Coal Growth Beyond China

China has accounted for nearly all of coal's demand growth over the past decade. Although demand from that country should continue to expand as China industrializes, it isn't the only nation to watch. You should also keep an eye on India, Japan, and Europe.

Asia is bigger than ChinaWorld Coal recently reported that Japan's thermal coal use was the highest on record in August. The fact that the country's nuclear fleet has effectively shut down has forced it to look to other cheap and reliable base fuels, like coal. Price was the main reason cited for the shift to coal over other options, like natural gas.

Arch Coal (NYSE: ACI) recently noted that India is scheduled to build more coal power plants (108) than China (103) by 2017. Vietnam, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines are other, albeit smaller, nations in the region with construction plans. According to Arch, "Thailand's energy agency expects power demand to double by 2030, and views coal as a lower cost and more secure option than [liquefied natural gas]."

And Europe is part of the equation, too. According to Arch, "We have seen coal demand [in Europe] go up over the last couple of years..." The big reason for that growth is the combination of high natural gas prices and declining regional coal production. Although there's a coal supply glut there today, Arch expects that to correct over time. The end result should be yet another market into which coal can be exported.

Plenty of export optionsArch is one of the big players in the U.S. export space, increasing its exports from 2 million tons to 14 million tons in a five-year span. Although that's only about 10% of the company's projected 2013 coal production, it's still a notable business and a growing opportunity.

With operations in three key U.S. coal regions and port agreements on the East Coast, West Coast, and Gulf Coast, Arch is well positioned. Of note, the company is the second-largest player in the ultra-cheap Powder River Basin (PRB).

Exporting from here and thereThe largest player in the Southern PRB region is Peabody Energy (NYSE: BTU) . It also holds a leading share in the second-cheapest coal region, the Illinois Basin (ILB). That gives the company access to cheap coal that can be exported to power the world's utilities. However, unlike Arch, Peabody's coal operations span the globe, with a notable position in Australia.

That region, which makes up nearly half of the company's business, gives it direct access to Asia and has recently benefited from a falling Australian dollar. Thus Peabody has long-term opportunities domestically and in its foreign operations, and is receiving a performance boost today from its foreign coal assets. The coal miner expects the rest of the year to be touch and go on the earnings front, but that just means that 2014 earnings comparisons should be much easier.

Port issuesCloud Peak Energy (NYSE: CLD) is another big player in the PRB region. The company has been profitable despite the pressures that coal is currently facing. That said, exports have been a key focus and are expected to make up about 5% of the company's coal volume this year.

Asia is the main customer, but South Korea is the biggest destination for Cloud Peak's coal. So the company isn't as reliant on continued demand from China for its export growth. Like all of the exporters, however, access to ports is a big issue. Cloud Peak is waiting for new port capacity before it can ramp up exports more materially. That's a positive for a company like CONSOL Energy (NYSE: CNX) , which owns its own port on the East Coast.

Although CONSOL has shifted its focus to natural gas drilling, it is still a large coal miner. The company only uses around 60% of the Baltimore terminal's capacity; the remaining 40% is used by competitors. That gives CONSOL an easy way to increase its own export volume if it wants. The company uses that port to reach Europe, South America, and Asia.

Although CONSOL lost money in the first half, it has handled the downturn better than many of its coal-focused peers. That has much to do with a large and growing natural gas business. Interestingly, this dual focus sets the company up to benefit no matter which fuel source is favored.

Speaking of ports, Westshore Terminals (NASDAQOTH: WTSHF) is benefiting from export growth right now. The company's Canadian-based port is expected to handle up to 30 million tonnes of coal this year, up from 26 million tonnes last year. Upgrades in 2012 added another 3 million tonnes of capacity, with projects in the works that could add a similar amount of capacity over the next five years. Westshore is in prime position to benefit right now from foreign coal demand.

More than ChinaThere's no question that China is a big player when it comes to coal demand, but it isn't the only market to watch. Europe and other Asian nations are increasingly important customers. Arch, Peabody, CONSOL, and Cloud Peak all have notable opportunities. Westshore, a "pick and axe" story paid for throughput, is benefiting today for those interested in its solid 4% or so dividend yield.

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