1-Determinism is the philosophical belief
that every event or action is the inevitable result of preceding events and
actions. Thus, in principle at least, every event or action can be completely
predicted in advance, or in retrospect.

3-Determinism became incorporated into
modern science around the year 1500 A.D. with the establishment of the idea
that cause-and-effect rules completely govern all motion and structure on the
material level.

6-Newton discovered a concise set of
principles, expressible in only a few sentences, which he showed could predict
the motion in an astonishingly wide variety of systems to a very high degree of
accuracy.

7-Newton demonstrated that his three laws of
motion, combined through the process of logic, could accurately predict the
orbits in time of the planets around the sun, the shapes of the paths of
projectiles on earth, and the schedule of the ocean tides throughout the month
and year, among other things.

8-Newton's laws are completely deterministic
because they imply that anything that happens at any future time is completed
determined by what happens now, and moreover that everything now was completely
determined by what happened at any time in the past.

9-Newton's three laws were so successful
that for several centuries after his discovery, the science of physics
consisted largely of demonstrating how his laws could account for the observed
motion of nearly any imaginable physical process.