monitors and influences movement. ***

36) What are the integrative functions of the cerebrum?

sleep, wakefulness, learning, memory

37) What establishes the human wake and sleep rhythm?

circadian rhythm, hypothalamus

38) What are the stages of NREM sleep?

transitionlight sleepmoderately deep sleepdeepest

39

39) Describe REM sleep.

eyes move rapdily back and forth

40

40) Does increased sympathetic activity take place during sleep?

No

41

41) Theophylline is widely used to treat asthma. Parents of asthmatic children are relieved when their childcan breathe again but are sometimes annoyed by one of theophylline’s common side effects. What is thisside effect?

combines with A-1 receptors so you cant sleep

42

42) What is plasticity in the formation of memories?

the capability for change associated with learning

43

43) Which parts of the brain are thought to be involved in memory formation?

frontal, parietal, occipital temporal, limbic system,

44

44) A classmate tells you which chapter to be read for the next class meeting and begins to walk away. Whichtype of memory will you use to remember the information and write it in your notebook before yourclassmate is out of sight?

immediate memory

45

45) Some medications interfere with the normal functions of the amygdala or the hippocampus. What couldmight be a side effect of such a medication?

no short term memories

46

46) A person suffering from a closed head injury remembers events from this week very clearly, but cannotrecognize the faces of people she knew before the injury occurred. Which part of her brain is most likelyaffected by the injury?

occipital cerebral cortex

47

47) What changes occur in a neuron when it is stimulated?

increase the number of presynaptic terminals and enlargement of synaptic end bulbs, increase in number of dendrite branches

48) What is Parkinson’s Disease?

49) A disorder caused by hypoxia during birth and resulting in loss of muscle control is what?

cerebral palsy

50

50) Which senses includes vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell?

special senses

51

51) What are unique about special sense receptors?

anatomically distinct, concentrated in specific locations in the head

52

52) What is smell?

olfaction ***

53

53) What do olfactory receptors use to transduce chemical signals?

olfactory hairs

54

54) How do olfactory receptors differ from other neurons?

lower threshold, they regenerate

55

55) Place the parts of the olfactory pathway in the order in which an impulse travels to its integration center:

***

56

56) What are the primary taste sensations?

sour sweet bitter salty umami

57

57) How does gestation compare to olfaction?

it is a chemical sense but it is much simpler

58

58) Which of the papillae function in gestation?

vallate, fungiform, foliate, NOT filiform

59

59) Which taste sensations arises from ions entering specific channels in the plasma membranes of gustatoryreceptors?

salt, sour

60

60) Which tastants binds to receptors on the plasma membrane rather than entering the cell?

sodium or salty

61

61) If there are only five primary tastes, why can humans identify thousands of flavors?

all of the above

62

62) What are the tastes in order of increasing thresholds?

bitter, sour, sweet, salty

63

63) What are the accessory structures of the eye?

NOT intrinsic eye muscles

64

64) What are the functions of the eyelids?

shade the eyes during sleep, protects eyes from excessive light and foreign objects, and lubricates eyeballs

65

65) What is unique about humans expressing emotion through crying?

only humans do it

66

66) What is the fibrous tunic of the eye?

superficial layer of the eyeball**

67

67) A 3-year-old child becomes frightened of the “monster” in the closet and runs screaming into his parents’room. What might the boy’s mother, a neurologist, notice about the child’s pupils?

dilated

68

68) Hypertension is sometimes called the “silent killer” because patients may be asymptomatic until significantdamage to tissues has occurred. Why might an optometrist (an O.D.) be the 1st person to detect that apatient has hypertension?

during eye exam the doctor may see a change in the retinal blood vessels (which are a sign of hypertension)

69

69) What landmarks may be examined with an ophthalmoscope?

NOT optic chiasma

70

70) What do rods do?

allow us to see in dim light

71

71) What do cones do?

color vision

72

72) The area of highest visual acuity is the

central fovea

73

73) What does the lens do?

focus images on the retina

74

74) What does the aqueous humor do?

fluid that nourishes the lens and cornea of the eye

75

75) What is the near point focus?

Not the longest distance away from the eye that you can focus

76

76) Ten year old Matt Zigbowski struggles at school. His teacher seats students alphabetically, so he is at theback of the classroom. He cannot see the words on the chalkboard from his desk. When he goes to theteacher’s desk near the chalkboard, he can see the words but some of the letters t, l, and i are hard todistinguish from each other. What is probably wrong with his eyes?

myopia and astigmatism

77

77) Where does transduction of light take place?

outer segments of rods and cones

78

78) How does light excite the bipolar cells that synapse with rods?

blocking release of inhibitory neurotransmitter

79

79) Where will a nerve impulse that arose when ganglion cells depolarized terminate?

in the thalamus

80

80) Where do axons from the temporal half of each retina discussate?

NOT in the optic chiasma

81

81) What are the functions of the external, middle and inner ears?

all of the above

82

82) What makes up the external ear?

auricle, external auditory canal, eardrum

83

83) A patient had a stroke that damaged her facial nerve. In addition to changes in the ability to make facialexpressions, what might be observed by the patient?

sensitive hearing

84

84) What is the function of the auditory tube?

connects middle ear with nasopharynx

85

85) What makes up the inner ear?

bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth, semicircular canal, cochlea

86

86) What forms the vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII?

ampullary, utricular, saccular nerves

87

87) The hair cells of the spiral organ (organ of Corti) are covered with what?

supporting cells , receptors for hearing ***

88

88) How does pitch increase?

higher frequency of vibration

89

89) What is the function of the ossicles?

conveys sound vibrations

90

90) Loud noises, especially from music or engines can cause deafness if the sound level is what?

exceeding 110 DB

91

91) Do all regions of the basilar membrane vibrate with the same intensity

no

92

92) Where do first-order neurons of the vestibulocochlear nerve terminate?

medulla oblongota

93

93) What does static and dynamic equilibrium maintain for the body?

maintain position relative to gravity, dynamic maintains position in response to movements

94

94) A 4-year-old who wants to be a gymnast is assisted on to the balance beam and instructed just to standon it for a minute. Which parts of the child’s ears will primarily be involved in helping her stay on thebeam?

ossicle, tympanic membrane***

95

95) A gymnast competing in the floor exercise must do a rapidly executed series of flips and twists. At the endof those movements the gymnast must land upright within the boundaries of tumbling mat and remainmotionless for a few seconds. Which parts of the gymnast’s ears allow him to successfully complete thefloor exercise?

vestibular apparatus, inner ear

96

96) Axons from the vestibular nuclei extend to the nuclei of which cranial nerves?

III, IV, VI

97

97) How does the cerebellum function in maintaining equilibrium?

all of the above

98

98) When do the eyes begin development and from what embryonic tissue

22 days post fertilization, from the ectoderm

99

99) Where does the inner ear arise from in the embryo?

ectoderm, mesenchyme

100

100) What age-associated changes in the special senses may take place?