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Have you ever felt you're not getting through to the person you're talking to, or not coming across the way you intend? You're not alone. That's the bad news. But there is something we can do about it. Heidi Grant Halvorson, social psychologist and bestselling author, explains why we're often misunderstood and how we can fix that. Most of us assume that other people see us as we see ourselves, and that they see us as we truly are. But neither is true. Our everyday interactions are colored by subtle biases that distort how others see us--and also shape our perceptions of them. You can learn to clarify the message you're sending once you understand the lenses that shape perception: Trust--Are you friend or foe?; Power--How much influence do you have over me?; Ego--Do you make me feel insecure? Based on decades of research in psychology and social science, Halvorson explains how these lenses affect our interactions--and how to manage them. Once you understand the science of perception, you'll communicate more clearly, send the messages you intend to send, and improve your personal relationships. You'll also become a fairer and more accurate judge of others. Halvorson even offers an evidence-based action plan for repairing a damaged reputation. This book is not about making a good impression, although it will certainly help you do that. It's about coming across as you intend. It's about the authenticity we all strive for.

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All too often, when we think we're projecting a certain image to others, they perceive us very differently. This happens in part because people tend to make judgments unconsciously and automatically, influenced by various biases. But research from social psychologists can help us understand the flaws in human perception and make sure we're judged fairly. According to the author, someone meeting you for the first time--or reassessing you later--is likely to be viewing you through various lenses: the "trust lens," to decide if you are friend or foe, the "power lens," to assess your usefulness, and the "ego lens," to confirm a sense of superiority. Halvorson suggests specific ways you can use this information to put your best foot forward. To be trusted, project warmth and competence. To appeal to someone more powerful, demonstrate your instrumentality in reaching his or her goals. And to be seen positively through another person's ego lens, be modest and inclusive. If you need to overcome a bad impression, you can complement these strategies with others that will make people want to revise their opinions of you. By thinking strategically about how we all form our impressions, you'll find it much easier to come across as you intend and be seen in a favorable light.

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It's one thing to set goals--and entirely another to get the people in your organization to actually accomplish them. To make the leap from vision to execution, you can't just define what needs doing; you also need to spell out the details of getting it done. One motivational tool that enables this is "if-then planning," which helps people express and carry out their intentions. If-then plans work because contingencies are built into our neurological wiring, says social psychologist Halvorson. Humans are very good at encoding information in "If x, then y" terms and using such connections to guide their behavior, often unconsciously. When people decide exactly when, where, and how they'll fulfill a goal, they create a link in their brains between the situation or cue (If or when x happens) and the behavior that should follow (then I will do y). This creates powerful triggers for action. To date, most of the research on if-then plans has focused on individuals, but new studies show that they're very effective with groups, improving performance by sharpening focus and prompting members to execute key activities in a timely manner. If-then planning helps organizations avoid poorly expressed goals, groupthink, the tendency to cling to lost causes, and other problems. It pinpoints conditions for success, increases everyone's sense of responsibility, and helps close the troublesome gap between knowing and doing.

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Some personality assessment tools ably identify what you like to do, but they tell you very little about whether you're good at it or how to improve if you're not. Fortunately, one way of grouping people into types is based on an attribute that does predict performance: "promotion" focus or "prevention" focus. Promotion-focused people see their goals as creating a path to advancement; they are comfortable taking chances, like to work quickly, dream big, and think creatively. Prevention-focused people see their goals as responsibilities; they are vigilant, risk-averse, thorough and accurate, and like to maintain the status quo. Motivational focus affects how we approach life's challenges. It affects what we pay attention to, what we value, and how we feel when we succeed or fail. Once you know your focus, you can choose role models, frame goals, seek or give feedback, and provide incentives that will strengthen your motivation or your team's. This article details how you can create motivational fit, which enhances and sustains both the eagerness of the promotion-minded and the vigilance of the prevention-minded.

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Are you at the top of your game--or still trying to get there? Take your cues from the short, powerful "9 Things Successful People Do Differently," where the strategies and goals of the world's most successful people are on display--backed by research that shows exactly what has the biggest impact on performance. Here's a hint: accomplished people reach their goals because of what they do, not just who they are. Readers have called this "a gem of a book." Get ready to accomplish your goals at last.

HBR Singles provide brief yet potent business ideas for today's thinking professional. They are available in print and digitally at HBR.org and through the Kindle Store, the iBookstore, and other ebooksellers.

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