Tower of London

Also known as, or recorded in historical
documents as; White Tower; magnae turris Londoniae; Turris Lundoniae

In the civil parish of Stepney.
In the historic county of London and Middlesex.Modern Authority of London Borough of Tower Hamlets.1974 county of Greater London.Medieval County of Liberties of the Tower.

Great C11 tower built within Roman wall and by River Thames. Expanded as castle and palace almost continually since then with significant C13 curtain wall and bailey and other masonry work of many other periods. Legge's Mount and Brass Mount are early artillery bastions.

On capturing London, still enclosed by its Roman walls, William I secured his position by the construction of two major castles. One of them (later known as Baynard's Castle) was located in the western part of the city and the other, now known as the Tower of London, was in the south-east corner. The Tower of London takes its name from the White Tower, a keep of distinctive form which served as both a defensible stronghold and a palatial residence. Building was under way by c. 1080, and complete by 1101 when the Tower served as a prison for Ranulf Flambard, Bishop of Durham. The White Tower measures 36m x 32.5m (118 feet x 106 feet 6 inches) and stands 27.5m (90 feet) high with four corner turrets. It is built of Caen stone and the walls were originally whitewashed - hence its name. The entrance on the south side was at first floor level, and was approached by stairs in a forebuilding. The plan is the same on all floors. It is dictated by the presence, on the second floor, of the Chapel of St John with its apsed east end, and a large cross wall which divides each floor into two. To the west of the wall is a large room, to the east a smaller room and the chapel or its crypt or sub-crypt. The present third floor and roof are late medieval additions. William's castle bailey was defended on its south and east sides by the Roman town wall and on the north and west sides by a bank and ditch. In the late 12th century, probably under Richard I, the bailey was extended to the west and a part of the new defences was formed by Bell Tower at the south-west corner and an adjacent stretch of wall to the east. (Parnell)

On the east side stands the royal fortress, of tremendous size and strength, whose walls and floors rise up from the deepest foundations  the mortar being mixed with animal's blood. (William FitzStephen)

This tower is a Citadell, to defend or commaund the Citie: a royall place for assemblies, and treaties. A Prison of estate, for the most daungerous offenders: the onely place of coynage for all England at this time: the armorie for warlike prouision: the Treasurie of the ornaments and Jewels of the crowne, and generall conseruer of the most Recordes of the kings Courts of iustice at Westminster. (Stow)

Although within the city walls of London the Tower of London was never administratively within the the city of London but an independent administrative unit in its own right which along with all the land within a bow shot around the castle formed the Liberties of the Tower.

Links to archaeological and architectural databases, mapping and other online resources

Impey, E. and Parnell, G., 2000, The Tower of London: Official Illustrated History (London, Merrell)Chamberlin, R., 1989, The Tower of London: an illustrated history (Exeter: Webb & Bower)Mears, K.J.. 1988, The Tower of London: 900 years of English history (Oxford: Phaidon)Hammond, P., 1987, Her Majestys royal palace and fortress of the Tower of London (London: DOE)Brown, R.Allen and Curnow, P.E.. 1984, Tower of London, Greater London (HMSO)Hammond, P., 1981, The Tower of London Young Visitors Guide (HMSO)Hammond, P., 1978, Royal Fortress: the Tower of London Through Nine Centuries (HMSO)Hamilton, Hamish, 1978, The Tower, 1078-1978 (D Wilson)Rowse, A.L., 1977, The Tower of London (Joseph)Anon, 1974, The Tower of London (HMSO)Anon, 1961, The Tower of London (HMSO)Anon, 1947, The Tower of London (HMSO)

Primary(Medieval documents or transcriptions of such documents - This section is far from complete and the secondary sources should be consulted for full references.)

Fradley, Michael, 2011, The Old in the New: Urban Castle Imposition in Anglo-Norman England, AD1050-1150 (University of Exeter PhD Thesis) available via EThOSRyder, Charles, 2011, The spiral stair or vice: Its origins, role and meaning in medieval stone castles (PhD Thesis University of Liverpool) p. 141-47 Download viaWhite, H., 2010, Legge's Mount, The Tower of London, London Scientific Analysis of The Cupels (English Heritage Research Department Report Series No. 57)White, H. and Kearns, T., 2010, Legge's Mount, The Tower of London, London: Scientific Analysis of The Cupels (English Heritage Research Department Report Series No. 76)Ashbee, Jeremy, 2006, The Tower of London as a royal residence: 1066-1400 (Thesis (PhD)-University of London Courtauld Institute of Art)

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