1.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses

2.
History of Scotland
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The History of Scotland is known to have begun by the end of the last glacial period, roughly 10,000 years ago. Prehistoric Scotland entered the Neolithic Era about 4000 BC, the Bronze Age about 2000 BC, and the Iron Age around 700 BC. Scotlands recorded history began with the arrival of the Roman Empire in the 1st century, North of this was Caledonia, whose people were known in Latin as Picti, the painted ones. Constant risings forced Romes legions back, Hadrians Wall attempted to seal off the Roman south, the latter was swiftly abandoned and the former overrun, most spectacularly during the Great Conspiracy of the 360s. As Rome finally withdrew from Britain, Gaelic raiders called the Scoti began colonizing Western Scotland, according to 9th- and 10th-century sources, the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata was founded on the west coast of Scotland in the 6th century. In the following century, the Irish missionary Columba founded a monastery on Iona and introduced the previously pagan Scoti, towards the end of the 8th century, the Viking invasions began. Successive defeats by the Norse forced the Picts and Gaels to cease their hostility to each other and to unite in the 9th century. The Kingdom of Scotland was united under the descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin and his descendants, known to modern historians as the House of Alpin, fought among each other during frequent disputed successions. England, under Edward I, would take advantage of the succession in Scotland to launch a series of conquests into Scotland. The resulting Wars of Scottish Independence were fought in the late 13th and early 14th centuries as Scotland passed back, Scotlands ultimate victory in the Wars of Independence under David II confirmed Scotland as a fully independent and sovereign kingdom. When David II died without issue, his nephew Robert II established the House of Stewart, ruling until 1714, Queen Anne was the last Stuart monarch. Since 1714, the succession of the British monarchs of the houses of Hanover and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha has been due to their descent from James VI, during the Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, Scotland became one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Later, its decline following the Second World War was particularly acute. In recent decades Scotland has enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance, fuelled in part by a resurgent financial services sector and the proceeds of North Sea oil and gas. Since the 1950s, nationalism has become a political topic, with serious debates on Scottish independence. People lived in Scotland for at least 8,500 years before Britains recorded history, glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice retreated did Scotland again become habitable, around 9600 BC. Mesolithic hunter-gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements, and archaeologists have dated an encampment near Biggar to around 8500 BC, numerous other sites found around Scotland build up a picture of highly mobile boat-using people making tools from bone, stone and antlers. The oldest house for which there is evidence in Britain is the structure of wooden posts found at South Queensferry near the Firth of Forth, dating from the Mesolithic period

3.
1600s in England
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Events from the 1600s in England. Monarch – Elizabeth I, James I.1600 January – in Ireland, Hugh ONeill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone,11 February–March – clown William Kempe morris dances from London to Norwich. April – publication of Ben Jonsons play Every Man out of His Humour,31 December – East India Company granted a Royal Charter. First publication of William Shakespeares play The Merchant of Venice and A Midsummer Nights Dream, William Gilbert publishes De Magnete, discussing Earths magnetic field, one of the first important scientific works to be published in England. 1601 7–8 January – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, spring – possible first performance of Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet. 2 October–3 January 1602 – the Siege of Kinsale ends the Nine Years War, November – Elizabeth I addresses her final parliament with the Golden Speech. An Act for the Relief of the Poor codifies the English Poor Laws,16022 February – first recorded performance of Shakespeares comedy Twelfth Night, in Middle Temple Hall, London. 8 November – the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford is opened, publication of Shakespeares comedy The Merry Wives of Windsor. Richard Carew publishes The Survey of Cornwall, April – Thomas Cartwright delivers his Millenary Petition, demanding an end to ritualistic practices, and signed by 1,000 Puritan ministers, to the King. 28 April – funeral of Elizabeth I in Westminster Abbey,17 July – Sir Walter Ralegh arrested for treason. 21 July – Thomas Howard created the 1st Earl of Suffolk,25 July – coronation of James I as King of England in Westminster Abbey. 17 November – Ralegh goes on trial for treason in the converted Great Hall of Winchester Castle and he is found guilty but his life is spared by the King at this time and he is returned to imprisonment in the Tower of London. 160414 January to 16 January – Hampton Court Conference with James I, work begins on the Authorized King James Version of the Bible and revision of the Book of Common Prayer. 19 March – Parliament assembles and debates Robert Cecils proposal for union with Scotland,18 August – the Treaty of London brings an end to the Anglo–Spanish War, an intermittent conflict which has been going on since 1585. 20 October – King James assumes the style king of Great Britain, November – Richard Bancroft enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury. 1 November – first recorded performance of Shakespeares tragedy Othello, at Whitehall Palace in London, christopher Marlowes play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus published. King James publishes A Counterblaste to Tobacco, table Alphabeticall, the first known English dictionary to be organised by alphabetical ordering, is published. Peter Blundell founds Blundells School in Tiverton, Devon,160510 April – Spanish Catholic missionary Luisa Carvajal y Mendoza arrives in England

4.
1600 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1600 in Ireland. January 27 - Colonel Richard Wingfield is made Marshal of Ireland by Queen Elizabeth, february 18 - Nine Years War, Rebel cavalry in Munster led by Hugh Maguire are intercepted and their leaders killed. May 15 - Nine Years War, Chief Niall Garbh Ó Domhnaill betrays the Irish alliance, in a devastating blow to the rebels, Docwra sets up a series of fortifications along the River Foyle, cutting access between Tyrone and Tyrconnell. September 20–October 9 - The Battle of Moyry Pass is fought, lord Mountjoys English forces eventually break through Hugh ONeills defences in County Armagh and establish a short-lived garrison at Mountnorris but later retreat. Aedh ORourke, son of Tadhg ORourke of West Breifne and Mary ODonnell of Tyrconnell

5.
1600
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As of the start of 1600, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – Scotland adopts January 1 as New Years Day, January – Sebald de Weert makes the first definite sighting of the Falkland Islands. February 17 – Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake for heresy in Rome, february 19 – Huaynaputina volcano in Peru undergoes a catastrophic eruption, the worst to be recorded in South America. March 20 – Linköping Bloodbath, Public execution by decapitation of five Swedish nobles, april 19 - First Dutch ship ever to arrive in Japan. The ship, called Liefde, anchored in Sashifu, in the Bungo area, july 2 – Battle of Nieuwpoort in the Eighty Years War between the Dutch and the Spanish. August 5 – The brothers Alexander Ruthven and John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, are killed during an attempt to kidnap or murder King James VI of Scotland at their home. October 21 – Battle of Sekigahara in Japan, granting Tokugawa Ieyasu nominal control over the whole country, december 31 – East India Company granted a Royal Charter in the Kingdom of England on trades in Asia Sumo wrestling becomes a professional sport in Japan. William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream is first performed and his play The Merchant of Venice is published, william Gilbert publishes De Magnete, which describes the Earths magnetic field and is the beginning of modern Geomagnetism. Fabritio Carosos Nobiltà de dame is published, ulster chieftains, with the lead of Hugh ONeill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, resist the English reconquest of Ireland. A Persian embassy arrives in Prague and meets with Rudolf II, martin Möller is appointed chief pastor of Görlitz. The Lutheran orthodox campaign intensifies to reinforce the Book of Concord, spielvogel – Western Civilization – Volume II, Since 1500, p.401

6.
Kingdom of Scotland
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The Kingdom of Scotland was a state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843, which joined with the Kingdom of England to form a unified Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the third of the island of Great Britain. It suffered many invasions by the English, but under Robert I it fought a war of independence. In 1603, James VI of Scotland became King of England, in 1707, the two kingdoms were united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union. The Crown was the most important element of government, the Scottish monarchy in the Middle Ages was a largely itinerant institution, before Edinburgh developed as a capital city in the second half of the 15th century. The Scottish Crown adopted the conventional offices of western European courts, Parliament also emerged as a major legal institution, gaining an oversight of taxation and policy, but was never as central to the national life as its counterpart in England. In the 17th century, the creation of Justices of Peace, the continued existence of courts baron and the introduction of kirk sessions helped consolidate the power of local lairds. Scots law developed into a system in the Middle Ages and was reformed and codified in the 16th and 17th centuries. Under James IV the legal functions of the council were rationalised, in 1532, the College of Justice was founded, leading to the training and professionalisation of lawyers. David I is the first Scottish king known to have produced his own coinage, Early Scottish coins were virtually identical in silver content to English ones, but from about 1300 their silver content began to depreciate more rapidly than the English coins. At the union of the Crowns in 1603 the Scottish pound was fixed at only one-twelfth the value of the English pound, the Bank of Scotland issued pound notes from 1704. Scottish currency was abolished by the Act of Union, Scotland is half the size of England and Wales in area, but has roughly the same length of coastline. Geographically Scotland is divided between the Highlands and Islands and the Lowlands, the Highlands had a relatively short growing season, which was further shortened during the Little Ice Age. From Scotlands foundation to the inception of the Black Death, the population had grown to a million, following the plague and it expanded in the first half of the 16th century, reaching roughly 1.2 million by the 1690s. Significant languages in the kingdom included Gaelic, Old English, Norse and French. Christianity was introduced into Scotland from the 6th century, in the Norman period the Scottish church underwent a series of changes that led to new monastic orders and organisation. During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that created a predominately Calvinist national kirk, there were a series of religious controversies that resulted in divisions and persecutions. The Scottish Crown developed naval forces at various points in its history, Land forces centred around the large common army, but adopted European innovations from the 16th century, and many Scots took service as mercenaries and as soldiers for the English Crown

7.
Politics of Scotland
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Scotland is a country which is part of the United Kingdom. The UK is de jure a unitary state, and the Parliament of the United Kingdom, located at Westminster, London, is sovereign over the whole state. However, since the late 1990s, a system of devolution has emerged in the UK, under which Scotland, Wales, Scotland entered into a political union with England in 1707, and since then has sent representatives to the Palace of Westminster, which became the British parliament. In 1999, an 129-member Scottish Parliament was established in Edinburgh, it has power to make law in Scotland. In the UK government, Scottish affairs are represented by the Secretary of State for Scotland, the Scottish Government is headed by a First Minister, who is the leader of the political party with the most support in the Scottish Parliament, currently Nicola Sturgeon MSP. The head of state in Scotland is the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, as the UK is part of the European Union, Scotland also elects six Members to sit in the European Parliament. Scotland can best be described as having a multi-party system, in the Scottish Parliament, the centre-left pro-independence Scottish National Party is the party which forms the government, it currently holds a plurality of seats in the parliament. Opposition parties include the Scottish Labour Party, the Scottish Conservative Party, the Scottish Liberal Democrats, elections are held once every five years, with 73 Members being elected to represent constituencies, and the remaining 56 elected via a system of proportional representation. At Westminster, Scotland is represented by 56 MPs from the Scottish National Party, and 1 MP each from the Labour Party, the Conservative Party, today, the creation of an independent Scotland outside the United Kingdom remains a prominent issue. On 18 September 2014, the people of Scotland voted in a referendum on whether to become independent, the party with the largest number of seats in the Scottish Parliament is the Scottish National Party, which campaigns for Scottish independence. The current First Minister of Scotland is SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon, the previous First Minister, Alex Salmond, led the SNP to an overall majority victory in the May 2011 general election, which was then lost in 2016 and now forms a minority government. Other parties represented in the parliament are the Labour Party, Conservative Party which form the opposition, Liberal Democrats. The next Scottish Parliament election is due to be held in May 2021 and this has been done on a number of occasions where it has been seen as either more efficient, or more politically expedient to have the legislation considered by Westminster. The Scotland Office is a department of the United Kingdom government, the current Secretary of State for Scotland is David Mundell MP, a Conservative. Until 1999, Scottish peers were entitled to sit in the House of Lords, the main political debate in Scotland tends to revolve around attitudes to the constitutional question. Under the pressure of growing support for Scottish independence a policy of devolution had been advocated by all three GB-wide parties to some degree during their history. Now that devolution has occurred, the argument about Scotlands constitutional status is over whether the Scottish Parliament should accrue additional powers. To clarify these issues, the SNP-led Scottish Executive published Choosing Scotlands Future, the programmes of legislation enacted by the Scottish Parliament have seen the divergence in the provision of public services compared to the rest of the United Kingdom

8.
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
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The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The monarchs title is King or Queen, the current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952. The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic, as the monarchy is constitutional, the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The monarch is, by tradition, commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces, from 1603, when the Scottish monarch King James VI inherited the English throne as James I, both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married Catholics, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the worlds surface at its greatest extent in 1921. After the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, George VI and his successor, Elizabeth II, adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms. In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom, the Monarch is the Head of State, oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors. God Save the Queen is the British national anthem, and the monarch appears on postage stamps, coins, the Monarch takes little direct part in Government. Executive power is exercised by Her Majestys Government, which comprises Ministers, primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet and they have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown, the Civil Service and other Crown Servants such as the Diplomatic and Secret Services. Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary, who by constitution, the Church of England, of which the Monarch is the head, has its own legislative, judicial and executive structures. Powers independent of government are legally granted to public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council. The Sovereigns role as a monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions. This role has been recognised since the 19th century, the constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the dignified part rather than the efficient part of government. Whenever necessary, the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister, the Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience, and after kissing hands that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument. Since 1945, there have only been two hung parliaments, the first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilsons Labour Party did not have a majority, they were the largest party, the second followed the May 2010 general election, in which the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II

9.
James VI and I
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James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, James succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother Mary was compelled to abdicate in his favour. Four different regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, in 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known after him as the Jacobean era, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617 and he was a major advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonization of the Americas began, at 57 years and 246 days, Jamess reign in Scotland was longer than those of any of his predecessors. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced difficulties in England, including the Gunpowder Plot in 1605. James himself was a scholar, the author of works such as Daemonologie, The True Law of Free Monarchies. He sponsored the translation of the Bible that would later be named after him, Sir Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed the wisest fool in Christendom, an epithet associated with his character ever since. Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise Jamess reputation and treat him as a serious, James was the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of Henry VII of England through Margaret Tudor, Marys rule over Scotland was insecure, and she and her husband, being Roman Catholics, faced a rebellion by Protestant noblemen. James was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle, and as the eldest son and heir apparent of the monarch automatically became Duke of Rothesay and Prince and he was baptised Charles James or James Charles on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Castle. His godparents were Charles IX of France, Elizabeth I of England, Mary refused to let the Archbishop of St Andrews, whom she referred to as a pocky priest, spit in the childs mouth, as was then the custom. The subsequent entertainment, devised by Frenchman Bastian Pagez, featured men dressed as satyrs and sporting tails, Jamess father, Darnley, was murdered on 10 February 1567 at Kirk o Field, Edinburgh, perhaps in revenge for Rizzios death. James inherited his fathers titles of Duke of Albany and Earl of Ross, Mary was already unpopular, and her marriage on 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, who was widely suspected of murdering Darnley, heightened widespread bad feeling towards her. In June 1567, Protestant rebels arrested Mary and imprisoned her in Loch Leven Castle and she was forced to abdicate on 24 July 1567 in favour of the infant James and to appoint her illegitimate half-brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, as regent. The care of James was entrusted to the Earl and Countess of Mar, to be conserved, nursed, and upbrought in the security of Stirling Castle

10.
New Year's Day
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New Years Day, also called simply New Years or New Year, is observed on January 1, the first day of the year on the modern Gregorian calendar as well as the Julian calendar. In pre-Christian Rome under the Julian calendar, the day was dedicated to Janus, god of gateways and beginnings, other global New Years Day traditions include making New Years resolutions and calling ones friends and family. Mesopotamia instituted the concept of celebrating the new year in 2000 BC, celebrated new year around the time of the vernal equinox, the early Roman calendar designated March 1 as the new year. The calendar had just ten months, beginning with March and that the new year once began with the month of March is still reflected in some of the names of the months. September through December, our ninth through twelfth months, were positioned as the seventh through tenth months. Roman legend usually credited their second king Numa with the establishment of the months of January and February and these were first placed at the end of the year, but at some point came to be considered the first two months instead. The January Kalends came to be celebrated as the new year at some point after it became the day for the new consuls in 153 BC. Romans had long dated their years by these consulships, rather than sequentially, still, private and religious celebrations around the March new year continued for some time and there is no consensus on the question of the timing for January 1s new status. Once it became the new year, however, it became a time for family gatherings, in AD567, the Council of Tours formally abolished January 1 as the beginning of the year. These days were also astronomically and astrologically significant since, at the time of the Julian reform, March 25 had been understood as the spring equinox and December 25 as the winter solstice. Medieval calendars nonetheless often continued to display the months running from January to December, among the 7th century pagans of Flanders and the Netherlands, it was the custom to exchange gifts on the first day of the new year. This custom was deplored by Saint Eligius, who warned the Flemish and Dutch, make vetulas, little deer or iotticos or set tables at night or exchange New Year gifts or supply superfluous drinks. Because of the leap year error in the Julian calendar, the date of Easter had drifted backward since the First Council of Nicaea decided the computation of the date of Easter in 325, by the sixteenth century, the drift from the observed equinox had become unacceptable. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII declared the Gregorian calendar widely used today, the Gregorian calendar reform also restored January 1 as New Years Day. Although most Catholic countries adopted the Gregorian calendar almost immediately, it was gradually adopted among Protestant countries. The British, for example, did not adopt the reformed calendar until 1752, until then, the British Empire – and its American colonies – still celebrated the new year on 25 March. Most nations of Western Europe officially adopted 1 January as New Years Day somewhat before they adopted the Gregorian Calendar, in Tudor England, New Years Day, along with Christmas Day and Twelfth Night, was celebrated as one of three main festivities among the twelve days of Christmastide. There, until the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in 1752, Pope Gregory acknowledged 1 January as the beginning of the new year according to his reform of the Catholic Liturgical Calendar

11.
Perth, Scotland
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Perth is a city in central Scotland, located on the banks of the River Tay. It is the centre of Perth and Kinross council area. According to the preliminary 2011 census results Perth, including its suburbs, has a population of 50,000. Perth has been known as The Fair City since the publication of the story Fair Maid of Perth by Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott in 1828. During the later period the city was also called St Johns Toun or Saint Johnstoun by its inhabitants in reference to the main church dedicated to St John the Baptist. This name is preserved by the football team, St Johnstone F. C. The name Perth comes from a Pictish word for wood or copse, there has been a settlement at Perth since prehistoric times, on a natural mound raised slightly above the flood plain of the Tay, where the river could be crossed at low tide. The area surrounding the city is known to have been occupied since Mesolithic hunter-gatherers arrived more than 8000 years ago. Nearby Neolithic standing stones and circles also exist, dating from about 4000 BC, the presence of Scone Abbey, home of the Stone of Destiny where the King of Scots was crowned, enhanced the early importance of the city. Perth became known as a capital of Scotland, due to the frequent residence of the royal court, Royal Burgh status was soon given to the city by King William the Lion in the early 12th century. The city became one of the richest burghs in the country, doing trade with France, the Low Countries and Baltic Countries for goods such as Spanish silk and French wine. The Scottish Reformation also played a big role in the city with the sacking of the Houses of the Greyfriars and Blackfriars, the Act of Settlement later brought about Jacobite uprisings. The city was occupied by Jacobite supporters on three occasions, the founding of Perth Academy in 1760 helped to bring major industries, such as linen, leather, bleach and whisky, to the city. Given its location, Perth was perfectly placed to become a key transport centre with the coming of the railways, today, Perth serves as a retail centre for the surrounding area. Following the decline of the industry locally, the citys economy has now diversified to include insurance. Due to its location, the city is referred to as the Gateway to the Highlands. The Australian metropolis Perth took its name from the Scottish city, Perth is also twinned with Aschaffenburg in the German state of Bavaria. The name Perth derives from a Pictish-Gaelic word for wood or copse, Perth was referred to as St Johns ton up until the mid-1600s with the name Perthia being reserved for the wider area

12.
Robert Logan of Restalrig
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Sir Robert Logan of Restalrig was a Scottish knight involved in the Gowrie House affair of 1600. Roberts father was also called Robert Logan of Restalrig, his mother was Agnes Gray, daughter of Patrick Gray, in 1547, his father, Robert Logan of Restalrig was married to Agnes Seton. During the crisis of the Scottish reformation in 1559, this Robert Logan senior took his Leith followers to face the French troops of Henri Cleutin at Cupar Muir, after Robert Logan senior died, his widow Agnes Gray married Alexander Home, 5th Lord Home. Robert the heir firstly married Elizabeth Makgill, daughter of David Makgill of Cranston-Riddell, then Jonet Ker, roberts first wife, Elizabeth Makgill, after their divorce, married Sir Thomas Kennedy of Culzean, Tutor of Cassilis. The Logan family lived at Lochend Castle near Restalrig, and others of the name had been Provost of Leith. Robert inherited Fast Castle and other lands near the border with England, as nephew and heir of Elizabeth Martene, Lady Fastcastle, in the 1570s Robert was lord of half of the lands of Fastcastle, and Sir George Ogilvie of Dunlugus was lord of the other half. In 1597 he surrendered a number of lands and rights connected to Fast Castle, the rights included the keeping of Berwick Castle, which had not been in Scottish hands since 1482. Fast Castle had been a possession of Coldingham Priory, but after 1598 the lands of the Priory were annexed to the crown, and so Logan now held Fastcastle and Flemington directly from the crown. On 5 April 1603, James VI of Scotland raised the status of the Restalrig estate into a free barony, during the Scottish civil war in 1573, Robert Logan supported Mary, Queen of Scots by joining William Kirkcaldy of Grange in defending Edinburgh Castle in the Queens name. On 29 July 1586, he wrote from Restalrig to Archibald Douglas in London, Logan conveyed letters secretly from England for the Master of Gray. The Master of Gray and Logan corresponded with Douglas on this unofficial diplomacy, the Master of Grays letters show that he was reluctant to become involved in a project with such doubtful outcomes, but he sent Logan to Douglas in December 1586. After he returned to Fastcastle, Logan wrote back to Douglas on 25 February 1587 and his Majesty taks the daithe of his mother very hevely, and hes, for that cause, retirit hemself to Dalkethe for the space of 10 days in quyet. Robert Logan died before May 1608, the last of his line and his first wife, Elizabeth MacGill, after their divorce married Sir Thomas Kennedy of Culzean, Tutor of Cassilis. Robert Logan was implicated in an attempt to abduct James VI of Scotland by John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie. In 1608, after Robert Logans death, Sprot confessed he had letters from Gowrie to Logan at Fast Castle. Sprot understood from Logans servant that if the king was successfully abducted, Sprot described a letter signed Restalrig which he claimed was written by Robert Logan to Gowrie, which he had obtained from Logans illiterate servant, James Bour of Auchencrow. Logan offered Gowrie and his brother the use of Fast Castle to settle their plot and he recommended that the matter be settled soon at the Kings buck hunting. In this letter, Robert said the matter in hand was like a tale of a gentleman of Padua

13.
John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie
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John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie was a Scottish nobleman who succeeded his brother, James, the 2nd Earl, as Earl of Gowrie following James death in 1586. John died in 1600 in mysterious circumstances, referred to as the Gowrie Conspiracy, John Ruthven was the second son of William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie and his wife Dorothea Stewart. His brother James, 2nd Earl died in 1586, therefore John succeeded his brother as the Earl of Gowrie while still a child, along with his vast estates, Gowrie inherited the family traditions of treason and intrigue. Gowrie had thus been already engaged in treasonable conspiracy when, in August 1594, he proceeded to Italy with his tutor, William Rhynd. On his way home in 1599 he remained for months at Geneva with the reformer Theodore Beza. At Paris he made acquaintance with the English ambassador, Henry Neville, Neville wrote that Gowrie would like to kiss Queen Elizabeths hand, and said the Earl was well-affected to the Protestant religion and the English queen. Gowrie would be able to give Cecil useful information regarding potential feared alterations in the state of Scotland. In London he was received favourably by Queen Elizabeth and her ministers. To understand the relative probabilities of hypotheses, regard must be paid to the condition of Scotland in 1600. Plots to capture the sovereign for the purpose of coercing his actions were frequent, more than one had been successful, relations between England and Scotland were more than usually strained, and the Earl of Gowrie was reckoned in London among the adherents of Elizabeth. The Kirk party, being at variance with James, looked upon Gowrie as a partisan of their cause. Gowrie was believed to be Jamess rival for the succession to the English crown, as regards the question of motive, the Ruthvens believed Gowries father to have been treacherously done to death, and his widow insulted by the kings favourite minister. James owed a large sum of money to the Earl of Gowries estate, the two most recent studies subscribe to the kidnap theory. W. F. Arbuckles study of 1957 favours the kidnap that went wrong, most modern research, in the light of materials inaccessible or overlooked till the 20th century, points to the conclusion that there was a conspiracy by Gowrie and his brother to kidnap the king. The facts as related by James and other witnesses were, in outline, as follows, On 5 August 1600, the King rose early to hunt in the neighbourhood of Falkland Palace, about 14 miles from Perth. As he set out, accompanied by the Duke of Lennox, the Earl of Mar, Thomas Erskine and others, he was approached by twenty-year-old Alexander Ruthven, a younger brother of John Ruthven. Alexander advised the king that he and his brother had detained a foreigner carrying a quantity of money at Gowrie House in Perth. The king initially hesitated but ultimately agreed to ride to Perth after the hunt ended, Alexander Ruthven dispatched a servant, Henderson, to inform his brother that the king would be arriving at Gowrie House later in the day

14.
Charles I of England
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Charles I was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles was the son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England. He became heir apparent to the English, Irish, and Scottish thrones on the death of his brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. Two years later, he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France instead, after his succession, Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. Charles believed in the right of kings and thought he could govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent and he supported high church ecclesiastics, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to aid Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years War. From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War, after his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament. Charles refused to accept his captors demands for a constitutional monarchy, re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, Charles forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwells New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and a called the Commonwealth of England was declared. The monarchy was restored to Charless son, Charles II, in 1660, the second son of King James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, Charles was born in Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on 19 November 1600. James VI was the first cousin twice removed of Queen Elizabeth I of England, in mid-July 1604, Charles left Dunfermline for England where he was to spend most of the rest of his life. His speech development was slow, and he retained a stammer, or hesitant speech. In January 1605, Charles was created Duke of York, as is customary in the case of the English sovereigns second son, Thomas Murray, a Presbyterian Scot, was appointed as a tutor. Charles learnt the usual subjects of classics, languages, mathematics, in 1611, he was made a Knight of the Garter. Eventually, Charles apparently conquered his physical infirmity, which might have been caused by rickets and he became an adept horseman and marksman, and took up fencing. Even so, his public profile remained low in contrast to that of his stronger and taller elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. However, in early November 1612, Henry died at the age of 18 of what is suspected to have been typhoid, Charles, who turned 12 two weeks later, became heir apparent

15.
Dunfermline Palace
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Dunfermline Palace is a former Scottish royal palace in Dunfermline, Fife. It is currently a ruin under the care of Historic Scotland, Dunfermline was a favourite residence of many Scottish monarchs. Documented history of residence there begins in the 11th century with Malcolm III who made it his capital. His seat was the nearby Malcolms Tower, a few hundred yards to the west of the later palace, in the medieval period David II and James I of Scotland were both born at Dunfermline. Dunfermline Palace is attached to the historic Dunfermline Abbey, occupying a site between the abbey and deep gorge to the south and it is connected to the former monastic residential quarters of the abbey via a gatehouse above a pend, one of Dunfermlines medieval gates. The building therefore occupies what was originally the guest house of the abbey, however, its remains largely reflect the form in which the building was developed by James IV in a refabrication around 1500. Throughout the sixteenth century, Scotlands monarchs and royal members were frequently in residence. In 1589 the palace was given as a present by the king, James VI. She gave birth to three of their children there, Elizabeth, Charles and Robert, after the Union of Crowns in 1603, the removal of the Scottish court to London meant that the building came to be rarely visited by a monarch. Ten tapestries from the royal collection were still there in 1616. When Charles I returned in 1633 for his Scottish coronation he only made a visit to his place of birth. The last monarch to occupy the palace was Charles II who stayed at Dunfermline in 1650 just before the Battle of Pitreavie, soon afterwards, during the Cromwellian occupation of Scotland, the building was abandoned and by 1708 it had been unroofed. All that remains of the palace today is the kitchen, its cellars, Historic Scotland, Dunfermline Palace and Abbey

16.
Scalloway Castle
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Scalloway Castle is a tower house in Scalloway, on the Sheltand Mainland, the largest island in the Shetland Islands of Scotland. The tower was built in 1600 by Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney, in 1564, Robert Stewart, illegitimate son of King James V, was granted lands in Orkney and Shetland and subsequently established himself as a powerful but unscrupulous figure in the islands. Despite numerous complaints against him for seizing lands and misusing taxes, Stewart was later made Earl of Orkney and he remained unpopular with the local lairds, and they subsequently turned the king against Stewart, who died impoverished in 1593, having had his Earldom revoked in 1587. Robert Stewarts son Patrick, who had been on terms with his father. He effectively succeeded as Earl of Orkney on his fathers death, in Shetland he continued to appropriate lands and feuded with the lairds, Laurence Bruce of Cultmalindie, son of Robert Stewarts ally, became his chief opponent. Following his charter of the Earldom in 1600, Stewart began the construction of Scalloway Castle which was completed around 1607 and his main residence was the Earls Palace, built by his father on Birsay, Orkney, while Scalloway was used by his representative in Shetland. The new castle also served as a place for the thing of Shetland during Earl Patricks ascendancy. Construction of the castle was undertaken by workers, summoned by Patrick from the parishes of Shetland. Crawford was probably responsible for Patricks Earls Palace in Kirkwall. In 1609 the Shetland lairds complained to the king of Earl Patricks misrule of the islands, Patrick was subsequently imprisoned at Edinburgh Castle, and was executed in 1615 for encouraging his son Robert to retake his Orkney possessions. Meanwhile, control of the islands was given over to James Law, Bishop of Orkney, in 1653 troops were stationed in the castle, and by the early 18th century its condition was described as poor. Some of the stonework was removed to be incorporated into the Haa of Sand. The ruins were placed into care in 1908, and are now maintained by Historic Scotland. Excavations in 1979–1980 uncovered the remains of 17th-century outbuildings to the north of the tower, Scalloway Castle is built on an L-plan, with a main tower of 18 by 10 metres, and a wing to the south-west of 8 metres square. The roofless castle is of four storeys, with an additional garret over the main tower, the ground level is tunnel-vaulted, containing kitchens, stores and a well. A straight staircase leads up to the hall on the first floor, around the third floor are bartizans projected on decorative corbelling. There is an inscription above the door, illegible today but recorded in the 18th century as Patrick Stewart, Earl of Orkney and that house whose foundation is on a rock shall stand but if on sand shall fall. The castle is a monument, and a category A listed building

17.
Mainland, Shetland
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The Mainland is the main island of Shetland, Scotland. The island contains Shetlands only burgh, Lerwick, and is the centre of Shetlands ferry and air connections. It has an area of 374 square miles, making it the third largest Scottish island, the mainland can be broadly divided into four sections. The long southern peninsula, south of Lerwick, has a mixture of moorland and farmland, bigton Sandwick Scalloway Sumburgh The Central Mainland has more farmland and some woodland plantations. The North Mainland contains Sullom Voe, whose oil terminal is an important source of employment for the islanders, brae North Roe Vidlin This island is the second most populous of the Scottish islands, and had 18,765 residents in 2011 compared to 17,550 in 2001. List of islands of Scotland List of islands of the British Isles

18.
Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney
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Patrick Stewart, Earl of Orkney, Lord of Zetland was a Scottish nobleman, the son of Robert, Earl of Orkney, a bastard son of King James V. Infamous for his godless nature and tyrannical rule over Orkney and Shetland, Patrick was the second of five sons born to Earl Robert and his wife Lady Jean Kennedy. On the death of his uncle Lord Robert in 1581, he was given the gift of the Priory of Whithorn, on the death of his elder brother Henry around 1588, he became heir to the Earldom of Orkney. In his youth Patrick was a friend of his cousin James VI, however. An early example of his rapacity occurs in 1594, when he was accused of spoiling a Danzig ship, the same year he accused three of his younger brothers of conspiring to kill him, after he caught one of Johns servitors with poison on him. The servitor was tortured and executed, along with Allison Balfour, a witch who supposedly aided in the conspiracy, Patrick became a prominent figure at Court, and served as a sewer to the King at the baptism of his son Prince Henry Frederick in 1594. He ruled Orkney and Shetland in the manner of an independent sovereign, severely oppressing the islanders, Patrick also feuded with George Sinclair, the Earl of nearby Caithness. In March 1599, James VI ordered Patrick and George to furnish their strongholds against the possibility of an invasion by the exiled Earl of Bothwell and this scare was renewed in July 1601. In 1607 Earl Patrick began the construction of the Earls Palace in Kirkwall, Patrick joined the King in a hunting trip in Teviotdale in the Scottish borders in March 1600. The hunting party was shadowed by an agent of the English border warden, after Earl Patricks imprisonment, he sent his illegitimate son Robert Stewart to raise a rebellion in Orkney in his favour. Robert seized the Palace of Birsay with thirty companions in May 1614, then occupied the Earls Palace, as many as 700 rebels subscribed to a band which claimed their action was restoring royal justice in Orkney under the direction of Robert Stewart during the Earls absence. Robert was defeated by a force commanded by the Earl of Caithness at the end of September, after a siege of the Earls Palace. The Earl of Caithness battered the Palace with 140 cannon shot, twelve of Roberts men were hanged at the castle gate. Robert was taken to Edinburgh, put on trial, and hanged with five others, Robert and his father denied they had planned the rebellion together, but Roberts accomplice, Patrick Halcro, insisted he had acted on Earl Patricks instructions. Evidence was taken in Orkney from Margaret Buchanan, a servant who claimed she had instructions for Halcro written by the Earl. Roberts execution evoked much sympathy from the people, owing to his age, around twenty-two. The trial of Earl Patrick followed that of his son, the execution eventually took place on 6 February 1615, when he was taken to the Market Cross in Edinburgh and beheaded. In 1595 King James suggested the Earls marriage to Emilia, a sister of Count Maurice of Nassau, Patrick had partly funded the Colonels mission, which was resented by the Scottish resident ambassador-lieger and consul to the States General, Robert Deniston

19.
1649 in England
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Events from the year 1649 in England. Monarch – Charles I, Interregnum 3 January – An explosion of several barrels of gunpowder in Tower Street, London kills 67 people and destroys 60 houses. 4 January – The Rump Parliament passes an ordinance to set up a High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I for high treason in the name of the people of England. 20 to 27 January – Trial and conviction of King Charles I by the High Court of Justice convened in Westminster Hall,30 January King Charles I beheaded outside the Banqueting House, Whitehall. Prince Charles Stuart declares himself King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland, at this time none of the three Kingdoms have recognised him as ruler. Parliament this day has passed an Act prohibiting the proclaiming any person to be King of England or Ireland,9 February – Eikon Basilike, the Pourtrature of His Sacred Majestie in His Solitudes and Sufferings, purporting to be the spiritual autobiography of Charles I, is published. 23 February – Ships of the Parliamentary navy are to fly the flag of England,19 March – The House of Commons passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring that it is useless and dangerous to the people of England. March – Robert Blake is promoted to become a General at Sea of the English fleet,2 May – Lawyer and regicide Sir Isaac Dorislaus, while in The Hague to negotiate an alliance with the Dutch Republic, is murdered by royalist exiles. 17 May – Banbury mutiny ends – leaders of the Leveller mutineers in the New Model Army are hanged at Burford,19 May – An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth is passed by the Rump Parliament. 22 May–October – Robert Blake blockades Prince Ruperts fleet in Kinsale, August – The Diggers abandon their last major colony, at St. Georges Hill, Weybridge. 15 August – Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, 3–11 September – Siege of Drogheda in Ireland, Cromwells New Model Army massacres the Irish Catholic Confederation garrison. 2–11 October – Sack of Wexford in Ireland, New Model Army massacres the Irish Catholic Confederation garrison, October – John Miltons Eikonoklastes, in Answer to a Book Intitld Eikon Basilike, a defence of the execution of Charles I, is published

20.
John Ogilby
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John Ogilby was a Scottish translator, impresario and cartographer. Best known for publishing the first British road atlas, he was also a successful translator, Ogilby was born in or near Killemeare, Scotland in November 1600. This he used to himself to a dancing master and to obtain his fathers release. By further good management of his finances, he was able to buy himself an early completion of his apprenticeship, however, a fall while dancing in a masque lamed him for life and ended this career. Ogilby then went on to establish Irelands first theatre, the Werburgh Street Theatre, for the four years that the theatre was open it was a great success but it had to be closed as a result of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Finding his way on foot to Cambridge, he learned Latin from kindly scholars who had been impressed by his industry and he then ventured to translate Virgil into English verse, which brought him a considerable sum of money. The success of this attempt encouraged Ogilby to learn Greek from David Whitford, after his return to London in 1650, he married the widow Christina Hunsdon, who had three children by her earlier marriage. The next few years were spent in translating and the opening of a business in London. The Restoration of Charles II brought favour back to Ogilby with a commission to help in the arrangements for the coronation in 1660 with the composing of speeches, in that year too he brought out his translation of Homers Iliad, dedicated to his royal patron. A year later he was again made Master of the Revels in Ireland and he set about the building of a new theatre in Smock Alley, Dublin. The libretto of the musical play Pompey by Katherine Philips, performed at Smock Alley in 1663, by 1665 Ogilby had returned to London and published a second, revised edition of The Fables of Aesop, this time illustrated by Wenceslaus Hollars renowned prints. He had to republish the book in 1668 since his property was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666, in 1674 Ogilby had been appointed His Majestys Cosmographer and Geographic Printer. The Britannia atlas of 1675 set the standard for the maps that followed. At that period some of the roads used the local mile rather than the standard mile of 1760 standard yards which Ogilby adopted in his atlas. One hundred strip road maps are shown, accompanied by a page of text giving additional advice for the maps use. Another innovation was Ogilbys scale of one inch to the mile and these are marked and numbered on each map, the miles further being divided into furlongs. After the maps publication, Ogilby died in 1676 and was buried at St Brides Church, one of Sir Christopher Wrens new London churches. In the years followed, Ogilbys reputation as a translator was to suffer from the attacks made on him by John Dryden in his satirical MacFlecknoe

21.
Cartography
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Cartography is the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively, the fundamental problems of traditional cartography are to, Set the maps agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing, traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries. Represent the terrain of the object on flat media. This is the concern of map projections, eliminate characteristics of the mapped object that are not relevant to the maps purpose. This is the concern of generalization, reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generalization, orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience. This is the concern of map design, modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems. The earliest known map is a matter of debate, both because the term map isnt well-defined and because some artifacts that might be maps might actually be something else. A wall painting that might depict the ancient Anatolian city of Çatalhöyük has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE, the oldest surviving world maps are from 9th century BCE Babylonia. One shows Babylon on the Euphrates, surrounded by Assyria, Urartu and several cities, all, in turn, another depicts Babylon as being north of the world center. The ancient Greeks and Romans created maps since Anaximander in the 6th century BCE, in the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy wrote his treatise on cartography, Geographia. This contained Ptolemys world map – the world known to Western society. As early as the 8th century, Arab scholars were translating the works of the Greek geographers into Arabic, in ancient China, geographical literature dates to the 5th century BCE. The oldest extant Chinese maps come from the State of Qin, dated back to the 4th century BCE, in the book of the Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, published in 1092 by the Chinese scientist Su Song, a star map on the equidistant cylindrical projection. Early forms of cartography of India included depictions of the pole star and these charts may have been used for navigation. Mappa mundi are the Medieval European maps of the world, approximately 1,100 mappae mundi are known to have survived from the Middle Ages. Of these, some 900 are found illustrating manuscripts and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents, the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi produced his medieval atlas Tabula Rogeriana in 1154

22.
1676 in England
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Events from the year 1676 in the Kingdom of England. Monarch – Charles II18 February – Isaac Newton observes to Robert Hooke that If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants,2 March – first performance of George Ethereges play The Man of Mode. 26 May – fire in Southwark destroys 625 houses, september to November – major influenza epidemic, the first to be recorded as such. 11 December – first performance of William Wycherleys play The Plain Dealer, construction begins on Trinity College Library in Cambridge, designed by Sir Christopher Wren. The Royal Greenwich Observatory in London, designed by Wren, is completed, consecration of the first Greek Orthodox church in England, at Hog Lane, London. The first fossilised bone of what is now known to be a dinosaur is discovered by Robert Plot, the femur of a Megalosaurus from a limestone quarry at Cornwell near Chipping Norton

23.
David Leslie, 1st Lord Newark
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David Leslie, 1st Lord Newark was a cavalry officer and General in the English Civil War and Scottish Civil Wars. A son of Patrick Leslie, 1st Lord Lindores, he fought for the Swedish army of Gustavus Adolphus as a soldier during the Thirty Years War. He had entered Swedish service in 1630, serving as a captain in the regiment of Alexander Leslie, Leslie petitioned to leave Swedish service in August 1640 after being wounded in battle. The Swedish Riksråd records show that he and Colonel James Lumsden asked to return to Scotland at the same time, both these officers were rewarded with a severance deal which included 200 muskets and 200 suits of armour each. Leslie also received a gold chain as an indication of his loyal service to the Swedish Crown. The Stuart ambassador in Hamburg, Sir Thomas Roe, informed London of Leslie’s departure with Colonel Lumsden and 24 other Scottish officers from that city and they arrived in Scotland after the Bishops Wars had effectively ended. He played an important role the day at the critical Battle of Marston Moor and this allowed the infantry time to regroup and eliminate the Royalist battalia led by another former colleague, Lieutenant General James King, Lord Eythin. David Leslie subsequently commanded the force that besieged Carlisle, Cumbria, in 1645 Leslie was sent back to Scotland to deal with the Royalists there during the Scottish Civil War. He routed the main Royalist force under James Graham, Marquis of Montrose at the Battle of Philiphaugh, at Philiphaugh he captured his old commanding officer, Alexander Leslie of Auchintoul, for whom he intervened personally to save him from execution. Auchintoul was one of a handful of survivors and was spared execution, in 1647 Leslie besieged Dunaverty Castle which was a Clan MacDonald stronghold. The MacDonalds surrendered and then perhaps 300 of them were killed, Leslie then laid siege to the Royalist garrison at Kincardine Castle. The Castle was being held by the Chief of Clan MacNab, when MacNab found that it would not be possible to maintain defence, he led the defenders, sword in hand at the head of 300 men, who cut their way through the besieging force. All made it through apart from the MacNab chief himself and one man who were captured. The chief was sentenced to death but he escaped, rejoined King Charles, MacNab was later killed at the Battle of Worcester in 1651. In 1650, after Montrose had made another attempt at a Royalist uprising, Macleod, who had fought with Montrose at the siege of Inverness, delivered him up to the Covenanters. General Leslie, who was then at Tain, sent Major General James Holborne with a troop of horse to fetch Montrose to meet his judges. Whilst Montrose was being led to his death Leslie dispatched five troops of horse, including some from Holborne’s, the defenders refused to yield, holding out valiantly for some days until their water supply was cut off, forcing them to surrender. They were finally marched under escort to Edinburgh, where Montrose was executed, Leslie accordingly now found himself fighting for the King

24.
Samuel Rutherford
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Rev Prof Samuel Rutherford was a Scottish Presbyterian pastor, theologian and author, and one of the Scottish Commissioners to the Westminster Assembly. Samuel Rutherford was born in the village of Nisbet, Roxburghshire, Rutherford was educated at Jedburgh Grammar School and Edinburgh University, where he became Regent of Humanity in 1623. His patron in Galloway was John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure, on the re-establishment of Presbyterianism in 1638, he was made Professor of Divinity at St. Andrews. Marys College at St. Andrews in 1651 and he is buried in the churchyard of St Andrews Cathedral just west of the bell tower. The stone is well preserved. The epitaph on his tombstone includes Acquainted with Emmanuels Love, there is also a monument to Rutherford, an obelisk on the hilltop overlooking his former parish at Anwoth, in the village of Gatehouse of Fleet, southwest Scotland. Rutherford was also known for other spiritual and devotional works, such as Christ Dying and drawing Sinners to Himself, The Trial, after the Restoration, the authorities burned Lex, Rex and cited Rutherford for high treason, but his death intervened before the charge could be tried. Rutherford also was a supporter of the divine right of Presbyterianism. Rutherford was involved in controversies over church government with the New England Independents. Pp. 82–99 Initially sourced from Andrew Bonars Letters of Samuel Rutherford, with updates, Rutherford, Samuel, Bonar, Andrew, ed. Letters, London, Religious Tract Society. ———, Verse, in Cook, Faith, Grace in Winter, spurgeon, Charles Haddon, The Sword and the Trowel, ISBN 0-85151388-3. Thomson, Andrew, Samuel Rutherford, London, Hodder & Stoughton, ———, The Life of Samuel Rutherford, Edinburgh, Free Presbyterian Church, ISBN 978-0-902506-23-7. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Cousin. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, London, J. M. Dent & Sons

25.
National Archives of Scotland
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The National Archives of Scotland are the national archives of Scotland, based in Edinburgh. The NAS claims to have one of the most varied collection of archives in Europe and it is the main archive for sources of the history of Scotland as an independent state, her role in the British Isles and the links between Scotland and many other countries over the centuries. The Agency is responsible to the Scottish Minister for Europe, External Affairs and its antecedents date back to the 13th century. It is responsible for selecting, preserving, and promoting and making available the national archives of Scotland and it also has a role in records management more generally. Access to the archives is open to members of the public, on 1 April 2011 it was merged with the General Register Office for Scotland to form National Records of Scotland. The early history of the archives of Scotland reflects Scotlands own troubled history. Many records were lost as a result of being out of the country first in the 13th century by Edward I during the Wars of Independence. As a result, the earliest surviving Scottish public record is the Quitclaim of Canterbury of 1189, the first reference to a government official responsible for looking after the records dates from 1286. William of Dumfries was a clerk of the rolls of the chapel or chancery. This office was later to develop into that of Lord Clerk Register, the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton ended the first War of Independence in 1329 and provided for the return of the records to Scotland. But they remained in London, many disappeared, and when their remnants were sent back to Scotland in 1948, only about 200 documents remained. During the reign of Robert I, the Bruce, and with the settled nature of the country after the battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Records accumulated over the centuries and by the century it became necessary to build a special register house in Edinburgh Castle to house them. The archives remained safe in the Castle until its capture by Cromwells army in December 1650, the Scots were allowed to remove the archives and they were deposited in Stirling Castle. When that too fell to the English in August 1651, some of the records were carried off by the garrison, some were rescued by the clerks and their removal proved very inconvenient, so in 1657 the legal registers were returned to Scotland. It was not until the restoration of Charles II in 1660 that the records were sent back. One of the two carrying the archives, the Elizabeth, sank in a storm off the Northumbrian coast with the loss of all the papers. Those records which had survived the voyage north were deposited again in Edinburgh Castle, but in 1662 the legal registers were transferred to the Laigh Hall below the Parliament Hall on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, where parliamentary and other records from the Castle joined them in 1689

A medieval depiction of the Ecumene (1482, Johannes Schnitzer, engraver), constructed after the coordinates in Ptolemy's Geography and using his second map projection. The translation into Latin and dissemination of Geography in Europe, in the beginning of the 15th century, marked the rebirth of scientific cartography, after more than a millennium of stagnation.