What is the fate of disaccharides not digested in the small intestine? A. They pass into the colon and are absorbed. B. They pass into the colon and are fermented by bacteria. C. They are absorbed and converted to glycogen. D. They are absorbed and converted to fat.

B. Starch to maltose to glucose

Which of the following describes the process of starch digestion? A. Starch to lactose to galactose B. Starch to maltose to glucose C. Starch to glycogen to glucose D. Starch to sucrose to fructose

C. Maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver.

Which of the following is not true of carbohydrate absorption? A. Monosaccharides can enter the villi. B. End products of carbohydrate digestion are transported through the portal vein to the liver. C. Maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver. D. Disaccharides are digested to monosaccharides by enzymes attached to intestinal cells.

D. milk shakes made with skim milk.

Those with lactose intolerance usually can consume all the following except A. small servings of milk products. B.hard cheeses. C. yogurt containing active cultures. D. milk shakes made with skim milk.

D. supply energy.

The main function of glucose is to A. serve as raw material to build tissue. B. work with enzymes to carry out chemical reactions. C. repair tissue. D. supply energy.

C. Liver

Which organ will first receive sugars after they are absorbed into the blood? A. Kidney B. Heart C. Liver D. Pancreas

B. muscle and fat cells to increase glucose uptake.

When insulin is released, it causes A. the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood. B. muscle and fat cells to increase glucose uptake. C.fat breakdown and release from fat tissue. D. the liver to make glycogen from protein.

D. Glucagon

Which of the following hormones is released to correct a hypoglycemic state? A. Insulin B. Testosterone C. Estrogen D. Glucagon

B. Epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is released during stressful times to increase blood glucose levels, making more energy available for use? A. Insulin B. Epinephrine C. Glycogen D. Progesterone

A. blood glucose.

The glycemic index (GI) is a measurement of how a carbohydrate-containing food raises A. blood glucose. B. liver glycogen. C. insulin released from the pancreas. D. glycogen stored in muscle.

B. Brain

For which of the following is glucose most critical as an energy source? A. Muscles B. Brain C. Liver D. Heart

A. Proteins in muscles, heart, and other vital organs will be broken down into amino acids to make needed glucose, over time weakening the muscles and organs.

You are on a diet and eating less than 50 grams of carbohydrate per day. The claim made in the diet educational materials is that carbohydrate is the main culprit in being overweight, so it must be restricted. Which of the following will happen as a result of this low carbohydrate diet? A. Proteins in muscles, heart, and other vital organs will be broken down into amino acids to make needed glucose, over time weakening the muscles and organs. B. Fat will be broken down and used as the exclusive fuel, leading to considerable fat loss and little health risk. C. Ketones will be produced from partial protein metabolism to be used for energy. D. Fat will be broken down and converted to glucose that will be used as the primary energy source.

The most important dietary approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is to A. lose body fat. B. eat regular meals. C. maintain a constant ratio of carbohydrate to protein to fat throughout the day. D. avoid sugar.

Low fiber intake can cause constipation and force parts of the large intestine wall out from between the surrounding bands of muscle, forming many small pouches called A. ulcers. B.diverticula. C. colonostomies. D. hernias.

B. fatty acid

A(n) _______________ is the simplest form of lipid; it is a carbon chain, flanked by hydrogens, with an acid group at one end and a methyl group at the other end. A. cholesterol B. fatty acid C. glycerol D. triglyceride

D. triglyceride

A(n) _______________ is made up of a glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acids. A. lipoprotein B. chylomicron C. eicosanoid D. triglyceride

Sterols are similar to triglycerides in which of the following ways? A. They contain fatty acids. B. They contain glycerol. C. They usually contain three fatty acids. D. They do not dissolve in water.

D. it has sterol-like functions

All of the following are true of lecithin except A. it is a phospholipid. B. the body synthesizes it. C. it is consumed in the diet. D. it has sterol-like functions

C. Triglycerides

In which form are most dietary lipids found? A. Sterols B. Phospholipids C. Triglycerides D. Monoglycerides

D. Liquid, squeezable margarine, made from safflower oil

Which of the following would you buy if you wanted the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content? A. Stick margarine made with canola oil B. Semisolid shortening made with olive oil C. Soft margarine in a tub, made from corn oil D. Liquid, squeezable margarine, made from safflower oil

D. 12 or more

How many carbons do long-chain fatty acids contain? A. 4 to 6 B. 6 to 8 C. 10 or more D. 12 or more

"Hidden" fat includes A. butter. B. fat in crackers and other grain products. C. fat around the edges of meats. D. mayonnaise in potato salad.

D. eating packaged cookies and desserts made with vegetable shortening.

Timothy wants to avoid eating too much trans fat. All of the following are appropriate ways except A. using little or no stick margarine. B. choosing natural peanut butter instead of peanut butter made with hydrogenated vegetable oils. C. avoiding consumption of deep fried foods at quick-service restaurants. D. eating packaged cookies and desserts made with vegetable shortening.

C. Fatty acids of less than 12 carbons enter the blood and then the liver via the portal vein.

Which of the following is true about the fate of fatty acids after their absorption? A. Fatty acids of 16 or more carbons enter the blood and then the liver via the portal vein. B. Fatty acids of less than 12 carbons enter the lymphatic system packaged in chylomicrons. C. Fatty acids of less than 12 carbons enter the blood and then the liver via the portal vein. D. Fatty acids of 16 or more carbons enter the lymphatic system directly and then enter the blood via the aorta.

Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion? A. Chylomicron B. Low-density lipoprotein C. Very-low-density lipoprotein D. High-density lipoprotein

To be transported throughout the body, fats are packaged in structures called A. triglycerides. B. phospholipids. C. lipoproteins. D. micelles.

B. When consumed, they can raise serum LDL cholesterol.

Which of the following is true about trans fatty acids found in hydrogenated fats? A. When consumed, they can decrease blood clotting. B. When consumed, they can raise serum LDL cholesterol. C. When consumed, they can lower serum LDL cholesterol. D. When consumed, they have no effect on serum cholesterol.

Studies of Greenland Eskimos, among others, have demonstrated a relationship between the consumption of fish and the risk for heart disease. What is the most likely mechanism for the reduction of heart disease risk when fish is consumed? A. The protein in fish lowers the blood cholesterol. B. Fish is low in cholesterol. C. Fish supplies fatty acids that decrease blood clotting. D. The carbohydrate in fish lowers blood cholesterol.

B. triglyceride.

The body energy that can be stored in almost unlimited amounts is A. glycogen. B. triglyceride. C. protein. D. glucose.

A. the number of fat cells decreases when fat is lost from the body.

All of the following describe the characteristics of fat cells except A. the number of fat cells decreases when fat is lost from the body. B. the storage capacity for fat depends on both fat cell number and fat cell size. C. the number increases when storage capacity has reached its limit. D. the body's ability to store fat is limitless

Good suggestions for eating in a heart-healthy way would be to A. avoid all treats. B. trim fat off meat before and after cooking. C. use eggs liberally because they are not associated with serum cholesterol. D. avoid foods high in monounsaturated fat, such as olive oil.

D. saturated fat.

The major dietary factor to be concerned about in relation to heart disease is A. cholesterol. B. protein. C. total fat. D. saturated fat.

C. As LDL cholesterol levels increase there is an increased risk.

In terms of heart disease risk, which of the following is true? A. As LDL cholesterol levels increase there is a decreased risk. B. As HDL cholesterol levels increase there is an increased risk. C. As LDL cholesterol levels increase there is an increased risk. D. As HDL cholesterol levels decrease there is a decreased risk.

A. reducing cholesterol absorption in the small intestine and lowering its return to the liver.

The plant stanols/sterols, also called phytosterols, work by A. reducing cholesterol absorption in the small intestine and lowering its return to the liver. B. interacting with dietary fiber to bind fat in the small intestine. C. decreasing the ability of cholesterol to bind to artery walls. D. decreasing trans fat formation in fried foods.

A. They often are helpful for persons who have had a heart attack or have cardiovascular disease or diabetes.

Which of the following is true about the use of medications that lower blood cholesterol levels? A. They often are helpful for persons who have had a heart attack or have cardiovascular disease or diabetes. B. They should be used by anyone with a high blood cholesterol level. C. They have few side effects. D. When one takes these, dietary changes are not necessary.

B. 2 to 4 tablespoons

We need to consume only about 5% of our total calories per day from essential fatty acids. This corresponds to about _____________________ of plant oil each day. A. 2 to 4 teaspoons B. 2 to 4 tablespoons C.1/4 to 1/2 cup D. 3/4 to 1 cup

Consumption of fatty fish at least twice a week is recommended to provide omega-3 fatty acids. However, some fish especially swordfish, shark, king mackerel, and tile fish can be a source of ____________, which is toxic in high amounts. A. vitamin A B. arsenic C. fluoride D. mercury

. Treating a protein with acid, heat, or agitation will cause _______________, meaning that the threedimensional structure of the protein has been altered. A. alteration B. breakdown C. destruction D. denaturation

C. a hormone

Insulin is one example of a protein that acts as ________________. A. an antioxidant B. an enzyme C. a hormone D. an antibody

C. sickle cell anemia

An illness that results from a malfunction of the red blood cell because of an incorrect structure in parts of the hemoglobin protein chain is called _______________. A. marasmus B. kwashiorkor C. sickle cell anemia D. megaloblastic anemia

B. 0.8

The best estimate for the amount of protein required for nearly all adults is _______________ g/kg/ day. A. 0.5 B. 0.8 C. 1.6 D.2.0

_______________ does not eat any animal foods and consumes only plant products. A. A fruitarian B. An omnivore C. A lacto-ovo vegetarian D. A vegan

A. 70

How many grams of protein are needed per day by a male non-athlete, weighing 87 kilograms? A. 70 B. 87 C. 174 D. 191

B. nitrogen.

The chemical element found in all amino acids but not found in either carbohydrates or fats is A. carbon. B. nitrogen. C. oxygen. D. hydrogen.

C. cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.

An essential amino acid A. can be synthesized in the body if there is a nitrogen source. B. can be synthesized in the body if caloric intake is adequate. C. cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs. D. can be formed in the body from semiessential amino acids.

D. Lower quantities of this source could be eaten to get adequate quantities of essential amino acids.

Which of the following is not true about an incomplete protein source? A. It lacks one or more essential amino acids. B. It cannot support body growth and maintenance by itself. C.To adequately meet protein needs from incomplete protein sources, a person would have to eat two complementary proteins. D. Lower quantities of this source could be eaten to get adequate quantities of essential amino acids.

C. Stomach and small intestine

Proteins are digested in which areas of the body? A. Mouth and stomach B. Mouth and small intestine C. Stomach and small intestine D. Small and large intestines

A. Pepsin

What enzyme is released by the stomach to digest protein? A. Pepsin B.Lipase C. Amylase D. Trypsin

B. Pepsin works best in an alkaline environment.

Which of the following is not true about pepsin? A. Amino acid chains are the digestive products of its action. B. Pepsin works best in an alkaline environment. C. Acid activates pepsin. D. Pepsin acts on food in the stomach.

C. limiting amino acid.

If a food does not contain the necessary amounts of a certain amino acid to meet a body need, that amino acid is referred to as a(n) A. complementary amino acid. B. essential amino acid. C. limiting amino acid. D. dispensable amino acid.

A. stored as fat.

When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecule is A. stored as fat. B. excreted in the urine. C. stored as amino acids in muscle. D. stored as amino acids in the liver.

C. 20

Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins? A. 5 B. 9 C. 20 D. 29

C. Amino acids

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose? A. Urea B. Fatty acids C. Amino acids D. Ketones

C. Order of appearance of amino acids in the peptide chain

What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein? A. Number of side chains in the protein B. Folding arrangement of the peptide chain C. Order of appearance of amino acids in the peptide chain D. Order of appearance of only the essential amino acids in the protein

All of the following are true of the alteration of the three-dimensional structure of a protein except A. it tends to be rigid and retains its structure. B. it can be caused by heat, acid, or base. C. it is called denaturation. D. it usually destroys its physiological function

B. changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin.

In the case of sickle cell anemia, the slight alterations in the DNA of red blood cells lead to A. defects in the membranes of these cells. B. changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin. C. poor use of glucose for energy. D. inability of the cells to make protein.

B. They are static and change little after achievement of adult status.

Which of the following is not true about body proteins? A. They are in a state of breakdown, rebuilding, and repair. B. They are static and change little after achievement of adult status. C. Those in the bone marrow and intestine undergo the most change, in terms of breakdown and synthesis. D. Their breakdown products, especially amino acids, can be recycled.

B. blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts to the tissues.

Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because A. sodium is retained in the body. B. blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts to the tissues. C. blood protein levels increase and force fluid into the tissues. D. increased protein synthesis occurs in tissues causing fluid to flow into them from the blood.

If a person does not eat enough carbohydrate to supply the glucose the body needs, which of the following will happen? A. Fatty acids will be converted to glucose. B. The pancreas will convert insulin to glucose. C. The liver will convert amino acids to glucose. D. The pancreas will convert protein to glucose.

B. positive protein balance.

Donovan has been consuming large quantities of food and in violation of safe rules of athletic training is injecting testosterone. He has been seeing large temporary gains in muscle mass. He is in a state of A. negative protein balance. B. positive protein balance. C. energy equilibrium. D. excess protein balance.

Which of the following is true about protein intake of people in the United States? A. Most do not consume enough protein. B. Most consume approximately the amount needed to balance losses. C. Athletes generally do not get enough protein without supplements. D. Most consume more than is needed.

D. stored as muscle protein.

All of the following describe the fate of excess protein except A. used for energy. B. made into glucose. C. made into fat. D. stored as muscle protein.

C. About 70 percent of the protein we eat in the United States comes from animal products.

Which of the following is true about protein intake in the United States? A. Plant sources of protein predominate in the United States. B. We eat less animal sources of protein than people in Asia and Africa. C. About 70 percent of the protein we eat in the United States comes from animal products. D. Chicken is our main animal source of protein.

All of the following describe kwashiorkor and marasmus except A. forms of protein-energy malnutrition. B. common in developing nations. C. created by political, economic, geographic, social, and dietary factors. D. diseases that are troublesome but not life threatening.

C. protein.

Kwashiorkor usually is associated with a deficiency of A. carbohydrates. B. fat. C. protein. D. kilocalories.

D. a skin-and-bones appearance.

The child with kwashiorkor has all the following conditions except A. moderate weight deficit. B. some visible fat stores. C. edema in the abdomen and legs. D. a skin-and-bones appearance.

D. edema in the abdomen and legs.

The child with marasmus has all of the following conditions except A. skin-and-bones appearance. B. often less than age 2. C. can suffer impaired brain growth and development. D. edema in the abdomen and legs.

A. fortified soybean milk.

The most reliable source of vitamin B12 for the vegan would be A. fortified soybean milk. B. milk. C. cheese. D. eggs.

B. Mediterranean

Because the ____________________________ diet is recognized as being low in meat, rich in fresh fruit and vegetables, low in added sugar and saturated fatty acids, it has been recommended as a sustainable alternative to the MyPlate dietary pattern. A. Canadian B. Mediterranean C. Asian D. European