The Swansea was built as a replacement for the wrecked
Sussex and Suffolk.
She was named after the port in South Wales at which the Atlantic Transport
Line called regularly for freight, particularly tin. The line developed strong
ties with Swansea very quickly, and several of its officers came from there.
She was launched in 1887 as a cargo, passenger and cattle boat. Her engines
were the subject of an article published in the magazine Engineering
in 1888 and she was described in some detail in the Marine Engineer when
it covered her launch:

Swansea.On June 8th Messrs. W. Gray & Co. launched
a fine steel screw steamer 324 ft. long, 40 ft. wide, and 29 ft. 6 in. deep
; built to the order of Messrs. Hooper, Murrell & Williams, of London. The
vessel takes Lloyd's highest class, will carry over 4,000 tons deadweight, and
is to run between London, Swansea, and Baltimore, being the latest addition
to the Atlantic Transport Line of steamers, which includes the Surrey
and the Maryland, also built by Messrs. Gray & Co. The new vessel
has a steel spar deck sheathed with wood, a steel main deck, and the poop, bridge
and forecastle are joined by a shelter deck for cattle. The bottom is constructed
on an improved cellular double bottom principle. Six watertight bulkheads are
fitted, and a permanent iron fore and aft bulkhead in holds to prevent shifting
of cargo. Two strakes of shell plating are double at the bilge and topsides
above Lloyd's requirements, and in addition to a deep bar keel, bilge keels
are fitted. Three pole masts are fitted with yards on the foremast and a smart
rig. Four hatches, with a powerful steam winch at each, and connected to work
the bilge pumps., a steam windlass with capstan on the forecastle, steam steering
gear in house amidships and screw steering gear aft. Two donkey boilers, two
distillers to supply 4,000 gallons of fresh water per day into large deck cattle
tanks and overflow into fore peak tank. A handsome saloon, state rooms for a
few passengers, captain's rooms, ice house, &c. are fitted up in the poop.
The officers are berthed in the fore part of the bridge. Arrangements of the
most approved kind are made for conveying about 450 cattle, and a large number
of ventilators are fitted to insure a good supply of fresh air to every part,
side coaling and cargo ports are fitted, and everything is provided which can
contribute to the safety and efficiency of the vessel. The engines are on the
three cylinder triple-expansion type, working on three cranks. They are supplied
by the builders' Central Marine Engineering Works, and possess all the latest
improvements which the experience of the firm in triple-expansion engines has
produced. The cylinders are 24 1/2, 40, and 65 inches in diameter, and the stroke
of all the pistons is 42 inches. the details of the engines are similar to those
of the s.s. Maryland, which has just crossed the Atlantic for the fifth
time in between eleven and twelve days, carrying over 4,0000 tons of cargo,
with the most satisfactory results. the boilers are of the double-ended type,
and designed for a working pressure of 160 lbs. per square inch. They are exceptionally
large, are intended to work under natural draught, supplying steam for the development
of 1,200 I.H.P. in regular work at sea. The speed will be about 11 knots an
hour. the engines and boilers have been built under the supervision of Mr. A.
E. Allen of Hull, the engineer superintendent for the owners. The contract has
been carried out under the supervision of Mr. F. Murrell, one of the owners,
who has personally supervised the building of the ship. The christening ceremony
was gracefully performed by Mrs. G. Baker, of Baltimore, U.S.A., wife of one
of the managing directors of the Baltimore Storage & Lighterage Co. (Owners
of the Maryland), who named the steamer Swansea. Mr. George Baker
and Mr. Hooper, directors of the Atlantic Transport Line, were also present.
Captain H. Murrell, late of the Surrey s.s., takes command of the Swansea,
which will be ready for sea this month..

In 1888 the Swansea was renamed Maine to comply
with the line's new house style.

In October 1899 the Boer War broke out in South Africa and Bernard
N. Baker offered the British Admiralty a ship for use as a floating hospital.
This offer was soon transferred to the American Ladies Hospital Ship Society,
led by Winston Churchill's mother Jennie. In just 60 days the American ladies
raised the money needed to adapt and equip the ship, completed the conversion,
and had her sailing for South Africa. Baker paid for her crew and operating
expenses. She sailed on her initial voyage with American medical staff including
several female nurses, but on subsequent voyages carried British medical personnel,
all of them male.

This ship was described by The Nursing Record and Hospital
World as “the most complete and comfortable hospital ship that has ever
been constructed.” The four wards were named Whitelaw Reid (after the chairman
of the committee on Nurses of the Trained Nurses Maintenance Society, who organized
the American nurses), Bernard Baker, Columbia and Britannia. She was outfitted
for 170 patients and carried a small isolation ward, an elaborately equipped
operating theatre, and an X-ray installation.

The Maine left for South Africa on December 23, 1899,
with Jennie Churchill aboard, and arrived at Durban on January 23, 1900. The
authorities in South Africa wanted to use her as a transport to ship wounded
men home for long-term treatment, but the indomitable Jennie Churchill insisted
on her staying on station as originally intended to treat men as close to the
fighting as possible. When the siege of Ladysmith was raised however and thousands
of casualties suddenly needed access to medical facilities Jennie agreed to
use the Maine as a transport. This change of plan was another cause of
complaint for the American male nurses on board:

THE COST OF AN HOSPITAL SHIP
All the world has been astonished by the great generosity of our American cousins
towards us during this trying time of war. One of the most gracious acts was
undoubtedly the fitting out of the hospital ship Maine.
Mr B. M. Baker, of Baltimore, is the owner of the Maine, and he has not only
offered the free use of the ship; but has also promised to pay all operating
expenses during our use of the ship.
The wages of the captain of the Maine are about £20 per month, three mates
and three engineers each receive £12 per month, and the crew of thirty-two
firemen and seamen at the rate of £7 per month bring up the total paid
in wages to £310.
Coal, the most expensive item on the ship's bill, would cost about £450
a month. The Maine, on average, burns 25 tons of coal daily, and this put down
at the reasonable figure of 12s a ton comes to £450 for a month of thirty
days.
Stores for the ship's operation will amount to £200 every thirty days
and there is an insurance premium of 6 or 7 per cent on the ship's valuation
of £60,000 to be carried. It will therefore, be seen that it will cost
somewhat considerably over £1000 a month to operate the Maine. At the
same time the vessel is losing her earnings of from £1000 to £2000.
The Maine belongs to a fleet of twenty five vessels owned by the Atlantic Transport
Line, which operates between New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and London.
Mr Baker is president of the company. The ships are owned by Americans, but
are sailed under the British flag.
THE MALE NURSES' COMPLAINTS
There is grave dissatisfaction amongst the American male nurses of the Hospital
Ship Maine at their treatment aboard her during her recent voyage to South Africa
and back. Only four of those originally engaged have sailed again with the Maine
for the Cape. With them go three orderlies, and the compliment is made up of
members of the St. John's Ambulance Corps. Several of the original American
male nurses started back home to New York yesterday, and in the course of an
interview with some of them Lloyd's representative heard a very bad account
of the arrangements on board the vessel. Of the original committee and the London
committee those complaining had only good things to say ; all the trouble was
on board the vessel. The male nurses and orderlies, all trained men possessing
certificates of competency, and no one of whom has had less than three years'
training in a public hospital, were engaged in New York. The majority of them
threw up good positions on purpose to go with the Maine. They received agreements
engaging them for a minimum service of five months, at 30 dols a month each.
The agreements, which were countersigned by Mrs Blow and Lady Randolph Churchill,
stipulated that the male nurses should be under the control of the Sister Superintendent
on board, and that they were to perform the nursing duties for which their scientific
training fitted them. They distinctly understood themselves to be engaged for
nursing duties only, and that the rough work on the wards, such as scrubbing
and cleaning, would be perfomed by hands engaged for the purpose. When the Maine
had got to sea on her way to the Cape they were ordered to clean the vessel's
wards, which were in a dirty state left by the laborourers and others who had
been putting stores aboard and fitting up. This, after remonstrance, they did.
Before they got to the Cape the water had become almost undrinkable owing to
the rusty tanks in which it was carried, and all the washing &c., had to
be done in salt water. Much of the food was so bad that it could not be eaten.
On reaching the Cape the nurses learned, to their astonishment, that the Maine,
instead of becoming a hospital ship on the coast, as they were told she was
to be, was to return to England with a number of convalescents. At whose insistence
this change to the original plans was made they could not say...

After several voyages between South Africa and England she was
transferred to the China station to support the campaign against the "boxers."

After a total of 15 months in commission the Maine was
laid up in Southampton from January 1901. Bernard N. Baker gave her to the Admiralty
in July 1901 and her medical fittings were given at the same time by the ladies
of the Maine Committee. Marking the gift, Earl Shelbourne read a statement from
Bernard N. Baker in the House of Lords:

In offering the Maine, I should like, as a citizen of the United
States, to express appreciation of the long protection afforded my interests
under the British flag. I am also influenced by the noble work achieved by Americans
in equipping and maintaining the Maine while in service in South Africa and
China. I trust she will long be an emblem of the cordial relations existing
between the citizens of the United States and those of the mother country.

The Maine was not laid up for long, for she was soon recommissioned
and attached experimentally for a year to the Mediterranean squadron. She was
designated as a Royal Fleet Auxiliary when that class of vessel was established
in 1905 and participated in the Coronation Fleet Review off Torbay in June 1911.

Unfortunately, the Maine ran aground in thick fog in the
Firth of Lorne to the south of the Scottish island of Mull on June 19, 1914.
Her loss left the British without a single hospital ship at the outbreak of
World War One. A succession of later British hospital ships carried the name
into the 1950s.

The medal struck to commemorate the conversion of the Maine to a hospital
ship. Known in "white metal," this sterling silver example is mounted
as a brooch,
probably like that worn by Jennie Churchill. Another identical brooch, cataloged
in a 1958 Africana Museum and Transvaal Museum Catalogue as "the only known
example of the medallion in silver," was "thought to have belonged
to a member of the organizing committee of the American Ladies Hospital Ship
Fund." (Kinghorn)

Whitelaw Reid Ward on the Maine (With the Maine to South Africa)

The operating theater and a ward from The Navy and Army Illustrated Volume 14,
1902 (Google Books)

The Maine in Durban harbor flying her unique combination of flags. She was painted
white, with red crosses and a broad green stripe,
but by the time she reached the Canary Isles on her first voyage her "would-be
immaculate white paint" had been battered
"foggy-gray" by a storm in the Bay of Biscay (The Reminiscences of
Lady Randolph Churchill)

Left: Lord Roberts touring the Maine in Durabn harbor (The Reminiscences of
Lady Randolph Churchill).Right: The aft deck from The Navy and Army Illustrated
Volume 14, 1902 (Google Books)

Left: Jennie Churchill and her son Jack (Winston's younger brother) on Maine
in Durban harbor (The Reminiscences of Lady Randolph Churchill)
Right: The Maine in harbor and at at sea (bottom: Museum
of the Order of St John)

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