Asia

Boom In Shadow Financing Exacts High Toll In China

At least 80 business owners have abandoned factories like this one in Wenzhou, China's entrepreneurial capital, because they have run up exorbitant debts to the city's loan sharks and underground lenders.

Frank LangfittNPR

In recent weeks, at least 80 business owners have fled Wenzhou in eastern China and gone into hiding because they can't pay crushing debts to the city's empire of underground lending firms and loan sharks.

Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao became so concerned that he flew to Wenzhou earlier in October to try to keep the problem from spreading.

The city's credit crisis highlights some of the flaws — and potential risks — of the banking system in the world's second-largest economy.

Business Owners Trapped By Debt

On a recent day, the doors at what used to be the Zhengdeli shoe factory in Wenzhou are chained shut. The only person there is a security guard from the government, which has taken over the facility.

In late September, the factory's owner, Shen Kuizheng, plunged to his death after jumping from his 22-story apartment. He was facing more than $60 million in debt.

Xu Jianpian, another Wenzhou factory owner, knew Shen.

"[Shen] expanded his business and wanted to be No. 1 in the shoemaking industry. He took out underground loans. And the interest was more than $15,000 a day," Xu says.

The Chinese government is deeply worried about inflation, which is more than 6 percent. So, earlier this year, it tightened already paltry lending by state banks to private firms. More factories turned to underground banks — which, in turn, jacked up their annual interest rates to 25 percent or more.

Shen became a marked man.

"He owed money to many people; the number was probably in the thousands," Xu recalls. "He used the properties of more than 20 relatives as collateral to get loans. Wherever he went, the creditors would follow him. He was cornered. There was so much pressure, he lost all hope of living."

Wenzhou is the capital of Chinese entrepreneurialism. Underground lending — valued at a staggering $19 billion, according to the state media — has been a part of commercial life in the coastal city for decades.

But Xu says he has never seen so many factory bosses run away. He says China's premier had no choice but to come to the city.

"Wen Jiaobao saw Wenzhou's economy was in the process of collapsing," he says.

The premier called for state banks to lend more to small firms and accept higher debt levels. He also called for a crackdown on high-interest loans.

Need To Break State Banking Monopoly

China's state media says the problem has been contained, but some worry that credit crises could emerge elsewhere.

Ye Tan, an economist based in Shanghai, notes that underground banking isn't unique to Wenzhou.

"It exists in many other parts of China, including Inner Mongolia and Guangdong province. This is definitely not just a Wenzhou phenomenon," she says.

The monopoly on China's banking system should be broken, says Gary Liu, who runs the financial research center at the China-Europe International Business School campus in Shanghai.

He says the problem is that China's banks are state-run and prefer to lend to state companies.

Consequently, many private firms — which produce most of the jobs in China — must hunt for loans elsewhere.

"They know underground lending is very risky because of the high interest rates, but they have no choice," he says.

Underground lending isn't just risky for borrowers. Liu says much of the money actually comes from state banks.

"For instance, you are bank staff, you have a friend. The friend can use his house to borrow a bank loan. And then you can lend money to underground borrowers," he explains.

And then they can lend the money to someone else. So, it can be hard for banks to keep track of where the money actually goes.

The rest of funding for underground lending comes from ordinary families, which can put entire communities at risk.

Underground Lending Out Of Control

Liu says despite these problems, the Chinese government has refused to reform the system.

"Many top leaders don't really understand the market economy. And actually, they don't want to give up their power. When there is a problem, the first thing that comes into their mind is to control," he says.

In China, shadow financing has grown dramatically in recent years. This summer, it stood at $2.6 trillion — nearly one-third of all lending in China, according to GaveKal, a global financial research firm based in Hong Kong.

Underground lending solves a huge problem for private companies. But no one knows exactly where all that credit is really going — and nobody seems able to control it.

Copyright 2013 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

Transcript

MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:

Wenzhou in China is a city of entrepreneurs, but in recent weeks, dozens of business owners have fled. They've gone into hiding because they can't pay off crushing debts they owe to the city's empire of underground lenders. The situation has caused national concern. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao even flew to Wenzhou earlier this month to try to keep the problem from spreading.

As NPR's Frank Langfitt reports, the city's credit crisis highlights flaws in the banking system of the world's second largest economy.

FRANK LANGFITT, BYLINE: This is Wenzhou's Zhengdeli shoe factory, or at least it used to be. Now, it's all abandoned and there are chains around the doors. The only person who's here is a security guard from the government, which is taking the place over. Now, late last month, the owner of the factory jumped from his 22 story apartment because he was facing more than $60 million in debts.

(SOUNDBITE OF HORN HONKING)

LANGFITT: To find out what happened, I met up with Xu Jianpian at a tea house.

(SOUNDBITE OF BUBBLING TEAPOT)

LANGFITT: That's a bubbling teapot. Xu runs a business here and he knew the factory boss, Shen Kuizheng, who took his own life.

XU JIANPIAN: (Through Translator). He expanded his business and wanted to be number one in the shoemaking industry. He took out underground loans and the interest was more than $15,000 a day.

LANGFITT: Shen's timing was terrible. The Chinese government is deeply worried about inflation, which is over six percent, so earlier this year it tightened already paltry lending by state banks to private firms. More factories turned to underground banks which, in turn, jacked up their annual interest rates to 25 percent or more. Shen became a marked man.

JIANPIAN: (Through Translator) He owed money to many people. The number was probably in the thousands. He used the properties of more than 20 relatives as collateral to get loans. Wherever he went, the creditors would follow him. He was cornered. There was so much pressure, he lost all hope of living.

LANGFITT: Wenzhou is the capital of Chinese entrepreneurialism. Underground lending here - valued at a staggering $19 billion - has been a part of commercial life in this coastal city for decades. But Xu had never seen so many factory bosses run away. He says China's Premier had no choice but to come to the city.

LANGFITT: The premier called for state banks to lend more to small firms and accept higher debt levels. He also called for a crackdown on high interest loans. China's state media says the problem has been contained, but some worry that credit crises could emerge elsewhere.

Ye Tan is an economist based in Shanghai.

YE TAN: (Through Translator) Underground banking is not unique to Wenzhou. It exists in many other parts of China, including inner Mongolia and Guangdong Province. This is definitely not just a Wenzhou phenomenon.

GARY LIU: China's banking system - you know, we should break the monopoly.

LANGFITT: Gary Liu runs the financial research center at the China-Europe International Business School campus in Shanghai. He says the problem is China's banks are state run and prefer to lend to state companies. Consequently, many private firms, which produce most of the jobs in China, must hunt for loans elsewhere.

LIU: They know that underground lending is very risky because the interest rate is so high, but he have no choice.

LANGFITT: Underground lending isn't just risky for borrowers. Liu says much of the money actually comes from state banks.

LIU: For instance, if you are a bank staff, you have a friend. The friend can, you know, use his house to borrow bank loan and then you can you can lend the money to underground, you know, borrowers.

LANGFITT: And then they can lend the money to someone else, so it can be hard for banks to keep track of where all that money goes. The rest of funding for underground lending comes from ordinary families, which can put entire communities at risk. Liu says, despite all these problems, the Chinese government has refused to reform the system.

LIU: Many top leaders, they don't really understand the market economy, and actually, they also don't want to give up their power. When there is a problem, the first thing that comes into their mind is to control.

LANGFITT: In China, shadow financing has grown dramatically in recent years. This summer, it stood at $2.6 trillion, according to GaveKal, a global research firm based in Hong Kong. That's nearly a third of all lending in China. Underground lending solves a huge problem for private companies, but no one knows exactly where all that credit is really going and no one seems able to control it.