breed of working dog developed at least 400 years ago in Germany, where it was used for boar hunting. The Great Dane is typically a swift, alert dog noted for courage, friendliness, and dependability. It has a massive, square-jawed head and body lines that give it an elegant appearance. Its short coat is black, fawn (golden brown), brindle, blue-gray, harlequin (white with black...

former German electronics and electrical-equipment company. As one of Germany’s leading industrial companies through much of the 19th and 20th centuries, AEG manufactured products for industrial and domestic use....

German motion-picture production company that made artistically outstanding and technically competent films during the silent era. Located in Berlin, its studios were the best equipped and most modern in the world. It encouraged experimentation and imaginative camera work and employed such directors as Ernst Lubitsch, famous for directing sophisticated comedie...

...Berlin, founded the pacifist periodical Die Waffen nieder! (“Lay Down Your Arms!”), from 1899 called Friedenswarte (“The Peacekeeper”). In 1892 he founded the Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft (German Peace Society), which became the focus for the German pacifist movement before World War I. Fried advocated “fundamental pacifism” and believed that......

...for national unity was overlooked. The noted English jurist Frederic William Maitland’s Political Theories of the Middle Age (1900) was a partial translation of Gierke’s longest work, Das deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht, 4 vol. (1868–1913; “The German Law of Associations”)....

Lamprecht’s master work was the massive Deutsche Geschichte, 12 vol. (1891–1901; “German History”). It was a major contribution to the development of the Kulturgeschichte (History of Civilization) school in Germany and the centre of a heated controversy over the meaning of “scientific history.” While he put special emphasis on economic groups and mass......

Treitschke’s admiration for the early Hohenzollerns and his hatred of Prince von Metternich and the English are evident in his magnum opus, Deutsche Geschichte im 19. Jahrhundert, 5 vol. (1879–94; Treitschke’s History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century), which covers the period from 1800 to 1848. Treitschke did not live to finish writing this work. His most important other......

While collaborating on these subjects for two decades (1806–26), Jacob also turned to the study of philology with an extensive work on grammar, the Deutsche Grammatik (1819–37). The word deutsch in the title does not mean strictly “German,” but it rather refers to the etymological meaning of “common,” thus being used to apply to all of the......

The discovery of the Hatto hoax was a minor consequence of the burgeoning use of downloads. In November Deutsche Grammophon (DG) became the first major classical label to distribute its recordings online. In the first phase of a plan to digitize the company’s entire catalog, DG announced that it would offer about 2,400 high-quality albums—600 of them no longer in release—to......

Musäus studied theology at Jena but turned instead to literature. His first book, Grandison der Zweite, 3 vol. (1760–62), revised as Der deutsche Grandison (1781–82; “The German Grandison”), was a satire of Samuel Richardson’s hero Sir Charles Grandison, who had many sentimental admirers in Germany. In 1763 Musäus was made master of the court......

...gave their attention to the written documents of early literature, bringing out new editions of ancient texts, from both the Germanic and other languages. Wilhelm’s outstanding contribution was Die deutsche Heldensage (“The German Heroic Tale”), a collection of themes and names from heroic legends mentioned in literature and art from the 6th to the 16th centuries, together......

...on the economic is not an incidental point: it colours Marx’s whole analysis. It is found in Das Kapital as well as in Die deutsche Ideologie (written 1845–46; The German Ideology) and the Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844 (Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844)....

...private concerns of individuals implied a clear opposition to the Nazis, who valued a person only as an instrument of the state’s aims. In a smaller work, Die deutsche Katastrophe (1946; The German Catastrophe), Meinecke criticized forces and entities such as the Prussian state for preparing the groundwork for Hitler and the Nazis. After World War II he became the first president....

...left the party to become the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), strenuously rejecting war appropriations and Germany’s war policy. Another group split from the SPD to form the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). The leftists who had withdrawn from the SPD sought a social revolution, while Ebert and his party wanted to establish a German parliamentary democracy. Even in the......

While studying at Giessen in 1814, he founded the democratic Deutsche Lesegesellschaft (German Reading Society). Expelled for his political views in 1815, he went to Heidelberg, where he was among the founders of the political student association Teutonia. With his brother, Karl, he was also the leader of the Unbedingten (Uncompromising Ones), or Schwarzen (Blacks), a radical student group......

...W.Ger., on Jan. 6, 1953, jointly by the federal government, the German National Railway, and the state of North Rhine–Westphalia; later it accepted private investors. It was the successor to Deutsche Luft Hansa, or DLH, which was founded in 1926, suspended service at war’s end in 1945, and was formally liquidated in 1951. The new airline, initially called Aktiengesellschaft für......

German airline organized in Cologne, W.Ger., on Jan. 6, 1953, jointly by the federal government, the German National Railway, and the state of North Rhine–Westphalia; later it accepted private investors. It was the successor to Deutsche Luft Hansa, or DLH, which was founded in 1926, suspended service at war’s end in 1945, and was formally liquidated in 1951. The new airline, initially called Aktie...

...and when Zeppelin achieved 24-hour flight in 1906, he received commissions for an entire fleet. More than 100 zeppelins were used for military operations in World War I. A passenger service known as Delag (Deutsche-Luftschiffahrts AG) was established in 1910, but Zeppelin died before attaining his goal of transcontinental flight....

...initiated the process in 1523 with his Formula Missae (“Formula of the Mass”), a service that retained the Latin language; but he soon devised (in 1526) a Deutsche Messe (“German Mass”), a vernacular worship service. At about the same time, Zwingli produced a worship service with liturgies for the Word and the Lord’s Supper in 1525 that......

...advancement following the death of a senior colleague. Consequently, they moved to the nearby University of Göttingen, where they were appointed librarians and professors. Jacob Grimm’s Deutsche Mythologie, written during this period, was to be of far-reaching influence. From poetry, fairy tales, and folkloristic elements, he traced the pre-Christian faith and superstitions of......

In September a storm of controversy broke loose when Deutsche Oper Berlin announced that it was canceling four performances of Mozart’s Idomeneo because of security concerns raised by the production’s use onstage of the severed head of the prophet Muhammad (as well as those of Jesus, Buddha, and Poseidon). German Chancellor Angela Merkel decried “self-censorship out of fear,”......

...of statistics at Leipzig, Hasse represented the National Liberal Party in the Reichstag from 1893 to 1903. He served as the league’s president from 1893 to 1908 and wrote the three-volume study Deutsche Politik (1905–07; “German Politics”) in which he made explicit the determination of the Pan-German movement: “We want territory, even if it be inhabited by......

He extended his investigations into the Germanic folk-culture with a study of ancient law practices and beliefs published as Deutsche Rechtsaltertümer (1828), providing systematic source material but excluding actual laws. The work stimulated other publications in France, the Netherlands, Russia, and the southern Slavic countries....

the railway system of Germany created in 1994 by the merger of the Deutsche Bundesbahn (German Federal Railway), the state rail system in the former West Germany, with the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German State Railway), the state system in the former East Germany. At the time of German reunification, the system route length totaled about 25,800 miles (41,500 km), of which two-thirds was in western......

The Kinder- und Hausmärchen was followed by a collection of historical and local legends of Germany, Deutsche Sagen (1816–18), which never gained wide popular appeal, though it influenced both literature and the study of the folk narrative. The brothers then published (in 1826) a translation of Thomas Crofton Croker’s Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of......

...effectively transformed the nature of the German theatre from a type of low entertainment, delighting in coarse sensual appeal, into a respected vehicle for serious literary effort. Gottsched’s Deutsche Schaubühne, 6 vol. (1741–45; “German Theatre”), containing chiefly translations from the French, provided the German stage with a classical repertory to replace......

...from 1678, has won world renown. Its performances of classical and contemporary works bear comparison with those given by the great opera houses of Vienna, Milan, London, and New York City. The Deutsche Schauspielhaus, a leading theatre, enjoyed a particularly high reputation from 1955 to 1963, when Gustaf Gründgens directed and performed there. The Thalia-Theater, founded in 1843,......

...and anticapitalist ideas subsequently found expression in Hitler’s 25-point program for the National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party in March 1920, as well as in Feder’s own book, Der deutsche Staat auf nationaler und sozialer Grundlage (1923; “National and Social Bases of the German State”), considered by Hitler to be “the catechism of the [Nazi]......

...library. The former Preussische Staatsbibliothek was given national status in 1919. That library became East Germany’s national library after World War II. In 1990, after the reunification of Germany, the Deutsche Bibliothek in Frankfurt am Main was merged with the Deutsche Bücherei in Leipzig and the Deutsche Musikarchiv to form the national library of Germany. The Austrian National......

...as one of the leading opera houses of the Western world. The Opera House in East Berlin, destroyed in World War II, was rebuilt in 1951; it is home to the long-established Deutsche Staatsoper (German National Opera). East Berlin’s Comic Opera also gained fame. Classical music in general finds a distinguished home in Berlin. Foremost among many notable musical ensembles is the world-famous......

language scholar who specialized in studies of the German language and whose Deutsche Syntax, 4 vol. (1923–32; “German Syntax”), is a massive compilation and classification of examples of German linguistic usage from the 8th to the early 20th century....

The leading German telecommunications company is Deutsche Telekom AG. During the late 1990s the entire sector was liberalized, increasing the number of telecommunications firms and competition for Deutsche Telekom from companies such as Vodafone and Telefónica Germany. The adoption of telecommunications services by German consumers has been widespread, particularly for cellular services.......

...the “Hasenheide” (rabbit field) on the outskirts of Berlin. Ernst Eiselen, Jahn’s assistant and the coauthor of Die Deutsche Turnkunst (1816; The German Gymnastic Art), carefully noted and explained the various exercises developed on the playground. The pommel horse was used for leg-swinging exercises and for vaulting. Jahn invented......

Albert Schweitzer, organist, philosopher, and later medical missionary, wrote a booklet, Deutsche und französische Orgelbaukunst und Orgelkunst (“The Art of German and French Organ Builders and Players”), in 1906 outlining the inadequacies of the 19th-century organ for the performance of the music of J.S. Bach and his contemporaries. It was not until 1926, however, with......

...where Waitz became a professor in 1849, his lectures and scholarship attracted many students and soon established the worldwide reputation of that university’s historical school. His major work, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, 8 vol. (1844–78; “German Constitutional History”), is an exhaustively annotated study of medieval German institutions from the earliest times to......

right-liberal political party founded by Gustav Stresemann in 1918, made up largely of the educated and propertied. Since Stresemann was essentially a monarchist, when he decided to cooperate with the Weimar Republic the DVP was at first excluded as being among the “national opposition.” When Stresemann became chancellor in 1923, the DVP was part of the “Great...

In the late 20th century the rightist Republican Party and the DVU were the most visible of Germany’s fringe parties. With their tiny memberships, neither of these parties has been able to surmount the 5 percent barrier in national elections. The National Democratic Party of Germany (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands; NPD), the oldest of the country’s right-wing parties, was formed in......

Two radio stations—Deutschland Radio and Deutsche Welle—are publicly operated to provide a comprehensive German perspective of events; Deutsche Welle is beamed to Europe and overseas. There are also several regional public radio stations that provide localized programming and some 200 private radio stations that are regionally and locally focused....

The cooperative banks are headed by the DZ Bank (Deutsche Zentral-Genossenschaftsbank, or “German Central Cooperative Bank”), which serves as a central bank for some 1,500 industrial and agricultural credit cooperatives.There are also public and private mortgage banks, installment credit institutions, and the now-privatized postal check and postal savings systems, which were once......

...expanded coverage abroad in a limited degree to supplement their domestic service but still depend on Reuters and Agence France-Presse for much of their foreign news. Germany since 1949 has built Deutsche-Presse Agentur into one of the more important news agencies in Europe, including extensive exchange with other national services. In Canada the Canadian Press is a cooperative news agency......

Moeller left Germany after the turn of the century (to avoid military service) and lived in France, Italy, and Scandinavia. While abroad he wrote an eight-volume history of the German people, Die Deutschen (1904–10), in which he classified his countrymen according to psychological types (drifting, dreaming, decisive, etc.). He returned to Germany when World War I began and in the......

...Kotzebue was prolific (he wrote more than 200 plays) and facile, but dramatically adroit. He is at his best in such comedies as Der Wildfang (1798; “The Trapping of Game”) and Die deutschen Kleinstädter (1803; “The German Small-towner”), which contain admirable pictures of provincial German life. He also wrote some novels as well as historical and......

Dec. 31, 1943Roswell, N.M.Oct. 12, 1997Monterey Bay, Calif.American singer and songwriter who was identified by his wholesome, sentimental music that extolled nature’s and life’s simple pleasures. He began playing folk songs on the 1910 Gibson guitar that his grandmother gave him when he wa...

dominant union organization in Germany. The DGB was founded in Munich in 1949 and soon became the largest labour organization in West Germany, with 16 constituent unions. With the reunification of Germany in 1990, workers of the former East Germany were incorporated into the DGB....

...derivative of Esperanto). Moreover, he considered that both war and traditional religion squandered energy, so he committed himself to the international peace movement and served as president of the Deutscher Monistenbund, a scientistic quasi-religion founded by the German zoologist and evolutionary proponent Ernst Haeckel....

religious order that played a major role in eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages and that underwent various changes in organization and residence from its founding in 1189/90 to the present. Its major residences, marking its major states of development, were: (1) Acre, Palestine (modern ʿAkko, Israel), its original home beginning with the Third Crusade (1189/90–c. 1291)...

religious order that played a major role in eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages and that underwent various changes in organization and residence from its founding in 1189/90 to the present. Its major residences, marking its major states of development, were: (1) Acre, Palestine (modern ʿAkko, Israel), its original home beginning with the Third Crusade (1189/90–c. 1291)...

important organization of artists influential in its attempts to inspire good design and craftsmanship for mass-produced goods and architecture. The Werkbund, which was founded in Munich in 1907, was composed of artists, artisans, and architects who designed industrial, commercial, and household products as well as practicing architecture....

the largest centre for high-energy particle-physics research in Germany. DESY, founded in 1959, is located in Hamburg and is funded jointly by the German federal government and the city of Hamburg. Its particle-accelerator facilities are an international resource, serving thousands of physicists and scientists representing more than 30 countries around the wor...

Upon reaching his 10th birthday, a German boy was registered and investigated (especially for “racial purity”) and, if qualified, inducted into the Deutsches Jungvolk (“German Young People”). At age 13 the youth became eligible for the Hitler Youth, from which he was graduated at age 18. Throughout these years he lived a spartan life of dedication, fellowship, and Nazi......

museum of science and industry established in Munich in 1903 and opened in 1925. Its pattern of organization and administration became the model for such later foundations as the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago....

museum of science and industry established in Munich in 1903 and opened in 1925. Its pattern of organization and administration became the model for such later foundations as the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago....

...Germany all theatres were state-owned. The German Theatre (Deutsches Theater) in Berlin reopened in September 1945 and was the first German theatre to perform following the Nazi collapse. The old German National Theatre (Deutsches Nationaltheater) in Weimar was the first to be rebuilt after 1945. Understandably, Berlin dominated theatrical developments, especially because of the work of......

...of a new German civil law code for what he considered the gratuitous addition of Roman law elements to an indigenous Germanic content that was sufficient in itself. This controversy inspired his Deutsches Privatrecht, 3 vol. (1895–1917; “German Private Law”)....

requiem by Johannes Brahms, premiered in an initial form December 1, 1867, in Vienna. Revisions led to an expanded work first heard in Leipzig, Germany on February 18, 1869. It represents Brahms’s most ambitious vocal music....

...has been the maritime museum. Like other types of museums, it may be housed in historic buildings, as at the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, Eng.; in new premises, as in the case of the German Shipping Museum at Bremerhaven, Ger.; or in a restored waterfront environment, as at South Street, New York City....

private dramatic society founded in Berlin in 1883 by the dramatist Adolf L’Arronge in reaction to outmoded theatrical traditions. It presented plays in the ensemble style of the influential Meiningen Company. In 1894 it was affiliated with the Freie Bühne (“Free Theatre”) under Otto Brahm, who promoted the new naturalistic style of producti...

...the study of Rhenish history (1883) and a journal on West German history and art (1882) and was appointed professor at the University of Bonn (1885). While he was at Bonn one of his best works, Deutsches Wirtschaftsleben im Mittelalter, 3 vol., (1885–86; “German Economic Life in the Middle Ages”), appeared. In 1890 he taught at the University of Marburg and a......

...language the great dictionary begun by the Brothers Grimm, completed in 1960, was reedited in a project that took many years, and it appeared online in 2003. A standard work was Hermann Paul’s Deutsches Wörterbuch, which first appeared in 1897 but was later reissued in several editions. In addition to the national dictionaries in the Scandinavian countries mentioned above,......

the first German dictionary conceived on scientific lines; initiated by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. The dictionary was designed to give the etymology and history, illustrated by quotations, of all the words in the (New) High German literary language from the time of Martin Luther (c. 1500) to that of J.W. von Goethe (d. 1832), as well as significant dialectical words and for...

...of merchant U-boats, each 315 feet long with two large cargo compartments. These submarines could carry 700 tons of cargo at 12- to 13-knot speeds on the surface and at seven knots submerged. The Deutschland itself became the U-155 when fitted with torpedo tubes and deck guns, and, with seven similar submarines, it served in a combat role during the latter stages of the war. In......

country of north-central Europe, traversing the continent’s main physical divisions, from the outer ranges of the Alps northward across the varied landscape of the Central German Uplands and then across the North German Plain....

...with the young Marx at the end of 1843, and it was at this time that he produced, after a visit to his family in Germany, a long verse satire, Deutschland, Ein Wintermärchen (1844; Germany, a Winter’s Tale), a stinging attack on reactionary conditions in Germany. Though Heine remained on good, if not intimate, terms with Marx in later years, he never was much taken with......

Two radio stations—Deutschland Radio and Deutsche Welle—are publicly operated to provide a comprehensive German perspective of events; Deutsche Welle is beamed to Europe and overseas. There are also several regional public radio stations that provide localized programming and some 200 private radio stations that are regionally and locally focused....

right-wing political party active in the Reichstag (assembly) of the Weimar Republic of Germany from 1919 to 1933. Representing chauvinistic opinion hostile to the republic and to the Allies’ reparation demands following World War I, it supported the restoration of monarchy, a united Germany, and private enterprise. It gathered strength in the elections of 1920 (66 Reichstag sea...

...Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919), signed by Austria and the Allied Powers, forbade Anschluss without the consent of the League of Nations and stipulated that the republic should cease to call itself Deutschösterreich (German-Austria); it became the Republik Österreich (Republic of Austria). The Austrian claim for the German-speaking areas of Bohemia and Moravia was denied by the......

Philadelphus, known as mock orange or sweet syringa, and Deutzia are two other members of the hydrangea family often grown in gardens. These shrubs and their many cultivated varieties are widely planted in shrub borders for the white flowers that appear in late spring....

...(1973; “Letter to the Old Man”) focuses on the father figure, a process repeated in Dulle Griet (1977), in which the father’s death triggers a host of memories. Deux (1975; “Two”) dramatizes a conflict between woman and writer represented by two sides of a single narrator. L’Enragé (1978; “The Furious One”)......

...Ludwig van Beethoven (who regarded Cherubini as his greatest contemporary) studied the score of a Cherubini opera with a similar “rescue” theme: Les Deux Journées (1800; The Two Days, also known as The Water Carrier from its German title, Der Wasserträger). This opera is considered by many to be Cherubini’s masterpiece....

Belgian filmmakers Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne directed one of the year’s best films with Deux jours, une nuit (Two Days, One Night), an effortlessly realistic and humane drama about an ordinary woman fighting to keep her job. The role was played without a trace of stardust by Marion Cotillard. Other Belgian films included Stefan Liberski’s charming but overly cute Tokyo......

...chronicle the fortunes of several revolutionaries who fight against and defeat a French-backed regime in their newly independent country. Some of Beti’s later novels, including Les Deux Mères de Guillaume Ismaël Dzewatama, futur camionneur (1983; “The Two Mothers of Guillaume Ismaël Dzewatama, Future Truckdriver”), concern interracial......

After L’Évolution créatrice, 25 years elapsed before he published another major work. In 1932 he published Les Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion (The Two Sources of Morality and Religion). As in the earlier works, he claimed that the polar opposition of the static and the dynamic provides the basic insight. Thus, in the moral, social, and religious......

région of France encompassing the western départements of Vienne, Charente, Charente-Maritime, and Deux-Sèvres. Poitou-Charentes is bounded by the régions of Pays de la Loire to the north, Centre to the northeast, Limousin to the east, and Aquitaine to......

...society, and death. However, he demanded that one surmount these limitations through acts of conscious decision, for only in acts of freedom does human existence achieve authenticity. In The Second Sex (1949), Simone de Beauvoir (1908–86), Sartre’s fellow philosopher and lifelong companion, attempted to mobilize the existentialist concept of freedom for the ends of......

...of the Maharishi’s early life. He studied physics at the University of Allahābād and worked for a time in factories. He later left for the Himalayas, where for 13 years he studied under Guru Dev, the founder of TM. When Guru Dev died in 1952, the Maharishi organized a movement to spread the teachings of TM throughout the world; his first world tour took place in 1959 and brought him......

Indian cricketer and the greatest pace bowler in his country’s history. He is the only cricketer to have scored over 5,000 runs and taken more than 400 wickets in Test (international match) cricket....

Indian cricketer and the greatest pace bowler in his country’s history. He is the only cricketer to have scored over 5,000 runs and taken more than 400 wickets in Test (international match) cricket....

left-wing Marxist-Leninist terrorist group in Turkey, formed in 1978 as an offshoot of the Turkish People’s Liberation Party/Front, that is strongly anti-United States and anti-NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). In the 1990s, Dev Sol (renamed the Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party/Front, or DHKP/C, in 1994) was the most active o...

...by a common ancestor and a geographic location, clans traditionally acted also as political units until the Dutch instituted the office of radja. Originally the Ngada recognized a high god (Déva) and his female component (Nitu), but since 1920 missionaries have worked among the Ngada, and today many Ngada are Roman Catholics....

in the Vedic religion of India and in later Hinduism, one of many gods, often roughly divided into sky, air, and earth divinities on the basis of their identification with the forces of nature. In the pantheistic systems that emerged by the Late Vedic period, the devas became subordinate to the one supre...

urban area (from 2011 built-up area) and former city (district), Cheshire West and Chester unitary authority, northwestern England. It is situated on a small sandstone ridge at the head of the estuary of the River Dee....

city, capital of Hunedoara județ (county), west-central Romania, on the banks of the Mureș River, at an elevation of 590 feet (180 m). The town is dominated by Citadel Hill (1,217 feet), shaped like a truncated cone, which affords a commanding view of the Mureș valley. Atop the hill are the ruins of a citadel, built in the 13th century at the time of th...

...is attested by the appellation Shungabhrityas (i.e., servants of the Shungas) given to them in the Puranas. The Brahman minister Vasudeva, the founder of the line, is stated to have served Shunga Devabhumi (Devabhuti). Bana, the 7th-century Sanskrit author, gives details of an assassination plot that cost Devabhumi his life and brought Vasudeva to power in about 72 bce....

...is attested by the appellation Shungabhrityas (i.e., servants of the Shungas) given to them in the Puranas. The Brahman minister Vasudeva, the founder of the line, is stated to have served Shunga Devabhumi (Devabhuti). Bana, the 7th-century Sanskrit author, gives details of an assassination plot that cost Devabhumi his life and brought Vasudeva to power in about 72 bce....

reduction in the exchange value of a country’s monetary unit in terms of gold, silver, or foreign monetary units. Devaluation is employed to eliminate persistent balance-of-payments deficits. For example, a devaluation of currency will decrease prices of the home country’s exports that are purchased in the import country’s currency. While ma...

script used to write the Sanskrit, Prākrit, Hindi, Marathi, and Nepali languages, developed from the North Indian monumental script known as Gupta and ultimately from the Brāhmī alphabet, from which all modern Indian writing systems are derived. In use from the 7th c...

Buddhist monastery founded in the late 3rd century bce in Anuradhapura, the ancient capital of Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka). The monastery was built by the Sinhalese king Devanampiya Tissa not long after his conversion to Buddhism by the Indian monk Mahendra. Until about the 10th century, it was a great cultural and religious centre and the chief stronghold of Theravada Buddhism. Becaus...

...Brothers as fraudulent spiritualists. For eight years he and Cooke performed a show featuring Maskelyne’s box trick, juggling, and automata. After Cooke died in 1904, Maskelyne took as a partner David Devant, the most famous magician in England. Maskelyne’s son Nevil collaborated with Devant on Our Magic (1911), an important source book on the theory of magic....