Lesson Plan

This lesson plan is designed to be used with the film, The Judge and the General, the story of the criminal investigation of General Augusto Pinochet, a dictator who ran a military regime in Chile for 17 years. The film features Judge Juan Guzmán, who led the investigation. During the Pinochet years, Judge Guzmán was unaware of the widespread human rights violations systematically being carried out in his country. Classrooms can use this lesson to learn more about Chilean history, human rights abuses worldwide and what can be done to help stop the abuses.

Note: This film contains disturbing verbal descriptions of torture and criminal activities, images of violence and dead bodies, and sections in Spanish with English subtitles.

POV documentaries can be recorded off-the-air and used for educational purposes for up to one year from the initial broadcast. In addition, POV offers a lending library of DVDs that you can borrow anytime during the school year  FOR FREE! Please visit our Film Library to find other films suitable for classroom use or to make this film a part of your school's permanent collection.

OBJECTIVES

By the end of this lesson, students will:

Use viewing skills and note-taking strategies to understand and interpret a video clip.

Work with a partner to identify the key concepts of an essay.

Research and present a news story about an area of the world where human rights are being abused.

Recognizing and Standing Up to Injustice (length 6:22)
The clip begins at 42:57 with the quote "Families of the 'disappeared' organize ..." and ends at 49:19 with the quote "... they will be killed themselves."

Many Chileans refer to "the other 9/11"  the September 11, 1973, coup led by General Augusto Pinochet against the democratically elected government of Socialist Salvador Allende. The coup left thousands of Chileans dead, tortured or "disappeared." Allende committed suicide. The ensuing 17-year dictatorship was embraced then, and is even now, by a large segment of Chilean society.

Pinochet was sole ruler of Chile until 1990, at which time he stepped down as president but retained power as army commander until 1998. At that point, Pinochet assumed the title, Senator for Life which gave him parliamentary immunity from prosecution in Chile. That same year, relatives of victims filed a criminal complaint against Pinochet, but no one expected anything to happen  an expectation reinforced when the case was assigned by lottery to appellate court judge Juan Guzmán. (For human rights cases in Chile, judges are responsible not only for trying cases, but also for investigating and prosecuting cases.)

Guzmán was known as a conservative judge who, as a young law clerk, had penned some of the denials of habeas corpus, which were signed by higher judges. A man from a wealthy family, Guzmán believed the Pinochet version of events: that the army had saved the country from a Communist revolution and that any excesses committed by the military were the inevitable consequences of a dire struggle. Then the unexpected happened  Judge Guzmán began investigating the allegations in detail and in earnest.

In 1998, General Pinochet was arrested in Britain while undergoing medical treatment. Initially, a Spanish court requested his extradition for human rights violations and the British government placed him under house arrest. Doctors deemed Pinochet too ill to stand trial, and he stayed in Britain until 2000, when he was flown back to Chile. His immunity was taken away, and in 2006, several judges indicted Pinochet and high courts ruled him mentally competent to stand trial. He was placed under house arrest and waiting trial on multiple counts of fraud, torture and murder until his death on December 10, 2006. For more details on the history of Pinochet's rule in Chile, see the Background: Human Rights in Chile special feature.

Display the world map at the front of the room. Put a sticker on the map to show the location of Chile. Drawing from the Background section in this lesson plan, briefly outline for students how Pinochet came to power and the human rights abuses that took place during his regime.

Tell the class that in 1998, the first criminal complaints against Pinochet were presented to the courts and the cases were assigned to Judge Juan Guzmán. Explain that in Chile, judges not only try cases, but investigate them. At first, Judge Guzmán was skeptical that the government was involved in such criminal activities, but as he gathered more and more evidence, he learned the truth and realized that he had been living in what he described as a "golden bubble," where he was insulated from the suffering of his countrymen. Earlier in his career, Guzmán had even written rejections, which were signed by higher judges, to families who had submitted writs of habeas corpus to the courts to seek relief from unlawful imprisonment for their loved ones.

Show the class the short video clip, Recognizing and Standing Up to Injustice. Ask students to take notes on the actions that were being taken to address the government's human rights abuses. Explain that the man featured in the clip is Judge Guzmán, who conducted the investigation into Pinochet's regime.

Ask students why they think some people in the video, such as those at the Vicariate of Solidarity, felt compelled to act in the face of injustice while others, such as Judge Guzmán earlier in his career, didn't seem to recognize what was happening. Tell the class that Pinochet was ultimately indicted, along with other members of his security forces, but that he died in 2006 before he was brought to trial. Mention that investigations continue.

Divide students into pairs and ask them to read the essay by Carol Tavris on the POV website. Have each pair write an outline that addresses the key concepts of the essay. To help them organize their thoughts, suggest they think about this question: "If you had to explain this essay to someone who hasn't read it, what main points would you want him or her to understand?" Then ask students to note their own ideas for why people might not act when the human rights of others are being violated.

For homework, ask students to find a news story that talks about human rights abuses and bring it to class the next day. In addition to using regular news outlets for their research, students can find information on human rights issues at the websites of human rights organizations listed in the Resources section.

Day Two

Have students take turns going to the front of the class and summarizing their news stories. Ask each student to put a sticker on the world map to show where the human rights violations in his or her news report are taking place.

After the student presentations, take a look at the world map with its collection of stickers showing the locations of human rights abuses. Discuss why such activities might be allowed to go on in these places. Ask students what they can do to bring awareness to these abuses. Responses might include writing letters to elected representatives, writing letters to the editor, creating a piece of protest art, planning a local event to help raise awareness of these abuses, signing petitions, asking large companies to use their influence on governments that violate human rights, donating to human rights organizations, and so on.(The websites for human rights organizations in the Resources section provide additional ideas.)

Close the activity by inviting students to set at least one goal for taking action against the types of human rights abuses they learned about in their classmates' presentations.

Extend the scope of the student presentations in the main activity by asking the class to present examples of historical human rights violations. Create a timeline of these abuses and discuss any patterns that students observe.

Give extra credit to students who bring in news reports about the continuing investigations of and judicial proceedings against agents from Pinochet's government who have been indicted for criminal activities. Post these stories in a "Monitoring Justice" type of display in your classroom.

Watch the POV film, The Fall of Fujimori and learn about one of the former leaders of Peru, a country that borders Chile. Alberto Fujimori rose from obscurity to become the president of Peru in 1990. During his 11 years in office, he assumed dictatorial powers and waged a successful war on terror, but was forced to resign amid accusations of human rights abuses and corruption. After living for a time in exile, Fujimori was arrested and returned to Peru to face criminal charges. Then watch The Judge and the General in its entirety and have students write essays that compare and contrast the histories of Fujimori and Pinochet.

Explore the geography of Chile by reading the first 10 pages of My Invented Country by Isabel Allende, the niece of former Chilean president Salvador Allende. Discuss her use of imagery in the details she provides about four regions of Chile. Draw or paint the scenes that she describes. Discuss Allende's belief that the geography of Chile has affected the country's national character. How might it have contributed to divisions among Chileans?

Study the resources provided by Human Rights Watch on U.S. Torture and Abuse of Detainees. Then debate this question: "Is the United States justified in using 'enhanced interrogation techniques' to secure information that would prevent a terrorist attack?" Wrap up the activity by discussing how the United States' treatment of detainees might affect its standing in the world.

Conduct a document analysis of CIA Activities in Chile, a 21-page declassified report that outlines the CIA's actions in Chile leading up to the 1973 coup and the agency's involvement with the Pinochet regime afterward. List the strategies used by the CIA to accomplish its goals. What is the historical context of these activities? What were the benefits and consequences? Have students evaluate in writing whether the CIA's activities in Chile were appropriate measures for protecting U.S. national security interests. Keep in mind the quote in the film from President Richard Nixon, "An Italian businessman came to call on me in the Oval Office, and he said, 'If Allende should win the election in Chile and then you have Castro in Cuba, what you will in effect have in Latin America is a red sandwich, and eventually it will all be red.' And that's what we had felt."

Global Youth Connect
Global Youth Connect focuses on how youth can promote and protect human rights around the world. The website provides news information on human rights abuses and details about how to get involved with the organization.

Human Rights Watch
This website provides news, photo galleries, and other information about human rights violations worldwide. There is also a "Take Action" section with ideas for how to get involved.

Witness
This website shows how to "use video and online technologies to open the eyes of the world to human rights violations."

These standards are drawn from "Content Knowledge," a compilation of content standards and benchmarks for K-12 curriculum by McRel (Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning)

CivicsStandard 22: Understands how the world is organized politically into nation-states, how nation-states interact with one another, and issues surrounding U.S. foreign policy.

Geography

Standard 2: Knows the location of places, geographic features, and patterns of the environment.Standard 10: Understands the nature and complexity of Earth's cultural mosaics.Standard 13: Understands the forces of cooperation and conflict that shape the divisions of Earth's surface.

Standard 30: Understands developments in foreign policy and domestic politics between the Nixon and Clinton presidencies.

World History

Standard 44: Understands the search for community, stability, and peace in an interdependent world.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Cari Ladd, M.Ed., is an educational writer with a background in broadcast journalism, secondary education and media development. Previously, she served as PBS Interactive's Director of Education, overseeing the development of curricular resources tied to PBS programs, the PBS TeacherSource website (now PBS Teachers), and online teacher professional development services. She has also taught in Maryland and Northern Virginia.

This lesson plan is designed to be used with the film, The Judge and the General, the story of the criminal investigation of General Augusto Pinochet, a dictator who ran a military regime in Chile for 17 years. The film features Judge Juan Guzmán, who led the investigation. During the Pinochet years, Judge Guzmán was unaware of the widespread human rights violations systematically being carried out in his country. Classrooms can use this lesson to learn more about Chilean history, human rights abuses worldwide and what can be done to help stop the abuses.<