Auxiliary police, also called Special Police, are usually the part-time reserves of a regular police force. They may be armed or unarmed. They may be unpaid volunteers or paid members of the police service with which they are affiliated. In most jurisdictions, Auxiliary Police officers are empowered to make arrests for crimes that occur in their presence.

The Western Australia Police has had auxiliary officers since 2009. The role of Police Auxiliary Officers was inserted into the Police Act 1892 by the Police Amendment Act 2009. They generally perform administrative and other duties which do not require full police powers.

The Northern Territory Police has auxiliary officers who can perform administrative duties and communications, plus duties which may require some expertise but do not require police powers such as search and rescue.

The Victoria Police recruited 3,100 auxiliary police to the Victoria Police Auxiliary Force during World War II to assist regular police in the event of emergencies. The Auxiliary Force was disbanded in 1946. A number of retired police were temporarily formed into a Police Reserve to assist with traffic control during the 1956 Summer Olympics. A permanent Retired Police Reserve was established under the Police Regulation Act 1958, although today is very small in number.

In Canada, many police forces utilize the services of auxiliary constables. Under various provincial policing legislations and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act, the role of auxiliary constable is to assist regular, or sworn, police constables in the execution of their duties, as well as to provide assistance in community policing.

Auxiliary constables in Canada wear uniforms similar to regular force constables. However, most wear the word "auxiliary" on a rocker panel under the force's crest on each arm, and in some cases, wear a red and black checkered head band on their service caps to distinguish them from full-time police. Also, auxiliary constables are usually unarmed, but are trained in firearms. They may, depending on legislation and policies, carry a baton and handcuffs while on duty.

Auxiliary officers are often called upon to assist in such things as large scale searches for missing persons, to provide crowd control at large scale events, and often accompany regular force police officers on daily patrols.

In the Federal Republic of Germany, auxiliary police forces (Freiwilliger Polizeidienst or Sicherheitswacht) do solely exist in a few States: Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, Saxony and Berlin. Their jurisdictions widely vary among the particular states. Still they generally exist for the purpose of crime prevention through mere presence.

Founded in May 1963, the Baden-Württemberg auxiliary police (Freiwilliger Polizeidienst Baden-Württemberg) today consists of 1,201 members.

The officers are obliged to absolve a training of two weeks after which they are usually in service with a regular police officer. In the eyes of law, they are fully authorized police officers, wear normal police uniforms with a certain patch and complete police gear, including pepper spray, handcuffs and Walther P5 pistol.

Though, the coalition contract of 2011-2016 between the governing political parties Bündnis 90/Die Grünen and the SPD seeks the abolishment of the auxiliary police and the financial supply as well as the instatement of new auxiliary officers was immediately stopped.

The Bavarian auxiliary police (Bayerische Sicherheitswacht) was officially founded on 31 December 1996.

Its officers possess little authority: apart from a citizen's arrest, they may merely conduct a Terry Stop (briefly detain and question a person and check their identification) and can ask a dangerous person to leave the area (Platzverweis under Article 16, PAG).

Equipped with a radio and pepper spray, they usually patrol on foot or by bicycle and do not wear a full uniform, but either plain clothes with a brassard or a marked shirt.

The auxiliary police in Hesse (Freiwilliger Polizeidienst Hessen) was introduced in October 2000 and employs around 750 members of which approximately 30% are women.

The training of the police officers endures 50 hours. Their patrol is limited to beats on foot and serves traffic control, assistance to major events and prevention of crime through mere police presence.

Although wearing the ordinary police uniform (except weaering base-caps instead of peaked caps) with "freiwilliger Polizeidienst" patches, their equipment is generally limited to pepper spray and a mobile phone.

Apart from this, they do have little authority over normal citizens as they may only ask a person to hold on, briefly interrogate them, ask them to reveal their identity (comparable to a Terry Stop) or to leave the area if they appear to be dangerous (Platzverweis under §31 HSOG).

The auxiliary police of Saxony (Sächsische Sicherheitswacht) exists since 1 April 1988. A third of the 800 active members are women.

After being trained for 60 hours, they usually patrol on foot in blue or green jackets or shirts, showing presence in public transport, openly accessible buildings such as shopping malls and inhabited dwellings.

That to they are equipped with radio and pepper spray and are authorised to conduct a Terry Stop (§ 21, Abs. 1 Sächsisches Polizeigesetz) almost equal to the ones in Bavaria or Hesse.

Founded on 25 May 1961 as reaction to the emerging Combat Groups of the Working Class the auxiliary police in Berlin (Freiwillige Polizei-Reserve) should originally help out in riots and to defend West-Berlin in case of an attack (urban warfare and object protection).

For this purpose, they were trained in the utilisation of carbines, pistols and submachine guns. Many neo-Nazis felt attracted due to the intensive firearm training and became members of the force, arousing criticism of the media: In 1993, an examination showed that around 500 of the 2500 members either had a criminal record or were affiliated with neo-Nazi groups.

In 1999, the force was renamed to "Freiwilliger Polizeidienst" and shortly after shut down for financial reasons.

The Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force (HKAPF, traditional Chinese: 香港輔助警察隊), established in 1914, provides additional manpower to the Hong Kong Police Force during emergencies and other incidents. From 1969 to 1997, the HKAPF was known as the Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force (RHKAPF).[1]

They are paid hourly-wages and have similar duties to their full-time colleagues and most members are armed and wear like members of the regular HKP, equipped with full gear and weapons like pepper spray, expandable baton and Smith and Wesson Model 10revolvers as sidearm with spare ammunition while some members are armed with a Remington 870 shotgun for their missions. The HKAPF reports to the Commissioner of Police.

The Hungarian term for auxiliary is called "Polgárőrség" which can be translated as "Civil Guard". The formal English name of this organisation is "Nationwide Civil Self-Defense Organizations" and the short Hungarian name is OPSZ. This entirely civilian organization includes uniformed and unarmed operatives who take part in police work in various fields such as:

neighbourhood watch

regular patrol with marked cars

performing citizen's arrests by keeping criminals on the scene of the crime until the arrival of formal police, but only in the case of in flagrante delicto.

The Hungarian Auxiliary Police was established in 1989 and brought under the provisions of Act 52 of the Hungarian Parliament in 2006. It is composed of civic-minded residents of the community who work together to improve the level of safety and security in their community. The presence of the Auxiliary Police, in uniform, on patrol in marked police units has been proven to reduce vandalism and other crimes in the community. The force is currently made up of 80,000 volunteer members.

In the capital city of Hungary there is a "Civil Self-Defense Organizations of Budapest (and suburbia)"; the short Hungarian name is BPSZ. Members are assigned to 62 local community units and patrol in marked vehicles helping to make their community a safer place to live. They help prevent criminal activity by being the "eyes and ears" of the Police Department. The BPSZ is a member of the OPSZ.

The Home Guards Organization was reorganised in India in 1962 and The Indian Home Guard is an Indian paramilitary force which is tasked as an auxiliary to the Indian Police. Members of the Indian Home Guard are equipped with and trained to use older weapons such as the Lee Enfield SMLE rifle in .303 caliber, Sten sub-machine gun and Bren light machine-guns.

The duties to be performed by Home Guards are:

To serve as auxiliary to the police and generally help in maintaining internal security.

To help the community in any kind of emergency - such as on air-raid precautions or on any natural disaster.

To function as an Emergency Force intended for special tasks directly or indirectly connected with the defence of the country.

To maintain functional units to provide essential services such as motor transport, engineering groups, fire brigade, nursing and first aid, operation of power supply, water installations and communication systems etc.

Established in 1992 by the Indonesia National Police Chief, the Indonesian Auxiliary Police, commonly known as POKDAR (PokdarKamtibmas), are both Uniformed and Non-uniformed.

The uniform was similar to the real Indonesian National Police (POLRI - Polisi Republik Indonesia), except the Police Badge on the left chest are absence. The uniform was later changed to a simple black "sleeve-less" jacket, with yellow "POKDARKAMTIBMAS" written on the back.

The auxiliary policemen are un-armed and equipped with police radios and handcuffs and are issued an ID similar to the ones used by the National Police.

The Garda Síochána are aided by an auxiliary force called the Garda Síochána Reserve, often simply called Garda Reserve. The position was created in 2006, with a planned 4,000 persons to join the Reserve according to An Garda Síochana Act 2005. The force are mainly involved in legislation relating to traffic, public order, theft and burglary.

They have limited powers, authorised by the Garda Commissioner. Garda Reserve members cannot drive a Garda patrol car, must be accompanied by a full member of the force while on patrol, and aren't allowed to carry firearms. Reserve members carry out duties such as event policing, attend court proceedings, assist at road check-points and road collisions. Reserves members are given training in relation to law, human rights, Garda communication, self-defence and Garda discipline and procedures.

The Israeli term for auxiliary is Mishmar Ezrachi which can be translated as "Civil Guard". This organization includes uniformed and non-uniformed civilians who take part in police work in various fields such as: neighbourhood watch, regular patrol with marked cars, traffic city police, highway police, bomb squad assistants, youth crime prevention unit, police coast guard, sniper units, border patrol, and police diving unit. This Auxiliary force is vital to keep the regular missions of the Israeli Police running, because of the nature of life in Israel, where there are many anti-terrorist and bomb threat missions.

As of today, the Civil Guard is a division in the "Police and Community" branch of the Israel Police. The Civil Guard is managed and supported by the police which provide weapons, equipment, training and police officers who command local Civil Guard bases (each community has one or more Civil Guard bases).

Although the Civil Guard is operated by the police, its manpower consists mainly of civilian volunteers. Members are trained to provide the initial response to a security situation until the police arrive.

Most Civil Guard volunteers are armed with M1 Carbines and personal handguns (if the member has a civilian gun license). The Civil Guard is composed mainly of "classic" volunteers who do patrols (in car or on foot) once in a while. They go through basic training and have [sometimes limited] police powers while on duty. They may apprehend a suspected person or even make an arrest if necessary.

Equipment of the Civil Guard generally consists of a fluorescent yellow police vest, flashlight, radio, firearms, handcuffs and whatever else may be required particular to the assignment. Equipment is returned at the end of the shift. Most volunteers manage about one shift a week (2 to 4+ hours), while the minimum requirement is 12 hours a month.

There are also Matmid (מתמי"ד) volunteers which operate far more intensively than "Classic"s in regular police work. Yatam (ית"מ) volunteers mainly operate in traffic control. Both Matmid and Yatam are more like volunteer police officers. They have almost all the authorities of a regular police officer. They receive advanced training and wear regular police uniforms.

The Civil Guard also has special units (such as snipers (dismantled), dune buggy riders(dismantled), bicycle-riders, search-and-rescue teams, cavalry (dismantled), divers, translators, and drivers), but their members have to go through additional training and have a higher level of commitment (they have to volunteer for more hours a month).

Recently, due to main power issues in the police, the "Classics" are now sent to courses in order to be uniformed and assist the police. The Auxiliary Police and the regular police are assuming almost the same functions when they are patrolling together.

The main difference of the Israeli Auxiliary Police forces to their counterpart worldwide is that:

Off duty they don't have any power. It is absolutely forbidden to them to help the law enforcement when off duty. Off duty they can't prevent a crime in progress nor show their identities in order to prevent it.

Lately they received new ID’s showing that they are Auxiliary Police and not Police. The discrimination gap from the police is more visible.

When they are injured they are considered as civilian by the government. And they are considered as officers by the insurance companies. Insurance companies are avoiding them.

The authorities are almost blind and just sending the injured Auxiliary Police to the National Insurance who is considering the case as a normal daily work accident. Every year from 70.000 Auxiliary Police 250 (known) are injured and not covered. Their normal police officer counterpart are receiving full coverage in case of injuries.

This engrossing gap is causing frustration in the community of Auxiliary Police which during a mission is assuming the same responsibilities of a police officer but not covered as their normal counterpart.

Most of these organizations have already been privatized, but are allowed to maintain an auxiliary police unit. Under special circumstances, auxiliary police units have also been established by private companies with no government interests at all such as the force maintained by Resorts World Berhad (RWB), the company that operates the popular resort and casino at Genting Highlands. At present, there are 153 government agencies, statutory bodies and private companies authorized to operate their own auxiliary police units, with a total strength of 40,610 personnel.[2]

They are not attached per se to the Royal Malaysian Police, but are granted some police powers such as the power to carry out minor investigations or to make arrests within their area of jurisdiction. However, they are totally autonomous in matters related to the security of their company's premises and facilities. Some forces are also conferred the authority to issue traffic summonses (that are paid to the Federal Government, not the issuing organization) for offences committed on their area of jurisdiction. While Malaysian auxiliary police officers are empowered to carry firearms, for this purpose they are subject to the same application and approval procedures as any other private company instead of being treated as part of the Royal Malaysian Police.

It was announced in May 2010 that auxiliary police units will be allowed to enforce federal laws outside of their designated company/agency premises or areas, but the extent of this authority is yet to be determined. In his speech to officiate the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA)'s Auxiliary Police Firearms Range in Seremban, the Malaysian Deputy Home Minister, Abu Seman Yusop, said that auxiliary police officers "are also empowered to carry out their duties outside the workplace" in order to "help reduce crime".

Malaysian auxiliary police uniforms have been traditionally different from those of the regular police, but a consolidation exercise by the Management Department of the Royal Malaysian Police Federal Headquarters (Bukit Aman) in 2004 has since authorised the use of regular police dress, insignia and other paraphernalia for sworn auxiliary police officers. The only differences are the unit patches with company logo, e.g. Polis BantuanPetronas (worn by auxiliary police officers only, sewn on the left sleeve), the shoulder title (which says "Polis Bantuan" or Auxiliary Police, instead of "Polis Diraja" or Royal Police) and the service number (worn by junior police officers of Sergeant Major rank and below, just above the right breast pocket; auxiliary police numbers begin with the letters 'PB' whereas regular officers numbers do not contain any letters.)

Under Malaysian law, auxiliary police officers are obliged to serve voluntarily and are therefore not paid by the Government. As such, they are designated full-time employees of the departments or corporations they serve and are remunerated on a different scale than regular police officers.

Under the Police Act of 1967 (Revised 1988) (Act 344), the Inspector-General of Police (IGP), with the consent of the Minister in charge of police affairs and the King, may appoint any person to hold honorary auxiliary police ranks to the level of Superintendent of Police and below, and to establish their areas of jurisdiction.

The Voluntary Police (or VP) were established in 1948, shortly after WWII. First, their job was to 'come into service' in case of an emergency. With World War II only a few years behind us, this seemed a very logical choice. The Reserve Police, as it was called from 1948 until 1994, consisted of men (and later women) who worked as fully armed and equipped police officers. Similar to their full-time colleagues they were equipped with a Walther P5 firearm, short baton, handcuffs and later pepperspray.

After some time the reason for he existence of the VP had changed. No longer were these men and women called into service only for emergencies. More and more they became part of the regular teams of police officers and started doing a sorts of regular police tasks. As of 1994, after a large scale reorganization, the Voluntary Police, as they were called from then on, were no longer equipped with a firearm. Those who started before 1994 were allowed to keep their firearm and, as of today, there are still a lot of voluntary police officers who still keep up their training and are still equipped with a firearm.

More information about becoming a Voluntary Police officer or the association who looks out for their interests can be found at www.lopv.nl (National Association for Voluntary Police).

In Norway, conscripts who have completed their initial period of military training, can be transferred to the auxiliary police Politireserven (PR) rather than joining the military reserves. The PR is managed by the Mobile Police, and is intended to reinforce the regular police in case of national emergencies or disasters. The PR only exists in the central eastern part of the country. After a ten-day introduction course, and with refresher courses every few years, the PR troops can be used for armed or unarmed guard duties, border and traffic checkpoints, and for public order duties.[3]

In Singapore, auxiliary police officers are security police appointed under Section 92(1) or (2) of the Police Force Act 2004 and are vested with all the power, protection and immunities of a Police Officer of corresponding rank and are licensed to carry firearms when carrying out their duties.

These armed auxiliary police officers (APO) are full-time paid employees of their respective companies, and are not directly affiliated to the Singapore Police Force. They are appointed as auxiliary police officers only after attending and passing a residential course, the curriculum of which is set by the Security Industry Regulatory Dept. of the Singapore Police Force. Each APO is issued with a warrant card signed by the Commissioner Of Police of the Singapore Police Force.

The first auxiliary police force originated from the unit known as Airport Security Force formed under the Department of Civil Aviation (DCA)in 1956 to meet the needs of aviation at the former Paya Lebar Airport. In July 1963, it was officially designated as an Auxiliary Police Force (APF). In 1965, Malayan Airways formed its own APF. Only APF Officers were allowed to guard premises, aircraft and perform patrols at the Paya Lebar Airport.

In 1967 - when Malayan Airways was renamed Malaysia Singapore Airlines (MSA), the Security Department was called MSA Police. When MSA was broken up into Singapore Airlines and Malaysian Airlines System in 1972, SIA Auxiliary Police Force came into being. In 1973, when Singapore Airport Terminal Services (SATS) was incorporated by SIA as a fully owned subsidiary, SIA Auxiliary Police Force was renamed SATS Auxiliary Police Force. In 1989, it came under the purview of SATS Security Services Pte Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of the SATS Group.

There were also other auxiliary police forces in Singapore in the early years such as PSA Police, and Bukom Auxiliary Police. These APF were granted licences and powers under the Police Force Act to operate only in restricted geographical areas e.g. in the ports or airports or Pulau Bukom Island.

In 1972, to meet the need of the commercial world in Singapore for armed guards (used to be provided by the Singapore Police's Guards and Escort Unit), a statutory board named Commercial and Industrial Security Corporation (CISCO) was set up through an Act enacted in Parliament. It held a monopoly in much of the private armed security market, except in specific installations such as the airports where SATS Auxiliary Police and CIAS Auxiliary Police (since renamed AETOS Auxiliary Police) provided armed services and the ports where PSA Auxiliary Police (since merged with AETOS Auxiliary Police) provided armed security requirements.

However, in October 2004, following the enactment of the Police Force Act 2004, these auxiliary police forces (except Bukom Auxiliary Police) were no longer restricted to operate in the airport or seaports and could offer their services throughout the whole island of Singapore. There are now 3 major APFs, namely SATS Auxiliary Police Force, Certis Cisco Auxiliary Police Force and AETOS Auxiliary Police Force, providing armed security services to commercial entities and government bodies in Singapore.

The Singapore Police Force (SPF) established the Security Industry Regulatory Department in 2004 to regulate the security industry.

More recently, due to the shortage of officers from the SPF the role of auxiliary police forces have been expanded to enforcement, attending to road related incidents such as collision scenes and conducting patrol duties. Even at times working alongside with the Singapore Police Force themselves.

In South Korea, Auxiliary Police (AP) have a military-like structure, in that it consists of volunteers selected among eligible males (aged 18–35) who have not yet fulfilled the nation's obligatory military duty and the service in the Auxiliary Police is accepted as an equivalent of the military duty. The length of service for the auxiliary policemen is 21 months, which is identical to that of ROK Army enlistments. Also, within the Auxiliary Police rank, there exists four sub-ranks similar to the four enlisted ranks in the ROK Army: Private Constable (이경; Yi-kyeong), Private Constable First Class (일경; Il-kyeong), Corporal Constable (상경; Sang-kyeong), and Sergeant Constable (수경; Soo-kyeong).

The Sri Lanka Reserve Police was an auxiliary police that supported the Sri Lanka Police until it was disbanded in 2006 with its personal transferred to the Sri Lanka Police.[5] However as of 2008, a Community Police, also known as Civil Committees has been established around the country (mostly in urban areas) to increase public safety, following a series of bombings and attacks on buses and trains[6] by suspected Tamil Tigers.[7][8]

The Swedish Auxiliary Police, Beredskapspolisen, was created in 1986 with the purpose to aid the regular police, primarily as a pool of trained manpower in special situations such as larger disturbances of the peace, major black-outs and power failures and natural disasters. The Swedish police force was increased in size from around 2006 and the Swedish Auxiliary Police were disbanded on 1 October 2012 as being no longer needed.

The Auxiliary Police were organised with at least one section per län. Each section consisted of two or more troops and each troop consisted of three eight-man squads. All leadership positions were filled by experienced police officers from the regular police force who had undergone leadership training. The auxiliary police officers were recruited exclusively among people who had completed their military service but since 1 January 2008 military service was no longer a requirement.

The uniforms were similar to the regular police with the exception of the name Beredskapspolis instead of Polis. The auxiliary police did not initially carry pistols, but only used the Carl Gustav M/45 which was also used by the regular police in special situations. Later, this weapon was replaced by a police version of the Army's Ak 5 - the CGA5P. Later, the auxiliary police was, when needed, armed only with the standard Swedish police pistol the SIG Sauer.

The Special Constabulary is the part-time volunteer section of a statutory police force in the United Kingdom or some Crown dependencies. Its officers are known as special constables (all hold the office of constable no matter what their rank) or informally as specials.

Since 1923, the Illinois Police Reserves has been providing auxiliary police services to suburban Chicago communities. A number of Illinois police and sheriff departments maintain auxiliary police divisions and associations. In late 2010, an opinion by Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan affirmed a state law that requires any auxiliary police to be state certified officers.[9]

Formed in 1957, the Florida Highway Patrol Auxiliary is an armed, professionally trained, all volunteer law enforcement organization dedicated to providing direct assistance and operational support to the Florida Highway Patrol.

Responsible for promoting public safety for the citizens of and the visitors to the State of Florida, Auxiliary Troopers have assisted the Florida Highway Patrol in the performance of its daily duties.

Arlington County, Virginia's police department maintains an Auxiliary Police unit, which provides a variety of law enforcement services and support to the police department and county residents.

The Auxiliary unit was founded in 1942 in response to a shortage of full-time officers due to World War II. Today, the unit is part of the Special Operations section of the department, with Auxiliary officers providing uniformed road and bike patrol, as well as supporting events throughout the county. The unit assists in training exercises for full-time officers, and provides a variety of services to the community, ranging from security surveys, to motorist assistance, to child safety seat installations.

The New York City Police Department Auxiliary Police is a division of the Patrol Services Bureau. It comprises unpaid and unarmed (except for a wood straight baton) volunteer officers who primarily patrol on foot, in police cars, and on bicycle to increase the public's perception of police "omnipresence" and to assist as the "eyes and ears" of the NYPD.

In 2008, the NYPD revised the training course to include training in domestic violence and terrorism awareness. All Auxiliary Police officers are required by New York State to pass an annual refresher course in the use of force with the straight wood baton, arrest procedures, and Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) in order to maintain their peace officer certification. Auxiliary Police officers can make arrests for crimes that occur in their presence and for crimes that weren't committed in their presence based on information from a dispatcher or police officer heard over a police radio or from a police officer in person. This authority was established by the New York Court of Appeals in the case of People v. Rosario, 78 N.Y.2d 583, 585 N.E.2d 766, 578 N.Y.S.2d 454 (1991).

The Nassau County Auxiliary Police are a unit of the Nassau County Police Department. These highly trained volunteer police officers are assigned to 1 of 38 local community units and perform routine patrols of the neighborhood and provide traffic control for local parades, races and other community events.

Auxiliary Police officers are empowered to make arrests for crimes that occur in their presence.

Nassau County Auxiliary Police are required to complete a 150 hour/36 session training course at the Nassau County Police Academy and qualified officers are also offered Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) training.[10]

Auxiliary Police officers are certified by the NYS Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) as "Peace Officers" and are registered as peace officers in the NYS DCJS registry of peace officers.

Hazlet, New Jersey maintains an active volunteer, highly trained and certified Auxiliary Police unit that assists the regular Township police force in time of need. Activities on a weekly basis include community policing under the direction of the township's police department and traffic control at emergency situations, such as fires, car accidents, and searches. Also the bike patrol covers Natco Park, Veteran's Park and The Henry Hudson Trail.

The Old Bridge Township Auxiliary Police unit aids the department in various functions, primarily serving as patrol police-presence in all areas of the town and provides backup-assistance to the full-time officers on the road. This includes motor vehicle accidents, traffic control, first-aid, emergency drills and assisting in community-township functions. They also occasionally provide assistance to the immediate neighboring towns’ police department in their community events such as Perth Amboy.

The Metuchen Auxiliary Police is a group of volunteers that serves the borough of Metuchen.

While on duty, all officers of the Metuchen Auxiliary Police have powers to enforce laws in the borough of Metuchen. Auxiliary Police officers in Metuchen do not carry firearms, but do carry other items such as handcuffs, expandable batons, pepper spray, EMS gloves, and police radios. All members are also trained in self-defensive tactics for their safety, and in CPR/AED.