The expulsion of Polish Jews from Germany
fall 1938

Jews from eastern Europe, mostly from Russian and Polish territory, had been
coming to Germany since the 19th century, driven from their homes by anti-Jewish laws,
pogroms and poverty. In 1938 there were approximately 50,000 Jews with Polish citizenship
living in Germany. Not infrequently they had been settled there for several generations; many
had been born in Germany and considered it home.

After Austria was annexed to Germany in March 1939, the Polish government
was afraid that the approximately 20,000 Austrian Jews with Polish citizenship would flee
back to Poland. It thus suspended the validity of all Polish passports whose holders had been
abroad for more than five years. This law took effect on 31 March 1938, but it was only after
the Munich agreement that a decree was issued allowing the passports of all Poles living
abroad to be checked. After 31 October 1938 the holders of Polish passports
issued abroad were only allowed on to Polish territory if their passports contained a special
note made by Polish consulates. In this way, most of the 50,000 Polish Jews settled in
Germany would lose their state citizenship overnight.

After German-Polish talks failed, the German Foreign Ministry handed over
the whole affair to the Gestapo, which on 27 October 1938 started forcibly
deporting Polish Jews over the Polish border. In some places only the men were deported,
since the Nazis expected they would be joined by their wives and children all the same, while
in other places women and children were deported as well. Those arrested included old
people, some of whom died during deportation. There were also suicides. The arrested Jews
were forced, through threats and violence, to illegally cross the border with Poland. In all,
approximately 17,000 people were expelled in this way. However, the Polish authorities
refused to accept them, and so most of them had to live for many long weeks in no man's
land, or the Polish border area. In most cases they were driven into the surroundings of the
Polish towns of Zbaszyn and Bytom. In Zbaszyn, according to various sources, between six
and ten thousand Jews gathered in the space of a few days. A large refugee camp was created
in Zbaszyn, with help from Jewish aid organisations. The personal freedom of the refugees
was restricted. It was not until the end of November 1938 that the Polish authorities decided
to disband the camp and allow the refugees residency in Poland. With the help of Jewish
communities and organisations, many of them managed to arrange travel visas and to leave
the country, or to settle in Poland. After talks with the Polish authorities, the Nazis allowed
the temporary return of a small group of men so that they could put their affairs in order in
Germany. Finally, the Polish authorities also permitted the arrival of the family members of
Jews expelled at the end of October 1938.

Among those sent to Zbaszyn was the Grynszpan family,
whose son Herschel was living in Paris at the time and decided to draw
international attention to the plight of the expelled Polish Jews. He shot German diplomat
Ernst vom Rath with a pistol, seriously wounding him. When vom Rath
subsequently died, the Nazis used his death as a welcome pretext to unleash the anti-Jewish
pogrom known as Kristallnacht.

The case of the Polish Jews expelled from Germany shows that Jewish
refugees were having more and more difficulty finding a refuge from persecution. Not only
Poland, but other countries were closing their borders in an effort to prevent a flood of
Jewish immigrants.