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Introduction

(1903–86).
American motion-picturedirector Vincente Minnelli infused a new sophistication and vitality into musical films in the 1940s and ‘50s. He was known for such popular movies as Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), An American in Paris (1951), and Gigi (1958).

Early Life and Work

Lester Anthony Minnelli was born on February 28, 1903, in Chicago, Illinois, to Italian-born musician Vincent Minnelli and French Canadian singer Mina Le Beau; later in life he took his father’s first name, restoring it to its Italian form. The Minnelli Brothers Mighty Dramatic Company Under Canvas traveled throughout the Midwest, and Minnelli was performing onstage as soon as he could stand. Eventually his mother and father settled in Delaware, Ohio, but Minnelli moved to Chicago after he graduated from high school, hoping to find work as an artist.

Minnelli’s first job was helping to design window displays at the department store Marshall Field & Company; he attended the School of the Art Institute of Chicago at night. He next worked as a society photographer’s assistant and then as a costume designer for a movie-theater chain. The weekly stage revues he mounted to entertain the crowds in between screenings quickly helped establish Minnelli as a rising star in his field, and in 1931 he was summoned to New York, New York, to work as a costume designer for the Paramount-Publix theaters.

Minnelli worked on the musical revue Earl Carroll’s Vanities, for which he displayed adventurous costume and set designs. In 1933 the newly established Radio City Music Hall hired him to costume its live shows. Soon he graduated to art director, staging ever more elaborate and inventive revues. Minnelli then produced and designed three Broadway musical revues: At Home Abroad (1935), Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 (1936), and The Show Is On (1936). All three received positive notices. Subsequently, in 1937 Paramount Pictures asked him to work as a producer and a director. He directed only a number in Artists and Models (1937) before Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) producer Arthur Freed offered Minnelli the chance to join the movie studio in 1940 as a special consultant.

Minnelli
aided Freed on individual numbers in such high-profile musicals as Strike Up the Band (1940), Babes on Broadway (1941), and Panama Hattie (1942). MGM executives subsequently launched him as a solo director. Minnelli’s first effort was Cabin in the Sky (1943), an adaptation of the hit Broadway show. The movie featured an African American cast, including Lena Horne, Louis Armstrong, and the Duke Ellington Orchestra. Roger Edens and Busby Berkeley helped oversee the musical numbers. Cabin in the Sky was greeted with a mixed response upon its release. Nevertheless, it was profitable. Also in 1943 Minnelli directed the critical and commercial flop I Dood It, a musical with Red Skelton and Eleanor Powell.

Films of the Later 1940s

In
1944 Minnelli directed Meet Me in St. Louis, regarded by many as his greatest film. It was a lavish adaptation of Sally Benson’s autobiographical stories about a St. Louis, Missouri, family in 1903–04. Judy Garland starred as the teenaged daughter whose romance with the boy next door (Tom Drake) serves as the centerpiece for a sentimental tale of family togetherness. The film featured the song “Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas,” and “The Trolley Song” was nominated for an Academy Award. Meet Me in St. Louis smoothed Garland’s transition to adult roles, and an on-set romance bloomed between her and Minnelli.

The film Ziegfeld Follies (1945) was an all-star revue with Fred Astaire, Gene Kelly, Lucille Ball, Garland, Horne, and Skelton—for which Minnelli directed five production numbers. Minnelli was then asked to take over The Clock (1945), his first nonmusical picture. The movie featured Robert Walker as an army corporal from a small town on a two-day leave in New York City before shipping out to fight in the war. There he meets a savvy New Yorker (Garland) and falls in love with her. Minnelli and Garland married after the picture wrapped.

Yolanda and the Thief (1945) is generally considered one of Minnelli’s lesser musicals. Astaire played an American con man visiting a mythical Latin American country, with an eye to fleecing a convent-raised heiress (Lucille Bremer) by posing as the guardian angel to whom she has been praying for guidance. In 1946 Minnelli directed Undercurrent, a melodrama starring Katharine Hepburn, Robert Taylor, and Robert Mitchum, and Till the Clouds Roll By, a biopic about songwriter Jerome Kern.

Minnelli’s next project was an adaptation of the 1942 Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne stage success The Pirate (1948), set in the 1830s Caribbean and starring Kelly and Garland. After six months the film was finished but was far from ready for release. Garland had backslid into dependency on barbiturates, a problem that had long plagued her, and was at times unable to work. Minnelli tinkered with the picture for another six months, but The Pirate became a flop for both Garland and Minnelli. Garland had Minnelli taken off what would have been their next film collaboration, Easter Parade (1948).

With his marriage to Garland crumbling, Minnelli spent a year directing screen tests before adapting Gustave Flaubert’s novel Madame Bovary. The movie, released in 1949, featured Jennifer Jones, Van Heflin, Louis Jourdan, and James Mason. Shot quickly and cheaply, Madame Bovary turned a profit and restored MGM’s faith in Minnelli.

Films of the Early 1950s

Father of the Bride (1950) starred Spencer Tracy in a comic performance as the shell-shocked dad who finds the impending nuptials of his daughter (Elizabeth Taylor) spiraling out of control; Joan Bennett as the mother delivered her dry antidotes to his hysteria with superb timing. The movie became one of 1950’s biggest hits, and a sequel, Father’s Little Dividend (1951), was also directed by Minnelli.

In
1951 Minnelli also directed An American in Paris, which was developed by Freed from George Gershwin’s orchestral suite. Kelly, who also choreographed the film, exhibited his trademark exuberance as an American artist studying in Paris who allows himself to be supported by a wealthy patron (Nina Foch) only to fall in love with a young perfume-shop clerk (Leslie Caron). An American in Paris offered such Gershwin songs as “ ’S Wonderful” and “I Got Rhythm.” The movie was one of Minnelli’s biggest hits, and the film received six Oscars, including one for best picture. Minnelli garnered his first Oscar nomination for best director.

In
1952 the newly divorced Minnelli devoted himself to The Bad and the Beautiful, an exposé of Hollywood. Kirk Douglas starred as a manipulative movie producer (based on David O. Selznick) who abuses those around him in his quest for screen perfection; he has an affair with the unproven star (Lana Turner) of his film to give her confidence and then dumps her as soon as shooting has finished.

In
1953 Minnelli made the short film Mademoiselle, the central segment of The Story of Three Loves, an anthology about the varied miseries of romance. That same year he directed the classic musical The Band Wagon. Astaire starred as a washed-up movie-musical star whose desperation reluctantly lands him in a ridiculously overstuffed musical about Faust. Michael Kidd’s choreography illuminates the production numbers—“That’s Entertainment,” “Dancing in the Dark,” and “The Girl Hunt.” The Band Wagon received three Oscar nominations. Minnelli’s final film in 1953, The Long, Long Trailer, became a big commercial successes. The film was a slapstick movie starring television superstars Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, who play newlyweds traveling across America in their 40-foot trailer.

Brigadoon (1954) was an Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe musical about a mythical land that materializes once every hundred years in the Scottish highlands. Kelly starred as the visiting New Yorker who falls in love with one of Brigadoon’s time-traveling residents (Cyd Charisse). Brigadoon was Minnelli’s last attempt to create a dance-oriented musical film.

Films of the Later 1950s

In 1955 Minnelli directed the psychological drama The Cobweb, which counted Richard Widmark, Lauren Bacall, and Lillian Gish among its stars, and Kismet, which was based on a Broadway musical with a fantasy Arabian setting. In 1956 Minnelli directed Lust for Life, a biography of the artist Vincent van Gogh (Douglas). The movie earned critical accolades, but the picture did indifferent business. That same year Minnelli directed Tea and Sympathy, which was adapted from the play by Robert Anderson. The drama followed a young man (John Kerr) who is seduced by the wife (Deborah Kerr, no relation to John) of his instructor (Leif Erickson).

The
romantic comedy Designing Woman (1957) starred Gregory Peck as a sportswriter and Bacall as a fashion designer. The musical Gigi (1958) was based on a novella by Colette about a French teenager (Caron) raised by courtesans and trained in the art of being a proper mistress to a gentleman. The movie offered the classic songs “Thank Heaven for Little Girls,” “I Remember It Well,” and “Gigi.” Gigi dominated the Oscars with nine wins, including one for best picture and Minnelli’s sole Oscar for best director.

The class satire The Reluctant Debutante (1958) was an English comedy of manners. An American teenager (Sandra Dee) visiting her father (Rex Harrison) and stepmother (Kay Kendall) in London, England, is hurled into the debutante season. Some Came Running (1958) featured Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Shirley MacLaine in a tale about a prodigal son and ex-GI returning to his stagnant Indiana hometown. The film was a solid commercial success.

Films of the 1960s and ’70s

In 1960 Minnelli directed Home from the Hill, a drama with Mitchum as a hard-drinking patriarch, whose battles with his neurotic wife (Eleanor Parker) are punctuated by bouts of philandering. That same year Minnelli directed the musical comedy Bells Are Ringing, with Judy Holliday as an answering-service operator who cannot resist playing Cupid for her customers.

An expensive remake of the 1921 silent movie classic The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962) took years to film. It unfortunately became one of the decade’s greatest box-office failures. Another movie from 1962, Two Weeks in Another Town, was loosely based on an Irwin Shaw novel about the travails of a movie crew filming on location in Rome, Italy. Although the film lost millions for MGM, the studio was still willing to offer a new contract to Minnelli and his newly formed company, Venice Productions. Venice’s first project was The Courtship of Eddie’s Father (1963), a light romantic comedy about a widower (Glenn Ford) whose exuberant young son (Ron Howard) helps him choose between three prospective stepmothers.

Goodbye, Charlie (1964), a 20th Century-Fox production, became Minnelli’s first project outside the confines of MGM. The fantasy romance starred Debbie Reynolds, Walter Matthau, and Tony Curtis. The Sandpiper (1965) was the final Venice production and Minnelli’s last MGM picture, ending over 20 years of collaboration. It was a drama, with Elizabeth Taylor as an artist and Richard Burton as the married clergyman with whom she falls in love.

Minnelli then directed the screen version of Lerner’s Broadway musical On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970), which starred Barbra Streisand. He spent the next five years trying to launch several projects and writing I Remember It Well (1974), an autobiography. Minnelli and his daughter Liza Minnelli finally worked together on the period fantasy A Matter of Time (1976). However, that picture was taken out of Minnelli’s hands in postproduction and was heavily edited by producer Samuel Z. Arkoff; Minnelli repudiated the final version. That picture ended Minnelli’s career, and his final decade was plagued by serious illness. Minnelli died on July 25, 1986, in Los Angeles, California.

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