Scenario: You have just written a research report. Your
professor has assessed your report with a resulting "C" grade
and the following feedback:

"Must be written in third-person"

Why writing in "third-person" is so hard

Writing in third-person perspective is hard - much harder than first-person.
Why? Because we see and experience the world through our own perspective
- our patterns of beliefs, experiences, hopes, fears. We have opinions,
thoughts, ideas, and desires. When we write, it is natural to tell our
story from our own viewpoint. For example:

BP did not take immediate responsibility for the Horizon drilling rig
accident. I found research to show that they thought they could place
the blame on others and therefore avoid much of the cost of the disaster.
While responsibility may have been shared with their business partners,
I think that if they had taken immediate responsibility, it would have
resulted in a much smaller public relations disaster.

At first glance it may appear that this is a perfectly acceptable paragraph
from a research report. Sure, it is, from a grade 9 high school student.

But it is not acceptable from a university student.

Why writing in "third-person" is so useful

In the above paragraph, what are the "facts" presented? There
is only one probable fact:

"BP did not take immediate responsibility for the Horizon drilling
rig accident."

The rest of the paragraph is a mix of unsubstantiated findings
("I found research to show that they thought they could place the
blame on others..."), unsubstantiated conjecture ("While
responsibility may have been shared with their business partners"),
and personal opinion ("... I think that if they had taken
immediate responsibility, it would have resulted in a much smaller public
relations disaster.")

What do all these fancy terms mean?

In simple terms, they mean that you have only said one thing that is
easily provable - the first sentence. All the rest is really fiction -
things you made up.

In research terms, you haven't said much in your paragraph that is trustworthy
because each sentence does not follow from a proven path of previous facts
that are logically connected.

Third-person writing is useful because it forces a separation of the
writer's personal perspective from provable facts and a logical chain
of thinking. By using "it", "he", "she",
"them", "their", etc. you are taking yourself out
of the equation. You are forcing yourself to step back from what you are
researching and writing about and try to see it without filtering information
through your beliefs, experiences, hopes, fears, values, etc. You are
removing as much of your own opinion from the analysis as possible.

By writing in third-person you are therefore writing something that is
closer to a truth that is observable by another person - the reader. And
you are now seeing the situation you are writing about from a neutral,
uninvolved perspective.

Your writing is now more trustworthy from the perspective of believability.

Example of the paragraph used earlier, now written in third-person:

BP did not take immediate responsibility for the Horizon drilling rig
accident (reference). There is evidence that BP thought they could place
the blame on others and therefore avoid much of the cost of the disaster
(reference 1, reference 2, reference 3). While it follows logically
that some responsibility should have been shared with their business
partners, research from other disaster responses shows that a fast public
announcement taking immediate responsibility results in lower public
relations costs (example reference 1, example reference 2, research
source 1).

In this example, the writing is now factual or logically concluded from
previous facts. And each research item is clearly referenced - perhaps
with too much referencing, even!

How to write well in third-person

This is easy to do - sort of.

To write well in third-person, pretend you are an impartial judge in
a court of law, reading out loud just the facts of a case at the start
of a trial. At this point, no decision has been made as to guilt or innocence
of the person charged, no blame laid, and no sentence given. Just the
facts are being presented.

What does it feel like when you are reading out the facts of the case
to the courtroom? As a judge, you are held in high esteem, trusted, and
in a position of power. Would you be as respected, trusted, and accorded
this position of power if you started not by reading just the facts, but
with your opinion thrown in at same time?

Like this:

"Evidence before the court includes photos showing damage done
to the claimants car, which obviously was done by the defendant, because
he looks guilty and I don't like how he sits in the chair."

It seems silly, doesn't it? But in fact, when you are writing with a
mix of researched facts, conjecture, and opinion, you are doing the same
thing: You are in trusted position of power as a researcher and analyst
of the facts, but you are telling the reader your own opinion of them.

To write well in third-person perspective, remember that you are impartial
- you are just there as an impartial judge - not to present your personal
perspectives, unless you specifically asked to do so. Step back mentally
and try to see what is really there, what others say about the "facts"
you are finding, and what it all logically leads to.

"Yes, but..."

There are a number of interesting "buts" to third-person writing
concept:

1. "Writing in third-person is so BORING! It is all about
facts and logic. What about FEELINGS?! What about right and wrong? Where's
the human story? What about believing in something? What about ME and
what I think and feel?!"

Yes.

Research and third-person writing can be emotionally numbing. It is largely
about left-brain thinking and analysis. And it is not always very interesting,
particularly if you are a relationship oriented person (see the Success
Orientations model for more on this).

Third-person writing has its place. And so do feelings, consideration
of right and wrong, the human story, values, and you - your personal story
and experience of things.

But they belong in separate types of writing.

For research papers that others have to read to learn facts from, understand
a situation, draw conclusions from, and take actions that may have big
implications and costs? Third-person writing.

For a biography, story, blog, journal, diary, or other personal human
expression? First person is just fine...in fact it is necessary.

2. How can we know anything is really a fact?

You can't. But this is not a primer on philosophy, quantum physics, or
spirituality. For this primer, assume that facts are things that can be
observed by most people in a similar enough manner as to be considered
the same.

3. When do I get to write in first-person?

Right now - or "write now" (ha, ha!) Writing in first-person
is also about reflection, catharsis, integration, and learning. It is
very, very important. So please: Start a blog, journal, or diary. Express
yourself, even if you are the only reader. It feels really good to do
so and you might just be helping someone else understand their own world,
if you choose to share your writing with others.