5 z26 Manual v2.13 z26 An Atari 2600 Emulator (2.13) May 23, 2004 Home Page: Contact: Copyright/License z26 is Copyright by John Saeger and is a derived work with many contributors. z26 is released subject to the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License Version 2 (GPL). z26 comes with no warranty. Please see the included COPYING.TXT for details. Source code for the current release is available at the home page listed above. What s new in version 2.13? Converted MASM assembly code to NASM syntax, preparatory to the......linux port! z26 can now be compiled for Windows, Linux, or just about any other x86 environment that supports a UNIX-like build environment with GCC. The Linux support is solid; preliminary testing has been done on FreeBSD and BeOS. There are a few Linux-specific command-line options, see below. A Linux static binary is available for those who don t wish to compile z26 from source. Improved documentation. We now have a PDF manual and a man page for Linux. Added ability to selectively disable graphical objects. This feature is mostly intended for developers. We now lock the audio device before filling the sound queue. This should prevent the long startup times that were plaguing some Windows users. It also should allow z26 to run correctly on multi-processor machines. Also we made the INTIM timer random at the emulator start again. Berzerk should start with a different screen each time you play it now. Other than the audio device locking and the random INTIM timer, version 2.13 for Windows should behave identically to version If this isn t the case, please let us know. Thanks to Brian Watson, Eckhard Stolberg, and James Wilkinson for help with this version! Introduction This version of z26 is designed to run natively on 32-bit x86 Windows platforms. It provides excellent sound quality, and correct frame synchronization on Windows-XP platforms. System Requirements Windows Operating System z26 will run on 32-bit x86 Windows platforms starting with Windows 95, but best results are obtained with Windows 98 or later. For the NT based operating systems, XP or later is recommended. There are sometimes problems with Win2K. Direct-X For best results, get the latest and greatest. In particular you may want to be able to run DXDIAG.EXE to adjust the frame rate. This is not supported in older versions of Direct-X. SDL You will need a copy of SDL.DLL either in the directory that you place z26, or in the Windows directory. This.DLL is included in the.zip file along with the z26 executable. Processor If you have a good quality video card of fairly recent vintage, a Pentium-166 with MMX or a K6-166 is sufficient to run everything we ve tried at full speed in a full-screen video mode. It takes more horsepower to run games in a windowed video mode. 23 May

6 v2.13 z26 Manual Linux Video Card Some old video cards, like the S3 Trio or the S3 Virge are not as good at page-flipping as more recent video cards. A faster processor can help to make up for the deficiency, but a video card that was designed with Direct-X in mind is desireable. Sound Card Even an old Soundblaster 16 works great. The majority of sound cards that have Direct-X support work fine. Occasional problems have been reported with some less popular sound cards like the Lynx One. Distribution z26 is designed to be distribution-neutral. The static binary release doesn t depend on any particular libraries being installed on your system. It has been tested on at least: Slackware 8.0 and 8.1, Mandrake 9.2, Red Hat 9.0, and Knoppix 3.4. You should also be able to build from source on any distribution, provided you have GCC (tested with versions , 3.2, and 3.3.1), NASM (at least version ), and SDL (tested with versions and 1.2.7). Linux kernel A 2.6 kernel is recommended, but not required. If you want to use the -T4 (/dev/rtc) accurate timing option, you will need either 2.6 or else or newer (actually, and earlier would work, but you d have to run z26 as root, which is a Bad Idea). Video Driver Most people will use X11 (XFree86). z26 has also been tested with the Linux fbcon driver. Any display device supported by SDL should be usable, though some may be faster than others. For X11, the XVideo extension is highly recommended. If you experience poor performance in full-screen modes, you will definitely want to enable XVideo or DGA 2.0, if your video card supports them. SDL The static binary is linked with SDL 1.2.7, and does not (can not) use any SDL shared libraries installed on your system. If you are building from source, you will need the SDL headers and sdl-config program (most distributions provide this in a package called sdl-dev or sdl-devel). Processor If your video card is well-supported under X (or whatever display device SDL is using), you shouldn t need a very fast processor. The slowest machine we ve tested is a Celeron/366, which is capable of running z26 at full speed in windowed and fullscreen modes with either -T3 or -T4 timing. Depending on your configuration, full-screen modes may be faster or slower than windowed modes (this is different from the Windows version). Video Card See Video Driver. Basically, anything made in the past 5 years should be usable to at least some degree. Sound Card Anything supported by the Linux kernel should be OK, however there are issues with certain OSS drivers. If you get no sound, or very quiet sound, you should try ALSA instead (comes with 2.6 kernels, available for 2.4 kernels in most modern distributions). If all else fails, try the -S option: it should make the sound louder, but may cause distortion (or may not, depends on your driver). Other OS z26 should build on any OS that runs on the x86 platform and has SDL available. Under FreeBSD (tested on version 4.9), you can use devel/sdl11, devel/sdl_ldbad, and devel/nasm from the Ports collection, if you want to build a native FreeBSD binary. You could also try to use FreeBSD s Linux binary emulation to run the static Linux binary (I haven t tried this. If you do, let me know if it works or not). The requirements for other x86 operating systems should be similar to the Linux requirements. Basically, SDL handles the sound and video issues, so if other SDL apps work on your OS, z26 should, too. If the framerate is too fast/slow, try the -T3 timing option May 2004

7 z26 Manual v2.13 Since large portions of z26 are written in x86 assembly, you won t be able to compile it for non-x86 platforms. Unfortunately, this means no MacOS/OSX (or Sparc/Solaris, or SGI IRIX, or RS/ ) port for now. We will be rewriting the assembly code in C over the next few releases, so at some point z26 will become truly cross-platform. Installation Windows Unzip the z26 executable into the directory that contains the ROM images that you want to run. If you are uncomfortable using the command line prompt, you should create a shortcut to z26.exe on your desktop. This way you can drag and drop ROM images to the z26 shortcut to run them. You may also want to run DXDIAG.EXE to force Direct-X to run games at 60fps and set up monitor synchronization by using the -r command line switch. This way subtle graphics effects used by many Atari games will be emulated properly if you re running in a full-screen video mode. Linux ***NOTE: Linux binaries are not yet provided Binary installation - Extract the.tar.gz archive and run the install.sh script. This will copy the executable and man page to /usr/local/bin and /usr/local/man/man1, respectively. Building from source - To build and install the dynamic executable and man page (most people will want this, and root access is generally required): make linux make install To build a dynamically-linked executable, but not install it in /usr/local/bin, use the command: make linux To build a statically-linked executable: make linux-static To build the text, manpage, and PDF versions of the manual: make docs If you re using a desktop environment such as KDE or Gnome, you might want to copy the z26_icon.png to your icons directory and set it as the icon for the z26 executable. Startup If you have created a shortcut to z26 on your desktop, just drag and drop a ROM image from the Windows explorer or equivalent, on Linux onto the shortcut. The game will then run. Otherwise you can run z26 from the command line prompt. Type z26 filename where filename is the name of a "standard" Atari 2600.bin file. For example: z26 demonatk.bin will run Demon Attack. If you don t include the.bin extension, z26 will automatically append one for you. So you can also type: z26 demonatk 23 May

8 v2.13 z26 Manual to run Demon Attack. You may also include a variety of command line switches to modify the behavior of z26. These are described later. Running z26 Once you are running a game, the keyboard controls things as follows. You may find more information about these things later in the document. Console Controls Paddles F1 -- Reset F2 -- Select F3 -- B/W F4 -- Color F5 -- P0 easy F6 -- P0 hard F7 -- P1 easy F8 -- P1 hard Ctrl -- fire paddle 0 RShift -- fire paddle 1 n -- fire paddle 2 v -- fire paddle 3 Player 0 Joystick Use left and right arrows to move Use up and down arrows to move Use s and f to move Use e and d to move Ctrl -- fire Use the arrow keys to move. / -- trigger (booster grip) RShift -- booster (booster grip) The mouse may also be used to control the Player 0 joystick. Player 1 Joystick Player 0 Driving Controller n -- fire s -- left e -- up f -- right d -- down b -- trigger (booster grip) v -- booster (booster grip) Ctrl -- accelerate right arrow -- turn clockwise left arrow -- turn counter-clockwise Player 1 Driving Controller Keyboard Controllers n -- accelerate f -- turn clockwise s -- turn counter-clockwise Left Port Right Port May 2004

13 z26 Manual v2.13 Atari Controller Support a loop polling the system clock until it s time to start the next frame. This is very accurate, but not very friendly to other processes on your system. N=4 -- Use /dev/rtc timing (Linux only). This is the most accurate timing mode available, but requires you to configure your RTC driver to allow z26 to set the correct clock frequency. As root, run the command: echo "8192" > /proc/sys/dev/rtc/max-user-freq You should add this command to your rc.local script (or equivalent). Joystick PC or USB joysticks and gamepads are supported to the extent that Direct-X and SDL supports them for playing joystick games. The mouse and PC keyboard may also be used. Some games like raiders.bin use the "wrong" joystick. To reverse the joysticks use the -w command line switch. Trak-Ball Atari sold a Trak-Ball that could be used to play joystick games. z26 supports the use of a mouse or PC trakball to do the same thing for joystick games. If you have a mouse or PC trackball, support is automatic. Optical trackballs like the Logitech Marble Mouse are great for this. Also z26 now emulates the various types of Atari Trak-Balls in their native modes. This is done with the PC mouse as well. Paddles z26 supports the use of the mouse or PC trackball to play paddle games. If you want to change which paddle is emulated with the mouse use the -mn command line switch. You can change which direction the mouse must be moved in to get paddle motion by pressing the <Tab> key on the keyboard while you re playing a game. You can emulate two paddles with a mouse with one paddle on each axis. Use the -m1xy command line switch where x and y are the paddle numbers to emulate on that axis. You can use the keyboard to play paddle games. If z26 doesn t automatically support a game as a paddle game you must specify the -)PC or -(PC command line switches to get paddle support on the left or right Atari port. Light Gun z26 supports light gun games (Sentinel, Shooting Gallery) with the mouse. Keyboard Controllers z26 enables the keyboard/touch pad/keypad for recognized games that use them. Driving Controllers z26 suppports the game that uses the driving controller (Indy 500) from the keyboard. Booster Grip z26 supports the booster grip game (Omega Race) from the keyboard and the PC joystick with 3 or more buttons. Kid Vid Tapes z26 supports the Kid Vid games (Smurfs Save the Day and Berenstain Bears) automatically. Press 1, 2, or 3 to select the corresponding tape. F1 rewinds the tape. In addition to the rom images, you need the wave files with the music in the same directory as z26. The files are named: Berenstain Bears: KVB1.WAV, KVB2.WAV, KVB3.WAV 23 May

14 v2.13 z26 Manual Smurfs Save the Day: KVS1.WAV, KVS2.WAV, KVS3.WAV Both: KVSHARED.WAV You can also play the games without the music, but it s much less fun. Stelladaptor support z26 assumes that a PC joystick with only two buttons and two axis is the Stelladaptor device, that lets you connect Atari joysticks, driving controllers and paddles to your PC s USB port. If you want to use a different 2-button/2-axis joystick with z26 and experience problems with the emulation of some Atari controller, you can disable the Stelladaptor support with the -is command line switch. Please note that the Stelladaptor is seen as a joystick too, so disabling joysticks with the -ij switch will also disable the Stelladaptor. Inactivating PC controller support Some Atari controllers are simulated with more than one PC controller. If you are experiencing problems with this, you can disable one or more PC controllers for these Atari controller simulations. For example you might want to disable the PC mouse when you use the keyboard to play an Atari-joystick game, so that accidently pushing the mouse doesn t cause any unwanted movement. Also you might want to disable the PC joystick for paddle games, because the PC joystick always overrides all other PC controllers in the paddle simulation when one is plugged into the PC. Please look at the following table to find out which Atari controllers are simulated with which PC controller. Atari/PC keyboard mouse joystick Stelladaptor joystick JS x x x x paddle PC x x x x keypad KP x driving DC x x x x lightgun LG - x - - Compumate CM x Kid Vid KV x Mindlink ML - x - - ST mouse ST - x - - Trak-Ball TB - x - - Amiga mouse AM - x - - Please note that inactivating the PC controller only works for Atari controllers that are simulated by more than one PC controller. Also note that the Stelladaptor is just a special case of the PC joystick. So inactivating joystick support will also disable Stelladaptor support. Video Modes Note that by adding 10 to the video mode number z26 will run in a windowed mode. Otherwise z26 runs full-screen. On some systems, windowed modes are very slow. So for maximum performance you should run full-screen. Adding 20 to the video mode number causes the game to run full-screen with the number of bits per pixel as your current desktop. This allows the phosphorescent effect to work in full-screen video modes. Mode 0 400x300 (default) Mode 1 320x May 2004

15 z26 Manual v2.13 Mode 2 320x200 Mode 3 800x600 scanline/interlaced Mode 4 640x480 scanline/interlaced Mode 5 640x400 scanline/interlaced Mode 6 800x600 double scanline Mode 7 640x480 double scanline Mode 8 640x400 double scanline Modes 3-5 simulate the TV scanline effect when the -! command line switch is not specified. If the -! command line switch is specified, they run games interlaced by updating every other scanline every other frame. They also play the interlaced demos like cube_imp.bin correctly. Modes 6-8 appear similar to modes 0-2 except that they are larger. Switching Video Modes on the Fly You may change video modes while playing a game by pressing one of the number keys on the keyboard (not the keypad). Pressing <Alt-0> through <Alt-8> is supported. Pressing <Alt-Enter> will switch between windowed and full-screen modes. Adjusting Vertical Position You can scroll games up and down on the display with the <PgUp> and <PgDn> keys. You can return to the default display position by pressing the <Home> key. You can force the game to start displaying from a particular scan line from the command line with the -un command line option. You can set the maximum number of scanlines to render with the -hn command line switch. Note that the <PgUp> and <PgDn> scrolling doesn t work for traffic.bin or pharhcrs.bin. Forcing Black and White mode You can force a game to start in black and white mode with the -b command line switch. Note that this doesn t mean that the game will actually be in black and white, this is up to the game itself to support. Colors z26 supports three different sets of colors. The most common games shipped in North America use the so called NTSC colors. Games shipped in other parts of the world use the so called PAL colors. z26 typically detects the correct colors to use based on which scan line a game starts displaying at. If the display starts at scan line 54 or higher, z26 uses PAL colors, otherwise NTSC colors are used. There are some exceptions, but I m not an expert on which games are PAL and which ones are NTSC so you can override the colors chosen by z26 with the -cn command line switch. -c0 forces NTSC, and -c1 forces PAL. Feel free to let me know if you find a game that z26 picks the wrong colors for. z26 also supports the bug in PAL consoles that causes the display to display a monochrome image if a game has the wrong number of scanlines. This feature is enabled with the -o command line switch. Some of the 32-in-1 games which were poorly done PAL hacks show this effect. SECAM colors can be selected with -c2. In the time before the crash Atari created most of it s PAL games in such a way that the B/W switch would enable SECAM compatible colors. So nostalgic gamers from France can play PAL ROMs with -b and -c2 command line options enabled. Adjusting Game Speed By default, games run at a speed that is determined by how many scanlines the game generates per frame. This provides correct play speed for NTSC and PAL games automatically. If you want to synchronize games with the monitor so that games like Yars Revenge play with a minimum of visual 23 May

16 v2.13 z26 Manual artifacts use the -r command line switch. You may want to run DXDIAG.EXE to force Direct-X to run video modes at 60fps which is the normal speed for NTSC games. Note that monitor synchronization only works in full screen modes. Windowed modes fall back to the normal synchronization method. You may also specify a parameter to the -r command line switch to choose a non-standard play speed. This works both in windowed and full screen modes. Measuring Emulator Performance The -n command line switch causes the number of frames per second to be displayed during game play. If you choose the -r command line switch with a large number the emulator will run at full speed. Digital Signal Processing z26 supports digital signal processing (DSP) on the sound. This is to reduce distortion on some clone sound cards, but also causes the sound to more closely approximate the sound of an old TV set for those users that prefer a more "classic" sound. To turn on DSP use the -dn command line switch. If n=1 the setting is low, if n=2 the setting is high. Fixing certain Linux sound problems With certain sound hardware and drivers, the sound is missing or very quiet on the Linux platform. This can usually be corrected by using the ALSA sound drivers instead of the deprecated (but still very common) OSS drivers. If that doesn t help, the -S option might. This option increases the sound volume, but may cause distortion. Use it as a last resort. In future versions of z26, this option will change or go away entirely. Offbeat Cartridge Formats (Bank Switching) z26 currently supports the following schemes: 1. Standard 8K bank switching. 2. Standard 16K bank switching. 3. Atari Super-Chip. 4. CBS Ram Plus. 5. Parker Brothers 8K. 6. TigerVision 8K. 7. Activision FE 8K. 8. Atari 32K. 9. M-Network 16K. 10. Pitfall II. 11. Starpath. 12. Megaboy. 13. Compumate. 14. Extended TigerVision (to 512K). 15. UA Ltd. 8K. 16. EF 64K (used by Paul Slocum s Homestar Runner RPG. Support is automatic. z26 knows how to recognize cartridges. To override the default selection you may use the -gn command line switch. For most Starpath games, the.bin file must be a multiple of 8448 bytes big. To run multiload games you must concatenate the.bin files. A command like this will do the trick: May 2004

17 z26 Manual v2.13 DOS: copy /b load1.bin+load2.bin+load3.bin+load4.bin mload.bin UNIX: cat load1.bin load2.bin load3.bin load4.bin > mload.bin Then run mload.bin in the emulator. z26 supports a maximum of 61 loads. z26 also supports the 6144 byte Starpath format. The Extended Tigervision (-g11) bankswitch scheme allows ROMs up to 512K in size keeping the last bank fixed. All ROM images that are bigger than 64K and not a multiple of 8448 default to this scheme. The original Tigervision (-g4) bankswitch scheme also supports up to 512K games but with $1800-$1FFF as the fixed bank. This allows compatibility with the Cuttle Cart for games up to 64K in size. PCX Screen Capture Pressing the = key during game play causes a.pcx file with a screen image to be placed in your directory. Filenames are z26p0000.pcx, z26p0001.pcx etc. The filename restarts at z26p0000.pcx causing old versions to be replaced each time you restart the emulator. Features for Game Developers z26 supports some features to help game developers with their projects. Trace mode, and the ability to count scanlines. Also, z26 allows game developers to disable individual graphics objects. Remember, this is a feature for game developers, not for dirty cheaters :) Trace Mode If you start z26 from the command line with the -t command line switch, it automatically builds a text file called z26.log. This file is a log of all instructions executed and shows some other interesting things like the (frame number, scanline number, cpu cycle, tia clock), object positions (P0, P1, M0, M1, BL), cpu flags, registers (A, X, Y, SP), the program counter, the current instruction in hex, and a disassembled listing of the instruction. Emulator performance slows down quite a bit while writing out this file so you can turn off writing with F12 and turn it back on with F11 to make it easier to get to the part of the game that you re interested in. Counting Scan Lines Choosing the -n command line switch causes the number of scan lines that a game is using to be displayed. This is useful for testing PAL games so you can avoid the PAL color loss bug. Of course you can also enable the color loss by using the -o command line switch described above under Colors. Disabling Graphics While the emulator is running, use the following keys: Alt+key Effect Z Enable/disable player 0 X Enable/disable player 1 23 May

18 v2.13 z26 Manual C Enable/disable missile 0 V Enable/disable missile 0 B Enable/disable ball N Enable/disable playfield / Enable all of the above (returns to default) There is currently no way to disable individual playfield registers (PF0, PF1, PF2). Alt-N affects all 3 registers. This feature can be useful for testing a game you re writing, or for analyzing a game someone else wrote. While a register is disabled, it s invisible and unable to collide with other objects. This means you can use it to cheat, too... but you wouldn t do that, would you? Troubleshooting Problem: z26 runs too slowly Solutions: - Try a different video mode Warranty BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Tools The Windows version of z26 is built with MinGW/Msys, with GCC and NASM. The Linux static binary version of z26 is built with Slackware 8.1. The documentation that you re reading now was generated from POD source, using either pod2pdf (slightly modified), pod2text, or pod2man, depending which format you re looking at. All of these are written in Perl. Fonts were designed with CSEDIT by Matt Pritchard May 2004

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