Traditional performance management has run its course. It does not make us the agile and human organizations we need to be. Can we learn something from traffic?

Solution

Introduction

Statoil is a Norwegian energy company with 21000 employees in 36 countries. On Fortune, the company ranked in 2011 #1 in Social Responsibility and #7 in Innovation, and has over the last ten years consistently performed above peer average on return on capital and value creation.

We have continuously developed our management model “Ambition to Action” with “agile” and “human” as key guiding principles. For instance, in 2005 we abolished traditional budgeting, and we decided in 2010 to leave the calendar year in our management processes where-ever possible Read more about Statoil and our management model in this MIX story: “Taking reality seriously”.

“Self-regulation” has become an increasingly important word for us on this journey, not as a goal in itself, but as a great way of achieving great performance. We found inspiration in something which one initially might think of as very different from organizations and business, but where we all also want the best possible performance. I have yet to meet anyone enjoying being stuck in traffic or exposed to inefficient and dumb traffic controls. We would all like a safe and efficient traffic flow.

Here is a great story from the Netherlands. As in most cities, the consequences of increasing traffic were a major problem in the city of Drachten. Traffic jams and accidents in the town centre were steadily increasing, as did the doses of the standard medicine for this modern disease; more traffic lights and more signs to regulate and control drivers, cyclists and pedestrians. The same medicine as any other growing city would chose to combat its traffic problems. However, traffic authorities in Drachten found that increasing doses did not help. In 2003 the city decided to challenge accepted truth. A bold decision was made to remove all traffic lights and signs in the town centre, based on a belief that people pay more attention to their surroundings when they cannot rely on strict traffic rules.

Results were impressive. On the busiest intersections crossing times fell significantly, and accidents were reduced to almost zero.

I find this a fascinating example of self-regulation as an alternative to more traditional ways of managing performance in increasingly complex environments. We will return to Drachten a bit later.

About “performance management”

Readers of my book “Implementing Beyond Budgeting” may remember that I am not too fond of the phrase “performance management” (even if I have it in my title!). I definitely like the word “performance”, but not in combination with “management”. Chew on those two words put together. ”If I don’t manage you, there will be no performance”, is what I hear. I have had many managers throughout my career, many great ones but also a few of more mixed quality. But none of them ever told me that they wanted to “manage my performance”. If one would have uttered those words, I am afraid the effect would have been the very opposite of the intention. My defence system would have gone on red alert. No one is going to mess around in my head, or treat me like a dancing marionette. I actually get offended if someone believes I will only do my best if I am managed; instructed to deliver on a very specific and detailed target, told exactly how to get there and with which resources available, put under a tight and suspicious follow-up regime, and given a dangling carrot as a motivational incentive for getting there, with “getting there” meaning “hitting that number“.

I don’t want to be “managed”. I want something else. I want a definition of performance that makes me tick. I want to understand and be ignited about direction. I want to contribute. I want support and learning, and I want to have fun. I want to perform at my very best, but I don’t want to be “managed”.

Peter Drucker put it like this “Most of what we call management consists of making it difficult for people to get their work done.”

Maybe I am a bit harsh with “performance management” here, but isn’t much of what I just described familiar ingredients in a traditional performance management process?

I am not saying it never works. For organizations operating in predictable and stable surroundings, with simple tasks and with little motivation in the work itself, where results are easily measured, and with most employees prone to do what detailed control mechanisms are there to prevent (maybe they actually behave like this because the controls say they will?), then “performance management” might be the right medicine and also the right phrase. But is this really a good description of your own organization?

In knowledge organizations operating in dynamic and unpredictable environments, people can’t be treated like robots and organizations can’t be viewed as machines.. Traditional performance management easily becomes a medicine with side effects so serious that they completely outweigh the benefits. We might feel we get “control”, although a closer examination will probably reveal that much of it is only an illusion of control.

Do detailed job descriptions really ensure that talent, competence and resources are fully utilised? Do thick procedure manuals cover every possible situation that can occur? Do detailed variance analyses of actual vs. budget secure that we now are safely back on track? Does actual cost coming in spot on for every single budget item prove that we spent our resources in the most optimal way? Does “hitting the number” represent great performance if our path is covered by casualties, if there was strong and unexpected tailwind, if we were completely outperformed by peers?

Traditional management certainly gives us “control”, but does it really give us best possible performance? Our goal can’t be to “manage performance”, our goal must be the best possible sustainable performance, given the circumstances. Performance Management people sometimes seem to get this order wrong. Control can actually get out of control.

But what can and should we do if we can’t “manage” performance? Don’t worry, there is still a big and important job to be done, but it is a very different one that requires a very different mindset. It is about creating the conditionsneeded for great performance to take place and for business to flourish. You can’t make a flower grow by pulling on it.

We need to create a new and different framework for teams and people to perform within, with different and wider boundaries but also with new rules of the game. This requires something new, but also just as much dismantling of the old, all the stuff that work more as barriers than support for great performance. There are significant implications for how we define performance and set targets, how we forecast, how we allocate resources and how we evaluate and reward performance. The traditional fixed, detailed and annual budget and the whole mindset it builds on have to be first to go.

Our new framework must take reality seriously, both inside and outside the company gates. It must understand what it really means to be a people-oriented knowledge organisation. It must tackle a dynamic business environment of uncertainty, turbulence and constant changes in assumptions. It must reduce number-crunching, stupid gaming and the need for constant management interventions. Our new framework should actually require as little management as possible; it should be as self-regulating as possible. Not because self-regulation is a goal in itself, but because it is a much better way of getting that best possible performance.

Let us return to traffic and to self-regulation as a way of achieving this.

(By the way, I have yet to find a good alternative for the phrase “performance management”. If you find one, please let me know, because we desperately need it!)

A self-regulating control system

In traffic, we defined good performance as a safe and smooth traffic flow. Traffic authorities have different ways of “managing” us to achieve this.

One alternative is the traffic light. Let us ask ourselves a few questions about this option. Who is actually “managing”; who is actually in “control”? There is no-one sitting inside the traffic pole as far as I know (and let us not stretch the metaphor to include sensor systems etc.!) Someone programmed those lights, because they are just dumb machines. And which information did these guys base their programming on? Those red-green intervals were decided at some point in time, based on historical and expected future traffic volumes and patterns. For obvious reasons, we can hardly expect that information to be fresh and fully updated as we sit there waiting for the green light.

To conclude, performance is managed by someone who is not present in the situation, based on assumptions which are rarely updated (and if they are, often with considerable delay). It is a simple, rules-based system. Green means drive, red means stop; while yellow seems to have a few different interpretations! It is a centrally regulated system, with decisions made too high up and too early.

Now imagine a roundabout, another way of managing traffic performance. Let us ask the same two questions. Who is in control, and which information are decisions based on?

Now, we arrive at very different answers. Drivers are in control, and they apply real-time information to guide their decisions. They all aim to make the right decisions as they enter the roundabout. They seize opportunities (an opening in the traffic), or react to threats (an incoming car) based on observing the actual situation, not based on fixed and pre-defined instructions or plans from above. Traffic authorities limit their involvement to a general principle of “give way to those already in the roundabout”. But this is much more directional and open to interpretation than the “yes/no” green and red. It says nothing about which speed to enter with or which distance to other cars is required.

So for the roundabout to work well something else must be in place. It is a control system that is highly dependent on a strong (and positive) set of values among drivers. A “me first” attitude is not a big problem in front of a traffic light because it is overruled by the red light. But it is definitely a problem in a roundabout, where there has to be a shared purpose of wanting traffic to flow well. Drivers need to be more considerate and observant, as they try to understand the intentions of others as well as making their own intentions clear and visible. They need to honour, and they all benefit from the “zipper” or “every second car” principle (which I believe is not a roundabout rule, but more a gentleman’s agreement).

No single individual is “in control”, but there is still control because traffic is flowing, arguably more efficiently than it does with traffic lights.

I hope we agree that this self-regulating approach can be a great way of managing traffic. We probably also agree that the reason why the roundabout is more efficient is because it is based on decision-making at the right level (close to the situation) and at the right time (as late as possible to secure fresh information).

But we also know that it is much more difficult to drive in a roundabout than it is to relate to a traffic light. At driving school, that first traffic light was a piece of cake compared to entering the first roundabout. More mature driving skills are required compared to the much simpler red/green situation. This competence only comes with experience. Just like in organizations; competence is key and the good stuff is often more difficult!

This is also why the roundabout does not always work perfectly. Take the “zipper” principle. We have all been irritated when it was “our turn” and the other car refused to give way. We are all likely guilty of the same sin. But what should our response be, when observing situations where values are ignored or violated? Whether in traffic or in organizations, the solution should not and must not be to give up because “this values stuff doesn’t work, rules are much simpler”. That is the easiest solution and often seen as the most “action-oriented” one. But it is the wrong one.

What about the alternative of the police-officer in the middle of the crossing, whistling, waving, shouting and pointing? Doesn’t he also make decisions based on fresh information from the actual situation on the ground? Absolutely, but who really needs that middle manager and his command and control when a self-regulating system can do the job both better and cheaper?

But what about the risk of a roundabout gridlock? Fair enough. But the two alternatives can actually be combined, but with the roundabout as the default and the traffic light as a backup solution in those few instances when the roundabout can’t cope.

Let us summarize our conclusions. Roundabouts are generally more efficient than traffic lights, because traffic authorities are not “managing performance”. Instead, they create conditions for performance to take place. They establish a framework that is more values- than rules based. They provide authority for those closest to the situation to make the right decisions, based on fresh, real-time information (right level, right time). The model is not chosen because it is the easiest, but because it is the best.

Let us return to the city of Drachten. The "Shared Space” concept the city went for in 2003 was developed by the late Dutch traffic specialist Hans Monderman. In an interview with The New York Times in 2005, he explained: “To make communities safer and more appealing, you should first remove the traditional paraphernalia of their roads - the traffic lights and speed signs; the signs exhorting drivers to stop, slow down and merge; the centre lines separating lanes from one another; even the speed bumps, speed-limit signs, bicycle lanes and pedestrian crossings”. In his view, it is only when the road is made more dangerous, when drivers stop looking at signs and start looking at other people, that driving becomes safer.

Monderman wanted to replace regulated, legislated traffic with space which, by the way it is designed and configured, makes it clear what sort of behaviour is anticipated and required. He did not argue for changing highway designs, his focus was on shared spaces where different players in traffic has to interact with each other in one way or another. He compared his philosophy to an ice rink. "Skaters work out things for themselves and it works wonderfully well. I am not an anarchist, but I don't like rules which are ineffective."

Back to business

At Statoil, we have worked hard to move our management model in a more dynamic and self-regulating direction. What we did, how we did it, what we struggle with and what we might do next can as mentioned be found in another MIX story.

Let me close with a few reflections on an important dilemma we are facing on our journey towards becoming a more agile (and human) organization. Statoil is operating in a business with extreme risks, at our many offshore platforms and onshore refining and processing plants. Compliance with safety and operating procedures are critical. There is little room for experiments and creativity for our operators standing in middle of our hot operations. A mistake can quickly become a question of life or death and environmental disasters, as our kind of business unfortunately has seen many examples of. At the same time, we want each and every one to think hard about how we can improve and do things differently. And there will be critical situations where the answer is not to follow the book but rather the intentions behind and do what is right there and then. But that doesn’t remove compliance as the general “modus operandi” in these kinds of operations.

For other parts of the organization people’s jobs and tasks are of a very different nature. Our R&D people are constantly chasing new and advanced technology. They live and breathe innovation and creativity and are paid for nothing else than to challenge accepted truth. Our geologists are continuously hunting for new angles and ideas to understand what lays thousands of meters below the seabed. Our engineers are thrilled when they can design new or improved technical solutions for our next platform. Our business development people are constantly thinking of new opportunities and new ways of creating value and win-win solutions on the next deal. Even those of us working with management processes are expected to think out of the box. “Ambition to Action” is hopefully an example of management innovation.

The dilemma is even expressed in our values. We are encouraged to trust each other and to “challenge accepted truth and enter unfamiliar territory”, buy we are also reminded about the need for precision, for loyalty to decisions and of the need for being hands on.

So how can creativity and compliance live in peace and harmony next door to each other?

I don’t believe the answer to this dilemma lies in sacrificing one for the other. We simply need to have two thoughts in our head at the same time. We should probably not view this as a dilemma, but as intertwined aspects of running any organization. Innovation does not stop with creativity, it also takes deployment. What is invented and developed must also be operated, in a safe and consistent way.

Much of what you have read about here and will find in my other MIX story is inspired by the Beyond Budgeting principles. I recommend you to take a look at the Beyond Budgeting Roundtable website “bbrt.org”. As a little teaser, here are the twelve Beyond Budgeting principles:

Few have summarized more elegantly what this is all about than Dee Hock, founder and former CEO of Visa:

Thank you for your very valuable article. I have only just registered with the site and would like to take time considering a contribution. However may I say that as an independent consultant trainer, there has never been a more important time to consider this sort of evaluation of management. Those of us in the business of supporting and enabling management must aim for both genuine enabling and the best return on direction and management costs.

I would be grateful for any comment you have on exploring this subject further.

Thank you for your comment, and welcome to MIX! This is a great place for exploring these important issues. The Beyond Budgeting Roundtable (BBRT.org) is another forum and community engaged in this discussion. My book is also recommended :)

Thank you for your comment, and for pointing me to the Holocracy idea, which I found very interesting, and also very much in line with the Beyond Budgeting principles. Decentralization of decision authority is an effective way of avoiding the stifling consensus that you and Kartik mention.

This report is inspiring, thank you! For organizations to be more agile and to leverage the full potential of their workforce we need to think much more in terms of "roundabouts". Thank you for quoting the "Beyond Budgeting Principles" again, which seem to work well in your company.

One paragraph in Kartik Subbarao's comment to Bjarte’s report caught my attention: "One challenge here, which was perhaps indirectly addressed but I would like to expand on, is that consensus can become its own tyranny. Even if people have the level of maturity to work effectively with consensus, that doesn't mean they want to *have* to work that way. Being forced to get consensus can be as demotivating as being forced to follow an order."

Reading this, you may be surprised to learn that a consent-based model called “Sociocracy” was invented almost 70 years ago. A number of “new” management models have been invented and applied since then. But how have they actually changed the decision making processes and power structure in organizations? Let me refer you all to a new organization practice which is creating a buzz in all parts of the world. It’s called Holacracy™ (our small consulting business in Austria runs on it). Interested? Then you may enjoy these pages: www.holacracy.org. Happy reading!

Information can become a currency of influence but that process reduced knowledge to 'noise' as far as I can tell. The idea of following the bureaucracy was called 'ludcy' by Edward de Bono, seems like it still fits.

In response to your request for a good alternative for the phrase “performance management”: you may remember hearing the term "Rightshifting" from e.g. LESS2011 in Stockholm? Note that it's expressly about effectiveness (of knowledge-work organisations). I commend the term to you.

This post is well embraced because I have since been telling my wife about the folly of shifting to traffic light from a masterful logic of traffic regulation found here in Cebu (Philippines) on our traditional Spanish rotonda architecture.

You have taken hold and described it more fully and little did I know how it reflects “Performance Mechanism” in the business world.

I also happened to write about “Career Renewal” to help workers assess their mindsets to our ever changing environment.

I'm very sympathetic to Bjarte's position. I see the tradeoff between traffic lights and roundabouts involving the tradeoff between control and consensus, and there is plenty of value to be unlocked in letting go of control. One challenge here, which was perhaps indirectly addressed but I would like to expand on, is that consensus can become its own tyranny. Even if people have the level of maturity to work effectively with consensus, that doesn't mean they want to *have* to work that way. Being forced to get consensus can be as demotivating as being forced to follow an order. (And on the flip side, just as human values can liberate us from mindless rules, objective rules can also liberate us from biased values.)

For example, there are numerous low-risk traffic-lights that I drive through regularly on my way to the grocery store. The last thing I'd want is for a roundabout to be installed at *each* of those intersections, which would guarantee that I'd have to slow down at every one of them, and expend more mental energy negotiating my way through them. I value the roundabout in the more complex intersections, but I also value the simplicity and predictability of the traffic light.

This isn't to be critical of the general theme of this hack. On the contrary, I think the roundabout analogy is powerful. There are many traffic lights that would benefit from being beaten down into roundabouts, and many traffic cops who could better serve as roundabout gardeners. I just think that it's good to be able to *choose* to deploy traffic lights and roundabouts more consciously, and not inherently require one or the other. I do agree that a strong case can be made that we have more traffic lights than roundabouts today that impede progress in companies.

Great comment. We should only use roundabouts when it makes sense, only when the traffic light becomes a barrier for a good traffic flow. I also understand your point about consensus. Still, time spent on reaching consensus is often paid back tenfold in a faster implementation.

Hi Bjarte,
My view about a good alternative for the phrase “performance management” is "performance nurturing". so my steps carrying out "performance nurturing" as follows: 1 selecting suitable talent seed to accord with business development needs, 2 providing suitable soil environment for the healthy growth of talent seeds, 3 closely regrading the growth and development of talent seeds and providing appropriate nutrition as they demand, and 4 appraising performance of talent seeds, and then rewarding them, if necessary.
Finally, if you do not mind, I would like to introduce you a series of three-tier capitalism, including: 1 three-tier management → management being aimed at rules, management being aimed at emotions, and management being aimed at innovations;
2 three-tier remuneration→absolute value remuneration, relative value remuneration, and attached value remuneration（similar to fringe benefits）
3 three-tier marketing →function marketing, relationship marketing, and innovation marketing.
4 three-tier economy →manufacturing economy, service economy, and innovation economy.

Thank you, Bjarte! We really need these motivation busters out here. People are crying for more of what already does not work, and we need a continuously flow of good arguments to still be standing in the battle. What you have written here matches perfectly with Daniel Pink’s book about what motivates us. As he states it: "Carrots and sticks are so last century. For 21st century work we need to upgrade to autonomy, mastery and purpose."

After spending a lot of time trying to understand how we can make the change in processes, I am convinced we need to start with the change in leadership. So I think I will start by identify those that are humble enough to realize that there is another way!

Thank you for your comment and your wise words. We are up against strong forces, but the cracks in that Berlin wall of traditional management are becoming bigger and bigger. At the same time we need to respect that this stuff is confusing and difficult for many managers. We can't force anyone onboard, people must realize for themselves that there are serious problems with the old way and not just being hammered with the new way. The better job we do here, the easier the rest becomes. A small dose of peer pressure always helps. Fortunately, the list of organizations we can point to is becoming longer and longer.

It is not a question of if, but when "human" and "agile" become natural and obvious guiding stars for how organizations are led and managed. And then we can all smile as we think back on how we all played our small parts in making it happen. Keep up your good work!

Yesterday in Norway, an investigation report was presented about how the terror episodes in Oslo were handled by the police and the politicians. One of the important findings in this honest report was that the policemen did not act fast enough due to the fact that "the system" did not let them. If the policemen had been trained to evaluate and act "self regulated", many lives would have been saved.
It might be a bit strange to talk about "performance" in this matter, but I am convinced that more self regulation in the police force would have dramatically improved the police's performance. Hence, this hack is applicable to most organizations I guess.

I made the same reflections myself as stories began to emerge about slow police responses during this tragic event where so many young people were killed. Let us hope that this can be a key learning, not just for the police, but as you say also for organizations in general.

We are selling all the time. Our abiltiy to sell, to persuade others, to serve others, is intimately wrapped up in how we define ourselves. We come to know if people believe in us or find us phony.
Your article sounds like a business school focused on finance,markting,strategy and operations. You need to take a risk and sell. Selling is the horse that pulls the cart of business, I know it has moral risk but do not ignore it. I am not sold on your hack. Instead of performance management call it "Selling" then ask to be sold.

This article is dead on! The last 15 or so years have brought a resurgence of reductionistic, control-oriented management thinking, "enabled" by IT solutions, namely ERPs, which promise to centrally control complex systems through the integration of data and processes. In the service arena, this trend has given birth to massive call centers and their own version of ERPs, the CRM solution. Real-time thinking and situational problem solving have been replaced by ticketing protocols, service level agreements (SLAs) and targets. Your traffic analogy is spot on. Thanks for the contribution.

Thank you for your kind feedback. I definitely agree with your comment on ERP systems. It is quite interesting how they boast about their drill down functionality (the CFO can monitor every dollar of spend in any local unit!). Why on earth should a CFO do that? What we need is more "drill across" (what are those other guys doing?), and "drill up", (what was that strategy again?).

Thank you. I absolutely agree that it is value creation we aim for, in the very broad sense of those words. It is the "management" part I struggle with. Are we not again back to creating conditions for this to happen?

Stay in touch with the Beyond Budgeting Roundtable! There is a record interest these days. I am convinced the tipping point is just around the corner!

Bjarte, great Hack. I agree completey with your views on "Performance Management". As you know this is an ongoing discussion in the BBRT. You have very succinctly stated why organizations need to be people oriented and sefl-organizing in a turbulent world. As you point out, this is not an end in itself, but rather the means to the end. Going back to the roundabout analogy; in the UK we don't have the "zipper" principle, we have a rule (call it governance if you will) that says when entering a roundabout you have to give way to traffic already on the roundabout. So by extending the analogy in this way you can show the need for boundaries and governance in empowerment and self-organization.

Thanks. We have the same rule about giving way in Norway. It can actually be a problem if drivers always insist on sticking to the rules. If you have a steady stream of traffic from one direction, this can completely block drivers coming from other directions. The solution lies again in values, when drivers who technically have the right to enter first still create space for others to enter.

Great Hack Bjarte. Very thought provoking.
@Julia Thanks for the reference to Adam Kahane on Power and Love. Just watched his presentation at RSA on you tube as a result.
Writing a blog entry so I can remember it.

What a fantastic article! It's so interesting how we tend to buckle down and tighten up when the pressure increases. I am always amazed how we try to "weather the storm" and fight our way through the challenging environments. This warrior mindset believes it can hold on to the status quo. Alternatively we can adopt an explorer mindset and ask ourselves what new opportunities are trying to emerge, In this case we are encouraged to question the status quo and re-evaluate our existing beliefs. Our assumptions about the business start to shift and in the depth of the storm we encounter the seed of new possibility. I believe most of us yearn to operate with an explorer mindset but far too often the conditions that are created in most organizations promote fear and bring out the warrior in us. Perhaps it is "Performance Liberation" that we are seeking?

Very much enjoyed this piece, resonated significantly with me. I always had an issue with the statement, also coined by Peter Drucker, "What gets measured gets done....".. My own experience has been that lots gets done that never gets measured...hence the fallacy of the effectiveness of performance management.

I agree. Drucker might be right that stuff gets done if measured, but often the wrong stuff or in the wrong way. I prefer Einstein: "Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts".

We also seem to have forgotten that the "I" in KPI stands for Indicator. They often struggle with telling us the full truth.

Enjoyed this hack. Made me think about Adam Cahane's work on Power and Love and having those two thoughts in our heads. Performance Enhancement is what occurred to me and the question about another term; or maybe just plain, straight, uncomplicated, unpretentious "performance"?

Nice article, and excellent analogy to help rethink the problem. I am currently struggling with performance management in a company that plans early and often, with detailed op plans that roll down the organizaiton in true Baldrige fashion, with metrics and milestones formulated up front (without ability to form along the way).

How about "Performance Empowerment". That takes the control out and puts it into the hands of the performer - or the 'driver' in your analogy

Thank you. That sounds like what our IT colleagues embracing Scrum and other great agile concepts would call "waterfall planning".

I like "performance empowerment". On the other hand, can we really empower people, or can they only empower themselves? Then I guess we are back to creating conditions for making this happen.

I am sensitive to words, because they are important. "Empowerment" has been around for a while, and has maybe become a bit worn. It might also have left many disappointed due to lack of real change despite so much talk about it in organizations over so many years.

and in our team we simply use regular "Work & Role Reviews" which is about role sculpting - a very different philosophy (similar to yours) which starts with the assumption that the person is motivated to do a great job, and the discussion then becomes "how can we create the conditions..."

Key question: "So how can creativity and compliance live in peace and harmony next door to each other?"
We will have to profit from emergence AND management tools. This requires a lot of reflection and understanding the tools we can stick with and the ones we must let go. It puts managers on a position of creating not only strategy, but a meta-strategy. What is the human environment we are going to create for businesses to be sustainable, creative and profitable?
Great article. Love Monderman's ideas too.