METHODS

Design:

Allocation:

Blinding:

Follow-up period:

30 minutes after initial analgesic administration.

Setting:

tertiary paediatric ED in a hospital in Australia.

Patients:

67 patients 7–15 years of age (mean age 11 y, 79% with fractures of the radius or ulna), who presented to the ED with clinically deformed, closed, long-bone fractures. Exclusion criteria were narcotic analgesia within 4 hours of arrival, significant head injury, allergy to opiates, nasal blockage or trauma, and inability to perform pain scoring.

Intervention:

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