whilst others relate to more obscure phenomena like\ncontinental drift and black holes.. The act of observation is also\nconsidered as this has a considerable bearing on the problem..\n Nevertheless, mutual exclusivity must form part of man's mental\npowers and this has found expression in the relatively exclusive\nseries of symbols used in communication.. The dangers of exclusive\nthinking in relation to environmental problems are considered, and\nthis results in a paradox which is probably unresolvable.. Finally, it\nis observed that out-standing genius appears to pay scant regard to\nexisting classifications and is more likely to be involved in an\nintegrated approach to problems..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000628"}
{"title": "Promotion of Information Services: An Evaluation of Alternative Approaches", "text": " This article deals with the promotion of information services, specifically\nthe formation and subsequent evaluation of different promotional programs\nfor selective dissemination of information (SDI) services provided by the\nMechanized Information Center (MIC) at the Ohio State University.. Three\nprograms -- opinion leadership, \"blitz,\" and telephone solicitation -- \nwere developed.. Data were collected to show, for each of the programs: \n(1) the level of market penetration achieved; (2) the level of user\nsatisfaction generated from the service; (3) the effect in terms of\ninfluence, of the various media employed; and (4) cost effectiveness..\nData analysis focused on a determination of the most effective methods\nto promote SDI services..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000629"}
{"title": "A Novel Philosophy for the Design of Information Storage", "text": "and Retrieval Systems Appropriate for the '70's\n The philosophy of a systems approach to the design of information\nstorage and retrieval systems is suggested in which the computer is\nrecognized in its proper perspective as a powerful and effective\nalternative tool.. This philosophy is in contrast to a prevalent\nphilosophy of the '60's in which many information systems designers\ntouted the computer as the answer to all information storage and\nretrieval situations.. Important principles of information system\ndesign incorporated within the framework of the novel philosophy\nfor the '70's are presented.. These are: the performance of users'\nneeds studies by the representative small group technique; the\nanalysis of users' needs including their rank ordering by priority; \nthe selection and adaptation for a specific application of a suitable\nexistent information storage and retrieval system from those available; \nthe involvement of potential users in the system design by establishing\na model with which they can interact and provide feedback; and the final\ndesign of a cost-effective system.. A number of pitfalls arising from\nearlier design methodologies are pointed out, and the avoidance of these\npitfalls by adopting a true systems approach is discussed.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000630"}
{"title": "A General Statistical Model for Estimating Future Demand Levels of Data-Base", "text": "Utilization Within an Information Retrieval Organization\n A statistical model for characterizing the growth patterns of data base\nutilization and for estimating future utilization levels of demand has been\ndeveloped for information retrieval organizations.. The model developed is\ny = b( 1 - e(**-at) ) where y is the number of users of a data base at time t,\nand a and b are parameters to be estimated.. Illustrations of the model applied \nto a typical information retrieval organization are given and discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000631"}
{"title": "Co-citation in the Scientific Literature: A New Measure of the", "text": "Relationship Between Two Documents\n A new form of document coupling called co-citation is defined as the\nfrequency with which two documents are cited together.. The co-citation\nfrequency of two scientific papers can be determined by comparing lists\nof citing documents in the Science Citation Index and counting identical \nentries.. Networks of co-cited papers can be generated for specific\nscientific specialties, and an example is drawn from the literature\nof particle physics.. Co-citation patterns are found to differ \nsignificantly from bibliographic coupling patterns, but to agree\ngenerally with patterns of direct citation.. Clusters of co-cited\npapers provide a new way to study the specialty structure of science..\nThey may provide a new approach to indexing and to the creation of SDI \nprofiles..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000632"}
{"title": "Use of an Automatic Text Analyzer in Preparation of SDI Profiles", "text": " The conventional method of preparing SDI (Selective Dissemination of\nInformation) profiles often necessitates detailed interview sessions between \nthe client and one or more information scientists.. This research shows that by\nsubmitting samples of the client's recent professional reading material to \nautomatic text analysis, SDI profiles can be prepared that result in \nsignificantly higher initial recall scores than do those prepared by \nconventional techniques; relevance scores are not significantly different..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000633"}
{"title": "On Selecting A Measure of Retrieval Effectiveness", "text": "Part II. Implementation of the Philosophy\n It was argued in Part I (see JASIS, March-April 1973 p. 87) that the best\nway to evaluate a retrieval system is, in principle at least, to elicit\nsubjective estimates of the system's utility to its users, quantified in\nterms of the numbers of utilities (e.g. dollars) they would have been willing\nto give up in exchange for the privilege of using the system; and a naive\nmethodology was outlined for evaluating retrieval systems on this basis..\nBut the impracticality of the naive evaluation procedure as it stands raises\nthe questions:\tHow can one decide which practical measure is likely to\nyield results most closely resembling those of the naive methodology? And\nhow can one tell whether the resemblance is close enough to make applying\nthe measure worth while? In the present paper two kinds of solution to\nthese problems are taken up.. The first answers the questions in terms\nof the reasonableness of the simplifying assumptions needed to get from\nthe naive measure to the proposed substitute.. The second answers it by\nexperimentation..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000634"}
{"title": "Clustering of Scientific Journals", "text": "A cluster analysis procedure is described in which 188 journals in the\ndiscipline of physics, chemistry and molecular biology are grouped into \nclusters.. Most of the clusters are easily identified as subdisciplinary\nsubject areas.. The data source was the cross citing amongst the journals\nderived from the Journal Citation Index (JCI), a file derived in turn from\nthe Science Citation Index (SCI).. The JCI consists of journal by journal\ntabulation of citings to and from each journal processed in the SCI..\nTwo-step citation maps linking the clusters are presented for each \ndiscipline.. Within the disciplines the clusters of journals form fully\ntransitive hierarchies with very few relational conflicts..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000635"}
{"title": "Text Searching Retrieval of Answer-Sentences and Other Answer-Passages", "text": " Some new text searching retrieval techniques are described which retrieve\nnot documents but sentences from documents and sometimes (on occasions\ndetermined by the computer) multi-sentence sequences.. Since the goal of the\ntechniques is retrieval of answer-providing documents, \"answer-passages\" are\nretrieved.. An \"answer-passage\" is a passage which is either answer-providing\nor \"answer-indicative,\" i.e., it permits inferring that the document \ncontaining it is answer-providing.. In most cases answer-sentences, i.e., \nsingle-sentence answer-passages, are retrieved.. This has great advantages\nfor screening retrieval output..\n Two new automatic procedures for measuring closeness of relation\nbetween clue words in a sentence are described.. One approximates\nsyntactic closeness by counting the number of intervening \"syntactic\njoints\" (roughly speaking, prepositions, conjunctions and punctuation\nmarks) between successive clue words.. The other measure uses word\nproximity in a new way.. The two measures perform about equally well..\n The computer uses \"enclosure\" and \"connector words\" for determining\nwhen a multi-sentence passage should be retrieved.. However, no procedure\nwas found in this study for retrieving multi-paragraph answer-passages, \nwhich were the only answer-passages occurring in 6% of the papers..\n In a test of the techniques they failed to retrieve two \nanswer-providing documents (7% of those to be retrieved) because of\none multi-paragraph answer-passage and one complete failure\nof clue word selection.. For the other answer-providing documents they\nretrieved at all recall levels with greater precision than SMART, \nwhich has produced the best previously reported recall-precision results..\n The retrieval questions (mostly from real users) and documents used in\nthis study were from the field of information science.. The results of the\nstudy are surprisingly good for retrieval in such a \"soft science,\" and\nit is reasonable to hope that in less \"soft\" sciences and technologies\nthe techniques described will work even better.. On this basis a \ndissemination and retrieval system of the near future is predicted..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000636"}
{"title": "Breaking the Communication barrier Between Searcher and Literature", "text": "File: An Interactive Guide\n The challenges of design of programming systems, file organization\nand manipulation, and user-oriented query languages have held the spotlight\nin the development of data processing support to systems for retrieval of\nscientific literature.. At BIOSIS, development of such a system from the\npragmatic viewpoint of providing viable self-supporting retrieval service\nfrom a data base of more than two million references has resulted in\nfocusing attention on supporting the formulation of the information need into\nan effective computer search specification.. Developed under CPS and now\nimplemented under CICS, the program claims no novelty of structure or \ntechnique, but constitutes an innovation in application and goal with primary\nemphasis on accommodating the behavior of a user not previously knowledgeable\nabout the structure, indexing language, and detailed content of a machine\nbased references file..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000637"}
{"title": "Densities of Use, and Absence of Obsolescence,", "text": "in Physics Journals at M I T\n Chen's data for the raw frequency of use of 138 physics journals in the\nscience library at M I T are re-examined and converted to densities of\nuse-per-meter of shelf.. Other units of size for obtaining densities,\nand their measurement are discussed.. There is no evidence for synchronous\nobsolescence in the 1955 to 1968 volumes of these journals: instead there is\nsome statistically significant evidence of greater density of use with\ngreater age.. Similar evidence elsewhere is cited.. The ranking order for\nheaviness of use is also radically altered by converting raw frequencies\nto densities of use.. \n It is suggested that, for comparing the relative values of different\njournals, or age groups, in library use or citation studies, analyses of\nraw frequencies are valueless, and indeed potentially dangerously misleading, \nuntil they are converted to allow for the numbers of available items in each \ngroup examined..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000638"}
{"title": "Costs and Effectiveness in the Evolution of an Information System:", "text": "A Case Study\n With budget constraints, the problems of cost and effectiveness have \nadvanced to the top of priority list of all information services managers..\nDetermining and monitoring effectiveness should be cost-effective also..\n The author traces the cost-effectiveness problems back to the genesis of an \ninformation system.. Performance parameters and their shifting in the desired \ndirection are briefly discussed.. The monthly statement is intended to assist a\nmanager in budgeting and planning and it should also alert him to any \nirregularities in costs and effectiveness, either in time or among individual \nservices.. If adopted more widely it could even serve as a means of comparison \nbetween centers if due consideration is given to varying conditions..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000639"}
{"title": "The Scientific Premises of Information Science", "text": " Throughout my years of work as an information scientist I have been\nplagued by a personal and professional sense of doubt with respect to the\nfield.. A central theme of every conference that I have attended related\nto: \"What is information science?\" Or \"Is information science a science?\"\nIn this paper I hope to take these questions head on.. I must begin by\nsaying that I do take information science seriously as a science.. I see\nit as the quest for understanding of the nature of information and\nman's interaction with it.. That we lack so much in this quest for\nunderstanding is the greatest challenge of the science..\n I intend to explore the tradition, or world view, bearing on the\nscientific study of information.. The currently prevalent world view is\nthe scientific tradition which extends from the Enlightenment to\nthe present.. I also intend to look critically at what I perceive\nto be te premises underlying most of our current efforts to understand\nthe phenomenon of information.. The criticism will by necessity be\nspeculative.. I intend to stick my neck out, not because I can prove\nmy assertions, but because I believe these ideas must be discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000640"}
{"title": "Representation of Concept Relations Using the TOSAR System of", "text": "the IDC: Treatise III on Information Retrieval Theory\n Successful information retrieval from a mechanized file is heavily\ndependent on the fidelity of the representation of concepts in the\nparticular language of the system and on the predictability of this\nrepresentation.. \n If an index language is employed, predictability is guaranteed and\nthe quality of the retrieval is predominantly governed by the fidelity\nof the representation, i.e., by the extent to which conceptual\ndistortion of the concepts to be represented can be avoided.. The various\nindex languages vary widely with respect to their fidelity.. Differences\nin their performance are correspondingly great..\n The lack of fidelity in most of the present day indexing languages\nis due mainly to insufficient representation of the relationships\namong concepts.. We describe a new graphical method of storing and\nretrieving concept relations of various kinds.. The points of such a\ngraph are occupied by concepts, and the connecting lines between these\npoints represent concept relations.. In a special field of chemistry,\nthese graphs also serve as a kind of presentation of the essentials of a\ndocument to the reader that is much more lucid than a natural language\ntext.. \n\n\n \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000641"}
{"title": "Making On-Line Search Available in an Industrial Research Environment", "text": " On-line interactive searching of several information bases through several\nservice operators was introduced in an industrial research environment.. \nThorough knowledge of the information base and its structure in the search\nsystem is a major factor of successful searching, and differences among search\nsystems do not present serious barriers.. This new technique was most \neffectively used when the information specialist and the scientist searched as\na team.. On-line searching is now an established search tool at Exxon Research\nand Engineering Company..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000642"}
{"title": "A Theory of Term Importance in Automatic Text Analysis", "text": " A good deal of work has been done over the years in an attempt to use \nstatistical or probabilistic techniques as a basis of automatic indexing and\ncontent analysis.. \n Unfortunately, many of these methods are lacking in effectiveness, and the\nmore refined procedures are computationally unattractive..\n A new technique, known as discrimination value analysis, ranks the text \nwords in accordance with how much they are able to discriminate the documents\nof a collection from each other; that is, the value of a term depends on how\nmuch the average separation between individual documents changes when the given \nterm is assigned for content identification.. The best words are those which\nachieve the greatest separation.. \n The discrimination value analysis is computationally simple, and it assigns \na specific role in content analysis to single words, juxtaposed words and \nphrases, and word groups or thesaurus categories.. Experimental results are \ngiven showing the effectiveness of the technique..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000643"}
{"title": "A Decision Theoretic Foundation for Indexing", "text": " The indexing of a document is among the most crucial steps in preparing that \ndocument for retrieval.. The adequacy of the indexing determines the ability of \nthe system to respond to patron requests.. This paper discusses this process,\nand document retrieval in general, on the basis of formal decision theory.. The\nbasic theoretical approach taken is illustrated by means of a model of word \noccurrences in documents in the context of a model information system; both \nmodels are fully defined in this paper.. Though the main purpose of this paper\nis to provide insights into a very complex process, formulae are developed that \nmay prove to be of value for an automated operating system..The paper concludes\nwith an interpretation of recall and precision curves as seen from the point of \nview of decision theory..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000644"}
{"title": "Creation and Use of Citation Data Bases: A Modest Proposal", "text": " Improvement in the production and use of citations to research literature \ncalls for coordination of activities by a number of abstracting and indexing \nservices.. The Ohio College Library Center (OCLC) has developed a cost-effective\non-line shared cataloging system, now in widespread use by U.S. libraries.. It \ncould readily serve as a pattern for a system to create and share descriptive \nindexing on-line.. A proposed system is outlined, possible developers are noted,\nand further action is urged..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000645"}
{"title": "Performing Evaluation Studies in Information Science", "text": " This paper considers conceptual and methodological components of information \nscience evaluation studies.. The paper discusses the judgmental process of \nevaluation and the scientific nature of evaluation study in the context of \npurpose statements; criteria; the selection of variables and data collection \nand analysis techniques; and requirements of validity, reproducibility and \nreliability.. Industrial value analysis/engineering methodology is described\nand related to assessments of information products and services.. The\nstate-of-the-art of evaluation study in information science is analyzed with \nrespect to 1.the scope of evaluation studies; 2. the use of laboratory-type\nenvironments; 3. the use of surrogate judges; 4. selection of variables; 5.\nfrequency of study; and 6. comparabilty of study results.. Evaluation study is\nseen as essential to the management of information centers and systems and as\nhaving approachable growth potential..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000646"}
{"title": "Optimal Resource Allocation in Library Systems", "text": " A procedure is developed for optimal allocation of resources among the many\nprocesses of a library system.. Queueing theory is used to model processes as\neither waiting or balking processes.. The optimal allocation of resources to \nthese processes is defined as that which maximizes the expected value of the\ndecision-maker's utility function.. An application of the procedure to a \nspecific library system is discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000647"}
{"title": "User Training for On-Line Information Retrieval Systems", "text": " The early 1970's have clearly shown a trend toward the use of on-line systems\nas the ideal medium for information retrieval.. The emphasis placed on direct \naccess by the practitioners in the field, rather than delegated searches through\ninformation specialists, leads to the growing need for an efficient design in \ntraining transient user groups.. Printed manuals, live help, audiovisual \npresentations and on-line instructions have all been used with varying degrees of\nsuccess.. The author contends that the use of computer-assisted instruction in \nconjunction with the on-line information retrieval system is the most promising\nform of instruction in that the medium itself, as well as the message may be \nused to acquaint the novice searcher with an interactive user/system \ninterface..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000648"}
{"title": "A Probabilistic Approach to Automatic Keyword Indexing", "text": "Part I. On the Distribution of Specialty Words\nin a Technical Literature\n The problem studied in this research is that of developing a set of\nformal statistical rules for the purpose of identifying the keywords of\na document--words likely to be useful as index terms for that document..\nThe research was prompted by the observation, made by a number of writers,\nthat non-specialty words, words which possess little value for indexing\npurposes, tend to be distributed at random in a collection of documents..\nIn contrast, specialty words are not so distributed..\n In Part I of the study, a mixture of two Poisson distributions is \nexamined in detail as a model of specialty word distribution, and formulas\nexpressing the three parameters of the model in terms of empirical\nfrequency statistics are derived.. The fit of the model is tested on an\nexperimental document collection and found to be acceptable for the\npurposes of the study.. A measure intended to identify specialty words, \nconsistent with the 2-Poisson model, is proposed and evaluated..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000649"}
{"title": "Relative Effectiveness of Titles, Abstracts, and Subject Headings", "text": "for Machine Retrieval from the COMPENDEX Services\n We have investigated the relative merits of searching on titles, subject \nheadings, abstracts, free-language terms, and combinations of these elements..\nThe COMPENDEX data base was used for this study since it contained all of the\ndata elements of interest.. In general, the results obtained from the \nexperiments indicate that, as expected, titles alone are not satisfactory for \nefficient retrieval.. The combination of titles and abstracts came the closest \nto 100% retrieval, with searching of abstracts alone doing almost as well..\nIndexer input, although necessary for 100% retrieval in almost all cases, was\nfound to be relatively unimportant..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000650"}
{"title": "An Acquisitions Decision Model for Academic Libraries", "text": " A decision model for book acquisitions has been developed to simulate the\nintellectual processes used in acquiring these materials in academic libraries..\nIt consists of a flow chart, weighted inputs and an equation, which when solved\nindicates whether a library should add the title to its collection, refer it to\na cooperative group, defer the decision or drop it altogether.. Inputs to the \nmodel need further study and development, but the model is a step in defining\nand quantifying the decision process..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000651"}
{"title": "RELEVANCE: A Review of and a Framework for the Thinking on the Notion", "text": "in Information Science\n Information science emerged as the third subject, along with logic and \nphilosophy, to deal with relevance - an elusive, human notion.. The concern \nwith relevance, as a key notion in information science, is traced to the \nproblems of scientific communication.. Relevance is considered as a measure of \nthe effectiveness of a contact between a source and a destination in a \ncommunication process.. The different views of relevance that emerged are\ninterpreted and related within a framework of communication of knowledge..\nDifferent views arose because relevance was considered at a number of different \npoints in the process of knowledge communication.. It is suggested that there \nexists an interlocking, interplaying cycle of various systems of relevances..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000652"}
{"title": "Thesaurus Control - the Selection, Grouping, and Cross-Referencing of Terms", "text": "for Inclusion in a Coordinate Index Word List\n The selection, grouping and cross-referencing of the (usually single-word)\nterms are based on:\n 1. A systematic approach to indexing in depth, based on earlier work and \n resulting in reasonably consistent indexing..\n 2. An analytical approach to word forms in which the following categories \n are distinguished:\n ACTION forms; MEANS-material; MEANS-machine, and MEANS-man forms; STATES;\n VARIABLES; and LATENT PROPERTIES.. For each word, those forms included in \n a certain category are represented by a single code.. The \n category-switching caused by prepositions must be taken into account..\n 3. Criteria for term-splitting with limited semantic factoring.. Occasionally,\n semantic integration is used..\n 4. Critera for dealing with antonyms, which are classified as reciprocals, \n complements, unequivalent opposites, diametrical opposites, and \n reversals..\n 5. Introduction of conditional cross-referencing..\n 6. Recognition of multiword synonyms as the major difficulty in coordinate\n indexing..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000653"}
{"title": "An Analytical Model of a Library Network", "text": " Networks and network models of industrial and military systems have received \nmuch attention in operation research literature.. The extension of network\nmodeling to library networks provides some interesting twists of the usual \nmodels.. A general library network is offered, a mathematical statement of the \nnetwork problem is given, and the solution of the problem is discussed.. An\nexample of the use of the model in evaluation and design situations is \nprovided.. The necessity for further work in both theoretical and applied areas\nis cited in the summary..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000654"}
{"title": "The Potential Usefulness of Catalog Access Points Other", "text": "Than Author, Title, and Subject\n Library patrons who wish to obtain a known document with which they\nhave had prior personal contact often cannot remember the standard author-\ntitle-subject information about it with sufficient accuracy to be able\nto look it up easily in present-day card catalogs.. However, they may\nremember a surprising amount of such \"nonstandard\" information as the\ncolor of the document's cover or its approximate length.. Could this\ntype of \"nonstandard\" information be profitably exploited in computerized\ncatalogs of the future? Such facilities, if available, would surely be\nused, for according to catalog usage surveys a majority of today's\nlibrary patrons seek known documents, and of these, a substantial\nminority possess nonstandard information.. In this report, the results of\na memory experiment to test the memorability of various types of\nnonstandard information are described and analyzed.. A ranking according\nto relative memorability and potential retrieval usefulness of various\nnonstandard book features is given.. It is estimated that if the average\npatron's nonstandard information were exploited by appropriate retrieval\nstrategies, he would only have to search through roughly one five-hundredth\nas many documents as in a random search.. This reduction factor is great\nenough to make nonstandard information potentially useful in many\nsituations..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000655"}
{"title": "Measures of the Usefulness of Written Technical Information", "text": "to Chemical Researchers\n The effective transfer of technology involves more than just\ndistributing paper; it demands that useful documents be disseminated with a\nminimum of useless ones.. For 1 month, 10 researchers recorded a sample of\nthe written technical information items that they received; 4 months later\nthey were interviewed to determine which of these items had proved useful, \nand in what ways..\n The results indicate that (1) a researcher will call an item \"useful\"\neven if it does not cause him to take some action, but only has some\nsignificance for him; (2) the more the source of an item knows about the needs\nof the researcher or the more the researcher knows about an item he seeks, \nthe more likely it is that the researcher will find the item useful; (3) \nno strong relationships were found between certain readily observable,\nphysical arrangements and information behavior; and (4) an item may prove\nuseful, not because of the information objectively contained in that item, \nbut because the item causes a cognitive restructuring of the researcher's\nmind or a \"free association.\"\n Other studies that restrict their measures of information usefulness\nto externally observable behavior or that do not carefully define usefulness\nmay not be validly representing usefulness to the researcher..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000656"}
{"title": "Standards For Writing Abstracts", "text": " An abstract, as defined here, is an abbreviated, accurate representation\nof a document.. The following recommendations are made for the guidance of\nauthors and editors, so that abstracts in primary documents may be both\nhelpful to their readers and reproducible with little or no change in\nsecondary publications and services..\n Prepare an abstract for every formal item in journals and proceedings,\nand for each separately published report, pamphlet, thesis, monograph, \nand patent.. Place the abstract as early as possible in the document..\nMake the abstract as informative as the document will permit, so that\nreaders may decide whether they need to read the entire document.. State the\npurpose, methods results, and conclusions presented in the document, either\nin that order or with initial emphasis on findings..\n Make each abstract self-contained but concise; retain the basic information\nand tone of the original document.. Keep abstracts of most papers to \nfewer than 250 words, abstracts of reports and theses to fewer than 500 words\n(preferably on one page), and abstracts of short communications to fewer\nthan 100 words.. Write most abstracts in a single paragraph.. Normally\nemploy complete, connected sentences; active verbs; ad the third person..\nEmploy standard nomenclature, or define unfamiliar terms, abbreviations, and\nsymbols the first time they occur in the abstract..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000657"}
{"title": "Criteria Used by Research and Development Engineers in the Selection", "text": "of an Information Source\n The criteria employed by engineers in the selection of various technical\ninformation channels in problem-solving endeavors are investigated.. The\nrelationships of certain criteria identified in past research to such factors \nas frequency of channel utilization and the rate at which engineers accept or\nreject technical information received from specific channels are the focal \npoints of the study.. A direct relationship is founded between perceived\naccessibility of information channels and several objective measures of \nutilization, whereas no definite support is found for the hypothesis that the \nchannel perceived highest in technical quality are those used most frequently..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000658"}
{"title": "A Highly Associative Document Retrieval System", "text": " This paper describes a document retrieval system implemented with a subset of \nthe medical literature.. With the exception of the development of a negative\ndictionary, all system operations are completely automatic.. Introduced are\nmethods for computation of term-term association factors, indexing, assignment\nof term-document relevance values, and computations for recall and relevance..\nHigh weights are provided for low-frequency terms, and retrieval is performed \ndirectly from highly connected term-document files without elaboration.. Recall \nand relevance are based on quantitative internal system computations, and \nresults are compared with user evaluations..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000659"}
{"title": "On Relevance, Probabilistic Indexing and Information Retrieval", "text": " This paper reports on a novel technique for literature indexing and\nsearching in a mechanized library system.. The notion of relevance is taken\nas the key concept in the theory of information retrieval and a comparative\nconcept of relevance is explicated in terms of the theory of probability.. \nThe resulting technique called \"Probabilistic Indexing,\" allows a computing\nmachine, given a request for information, to make a statistical inference\nand derive a number (called the \"relevance number\") for each document, which\nis a measure of the probability that the document will satisfy the given request\nranked according to their probable relevance..\n The paper goes on to show that whereas in a conventional library\nsystem the cross-referencing (\"see\" and \"see also\") is based solely on\nthe \"semantical closeness\" between index terms, statistical measures of\ncloseness between index terms can be defined and computed.. Thus, given\nan arbitrary request consisting of one (or many) index term(s), a machine\ncan elaborate on it to increase the probability of selecting relevant\ndocuments that would not otherwise have been selected..\n Finally, the paper suggests an interpretation of the whole library\nproblem as one where the request is considered as a clue on the basis of\nwhich the library system makes a concatenated statistical inference\nin order to provide as an output an ordered list of those documents\nwhich most probably satisfy the information needs of the user..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000660"}
{"title": "Is Automatic Classification a Reasonable Application of Statistical", "text": "Analysis of Text?\n The statistical approach to the analysis of document collections and\nretrieval therefrom has proceeded along two main lines, associative machine\nsearching and automatic classification.. The former approach has been\nfavored because of the tendency of people in the computer field to strive for\nnew methods of dealing with the literature--methods which do not resemble those\nof traditional libraries.. But automatic classification study also has been\nthriving; some of the reasons for this are discussed..\n The crucial question of the quality of automatic classification is treated\nat considerable length, and empirical data are introduced to support the\nhypothesis that classification quality improves as more information about\neach document is used for input to the classification program.. Six\nnonjudgmental criteria are used in testing the hypothesis for 100\nkeyword lists (each list representing a document) for a series of computer\nruns in which the number of words per document is increased progressively\nfrom 12 to 36.. Four of the six criteria indicate the hypothesis holds, and\ntwo point to no effect.. Previous work of this kind has been confined to the\nrange of one through eight words per document..\n Finally, the future of automatic classification and some of the practical\nproblems to be faced are outlined.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000661"}
{"title": "Automatic Indexing: An Experimental Inquiry", "text": " This inquiry examines a technique for automatically classifying (indexing)\ndocuments according to their subject content.. The task, in essence, is to have\na computing machine read a document and on the basis of the occurrence of \nselected clue words decide to which of many subject categories the document in\nquestion belongs.. This paper describes the design, execution and evaluation of \na modest experimental study aimed at testing empirically one statistical \ntechnique for automatic indexing..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000662"}
{"title": "Automatic Document Classification Part II. Additional Experiments", "text": " This study reports the results of a series of experiments in the techniques\nof automatic document classification.. Two different classification schedules \nare compared along with two methods of automatically classifying documents into \ncategories.. It is concluded that, while there is no significant difference in \nthe predictive efficiency between the Bayesian and the factor score methods, \nautomatic document classification is enhanced by the use of a \nfactor-analytically-derived classification schedule.. Approximately 55 percent \nof the documents were automatically and correctly classified..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000663"}
{"title": "Semantic Road Maps for Literature Searchers", "text": " The retrieval of documented information is one of today's most widespread\ntechnical problems, affecting almost every large professional group, \ncorporation, and government bureau.. Because document retrieval is in part an\ninformation processing problem, much hope for a solution has vested in \ncomputers.. But large, fast, reliable ones have been around now for five year, \nand people have steadily realized that the over-all task of information \nretrieval is not one of those rote jobs for which digital computers are made to\norder.. Cataloging and searching are intellectual tasks, and have been thought\nof as rote not because they are menial and straightforward, but because they\nare unpalatable and unwanted.. Many people do like to use their minds, yes -\nbut not for plowing through and discarding irrelevant material..\n Many people have assumed that this would also be the case in information\nretrieval.. Accordingly, the rush to put computers to work in this area has led\nprimarily to their use as searching instruments, and much activity has centered\naround the design and operation of searching machinery.. Boundary conditions \nhave been assumed, such as an ideal searcher who knows what he wants and who\nknows how to express it in terms understood by the machine, and such as ideal\ncorrespondence of descriptors to the documents they describe; then attention \nhas been focused on optimizing the processes between these boundaries.. The\nresulting theories and systems in most cases seem highly adapted to the needs\nof machine but not adapted to the needs of humans..\n We are, after all, dealing with the elemental situation of an author talking\nto a reader - even if by means of a buffer storage which will grow more and\nmore mechanical.. The basic problem is to increase the mental contact between\nthe reader and the information store, so that the reader can proceed unerringly\nand swiftly to identify and receive the message he is looking for..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000664"}
{"title": "Morphology of \"Information Flow\"", "text": " Such phrases as \"information flow\" may be purely metaphorical, or may refer to\nporterage and storage of physical documents, transmission of signals, power\nrequired for signaling, Shannon's Selective Information, changes in the state of\none's personal knowledge, propagation of announcements concerning messages, \nsocial increase of awareness, propagation of or reaction to imperatives, and so\non. These matters are distinct and must be distinguished. Then conditions must\nbe stated under which one can validly speak of and measure the appropriate flow.\nIn this paper it is shown that within the field of Notification (mention and\ndelivery of recorded messages to users) there are twenty basic activities formed\nby choosing triads from the six variables, Message, Code, Channel, Source,\nDestination, and Designation.\n \"Flow\" has meaning only when two such triads have two variables in common,\nforming a tetrad. Then flow or correspondence between any pair of variables is\ninextricable from a conjugate flow or correspondence between the other pair.\nBetween any pair of endpoints there are six possibly distinct types of flow,\naccording to which two of the remaining four variables are directly used to\nachieve the flow.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000665"}
{"title": "New Methods in Automatic Extracting", "text": " This paper describes new methods of automatically extracting documents for\nscreening purposes, i.e. the computer selection of sentences having the\ngreatest possible potential for conveying to the reader the substance of\nthe document. While previous work has focused on one component of sentence\nsignificance, namely, the presence of high-frequency content words (key words),\nthe methods described here also treat three additional components: pragmatic\nwords (cue words); title and heading words; and structural indicators (sentence\nlocation).\n The research has resulted in an operating system and a research methodology.\nThe extracting system is parameterized to control and vary the influence of\nthe above four components. The research methodology includes procedures for\nthe compilation of the required dictionaries, the setting of the control\nparameters, and the comparative evaluation of the automatic extracts with\nmanually produced extracts. The results indicate that the three newly proposed\ncomponents dominate the frequency component in the production of better \nextracts.\n KEY WORDS AND PHRASES: automatic extracting, automatic abstracting, sentence \nselection, document screening, sentence significance, relevance, content words,\nkey words, pragmatic words, cue words, title words, sentence location, research\nmethodology, parameterization, comparative evaluation.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000666"}
{"title": "A Mathematical Method for Analyzing the Growth of a Scientific Discipline", "text": " The spread of ideas within a scientific community and the spread of infectious\ndisease are both special cases of a general communication process. Thus a\ngeneral theory of epidemics can explain the growth of symbolic logic from 1847\nto 1962. An epidemic model predicts the rise and fall of particular research \nareas within symbolic logic. A Markov chain model of individual movement \nbetween research areas indicates that once an individual leaves an area he is\nnot expected to return.\n KEY WORDS AND PHRASES: epidemic model, epidemic process, theory of epidemics,\ngrowth of literature, history of symbolic logic, epidemiology of symbolic logic,\nepidemic curve, stochastic models, Markov chains.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000667"}
{"title": "The Automatic Encoding of Chemical Structures", "text": " Many methods for the coding of chemical structures \nhave been described in the literature.\tSome methods code\nthe compound only partially; typical of these are the\nmethods using descriptor codes. Other methods, among\nwhich the so-called ciphers are prominent, code\ncompounds exhaustively. All these methods require\ncerebral effort; that is, a chemist is needed who must \nhave learned the rules of the code, and who must known how\nto dismember correctly each structure to be coded. A\ndisadvantage of code designations of structures is, furthermore,\nthat they are not generally understood by chemists. No\nadvantages accrue to the chemist from knowing how to\ngenerate and how to interpret a chemical code.\tCodes are\nneeded only for the mechanical manipulation of chemical\nstructures. Clearly then, if the coding of chemical compounds\ncould be accomplished automatically this automatic conversion would\nrelieve the chemist of considerable burden.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000668"}
{"title": "Rapid Structure Searches via Permuted Chemical Line-Notations", "text": " The Wiswesser chemical line-notation is an unique\nand unambiguous method of representing chemical\nstructures by a linear series of letters, numbers,\nampersands, and hyphens. These symbols are meaningful to\nchemists familiar with the notation and can be processed\nby automatic data processing (ADP) equipment. \n The uniqueness of the line-notation permits the use\nof alphanumerically arranged lists of notations for\ndictionary-type searches. This ordered arrangement\npermits the rapid location of a specific compound or a\nspecific class of ring compounds other than benzenoid.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000669"}
{"title": "A Chemical Structure Storage and Search System Developed at Du Pont", "text": " As early as 1961, we in the engineering Department of\nDu Pont recognized the need for a better system for\nrecording chemical structure information for storage and\nsubsequent retrieval. We believed that current methods\nand the then current development of notation systems\nwould not completely serve our chemists' long range\nchemical identification needs.\n Accordingly, we studied and then developed a chemical\nstructure storage and search system. Huber gave a good\nreview of the various approaches and applications. To use\nhis terminology, our system is topological coding.\n Our initial investigation led to singling out the following\nneeds for such a system.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000670"}
{"title": "The Generation of a Unique Machine Description for Chemical Structures -", "text": "A Technique Developed at Chemical Abstracts Service\n As part of the development of a computer-based\nchemical information system at CAS, it has been necessary\nto devise techniques for the registration of drawings of\nchemical structures. A major purpose of the CAS registration\nprocess is to determine whether a particular structure has\nalready been stored in the system. The ability to make\nthis determination makes it possible to utilize a computer\nto assign to every chemical structure a unique identifying\nlabel. This identifying label, referred to as a registry\nnumber, is the thread that ties together all information\nassociated with a particular compound throughout the\ndeveloping CAS computer system. It is because of this \nassociation, made possible by the registration process, that\nCAS will be able to provide multiple-file correlative searches\nwith assurance that all information on file for a particular\ncompound has been located.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000671"}
{"title": "Esso Research Experiences with Chemical Abstracts on Microfilm", "text": " Late in 1964, The Chemical Abstracts Service announced\nthat in 1965 it would lease Chemical Abstracts in microfilm\nform to subscribers to its current printed abstracts. With\nthis move, microfilm entered a new stage - use in technical-\ninformation work as a publication medium for frequently\nemployed tools rather than for largely archival documents.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000672"}
{"title": "Rapid Structure Searches via Permuted Chemical", "text": "Line Notations. III. A Computer-Produced Index\n The previous papers in this series have discussed\nthe concept of a index of permuted Wiswesser chemical\nline notations, the significance of a QUICK-SCAN area,\nand simple methods for preparing this type of index for a\nsmall index file of compounds (up to ca. 5000). It has\nbeen pointed out that the preparation of a index for a large\nnumber of compounds would require the use of a computer.\nThis is the subject of this paper.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000673"}
{"title": "Installation and Operation of a Registry for Chemical Compounds", "text": " Since 1958 the Chemical Abstracts Service has been\nworking toward establishing a computer-based system for\nhandling chemical information. Briefly, the concept of\nthe CAS system consists of sets of special subject files\nin the following categories: (1) physical properties, (2)\nchemical reactivities, (3) biochemical activities, and (4)\napplications. With the importance of compounds in\ncorrelation studies, and the need to interrelate compounds\nand the huge collections of chemical and other data, a\nhighly developed subsystem, called the Registry System,\nfor handling compounds must be the first step in the\nactual operation of an over-all computer-based service.\nThe Registry System will include files of compounds \ninterconnected with files of associated data that permit\nidentifying the compounds and retrieving them from the\nfiles.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000674"}
{"title": "Atom-by-Atom Typewriter Input for Computerized", "text": "Storage and Retrieval of Chemical Structures\n Novel features have been added to a paper tape typewriter having a removable\ntyping element. A symbol set has been devised which requires only nine \ncharacters for typing common chemical structures. The typewriter has an uncoded\n\"INDEX\" key which advances the paper without carriage return. A companion key,\n\"BACK INDEX,\" was provided which directly retracts the paper. Both have been\ncoded. A tape record containing information sufficient for a computer to \ncalculate an atom-bond connection table for a chemical structure is obtained\nby typing the structure in any order solely from the keyboard or by use of the\nreader with prepunched tapes containing frequently occurring substructures.\nCost was about one-fourth that of earlier paper tape chemical typewriters.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000675"}
{"title": "ISI's Experiences with ASCA - A Selective Dissemination System", "text": " ASCA (Automatic Subject Citation Alert) is a commercially available SDI\nsystem covering the journal literature. The repertoire of questions which\nASCA can utilize includes cited references, words from titles, authors,\norganizations, etc., and allows for logical combinations of these questions.\nThis paper discusses differences and similarities between \"citations\" and\n\"words\" in retrieving and disseminating information. The problem of user-\nsystem interaction is explored, and some techniques for developing effective\ninterest profiles are described. Although ASCA is a multi-disciplinary system,\nexamples from fields like synthetic chemistry and biochemistry are provided.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000676"}
{"title": "Procedures for Converting Systematic Names of Organic", "text": "Compounds into Atom-Bond Connection Tables\n Simultaneously with its development of a computer-based Chemical Compound\nRegistry System, Chemical Abstracts Service is devising procedures for \nautomatically converting systematic names of organic compounds into atom-\nbound connection tables which can be manipulated by computer. A study of\nsystematic Chemical Abstracts (CA) index names has resulted in a dictionary\nof word roots used in the names and in step-by-step procedures for converting \nnames to connection tables. Statistical studies of nomenclature in CA indexes\nshow that these procedures are applicable not only to current nomenclature,\nbut also generally to names in past indexes. Procedures have been written\nwhich are applicable to the majority of names of carbon compounds, and the\npreparation of computer programs is now under way.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000677"}
{"title": "A Chemical Notation and Code for Computer Manipulation", "text": " This paper describes and specifies the rules for generating a code to \nrepresent chemical formulas. It may be used either as a notation or for \ninternal manipulation by computer for registration, screening, and atom-by-\natom search. It is basically a connection table in a concise format which also\ncontains abnormality information relating to specific atoms or relations \nbetween atoms. The notation produced by these rules unambiguously defines\na structure (as a connection table), but the notation is unique only to a\ngiven numbering (or citation order) of the atoms. Hence, its uniqueness is\ndependent on the numbering uniqueness of the atoms in the structural formula.\nTechniques for the use of the code in registry and substructure search are\nalso discussed.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000678"}
{"title": "Conversion of Wiswesser Notation to a Connectivity Matrix for Organic Compounds", "text": " A computer program is described which generates a connectivity matrix using\nas input an unmodified Wiswesser notation. This program records the topology\nof a molecule as a statement of the atoms and their connectivity. One symbol\nis used to represent each atom and this symbol is descriptive of the atom and\nits bonds. The network of a complex molecule is recorded as a series of \ninterruptions in an assumed linear path. The application of this matrix to\ninformation handling of chemical structures is described in a subsequent paper.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000679"}
{"title": "SWIFT: Computerized Storage and Retrieval of Technical Information", "text": " A unique method of computerized storage and retrieval of technical information\nis applied in the SWIFT (Significant Word in Full Title) program. SWIFT chooses\npotential keywords from the titles, compares the key words with an exclusion \nword glossary to remove insignificant words and an internal glossary to prevent\nduplication of terms. The keywords may be either a full or fragmented term.\nAn option is available to index also by author. Indexes, containing full \ncitations, are printed periodically and cumulatively. The magnetic tape file\nis available for computer search through a sort and print program. Responses\nto inquiries conducted through the computer program are listed in full citation\nformat.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000680"}
{"title": "A Chemically Oriented Information Storage and Retrieval System.", "text": "II. Computer Generation of the Wiswesser Notation \nof Complex Polycyclic Structures\n A computer program has been written to generate the canonical Wiswesser\nnotation for complex polycyclic structures.. The program accepts as input the \nconnection between all the ring atoms and then selects the path which conforms \nto the notation rules.. The operation of the program is described..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000681"}
{"title": "Substructure Search in the MCC System", "text": " A monitor system based upon computer-produced printed indexes is described in\nthis paper. The system is intended to monitor a large scale experiment in file\norganization for a real-time, interactive chemical information system. It is\nbased upon a topological screen system that ensures the inclusion of every\ncompound atom (including H) in at least one screen assignment, that appears to\nbe responsive to a broad range of query types, and that is amenable to random-\naccess techniques. The Monitor system is also considered, in this paper, as\nan independent interim approach toward fulfilling, in an effective and economic\nmanner, the functional requirements of a small- to medium-sized chemical \ninformation system. Thus it could be used to encode and generate structure\nfiles, to assign search screens, and to provide manual substructure search\ncapability via microfilm or hard copy printed indexes. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000682"}
{"title": "The IDC System for Chemical Documentation", "text": " After a decade of systems development, firms of the European chemical \nindustry founded a corporation (IDC) to make the chemical journal and patent\nliterature accessible by efficient computer methods.. A comprehensive and \ncritical review of these methods accommodated to the four most important types \nof chemical data is given..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000683"}
{"title": "Operation of Du Pont's Central Patent Index", "text": " The Central Patent Index is one of many information centers constituting Du\nPont's Information Network.. The development of this index and its relationship\nwith other centers in the network is followed by a description of its \noperation: input, storage, and search techniques..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000684"}
{"title": "The Primary Journal: Past, Present, and Future", "text": " The historical role of the primary journal as a social institution of \nscience, as well as a communication medium, is discussed, with particular \nreference to its function as the official public scientific record and the \nprime mechanism for rewarding the performance of research.. The impact of \nvarious proposed changes in the role of the journal on these traditional \nfunction is also considered, and predictions are made as to its possible future\nstate in a more computerized world..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000685"}
{"title": "New Developments in Primary Journal Publication", "text": " The form and function of the journal as a medium\nof communication between scientists, that is, one scientist\ntalking to another, have not changed greatly these past 100\nyears.\tBut during that time, the journal has evolved to a\nhighly effective medium for meeting the scientists' needs\nfor publication, distribution, storage, and retrieval of scientific\ninformation. Kessler describes the journal as the most\n\"successful and ubiquitous carrier of scientific information in\nthe entire history of science.\" And the scientific paper, he\nadds, \"is such a marvelous and commodating invention that we\nseem to take it for granted and forget that it has form and\nstructure that fit its function.\"\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000686"}
{"title": "Index Chemicus Registry System: Pragmatic Approach to", "text": "Substructure Chemical Retrieval\n The Index Chemicus Registry System (ICRS), launched in 1968 with the support\nof a dozen industrial and governmental organizations, is now a current \noperational monthly service. Subscribers receive magnetic tapes and printouts,\nin which the weekly issues of Index Chemicus (IC) have been encoded in Wiswesser\nLine Notations (WLN). Over 13,000 compounds per month are provided in\nmachine language. The canonical WLN is also provided in alphabetized printouts.\nEncoding of over 400,000 new chemical compounds from IC has already been \ncompleted, including all those reported in 1967, 1968, and 1969. Since the \ntapes also include title and other bibliographic information, this paper \ndescribes the use of supporting software provided for SDI search systems\nemploying \"word\" and other searching terms, in addition to the WLN fragments.\nUse of the monthly and annual printouts are illustrated for those searches\nwhich do not require computer manipulation.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000687"}
{"title": "The Multiterm Index: A New Concept in Information Storage and Retrieval", "text": " An index not only can be a creative communication\nmedium, it needs to be in a research and development\nenvironment. A creative index is achievable if the\nrelationship and association of things and actions,\none to another, can be communicated as a continuous\nfunction vis-a-vis the real world of science and\ntechnology.\n A chemist does not think of a chemical, for example,\nethyl alcohol, in isolation. Ethyl alcohol is not merely\na word or a term without dimensions to a chemist. It\nis a concept that he associates with or relates to a\nproduct, a reactant, a solvent in a reaction, a use, a\nproperty, etc. It is within the semantics of his\nconceptual needs that he would like to use an index to \nretrieve those documents he needs. He wants more than\ndocuments, however, from the index. He wants the index\nto direct him to those documents which are pertinent\nto his problem. He wants the index to help him to\ngenerate thoughts and to suggest new combinations.\nHe wants the index to help him in terms of his language,\nlogic, and semantics and through a generic or specific \napproach, whichever occurs to him first. He wants the\nability to browse among the terms to discover the term\nthat is on the tip of his tongue or recessed in his\nmemory. These are the criteria an index must satisfy\nif it is to be a creative medium of communication. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000688"}
{"title": "The GREMAS System, an Integral Part of the IDC System for Chemical", "text": "Documentation\n The Genealogical Retrieval by Magnetic Tapes Storage (GREMAS) system and the\npotential it offers for searches are described.. The input and retrieval \nprocedures of the system are explained as well as the integration of the GREMAS \nsystem into the IDC system - i.e., machine generation of the GREMAS coding from\ntopological input and of the superimposed bit code from the GREMAS coding..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000689"}
{"title": "Experience with the Mechanized Chemical and Biological", "text": "Information Retrieval System\n New computer methods have been developed in associations with the drug\ndevelopment programs of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Experiences\nwith these systems are recounted. Special input devices and computer \nprogramming have been developed for the input and retrieval of conventional\nchemical structural diagrams. The costs, operation, and the advantages of this\nsystem are discussed. Associated files of biological properties and inventory\ncontrol information have been created, which are searchable. The methods used\nin creating consolidated listings of selected chemical compounds and associated\nbiological data are discussed.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000690"}
{"title": "Systems Requirements for Primary Information Systems", "text": " A selected sample of 281 readers of the Journal of Organic Chemistry has been\ninterviewed personally to obtain data on their reading patterns of the November\n1968 issue. Approximately 35% of the individual subscribers to JOC had read\nor looked through the journal within the first seven days of receipt. The \naverage reader claims to have read part or all of 14 articles out of the 81\navailable. At least 75% of every one of the 81 articles was read, ranging\nfrom a low of 0.7% to a high of 10.2%. Structures or equations rated high as\na \"noted\" segment of an article. In addition to data on amount of reading of\nthe issue, respondents were asked about amount of time spent reading, other\njournals read, and journals subscribed to. Correlations have been developed\nbetween subject interest as stated by respondent and his actual reading pattern.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000691"}
{"title": "Design and Operation of a Computer Search Center for Chemical Information", "text": " The objective of the Computer Search Center (CSC) of the Information Sciences\nsection of IIT Research Institute (IITRI) is to provide a link between a wide\nvariety of users and the rapidly expanding information resources in machine-\nreadable form. Because none of the available computer search programs met\nthe criteria of the center, and because of the need to handle a variety of data\nbases, new general purpose computer programs were written, and a tape format\nwas developed so that a wide variety of data bases can be searched by the same\ncomputer program. The center was designed to provide current awareness and\nretrospective search services from both document-type and data-type computerized\ndata files. The desire to develop transferable programs for use at many\ninstallations prompted the adoption of the machine-independent compiler \nlanguage PL/1 and the use of IBM 360 series computers. The objective of \neducation and training led to the development of a \"Search Manual\" for profile\npreparation, the development of a workbook in \"Modern Techniques in Chemical\nInformation,\" the teaching of a new academic course, and the presentation of\nseminars.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000692"}
{"title": "A Correlative Notation System for NMR Data", "text": " A new linear notation system which denotes carbon in terms of bounds and \nattached hydrogen(s) is used to correlate proton groups in organic molecules\nwith chemical shifts.. The notation system is illustrated with acyclic and\ncyclic examples, and the production of tables of NMR data via computer by \nproton group vis-a-vis neighboring groups is demonstrated.. Tables of chemical\nshifts in ascending order is a valuable by-product of the computerized system..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000693"}
{"title": "Computer Generation of Wiswesser Line Notation", "text": " Computer programs developed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) produce\nuncontracted though otherwise canonical Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN) for a \nfairly broad class of compounds. An associated front end allows a chemist to\ncommunicate with the programs by drawing structures on a Rand Tablet. The\nWLN generation programs accept connection table input, either from a previously\nexisting file or generated from the Rand Tablet drawing. The programs recognize\nsituations which they cannot handle - the output is thus either correct WLN\nor a message by which the programs acknowledge their limitations. In general,\ncorrect WLN will be produced for any compound containing not more than one\nnonbenzene ring. Work is under way to extend this to polycyclic fused ring \nsystems. The philosophy and concepts behind these programs are explained along\nwith the more interesting algorithmic results. The role of the WLN-generation\nprograms in a developing NIH chemical information system is briefly discussed.\nThe WLN programs are written in Fortran IV and have been developed on a \nPDP-10 computer.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000694"}
{"title": "Interactive Searching of Chemical Files and Structural Diagram Generation", "text": "from Wiswesser Line Notation\n An interactive search and retrieval system for Weswesser Line Notation (WLN)\nhas been implemented.. The system employs bit screens, which are useful for \nfiltering a file.. The user can graphically specify a search request structure\nand immediately receive graphic information as the result of the search.. Four\nFortran IV programs were developed to prepare bit screens for WLN files, input \nthe search request to generate the WLN, iteratively search the WLN bit screen \nfile, and generate a two-dimensional representation of the chemical structure \ndirectly from the WLN..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000695"}
{"title": "Computerized Drug Information services", "text": " To compare computerized services in chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and \nclinical medicine of pharmaceutical interest, equivalent profiles were run on \nmagnetic tape files of CA-Condensates, CBAC, Excerpta Medica, MEDLARS and\nRingdoc.. The results of these searches, which covered individual chemical \ncompounds used in pharmacology and medicine, are tabulated overlap of services,\nrelative speed of citing references, and unique areas of journal coverage..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000696"}
{"title": "Computer Generation of Wiswesser Line Notation.", "text": "II. Polyfused, Perifused, and Chained Ring Structure\n The computer program for the generation of Weswesser Line Notation (WLN) has\nbeen extended to include polyfused rings, methyl contraction rules, chain of \ntwo ring systems, some perifused rings, some chelates, and some metallocences..\nSalts and ions are also handled, but in a different manner than what is normally\nfound.. Multipliers are not used by the program.. The normal input for the WLN\ngeneration is an easy input program using a Rand Tablet; however, teletype and \nconnection table input can also be used in most cases..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000697"}
{"title": "Encoding and Decoding WLN", "text": " This paper deals with the encoding and decoding of a Wiswesser Line Notation\n(WLN).. This problem so far has been addressed only from the point of human..\nThis paper discusses the encoding and decoding with exactness suitable for a\ncomputer, and is an outgrowth of a computer program now in operation at NIH \nwhich automatically encodes and decodes WLN..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000698"}
{"title": "Search of CA Registry (1.25 Million Compounds) with the Topological Screens", "text": "System\n The TSS (Topological Screens System) for substructure search was applied to \nthe CAS Registry file of 1.25 million compounds, making it searchable on-line..\nThe TSS screens and the use of the screen indexes are described.. Statistics\non screen assignment are provided, and the strengths and weaknesses of the \nsystem in general and in particular for a large file are discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000699"}
{"title": "Strategic Considerations in the Design of a Screening System for", "text": "Substructure Searches of Chemical Structure Files\n A major problem in the design of screening systems for substructure searches\nof chemical structure files is the development of a methodology for selection of\nan optimal set of structural characteristics to act as screens. The set chosen\nfor a particular application will depend on the characteristics of the\ncollection, as well as on its size and growth rate. A strategy which takes\naccount of the disparate frequencies of the various species of fragments\nin a data-base by use of differential, and, in part, hierarchical levels of\ndescription is detailed. The distributions of a variety of structural\ncharacteristics, including bond-centered, atom-centered, and ring fragments\nin a 30,000-compound sample of the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry System\nare summarized. Implementation of the approach, using primarily bond-centered\nfragments, by means of simple and highly efficient computer programs, is\ndetailed.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000700"}
{"title": "Chemical Abstracts Index Names for Chemical Substances in the Ninth", "text": "Collective Period (1972-1976)\n Index names for chemical substances have been significantly revised by\nChemical Abstracts Service (CAS) for Volume 76 [January-June 1972, the first\nvolume of the Ninth Collective Period (1972-1976)] and subsequent volumes of\nChemical Abstracts. While remaining generally within the framework of IUPAC\nand other existing nomenclature rules, the most systematic recommended names\nhave been chosen. These names are more easily derived from molecular structural\ndiagrams, and, therefore, are more quickly found by index users. Machine\nediting of index names and translation of these names into structural\nrepresentations in the CAS computer-based information system are also aided\nby the revisions. The index name revisions include (i) conversion of almost all\n\"trivial\" or author terminology into more systematic names, (ii) simplification\nof general name-selection rules, and (iii) elimination of special treatment for\ncertain classes of substances. Specific identifiable alloys, elementary\nparticles, enzymes, and mixtures of substances are now indexed like conventional\nchemical substances. Difficulties encountered with generation of previous\nChemical Abstracts index names and indexing rules are described, and comparisons\nare made of new and former index names for chemical compounds and substituent\nradicals.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000701"}
{"title": "The CA Integrated Subject File. II. Evaluation of Alternative Data Base", "text": "Organizations\n The relative retrieval performances of the CA Integrated Subject File (CAISF),\nCA Condensates, and a Merged File created from these two data bases have been\nmeasured. Retrieval performance is reported in terms of recall and precision\nvalues as well as costs. The precision and recall retrieval failures - i.e.,\nirrelevant documents and missed documents - have been analyzed for each data\nbase and characterized according to the five major types of failures: index \nlanguage, indexing, searching, clerical, and miscellaneous. Over-all analysis\nof the performance suggests that an effective data base can be created by\naugmenting the CA Condensates data base with Registry Numbers and some\nrepresentation of the CAISF General Subject concept headings, which results\nin a file approximately half the size of the corresponding CAISF data base\nand is suitable for search using existing retrieval system software.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000702"}
{"title": "A Chemical Search System for a Small Computer", "text": " The mechanization of chemical information retrieval systems until now has been\nlimited to those organizations that have access to extensive computer \nfacilities. Now, small, low-cost computers, such as IBM's 1130 or DEC's PDP-11,\nare available with input/output capacities that make them suitable for SDI\nand retrospective searching on any of the many commercially available data\nbases. Such a machine, located at the New England Research Application Center \n(NERAC), is described and the problems of using it for chemical information\nretrieval are discussed. NERAC's SDI Chemical Search System is described,\nand an example profile is used to illustrate its capabilities.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000703"}
{"title": "Use of the IUPAC Notation in Computer Processing", "text": "of Information on Chemical Structures\n A computer-operated storage and retrieval system for chemical structures\nbased on the use of the IUPAC notation has been in operation at Shell\nResearch Limited, Sittingbourne, Kent, England, since 1965, involving a\nfile of nearly 50,000 compounds. Use of the IUPAC cipher has proved \nadvantageous as regards speed and cost of both input and searching. For\nmost searches, scanning of the information explicit in the cipher has proved\nadequate. Our computer programs also enable conversion of ciphers into atom-\nconnection tables and generation of fragmentation codes. The integrated use\nof these facilities and their merits relative to other approaches are discussed.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000704"}
{"title": "Comparative Searching of Computer Data Bases", "text": " Methods for retrieval of information on chemical compounds utilizing several\ncomputer data bases have been compared to determine scope of data base coverage.\nQueries for a single chemical, N-ethyl-@-methyl-m-trifluoromethylphenethylamine\n(fenfluramine) and generic chemicals (2-pyrrolidinones) were submitted to the\nservices for searching through the recent literature. Data bases employed\nincluded MEDLARS, Excerpta Medica, CA Condensates, CBAC, Ringdoc, Current\nAbstracts in Chemistry and Automatic New Structure Alert (ANSA). Preparation\nof search questions is outlined and comparative results are reported indicating\nthe yield from each data base.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000705"}
{"title": "A Graph-Theoretic Algorithm for Matching Chemical Structures", "text": " There are many chemical retrieval systems which\nprocess the first type of request efficiently. Most of these\nsystems are also capable of handling certain fragment\nrequests; however, the fragments which can be processed\nare frequently of a restricted nature. For example, in\nretrieval systems which are based on linear ciphers, only\nthose fragments which are explicit in the cipher are\nreadily detected. To allow a completely general \nspecification of fragments it seems inevitable that a\ndetailed atom-by-atom comparison is required of the query\nand library structures. A technique for making such detailed\ncomparisons is presented in this report. This technique\nis novel in that it avoids the excessive backtracking ad\nrestarting required by other atom-by-atom matching\nprocedures.\n Before giving the details of the proposed algorithm,\nsome definitions are reviewed and a brief example is\npresented to illustrate the over-all concepts. Then the flow\ndiagram of the algorithm is explained in terms of additional\nexamples. Finally, the mechanization of the algorithm for\na digital computer is discussed.\n This report is a condensed version of the original, which\ngives a generalization and comprehensive description of\nthe algorithm, proofs of convergence and related topics,\nand applications other than chemical retrieval systems.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000706"}
{"title": "French National Policy for Chemical Information and the DARC System", "text": "as a Potential Tool of This Policy\n The incentive and the main lines of French policy on chemical information, \nas well as their implementation, are described.. New governmental bodies have\nbeen created aiming at seting up a national network for scientific and \ntechnical information.. Among these, the CNIC (Centre National d'Information \nChemique) is in charge of the chemical field.. The DARC system is being \nimplemented as a tool of national policy for chemical information.. An \nexhaustive chemical data processing system, it features topological encoding,\ninput, and retrieval methods which are described in this paper..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000707"}
{"title": "An Efficient Design for Chemical Structure Searching. I. The Screens", "text": " A method has been developed for generating efficient screens for chemical\nstructures.. Fragments are generated by an algorithm under control of file\nstatistics.. The fragments obtained are normalized by weighting their code\npatterns.. Superimposition of these codes yields the screen codes for the\nstructures..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000708"}
{"title": "The Chemical Abstracts Service Chemical Registry System. I. General Design", "text": " The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Chemical Registry System is a computer-\nbased system that uniquely identifies chemical substances on the basis of\ncomposition and structure. Since initial operation in 1964 as a stand-alone\ninput, storage, and retrieval system for structural representations of organic\nchemical compounds, the scope of the CAS Registry System has steadily increased\nto include all types of chemical substances and the entire system has been\nintegrated into CAS indexing operations. The third refinement of this system,\nRegistry III, which has been in operation for over a year, involves major\nchanges in Registry recods but no change in the basic algorithmic techniques\nfor registering chemical substances. The previous format for listing atoms \nand bonds has been modified so that each ring system is now separately \nidentified, and this ring-system identifier is used in the record for each\nsubstance that contains that ring. These modifications support CAS nomenclature\nderivation and also a computer-based structure output system. The general\ndesign of Registry III, which involves a structure record of cyclic and acyclic\nsegments, is presented.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000709"}
{"title": "An International Mass Spectral Search System (MSSS). V. A status Report", "text": " The status of MSSS is described.. Problems and experiences that have been\nencountered in three years of commmercial operation of this system are \nreported and discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000710"}
{"title": "Development and Production of Chemical Titles, a Current Awareness Index", "text": "Publication Prepared with the Aid of a Computer\n The introduction of Chemical titles in 1961 marked the\nfirst publication produced almost entirely by computers\nand other data-processing equipment. The success of this\ninnovation has generated many requests for more information\nabout it. With this in mind, we hope to encourage\nother organizations to make use of this technique for\ndissemination of information by presenting here a history\nof Chemical titles' development coupled with a description\nof its production. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000711"}
{"title": "Technical-Abstracting Fundamentals.", "text": "II. Writing Principles and Practices\n Abstracts can serve their purpose best only if they are\ncarefully written to transmit important information to\nreaders quickly and accurately. This requires knowledge\nof audience needs, habits, and desires; ability to identify\nthe key facts in the document; ability to organize these\nfacts, to present them in the order best suited to the\naudience; and ability to write the abstracts clearly,\nconcisely, and in conformity with the style rules of the\nmedium involved. Some of these abilities are inborn, but\nall can be learned by study, practice, and criticism.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000712"}
{"title": "Patent Citation Indexing and the Notions of Novelty, Similarity,", "text": "and Relevance\n The unique features of the \"references cited\" in U.S. patents are discussed \nin relation to their use in the patent section of the Science Citation Index, \nwhich adds a new dimension to patent searching.. Citation indexing provides a \nnew basis for clarifying the concepts of similarity, coupling, novelty, and \nrelevance..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000713"}
{"title": "Weighted Term Search: A Computer Program for an Inverted Coordinate Index", "text": "on Magnetic Tape\n Ten to 15 years ago, much technical literature was accurately indexed \naccording to strict rules of classification.. Today, because of the large\namount of technical data written, it is no longer practical to apply the same\nrigid indexing procedures.. We should therefore be concerned with new search \ntechniques which will allow us to handle input at the lower level we are forced \nto accept.. This paper describes such a search technique..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000714"}
{"title": "Articulation in the Generation of Subject Indexes by computer", "text": " A simple and logical model for the automatic generation of subject indexes\nfrom title like phrases is described, and its advantages and disadvantages\nare discussed.\tIt is based on recent studies of the structure of articulated\nsubject indexes, such as those to Chemical Abstracts. The model employs the\nprepositions and connectives of phrases of simple structure as articulating\npoints, and selects from all possible forms of entries those which lead to\noptimal organization in an index. The technique is illustrated with part of an\nindex to a recent abstracting journal. The wide variety of\ncontrols which can be exerted by the indexer and the program is discussed. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000715"}
{"title": "Reading Behavior of Chemists", "text": " Most discussions about the future design of chemical information systems\nemphasize the effects of computer speed on composition, storage, searching,\nand retrieval. Little attention has been paid to the behavior of the\nscientist (chemist) toward the learning process and the role of the literature\nin that learning process. The ACS has gained some insight into this behavior\nand thus urges caution before one leaps to the uncritical conclusion that\nthe literature as now constituted is dead but has not yet fallen over. What\nseems more likely, when human behavior patterns are considered, is that the\nnew and the old will co-exist side by side for several generations, and that\nthe system's current emphasis on completeness will be replaced with selective\ncompression. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000716"}
{"title": "Current Information Dissemination: Ideas and Practices", "text": " A detailed description and a tabulated summary of the salient feature of 17\ncurrent awareness information services are presented to illustrate various \napproaches to handling the current information dissemination problem..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000717"}
{"title": "Critical Reviews: Introductory Remarks", "text": " Critical reviews are examined in terms of the quality and quantity of their \npresent production and the measure of their value and utility to scientists in \nmeeting information needs..The paper presented the viewpoint of user, sponsor, \nauthor, and editor, and discuss present problems and possible future \nsolutions..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000718"}
{"title": "Critical Reviews: The User's Point of View", "text": "Scientists are worried about the \"information explosion\" and the amount of\npublished literature that could have a significant impact on their work. One\nthing that can help is a condensation and evaluation of the published material.\nThis is the task of reviews, and without them, the other tools for dealing with\nthe information explosion will be inadequate. Suggestions are made on ways for\nauthors and editors to make their reviews more eccessible and more useful and on \nthe need for better education of users.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000719"}
{"title": "A Selective Current-Awareness System Using Engineering Index's", "text": "Plastics Data Base. II. Performance\n The operational performance over a 17-month period of the previously\ndescribed selective dissemination system is presented. Of the 21,000 \nnotifications sent to about 20 users, 91% were evaluated; of these, 14%\nwere of \"Document-Ordered Interest,\" 48% were \"Of Interest,\" 27% were\n\"Marginal,\" and 11% were \"Of No Interest.\" Recall data obtained from\nabout half the users over a period of eight months show the precision-\nfactor/recall-factor products are generally greater than 0.5. The\neffect of iterative profile adjustments on precision-recall performance\nis discussed. A comparison made with four other SDI systems shows a\nrelatively high level of performance for this system.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000720"}
{"title": "User Experiences with Primary Journals on 16-Mm Microfilm", "text": " The availability of scientific journals on 16-mm film is a relatively new\nphenomenon. User acceptance of this microfilm application has been greatly \nimproved by loading the file into cartridges and making use of motor-driven\nreader-printers. This equipment permits rapid searching of the microfilm\nand adds the convenience of on-the-spot hard-copy prints as needed. Of prime \nimportance are the economic advantages of these editions, since they allow many\nspecial libraries to stretch greatly the space available to them for journal\nhousing. The economics of this approach are also discussed, as are the \nreactions of the scientists and information personnel who use them.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000721"}
{"title": "Information Transfer Limitations of Titles of Chemical Documents", "text": " Some methods of estimating the minimum amounts of information in a document\nnot retrievable through its title are discussed. An analysis of the information\ntransferred by different types of keywords is helpful in planning search\nstrategies, e.g., 30% of chemical substances mentioned in journal articles\nare not discernable in their titles even when broad class names are used\nas synonyms. Patents have considerably less informative titles than journal\narticles. In nuclear science, report titles are also less informative than \nthose of journal articles, but the proportion of reports with completely \nuninformative titles is now only 10% of the 1957 value. Titles in chemistry\nare more informative than those in most other fields, but the use of alerting\nand other services based on titles requires a good understanding of the\nunderlying information transfer principles.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000722"}
{"title": "The Development, Cost, and Impact of a Current Awareness Service in an", "text": "Industrial Town\n The development of a current awareness system in The Dow Chemical Company \nhas resulted in four established services, one based on internal information and\nthe other three on Chemical Abstracts. In addition several other services are \nnow being tried or considered. The operation of such a service is expensive, \nbut the willingness of the user to pay for it and responses to a survey indicate\nthat it is a useful and worthwhile tool to the scientist and engineer. The\nuse of such services also has a significant effect on other established\ninformation services.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000723"}
{"title": "Document Access", "text": " Long-range, copies of needed documents will be rapidly and inexpensively\nsupplied to users in libraries or at their desks by querying an electronic\nnetwork linking document sources (central libraries and publishers). In the\ninterim, local libraries will slowly progress through increased dependence\non local holdings of microfilm to development of and dependence on regional,\nnational, and discipline networks for access to most of the documents desired.\nThese developments will depend, however, on resolution of the copyright problem\nby mechanisms that will fairly remunerate the copyright owners. As background,\nand because radical change is not expected overnight, the paper also reviews\nconventional and sophisticated storage systems, including microfilm, facsimile,\nand video; copyright aspects; costs; need for speed; other user considerations;\nand standards.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000724"}
{"title": "An Inquiry on New Forms of Primary Publications", "text": " Some of the problems associated with present journal publications practices \nare discussed. These are attributed to the fact that as the literature has\nexpanded, the needs of both authors and readers are no longer being met by\nprinting and distributing all of the material accepted to all subscribers.\nA two-edition system is proposed, with short versions of papers in a broad\ncirculation issue and expanded versions, including full details and discussion, \nin library-circulation microfilm editions. Reactions of chemists to such\na system are discussed. It is recommended that two-edition journals be\ndeveloped in a evolutionary way by increasing use of the ACS mcirofilm \neditions for sections of articles and for supplementary documents to accompany\ncommunications. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000725"}
{"title": "Evaluation of the Database CA Condensates Compared with Chemical Titles", "text": " The performance of CA Condensates and Chemical Titles based on analysis of\nprecision and \"relative recall CT/CC\" for a collection of 46 search profiles \nwas studied over a period of one year.. Special emphasis was laid on the \nfunction of the keyword phrases of CC and the users' attitude towards \nliterature categories not represented in CT.. The results are discussed in \nterms of the value of the systems for Danish users seen from users' and the \ndocumentalist's point of view..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000726"}
{"title": "Evaluation of Search Time for Two Computerized Information Retrieval", "text": "Systems at the University of Georgia\n Two statistical models for estimating search time have been developed for \nthe CA Condensates data base using the University of Georgia Text Search\nSystem.. Graphs showing the effect of data base size and number of search terms \non search time are presented.. Comparative timings between the Chemical\nAbstracts Service search program and the University of Georgia search program\nare made for the CA Condensates data base..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000727"}
{"title": "User Assessment of Computer-Based Bibliographic Retrieval Services", "text": " The academic users of the bibliographic information dissemination center\nwere surveyed to determine the ways in which the search results were being\nused, the impact which the services had had on professional activities such\nas research and instruction, the interface between the computer-based\nretrieval and the traditional form of library resources, and the effect of\ndocument overlap between different data bases. The survey results indicate\nthat the dissemination services are being used by a large portion of the\nfaculty and the graduate students within the University System of Georgia,\nwith an average of 3 to 5 people seeing the bibliography from each search\nquestion. Over 97% of the respondees indicated some or substantial\ncontribution to their professional activities, with the major contributions \nbeing a savings or more efficient use of time and broadened subject\ncoverage. The users indicated several changes in library use habits as a\nresult of the computer-based searches, among them more direct access to the\nprimary literature and increased use of library resources as they had been\nmade aware of new sources and media - e.g., microforms. Percentage\nresponses on these and related topics are presented.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000728"}
{"title": "An Indexing Coverage Study of Toxicological Literature", "text": " A data base of 1873 citations dated 1960-1969 was obtained through an \nauthor survey of the members of the Society of Toxicology. Coverage was\ndetermined by checking the author index through a maximum of three years\nafter publication or through the end of the decade. Chemical Abstracts\nconsistently provided coverage of more than two-thirds of the 1960-1967\ncitations in the data base. Chemical Abstracts, Biological Abstracts,\nIndex Medicus, and Science Citation Index each provided coverage of 79%\nto 85% of the 215 citations dated 1966 and their combined coverage exceeded\n98%. Excerpta Medica (Section IIC) and Chemical-Biological Activities\nprovided 43% and 58% coverage, respectively, of this same group of 215\ncitations.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000729"}
{"title": "The Status of Chemical Information", "text": " This report, a summary of the status of chemical information processing,\nis the latest in the series prepared by the National Academy of Sciences-\nNational Research Council Committee on Chemical Information. The period\ncovered is 1969 to the present. The user, technological developments,\npublications, services, the Federal government, academia, and industry\nare the topics reviewed as related to chemical information. In addition\nto present status, trends are evaluated, problems are stated, and \nrecommendations for action by appropriate bodies are included.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000730"}
{"title": "Evaluation of an SDI Service Based on the Index Chemicus Registry System", "text": " The Index Chemicus Registry System (ICRS) is the\nmachine-readable equivalent of Current Abstracts in\nChemistry & Index Chemicus (CAC & IC). In an earlier\npaper, we described the development of an experimental\nselective-dissemination-of-information (SDI) service\nbased on these tapes. A detailed description of the\ntechniques of profile construction for searching a\nWiswesser Line Notation (WLN) structure file is given in\nthis earlier paper. The present paper describes the evaluation\nof the SDI service in terms both of quantitative measures\nof retrieval performance, coverage and currency, and also of\nuser reactions to the service, as expressed in their replies\nto a questionnaire. Failure analysis techniques were used to\nidentify the reasons for retrieval failures and possible\nmethods for improving retrieval performance. A fuller\ndescription of the evaluation has been published in report\nform.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000731"}
{"title": "Computer Search Center Statistics on Users and Data Bases", "text": " Statistics gathered over five years of operation by IIT Research Institute's\nComputer Search Center are summarized for profile terms and lists, use of\ntruncation modes, use of logic operators, some characteristics of CA \nCondensates, etc..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000732"}
{"title": "Profiling, the Key to Successful Information retrieval", "text": " A major tool employed to enter an information source is the search profile..\nThe development of an adequate profile depends upon the aids supplied by the \ndata bases.. These aids vary in their content and depth and their proper use is\nessential for relevant information retrieval.. The data bases examined are CA \nCondensates, Index Medicus, and BA data bases.. Several searches are presented\nwith a study of their comparative profiles..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000733"}
{"title": "On-Line Searching of Computer Data Bases", "text": " The Research Library of Rohm and Haas Company has been searching a variety\nof bibliographic data bases on-line for over one year.. A summary of our\nexperiences and the merits of on-line searching is presented.. A conference \ncall technique for driving a remote slave terminal is described..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000734"}
{"title": "Journals Most Cited by Chemists and Chemical Engineers", "text": " The purpose of this paper is to present up-to-date\nmaterial to indicate some of the changes that have taken\nplace during and since World War II. For purposes of\ncomparison, the work of Patterson and Sheppard is\nrepresented in abbreviated form in Tables 1 and 2. The\nresults of our own study are presented as Tables 3 and 4.\nThe reader can draw several obvious conclusions. About\nhalf of all the citations in Tables 3 and 4 are to papers\npublished in the 1950's. This, in part, reflects the\npresent highly vigorous state of chemical investigation\nand its rapid expansion in recent years. Another striking\nfact is that in the Journal of the American Chemical\nSociety, 39.5% of the citations are to previous work\npublished in the journal itself. In Industrial and\nEngineering Chemistry, the percentage of self citations\nis 21.3. To some extent this may result from the fact\nthat writers who habitually publish in a particular\njournal tend to cite their own work. However, it seems\nto reflect to a greater degree the dominance of these\njournals in their respective fields. More than 38%\nof the citations in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry\nare to various American Chemical Society publications.\nIn the Journal of the American Chemical Society more than\n45% of the citations are to Society publications.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000735"}
{"title": "Overview of the NAS/NRC Conference on Large Data Bases", "text": " In 1971 the Committee on Chemical Information of the\nNational Academy of Sciences, National Research Council,\nrecognized the problem of large data bases and accordingly\ncreated a subcommittee to investigate the problem and its\nimpact on chemical information.\n The first task of the Large Data Base Subcommittee was\nto survey organizations that generate and/or process large\ndata bases. Giering has indicated several different ways in\nwhich one can view a data base as being large. It can be\nlarge in terms of having a large number of entries or\nrecords (or bibliographic references). It can be large in\nthe sense of having a large number of fields or data\nelements, which implies a degree of complexity. It can be\nthought of as large in the sense of having a large number\nof searchable or selectable elements, and it also can be\nlarge in the most readily understandable sense of having\na large number of characters in storage.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000736"}
{"title": "The Large Data Base File Structure Dilemma", "text": " This paper first presents a brief tutorial on the principal random file\norganization methods for handling two major applications - Transaction\noriented systems and Information storage and retrieval systems. It then\naddresses a particular large data base dilemma, not satisfactorily\nresolved by any of these methods, and which is currently under active\ninvestigation. Two approaches to a solution are described. One is\ncalled the hybrid inverted list; the other is based upon an old technique\ncalled super-imposed coding. The former has been implemented and has \nrecently been installed in an operational system. Some statistics related\nto file characteristics in this application are provided, but operational\ncost and performance statistics are not yet available.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000737"}
{"title": "Substructure Searching of Computer-Readable Chemical Abstracts", "text": "Service Ninth Collective Index Nomenclature Files\n The increasing availability of computer-readable files of chemical \nnomenclature and of programs for text searching has led to the development\nof methods for performing substructure searches in which CA nomenclature\nterms are used as search terms. Substructure searches on CA Index\nnomenclature can often result in very high recall relative to topological\nsearches, as is shown by experimental results achieved on a variety of\nsearches. Many data bases which contain CA Index nomenclature also contain\nnonsubstance data. Thus, searching of substance and nonsubstance data\ncan often be done within a single search of a file with both high recall\nand relevancy. Profile construction aids prepared by CAS make it possible\nfor persons without sophisticated nomenclature backgrounds to construct\nnomenclature profiles for many questions.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000738"}
{"title": "A Rapid Generalized Minicomputer Text Search System Incorporating Algebraic", "text": "Entry of Boolean Strategies\n This paper presents a rapid and efficient generalized minicomputer text \nsearching system.. The system has been applied to Chemical Condensates and\nenjoys search speeds comparable to services operating on large computer \nsystems.. Complete Boolean algebraic search strategy expressions may be used as \ndirect entries, and all forms of transaction are automatically processed.. \nBenchmark search speeds and results are presented for realistic profiles \nserving varied research groups in a major university chemistry department..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000739"}
{"title": "Searching CA Condensates On-Line vs. the CA Keyword Indexes", "text": " A study was conducted to compare the comprehensiveness of searches performed\nusing Systems Development Corporation's (SDC) Chemcon data base and keyword \nindexes of Chemical Abstracts.. It was concluded that, in most cases, a \ncomputer search yielded at least as many relevant references as did a manual \nsearch.. However, in the case of very general search questions, results from \nmanual searches were much more satisfactory..\n\n\n\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000740"}
{"title": "Searching Chemical Abstracts vs. CA Condensates", "text": " As of March 1975, as much as four and one-half years of Chemical Abstracts\nIndexes and on-line accessible Chemical Abstracts Condensates can be compared..\nAlthough combined searches of both data bases are the most effective, examples\nare shown in which it is more practical and efficient to search CA Condensates..\nCHEMCON and CHEM7071, the on-line versions of CA Condensates loaded at System\nDevelopment Corp. (SDC), are compared with CA Indexes..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000741"}
{"title": "Searching the Chemical Abstracts Condensates Data Base", "text": "via Two On-Line Systems\n A comparison of the most used features of System Development Corporation's\nORBIT and Lockheed's DIALOG systems is made, especially in reference to \nconducting searchers of Chemical Abstracts Condensates..Many of the operations\nare similar in nature.. However the capabilities are sufficiently different \nthat an experienced searcher can select the system which gives the best \nresults..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000742"}
{"title": "A Survey of the Use of On-Line Computer-Based Scientific Search Services", "text": "by Academic Libraries\n To explore their use of on-line computer-based bibliographic search services,\na one-page questionnaire was sent to 100 academic libraries in the United \nStates having separate departmental chemistry or science libraries.. An attempt\nwas made to determine the background training of the persons performing the\nsearches, who the end users were, the growth trend, the funding, the data\nbases used, and the value to the users.. Of the 73 replies, 49.3% indicated use\nof such services, while 24.6% were planning to use them primarily by faculty\nand graduate students.. Of those reporting, 83.3% used searchers with a \nbackground in library or information science; 47.2% had a background in \nscientific discipline..Two or more on-line services were used by 72.2%.. A \nmajority of respondents stated that the use paid all expenses or a portion of \nthe expenses.. The searches met the needs of the use most of the time in 83.3% \nof the cases, and all of the time in 5.4%..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000743"}
{"title": "Semiconductor Journals", "text": " Using an on-line literature searching system, the number of papers in many \njournals dealing with semiconductors was determined.. The journals are ranked \nby the percentage of their contents devoted to semiconductors, and by the total\nnumber of semiconductors papers are published.. Only four journals devote over\nhalf of their contents to semiconductors papers.. Approximately half of the\n19,646 papers (which were found in 91 journals) appeared in eight journals..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000744"}
{"title": "A Fuzzy-Set-Theoretic Interpretation of Linguistic Hedges", "text": " A basic idea suggested in this paper is that a linguistic hedge such as very, \nmore or less, much, essentially, slightly, etc. may be viewed as an operator \nwhich acts on the fuzzy set representing the meaning of its operand.. For\nexample, in the case of the composite term very tall man, the operator very acts\non the fuzzy meaning of the term tall man..\n To represent a hedge as an operator, it is convenient to define several\nelementary operations on fuzzy sets from which more complicated operations may\nbe built up by combination or composition.. In this way, an approximate \nrepresentation for a hedge can be expressed in terms of such operations as \ncomplementation, intersection, concentration, dilation, contrast\nintensification, fuzzification, accentuation, etc..\n Two categories of hedges are considered.. In the case of hedges of Type I, \ne.g., very, much, more or less, slightly, etc., the hedge can be approximated\nby an operator acting on a single fuzzy set.. In the case of hedges of Type II, \ne.g., technically, essentially, practically, etc., the effect of the hedge is \nmore complicated, requiring a description of the manner in which the components \nof its operand are modified.. If, in addition, the characterization of a hedge \nrequires a consideration of a metric or proximity relation in the space of its \noperand, then the hedge is said to be of Type IP or IIP, depending on whether it\nfalls into category I or II..\n The approach is illustrated by constructing operator representations for \nseveral relatively simple hedges such as very, more or less, much, slightly,\netc.. More complicated hedges whose effect is strongly context-dependent, \nrequire the use of a fuzzy-algorithmic mode of characterization which is more \nqualitative in nature than the approach described in the present paper..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000745"}
{"title": "Subject Indexes and Automatic Document Retrieval", "text": " Index entries from the subject indexes to CA can, in general, be converted\nto 'normal' or title-like phrases by applying simple tests to the positions of\nprepositions and conjunctions in the entries.. Other, more complex, entries can\nbe transformed after somewhat deeper analysis.. These manipulations are a \nnecessary preliminary step to the use of the subject-index language in \nretrieval..A scheme is outlined for automatically compiling and editing subject \nindexes by transforming descriptive phrases with regular structure and \nvocabulary.. These transformations, based on the formal structure of language, \nare shown to be admirably suited to computer manipulation..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000746"}
{"title": "The Law of Constant Citation for Scientific Literature", "text": " In listing the literature concerning the subject of 'vibrating plates' the\nfollowing law was noticed:\n Rj x aj,t = constant = 5x6\nwhere Rj is the 'citation factor' for the year, j, and aj,t stands for the \ntotal number of articles that have appeared up to and including year j..\n 'This 'citation law' is based on the remarkable fact that in more than 150\nyears the mean number of relevant citations per article per year has remained\nconstant, viz. 2x8, in spite of the fact that after 1950 three times as many\narticles have been published as in the period before 1950..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000747"}
{"title": "The Derivation and Application of the Bradford-Zipf Distribution", "text": " Any statistical regularities found in documentation should be fully \nexploited to produce estimates or predictions and to save documentalists work..\nBut present formulations of the Bradford distribution demand penetrating search\nfor peripheral papers and tedious computation in application.. The present \npaper shows that the Bradford distribution is closely related to the Zipf\ndistribution.. It requires data on only the most productive journals, is\nmathematically simple and amenable to graphical methods if a proposed idea of\nthe 'completeness' of a search is accepted.. For comparability of results, \ncertain conditions, which include a specified minimum level of productivity of \njournals, need to be standardized.. A standard form is suggested..\n It is found, however, that a modified form of the Bradford distribution is \nrequired when Bradford-type collections of journals are merged into large\ncollections, when 'saturation' of the most productive journals occurs..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000748"}
{"title": "Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics?", "text": " The term statistical bibliography seems to have been first used by E.\nWyndham Hulme in 1922 when he delivered two lectures as the Sandars Reader\nin bibliography at the University of Cambridge. Subsequently the lectures\nwere published as a book. Although the debt has never been explicitly\nrecognized by means of citations, Hulme anticipated modern work on the\nhistory of science. He used the term to mean the illumination of the\nprocesses of science and technology by means of counting documents. Hulme\nboth summarized the results of Cole and Eales and produced original work\non the growth of UK patents (relating these to social progress in the\nUK) and on the changes displayed in the International Catalogue of\nScientific Literature (relating changes in subject and country production\nof literature to international developments).\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000749"}
{"title": "The Effect of Growth on the Obsolescence of Semiconductor", "text": "Physics Literature\n Semiconductor physics literature is studied in order to investigate recent\nhypotheses relating obsolescence to the growth in periodical literature and the\ngrowth in the number of contributing scientists.. The results indicate that\nobsolescence remains constant and that the two growth rates are, within\nexperimental error, of equal magnitude for this subject over a five-year \nperiod.. These results are seen to be inconsistent with the assumption that an\nexponentially-growing literature possesses a constant utility..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000750"}
{"title": "The Ambiguity of Bradford's Law", "text": " Recent discussion of Bradford's law of scatter has been founded on two\nformulations that are not mathematically equivalent.. A method of comparing the\ntwo formulations against empirical data is developed, and the results using\nfour sets of existing data are discussed.. The results show that one particular\nformulation is more consistent with the practical situation..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000751"}
{"title": "On the Inverse Relationship of Recall and Precision", "text": " It is now ten years since some slight experimental evidence was presented\nwhich appeared to support the hypothesis that there was an inverse\nrelationship between recall and precision. The idea of this was certainly not\nnew; Fairthorne had more than implied it in his discussions on OBNA and\nABNO systems, i.e. Only-But-Not-All (high precision) and All-But-Not-\nOnly (high recall). However, it was one of the propositions arising from\nCranfield I which met with strong opposition and was quite rightly attacked.\nIn reply to the critical review by Swanson, I had to agree that the\nsimple hypothesis required modification. By the following year test results\ncoming from the experiments by Salton and from Cranfield II made\nfurther modification necessary, and the hypothesis was finally put forward\nto read as follows: 'Within a single system, assuming that a sequence of\nsubsearches for a particular question is made in the logical order of expected\ndecreasing precision, and the requirements are those stated in the question,\nthere is an inverse relationship between recall and precision, if the results\nof a number of different searches are averaged. This, it will be noted, has\nfour qualifications to the basic statement.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000752"}
{"title": "Source of Citations and References for Analysis Purposes:", "text": "A Comparative Assessment \n The uses to which analysis of bibliographical references and citations can \nbe put are categorized.. Five sources of references and citations are \nidentified, and their advantages and disadvantages for various purposes \nassessed and compared.. Comparative studies of different sources are urged.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000753"}
{"title": "A Test for the Separation of Relevant and Non-Relevant Documents", "text": "in Experimental Retrieval Collections\n Many retrieval experiments are intended to discover ways of improving \nperformance, taking the results obtained with some particular technique as a \nbaseline.. The fact that substantial alterations to a system often have little \nor no effect on particular collections is puzzling.. This may be due to the \ninitially poor separation of relevant and non-relevant documents.. The paper \npresents a procedure for characterizing this separation for the collection, \nwhich can be used to show whether proposed modifications of the base system are \nlikely to be useful..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000754"}
{"title": "The Journal of Documentation", "text": " This paper examines the implications of the findings of evaluative tests\nregarding the retrieval performance of natural language in various subject\nfields. It suggests parallel investigations into the structure of natural\nlanguage, with particular reference to terminology, as used in the different\nbranches of basic science. The criteria for defining the terminological\nconsistency of a subject are formulated and a measure suggested for\ndetermining the degree of terminological consistency.\n The terminological and information structures of specific disciplines such\nas, chemistry, physics, botany, zoology, and geology; the circumstances in\nwhich terms originate; and the efforts made by the international scientific\ncommunity to standardize the terminology in their respective disciplines -\nare examined in detail. This investigation shows why and how an artificially\ncreated scientific language finds it impossible to keep pace with current\ndevelopments and thus points to the source of natural language.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000755"}
{"title": "Optimization of Library Expenditure on Biochemical Journals", "text": " In a 1973 paper, Sengupta analysed references to biochemical journals in an\nattempt to provide a guide for librarians with a limited budget. He not only\nranked journals by the absolute number of citations made to 1969 volumes, but\nrelated the number of citations to the number of papers and even to the number\nof words in each journal, as perhaps 'a better guide to selection of journals \nfor subscription than position in the ranking list.' (A similar procedure is \nadopted in two more recent articles by Sengupta on physiology and microbiology\njournals.)\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000756"}
{"title": "Citation Analyses as Indicators of the Use of Serials: A Comparison of", "text": "Ranked Title Lists Produced by Citation Counting and from Use Data\n Lists of journals ranked according to number of citations received are \nfrequently used as indicators of usefulness, but little research has been \ncarried out to test the validity of this hypothesis.. On comparing lists of \ntitles of journals ranked by citation counting with lists of the same journals, \nranked according to frequency of use (using data from a survey at the National \nLending Library), it was found that the rank order correlation between the two \nwas low.. This suggestions that ranked lists produced by analyses of citations \ndo not constitute valid guides for journal selection by libraries..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000757"}
{"title": "A Scientific Theory of Classification and Indexing", "text": "and Its Practical Application\n A classification is a theory of the structure of knowledge.. From a \ndiscussion of the nature of truth, it is held that scientific knowledge is the \nonly knowledge which can be regarded as true.. The method of induction from \nempirical data is therefore applied to the construction of a classification..\nItems of knowledge are divided into uniquely definable terms, called isolates,\nand the relations between them, called operators.. It is shown that only four\nbasic operators exist, expressing appurtenance, equivalence, reaction, and\ncausation; using symbols for these operators, all subjects can be analysed in a\nlinear form called an analet.. With the addition of the permissible permutations\nof such analets, formed according to simple rules, alphabetical arrangement of \nthe first terms provides a complete, logical subject index.. Examples are given,\nand possible difficulties are considered.. A classification can then be\nconstructed by selection of deductive relations, arranged in hierarchical form..\nThe nature of possible classifications is discussed.. It is claimed that such an\ninductively constructed classification is the only true representation of the\nstructure of knowledge, and that these principles provide a simple technique\nfor accurately and fully indexing and classifying any given set of data, with\ncomplete flexibility..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000758"}
{"title": "A New Look at Reference Scattering", "text": " It was first observed by Bradford that, for a large collection of journal\nreferences on a given subject, most of the articles are derived from a small\nproportion of the total titles. Bradford listed the journals concerned in order\nof decreasing productivity and, by plotting the logarithms of the cumulative\ntotals of titles against the cumulative totals of relevant articles produced,\nhe obtained a straight line. (Similar results have been obtained by many later\nworkers. The pattern is illustrated by Table I which shows the distribution\nof references among journal titles obtained by the author during a study of\nliterature usage in the petroleum industry.) On the basis of these results\nBradford then formulated a simple mathematical model to describe reference\nscattering. Vickery later pointed out that this 'law of scattering' predicted\nnot a straight line but a curve. Kendall has now provided a more refined\nstatistical explanation of the straight line observed by Bradford.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000759"}
{"title": "The Foreign-Language Problem Facing Scientists and Technologists", "text": "in the United Kingdom - Report of a Recent Survey\n The foreign-language barrier facing British scientists is a function of a,\nthe amount and value of foreign scientific literature produced; b, the \nlinguistic ability of the people wishing to read it; and c, the availability\nand effectiveness of translation services.. To obtain quantitative data on \nthese points the NLL has recently conducted a survey amongst scientists and\nlibrarians in the United Kingdom and the present paper presents the more\nimportant results..\n The survey has shown that the language problem is of considerable magnitude\nand is common to the majority of scientists and technologists.. The languages\ncreating the most difficulty are Russian, German, and Japanese.. It has also \nindicated that local translation facilities are not particularly effective and \nthat, as far as national facilities are concerned, British scientists are \nlargely unaware of existing services which might help them to overcome their \ndifficulties..\n The results of the investigation suggest a number of lines of action which \nthe appropriate authorities might follow.. The most important would seem to be\nthe publishing of a international index to translations and the creation within \nthe United Kingdom of a centralized Japanese translation service..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000760"}
{"title": "Minimum Vocabularies in Information Indexing", "text": " Words have no precision, though in information storage and retrieval we are\nrequired to act as if they did.. We have, therefore, to impose certain \narbitrary conditions to reduce the element of personal interpretation..\n'Meaning' must be remove from the indexing stage to that of vocabulary \nconstruction.. Vocabularies can be reduced to a minimum, first to a core of \nterms used in specialist science, and, following Russel, ultimately to\nundefined terms symbolic of sense experience.. 'Basic English' has shown \nsimilar minimizing to be feasible for a natural language.. The success of\nBatten cards shown that the principle could be equally applicable to specialist \nindexing vocabularies..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000761"}
{"title": "Opening the Black Box of 'Relevance'", "text": " The purpose of this project was to identify variables thought to affect \nrelevance judgements and conduct a series of laboratory studies to determine\nthe effects of these variables on relevance judgements.. This paper discusses\nthe variable of 'implicit use orientations' - the particular attitude taken by\na subject (judge) about the intended use of a document.. One hundred and forty\njudges rated each of nine abstracts for relevance to several short information \nrequirement statements.. The some judges then repeated the ratings, each \nadopting (assuming) one of the fourteen use orientations described to them.. It\nwas found that the particular use orientation assumed by the judge has a marked \neffect on relevance judgements.. It was also found that implicit use \norientations can be analysed in terms of their underlying structure and that\ntheir study offers the possibility of discovering the conditions under which\none person can accurately simulate and use the implicit use orientations of \nanother..\n Relevance judgements have been used as a basis of measures designed to\nevaluate the effectiveness of information retrieval system.. This judgements\nhave usually been accepted at face value and have not been subjected to \ncritical scrutiny.. There is reason to believe, however, that as ordinarily\nobtained, they may be unreliable and sensitive to a number of conditions of\nmeasurement that have not been carefully controlled in previous evaluation\nstudies..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000762"}
{"title": "Current Awareness Needs of Physicists: Results of an Anglo-American Study", "text": " An outline of methods and summary of findings of a study of American,British\nand Overseas physicists.. This project was conducted by Aslib Research \nDepartment (acting for the Institution of Electrical Engineers) and the \nAmerican Institute of Physics.. It took place in 1966, the first year of\npublication of Current Papers in Physics.. Aims were to assess the need for and\nreactions to this new current awareness journal and suggestions for improvement,\nand to obtain background information on the current awareness requirements of \nthe physics community..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000763"}
{"title": "Progress in Documentation", "text": " The term 'obsolescence' occurs frequently in the literature of librarianship\nand information science. In numerous papers we are told how most published\nliterature becomes obsolete within a measurable time, and that an item receives\nhalf the uses it will ever receive ('half-life') in a few years. 'Obsolescence'\nis however very rarely defined, and its validity, interest, and practical value\nare often assumed rather than explained. Before reviewing studies on\n'obsolescence', therefore, it is necessary to look at the concept and to\nidentify the reasons why it should be of interest.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000764"}
{"title": "Bradford's Law of Scattering", "text": " These authors collected a large number of references to a certain subject,\nand arranged the periodicals in which the references occurred in order of\ndecreasing productivity. Thus for applied geophysics they found (loc. cit.,\np. 112) 1 periodical containing 93 references, 1 containing 86, 4 containing\n16, 49 containing 2, and 169 containing only 1 reference. They then made\ncumulative totals for the two sets of figures, so that in the T most productive\nperiodicals there occurred in all R references. Bradford then plotted log T\nagainst R and his curves are reproduced as B and C in Fig. 1. An exactly\nsimilar procedure for periodical references borrowed by Butterwick resulted\nin curve A. In both A and B, after an initial steep rise (up to about R = 500),\nthe curves approximate to a straight line, R = a log T + b.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000765"}
{"title": "A National Loan Policy for Scientific Serials", "text": " Elsewhere (1) a survey has been reported of the use of the serials in the\nScience Museum Library. In brief this showed that where the Science\nMuseum Library's copy of a serial was frequently used, this serial was widely\nheld, and that the converse was true. In fact it appears that the use of the\nScience Museum's copy of a periodical is a rough measure of the national\nloan use of library copies.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000766"}
{"title": "Journal Usage Versus Age of Journal", "text": " The effective planning of technical libraries would be greatly facilitated\nif there were some theoretical basis which could be used to predict the\nprobable distribution by titles, and by age of journal, of future journal\ndemand. As a first step, the author has recently developed a general expression\nfor the distribution among journal titles of large groups of journal references.\nIn this present paper a relationship between usage and age of journal\nis established and the application of this relationship to some library planning\nproblems is illustrated.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000767"}
{"title": "Student Attitudes to the University Library. A Survey at Southampton University", "text": " A good deal is now known about the use made by students of university\nlibraries, notably from the surveys carried out by Leeds University\nLibrary in 1957 and 1960. Statistics of use, however, will not by themselves\nindicate how good a library is, whether as a bookstock, a building, or\nan administrative department. How adequate is the bookstock? How fully\nis it being exploited? How important are physical and personal elements?\nThese are questions librarians are continually asking themselves, but they\nare also questions readers could be asked directly or indirectly.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000768"}
{"title": "Keywords and Clumps", "text": " Recent work at the Cambridge Language Research Unit has been\nconcerned with the development of automatic classification procedures for\ninformation retrieval. This has taken the form of research into methods of\nclassification of keywords extracted from documents, with a view to using\nthe classes found for co-ordinate indexing of technical material. We cannot\nclaim to have solved this problem because the methods we have been able \nto develop so far cannot be applied on a sufficiently large scale. We have,\nhowever, made enough progress to make us feel that this a fruitful line of\nresearch.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000769"}
{"title": "Tests on Abstracts Journals", "text": " The amount of scientific and technical information published \nannually in the form of journal articles, conference papers, reports, theses,\npatents, and books now greatly exceeds, in every field of interest, the\namount which may be scanned by a scientist wishing to keep himself completely\nup to date in his own subject. For a scientist wishing to inform himself of\nnew developments in neighbouring subject-fields the problem is\neven greater. Consequently, either the scientist reconciles himself to the\nknowledge that he is not aware of all relevant information in his field or\nhe places increasingly more reliance on such bibliographic tools as are\navailable to guide him towards the relevant literature.\n First among such tools is the abstracts journal.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000770"}
{"title": "Survey of Information Needs of Physicists and Chemists", "text": " Scientific research is expensive and the practical application of its\nresults is even more expensive. Information services are relatively\ninexpensive and, by constantly improving their scope and efficiency and\nencouraging the scientist to make the best use of them, we can minimize\nduplication and inefficiency in research and development. This is the\njustification for the present survey and for all the work on user needs\nwhich has preceded it. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000771"}
{"title": "Information Use Studies", "text": "Part 2 - Comparison of Some Recent Surveys\n Information-use studies are vitally necessary in order to complement,\nchallenge, and sharpen informed intuitive judgements, but even the\nbroadest conclusions drawn from such studies need to be examined critically.\nThe conclusions or their generality may sometimes be invalidated by special\nconditions in the survey sample, by the environment having been disturbed \nby the survey, by the interpretation given to questions or observations, or\nby the way the data has been analyzed.\tThese same factors make direct\ncomparison of results from different surveys difficult, and make superficial\ncomparisons misleading. Some comparisons and conclusions are certainly much\nless sound than the casual reader might suppose, particularly when results\nhave been compressed and taken out of their context in the original survey.\nThe difficulty of comparing information-use surveys is well illustrated by\nthe copious footnotes used by Menzel, Lieberman, and Dulchin in order to\nqualify the significance of the results which they compare.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000772"}
{"title": "A Computer_Aided Information Service for Nuclear Science and Technology", "text": " The computerized information centre of the European Atomic Energy Community\nhas become operational.. A survey of its principal characteristics is given, and\nthe main problems that arose in the development phase of the system are \ndiscussed.. The Euratom Thesaurus includes graphic representation of \nrelationships between indexing terms.. A dual vocabulary allows specific \nindexing for high relevance and generic indexing for high recall.. Retrieval \nstrategy involves utilization of Boolean operators and frequency-of-occurrence \ntables.. Recall ration can be determined graphically by a continuous approach \nmethod.. Indexing consistency tests show that it pays to use subject \nspecialists.. User's needs are discussed in terms of subject coverage, \nspecificity, rapidity, and presentation.. The user service comprises \nretrospective searches on request as well as customer profile service on \nsubscription.. There are three types of relevance, and various ways of bringing\nsystem relevance to coincide with user relevance.. The Centre's budgetary \nrequirements are low, due to circumspect use of its computer, an IBM 360, model\n40.. Its aims are centralization of documentation in the nuclear field and\ninternational co-operation..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000773"}
{"title": "Student Attitudes to the University Library:", "text": "A Second Survey at Southampton University\n In May 1965 a survey into student attitudes to the Library of Southampton\nUniversity was carried out by questionnaire with a sample of 322 \nundergraduates.. The aim was to assess the effect, if any, of the considerable \nmeasures taken since the 1962 survey.. Uncontrolled factors, mainly related to\nthe rapid expansion of the University, may. however, have effected the results..\nIt appears that, except for social science students, there were few improvements\nin attitudes and use, and that seminars had little measurable effect.. Possible \nexplanations for this are offered, and the place of reader services in a \nuniversity library discussed.. Other items covered by the survey include the use\nof libraries in Halls of resinence and of Southampton Public Libraries, which in \nboth cases showed a sharp decline since 1962, the number and cost of books \nbought by undergraduates, and their use of libraries in vacations..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000774"}
{"title": "The Citation Characteristics of Astronomical Research Literature", "text": " The citation characteristic of papers in the Monthly Notices of the Royal\nAstronomical Society (especially for the years 1963-5) have been examined as a \nmeans of studying the usage of astronomical literature in the United Kingdom..\nThe decrease of usage with age has been investigated and the decay half-life \ndetermined.. Particular attention has been paid to the immediacy affect, and\nto its possible variation in different sub-fields of astronomy.. The citations\nhave also been separated according to journal of origin.. As a result of this \nstudy, a quantitative estimate has been made of the titles and backruns that are\nrequired to satisfy a given percentage of the demand for astronomical research\nliterature in the country..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000775"}
{"title": "Tests on Abstracts Journals: Coverage Overlap and Indexing", "text": " In a previous paper (J. Doc. 20 (4) 1964, 212-35) a series of tests on\nthe coverage, overlap, and indexing of abstracts journals were described.\nBriefly, these were carried out by selecting recent, comprehensive\nbibliographies on specific subjects, searching the appropriate abstracts\njournals via the author indexes to determine the number of references given\nin the bibliography that were abstracted, then consulting the subject\nindexes to try to locate those references which are known to have been \nabstracted. A further eight bibliographies have been studied, and the\nresults are reported here.\n Our results are presented below in the following form:\n1. Title of bibliography, source, content (number of journal references,\n reports, etc.).\n2. Abstracts journals consulted.\n3. Coverage and multiple coverage. This is a bar-chart showing number of\n references not abstracted, those covered once, twice, and so on.\n4. Coverage by each abstracts journal, given as a bar-chart, the last column\n showing coverage by all services combined. (Where bar-charts are given\n they show coverages as percentages of the whole bibliography, actual\n numbers of references being shown beneath the appropriate columns.\n5. Taking each abstracts journal separately, we show the headings under\n which references were found in the subject index. Some references we\n were unable to locate, so there is often an apparent discrepancy with the\n figures given in 4.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000776"}
{"title": "Estimates of the Number of Currently Available Scientific and Technical", "text": "Periodicals\n Published estimates of the number of scientific and technical periodicals \ncurrently being published are analyzed.. A new estimates is put forward based \non the experience of the NLL in attempting to build up a comprehensive \ncollection of the world's scientific and technical periodical literature..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000777"}
{"title": "The Bradford Distribution", "text": " The distribution of references in a collection of pertinent source documents\ncan be described and predicted by the relation F(x) = ln(1 + bx)/ln(1 + b) where\nthe parameter b is related to the subject field and the completeness of the\ncollection.. The model is used to predict the reference yield of abstracting\njournals in a search for thermophysical property data.. It is used also to \nexplain differences among various literature studies of the past in terms of\ndifferences in subject and comprehensiveness of search.. The model is derived \nfrom S.C. Bradford's 'law of scattering' and is called the Bradford \nDistribution..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000778"}
{"title": "Evaluating the Economic Efficiency of a Document Retrieval System", "text": " A retrieval system may be evaluated strictly in terms of user satisfaction\n(operating efficiency), or it may be evaluated from the point of view of\nefficient means of satisfying user requirements (economic efficiency).. When\nwe consider the relationship between operating efficiency and economic \nefficiency, we are faced with a whole series of possible trade-offs.. There\nmay be several alternative paths we can follow in order to serve user needs..\nThe problem is to determine the most economical path to follow.. Pay-off\nfactors, break-even points, and diminishing returns must be taken into \nconsideration.. This paper considers some of these factors in relation to various\nparts of the complete retrieval system: the acquisition subsystem, the indexing \nsubsystem, the index language, the searching subsystem, and the equipment \nsubsystem..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000779"}
{"title": "The Measures of Information Retrieval Effectiveness proposed by Swets", "text": " Objective comparisons of the effectiveness of IR techniques are needed for\ndevelopment of IR systems.. The measures proposed by Swets, which offer \nimportant advantages, are analyzed and critically discussed.. Modifications of \nthe Swets measures, designed to increase their generality and to facilitate \ntheir interpretation in terms of system variables, are proposed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000780"}
{"title": "A Study of Cross-Referencing", "text": " The problem of determining the optimal cross-reference structure for a given \nindex and for a given community of users is discussed.. A ross-reference \nstructure is represented as a graph in which the nodes are index terms and the \nlinks are relations between index terms.. In order to clarify the concept of \n'level of cross-referencing' the characteristics of cross-referencing structure\nare studied.. Some measures of cross-reference distributions are suggested as a\nmeans of comparing the cross-referencing levels of subject indexes..\n Types of relations linking the terms of cross-references in existing indexes\nand thesauri are examined.. The implications of the study for the construction\nand testing on indexes and thesauri are discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000781"}
{"title": "Statistics of Scientific and Technical Articles", "text": " A new estimate of the number of currently published scientific and\ntechnical periodicals has been put forward by K.P. Barr of the National\nLending Library. It may be of interest to supplement this with some figures\non the number and distribution of articles within these periodicals. These\nfigures are derived from a survey undertaken at the NLL early in 1964.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000782"}
{"title": "Author Versus Title: A Comparative Survey of the Accuracy of the Information", "text": "Which the User Brings to the Library Catalogue\n Details are given of a survey carried out in a large scientific special \nlibrary on the comparative accuracy of the author and title information which \nthe user brings to the catalogue.. The sample was restricted to requests for \nbook material.. The results are analyzed in detail and show the title to be \nmore accurate.. Some suggestions are made for extending this type of survey..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000783"}
{"title": "Documentation Notes", "text": " I would suggest three possible reasons for the constant average number of\nreferences per article. Firstly, on average, articles more than fifteen years\nold rarely get cited as they are rendered obsolete by the rate of advance. The\nnet increase per annum of 'citeable articles' is not as large as might otherwise\nbe expected.\n Secondly many relatively small specialized subject areas, each tending to\nhave its own literature and 'internal' citation practices, are hiving off from\nthe classical areas, because of the specialized nature of modern science.\n Thirdly it seems that the 'building blocks' of an article can on average\nbe adequately specified (regardless of the volume of published information)\nby reference to about eleven items of the prior art relating to the main\ntheme, associated concepts and methods, and general background.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000784"}
{"title": "The Parametric Description of Retrieval Tests", "text": "Part I: The Basic Parameters\n Some parameters and techniques in use for describing the results of tests \non IR systems are analysed.. Several considerations outside the score of the \nusual 2x2 table are relevant to the choice of parameters.. In particular, a\nvariable which produces a 'performance curve' of a system corresponds to an\nextension of the 2x2 table.. Also, the statistical relationships between\nparameters are all-important.. It is considered that precision is not such a\nuseful measure of performance (in conjunction with recall) as fallout.. A more\npowerful alternative to Cleverdon's 'inevitable inverse relationship between\nrecall and precision' is proposed and justified, namely that the recall-fallout\ngraph is convex..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000785"}
{"title": "Documentation Notes", "text": " A recent article by Kozachkov and Khursin, entitled 'The basic probability\ndistribution in information flow systems', describes the fundamental similarity\nof a number of known statistical regularities in the flow of information.. They\npropose a basic model, called the 'hyperbolic ladder' and relate it, in \nparticular, to work in linguistics by Zipf, in documentation by Bradford, and\nin the science of science by Lotka.. The purpose of this note is to speculate \nfurther on the relevance of Zipf's law in librarianship..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000786"}
{"title": "The Complete Bradford - Zipf 'bibliograph'", "text": " This technical note summarizes the outcome of recent analyses of\nempirical data which have enabled the general form of the Bradford-Zipf\ndistribution to be elucidated.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000787"}
{"title": "The Use of Social Science Periodical Literature", "text": " The paper presents the results of a survey of the use of social science \nperiodicals carried out at the National Lending Library during a period of four \nweeks in 1968..\n Three-quarters of the requests came from universities and industrial \norganizations and over 90% of the requests were for English language \npublications.. Over a fifth of the requests were for seventeen titles.. There\nwere marked variations in the subject matter requested by different types of\norganizations and although the overall 'half-life' of the literature proved to\nbe 3 1/2 years this figure varied considerably from one subject to another..\n Concerning the sources of references, it was discovered that compared with\nscientists and technologists social scientists make relatively little use of\nabstracting and indexing publications..\n Appendixes include a copy of the questionnaire used in the survey, a list of\ntitle requested six or more times, and a list of abstracting and indexing \npublications cited five or more times as sources of references..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000788"}
{"title": "Social Science Literature Use in the UK as Indicated by Citations", "text": " A sample of citations made in 1965 United Kingdom social science literature\nhas been analyzed according to subject, bibliographic form, country of origin,\nlanguage, and date, and comparisons made with citations from science and \ntechnology literature.. The relative size of the outputs of and demands for \nliterature in these fields are estimated, and the subject distribution of \ncitation within social science.. The interrelations between source and cited \nsubject are discussed.. Use as indicated by citation is compared with use \nmeasured by loan demand on the National Lending Library..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000789"}
{"title": "Computer Indexing of Medical Articles - Project Medico", "text": " An automatic indexing method is described in which index tags for documents \nare generated by the computer.. The computer scans the text of periodical \narticles and automatically assigns to them index terms with their respective \nweights on the basis of explicitly defined text characteristics.. A machine \nfile of document references with their associated index terms is automatically \nproduced which can be searched on a co-ordinate basis for the retrieval of \nspecified drug-related information..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000790"}
{"title": "Progress in Documentation", "text": "Empirical Hyperbolic Distributions (Bradford-Zipf-Mandelbrot)\nfor Bibliometric Description and Prediction\n Since 1960, and especially during the past three years, many papers have\nappeared about particular manifestations and applications of a certain class\nof empirical laws to a field that may be labelled conveniently 'Bibliometrics'.\nThis term, resuscitated by Alan Pritchard (see page 348), denotes,\nin my paraphrase, quantitative treatment of the properties of recorded\ndiscourse and behaviour appertaining to it.\n In this field the law cited is usually that named after Bradford or\nZipf according to whether the interest is in vocabulary or periodical\nliterature or physical access, in the rate of diminishing returns, or in the\ncumulative yield from a given input. The behaviour is hyperbolic; that is,\nthe product of fixed powers of the variables is constant. This type of\nbehaviour has been observed for a century or so in fields ranging from\nmeteorology to economics, and has given rise to many particular explanations\nappropriate to the particular fields. Thus it has received many names \naccording to its exponents, in both senses of that word.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000791"}
{"title": "Photocopies v. Periodicals", "text": "Cost-Effectiveness in the Special Library\n Evidence provided by the Dainton Report indicates that special libraries in\nthe UK are far from fully exploiting the photocopying services provided by the\nnational libraries.. As these photocopying services are legally obliged to \noperate at cost, they offer significant economies to any special library which \nexploits them systematically..\n This paper describes a simple graphical method of estimating the savings \nthat can be made, or the extended subject coverage that can be obtained at no\nadditional cost, by substituting photocopies for relevant papers in the \nperipheral periodicals relating to any well-defined scientific or technical\nsubject..\n Though photocopying charges must be realistic, the confident exploitation of \nthe national photocopying services depends on the avoidance of arbitrary jumps in\nphotocopying charges..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000792"}
{"title": "The 'Half-Life' of Periodical Literature:", "text": "Apparent and Real Obsolescence\n The expression 'half-life', borrowed from physics, has appeared\nquite frequently in the literature on documentation since 1960, when an\narticle by Burton and Kebler on The 'half-life' of some scientific and technical\nliteratures was published, although it had certainly been used previously.\nBurton and Kebler point out that literature becomes obsolescent rather than\ndisintegrating (as in its original meaning), so that 'half-life' means 'half the\nactive life', and this is commonly understood as meaning the time during\nwhich one-half of the currently active literature was published. Numerous\nstudies have been carried out, mainly by the analysis of citations, to establish\nobsolescence rates of the literature of different subjects. Bourne points out\nthat different studies have given widely different results, so that many of the\n'half-life' figures reported are not valid beyond the particular sample of\nliterature or users surveyed; certainly they cannot be used as accurate\nmeasures for discriminating between different subject-fields.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000793"}
{"title": "'Half-Life'", "text": " The first diagram below gives a schematic view of a subject literature that\nis growing exponentially with time - the number of items published per\nyear doubles in five years. Each square of the paper represents a published\nitem.\n The marks on the diagram represent current uses of the literature (say,\ncitations made or items borrowed this year). The inked squares are actual\nuses. The dots are hypothetical uses - those that would occur if every \npublished item had an equal chance of being used (in fact, every fifth item is\ndotted).\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000794"}
{"title": "Progress in Documentation", "text": " Thirty years or more ago, a favoured question in examination papers\nfor librarians was some variation on the theme 'Compare the merits of a\nclassified catalogue and an alphabetical subject catalogue'. This was a\nsubject which it was possible to write on or to discuss at great length,\nadvancing a number of theoretical arguments or opinions expressed by pundits,\nwithout ever stating a single demonstratable fact. When, in the early 1950's,\nvarious people, such as Taube and Mooers, proposed new techniques for\nindexing, the reaction from the traditionally-minded was such that it\nappeared there was to be a repetition of all the old arguments. In an\neditorial in American Documentation in 1955, Perry expressed a viewpoint,\nshared by many others, when he wrote: \n\n Cautious and searching evaluation of all experimental results is\n essential in rating the efficiency of documentation systems. May\n the age-old controversies that arose from the conventional concepts\n of classification not be reborn in the mechanized searching systems\n of the future. There is hope for the avoidance of such errors if\n we will but regard documentation systems as useful devices, the\n benefits of which must be determined, not by polemics, but by the\n intelligent measurement of such benefits in relation to needs and\n costs. The machines of the future can make us free, but only if we\n are willing to subject them, and ourselves, to the most rigid\n intellectual discipline.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000795"}
{"title": "Switching Languages for Indexing", "text": " The paper describes some properties of simple interconversion devices which\nenable material initially subject indexed by a particular indexing system to be\nmade available to other institutions using different indexing languages in such \na form as to be readily integrated into their indexes.. Reference is made to the\noutline Intermediate Lexicon which is the germinal form of a switching language\nfor the field of information science.. Difficulties and problems in effecting \nsatisfactory information transfer through such an interconversion scheme are\nexplored, and suggestions made for the lines upon which further research needs\nto be undertaken.. The author was the Classification Research Group \nrepresentative on the international working party concerned with the \nIntermediate Lexicon..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000796"}
{"title": "Progress in Documentation", "text": " Classification is so fundamental and pervasive an activity that care\nis needed to define its scope when discussing a particular application, such\nas information retrieval.\n Retrieval from an information store (a 'library') of those items relevant\nto a request involves locating a particular class (describing what we think\nwe want) and then, if necessary, adjusting this class - broadening it to find\nmore material or narrowing it if the initial response proves excessive. This\nimplies recognition of the relations between the classes, and the whole\noperation is often referred to neatly as 'locating and relating'. Assuming\nthat we examine only a limited set of documents (those most likely to be\nrelevant) the operation is entirely one of classification - the recognition of\nparticular classes and their relations. The fact that the instrument we use to\nassist this operation may display quasi-classificatory features (e.g.,\nalphabetical sequence) or may consist largely of our own brain box and memory\nstore should not hide this otherwise obvious fact.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000797"}
{"title": "The Thesaurofacet: A Multipurpose Retrieval Language Tool", "text": " A description is given of the English Electric 'Thesaurofacet', a faceted \nclassification and thesaurus covering engineering and related scientific, \ntechnical, and management subjects.. A novel feature of the system is the \nintegration of the classification schedules and thesaurus.. Each term appears\nboth in the thesaurus and in the schedules.. In the schedules the term is\ndisplayed in the most appropriate facet and hierarchy: the thesaurus supplements \nthis information by indicating alternative hierarchies and other relationships \nwhich cut across the classified arrangement.. The thesaurus also controls word \nforms and synonyms and acts as the alphabetical index to the class numbers.. \nThe resulting tool is multipurpose, as easily applicable to shelf arrangement \nand conventional classified card catalogues as to co-ordinate indexing and\ncomputerized retrieval systems.. The reasons are given for modifying certain\ntraditional facet techniques, including the choice of traditional disciplines\nfor main classes, the lack of a 'built-in' preferred order, and the use, in \ncertain instances, of enumeration rather than synthesis to express multi-term\nconcepts.. Methods of application of the Thesaurofacet in pre-coordinate and\npost-coordinate systems are discussed and brief account is given of the \ntechniques employed in its compilation..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000798"}
{"title": "Access and Recognition: from User's Data to Cataloque Entries", "text": " Patterns of searching in library catalogues were analysed,using the data \nfrom a large survey of the use of three university library and one public \nlibrary catalogues.. 'Known-item' searches were the object of the study..\nSuccess or failure of the search was correlated to degree of correctness and\ncompleteness of the searcher's information about title and author of the item \nthat he wished to locate.. Factors involved in searching strategies were \ndiscussed.. The double role played by both the title and the author as a way of \naccess to the catalogue and as a means for identifying the right entry was \nexamined..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000799"}
{"title": "The Growth, Utility, and Obsolescence of Scientific Periodical Literature", "text": " Line's recently proposed technique for correcting the 'apparent' half-life\nto allow for the rate of growth of the literature and Vickery's critical \nanalysis of the proposal are both further analyzed.. Using the concept of \nutility and considering the sampling variances involved, the paper shows that\nLine's technique is both questionable and impractical, and that a further \nfactor - the growth of the number of contributors - needs to be allowed for in\nVickery's analysis.. A collaborative empirical investigation is proposed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000800"}
{"title": "UDC User Profiles as Developed for a Computer-Based SDI Service", "text": "in the Iron and Steel Industry\n Extension of the Selective Dissemination of Information system required the\nadoption of computer-based techniques.. The indexing language adopted is UDC \nand it was necessary to construct user profiles based on the classification..\nProfiles have been compiled for individual clients of the service, for works\nwithin the British Steel Corporation, and for broad fields of activity within \nthe iron and steel industry.. Use of the service has shown that UDC provides a \nsatisfactory basis for profile compilation.. The majority of profiles so far \nconstructed have relevance of over 95%, based on user assessment.. Possible \nfuture developments in the compilation of the profiles are considered..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000801"}
{"title": "Feasibility Study of a Scheme for Reconciling Thesauri", "text": "Covering a Common Subject\n The feasibility is examined of devising a scheme for operating a joint \nkeyword system in a given subject area using several independently compiled \nthesauri.. It is suggested that if the individual keywords of each \nparticipating thesaurus represent indentifiable concepts, and these concepts are\ngiven unique code numbers, then the code numbers enable the keywords of any\nparticipating thesaurus to be converted into the appropriate keywords of any\nother participant.. Incompatibilities between keywords systems arise from \ndifferences in the selection and form of keywords.. Eleven types of \nincompatibility are identified and a method of reconciliation is proposed for \neach.. The types of incompatibility that can arise in a single language include \nthose that arise between one language and another, so that a multilingual joint \nsystem presents no additional problems..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000802"}
{"title": "Progress in Documentation", "text": " The term 'informatics' was first advanced formally by the Director\nof Viniti, A.I. Mikhailov, and his colleagues A.I. Chernyi and R.S.\nGilyarevskii, in their paper Informatics - new name for the theory of Scientific\nInformation published at the end of 1966. An English translation was\ncircularized in the beginning of 1967. As the authors state in this paper,\nthey are not the first to use this term, and they quote a review by Professor\nJ.G. Dorfmann of their own book Fundamentals of Scientific Information in\nwhich Dorfmann criticizes the use of other terminology, such as 'documentation',\n'documentalistics', 'information science', and so on.\n Their definition is as stated above but they are careful to add the rider that \nInformatics does not investigate the specific content of scientific information,\nonly the structure and properties. In their paper they also advance definitions\nfor 'information', 'scientific information', 'scientific information activity',\n'information officer', and 'information scientist'. They have backed up their\nproposal by changing the title of their own book for its second edition, and\nthe title of the information science fascicule of the Referativnyi Zhurnal,\nwhich is now called Informatiki.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000803"}
{"title": "Several Law Relations in Science Bibliography - A Self-Consistent", "text": "Interpretation\n Several power law relations are found to occur in bibliographic studies of\nscientific journals, articles, and citations.. These can be interpreted in a\nself-consistent manner in terms of growth parameters of articles, journals, and \ncitations.. Similar models have been proposed earlier in physical, biological, \nand behavioral sciences..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000804"}
{"title": "Automatic Indexing Using Bibliographic Citations", "text": " Bibliographic citations attached to technical documents have been used \nvariously to refer to related items in the literature, to confer importance to \na given piece of writing, and to serve as supplementary indications of document\ncontent..In the present study, citations are used directly to identify document\ncontent, and an attempt is made to evaluate their effectiveness in a retrieval \nenvironment.. It is shown that the use of bibliographic citations in addition \nto the normal keyword-type indicators produces improved retrieval performance, \nand that in some circumstances, citations are more effective for retrieval \npurposes than other more conventional terms and concepts..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000805"}
{"title": "The Extension on Users' Literature Awareness as a Measure of Retrieval", "text": "Performance, and Its Application to MEDLARS\n The performance of a retrieval system with a file of only a few hundred \nreferences can be measured by assessing the relevance of each reference to each \nof a number of queries.. A suitable measure of retrieval performance is then the\nRecall ratio - the fraction of the relevant references that are retrieved by the\nsystem.. When the file is large this method of measuring performance is not \npracticable, and Recall cannot be measured although it can be estimated.. A\nnumber of estimation procedures are examined and found unsatisfactory.. Another\nmeasure of retrieval performance is the Extension ratio which is approximately\nthe ratio of the quantity of known relevant references before and after putting \na query to the retrieval system.. The properties of this measure are examined \nand it is applied to 315 MEDLARS searches..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000806"}
{"title": "Free Text Word Retrieval and Scientist Indexing:", "text": "Performance Profile and Costs\n Comparative performance profiles were determined, by two independent \nscientific information centres, for on-line retrieval by means of (a) free text \nwords and (b) subject indexing codes, from a data base of 4,600 descriptions of \nin-going research projects in four broad subject areas.. Altogether, thirty-nine\nquestions that users had previously asked of the Science Information Exchange\n(SIE) of the Smithsonian Institution, and that were in the four subjects areas,\nwere employed by SIE staff scientists, and twelve of these were independently \nused by staff members of the Biological Science Communication Project (BSCP) of \nthe George Washington University.. Results of the two studies showed average \nrecall values 30-40% higher, and relevance values 15-20% higher, for subject \nindex code use as compared with text word use.. Advantages and disadvantages of \nboth approaches are discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000807"}
{"title": "The Use of Older Literature and Its Obsolescence", "text": " Terminalogy and parameters for describing the relation between figures for\nthe use of library literature and for its age are discussed.. Unless a \ncorrection for growth is applied, half-life fails a simple test of suitability,\nas do Brookes's aging and utility factors.. Results based on cumulated data\nhave other important disadvantages.. Relative 'use-per-item' figures are \nsatisfactory.. The need to relate terminology more closely to the facts they\nrepresent is stressed: item-consultation decay rate, and 50% consultation \nprobability age are suggested and defined.. In the context of citation studies,\nitem-citation decay rate and 50% citation probability age are equivalent and \navoid similar objections..\n In data from NRLSI, item-consultation decay rates are only approximately \nexponential.. Different rates are demonstrated for updating and basic searches,\nfor academic and other types of readers, and for types of literature.. For some\nhistorical searches negative decay rates were found in the NRLSI and BML..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000808"}
{"title": "A Single Computer-Based System for Both Current Awareness and Retrospective", "text": "Search: Operating Experience with ASSASSIN\n ASSASSIN as designed and operated by ICI Agricultural Division, provides from\na single paper tape input a current awareness service by SDI and a retrospective\nsearch both by a weighted term machine search and printed KWOC-type indexes.. \nPrograms for producing structured thesauri are part of the package.. Input is in\nthe form of abstracts from both published and internal source.. \n The system has operated for more than a year at the Agricultural Division and\nis currently in use at five other locations.. Flexibility of the package is\ndemonstrated by the variety of applications..\n This paper outlines the various applications and shows how a single package\nmay be used complete, or in part, or with modification.. Machine costs are given\nfor the major application..\n The system was designed with the possible input of externally produced \nmachine readable data in mind.. The intended application of the package in\nconjunction with tapes such as those of the Institute for Scientific Information\nsource and Chemical Abstracts Condensates is outlined..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000809"}
{"title": "A Probabilistic Search Strategy for MEDLARS", "text": " One technique for searching a Co-ordinate Index is to compare each reference\nwith a Boolean expression of index terms.. This divides the file into retrieved\nand not-retrieved references.. An alternative is to assign each reference score\ncalculated from its index terms and to retrieve the N highest scoring \nreferences in the file.. This scoring technique has several advantages in\ntheory, and it performed slightly better in a retrieval test with N equal to\nthe number of references retrieved by the corresponding Boolean search.. In the\ntest a minimum value of N = 10 was used, and when less then this number of\nreferences matched the Boolean search requirement, the Scoring technique\nsuccessfully widened the score of the search and retrieved twice as many \nrelevant references as the Boolean searches..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000810"}
{"title": "Measuring Readers' Failure at the Shelf", "text": " This paper is concerned with the availability of books known to be held by \nthe Library.. It outlines a simple survey method whereby readers record the \nnon-availability of books which they are looking for.. The survey has already\nbeen installed at four university libraries, but the results from only one \nlibrary are considered here.. These results show how a librarian can find out\nthe degree of non-availability or failure in any particular area of the library,\nthe causes of failure, and even the particular items which are in heavy demand\nand not available..\n They also provide information on the degree of co-operation by the readers, \nthe number of titles failing once, twice, three times etc., the overlap of \ndemand for popular books by different groups of borrowers, the waiting time for \nbooks that failed, the pattern of demand for particular books over a period of \ntime, the relationship between failure and recall, the correlation of failure \nfrom one term to the next, and the relative use of books inside and outside the \nlibrary..\n From the results it was possible to recommend certain changes in library \nprocedure which should have reduced failure, and to compare the titles of books\nfailing in the Main Library with the holdings of a departmental library.. The \ntime spent on the survey and the total cost of the survey are also given..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000811"}
{"title": "A Statistical Interpretation of Term Specificity", "text": "and Its Application in Retrieval\n The exhaustivity of document descriptions and the specificity of index terms\nare usually regarded as independent.. It is suggested that specificity should be\ninterpreted statistically, as a function of term use rather than of term \nmeaning.. The effect on retrieval of variations in term specificity are \nexamined, experiments with three test collections showing in particular that\nfrequently-occurring terms are required for good overall performance.. It is\nargued that terms should be weighted according to collection frequency, so that \nmatches on less frequent, more specific, terms are of greater value than matches\non frequent terms.. Results for the test collections show that considerable \nimprovements in performance are obtained with this very simple procedure..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000812"}
{"title": "Comparative Efficiency of Searching Titles, Abstracts, and Terms", "text": "in a Free-Text Data Base\n The choice of the suitable data base for providing an information service is\ngoverned by factors of coverage, performance, and cost.. The cost of the data \nbase to subscribers is a known quantity, and the coverage is decided by the data\nbase producers..\n This paper describes an investigation into the relative performance of the\nfour major Chemical Abstracts Service magnetic tape data-base, Chemical Titles \n(CT), which contains the titles of citations only, Chemical Abstracts \nCondensates (CAC), which contains titles enriched with keyword phrases,\nChemical-Biological Activities (CBAC),and Polymer Science and Technology (POST),\nboth of which contain full digests in addition to titles..\n The performance was measured in terms of the relative currency of the four\ndata-bases, on the retrieval efficiency of profiles searched against them.. \nFifty questions from industrial and government research organizations were used \nin the experiment.. Search profiles corresponding to these questions were\nconstructed for searching against each database, output was assessed for \nrelevance by users, and profile performance figures (precision and recall \nratios) were calculated for each profile.. The overall retrieval efficiency of\nprofiles searched against data-bases containing titles only,\ntitles-plus-keywords, and titles-plus-digests, was calculated, and these results \nare presented..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000813"}
{"title": "Towards Automatic Profile Construction", "text": " This paper describes part of the Chemical Abstracts Condensate\nEvaluation (CAC Evaluation) carried out by the United Kingdom\nChemical Information Service (UKCIS).\n The work described was designed to test the feasibility of using\nautomatic or semi-automatic methods to replace or reduce the \nintellectual effort involved in retrieving information from machine\nreadable stores, particularly those using natural language.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000814"}
{"title": "Standard Times for Information Systems:", "text": "A Method for Data Collection and Analysis\n With a view of obtaining a set of standard times for information system \noperations, Aslib Research Department is developing and testing methods for \ncollecting and analyzing data on the time taken to perform certain operations..\nThe current state of development of these methods is described.. Data collection\nis by a self-recording (diary) method, completed at the time of performing the \noperation.. The major problem is one of identifying, describing, and analyzing \nthe effect of the various factors which might affect the time.. First results \nindicate that it is possible to explain a large proportion of the variations in \nindividual times by taking account of a sufficient number of variables..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000815"}
{"title": "Measuring Readers' Failure at the Shelf in Three University Libraries", "text": " This paper continues the reporting of the Unit's work on a method of \ninvestigating how often readers fail to find what they are looking for on the \nshelves, why they fail, and what particular books they fail to find..\n The method used is a slight modification of the earlier one - readers were\nasked to record on a slip provided the details of the book or periodical they\nwere looking for, or subject area they were looking in, their academic status,\nand the date, and then to place the slip in an adjoining box.. Fron analysis of\nthese 'failure' slips it was possible to determine the cause of the reader's\nfailure, the individual book the reader was looking for, and the pattern of\nfailure for different groups of volumes..\n A new development was surveys of samples of readers, carried out during the\nfortnight of peak demand.. Answers to these surveys provided information on the\neffect or failure on a reader's work, what action he took after failing, whether\nhe found adequate substitutes, how many books he found by browsing, and what\nproportion of the books he consulted he borrowed.. Some of these answers could be\nchecked by a direct count of the books used in, and borrowed from, the library..\n The investigations were carried out in three University libraries, each with \nits own characteristic library structure and teaching patterns.. These \ndifferences were reflected in the results obtained..\n It is hoped that the methods of investigation used can be employed by \nlibrarians to investigate the effectiveness of some of the services in their own\nlibraries..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000816"}
{"title": "The Aberrystwyth Index Languages Test", "text": " Reports a laboratory comparision of the effectiveness and efficiency of five \nindex languages in the subject area of library and information science; three \npost-co-ordinate languages, Compressed Term, Uncontrolled, and Hierarchically \nStructured, and two pre-co-ordinate ones, Hierarchically Structures and \nRelational Indexing.. Eight test comparisons were made, and factors studied\nwere index language specificity and linkage, indexing specificity and \nexhaustivity, method of co-ordination, the precision devices of partitioning \nand relational operators, and the provision of context in the search file.. \nFull details of the test and retrieval results are presented..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000817"}
{"title": "Progress in Documentation:", "text": "Research in User Behaviour in University Libraries\n The task of the librarian is to achieve his library's objectives. A\nsimplistic statement, perhaps, but it is rare that a library's objectives\nare defined in any terms other than the broadest - for example, 'to meet\nthe needs of its users'. In fact, the definition of objectives in any\nservice organization is likely to be an iterative process, but the\nexplicit commitment to users' needs (however mystical this concept may\nbe) requires the librarian to examine users' behaviour as a first step\nto determining policy. Since a complete state-of-the-art in user \nbehaviour would fill a substantial book, this survey is restricted to\ndrawing together some threads of research of potential application in\nuniversity libraries. Methodological problems are not discussed here,\nsince these are adequately reviewed elsewhere.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000818"}
{"title": "Document Analysis and Linguistic Theory", "text": " In this presentation I shell be concerned with only one aspect of information\nscience and its relation with linguistics: namely document analysis..\n 'Document analysis' is here understood in following sense: the extraction\nof meaning of documents - in the present case written documents.. We could \ndefine the latter without reference to the usual distinction between 'scientific\nliterature' (the object of document analysis in information science) and other\nkinds of texts - historical records, myths, folklore, sacred writings, etc.)..\nIndeed, one of my theses in that there is little hope of understanding the kind \nof intellectual operations involved in the analysis of scientific documents, or\nquestions pertaining to them other than through a study of textual analysis in \ngeneral, as carried out in many disciplines - history, sociology, cultural\nanthropology, exegesis. etc. (Gardin, 1969).. For the purpose of this \npresentation, however, I shall concentrate on the handling of scientific \ndocuments in the first, narrower sense, and only refer to other categories of \ntexts in so far as they have been submitted to analytical processes of a \ncomparable nature..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000819"}
{"title": "Studies to Compare Retrieval Using Titles with that Using Index Terms.", "text": "SDI from 'Nuclear Science Abstracts'\n A Selective dissemination of Information service based on computer scanning\nof Nuclear Science Abstracts tapes has operated at Harwell since October 1968..\nUsers' interest profiles are constructed using Euratom index terms and NSA \nsubject categories assigned to each item in NSA..\n The performance of the mechanized SDI service has been compared with that of\nthe pre-existing current awareness service which is based on visual scanning of\njournals and reports by information staff.. The visual service was found to be\nproviding an important service of good currency and high precision, about 85%, \nto a limited number of users.. the mechanized service is less selective and of \nlower precision, approximately 50%, but can be expanded more readily..\n In order to compare the effectiveness of Euratom index terms and words on \ntitles for computer SDI matching, an experiment was set up in which sixty \nusers of the mechanized service assessed NSA document notifications which were \ngenerated by matching either index terms and subject categories, or words in \ntitles and subject categories, without being aware of the method of matching.. \nOver 10,000 document assessments, fron six issues of NSA were returned.. The \naverage precision was 45.6% for index terms and 47.3% for title words.. Index \nterms retrieved more documents, in the ratio 1.13:1, but both systems missed \nmany relevant documents retrieved by the other.. Index terms retrieved only 58% \nof the relevant documents selected by titles.. The converse ratio was 51%..\n No significant effects of document types or subject on the relative \neffectiveness of two matching systems were found, but when the results were \nanalyzed by title length it appeared that for titles longer than about 100 \ncharacters title words gave recall equal to that of index terms, though with a \nlower precision..\n A detailed study of samples of items found by visual scanning but missed by \ncomputer matching or found by one computer method but not by the other, was made\nto identify reasons for failure..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000820"}
{"title": "Recent Growth of the Literature of Biochemistry", "text": "and Changes in Ranking of Periodicals\n The ideas and techniques of physics have been systematically applied to the\nstudy of living matter since the 1950s and 1960s.. As a result a rapid and \nlarge increase has taken place in the research activity in this field and \nbiophysics and molecular biology have emerged as important areas of study.. The\nconsequent enormous growth of literature in the field has created great \ndifficulties in tracking out the significant literature of the subject.. To \ncope with this unprecedented growth of literature, a ranking list of periodicals\nin this field has been prepared on the basis of citations in the Annual review \nof biochemistry for 1968, 1969, and 1970.. This list is expected to reflect the \nimpact of literature on the progress of biochemical knowledge more accurately \nthan the list prepared by Henkle in 1938.. The present list brings out the \npredominant position of biochemical research in the total scientific effort \ntoday, and the increasing bias of cognate disciplines towards biochemical\nmethodologies.. A method of analysis of the number of citations in relation to \nsize of the journal concerned and average length of the papers published has been\ndeveloped and applied in this study.. The analysis yields three parameters which \nshould be useful in assessing the actual scientific interest of a journal in \nrelation to the number of paper published, compactness of the information \ncontent, and the scientific value of the paper in relation to compactness of \npresentation..\n The results of the present study have been discussed in relation to \nBradford's Law of Scattering and an extension of the Law has been suggested, \nnamely, that during phases of rapid and vigorous growth of knowledge in a \nscientific disciplines, articles of interest to that discipline appear in \nincreasing numbers in periodicals distant from that field.. It is expected that \nthe present ranking list will enable librarians and other professional workers \nin the field of biochemistry to select journals from the viewpoint of their \nsignificance to the active areas or present day biochemical research..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000821"}
{"title": "A Cost Survey of Mechanized Information Systems", "text": " In the course of the survey covered by this paper, cost data were collected\nby visiting eighteen operational computer-based systems in Europe and the USA,\nusing a structured cost analysis scheme.. The sample included data-base \nproducers and self-contained systems that both create, and provide services \nfrom, a data base..\n From the data obtained, unit costs have been derived for most operations, \nand the factors contributing to variations in the figures are discussed..\n Analysis of the data has shown that costs are affected more significantly by \nfactors such as system management, salary variations, and productivity of staff,\nthan by technical factors such as depth of indexing, data preparation methods, \nor computer programming..\n The total operating budgets of most of the systems have also been analysed to\nshow the overall pattern of cost distribution, including overheads..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000822"}
{"title": "Progress in Documentation:", "text": "Measuring the Goodness of Library Services:\nA General Framework for Considering Quantitative Measures\n The literature of the last few decades reflects a steadily increasing\nconcern with quantitative assessment of libraries and their services. This\nconcern is both the result of, and a reaction to, growing pressures from\nwithin and without the library profession to adopt the tools of the\nmanagement sciences. The pressures are generated by many factors including\nthe success of these tools in other fields and their adoption by the\norganizations supporting libraries, the increasingly explicit character\nof competition for funds at all levels, and the complexity and critical\nnature of decisions on the host of new options being created by technology\nand by formalization of library networks.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000823"}
{"title": "On the Specification of Term Values in Automatic Indexing", "text": " The existing practice in automatic indexing is reviewed, and it is shown\n that the standard theories for the specification of term values (or weights)\nare not adequate.. New techniques are introduced for the assignment of weights\nto index terms, based on the characteristics of individual document \ncollections.. The effectiveness of some of the proposed methods is evaluated..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000824"}
{"title": "Progress in Documentation:", "text": "The Development of Precis: \nA Theoretical and Technical History\n Before starting to trace the development of PRECIS to its\ntheoretical beginnings I shall describe the system briefly in its present\nform. This will serve not only as an introduction for those who are not\nfamiliar with the system, but will also help to explain the relevance of\nsome of the historical sections which follow, in which we shall see how a\nmachine-produced alphabetical indexing system, based on a syntax derived\nfrom a study of natural language, developed out of research into \nprinciples for a new general classification.\n PRECIS, or the PREserved Context Indexing System, differs in some\nrespects from traditional alphabetical indexes and lists of subject headings.\nLike the system developed by Coates for the British Technology Index,\nPRECIS consists essentially of a set of working procedures, not a prescribed\nlist of terms or phrases. The system is firmly based upon the concept of an\nopen-ended vocabulary, which means that terms can be admitted into the\nindex at any time, as soon as they have been encountered in literature.\nOnce a term has been admitted, its relationships with other terms are\nhandled in two different ways, distinguished as the syntactical and the\nsemantic sides of the system.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000825"}
{"title": "User Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems", "text": " While Fairthorne may not have been the first person to recognize it,\ncertainly, for this author, Fairthorne was the first to make explicit the\nfundamental problems of information retrieval systems, namely the clash\nbetween OBNA and ABNO (Only-But-Not-All and All-But-Not-Only).\nAlthough it was not until 1958 that the terms occur in Fairthorne's\nwritings, the concept had been discussed in many meetings of the AGARD\nDocumentation Panel and elsewhere. Originally it was considered that to meet\nthese two requirements, it might be necessary to have two separate systems,\nand the test of the UNITERM system in 1954 was based on the hypothesis\nthat a 'Marshalling' system (e.g. U.D.C.) was fundamentally different from\na 'Retrieval' system (e.g. UNITERM). While the idea persisted in this form\nfor some time, it gradually evolved into the inverse relationship of recall\nand precision, which is to say that while it is possible to obtain, of the\nrelevant documents, All-But-Not-Only, or alternatively to obtain Only-But-\nNot-All, it is not possible to obtain All and Only.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000826"}
{"title": "The Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems", "text": " Methods of testing systems in practice and in theory are critically\nreviewed. Some new theoretical considerations are advanced.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000827"}
{"title": "A Study of Current Awareness Publications in the Neurosciences", "text": " Mailed questionnaires were used to study the use of two printed current\nawareness devices in specialized areas of the neurosciences, one manually\nprepared and the other a product of MEDLARS. The study determined who\nuses each publication, how much, for what purpose, and with what degree of\nsuccess. A major purpose was to discover how valuable the publications are\nto users and what impact they have had on their own research or professional\npractice as well as on their information seeking behaviour. Comparisons\nare made between the results for the two publications. Some conclusions are\ndrawn on information seeking behaviour in the neuroscience community and\non requirements for effective current awareness services in this field.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000828"}
{"title": "Foundation of Evaluation", "text": " The mathematical theory of measurement is used to construct a framework\nfor the evaluation of information retrieval strategies. The model arrived at\nis based on precision and recall. After a detailed examination of the kind of\nconditions the model can be expected to satisfy a plausible measure of\neffectiveness is derived. Finally, a number of other measures are shown to be\nspecial cases of it.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000829"}
{"title": "Progress in Documentation", "text": " This article reviews the state of the art in automatic indexing, that is,\nautomatic techniques for analyzing and characterizing documents, for\nmanipulating their descriptions in searching, and for generating the index\nlanguage used for these purposes. It concentrates on the literature from\n1968 to 1973. Section I defines the topic and its context. Sections II and III\nconsider work in syntax and semantics respectively in detail. Section IV\ncomments on 'indirect' indexing. Section V briefly surveys operating\nmechanized systems. In Section VI major experiments in automatic indexing\nare reviewed, and Section VII attempts an overall conclusion on the current\nstate of automatic indexing techniques.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000830"}
{"title": "The Effect of a Large-Scale Photocopying Service on Journal Sales", "text": " The proposition is examined that large-scale photocopying, such as that \npractised by the British Library Lending Division, affects the sales of \njournals.. There is little evidence of a reduction in journal circulation\nfigures.. In spite of large increases in journal prices (which have risen much\nfaster, in terms of cost per page, than the Retail Price Index), university\nlibraries have, since the NLLST was established, devoted an increasingly high \nproportion of their budgets to journals, though recent financial pressures are \nnow forcing cancellation.. An extensive survey of demand for journals at BLLD \nshows a heavy concentration on a relatively small number of titles, most of them \nwell established journals, widely held by libraries and with large \ncirculations.. The demand for in-print issues of the average journal is small..\nIt is concluded, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, that economic\ndifficulties experienced by journals publishers and the increased demand on the \nBLLD are unrelated, though both owe something to the economic pressures on \nlibraries..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000831"}
{"title": "The Status of 'Practicum' in Graduate Library Schools", "text": " The early schools were dedicated to practical work as a\nnecessary component of every program; this fact is\nheavily documented in numerous commentaries on the time.\nAs this century progressed, however, this pioneer \npreoccupation came under strong criticism and by the \n1930's and in more recent decades, an equally strong\ndocumentation attacks the earlier curricula. Now, in\nthe 1970's amid the many questions raised about the\nrelevance of contemporary library education, there\nappears to be a revival in the use of field experiences.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000832"}
{"title": "A New Linear Notation System Based on Combinations of Carbon and Hydrogen", "text": " A new linear notation system is described which was designed to have a \none-to-one correspondence with the chemical structures represented by the \nnotations.. Each notation is unique and unambiguous, yet simple and compatible \nwith computer input and output characters.. The symbols used in the notation \nsystem denote carbon in terms of bounds and attached hydrogen(s).. The notation \nsystem is illustrated with acyclic, carbocyclic, and heterocyclic examples..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000833"}
{"title": "Costs of Library Catalog Cards Produced by Computer", "text": " Production costs of 79,831 cards are analyzed. Cards were\nproduced by four variants of the Columbia-Harvard-Yale procedure\nemploying an IBM 870 Document Writer and an IBM 1401 computer.\nCosts per card ranged from 8.8 to 9.8 cents for completed cards.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000834"}
{"title": "Compression Word Coding Techniques for Information Retrieval", "text": " A description and comparison is presented of four compression techniques for\nword coding having application to information retrieval.. The emphasis on \ncodes useful in creating directories to large data files.. It is further shown \nhow differing application objectives lead to differing measures of optimality \nfor codes, though compression may be a common quality..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000835"}
{"title": "Entry/Title Compression Code Access to Machine Readable Bibliographic Files", "text": " An entry/title compression code is proposed which will fulfill the following\nrequirements at the Library, University of Saskatchewan: 1) entry/title access\nto MARC tapes; 2) entry/title access to the acquisitions and cataloguing \nin-process file; and 3) entry/title duplicate order edit within the \nacquisitions and cataloguing in-process file.. The study which produced the \ncode and applications for the code are discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000836"}
{"title": "Information Requirements in the Social Sciences:", "text": "Some Preliminary Considerations\n Information requirements in the social sciences are almost entirely \nunexplored.. I shall argue that exploration is desirable; discuss some of the\nreasons why this is so; attempt an analysis of the factors to be investigated; \nand consider some possible methods of investigation.. This article is an early \nby-product of the Investigation into Information Requirements of the Social \nSciences, being carried out by two researchers under my direction,and supported \nby the Office for Scientific and Technical Information.. It is based on the \nReport on the Preliminary Stage, presented to OSTI in April, 1968..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000837"}
{"title": "Prospects for a New General Classification", "text": " In traditional classification schemes, the universe of knowledge is broken down\ninto self-contained disciplines which are further analysed to the point at which\na particular concept is decated.. This leads to problems of:\n (a) currency: keeping the scheme in line with new discoveries..\n (b) hospitality: allowing room for insertion of new subjects..\n (c) cross-classification: a concept may be considered in such a way that it \n fits as logically into one discipline as another..\n Machine retrieval is also hampered by the fact that any individual concept is\nnotated differently, depending on where in the scheme it appears..\n The approach now considered is from an organized universe of concepts, every \nconcept being set down only once in an appropriate vocabulary, where it acquires\nthe notation which identifies it wherever it is used.. It has been found that\nall the concepts present in any compound subject can be handled as though they\nbelong to one of two basic concept types, using either Entitles or Attributes..\nIn classing, these concepts are identified, and notation is selected from\nappropriate schedules.. Subjects are then built according to formal rules, the\nfinal class number incorporating operators which convey the fundamental \nrelationships between concepts..\n Fron this viewpoint, the Rules and Operators of the proposed system can be \nseen as the grammar of an IR language, and the schedules of Entitles and \nAttributes as its vocabulary..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000838"}
{"title": "Information Services in University Libraries", "text": " Development in university libraries in recent years in reader services,\ninstruction in library use and subject specialization go only a small way\nto meeting the problems created by the \"information explosion.\" Reasons\nwhy more dynamic and personal information services for scientists and\nsocial scientists should be developed include the limitations in researchers'\npresent use of libraries and information, the preference of users for informal\nchannels of communication, increasing pressures on the time of university\nteachers, and problems associated with computer retrieval systems. Specialist\nposts of information officer should be created as part of the library services,\nbut with functions distinct from those of the librarian; difficulties that\nmay arise with their location and operation are discussed. The cost of\ninformation services in depth is heavy, but it may be possible to develop\nthem within the existing budget by a reallocation of funds and staff duties.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000839"}
{"title": "The Viability of Branch Libraries", "text": " A simple model of a two-stage hierarchical library system is described.. The\nmodel indicates, in terms of \"user costs\" and library \"viability\", how the \nbranch library should be stocked.. The most significant factor used in the \nanalysis is shown to be the ratio of the two actual user costs, rather than the \nactual costs themselves.. It is shown that the viability level of stock \nprovision of the branch library is determined by this ratio..\n\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000840"}
{"title": "Work Study in Libraries", "text": " A brief review of the principal work study techniques is given.. It is\nsuggested that these techniques are applicable to libraries and librarians and\nwill become increasingly useful as the problems of increased work loads become \nmore severe.. Data concerning standard times and performances would be useful\nfor system design and planning, providing such data is put in its proper \ncontext and particularly if it is used to improve effectiveness as well as\nefficiency..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000841"}
{"title": "Administrative Effectiveness: Times and Costs of Library Operations", "text": " The kinds of information needed by managing librarians to make correct \ndecisions are considered, with emphasis on the value of current data on the \nexceptional situation.. Management information in a library is of greatest use \nin comparison, either internally, or with data from other libraries.. A simple,\nstandard method of recording and costing is urged, so that librarians may \nreadily identify procedures requiring improvement..\n Development of the present costing method is traced from its original state\nas a simple management information system based on exception reporting (i.e.\nreporting the exceptions which occur in any particular survey), through a pilot \nstudy in a large university library, to its full installation in two further \nuniversity libraries.. The method of analyzing the raw data is described, and\nexamples of the tables are given, together with brief background information on \nthe libraries concerned..\n After a note on the limitations of the present costing method and of unit \ncosts in general, unit times and costs are given for numerous operations in \nboth the libraries surveyed, covering both reader and technical services.. There\nis agreement between results of several American studies and those of the \npresent investigation.. For further comparison, the information on times and\nsalaries has been used in conjunction with a standard civil service costing\nprocedure..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000842"}
{"title": "Subject Specialisation in Academic Libraries:", "text": "some preliminary observations on role conflict and organizational stress\n The library of the University of East Anglia has been organized on the basis\nof subject specialization, a system which the author believes to be applicable\nto small and medium-sized universities. A comparison of university structure\nand university library structure shows how the system can bring about\norganizational strains and conflict situations in respect of career patterns\nof senior staff members. The need to recognize academic considerations for\nlibrary promotions is stressed and a case made out for the fullest involvement\nof all senior library staff in policy-making.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000843"}
{"title": "Graduates in Academic Libraries: a survey of past students of the Post-", "text": "Graduate School of Librarianship and Information Studies, Sheffield\nUniversity, 1964/65 - 1970/71\n The Sheffield \"Follow-up\" Study revealed that an overwhelming majority\nof graduates of the Post-Graduate School of Librarianship and Information\nScience are satisfied with their work and working situations. Some of the\nfactors relating to job satisfaction/dissatisfaction are examined together\nwith job mobility and \"drop-out\" rates.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000844"}
{"title": "A Personalized Service to Academic Researchers:", "text": "the Experimental Information Service in the Social\nSciences at the University of Bath\n Between 1969 and 1971 Bath University Library experimented with a personalized\ninformation service to social science researchers at the Universities of Bath\nand Bristol. The principal service offered was a manual current awareness \nservice, based mainly on the scanning of primary and abstracting journals.\nThe service was evaluated by feedback slips returned by clients for each\nreference notified, and by a questionnaire at the end of the experiment. The\nrelevance performance was good, and few references had been seen before; some\nprecision could have been sacrificed to ensure comprehensive recall. The whole\nservice was rated highly by nearly all users and considered to be a high \npriority among the various possible claims on university resources. Those\nwho had the closest contact with the information officers had the best\nscores on most aspects evaluated and rated the service most highly. Some\ngeneral observations on the place and value of an information service in a\nuniversity library are given in conclusion.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000845"}
{"title": "Jesse Shera and the Theory of Bibliography", "text": " Twenty years ago Jesse Shera suggested that there was a need for a more\nanalytical study of bibliography which might help to bridge library and\ninformation services. Little note was taken of this proposal at the time\nbut developments have since occurred and are here briefly reported. It is\nargued that Shera's \"macrobibliography\" or \"social epistemology\" provides\nnot only a subject for theoretical study but that it will also be needed\nfor the rational design of library and information systems and networks of\nthe near future.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000846"}
{"title": "Library Instruction and the Development of the Individual", "text": " The purpose of a university education is defined here as the need to guide\nthe student towards becoming a self-directing individual.. This paper examines\nthis purpose in terms of student needs and the awareness of both academic and\nlibrary staff.. Psychological principles of learning as applied to this purpose\nare considered together with the use of audio-visual methods.. The paper ends\nwith a consideration of some present practical constraints and the possibilities\nfor future action..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000847"}
{"title": "A Book Catalog at Stanford", "text": " Description of a system for the production of a book catalog for an \nundergraduate library, using an IBM 1401 Computer (12K storage, 4 tape drives),\nan expanded print chain on the 1403 Printer, and an 029 Card Punch for input..\nDescribed are the conversion of cataloging information into machine readable \nform, the machine record produced, the computer programs employed, and printing \nof the catalog.. The catalog, issued annually, is in three parts: an author\ntitle catalog, a subject catalog, and a shelf list.. Cumulative supplements are \nissued quarterly.. A central idea in the depiction of entries in the catalog is \nthe abandonment of the main entry concept.. The alphabetical arrangement of \nentries is discussed: sort keys employed, filing order observed, symbols \nemployed to alter this order, and problems encountered.. Cost factors involved \nin the preparation of the catalog are summarized..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000848"}
{"title": "The Development and Administration of automated systems", "text": "in Academic Libraries\n The first part of this paper considers three general approaches to the\ndevelopment of an automation program in a large research library.. The library\nmay decide simply to wait for developments; it may attempt to develop a total \nor integrated system from the start; or it may adopt an evolutionary approach\nleading to an integrated system.. Outside consultants,it is suggested, will \nbecome increasingly important.. The second part of the paper deals with \nimportant elements in any program regardless of the approach.. These include\nthe building of a capability to do automation work, staffing, equipment,\norganizational structure, selection of projects, and costs..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000849"}
{"title": "Bell Laboratories' Library Real-Time Loan System (BELLREL)", "text": " Bell Telephone laboratories has established an on-line circulation system \nlinking two terminals in each of its three largest libraries to a central \ncomputer.. Objectives include improved service through computer pooling of \ncollections, immediate reporting on publication availability or a borrower's \nrecord, automatic reserve follow-up; reduced labor; and increased management \ninformation.. Loans, returns, reserves and many queries are handled in real \ntime.. Input may be keyboard only or combined with card reading, to handle all \npublications with borrower present or absent.. BELLREL is now being used for \nsome 1500 transactions per day..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000850"}
{"title": "Bibliographic Retrieval from Bibliographic Input; The Hypothesis and", "text": "Construction of a Test\n A study of problems associated with bibliographic retrieval using \nunverified input data supplied by requesters.. A code derived from compression\nof title and author information to four, four-character abbreviations each was\nused for retrieval tests on an IBM 1401 computer.. Retrieval accuracy was \n98.67%..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000851"}
{"title": "MARC II and COBOL", "text": " A description of the machine processing of MARC II records using COBOL for\nan application on the Library of Congress System 360/30.. Emphasis is on the \nmanipulation by COBOL of highly complex variable length MARC records containing \nvariable length fields..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000852"}
{"title": "A Fast Algorithm for Automatic Classification", "text": " An economical classification process of order n log n (for n elements),\nwhich does not employ n-square procedures.. Conversion proofs are given and\npossible information retrieval applications are discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000853"}
{"title": "Library Network Analysis and Planning (Lib-Nat)", "text": " A preliminary report on planning for network design undertaken by the\nReference Round Table of the Texas Library Association and the State Advisory\nCouncil to Library services and Construction Act Title III Texas Program..\nNecessary components of a network are discussed, and network transactions of\neighteen Dallas area libraries analyzed using a methodology and quantitative\nmeasures developed for this project..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000854"}
{"title": "The MARC Sort Program", "text": " Describes the characteristics, performance, and potential of SKED (Sort-Key\nEdit), a generalized computer program for creating sort keys for MARC II \nrecords at the user's option.. SKED and a modification of the IBM S/360 DOS\ntape sort/merge program form the basis for a comprehensive program for \narranging catalog by computer..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000855"}
{"title": "Concept of an On-Line Computerized Library Catalog", "text": " A concept for mechanized descriptive cataloging is presented, together\nwith four areas of research programs to be undertaken..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000856"}
{"title": "Teaching with MARC Tapes", "text": " A computer based laboratory for library science students to use in class \nassignments and for independent projects has been developed and used for one \nyear at Syracuse University.. MARC Pilot Project tapes formed the data base.. \nDifferent computer programs and various samples of the MARC file (48,000 \nrecords, approx.) were used for search and retrieval operations.. Data bases,\nprograms, and seven different class assignments are described and evaluated for \ntheir impact on library education in general and individual students and faculty\nin particular..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000857"}
{"title": "The RECON Pilot Project: A Progress Report", "text": " A synthesis of the progress report submitted by the Library of Congress to \nthe Council on Library Resources under an Officer's Grant to initiate the RECON\nPilot Project that gives an overview of the project and the progress made from\nAugust-November 1969 in the following areas: training, selection of material to \nbe converted, investigation of input devices, and format recognition..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000858"}
{"title": "Comparisons of LC Proofslip and MARC Tape Arrival Dates at the University", "text": "of Chicago Library\n A comparison of arrival dates of 5020 LC proofslips and corresponding MARC\nmagnetic tape records that four-fifths of the MARC records were received the\nsame week as, or earlier than, the proofslips..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000859"}
{"title": "Standardized Costs for Automated Library Systems", "text": " Costs of the automated library systems as currently given in published \nreports tend to be misleading and confusing.. It is necessary to have a clear \nunderstanding of how they were derived before any comparisons can be made..\nClearly defined costs in terms of time units are more meaningful than straight \ndollar costs and can be used as one means of comparison among various system \ndesigns and as guidelines for the design of new systems..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000860"}
{"title": "The RECON Pilot Project: A Progress Report November 1969 - April 1970", "text": " A synthesis of the second progress report submitted by the Library of \nCongress to the Council on Library Resources under a grant for the RECON Pilot \nProject.. An overview of the progress made from November 1969 to April 1970 in \nthe following areas: production,Official Catalog comparison,format recognition,\nresearch titles, microfilming, investigation of input devices.. In addition, the\nstatus of the tasks assigned to the RECON Woking Task Force are briefly \ndescribed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000861"}
{"title": "An Algorithm for Variable-Length Proper-Name Compression", "text": " Viable on-line search systems require reasonable capabilities to\nautomatically detect (and hopefully correct) variations between request\nformat and stored format.. An important requirement is the solution of the\nproblem of matching proper names, not only because both input specifications\nand storage specifications are subject ot error, but also because various \ntransliteration schemes exist and can provide variant proper name forms in \nthe same data base.. This paper reviews several proper name matching schemes\nand provides an updated version of these schemes which tests out nicely on\nthe proper name equivalence classes of a suburban telephone book.. An\nappendix lists the corpus of names used for algorithm test.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000862"}
{"title": "RECON Pilot Project: A Progress Report, April-September 1970", "text": " A synopsis of the third progress report on the RECON Pilot Project\nsubmitted by the Library of Congress to the Council on Library Resources..\nAn overview is given of the progress made from April through September 1970\nin the following areas: RECON production, format recognition, research\ntitles, microfilming, and investigation of input devices. In addition, the\nstatus of the tasks assigned to the RECON Working Task Force are briefly\ndescribed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000863"}
{"title": "Monocle", "text": " A new processing format, based on MARC II and some of BNB's elaborations of\nMARC II.. It further enlarges MARC II to encompass French cataloging practices\nand filing arrangements in French catalogs..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000864"}
{"title": "Scope: A Cost Analysis of an Automated Serials Record System", "text": " A computerized serials record and control system developed in 1968/69 for the\nTechnical Information Department of Pfizer Inc. is described and subjected to a \ncost analysis.. This cost analysis is conducted in the context of an investment\ndecision, using the concept of net present value, a method not previously used \nin library literature.. The cost analysis reveals a positive net present value\nand a system life break-even requirement of seven years at a 10% cost of \ncapital.. This demonstrates that such an automated system can be economically\njustifiable in a library of relatively modest size (approx. 1,100 serial and\nperiodical titles).. It may be that the break-even point in terms of collection\nsize required for successful automation of serial records is smaller than has \nbeen assumed to date..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000865"}
{"title": "A MARC II - Based Program for Retrieval and Dissemination", "text": " Subscriptions to the Library of Congress' MARC tapes number approximately \nsixty.. The use to which the weekly tapes have been put have been minimal in the\narea of Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) and current awareness.. \nThis paper reviews work that has been performed on batched retrieval/\ndissemination and provides a description of a highly flexible cooperative SDI \nsystem developed by the Library, University of Saskatchewan, and the National \nScience Library.. The system will permit searching over all subject areas \nrepresented by the English language monographic literature on MARC.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000866"}
{"title": "An Algorithm for Compaction of Alphanumeric Data", "text": " Description of a technique for compressing data to be placed in computer\nauxiliary storage.. The technique operates on the principle of taking two\nalphabetic characters frequently used in combination and replacing them with\none unused special character code.. Such one-for-two replacement has enabled\nthe ILO to achieve a rate of compression of 43.5% on a data base of \napproximately 40,000 bibliographic records..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000867"}
{"title": "Title-Only Entries Retrieved by Use of Truncated Search Keys", "text": " An experiment testing utility of truncated search keys as inquiry terms in\nan on-line system was performed on a file of 16,792 title-only bibliographic\nentries.. Use of a 3,3 key yields eight or fewer entries 99.0% of the time..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000868"}
{"title": "A Truncated Search Key Title Index", "text": " An experiment showing that 3, 1, 1, 1 search keys derived from titles are \nsufficiently specific to be an efficient computerized, interactive index to a \nfile of 135,938 MARC II records..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000869"}
{"title": "Selective Dissemination of MARC: A User Evaluation", "text": " After outlining the terms of reference of an investigation of user reaction\nto the selective dissemination of MARC records, a summary of the types of users\nis given.. User response is analyzed and interpreted in the light of recent \ndevelopments at the Library of Congress.. Implications for the future of SDI of \nMARC in a university setting conclude the paper..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000870"}
{"title": "Analysis of Search Key Retrieval on a Large Bibliographic File", "text": " Two research keys (4,5 and 3,3) are analyzed using a probability formula on\na bibliographic file of 857,725 records.. Assuming random requests by record \npermits the creation of a predictive model which more closely approximates \nthe actual behavior of a search and retrieval system as determined by a usage \nsurvey..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000871"}
{"title": "The Shared Cataloging System of the Ohio College Library Center", "text": " Development and implementation of an off-line catalog card production system \nand on-line shared cataloging system are described.. In off-line production, \naverage cost per card for 529,893 catalog cards in finished form and \nalphabetized for filing was 6.57c.. An account is given of system design and\nequipment selection for the on-line system.. File organization and programs are\ndescribed, and the on-line cataloging system is discussed.. The system is easy\nto use, efficient, reliable, and cost beneficial..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000872"}
{"title": "Content Designators for Machine-Readable Records: A Working Paper", "text": " Under the auspices of the International Federation of Library Association's\nCommittees on Cataloging and Mechanization, an International Working Group on\nContent Designators was formed to attempt to resolve the differences in the \ncontent designators assigned by national agencies to their machine-readable \nbibliographic records..\n All working papers emanating from the IFLA Working Group will be submitted\nto the International Standards Organization Technical Committee 46, Subcommittee \n4, Working Group on Content Designators..\n Prior to any attempt to standardize the content designators for the \ninternational exchange of bibliographic data in machine-readable form, it is \nnecessary to agree on certain basic points from which all future work will be \nderived.. This first working paper is a statement of: 1) the obstacles that \npresently exist which prevent the effective international interchange of\nbibliographic data in machine-readable form; 2) the score of concern for the\nIFLA Working Group; and 3) the definition of terms included in the broader term\n\"content designators\"..\n If an international standard format can be derived, it would greatly \nfacilitate the use in this country of machine-readable bibliographic records\nissued by other national agencies.. It should also contribute significantly to \nthe expansion of MARC to other languages by the Library of Congress..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000873"}
{"title": "The New York Public Library Automated Book Catalog Subsystem", "text": " A comprehensive automated bibliographic control system has been developed by\nthe New York Public Library.. This system is unique in its use of an automated \nauthority system and highly sophisticated machine filing algorithms.. The \nprimary aim was the rigorous control of established forms and their \ncross-reference structure.. The original impetus for creation of the system,\nand its most highly visible product, is a photocomposed book catalog.. The \nbook catalog subsystem supplies automatic punctuation of condensed entries and\ncontains the ability to produce cumulation/supplement book catalogs in \ninstallments without loss of control of the cross referencing structure..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000874"}
{"title": "File Structure for an On-Line Catalog of One Million Titles", "text": " A description is given of the file organization and design of an on-line\ncatalog suitable for automation of a library of one million books.. A method of\nvirtual hash addressing allows rapid search of the indexes to the catalog \nfile.. Storage of textual material in a compressed form allows considerable\nreduction in storage costs..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000875"}
{"title": "Catalog Records retrieved by Pesonal Author Using Derived Search Keys", "text": " This investigation shows that search keys derived from personal author\nnames possess a sufficient degree of distinctness to be employed in an \nefficient computerized interactive index to a file MARC II catalog records \nhaving 167,745 personal author entries..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000876"}
{"title": "Comparison of MARC Serials, NSDP, and ISBD-S", "text": " Briefly characterizes and compares the specifications for serial records of\nthe MAR Serials Distribution Service, the National Serials Data Program, and the\nInternational Standard Bibliographic Description for Serials.. Both data \ncontent and, where applicable, machine format are analyzed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000877"}
{"title": "The Ad Hoc Discussion Group on Serials Data Bases: Its History, Current", "text": "Position, and Future\nThe Ad Hoc Discussion Group on Serials Data Bases was formed as a\nresult of an informal meeting held during the American Library Association's\nConference in Las Vegas on June 26, 1973. Those in attendance were\nprimarily interested in the generation and maintenance of machine-readable\nunion files of serials. (This author's involvement in that meeting and\nthe later activities of the group stems from a contract between the\nNational Library of Canada and York University concerning an investigation\nof the problems associated with machine-readable serials files.)\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000878"}
{"title": "Providing Bibliograhic Services From Machine-Radable Data Bases -", "text": "The Library's Role\n Libraries will play a key role in providing access to data bases, but not by\nsubscribing to tape services and establishing local processing centers as is\ncommonly assumed.. High costs and the nature of the demand will make this \napproach unfeasible.. It is more likely that the library's reference staff will\ndevelop the capability of serving as a broker between the local campus user and \nthe various regional or specialized retail distribution centers which exist or \nwill be established..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000879"}
{"title": "BIBCON - A General Purpose Software System for MARC-Based Book Catalog", "text": "Production\n The BIBCON file management system, designed for use on IBM 360 system \nequipment, performs two basic functions: (1) it creates MARC structured, \nbibliographic records from untagged input data; (2) from these records it \nproduces page image output for book catalogs.. The system accepts data from\nseveral different input devices and can produce a variety of output formats by \nline printer, photocomposition, or computer output microform (COM)..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000880"}
{"title": "Impact of National Developments on Library Technical Services and Public", "text": "Services\n Several recently established national programs are evaluated from the point\nof view of the practicing librarian.. It is essential that we be aware of the \nconsequences of adopting these programs, and that planners and librarians\ncommunicate adequately..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000881"}
{"title": "CONSER: An Update", "text": " The purposes of this paper are to explain what the CONSER Project is, to\nanswer some of the questions that have been raised concerning it, and to make\nsome general comments on the problems associated with this type of project..\nThis paper will not attempt to review in detail the history and operational\nfacets of the project since these are available elsewhere..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000882"}
{"title": "MEDLARS II: A Third Generation Bibliographic Production System", "text": " MEDLARS II, the replacement for the MEDLARS system used by the National \nLibrary of Medicine over the past decade, incorporates a number of major \nadvances in the state of the art for massive information retrieval systems: \non-line access to a number of very large bibliographic files, an efficient \nthroughput figure, validation and mapping of inputs against authority files,\nand modularity and parametric programming to provide the flexibility needed to\nsupport future system enhancements.. Major MEDLARS II subsystems described are:\n(1) specification maintenance, (2) input and release, (3) file maintenance, \n(4) retrieval, (5) publication production, and (6) management reporting.. The \nMEDLARS II retrieval subsystem (ELHILL) incorporated the results of the \nexperimental AIM-TWX service..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000883"}
{"title": "The Washington Library Network's Computerized Bibliographic System", "text": " The Washington Library Network is developing a computer-assisted \nbibliographic system to speed and expand library operations throughout the \nstate.. Features include MARC format with all content designators, subject and \nname authority files, sorting by LC rules, and stringent quality control.. \nFeature modules will add acquisition/accounting and circulation support.. \nOn-line capabilities are currently under development..\n This paper describes the present batch-mode cataloging support subsystem, its\nhistory, operation, impacts, problems, costs.. Present Developmental efforts \ntoward on-line integrated acquisitions and cataloging support are indicated..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000884"}
{"title": "State of the Nation in Networking", "text": " There is little so ephemeral as a \"Current review\" in an area so rapidly\nchanging as library networking. Yet this very characteristic of rapid change\nmakes valid the effort of providing an overview at a point in time.\n The first task, then, is network definition and description, necessary\nbecause a large number of library activities have been described as \"networks\"\nand only a limited number are covered here. The chapter on \"Library and\nInformation Networks\" in volume seven of the Annual Review of Information\nScience and Technology provides a \"normative list\" of \"essential \ncharacteristics\":\n 1. A network's function is to marshal resources ... to accomplish results\n beyond the ability of any one of its members.\n 2. A network has developed an organizational design and structure that\n allows it to establish an identifiable domain....\n 3. It has a base in communications technology.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000885"}
{"title": "Automated Alternatives to Card Catalogs: The Current State of Planning and", "text": "Implementation\n The results of a study carried out under the auspices of the Council on \nLibrary Resources are described.. The stated goal of this study was to \ndetermine and analyze the current state of planning and implementation for \ncomputer-generated replacements for the card catalog (book catalog, microimage\ncatalog, on-line catalog) for large collections (250,000 titles or more) and\nselected smaller libraries (less than 250,000 titles) that had actually\nimplemented an alternative form of catalog..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000886"}
{"title": "COM Catalog Based on OCLC Records", "text": " The production of a COM catalog using OCLC records on magnetic tape is \noutlined.. Standards developed within the library community as represented in \nthe MARK format have made this catalog possible.. A brief overview of the \nprocedures involved and of the catalog is presented..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000887"}
{"title": "Serials Data Control: Current Problems and Prospects", "text": " This paper will describe three areas of current serials activity which are\nof importance to conventional libraries. I would like to do this in general\nterms, eschewing details which only seem to serve to confuse. The three\nareas are:\n l. Standards. What they are, what impact they can have, what influence\n they currently are having on serials processing.\n 2. Standards Setting Projects. I will attempt to describe and/or define\n the almost incestuous intricacies of the National Serials Data Program\n (NSDP), the International Serials Data System (ISDS), and CONSER\n (CONversion of SERials).\n 3. Code Revision Activities. I will outline the influence that current\n standards and projects are having on code revision activities.\n My comments are to be considered within the context of conventional\nlibraries, primarily one wherein card catalogs still exist and manual processes\nare the rule.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000888"}
{"title": "A Comprehensive Study Based on Physics Abstracts", "text": " The Documentation Research Project of the American Institute has been\nengaged for some years in an effort to improve the various systems available\nfor the publication and dissemination of physics literature. Numerous\naspects of the problem have been studied and much information has been\nobtained from the projects listed in the bibliography which appears on\nthe inside cover of this Report. Studies which resulted in the determination\nof the indexing requirements of research physicists, new methods for the\ncontent analysis and indexing of physics research papers, and better\nproduction methods for journal indexes have formed the backbone of the work\nwhich has as its ultimate objective the creation of a reference retrieval system \nwhich is adequate for the physicists who will use it.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000889"}
{"title": "Pattern Recognition and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies..", "text": "Computer-Assisted Prediction of Antitumor Activity in Structurally Diverse\nDrugs in an Experimental Mouse Brain Tumor System\n This paper reports the application of pattern recognition and substructural \nanalysis to the problem of predicting the antineoplastic activity of 24 test \ncompounds in an experimental mouse brain tumor system based on 138 structurally\ndiverse compounds tested in this tumor system.. The molecules were represented \nby three types of substructural fragments, the augmented atom, the heteropath, \nand the ring fragments.. Of the two pattern recognition methods used to predict\nthe activity of the test compounds the nearest neighbor method predicted 83%\ncorrectly while the learning machine method predicted 92% correctly.. The test\nstructures and the important substructural fragments used in this study are \ngiven and the implications of these results are discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000890"}
{"title": "The Status and Needs of Medical School Libraries in the United States", "text": " This paper, prepared at the request of the National Library of Medicine, is\nthe result of a study of the status and needs of the libraries of 86 medical\nschools and schools of basic medical sciences which are institutional members\nof the Association of American Medical Libraries and are approved by the \nAmerican Medical Association. It is intended to summarize the impact of \nchanging experiments in medical research, education and practice on the \ncollections, serving housing, and staffs of medical school libraries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000891"}
{"title": "The Georgia Tech Library's Microfiche Catalog", "text": " The Price Gilbert Memorial Library of the Georgia Institute of Technology has \nreproduced its entire card catalog on microfiche, and is updating this basic \nfile with a bimonthly cumulated supplement produced by the Computer Output\nMicrofiche (COM) process.. The total catalog has been placed, with in \nappropriate microfiche reader, in every academic and research department on\ncampus - thereby taking the chief bibliographic record of the library to the \nfaculty user.. Remote bibliographic access is complemented by a telephone \nrequest and delivery service which provides delivery of requested books or\nphotocopies from the library to the faculty member..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000892"}
{"title": "The Frequency Distribution of Scientific Productivity.", "text": " It would be of interest to determine, if possible, the part which men\nof different calibre contribute to the progress of science.\n Considering first simple volume of production, a count was made of\nthe number of names, in the decennial index of Chemical Abstracts \n1907-1916, against which appeared 1, 2, 3 . . . . entries. Names\nof firms (e.g. Aktiengesellschaft, etc.) were omitted from reckoning,\nsince they represent the output, not of a single individual, but of an\nunknown number of persons. The letters A and B of the alphabet\nonly were covered. These were treated both separately and in the\naggregate, with the results shown in the table and in figures 1 and 2\nbelow.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000893"}
{"title": "An Experiment in Index Term Frequency", "text": " This paper presents an experimental study of index-term frequency as a factor\nin retrieval performance.. The frequency of an index term, or its \"breadth\" as\nit is called here, is the number of postings made to the term in a given \ncollection.. The question is asked: Of index terms assigned to documents, which\nfunction most effectively in retrieval, the most term or popular terms, or those\nwhich are used relatively infrequently? The experiment is a retrieval experiment\nand uses the Cranfield-Salton data.. Breadth of indexing is varied by \nnonrandomly deleting terms from documents.. Retrieval output is evaluated using \nthe Expected Search Length measure of retrieval effectiveness as well as the \nusual precision and recall.. The Wilcoxen Test is used to determine the \nstatistical significance of the different indexings.. The results show that the \n\"optimal\" breadth of indexing is a variable, depending on user needs: if a few\ndocuments are wanted or high precision is desired, then narrow terms are more\neffective than broad ones; if, on the other hand, all or most relevant documents\nare wanted, then broad terms are better.. An argument, however, can be made for \nthe quality of narrow terms, since when these terms are deleted precision never \nimproves, whereas deleting broad terms always results in a higher precision.. A\ncorollary experiment is carried out to compare two indexings of the same\naverage breadth where one indexing consists of\nsemantically appropriate terms - terms taken from the document title - and the\nother consists of merely \"reasonable\" index terms.. The result suggest that \ntitle-term indexing is qualifiedly superior..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000894"}
{"title": "Design Equations for Retrieval System Based on the Swets Model", "text": " Swets's theory of information retrieval allows the threads of document\nweighting formulae, probabilistic measures of effectiveness, and management \ntheory to be woven into a coherent pattern.. Benefits of the theory are the\nbeginnings of a quantitative description of retrieval languages, a clear \ndistinction between retrieval 'systems' and 'language', a recognition that \nretrieval performance can be tailored to suit individual needs in a systematic \nway, and confirmation that question Generality is a pivotal feature of the \nretrieval process.. The hypotheses involved are still in need of rigorous \nexperimental testing.. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000895"}
{"title": "Job Dimensions and Educational Needs in Librarianship", "text": " This study was undertaken to meet more fully the demands for\nimproved and expanded training of library personnel, especially at the\nmiddle and upper levels, occasioned by the rapidly changing roles and\nfunctions of libraries as they try to adapt to the vast social, economic,\nand technological changes currently in progress. The rise to a higher\nlevel of required skills and competencies - often new - has brought about\nan urgent need for improved training beyond the first professional\ndegree at the post-master's level. The basic purpose of this research is\ncurriculum development at the post-master's level that will equip the\nmiddle- and upper-level personnel in libraries for the changes confronting\nthem. Although it would be possible to restructure the master's program\nand add the courses that this study shows a need for, that alternative\nhas not been pursued for two reasons: a fairly stable master's curriculum\nis widely accepted and institutionalized and, more important, the new\ncourses are designed for a different group of students - experienced\nlibrarians.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000896"}
{"title": "Shawnee Mission's On-Line Cataloging System", "text": " An on_line cataloging pilot project for two elementary school is discussed..\nThe system components are 2740 terminals, upper-lower-case input, IBM's FASTER\ngeneralized software package, and usual cards/labels output.. Reasons for \nchoosing FASTER, software and hardware features, operating procedures, system\nperformance and costs are detailed. Future expansion to cataloging 100,000 \nannual K-12 acquisitions, on-line circulation, retrospective conversion, and \nunion book catalogs is set forth..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000897"}
{"title": "Classification Systems", "text": " The field of documentation originated from the desire of librarians\nto arrange the document collection by subject areas. Mono-Dicraredical\nClassification systems were developed for this purpose which made it\npossible in each case to find a single clearly defined category for each\nbibliographic item. The development of modern science has brought about\ntwo principal changes in the situation:\n First it is no longer enough to simply provide for the retrieval\nof complete bibliographic items as a unit, but rather one tends more and\nmore to request informational details that may be contained in the book.\nSecond, modern knowledge has become too complex and interdependent that it is \nno longer possible to provide a single well-defined category for the books or\njournal articles.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000898"}
{"title": "Technical Scientific Information and the Efficient Application of Science", "text": "The intense development of science and its immediate application in production\nis one of the characteristic feelings of our time. The growth of the economy \nnow depends more and more on the speed of scientific research.\nOne of the main tasks of the five-year plan (1971-1975) is to develop in every\npossible way basic and applied scientific research and to rapidly introduce their\nresults into the national economy.\nThe Directives of the 24th Congress of the CPSU emphasize the need to improve\nscientific-technical information, and to guarantee the systematic transfer to\ninterested fields and institutions of information on scientific achievements\nand progressive experimentation in the areas of technology, the organization of\nproduction, and production management.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000899"}
{"title": "The Language Barrier; a study in depth of the place of foreign language", "text": "materials in the research activity of the academic community\nThis volume presents the results of a detailed study of the\nplace of foreign language materials in University research.\nIn the course of our investigation, we accumulated a large\namount of data on the use of published information and of\nlibrary services by research workers and academic staff. Our\nanalyses have necessarily been limited by the specific aims of\nthe project, but we have been constantly aware that there are\nmany other possible analyses of the same material. For this\nreason we have endeavoured to include in the Appendix as much\nof this \"raw\" data as possible and to provide in the text itself,\nwhen presenting our own analyses, as much detail as possible of\nthe methodology and other background information necessary for\nany full evaluation.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000900"}
{"title": "Language and Information Selected Essays on their Theory and Application", "text": " At one time or another many authors must have faced the dilemma of\nwhether to gather their articles published on a certain topic and republish\nthem as a collection of essays or whether to rework them into an entirely\nnew book. I decided in favor of the first course with regard to the articles\nI had written during the last fifteen years on language and information,\nin particular on the more technical and applied aspects, leaving for some\nfuture occasion my papers on the philosophy of language.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000901"}
{"title": "Language and Mind", "text": " The three chapters of this book are somewhat elaborated versions of\nthree lectures, the Beckman lectures, that I delivered at the University\nof California, at Berkeley, in January 1967. The first is an attempt to\nevaluate past contributions to the study of mind that have been been based\non research and speculation regarding the nature of language. The second is\ndevoted to contemporary developments in linguistics that have a bearing on\nthe study of the mind. The third is a highly speculative discussion of\ndirections that the study of language and mind might take in coming years.\nThe three lectures, then, are concerned with the past, the present, and\nthe future.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000902"}
{"title": "Development of the County Law Library", "text": " Do you know that there are 3,071 counties and parishes and 59 county \nequivalents in the United States, making a total of 3,130? \n Do you know that only 39 states have statutory provisions for county law \nlibraries?\n Do you know that seven states have no listing for county law libraries in \nthe American Association of Law Libraries 1968 Directory of Law Libraries?\n Do you know that Los Angeles County, California, not only has the largest \ncounty law library collection in the United States, but it also has seven \nbranch law libraries?\n These four questions readily point out the simple fact that the growth and \ndevelopment of county law libraries in the United States has been uneven, \nwithout pattern or standards, not only on a State-to-State basis, but on a \ncounty- to-county basis within a particular state. A survey of the 39 state \nstatutes relating to county law libraries reveals that there are no two states \nthat have exactly the same method for the establishment, administration, \nfinancial support, or maintenance of a county law library.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000903"}
{"title": "No Special Rules for Entry of Serials", "text": " One of the objectives of a library catalog is to enable one to determine\nwhat books or publications by an author are in the library.. Establishment\nof special rules of entry for serial publications which preclude attribution of\nauthorship defeats this objective.. The present rule 6 of the Anglo_American\nCataloging Rules are the Paris Principles are criticized in this regard.. In the\ncourse of this criticism, it is shown that the presence of a generic title, the\npresence of the name of a corporate body within the serial publication are not\nvalid criteria for determining authorship of a serial publication.. Furthermore, \nusing the form of publication produces unpredictable entries for serials..\nTherefore, it is proposed that special rules for entry of serials be abolished,\nthat a serial be treated like any other work of corporate or personal authorship,\nincluding compilations and works produced under editorial direction.. This will\nhave the added benefit of allowing consistent treatment of instances of \ncorporate and personal authorship..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000904"}
{"title": "Periodicals for the Small Bio-Medical and Clinical Library", "text": " Since the advent of periodical literature in the seventeenth\ncentury well over ten thousand journals have been published in\nthe field of bio-medicine. Many of these have ceased publication;\nothers are only of local interest. Still, approximately two \nthousand desirable periodicals in this field are being currently\nreleased. As research and discovery are recorded in the journal\nliterature, the greatest asset of a scientific library is its\nsubscription list and periodical holdings. It therefore becomes\na major responsibility of such libraries to make this wealth of\nexperimental data available to their readers. When funds are\nlimited, the selection of a periodical collection that will best\nserve the most urgent needs of the reader becomes of paramount\nimportance. A plan of highly selective purchasing must be adopted\nto prevent the improper use of funds. Actual needs of the library\nmust be at hand to carry out such a plan.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000905"}
{"title": "Libraries and Cultural Change", "text": " This work is a contribution to the literature of librarianship and\nsome parts of it may interest a wider audience. The chapters consist\nof a series of introductory explorations into several related fields.\nSome of these areas are usually included in curricula for library\nstudies programmes, under a title such as \"The library and the\ncommunity\" or \"The social background to libraries.\"\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000906"}
{"title": "Libraries of the Future", "text": " This report of research on concepts and problems of\n\"Libraries of the Future\" records the result of a two-year\ninquiry into the applicability of some of the newer\ntechniques for handling information to what goes at present\nby the name of library work - i.e, the operations connected\nwith assembling information in recorded form and of\norganizing and making it available for use.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000907"}
{"title": "Libraries at Large", "text": " This book, Libraries at Large, is itself one tangible outcome of Advisory \nCommission activity, representing the combined efforts of Duke University,\nthe R.R. Bowker Company, members of the Commission and its several study\ngroups, and many other diverse individuals within and without the library\nworld. The resultant theme is the same one that characterized the work of\nour Commission from the beginning - namely, a concern that every individual\nin our society be provided with library and informational services adequate\nto his current and emerging needs. Confronting this goal requires a\nrecognition of inevitable change, and we have questioned status quo, \nrecognizing at the same time the differing pace and character requisite\nfor the implementation of designs in the adaptability to change. The\nnational interest demands simultaneous sympathy with people in pockets of\nilliteracy and people in the vanguards of intellectual achievement.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000908"}
{"title": "Libraries and Librarianship in the West: A Brief History", "text": " This book was written in an attempt to fill a gap. If one ignored the major\nhistorical resources in other languages (which few United States students read),\nnotably the Handbuch der Bibliothekswissenschaft, edited by Fritz Milkau and\nothers (2d ed., Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1952-1957; Registerband, 1965), it was\nplain that the goodly company of works available did not meet all fundamental\nneeds. The most nearly comprehensive treatment was Elmer C. Johnson's A\nHistory of Libraries in the Western World (Scarecrow, 1965), which remains in\nits second edition (Scarecrow, 1970) solid and attractive reading but continues\nas announced to cover only libraries. Its attention to librarianship is very\nlimited; numerous important theorists are not even mentioned. Furthermore,\nthe predominant organization by type of library hampers the analysis of\ncrosscurrents between libraries and life and thought, particularly the\ndevelopment of the image of the library and librarian. The aim here has been\nto tie it all together.\n In the present offering, \"the West\" is used conventionally: European \ncivilization, with its Near Eastern ancestors and its Western Hemisphere\nprogeny. The limitation is practical. To try to \"cover\" even the West may\nprove to be too much for one person; to go beyond would be rash. Yet an\nunderstanding of those lands \"beyond\" would be most valuable to us all.\nLet us hope that someone will try to provide it. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000909"}
{"title": "Libraries and Neighborhood Information Centers", "text": " It has been suggested by various librarians concerned with inner-city\nservice that the library serve as an informational and interpersonal link\nbetween community residents and social agencies. The major question is\nwhether it is necessary to add another agency to the already overburdened\nsocial service bureaucracy. The rationale for envisioning the library in\nthis role is twofold: (1) the library has achieved a reputation for\nimpartiality because it provides information on all sides of an issue and\nis not committed to any particular action program, community service or\nclientele; and (2) librarians are specifically trained to locate, organize,\nupdate and disseminate information.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000910"}
{"title": "Libraries and the Organization of Knowledge", "text": " From time to time, in the course of its historical development, a\nprofessional activity enters a new stage. This usually takes place as the\nculmination of a series of modifications to the practice of the art, arising\nout of changes in the social situation in which the profession operates.\nSkilled workers, sensitive to changing needs, alter or refine their practice\nso that it develops in tune with the progress of society itself. Descriptive\naccounts of new or improved methods appear in the literature; and, from\ntime to time, a leading thinker makes a new synthesis by combining these\nexplanations into a system, or theory, which gives a rational account\nof what is going on, and so prepares the way forward.\n This is what Dean Jesse H. Shera has set out to do in this collection of\nhis essays and addresses.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000911"}
{"title": "Libraries in Political Science", "text": " This study undertakes to document the process and the thinking\nthat led Leyh to his controversial professional-political activities\nand his widely criticized writings in his later years. Every effort\nhas been made to present the documentary material and to analyze\nLeyh's reactions to political and psychological pressures without\nfavoring any particular position. Neither a justification nor a\ncritique of Leyh's actions is intended.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000912"}
{"title": "On the construction and care of white elephants", "text": " Although catalogue codes and standards have received much attention, there \nhas been very little fundamental questioning of cataloguing principles and \npractice. Basic questions in need of investigation include: whether individual \nlibraries need catalogues of their own stock; how far printed bibliographies\ncould serve as a substitute; the functions catalogues are serving at present, \nand the actual demands placed on them; the nature of users and non-users, and \nthe possible conflicts between the catalogue needs of librarians and \nnon-librarians; the psychological factors of approachability and usability; \nwhether standardization should over-rule local needs; whether catalogues\nshould be designed for use by readers at all; the functions of printed national \ncatalogues; the implications of increased co-operation and of the changing \nfunctions of libraries; what a catalogue entry should contain and how it\nshould be arranged; and the possible administrative uses of catalogue data. \nMechanization has made these questions of great urgency.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000913"}
{"title": "Library and information science abstracts", "text": "A new service for librarians and documentalists\n A survey of the events leading to the decision to replace Library Science \nAbstracts by a new service. Indicates the arrangement of LISA and how this \nwill differ from LSA. Gives a brief account of the working routines for the \nnew service.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000914"}
{"title": "Library research at the University of Lancaster", "text": " Reference has been made to work done at the University of Lancaster in recent\nissues of the RECORD: this article summarizes past, present and possible\nfuture activities in this field.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000915"}
{"title": "Library Automation: Experience, Methodology, and Technology of the Library", "text": "as an Information System\n The goal of this book, Library Automation: Experience, Methodology,\nand Technology of the Library as an Information System, is to\nprovide a perspective of the library functions that have been or\nmight be mechanized or automated, an outline of the methodology\nof the systems approach, an overview of the technology available to\nthe library, and a projection of the prospects for library automation.\n There is a concern in every library for the proper handling and\ncontrol of a veritable flood of material and for the prompt and\nconvenient fulfillment of service demands. That concern is matched by\nexcitement about the possibilities for effective use of the computers\nand communications network in many library functions. Knowledge,\nthe library's stock-in-trade, is being generated at an unprecedented\nrate and sought after with unprecedented intensity. Technology, the\ndriving force behind the library's problems and one hope for future\nsolution, is being advanced to unprecedented levels.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000916"}
{"title": "Library Automation Systems", "text": " This book is intended as a reasonably comprehensive discussion\nof library automation systems for the librarian without previous\nknowledge or experience in the field, and for the intelligent layman.\nLibrary automation systems, in the context of this work, are \ncombinations of electronic data processing machines and appropriate\nprograms and operating procedures, organized to work together in\ncarrying out, with a minimum of human intervention, some well-defined\nlibrary process. It is a field that many thoughtful observers feel\nhas reached a certain maturity, and so deserves to have its portrait\nmade.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000917"}
{"title": "Library of Congress", "text": " The book was built on interviews with the Library's middle\nmanagers, on discussions with working specialists in the\nvarious divisions, on conversations with and questionnaires\nsent to out-of-Library users, and from my own observations\nthrough almost twenty-five years in the Library's Congressional\nResearch Service. After the text was completed, it was read\nby appropriate people in each department for factual content\nand ultimately by the staff in the Librarian's Office for\ntheir comment. At no point was there pressure to change text\nor conclusions - although there were plenty of good-natured\nsuggestions on details, and nearly everyone urged a fuller\ndescription of his own particular specialty!\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000918"}
{"title": "ISBD(S) and Title Main Entry for Serials", "text": " The International Meeting of Cataloguing Experts,\nconvened in Copenhagen in 1969 under the auspices\nof the IFLA Committee on Uniform Cataloguing\nRules (later Committee on Cataloguing), set in\nmotion the first major development in continuation\nof the success achieved by the Paris International\nConference on Cataloguing Principles (1961) in the\nmatter of the principles and general rules for entry\nand heading. Taking under consideration the study of\n\"Bibliographical Data in National Bibliography Entries\"\nprepared by Michael Gorman, the experts of\nthe Copenhagen meeting set up a working group, with\nJack Wells as chairman, charged with drafting an\ninternational standard bibliographic description for\nmonographic publications. There was common\nagreement that the objective was the development of\nspecifications for the necessary data elements, their\norder of presentation, and the punctuation to delimit\nthem. These specifications should be designed to\nsatisfy the needs of national bibliographies, and,\nwith whatever judicious trimming might be desirable,\nthe needs of the libraries of the entire world. It was\nfurther agreed that these bibliographic descriptions\nwere to be made quite independently of the heading\nunder which they might appear in listings. The working\ngroup succeeded in its task and brought forth its\nprovisional ISBD(M) in 1971; the first standard\nedition was published earlier this year. The success of\nthis standard is manifested by the continuing increase\nin the number of countries that have adopted it.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000919"}
{"title": "Main Entry for Serials", "text": " The nature of serials is such that, in both the ALA Cataloging Rules for \nAuthor and Titles Entries and the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR),there\nare special rules for choice of entry for serials that differ from the rules for \nmonographs. While the Statement of Principles Adopted at the International\nConference on Cataloging Principles (Paris Principles) leaves much room for \ninterpretation and controversy regarding serials, it also provides for special \nrules for choice of entry.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000920"}
{"title": "CONSER", "text": "Cooperative Conversion of Serials Project\n The final report from the Association of Research Libraries' ad hoc Committee \non Machine-Based Serials, written in January of this year, showed that of the \n86 libraries which participated in the committee's survey of efforts in the \narea of machine-readable serials files, 64 had files containing a total of\n1,723,568 titles. Twenty-two libraries reported having no files and one library \nindicated that it was in the process of converting its file. The cost of\nconverting these files is approximately $1,500,000, not to mention the \nutilization of an incredible amount of duplicate conversion effort.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000921"}
{"title": "Library Catalogs: their preservation and maintenance by photographic", "text": "and automated techniques; a study\n The major conclusions and recommendations of the study which follows are:\n That the catalogs of The Research Libraries of the New York Public Library be\ndivided chronologically at the earliest possible date;\n That the present (or retrospective) Public Catalog be reproduced \nphotographically in book form;\n That the future (or prospective) catalogs be produced in a combination of \ncard and book form from a store of machine-readable data;\n That a Central Serial Record be created to contain acquisition information, \ncataloging and holdings data, and bindery records for all serial publications \nin The Research Libraries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000922"}
{"title": "Library Education: an introductional survey", "text": " Social structures have changed more quickly during\n the last one hundred years than during any other equivalent\n period in history. With these changes have come alternations\n in the role of institutions of higher education. During\n the Centennial Year we shall try to measure the need and\n nature of further change and to evolve ideas that may\n influence its direction.\n\n In keeping with this idea, the Graduate School of Library Science\nof the University of Illinois felt that this indeed was a time propitious\nfor holding an International Conference on Education for Librarianship.\nThe profession as a whole and library education in particular are still\nquite young, but in less than one hundred years we have seen revolutionary\nchanges. Demands have been made on the world's libraries, and in turn on\nthe schools' training personnel for these libraries, almost too rapidly\nfor them to satisfy. It seemed logical for library education, therefore,\n\"to measure the need and nature of future change and to evolve ideas that\nmay influence its direction.\"\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000923"}
{"title": "Library Education and Training", "text": " The Conference on Library Education and Training in\nDeveloping Countries was arranged in order (1) to examine\nmore closely the present facilities, curricula, and programs\nfor training library workers in the developing countries\nof the world closest to Hawaii, those in East and South\nAsia; (2) to determine their short- and long-range needs\nfor trained library workers; and (3) to determine their\nneeds for additional library education and training facilities\nand for revised curricula. In the light of this information\nthe Conference proposed to evaluate the assistance given\nin recent years by American advisors and temporary library school \nfaculty in these countries, and then to ascertain the roles\nthat both local library schools and their counterparts in the\nUnited States can play in serving the needs for trained\nlibrary workers in these and other developing countries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000924"}
{"title": "Library Effectiveness", "text": " This book is an experiment - in several respects. The pressures of\nrising publication, together with the dazzling potentialities of the\nelectronic computer, are forcing librarians to think more quantitatively\nabout their libraries than most of them ever have before and, \nsimultaneously, have aroused the interest of the computer expert and\nthe systems analyst in information storage and retrieval systems, of\nwhich the library is still the most successful exemplar.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000925"}
{"title": "The Lending of Books to One Another by Libraries", "text": " It would add greatly to the usefulness of our reference libraries if an \nagreement should be made to lend books to each other for short periods of time.\nIt happens not unfrequently that some book is called for by a reader, or that\nin looking up the answer to a question a librarian has occasion to use a book \nwhich he finds in the catalogue of another library, but which does not belong \nto his own collection. The book, very likely, is one that can be replaced\nif lost. But it would take time to get it through ordinary channels; it might \nbe necessary to send abroad for a copy or to wait to pick up one, if the book \nis scarce. In such a case it would be a great convenience to be able to\nborrow a book for a few days.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000926"}
{"title": "Personal Relations Between Librarians and Readers", "text": " When scholars and persons of high social position come to a library,\nthey have confidence enough, in regard to the cordiality of their reception, \nto make known their wishes without timidity or reserve.\n Modest men in the humbler walks of life, and well-trained boys and girls, \nneed encouragement before they become ready to say freely what they want.\n A hearty reception by a sympathizing friend, and the recognition of some one \nat hand who will listen to inquiries, even although he may consider them \nunimportant, make it easy for such persons to ask questions, and put them at \nonce on a home footing.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000927"}
{"title": "The Divided Catalog", "text": " As early as 1905 the divided catalog was being presented as a preferable \nalternative to the dictionary catalog. Writing in 1958 Dorothy Grosser found\nthat the steady stream of papers on the subject began in 1938. She reported 21\narticles based on actual experience with the divided catalog. A quick check of\nher list discloses that all divided catalogs are not represented by articles. \nShe recorded nine opponents of the divided catalog and six better known \nmembers of the profession reserving judgement. Lyle in his new edition of The \nAdministration of the College Library considers it \"safer,\" rather than \"wiser\" \nas in his earlier edition, to await further evidence. Faced at Central \nMethodist College Library with a dictionary catalog which had outgrown its \ncabinets and which was to be expanded, a survey of catalog user opinion\nwas undertaken to determine if some division of the catalog should be \nconsidered. Some revision of the filing would be needed anyway because of \ninconsistencies which had crept in, largely involving the inter-filing\nof subject and title entries. The following questions were asked of all users \nof the catalog during hours selected at random over several weeks:\n 1. Are you looking for a particular book or for books on a particular subject?\n Were you looking under author, title, or subject?\n 2. What is your greatest difficulty in using the catalog?\n 3. How would you feel about having the subject cards in a separate file?\n One hundred persons, approximately one tenth of the campus population, were \nquestioned; 93 per cent felt that they would prefer having subject cards in a \nseparate catalog, 5 per cent were opposed, and 2 per cent undecided. It must \nbe admitted that the prejudice of the person asking may have influenced the \nway in which the question was answered - a similar survey made in 1954 by the \nUniversity of Toronto showed general support for the dictionary catalog.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000928"}
{"title": "The Trading Stamp Mentality", "text": " A number of trips to the United States, to teach in library schools, have\ninculcated in me a variety of views about the present state of American\nlibrary education. They are personal opinions - no more - but they come\nfrom one who has seen much that he admires and who believes wholeheartedly\nthat the American spirit includes a firm resolution to change whatever\nis inefficient or corrupt. Otherwise, 1776 would have no meaning. The\nopinions do not stem directly from my experience in the five accredited\nschools in which I have taught, but are strongly rooted in my general\nobservation of library education practice and my discussions with \nmembers of the library profession.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000929"}
{"title": "Top Priority for Cataloging-In-Source", "text": " After a century of public library service and progress, public\nlibraries attract less than a third, perhaps only a quarter of the adult\npopulation, either to read and borrow books, or to look up information. \nBut nearly 60 per cent of the population is over 21. Currently a few large city\nlibraries show slight decreases in annual circulation, the major measure\nof their usefulness. Yet, nationally, circulation and the informational use \nof public libraries have in general steadily increased, especially in the last \ndecade. Possibly because the number of public, college, university, and \nspecial libraries doubled, from 13,676 reported in 1960, to 27,746 in 1968 \n(Publishers' Weekly, January 20, 1969). And there are more than that many \nschool libraries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000930"}
{"title": "Backlog to Frontlog", "text": " A scheme for circulating nonfiction books without the help of the Library of\nCongress.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000931"}
{"title": "The Urban Library Dilemma", "text": " The American urban public library is in something of a dilemma. Relatively \nsecure in the affections of the populace, the library is nevertheless\nfrequently threatened by loss of income. The threats are cyclical and are\nassociated with the local tax picture, which at the present time is notably\nobscure. The abortive attempts earlier this year to reduce appropriations for\nthe libraries in Newark and New York received widespread attention both because\nthe libraries are quite visible nationally and because the proposed cuts were\npreposterously unmistakable. In the eye of the politician who must find that \ntiny bit of safe water between the shoals of economy and those of service, the \nlibrary appears to be expendable ballast to be dumped in heavy weather. In 12\nyears in two city libraries, I have seen almost every budget year produce a\ncritical fight to prevent disaster from overtaking the library. I think the\nexperience is not uncommon. Only the most extraordinary efforts keep most \nurban libraries from going under. Libraries seldom thrive; they survive.\nPeriods of calm and prosperity are rare for urban public libraries in the \nrichest nation in the world during this era of extraordinary national economic \nsuccess. The paradox invites some critical self-analysis.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000932"}
{"title": "The Library Press", "text": " The deadliest disease afflicting the library press is proliferation. The\nkindest and most conservative estimate I am able to bring myself to make is\nthat there are at least three times as many library periodicals in this country\nas we can afford or are necessary. Perhaps the most constructive single thing\nthat could be accomplished would be to persuade at least one in three\npublishers of a library periodical to cease publication.\n One might reasonably expect that librarians, who have done so much\npublic wailing about the publication explosion, would be among the chief\nadvocates and practitioners of birth control in the world of print. Instead\nwe find them cavorting as uninhibitedly in the king-size bed of printed \nprocreation as do the denizens of the Sodom and Gomorrah of science and \ntechnology. Just about every library of any consequence (and some of little\nconsequence) and, almost without exception, every group or organization\nwithin the loose boundaries of our profession, decides, virtually at the\nmoment of its birth, that it cannot survive without a publication of its\nown - a newsletter, a journal, some regular calling card to announce its \npresence to the world at large.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000933"}
{"title": "Library Education and the Public Library", "text": " A major and largely justifiable criticism of library education has always\nbeen that it is too closely tied to present practices and that it trains\nfor current service instead of educating for growth and change. Unfortunately,\nthe picture many faculty members have of what today's\nrequirements for public library service are tends to be obsolete. Graduates \nare thus doubly handicapped. Not only do we fail to educate, we fail\neven to provide realistic training. At worst, we perpetuate the past and\ntrain people for tasks that are no longer central to the concerns of public\nlibraries. Library education, like the public\nlibrary itself, will have to accelerate the pace of change or risk the fate of\noblivion. Institutions that can move with the times and maintain a position\nof relevance to contemporary affairs will survive. Others will wither\naway, disappear, or be replaced by more responsive agencies. There is no\nshortage of prophets of doom for both the public library and for\ngraduate library education, but there are plenty of signs of life yet in both.\nAn article in the June 13, 1968 issue of The Reporter called \"Dust Gathers\non the Public Library\" summed up nicely the apparent slow decline and\nloss of purpose of a once-revered institution (however, The Reporter is\ndead - while the public library lives on).\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000934"}
{"title": "Crisis in Library Education", "text": " A battle is currently being waged at the University of Maryland School\nof Library and Information Services; its outcome will influence the future\nof the library profession. Because of the significance of this controversy,\nthis situation at Maryland is here brought to the attention of the\nprofession at large. Last fall, a group, with funding\nfrom the Office of Education, brought into being an educational\nprogram which is addressing the profession's most critical problems,\nthose central to its survival as a viable social institution: The library\nprofession's need to define and fulfill an important service function in the\npublic arena; its failure to make itself relevant to other than middle-class\ninterests in the culture; and its inavailability to contribute to the\nalleviation of the severe social, economic, and other inequalities which exist \nin the culture and which continue to deprive black Americans particularly of \neven minimal life opportunities.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000935"}
{"title": "Along the Academic Way", "text": " The invitation to apply for this\ncouncil on Library Resources\nfellowship stated as one aim to\nbreak administrators loose from\ntheir desk to read, investigate, and\nreach for broadening experiences\nthat might make them administrate\nbetter.\n The application listed seven targets of\nstudy in the working context of university\nresearch libraries: 1) Organizational\nstructures; 2) Management Techniques;\n3) Program budgeting; 4) Use of machines,\nincluding the computer; 5) Research\ncollection development; 6) Non-book\nmaterials in the library; 7) Out-of-\nbuilding services.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000936"}
{"title": "The Philadelphia Project", "text": " The objectives of the research were: 1) to determine actual requirements for\nlibrary resources by elementary and secondary grade students and to\nevaluate existing library resources in terms both of student needs and national\nstandards, and 2) on the basis of this information to outline the respective\nroles of the school libraries and the public libraries in providing needed\nresources and in developing joint planning.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000937"}
{"title": "Library Cost Analysis: A Recipe", "text": " Unforgivably, time has passed since the days when the library's patron was\nthe local monarch and cost was no deterrent. Time's passage has replaced the\nmonarch with taxpayers or stockholders, and, concurrently, sensitivity to cost \nhas attained stellar importance. The causes for being unaware of costs\nmay stem from a variety of reasons, but they cannot, in all fairness to the \nprofession, belie an inability to perform the simple arithmetic of cost \naccounting. What is suspected is a lack of the few\nsimple ground rules and the logical operations that bind them together, in\nshort - a recipe for cost accounting and analysis.\n In the following is outlined one such set of ground rules and their related\nprocedural requirements, which have evolved and been applied with success\nover the past few years. It is stressed that since this set represents the \nfindings of one library, it may not fully satisfy the specific requirements of \nyour own shop. Therefore, feel free to adopt the ground rules to your immediate \nrequirements. With regard to discipline, it is pretty much summed up in the \nsix steps and five resource requirements which follow. In addition to \nidentifying steps, requirements, and the mysterious ways of cost analysis, \nthese ingredients are blended together in a manner which will be meaningful \nfor your internal operations and may be significant for your library's future.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000938"}
{"title": "The Paradoxes of Library Cooperation", "text": " The need for libraries to cooperate has long been recognized, as countless\narticles written within the past decade will attest. Moreover, the necessity to\ncombine forces has never been as apparent as it is today. Because the cost of \nself-sufficiency has become undeniably prohibitive, libraries can no longer \nafford to act as free agents. Voluntary library\ncooperation is no natural manifestation of social interaction. Rhetoric alone \nis a impotent agent of change. In truth, cooperative programs succeed only \nas long as each participant perceives the arrangement as beneficial to his\ninstitution.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000939"}
{"title": "ISBD", "text": "Its Origin, Rationale, and Implications\n A proper understanding of the International Standard Bibliographic\nDescription (ISBD), a standard promulgated by the International Federation of\nLibrary Associations (IFLA), requires some knowledge of how it came into\nexistence, what reasoning prompted its development, ad what useful results can \nbe expected from its adoption. These matters will be dealt with below,\nhopefully in sufficient detail to provide readers with a basis for teaching a \nsound evaluation of the effect of this standard when applied to American \ncataloging practice and in particular to LC cataloging and MARC tapes.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000940"}
{"title": "ISBD Standard or Secret?", "text": " The controversial ISBD will mean radical changes in descriptive cataloging\npractice if put into operation, as planned, by the Library of Congress.\nUsers of LC catalog cards will require retraining: all reference librarians \nwill experience an immediate and continuing demand for explanation of the \nnew catalog cards to users; those large public and research libraries with \ncomputer-based systems will require costly modifications of computer programs.\nYet the ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic Description) is destined \nto be implemented by the Library of Congress with the sanction of ALA but \nwithout even being considered by the recognized standards associations (ISO, \nANSI), to say nothing of the other professional and information industry \norganizations.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000941"}
{"title": "Pay Libraries & User Charges", "text": " The battle lines are being drawn for a great debate\nover the emotionally and politically charged issue of how library\nand information services are to be funded in the coming decades.\nMost librarians will be on the side of \"conservatism\" and \"democracy,\"\nfavoring the continuation of traditional modes of tax-supported public\nlibrary service with information freely available to all\nas a matter of right. Information industry people, publishers,\ngovernment officials, engineers, and even, perhaps, authors will be\non the side of \"progress\" and \"profits,\" advocating a new concept of\nfor-profit or pay libraries, user charges, and information as a salable \ncommodity.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000942"}
{"title": "Austerity, Technology, and Resource Sharing: Research Libraries Face the Future", "text": " During the last two decades academic libraries, in\nparallel with their parent institutions, experienced the\ngreatest period of growth and affluence that they have\never known. The watchword was \"more\" - more money,\nmore books and journals, more staff, more space, and\nmore technology. Many new research libraries were\ncreated, and those that already existed experienced\nunprecedented growth. Although libraries got more of\neverything during those years, they still could not keep pace\nwith the growth of new fields of research, new doctoral\nprograms, and the increasing production of books and\njournals. Two decades of affluence not only failed to help\nsolve the many problems that were brought on by\nexponential growth - they exacerbated them.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000943"}
{"title": "The View from the Tower of Babel", "text": " A funny thing happened on the way\nto the biggest building boom in library\nhistory. Book collections grew faster\nthan the new space to hold them, so when\nthe boom was over the aggregate space\nproblem of academic libraries was a little\nworse than it was at the beginning.\n During the roughly eight-year span\nof the rise and fall of the boom, some 570\nnew or expanded library buildings sprang\nup on the campuses of four-year and\ngraduate institutions around the nation.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000944"}
{"title": "A Library Management Game: a report on a research project", "text": " Although the use of games in professional education has\nbecome widespread only during the last decade, the method has\nbeen used in a number of fields for many hundreds of years.\nIts origins have been traced to simple war games, used in\nmilitary training when the \"real thing\" was either unavailable\nor too dangerous. In more recent times, these games have\nbecome more and more sophisticated, and many now use large\nelectronic computers to handle the complex calculations involved.\nSince 1956, when the first well-developed management game was\nintroduced, the technique has spread rapidly into a\nwide variety of disciplines and today it is used at all levels\nof education, from primary school classes to courses for experienced\nmen and women. One of the main causes of this \"game explosion\" has been\nthe rapid development of sophisticated management techniques, such\nas simulation and mathematical modelling, which have been made possible\nby rapid advances in computer technology.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000945"}
{"title": "Library Materials", "text": " The problem investigated by the research was the development\nof standards for reading materials that would support the adult\nnew reader in the exercise of his new-found skill and build the habit\nof regular use of the printed word. Bridging the gap between minimal\nliteracy skills and the reading habit was proposed as essential\nto the purposes of the library program in helping the reader improve\nhas basic education skills, increase his employability, and develop\nhis potential as a citizen and gain personal satisfaction in his\nmany adult roles. The nature of library materials best designed\nfor this end required study in depth. The findings and conclusions\nderived from the research project provide basic information about the\nadult new reader and his reading, criteria for analysis of reading\nmaterials, and a bibliography of materials. These products of the\nstudy constitute a series of reading selection and guidance aids for\nuse by all persons working in this area of service -- librarians,\ncommunity workers, teachers, publishers, editors, and reading\nspecialists.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000946"}
{"title": "Library Networks", "text": " The combination of computers and communications technology\nis a development whose time has come for libraries in the U.S.\n And despite missteps and false starts inevitable in adapting\nthe new technology for its use, libraries are now rapidly\nexpanding telecommunications networks to serve their need to\ndisseminate ever-expanding amounts of information in more\neffective ways.\n It makes a good deal of sense when one considers that the\nlibrary's function is to parcel out information, and that\ninformation can be forwarded electronically as easily as it can\nbe mailed.\n In fact, the logic of library networks is such that everyone\nis hopping on the bandwagon -- consultants, systems analysts,\nstate agencies and a growing list of manufacturers that includes\nXerox and International Business Machines. Their initial efforts\nare concentrated on what are basically bookkeeping tasks -- in\nparticular, the cataloging of new acquisitions. The Ohio college\nLibrary Center, for example, provides its customers with entries\nfor their card catalog files; and because OCLC is the first and\nmost extensive of the networks, its approach is being closely\ncopied by the others.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000947"}
{"title": "Library Planning and Decision Making Systems", "text": " The research project which produced this book concentrated on the problem\nof the design and development of statistical information systems that would\nprovide quantitative information for effective management of university and\nlarge public libraries. Since there is an inseparable need not only for\nimproved library statistical data systems but also for the above-mentioned\nframeworks for rational planning and decision making, we have devoted\nconsiderable effort to the development of analytical models that might assist\nlibrary administrators in making decisions that would maximize the flow of\nbenefits imparted to the communities the library serves. Some of the results of\nthis model-building effort are repored in these pages.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000948"}
{"title": "Library Practice in Hospitals", "text": " According to a National Hospital Panel Survey conducted by the American\nHospital Association in February 1970, 4,191 (72 percent) of the 5,820\ncommunity hospitals in the United States operated a library. This percentage\nfalls to 60 when only hospitals of less than 100-bed capacity are considered\n(1,990 libraries in 3,318 hospitals). In the 4,191 libraries, one or more\nfull-time staff members were found in only 1,054 (25 percent). In even\nfewer, 928, was there supervision of the library by a professional librarian.\nClearly there is a massive job to be done if these libraries are to perform\nproperly their functions of health education and patient care.\n By \"community hospital\" we mean the nonfederal, short-term hospital\nproviding general and selected special services, the hospital located at some\ndistance from a large medical center and without teaching and research\nprograms, such as a nursing school or internships. Though the librarians\nof more sophisticated teaching institutions may well profit from the study\nof this book, it is written primarily for an audience of untrained, probably\nnewly employed, individuals who find themselves supervising the hospital's\nlibrary and do not know where to begin.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000949"}
{"title": "The Crisis in Cataloging", "text": " A wise German librarian has linked the library administrator\nand the cataloger as working for the common aim of economy\nin work and cost coupled with better utilization of a library's\nresources. This aim, he thinks, is expressed in various kinds of \ncooperative work, of pooling interests, and of setting standards.\nIt is to be developed prudently, he says, with the objectives\nsetting limitations in such a way that more values will not be\ndestroyed than are created.\n This ideal he set out in a chapter entitled \"Tasks for the\nfuture.\" There was a time, and not so very far back, when the\nlibrary administrator and the cataloger worked side by side. In\nthe more immediate past, however, the two have become separated,\nso that their closer collaboration does need to be set down\nas a task for the future, the immediate future at that.\nMany new problems of administration have served to busy the\nadministrator, and most catalogers have had more work than\nenough, with the result that administrators have come to know\nless and less of cataloging, and catalogers have come to know\nless and less about general library administration. The situation\nnow is that the administrator will be forced to pay more\nattention to cataloging because it has become a major problem\nfield.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000950"}
{"title": "The Historical Background of Departmental and Collegiate Libraries", "text": " In spite of the great volume of material dealing with\ndepartmental and collegiate libraries that has appeared in\nlibrary periodicals and books on university and college\nlibrary administration, there has been relatively little original\nthought on the subject and virtually no historical treatment to\nprovide an adequate background for solution of problems which\nhave their roots in a former generation. Most of the literature\nhas been either repetition of the old arguments for and against\nthis type of library organization or statements of how this or\nthat institution has faced its peculiar problems. Except for\ncontemporary accounts of early American scholars describing the\nattempts to transplant the German seminar library to American\nsoil and reports on a few large university libraries, there is no\naccount of the conditions which brought about and for many\nyears invigorated the departmental system. An evaluation of\ntrends in the history of departmental libraries over the last\nthree-quarters of a century should prove to be a valuable supplement\nto other information in the hands of surveyors and administrators\nwho are interested in abolishing, establishing, continuing, or\namalgamating departmental libraries in a given institution.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000951"}
{"title": "Characteristics of the Research Literature Used by Chemists", "text": "and Physicists in the United States\n The increasing growth and complexities of research libraries are natural\nconsequences of the growth of knowledge and the increasing complexity of \nknowledge. Librarians have tried to amass more and\nmore knowledge in the form of books for the benefit of the diverse interests of\ntheir clienteles. Their success in this activity has been reflected in the\nincreasing difficulties of identifying satisfactorily what they have. The \nprocesses of cataloging, classifying, and related technical routines have \nbecome increasingly complex and expensive. The processes\nare of such a nature that the cost for adding each new item to a large library\nis, on the average, potentially if not actually, higher than that for its\npredecessor. The total proportion of the budgets of large research libraries\nthat is spent for the processing of material, as distinguished\nfrom the costs of its purchase or its direct\nservicing, is now such as to give librarians pause for fear a day may come when\nnearly all the money available to large libraries will be spent in processing\nmaterial, and little will be left to service the collection or to buy new books!\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000952"}
{"title": "Characteristics of the Research Literature Used by Chemists and", "text": "Physicists in The United States, Part II\n This is the second of two papers dealing with the characteristics of the\nliterature used by research chemists and physicists in the United States. \nThe method of the study was fully outlined in th first article and will\ntherefore not be repeated here. The previous paper was devoted to a\ndiscussion of the importance of the literature of various subject fields to\nresearch in chemistry and physics. The remarks that follow are directed\nprimarily to a discussion of the temporal span of the literature, the principal\nforms of the literature, the national origins of the literature used in the \nUnited States, and some attention is devoted to the more important serial\ntitles.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000953"}
{"title": "The Librarian: From Occupation to Profession?", "text": " An industrial society has an open class stratification system; it\noffers some an opportunity to rise, but it offers no guarantee against\ndownward social mobility. Compared to other types of societies, this one\ndemands a wider variety of higher level skills and thus generates much\npressure against the forces that in all societies tend to keep the individual \nin his original caste or class. Much of the resulting mobility is based on a \nradical change which has taken place in the occupational structure of modern\nindustrial societies, one which neither Marx nor orthodox economists \nanticipated, an expansion of the demand for professional and technical skills \nof a high order.\n Thus not only are individuals competing with one another in their efforts to\nrise in the class system, but occupations, too, are engaged in the same \ncompetition and may move up or down in power, prestige, or income.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000954"}
{"title": "Interrelations among Special Librarys", "text": " The present paper will first deal with some of the objectives, etiology, and\nrequirements of the library network as it overtakes and embraces co-operation.\nNext, in this context of network development, a number of activities\ninvolving special libraries will be reviewed by way of illustration and \nexample. The greatest proportion of special library interrelationships are,\non the surface at least, random and informal. We shall therefore concentrate\non such arrangements as have about them some measure of structure and intent.\nFinally, we will deduce from these examples the performance and promise\nwhich special libraries may offer to a total library network or information \nsystem.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000955"}
{"title": "The Cranfield II Relevance Assessments: A Critical Evaluation", "text": " The relevance assessments belonging to the Cranfield II document/query\ncollection are shown to be faulty, in the sense that \"many\" relevant documents\nwere not so identified by the Cranfield judges.. The implications of these\nomissions for the evaluation of information retrieval experiments based on the\nCranfield collection are examined in detail..It is shown that numerical measures\nof retrieval effectiveness may be greatly altered bu consideration of the \n\"missing\" relevant documents and that a ranking of retrieval methods according \nto order of performance may vary as well..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000956"}
{"title": "An Economic Analysis of Library Benefits", "text": " Libraries find it increasingly necessary to use their limited resources in the\nmost efficient manner.. This requires the use of decision rules which permit \nlibrary resources to be directed to those activities which yield the highest \nreturns.. An effort is made to utilize part of welfare economics to suggest\nwhich groups of library users will provide the greatest return to society..\n An evaluation of the traditional library functions of education, information,\nand leisure suggests that libraries should direct their resources toward \neducational activities and not toward recreation when public monies are \ninvolved.. A case can be made for subsidizing the library activities of \nschool-age children, other explicitly involved in education, disadvantages \nminority groups and governmental officials and staff..\n Since public and school libraries produce and distribute essentially the same\nservices, it is an uneconomic use of the communities' resources to maintain two\nseparate institutions, one of which imposes costs on the other as children are \nforced to use public library facilities due to school library inadequacies..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000957"}
{"title": "The Review Article: Its Characteristics and Problems", "text": " The characteristics and problems associated with the review literature in the\nsciences were examined.. Three major classes of review articles were identified:\n(1) the annual review which aims to provide a systematic record of the \ncontributions made within the previous year, (2) the critical review which \nselectively evaluates contributions to the solution of a common research problem,\nand (3) data compilations which are concerned with facts and findings rather \nthan the opinions of the authors of papers from which the data are taken.. The\nrole and control of the review article in medicine was described.. Over the\npast fifteen years, the ratio of review to nonreview articles in medicine has \nbeen on the order of 1:38.. Possible solutions to a number of problems associated\nwith the review literature are discussed, such as the selection of articles for \nreview..Further examination of some critical questions relating to the production\nand organization of reviews will have to be undertaken before the review, as a\nmeans of bringing the most significant information to its users, will be \naccepted as a reliable adjunct to the original publications..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000958"}
{"title": "Measures of Library Effectiveness", "text": " Mathematical models of library operations are presented, allowing managers to\nestimate measures of effectiveness for a library.. These models describe the\namount of use made of resources by a user in a visit, the distribution of book\ncirculation in a collection, the dependence of circulation on time, and the \neffect of multiple copies on user satisfaction.. Predictions are made on the \nbasis of the models of the consequence of breaking of central library into \nbranch libraries.. The effect, in terms of frustrated use, of removing the \nleast-used books from a collection is discussed, as are strategies for for\nduplication.. The emphasis is on facilitating getting results from models; for\nthis purpose graphic techniques supplement the mathematical formulas..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000959"}
{"title": "Library Operations Research: A Process of Discovery and Justification", "text": " This article begins with a discussion of the broad role of operations research\n(O.R.) in a society undergoing change.. The nature of O.R. terms in a library \nenvironment is then considered.. The function of models in O.R. is analyzed, the\ndevelopment of a model being contrasted with its formal presentation.. Criteria\nfor good models are suggested.. This article then focuses on storage models for \nlibraries, first considering the Dewey classification system from this \nperspective and then summarizing more current research carried out under the \ndirection of the author with a grant from the National Science Foundation..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000960"}
{"title": "An Operations Research Study of a Variable Loan and Duplication Policy", "text": "at the University of Lancaster\n The Library Research Unit of the University of Lancaster used an Operations\nResearch (O.R.) approach to recommend changes in loan and duplication policies \nin the university library.. The \"variable\" loan and duplication policy which was\ndeveloped is described and also the considerable impact of implementation.. \nOther libraries are now adopting this kind of policy.. The work is presented as \na case study in library O.R. .. The great importance of analyzing the structure\nof problems is stressed and the nature and usefulness of models is described..\nFor the most useful results, suitable librarians should be included in the\nresearch team..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000961"}
{"title": "Library Objectiveness and Performance Measures and Their Use in Decision", "text": "Making\n For optimal allocations of limited funds, it is necessary for libraries to \ndevelop measures of output.. Various forms of user exposure to documents are\ndiscussed in an effort to develop such measures for public libraries.. It is\nsuggested that the actual method of accounting be used to compare such measures\nwith costs, and an illustrative computation is presented.. It is shown how size \nof user population, amount of exposure, and costs for a given year can be \nestimated..Similar techniques are suggested for evaluation of library programs..\nThis approach is then compared with current concepts of library standards.. The\npaper concludes with suggestions for further research..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000962"}
{"title": "Catalog use in a Large Research Library", "text": " Concern with the questions of when and how best to computerize the catalog of\na large research library, and how to improve an existing conventional catalog, \nmotivated a study of the utilization of the main catalog of the Yale University \nLibrary.. The study was carefully designed to provide a representative sample of\ncatalog use.. Traffic through the catalog area was observed over a period of more\nthan a year.. A schedule of interviews with catalog users was based on observed \ntraffic volume by hour of day, day of week, and time of year.. More than 1,000 \ninterviews were completed, using nonleading interviewing technique.. Information\nwas derived on the catalog user's objective, starting clues, and university\naffiliation.. Search success was determined.. Follow-up studies were performed \non the catalog cards and the actual books identified in successful searches.. \nReasons for search failure were determined for know-item searches.. Availability\nand accuracy of different categories of search clues were ascertained.. Published\nalgorithms for searching computerized bibliographic files were evaluated.. \nAttention is given to the feasibility of automatic construction of computerized \ncatalogs.. Some of the available results are presented and discussed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000963"}
{"title": "Efficiency Criteria for the Operation of Large Libraries", "text": " It is rather surprising that behavioral scientists have not discovered \nlibraries much sooner in their search for institutional environments suited for\nthe testing of theoretical hypotheses. Librarians and their assistants respect \nresearch and scholarship and are inclined to go far beyond the call of duty in \nhelping the investigator, even when they are skeptical (rightfully, in most \ninstances) of the usefulness of such research for the\nimprovement of their own organizations.\nData and related information are necessarily treated with greater precision and\ndiscipline in libraries than in factories and most bureaucratic offices; \ntherefore, significant results can often be obtained\nwith smaller samples and in shorter periods\nof observation. People working in libraries do not feel they should curtail\ndisclosures about basic processes. Elsewhere professional employees are \nobligated to preserve trade secrets from competitors\nor to suppress facts which might be considered scandalous by legislative\ncommittees. At least as important to an investigator is the fact that one or \nmore libraries almost always lie close at hand - there could hardly be any \nmore convenient institution.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000964"}
{"title": "The Information Needs of Current Scientific Research", "text": " The information demands, or information needs, of current scientific\nresearch are similar in many respects to the information needs in\nother forms of scholarship. But this is not true in all cases, and the focus \nof this paper is on the needs of the research scientists. In discussing the\ninformation needs of the scientist, I shall not limit myself to those for\nwhich library work is immediately relevant; in fact, a good part of this\npaper will call attention to the importance of those aspects of scientific\ncommunication that take place outside libraries and, indeed, outside \nliterature. (There are, of course, very few aspects of scientific communication \nto which library work is not at least indirectly relevant.)\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000965"}
{"title": "The Evidence Underlying the Cranfield Results", "text": " An indexing or classification system should be judged by the retrieval \nresults it produces, namely, the extent to which it brings\nforth relevant material and rejects the\nirrelevant. Thus, well-designed experiments should permit judging the relative\nmerits of different classification schemes. This notion, although self-evident, \nhad remarkably little impact on the field of\nlibrary science prior to the 1950's. During that decade, the first controlled\nexperiments on information retrieval were performed, and these mark a turning\npoint in the history of classification research. For the first time, \nexperimental procedure and the rules of scientific evidence became of critical \nimportance to indexing and classification. It is my purpose here to review some\naspects of the most notable of these experimental tests - the ASLIB\nCranfield Research Project.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000966"}
{"title": "On Improving Communication among Scientists", "text": " Libraries and information services of the twenty-first century almost \ncertainly will be the beneficiary, or perhaps the victim, of enormous \ntechnological change. High-speed search by computers, microrecording \ntechniques, remote interrogation consoles, and great communication networks\nwill someday place the world's knowledge at our fingertips. It is inferred\nby many that, through such a metamorphosis, we shall cure the\ninformation ills of our age, bring order out of chaos, and somehow contain the\n\"information explosion\" - or at least reduce it to a small conflagration.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000967"}
{"title": "The Ecology of Privacy", "text": " The purpose of this article is to discuss the part played by\nthe library environment in regulating interaction between people.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000968"}
{"title": "Paper Deacidification: A Preliminary Repot", "text": " The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach to a practical\ntreatment for the wet deacidification of paper in books stored in libraries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000969"}
{"title": "Fields of Information on Library of Congress Catalog Cards:", "text": "Analysis of a Random Sample, 1950-1964\n The Information Systems Office (ISO) of the Library of Congress has as its \nmission the development and implementation of the main automation\nprogram for the Library and the co-ordination of all LC automation efforts. \nOne of the primary activities in this effort is a system-development\nstudy concentrating on the central bibliographic operations, that is, \nacquisitions, cataloging, reference, etc. This study is now in its early\nstages, and it is too soon to predict the actual system that will evolve. \nAs an adjunct to this study an analysis of the potential uses of and\nproblems involved in the machine processing of cataloging data was begun. One \naspect of the analysis was the design of a preliminary machine-\nreadable catalog record. The results of this work are in a report issued by \nthe ISO as its \"Planning Memorandum Number 3.\"\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000970"}
{"title": "Paper Impermanence as a Consequence of pH and Storage Conditions", "text": " This article aims to provide some basic information, references to further\ninformation, and a sense of proportion about the action of hydrogen ions and\nstorage conditions on paper. Other important causes of paper deterioration,\nsuch as oxidative degradation, biological attack, photocatalyzed degradation,\nand mechanical wear and tear, will not be considered at this time.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000971"}
{"title": "Graph Model for Library Information Networks", "text": " The design and study of library information networks are enhanced by the use \nof the concepts which have been developed by graph theorists.. In this paper we\nexpand upon this theme, proposing a general network structure which we believe\nto be a good model for a wide variety of library and other information \nnetworks.. The basic concepts from graph theory are illustrated with the aid of \na hypothetical Public Library Access Network (PLAN)..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000972"}
{"title": "The Divided Catalog: A Summary of the Literature", "text": " In the earliest item (1905) in the bibliography here presented, Fletcher\nchallenges the right of the dictionary catalog to be the overwhelmingly\npredominant type of catalog in libraries. He questions its advocates' claim\nthat it best meets a library's needs. He advocates a divided catalog such as\nthe one at Amherst because, for one thing, the separate catalog\ncan more readily be used in conjunction with bibliographies in the subject\nfields. We find a similar argument in the latest item in the bibliography\n(Harris, 1957). Fletcher's article seems to have been followed by more\nthan thirty years of silence in the library journals on the subject\nof the divided catalog. During that period there were probably some\ndivisions of catalogs at some libraries but, as Thom (q.v.) indicates, the\ngreatest period of such activity started in 1937. Our survey of the\nliterature on the divided catalog corroborates this since 1938 in the year\nin which the steady stream of papers on the subject began.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000973"}
{"title": "Cost Survey:", "text": "Cost of Ordering, Cataloging, and Preparations in Southern California\nLibraries\n It was our original intention to include the cost of book selection with\nthe cost of ordering, as part of the total acquisition process. We also\nattempted to get indirect costs, such as rent and utilities. Very few of\nthe libraries were able to supply these figures so we based our survey on direct\ncost only. We found from the preliminary survey that book selection statistics\nwere extremely difficult to determine, since all the professional staff in the\nlibraries concerned participated in book selection, with the chief librarian\nperforming most of it. As a result, the cost of book selection was exceedingly\nhigh and threw the cost of ordering out of proportion.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000974"}
{"title": "Why Allocate?", "text": " Most academic librarians will no doubt agree with Lyle's\nstatement that the book fund is one of the most important items\nin the library budget. Fewer academic librarians, however, are likely to\nagree with the view that in their handling of the book budget, college\nand university librarians for the most part have not been living up to\ntheir professional responsibilities.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000975"}
{"title": "Cost Accounting for the Library", "text": " Increasingly, librarians have felt the need for more accurate cost\ndata. The prime reason for this need has been in the development\nand presentation of the budget which is the instrument used to determine\nand obtain the funds for the library's forthcoming fiscal period.\nSince libraries do not charge for the service they render their users,\nthey must derive the funds necessary for their operations and growth from\nsupporting bodies such as federal, state, or local governments, private\ninstitutions, and industrial firms.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000976"}
{"title": "A Study of the Usage and Retention of Technical Periodicals", "text": " Limited physical space expansion, an administrative\nconsideration in every library, becomes a stringent factor in the planning\nof special libraries. While public and college libraries may have \nseveral decades of growth possibility when they take possession of a\nbuilding or area, it is indeed a fortunate industrial library whose stacks are\nnot overcrowded after five years of establishment in new quarters. Industrial\nfloorspace is too greatly in demand to devote more effort to the\npossible future growth of the library.\tWeeding or storage requirements,\ntherefore, are far more immediate considerations to the special industrial\nlibrary administrators than they are to administrators of other types of\nlibraries. The limits of expansion are usually apparent earliest in the\nserials collections of industrial libraries because so much current\ntechnical data is published first in scientific and technical periodicals. \nThese collections grow rapidly. This summarization of a recent study made\nby one technical library in the area of space for use of technical journals\nhas potential for other libraries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000977"}
{"title": "Remarks on LC Plans for Implementation of New Centralized Acquisitions and", "text": "Cataloging Program under Title IIC, Higher Education Act\n The general purpose of my part in this program discussion is to report\nto you on the new program of centralized acquisitions and cataloging\nto be undertaken by the Library of Congress under authorization\ngranted under Title IIC of the Higher Education Act of 1965. By this\naction, the Congress took two most important steps to aid libraries of\nhigher education in the United States: (1) it fully recognized for the\nfirst time, the importance of granting Federal aid and assistance toward\nsolving the problem of cataloging in this country; and (2) it gave the\nLibrary of Congress a clear mandate to provide new and unparalleled\nservices for the benefit of academic and research libraries of this country. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000978"}
{"title": "Automated Acquisitions Procedures at the University of Michigan Library", "text": " In June 1965, the Acquisitions Department of The University of\nMichigan Library began using a computer-based system for ordering\nbooks and other library materials. This is the beginning of an over-all\nautomated system for the Acquisitions Department and was designed\nwith the assistance of Robert O. Kindt, Systems Analyst from the\nUniversity's Office of Management Services. Preliminary work on the\nautomated system was begun in late 1963, and in September, 1964. Mr.\nKindt was assigned to the University Library on a full-time basis. After\nthe preliminary proposal was drafted, cost and feasibility studies were\nmade. Current (i.e., 1964) volume and costs were compared with anticipated\nvolume and costs in 1968 and 1975 for both manual and automated systems.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000979"}
{"title": "Facsimile Transmission in Libraries: A State of the Art Survey", "text": " Facsimile transmission is the rapid transmission of printed\npages from one point to another using electronic devices. All facsimile \ntransmission methods require converting the original picture into\nan electrical impulse which is then transmitted over telephone lines,\nprivate lines, microwave, or a combination of these communication\nlinks. The receiving unit reconverts the electrical impulse into an exact\nduplicate of the original document on a screen or in the form of a hard\ncopy.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000980"}
{"title": "Statistics of Collection Overlap at the Libraries of the Six New", "text": "England State Universities\n As part of a design study to specify a regional processing\ncenter for the New England state university libraries, it was\nrequired to know the percentage of collection overlap with respect to\neach of the 30 ordered pairs of 6 libraries. Participating states were\nMaine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and\nConnecticut. This overlap data was needed to predict the degree of\njoint use of cataloging information and to estimate the efficiency of\ncollective reclassification.\n The results revealed a high degree of commonality in the 6 collections,\nshowing, for example, that a random title from one library had \na 40% chance of being present in another randomly selected library.\nWhen current imprint samples were tested, the figure rose to 47%.\nRhode Island's holdings were shown to be the collection of greatest\nduplication elsewhere.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000981"}
{"title": "Logical Flow Charts and Other New Techniques for the Administration", "text": "of Libraries and Information Centers\n The widespread introduction of electronic digital computer\nsystems for information processing has produced significant\nadvances in management theory and practice in recent years.\nFor example, two management devices, PERT and CPM, undeveloped \nand impractical before computers, have been basic to the success\nof our outer space program. It is perhaps overlate in library\ndevelopment, but appropriate in this memorial to Miss Esther J.\nPiercy, to explore the application of new management knowledge\nand practice to the administration of libraries and information\ncenters, and to sketch some directions in which research could be\nundertaken to benefit the management of information.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000982"}
{"title": "Criteria for Weeding of Collections", "text": " Growing library collections have focused attention upon the need for selective\nstorage and weeding of the materials..Certain objective measures for determining\nwhich items in a collection may be retired to storage are presented, and an \nexample of the use of such measures at Columbia University is described.. It is \nconcluded that the criteria for weeding and storage must be selected on the basis\nof the goals of the institution in question and of the various patterns of use \nin different disciplines..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000983"}
{"title": "Cost Analysis Studies in Libraries: Is There a Basis for Comparison?", "text": " When the Chairman of the Technical Services Cost Committee asked\nthe three of us to summarize the findings of the Colorado study on\ncentralized processing, I agreed. Later, I began to have second \nthoughts - I suppose because we were almost buried under an \navalanche of data and it soon became apparent that we could not\nreally summarize the findings of the study in one evening.\n The investigation took off in tangents that had not been originally\nanticipated. As you have already been informed, the final report deals\nwith such diverse topics as a faculty user attitude survey, mathematical\nmodel simulations of processing center operations, approval plan\nutilization, and an inter-institutional bookkeeping system, all in\naddition to the cost studies of acquisitions and cataloging in nine\nlibraries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000984"}
{"title": "The Bibliographer in the Academic Library", "text": " Academic libraries, in their quest to secure and make available library\nmaterials necessary to support instructional and research programs, are finding\nit necessary to rely upon librarians functioning as book selectors.. The term\nbibliographer (frequently applied to these selectors) is gradually taken on\nnew meaning in library service.. The role of the bibliographer is changing to\ninclude (besides book selection) new duties and responsibilities such as\nadvanced reference, research work, instruction, and liaison duties between \nteaching departments and the library.. In addition, academic library \norganization is gradually being affected by the increasing use of \nbibliographers..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000985"}
{"title": "MEDLARS: A Summary Review and Evaluation of Three Reports", "text": " The MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System)\nsystem at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) has over\nthe past few years been one of the most significant and one of the most\npublicized automated bibliographic information retrieval systems. Over\ntwo hundred articles on it have appeared in American newspapers and \npopular magazines, in specialized medical journals throughout the world,\nand in a variety of library journals. The publicity that has attended this\nproject has, in a way, been unfortunate, for it has presented an\nexaggerated picture of the system and its accomplishments which has only\nmade the sceptics more skeptical; and it has obscured in part the\nexamination of MEDLARS' real accomplishments. There has to date been very\nlittle careful outside analysis and evaluation of MEDLARS. Over 50\npercent of all the articles listed in the bibliography in Austin's report,\nand virtually all the substantive ones, represent the work of persons\nclosely connected with NLM or the development of the MEDLARS\nsystem. Their judgement on the effectiveness of the system and its overall\nvalue cannot help but be colored by this connection.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000986"}
{"title": "CIP in Mid-1970", "text": " The history of the near-success of the 1958-59 experiment with cataloging in\nsource and the subsequent refusal of the library community to accept its failure\nare punctuated by data from a recent survey of 591 libraries in IS categories\nregarding attitudes toward prepublication cataloging..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000987"}
{"title": "Report on Library of Congress Plans for Cataloging in Publication", "text": " When we were asked in October 1969 for an expression of attitude\nabout a renewal of cataloging-in-source, our response was positive.\nWe were interested and we were determined to make it succeed. Profiting\nfrom the experience gained in the 1958-59 experiment, we specified that:\n 1. A survey of libraries be conducted;\n 2. a survey of publishers be conducted;\n 3. an expert investigator be secured;\n 4. there must be adequate funding;\n 5. there be adequate space; and,\n 6. that those factors be eliminated which represented the most\n crucial problem areas in the 1958-59 experiment.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000988"}
{"title": "An Analysis of the Universal Decimal Classification as a Term System for", "text": "Nuclear Science and Technology\n Explores the possibilities of merging the terminology of the Universal\nDecimal Classification System with that of a term system - Engineers Point\nCouncil's Thesaurus - for nuclear science and technology.. Concludes, from the\nevidence presented, that UDC can be effectively used as a term system.. Proposes\nthat the two systems coordinate the terms and merge a major thesaurus (EJC) with\nan effective classification scheme of international scope (UDC) to provide a\nneeded tool in the area of classification and documentation..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000989"}
{"title": "Automation Activities in the Processing Department of the Library of Congress", "text": " This article reports on activities relating to the automation of technical\nprocessing at the Library of Congress.. The master guidelines for automation\nof the LC core bibliographic system are discussed, and the following individual\nprojects are described: Machine_Readable Cataloging (MARC) and related \nactivities; RECON Pilot Project; format recognition; multiple use MARC system;\nOrder Division project; automated process information file; subject headings\nproject; filing program; book catalogs; and the Crad Division project..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000990"}
{"title": "Filing Arrangement in the Library of Congress Catalogs", "text": " New filing rules have been developed for the catalogs of the Library of \nCongress to ease the tasks of filers and users and to pave the way for\ncomputer-assisted filing.. This article discusses preliminary considerations\nabout the functions of large bibliographic files,the complexities of cataloging,\nthe interaction between users and catalogs, and ways to simplify arrangements..\nThe assumptions and principles that underlie the proposed rules are stated, and \ntheir organization and anticipated use are described.. An abridged version of \nthe rules is illustrated by an extended example..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000991"}
{"title": "Cataloging Nonbook Materials: Mountain or Molehill?", "text": " The development of cataloging codes for nonbook materials in surveyed, with\nparticular attention devoted to the absence of stated objectives, the problem of\nthe integrated catalog, terminology, and examples, and some of the complications\ncaused by the blanket use of title main entry..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000992"}
{"title": "An Integrated, User-Oriented System for the Documentation and Control", "text": "of Machine-Readable Data Files\n The purpose of this paper is to offer a solution to the problems of \ndocumentation and bibliographic control of machine-readable data files.. It is a\nsolution which attempts to meet both the needs of the data user and the data\nlibrarian.. It is design to make readily feasible the conversion completely or \nin part to a computer-based operation and to tie in directly to an information \nretrieval system in the future.. The four elements of this documentation and \ncontrol system are:standard catalogue entries, data abstract and data description\nforms, content documentation codebooks, and records of physical and logical \ncharacteristics of the data set..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000993"}
{"title": "Measuring Reader Failure at the Catalogue", "text": " In an effort to develop a simple method for librarians to employ to measure\nand evaluate author catalogue use, the Library Management Research Unit tested\na survey design in four varying libraries.. The reader was asked to note details\nof items not found in the catalogue, the source of the reference, and his \nstatus.. The items were then checked by library staff to discover the cause of\n\"failure\".. Library staff interviewed samples of catalogue users to determine \nthe overall rate of \"failure\", the cooperation (with \"Catalogue Query Slips\") \nrate, and the action readers proposed to take in order to obtain the item(s) not\nfound in the catalogue..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000994"}
{"title": "\"Early Warning\" Generic Medium Designations in Multimedia Catalogues", "text": " The much-favored \"early warning\" generic medium designation is discriminatory,\nfunctionally inefficient, and out of line with the national and international\nacceptance of AACR.. A specific designation, placed with the collation, is\npreferable on all these grounds; and there are better ways of giving an \"early\nwarning\"..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000995"}
{"title": "International Developments in Cataloging", "text": " The IFLA Committee on Cataloging has been at work since 1954 to establish \ninternational standards for cataloging and bibliographic records; it was \nresponsible for the International Conference on Cataloging Principles, Paris, \n1961, and and the International Meeting of Cataloging Experts, Copenhagen, \n1969.. In recent years there have been increasing demands from national \ncataloging bodies and bibliographic agencies for uniformity in codes and \npractices, and in consequence there has been more willingness to make national \nconcessions in order to reach international standards.. The IFLA Cataloging\nSecretariat was established in 1971 to assist this trend by co-ordinating work,\npromoting new projects and acting as a liaison center..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000996"}
{"title": "The Ohio College Library Center", "text": " The Ohio College Library Center is a regional library network.. Its on-line \nshared cataloging system has been operational since 18 October 1971,and utilizes\ncathode ray tube terminals located in the center's fifty-three member \nlibraries.. These terminals are connected to the Sigma 5 computer in Columbus by\na multiple line, multiple party synchronous transmission telephone network.. \nBetween January and June 1972 the system operated at an annual rate of 500,000 \nworks cataloged and over 3,400,000 catalog cards produced .. These cards are\nindividualized to fit the requirements of each member and are produced in packs\ndesignated for particular catalogs..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000997"}
{"title": "The Other Half of Cataloging", "text": " The authors investigate the impact of a bibliographic retrieval/card\nproduction system, such as the Ohio College Library Center (OCLC), with special\nattention to its role in cataloging.. Activities required at the local level to\nmake the LC card a functioning component of the catalog are described.. The\ncharacteristics of the ensuring workload are examined, along with methods of\naccomplishing it.. These activities are seen as a factor in the persistence of\nbacklogs.. The design of OCLC, because of the immobility of the terminal and\nthe absence of the catalog from the data base, by-passes this workload, leaving \nthe local library to accomplish it by the method of its choice, as before, or \nto leave it undone..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000998"}
{"title": "The Impact of International Standardization on the Rules of Entry for Serials", "text": " The major provisions of the International Serials Data Systems and the \nInternational Standard Bibliographic Description for Serials are presented and \nrelated to present rules of entry for serials as detailed in the \nAnglo-American Cataloging Rules..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.000999"}
{"title": "Serial Cataloging Problems: Rules of Entry and Definition of Title", "text": " Alternatives to the present rule for entry of serials in the Anglo-American\nCataloging Rules (AACR) are identified and arguments relating to the concept of\nauthorship for serials are summarized.. The varying concepts of \"title\" in\nAACR, the International Serials Data System, and ISBD(S): International Standard\nBibliographic Description for Serials are compared and the next steps relating \nto code revision and attempts at international agreement are described..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001000"}
{"title": "The Current State of Standardization in the Cataloging of Serials", "text": " Current standards for the cataloging of serials,including the Anglo-American\nCataloging Rules, ISBD(S): International Standard Bibliographic Description for \nSerials, and the Guidelines of the International Serials Data System, are \ndiscussed.. The varying needs of bibliographic catalogs and serials lists, the \nlatter serving primarily the functions of finding lists, are described.. A \ndistinction between complete and not complete works, regardless of medium, is \nsuggested as an important consideration in the revision of the Anglo-American \nCataloging Rules..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001001"}
{"title": "AACR 6: Time for a Review", "text": " Two changes are proposed in the North American text of rule 6 of the\nAnglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR): the adoption of the British text of 6B\nand the deletion of 6C.. Both of these changes are intended to simplify the\nentry of serials.. With the deletion of 6C, serials would be entered only under \ntitle or corporate author.. The adoption of the British text od 6B would in turn\ngreatly simplify the remaining choice between title or corporate author..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001002"}
{"title": "AACR, ISBD(S) and ISSN: A Comment", "text": " It has been proposed recently that rule 6 of the Anglo-American Cataloging \nRules (AACR), relating to entry of serials, be replaced by the conventions for \ndescription of serials outlined in ISBD(S): International Standard Bibliographic\nDescription for Serials, which in itself incorporates (or accommodates) another \nconvention, that of the \"keytitle\", an essential aspect of the International \nStandard Serial Number (ISSN).. Viewed in the current library context, this \nrecommendation is irresponsible and indefensible on both a theoretical and\npractical level..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001003"}
{"title": "International Standards for the Interchange of Bibliographic Records in", "text": "Machine-Readable Form\n The paper describes the work in progress toward an international \nmachine-readable cataloging system and discusses the problems remaining..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001004"}
{"title": "Library Response to Urban Change; a study of the Chicago Public Library", "text": " This is the third in a series of studies of the Chicago Public Library, \nspread over fifty years. The first (A Library Plan for the Whole\nCity, adopted in 1916) proposed expansion, particularly in branch units. \nThe second (A Metropolitan Library in Action, completed in 1939) proposed \nquality, the achieving of recognized standards. The underlying theme of the \npresent report is adaptability, the restructuring of the Library in a period \nof change. \n The first report, practical and pragmatic, achieved results. The second,for \nall its internal excellence, had limited effect. It is hoped that\nthe present effort partakes both of the relevance of the one and of the \nintegrity of the other.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001005"}
{"title": "Library Service to the Disadvantaged", "text": " This volume is intended mainly as a source book for\nproject and program ideas for libraries now engaged in working\nwith the disadvantaged or planning to do so. It is also\nhoped that it will give an overview of the progress to date in\nwork with the disadvantaged by bringing together much of the\nthinking and many of the ideas that have appeared in literature\nor in conferences in the last few years.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001006"}
{"title": "Library Systems Analysis Guidelines", "text": " This book aims primarily to provide guidelines for library administrators\nand library systems analysts in analyzing and evaluating existing operating\nsystems and in designing new or improved ones. In addition, we have\nfound the material to be very useful in staff training programs conducted\nto ensure knowledgeable staff participation and cooperation in a systems\nstudy. This guide is also adaptable for introducing library school students\nto the concepts of systems study in the library.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001007"}
{"title": "The Measurement and Evaluation of Reference Service", "text": " The measurement and evaluation of reference service\nhas been more often discussed than attempted. In fact, the \nliterature of this subject has itself spawned a fair-sized \nliterature of review.\n Admittedly, the task is formidable. As compared with \nother library activities such as circulation, acquisitions, and\ncataloging, reference service is ill-defined, with little\nagreement on its component parts. Is inter-library lending an\nintegral part of reference work because many reference librarians\nare responsible for it? Formal instruction in the use of books\nand libraries? The supervision of reference reading rooms? The\npreparation of indexes? And having decided what the genus \n\"reference librarian\" does, how can one readily determine the\neffectiveness of his work or its impact? Reference librarians\nmay have acted rather blindly in approaching their elephant of a\nproblem, but it is undeniably a big one.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001008"}
{"title": "Service to Industry and Research Parks by College and University Libraries", "text": " The phrase \"research parks\" in the title of this article recalls\nEugene B. Jackson's 1961 prediction:\n\nIn 1980 there will be universally-managed and industry-sponsored\nspecial libraries in the vicinity of the principal universities. Their\nadvanced use of new methods of bibliographic control, information\nretrieval, and data exchange will make their operations indistinguishable\nfrom those of special libraries of outstanding profit-making organizations\nin the same subject fields . . . Significant assessments will be\nmade on the participating organization in research parts not only for\nthe financing of day-to-day operations of facilities, especially set up\nfor their benefit, but also for the total enrichment of the university\nlibrary resources.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001009"}
{"title": "The Science Citation Index:", "text": "A New Concept in Indexing\n The purpose of this paper is to discuss citation indexing and its\npresent application as exemplified by the Science Citation Index,\npublished by the Institute for Scientific Information as a new, unique,\nand necessary tool for scientific work. It is necessary, therefore, to\ndescribe briefly, and in general terms, the nature of conventional\nsubject indexing systems in order that a basis for contrast between these\nand citation indexing can be obtained. For those who wish to read\nextensively on the subject of indexing, references are provided at the\nend of the paper under the section \"Additional References.\"\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001010"}
{"title": "Information Network Prospects in the United States", "text": " Unmistakable signs are pointing the way toward\nthe creation sometime soon of a national information network\nin the United States. The concept of a national network implies\nthe interconnection of existing information systems and libraries\nthrough communications. Certainly one of the great strengths of this\nnation is the great array of intellectual, scholarly, and research\nresources to be found in its libraries and information centers. \nWithout integration and close cooperation, however, these resources\nwill remain a series of separate, insulated institutions. But if\nmaximum communication can be established among them, this array can\nbe converted into a national resource of immense value to citizens\nthroughout the country.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001011"}
{"title": "Standardization Requirements of a National Program", "text": "for Information Transfer\n The authors of this article represent two specializations in the\nspectrum of information transfer activities, that of the computer and\ncommunication system engineer and that of the librarian. These points\nof view are combined in examining the requirements for standardization\nin the national efforts to use automation in publication, library,\nabstracting and indexing, and information-retrieval activities.\nStandardization is necessary to both the representation of information\nand to the procedures being developed for handling it.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001012"}
{"title": "Bibliographic and Technical Problems in Implementing a National", "text": "Library Network\n The problems facing the planners of automated library\nnetworks are rooted in the complexities of organizing and managing\na vast flow of bibliographic information and its interface with\nusers. Telecommunication equipment transmitting data in the form\nof electric signals, electronic memories holding large stores of\ninformation, and computers manipulating the data and graphic displays\nfor human interaction are technological means for performing network\nfunctions more effectively than has been possible in the past. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001013"}
{"title": "The Microform Revolution", "text": " Librarians have tried replacing some of their books\nand journal files with microfilm copies or other microforms in\norder to save valuable space in the bookstacks, instead of or in\naddition to extension of the stack area, decentralization, compact\nshelving, separate storage warehouse, or any of the other solutions\nto the storage problem discussed in earlier chapters. As a final\npaper, this solution for the storage of library materials will be\ndiscussed. Although the distinct forms will not often be designated,\n\"microform\" is used here to mean the four forms most common in the\nUnited States: 35 mm. roll microfilm, microfiche (now standardized in\nthe United States and Great Britain at 4 by 6 inches) and the two \nmicro-opaque forms - 3 by 5 inch Microcard, and 6 by 9 inch Microprint.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001014"}
{"title": "Participative Management as Related to Personnel Development", "text": " Theory and practice regarding patterns of decision-\nmaking in libraries have been relatively neglected aspects of\nlibrary administration. Yet the decisions by which a library\nattempts to control its operations are of major importance to its\nwelfare and effectiveness. Recent theories in management and social\npsychology have addressed themselves to the implications of \nparticipative management and group decision-making, and their findings \nappear to have important applications to libraries, not the least of\nwhich is personnel development.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001015"}
{"title": "Numerical Methods of Bibliographic Analysis", "text": " It is only in the last eight or ten years that the\nnumerical aspects of bibliography have attracted attention, although\nsome of the numerical regularities that occur in bibliography have been\nknown for thirty or forty years. Results are, therefore, still meager\nand applications are still few. Moreover, most of the work so far \nreported has been limited to numerical analysis of the literature of the\nnatural sciences. This is in part because the secondary sources in the\nnatural sciences are the best organized and so provide the most accessible\ndata; in part because the literature of the natural sciences are the least\nrestricted by linguistic barriers; and in part because the proposed world-\nwide systems, such as those advocated in the UNISIST report, offer an\nimmediate field of application in the design of economic and efficient\nsystems based on the results of numerical bibliographic analysis. However,\nthe field of possible application is gradually widening: serious efforts are\nnow being made to organize the more diffused literatures of the social\nsciences, for example.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001016"}
{"title": "Evaluation of Adult Reference Service", "text": " The evaluation of reference service has received\nconsiderable attention in the literature over a comparatively long\nperiod. But, as Samuel Rothstein pointed out in his 1964 Library Trends\narticle on the measurement and evaluation of reference service, much\nof the literature has focused on discussing the lack of evaluation or\nthe shortcomings of the evaluation that has taken place. In the ten years\nsince Rothstein wrote his article, there does seem to be more effort at\nevaluation of reference service. Undoubtedly, many of the trends in \nrecent evaluation are due to the influence of Rothstein's article.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001017"}
{"title": "The Library's Public; a report of the public library inquiry", "text": " The following report on use of the public library is\nthe product of two separate studies made for the Public Library\nInquiry. One was the national sample survey of library use\nmade for the Inquiry by the Survey Research Center of the \nUniversity of Michigan. Personal interviews of a half-hour\nor more in length were held with 1,151 people selected at\nrandom in different counties scattered over the United States.\nThe sample was designed so as to represent all adult persons\nliving in private households.\n By this tested method the survey gathered information \nconcerning the amount and the kind of use people make of the \npublic library and what changes or extension of library\nservice people in general would prefer. The survey also\ngathered information on the use of books obtained from sources\nother than the public library, as well as the extent of regular\nuse of newspapers, radio, magazines, and movies.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001018"}
{"title": "Determining the Optimal Number of Volumes for a", "text": "Library's Core Collection\n The concept of the core collection in a large library is not new. The\nthought behind such a concept is to provide a separation of the more\nfrequently used volumes from those that are infrequently used. There\nhave been, however, difficulties in determining what volumes are to be\nincluded within the core collection. It is usually necessary to establish\na committee or group of professional people who determine, usually by \nenumeration, those volumes that should be included in the core collection.\nOften the results of such a determination merely reflect the opinions of\nthe individuals, and although valid in many cases as desirable reading, the\ncore collection that results may not be a reflection of user requirements.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001019"}
{"title": "IFLA - Communications - FIAB", "text": " The traditional pattern of organization of national and university libraries,\napart from those in Germany or affected by German practice, was imposed\nby the weight given to the processing divisions.. The order department, which\nin university libraries did not include experts in book-selection, was not\nconsidered to be of comparable importance with the major department --\nthe cataloguing room, which also housed the classifiers.. Other divisions would\nbe concerned with particular types of material -- maps, state papers or\nofficial documents, manuscripts, oriental books -- and would be largely\nautonomous with regard to acquisition and cataloguing.. The reading room staff\nwere mainly employed in assisting readers to use the catalogue and in\nanswering queries of a very specialized nature on the library's collections,\nespecially on manuscripts or early printed books: they rarely dealt with the\ngeneral bibliographical or reference type of enquiry which is put to present-day\nreference librarians.. In these circumstances members of staff tended to become\nexpert in the work of their own department and not be invited to take any part\nin the activities of another.. Divisions between the various \nkinds of work were therefore hard and fast and the structure of the library's\norganization could become similarly rigid.. It must be appreciated that this\nis a generalization and that many libraries were more fluid in their approach.\nNonetheless this conservative view of the library's function tended to freeze\nthe administration into this form.. An expert in a particular subject field\noften undertook research in the subject outside the library and might\noccasionally be asked to deal with a reader enquiring about an aspect of his\nfield, but usually he would not make much use of his expertise in connection\nwith his library duties, unless of course he was appointed as a paleographer,\norientalist or linguist.\n The appointment of subject specialists may therefore necessitate a complete\nre-modelling of the staff organization if their influence is to extend beyond\nthe bounds of the old departments.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001020"}
{"title": "The Subject Specialist in National and University Libraries,", "text": "with Special Reference to Book Selection\n Of the world's numerous kinds of libraries, the national and the university\nmay properly be characterized as having responsibilities for both general and\nuniversal or nearly universal collecting in the realm of scholarship. That is,\nthese two, and only these two, commonly collect over a very broad spectrum,\nand in depth, material which makes possible the creation of new knowledge.\n Herein lies the paramount importance of these libraries to society if it be\ngranted, as it is here assumed, that almost no field of human endeavor can\nadvance without resort to the recorded past. It is this twin aspect of the\nactivity of these scholarly libraries - collecting simultaneously in breadth\nand in depth - which produces most of their major problems. The concern of\nthis paper is with two of these problems which seem by far the most important\nand difficult: the selection of materials and the utilization of subject\nspecialists.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001021"}
{"title": "Information Science in Librarianship", "text": " These information systems create a real challenge for librarianship, since\non the surface it would seem that librarians can have a central role in their\ndevelopment, their operation, and their management. But to do so, librarians\nmust recognize the contribution they can make and be willing to accept the\nchallenges.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001022"}
{"title": "Weeding the Collection: A Review of Research on Identifying Obsolete Stock", "text": " Reverberations of the publishing explosion of recent years are reaching us\nnow. Production of monographs and journals, research reports and government\ndocuments has been increasing exponentially to the point that British\nuniversity librarians are beginning to feel the sense of constriction of space\nwhich their American counterparts have been struggling with for a number\nof years (judging by the amount of print devoted to the subject in American\nlibrary journals). The force of this sense of constriction has been somewhat\nmitigated in all but the copyright libraries by the general lack of funds\navailable for book purchasing, and by the increasing price of books. However,\nwhen space in the library does become filled, obviously something must\nbe done to create more space, because the flow of material is certainly not\ngoing to cease.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001023"}
{"title": "PRECIS in a Multilingual Context", "text": " The present paper is offered as the first of a series of articles in which\nPRECIS will be reviewed as a potential multi-lingual system, having in mind\nthe obvious need, notably in a European context, for standard and language-\nindependent methods of subject analysis and document description. This\nfirst paper outlines the origins of PRECIS, and considers its use in English-\nLanguage indexing. A second paper will deal in general terms with the\nsyntactical model which is used for producing PRECIS input strings and\nindex entries. Later papers will then review the application of this model\nto indexing in, firstly, the Germanic languages (e.g. German and Danish),\nand, secondly, the Romance languages, illustrated by French.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001024"}
{"title": "Limits Growth", "text": " In April 1968, a group of thirty individuals from ten\ncountries - scientists, educators, economists, humanists,\nindustrialists, and national and international civil servants -\ngathered in the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome. They met at\nthe instigation of Dr. Aurelio Peccei, an Italian industrial\nmanager, economist, and man of vision, to discuss a subject of \nstaggering scope - the present and future predicament of man.\n A series of early meetings of The Club of Rome culminated\nin the decision to initiate a remarkably ambitious undertaking\n- the Project on the Predicament of Mankind.\n The intent of the project is to examine the complex of\nproblems troubling men of all nations: poverty in the midst\nof plenty; degradation of the environment; loss of faith in\ninstitutions; uncontrolled urban spread; insecurity of employment;\nalienation of youth; rejection of traditional values; and inflation\nand other monetary and economic disruptions.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001025"}
{"title": "Line - Formula Chemical Notation", "text": " This manual is the culmination of a long search for a chemical\nnotation that should consist of symbols limited to those on the\nstandard typewriter keyboard. The necessity for such a notation\nhas been made almost inescapable by recent tremendous advances in\ntechnology and the vast growth of chemical literature.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001026"}
{"title": "Linguistics and Information Science", "text": " This study was commissioned by the Committee on Linguistics in\nDocumentation of the Federation Internationale de Documentation (FID).\nIt is concerned with the linguistic aspects of information science, and\nin particular with the linguistic components of document analysis,\ndescription, and retrieval. We have attempted to relate linguistics\nand information science by considering the theories and techniques\nlinguistics has to offer, and how far these have been, or could be, \nexploited by information scientists. We have examined these questions\nwithin the context of automated language processing and automated \ndocumentation. The use of computers for linguistic operations presents\nspecial challenges as well as interesting possibilities, and we have\nchosen to approach the field from this particular point of view.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001027"}
{"title": "A List of Books for College Libraries", "text": " To permit a qualitative estimate of a college library's resources, the\nAdvisory Group on College Libraries of the Carnegie Corporation authorized\nthe compilation of a list of not less that 8,000 nor more than 15,000 titles\nwhich might be regarded as a statement of the minimum or basic book collection\nof a four-year liberal arts college.\n The procedure on which the Advisory Group decided included (1) the selection\nof a librarian under whose direction the compilation should be made, (2) the\nchecking and improvement of the original lists drawn up by this compiler by such\na homogeneous group as the faculty of a single college, and (3) the submission\nof these revised recommendations to an able group of widely scattered college\nteachers for further revision.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001028"}
{"title": "A Little Commonwealth Family Life in Plymouth Colony", "text": " The kind of study presented in this monograph has not as yet\nwon a wide following among working historians. On the whole\ntheir interest has remained with the larger units of social\naction: the region, the class, the party, the ethnic or religious\ngroup. It has been left to the so-called behavioral sciences -\nanthropology, sociology, psychology - to demonstrate the fundamental\nimportance of the smallest and most intimate of all group environments,\nthe family.\n\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001029"}
{"title": "Little Science, Big Science", "text": " Pegram lecturers are supposed to talk about science and\nits place in society. The ordinary way of doing this would\nbe either to talk popular science or to adopt one of the various\nstyles in humanistic discussion of the reactions between men\nand science. Previous lecturers in this series have given\naccounts of the content of space science and made excursions\ninto the philosophy and the history of science. Although\nprofessionally my concern is with the history of science, I have\na certain prehistoric past as a physicist, and this has led\nme to treat these lectures in what is, perhaps, an extraordinary\nway.\n My goal is not discussion of the content of science or even\na humanistic analysis of its relations. Rather, I want to clarify\nthese more usual approaches by treating separately all the\nscientific analyses that may be made of science. Why should\nwe not turn the tools of science on science itself? Why not\nmeasure and generalize, make hypotheses, and derive\nconclusions?\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001030"}
{"title": "The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry", "text": " The ideas presented in this book developed during the course of our\nparticipation in a comparative research project, the International Studies\nof Values in Politics, which was a study of the relationship between\ncharacteristics of local political leadership and the behavior of local\ngovernments in India, Poland, the United States, and Yugoslavia.\n Among the first problems we confronted were those of measurement.\nIn the fall of 1965 the first pretest of value-scale items was under way.\nThe goal of the pretest was to develop valid and reliable scales of values\nin four national samples.\n The second problem we had to face arose from the nees to obtain \"comparable\"\nmeasures of community \"activeness\" in four countries.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001031"}
{"title": "Londoner and His Library", "text": " This report deals with a complementary theme: the public for which the\npublic library service is provided. It does this in two ways - by giving\ninformation about the nature of that public, as it is at present made up,\nand by reporting what people say about public libraries, not only those\nwho are members, but also those who used to belong and those who never\nhave. Its closest relatives in British writing on this subject are, therefore,\nMass Observation's now dated Reading in Tottenham (1947) and the\nSociety of Young Publishers' Survey Books in London, 1959. It is more\ncomprehensive in scope and more detailed in its analysis that the Tottenham\nsurvey, while it goes in some depth into issues that necessarily played \nonly a small part in Books in London.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001032"}
{"title": "The Making of a Library", "text": "A book like this is a cumulation of experience, thought, error, and\nhopefully, learning of many years. It did not start, like a water faucet, at\nprecisely that moment in 1967 when the Office of Education so kindly\nawarded a grant to Hampshire college for the development of the concept\nof the extended and experimenting library, although the grant was certainly\nthe means for, and a spur to, it formalization.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001033"}
{"title": "Man's Aggression", "text": " The purpose of this book is to inquire into the validity of the views\non human nature expressed in the widely read and influential books\nof Robert Ardrey and Konrad Lorenz. Ardrey's books are African\nGenesis (Atheneum, 1961), and The Territorial Imperative (Atheneum,\n1966). Lorenz's book is On Aggression (Harcourt, Brace & World,\n1966). In these books the authors argue that man is by\ninstinct an aggressive creature, and it is this innate propensity to\nviolence that accounts for individual and group aggression in man.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001034"}
{"title": "Man-Machine Communication", "text": " This book is an introduction to the elements, methods, and problems\nof interactive systems and is tutorial in tone. It is intended for both\nusers and designers of conversational systems: those who actually operate\nthem as well as those who design the overall systems in which they are\nused. I would expect, primarily, to draw my readers from among the\ndesigners of information systems and such prospective users as teachers,\nwriters, librarians, lawyers, design engineers, and professional managers.\nThe book is a survey and is not intended as an exhaustive text. The\nreader wishing to pursue any topic in detail will have to seek further,\nbut I have provided references to help him do so.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001035"}
{"title": "The Management of Innovation", "text": " All the research reported in this book arose out of an attempt, some\nyears ago, to study an industrial concern as a 'community of people at\nwork', that is, in much the same terms one would use in a study of\nconduct and relationships in a village, an urban neighborhood, or a\nsmall primitive community. This aim was never realized, because it\nsoon became evident that the social structure of the factory interlocked\nwith, and often mirrored, that of the small isolated town in which it\nwas situated. The wider study which then appeared necessary was not\npracticable and the enquiry petered out rather inconclusively, assuming\nits present significance only in the context of later studies.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001036"}
{"title": "Towards a Behavioral Theory of Communication", "text": " This paper presents a conceptualization of information as related to the\ndecision problems of the recipient. The orientation is toward a formal\ndefinition of behavioral elements in an individual's \"purposeful state\":\nspecifically, these elements are his objectives, his valuation of each\nobjective, his possible courses of action, the efficiency of each course of\naction in achieving each objective, and his probability of choice for each\ncourse of action.\n The amount of information in a purposeful state is explicitly defined in\nterms of the probabilities of choice of the available courses of action.\nThe amount of information in a message is defined as the difference between the\namount of information in the purposeful state following the message, and the\namount of information in the purposeful state preceding the message. The amount\nof instruction in a purposeful state is defined in terms of the efficiencies\nof the available courses of action; and the amount of motivation is defined in\nterms of the values of the objectives.\tThe amounts of instruction and \nmotivation in a message are defined, just as information is, by comparing the\namounts in a purposeful state before and after receipt of the message.\n The value of a purposeful state to an individual is defined as a function of\nthe amount of information, the amount of instruction, and the amount of\nmotivation in the state. This concept can be generalized to express the value\nof the state to some other individual.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001037"}
{"title": "Management Misinformation Systems", "text": " Five assumptions commonly made by designers of management information\nsystems are identified. It is argued that these are not justified in many (if \nnot most) cases and hence lead to major deficiencies in the resulting systems.\nThese assumptions are: (1) the critical deficiency under which most managers\noperate is the lack of relevant information, (2) the manager needs the\ninformation he wants, (3) if a manager has the information he needs his decision\nmaking will improve, (4) better communication between managers improves\norganizational performance, and (5) a manager does not have to understand\nhow his information system works, only how to use it. To overcome these\nassumptions and the deficiencies which result from them, a management\ninformation system should be imbedded in a management control system.\nA procedure for designing such a system is proposed and an example is given\nof the type of control system which it produces.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001038"}
{"title": "Computational Analysis of Scoring Models for R and D Project Selection", "text": " Several authors have proposed using scoring models for prescriptive analysis\nof the R and D project selection decision problem. This research indicates\nthat these models do not meet with important practical requirements. For\nexample, many authors recommend a multiplicative index, over an additive\nindex, in order to generate a wide range of project scores. The additive\nindex is shown to have important advantages over the multiplicative index.\nThe most serious shortcoming in the models, however, is the relatively arbitrary\nfashion in which the models have been constructed and the failure of the model\nbuilders to recognize the impact of certain structural considerations on\nresulting project scores. Comparative analyses relating project rankings\nproduced by scoring models to rankings produced by a profitability\nindex and by a linear programming model demonstrate that the performance of\nthe scoring model is highly sensitive to decisions made during the development\nof the model. Considerations such as (1) the underlying distributions of\nproject data, (2) time preferences, (3) the number of ranking intervals or\ncategories, and (4) the width of the intervals, all have important implications\nfor final project scores and associated rankings.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001039"}
{"title": "A Scoring Methodology for Assessing the Suitability of Management Science", "text": "Models\n In this study, five major criteria (realism, flexibility, capability, case\nof use, and cost) for evaluating the suitability of management science models\nfor R & D project selection are established, through personal interviews with\nR&D administrators and management scientists. A suitability rating system,\nbased on these criteria, is used by the author to rate twenty-six management\nscience models for their suitability of use in R&D project selection decision\nmaking. Profitability index and scoring types of models were found to have\ngenerally higher ease of use and lower cost performances than the other types.\nThe linear and nonlinear models had generally higher flexibility, while the\nlinear, nonlinear and zero-one models had generally higher realism than the\nother model types.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001040"}
{"title": "The Managerial Grid", "text": " The Managerial Grid method of designating various\nstyles of leadership avoids these semantic traps. Even more,\nit shows how a leader can simultaneously maximize both \nthe methods which are production-oriented and those which\nare people-oriented. Thus instead of putting a manager in\na dilemma of choosing one or the other alternative, it\nillustrates that there are ways he can gain the benefits of\nboth. It puts various methods of managing problems into\na framework where the leader can identify, study and\nchange his own behavior. Thus he is in a position to understand\nit better, to evaluate the results it produces, and to\nencourage its use by others. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001041"}
{"title": "The Marc II Format:", "text": "A Communications Format for Bibliographic Data\n The MARC (Machine-Readable-Cataloging) Pilot Project was an\nexperiment to test the feasibility of distributing Library of Congress\ncataloging in machine-readable form to a variety of users. This project\ngrew out of the conviction of many librarians that automation was becoming\nnecessary if libraries were to keep up with the rising tide of new\nmaterials and the mounting demand for rapid information. Although there\nwere other library procedures which stood to profit from mechanization,\nit was felt that devising a method of recording bibliographical information\nin machine-readable form was basic to the solution of other problems.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001042"}
{"title": "The MARC Pilot Project:", "text": "The Final Report\n The MARC project has progressed from a\npilot to test the feasibility of a distribution\nservice of centrally produced machine-readable\ncataloging data to a full-scale operational\nsystem in the design stages in two short years.\nThe library community, both here and abroad, has\naccepted MARC and recognizes its potential\nfor the future. The single most significant\nresult of MARC has been the impetus to set\nstandards. There is no doubt that eventually\nstandards would have been designed for\nmachine-readable bibliographic records, character\nsets, and codes for place and language. MARC\naccelerated standardization and still more\nimportant, the standards are being set and agreed\nto be a large segment of the library community.\nThe cooperation among the producers and users\nof bibliographic description has been a\nrewarding experience.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001043"}
{"title": "Mathematical Taxonomy", "text": " In this book we give a mathematical account of some of the methods of data\nsimplification which are involved in or suggested by the practice of biological\ntaxonomy. The computable methods derived are offered as potentially useful\ntools for taxonomists, rather than as substitutes for their activities.\n Superficially similar problems of data simplification arise in pattern \nrecognition and in the various sciences which make substantial use of\nclassificatory systems: biological taxonomy, ecology, psychology, linguistics,\narchaeology, sociology, etc. But more detailed examination shows that the\nkinds of classification used and the kinds of data on which they are based\ndiffer widely from science to science. Whilst we recognize that some of the\nmethods described here, particularly in Part II of the book, are more\nwidely applicable, we have deliberately limited discussion to biological\ntaxonomy. The emphasis throughout is on the clarification of the mathematical\nproperties of methods of automatic classification and of the conditions under\nwhich their application is valid, so that anyone who wishes to apply the\nmethods in other fields shall be aware of their limitations, and of the lines\nalong which they may profitably be developed and modified.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001044"}
{"title": "The Mathematical Theory of Communication", "text": " The word communication will be used here in a very broad sense\nto include all of the procedures by which one mind may affect\nanother. This, of course, involves not only written and oral\nspeech, but also music, the pictorial arts, the theatre, the ballet,\nand in fact all human behavior. In some connections it may be\ndesirable to use a still broader definition of communication,\nnamely, one which would include the procedures by means of\nwhich one mechanism (say automatic equipment to track an\nairplane and to compute its probably future positions) affects\nanother mechanism (say a guided missile chasing this airplane).\n The language of this memorandum will often appear to refer to\nthe special, but still very broad and important, field of the \ncommunication of speech; but practically everything said applies\nequally as well to music of any sort, and to still or moving\npictures, as in television.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001045"}
{"title": "Meaning and the Structure of Language", "text": " The work to which this chapter forms a preface arises out of a deep\nand prolonged dissatisfaction which the author has felt with both\npast and present theories of the structure of language. This\ndissatisfaction may be understood more readily, and the suggestions\nwhich make up the body of this work may appear in clearer perspective,\nif I begin with a few remarks of an autobiographical nature.\nThe intrinsic importance of these remarks is minimal, but they may\nprovide a useful background for what follows.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001046"}
{"title": "Measurement of Meaning", "text": " The scientific study of language has been developing with particular\nrapidity during the past decade or so. One thinks immediately of\nthe basic work of Zipf and Skinner, of the developments in information\ntheory, in concept formation, in second language learning, in\nwork association research, and generally of the increasing integration\nof the psychological and linguistic approaches as reflected in the\nactivities of the Social Science Research Council Committee on\nLinguistics and Psychology. Almost every new issue of a social\nscience journal brings additional evidence of this heightened activity.\nA significant aspect of much of this development has been the \ndevising and application of new quantitative measurement techniques.\nDuring the past six or seven years, a group of us at the\nUniversity of Illinois has been concentrating on the development\nof an objective measure of meaning, and this book is largely a\nprogress report of that research.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001047"}
{"title": "Measurement of Satisfaction in Work and Retirement", "text": " The focus of the book can be summed up in its subtitle: A Strategy\nfor the Study of Attitudes. This strategy is developed by devoting\nconsiderable attention to the nature of the concept of satisfaction, and,\nparticularly, to the requirements for scientifically adequate measures of\nsatisfaction. In fact, it is the emphasis on a comprehensive set of\nrequirements for sound measurement, rather than on just one or two\nelements of it, which is the quality that sets this book apart from any\nprevious report in the area of job satisfaction.\n Not the least of the values of this book is its basic utility for both\nacademicians and practitioners. For the former, it should serve as a\npowerful spur and guide to further fundamental research on the nature\nand correlates of satisfaction. For too many years we in this area have\nbeen plagued by inadequately conceived and poorly developed measuring\ndevices. This has led to a plethora of studies each using a different\nscale or measuring instrument. As a consequence, this has opened the\ndoor for almost anyone to claim the solution for making sense of the\njigsaw pattern of findings relating to satisfaction. At the very least, the\npresent volume should provide researchers with a thoroughly developed\nmeasuring instrument that will allow comparability of results across\nstudies. If so, this may well bring some meaningful order to the present \nrather chaotically structured literature on job satisfaction.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001048"}
{"title": "Measuring the Quality of Library Service: A Handbook", "text": "\tThere is probably no measurement task which public\nservants face which is more difficult than that of measuring\nthe quality of service. It is as difficult to measure the\nquality of hospital service, or of schools, or of social\nwelfare programs, as it is to determine the quality of library\nservice. It is equally as difficult to decide what actions to\ntake in order to improve service.\n Legislators, urban and regional planners, consultants,\nboards of trustees, accrediting teams, librarians, and a\nhost of other decision makers must act on the basis of some\nconclusions about the quality of service offered by library\nsystems. This handbook is intended for these groups, and\nespecially for practicing librarians. The pervasiveness of\nthe problem across all public service institutions, however,\nleads us to hope that the handbook will be of interest to\nother groups.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001049"}
{"title": "Medical Innovation: a diffusion study", "text": " The research reported here constitutes a case study in the acceptance\nof an innovation. The innovation is a medical one, a drug which\nphysicians use in everyday practice; the setting is in the Midwestern\nUnited States in the 1950's. This study gives a glimpse of one small\npart of the great changes that have recently occurred within medicine\nand thus is of specific interest to the medical profession and its\nallied institutions.\n But more generally, the question of the spread of an innovation\nis of interest to all students of society. Particularly in an age of\nchange, and in our complex and massive society, an understanding\nof the way in which an innovation can spread - for better or worse!\n- constitutes important knowledge of man. It is to aid in this\nunderstanding, as well as to describe the case at hand, that this report\nis written.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001050"}
{"title": "MEDLARS", "text": "1963-1967\n The purpose of this document is to present\na final description of the system as it has\nevolved through a period of four years of\noperation. This will add the final chapter to\nthe present MEDLARS story at a time when\nthe Library is on the threshold of developing\nan entirely new system, utilizing the latest\ntechniques of documentation and information\nscience coupled with modern, \"third-\ngeneration\" computer equipment.\n The reader interested in a complete chronicle\nof the Library's experience with MEDLARS is\nadvised to combine the reading of this report\nwith a re-reading of the original MEDLARS\nstory. Thus he will be able to develop a\ncomplete picture that answers the questions:\n(1) What did the Library set out to do?\n(2) What was actually accomplished? and\n(3) What changes were made in the original\nsystem design and why?\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001051"}
{"title": "Melcher on Acquisition", "text": " This book originally set out to be a kind of reporting-in-depth of\nthe American Library Association Pre-Conference on Acquisitions\nheld in Atlantic City in the summer of 1969 - a report embracing not\nonly the essential content of the formal speeches, but also the floor\ndiscussions and after-hours bull sessions.\n Meanwhile, however, a closely similar treatment of the problem of\nhow to buy library materials, long in process, suddenly shaped up and\nwas published by ALA in November 1969. This was Purchasing Library\nMaterials in Public and School Libraries by Evelyn Hensel and Peter D.\nVeilette.\n A treatment of the acquisition process in college and university\nlibraries was also taking shape at this time and became the January\n1970 issue of Library Trends. The acquisition problems of research\nlibraries were likewise getting detailed examination in the two annual\nInternational Seminars on Approval and Gathering Plans in Large and\nMedium Size Academic Libraries, sponsored by Western Michigan University\nin the fall of 1968 and the fall of 1969.\n\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001052"}
{"title": "Methods of Information Handling", "text": " This book is meant to be an aid and reference work\nfor those people who are interested in the design of\ninformation systems. Such information systems are\ntypified by the traditional libraries, but the same\nproblems of information processing, storage, and\nretrieval are present in many government and\nindustrial organizations in many places besides the\nlibrary. This book provides an illustration of the\ntools, equipment, and methodology that might be\napplied to those problems.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001053"}
{"title": "Relevance Predictability in Information Retrieval Systems", "text": " An experiment is described which attempts to derive quantitative indicators\nregarding the potential relevance predictability of the intermediate stimuli\nused to represent documents in information retrieval systems. In effect,\nsince the decision to peruse an entire document is often predicated upon\nthe examination of one \"level of processing\" of the document (e.g., the\ncitation and/or abstract), it became interesting to analyze the properties\nof what constitutes \"relevance\". However, prior to such an analysis, an\neven more elementary step had to be made, namely, to determine what portions\nof a document should be examined.\n An evaluation of the ability of intermediate response products (IRPs),\nfunctioning as cues to the information content of full documents, to predict \nthe relevance determination that would be subsequently made on these documents\nby motivated users of information retrieval systems, was made under controlled\nexperimental conditions. The hypothesis that there might be other intermediate\nresponse products (selected extracts from the document i.e., first paragraph,\nlast paragraph, and the combination of first and last paragraph), that would be\nrepresentative of the full document as the traditional IRPs (citation and\nabstract) was tested systematically. The results showed that:\n 1. there is no significant difference among the several IRP treatment\n groups on the number of cue evaluations of relevancy which match\n the subsequent user relevancy decision on the document;\n 2. first and last paragraph combinations have consistently predicted\n relevancy to a higher degree that the other IRPs;\n 3. abstracts were undistinguished as predictors; and\n 4. the apparent high predictability rating for citations was not\n substantive.\n Some of these results are quite different than would be expected from previous\nwork with unmotivated subjects.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001054"}
{"title": "The Use of Biomedical Periodical Literature at the National Lending", "text": "Library for Science and Technology\n The paper reports the results of a two week questionnaire survey of the use\nof biomedical periodical literature carried out at the UK National Lending \nLibrary in February 1969. The survey was designated to discover the subject,\ndate and language characteristics of the borrowed literature, the most\nfrequently requested journals, and the most popular sources of references\nto biomedical publications.\n The loans were spread over 1,084 titles, although 9 per cent of the issues\ninvolved only 2 per cent of the titles. The literature in most demand was\nless than one year old and in the case of medicine 50 per cent of the requests\nwere for literature lss than 3 1/2 years old. The half-life for the biological\nliterature was somewhat longer at 5 3/4 years. The majority of issues (87.8\nper cent) involved English language periodicals.\n Overall, the principal sources of references to the requested literature\nwere citation lists in other periodical articles. Regarding the more recent\nliterature, however, abstracting and indexing journals were the primary\nsources of information. For medical references Index Medicus was the most\nused indexing publication, and for biological references Current Contents.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001055"}
{"title": "Metropolitan Public Library", "text": " Public libraries in the 1960's which are active and alert and interested\nin meeting the interests of their various publics face problems far\ndifferent from those of even a decade ago. The Maryland metropolitan area\nis an example of the many changes taking place in metropolitan areas\nwhich require corresponding change in the type and form and arrangements for\nlibrary service and even demand looking into the very nature of library\nservice itself.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001056"}
{"title": "The Microtext Reading Room: Part II", "text": " Part I dealt with the selection of a microtext manager and\nwith procedural consideration in the acquisition process.\nPart II continues the discussion about acquisitions, including\nconsiderations of format, variation, and reliability of\npublisher-supplied project information. The Library's\nsearch for an adequate system of bibliographic control is\nexamined. Cataloging methods, classification schemes, and\nhardcopy guides and indexes are discussed as components\nof bibliographic control.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001057"}
{"title": "User Resistance to Microforms in the Research Library", "text": " Microforms enjoy only limited acceptance in research libraries, largely\nbecause of user resistance. A growing number of published studies indicate\nthat improper production, inadequate bibliographic access, lack of \nstandardization, defects in equipment design, maintenance problems,\npoor environments for microform usage, and certain inherent characteristics\nof the microforms themselves all combine to make their use inconvenient.\nSolutions to most of these problems have existed for some time, but the\nmicroform industry has been slow to correct them. Some positive developments\nhave occurred in the last two years, but the major problems remain. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001058"}
{"title": "Microform Information Sources: Publications and Hardware", "text": " This article lists and describes articles, books, and services that provide \ninformation about publications available in microform and about microform \nhardware..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001059"}
{"title": "Microforms in Libraries", "text": " Why do libraries use microforms? According to a 1974 survey by a\nmicropublisher, saving space was the reason given by most respondents.\nHolmes, on the other hand, found, \"to acquire materials not otherwise\navailable,\" as the major reason. Others include: (1) Instead of binding\nserials (journals are retained unbound for two to three years after\npublication, the period of heaviest use, and are then discarded and\nreplaced by microform versions; (2) To preserve deteriorating materials;\n(3) Easing access to bulky materials such as newspapers; (4) To provide\nworking copies of materials too delicate for continued use such as rare\nbooks; (5) to save money - in most cases the cost of an out-of-print set or\nserial backfile will be substantially less in microform than the cost of a\nfull-size reprint or the cost of the original on the used book market;\n(6) Ease of acquisition - i.e., acquiring materials which would otherwise\nbe difficult to acquire; (7) Mutilations reduced.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001060"}
{"title": "Milestones in Cataloging", "text": " In the case of the present study, Dr.Lehnus was interested in applying\na method - in a non-standard way for that method - to a type of literature that\nhad not been addressed so far. He proposed to begin with a single monograph\non the subject \"cataloging,\" apply the method of citation analysis to the\nreferences of that work, and determine whether a core literature on\ncataloging could be discovered in this way. There are innumerable examples\nof core literatures in scientific fields obtained from journal articles or\nthrough the Science citation index, but research via the monograph in non-\nscientific subjects has been minimal.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001061"}
{"title": "Patterns of Evaluation in Science:", "text": "Institutionalization, Structure and\nFunctions of the Referee System\n The referee system in science involves the systematic use of judges to\nassess the acceptability of manuscripts submitted for publication. The\nreferee is thus an example of status-judges who are charged with evaluating\nthe quality of role-performance in a social system. They are found in\nevery institutional sphere. Other kinds of status-judges include teachers\nassessing the quality of work by students (and, as a recent institutional\nchange, students officially assessing the quality of performance by teachers),\ncritics in the arts, supervisors in industry and coaches and managers in\nsports. Status-judges are integral to any system of social control through\ntheir evaluation of role-performance and their allocation of rewards for\nthat performance. They influence the motivation to maintain or to raise\nstandards of performance.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001062"}
{"title": "The Development of a Scientific Specialty:", "text": "The Phage Group and the Origins of Molecular Biology\n This paper analyses the formation of a new discipline, molecular biology,\nfrom the development of phage work. It argues that such social variables\nas the competitive position and relative status of each of the specialities or\ndisciplines from which a new one is formed are not sufficient to explain\nphage work's development into the specialty of molecular biology. Even\nthough persons in physics, a field with high academic standing, decided\nto enter biology, which had a lower academic standing, and even though\nsome recruiting of students occurred, these factors alone are not sufficient\nto account for the development of the specialty, particularly given the\ncompetitiveness of modern conditions. In the emergence of molecular\nbiology from phage work, the variables of status and competitive position,\nadduced by Professors Ben-David and Collins to explain the emergence\nof experimental psychology from the hybridization of physiology and\nphilosophy, seem to be less important than other normal activities which\noccur in scientific development.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001063"}
{"title": "Modern Manuscripts A Practical Manual for Their Management, Care and Use", "text": " The title of this book is intended to indicate\nthat its scope is limited to manuscripts of the seventeenth century\nto the present. Examples and techniques are drawn from institutions\nin the United States with occasional references to practices in Great\nBritain and Canada. The book is directed toward the novice curator\nof manuscripts, and, again, as the title indicates, it is intended to \nserve as a practical guide, not as an exposition of theory.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001064"}
{"title": "Modern Organizations", "text": " The plan of this book follows our definition of organizations\nas social units that pursue specific goals which they are structured to\nserve, obviously under some social circumstances. Therefore the book has\nthree foci: organizational goals; organizational structure; and organizations\nand their social environment. Considerably more space is devoted to\norganizational structure than to the other topics, for two reasons: First,\nmore research has been conducted and more writings are available on\norganizational structure than on organizational goals (Chapter 2) and \nenvironment. Second, the major schools of organizational analysis have fixed\ntheir interests on structural aspects of the organization, and thus, we may\nbest evaluate these different approaches in the context of organizational\nstructure.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001065"}
{"title": "A Modern Outline of Library Classification", "text": " This outline is based mainly on lectures given at the North-Western\nPolytechnic to students studying for the Library Association's Registration\nExamination in Classification and Cataloguing.\n It is hoped that it will help to meet the need, increasingly felt in \nrecent years by students and teachers of the subject, for a reasonably simple\ntextbook on Library Classification which takes account of the considerable \ndevelopments which have occurred in the subject in the past 25 years. As is \nwell known, a great deal of this has been due to Dr. Ranganathan, and also,\nin more recent years, to Mr. B. C. Vickery. As a result of these developments,\na coherent theory of library classification has been established in each\nof its three major departments - in subject analysis, in notation, and in\nthe alphabetical indexing of systematic orders. It is now possible to\nconstruct library classifications whose efficiency in the two basic functions\n(of relating subjects helpfully, and of locating them rapidly ad unerringly)\nis considerably greater than the schemes we have so far used. Moreover, they\nare easier to construct.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001066"}
{"title": "Modern Systems Research for the Behavioral Scientist. A Sourcebook", "text": " Although it is hoped that this sourcebook will\nbe of interest to those of any discipline concerned\nwith new developments in science of the last\nquarter century, it is addressed principally to the\nstudent of human behavior as that study is\napproached from the social side. This is so partly\nbecause that is the editor's main competence and\ninterest, but primarily because the study of human\nbehavior is the general area of science that has\nleast responded to the exciting challenge of the\nmodern systems outlook. Yet it is precisely this\ngeneral area that stands to gain the most from\ninsights into the workings of the more complex\ntypes of systems.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001067"}
{"title": "Monteith College Library Experiment", "text": " Our report on the analysis of social structure in the Monteith\nLibrary Project begins with discussion of certain general characteristics\nof research of this type and with comments on the academic institution\nas a specific type of formal organization. We turn next to a consideration\nof particular social science concepts found useful in bringing into focus\nsignificant features of the Monteith structure. Finally, we discuss the\neffect of these Monteith structural features upon the library project at\neach stage of its development.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001068"}
{"title": "Motivation and Personality", "text": " This book was started during the years 1935-1936 and was\nintended to be a systematic psychology of the older type. My\neffort was to synthesize the holistic, the dynamic and the cultural\nemphases which, each one, excited so many young psychologists\nof the time. I felt that they were intrinsically related to each\nother, and that they were subaspects of a single, larger, encompassing\nwhole. I felt also that they would make more meaningful my\nprevious studies at the University of Wisconsin in comparative\nand experimental psychology, and in biology and neurophysiology.\nFurthermore, I felt that they would enable me to serve better\nmy humanistic aims.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001069"}
{"title": "The Motivation to Work", "text": " This book reports the findings from a study of job motivation\nbased on a fresh approach to this problem. It is an important\nstudy, since the analyses and interpretations of the authors\nsuggest that a breakthrough may well have been made to provide\nnew insights into the nature and method of operation of job\nattitudes.\n The senior authors were well prepared for their task, having\nrecently completed a comprehensive review and analysis of the\nresearch in this field, reported in Job Attitudes: Review of\nResearch and Opinion. This review of several thousand articles\nand books regarding the factors relating to job attitudes and the\neffect of job attitudes on work performance indicated much\ndisagreement and confusion in the field. It appeared that one of\nthe major contributors to this apparent diversity of results was\nthe unstable nature of the subjective data on which studies in\nthis field have been typically based.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001070"}
{"title": "An Integrated Health-Science Core Library for Physicians, Nurses and Allied", "text": "Health Practitioners in Community Hospitals\n This Core Medical Library has been revised, updated and expanded in the hope \nof providing a single library facility for the entire health-care team.. Items\nwere included in the list on the basis of recommendations submitted by \nspecialists in the pertinent fields.. The expanded core collection costs about\n4,000.. Space requirements are about 40 linear feet for books, 90 feet for \njournals and 15 feet for reference tools..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001071"}
{"title": "GREMAS - A System for Classification and Documentation in Organic Chemistry", "text": " The authors of this essay were faced with the task of organizing\na documentation office in which a large number of publications and\npatents in chemistry would have to be processed. This large collection\nwould be made available to a large group of elements without restrictions.\nTo permit a large frequency of use, and to maintain this also with increases\nin file sizes, it becomes necessary to limit especially that faction of the\ntask which consists in the retrieval activities paper.\n Savings in the retrieval activity are possible only at the expense of\ngreater effort in indexing and by heavier use of technical aids. We have taken\nthe second path by consciously applying the principles\tto a highly detailed\nfaceted classification.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001072"}
{"title": "Automatic Construction of Thesauri and of Concept Systems", "text": "for Dictionaries and Subject Lists\n After a synopsis of the relations existing between descriptors and their \nconcepts, the EPD-program called \"GENTHES\" is described. The program supports\nthe construction of a thesaurus and its use. The relational system corresponds\nto ISO/DIS 2788 (UNESCO) and DIN 1463. It differentiates, however, in addition\ngenerically related and contiguous terms pertaining to a part-whole system.\nCharacteristics that determine narrower terms against their broader terms are\nintroduced as new relation. Many types of associations are made available for\nexperimenting. The programmed generation of dependent relations reduces the\namount of work to one third although ensuring total avoidance of formal errors\nand logical contradictions, even in applying permitted polyhierarchy. The\nprogram is available in batch mode or in an interactive timesharing version\n(Remote GENTHES). The program functions are input, logical and formal input\nchecking, generation of relations, display, delete, print on line printer and\nstorage on disk. GENTHES is running in Vienna on a System IBM/370.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001073"}
{"title": "The DK (Decimal Classification) - a Multi-Faceted Classification", "text": " Backed up by numerical data derived from an ASLIB analysis of the planned\nworld-wide system of UNISIST, the author critically investigates the claimed\nuniversity of the U.D.C. According to it, the so-called \"Universal Decimal\nClassification\" proves to be fragmentary. Terminological aspects are not\nprovided for, hierarchical order often is fictitious, and the representation\nof special fields is inadequate. For the purpose of reforming the Decimal\nClassification, a reconstruction scheme is suggested, consisting of free\nfacets, with the aid of which special classifications can be compiled,\naccording to the modular principle.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001074"}
{"title": "Possibilities for Revisions of the DK (Decimal Classification)", "text": " For a number of reasons mentioned it is proposed to reorganize in a new\nedition the existing UDC completely, to reallocate the subject fields of\nthe UDC main classes according to present day views, state of knowledge and\npriorities, and to subdivide these main classes only by subfields of subject\nfields. The specific facets of each field should be represented by a uniform\narray of special auxiliaries attached to the fields through the technique\nof interrupted subdivision. These should express the following categories:\n(1) Theory, (2) Objects, (3) Processes, (4) Attributes, (6) Order, organization,\n(7) Relation, (8) Determination, (9) Evaluation. ((5) is left free for the \nmoment). Proposals for further simplification of the scheme are outlined\nregarding the general categories, the symbols used and the rules for \nsyntagmatic organization taking into account the implications of computer\ntechnology. Possible changes in the layout and editions of a new UDC are\ndiscussed.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001075"}
{"title": "The Documentation of Documentation", "text": " Independently of the work as a cumulative index and\nthesaurus a study has been carried out about some information\nservices in the field of documentation. The aim was to\nobtain an overview of the writer's work in the documentation\narea, and at the same time to generate the references\nnecessary for a survey about the \"documentation of\ndocumentation.\" Nine new information services were considered.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001076"}
{"title": "Comments about Terminology in Documentation.", "text": "II: communication and Information \n Developing from the definitions of the concept language a terminological\nrepresented model of the communication process can be deduced that shows\nthe transfer of meaning between communicator and recipient through\ncommunication channels and mediators. The distinguished communication\nstructures are communication sequences, chains, nets and systems. With an\nuniversal definition of data as fixed representations of facts by means of\nsigns the various meanings of the term \"information\" are terminological to\ndifferentiate as \"information,\" \"information process\" and \"informations.\"\nThe theory of signs makes the differentiation of syntactical, semantical,\nsigmatical and pragmatical information possible. Adequate to communication\nprocess and system we can determine informing process and information system.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001077"}
{"title": "Computerized Information Retrieval Services", "text": "(Automatisierte Information Retrieval Dienste)\n Following an outline of the current trend in information storage, retrieval,\nand dissemination, this paper provides a description of some of the information\nservices offered at the University of Calgary. The services include processing\nof data-bases supplied on magnetic tapes. The system is briefly characterized\nas featuring natural text processing. Selective dissemination of information\nis directed to users periodically in response to their profiles, and \nretrospective searches are performed on request, both in the batch mode.\nFeedback from users and system performance are also briefly reviewed.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001078"}
{"title": "National Aspects of Creating and Using MARC/RECON Records", "text": " Concurrently with the RECON Pilot Project, the RECON working Task Force \nundertook to consider certain basic questions of retrospect conversation\nthat are of national scope.\n First, is it feasible to define a level or subset of the MARC format that \nwould allow a library using the lower level to be part of a future national\nnetwork?\n Second, is it possible to use machine-readable records from a variety of \nsources in a national bibliographic store as a way to reduce the conversion\neffort on the national level?\n Third, what are the problems of producing a National Union Catalog from \nmachine-readable records?\n As these studies and the pilot project progressed, it also became apparent \nthat there were many practical difficulties in carrying out a large-scale \nconversion project. Therefore, it seemed essential to investigate alternative \nstrategies for RECON that might yield broad benefits in a reasonable short \ntime span.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001079"}
{"title": "National Document-Handling Systems for Science and Technology", "text": " This book has grown out of a study undertaken for the Committee on Scientific \nand Technical Information (COSATI) Task Group on National Systems(s) for \nScientific and Technical Information in support of their examination of national\ndocument and information systems. The emphasis of the study as stated by \nCOSATI is as follows:\n 1. Initial and primary priority will be placed on national systems \nrelating to scientific and technical documents, their handling and the\nmanagement of such documents. Specific matters to be reported on will include, \nthe current organizational and functional situation in the United States; the \nextent to which known deficiencies are causing a reduction in the potential \nfor technical effectiveness in the United States scientific and technical \ncommunity; the alternatives which are available and economically feasible for \ncorrection of these deficiencies; and one or more action plans which can be\nfollowed by governmental (especially including Congress) and non-governmental \nunits.\n 2. Secondary attention will be given to development of programs which can \nbe undertaken with Government support for identifying, analyzing, and giving \na structure to the total flow of scientific and technical information in the \nUnited States.\"\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001080"}
{"title": "Generalization of Epidemic Theory An Application to the Transmission of Ideas", "text": " One of the most fundamental problems in the field of information retrieval \nis that of determining the circumstances under which it might be necessary to\nintroduce an information retrieval system as an aid to a given population of \nscientists. It is proposed that this problem be examined in terms of the \ntransmission and development of ideas within a population. Specifically, the \ntransmission of ideas within a population will be treated as if it were the\ntransmission of an infectious disease, that is, in terms of an epidemic process.\nAn attempt will be made to indicate the role of information retrieval in the\ndevelopment of such a process.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001081"}
{"title": "Mathematical Approach to the Spread of Scientific Ideas - The History of", "text": "Mast Cell Research\n One of the most intriguing problems of modern science is the obscure nature \nof its own growth. Indeed, there are few notable scientists who have not, at \none time or another, given serious thought to the questions of how their \nparticular science has reached its present state and what will be the course of\nits future development. These questions seem to be of such importance to \nscientists that they have emerged as fundamental scientific problems in their\nown right.\n Goffman and Newill have pointed out that the process by which ideas spread \nwithin a population of scientists possesses epidemiological properties and can \ntherefore be investigated as an epidemic process. Consequently, a new set of \nmathematical tools can be applied to the problem of explaining the nature of \nscientific development. In particular, this approach makes it possible to \nestablish the relative importance of past lines of inquiry within a given area \nof scientific research, and to predict the future behavior of existing lines\nof investigation as well as the emergence of important new ones within the \ngiven area.\n The purpose of this communication is to demonstrate this method by applying it\nto the development of knowledge about mast cells. In his recent comprehensive \nsurvey of this subject, Prof. Hens Selye has assembled a \"full bibliography\" \nin which \"every aspect of the mast cell is dealt with.\" This bibliography \nconstitutes ideal data for the application of epidemic theory to the spread of \nscientific ideas, since it provides us with all the contributions to the \nsubject area, from Ehrlich's discovery of the mast cell in 1877 until 1963. \n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001082"}
{"title": "Dispersion of Papers among Journals based on a Mathematical", "text": "Analysis of Two Diverse Medical Literatures\n Two entire literatures relating to research in mast cells and\nschistosomiasis have been found to differ in almost every respect.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001083"}
{"title": "Information, Communication, Knowledge", "text": " At the British Association meeting in Exeter last month, Professor\nZiman addressed the section devoted to general topics on the\nquestion of how scientific information becomes public knowledge.\nThe system of communication, he implied, is not as rotten as some\nlike to think.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001084"}
{"title": "Bradford's Law and the Bibliography of Science", "text": " The rationalization of scientific library systems might be greatly\nfacilitated by the application of Bradford's law, formulated more than\ntwenty years ago.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001085"}
{"title": "Bradfod's Law and Library Acquisitions", "text": " Bradford's law holds for periodical circulation as well\nas literature dispersion.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001086"}
{"title": "Citation Indexing for Studying Science", "text": " By revealing who has really influenced the course of science\nthe Science Citation Index seems to be a valuable sociometric \ntool for historians and sociologists.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001087"}
{"title": "Mathematical Approach to the Prediction of Scientific Discovery", "text": " In the field of symbolic logic at least, fundamental discoveries seem to\nfollow patterns, suggesting that future discoveries may in some sense be\npredictable..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001088"}
{"title": "Scientific Information by Computer", "text": " An evaluation of the Chemical Society's Chemical Titles information\nretrieval service compared with a parallel manual search of the literature\nhas shown that, at least in certain disciplines, more than 90 per cent of the\ndesired information can be obtained.. This is quite adequate for most\ncommercial and scientific purposes..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001089"}
{"title": "Library Optimum", "text": "Sir,-In his recent article B.C. Brookes propounds an ingenious mathematical\nframework to determine which periodical volumes a library should hold. He is\ncareful to point out that the selection will need regular review and revision, \nin case the value of the aging factor a or the\ncontents of the Bradford set change from year to year. There is as yet very \nlittle experimental evidence on the consistency\nof either. Such limited evidence as there is suggests that the aging factor \nis reasonably constant. But the position of\nthe Bradfod set is less satisfactory. The Nature Conservancy librarians (J. M.\nWeingott and S. M. Penny, unpublished) have lent me a list of titles cited in \nthe Journal of Ecology three or more times in\n1955-56, and a similar list for 1965-66. There are 150 periodical titles in \nthe two lists, but only forty-two (28%) appear in\nboth. Of the thirty-three titles cited nine or more times in either year, \nonly eight (25%) attained that level in both, and\ntwelve were cited less than three times in the other year. The Kendall rank \ncorrelation coefficient between the two years is 0.18 and not significant.\n There is another major practical problem. The article assumes that the data\nanalyzed to obtain aging or utility factors and Bradford sets are valid\nparameters of the relative value of the literature to the readers. There is no\nmention of the type of data to use. The reader who sought guidance from the \nearlier literature cited would find practical techniques described in which \nanalyses of citation frequencies are used to calculate utilities discussed in \nterms of library use. Krauze and Hillinger have\ndiscussed the difference between citations in one article and future citations \nto that article. Their work implies a more complex\nrelation between a and u than Brookes suggests. In any case, the validity of\ncitations for forecasting library consultations\nremains unproven, and there are prima facie reasons why the relationship is not\nnecessarily close. For example, one item in a list of references is often \nintended to lead to a chain of earlier papers. Again,\neach citation represents an author's selection from a wider group most of \nwhich he has consulted in a library. In neither case is there any\ninherent reason for similarity of age distribution or of pool of titles between \nthe list of citations and the items read by the author or his readers.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001090"}
{"title": "Effectiveness of Combining Title Words and Index", "text": "Terms in Machine Retrieval Searches\n Our experiment was based on volume 24 of Nuclear Science\nAbstracts (NSA) which contains about 53,000 citations; we\nused the generalized file-management system, Master Control,\nwhich can operate in either an inverted or a linear search mode.\nThe inverted mode uses a table composed of the unique\nvocabulary contained in one or more data elements, along with\nall record numbers in which each vocabulary word occurs. For\nexample, an inverted table constructed on titles will have one\nentry for each unique word of every title in the data base, plus\nthe record numbers in which each vocabulary word occurs. For\nexample, an inverted table constructed on titles will have one\nentry for each unique word of every title in the data base, plus\nthe record numbers in which each word was found. (In Master\nControl, a word is defined as any set of characters bounded on\neither side by a legal separator such as a blank, period, comma,\ncolon, etc.) On the other hand, in a linear search mode the\ndata element is compared with the profile word, character by\ncharacter, which results in a prohibitively time-consuming\nprocess for large data bases.\n We chose the inverted-table technique because of the large\namount of data to be searched. Individual tables were\nconstructed from the titles of the articles, NSA index terms, and\ntitles and index terms combined. NSA index terms are controlled\nby the Euratom Thesaurus, as revised for NSA.\n We used two criteria in the study. First, the questions had\nto be of real interest to laboratory personnel. Some of the\nquestions had actually been submitted by other members of the\nstaff, to be run concurrently on the same data base on an SDI\nbasis. The others were especially constructed by the authors\nfor this experiment. Second, citations obtained were to be\nconsidered good (or relevant) only if they actually pertained to\nthe subject in question; otherwise, they were to be considered\n\"false drops,\" regardless of the number of words matched\nbetween the profile and the citation.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001091"}
{"title": "Method for Relating the Structure and Properties of Chemical Compounds", "text": " The structure diagrams of chemical compounds are widely\nused in the communication of chemistry. They are also used\nin chemical information systems, mainly as keys for the\nretrieval of associated information. However some chemical\ninformation systems hold property data as well as structure\ndiagrams in machine-readable forms. If structure-property\nrelationships could be investigated easily within chemical\ninformation systems, then the usefulness of the systems would\nbe considerably increased. Described below are some results\nwhich have been obtained during investigation of structure-\nproperty relationships using a combination of regression \nanalysis and some techniques of chemical structure handling used\nin information systems.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001092"}
{"title": "Synthesis of Situations for a Stage of Scientific Activity", "text": " Synthesis of situations is a stage of scientific activity.. The necessity\nand feasibility of a regular professional execution of that stage are argued..\nReasons for incorporating it in the organizational framework of an information\nsystem are given.. The practicability of the concept is tested with reference\nto some actual problems..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001093"}
{"title": "Improving the Work of a Central Bureau of Technical Information", "text": " The process of integration of sciences and the growing cooperation of\ncreative efforts in the various fields of science and technology intensify the\nneed for interdisciplinary information..\n The prime task of a regional information agency is to meet the information \nwants of local enterprises..\n An efficient fulfillment of that task presupposes a study of the demand for \ninterdisciplinary information at the patron enterprises in order to set up an\nappropriate information and reference collection..\n The basic measure of the efficiency of a central bureau of technical \ninformation are defined..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001094"}
{"title": "Specialist's Requirements for Scientific Information", "text": " Describes the research in various countries to clear up specialist's \nrequirements for scientific information.. Research areas and the results \nobtained are studied.. At present, no firm conclusions are yet possible as to \nthe effective methods of improving information services.. Things to do are to\nwiden the universe of specialists investigated, set up a common methodology,\nstudy the possibilities of preparing and launching world research program \ntoward this end..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001095"}
{"title": "Timing Data for Information Processes", "text": " Every R&D or design organization should have an efficient information\nservice capable of minimizing time spent on searching and gathering pertinent\ndata.. Generalized data on time spent by R&D project staff on information\nprocesses is cited.. Suggestions as to the improvement of information activity\nare offered.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001096"}
{"title": "Scatter of Metallurgical Publications in Abstract Journals", "text": " The methods that have been used to analyze the scatter of metallurgical\npublications covered in METALLURGIYA abstract journal are briefly outlined..\nIt has been found out that METALLURGIYA abstracted 1,546 serials and \nperiodicals in l967, including 290 Soviet and 1,256 foreign sources.\n Special metallurgical periodicals accounted but for one-eighth of the \nsources, which carried 52.9 per cent of the articles abstracted; the other 47.1 \nper cent were scattered through 1,342 journals.\n Data on the coverage of the publications of all the areas of the worlds\nby METALLURGIYA are given.\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001097"}
{"title": "Concerning the Criterion for Evaluation of Current Secondary Information", "text": " The findings are described of a study aimed at determining the prospects and\nmethods for improving the system of current bibliographic information.. The\nanalysis has shown that the existing criteria for evaluation of special\nbibliographies (scope, coverage, arrangement, speed of announcement, etc.) are\ninadequate for an unbiased characterization of their exhaustivity and subject\ncontents.. This hampers a correct choice of the sources of secondary \ninformation and leads to duplication, parallelisms and loss of information..\nJudgements of the leading Soviet and foreign bibliographers relating to the\nproblems under consideration are reviewed, which are all essentially in favor \nof a reconstruction of the publishing processes, issuing of scientific \npublications on a world scale, and algorithmization of the information\nprocesses.. It is suggested that the first objective of research should be\na method of comparative evaluation of periodicals..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001098"}
{"title": "On Factors Influencing the Attitude of Scientists and Engineers towards", "text": "Scientific Information\n The most important objective factors are considered influencing the limits\nand the depth of information needs of researchers and designers, i.e. the \ngrowth of information flow, the level of specialization, the qualification\nstandard, the official position, the development rates of scientific or\ntechnical discipline in question the teamwork on scientific or engineering\nprojects, the language barrier, the specifics of narrowly specialized\nterminology, as well as a number of subjective (psychological) factors\nlike inclination to creative work, type of memory, the time available, methods\nof sources handling..\n The investigations into, and account of, these factors are indispensable for\nraising the efficiency both of information systems performance and the\nactivities of scientific and engineering communities served..\n Some statistical data are cited obtained during investigations into\ninformation demand patterns for various personnel groups at research and\ndevelopment institutions..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001099"}
{"title": "On the Problem of Economic Efficiency Determination of Scientific and", "text": "Technical Information\n A method for economic efficiency determination of scientific and technical\ninformation is suggested..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001100"}
{"title": "The Psychologic Criteria of Information Selection", "text": " Defines and describes the information selection criteria in the\npsychological aspects of activity, suggestability, progressiveness, \nrepresentativeness, and the optimal information minimum; their specific nature\nis shown in comparison with other criteria of information selection, and their \nsignificance for the further study of the psychological problems of\ninformatics is made clear..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001101"}
{"title": "Nature and Essence of Information Needs", "text": " The individual, collegiate and social information needs are considered in\nconjunction with the scientific, economic and social interests of the\ncommunity.. A classification of the information needs is given which takes\ninto account their historic background and subject-specialty specifics..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001102"}
{"title": "On Information Needs of Different User Categories", "text": " The information need and its main properties are defined.. Classification\nof information needs in different activities is given.. Relationships between\ninformation needs and requests are considered, and the process of shaping of \ninformation needs and request formulation are traced.. Findings of a study of\ninformation utilization by different categories of specialists on the basis of\nthe classification proposed by the author are given..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001103"}
{"title": "Current Awareness Bibliographies in the State Information System", "text": " Notes that at present the current awareness bibliography of Soviet\npublications (which is provided, in some form or other almost in all of the \nareas of knowledge, production, or culture) fails to ensure complete enough\ninformation even with respect to directly related literature. A set of\nmeasures are suggested, aimed at a cardinal improvement of the listings in the\nstate bibliography system..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001104"}
{"title": "Information Services for Supervisory Staff, Forms and Methods", "text": " In the general practice, the management information systems are set aside\nas a special area.. The paper elaborates the aspects of selecting forms of\nmanagement information, as well as those of the methods of its preparation,\nand the interrelation between the forms and the methods.. The basic criteria\nfor this kind of information are defined, and the categories or types of likely\ndemands for it are set up.. Examples of management information services are\ngiven based on the practice of information centers of Czechoslovakia, GDR,\nGreat Britain.. The proceedings of the Prague symposium for the analysis of\nvarious methods of management information preparation are shortly reviewed..\n The developed SDI system aimed to serve the management is described and also\nthe results of its one year operation are analyzed..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001105"}
{"title": "Efficiency of Information Service at a Research Institute (findings of a", "text": "questionnaire survey)\n Discussing the problem of evaluation of the efficiency of an information\nservice at a research institute, the paper presents the results of a\nquestionnaire survey conducted in 1968 at an electronics industry research\nestablishment; the objective of the survey was to work out improvements\nof the special information system..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001106"}
{"title": "Principles of Selective Information Servicing of the Different Categories", "text": "of R&D Staff\n The characteristics to be referred to in differentiating the R&D user needs\nare defined; depending on the administrative status of the user, information\ncatered to him must possess the corresponding degree of generalization..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001107"}
{"title": "Information Value of VINITI-published abstract journals in patent studies", "text": " Methods of analysis of the VINITI abstract journals are described as applied\nfor measuring the exhaustivity and speed of coverage of patents; the\nfeasibility and efficiency of using the abstract journals of VINITI composition\nof the patent file of a plant, subject- or name-based patent searches, etc..\nThe mean time lags in signalization of the USSR patents in the abstract\njournals are 6 to 7 months, British patent -- 6 to 8 months, West German -- 10\nto 12, French 12, and US -- 12 to 13 months.. Some improvements of the\nabstract journals as source in information on latest world inventions are\nsuggested..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001108"}
{"title": "A System of Documentary Information Flow Analysis (Science Journals)", "text": " The paper describes a system of analysis of primary science journals from\nthe standpoint of the efficiency of their use as sources for abstracting in\nconjunction with punched cards and electronic computers.. The procedure\nemployed to process the file of science documents is outlined..\n The program of analysis provides for obtaining statistical data on the\nregularities of the concentration of special profile periodicals and the\nscattering of the interdisciplinary sources as well as the characteristics\nof the systems of relations existing between the individual series of the \nabstract journal..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001109"}
{"title": "The pattern of the Information Needs of an R&D Institute and the System for", "text": "Meeting Them\n The functional structure of a research institute is analyzed s well as the\nfunctional structure of its information services, the latter's development,\nthe overall subject pattern of the creative interests of the institute and the\nsystem for meeting these..\n", "collection": "CISI", "id": "cisi.001110"}
{"title": "On Informal Processes of Science Communications", "text": " The paper makes a discussion of major theoretical and experimental studies\nof the role of informal processes of communication in science.. The author\nholds that the system of scientific communications is based on formal processes\n(founded on scientific and technical literature, including the primary and\nsecondary sources), whereas the informal processes (in which scientists play\nthe leading part and which have no insti