PROCEDURE: Soak the suitable material (wheat, groundnut or rice). Grind them separately & make their paste. Similarly make a paste of potato, fruits & egg album in separately. Filter the content of all these in separate test tubes & label them. Use these filtrates for testing.

Take 2ml of sugar cane juice. Add a few drops of HCl & boil the test tube gently for one or two minutes. This hydrolyses sucrose into glucose & fructose. Make the solution alkaline with NaOH. Now perform Benedict’s or Felling’s test with this solution for presence of glucose

COMMENTS: It’s found in ponds, lakes, rivers, swamps and in moist soil near them

It’s a facuttative ectoparsite of cattle and other mammals. It sucks blood (saguinious) by periodically coming in contact with the host body.

Its body is somewhat dorso- vertically flattered and measures about 15 cm in length but it can stretch its length upto 30 cm when required. It is olive green in colour.

DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES: Slimy, elongated & segmented body

Presence of anterior & posterior suckers

PHERETIMA POSTHUMA (EARTHWORM)

Classification :-

Kingdom – Animalia

Phylum – Amelida

Class – Oligochaetra

Order – Terricelae

Genus – Pheretima

Species – Posthuma

COMMENTS: The segments 14th, 15th & 16th form a band called clitellum. It focuses one or more egg cases or cocoons in which ova are laid & fertilized.

Mouth is present at the anterior end. A fleshy lobe called prostomium dorsally over hangs upon the mouth like a hood. Anus is preset in the last segment.

Each segment except the first & the last bears row of minute yellowish setae for locomotion.

DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES: Elongated cylindrical & segmented body

Presence of prostomium & clitellum

Earthworm has setal for locomotion,

PALAEMON (PRAWN)

Classification :-

Kingdom – Animalia

Phylum – Arthropoda

Class – Crustaceae

Order – Decapoda

Genus – Palaemon

Species – Malcolmsonii

COMMENTS : The body is curved & is almost 5 to 18 cm long. It is distinguished into cephalothorax & a long abtomer. The cephalothorox is dorsally covered by a hard carapa which extends as a serrated process called rostrum. Cephalothorax bears eight pairs of segmented legs & on a pair each anterrae, anterrrules & stalked compound eyes.

COMMENTS:Adult silk moth is about 25cm long with two pair of wings. It is creamy white in colour

The body is divisible into head, thorax & abdomen & is covered by minute scales.

The larva undergoes four months & then stop feeding. It secretes a sticky fluid through its spinnerets, which on coming in contact with air becomes silk thread & remains wrapped around its body to form pupa

DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES:

Body is divisible into head, thorax & abdomen

Larva form cocoon

Presence of two pairs of wings & three pairs of legs

BOMBYX MORI (SILK WORM):

Classification:-

Kingdom – Animalia

Phylum – Arthropoda

Class – Insecta

Order – Lepidoptera

Genus – Bombyx

Species – Mori

COMMENTS:

Adult silk moth is about 2.5 cm long with two pairs of wings. It is creamy white in colour.

The body is divisible into head, thorax & abdomen & is covered by minute scales

The larva undergoes four months & then stop feeding. It secretes a sticky fluid through its spinnerets, which on coming in contact with air becomes silk thread & remains wrapped around its body to form pupa

DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES

Body is divisible into head, thorax & abdomen

Larva form cocoon

Presence of two pairs of wings & three pairs of legs

PILA GLOBOSA (APPLE SNAIL)

Classification :-

Kingdom – Animalia

Phylum – Mollusca

Class – Gastropoda

Order – Prosobranchiata

Genus – Pila

Species – Globosa

COMMENTS: It has a soft & slimy body enclosed in a coiled calcareous shell. The opening of the shell is closed by a thick plate like operculum.

THEORY: When a plant cell is placed in a concentrated salt solution, water from the cell sap flows out due to exosmosis.

The loss of water from the cell sap causes contraction or shrinkage of the protoplasm since the cell wall is firm and less elastic, it cannot keep pace with the contraction of the plasma membrane. Ultimately, the protoplasm separates from the cell wall and assumes a spherical shape. It is called plasmolysis

When a plasmolyzed cell is placed in water or hypertonic solution it absorbs water due to endosmosis and its protoplasm assumes the original shape it is called de-plasmolysis.

Plasmolysis is, this can be defined as the shrinkage of the protoplast of a cell from its cell wall due to exosmosis in a hypertonic solution.

OBSERVATION: the cell in dilute solution appears turgid due to endosmosis while the cells in concentrated shows plasmolysis due to exosmosis.

When the concentrated solution is replaced with water the protoplast of cells require its original shape,

PRECAUTIONS: The peel should not be exposed or dried.
The slide should be kept dry by removing extra solution with the filter paper.