Antiquities Act of 1906

Major Acts of Congress
COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc.

Antiquities act of 1906

Robert H. McLaughlin

Signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt, the Antiquities Act of 1906 (P.L. 59-209, 34 Stat. 225) became the first major federal legislation to govern archaeology in the United States. The act prohibits the removal of antiquities from federal lands without first obtaining a permit for scientific investigation. It authorizes federal courts to impose a fine of up to $500 and imprisonment of up to ninety days against any person convicted of violating the criminal provision of the act.

The act also established a regulatory process through which the federal government could identify sites on its lands, administer permits for archaeological fieldwork and excavations, record findings, establish collections of artifacts, and designate archaeological sites as national monuments. The Antiquities Act authorizes the president to declare historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest located on federal lands as national monuments. Under the act, permits may be "granted by the Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and Army to institutions which they may deem properly qualified to conduct such examination, excavation, or gathering, subject to such rules and regulations as they may prescribe."

The Departments of the Interior and Agriculture and the Army jointly adopted regulations delegating review of permit applications to the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian would review permit applications for recommendation
and become a repository for duplicate copies of all field reports, photographs, and catalogues of collections made during each season of archaeological fieldwork. Between 1906 and 1981, the Smithsonian did indeed review applications to conduct scientific investigations on federal lands, maintaining an archive in the Bureau of American Ethnology, now reorganized as the National Anthropological Archives.

BACKGROUND

The Antiquities Act of 1906 resulted from a combination of interests. Politicians wanted to preserve prehistory as a form of national heritage; anthropologists and archaeologists were interested in Native American societies, past and present; and cultural institutions sought to gather material collections of interest and value to the public. Politicians recognized an international trend toward the preservation of archaeological sites, in particular Britain's Ancient Monuments Act (1882) and Mexico's Law of Archaeological Monuments (1897). However, they struggled with the issue of enforcement over the vast federal land holdings in western states. Anthropologists debated the regulatory process, discussing whether the Smithsonian or, as the anthropologist Franz Boas proposed, a rotating group of recognized experts should be in charge. Meanwhile, popular interest in archaeology fueled an international antiquities market in which demand far exceeded the supplies of art and curio dealers, traders, tourists, museums, and thieves.

EXPERIENCE UNDER THE ACT

Although the regulatory components of the Antiquities Act took shape quickly, the criminal provision remained untested for decades. Illegal trafficking in antiquities continued and even escalated. Finally, the government brought charges and won a conviction against a man for the illegal removal and trafficking of face masks found in a cave located in the San Carlos Indian Reservation. On appeal, however, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the district court conviction. In United States v. Diaz (1974), the appeals court noted that the face masks were of recent crafting and found the definition of the term "antiquities" unconstitutionally vague in the statute. Although a subsequent case heard before the Tenth Circuit (United States v. Symer [1979]) resulted in a criminal conviction being upheld, the Supreme Court declined to hear a further appeal of that case. Thus, the validity of the criminal provision of the Antiquities Act has remained uncertain.

The Antiquities Act did, however, contribute to a major shift in knowledge and popular thinking. Excavations performed with Antiquities Act permits led to the discovery of data that demonstrated, contrary to popular belief at the turn of the twentieth century, that the archaeological sites and material culture of North American prehistory are not the ruins of "lost civilizations." Rather, these excavations, often performed under the supervision of the Bureau of American Ethnology, show that a great many sites and their contents relate historically and culturally to contemporary Native American peoples. This knowledge provides no excuse for the absence of Native American voices in the legislative record on which Congress passed the Antiquities Act of 1906. However, it provides
the foundation for subsequent federal laws and regulations that build on and supercede the Antiquities Act.

For example, the regulatory process prescribed in the Archaeological Resource Protection Act of 1979 (ARPA) to issue permits for scientific investigations incorporates Native American interests among its criteria. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA) similarly calls for collaboration and consultation among federally recognized tribes and museums in the identification of sacred objects, cultural patrimony (heritage), and human remains. Where a cultural affiliation is determined, the objects and human remains may be subject to return or repatriation to the Native American tribe. Antiquities Act permits and records often prove instrumental to Native American repatriation claims. Finally, many states have also adopted preservation, sacred sites, and antiquities trafficking laws that range from tax credits for the conservation of archaeological sites on private lands to criminal provisions similar to those of the Antiquities Act and that apply to state lands.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Lee, Robert F. The Antiquities Act of 1906. Washington, DC: Office of History and Historic Architecture, National Park Service, 1970.

McLaughlin, Robert H. "The Antiquities Act of 1906: Framing an American Anthropology and Archaeology," Oaklahoma City Law Review 23 (1998): 61–91.

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990

Adopted in 1990, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act required museums to conduct an inventory of their holdings to identify Native American remains and culturally sensitive objects. When possible, the items were to be returned to their tribes. As a result of this legislation, Native American communities were allowed to rebury the remains of their ancestors in a manner appropriate to their cultures. When artifacts were discovered in new excavations, archaeologists were allowed a brief period to analyze the materials before they had to be returned. Some archaeological groups, including the American Committee for the Preservation of Archaeological Collections, opposed the legislation, arguing that with each item repatriated, critical scientific data was lost.

Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.

Antiquities Act

Dictionary of American History
COPYRIGHT 2003 The Gale Group Inc.

ANTIQUITIES ACT

ANTIQUITIES ACT of 1906, officially, An Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities, was the first federal general historic preservation law. The act authorized the president to designate as national monuments "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest" on federal lands. It also required permits for excavation on public lands and provided criminal penalties for unauthorized damage to or appropriation of objects of antiquity on those lands.

In 1906, the primary goal of Congress was to stop the decay and plundering of Native American ruins in the Southwest. Among the earliest monuments were Devils Tower in Wyoming, El Morro in New Mexico, and Montezuma Castle in Arizona. But presidents interpreted the act's language broadly and transformed the law into a conservation measure to protect large amounts of scenic or wilderness lands, some of which later became national parks. In the first such expansive use of the Antiquities Act, Theodore Roosevelt in 1908 designated 806,400 acres surrounding the Grand Canyon as a monument to protect structures of scientific interest. Subsequently, every president except Richard Nixon used the act to establish or expand national monuments. The power of presidents to unilaterally designate monuments often has created controversy. For example, President Bill Clinton created eight monuments in the final two months of his presidency, generating new calls to restrict presidential authority under the act.