The chimerical state is not only a
hybrid state. It is also a
state of obscure powers. As the classical chimera, much of its strength comes precisely from the fact that it hard to see and hence to investigate and critique. The paper traces the origins of this difficulty to the role the public-private divide plays in hiding chimerical power. It does so with reference specifically to the security area.

The core principle of co-creation is engaging people to create valuable experiences together while enhancing network economics (Ramaswamy & Gouillart 2010). A central element of the transition to co-creation is the ability to develop and manage effective two-way communications and information systems (Leavy 2011). The power of co-creation is applicable anywhere along the value chain and to any type of industry (Leavy 2011). Co-creation can apply to any business, large or small whose customers have experiences and interactions. Moreover, customer engagement can take many forms, from face-to-face meetings involving a handful of people to web-enabled, large-scale social interactions involving many thousands (Leavy 2011, Ramaswamy & Gouillart 2010). We are interested in expanding these concepts to all parts of society (e.g. the triangle market, (welfare) state, and civil society). Finding solutions to address societies’ challenges remains a concern for governments, cities, businesses and social innovators. These solutions emerge out of changes in technologies, advancement of knowledge as well as of the emerging model of the collaborative and sharing economy and networked peer local and global communities.
This paper presents the outcomes of the Athens Co-Creation Workshop 2012) a collaborative initiative of two universities: the Panteion University; Athens and the Copenhagen Business School / Co-Creation of Experienced-Based Innovation Consortium (CCEBI); Copenhagen. Our main question is: How can co-creation and experience-based learning and innovation in Living Labs, across diverse sectors, organizations, institutions, companies and startups, help cities becoming platforms that facilitate networking, collaboration and innovation? Our main challenge is to explore such an opportunity regarding the city of Athens.
Creating a human ecosystem reflecting all powers and involved stakeholders in such an endeavor, the workshop organizers and participants, following a co-creation and design thinking methodology, formed “ad-hoc” networks of reflective practitioners and researchers, experimenting with responding to the challenges set by the participants (the challenge “owners”).
The paper presents the outcomes of applying co-creation and design thinking to solving the challenges presented by the Impact Hub Athens, a global social business incubator and co-working space that was testing its concept and business model as it was preparing its local launch in Athens; by working with challenges of branding Athens and using storytelling about Athens, and by testing the launch of the corporate university lab of Korres, a Greek skincare brand that has scaled up internationally.
Given the different approaches to the notion of the co-creation of experience, we discuss the results of those co-creation sessions in terms of (a) the methodology applied, the participants’ experience of collaboratively solving a problem connected with a solution-space, (c) the lessons learned from the cases about emerging into a shared language, discourse, and action around the concept, and (d) the potential of co-creating on the basis of experienced-based learning and of innovating as a model for sustainable cities (and markets).

Over the past two and a half decades Claus Meyer,
one of Denmark’s most innovative serial entrepreneurs,
had built a group of businesses which
covered diverse sectors and industries all related to
food craftsmanship. The story of his bakeries, delis,
restaurants, vinegar production, canteens, as well as
a hotel and a fruit plantation was driven by his mission
to improve Danish food culture. Crucial stepping
stones in this endeavour had been his launching of
the Meyer TV series about cooking, the Nordic Food
Movement and Restaurant Noma’s world best restaurant
status. Most recently, Claus Meyer had been
invited to start up a 1200 m2 large deli and restaurant
at the iconic Vanderbuilt Hall at Grand Central Station
in New York.

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This entry gives an overview of the debate about private security. It can not pretend to cover everything in equal detail. It is geared to highlight the parts of the discussion about commercial security practices that are of most immediate interest to New Security Studies. Very succinctly put, the entry shows the pertinence of the emerging research agenda where commercial security practices are part of a broader analysis of evolving insecurities, of (in)security spaces and of everyday practices, insisting on the scope for further developments with regard to these issues (section 2). The entry also suggests that the although the more conventional literature on the subject—mostly framed in terms of privatization—has made valuable contributions to the debates about commercial security, it has limited analytical clout for analyzing the politics of commercial security. Worse it sometimes obscures it (section 1). It is therefore not surprising that commercialization is currently tending to replace privatization as the vantage point from which analysis is taking place.

Background:
The present study is the first study of Danish consumers on compulsive buying. It draws on a
representative sample of 1,015 Danish consumers (aged between 15 and 84 years) and extends prior
research undertaken in other countries (such as Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, Canada, the
US). It is the first study to shed light on the situation in a Scandinavian context and is designed to
allow for a comparison with the situation in other countries.
Results:
The prevalence of compulsive buying tendencies in Denmark are: 9.75% of the respondents show
compensatory buying behavior and 5.81% show compulsive buying tendencies. These percentages
are similar to those found in Germany and slightly lower than in Austria. They are also within the
range of preferences in other countries.
Regarding socio‐demographics, age and sex play a decisive role while marital status, education and
income cannot be associated with compulsive buying. If there is such a thing like “a typical
shopaholic”, it would be a women aged between 25 and 44 years, disregarding whether she is a
single or not, has a low or high education and income. The internet offers shopping opportunities
that lure both, potential shopaholics and compensatory buyers more than inconspicuous buyers.
Compensatory and compulsive buyers have far more customer cards than others.
Conclusion:
To sum up, this study identifies diverse factors that are related to compulsive buying behavior. To
find out what cause is and what effect, more qualitative research as well as experimental studies are
needed. Additionally, more intercultural comparisons could lead to insights into the effects of the
social and cultural consumption environment, i.e., the role of norms, values, policies, and the mass
media on buying behavior. This type of research has, to date, not been undertaken in any
Scandinavian country. A first step is the comparison of Danish, Austrian and German data which is
currently undertaken. The results of the present study together with future analyses could feed into
strengthening consumer education and informing debt counseling and consumer advice. It is also
relevant data for credit card companies and retail.

Departing from an elaboration of the idea of a citizenship protection nexus (1), the argument developed below is that the introduction of a neo-liberal governance forms security is leading to far reaching (but largely unacknowledged). It is transforming the understanding of the rights to protection that come with citizenship, de facto transforming it from a general right tied to political citizenship to contracted right to be negotiated (2). At the same time, far from working to weakening the role of the state in security provision, the market is reinforcing it (3) and accentuating the military aspect of protection (4). The overall consequence is that the nexus tying citizenship to protection is increasingly shaped by the commercialized national and military concerns (promoted by public and private security professionals). As this paper concludes, attempts to frame and shape the citizenship-protection nexus in alternative ways—for example attempts to de-link citizenship from states and/or to de-militarize citizenship—are the main causalities of this re-ordering.

Infant industry structures, weak institutions, wide spread market failures and lack
of trust permeate the Tanzanian business environment. Nevertheless, some local enterprises
succeed in overcoming these challenges. This paper seeks to understand the strategies of
these enterprises. Drawing on case studies of Tanzanian enterprises in the food processing
industry, we identify six generic coping strategies which contrast markedly with the kind of
strategies conventional strategic management thinking would prescribe: Instead of focus
strategies, Tanzanian enterprises diversify across industries and value chain functions;
Instead of competitive strategies, Tanzanian enterprises embark on network and political
strategies; And instead of internationalizing based on home-market strengths, Tanzanian
enterprises internationalize in response to home-market weaknesses. We characterize the
strategies adopted by Tanzanian enterprises and discuss implications for the strategic
management literature.

In 1998, a late July settlement of the Flint, Michigan United Auto Workers strikes at General Motors narrowly averted or postponed a labor-management confrontation fully capable of precipitating an economic meltdown with far reaching consequences for our increasingly global economy. This paper uses a comparative legal ecology model of the modern enterprise to gain theoretical and empirical insight into the economic and societal costs of combining Japanese manufacturing techniques with managerial prerogative pursued "the American way." I begin by introducing the comparative legal ecology of the workplace as a theoretical concept to compare and contrast national differences in the modern industrial enterprise. This provides a standard to evaluate the extent to which General Motors had appropriately adapted the Japanese modes of social relations within the firm. The events associated with the Flint strikes evidence the cost of this oversight. The paper concludes by discussing the need to appropriately emulate Japanese modes of social relation when firms seek to successfully adapt their modes of production.

The annual film festival is a very European institution invented more than 60-70 years ago. As a research topic, however, film festivals have received surprisingly little and scattered attention within organization and management studies. Film festivals have recently met a mounting interest among film and media scholars. This article provides an introduction to the growing literature on film festivals and argues for a threefold research agenda within organizational studies by looking at film festivals as arenas of emergence, analyzing the role of film festivals within the global film industries, and studying film festivals as organizations. By suggesting this research agenda we intent to draw the attention of organization and management scholars to a hitherto overlooked and potentially promising area of research for organization and management studies.

There have been a number of attempts to explain post-merger problems by
cultural differences, and in this paper, we argue that much previous research on
mergers is based on an essentialist concept of culture. We claim that this
conception is a problematic starting point for cultural studies, and argue for a
social constructionist alternative. The conceptual challenges we address are:
decontextualization of cultural issues, cultural differentiation and
fragmentation, and structural versus processual views on culture. We also
outline an agenda for future merger research and argue for studies focusing on
cultural sensemaking processes in merging organizations by adopting narrative
perspectives.
Key words: merger, culture, organizational change, integration, social
constructionism, narrative.

One of the most significant characteristics of recent years economic development is the profound growth in international production by transnational corporations (TNCs). This paper presents the results of a major survey of the involvement of Danish industry in this internationalization process. In particular, the paper focuses on Danish investments in the emerging economies of Eastern Europe and less developed countries (LDCs), an aspect of Danish foreign investment which is highly under-researched. The main findings of the paper is that around 1100 Danish companies are involved in international production, having almost 2900 subsidiaries abroad. 350 of those subsidiaries are located in the emerging economies of LDCs and Eastern Europe. The paper observes that the Danish involvement in emerging economies is significantly below that of other OECD countries, a finding which is linked to the relative dominance of small and medium sized companies in Danish industry. The paper notes that whereas the most important emerging economy destination in the seventies and eighties was Latin America and here in particular Brazil, Danish companies now prefer to invest in Asia and Eastern Europe, Poland being the by far most important emerging economy country. In general, the paper argues that small and medium sized companies play a pivotal role in the internationalization of Danish industry, less so in LDCs, more so in Eastern Europe. The survey also confirms that the Danish investment promotion agency IFU, participating in 40% of all investment projects in LDCs, plays a pivotal role in the expansion of Danish industry into LDCs. Finally, an inquiry among 167 companies with manufacturing activities in LDCs or Eastern Europe reveals that more than 50% of all investment projects in emerging economies are undertaken mainly in order to get access to the emerging economy market. Only 18% of the investment projects are motivated with the more favorable cost conditions - mainly lower salaries - offered by many emerging economies. This finding challenges the widespread belief that Danish investments in LDCs and Eastern Europe will cause a general loss of Danish jobs and productive capacity.