#istudytogo
ImportName,InvadersRealm APUSH Chapter 1
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#note:MakersofAmerica,APUSH/Chapter 1,- Conquistadores included Hernán Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Aztecs and the Incas respectively.
- Within half a century of Columbus’ “discovery” of America, they had claimed, for Spain, territory that stretched form Colorado to Argentina.
- They spread from Cuba through Mexico and from Panama, south through Peru.
- As the Spanish crown tightened its grip on its colonies, though, the conquistadors lost more and more power.
- Most of them never achieved their dreams of glory, though a few received royal titles.
- Many of them married Indian women, creating a new class of people called mestizos.
- The mestizos formed a bridge between Latin America’s Indian and European races.
WLST,people_places_terms,APUSH/Chapter 1$
WORD,aztecs$
aztecs n.$
$
Native Americans who that lived in what is now Mexico and routinely offered their gods human sacrifices, these people were violent, yet built amazing pyramids and built a great civilization without having a wheel.$
WORD,bartholomeudias$
bartholomeudias n.$
$
A Portuguese sailor, he was the first to round the southernmost tip of Africa, a feat he did in 1488.$
WORD,bartolomedelascasas$
bartolomedelascasas n.$
$
A Spanish missionary who was appalled by the method of encomienda, calling it “a moral pestilence invented by Satan.”$
WORD,christophercolumbus$
christophercolumbus n.$
$
An Italian seafarer who persuaded Spain to give him three ships for which to sail west to look for a better route to India, he “discovered” America in 1492$
WORD,conquistadores$
conquistadores n.$
$
the Spanish word for “conqueror,” these explorers claimed much of America for Spain, slaughtering millions of natives in the process$
WORD,diadelaraza$
diadelaraza n.$
$
Spanish for Columbus Day.$
WORD,donjuandeoñate$
donjuandeoñate n.$
$
Leader of a Spanish group that traversed parts of Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in 1598, he and his men proclaimed the province of New Mexico in 1609 and founded its capital, Santa Fe.$
WORD,encomienda$
encomienda n.$
$
a euphemism for slavery in which Indians were given to colonists to be “Christianized.”$
WORD,fatherjuniperoserra$
fatherjuniperoserra n.$
$
The Spanish missionary who founded 21 missions in California, in 1769, he founded Mission San Diego, the first of the chain.$
WORD,ferdinandmagellan$
ferdinandmagellan n.$
$
In 1519, his crew began a voyage and eventually ended up becoming the first to circumnavigate the world, even though he died in the Philippines. The sole surviving ship returned to Europe in 1522.$
WORD,ferdinandofaragonandisabellaofcastille$
ferdinandofaragonandisabellaofcastille n.$
$
The wedded king and queen of Spain, their marriage united the previously non-existing country.$
WORD,franciscocoronado$
franciscocoronado n.$
$
From 1540 to 1542, he explored the pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico, penetrating as far east as Kansas. He also discovered the Grand Canyon and enormous herds of bison.$
WORD,franciscopizzarro$
franciscopizzarro n.$
$
In 1532, he crushed the Incas of Peru and got lots of bounty.$
WORD,giovannidaverranzo$
giovannidaverranzo n.$
$
AKA John Cabot, he explored the northeastern coaster of North America in 1497-98.$
WORD,hernancortes$
hernancortes n.$
$
Annihilator of the Aztec in 1519.$
WORD,hernandodesoto$
hernandodesoto n.$
$
From 1539 to 1542, he explored Florida and crossed the Mississippi River. He brutally abused Indians and died of fever and battle wounds.$
WORD,hiawatha$
hiawatha n.$
$
This was legendary leader who inspired the Iroquois, a powerful group of Native Americans in the northeaster woodlands of the U.S.$
WORD,juanrodriquezcabrillo$
juanrodriquezcabrillo n.$
$
He explored the California coast in 1542 but failed to find anything of interest.$
WORD,lakebonneville$
lakebonneville n.$
$
massive prehistoric lake, all of which remains today in the form of the Great Salt Lake.$
WORD,madeira$
madeira n.$
$
Areas where sugar plantations were established by Portugal then Spain where African slaves were forced to work.$
WORD,maize$
maize n.$
$
the Indian word for corn$
WORD,malinche$
malinche n.$
$
A female Indian slave who knew Mayan and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec.$
WORD,marcopolo$
marcopolo n.$
$
Italian adventurer who supposedly sailed to the Far East (China) in 1295 and returned with stories and supplies of the Asian life there (silk, pearls, etc…)$
WORD,montezuma$
montezuma n.$
$
The leader of the Aztecs at the time of Cortés’ invasion who believed that Cortés was the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl.$
WORD,moundbuilders$
moundbuilders n.$
$
Indians of the Ohio River Valley$
WORD,norse$
norse n.$
$
These Vikings discovered America in about 1000 A.D., when they discovered modern-day Newfoundland. They abandoned it later due to bad conditions.$
WORD,poncedeleon$
poncedeleon n.$
$
In 1513 and 1521, this Spanish Explorer explored Florida, searching for gold (contrary to the myth of his seeking the “Fountain of Youth”).$
WORD,popé’srebellion$
popé’srebellion n.$
$
revolt in which Indians took over New Mexico and held control for nearly half a century.$
WORD,potosi$
potosi n.$
$
A rich silver mine in Bolivia that enriched Spain with lots of wealth.$
WORD,robertdelasalle$
robertdelasalle n.$
$
Sent by the French, he went on an expedition down the Mississippi in the 1680s.$
WORD,timbuktu$
timbuktu n.$
$
Capital of the West African kingdom of Mali, a place located in the Niger River Valley$
WORD,treatyoftordesillas$
treatyoftordesillas n.$
$
treaty that settled Spanish and Portuguese differences in the Americas, Portugal got modern-day Brazil; Spain got the rest$
WORD,vasconunezbalboa$
vasconunezbalboa n.$
$
Discoverer of the Pacific Ocean in 1513.$
$
#note:Summary,APUSH/Chapter 1,Chapter 1: “New World Beginnings”
Summary:
225 million years ago, Earth was one supercontinent (Pangaea) and ocean. About 10 million years ago, the North America that we know today was formed (geographical shape). The first discoverers of North America were nomadic Asians who wandered over here by way of an exposed land bridge from Russia to Alaska during the Ice Age. Though they were hunters at first, by 5000 BC, they had become hunter-gatherers with a diet of basically corn. Great pre-European Indian cultures included the Pueblos, the Iroquois, the Mound Builders, the Mayans, the Incas, the Aztec, and the Sioux, among others (map of tribes on pg. 8). The Indians revered nature and land, and didn’t carelessly destroy it. Everything was put to use.
In 1000 AD, Vikings discovered Newfoundland, but later abandoned it due to unfavorable conditions. Europeans, though, slowly began to proliferate into non-European worlds starting around the 1400s. After Marco Polo came back with stories of China and its riches, Europeans began to explore. First, they set up settlements in Africa, near the coast, where they used African slaves to work on plantations. In 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India, opening a sea route to the Far East.
Complications and dangers of this eastern sea route influenced Christopher Columbus to sail west. In doing so, he inadvertently discovered the Americas, though he never knew it. The Portuguese were first to settle in America, but the Spanish later became the dominant nation in the Americas. Spanish Conquistadores swept through Latin and South America, destroying the Aztecs and the Incas. Meanwhile, Magellan’s crew sailed around the world in 1519, becoming the first voyage to do so. As the chapter ended, Spain was very much in control of much of the Americas, though other countries were beginning to challenge the Spanish dominance.
#note:Timeline,APUSH/Chapter 1,c. 33,000 - 8000 BC First humans come to Americas from land bridge connecting Asia and Alaska.
c. 5000 BC Corn is developed as a stable crop in highland Mexico.
c. 4000 BC First civilized societies develop in the Middle East.
c. 1200 BC Corn planting reaches present-day American Southwest.
c. 1000 AD Norse voyagers discover and briefly settle in Newfoundland (Vinland).
Also, corn cultivation reaches Midwest and southeaster Atlantic seaboard.
c. 1100 AD Height of Mississippian settlement at Cahokia
c. 1100 – 1300 Christian crusades arouse European interest in the East.
1295 Marco Polo returns to Europe from Asia.
Late 1400s Spain unites.
1488 Díaz rounds the southern tip of Africa.
1492 Columbus land in the Bahamas.
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal.
1498 da Gama reaches India. Cabot explores northeastern coast of North America for England.
1513 Balboa claims all lands touched by the Pacific Ocean for Spain.
1513 & 1521 Ponce de León explores Florida.
1519 – 1521 Cortés conquers Mexico for Spain, defeating the Aztecs.
1522 Magellan’s crew completes circumnavigation of the world.
1524 Verrazano explores eastern seaboard of Norh America for France.
1532 Pizarro crushes the Incas.
1534 Cartier journeys up the St. Lawrence River.
1539 – 1542 de Soto explores the Southeast and discoveres the Mississippi River.
1540 – 1542 Coronado explores present-day Southwest
1542 Cabrillo explores California coast for Spain.
1565 Spanish build fortress at St. Augustine.
Late 1500s Iroquois Confederacy founded (according to Iroquois legend)
c. 1598 – 1609 Spanish under Oñate conquer Pueblo peoples of Rio Grande Valley.
1609 Spanish found New Mexico.
1680 Popé’s rebellion of New Mexico.
1680s French expedition down Mississippi River under La Salle
1769 Father Junipero Serra founds Mission San Diego, in California.