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Introduction

Kinesiology taping (KT) is a therapeutic tool and has become increasingly popular within the sporting arena. Taping has been used for a long time for the prevention and treatment of sporting injuries. KT is not only used for sporting injuries but for a variety of other conditions. It was developed by Japanaese Chiropractor Dr. Kenzo Kase in the 1970's with the intention to alleviate pain [1] and improve the healing in soft tissues[2]. There are many proposed benefits to KT, including: proprioceptive facilitation; reduced muscle fatigue; muscle facilitation; reduced delayed-onset muscle soreness; pain inhibition; enhanced healing, such as reducing oedema, and improvement of lymphatic drainage and blood flow[3].

Properties

KT is manufactured pre-stretched by 15-25% as it is applied to the backing paper. It is characterised by the ability to stretch to 120-140% of its original length and, following application, recoil back towards its unstretched length. KT purportedly mimics the physical qualities of the skin as it is believed to be the same weight and thickness of the epidermis along with its inherent elastic properties[4]. It is comprised of polymer elastic wrapped in 100% cotton fibres, which allows for evaporation of moisture. The glue is heat-activated and is applied in a wave-like pattern to mimic the qualities of the fingerprint on the finger tip. KT is both waterproof and breathable and it can be worn during exercise, showering and even swimming. It dries quickly and seldom causes skin irritation, however; if skin irritation does occur, advise patient to remove tape immediately and wash the area with warm soapy water to remove any residual adhesive. When properly applied, it will last up to 3-5 days.

Theory

The type of application theoretically determines the physiological outcome: for example, KT is applied unstretched over manually stretched skin above the injured muscle. This type of application will cause the skin to form convolutions which lift the skin[2]. Theories suggest that these convolutions encourage regeneration of injured tissue by increasing interstitial space and alleviating interstitial pressures which occur from swelling post injury[5]. This decrease in pressure also decompresses subcutaneous nociceptors, leading to decreased pain[2]. It is also theorised that lifting the skin detaches filaments which attach the skin to endothelial cells of the lymphatic and capillary beds. This is proposed to to create channels which allows for lymph to drain, thus reducing swelling and allowing increased blood flow to the area[6]. The evidence for these theories is still in its infancy and requires extensive research.

Basics of Application

Ensure to thoroughly assess the patient in order to identify the most appropriate application

Do NOT apply tape to any area of skin that is damaged by: scrapes; cuts; burns; sunburn or any type of skin rash/irritation

Skin should be free of oils and lotion prior to application

If body hair is limiting adhesion you may need to trim or shave the area

Do NOT apply with excess tension (as with zinc oxide application)

If patient has been exercising, ensure perspiration has completely stopped before application

If you are using a roll of tape, measure and cut carefully

Round all the edges of the tape to prevent premature peeling

Avoid touching the adhesive side of the tape after removing the backing as this may decrease the adhesive strength on the skin

Once the tape is applied, activate the heat sensitive glue by rubbing up and down the surface of the tape

Wait at least 1 hour after application before engaging in activity that causes sweating

Do not swim or shower for at least 1 hour after application

To dry the tape after exercising, swimming or a shower, pat gently with a towel

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